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JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY
OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
YOL. I. A—K. 
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Engraved for the first American edition of Johnsons Qnarto Dictionary Published by M.Thomas.
PHILADELPHIA 
TERS.
\R.
1819. 
 
                 A  DICTIONARY

                                  OF

           THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE:
                                IN WHICH
           THE WORDS ARE DEDUCED FROM THEIR ORIGINALS,
                                  AND
ILLUSTRATED IN THEIR DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS BY EXAMPLES FROM THE BEST WRITERS.
                            TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED

A HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE, AND AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
BY SAMUEL  JOHNSON, LL.D.
IN TWO VOLUMES—VOL. I.
FIRST AMERICAN, FROM THE ELEVENTH LONDON EDITION.


            Cum tabulis aniraum censoris sumet honesti.
            Audebit, quaecunque parum splendoris habebunt,
            Et sine pondere erunt, et honore indig-na ferentur,
            Verba movere loco; quamris invita recedant,
            Et versentur adhuc intra penetralia Vestse:
            Obscurata diu populo bonus eruet, atque
            Proferet in lucem speciosa vocabula rerum,
            Quae priscis memorata Catonibus atque Cethegis
            Nunc situs informis premit, et deserta vetustas.  Hor.
                          TO-WHICH ARE ADDED,

WALKER'S PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
          PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JAMES MAXWELL.
                1819. 
 
PREFACE.
 IT is the fate of those who toil at the lower employments of life, to be rather driven by the fear of evil,
 than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to censure, without hope of praise; to be disgraced
 by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have been without applause, and diligence
 without reward.
  Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have considered, not as the
 pupil, but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature, doomed only to remove rubbish and  clear obstruc-
 tions from the paths through which Learning and Genius press  forward to conquest and  glory,  without
 bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that facilitates their progress.   Every other author may aspire
 to praise; the lexicographer  can only hope to escape reproach,  and even this negative recompense has
 been yet granted to very few.
  I have, notwithstanding  this discouragement, attempted a Dictionary of the English language, which,
 while it was employed  in the cultivation of every species of literature, has itself been hitherto neglected;
 suffered to spread,  under the direction of chance, into wild exuberance; resigned to  the tyranny  of time
 and fashion; and exposed to the corruptions of ignorance, and caprices of innovation.
  When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious  without order,  and ener-
 getick without rules: wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be disentangled, and confusion to
be regulated; choice was to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selec-
tion; adulterations were to  be detected, without a settled test of purity; and modes of expression to be
rejected or received, without the suffrages of any writers of classical reputation or acknowledged authority.
  Having therefore no assistance but from general grammar, I applied myself to the perusal  of our  writers;
 and noting whatever might be of use to ascertain or  illustrate any word or phrase, accumulated  in time
 the materials of a dictionary, which, by degrees, I reduced to method,  establishing to myself, in the pro-
gress of the work, such rules as experience and analogy suggested  to  me; experience, which practice
 and observation  were  continually increasing;  and  analogy, which, though in some words obscure, was
 evident in others.
  In adjusting the  Orthography, which has been to this time unsettled and fortuitous, I found it neces-
sary to distinguish those irregularities that  are inherent in our tongue, and perhaps coeval with  it, from
others which the ignorance or negligence of later writers has produced.  Every language has its anomalies,
which, though inconvenient, and in themselves once unnecessary, must be tolerated among the imper-
fections of human things,  and which require only to be registered, that they may not be increased, and
 ascertained, that they may not be confounded: but every language has likewise its improprieties and
 absurdities, which it is  the duty of the lexicographer to correct or proscribe.
  As language was at  its beginning merely oral, all words of necessary or common  use were spoken
 before they were written; and while they were unfixed by any visible signs, must have been spoken with
 great diversity, as  we now observe those who cannot read to catch sounds  imperfectly, and utter them
 negligently.  When this wild and barbarous jargon was first reduced to an alphabet, every penman en-
 deavoured to express, as he could, the sounds which he was accustomed to pronounce or to receive, and
                                               b 
PREFACE.
 vitiated in writing such words as were already vitiated in speech.   The powers of the letters, when they
 were applied to  a  new  language,  must have been  vague and unsettled, and therefore different hands
 would exhibit the same sound by different combinations.
   From this uncertain pronunciation arise in a great part the various dialects of the same country, which
 will always be observed to grow fewer, and less different, as books are multiplied; and from this arbitrary
 representation of sounds  by letters, proceeds that diversity of  spelling observable  in the Saxon remains,
 and I suppose in the first books of every nation, which perplexes or destroys analogy, and produces ano-
 malous formations, that, being once incorporated, can never be afterwards dismissed or reformed.
   Of this kind are the derivatives length from long, strength from strong, darling from dear, breadth from
 bi*oad, from dry, drought, and from high, height, which Milton, in zeal for analogy, writes highth; Quid te
 exempta juvat spinis depluribus una? to change all would be too much, and to change one is nothing.
   This uncertainty is  most frequent in the vowels, which are so capriciously pronounced,  and so differ-
 ently modified, by accident or affectation, not only in every province, but in every mouth, that to them, as
 is well known to etymologists, little regard is to be shown in the deduction of one language from another.
   Such defects  are not errours in orthography, but spots of barbarity impressed  so deep in  the English
 language, that criticism can never  wash them away: these, therefore, must be permitted to  remain un-
 touched; but many words have likewise been altered by accident, or depraved by ignorance, as  the pronun-
 ciation of the  vulgar has been weakly followed; and some still continue to be variously written, as  authors
 differ in their care or skill: of these it was proper to inquire the true orthography, which I have always
 considered  as depending on their derivation, and have therefore referred them to their original languages:
 thus I write enchant, enchantment, enchanter, after the French, and incantation after the Latin; thus entire
 is chosen rather than intire, because it passed to us not from the Latin integer, but  from the French entier.
   Of many words it is difficult  to  say whether they were immediately received from  the  Latin or the
 French, since  at the time  when we  had dominions in France, we had Latin service in our churches.  It
 is, however, my opinion, that the French generally  supplied us; for we have few Latin words, among the
 terms of domestick use, which are  not French; but many French, which are very remote from Latin.
   Even in words of which the derivation is apparent, I  have been often obliged to sacrifice uniformity to
 custom; thus I write,  in compliance with a numoerless majority, convey and inveigh, deceit  and  receipt,
fancy and phantom; sometimes the derivative varies from  the primitive, as explain and explanation, repeat
 and repetition.
   Some combinations of letters having the same power, are used indifferently  without any discoverable
 reason  of choice, as in choak, choke; soap,  sope;fewel,fuel, and many others;  which I have sometimes
 inserted twice, that those who search  for them under either form, may not search in vain.
   In examining the orthography of any doubtful word, the mode of spelling by which it is inserted in the
 series of the dictionary, is to be considered as that to which I give, perhaps not often rashly, the preference.
 I have left, in the examples, to every author his own practice  unmolested, that the  reader may balance
 suffrages, and judge between us: but this question is not  always to be  determined  by reputed or  by real
 learning; some  men,  intent upon greater things, have thought little  on  sounds and derivations; some,
knowing in  the ancient tongues, have neglected those in which our words are commonly to be sought. Thus
Hammond writes fecibleness for feasibleness, because I suppose he imagined it  derived immediately from
the Latin; and some words, such as dependant, dependent; dependance, dependence, vary their final syllable,
as one or another language is present to  the writer.
   In this part of the work, where caprice has long wantoned without control, and vanity sought praise by
petty reformation, I have endeavoured to proceed with a scholar's reverence for antiquity, and a gramma-
rian's regard to the genius of our tongue. I have attempted few  alterations, and  among those few, perhaps
the greater part is from the modern  to the ancient practice; and I hope I may be allowed to  recommend 
PREFACE.
  to those, whose thoughts have been perhaps employed too anxiously on verbal singularities, not to disturb,
  upon narrow views, or for minute propriety, the orthography of their fathers.  It has been asserted, that
  for the law to be known, is of more importance than to be right. Change, says Hooker, is not made with-
  out inconvenience,  even from worse to better.   There is in constancy and stability a general and lasting
  advantage, which will always overbalance the slow improvements of gradual correction.  Much less ought
  our written language to comply with the corruptions of oral utterance, or copy that which every variation
  of time or place makes different from itself, and imitate those changes, which will again be changed, while
  imitation is employed in observing them.
    This recommendation of steadiness and uniformity does not proceed  from an  opinion, that  particular
  combinations of letters have  much influence on human happiness; or that truth  may not be successfully
  taught by modes of spelling fanciful and erroneous: I am not yet so lost in lexicography,  as to forget that
  words are the daughters of earth, and that things are the sons of heaven.   Language is only the instrument
  of science, and words are but the signs of ideas: I wish, however, that the instrument might be less apt to
  decay, and that signs might be permanent, like the things which they denote.
   In settling  the orthography, I have not wholly neglected the  pronunciation, which I have directed, by
  printing an accent upon the  acute or elevated syllable.   It will sometimes be found, that the accent is
  placed by the author quoted,  on a different syllable from that marked in the alphabetical series; it is then
  to be understood, that custom  has varied, or that the author has, in my opinion, pronounced wrong. Short
  directions are sometimes given where the sound of letters is irregular; and if they are sometimes omitted,
 defect in such minute observations will be more easily excused, than superfluity.
   In the investigation both of the orthography and signification of words, their Etymology was necessa-
 rily to be considered, and they were therefore to be  divided into primitives and derivatives.  A  primitive
 word, is that which  can be traced no further to any English root; thus circumspect, circumvent, circum-
 stance, delude, concave, and complicate, though compounds in  the Latin, are to us primitives.  Derivatives,
 are all those that can be referred to any word in English of greater simplicity.
   The derivatives I  have referred to their primitives, with an  accuracy sometimes needless; for who does
 not see that remoteness comes  from remote, lovely from  love,  concavity from concave, and demonstrative
 from demonstrate? but this  grammatical exuberance the scheme of my work did not allow me to repress.
 It is of great importance, in examining the general fabric of a language, to trace one word from another
 by noting the usual modes of derivation and  inflection; and uniformity must be preserved in systematical
 works, though sometimes at the  expense of particular propriety.
   Among other derivatives  I  have been careful to insert and elucidate the anomalous plurals  of nouns
 and preterites of verbs, which in the  Teutonick dialects are very frequent, and, though familiar to those
 who have always used them, interrupt and embarrass the learners of our language.
   The two languages from  which our primitives have been derived are the Roman and Teutonick: under
 the Roman I comprehend the  French and provincial tongues; and under the Teutonick range the Saxon
 German,  and  all their kindred  dialects.  Most of our polysyllables  are Roman, and our words of one
 syllable are very often Teutonick.
   In assigning the Roman  original, it has perhaps sometimes happened that I have mentioned only the
 Latin,  when the word was borrowed from the French; and considering myself as employed only in the
 illustration of my own language, I have not been very careful  to observe whether the Latin word be pure
 or barbarous, or the  French elegant or obsolete.
   For the Teutonick etymologies I am commonly indebted to Junius and Skinner, the only names which
 I have forborn to quote when I copied their books;  not that I might appropriate their labours or usurp
 their honours, but that I might spare a general  repetition  by one  general acknowledgment.   Of these
whom I ought not to mention but  with the reverence due to instructors and benefactors. Junius appears to
                                              h2 
                                           PREFACE.

have excelled in extent of learning, and  Skinner in rectitude of understanding.  Junius was  accurately
skilled in all the northern languages, Skinner probably  examined the ancient  and remoter dialects only
by occasional inspection into dictionaries; but the learning of Junius is often of no other use than to show
him a tract by which he may deviate from his purpose, to which Skinner, always presses forward  by the
shortest way.  Skinner is often ignorant, but never ridiculous: Junius is always full of knowedge; but his
f ariety  distracts his judgment, and his learning is very frequently disgraced by his absurdities.
  The  votaries of the northern muses will not perhaps easily restrain their indignation, when they find the
name of Junius  thus degraded by a disadvantageous comparison;  but whatever reverence is due to his
diligence, or his attainments, it can be no criminal degree of censoriousness to charge that etymologist with
want of judgment, who can seriously derive dream from drama, because life is a drama, and a drama is a
dream; and who declares with a tone of defiance, that no man can fail to derive moan  from pirn, monos,
single or solitary, who considers that grief naturally loves to be alone*
   Our  knowledge of the northern literature is so scanty, that of words undoubtedly Teutonick, the original
is not always to be found in any ancient language; and I have therefore inserted Dutch or German  substi-
tutes, which I consider not as radical, but parallel, not as the parents, but sisters of the English.
   The words which are represented as thus related by descent or cognation, do  not always agree in sense;
for it is incident  to words, as to their authors, to degenerate from their ancestors, and to change their man-
ners  when they change their country.   It is sufficient, in etymological inquiries,  if the senses of kindred
words  be found such as may easily pass into each other, or such as may both be referred to one general
idea.
   The etymology, so  far as it is yet known, was easily found in the volumes where it is particularly and
professedly delivered; and, by proper attention to the rules of derivation, the orthography was soon  adjust-
ed.   But to collect  the Words of our language  was a task of greater difficulty: the deficiency  of dic-
tionaries was immediately apparent; and when they were exhausted, what was yet wanting,  must be sought
by fortuitous and unguided excursions into books, and gleaned as industry should find,  or  chance  should
offer it, in the boundless chaos of a living speech.  My search, however, has been either skilful or lucky;
for I have much augmented the vocabulary.
   As my design was  a dictionary, common or appellative, I have omittted all words which have relation
to  proper names;  such as Arian, Socinian, Calvinist, Benedictine, Mahometan; but have retained those
of a  more general nature, as Heathen, Pagan.
   Of the terms  of art I  have received such as could be found either  in books  of science or technical
dictionaries; and have often inserted,  from philosophical writers,  words  which  are  supported perhaps
only  by a single authority, and which being not admitted  into  general use, stand yet as candidates or
probationers, and must depend for their adoption on the suffrage of futurity.

   * That I may no^ appear to  have spoken too i rreverently  interim etymologiurn hanc non obscure  firmare codex Rush.
©f Junius, I  have here subjoined a few specimens of his ety-  Mat. xii. 22. ubi antique scriptum invenimus remoeteb hit
 mological extravagance.                                emetig. « Invenit earn vacantem."
   Banish, religare, ex banno vel territorio exigere, in exilium    Hill, mons, collis. A. S. hyll. Quod videri potest abscissum
agere. G. bannir.  It bandire, bandeggiare. H.  bandir. B.  ex *.^v„ vel xoXm\<.  Collis,  tumulus,  locus in piano editior
bannen.  JEvi medii senptores bannire Oicebant. V. Spelm. in  Horn. II. b. v. 811. ?„ M r,t ™°™e"& *i**o<  Amtt* koXw*
BannumetinBanleuga. Quomam vero regionum urbiumq; li-  Ubi authori brevium  scholiorum MXmr> exp. tL™  (« i'J,.I
mites arduis plerumq; montibus, altis fluminibus, longis de-  «y»'x«v, yt&Xtyoi ifyyj,.
niq; flexuosisq:  angustissimarum viarum  amfractibus inclu-    Nap, to take a nafi. Dormire, condormisctre Cvm  hennian
debantur, fieri potest id genus hmites ban dici ab eo quod B«-  A. S. hnaeppan.  Quod postremum videri potest desumptum
,Armi  et  B«»»«wi Tarentims ohm, sicuti tradit Hesychius, vo-  ex *«>«?, obscuritas, tenebrse: nihil enim seque solet conci-
 cabantur «< Xc^ ««i w , W«« o&i, « obliquae ac minime in  hare somnum, quam caliginosa profunda noctis obscuritas
rectum tendentes viae.  Ac fortasse quoque hue facit, quod    Stammerer, Balbus, blsesus. Goth. STAMMS \ S rca
&«*i>s, eodem Hesychio teste, dicebant b;« o-rayy.'*,, monies  meji, pcamuji. D. stam.  B. stameler. Su. stamma. 1st. stamr.
ard"os'                .   .  A c „   „   XT       ,.   Sunt a s-*f«;Ati» vel r«A«^<v, nimia loquacitate alios offendere: 
PREFACE.
   The words which our authors have introduced by their knowledge of foreign languages, or ignorance
of their own, by vanity or wantonness, by compliance with fashion or lust of innovation, I have registered
as they occurred, though commonly only to censure them, and warn others against the folly of naturalizing
useless foreigners to the injury of the natives.
   I have not rejected any by design, merely because they were unnecessary or exuberant; but  have re-
ceived those which by different writers have been differently formed,  as viscid, and viscidity, viscous, and
viscosity.
   Compounded or double words I  have seldom noted, except when they obtain a signification different
from that which the components have in their simple state. Thus highwayman, woodman, and horsecourse,
require an explanation; but of thieflike  or coachdriver no  notice  was needed, because the primitives con-
tain the meaning of the compounds.
   Words arbitrarily formed by a constant and settled analogy, like diminutive adjectives in ish, as greenish,
bluish; adverbs in ly, as dully, openly;  substantives  in ness, as  vileness, faultiness, were less diligently
sought, and sometimes  have been omitted,  when I had no  authority that invited me to insert them;  not
that they are not genuine and regular offsprings of English roots, but because their relation to the primitive
being always  the  same, their signification cannot be mistaken.
   The verbal nouns in ing, such as the keeping of the castle, the leading of the army, are always neglected,
or placed only to illustrate the sense  of the verb, except when they signify things as well as actions, and
have  therefore  a plural number, as dwelling, living;  or have  an absolute and abstract signification, as
colouring, painting, learning.
   The participles are likewise omitted, unless, by signifying rather habit or quality than action, they take
the nature  of adjectives; as a thinking  man, a man of prudence; a pacing horse, a horse that can pace:
these I have ventured to call participial adjectives.  But  neither are  these always inserted, because they
are commonly to be understood, without any danger of mistake, by consulting the verb.
   Obsolete words are admitted, when they are found in authors not obsolete, or when they have any force
or beauty that may deserve revival.
   As composition is one of the chief characteristicks of a  language, I have endeavoured  to make some
reparation  for  the  universal  negligence of my predecessors,  by inserting great numbers of compounded
words, as may be found under after, fore, new, night, fair, and many more.   These, numerous as they
are, might be multiplied, but that use and curiosity are here satisfied, and the frame of our language and
modes of our combination amply discovered.
   Of some forms of composition, such  as that by which re is prefixed to note repetition, and un to signify
contrariety or privation, all the examples cannot be accumulated, because the use of these particles, if not
wholly arbitrary, is so little limited,  that they are hourly  affixed to new words as occasion  requires, or is
imagined to require them.
   There is another kind of composition more frequent n our language than perhaps in any other, from
which arises  to foreigners the greatest  difficulty. We modify the signification of many words by a particle
subjoined;  as to come off, to escape by a fetch;  to fall on, to attack; to fall off, to apostatize; to break off,
to stop abruptly; to  bear out, to justify;  to fall in, to comply; to give over, to cease; to  set off, to embellish;
to set in, to begin a continual tenour; to set out, to begin a  course or journey; to take  off,  to copy; with
innumerable  expressions of the same  kind, of which some appear widely irregular, being so far distant
from the sense  of the simple words, that no sagacity will  be able to trace the steps by which they arrived
at the present use.   These I have noted with great care; and though I cannot flatter myself that the col-
lection is complete, I believe I have so  far assisted the students of our language, that this kind of phrase-
ology will be  no longer insuperable; and the combinations of verbs and particles, by  chance omitted, will
be easily explained  by comparison with those that may be found. 
PREFACE.
  Many words yet stand supported only by the name of Bailey, Mnsworih, Philips, or the contracted Diet
for Dictionaries subjoined; of these I am not always certain that they are read in any book but the works
of lexicographers.  Of such I have omitted many, because I had never read them; and many I have inserted,
because they may perhaps exist, though  they have escaped my notice: they'are, however, to be yet consi-
dered as resting only upon the credit of  former dictionaries.  Others,  which  I considered as useful, or
know to be proper, though I  could not at present support  them by authorities, I have  suffered to stand
upon my own attestation, claiming the same privilege with  my predecessors, of being sometimes  credited
without proof.
  The words, thus selected and disposed, are grammatically considered; they are referred to the different
parts of speech; traced, when they are irregularly inflected, through their various terminations; and illus-
trated by observations, not indeed of great or striking importance, separately considered, but necessary to
the elucidation  of our language, and hitherto neglected or forgotten by English grammarians.
  That part of my work on which I  expect malignity most frequently to fasten, is  the Explanation; in
which I cannot hope to  satisfy those, who are perhaps not  inclined to be pleased, since I have not always
been able to satisfy myself.   To interpret a language by  itself is very  difficult; many words cannot be
explained by synonimes, because the idea signified by them has not more than one appellation;  nor by
paraphrase, because simple  ideas cannot be described.  When the nature of things is unknown, or the
notion unsettled and indefinite, and various in various minds, the words by which such notions are conveyed,
or such things  denoted,  will be ambiguous and perplexed.   And such  is  the fate of hapless lexicography,
that not only darkness,  but light, impedes and distresses it; things may be not  only too little, but too much
known, to be happily illustrated.  To explain, requires the use of terms less abstruse than that which  is to
be explained, and such terms cannot always be found; for as nothing can be proved but by supposing some-
thing intuitively known, and evident without proof, so  nothing can be defined but by the use of words too
plain to admit  a definition.
   Other words there are, of which the sense is too subtle and evanescent to be fixed in a paraphrase; such
 are all those which are  by the grammarians termed expletives, and, in dead languages, are suffered to pass
 for empty sounds, of no other use than to fill a verse, or to modulate a period, but which are easily per-
 ceived in living tongues to have power  and emphasis, though it be sometimes such as no other form  of
 expression can convey.
   My labour has likewise been much increased by a  class of verbs too frequent in the English language,
 of which the signification is so loose and general, the  use  so vague and indeterminate, and the senses de-
 torted so widely from the first idea, that it  is hard to trace them through the  maze of variation, to catch
 them on the brink of utter inanity, to circumscribe them  by any limitations, or interpret them by any words
 of distinct and settled meaning; such are bear, break, come, cast, full, get, give, do, put, set, go, run, make,
 take, turn, throw.   If of these the whole power is not accurately delivered, it must be remembered that
 while our language is yet living, and variable by the caprice of every one that speaks it, these words are
 hourly shifting their relations, and can no more be ascertained in a dictionary, than a grove, in the agitation
 of a storm,  can be accurately delineated from its picture in the water.
   The particles are among all nations applied with so great latitude, that they are not easily reducible under
 any regular scheme of explication: this  difficulty is not less, nor perhaps greater, m English, than in other
 languages.   I  have laboured them with diligence,  I hope with success; such at least as can be  expected
 in a task, which no man, however learned or sagacious, has yet been able to perform.
   Some words there are which I cannot explain, because I do not understand them; these might have
 been omitted very often with little inconvenience, but I would not so far indulge my vanity as  to decline
 this confession: for when Tully owns himself ignorant whether lessus. in the twelve tables, means a funeral 
PREFACE.
song, or mourning garment; and Aristotle doubts whether ovpft, in the Iliad, signifies a mule, or muleteer,
I may surely, without shame, leave some obscurities to happier industry, or future information.
  The rigour of interpretative lexicography requires that the explanation, and the ivord explained, should
be always reciprocal; this I have always endeavoured, but could not always  attain.   Words are seldom
exactly synonimous; a new term was not  introduced, but because the former was thought inadequate:
names, therefore, have often many ideas; but few ideas have many names.   It was then necessary to use
the proximate word, for the deficiency of single terms can very seldom be supplied by circumlocution; nor
is the inconvenience great of such mutilated interpretations,  because the sense may easily be collected
entire from the examples.
   In every word of extensive  use, it was requisite to mark the progress of its meaning, and show by what
gradations of intermediate sense it has passed from its primitive to its remote and accidental signification;
so that  every foregoing explanation  should tend to that which follows, and the series be regularly conca-
tenated from the first notion to the last.
   This is specious, but*not always practicable; kindred senses may be so interwoven, that the perplexity
cannot be disentangled, nor any reason be assigned why one should be ranged before the other.  When
the radical idea branches out  into parallel ramifications, how can a consecutive series be formed of senses
in their nature collateral?  The shades of meaning sometimes pass imperceptibly into each other; so that
though on one side they apparently differ, yet it  is impossible to mark the point of contact.   Ideas of the
same race, though not exactly alike, are sometimes so little different, that no words can express the dissi-
militude, though the mind easily perceives it, when they are  exhibited together; and sometimes there is
such a confusion of acceptations, that discernment is wearied, and distinction puzzled, and perseverance
herself hurries to an end, by  crowding together  what she cannot separate.
   These complaints of difficulty will, by those that have never considered words beyond their popular  use,
be thought only the jargon of a man willing to magnify his labours, and procure veneration to his studies
by involution and obscurity.   But every art is obscure to those that have not learned it:  this uncertainty
of terms,  and commixture of ideas, is  well known  to those who have joined philosophy with grammar;
and if I have not expressed them very clearly,  it must be remembered that I am speaking of that which
words are insufficient to explain.
   The original sense of words is often driven out of use by their metaphorical acceptations, yet must be
inserted for the sake of a regular origination.  Thus  I know not whether ardour is used for materialheat,
or whether flagrant, in English, ever signifies the same  with burning; yet such are the primitive ideas of
these words, which  are therefore set first, though without examples, that the figurative senses may be
commodiously deduced.
   Such  is the exuberance of signification which many words have obtained,  that it was scarcely possible
to collect all their senses; sometimes the meaning of derivatives must be sought in the mother term, and
sometimes deficient explanations of the primitives may be supplied in the train of derivation.  In any case
of doubt or difficulty, it will be always proper to examine all the words of the same race; for some words
are slightly passed over to avoid repetition, some admitted easier and clearer explanation  than  others, and
all will be better understood, as they are considered in greater variety of structures and  relations.
   All the interpretations of words are not written with the same skill, or the same happiness: things equally
easy in themselves,  are  not all equally  easy to  any single mind.   Every writer of  a long work commits
errours,  where there appears  neither ambiguity to mislead, nor obscurity to confound him; and in a search
like this, many felicities of expression will be casually overlooked, many convenient parallels will be for-
gotten, and many particulars will admit improvement from a mind utterly unequal to the whole performance.
   But many seeming faults are to be imputed rather to the nature of the undertaking, than the negligence
of the performer   Thus some explanations are unavoidably reciprocal  or circular, as hind, the female of 
PREFACE.
Uie stag; stag, the male of the hind: sometimes easier words are changed into harder, as burial into sepul-
ture or interment, drier into desiccative, dryness into siccity or aridity, fit into paroxysm; for the easie s
word, whatever it be, can never be translated into one more easy.   But easiness and difficulty are merely
relative, and if the present prevalence of our language should invite foreigners to this dictionary, many
will be assisted by those words  which now seem only to increase or produce obscurity.  For this reason I
have endeavoured frequently to join a Teutonick and Roman interpretation, as to cheer, to gladden, or
exhilarate, that every learner of English may be assisted by his own tongue.
   The solution of all difficulties, and the supply of all defects, must be sought in the examples, subjoined
to the various senses of each word, and ranged according to the time of their authors.
  When I first collected these authorities,  I was desirous that every quotation  should be useful to some
other end than the illustration  of a word; I therefore extracted from philosophers principles  of science;
from historians remarkable facts; from chymists complete processes; from divines striking exhortations;
and from poets beautiful descriptions.   Such is design,  while it is yet at a distance from execution. When
the time called upon me to range this accumulation  of elegance  and wisdom into an alphabetical series,
I soon discovered that the bulk of my volumes would fright away the student, and was forced to depart
from my scheme of including all that was pleasing or useful in English literature, and reduce my trans-
cripts very often to clusters of words,  in which scarcely any meaning is retained; thus to the weariness of
copying, I was condemned to add the vexation of expunging.  Some passages I have yet spared, which
may relieve the labour of verbal searches, and intersperse with verdure and flowers the  dusty deserts of
barren philology.
   The examples, thus mutilated, are no longer to be considered as conveying the sentiments or doctrine
of their authors; the word for the sake of which they are inserted,  with all its appendant clauses, has been
carefully preserved; but it may sometimes happen, by hasty detruncation, that the general tendency of the
sentence may be changed: the divine may desert his tenets, or the philosopher his system.
   Some of the examples have been taken from writers  who were never mentioned as masters  of elegance
or models of style; but words must be sought where they are used; and in what pages, eminent for purity,
can terms of manufacture or agriculture be found? Many quotations serve no other purpose, than that of
proving the bare  existence of words,  and are therefore selected with less scrupulousness than those which
are to teach their structures and relations.
   My purpose was to admit no testimony of living authors, that I might not be  misled by partiality, and
that none of my cotemporaries might have reason to complain; nor  have I departed from this resolution,
but when some performance of uncommon excellence excited my veneration, when my memory supplied
me, from late books, with an example that was wanting, or when my heart, in the tenderness of friendship,
solicited admission for a favourite name.
   So far have  I been from any care to grace my pages with modern decorations, that I  have studiously
endeavoured to collect examples and authorities from the writers before the restoration, whose works I
regard as the wells of English undefiled, as  the pure sources of genuine diction.  Our language, for almost
a century, has, by the concurrence of many causes, been gradually departing from its original  Teutonick
character, and deviating towards a  Gallick structure and phraseology, from which it ought  to be our
endeavour to recal it, by making our ancient volumes the ground-work of style, admitting among the addi-
tions of later times, only such as may supply real deficiencies, such as are readily adopted  by the genius of
our tongue, and incorporate easily with our native idioms.
   But as every language has a time of rudeness antecedent to perfection, as well as of  false refinement
and declension, I have been cautious lest my zeal  for antiquity  might drive me into times too remote
and crowd my book with words now  no  longer understood.  I  have fixed Sidmy's work for the boun-
dary, beyond which  I make few excursions.   From the  authors  which rose in the time of  Elizabeth  a 
PREFACE.
speech might be formed adequate to all the purposes of use and elegance.  If the language of theology
were extracted from Hooker and the translation of the Bible; the terms of natural knowledge from Bacon;
the phrases of policy, war,  and navigation from Rakigh;  the dialect of poetry and fiction from Spenser
and Sidney; and the diction of common life from Shakspeare,  few ideas would be lost to mankind,  for
want of English words, in which  they might be expressed.
   It is  not sufficient that a word is found, unless it be so combined as that its  meaning is  apparently
determined by the tract and tenour of the sentence; such passages I have therefore chosen, and when it
happened that any author gave a  definition of a term, or such an explanation as is equivalent to a defini-
tion, I have placed his  authority  as a supplement to my own, without regard to the chronological order,
that is otherwise observed.
   Some words, indeed, stand unsupported by any authority, but they are commonly derivative nouns, or
adverbs, formed from their primitives by regular and constant analogy, or names of things seldom occur-
ring in books, or words of which  I have reason to doubt the existence.
   There is more danger of censure from the multiplicity than paucity of examples; authorities  will some-
times seem to have been accumulated without necessity or use, and perhaps some will be found, which
might, without loss, have been omitted.  But a work of this kind is not hastily to be charged with super-
fluities: those quotations, which to careless or unskilful perusers appear only to repeat  the same sense,
will often  exhibit, to a  more accurate examiner, diversities of signification, or,  at least,  afford  different
shades of the same meaning: one  will show the word applied to persons, another to things; one will express
an ill, another a good, and a third a neutral sense; one will prove the expression genuine from an ancient
author; another will show it elegant from a modern: a doubtful authority is corroborated by  another of
more credit; an ambiguous sentence is ascertained by a passage clear and determinate; the word, how
often soever repeated,  appears with new associates and in different combinations, and  every quotation
contributes something to the stability or enlargement of the language.
   When words are used equivocally, I receive them in either sense; when they are metaphorical, I adopt
them in their primitive acceptation.
   I have sometimes, though rarely, yielded to the temptation of  exhibiting a genealogy of sentiments, by
showing how one author copied the thoughts and diction of another: such quotations are indeed little more
than repetitions, which might  justly be  censured,  did they not gratify the mind, by affording  a kind of
intellectual history.
   The various syntactical structures occurring in the examples have been carefully noted; the license or
negligence with which many words have been  hitherto used, has made our style capricious and indeter-
minate; when  the different combinations of the same word are exhibited together, the preference is readily
given to propriety, and I have  often endeavoured to direct  the choice.
   Thus have I laboured by settling the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures,  and
ascertaining the signification of English words, to perform all the parts of a faithful lexicographer: but I
have not always executed my own scheme, or satisfied  my own  expectations. The work, whatever proofs
of diligence and attention it may exhibit, is yet capable  of many improvements: the orthography which I
recommend is still controvertible, the etymology which I adopt is uncertain, and perhaps frequently erro-
neous; the  explanations are sometimes too much contracted, and sometimes too much diffused, the signi-
fications are distinguised rather with subtilty than  skill, and the attention is  harassed with unnecessary
minuteness.
  The examples are too often injudiciously truncated, and  perhaps sometimes, I hope  very rarely, alleged
in a mistaken sense; for in making this  collection I trusted more to memory, than, in a state of disquiet
and embarrassment, memory can  contain, and purposed to supply at the review what was left incomplete
in the first  transcription.
  vol. i.                                       c 
PREFACE.
  Many terms appropriated to particular occupations, though necessary and significant, are undoubtedly
omitted; and of the words most studiously considered and exemplified, many senses have escaped observation.
  Yet these failures, however frequent, may admit extenuation and apology.  To have attempted much is
always laudable, even when the enterprise is above the strength that undertakes it: To rest below his own
aim is incident to every one  whose fancy is active, and whose views are comprehensive; nor is any man
satisfied with himself because he has done much, but because he can conceive little. When first I engaged
in this work, I resolved to leave neither words nor things unexamined, and pleased myself with the prospect
of the hours which I should revel away in feasts of literature, with the obscure recesses of northern learn-
ing which I should enter and ransack;  the treasures with which I  expected every search into those ne-
glected mines to reward my labour, and the triumph with which  I  should display my acquisitions to
mankind.   When I had thus inquired into the original of words, I resolved to show likewise my attention
to things; to pierce deep into  every science, to inquire the nature of every substance of which a inserted
the name, to limit every idea by a definition strictly logical, and exhibit every production of art or nature
in an  accurate description, that my book might be in place of all other  dictionaries whether appellative or
technical.  But these were the dreams of a poet doomed at last to  wake a lexicographer.   I soon found
that it is too late to look for instruments, when the work calls for execution, and that whatever abilities I
had brought to my task, with those I must finally perform it. To deliberate whenever I doubted, to inquire
whenever I was ignorant,  would have  protracted the undertaking  without end, and, perhaps, without
much improvement; for I did not find by my first experiments, that what I had not of my own was easily
to be obtained:  I saw  that one inquiry  only gave occasion to another,  that book referred to book, that to
search was not always  to find, and to find was not always to be informed; and that thus to pursue perfec-
tion, was,  like the first inhabitants of Arcadia, to chase the sun, which, when they had reached the hill
where he  seemed to rest, was still beheld at the same distance from them.
  I then  contracted my design, determining to confide in  myself) and no longer to  solicit auxiliaries,
which produced more incumbrance than assistance: by this I obtained at least one  advantage, that I set
limits to my work, which would in time be ended, though not completed.
  Despondency has never  so far prevailed as to depress me to negligence; some faults will at last appear to
be the effects of anxious diligence and persevering activity. The nice and subtle ramifications of meaning
were  not  easily avoided by a mind intent upon accuracy, and convinced of the necessity of disentangling
combinations,  and separating similitudes.  Many of the distinctions,  which to common readers appear
useless and idle, will be found real and important by men versed in the school philosophy, without which no
dictionary can ever be accurately compiled, or skilfully examined.
  Some  senses however there are, which,  though not the  same,  are yet so nearly allied, that they are
often  confounded.  Most men think indistinctly, and therefore cannot speak with exactness; and conse-
quently some examples might be indifferently put to either signification: this uncertainty is not to be im-
puted to me, who do not form, but register the language; who do not teach men how they should think,
but relate how they have hitherto  expressed their thoughts.
  The imperfect sense of some examples I lamented, but could not remedy, and hope they will be com-
pensated by innumerable passages selected with propriety, and preserved with exactness; some shining
with sparks of imagination, and some replete with treasures of wisdom.
  The orthography and etymology, though imperfect, are not imperfect for want of care, but because care
will not always be successful,  and  recollection or information come too late for use.
  That many terms of art and manufacture are omitted, must be frankly acknowledged; but for this defect
I may boldly allege that it was unavoidable: I could not visit caverns  to learn the miner's language nor
take a voyage to perfect my skill in the dialect of navigation, nor visit  the warehouses of merchants and
shops of artificers, to gain the names of wares, tools and operations, of which no mention is found in books; 
PREFACE
what favourable accident, or easy inquiry brought  within  my reach, has not been neglected; but it had
been a hopeless labour to glean up words, by courting living information, and contesting with the sullen-
ness of one, and the roughness of another.
   To furnish the academicians delta Crusca with words of this kind, a series of comedies called la Fiera.
or the Fair, was professedly written by Buonaroti; but I had no such assistant, and therefore was content
to want what they must have wanted likewise, had they not luckily been so supplied.
   Nor are all words which are not found in the vocabulary to be lamented as omissions.  Of the laborious
and mercantile part of the people, the diction is  in a great measure casual and mutable; many of their
terms are formed for some temporary or local convenience, and though current at certain times and places,
are  in others utterly unknown. This fugitive cant, which is always in a state of increase or decay, cannot
be regarded as any part of the durable materials  of a  language, and therefore must be suffered to perish
with other things unworthy of preservation.
   Care will sometimes betray to the appearance  of negligence.  He that is catching opportunities which
seldom occur,  will suffer those to pass by unregarded, which he expects hourly to return; he  that is search-
ing for rare and remote things, will neglect those that are obvious and familiar: thus many  of the most
common and cursory words have been inserted with little illustration, because in gathering the authorities,
I forbore to copy those which I thought likely to occur whenever they were wanted.  It is  remarkable
that, in  reviewing my collection, I  found the word Sea unexemplified.
   Thus it  happens, that in things  difficult there  is danger from ignorance, and in things easy from confi-
dence; the mind, afraid of greatness, and disdainful of littleness, hastily withdraws herself from painful
searches, and  passes with scornful rapidity over  tasks not adequate to her powers, sometimes too secure
for caution, and again too anxious  for vigorous effort; sometimes idle in a plain path, and sometimes dis-
tracted in labyrinths, and dissipated by different intentions.
   A large  work is difficult because it is large, even though all its parts might singly be performed with
facility; where there are many things to be done, each must be allowed its share of time  and labour, in the
proportion  only which it bears to the whole; nor  can it be expected, that the stones which form the dome
of a temple, should be squared and polished like  the diamond of a ring.
   Of the event of this work, for which, having laboured  it with so much application,  I cannot but have
some degree of parental fondness, it is natural to form conjectures.  Those who have been persuaded to
think well of my design,  will require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations
which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition.   With this conse-
quence I will confess  that I flattered myself for a  while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expec-
tation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain
time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a
thousand years; and with  equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no
example of a  nation that  has preserved their words and phrases  from mutability,  shall imagine that his
dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from  corruption and decay, that it is in his power to
change sublunary nature,  and clear the world at  once from folly, vanity and affectation.
  With  this hope, however, academies have been instituted, to guard the avenues of their languages, to
retain fugitives, and repulse intruders; but their vigilance and activity have hitherto been vain; sounds are
too volatile and subtle for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash the wind, are  equally the under-
takings of pride, unwilling to measure its desires by its strength.  The French language has visibly changed
under the inspection of the academy; the style of Amelofs translation of father Paul is observed by Le
Courayer to be un peu passe; and no Italian will maintain, that the diction of any modern writer is not
perceptibly different from  that of Boccace, Machiavel, or  Caro.
                                                 c2 
PREFACE.
  Total  and sudden transformations of a  language  seldom happen; conquests and migrations are now
very rare:  but  there are other causes of change, which, though slow in their operation, and invisible in
their progress, are perhaps as much superiour to human resistance, as the revolutions of the sky, or intu-
mescence of the tide.   Commerce, however necessary, however lucrative, as  it depraves the manners,
corrupts  the language; they that have frequent intercourse with strangers, to whom they endeavour  to
accommodate themselves, must in time learn a mingled dialect, like the jargon which serves the traffick-
ers on the Mediterranean and Indian coasts. This will not always be confined to the exchange, the ware-
house,  or the port, but  will be communicated by degrees to other ranks of the people, and be at last
incorporated with the current speech.
   There are likewise internal causes equally forcible. The language most likely to continue long without
alteration, would be that of a nation raised a little, and but a little, above barbarity, secluded from strangers,
and totally  employed in procuring the conveniencies of life;  either without books, or, like some of the
Mahometan countries,  with very few: men thus busied and unlearned, having only such words as common
use requires, would perhaps long continue to express the same notions by the same signs.  But no such
constancy can be expected in a people polished  by arts, and classed by subordination, where one part of
the community is sustained and accommodated by the labour of the other.  Those who have much leisure
to think, will always be enlarging the stock of ideas; and every increase of knowledge, whether real  or
fancied, will produce new words, or combinations of words. When the mind is unchained from necessity,
it will range after convenience; when it is left at large in the fields of speculation, it will shift opinions;
as any custom is disused, the words that expressed it must perish with it; as any opinion grows popular,
it will innovate speech  in the same proportion as it alters practice.
   As by the cultivation of various sciences  a language is amplified, it will be more furnished with words
deflected from their original sense; the geometrician will talk of a courtier's zenith, or the eccentrick vir-
tue of a wild hero, and the physician of sanguine expectations and phlegmatick delays.   Copiousness of
speech will give opportunities to capricious choice, by which some words will be preferred, and others
degraded; vicissitudes of fashion will enforce the use of new,  or extend the signification of known terms.
The tropes of poetry will make hourly encroachments, and  the metaphorical  will  become  the current
sense: pronunciation will be varied by levity or  ignorance, and  the  pen must at length comply with the
tongue; illiterate writers will, at one time or other, by public infatuation, rise into renown, who, not know-
ing the original import of words,  will use  them with colloquial licentiousness,  confound distinction, and
forget propriety.   As politeness increases,  some expressions will be considered  as  too  gross  and vulgar
for the delicate, others as too formal and ceremonious for the gay and airy; new phrases are therefore
adopted,  which must, for the same reasons, be  in time dismissed.   Swift, in  his petty treatise on the
English language,  allows that new words must sometimes be introduced, but proposes that none should
be suffered to become obsolete.  But what  makes a word obsolete, more than general  agreement to for-
bear it? and how shall it be  continued,  when it conveys an offensive idea,  or recalled again into the
mouths of mankind, when it has once become unfamiliar by disuse, and unpleasing by unfamiliarity?
   There is another cause of alteration more prevalent than  any other, which yet in the present state of
the world cannot be obviated.   A mixture of two languages  will produce a third distinct from both, and
they will always be mixed, where the chief part  of education, and the most conspicuous accomplishment,
is skill in ancient or in foreign tongues.   He that has long cultivated another language, will find its words
and combinations crowd upon  his  memory; and haste and negligence, refinement and affectation, will
obtrude borrowed terms and exotick expressions.
  The great pest of speech is frequency of translation.  No book was ever turned from one language into
another, without imparting something of its native idiom; this is the most mischievous and comprehensive
innovation; single words may enter by thousands, and the fabrick of the tongue continue the same; but 
PREFACE.
 new phraseology changes much at once;  it alters not the  single stones of the building, but the order of
 the columns. If an academy should be established for the cultivation of our style, which I, who can never
 wish to see dependance multiplied, hope the spirit of English  liberty will hinder or destroy, let  them,
 instead of compiling grammars and dictionaries, endeavour, with all their influence, to stop the license of
 translators, whose idleness and ignorance, if it be suffered to proceed,  will reduce us to babble a dialect
 of France.
   If the changes that we fear be thus irresistible, what remains but to acquiesce with silence,  as  in the
 other insurmountable distresses of humanity?  It remains that we retard what we cannot repel, that we
 palliate what we cannot cure. Life may be lengthened by care, though death cannot be ultimately defeated:
 tongues, like governments,  have a natural tendency to degeneration; we have long preserved our consti-
 tution, let us make some struggles for our language.
   In hope of giving longevity to that which its own nature forbids to be immortal, I have devoted this book,
 the labour of years,  to the honour of my country, that we may no longer yield the palm of philology, with-
 out a contest, to the nations of the continent.   The chief glory of every people  arises from its  authors:
 whether I shall add any thing by my own writings to the  reputation of English literature, must be left to
 time: much of my life has been lost under the pressures of disease; much has been trifled away; and much
 has always been spent in provision for the day that was passing over me; but I  shall not think my em-
 ployment useless or ignoble, if by my assistance foreign nations, and distant ages, gain access to the pro-
 pagators of knowledge, and understand the teachers of truth; if my labours afford light to the repositories
 of science, and add celebrity to Bacon, to Hooker, to Milton, and to Boyk.
   When I am animated by this wish, I look with pleasure on my book, however defective, and deliver it
 to the world with the spirit of a man that has endeavoured well.  That it will immediately become po-
 pular I have not promised to myself: a few wild blunders, and risible absurdities,  from which no work of
 such multiplicity was ever free,  may for a time furnish folly with laughter, and harden ignorance in con-
 tempt;  but useful diligence will at last prevail, and there never can be wanting some  who  distinguish
 desert;  who  will consider that no dictionary of a living tongue  ever can be perfect, since while it is has-
 tening to publication, some words are budding, and some falling away; that a whole life cannot be spent
 upon  syntax and etymology, and that even a whole life would not be sufficient; that he, whose design in-
 cludes whatever language can express, must often speak  of what he does not understand; that a writer
 will sometimes  be hurried by eagerness to the end,  and  sometimes faint with weariness, under a task,
 which  Scaliger compares to the labours of the anvil and the mine; that what  is obvious is  not always
 known, and what is known is not always present;  that sudden fits of inadvertency will surprise vigi-
 lance, slight avocations will seduce attention, and casual eclipses of the mind will darken learning; and
 that the writer shall often in vain trace his memory at the moment of need, for that which yesterday he
 knew with intuitive  readiness, and which will come uncalled into his thoughts tomorrow.
  In this work, when it shall be found that much is omitted, let it not be forgotten that much likewise is
 performed; and though no book was ever spared out of tenderness to the  author, and the world is little
 solicitous to know whence proceeded the  faults of that which it condemns; yet it may gratify curiosity to
 inform it, that the English Dictionary was written with little assistance of the learned, and without any
 patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academick bowers,
 but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow.  It may repress the triumph of ma-
 lignant criticism to observe, that if our language is not here fully displayed, I have only failed in an attempt
 which no human powers have hitherto completed.   If the lexicons of ancient  tongues, now  immutably
 fixed, and comprised in  a few volumes, be yet, after the toil of successive ages,  inadequate and  delusive;
 if the aggregated knowledge, and co-operating diligence of the Italian academicians, did not secure them
from the censure of Beni; if the embodied criticks of France, when fifty years had been spent upon their 
PREFACE.
work, were obliged to change its economy, and give their second edition another form, I may surely be
contented without the praise of perfection, which, if 1 could obtain, in this gloom of solitude, what would
it avail me?  I have protracted my work till most of those whom I wished to please have sunk into the
grave, and  success and miscarriage are empty sounds:   I  therefore  dismiss it  with frigid tranquillity
having little to fear or hope from censure or from praise.
                           ADVERTISEMENT

                                              TO

                                 THE  FOURTH  EDITION.


Tl/TANY are the works of human industry, , which to begin and finish are hardly granted to the same
      man.  He that undertakes to compile a Dictionary, undertakes that, which, if it comprehends the
full extent of his design, he knows himself unable to perform.  Yet his labours, though deficient, may
be useful, and with the hope of this inferiour praise, he must incite his activity, and solace his weariness.
  Perfection is unattainable, but nearer and nearer approaches maybe made; and finding my Dictionary
about to be  reprinted, I have endeavoured, by a revisal, to make it less reprehensible.   I will not deny
that I found many parts requiring emendation, and many more capable of improvement.  Many faults I
have corrected, some superfluities I  have taken away, and some deficiencies I  have supplied.   I have
methodized some  parts that were disordered, and illuminated  some that were obscure.   Yet the changes
or additions  bear  a very small proportion to the whole.  The critick will now  have less to object, but
the student who has bought any of the former copies, needs not repent; he will not, without nice collation.
perceive how they differ; and usefulness seldom depends upon little thiugs.
  For negligence, or deficience, I have perhaps  not need of more  apology than the nature of  the work
will furnish: I have left that inaccurate which  never was made exact, and that imperfect which never
was completed.
    1773. 
THE  HISTORY
OF
THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE.
npHOUGH the Britain* or Welsh were the first possessors
   of this island, whose names are recorded, and are therefore
in civil history always considered as the predecessors of the
present inhabitants; yet the  deduction of the English  lan-
guage, from the earliest times of which we have any know-
ledge to its present state, requires  no mention of them: for
we  have so few words which oan, with any probability, be
referred to  British roots, that we justly regard  the Saxons
and Welsh as nations  totally distinct.  It  has  been  conjec-
tured, that when the Saxons seized this country,  they suffer-
ed the  Britains to live among them in a state of vassalage,
employed in the culture of the ground, and other laborious
and ignoble services.  But it is scarcely possible, that a na-
tion, however depressed,  should have been mixed with
another in considerable numbers, without some communica-
tion of their tongue, and therefore, it may, with great reason,
be imagined, that those, who were not sheltered in the moun-
tains, perished by the sword.
  The whole fabrick and scheme of the English language is
Gothick or Teutonick: it is a dialect of that tongue,  which
prevails all over the northern countries of Eurofie, except
those where the Sclavonian is spoken.  Of these languages
Dr.  Hickes has thus exhibited the genealogy.

                    GOTHICK.
      .— —---           A
ANGLO-SAXON,

   Dutch,
   Frisick,
   English,
FRANOIOK,

German.
CIMBRICK,

Islandick,
Norwegian,
Swedish,
Danish.
  Of the Gothick, the only monument remaining is a copy of
the gospels somewhat mutilated, which, from the silver with
which the  characters  are adorned, is called the silver-book.
It is now preserved at Ufiaal, and having been twice publish-
ed before, has been lately reprinted at Oxford, under the in-
spection of  Mr. Lye,  the editor of Junius.  Whether the
diction of this venerable manuscript be purely  Gothick, has
been doubted; it seems however  to exhibit the most ancient
dialect now to be found of the Teutonick race; and  the Sax-
on,  which is the original of the present English, was either
derived from it, or both have descended from some common
parent.
  What was the form of the Saxon language, when, about
the year 450, they first entered Britain, cannot now be known.
They seem to have  been a people without learning, and
very probably without an alphabet; their speech, therefore.
 having been always cursory and extemporaneous, must have
 been artless and unconnected, without any modes of transition
 or involution of clauses; which abruptness and  inconnexion
 may be observed even in their later writings.  This barbar-
 ity may be supposed to have continued during  their  wars
 with the Britains, which for  a time left them no leisure for
 softer studies; nor is there any reason for supposing it abat-
 ed, till the year 570, when Augustine came from Rome to
 convert them to Christianity.  The Christian religion always
 implies or produces a certain degree of civility and learning;
 they then became by degrees acquainted  with the Roman
 language, and so gained, from time to time, some knowledge
 and elegance, till  in  three centuries they had formed a lan-
 guage capable of expressing all the sentiments of a civilized
 people, as appears by king Alfred's paraphrase  or imitation
 of Boethius, and his short preface, which I have selected as
 the first specimen  of ancient English.

                      CAP. I.

 QN baepe cibe }>e  Docan op  Sibbiu maegpe  pij> Romana
  pice gepin upahopon. «] nnp- heopa cymngum.  Ritb-
 gota anb Callepica paepon hacne.  Romane bupig abpje-
 con.  anb call  Italia pice p ip becpux pam  muncum «]
 feiciha bam ealonbe m anpalb gepehton. •] pa aegtep pam
 popepppecenan cymngum  Deobpic peng to bam dean
 pice pe Deobpic paep Amuhnga. he paep Epipten. J>eah
 he on pam Appiampcangebpolan buphpunobe. fce gehet
 Romanum hip ppeonbpcipe.   ppa p hi moptan heopa
 ealbpihta pypbe beon. Ac he pagehat ppibe ypele ge-
 laepte.  <] ppibe  ppaj>e geenbobe mib  manegum mane.
 P paep to eacan oppum unapimebum yplum. p he Iohan-
 nep pone/papan het opplean. Da paep pum conpul. p pe
 hepetoha hatap.  Boetiup  paep haten.  pe  paep in boc-
 cpaeptum «] on populb }>eapum pe pihtpipepta.  Se ba
ongeat pa manigpealban ypel )>e pe cyning Deobpic pib
bam  Epiptenanbome  ^  fty  J>am Romanipcum  pitum
bybe.   he ba gemunbe bapa ebneppa *] bapa ealbpihta
be hi unbep bam Eapepum haepbon heopa ealbhlapop-
bum. Daongan he pmeagan *] leopnigan on him pelpum
hu he p pice bam unpihtpipan cyninge apeppan mihte.
•] on pyht geleappulpa anb on pihtpippa anpalb gebpin-
gan.  Senbe ba bigelhce aepenbgeppitu to fara Eapepe
to Eonptantmopohm. paep ip Epeca heah bupg«] heopa
cyneptol. pop pam pe Eapepe paep heopa ealbhlapopb
cynnep. baebon hine J>aet he him to heopa Epiptenbome
•3 to heopa ealbpihtum gepultumebe. Da p  ongeat pe
paelhpeopa cyning Deobpic. ba  het he nine gebpingan
on capcepne ^ )>aep mne belucan.  Da hit ba gelomp p pe
appypba paep on ppa micelpe  neapaneppe  becom. ba
paep  he ppa micle pfibop on hip CDobe gebpepeb. ppa 
THE  HISTORY  OF THE
hip CDob aep ppibop to ]>am populb paelpum ungepob
pep. *] he ba nanpe Fpoppe  be mnan fam  capcepne ne
gemunbe. ac he gepeollnipolop buneonpa plop. *] hine
aptpehte ppibe unpot. anb opmob hine pelpne pongan
pepan *] pup pingenbe cpaep.

                     CAP.  II.

  DA hob pe ic ppecca geo  luptbaeplice pong, ic  pceal
nu heopienbe pingan. *] mib ppiungepabumpopbum ge-
pettan. peah ic geo hpilum gecophce punde. ac ic nu pe-
penbe *] gipcienbe op gepabpa popba mippo. me ablen-
ban pap ungetpeopan populb paeipa. "] me pa popletan
ppa  blinbne on pip bimme  hoi. Da bepeapobon aelcepe
luptbaepneppe J>a ba ic him  aeppe betpt tpupobe, ba
penbon hi me heopa baec to anb me mib ealle ppomgepi-
tan.  To phon pceolban la mine  ppienb peggan paet ic
gepaehg mon paepe. hu maeg pe beon gepaelig pe be on
bam gepaelpum buphpuman ne mot: •

                     CAP.  III.

  DA ic fa  bip leop. cpaeb Boetiup. geompiende  apun-
gen haepbe. ba com baep gan in to me heopencunb bip-
boip. *] p min mupnenbe CDob mib hip popbum geg-
pette- ~\ pup cpaejj. £u ne eapt pu pe mon )>e on minpe
pcole paepe apeb  *] gelaepeb. Ac  hponon pupbe pu mib
bjppum populb popgum pup  ppipe geppenceb. buton ic
pat p \>u  haeppt bapa paepna to hpabe popgiten be ic
}>e aep pealbe. Daclipobe  pe bipbom "^ cpaeb,. Depitap
nu apipgebe populb popga  op minep  pegenep CDobe.
popJ>am g^e  pmb  pa maeptan pceafan. Lagtap hine ept

                 LUCif, Cap.  I.

■pORDACO pe pitobhce manega pohton papa pmga pace
   ge-enbebypban pe on up gepyllebe pynt.
  2 Spa up  betaehtun pa be hit op ppymbe gepapon.
anb paepe pppaece penap paepon.
  3 CDe gepuhte [op-pyligbe ppom ppuma] geopnhce
eallum. [mib] enbebypbneppe ppitan be. pu be pelupta
Theophilup.
  4 Daet }m oncnape papa popba pobpaeptneppe. op pam
be pu gelaepeb eapt: •
   5 On Bepobep bagum Iubea  cymncgep.  paep pum
pacepb on naman Zachapiap. op Abian tune. *] hip  pip
paep op Aaponep bohtpum.  anb hype nama paep  €hza-
beth: •
  6 Soblice hig paepon butu pihtpipe  bepopan Dobe.
gangenbe on eallum hip bebobum -] pihtpipneppum  bu-
tan ppohtes •
  7 Anb hig naepbon nan beapn. poppam be Clizabeth
paep unbepenbe.  *] hy  on  hypa bagum butu popb-eo-
bun: •
  8 Sobhce paep gepopben pa Zachapiap hyp pacepbha-
bep bpeac on hip geppixlep enbebypbneppe bepopan
Dobe.
  9 iEptep gepunan paep pacepbhabep hlotep. he eobe
p he  hip  opppunge pette.  ba he  on  Dobep  tempel
eobe.
  10 Call pepob  paep  polcep paep ute gebibbenbe on
}*aepe opppunge timan: •
  11 Da aetypbe him Dpihtnepengel ptanbenbe on J>aep
peopobep ppibpan healpe.
  12 Da peapb Zachapiap gebpepeb p gepeonbe.  -^
him ege onhpeap: •
  13 Da cpaeb pe engel him to.   Ne onbpseb pu  be
Zachapiap. poppam pin ben if gehypeb. •] pin pip Cliza-
beth ^e punu cenb. anb J»u  nempt hyp naman Iohannep.
hpeoppan to minum lapum.  Da eobe pe  bipbom neap.
cpsep Boetiup. minum hpeoppienban gepohte. *] hit ppa
mopohl hpaet hpega upapaebe. abpigbe paminenep CDo-
bep  eagan. anb hit ppan  bhpum  popbum.  hpaepep hit
oncneope hip poptepmobop. mib bam pe  ba p CDob pip
bepenbe. ba gecneop hit ppipe ppeotele hip agne mo-
bop, p paep pe bipbom  pe hit lange aep tybe -] laepbe.
ac hit ongeat hip lape ppipe  totopenne *] ppipe tobpo-
cenne mib bypigpa honbum. *] hine pa ppan hu p gepup-
be. Da anbppypbe pe bipbom him *] paebe. p hip gin-
gpan haepbonhine ppa totopenne. paep paep hi teohhobon
p hi hine eallne habban pceolbon. ac hi gegabepiab mom-
pealb bypig on paepe poptpupunga. ~] on pam gilpe bu-
tan heopa hpelc ept to hype bote gecippe:.
  This may perhaps be considered as a specimen of the Sax-
on in its highest state of purity, for here  are  scarcely  any
words borrowed from the Roman dialects.
  Of the following version of the gospels the age is not cer-
tainly known, but it was probably written between the time of
Alfred and that of the Norman conquest, and therefore may
properly be inserted here.
  Translations seldom afford just specimens of a language,
and least of all those in which a scrupulous and verbal inter-
pretation is endeavoured, because they retain  the phraseology
and structure of the original tongue; yet they have often this
convenience, that the same book, being translated in different
ages,  affords  opportunity  of  marking the gradations of
change, and bringing one age into comparison  with another.
For this purpose I have placed the Saxon version and that of
Wickliffe, written about the year 1380, in opposite columns;
because the convenience of easy collation seems greater than
that of regular chronology.

                  LUK, Chap.  I.
JN the dayes of Eroude kyng of Judee ther was a prest Za-
 carye by name: of the sort of Abia, and  his wyf was of the
doughtris of Aaron: and hirname was Elizabeth.

  2 An bothe weren juste  bifore  God: goynge in alle the
maundementis and justifyingis of the Lord withouten playnt.

  3 And thei hadden no child,  for Elizabeth was bareynand
bothe weren of greet age in her dayes.

  4 And  it befel that whanne Zacarye schould do the ofiice
of presthod in the ordir of his course to fore God.

  5 Aftir the custom of the presthood, he wente forth by lot
and entride into the temple to encensen.

  6 And at the multitude of the puple was without forth and
preyede in the our of encensying.
  7 And an aungel of the Lord apperide  to him: and stood
on the right half of the auter of encense.
  8 And Zacarye seynge  was afrayed: and drede fel  upon

  9 And the aungel sayde to him, Zacarye drede thou not:
tor thy preier is herd, and Elizabeth thi wif schal bere to thee
a sone: and his name schal be clepid Jon. 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
  14 -} he byb pe to gepean *] to bhppe.  1 manegaon
hyp acennebneppe gepagniab: •
  15 Sobhce he byb maepe bepopan Dpihtne. anb he
ne bpincb  pm ne beop.  ~\ he bib gepylieb on hahgum
Dapte. ponne gyt op hip mobop innobe.
  16 Anb manega lppahela beapna he gecypb to Dpi-
htne hypa Dobe.
  17 Anb he gaeb topopanhrmon gapte. *] Cliapmihte.
p he paebepa  heoptan to hypa beapnum gecyppe.  *]
ungeleappuile  to pihtpippa gieappcype.  Dpihtne pul-
ppemeb  pole gegeappian: •
  18 Da cpaeb Zachapiap  to pam engele.  Bpanun pat
ic  pip. ic eom nu ealb. anb mm  pip on  h^ype bagum
popbeobe: •
  19 Da  anbppapobe him pe engel.  Io  eom Dabpiel.
ic pe ptanbe bepopan Dobe. anb ic  eom  apenb pib pe
pppecan. *] pe  pip bobian.

  20 Anb nu pu bipt pupigenbe.  -] pu pppecan ne miht
ob pone baeg pe pap ping gepupbab. poppam pu minum
popbum ne gcypbept. pa beob on hypa timan gepyl-
lebe: •
  21 Anb p pole paep Zachapiam ge-anbibigenbe. anb
punbpobon p he on pam temple laet paep: •
  22 Da he ut-eobe ne mihte he him to-pppecan.  *] hig
oncneopon p he on pam temple pume gepihtbe gepeah.
"] he paep bicmenbe hym.  -} bumb puphpunebe:.
  23 Da paep gepopben pa hip penunga bagap gepyllebe
paepon. he pepbe  to hip hupe:.
  24 Sobhce aeptep bagam Clizabeth hip pip geeacnobe.
anb heo bebiglube hig pip monpap. *] cpaeb.
  25 Soblice me Dpihten gebybe pup. on pam bagum
pe he gepeah mmne hopp betpux mannum apyppan: -
  26 Soblice on pam pyxtan monbe paep apenb Eabpiel
pe engel ppam Dpihtne on Ealilea ceaptpe. paepe nama
paep Nazapeth.
   27 To bepebbubpe paemnan anum pepe. paep nama
paep Iopep. op Dauibep hupe.  *] paepe  paemnan nama
paep CDapia: •
  28 Da cpaeb pe engel ingangenbe.  Bal pep pu mib
gype gepyileb.   Dpihten mib pe. bu eapx gebletpub
on p pum: •
  29 I*a pepb heo on hip pppaece gebpepeb. anb  pohte
hpaet peo gpeting paepe: •
  30 Da cpaeb pe  engel.  Ne onbpaeb pu be CDapia,
poblice pu gype mib Dobe gemettept.
  31 Sobhce  nu.  pu on innobe  ge-eacnapt. anb  punu
cenpt. anb  hip naman Baelenb genemnept.
  32 8e bib maepe. *] paep hehptan punu genemneb. anb
him pylb Dpihten Dob hip paebep Dauibep petl.

  33 Anb he  picpab on ecneppe on Iacobep hupe.  *j
hip picep enbe ne bib: •
  34 Da  cpaeb CDapia to pam engle. hu gepypb pip.
poppam ic pepe ne oncnape: •
  35 Da  anbppapobe hype pe engel.  8e halga Dapt on
pe becymb.  *] paep heahptan miht  pe opeppceabab.
anb poppam p hahge pe op pe acenneb bib. bib Dobep
punu genemneb.

  36 Anb nu.  Clizabeth  pin mage punu  on hype ylbe
geacnobe. anb  pep  monab ip hype pyxta. peo ip unbe-
penbe genemneb.
  37 Foppam nip aelc popb mib Dobe unmihtehc: •
  38 Da cpaeb CDapia £ep ip Dpihtnep  pinen. gepupbe
me aeptep  pinum popbe:.  Anb pe engel hype ppam-
gepat: •
  39 Soblice on pam bagum apap CDapia *] pepbe on
muntlanb miboppte. on Iubeipcpe ceaptpe.
     VOL. I.
   10 And joye and gladyng schal be to thee:  and manye
schulen have joye in his natyvyte.
   11 For he schal be great bifore the Lord:  and he schal not
drinke wyn ne sydyr, and  he schal be fulfild with the holy
gost yit of his modir wombe.
   12 And he schal eonverte  manye of the children of Israel
to her Lord God.
   13 And he schal go bifore in the spiryte and vertu of Helye:
and he schal turne the hertis of the, fadris to the sonis, and
men out of beleeve:  to the prudence of just men, to make
redy a perfyt puple to the Lord.
   14 And Zacarye seyde to the aungel: whereof schal Y wyte
this? for Y am old: and my wyf hath gon fer in hir dayes.

   15 And the aungel answerde and seyde to him, for Y am
Gabriel that stonde nygh bifore God, and Y  am sent to thee
to speke and to evangelise  to  thee these thingis, and lo thou
schalt be doumbe.
   16 And thou schalt  not mowe speke, til  into  the day in
which these thingis schulen be don, for thou hast not beleved
to my wordis, whiche schulen be fulfild in her tyme.

   17 And the puple was abidynge Zacarye: and thei wondri-
den that he taryede in the temple.
   18 And he gede out and myghte not speke to hem: and
thei knewen that he hadde  seyn a visioun in the temple, and
he bekenide to hem: and he dwellide stille doumbe.
   W And it was don whanne the dayes of his office weren
fulfilled: he wenle into his hous.
  20 And aftir these dayes Elizabeth his wif conseyvede
and hidde  hir fyve monethis and seyde.
  21 For so the Lord  dide to me in the dayes in whiche he
biheld to take awey ray reprof among men.
  22 But in the sixte monethe the aungel Gabriel was sent
from God: into a cytee  of Galilee whosname was Nazareth.

  23 To a maydun weddid to a man; whos name was Joseph
of the hous of Dauith, and  the name  of the maydun was
Marye.
  24 And the aungel  entride  to hir, and sayde, heil ful of
grace the Lord be with thee: blessid be thou among wymmen.

  25 And whanne sche hadde herd: sche wastroublid in his
word, and thoughte what manner salutacioun this was.
  26 And the aungel seid to hir, ne  drede not thou Marye:
for thou hast founden grace anentis God.
  27 Lo thou schalt conseyve in wombe, and schalt bere a
sone: and  thou shalt clepe his name Jhesus.
  28 This shall be gret: and he schal  be clepid the sone of
higheste,  and the Lord God  schal geve to him the seete of
Dauith his fadir.
  29 And he schal  regne in the hous of Jacob  withouten
ende, and  of his rewme schal be noon ende.
   30 And Marye seyde to the aungel, on what maner schal
this thing  be don J for Y knowe not man.
   31 And the aungel answerde and seyde to hir, the holy
Gost schal came fro above into thee: and the vertu of the
higheste schal ouer schadowe th«e:  and therfore  that holy
thing that schal be borun of thee: schal be  clepid the sone
of God.
   32 And to Elizabeth thi cosyn, and sche also hath con-
seyved a  sone in hir eelde, and this monethe is the sixte to
hir that is clepid bareyn.
   33 For every word  schal not be impossyble anentis God.
   34 And Marye seide to the hond maydun of the Lord: be
it doon to me aftir thi word; and the  aungel departide fro
hir.
   35 And Marye roos up in tho dayes and wente with haste
into the mountaynes into a citee of Judee.
      D 
THE  HISTORY  OF THE
   40 ~\ eobe into  Zachapiap hupe.  *]  gpette Cliza-
 beth: •
   41 Da paep gepopben pa Clizabeth gehypbe CDapian
 gpetmge. ba gepagnube p ciib on hype  innobe. anb pa
 peapb Clizabeth hahgum Dapte  gepylieb.
   42 *] heo  clypobe  myceipe  ptepne. anb cpaeb. Du
 eapt betpux pipum gebietpub. anb gebletpubip pinep
 mnobep paeptm.
   43 *] hpanun ip me hip. p minep Dpihtnep mobop to
 me  cume: .
   44 &ona pps pinpe  gpetmge  ptepn on  minum eapum
 gepopben p£cp. pa pahnube [in  glaebnipe] min ciib on mi-
 num innope.
   45 Anb eabig pu eapt pu pe gelypbept. p pulppe-
 mebe pynt pa ping pe ppam Dpihtne gepaebe pynb:.

   46 Da  cpaeb  CDapia.  CDin papel maeppab Dpihten.
   47 "] min gapt geblippube onCrobe minum Baelenbe.
   48 Foppam pe he gepeah  hip pinene eab-mobneppe.
 pobhce heonun-popb me eabige  pecgab ealle cneopeppa.

   49 Foppam pe me mycele ping  bybe pe be mihtig ip.
 "3 hip nama ip hahg.
   50 *] hip miib-heoptnep op cneopeppe on cneopeppe
 hme onbpaebenbum: •
   51 Be pophte maegne on hip  eapme. he to baelbe pa
 opep-moban on mobe hypa heoptan.
   52 Be  apeapp pa pican op petle. anb pa eab-moban
 upahop.
   53 Bmgpigenbe he mib gobum gepylbe. *] opepmobe
 ibele popiet.
   54 Be  apeng Ippahel hip cmht. *] gemunbe hip milb-
 heoptneppe.
   55 Spa  h,e  pppaec to upum paebepum. Abpahame anb
 hip  paebe on a peopulb: •
   56 Sobhce  CDapia punube mib  hype ppylce  ppy
 monbap.  *] gepenbe pa to hype hupe:-
   57 Da  paep gepylieb Chzabethe cenning-tib. anb heo
 punu cenbe.
   58 -] yhpe nehchebupap  *] hype cuban p gehypbon.
 p Dpihten hip milb heoptneppe mib hype maeppube *]
 hig  mib hype hhppobon: •
   59 Da on  pam  ehteoban baege  hig  comon p  ciib
 ymbpniban. anb nembon  hme hip paebep naman Zacha-
 piam: •
   60 Da anbppapobe hip mobop.   Ne pe pobep. ac he
 bib  Iohannep genemneb:.
   61 Da cpaebon hi to hype.  Nip nan on pinpe maegbe
 Jjyppum naman genemneb: •
   62 Da bicnobon hi to hip paebep. hpaet  he polbe hyne
 genemnebne beon: •
   63 ba ppat he gebebenum pex-bpebe. Iohannep ip hip
 nama. ba punbpobon hig ealle: •
   64 Da \eapb  pona hip mub *] hip tunge geopenob.  *]
 he pppaec.  Dpihten  bletpigenbe: •
   65 Da peapb ege gepopben opep ealle hypa nehche-
 bupap. anb opep ealle Iubea munt-lanb paepon pap popb
 gepibmaeppobe.
   66 *] ealle ]>a be hit gehypbon.  on hypa heoptan pet-
 tun  *] cpaebon.   benpt bu hpaet byb ]>cy cnapa. pitob-
 lice Dpihtnep hanb paep mib  him:.
  67  Anb  Zachapiap hip paebep paep   mib halegum
 Dapte gepylieb. *] he pitegobe anb cpaeb.
  68 Debletpub Y7 Dpihten IppahelaDob. poppam pe
he geneopube. *j hip polcep alypebneppe bybe.
  69 Anb he up haele hopn apaepbe on Dauibep hupe
hip cnihtep.
  70 Spa he pppaec puph hip halegpa pitegena mub. pa
be op poplbep ppym be pppaecon.
   36 And sche entride into the hous of Zacarye and grette
Elizabeth.
   37 And it was don as Elizabeth herde the salutacioun of
Marye the young childe in hir wombe gladide, and Elizabeth
was fulfild with the holy Gost.
   38 And cryede with  a gret voice and seyde, blessid be
thou among wymmen; and blessid be the fruyt of thy wombe.

   39 And wherof is this thing to me, that the modir of my
Lord come to me?
   40 For lo as the vois of thi salutacioun was maad in myn
eeris: the young child gladide in joye in my wombe.

   41 And blessid  be thou that hast belceved: for thilke
thingis that ben seid of the Lord to thee schulen be parfytly
don.
   42 And Marye seyde, my soul magnifieth the  Lord.
   43 And my spiryt hathe gladid in God myn helthe.
   44 For he halh behulden the mekenesse of his hand-may-
dun: for lo for this alle generatiouns schulen seye that I am
blessid.
   45 For he that is mighti hath don to me grete thingis, and
his name is holy.
   46 And his mersy is  fro  kyndrede into kyndredis to  men
that dreden him.
   47 He made myght in his arm, he scateride proude men
with the thoughte of,his herte.
   48 He sette doun myghty men fro seete and enhaunside
meke men.
   49 He hath fulfillid hungry men with goodis, and he has
left riche men voide.
   50 He havynge mynde  of his  mercy took up Israel his
child,
   51 As he hath spokun to oure fadris, to Abraham, and to
his seed into worldis.
   52 And Marye dwellide with hir as it were thre  monethis
and turned agen into his hous.
   53 But the tyme of beringe child was fulfillid  to Eliza-
beth, and sche bar a son.
   5 4 And the neyghbouris and cosyns of hir  herden that the
Lord hadde magnyfied his mercy with hir, and thei thankiden
him.
   55 And it was doonin the eightithe day thei camen to cir-
cumside the child, and thei clepiden  him Zacarye  by the
name of his fadir.
   56 And his modir answeride and seide, nay; but  he schall
be clepid Jon.
   57 And thei seiden to hir, for no man is in thi kynrede that
is  clepid this name.
   58 And thei bikenyden to his fadir, what he wolde that he
were clepid.
   59 And he axinge a poyntel wroot seyinge, Jon is his
name, and alle men wondriden.
   60 And annoon his mouth was openyd and his tunge, and
he spak and blesside God.
   61 And drede  was maad on all hir neighbouris, and all the
wordis weren puplischidon alle the mounteynes of Judee.

  62 And alle men that herden puttiden in her herte, and
seiden what manner child schal this be, for the hond of the
Lord was with him.
   63 And Zacarye his fadir was fulfillid with the holy Gost,
and profeciede and seide.
   64 Blessid be the Lord  God of  Israel: for he has visited
and maad redempcioun of his puple.
   65 And he has rered to us an horn of helthe in the hous of
Dauith his child.
   66 As he spak by the mouth of hise holy prophetis that
weren fro the world. 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
   71 *] he alypbe up op upum peonbum. anb op ealpa
 papa hanba pe up hatebon
   72 CDilb-heopcneppe to pypcenne mib upum paebe-
 pum. *] gemunan hip halegan cybneppe.
   73 Byne uy to pyllenne pone ab pe he upum paebep
 Abpahame ppop.
   74 Daet pe butan ege. op upe peonba hanba alypebe.
 him peopian
   75 On hahgneppe bepopan him eallum upum bagum: •

   76 Anb pu cnapabipt paep hehptan pitega genemneb.
 pu gaept bepopan Dpihtnep anpyne. hip pegap geappian.

   77 To pyllene hip poke  haele  gepit on hypa pynna
 popgypneppe.
   78 Duph mnobap upep Dobep milb-heoptneppe. on
 pam he up geneopube op eaptbaele up-pypingenbe.
   79 Onlyhtan pam pe on pyptpum *■] on beabep pceabe
 pittab. upe pet to gepeccenne on pibbe peg: •
   8o Soblice pe cnapapeox.-] paepongapte geptpangob.
 *]  paep on peptenum ob pone baeg hyp aetypebneppum
 on Ippahel: •

   Of the Saxon poetry some specimen is necessary, though
 our ignorance of the  laws of their metre and the quantities
 of their syllables, which it would be very difficult, perhaps
 impossible, to recover, excludes us from that pleasure which
 the old bards undoubtedly gave to their contemporaries.
   The first poetry of the Saxons was  without rhyme, and
 consequently must have depended upon the quantity of their
 syllables; but they began in time to imitate their neighbours,
and close their verses with correspondent sounds.
  The two passages, which  I  have  selected, contain appa-
rently the rudiments of our present lyrick measures, and the
 writers may be justly considered as the genuine ancestors of
the English poets.
       Be mai him pope abpeben,
       Daet he banne ope bibbe ne mugen,
       Uop p bihmpeb llome.
       Bae ip pip p bit anb bote
       Anb bet biuopen borne.
       Deab com on bip mibelapb
       Dupb baep beplep onbe,
       Anb penne anb popge anbippinC,
       On pe anb on lonbe.
        Ic am elbep banne ic pep,
       A pintpe ^eca lope.
       Ic ealbi mope banne ic bebe,
       CDi pit oghte to bi mope.
        Se p hine pelue uopget,
       Uop piue opep uop chilbe.
       Be pal comen on euele ptebe,
       Bute gob him bi milbe.
        Ne hopie pip to  hipe pepe,
       Ne pepe to hip piue.
       Bi pop him pelue eupich man,
       Daep pile he bieb aliue.
        Gupich man mib p he haueb,
       CDai beggen heuepiche.
       Se be leppe *] pe be mope,
      Bepe aibep lhche.
        Beuene anb epbe he oueppieb,
      Bip eghen bib pulbpiht.
       Sunne -\ mone *] alle pteppen,
       Bieb bieptpe on hip hhte.
        Be pot hpet bencheb anb hpet bop,
      Alle quike pihte.
      Nip no louepb ppich ip xipt,
      Ne no king ppjch ip bpihte.
  67 Helth fro oure enemyes, and fro the hond of alle men
that hatiden us.
  68 To do mersy with oure fadris, and to have mynde of his
holy testament.
  69 The grete ooth that he swoor to Abraham our fadir.

  70 To geve himself to us, that we without drede delyvered
fro the hond of oure enemyes serve to him,
  71 In holynesse and rightwisnesse before him, in alle our
dayes.
  72 And thou child schalt be clepid the profete of the high-
este, for thou schalt go before the face of the Lord to meke
redy hise weyes.
  73 To geve science of heelthto his puple into remissioun
of her synnes.
  74 By the inwardeness of the mersy of oure  God, in the
which he springyng up fro on high hath visited us.
  75 To geve light to them that sitten in derknessis, and in
schadowe of deeth, to dresse oure feet into the weye of pees;
  76 And the childe wexide, and was confortid in spiryt, and
was in desert placis till to the day  of his schewing to Ysrael.
  Beuene *] epbe *] all bat ip,
Biloken ip on hip honbe.
Be beb al p hip pille ip,
On pea anb ec on lonbe.
  Be ip opb albuten opbe,
Anb enbe albuten enbe.
Be one ip eupe on eche ptebe,
CDenke pep bu penbe.
  Be ip buuen up anb bineben,
Biuopen anb ec bihinb
Se man p gobep pille beb,
Bie mai hme aihpap umbe.
  Cche pune he lhepb
Anb pot eche bebe.
Be buph pigb echep ibanc,
CJQai hpat pel up to pebe.
  Se man neupe nele bon gob,
Ne neupe gob lip leben.
Gp beb -\ bom come to hip bupe.
Be mai him pope abpeben.
  Bungep "] buppt hete -] chele,
Ccbe anb all unhelbe.
Duph beb com on bip mibelapb,
Anb obep unipelbe.
  Ne mainon hepte hit ipenche,
Ne no tunge telle.
Bu muchele pinura anb hu uele,
Bieb mne helle.
  Lome Eob mib upe hiepte.
Anb mib all upe mihte.
Anb upe emcpiptene ppo up pelp,
Spo up  lepeb bpihte.
  Sume bep habbeb leppe mepgbe,
Anb pume bep habbeb mope.
6ch eptep ban^ he bebe,
Cptep p he ppanc pope.
  Ne pel bep bi bpeb ne pin,
Ne opep  kennep epte.
Eob  one pel bi echep lip,
Anb bhpce anb eche pepte.
  Ne pal bap bipcete ne pcpub,
Ne poplbep pele none.
Ac pimepgpe p menup bihat,
All pall ben gob one.
  Nemai no mepgpe bi ppo muchel,
Spo ip  gobep lpihbe. 
THE  HISTORY  OF  THE
      Bi ip pop pune anb bpiht,
      Anb bai bute nihte.
        Dep ip pele bute pane
      Anb pepte buten lppinche.
      Se p mai anb nele bebep come,
      Sope hit pel uopbenche.
        Dep  ip bhpce buten tpege,
      Anb lip butep beabe.
      Det eupe  pullen pume bep,
      Blibe hi biep anb eabe.
         Dep ip geugepe buten elbe,
      Anb eibe buten unhelpe.
      Nip bep Y-op&e ne pop non,
      Ne non unipeibe.
         Dep me pel bpihten ipen,
      Spo ape he ip mib lpippe.
      Be one mai anb pel al bien,
      Cnglep anb mannep bhpce.
         To bape bhpce up bpmg gob,
      Det pixeb buten enbe.
       Danne  he upe paula unbint,
       Op hchamhce benb.
         Epipt geue up lebe ppich lip,
       Anb habbe ppichne enbe.
       Det pe moten bibep cumen,
       Danne  pe hennep penbe.

  About the year  1150,  the Saxon began to take a form in
which the beginning of the present English may be  plainly
discovered; this change seems not to have been the effect of
the Norman conquest, for very few French words are found
to have been introduced in the first hundred years after it;
the language must therefore have been altered by causes like
those which, notwithstanding the care of writers and socie-
ties instituted to obviate them, are even now daily making
innovations in  every living language.   I have exhibited a
specimen of the language of this age from the year  1135 to
1140 of the Saxon chronicle, of which  the latter part was
apparently written near the time to which it relates.

  Dip gaepe pop pekingStephneopep pae  to Nopmanbi.
~\ pep pep unbep-pangen. popbi^ hi penben^? he pculbe
ben alpuic aipe pe eom pep.  -]  pop he habbe get hip
tpepop. ac he to belb it ~] pcatepeb potlice.  CDicel
habbe Benpi king  gabepeb goib *] pyluep. anb na gob ne
bibe me pop hip  paule pap op.  Da pe king Stephne to
Gngla-lanb  com pa macob  he hip gabeping aet  Oxene-
popb. *] pap he nam pe bipcop Rogep op  Sepep-bepi.  *]
Alexanbep bipcop op Lincoln. -\ te Eancelep Rogep hipe
neuep. -] bibe aelle in ppipun. til hi japen up hepe cap-
tlep.  Da pe puikep unbepgaeton p he milbe man pap ~\
popte ~\ gob.  *]  na juptipe ne bibe.  pa biben hi alle
punbep. Bi habben him manpeb makeb anb abep puopen.
ac hi nan tpeube ne heolben. alle he paepon pop-ppopen.
*] hepe  tpeobep  pop-lopen.  pop aeupic  pice man hip
captlep makebe anb agaenep him heolben. anb pylben pe
lanb pull op captlep.  Bi piiencten puibe pe ppecce men
op pe lanb mib captel-peopcep.   pa pe  captlep papen
makeb.  pa pylben hi mib beoulep anb yuele men.  Da
namen hi pa men pe hi penben p am gob hepben  babe be
nihtep anb be baeiep. caplmen*3 pimmen. anb biben heom
m ppipun eptep golb anb pyluep   -3 pineb heom un-tel-
lenbhce pining, pop ne  paepen naeupe nan  maptypp ppa
pineb alpe hi paepon. CDe hengeb up bi pe pet anb pmokeb
heom mib pul pmoke. me hengeb bi pe pumbep. obdep bi
pe hepeb. "]  hengen bpynigep on hep pet.  CDe bibe
cnotteb ptpengep abuton hepe haeueb. *] uupyben to p
it gaebe to pe  haepnep.  Bi biben heom in quaptepnepap
nabpep *] pnakep  *] pabep paepon inne. -} bp^tpen heom
ppa. Sume hi biben in cpucethup. p ip in an ceptej^pap
pcopt -\ napeu.  *] un-bep.  ^ bibe pcaeppe ptanep pep
inne.  *] ppengbe pe man paep mne.  p hi bpaecon alle pe
hmep.  In mam op pe capclep paepon lop -] gh.T p paepon
pachentegep p tpa obep ppe men habben onoh tobaepon
onne.  p pap ppamaceb p ip  paeptneb to an beom. *]
biben an pcaepp ipen abuton pa mannep ppote *] hip halp.
p he ne mihte nopibeppapbep ne pitten. ne lien, ne plepen.
oc baepon al p ipen.  CDam pupen hi bpapenmib hungaep.
J ne canne. *] ne mai tellen alle pe punbep. ne alle pepinep
p hi biben ppecce men  on hip lanb. -\ p laptebe pa xix.
pintpe pile Ctephne pap king. ^ aeupe it pap uueppe anb
uueppe.  Bi laeibengaeilbep on pe tunep aeupeu pile. ^
clepeben it tenpepie. pa pe ppecce men ne habben nan
mope to giuen. pa paeueben hi anb bpenbon alle pe tunep.
p pel pu mihtep papen all abaeip pape pculbept pu neupe
pmben man in tujp pittenbe. ne lanb tileb. D^ pap copn
baepe.  *] plec. ^fcaepe. *] butepe. pop "nan ne paep o pe.
lanb.  (JUpecce men ptupuen op hungaep  pume jeben on
aelmep pe papen  pum pile pice  men. pum plugen ut op
lanbe.  CDep naeupe gaet mape ppecceheb on lanb. ne
naeupe heben men peppe ne biden pan hi b«ben. pop ouep
pibon ne pop-bapen hi noubep cipce. ne cypce-iaepb. oc
nam al pe gob p pap mne pap. *] bpenben pyben pe cypce
*] altegaebepe.  Ne hi ne pop-bapen bipcopep land ne ab-
botep. ne ppeoptep. ac paeueben munecep. *] clepekep,
*]  aeupic man obep pe ouep myhte.  Dip tpa men obep
ppe coman pibenb to an tun. al pe tunpcipe phigaen pop
heom. penben p hi paepon paeuepep. De bipcop y ~! lepeb
men heom cuppebe aeupe. oc pap heom nabt pap op  pop
hi  paepon all pop-cuppaeb -\ pop-puopen -3 poplopen.
CJDap pae me bilebe.  pe epbe ne bap nan copn.  pop pe
lanb pap  all  pop-bon mib puilce baebep. -\  hi paeben open-
lice p Epipt plep.  ^j hip halechen.  Suilc *] m^pe panne pe
cunnen paein. pe polenben xix. pintpe  pop up.e pinnep.
On al pip  yuele time heolb CDaptm abbot hip abbotpice
xx. pintep. *] halp gaep «] vm. baeip. mib  micel puinc. ^
panb pe munekep.  *] te  geptep al p i^eom behoueb.  -\
heolb mycel capiteb in the hup. anb pob pebepe ppohte
on pe cipce -} pette pap to lanbep .*] pentep. *] gobeb it
puybe anb laet it pepen. anb bpohte heom into pe nepae
mynptpe on p. Petpep  moeppe-bae. mib micel puptpcipe.
p pap anno  ab mcapnatione  Dom. mcxl.  a combuptione
loci xxm.  Anb he pop to Rome ^ paep. paep pael unbep-
 pangen ppam pe Pape Cugenie. ■] begaet thape ppiuilegiep.
 an  op alle pe lanbep op  pabbotpice. ^ an obep op pe lan-
 bep pe hen to pe cipcepican. «] gip he  leng mopte huen.
alpe he mint to bon op  pe hopbep-pycan.  Anb he begjet
in lanbep p pice men hepben mib ptpengpe. op Q^illelm
CDalbuit pe heolb Rogingham pae captel he pan Doting-
ham *] Cptun. ~\ op Bugo op a)altmle he panBypthngh.
•] Stanepig  *] lx. pot op Albepingle aelc  gaep..  Anb he
 makebe manie munekep. *] plantebe pmisepb. •] makebe
 mame peopkep. «]  penbe pe tun betepe pan  it sep paep.
 anb paep gob munec *] gob man. •] popbi hi luueben Dob
 anb gobe men.  Nu pe  pillen paegen pum bel pat belamp
 on Stephne kingep time. On hip time pe Jubeup op Nop-
 pic bohton an Dpipten cilb bepopen Cptpen. anb pineben
 him alle pe ilce pining p upe Dpihtin  pap pineb. anb on
 langppibaei him on pobe hengen pop iip,e Dpihtnep luue.
 T pyben bypieben him.  £Den&en  p ,c pCUibe ben pop-
 holen. oc  upe Dpihtm  atypebe p he pap  hah maptyp T
 to munekep him namen. ^ bebypieb  him heglice. in be
 mynptpe. ^ he  maket pup upe Dpihtm  punbephce anb
 manipaelbhcemipaclep  ^ hatte he p. Q^illelm:-
   On pip gaep com Dauib king op  Scotlanb mib opmege
 paepb to pip lanb polbe tmnan pip lanb. ^ him com torae-
 nep COillelm eopl op Albamap pe king abbe beteht Cuop-
 pic.  1 to obep aeuez  men mib paeu  men ^ puhten pib 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE
heom. -j plemben pe  king aet te ptanbapb.  *]  plogen
puibe micel op hip genge: •
  On pip gaep polbe  pe king Stephne taecen Robbept
eopl op Dlouceptpc. pe kingep pune Benpiep. ac he ne
mihte pop he papt it pap. Da eptep hi  pe lengten pep-
tepebe pe punne *] te baei abuton nontib bejep. pa men
eten p me  lihtebe canblep to aeten bi. ~] p pap xm. k. r.
Appil.  paepon men puibe oppunbpeb. Dep eptep popb-
peopbe Q)illelm jEpce-bipcop op  Eantpap-byp-.g. *] te
king makebe Teobalb ^Epce-bipcop. pe pap abbot in pe
Bee. Dep eptep paex  puibe micel uueppe betuyx pe king
*]  Ranbolp eopl op Eaeptpe noht popbi p he nejap him al
p he cube axen him. alpe he bibe alle obpe. oc aeppe pe
mape lap heom pe paeppe hi paepon him.   De eopl heolb
Lmcol agaenep pe king. *] benam him al p he ahte to hauen.
*] te king pop pibep *] bepaette him -] hip bpobep fjjil-
leiin be K . . . ape in pe captel. *] te eopl ptael ut *] pepbe
eptep Robbept eopl op  Dlouceptpe. *] bpoht him pibep
mib micel pepb.  anb  puhten ppibe on Eanbelmappe-
baei agenep heope lauepb ~] namen him. pop hip men him
puyken "]  plugaen. anb  laeb  him to  Bpiptopc anb biben
pap in ppipun. *] ... tepep.  Da pap all Cngle-lanb pty-
peb map pan aep paep.  anb all yuel paep in lanbe.  Dep
eptep com pe kingep  bohtep Benpiep pe hepbe ben 6m-
pepicon Alamanie. *]  nu paep cunteppe in Angou. *] com
to Lunbene. *] te Lunbenippce pole hipe polbe taecen *]
pcae pleh.  *] poplep  pap michl: •  Dep eptep pe bipcop
op fl}in-ceptpe Benpi. pe kingep bpobep Stephnep. ppac
pib Robbept eopl ^ pib pempepice  anb ppop heom abap
p he neupe ma  mib te king hip bpobep  polbe halben. ^j
cuppebe alle pe men pe mib him heolben.  anb paebe heom
p he polbe iiuen heom up Q)in-ceptpe.  *] bibe heom cu-
men pibdp.   Da hi paep inne paepen pa com pe  kingep
cuen ... hipe ptpengbe *] bep aet heom.  p pep paep inne
micel hungaep.  Da hi ne leng ne muhten  polen. pa ptali
hi  ut *] plugen.  "] hi pupben pap  pibuten *] polecheben
heom.  anb namen  Robbept eopl op Dlou-ceptpe anb
lebben him to Roue-ceptpe. anb biben him pape in ppi-
pun. anb te empepice pleh into an mynptpe.  Da peop-
ben ba pipe men betpyx.  pe  kingep ppeonb *] te eoplep
ppeonb. anb pahtlebe puapy me pculbe leten ut pe king
op ppipun pop pe eopl.   *] te eopl  pop  pe king. "-\ pua
biben.  Siben bep eptep  pathleben pe king -\ Ranbolp eopl
at Stan-popb -] abep ppopenanb tpeubep paepton^hep
noubep pculbe bepuiken obep. *] it ne pop-ptob naht.
pop pe king him piben nam in  Bamtun.  puphe picci
paeb. •] bibe him  m ppipun. *j ep  ponep he let  him ut
puphe paeppe peb to p  popepapbe p he puop on hahbom.
T S7r'cr  ran^' P ne  a^e hip captlep  pculbe iiuen up.
Sume he lap up anb pume ne lap he noht.  anb bibe panne
paeppe banne he haep pculbe.  Da pap Cngle-lanb puibe
to-beleb. pume helben mib tekmg. *] pume mib pempe-
pice. pop pa pe king pap m ppipun.  pa penben pe eoplep
^J te pice men p he neupe mape pculbe cumme  ut.  *]
paehtleben pyb pempepice. -} bpohten hipe into Oxen-
popb. anb iauen hipe pe bupch: •  Da be king pap ute.
pa hepbe p paegen. anb  toe hip peopb *] bepaet hipe in pe
tup. *] me laet hipe bun on niht op pe tup mib papep. *]
ptal ut *]  pcae  pleh -] laebe on  pote to Q)ahng-popb.
Daep eptep pcae pepbe opep pae. *]  hi op Nopmanbi pen-
ben alle ppa  pe king to pe eopl  of Angaeu. pume hepe
Pankep *]  pume hepe un-pankep.  pop  he bepaet heom
til  hi aiauen up  hepe captlep. "^ hi nan helpe ne  haepben
op pe king. Da pepbe Cuptace pe kingep  pune to Fpance.
"] nam pe kingep puptep op Fpance  to pipe, penbe to bi-
gaeton  Nopmanbi paep puph.  oc  he ppebbe htel. *] be
gobe pihte. pop he pap an yuel man. pop pape pe he  ...
bibe mape yuel panne gob he peuebe pe lanbep ~\ laeibe
mic.......pon. he  bpohte hip pip to Cngle-lanb. -} bibe
     VOL. I.
hipe in pe capte......teb. gob  pimman pcae paep.  ec
pcae hebbe htel bhppe mib him. *] xpipt ne polbe p he
pculbe lange pixan. *] paepb beb anb hip mobep beien. *]
te eopi op Angaeu paepb beb. *] hip pune Benpi toe to pe
pice. Anb to cuen op Fpance to-baelbe ppa pe king. *]
pcae com  to be mnge eopl Benpi.  *] he tochipe to piue.
*] al Peitou mib hipe. Dp pepbe he mib micel paepb into
Cngle-lanb. *] pan captlep.  "] te king pepbe agenep  him
micel mape pepb. *] po bpaepepe puten hi noht. oc pep-
ben pe ./Epce-bipcop *] te pipe men betpux heom.  *]  ma-
kebe p pahte p te king pculbe ben lauepb *] king pile he
liuebe. *] aptep hip baei papeBenpi king. *]hehelbehim
pop pabhp -3 he him pop pune. anb pib *] paehte  pculbe
ben betpyx heom -] on al Cngle-lanb.  Dip and te obpe
popuuapbep pet hi makeben  puopen to halben pe king
*] te eopl. anb te bipcop. *]  te eoplep. *] picemen alle.
Da pap pe eopl unbeppangen aet  £jjin-ceptpe anb  aet
Eunbene mib micel puptpcipe. anb alle biben him man-peb.
anb puopen pe paip to halben. anb hit papb pone puibe
gob paip pua p neupe pap hepe.  Da pap be king ptpen-
gepe panne he aeuept hep  pap. ^ te  eopl pepbe ouep
pae. •] al pole him luuebe. pop he bibe gob juptipe *]
makebe paip:.
  Nearly about this time, the following pieces of poetry seem
to have been written, of which I have inserted  only short
fragments; the first is a rude attempt at the present measure
of eight syllables, and the  second is a natural introduction
to Robert of Gloucester, being composed in the same mea-
sure, which,  however  rude and barbarous it may  seem,
taught the way to the Alexandrines of the French poetry.

          J^UR in seebi west spaynge.
             Is a lonb lhone cokaygne.
          Der nis lonb unber heuennche.
          Of wel of gobnis hit lhche.
          Doy parabis be min anb bnyt.
          Eokaygn is of fairir siyt.
          What is per in parabis.
          Bot grasse anb flure anb greneris.
          Doy per be 101 anb gret bute.
          Dernismet bote frute.
          Der nis halle bure no bench.
          Bot watir man  is pursto quench.
          Bep per no men but two.
          Bely anb enok also.
          Ehnghch may hi go.
          Whar per wonip men no mo.
          In cokaygne is met anb brink.
          Wifcute care how anb swink.
          De met is trie  pe brink so clere.
          To none russin anb sopper.
          I sigge for sop boute were.
          Der nis lonb on erpe is pere.
          Unber heuen nis lonb l wisse.
          Of so mochil 101 anb bhsse.
          Der is mam swete siyte.
          Al is bai nis per no my te.
          Der nis baret noptr stnf.
          Nis per no bep ac euer hf.
          Der nis lac of met no clop.
          Der nis no man no woman wrop.
          Der nis serpente wolf no fox.
          Bors no capil. kowe no ox.              *
          Der nis schepe no swine no gotc
          No non horwyla gob it wote.
          Noper harate nopher stobe.
          De lanb is ful of oper gobe> 
THE HISTORY  OF THE
           Nis per flei fie nolowse.
           In clop in toune beb no house,
           Der nis bunnir slete no hawle.
           No non vile worme no snawile.
           No non storm rem no wmbe.
           Der nis man no woman bhnbe.
           Ok al is game ioi ant gle.
           Wei is him pat per mai be.
           Der bep rivers gret anb fine.
           Of oile melk honi anb wine.
           Watir seruip per to noping.
           Bot to siy t anb to waussing.

             SANCTA MARGARETTA.

 f)LDE ant yonge 1 preit ou oure sohes for to lete.
    Denchet on gob  pat yef ou wit oure  sunnes to bete.
 Bere maitellenou. wib worbes feire anb swete.
 De vie of one meiban. was hoten CDaregrete.
   pive faber  was a patriae, as ic how tellen may.
 In auntioge wif eches 1 be false lay.
 Deve gobes ant boumbe. he serveb nitt ant  bay.
 So beben mony opere. pat singet weilawey.
   Theobosius was is nome.  on enst ne levebe he noutt.
 Be levebe on pe false gobes. bat peren wib honben wroutt.
 Do pat  chilb sculbe Christine ben. ic com him well in
       poutt.
 C beb wen it were lbore. to bepe it were ibroutt,
   De mober was an hepene  wif pat hire to wyman bere.
 Do pat  chilb ibore  was. nolbe  ho hit furfare.
 Bo senbe it into asye. wib messagers ful yare.
 To a nopice pat hire wiste. ant sette hire to lore.
   De  nonce pat hire wiste.  chilbren aheuebe seuene.
 De eittepe was maregrete. cristes may of heuene.
 Tales ho am tolbe. ful feire ant ful euene.
 Wou ho poleben martirbom.  sein Laurence  ant seinte
       Steuene.

   In these  fragments, the adulteration of the Saxon tongue,
 by a mixture of the Norman, becomes apparent; yet it is not
 so much  changed by the admixture of new words which
 might be imputed to commerce with  the  continent,  as  by
 changes  of its own  form  and terminations;  for which  no
 reason can  be given.
   Hitherto the language used in this island, however diffe-
 rent in successive time, may  be called Saxon; nor can it
 be expected, from the nature of things gradually changing,
 that any time can be assigned, when the Saxon may be said
 to cease, and the English to commence. Rooert of Glouces-
 ter, however, who is placed  by  the criticks in the thirteenth
 century, seems to have used a kind of intermediate diction,
 neither Saxon  nor English; in  his work therefore we  see
 the transition exhibited, and,  as he is the first of our writers
 in  rhyme, of whom any large work remains, a more exten-
 sive quotation  is extracted.  He writes apparently in the
 same measure with the foregoing author of St. Margarite,
 which, polished into  greater  exactness, appeared to  our
 ancestors so suitable to the genius of the English language,
 that it  was continued  in use almost to the  middle of the
 seventeenth century.

QF pe batayles of Denemarch, pat hii dudevin pys londe
   pat worst were of alle opere, we mote abbe an honde.
Worst hii were, vor opere adde somwanne ydo,
As Romeyns 8c Saxons, 8c wel wuste pat lond perto.
Ac hii ne kept yt holde nogt, bote robby, and ssende,
And destrue, & berne, & sle, 8c ne  coupe abbe non ende.
And bote lute yt nas worp, pey  hii were ouercome ylome.
Vor myd ssypes  and gret poer as prest efsone hii come,
Kyng Adelwolf of  pys lond kyng  was tuenty ger.
pe Deneys come by hym ryuor pan hii dude er.
Vor in pe al our vorst ger of ys kynedom
Myd pre 8c pryity ssypuol men her prince hyder come,
And at Soupamtone aiyuede, an hauene by Soupe.
Another gret ost pulke tyme aryuede at Portesmoupe.
pe  kyng nuste weper kepe, at delde ys ost atuo.
be Denes adde pemaystre. poal was ydo,
And by Estangle and Lyndeseye hii wende vorb atte laste,
And so hamward al by Kent, & slowe 8c barnde vaste,
Agen wynter hii wende hem. anoper  ger eft hii come.
And destrude Kent al out, and Londone nome.
pus al an ten ger pat lond hii brogte per doune,
So pat in pe tepe ger of pe kynge's  croune.
Al bysoupe hii come alond, and pet  folc of Somersete
poru pe byssop Alcston and ther folc of  Dorsete
Hh come 8c smyte an batayle, 8c pere, poru Gode's grace,
pe Deneys were al bynepe, 8c pe lond folc adde pe place,
And more prowesse dude po, pan pe  kyng mygte byuore,
peruore gode lond men ne bep nogt al verlore.
pe kyng was pe boldore po, 8c agen hem pe more drou,
And ys foure godes sones woxe vaste y  nou,
Edebold and Adelbrygt, Edelred and Alfred.
pys was a slalwarde tem, 8c of gret wysdom 8c red,
And kynges were al foure, 8c defendede  wel pys lond,
An Deneys dude ssame ynou, pat me volwel vond.
In syxtepe gere of pe kynge's kynedom
Is eldeste sone Abelbold gret ost to hym nome,
And ys fader also god, and opere heye men al so,
And wende agen pys Deneys, pat muche wo adde y do.
Vor myd tuo  hondred ssypes  8c an  alf  at Temse moup hii
      come,
And Londone, and Kanterbury, and oper tounes  nome,
And so vorp in to Sopereye, 8c slowe 8c barnde  vaste,
pere pe kyng and ys sone hem mette atte laste.
pere was batayle strong ynou ysmyte in an prowe.
pe godes kyngtes leye adoun as gras, wan medep mowe.
Heueden, (par were of ysmyte,) 8c oper lymes also,
Flete in blode al fram pe grounde, ar  pe  batayle were ydo.
Wanne pat blod stod al abrod, vas per gret wo y nou.
Nys yt reupe vorto hure, pat me so  vole slou?
Ac our suete Louerd atte  laste ssewede ys suete grace,
And sende pe  Cristyne Englysse men  pe maystrye in pe
      place,
And pe hepene men of Denemarch bynepe were echon.
Nou nas per gut in Denemarch Cristendom non:
pe kyng her after to holy chyrche ys herte pe more drou,
And tepegede wel 8c al ys lond, as hii agte, wel y nou.
Seyn Swythyn at Wynchestre byssop po was,
And Alcston at Syrebourne, pat amendede muche pys cas.
pe kyng was wel pe betere man poru her beyre red,
Tuenty wynter he was kyng, ar he were ded.
At Wynchestre he was ybured, as he gut lyp pere.
Hys tueye sones he gef ys lond, as he by get hamere.
Adelbold, the eldore, pe kynedom of Estsex,
And suppe Adelbrygt, Kent and Westsex,
Eygte hondred ger yt was and seuene and fyfty al so,
After pat God anerpe com, pat pys dede was ydo.
Bope hii wuste by her tyme wel her  kynedom,
At pe vyfte ger Adelbold out of pys  ly ue nome.
At Ssyrebourne he was ybured, 8c ys bropcr Adelbrygt
His kynedom adde  after hym, as lawe was and rygt.
By ys daye pe verde com of pe hepene  men  wel prout,
And Hamtessyre and destrude Wynchestre al out.
And pat lond folc of Hamtessyre  her red po nome
And of Barcssyre, and fogte and  pe  ssrewen ouercome.
Adelbrygt was kyng of Kent geres folle tenc,
And of Westsex bote vyue, po he deyde ych wene. 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
 A DELRED was after hym kyng y mad in pe place,
    Eygte hondred 8c seuene 8c syxty as in pe ger of grace.
 pe vorste ger of ys kynedom pe Deneys pycke com,
 And rohbede and destrude, and cytes vaste nome.
 Maystres hii adde of her ost, as yt were dukes, tueye.
 Hynguar and Hubba, pat ssrewen were beye,
 In Est Angle hii byleuede, to rest hem as yt were,
 Myd her ost al pe wynter, of pe vorst gere.
 pe oper ger hii dude hem vorp, 8c ouer Homber come,
 And slowe to grounde 8c barnde, 8c Euerwyk nome.
 per was batayle strong y nou, vor yslavve was pere
 Osryc kyng of Homberlond, 8c monye pat with hym were.
 po Homberlond was pus yssend, hii wende 8c tounes nome.
 So pat atte laste to Estangle agen hym come.
 per hii barnde 8c  robbede, and pat folc to grounde slowe,
 And, as wolues among ssep, reulych hem to drowe.
 Seynt Edmond was po her kyng,  8c po he sey pat  deluol
       cas
 pat me morprede so pat folc, 8c  non amendement nas,
 He ches leuere to deye hymsulf, pat such sorwe to ysey.
 He dude hym vorp among hys fon, nolde he nopyg fie.
 Hii nome hym  8c scourged  hym,  8c suppe naked hym
       bounde
 To a tre, 8c to hym ssote, 8c made hym mony a wounde,
 pat pe arewe were on hym po pycce, pat no stede  nas by-
       leuede.
 Atte laste hii martred hym, and smyte of ys heued.
 pe syxte ger of pe crounement of Aldered pe kyng
 A ny we ost  com into pys lond, gret poru alle pyng,
 And anon to Redynge robbede and slowe.
 pe king and  Alfred ys broper nome men ynowe,
 Mette hem,  and a batayle smyte vp Assesdoune.
 per was mony moder chyld, pat sone lay per doune.
 pe batayle ylaste vorte nygt, and per were aslawe
 Vyf dukes of Denemarch, ar hii wolde wyp drawe,
 And mony pousend of oper men, 8c po gonne hii to fle;
 Ac hii adde alle ybe assend, gys pe nygt nadde y be.
 Tueye batayles her after in pe sulf gere
 Hii smyte, and at bope pe hepene maystres were.
 pe kyng Aldered sone po pen wey of dep nome,
 As yt vel, pe vyfty ger of ys kynedom.
 At Wymbourne he was ybured, as God gef pat cas,
 pe gode Alfred, ys broper after hym kyng was.

 A LFRED pys noble man, as in pe ger of grace he nom
   Eygte hondred 8c syxty 8c tuelue pe kyndom.
 Arst he adde at Rome ybe, 8c, vor ys grete  wysdom,
 pe pope Leo hym blessede, po he puder com,
 And pe kynge's croune of hys lond, pat in pys lond  gut ys:
 And he led hym to be kyng, ar he kyng were ywys.
 An he was kyng of Engelond, of alle pat per come,
 pat vorst pus ylad was of pe pope of Rome,
 An suppe oper after hym of pe erchebyssopes echon.
 So pat hyuor hym pore kyng nas per non.
 In pe Soup syde of Temese nyne batayles he nome.
 Agen pe Deneys pe vorst ger of ys kynedom.
 Nye ger he was pus in pys lond in batayle 8c in wo.
 An ofte sype aboue was, and bynepe oftor mo;
 So longe, pat hym nere by leuede bote pre ssyreninys
      hond,
 Hamtessyre;  and Wyltessyre, and Somersete, of al  ys lond.
 A  day as he wery was, and asuoddrynge hym nome
 And ys men were y wend auyssep,  Seyn Cutbert  to hym
      com.
 " Ich am," he seyde, " Cutbert, to pe ycham y wend
 " To brynge  pe gode tytynges.  Fram God ycham ysend»
 " Vor pat folc of pys lond  to synne her wylle al geue,
« And gut nolle herto her synnes byleue
" poru me 8c oper hale wen, pat in pys lond were ybore;
" pan vor gou byddep God, wanne we bep hym byuore,
" Hour Louerd myd ys eyen of milce  on pe lokep peruore,
" And py poer pe wole gyue agen, pat pou ast ney verlore.
" And pat pou per of sop yse, pou ssalt abbe tokynynge.
" Vor pym men, pat bep ago to day auyssynge,
" In  lepes 8c in confles so muche vyss hii ssolde hym brynge,
" pat ech man wondry ssal of so gret cacchynge.
" And pe mor vor pe harde vorste; pat pe water yfrore hys,
" pat pe more agen pe kunde of vyssynge yt ys.
"Of serue yt  wel agen God, andylef me ysmessager,
" And pou ssal py wylle abyde, as ycham ytold her."
As pys kyng  herof awoc, and of pys sygte pogte,
Hys vyssares come to hym, 8c so gret won of fyss  hym
      brogte,
pat wonder yt was, 8c namelyche vor pe weder was so colde.
po lyuede pe god man wel, pat Seyn Cutbert adde ytold.
In Deuenyssyre per after aryuede of Deneys
pre and tuenty ssypuol men, all agen pe peys,
pe kynge's broper of Denemarch due of ost was.
Oure kynge's men of Engelond mette hem by cas,
And  smyte per an batayle, and her gret due slowe,
And  eygte hondred 8c fourty men, 8c her caronyes to drowe.
bo kyng Alfred hurde pys, ys herte gladede po,
bat lond folc to hym come so pycke so yt mygte go,
Of Somersete, of Wyltessyre, of Hamtessyre perto,
Euere as he wende, and of ys owe folc al so.
So pat he adde poer ynou, and atte laste hii come,
And  a batayle at Edendone agen pe Deneys nome.
And  slowe to grounde, 8c wonne pe maystre of the velde.
pe kyng 8c ys grete duke bygonne hem to gelde
To pe kyng Alfred  to ys wylle, and ostages toke,
Vorto wende out of ys lond, gyf he yt  wolde loke;
And  gut perto, vor ys loue, to auonge Cristendom.
Kyng Gurmund, pe hexte kyng, vorst per to come.
Kyng Alfred ys godfader was.  p ybaptysed ek per were
pretty of her hexte dukes, and muche of pat folc pere
Kyng Alfred hem huld wyp hym tuelf dawes as he hende,
And  suppe he  gef hem large gyftes, and let hym wende.
Hii, pat nolde Cristyn, be, of lande flowe po,
And bygonde see in France dude wel muche wo.
gut pessrewen come agen, and muche wo here wrogte,
Ac pe kyng Alfred  atte laste to ssame  hem euere brogte.
Kyng Alfred was pe wysost kyng, pat long was byuore.
Vorpey me segge pe lawes bep in worre tyme vorlore,
Nas  yt nogt so hiis daye. vor pey he in worre were,
Lawes he made rygtuollore, and strengore pan er  were.
Clerc he was god ynou, and gut, as me  tellep me,
He was more pan ten ger old, ar he coupe ys abece.
Ac ys gode  moder ofte smale gyftes hym tok,
Vor to byleue  oper pie, and loky on ys boke.
So pat by por clergye ys rygt lawes he wonde,
pat neuere er nere y mad, to gouerny ys lond.
And  vor pe worre was so muche of pe luper Deneys,
pe men of pys sulue lond were of pe worse peys.
And  robbede and slowe opere, peruor he byuonde,
pat per were hondredes in eche contreye of ys lond,
And  in ech toune of pe hondred a tepynge were also,
And  pat ech man wypoute gret lond in tepynge were ydo,
And  pat ech man knewe oper pat in tepynge were,
And  wuste somdel of her stat, gyf me pu vp hem here.
So streyt he was, pat pey me ledde amydde weye heye
Seluer, pat non man ne dorste yt nyme, pey ne yt seye.
Abbeys he rerde mony on, and mony studes ywys.
Ac Wynchestrye he rerde on, pat ny we munstre ycluped ys.
Hys  lyf eygte and tuenty ger in ys kynedom ylaste .
After ys dep he wos ybured at Wynchestre attte laste.
v2 
THE HISTORY OF THE
  Sir John Mandeville wrote, as he himself informs us, in
the fourteenth  century, and his work, which comprising  a
relation of many different particulars, consequently required
the use of many words and phrases, may be properly speci-
fied  in this place.  Of the following quotations,  I  have
chosen the first, because it shows, in some measure, the state
of Eurofican science as well as  of the English  tongue; and
the second, because it is valuable for the force of thought and
beauty of expression.

TN  that lond, ne in many othere bezonde that,  no man may
  see the sterre transmontane, that is clept the  sterre of the
see, that is unmevable, and that is toward the Northe, that we
clepen the lode  sterre.   But  men seen another sterre, the
contrarie to him, that  is toward the Southe, that is clept An-
tartyk.  And right as the schip men taken here avys  here,
and governe hem be the lode sterre, right  so don  schip men
bezonde the parties, be the sterre of the Southe, the which
sterre appereth not to us.   And this sterre  that  is toward the
 Northe, that wee  clepen the lode sterre, ne apperethe not to
hem.  For whiche cause, men may wel perceyve,  that the
lond  and the see ben of rownde schapp and forme.   For the
 partie of the firmament schewethe in o contree, that schewethe
not in another contree. And men may well preven be experi-
ence and sotyle compassementof wytt,that zif a man fond pas-
sages be schippes, hat wolde go to serchen the world, men
myghte go be schippe all aboutethe world, and abovenand be-
nethen. The whiche thing I prove thus, aftre that I have seyn.
For I have been toward the parties of Braban, and  beholden the
Astrolabre, that the sterre that is cleptthe transmontayne,is 53
degrees highe. And more forthere in Almayne  and Bewme,
it hathc  58 degrees.  And more forthe toward the parties
septemtrioneles, it is 62 degrees of heghte, and certyn myn-
utes. For I my self have mesureditby the Astrolabre.  Now
schulle ze knowe, that azen the Transmontayne, is the tother
sterre, that is  clept Antartyk;  as I have seyd before.  And
tho 2 sterres ne meeven nevere.  And be  hem turnethe alle
the firmament, righte as dothe a wheel, that turnethe be his
axille tree; so that tho sterres beren  the firmament in  2
egalle parties;  so that it hathe  als mochel  aboven, as it hath
benethen.  Aftre  this, I  hav gon toward  the parties meri-
dionales, that is toward the Southe:  And I have  founden that
in Lybye, men seen first the sterre Antartyk.   And so fer I
have  gone more in tho contrees, that I have founde that sterre
more high; so that  toward the highe Lybye, it is 18 degrees
of heghte, and  certeyn minutes  (of the which,  60  minutes
maken a  degree) after  goynge  be see and be londe, toward
this contree, of that I have spoke, and to other ylesand londes
bezonde that contree, I have founden the sterre Antartyk of
33 degrees of heghte, and mo mynutes.  And  zif  I hadde
had  companye and schippynge, for to go more bezonde, I
trowe wel in certyn,  that wee scholde have seen  alle the
roundnesse of the firmament alle  aboute.  For as  I have
seyd zou be forn, the half of the firmament is betwene tho 2
sterres: the whiche halfondelle I have seyn. And of the other
halfondelle, I have seyn toward the Northe, undre the Trans-
montane 62 degrees and 10 mynutes,  and toward  the partie
meridionalle, I have seen undre the Antartyk 33 degrees and
16 mynuts: and thanne the halfondelle of the firmament in
alle, ne holdethe not but 180 degrees.  And of tho 180,  I
have  seen 62 on that o part, and 33 on that other part, that
ben 95 degrees, and nyghe the halfondelle of a  degree; and
so there ne faylethe but that I have seen alle the firmament,
saf 34 degrees and  the halfondelle of a degree; and  that is
not the fourthe part of the firmament.  For the 4 partie of the
roundnesse of the  firmament holt 90 degrees: so  there fay-
lethe but 5 degrees  and an half of the fourthe partie.  And
also I have seen the 3 parties of alle the  roundnesse of the
firmament, and more  zit 5 degrees and  an  half.   Be the
whiche I seye zou  certeynly, that  men may envirowne alle
the erthe of alle the world, as wel undre  as aboven, and
turnen azen to his contree,  that hadde companye and schip-
pynge and conduyt: and alle  weyes he scholde fynde  men,
londes, and yles, als wel as in this contree.  For zee wyten
welle, that thei that ben  toward the Antartyk, thei ben
streghte, feet azen feet of hem, thatdwellen undre the trans-
montane;  als wel as wee and  thei that  dwellyn  undre us,
bean feet azenst feet.  For alle the parties of see and of lond
han here appositees, habitables or trepassables, and thei of
this half and bezond half.  And wytethe wel, that aftre that,
that I may parceyve and comprehende, the londes of Prestre
John, emperour of Ynde ben undre  us.  P'or in goynge from
Scotland or from Englond toward Jerusalem, men gon up-
ward alweys. For oure  lond is in the  lowe partie of the
erthe, toward the West: and the lond of Prestre John is the
low partie of the erthe, toward the Est: and thei  han thert
the day, whan wee have the nyghte, and also highe to the con-
trarie, thei han the nyghte, whan wee han the day.  For the
erthe and the see ben of round forme and schapp; as I  have
seyd beforn.  And than that men gon upward to o cost, men
gon dounward to another cost.   Also zee have herd me  seye,
that Jerusalem is in the myddes of the world;  and that may
men preven and  schewen there, be a spere, that is pighte in
to the erthe, upon  the hour of mydday, whan it is eque-
noxium, that schewethe no schadwe on no syde. And that it
scholde ben in the myddes of the world,  David wytnessethe
it in  the Psautre, where he seythe, Deus  operates est salute
in medio terre.  Thanne thei that parten fro the parties of the
West for to go toward Jerusalem, als many  iorneyes as thei
gon upward for to go thidre, in als many iorneyes may thei
gon fro Jerusalem, unto other confynyes of the superficialtie
of the erthe bezonde. And whan men gon bezonde tho  iour-
neys, towarde Ynde and to the foreyn yles, alle is envyronynge
the roundnesse of the  erthe and of the see,  undre oure con-
trees on this half. And therefore hathe it befallen many tymes
of o thing, that I  have herd cownted, whan I  was zong;  how
a worthiman departed sometyme from our countrees, for  to go
serche the worlde.  And so  he passed Ynde, and the yles be-
zonde Ynde, where ben mo than 5000 yles:  and so longe he
wente be see and lond,  and so  enviround  the world be many
seysons,that he found an yle, where he herde speke his own
language, callynge on oxen in the plowghe, suche  wordes as
men  speken to bestes in his owne contree: whereof he hadde
gret  mervayle: for he knewe not how it myghte be.  But I
seye, that he had gon  so longe, be londe  and be see, that he
had envyround alle the erthe, that he was comen azen envi-
rounynge, that is to seye,  goynge aboute,  unto  his owne
marches, zif, he wolde have  passed forthe, til he had founden
his contree and his owne knouleche.  But  he turned  azen
fro  thens, from whens he was  come fro; and so he  loste
moche peynefulle labour, as him self seyde, a  gret while aftre,
that he was comen horn.  For it befelle aftre, that he wente
in to Norweye; and there tempest of the see toke him; and
he arryved in an yle; and whan he was in that yle, he knew
wel, that it was the yle where he had herd speke his owne lan-
gage before, and the callynge of the  oxen at  the plowghe:
and that was possible thinge.   But  how it seemethe to  sym-
ple men unlerned, that menne  mowe not  go  undre the erthe,
and also that men scholde falle toward the hevene, from undre!
But that may not be, upon lesse, than wee mowe falle toward
hevene, fro the erthe, where wee ben.  For fro what partie of
the erthe that men duelle, outlier aboven  or  benethen, it
semethe alweyes to  hem that duellen, that  thei  gon more
righte than ony other folk.  And righte as it semethe to us,
that thei ben undre  us, righte so it semethe hem, that wee
ben undre hem.  For zif a man myghte  falle fro  the erthe
unto  the firmament; be grettere resoun, the  erthe and the
see, that ben so grete and so hevy, scholde  fallen  to the fir- 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
mament: but that may not be: and therefore seithe oure Lord
God, Non timeas me, qui suspendi terra ex nichilo?  And alle
be it, that it be possible thing, that men may so envyronne alle
the  world, natheles of a 1000 persones, on  ne myghte not
happen to returnen in to his contree.  For, for the gretnesse
of the erthe and of the see,  men may go be a 1000 and a 1000
other weyes, that no man cowde reyde him perfitely toward
the  parties that he  cam fro, but zif it were be  aventure and
happ, or be the grace of God.   For the erthe is fulle large
and fulle gret,  and holt in roundnesse and  aboute envyroun,
be aboven and be benethen 20425 myles, aftre the opynyoun of
the  old wise astronomeres.  And here seyenges  I  repreve
noughte.  But  aftre my lytylle wyt,-it semethe me, savynge
here reverence, that it is more. And for to have bettere un-
derstondynge, I seye thus, be ther  ymagyned  a figure, that
hathe a gret com pas; and aboute the poynt of the gret com-
pas, that is clept the centre, be made another litille compas:
than aftre, be the gret  compas devised be  lines in manye
parties;  and that alle the lynes meeten at the centre; so that
in as manye  parties, as  the grete compas schal be departed,
in als manye, schalle be departed the littile, that is aboute the
centre, alle be it, that the spaces ben lesse.   Now thanne, be
the  gret compas represented for the firmament, and the litille
compas  represented for the erthe.  Now thanne the firma-
ment is  devysed, be  astronomers, in 12 signes; and  every
signe is devysed in 30 degrees, that is 360 degrees, that the
firmament hathe aboven.   Also, be the erthe devysed in  als
manye parties, as the firmament; and let  every partye an-
swere to a degree of the firmament: and wytethe it wel, that
aftre the auctoures of astronomye, 700 furlonges of erthe an-
sweren to a degree of the firmament: and tho ben  87  miles
and 4 furlonges. Now be that here multiplyed be 360 sifthes;
and  than thei  ben  31500 myles, every of 8 furlonges, aftre
myles of oure  contree.   So moche hath the erthe  in round-
nesse, and of heghte enviroun, aftre myn opynyoun and myn
undirstondynge. And zee  schulle undirstonde, that aftre the
opynyoun of olde wise  philosophres and astronomeres,  our
contree  ne Irelond  ne Wales ne Scotland ne Norweye nethe
other yles costynge to hem, ne ben not in the superficyalte
cownted aboven the erthe;  as it schewethe be alle the  bokes
of astronomye.   For the superficialtee of the erthe is depart-
ed in 7 parties,  for  the 7 planetes: and tho parties been clept
clymates.   And oure parties be not of the 7 clymates: for
thei ben descendynge toward the West. And also these yles of
Ynde, which beth evene azenst us, beth noght reckned in the
clymates:  for thei ben azenst us, that ben in the lowe contree.
And the 7 clymates strecchen  hem  envyrounynge the world.

  II. And I John Maundeville knyghte  aboveseyd, (alle
thoughe I be unworthi) that departed from our contrees  and
passed  the see, the  zeer of grace 1322.  that have passed
manye londes and many yles and contrees, and cerched manye
fulle straunge places, and  have ben in manye a fulle gode
honourable companye, and at manye a faire dede of armes,
(alle be  it that I dide none myself, for myn unable insuffiaance)
now I am comen horn (mawgree myself) to reste; for gowtes,
artetykes, that me distreymen, tho diffynen the ende of my
labour,  azenst my will  (God knowethe.)  And thus takynge
solace in my wretched  reste, recordynge the tyme passed, I
have fulfilled theise thin^es and putte hem wryten in  this
boke, as it wolde  come in to  my mynde, the zeer of grace
 1356 in the  34 zeer  that I  departede  from our  contrees.
Wherefore I preye to alle the rtderes and hereres of  this
boke, zif it plese hem, that thei wolde preyen to God for me:
and I schalle preye for hem.  And alle tho that seyn for me
a Pater noster, with an Ave Maria, that God forzeve me my
synnes, I make hem partneres and graunte em part of alle
the gode pilgrymages and of alle the gode dedes, that I hav
don, zif ony be to his plesance: and noghte only of  tho, but of
 alle that evere I schalle do unto my lyres ende.  And I be-
 seche Almyghty God, fro whom alle  godenesse arid grace
 comethe fro, that he vouchesaf, of his  excellent mercy and
 habundant grace, to fulle  fylle hire soules with inspiracioun
 of the Holy  Gost, in  makynge  defence of alle hire gostly
 enemyes here in erthe, to hire salvacioun, both of body and
 soule; to worschipe and thankynge of him, that is three and on,
 withouten begynnynge and withouten endynge; that is with-
 outen qualitee, good, and without quantytee, gret; that, inalle
 places is present; and alle thinges contenynynge; the whiche
 that no goodnesse may amende, ne non  evelle empeyre; that
 in perfeyte trynytee lyvethe and regnethe God, be alle worldes
 and be alle tymes.  Amen, Amen, Amen.

   The first of our authours, who can be properly  said to
 have written English, was Sir John Gower, who, in his Con-
fession of a Lover, calls Chaucer his disciple, and may there-
 fore be considered as the father of our poetry.

       "^ OWE for to speke of the commune,
           It is to drede of that fortune,
       Which hath befalle in sondrye londes:
       But ofte for defaute of bondes
       All sodeinly, er it be  wist,
       A tunne, when his lie arist
       Tobreketh, and renneth all aboute,
       Whiche els shudde nought gone out.
         And eke full ofte a littell skare
       Vpon a banke, er men be ware,
       Let in the streme, whiche with gret peine,
       If any man it shall restreine.
       Where lawe failleth, errour groweth,
       He is not wise, who that ne troweth.#
       For it hath proued oft er this.
       And thus the common clamour is
       In euerye londe, where people dwelleth:
       And eche in his complainte telleth,
       How that the worlde  is miswent,
       And thervpon his argument
       Yeueth euery man in sondrie wise:
       But what man wolde him selfe auise
       His conscience, and nought misuse,
       He male well at the  first excuse
       His God, whiche euer stant iij one,
       In him there is defaute none
       So must it stand vpon vs selue,
       Nought only vpon ten ne twelue,
       But plenarly vpon vs all.
       For man is cause of that shall fall.

   The history of our language is now brought to the paint
 at which the history of our poetry is  generally supposed to
 commence, the time of the  illustrious  Geqffry  Chaucer, who
 may, perhaps, with great justice, be styled  the first of our
 versifiers who wrote poetically.  He does not, however, ap-
 pear to  have deserved all the praise which he has received,
 or all the censure that he has suffered.  Dryden, who, mis-
 taking genius for learning, in confidence of his abilities, ven-
 tured to write of what he had not examined, ascribes to Chau-
 cer the first refinement of our numbers,  the first production
 of easy and natural rhymes, and the improvement of our lan-
 guage, by words borrowed from the more polished languages
 of the continent.   Skinner contrarily blames  him  in harsh
 terms for having vitiated  his native speech by whole cartloads
 of foreign words.  But he  that reads the works  of 'lower
 will find smooth numbers and easy rhymes, of  which Chaucer
 is supposed to have been the inventor, and the French words,
  whether good or bad, of which Chaucer is charged as the
  importer.   Some innovations he might probably make, like 
THE HISTORY OF THE
others, in the infancy of our poetry, which the paucity of
books does allow us to discover with particular exactness;
but the works of Gower and Lydgate sufficiently evince, that
his diction was in general like that of his contemporaries;  and
some improvements he undoubtedly made by the various  dis-
positions of his rhymes, and by the mixture of different num-
bers, in which he seems to have been happy  and  judicious.

                      CHAUCER.

 A LAS! I wepyng am constrained to begin verse of sorrow-
   full matter, that whilom in florishying studie made delita-
ble ditess. For lo! rendyng muses of a  Poetes enditen to  me
thinges to be writen, and drerie teres.  At laste no.drede ne
might overcame tho muses, that thei ne weren fellowes,  and
foloweden my waie, that is to saie, when  I was exiled, thei
that weren of my youth whilom welfull and grene, comforten
now sorowfull wierdes of me olde man: for elde is comeh  un-
warely  upon me,  hasted by the  harmes that I  have,  and
sorowe  hath commaunded his age to be in me.  Heres hore
aren shad overtimeliche upon my  hed: and the slacke skinne
tremblethe of mine  empted  bodie.  Thilke deth of men is
welefull, that he ne cometh not in  yeres that be swete,  but
cometh to wretches often icleped! Alas! alas! with how defe
an ere deth  cruell turneth avvaie fro wretches, and naieth for
to close wepyng eyen.  While fortune unfaithfull favoured
me with light godes; that sorowfull houre, that is to saie,  the
deth, had almoste drent myn hedde: but now for fortune clou-
die  hath chaunged her decevable  chere to mewarde, myne
unpitous life draweth along ungreable dwellynges. O ye  my
frendes, what, or whereto avaunted ye me to ben welfull?  For
he that  hath fallin, stode in no stedfasl degre.
 TN the mene while,  that I still record these thynges with
  my  self, and marked my wepelie complainte with office of
 poinctell:  I saugh stondyng  aboven the hight of myn hed a
 woman of full  grete  reverence, by semblaunt.  Her eyen
 brennyng, and clere, seyng over the common might of menne
 with a lively colour, and withe soche vigour and strength
 that it ne might not be nempned, all were  it  so, that she
 were  full of so grete age, that menne woulden not trowen in
 no manere, that she were of our elde.
   The stature of her was of doutous Judgemente, for some-
 tyme  she  constrained and shronke  her sclven, like to the
 common mesure of menne:  And  sometyme  it  semed, that
 she touched the heven with  the hight of her hedde.   And
 when  she  hove her hedde higher, she perced the self heven,
 so that the sight of menne lokyng was in ydell: her clothes
 wer maked of right delie thredes,  and subtel craft of per-
durable matter.  The  whiche  clothes  she had  woven  with
her owne handes, as I knewe well after by her self declaryng,
and shewyng to me the beautie; The whiche clothes a dark-
nesse  of a  forleten  and dispised elde had dusked and darked,
as it wonte to darke by smoked Images.
  In the netherest hemme and border of these clothes menne
redde  iwoven therein a Grekishe A. that  signitieth  the life
I have selected several specimens both of his prose and verse:
and among them, part of his translation of Boetius, to which
another version, made in the time of queen Mary, is opposed.
It would be improper to quote very sparingly an author of so
much reputation, or to make very large extracts from a book
so generally known.


                      COLVILLE.

T That in tyme of prosperite, and floryshing studye, made
  plesaunte and delectable dities,  or verses: alas now beyng
heauy and sad ouerthrowed in aduersitie, am compelled to fele
and  tast heuines  and greif.  Beholde  the muses Poeticall,
that is to saye: the pleasure  that is in poetes verses, do ap-
poynt me, and compel me to writ these verses in meter, and
the sorowfull verses do  wet my wretched face  with very
waterye teares, yssuinge out of my eyes for sorowe. Whiche
muses no feare without doute could ouercome, but that they
woldfolow me in my iourney of exile or banishment.  Some-
time the ioye of happy and lusty delectable youth dyd com-
fort me, and nowe the course of sorowfull olde age causeth
me to reioyse.  For hasty old age vnloked  for is come vpon
me with al her incommoclities  and euyls, and sorowe hath
commaunded and  broughte me into the same old age, that
is to say: that sorowe causeth me to be olde, before my time
come of old age.  The hoer heares do growe  vntimely vpon
my heade, and my reuiled skynne trembleth my flesh, cleane
consumed and wasted with sorowe. Mannes death is happy,
that cometh not in youth, when a man is lustye, and in plea-
sure or welth:  but in time of aduersitie, when it is often de-
syred.   Alas Alas howe dull and  deffe  be the eares of cruel
death vnto men in misery that would fayne dye: and yet re-
fusythe  to come and shutte vp theyr carefull  wepying eyes.
Whiles  that false fortune fauoryd me  with her transitorye
goodes,  then the  howre of death had almost ouercom me.
That is  to say deathewas redy to oppresse me when I was in
prosperitie.  Nowe for by cause that fortune beynge  turned,
from  prosperitie into aduersitie (as the clere day is  darkyd
with cloudes)  and hath  chaungyd her  deceyuable  counte-
naunce:  my wretched life is yet prolonged, and doth continue
in dolour.  O my friendes, why haue you so often bosted me,
sayinge  that I was  happy  when I had  honor possessions
riches, and authoritie whych be transitory thynges.  He that
bath fallen was in  no stedefast degre.

"y^HYLES that I considerydde pryuylye with myselfe the
    thynges before sayd, and descrybed my wofullcomplaynte
after the maner and  offyce of a wrytter, me thought I sawe a
woman stand ouer my head of a reurend countenaunce, hau-
yng quycke and glysteryng clere eyes,  aboue the common
sorte  of men in  lyuely  and delectable coloure,  and ful of
strength, although she semed so olde that by  no meanes she
is thought to be one of this oure tyme, her stature is of doute-
ful knowledge, for nowe she shewethe  herselfe at the corn-
men  length or statur of men, and  other whiles she semeth so
high, as though she touched heuen with the crown of her hed.
And  when she wold stretch  fourth her hed  hygher, it also
perced through heauen, so that mens syghte coulde not at-
taine to  behold her.   Her vestures  or  cloths were perfyt of
the finyste thredes,  and  subtyll workemanshyp, and  of sub-
staunce  permanent,  whych vesturs she  had wouen with her
own  hands as I perceyued after by her owne saiynge.  The
kynde or beawtye of the whyche vestures, a certayne darke-
nes or rather ignoraunce of oldenes forgotten hadde obscuryd
and darkened, as the smoke  is wont to  darken Images that
stand nyghe the smoke.   In the lower  parte of the said ves-
tures was read the Greke letter P. wouen whych signifycth
practise or actyffe, and in the higher parte of the vestures the 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
active, and above that letter, in the hiestbordure, a Grekishe
C. that signifieth the life contemplatise.  And betwenc these
two letters there were seen degrees nobly wrought, in maner
of ladders, by whiche degrees menne might climben from the
netherest letter to the upperest;  nathelesse handcs of some
men hadden kerve that clothe, by violence  or by strength,
and everiche manne of 'hem had borne awaie soche peces, as
he might getten.   And forsothe this foresaid woman  bare
smale bokes in her righte hande, and in her left hand she
bare a scepter.   And when she  sawe these  Poeticall muses
approchyng about my bed, and endityng wordes to my wep-
ynges, she was a litle amoved, and glowed with cruell eyen.
Who (qb she) hath suffered  approchen to this sike manne
these commen strompettes, of which is the place that menne
callen Theatre, the whiche onely ne asswagen not his sorowes
with remedies, but thei would  feden and norishe hym with
swete venime? Forsothe, that ben tho that with thornes, and
prickynges  of talentes of affeccions, whiche that ben nothyng
fructuous nor  profitable,  distroien the Corne, plenluous of
fruictes of reson.   For  the  holden hertes of men in usage,
but thei ne  deliver no folke fro maladie.  But if ye muses
had withdrawen fro me with  your flatteries  any  unconnyng
and  unprofitable  manne, as ben wont  to finde commenly
emong the  peple, I would well  suffre the  lasse grevously.
For why, in soche an  unprofitable man myne ententes were
nothyng endamaged.  But ye withdrowen from me this man,
that hath ben nourished in my studies or scoles of Eleaticis,
and of Academicis in Grece.  But goeth now rather awaie
ye Mermaidensj whiche that ben swete, till it be at the  last,
and suffreth this man to be cured and healed by my muses,
that is to say, by my notefull sciences.  And thus this com-
panie of muses iblamed casten wrothly the chere dounward
to the yerth, and shewing by rednesse their shame, thei pas-
seden sorowfully the thresholde.  And I of whom the sight
plounged in teres was darked, so that I ne might not know
what that woman was, of so Imperial aucthoritie, I woxe all
abashed and stonied, and cast my sight  doune to the  yerth,
and began still for to abide what she would doen afterward.
Then came she nere, and set her doune upon the utterest
corner of my bed, and she beholdyng my chere, that was cast
to the yerth, hevie and grevous of wepyng, complained with
these wordes (that I shall saine) the perturbacion  of my
thought.
          The Conclusions of the Astrolabie.

 This book (written to his son in the year of our Lord  1391,
   and in the 14 of King  Richard II.) standeth so good at
   this day, especially for  the  horizon of Oxford,  as  in  the
   opinion of*the  learned it cannot be amended, says an Edit.
   of Chaucer.

 T YTEL Lowys my sonne, I perceve well by certaine evi-
   dences thyne abylyte to lerne scyences, touching nombres
 and proporcions, and also well consydre I thy besye prayer
 in especyal to lerne the tretyse of the astrolabye.  Than for
 as moche as a philosopher saithe, he wrapeth hym  in  his
 frende, that condiscendeth to  the ryghtfull  prayers  of his
 frende: therefore I have given 'he a sufficient astrolabye for
 oure orizont, compowned aftei  the  latitude of Oxenforde:
 upon the whiche by  mediacion of this lytell  tretise, I pur-
 pose to teche the a certaine nombre of conclusions, pertain-
 ynge to this same instrument.  I say a certain nombre  of
 conclusions for thre causes, the first cause is this.  Truste
wel that al the  conclusions that have be founden, or ells pos-
iblye might be founde in so  noble an instrument  as  in  the
astrolabye; ben unknowen perfitely to anye  mortal man in
Greke letter T. whych estandeth for theorica, that signifieth
speculacion or contemplation.   And betwene both the sayd
letters were sene certayne degrees, wrought after the maner
of ladders, wherein  was as it were a passage or waye in
steppes or degrees from the lower part where the letter P.
was which is vnderstand from practys or actyf, unto the hygh-
er parte wher the letter T. was whych is vnderstand specu-
lacion or contemplacion.  Neuthertheles the handes of some
vyolente persones had cut the sayde vestures and had taken
awaye certayne pecis thereof, such as euery one coulde catch.
And she her selfe dyd bare in her right hand litel bokes, and
in her lefte hande a sceptre, which  foresayd  phylosophy
(when she saw the muses poetical present  at my bed, spek-
yng sorowfull wordes to  my wepynges) beyng angry sayd
(with terrible or frownynge countenance) who  suffred these
crafty harlottes to com to thys sycke man? whych can help
him by no means of hys griefe by any kind of medicines, but
rather increase the same with swete poyson.  These be they
that doo dystroye  the fertile and plentious commodytyes of
reason and the fruytes thereof with their pryckynge thornes,
or barren affectes, and accustome or subdue  mens myndes
with sickeness, and heuynes, and do not delyuer  or heale
them of the same. But yf  your  flatterye had  conueyed or
wythdrawen from me, any vnlernyd man as the  comen sorte
of people are wonte to be, I could haue ben better contentyd,
for in that my worke should not be hurt or hynderyd.  But
you haue  taken and conueyed from me thys man that hath
ben broughte vp  in the  studyes  of Aristotel  and  of Plato.
But yet gel you   hence maremaids (that seme swete untyll
you haue brought a man to  deathe) and suffer me to heale
thys  my man with my muses or scyences  that  be holsome
and  good.  And  after that philosophy had spoken  these
wordes the said companye of the musys poeticall beynge re-
bukyd  and  sad,   caste downe their countenaunce  to  the
grounde, and by blussyng confessed their shamefastnes, and
went out of the dores.  But I (that had my syght dull and
blynd wyth wepyng, so that I knew not  what woman this was
hauyng soo great aucthoritie) was amasyd or  astonyed, and
lokyng downeward, towarde the ground, I began pryvyle to
look  what thyng  she would saye ferther, then she had said.
Then she approaching and drawynge nere vnto me, sat downe
vpon the vttermost part of my bed, and lokyng vpon my face
sad with weping, and declynyd toward  the  earth for sorow,
bewayled  the  trouble of my minde  wyth these sayinges
folowynge.

this region, as I suppose.  Another cause is this, that sothe-
ly in any cartes of the astrolabye that I hive ysene, ther ben
some conclusions, that wol not in al thinges perfourme ther
bebestes:  and some of 'hem ben to harde to thy tender age
of ten yere to conceve.  This tretise divided in five  partes,
wil I shewe the wondir light rules and naked wordes in En-
glishe, for Latine ne  canst thou nat yet but smale, my litel
sonne.   But neverthelesse suffise£h to  the  these trewe con-
clusyons in Englishe, as wel  as suffiseth to  these noble
clerkes Grekes these same conclusyons in Greke, and to the
Arabines in Arabike, and to the  Jewes in  Hebrewe,  and to
the Latin folke in Latyn:  whiche Latyn folke had 'hem firste
out of other divers langages, and write 'hem in ther owne
tonge, that is to saine in Latine.
  And God wote  that in all  these langages and in manye mo,
have these conclusyons ben sufficientlye lerned and  taught,
and yet by divers  rules, right as divers  pathes  ledcn divers
folke the right waye  to Rome.
  Now  wol I pray mekely every person discrete, that redeth
or hereth this lityl tretise to have my rude ententing excused,
and my superfluite of wordes,  for two causes.  The first
cause is, for that curious endityng and harde sentences is
ful hevy at ones,  for soch a childe to lerne.  And the seconde 
THE HISTORY  OF  THE
 cause is this, that sothely me semeth better to writen unto a
 childe twise a gode sentence, that he foriete it ones.  And,
 Lowis, if it be so that I shewe the in my lith Englishe, as
 trew conclusions touching this matter, and not only as trewe
 but as many and subtil  conclusions as ben yshewed in Latin,
 in any comon tretise of the  astrolabye;  conne me the more
 thanke, and praye God save the kinge, that is lorde of  this
 langage, and all that him faith bereth, and  obeieth everiche
 in his degree, the more and  the lasse.  But consydreth well,
 that I ne usurpe not to  have founden this werke of my labour
 or of myne engin.   I n'ame but a leude compilatour of the
 laboure of olde astrologiens, and have it translated in myn
 Englishe onely for thy doctrine:  and with this swerde shal I
 slene  envy.

                     The first party.

    The first partye of this tretise shall reherce the figures,
 and the membres of thyne astrolaby, bycause that thou shake
 have the greter knowinge of thine owne instrument.

                   The seconde  party.

    The seconde partye shal teche the  to  werken the very
 practike of the foresaid conclusions, as ferforthe and  also
 narowe as may be shewed in so smale an instrument porta-
 tife aboute.   For wel wote every astrologien, that smallest
 fractions ne wol not be  shewed in so smal an instrument, as
 in subtil tables calculed for  a cause.

       The Prologue  of the Testament of LOVE.

 VTAN Y. men ther ben, that with eres openly sprad so moche
     swalowen the deliciousnesse of jestes and  of ryme, by
 queint knittinge coloures, that of the godenesse or of the
 badnesse of the sentence take they litel  hede or els none.
   Sothelye dulle witte and a thoughtfulle soule so sore have
 mined and graffed in my spirites, that soche craft of endit-
 inge woll nat ben  of mine   acquaintaunce.   And  for rude
 wordes and boistous percen  the herte  of the herer to the in-
 rest point, and planten there the sentence of thinges, so that
 with litel helpe it is able to  spring, this boke, that nothynge
 hath of the grete flode of wytte, ne of semelyche  colours, is
 dolven with rude wordes and boistous, and so drawe togifcer
 to maken the  catchers therof ben the more redy to hent sen-
 tence.
   Some men there ben, that painten with colours  riche  and
 some with wers, as with red inke, and some with coles  and
 chalke: and yet is there gode matter to the leude peple of
 thylke  chalkye purtreyture, as 'hem  thinketh for the time,
 and afterward the syght of the better  colours yeven to 'hem
 more joye for the  first leudenesse.  So sothly this  leude
 clowdy occupacyon is not to  prayse, but by the leude, for co-
 menly leude leudenesse commendeth.  Eke it shal yeve sight
 that other precyous  thynges shall be  the  more  in  reve-
 rence.  In Latin and French hath many soveraine wittes had
 grete delyte to endite, and have many noble thinges fulfilde,
 but certes there ben  some that speken ther  poise  mater in
 Frenche, of whiche speche the  rrenche men have as gode
 a iantasye as we have in heryng of Frenche mens Englishe.
 And many termes ther  ben  in Englishe, whiche unneth we
 Englishe men connen declare the knowleginge: howe should
 than a Frenche man borne soche terms connejumpere in his
 matter, but as the jay chattereth Englishe? Right so truely
 the  understandyn of Englishmen woll not  stretche to  the
 privie termes in Frenche, what so ever  we bosten of straunge
 langage.  Let than clerkes  enditen in Latin, for they have
the propertie  of science, and the knowinge  in  that facultie:
and  lette Frenche men  in ther Frenche also enditen ther
 queint termes, for it is kyndely to ther  mouthes: and let us
 shewe our fantasies in such wordes as we ierneden of our
 dame's tonge.   And although this boke be lytel thank wor-
 thy for the leudenesse in travail, yet such writing exitcn men
 to thilke thinges that ben  necessarie: for every man therby
 may as by a perpetual myrrour sene the vices or vertues of
 other; in whyche thynge lightly may be conceved to eschue
 perils, and necessaries to catch, after as aventures  have fal-
 len to other peple or persons.
   Certes the soverainst thinge of desire and most creture re-
 sonable, have or els shuld have full appetite to ther per-
 seccyon: unresonable bestes mowen not, sithe reson hath in
 'hem no workinge: than resonable that wol not, is compari-
 soned to unresonable, and  made lyke  'hem.   Forsothe the
 most soveraine and final perfeccion of man is in knowynge
 of a sothe, withouten any entent decevable, and in love of
 one very God, that is inchaungeable, that is to knowe, and love
 his creatour.
   Nowe principally the mene to brynge in knowleging and
 lovynge his creatour, is the consideracyon of thinges made
 by the  creatour, wher through  by thylke  thinges that  ben
 made, understandynge here to our wyttes, arne the unsene
 pryvities of God made to us syghtfull and knowynge, in our
 contemplacion and understondinge.  These thinges than for-
 sothe moche bringen as to the ful knowleginge sothe, and to
 the  parfyte love of the  maker of heavenly  thynges.   Lo!
 David saith:  thou haste  delighted me in makinge, as who
 saith, to have delite in the tune how God hat lent me in  con-
 sideracion of thy makinge.   Whereof  Aristotle in the boke
 de Animalibus, saith  to  naturell philosophers: it  is a grete
 likynge in love of knowinge ther cretoure: and also in know-
 inge of causes in  kinclelye  thynges, considrid forsothe  the
 formes  of kindelye thynges and  the shap,  a  gret kindelye
 love we shulde have to the  werkman that 'hem made.   The
 craft of a werkman is shewed in the werk.  Herefore  trulie
 the philosophers with a lyvely studie manie  noble thinges,
 righte  pre'eious, and worthy to memorye, wrilen, and  by a
 gret swet and travaile to us leften  of causes  the properties
 in natures of thinges, to whiche therefore philosophers it was
 more joy, more lykinge, more herty lust in kindely vertues
 and matters of reson the perfeccion by busy study to knowe,
 than to  have had all the tresour, al the richesse, all the vaine
 glory, that the passed emperours princes, or kinges hadden.
 Therefore the names of 'hem in the boke of perpetuall me-
 morie in vertue and pece arne writen;  and in the contraric,
 that is to saine, in Styxe the foule pitte of helle arne thilke
 pressed that soch godeness hated.  And bicause this boke
 shall be of love and the prime causes of stering in that  do-
 inge with passions and diseses for wantinge of desire, I wil
 that this boke be cleped the testament of love.
   But  nowe thou reder, who is thilke that will not in scorne
 laughe to here a dwarfe or els halfe a man, say he will rende
 out the swerde of Hercules handes, and also he shulde set
 Hercules Gades a mile yet ferther, and over that he had pow-
 er of strength to pull up the spere, that Alisander the noble
 myght never wagge, and that passinge al thinge to ben mays-
 ter of Fraunce by might, there as the noble gracious Ed-
 warde the  thirde for al his  grete  prowesse in victories ne
 might al yet conquere?
  Certes  I wote well, ther shall  be made more scorne  and
jape of  me, that I  so  unworthely clothed altogither in the
cloudie  cloude of unconning, wil putten me in p'rees to speke
ol love, or els of the causes in that matter, silhen al the eret-
test clerkes han had ynough to don, and as who saith gather-
ed up clene toforne 'hem, arid with their sharp sithes of con-
ning al mowen and made therof grete rekes and noble, ful of al
plenties to fede me and many an other.  Envye forsothe com-
mendeth noughte his reson, that he hath in  hain, be it never
so trusty.  And although these noble repers, as gode work- 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
 men and worthy ther hier, han al draw and bounde up in the
 sheves,and made many shockes,yet have I ensample to gafcer
 the smale crommes, and fullin ma walet of tho that failed from
 the bourde among the small houndes, notwithstanding the tra-
 vaile of the almoigner, that hath draw up in the cloth al the
 remissailes, as trenchours, and the relefe to  bere to the al-
 messe.  Yet also heve I leve of the noble husbande Boece,
 although I be a strauuger of conninge to come after his doc-
 trine, and these grete workmen, and glene my handfuls of the
 shedynge after ther handes, and yf me faile ought of my ful,
 to encrese my porcion with that I shal drawe by privyties
 out of shockes;  a slye servaunte in his owne helpe is often
 moche commended;  knowynge of trouthe   in  causes of
 thynges, was more hardier in  the firste sechers, and  so sayth
 Aristotle, and lighter in us that han folowed after.  For ther
 passing study han freshed our wittes, and  oure understand-
 ynge han excited in consideracion of trouth by sharpenes of
 ther resons.  Utterly  these thinges be no dremes ne japes,
 to throwe to hogges, it is lyfelych mete for children of trouth,
 and as they me betiden whan  I pilgramed out of  my kith in
 wintere, whan the wether out of mesure was boistous,  and
 the wyld wynd Boreas, as his kind asketh,  with  dryinge
 coldes maked the wawes of the ocean se so  to arise unkinde-
 ly over the commune  bankes that it was in  point to  spill all
 the erthe.

 The Prologues of  the Canterbxtry Tales of CHAU-
                  CER, from the  MSS.
 "^yHEN that Aprilis with his shouris sote,
     The drought of  March had percid to the rote,
 And bathid every veyn in such licour,
 Of which vertue engendrid is  the flour.
 When Zephyrus eke,  with his  swete breth
 Enspirid hath, in every holt and heth
 The tender croppis; and that the young Sunn
 Hath in the Ramm his halve- cours yrunn:
 And smale foulis makin melodye,
 That slepin alle night with opin eye,
 (So prickith them nature in ther corage)
 Then longin folk to go on pilgrimage:
 And palmers for to sekin strange strondes,
 To servin hallowes couth in sondry londes:
 And specially fro every shir'is  end
 Of England, to Canterbury they wend,
 The holy blisfull martyr for to  seke,
 That them hath holpin, whan that they were seke.
  Befell that in that seson on a day
 In Southwerk at the Tabberd as I lay,
 Redy to wendin on my pilgrimage
 To Canterbury, with devote corage,
At night wer come into that hostery
Wele nine and twenty in a cumpany
Of  sundrie folk, by aventure yfall
In felaship; and pilgrimes wer they all;
That toward Canterbury wouldin ride.
   The chambers and the stablis werin wide,
 And well we werin esid at the best:
 And shortly  whan the sunne was to rest,
 So had I spokin with them everych one,
 That I was of ther felaship anone;
 And made forward erli for to rise,
 To take our weye, ther as I did devise.
   But nathless while that I have time and space,
 Er' that I farther in this tale pace,
 Methinkith it accordaunt to reson,
 To tell you alle the condition
 Of ech of them, so as it semid me,
 And which they werin, and of what degree,
 And eke in what array that they wer in:
 And at a knight then woll I first begin.

                     The  Knight.

   A knight ther was, and that a  worthy man,
 That fro the  time that he first began
 To ridin out, he lovid Chevalrie;
 Trouth and honour, fredome  and curtesy.
 Full worthy was he in his lordis werre,
 And thereto had he  ridden nane more ferre
 As well in Christendom, as in Hethness;
 And evyr honoured  for his worthiness.
   At Alessandre he was whan it was won;
 Full oft timis he had the bord begon
 Abovin alle naciouns in Pruce;
 In Lettow had he riddin, and in Luce,
 No Christen-man so oft of his degree
 In Granada; in the sege had  he be
 Of Algezir, and ridd in Belmary;
 At Leyis was he, and at Sataly,
 Whan that they wer won; and in the grete see
 At many'a noble army had he be:
 At mortal battails had he ben fiftene,
 And foughtin for our feith at Tramesene,
 In listis thrys, and alwey slein his fo.
  This ilke worthy knight hath been also
 Sometimis with the lord of Palathy,
 Ayens anothir hethin in Turky;
 And evirmore he had a sov'rane prize;
 And though that he was worthy, he was wise;
 And of his port as meke as is a maid,
 He nevir yet no villany ne said
 In all his life unto no manner wight:
 He was a very parfit gentil knight.
 But for to tellin you of his array,
 His hors wer  good;  but he was nothing gay,
 Of fustian he  werid a gipon,
Alle besmottrid with his haburgeon.
 For he was late  ycome from his viage,
 And wente for to do  his pilgrimage.
       The House of FAME.

          The First  Boke.
MOW herkin, as I have you saied,
    What that I mette or I  abraied,
Of December the  tenith daie,
When it was night, to slepe I laie,
Right as I was wonte for to doen,
And fill aslepe wondir  sone,
As he that was werie forgo
On pilgrimage milis two
To the corps of sainct Leonarde,
To mankin lithe that erst was harde.
     VOL. I.
  But as slept me mette I was
Within a temple' imade ot glas,
In whiche there werin mo images
Of  golde, standyng in sondrie stages,
Sette in mo riche tabirnacles,
And with perre no pinnacles,
And mo curious portraituris,
And queint manir of figuris
Of  golde worke, then I sawe evir.
  But certainly  I n'ist nevir
Where that it was, but well wist I
It was of Venus redily
This temple, for in purtreiture
                      F
I sawe anone right her figure,
Nakid yfletyng in a se,
And also on her hedde parde
Her rosy garland white and redde,
And her combe for to kembe her hedde
Her dovis, and Dan Cupido
Her blinde sonne, and Vulcano,
That in his face y was lull broune.
  But as I romid up and doune,
I founde that on the wall there was
Thus writtin on a table' of bras.
  I woll now syng, if that I can,
The armis, and also the man, 
THE HISTORY  OF  THE
That first came through his destine
Fugitife fro Troye the countre
Into Itaile, with full moche pine,
Unto the strondis of Lavine,
And tho began the storie' anone,
As I shall tellin you echone.
  First sawe I the distruccion
Of Troie, through the Greke SinoH,
With his false untrue forswerynges,
And with his chere and his lesynges,
That made ahorse, brought into Troye,
By whiche Trojans loste all their joye.
  And aftir this was graved, alas!
How Ilions castill assailed was,
And won, and kyng Priamus slain,
And Polites his sonne certain,
Dispitously of Dan Pyrrhus.
  And next that sawe I howe Venus,
When that she sawe the castill brende,
Doune from hevin she gan discende,
And bade her sonne ./Eneas fle,
And how he fled, and how that he
Escapid was from all the pres,
And toke his fathre', old Anchises,
And bare hym on his backe awaie,
Crying alas and welawaie!
The whiche Anchises in his hande,
Bare tho the goddis of the lande
I mene thilke that unbrennid were.
  Then sawe I next that all in fere
How Creusa, Dan jEneas wife,
Whom that he lovid all his life,
And her yong sonne clepid Julo,
And eke  Ascanius also,
Fleddin eke, with full drerie chere,
That it was pite for to here,
And in a forest as thei went
How at a tournyng of  a went
Creusa was iloste, alas!
That rede not I, how that it was
How he her sought, and how her ghoste
Bad hym to flie the Grekis hoste,
And saied he must into Itaile,
As  was his destinie, sauns faile,
That it was pitie for to here,
When that her spirite gan appere,
The wordis that she to hym saied,
And for to kepe her sonne hym praied.
  There sawe I gravin eke how he
His fathir eke, and his meine,
With his shippis began to saile
Toward the countrey of Itaile,
As streight as ere thei mightin go.
   There sawe I eke the, cruill Juno,
That art Dan Jupiter his wife,
That ha»t ihated all thy life
Merciless all the Trojan blode,
Rennin and crie as thou were wode
OniEolus,the god of windes,
To blowin out of alle kindes
So loude, that he should ydrenche
Lorde, and ladie, and grome,and wenche
Of all the  Trojanis nacion,
Without any' of ther salvacion.
   There sawe I soche tempest arise,
That every herte might agrise,
To se it paintid on the wall.
   There sawe I eke gravin withall,
Venus, how ye, my ladie dere,
Ywepyng with full wofull chere
Ypraid Jupiter on hie,
To save and kepin that navie
Of that dere Trojan ^Eneas,
Sithins that he your sonne ywas.
               Gode Counsaile of Chaucer.

 T?LIE fro the prese and dwell with sothfastnesse,
    Suffise unto thy gode though it be small,
 For horde hath hate, and climbyng tikilnesse,
   Prece hath envie, and wele it brent oer all,
   Savour no more than the behovin shall,
     Rede well thy  self, that othir folke canst rede,
     And trouthe the shall delivir it 'is no drede,
 Paine the not eche  crokid to redresse,
   In trust of  her that tournith as a balle,
 Grete rest standith  in litil businesse,
   Beware also to spurne against a nalle,
   Strive not as doith a crocke with a walle,
     Demith thyself that demist othir's dede,
     And trouthe the shall deliver it 'is no drede.
 That the is sent receve in buxomenesse;
   The wrastlyngof this worlde askith a fall;
 Here is no home, here is but wildirnesse,
   Forthe pilgrim, forthe o best out ot thy stall,
   Loke up on high, and thanke thy God  of all,
     Weivith thy  luste and let  thy ghost  the lede,
     And trouthe the shall delivir, it 'is no drede.

          Balade  of the village without paintyng.

 '"PHIS wretchid  world'is transmutacion
    As wele and wo, nowe pore, and now honour,
 Without ordir or due discrecion
   Govirnid is by fortun'is errour,
   But nathelesse the lacke of her favour
     Ne maie not  doe me syng though that I die,
   J'ay tout perdu, mon temps & mon labeur,
     For finally fortune I doe defie,
Vet is me left the sight of my resoun
  To knowin frende fro foe in thy mirrour,
So moche hath yet thy tournyng up and doun,
  I taughtin me to knowin in an hour,
  But truily no force of thy reddour
    To hym that ovir hymself  hath maistrie,
  My suffisaunce yshal be my succour,
    For finally fortune I do defie.
O Socrates, thou stedfast champion;
   She ne might nevir be thy turmentour,
Thou nevir dreddist her oppression,
   Ne in her chere foundin thou no favour,
   Thou knewe wele the disceiptof her colour,
     And that her moste worship is for to lie,
   I knowe her eke a false dissimulour,
     For finally fortune I doe defie.

                 The answere of Fortune.

No man is wretchid but himself it wene,
   He that yhath hymself hath suffisaunce,
Why saiest thou then I am to the so kene,
   That hast thy self out of my govirnaunce?
   Saie thus grant mercie of thin habundaunce,
     That thou hast lent or this, thou shalt not strive,
   What wost thou yet how I the woll avaunce?
     And eke thou hast thy beste frende alive.
I have the taught division betwene
   Frende of  effecte, and frende of countinaunce,
The nedith not the galle of an hine,
   That curith eyin derke for ther  penaunce,
   Now seest thou clere that wer in ignoraunce,
     Yet holt thine anker, and thou maiest arive
   There bountie bereth  the key of my substaunce,
     And eke thou hast thy beste frende alive.
How many have I refused to sustene
   Sith I have the fostrid in thy plesaunce?
Wolt thou then make a statute on thy quene,
   That I shall be aie at thine ordinaunce?
   Thou born art in my reign of variaunce,
     About the whele with othir must thou drive
   My lore is bet, then wicke is thy grevaunce,
     And eke thou hast thy beste frende alive.

                 The answere to  Fortune.

Thy lore I  dampne, it is adversitie,
   My frend maist thou not revin blind goddesse,
That I thy frendis knowe I thanke it the,
   Take 'hem again, let 'hem go lie a presse, 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
  The nigardis in kepyng ther richesse
    Pronostike is thou wolt ther toure assaile,
  Wicke appetite cometh aie before sicknesse;
    In generall this rule ne maie not faile.

                       Fortune.

Thou pinchist at my mutabilitie,
  For I the lent a droppe of my richesse.
And now me likith to withdrawn) me,
  Why shouldist thou my roialtie oppresse?
  The se mai ebbe and flowin more and lesse,
    The welkin  hath might to shine, rain, and haile,
  Right so must I kithin my brotilnesse,
    In generall this rule ne maie not faile.

                     The Plaintiffe.

Lo, the' execucion of the majestie,
  That all purveighith of  his rightwisenesse,
That same thyng fortune yclepin ye,
  Ye blinde bestis full of leudeness!
  The heven hath propirtie of sikirness,
     This worlde hath evir restlesse travaile,
  The last daie  is the ende of  myne entresse,
     In generall  this rule ne maie not faile.

                 Th' envoye of Fortune.

 Princes I praie you of your gentilnesse,
  Let not this man and me thus crie and plain,
 And I shall quitin you this businesse,
  And if ye liste releve hym of his pain,
 Praie ye  his best frende of his noblenesse
  That to some bettir state he maie attain.

  Lydgate was a monk of Bury, who wrote  about the same
 time  with Chaucer.  Out of his prologue to his third book of
 the Fall  of Princes a few stanzas  are  selected, which, being
 compared with the style of his two contemporaries, will show
 that our  language was then not written by caprice, but was in
 a settled state.

 T IKE a pilgrime which that goeth on foote,
    And hath none  horse to releue his trauayle,
 Whote,  drye and wery, and may find no bote
 Of wel cold whan thrust doth hym assayle,
 Wine nor licour, that may to hym auayle,
 Tight so fare I which in my businesse,
 No succour fynde my rudcnes to  redresse.
   I meane as thus, I haue no fresh licour
 Out of the conduites of Calliope,
 Nor through Clio in rhethorike no floure,
 In my labour for to refresh me;
 Nor of the susters in noumber thrise three,
 Which with Cithera on Parnaso dwell,
 They neuer me gaue drinke once of their wel.
   Nor of theyr springes clere and christaline.
 That sprange by touchyng of the  Pegase,
 Their fauour lacketh my making ten lumine
. I fynde theyr bawme of so great scarcitie,
 To tame their tunnes with some drop  of plentie
 For  Poliphemus throw his great blindnes,
 Hath in  me derked of Argos the brightnes.
   Our life here short of wit the great dulnes
 The heuy soule troubled with trauayle,
 And of  memorye the glasyng brotelnes,
 Drede and vncunning haue made a strong batail
 With werines my spirite to assayle,
And with their subtil creping in most queint
Hath made my spirit in makyng for to feint.
  And ouermore, the ferefull frowardnes
Of  my stepmother called obliuion,
Hath a bastyll of foryetfulnes,
To  stoppe the passage, and shadow my reason
That 1 might haue no  clere direccion,
In translating of new to quicke me,
Stories to write of old  antiquite.
  Thus was I set and stode in double werre
At the metyng of fearful wayes tweyne,
The one was this, who euer list to lere,
Whereas good wyll gan me constrayne,
Bochas taccomplish for to doe my payne,
Came ignoraunce, with a menace of drede,
My penne to rest I durst not procede.

  Fortescue was chief justice of the Common-Pleas, in the
reign of king Henry VI.   He retired in 1471, after the bat-
tle  of Tewkesbury, and probably wrote most of his works
in his privacy.  The following passage  is selected from his
book of the Difference between an absolute and limited Mo-
narchy.
1_I YT may peraventure be marvelid by some men, why one
    Realme is a Lordshyp only Royall, and the Prynce there-
of rulyth  yt  by  his Law,  callid Jus  Regale; and  another
Kyngdome is a Lordschip, Royal and Politike, and the Prince
thereof rulyth by a Lawe,  callyd Jus Politieum et Regale;
sythen thes two Princes beth of egall Astate.
  To this dowte it may be ansvveryd in this manner; The first
Institution of thes twoo Realmys, upon  the Incorporation of
them, is the Cause of this diversyte.
   When Nembroth by Might, for his own Glorye, made and
incorporate the first Realme, and subduyd it to hymself by
Tyrannye, he would not have it governyd by any other Rule
or  Lawe, but by  his own Will;  by which and for th' accom-
plishment thereof he made it.   And therfor, though  he had
thus  made a Realme, holy Scripture  denyd to cal  hym  a
Kyng,  Quia Rex dicitur  a Regendo;  Whych  thyng he did
not, but oppressyd the People by Myght, and therfor  he was
a Tyrant, and called Primus  Tyrannorum.  But holy Writ
callith hym Robustus  Venator coram Deo.  For as the Hun-
ter takyth the wyld beste for to scle and eate hym; so Nem-
broth subduyd to him the People with  Might, to have their
service and their goods, using upon them the Lordschip that
 is callid Dominium Regale tantum.  After hym  Belus that
 was callid first a Kyng, and after hym his Sone Nynus, and
 after hym other Panyms; They, by Example of Nembroth,
 made them  Realmys, would not have them rulyd by other
 Lawys than by their own Wills.   Which Lawys ben right
 good under  good Princes; and  their Kyngdoms a then most
 resemblyd to the  Kyngdome of God,  which  reyneth upon
 Man, rulyng him by  hys own Will. Wherfor many Crystyn
 Princes usen the  same Lawe; and therfor it is,  that the
 Lawys sayen, Quod Princifii filacuit Legis habetvigorem. And
 thus I  suppose  first beganne in Realmys, Dominium tantum
 Regale.  But afterward, when mankynd was more mansuete,
 and better disposyd to Vertue,  Grete Communalties, as was
 the Feliship, that came into this Lond with Brute, wyliyng to
 be unyed and made a Body Politike called a Realme, havyng
 an Heed to  governe  it;  as after the Saying of the Philoso-
 pher, every Communaltie  unyed of many parts  must needs
 have an Heed; than they chose the same Brute  to be their
 Heed and Kyng.  And  they and he upon this incorporation
 and  Institution, and onyng of  themself into a Realme, or-
 deynyd the same Realme so to be rulyd and justyfyd by such
 Laws, as they al would  assent unto;  which Law therfor is
 Gallid  Politieum;  and bycause it is mynystrid by a Kyng, it
  is callid Kegale.  Dominium Politieum  dicitur quasi  Regi-
       f2 
THE HISTORY OF THE
men, filurium Scientia, sive Consilio ministratum. The Kyng
of Scotts  reynith upon his People by his Lawe,  videlicet,
Regimine  Politico et Regali.  And as  Diodorus  Syculus
saith, in his Boke de firiscis Historiis, The Realme of Egypte
is  rulid by the same Lawe, and  therfor the Kyng therof
chaungith not  his Lawes, without the Assent of his People.
And in like forme as he saith is ruled the Kyngdome of Sa-
ba, in Felici Arabia, and the Lond of Libie;  And also the
more parte of  al the Realmys in Afrike.  Which manner of
Rule and Lordship, the sayd Diodorus in that Boke, praysith
gretely.   For  it is  not only good for the Prince,  that may
thereby the more sewerly do Justice, than by his owne Ar-
bitriment; but it is also  good  for  his People that  receyve
therby, such justice as they desyer themself.  Now as me
seymth, it ys  shewyd opinly ynough, why one Kyng rulyth
and  reynith on his People Dominio tantum Regali, and that
other  reynith  Dominio  Politico  et Regali:   For  that one
Kyngdome beganne, of and by, the Might of the  Prince, and
that other beganne, by the Desier and Institution of the Peo-
ple of the same Prince.

   Of the works of Sir Thomas More it was necessary to give a
larger specimen,  both because  our language was then in a
great degree formed and settled, and because it appears from
Ben Jonson, that his works were considered as models of pure
and elegant style.  The tale, which is placed first, because ear-
liest written, will  show  what an attentive reader will, in per-
rusing our old writers,  often remark, that the familiar and
colloquial part  of  our language, being diffused among those
classes who had no ambition of refinement, or affectation  of
novelty has suffered very little change.  There is another
reason why the extracts from this author are more copious:
his works are carefully and correctly printed,  and may there-
fore  be better trusted than any other edition  of the English
books of that or the preceding ages.
 A  merry  iest how  a sergeant would
   learne to playe the frere.  Written
   by maister  Thomas  More in hys
   youth.
 "Vy"YSE men alway,
     Affyrme  and say,
   That best is for a man:
 Diligently,
 For to apply,
   The busines that he can,
 And in no  wyse,
 To enferpryse,
   An other faculte,
 For he that wyll,
 And can no skyll,
   Is neuer lyke to the.
 He that hath lafte,
 The hosiers crafte,
   And falleth  to making shone,
 The smythe that shall,
 To paynting fall,
   His thrift is well nigh done.
 A blacke draper,
 With whyte paper,
   To goe to writyng scole,
 An olde Butler,
 Becum a cutler,
   I  wene shall prouea fole.
 And an olde trot,
 That can I wot,
   Nothyng but kysse the cup,
 With her phisick,
 Wil kepe one  sicke,
   Tyll she  haue soused hym vp.
 A man of lawe,
 That neuer sawe.
   The wayes to buye and sell,
 Wenying to ryse,
 By marchaundise,
  I wish to spede hym well.
 A marchaunt eke,
 That wyll goo  seke,
  By all the meanes he may,
 To fall in sute,
 Tyll he dispute,
  His money cleane away,
Pletyng the lawe,
For euery strawe,
  Shall proue a thrifty man,
With bate and  strife,
 But by my life,
   I cannot tell you whan.
 Whan an hatter
 Wyll go smatter
   In philosophy,
 Or a pedlar,
 Ware a medlar,
   In theology,
 All that ensue,
 Suche craftes new,
   They driue so farre a cast,
 That euermore,
 They do therfore,
   Beshrewe themselfe at last.
 This thing was tryed
 And verefyed,
   Here by a sergeaunt late,
 That thriftly  was,
 Or he coulde pas,
   Rapped about the pate,
 Whyle that he would,
 See how he could,
   A little  play the frere:
 Now yf you wyll,
 Knowe how it fyll,
   Take hede and ye shall here.
 It happed so,
 No long ago,
   A thrifty man there dyed,
 An hundred pounde,
 Of nobles rounde,
   That had he layd a side:
 His sonne he  wolde,
 Should haue this golde,
   For tobeginne with all:
 But to suffise
 His chylde, well thrise,
   That money was to smal.
 Yet or this day,
 I have hard say,
   That many  a man certesse,
 Hath with good cast,
 Be ryche at last,
   That hath begonne with lesse,
 But this yonge manne,
 Se well beganne,
   His money  to imploy,
That certainly,
His policy,
   To see it was a joy,
For lest sum blast,
Myght ouer cast,
   His ship, or by mischaunce,
Men  with sum wile,
Myght hym begyle,
   And minish his substaunce,
For to put out,
Al maner dout,
   He made a good puruay,
For euery whyt,
By his owne wyt,
   And toke an other way:
First  fayre and wele,
Thereof much dele,
   He dygged it in a pot,
But then him thought,
That  way was nought,
   And there he left it not.
So was he  faine,
From thence agayne,
   To put it in a cup,
And by and by,
Couetously,
   He supped it fayre vp,
In his owne brest,
He thought it best,
   His money to enclose,
Then wist he well,
What euer fell,
   He coulde it neuer lose.
He borrowed then,
Of other men,
   Money and marchaundise:
Neuer payd it,
Up he laid it,
   In lyke maner wyse,
Yet on the  gere,
That  he would were,
^  He reight not what he  spent,
So it were nyce,
As for the price,
   Could him not miscontent.
With lusty sporte,
And with resort,
   Of ioly company,
In mirth and play,
Full many a day,
   He liued merely.
And men had sworne.
Some man  is borne, 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
  To haue a lucky howre,
And so was he,
For such degre,
  He gat and suche honour,
That without dout,
Whan he went out,
  A sergeaunt well and fayre,
Was redy strayte,
On him to wayte,
  As sone as on the mayre-.
But he doubtlesse,
Of his mekenesse,
  Hated such pompe and pride;
And would  not go
Companied so,
  But drewe himself  a side,
To saint Katharine,
Streight as a line,
  He gate him at a tyde,
For deuocion,
Or promocion,
  1 here would he nedes abyde.
There spent he fast,
Till all were past,
  And to him came there meny,
To aske theyr det,
But none could get,
   The valour of a peny.
With visage stout,
He bare it out,
  Euen vnto the  harde hedge,
A month or twaine,
Tyll he was fayne,
  To laye his gowne to pledge.
Than was he there,
In greater feare,
  Than ere that he  came thither.
And would as fayne,
Depart againe,
  But that he whist not w<hither,
Than after this,
To a frende of his,
  He went  and there abode,
Where as he lay,
So sick alway,
  He myght not  come abrode.
It happed than,
A marchantman,
  That he ought money to,
Of an officere,
Than gan enquere,
  What him was best to do.
And he answerde,
Be not aferde,
  Take an accion therfore,
I you beheste,
I shall him reste,
  And then care for no more.
I feare quod he,
It wyll not be,
  For he wyll not come out.
The sergeaunt said,
Be not afrayd,
  It shall be brought about.
In many a game,
Lyke to the same,
  Haue I bene well in vre,
And for your sake,
Let me be bake,
  But yf I do this cure.
Thus part they both,
And foorth then goth,
  A pace this officere,
And for a day,
All his array,
  He chaunged with a frere.
So was he dight,
That no man might,
  Hym for a frere deny,
He dooped and dooked,
He spake and looked,
  So religiously.
Yet in a glasse,
Or he would passe,
  He toted and he peered,
His harte for pryde,
Lepte in his syde,
  To see how well he freered.
Than forth a pace,
Unto the  place,
  He goeth withouten shame
To do this dede,
But now take hede,
  For here begynneth the game.
He drew  him ny,
And softely,
  Streyght at the dore he knocked:
And a damsell,
That hard hym well,
  There  came and it vnlocked.
The frere sayd,
Good spede fayre mayd,
  Here lodgeth such a man,
It is told  me:
Well syr quod she,
  And if  he  do what than.
Quod he maystresse,
No harme doutlesse:
   It longeth for our order,
To hurt no man,
But as we can,
  Euery wight to forder.
With hym truly,
Fayne speake would I.
  Sir quod she by my fay,
He is so sike
Ye be not lyke,
  To speake with him to day.
Quod he  fayre may,
Yet I you pray,
  This much at my  desire,
Vouchesafe to do,
As go  hym to,
  And say an austen frere
Would with  hym speke,
And matters breake,
  For his auayle certayn.
Quod she I wyll,
Stonde ye here styll,
  Tyll I come downe agayn.
Vp is she go,
And told  hym so,
  As she was bode to say,
He mistrustyng,
No maner thyng,
  Sayd mayden go thy way,
And fetch him hyder,
That we  togyder,
  May talk.  A downe she gothe,
Vp she hym brought,
No harme she thought,
  But it made some folke wrothe
This officere,
This fayned frere,
  Whan he was come aloft,
He dopped than,
And grete this man,
  Religiously and oft.
And he agayn,
Right glad and fayn,
  Toke hym there by the hande.
The frere  then sayd,
Ye be dismayd,
  With trouble I understande.
In dede quod he,
It hath with me,
  Bene better than it is.
Syr quod the frere,
Be of good chere,
  Yet shall it after this.
But I would now,
Comen with you,
  In counsayle yf you please,
Or ellys nat
Of  matters that,
  Shall set your heart at ease.
Downe went the mayd,
The marchaunt  sayd,
  Now say on gentle frere,
Of thys tydyng,
That ye me bryng,
  I long full sore to here.
Whan there was none,
But they alone,
  The frere with euyll grace,
Sayd, I rest the,
Come on with me,
  And out he toke his mace:
Thou shalt obay,
Come on thy way,
  I have the in my clouche,
Thou goest not hence,
For all the pense,
  The mayre hath in his pouche.
This marchaunt there,
For wrath  and fere,
  He waxyng welnygh wood,
Sayd horson thefe,
With a mischefe,
  Who hath taught the thy good.
And with his fist,
Vpon the  lyst,
  He gaue him such a blow,
That backward downe,
Almost in sowne,
  The frere is ouerthrow.
Yet was this man,
Well fearder than,
  Lest he the frere had slayne^
Till he with good rappes,
And heuy clappes,
  He dawde hym vp agayn.
The frere toke harte,
And vp he starte,
   And well he layde about,
And so there goth,
Betwene them both, 
THE HISTORY  OF THE
  Many a lusty clout.
They rent and tere,
Lcht others here,
  And clauc togyclcr fast,
Tyll with luggyi.g,
And with tuggyru:.
  They fell downe bothe at last.
 Than  on tin  grounde,
Togyder rounde,
  With many a sadde stroke,
They roll and rumble,
They turn and tumble,
  As pygges do in a poke
 So  long aboue,
 They licue and shoue,
  Togider that at last,
 The mayd and wyfe,
 To breake the strife,
   Hycd them vpward fast.
 And whan they spye,
 The  captaynes lye,
   Both waltring on the place,
 The freres hood,
 They pulled a good,
   Adowne about his face.
Whyle he was blynde,
The wenche behynde,
  Lent him leyd on the fiore,
Many a ioule,
About the noule,
  With a great batyldore.
The wyfe came yet,
And with her fete,
  She holpe to kepe him downe,
And with her rocke,
Many a knocke,
  She gaue him on the crowne.
They layd his mace,
About his face,
  That he was wood for payne:
The fryrefrappe,
Gate many a swappe,
  Tyll he was full nygh slayne.
Vp they hym lift,
And with yll thrift,
   Hedlyng a long the stayre,
Downe they hym threwe,
And sayde adewe,
   Commende us to the mayre.
The frere arose,
But I suppose,
  Amased was his hed,
He shoke his eares,
And from grete feares,
  He thought hym well yfled.
Quod he  now lost,
Is all this cost,
  We be neuer the nere.
Ill mote he be,
That caused me,
  To make my self a frere
Now masters all,
Here now I shall,
  Ende there as I began,
In any wyse,
I would auyse,
   And counsayle euery man,
His own craft vse
 All newe refuse,
   And lyghtly let them gone-
Play not the frere,
 Now make good chere,
   And welcome euerych one.
A ruful lamentacion (written by master Thomas More in his
   youth) of the deth of quene Elisabeth mother to king Hen-
   ry the eight, wife to king Henry the seuenth, and eldest
   doughter to king Edward the fourth, which quene Elisa-
   beth dyed in childbed in February in the yere of our Lord
   1503, and in the 18 yere of the raigne of king Henry the
   seuenth.

f\ YE that put your trust and confidence,
    In worldly ioy and  frayle prosperite,
That so lytic here as ye should neuer hence,
Remember death and loke here vppon me.
Ensaumple I  thynke there may no better be.
Your selfe wottc well that in this realme was I,
Your quene but late, and lo now here I lye.
   Was I not borne of olde worthy linage?
 Was not my mother queene, my father kyng?
 Was 1 not a kinges fere in marriage?
 Had 1 not plenty of euery pleasaunt thyng?
 Mercifull god this is a straunge  reckenyng:
 Hychesse, honour, welth, and auncestry,
 Hath me forsaken and  lo now here I ly.
   If worship myght haue kept me, I had not gone.
If wyt myght haue me  saued, I neded not fere.
 If money myght have holpe, I lacked none.
 But O good God what  vayleth all this gere,
 When deth is come thy mighty messangere,
 Obey we must there is  no remedy,
 Me hath he summoned, and lo now here I ly.
   Yet was I late promised otherwyse,
This yere to Hue in welth and delice.
Lo where to commeth  thy blandishyng promyse,
O false astrulagy and dcuynatrice,
Of goddes secretes makyng thy selfe so wyse.
How true is for this yere thy prophecy.
The yere yet lastcth, and lo nowe here I ly.
   O bryttill welth, as full of bitternesse,
Thy single pleasure doubled is with payne.
Account my sorow first and my distresse,
11. bondry wyse. and recken there agayne,
The ioy that I haue had, and I dare sayne,
For all my honour, endured yet  haue I,
Mo:e wo then welth, and lo now here I ly.
  Where are our castels, now where are our towers,
Goodly Rychmonde sone art thou gone from  me,
At Westminster that costly worke of yours,
Myne owne dere lorde now shall I neuer see.
Almighty god vouchesafe to graunt that ye,
For you and your children well may edefy.
My palyce bylded is, and  lo now here I ly.
  Adew myne dwne dere spouse my worthy lorde,
The faithfull loue, that dyd vs both combyne,
In manage and peasable Concorde,
Into your handes here I cleane resyne,
To be bestowed vppon your children and myne.
Erst wer you  father, and now must ye supply,
The mothers  part also, for lo now here I ly.
  Farewell my doughter  lady Margerete.
God wotte full oft it greued hath my mynde,
That ye should go where we should seldome mete.
Now am I gone, and haue left you behynde.
O mortall folke that we be very blynde.
That we least feare, full oft it is most nye,
From you depart I fyrst, and lo now here I lye.
  Farewell Madame my loides worthy mother,
Comfort your sonne, and be ye of good chere.
Take all a worth, for it will be no nother.
Farewell my doughter Katherine late the fere,
To prince Arthur myne owne chyld so dere,
It booteth not for me to wepe or cry,
Pray for my soule, for lo now here I ly.
  Adew lord  Henry my louing sonne adew,
Our lorde encrease your honour and estate.
Adew my doughter Mary bright of hew,
God make you virtuous wise and fortunate.
Adew swete hart my little doughter Kate,
Thou shalt  swete babe such is thy  desteny,
Thy mother neuer know,  for lo now here I ly
  Lady Cicyly Anne and  Katheryne,
Farewell my welbeloved sisters three;
O lady Briget other sister myne,
Lo here the ende of worldly vanitee.
Now well are ye that earthly foly flee,
And heuenly thynges loue and magnify,
Farewell and pray for  me, for lo now here I ly
  Adew my lordes, adew my ladies all, 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
Adew my faithful seruauntes euerych one,
Adew my commons whom I neuer shall
See in this world, wherfore to the alone,
Immortal! god verely three in one,
I me commende.   Thy infinite mercy,
Shew to thy seruant, for lo now here I ly.

Certain meters in English written by master Thomas More
  in hys  youth for  the boke of fortune, and  caused them to
  be printed in the begynnyng of that boke.
The wordes of Fortune to the people.
M™
     fE high estate power and auctoritie,
    If ye ne know, enserche and ye shall spye,
That richesse, worship, welth, and dignitie,
Joy, rest, and peace, and all thing fynally,
That any pleasure or profit may come by,
To mannes comfort, ayde, and sustinaunce,
Is till at my deuyse and ordinaunce.
  Without my fauour there is nothyng wonne.
Many a matter haue I brought at last,
To good  conclusion, that fondly was begonne.
And many a purpose, bounden  sure and fast,
With wise  prouision, I haue ouercast.
Without good happe there may no wit suffise,
Better is to be fortunate than wyse.
   And therefore hath there  some men bene or this,
My deadly  foes and written  many a boke,
To my disprayse.  And other cause there nys,
But for me list not frendly on them loke.
Thus lyke the fox they fare that once for soke,
The pleasaunt grapes, and gan for to defy them,
Because  he lept and yet could not come by them.
   But let them write theyr  labour is in vayne.
For well  ye wote, myrth, honour, and richesse,
Much better is than penury and payne.
The nedy wretch  that lingereth in distresse,
Without myne  helpe is euer comfortlesse,
A wery burden odious and loth,
To all the world, and eke to him selfe both.
   But he that by my fauour may ascende,
To mighty power and excellent degree,
A common wele to gouerne and defende,
O in how blist condicion standeth he:
Him self in honour and felicite,
And ouer that, may forther  and increase,
A region hole in ioyfull rest and*peace.
   Now in this poynt there is no more to say,
Eche man  hath of him self the gouernaunce.
Let euery wight than folowe his owne way,
And he that out of pouertee and mischaunce,
List for to Hue, and  wyll him selfe enhaunce,
In wealth and richesse, come forth and wayte on me.
And he that wyll be a beggar, let hym be.

       Thomas More to them that trust in Fortune.

'PHOU that art  prowde of honour, shape or kynne,
    That hepest vp this wretched worldes treasure,
Thy fingers shrined with gold, thy tawny skynne,
With fresh apparyle garnished out of measure,
And wenest to haue fortune at thy pleasure,
Cast vp  thyne eye, and loke how slipper chaunce,
Illudeth her men with chaunge and  varyaunce.
   Sometyme she lokelh as louely, fayre and bright,
As goodly Uenus mother of Cupyde.
She beckcth and she smileth on  euery wight.
But this chere  fayned, may not long abide.
 There cometh a cloude, and farewell all our pryde.
 Like any serpent she beginneth to swell,
 And looketh as fierce as any fury of hell.
   Yet for all that we brotle men are fayne,
 (So wretched is our nature and so blynde)
 As soone as Fortune list to laugh agayne,
 With fayre countenaunce and disceitfull mynde,
 To crouche and knele and gape after the wynde,
 Not one or twayne but thousandes in a rout,
 Lyke swarmyng bees come flickeryng her aboute.
   Then as a bayte she bryngeth forth her ware,
 Siluer, gold, riche perle, and precious stone:
 On whiche the mased people gase and stare,
 And gape therefore, as dogges doe for the bone.
 Fortune at them laugheth, and in her trone
 Amyd her treasure and her waueryng rychesse,
 Prowdly she houeth as lady and empresse.
   Fast by her syde doth wery labour stand,
 Pale fere also, and sorow all bewept,
 Disdayn and hatred on that other hand,
 Eke restles watche fro slepe with trauayle kept,
 His eyes drowsy and lokyng as he slept.
 Before her standeth daunger and enuy,
 Flattery, dysceyt, mischiefe and tiranny.
   About her commeth all the world to begge.
 He asketh lande, and he to pas would bryng
 This toye and that, and all not worth an egge:
 He would in loue prosper aboue all thyng:
 He kneleth downe and would be made a kyng:
 He forceth not so he may money haue,
 Though all the worlde accompte hym for a knaue.
   Lo thus ye see diuers heddes, diuers wittes.
 Fortune alone as diuers as they all,
 Vnstable here and there among them flittes:
 And at auenture downe her giftes fall,
 Catch who so may she throweth great and small
 Not to all men, as commeth sonne or dewe,
 But for the most part, all among a fewe.
    And yet her brotell giftes long may not last.
 He that she gaue them, loketh prowde and hye.
 She whirlth  about and pluckth away as fast,
 And geueth them to an other by and by.
 And thus from man to man continually,
 She vseth to geue and take, and slily tosse,
 One man to wynnyng of an others losse.
    And when she robbeth one, down goth his pryde.
 He wepeth and wayleth and curseth her full sore.
 But he that receueth it, on that other syde,
 Is glad, and blesth her often tymes therefore.
 But in a whyle when she loueth him no more,
 She glydeth from hym, and her giftes to,
 And he her curseth, as other fooles do.
    Alas the folysh people can not cease,
 Ne voyd her trayne, tyll  they the harme do fele,
 About her alway, besely they preace.
 But lord how he doth thynk hym self full wele,
 That may sel once his hande vppon her whele.
 He holdeth  fast: but vpward as he flieth,
 She whippeth her whele about, and there he lyeth.
    Thus fell Julius from his mighty power.
 Thus fell Darius the worthy kyng of Perse.
 Thus fell Alexander the great conquerour.
 Thus many mo than I may well reherse.
 Thus double fortune, when she lyst  reuerse
 Her slipper fauour fro them that in her trust,
 She fleeth her wey and leyeth them  in the dust.
    She sodeinly enhaunceth them aloft.
 And sodeynly mischeueth all the flocke.
The head that late lay easily and full soft. 
THE HISTORY OF THE
in stede „f pylows lyeth after on the blocke.
■\,„l yet alas the most cruell proude mocke:
The deynty mowth that ladyes kissed haue,
She bryngeth in the case to kysse a knauc.
  In chaungyng of her course, the chaunge shewth this,
Vp surtth a knauc, and downe there faith a knight,
The i>< ggar ryche, and the ryche man pore is.
Hatred is turned  to loue, loue to despyght.
Tnis is her sport, thus proueth she her myght.
Great bostc she maketb yf one be by her power,
Welthv and wretched both within an howre.
  Pouertee that of her gyftes will nothing take,
Wyth mery chere, looketh vppon the prece,
And sccth how fortunes  houshold goeth to wrake.
fast bv her standeth  the vyse Socrates,
Arnstippus, Pythagoras, and many a lese
()i olde philosophers.  And eke against the sonne
Bekyth him poore Diogenes in his tonne.
  With her is Byas, whose countrey lackt defence,
And whylom of their foes stode so in dout,
That eche man hastely gan to cary thence
And asked hym  why he  nought caryed out.
I bere quod he all myne with me about:
Wisedom he ment, not fortunes brotle fees.
For nought he counted his that he might  leese
   Heraclitus eke, lyst fellowship to kepe
With glad pouertee, Dcmocritus  also:
Of which the fyrst can neuer cease but wepe,
To see how thick the blynded people go,
With labour greate to purchase care and wo.
That other laugheth to see the foolysh apes,
Howe earnestly they walk about theyr capes.
  Of this poore sect, it is comen vsage,
Oncly to take  that nature may  sustaync,
Banishing clcane all other surplusage,
They be content, and of nothyng complayne.
No ny garde eke  is of his good  so sayne.
But they more pleasure haue a thousandc folde,
The secrete draughtesof nature to beholdc.
   Set fortunes servauntes by them  and yc wull,
 That one is free, that other eucr thrall,
 That one content, that other neuer full,
 That one in suretye, that other lyke to fall.
 Who lyst to aduise  them bothe, parceyue he shall,
 As great difference between them as we see,
 Betwixte wretchedncs and felicite.
   Nowe haue I  shewed you bothe: these whiche ye lyst,
 Stately fortune, or humble pouertee:
 That is to say, nowe lyeth it in your fyst,
 To take here bondage, or free libertee.
 But in thys poynte and ye do after me,
 Draw you to fortune, and labour her to please,
 It that ye thynke your selfe to well  at ease.
   And fyrst vppon the louely shall she smile,
 And  frendly on the cast her wandering eyes,
 Embrace the in  her armes, and for a whyle,
 Put the and kepe the in a fooles paradise:
 And  foorth with all  what so thou lyst deuise.
 She wyll the graunt it liberally parhappes:
 But for all that beware of after clappes.
   Reckon you neuer of her fauoure sure:
Ye may  in clowds as easily trace an hare,
Or in drye lande cause fishes to endure,
And make the burnyng fyre his heate to spare,
And all thys worlde in compare to forfare,
 As her to make  by crafte or engine stable,
 That of her nature is euer variable.
   Scrue her day and night as reuerently,
 Vppon thy knees as any seruaunt may,
 And in conclusion, that thou shalt winne thereby
Shall not be worth thy servyce I dare say
And looke what yet she geueth the to clay,
With labour wonne she shall happly to morow
Plucke it agaync out of thyne hand with sorow.
  Wherefore yf thou in suretye lyst to stande,
Take pouerties parte and let prowde fortune go,
Receyue nothyng that commeth from her hande.
Loue maner and vertu: they be onely tho
Whiche double fortune may not take the iro.
Then mayst thou boldly defye her turnyng chaunce.
She can the neyther hynder nor auaunce.
  But and thou wylt nedes medle with her treasure,
Trust not therein, and spendc it liberally,
Beare the not proude, nor take not out of measure.
Bylde not thyne house on heyth vp in the skye,
None falleth farre, but he that climbeth hye.
Remember nature sent the hyther bare,
The gyftes of fortune count ihemborowed ware.

        Thomas More to  them that seke Fortune.

WHO so delyteth to prouen and assay,
    Of wavering fortune the vncertayne lot,
If that the aunswere please you not alway,
Blame ye not me:  for I commaunde you not
Fortune to trust, and eke full well ye wot,
I haue of her no brydle in my fist,
She renneth loose, and turneth where she lyst.
  The rollyng dyse in whome your lucke doth stande,
With whose vnhappy chance ye be so wroth,
Ye  knowe your selfe  came neuer in myne hande.
Lo  in this ponde be fyshe and frogges both.
Cast in yournette: but be you liefe or lothe,
Hold you content as fortune lyst assyne:
For it is your own fyshyng and not myne.
  And though in one chaunce fortune you offend,
Grudge not there at, but beare a mery face.
In many an other she shall it amende.
There is no manne so farre out of her grace,
But he sometyme hath comfort and solace:
Ne none agayne so farre foorth in her fauour,
That is full satisfyed with her behauiour.
  Fortune is stately, solemne, prowde, and hye:
And rychesse geueth, to haue seruyce therefore.
The nedy begger catcheth an haifpeny:
Some manne a thousande pounde, some lessc some more.
But for all that she kepeth euer in store,
From euery manne some parcel 1 of his wyll,
That he may pray therfore and serue her styll.
  Some manne hath good, but chyldren hath he none.
Some manne hath both, but he can get none health.
Some hath al thre,  but vp to honours trone,
Can he not crepe, by  no maner of stelth.
To some she sendeth children, ryches, welthe,
Honour, woorshyp, and reuerence all hys lyfe:
But yet she pyncheth  hym with a shrewde wife.
  Then for asmuch as it is fortunes guyse,
To graunt no manne all thyng that he wyll axe,
But as her selfe lyst order and deuyse,
Doth euery manne his parte diuicle and tax,
I counsayle you eche one trusse vp your packes,
And take no thyng at all, or be content,
With sucherewardeas fortune hath you sent.
  All thynges in this boke that ye shall rede,
Doe as ye lyst, there shall no manne you bynde,
 1 hem  to beleue, as surely as your crede.
But notwithstandyng certes in my mynde,
I durst well swere, as true ye shall them fynde,
in euery poynt eche answere by and by,
As are the iudgementes of astronomye. 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
         The Descripcion of Richard the thirde.

T3ICHARDE the third sonne, of whom we nowe entreate,
   was in witte and courage egall with either of them, in bo-
dye and prowesse farre vnder them bothe, little of stature, ill
fetured of limmes,  croke backed,  his left  shoulder much
higher than his right, hard fauoured of visage, and such as is
in states called warlye, in other menne otherwise, he was ma-
licious, wrathfull, enuious, and from  afore his birth,  euer
frowarde.  It is for trouth reported, that  the duches his mo-
ther had so much a doe in her trauaile, that shee coulde not
bee deliuered of hym  vncutte:  and that he came into the
world with the feete forwarde, as menne bee borne outwarde,
and, (as the fame runneth) also not vntothed, whither menne
of hatred reporte aboue  the trouthe, or elles  that nature
chaunged her course in hys beginninge, whiche in the course
of hys lyfe many thinges vnnaturallye committed. None euill
captaine was hee in the warre, as to  which his  disposicion
was more metely  then  for peace.  Sundrye victories hadde
hee, and  sommetime ouerthrowes, but neuer in defaulte as
for his  owne parsone, either of hardinesse or polytike order,
free was  hee called of dyspence, and sommewhat aboue hys
power  liberall, with large giftes hee get  him  vnstedfaste
frendeshippe, for whiche hee was fain to pil and spoyle in
other  places, and get him  stedfast hatred.   Hee was  close
and secrete, a deepe  dissimuler, lowlye of counteynaunce,
arrogant  of heart, outwardly coumpinable where he inwardely
hated,  not letting to kisse whome hee  thoughte to kyll:  dis-
pitious and cruell, not for euill will alway, but after for am-
bicion, and either for the suretie and encrease of his estate.
Frende and foo  was muche what indifferent, where his ad-
uauntage grew, he spared no mans deathe, whose life  with-
stoode  his purpose.   He slewe with  his owne  handes king
Henry the sixt, being prisoner in the Tower, as menne  con-
stantly saye,and that without commaundementor knoweledge
of the  king, whiche wovlde vndoubtedly  yf he had entended
that thinge, haue appointed  that boocherly office, to  some
other than his owne borne brother.
  Somme wise  menne also weene,  that his drift couertly
conuayde, lacked not in helping furth his brother of Clarence
to his death: whiche hee  resisted  openly howbeit somwhat
(as menne deme) more faintly then he that wer hartely mind-
ed to his welth.   And  they that  thus deme, think that he
long time in king Edwardes life, forethought to be king in
that case the king his  brother, (whose life hee  looked that
euill dyete shoulde shorten)  shoulde  happen to decease (as
in dede  he did)  while his children wer yonge.   And thei
deme,  that for thys intente he  was gladde  of his brothers
death the duke of Clarence, whose life must nedes haue hin-
dered  him so entendynge, whither the same duke of Clarence
hadde  kepte him true to his nephew the  yonge king, or en-
terprised to be  kyng  hymselfe.  But of al this pointe, is
there  no certaintie, and whoso  diuineth vppon coniectures,
maye as  wel shote to farre as to short.   Howbeit this haue I
by credible informacion learned, that the self nighte in whiche
kynge  Edwarde died, one Mystlebrooke  long ere mornynge,
came in greate haste to the house of one Pottyer dwelling in
Reddecrosse strete without Crepulgate: and  when  he was
with hastye rappyng quickly letten in, hee shewed vnto Pot-
tyer that kynge  Edwarde  was departed.   By  my trouthe
manne quod Pottyer then wyll my mayster the duke of Glou-
cester  bee kynge.  What cause he hadde soo tothynke  harde
it is to saye, whyther  hee being toward him,  anye thynge
knewe that hee  suche  thynge purposed, or otherwyse had
anye inkelynge therof:  for hee was not likelye to speake it of
noughte.
   But nowe to returne to the course of this hystorye, were it
that the duke of Gloucester hadde of old foreminded this
conclusion, or was nowe at erste thereunto moued, and putte
      VOL. I.
in hope  by the occasion of the tender age of the  younge
princes,  his nephues (as opportunitye and lykelyhoode ot
spede, putteth a manne in courage of that hee never entend-
ed) certayn is  it that hee contriued  theyr destruction, with
the vsurpacion of the regal dignitye vppon hymselfe.  And
for as muche as hee well wiste and holpe to mayntayn, a long
continued grudge and hearte brennynge betwene the  quenes
kinred and the kinges blood eyther  partye  enuying  others
authoritye, he nowe thought that their deuision shoulde  bee
(as it was in dede) a fortherlye begynnynge to the pursuite of
his intente, and a sure ground for  the foundacion of al his
building yf he  might first vnder the pretext or reuengynge of
old displeasure, abuse the anger and ygnoraunce of the tone
partie, to the destruccion of the tother: and then wynne to this
purpose as  manye as he coulde: and those  that coulde not
be wonne, myght be loste ere they looked therefore.  For of
one thynge was hee certayne, that if his entente  were per-
ceiued, he shold soone haue made peace beetwene the bothe
parties, with his owne bloude.
   Kyng Edwarde  in his life, albeit that this discencion be-
twene hys frendes sommewhat yrked hym: yet in his good
health he sommewhat  the  lesse regarded  it,  because  hee
thought whatsoeuer busines shoulde falle betwene them, hym-
selfe should alwaye bee hableto rule bothe the parties.
   But in his last sicknesse, when  he receiued his naturall
strengthe soo sore enfebled, that hee dyspayred all recouerye,
then hee consyderynge the youthe of his chyldren, albeit hee
nothynge lesse mistrusted then that that happened, yet well
forseynge that manye harmes myghte growe by theyr debate,
whyle the youth of hys chyldren shoulde lacke discrecion of
themself, and good counsayle  of their frendes, of  whiche
either party should counsayle for their owne commodity and
rather by pleasaunte aduyse too wynne themselfe fauour, then
by profitable aduertisemente to do the children good, he cal-
led some of them before him that were at  variaunce, and in
especyall the  lorde marques Dorsette the quenes sonne by
her fyrste housebande, and Richarde the lorde  Hastynges,  a
noble man; than  lorde chaumberlayne agayne whome the
quene specially grudged, for the great fauoure the king bare
him, and also  for that shee thoughte hym  secretelye fami-
lyer with the kynge in wanton coumpanye.  Her kynred also
bare hym sore, as well for that the kynge hadde made  hym
captayne of Calyce (whiche office the lorde Ryuers, brother
to the quene, claimed of the kinges former promyse) as for
diuerse other  great giftes whiche hee receyued, that  they
loked for.   When these lordes with diuerse other of bothe
the parties were comme  in presence, the kynge liftinge vppe
himselfe and vndersette with pillowes, as it is reported on l his
wyse sayd vnto them, My lordes, my dere kinsmenne and alies,
in what plighte I lye you see, and I feele. By whiche the lesse
whyle 1  looke to lyue with you, the more depelye am I moued
tocare in what case I leaue you, for such as I leaue you, suche
bee my children lyke to fynde  you.  Whiche if they  shoulde
(that Godde forbydde) fynde you at varyaunce, might happe
to fall themselfe at warre ere their discrecion would  seme  to
sette you at peace.  Ye se their youthe, of whiche I recken
the onely suretie to reste in you re concord.  For it  suffiseth
not al you loue them, yf eche of you hate other. If they wer
menne,  your  faithfulnesse happelye woulde  si'ffise.   But
 childehood  must be maintained by mens authoritye, and slip-
 per youth vnderdropped with elder  counsayle, which neither
 they  can haue, but ye geue it, nor ye geue it, yf ye gree not.
 For wher  eche laboureth to breake that the other  maketh,
 and for  hatred of eche  of others parson,  impugneth  eche
 others counsayle,  there must it nedes bee long ere anye good
 conclusion  goe forwarde.  And also while  either partye  la-
 boureth to be chiefe, flattery shall  haue more place then plaine
 and faithfull aduyse, of whyche muste needes ensue the euyll
 bringing vppe of  the prynce, whose mynd in tender youth
      G 
THE HISTORY OF THE
infect, shall redily fal to mischief and riot, and drawe down
with this noble realme to ruine: but if grace turn him to wis-
dom, which if God send, then thei chat by euill mtnes before
pleased him  best, shal after fall  farthest out of fauour, so
that euer at length euill  driftcs dreue to  nought,  and  good
plain waves prosper.  Cireat variaunce hath ther long bene
betwene you, not alway for great causes.  Sometime a thing
right wel intended, our misconstruccion  turneth vnto worse
»r a smai displeasure done vs, eyther our owne affeccion or
euil tongues agrcueth. But this wote I well ye neuer had so
great a cause of hatred,  as ye have of loue.   That we be al
men, that we be christen men, this shall I leaue for prechers
to tel you (and yet I wote nere whither any preachers wordes
ought more to moue you, then his that is by and by gooying
to the place that thei all  preache of.)  But this shal I desire
you to remember, that the one parte of you  is of my bloode,
the other of  myne alies,  and eche of yow with other, eyther
of kindred or affinitie whiche spirytual kynred of affynyty, if
the sacramentes of Christes churche, beare that weyghte
whb vs that woulde Godde thei did, shoulde  no lesse moue
v» to charitye, then the respecte of fleshlye consanguinitye.
Oure Lorde forbydde, that you loue together the worse,  for
the selfe cause that you ought to  love the better.   And  yet
that happeneth. And no  where fynde wee so deadlye debate,
•s amonge them, whyche by nature and lawe, moste oughte
to agree together.   Suche a pestilente serpente is ambicion
and desyre of vaine glorye and soueraintye, whiche amonge
states where  he once entreth  crepeth  foorth so  farre, tyll
with deuision and variaunce  hee turneth  all to mischiefe.
Firste longing to be nexte the best, afterwarde egall with the
beste, and at laste chiefe and  aboue the beste.   Of which
immoderate appetite  of woorship, and thereby of debate and
dissencion what losse, what sorowe, what trouble hathe with-
in these  fewe yeares growen in this realme, I praye Godde
as wel forgeate as wee wel remember.
   Whiche  thinges  yf I coulde as  well haue foresene, as I
haue with my more payne then pleasure  proued, by Goddes
blessed Ladie (that was  euer his othe) I  would neuer  haue
won the courtesyc of mennes knees, with the losse of soo
many heades.   But sithen thynges passed cannot be gaine
called, muche oughte wee the more beware, by what occa-
sion we haue taken soo greate hurte afore, that we eftesoones
tail not in that occasion agayne. Nowe be those griefes pass-
ed, and all  is (Godde be thanked) quiete, and likelie righte
wel to prosper in wealthfull peace vnder youre coseyns my
children, if Godde sende them life and you .oue.   Of which
twoo  thinges, the lesse  losse wer  they  by whome thoughe
Godde dydde hys pleasure, yet shoulde the realme alway
finde kinges and peraduenture as good kinges.  But yf you
among youre selfe in a childes  reygne fall at debate, many a
good man shall perish and happely he to, and ye to, ere thys
land finde peace again.   Wherfore in  these laste wordes
that euer I looke to speake with you: I exhort you and re-
quire you al, for the loue that you haue euer borne to me,
for the loue  that I haue  euer  borne  to you, for the loue
that our Lord  beareth to vs all, from this  time  forwarde,
all gneues forgotten, eche of you loue other.  Whiche I vere-
lye truste you will,  if ye any thing earthly regard,  either
Godde or your king, affinitie or kinred, this realme, your
owne countrey, or your owne surety.  And therewithal the
king no longer enduring to sitte vp, laide him down on his
right side, his face towarde them: and none was there pre-
sent that coulde refrain from weping. But the lordes recom-
forting him with as good wordes as they could, and answer-
ing for the time as thei thought to stand with his pleasure,
there in his presence (as by their wordes appered) eche for-
gaue other, and ioyned their hands togeiher,  when (as it after
appeared by their dedes) their hearts wer far a sonder  As
sone as  the king  was departed, the noble prince his  sonne
drew toward London, which at the time of his decease, kept
his houshold  at  Ludlow in Wales.   Which countrey being
far of from the law and recourse to iustice,  was begon to be
farre out of good wyll and  waxen wild, robbers and riuers
walking at libertie vncorrected. And for this encheason the
prince was in the life of his father sente thyther, to the ende
that the authoritie of his presence should refraine euill dis-
posed parsons fro the boldnes of  their former outerages, to
the gouernaunce and ordering of this yong prince at his send-
yng thyther. was there appointed Sir  Anthony Woduile lord
Riuers and brother vnto the quene, a right  honourable man,
as valiaunte of hande as politike in counsayle. Adioyned wer
there vnto  him other of the same partie, and in effect euery
one as he was nerest of kin vnto  the quene, so was planted
next about the prince. That drifte by the quene not vnwisely
deuised, whereby her bloode mighte  of youth be rooted in
the  princes fauour,  the duke  of Gloucester turned  unto
their destruccion, and vpon that grounde set the foundacion
of all his vnhappy building. For whom soeuer he perceived,
either at variance with them, or bearing himself their fauor,
hee brake vnto them, som by mouth,  som by writing or se-
cret messengers, that it neyther was reason nor in any wise
to be  suffered,  that the yong  king their  master and kins-
manne, shoold bee in the handesand custodye of his mothers
kinred, sequestred in maner from theyr compani and atten-
dance, of which eueri  one  ought him as  faithful  seruice as
they, and manye of them far more honorable part of kin then
his mothers side:  whose blood  (quod he) sauing the  kinges
pleasure, was ful vnmetely to be  matched with his: whiche
nowe to be a3 who say remoued from the kyng, and the lesse
noble to be left aboute him, is (quod he) neither honorable to
hys magestie, nor vnto  vs, and also to his grace no surety to
haue the mightiest of his frendt-s from him, and  vnto vs no
little ieopardy, to suffer our welproued euil willers, to grow
in  ouergret authoritie with  the  prince  in  youth,  namely
which is lighte of beliefe and ?one perswaded.  Ye remem-
ber I trow king  Edward himself, albeit he was  a manne of
age and ot discrecion, yet was he in manye thynges ruled by
the bende, more than stode  either with  his honour, or our
profile, or with  the commoditie of any  manne els, except
onely the immoderate aduauncement of them selfe Whiche
whither they sorer thirsted after their own weale, or our woe.
it wer harde I wene  to gesse. And if some folkes friendship
had not holden better place with  the king,  then any respect
of kinred,  thei might peraduenture easily haue be trapped
and brought to confusion somme  of  vs ere this.  Why not

hisTniil M ^7 haUC d°nDe S°me °ther alreadye> as neere *
his royal bloode as we.   But our Lord hath  wrought his wil,
and thanke be to his grace that peril is paste. Howe be h as
great is growing, yf wee suffer this yonge kyne in oure ene

n7me of^'Jm^ H**" "*  ^^ abusVJhe
name of his  commaundement, to ani of our vndoine, which
thyng God  and good  prouision forbyd.  Of  whkh goooTro-

maT ronememe11^  "?■ ^ lhe leSSe ™*> & the^
made attonemente, m  whiche  the kinges  measure  hadde
more place then the parties willes.  Nor noneof v  Tbeleuet

ToJZZ'ZfZi10 T^ ^ nCWe ^ndrmad^oft^:
bon^ourecon SS^jJS akl»d-\-dainely contract
setled in their stZ^ckZ  thT^  l^^°,dhe dee^
many yeres rooted                0"g accust°™d malice

^oZ^^^^l  «* -che  other, the
self ethe to  Sand\t     ^f' them that were ofthem.
Buckingham and'R-chaVde^d  H*^' Edwarde d"ke rf
layn,botVenof^

^gS^

-he loue,^  ^^^^Z 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
      poynte accorded together wyth the duke of Gloucester, that
      they wolde vtterlye amoue fro the  kinges companye, all his
      mothers frendes, vnder the  name of  their enemyes.   Vpon
      this concluded, the duke of Gloucester vnderstandyng, that
      the lordes whiche at that tyme were aboute the kyng, en-
      tenned to bryng him  vppe to his coronacion, accompan'ed
      witli suche power of theyr frendes, that it shoulde bee harde
      for hym to biynge his purpose to passe, without the gather-
      ing and great assemble of people and in maner of open warre,
      whereof the ende he wiste was doubtuous, and in  which the
      kyng  being on their side, his part should haue  the face and
      name of a rebellion: he secretly therefore by  diuers meanes
      caused the quene to be perswaded and brought in  the mynd,
      that it neither wer nede, and also  shold be ieopardous, the
      king to come vp strong. For where as  nowe euery  lorde
      loued other, and none other thing studyed vppon, but aboute
      the coronacion and honoure of the king: if tne lordes of her
      kinred shold  assemble in the  kinges  name muche  people,
      thei should geue the lordes atwixte whome and  them hadde
      bene sommetyme debate, to feare and suspecte,  leste they
      shoulde gather thys people, not  for the kynges sauegarde
      whome no manne  empugned, but for  theyr destruccion,
      hauying more  regarde  to their old  variaunce, then  their
     newe atonement.  For whiche cause thei shoulde assemble
      on the other partie much people agayne  for their defence,
      whose power she wyste wel farre stretched.  And thus should
      al the realme fall on a rore.  And of al the hurte that therof
      should ensue, which was likely not to be litle, and  the  most
     harme there  like  to fal  wher  she  lest would, al the worlde
     woulde put her and her  kinred in the wyght, and say that
     thei had  vnwyselye and vntrewlye also, broken the amitie
     and peace that the kyng  her husband  so prudentelye made,
     betwene hys kinne and hers in  his death bed, and whiche the
1     other party faithfully obserued.
       The  quene being in this wise perswaded, suche woorde
     seme vnto her sonne, and vnto her brother being aboute the
     kynge,  and ouer that the duke of Gloucester hymselfe and
     other lordes the chiefe of hys bende, wrote  vnto the kynge
     soo  reuerentlye, and to the queenes frendes  there soo lou-
     yngelye, that they nothyng earthely mystrustynge,  broughte
     the kynge  vppe in greate haste, not in  good  spede with  a so-
     ber coumpanye. Now was the king in his waye to London gone,
     from Northampton, when these  dukes of  Gloucester and
     Buckyngham came thither.  Where remained behynd, the
     lorde Ryuers the kinges vncle, attending on the morowe to
(     folow the kynge, and bee with him at Stonye Stratford.
        miles thence, earely or hee  departed.  So was there made
     that nyghte muche  frendely chere betwene these dukes and
     the lorde  Riuers a great  while.   But incontinente  after that
,     they were oppenlye with  greate ceurtesye departed, and the
     lorde Riuers  lodged, the dukes secretelye with a fewe  of
     their moste priuye frendes, sette them downe  in counsayle,
     wherin they spent a great parte of the nyght.  And at their
     risinge  in the dawnyng of the day, thei sent about priuily to
     their seruantes in the innes and  lodgynges  about, geuinge
     them commaundemente to m»ke them  selfe  shortely readye,
     for their lordes wer to horsebackward.  Vppon whiche mes-
     sages, manye of their folke were attendaunt, when manye  of
(     the lorde  Riuers seruantes were  vnreadye.   Nowe hadde
„.     these dukes taken also into their custodye the kayes of the
     inne, that none shoulde  passe foorth without their licence.
..       And ouer this in the  hyghe way towarde Stonye Strat-
;     forde where the kynge  laye, they hadde beestowed certayne
     of theyr lolke, that shoulde sende backe agayne, and coinpell
,"     to retourne, anye manne that were gotten oute of Northamp-
^     ton toward Stonye Stratforde, tyll they should geue other
     lycencc.  For as muche as the  dukes themselfe entended for
(     the shewe of theire dylygcnce, to bee the fyrste that shoulde
     that daye  attende vppon the kynges highnesse oute of  that
 towne: thus bare they folke in hande.  But when the lorde
 Ryuers vnderstode the gates closed, and the wayes on eue-
 rye side besette, neyther hys seruauntes nor hymself suffered
 to go oute,  parceiuyng  well so  greate a thyng without his
 knowledge not begun for noughte, comparyng  this maner
 present with this last nightes chere, in so few houres so gret
 a chaunge marueylouslye misliked.  How be it sithe  hee
 coulde not geatawaye, and keepe himselfe close, hee woulde
 not, leste he shoulde seeme to hyde himselfe for some secret
 feare of hys owne faulte, whereof he saw no such cause in
 hym self: he determined vppon the suretie of  his own con-
 science, to go boldelye  to them, and inquire what thys mat-
 ter myghte meane.   Whome as> soone as they saw, they be-
 ganne to quarrell with hym, and saye, that hee intended to
 sette distaunce betweene the kynge and them, and to brynge
 them to confusion, but it  shoulde not lye in hys power.  And
 when hee beganne (as he was a very well  spoken  manne) in
 goodly wise to excuse himself, they taryed not the ende of his
 aunswere, but shortely tooke him and putte  him in warde,
 and that done, foorthwyth wente to horsebacke, and tooke  the
 waye to Stonye Stratforde.  Where  they founde the kinge
 with his companie readye to leape on horsebacke, and de-
 parte forwarde, to leaue that lodging for them, because it was
 to  streighte for bothe coumpanies.   And as sone  as they
 came in his presence, they lighte adowne with all their com-
 panie aboute them.   To  whome t! e duke of Buckingham
 saide,  goe afore  gentlemenne  and  yeomen,  kepe  youre
 rowmes. And thus in goodly arraye, thei came to  the kinge,
 and on theire knees in  very humble  wise, salued his grace,
 whiche receuyed them in a very ioyous and amiable  maner,
 nothinge earthyle  knowing  nor mistrustinge  as  yet.  But
 euen by and by in his presence, they piked a quarrell to the
 lorde Richarde Graye, the kynges other brother by his mo-
 ther, sayinge that  hee with the lord marques his brother and
 the lorde Riuers his vncle, had coumpassed to rule the kinge
 and the realme, and to sette variaunce among the states, and
 to subdewe and destroye the  noble blood of the realm.  To-
 ward the accoumplishinge whereof, they sayde that the lorde
 Marques hadde entered into the Tower of London, and thence
 taken out the kinges treasor, and sent menne to the sea. All
 whiche thinge these  dukes  wiste well were done  for  good
 purposes and necessari  by the whole counsaile at  Lon-
 don, sauing that sommewhat thei must sai.  Vnto whiche
 woordes, the king aunswered, what my brother Marques hath
 done I cannot saie.  But  in good faith I dare well aunswere
 for myne  vncle Riuers and my brother here, that thei  be
 innocent of any such matters.  Ye my liege, quod the duke
 of Buckingham, thei hauekepte theire dealing in these mat-
 ters farre  fro the knowledge  of your good grace.   And
 foorth with thei arrested the lord Richarde  and Sir Thomas
 Waughan knighte, in the kinges presence, and broughte the
 king  and all backe vnto Northampton, where they tooke
 againe further counsaile.  And there they sent awaie  from
 the kinge  whom it pleased  them, and sette newe seruantes
 about him, suche aslyked better them than him. At whiche
 deaiinge he wepte and was nothing contente, but it booted not.
 And at dyner the duke of Gloucester sente a dishe from his
own table to the lord Riuers, prayinge him to be of  good
chere, all should be well inough.  And he  thanked the duke,
and prayed the messenger to beare it to  his nephewe the
lorde Richard with the  same message for his comfort, who
he thought had more nede of comfort, as one to whom  such
aduersitie was straunge  But himselfe had been al his dayes
in vre therewith, and therfore coulde beare it the better. But
for al this coumfortable courtesve of the duke of Gloucester
he sent  the lorde  Riuers and the lorde Richarde  with Sir
Thomas Vaughan into  the Northe countrey  into  diuers
places to prison, and  afterward al to Pomfrait, where  they
were in conclusion beheaded.
   G  2 
THE HISTORY  OF  THE
  A letter written with a cole  by  Sir Thomas More to hys
   doughter maistres M\roaret Roper, within  a  whyle
   ufiei he was prisoner in the Towre.

  \ | YN L own good doughter, our Lorde be thanked I am in
     good helthe of bodye, and in good quiet of minde: and
 of worldly thynges I no more desyer then I haue. I beseche
 hym make you all mery in the hope of heauen.  And such
 ihynges  as 1 somewhat longed to talke  with you all, con-
 cerning the worlde to come,  our Lorde put theim into your
 myndes, as I truste  he doth and better to by hys holy spirite:
 who blcssc you  und prcserue you all.   Written wyth  a cole
 by your tender louing father, who in hys pore prayers forget-
 teth none of  you all, nor your babes,  nor  your nurses, nor
 your good husbandes,  nor your good husbandes  shrewde
 wyues, nor your fathers shrewde wyfe neither, nor our other
 frendes.   And thus fare ye hartely well for lacke of paper.
                                 Thomas More, knight.

 Two short Ballettes which Sir Tomas More made for hys
   pastime while he  was prisoner in the Tower of London.

                 Lewys the lost louer.

 VY flatering fortune, loke thou neuer so fayre,
    Or neuer so  plesantly begin to smile,
 As though thou  wouldst my mine all repayre,
 During my life thou shalt not me begile.
 Trust shall I God, to entre in a while:
 Hys hauen or heauen sure and vniforme.
 Euer after thy calme, loke I for a storme.

                   Dauy the dycer.

 J^ONG was I lady Lucke your seruing man,
    And now  haue lost agayne all that I gat,
 Whcrfore whan  I thinke on you nowe and than,
 And in my mynde remember this and that,
 Ye may nt.t blame me though I beshrew your cat,
 But in fayth I blesse you agayne a thousand times,
 For lending me  some laysure to  make rymes.

   At the same time with Sir Thomas More lived Skelton, the
 poet laureate of Henry VIII. from whose works it seems
 proper to insert a few stanzas, though he cannot be said to
 have attained great elegance of language.

          The Prologue to the Bouge of Courte.

 | N Autumpne when the sonne in vyrgyne
   By radyante hete enryped hath our corne,
 Whan Luna full of  mutabylyte
 As Emperes the dyademe hath worne
 Of our pole artyke, smylynge halfe in a scorne
 At our foly, and our  vnstedfastnesse
 The time whan Mars to warre hym dyd dres
   I callynge to mynde the greate auctorjte  '
 Of poetes olde, whiche full craftely
 Under as couerte termes as coulde be
 Can touche a trouth, and cloke subtvlly
 With freshe vtteraunce full sentency'ously
 Dyuerse in style  some spared  not vyte to wryte
 Some of mortalitie nobly dyd  endyte
  Whereby I  rede, theyr renome and theyr  fame
May neuer aye, but euermore endure
I was sore moued to a forse the same
But ignoraunce full soone dyde me dyscure
And shewed that in this arte I was not sure
For to illumine she sayd I was to dulle
Aduysynge me my penne awaye to pulle
   And not to write, for he so wyll atteyne
Excedyng ferther than his connynge is
His heed maye be harde, but feeble is brayne
Yet haue I knowen suche er this
But of reproche  surely he maye not mys
That  clymmeth hyer than he may fotinge  haue
What and he slyde downe, who shall him saue?
   Thus vp and downe my mynde was drawen and cast
That I nerwyste what to do was beste
So sore  enwered  that I was at the laste
Enforsed to slepe, and for to take some reste
And to lye downe as soone as I my dreste
At HarwycI.e porte slumbrynge as I laye
In myne hostes house  called powers keye.

   Of  the wits that flourished in the reign  of Henry  VIII.
none has been more frequently celebrated than the earl of
Surry; and this  history would therefore have been imper-
fect without  some specimens of his works, which yet it is not
easy to  distinguish  from those of  Sir  Thomas  Wyat  and
others, with which they are confounded in the edition that has
fallen  into my hands.   The three first are, I believe  Surry's;
the rest, being of the same age, are  selected, some as exam-
ples of different measures, and one as the oldest composition
which I have found in blank verse.

Description of Spring,  wherein eche  thing renewes, save only
                       the lover.

rJ^HE soote  season that bud, and bloom fourth bringes,
   With grene hath cladde the hyll, and  eke the vale,
The Nightingall  with fethers new she singes;
The turtle to her mate hath told the  tale:
Somer is come, for every spray now  springes,
The hart hath hunge hys olde head on the  pale,
The bucke in brake his winter coat he flynges;
The fishes flete with newe repayred scale:
The adder all her slough away she flynges,
The swift swallow pursueth the flyes smalle.
The busy bee her honey how she mynges;
Winter is worne that was the floures  bale.
And thus 1 see among these pleasant thynges
Eche care decayes, and yet my sorrow sprynges.

       Descripcion  of the restless estate of a lover.
WHEN youth had led me half the race,
     That Cupides scourge had made me
I looked back to meet the place,
From whence my weary course begunne:
  And then I saw howe my desyre
Misguiding me had led the waye,
Myne eyne to greedy of theyre hyre,
Had made me lose a better pi ey
  r or when in sighes I spent the day,
And cou d not cloake my grief with game;
The boyhng smoke dyd still bewray,
1 he present heat of secret flame:

WhereTn^h"11 J'"68 d° bayne ^ breast>
Her £    uhlS Pleasent traynes hath sown,
Her beauty hath the fruytes opprest,

  In/wh^ bUddCS WCre ^ and b1*™
  And when myne eyen dyd still pursue,
i he flylng chase of tneyre     ej*.
1 heyre greedy looks dyd oft renew,
Ihe hydden wounde within my breste
runne; 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE.
      When every loke these cheekes might stayne,
    From dedly pale to glowing red;
    By outward signes appeared playne,
    To her for helpe my hart was fled.
      But all to late Love learneth me,
    To paynt all kynd of Colours new;
    To blynd theyre eyes that else should see
    My speckled chekes with Cupids hew.
      And now the covert brest I clame,
    That worshipt Cupide secretely;
    And nourished hys sacred flame,
    From whence no blairing sparks do flye.

Descripcion of the fickle Affections,  Pangs, and Sleightes
                       of Love.

OUCH wayward wayes hath Love, that most part in discord,
   Our willes do stand, whereby our hartes but seldom do
      accord:
Decyte is hys delighte, and to begyle and mocke,
The simple hartes which he doth strike with froward divers
      stroke.
He causeth th' one to rage with golden burning darte,
And doth alay with Leaden cold, again the others harte.
Whose gleames of burning fyre and easy sparkes of flame,
In balance of unequal weyght he pondereth by ame
From easye ford where I myghte  wade and pass full well,
He me withdrawes and doth me drive, into a depe dark hell:
And me  witholdes where I am calde and oflfred place,
And wiiles me that my mortal foe I do beseke of Grace;
He lettes me to pursue a conquest welnere  wonne
To follow where my paynes were1 lost, ere that my sute be-
      gunne.
So by this means I know how soon a hart may turne
From warre to peace, from truce to stryfe, and so agayne
      returne.
I know how to content my self in  others lust,
Of little stuffe unto my self to weave a webbe of trust:
And how to hyde my harmes with sole dyssembling chere,
Whan in my face the painted thoughtes would outwardly
      appeare.
I know how that the bloud forsakes the face for dred,
And how by shame it staynes agayne the Chekes with flam-
      yng red:
I know under the  Grene, the Serpent how he lurkes:
The hammer of the restless forge I wote eke how it workes.
I know and con by roate the tale that I woulde tell
But ofte the woordes come fourth awrye of him that loveth
       well.
I know in heate and colde the Lover how he shakes,
In synging how he do'hcomplayne, in sleeping how he wakes
To languish without ache, sickelesse for to consume,
A thousand thynges for to devyse, resolvynge of his fume;
And though he lyste to see his Ladyes Grace full sore
Such pleasures as delyght his Eye, do not his helthe restore.
I know to seke the tracte of my desyred foe,
And fere to fynde that I do seek, but chiefly this I know,
That Lovers must transfourme into the thynge beloved,
And live (alas! who would believe?) with sprite  from Lyfe
       removed.
I knowe  in harty sighs and laughters  of the spleene,
At once to chaunge my state, my  will,  and eke my colour
       clene.
I knowe  how to deceyve my self  wythe others helpe,
And how the Lyon chastised is, by beatynge of the whelpe.
In stanclynge nere the fyre, I  know how that I frease;
Farre of I burne, in bothe I waste, and so my Lyfe I leese.
I know how Love doth rage upon a  yeylding mynd,
How smalle a nete may  take and  mase a harte of gentle
       kynde:
Or else with seldom swete to season hepes of gall,
Revived with a glympse of Grace old sorrowes to let fall.
The hidden traynes I know, and secret snares of Love,
How soone a loke will prynte a thoughte that never may re*
       move.
The slypper state I  know, the sodein turnes from welthe,
The doubtfuU hope, the certaine wooe,  and sure despaired
       helthe.

                  A praise of his ladie.

       rj.EVE place you ladies and be  gone,
          Boast not your selves at all,
       For here at hande approcheth one,
       Whose face will stayne you all.
         The vertue of her lively lookes
       Excels the precious stone,
       I wishe to have none  other bookes
       To reade or look  upon.
         In eche of her two christall eyes,
       Smyleth a naked boy;
       It would you all in heart suffise
       To see that lampe of joye.
         I think nature hath lost the moulde,
       Where she her shape did take;
       Or else I doubte if nature coulde
       So fayre a creature make.
         She may be well comparde
       Unto the Phenix kinde,
       Whose like was never seene nor heard,
       That any man can fynde.
         In  lyfe she is Diana chast
       In trouth Penelopey,
       In woord and eke in dede stedfast;
       What will you more we say:
         If all the world were soughte so farre,
       Who could finde suche a wight,
       Her beauty twinkleth lyke a starre
       Within the frosty night.

    The Lover refused  of his love, embraceth vertue.

           jyjT youthfull yeres are past,
               My joyfull dayes are gone,
           My lyfe it may not last,
           My grave and I am one.
             My myrth and joyes are fled,
           And  I a Man in wo,
           Desirous to be ded,
            My misciefe to forgo.
             I burne and am a colde,
           I freese amyddes the fyer,
           I see she doth witholde
           That is my honest desyre.
             I see  my helpe at hande,
           I see my lyfe also,
           I see where she doth stande
           That is my deadly  fo.
             I see how she doth see,
            And yet she wil be blynd,
            I see in helpyng me,
            She sekes and will not fynde.
             I see  how she doth wrye,
            When I begynne to mone,
            I see when I come nye,
            He fayne  she would be gone.
             I see what wil ye more,
            She will me gladly kill,
            And you shall see therfore
            That she shall have her will- 
THE HISTORY  OF  THE
             I cannot live with stones,
           It is too hard a foode,
           I wil be dead at ones
           To do my Lady good.

The Death of ZOROAS, an Egiptian astronomer, in the first
       fight that  Alexander had with the  Persians.

Vow clattring armes, now raging broyls of warre,
   Gan passe the noys of dredfull trumpetts clang,
Shrowded with shafts, the heaven with cloude of dartes,
Covered the ayre   Against full fatted bulles,
As forceth kyndled yre the lyons keene,
Whose greedy gutts the gnawing hunger prickes;
So Macedons against  the Persians fare,
Now corpses hyde the purpurde soyle with blood;
Large slaughter on eche side, but Perses more,
Moyst fieldes beblcd, theyr heartes and numbers bate,
Fainted while they gave backe, and fall to flighte.
The litening Macedon by swordes, by gleaves,
By bandes and troupes of footemen, with his garde,
Speedes to Dary, but hym  his  merest kyn,
Oxate preserves with horsemen on a plumpe
Before his carr, that none his charge should give.
Here grunts, here groans, eche where  strong youth is spent:
Shaking her bloudy hands, Bellone among
The Perses soweth all kind of  cruel death:
With throte yrent he  roares, he lyeth along
His entrailes with a launce through gryded quyte,
Him smytes the club, hym woundes farre stryking bowe,
And hym the sling, and him the shining  sword;
He dyeth, he is all dead, he pantes, he  restes.
Right over stoodc in snoww hite armour brave,
The Memphite Zoroas, a cunnyng clarke,
To whom the heaven lay open as his booke;
And in celestiall bodies he could tell
The moving meeting  light, aspect, eclips,
And influence, and constellations all;
What earthly chaunces would  bctyde, what yere,
Of plenty storde, what signe forewarned death,
How winter gendreth snow, what temperature,
In the prime tyde doth season well the soyle,
Why summer burnes, why autumne hath ripe grapes,
Whither the circle quadrate may become,
Whether our tunes heavens harmony can yelde
Of four begyns among themselves how great
Proportion is;  what sway the erryng lightes
Doth send in course gayne that fyrst movyng heaven;
What grees one from another distance be,
What starr doth lett the hurtful! fyre to  rage,
Or  him more inylde what opposition makes,
What lyre doth qualifye Mavorses tyre,
What house eche  one doth seeke, what plannett raignes
Within this heaven sphere, nor that small thynges
I speake, whole heaven he  closeth iu his  brest.
This sage then in the starres hath spyed the fates
Threatned him death  without delay, and, sith,
He saw he could not fatall order chaunge,
Foreward he prest in battayle, that he might
Mete with the ruler of the Macedons,
Of his right hand  desirous to be slain,
The bouldest borne, and worthiest in the feilde;
And as a wight, now wery of his lyfe,
And seking death, in fyrst front of his  rage,
Comes desperately to Alexanders face,
At him with dartes one after other throwes,
With reckiesse wordes and clamour him provokes,
And sayth, Nectanaks bastard  shamefull stayn
Of mothers bed, why  losest thou thy strokes,
Cowardes among, Turn thee to me, in case
Manhood there be so much left in thy heart,
Come fight with me, that on my helmet weare
Apollo's laurell both for learninges laude,
And eke for martiall praise, that in my shielde
The seven fold Sophie of Minerve contein,
A match more mete, Syr King,  then any here,
The noble prince amoved takes ruth  upon
The wilfull wight, and with soft  wordes ayen,
O monstrous man (quoth he) what so  thou art,
I pray thee live, ne  do not with thy death
This lodge of  Lore, the Muses  mansion marre;
That treasure  house this hand shall never spoyle,
My sword shall never bruise that skilfull brayne,
Long gather'd heapes of science sone to spill;
O how fayre fruites  may you to  mortall men
From Wisdoms garden give;  how many may
By  you  the wiser and the better prove:
What error, what mad moode, what frenzy thee
Perswades to be downe, sent to depe Avernc,
Where no artes flourish, nor no knowledge vailes
For all these savves.  Wnen thus the sovereign said.
Alighted Zoroas with sword unsheathed,
The careless king there smoate  above the greve,
At  th* opening of his quishes wounded him,
So that the blood down  trailed on the ground:
The Macedon perceiving hurt, gan gnashe,
But ytt  his mynde he bent in any wise
Hym to forebeare, sett  spurrs unto his stede,
And turnde away, lest anger of his smarte
Should cause revenger hand deale baleful! blowes,
But of the Macedonian  chieftaines knights,
One Meieager couid not bear this sight,
But ran upon the said Egyptian  rude,
And cutt him in both knees: he  full to ground,
Wherewith a wnole rout came of sou diours sterne,
And all in pieces hewed the  sely seg,
But happily the soul fled lo the  starres,
Where, under  him,  he hath full  sight of all,
Whereat he gazed ht re with reaching looke.
The Persians waild  such sapience  to forgoe,
The very sone the Macedonians wisht
He would  have lived, king Alexander selfe
Demde  him a man unmete to dye  at all;
Who wonne like praise for conquest of his Yre,
As  lor stoute men in field that day subdued,
Who princes taught how to discerne a man,
That in  his head so  rare a jewel beares,
But over all those same Camenes, those same
Divine Camenes, whose honour  he procurde,
As tender  parent doth his daughters weale,
Lamented, and for thankes, all that they can,
Do cherish hym deceast, and sett him free,
frrom dark oblivion of devouring death.

  Barclay wrote about  1550;  his chief work is  the Shift  of
Fooles, of which the  fohowing extract will shew his style!  "

      Of Mockers and  Scorners, and false Accusers.


0 Le'aTeoff %*"'  hasterhere to our doct™e,
   Leaue off the wayes of your enormitie.
Enforce you to my preceptes to  enclme,

End neereanda11  ^ y°U ^°°d and  ^tic:
feline, and ye finde shall grea'  prosDerhie
AnS^T d°Ctrine °f ouffatheroTde?'
  win ll aWCS in va,our wort" great golde
WWch areatinWl,lf0,,°Wle thC^ac- -S
    Ch are ln vertue> shall finde auauncement 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Wherefore ye fooles that in your sinne are bolde,
Ensue ye wisdome, and leaue your lewde intent,
Wisdome is the way of men most excellent:
Therefore haue done, and shortly spede  your pace,
To quaynt your self and company with grace.
  Learne what is vertue, therin is great  solace,
Learne what is truth, sadnes and prudence,
Let grutche be gone, and grauitie purchase,
Forsake your folly and inconuenience,
Cease to be fooles, and ay to sue offence,
Followe ye vertue, chiefe roote of  godlynes,
For it and wisedome is ground of clenlynes.
  Wisedome and vertue two thinges are doubtles,
Whiche man endueth with honour speciall,
But suche heartes as slepe in foolishnes
Knoweth nothing, and will nought  know at  all:
But in this little barge in principall
All foolish mockers I purpose to repreue,
Clawe he his backe that feeleth itch or greue.
  Mockers and scorners that are harde  of beleue,
With a rough comb here will I clawe and grate,
To proue if they will from their vice remeue,
And leaue their folly, which causeth great debate:
Suche caytiues spare neyther poore man nor estate,
And where their selfe are moste worthy  derision,
Other men to scorne is all their most condition.
  Yet are ino fooles of this abusion,
Whiche of wise men despiseth the doctrine,
With mowes, mockes, scorne, and collusion,
Rewarding rebukes for their good  discipline:
Shewe to suche wisdome, yet shall they  not enclinc
Unto the same, but set nothing therby
But mocke thy  doctrine, still or openly.
  So in the wo ride it appeareth commonly,
That who that will a foole rebuke or blame,
A mock or mowe shall he haue by and by:
Thus in derision haue fooles their speciall game.
Correct a wise man that woulde  eschue  ill name,
And fayne woulde  learne, and his  lewde life amende,
And to thy wordes he gladly shall  intende.
  If by misfortune a rightwise man offende,
He  gladly suffereth a iuste correction,
And him that him  teacheth taketh  for his frende,
Him selfe putting mekely unto subiection,
Folowing his preceptes and good direction:
But yf that one  a foole rebuke or blame,
He  shall his teacher hate, slaunder and diffame.
  Howbeit his wordes oft turne to his own shame,
And his own dartes retourne to him agayne,
And so is he sore wounded with the same,
And in wo endeth, great misery and payne.
Is also proued full often is certayne,
That they that on mockers alway their mindes cast,
Shall of all other be mocked at the last.
  He that goeth right, stedfast, sure, and fast,
May him well mocke that goeth halting and lame,
And he that is white may well his scornes cast,
Agaynst a man of Inde: but no man ought to blame
Anothers vice, while  he vseth the same.
But who that of sinne is cleane in deede and thought,
May him well scorne whose liuing is starke nought.
The scornes of Naball full dere should haue been bought,
If Abigayl bis wife discrete and sage,
Had not by kindnes right crafty meanes sought,
The wrath of Dauid to temper and  asswage.
Hath not two beares in their fury and rage
Two and fortie children rent and tome,
For they the prophete Helyseus did scorne.
  So might they curse the time that they were borne,
For their mocking of this prophet diuine:
So many other of this sort often mourne
For their lewde mockes, and fall into ruine.
Thus it is foly for wise men to encline,
To this lewde flocke of fooles, for see thou shall
Them moste scorning that  are most bad of all.

           The  Lenuoy of  Barclay to the fooles.

  Ye mocking fooles that in scorne set your ioy,
Proudly despising Gods  punitibn:
Take ye example by Cham the sonne of Noy,
Which laughed his father vnto derision,    ,
Which him after cursed for his transgression,
And made him seruauntto all his lyne and stocke.
So shall ye caytifs at the conclusion,
Since ye are nought and other scorne and mocke.

  About the year 1553 wrote Dr.  Wilson, a man celebrated
for  the  politeness of his  style,  and the extent of his know-
ledge: what was the state of our language in his time, the
following may be of use to show.

"DRonunciation is an apte orderinge bothe of the voyce, coun-
   tenaunce,  and all the whole  bodye, accordynge to the
worthines of such woordes and mater as by speache are de-
clared.  The vse hereof is suche for anye one that liketh to
haue prayse for tellynge his tale in open assemblie, that hau-
ing a good tongue, and a comelye countenaunce, he shal  be
thought to passe all other that haue the like vtteraunce:
thoughe  they  haue muche better learning.  The tongue
geueth a certayne grace  to euerye matter, and beautifieth
the cause in like maner, as a swete soundynge lute muche
setteth forthe a meane deuised ballade.  Or as the sounde of a
good  instrumente styrreth  the hearers, and moueth muche
delite, so a cleare soundyng  voice comforteth muche our
deintie eares, with muche swete melodie, and causeth us to
allowe the matter rather for the reporters sake, then the  re-
porter for the matters  sake.  Demosthenes therfore, that
famouse oratour, beyng asked what was the chiefest point in
al oratorie, gaue the chiefe and onely praise to Pronunciation;
being demaunded, what was the seconde, and the thirde, he
stil made answere, Pronunciation, and would make none other
aunswere, till  they lefte askyng, declaryng hereby that arte
without vtteraunce can dooe nothyng, vtterance without arte
can dooe right muche.   And  no doubte that man is in out-
warde apparaunce  halfe  a good clarke, that hath a cleane
tongue,  and  a  comely gesture of his body.  jEschines  lyke-
wyse being bannished his countrie through  Demosthenes,
when he had redde to the Rhodians his own oration, and De-
mosthenes  aunswere thereunto, by force whereof he was
banished, and all they marueiled muche at the excellencie of
the same: then (q d JEschines) you would  have marueiled
muche more if you had heard hymselfe speak it. Thus beyng
cast in miserie and banished for euer, he could not but geue
such greate reporte of his deadly and mortal enemy.

  Thus have I deduced the English language from the age
of Alfred to that  of Elizabeth; in some parts imperfectly for
want of materials; but I hope at least, in such a manner that
its progress may be easily traced, and the gradations observ-
ed, by which it advanced from its first rudeness to its present
elegance. 
 
A    GRAMMAR
OF
THE    ENGLISH   TONGUE.
 fRAMMAR, which  is the art  of using  words properly,
    comprises  four parts; Orthography, Etymology,  Syntax,
 and Prosody.
  In this division  and order of the parts of grammar I follow the common
 grammarians, without inquiring whether a fitter distribution might not be found.
 Experience has long shown this method to be so distinct as to obviate confusion,
 and so comprehensive as to prevent any inconvenient omissions.  I likewise use
 the terms already received, and already understood, though perhaps others more
 proper might sometimes be invented.  Sylburgius, and other innovators, whose
 new terms have sunk their learning into neglect,  have left sufficient warning
 against the trifling ambition of teaching arts in a new language.
    Ortho-graphy is the art oj combining letters into syllables,
 and syllables into wordt.   It therefore teaches previously the
 form and sound of letters.
            The letters of the English language are,

 Saxon.    Roman.    Italick.    Old English.  Name.
 A   a      Aa      A   a        3L    a       a
 Bb      Bb      B   b        T$   b       bee
 D   c     Q   c      C   c        €   C       see
 Db     Dd     D   d        DD       dee
 CeEe      E   e        <B   t       e
 Fp     Ff      F   f        JF    f       eff
 E   s     G   g      G   g        G    g       jce
 fc   h     Hh     H  h        ty    h       aitch
 I    1      I    |      I   i             i       i        (orja
            J   j      J   J        31    f       j   consonant.
 K   K      K   k     K   k        ft    ft       ka
 LI      LI       LI        1    I       ei
 CD  m     Mm     Mm       (p   m      em
 Nn      Nn      N  n        12   tl       en
 Oo      Oo      O   o        2D   o       o
 Pp      Pp      P   fi        Pp       pee
 Q   cp    Q   q      Q   9        ffi.   q       cue
 R   ]t     R   r      R    r       K   t%      ar
 s   r      s.   f»    $   /«       %   ta      es»
 T   c     T   t       T   t        %   t       tee
 Uu      Uu      U   u             u       u      (or av
 V   v     Vv      Tv        ©to       -y,  consonant.
 (|> ft     Ww      W w       ffiatto      double m

 Xx     Xx     X   x        ft       ex
 Y   f     Y   y      F   y        J)   p       wy
 Z    z     Z   z      Z   z        Jj       zerf,   more
                                              commonly  called
                                              izzard or uzzard,
                                              that  is, f hard.
   To these may  be added certain combinations of letters, uni-
 versally used in printing;  as a, ft, fl, fl, fb, fk, ff, ff, fi, ffi, fi, ffi,
 ffl, and 8c, or and fier sc, and. B,fl,fl,Jl,Jb, Jk, ff,ff,jiyji,fi,
ffi>ffl> W  *> ff, fl,a, ff, (T, fi, 6, ffi, ffi, f.
      VOL. I.
  Our letters are commonly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently i and j, as
well as u and u, were expressed by the same character; but as those letters, whieh
had always different powers, have now different forms, our alphabet may be pro-
perly said to consist of twenty-six letters.
  None of the small consonants have a  double form,  except /, s; of  which/is
used in the beginning and middle, and s at the end.

                 Vowels are five, a, e, i, o, u.

   Such is  the number generally received; but for i it is the
practice to  write y in the end of words,  as thy, holy; before f,  as
from die, dying; from beautify, beautifying; in the words says,
days, eyes;  and  in words derived from  the Greek, and  written
originally with w, as system, ruri>f*Mi sympathy, o-vfvrtiS-tiK.
   For u we often write w after a vowel, to make a diphthong;  as
raw, grew,  view, vow, flowing,  lowness.
   The sounds of all the letters are various.

  In treating on the letters, I shall not, like some other grammarians, inquire into
the original of their form, as an antiquarian; nor into their formation and prola-
tion by the organs of speech, as a mechanick, anatomist, or physiologist;  nor into
the properties  and gradation of sounds, or the elegance or harshness of particular
combinations,  as a writer of universal and transcendental grammar.  I consider
the English alphabet only as it is English;  and even in this narrow disquisition I
follow the example of former  grammarians, perhaps  with more reverence than
judgment, because by writing in English I suppose my reader already acquainted
with the English language, and consequently able to pronounce the  letters, of
which I teach  the pronunciation; and because of sounds in general it may be ob-
served, that words are unable to  describe them.  An accqunt therefore of the
primitive and simple letters is useless almost alike to those who know their sound,
and those who know it not.

                        Of  VOWELS.

                              A.

  A has three sounds, the slender, open, and broad.
   A slender is found in most words, as^acc, mane; and in words
ending in ation, as creation, salvation, generation.
  The o slender is the proper English o, called very justly by Erpenius, in  hii
Arabick Grammar, o AngHcum cum c mistum, as having a middle sound between
the open a and the «. The French have a similar sound in the word pais, and in
their e masculine.

   A open is the a of the  Italian, or nearly resembles it; us father,
rather, congratulate, fancy, glass.
   A broad  resembles the a of the German;  as all, wall, call.
  Many words pronounced with a broad were anciently written with ow, as/auft,
mauU; and we still say/cmft, vault. This was probably the Saxon sound, for it
is yet retained in the northern  dialects, and in- the rustic pronunciation; as maim
for man, hauiul for hand.

   The short a approaches to the a open, as grass.
   The long a, if prolonged by e at the end of the word, is always
slender, as graze, fame.
   A forms a diphthong  only with i or y, and u or w.  Ai or ay,
as in plain, wain, gay, clay, has only the  sound of the long and
slender a, and differs not in the  pronunciation from plane, wane.
   Au or aw has the sound of the German a, as raw, naughty.
      H 
A  GRAMMAR  OF  THE
  ,1t u K>meUmes found in Latin words not completely naturalized or assimilated,
but m no English diphthong; and it more properly expressed by single e, as Cc-
mr,  Enras
                              i-:
  £ is the letter which ocean most frequently in the English language.
  E is long, as in scene; or short, as in cellar, separate, cele-
brate, men, then.
  It is always short before a  double consonant, or two  conso-
nants, as in vex, perplexity,  relent,  medlar,  reptile,  serpent,
dtlar, cessation, blessing, fell, felling, debt.
  K is  always mute at the end of a word, except in monosylla-
bles that have no other vowel, as the;  or proper names,  as Pe-
nelope,Phebe, Drrbe; being used to modify the foregoing con-
sonant, as since, once, hedge, oblige; or to lengthen the preced-
ing vowel, as ban, bane;  can, cane; pin, pine; tun, tune;  rSb,
robe; pop, pope; fir, fire;  ciir, cure; tub, tube.
  Almost all words which now  terminate in consonants ended anciently in e, as
ytnr, ytare; loildtrntn, mldernesse; which e probably had the force of the French
e feminine, and constituted a syllable with its associate consonant; for in old edi-
tions, words arc sometimes divided thus, clea-re,felrlt, knowled-ge.  This e was
perhaps for a time vocal or silent in poetry, as conveniency required; but it has
been long wholly mute.   Camden in his Remains calls it the silent e.
  It does not always lengthen the  foregoing vowel, as  glove,
live, give.
  It has sometimes in the end  of words a  sound obscure, and
scarcely perceptible, as open, ehaptn, shotten, thistle,participle,
lucre.
  This faintness of sound is found when e separates a mute from a liquid, as in
rotten; or follows a mute and liquid as in cattle.
  E forms a diphthong  with a, as near; with i, as deign,  re-
ceive; and with u or w, as new, flew.
  Ea sounds like e  long, as mean; or like ee, as dear, clear, near.
  Ei is sounded like e long, as seize,perceiving.
  F.u sounds as u long and soft.
  E, a, u,  are  combined in beauty and its derivatives, but have
only the sound of u.
  E may be said to form  a diphthong by reduplication, as agree,
$leeping.
  Eo is found in yeomen, where it is sounded as e short; and in people, where it
is pronounced  like ee.
                              I.
   / has a sound, long, zsftne;  and short, as fin.
  That is eminently observable in i,  which may be  likewise remarked  in  other
letters, that the short sound is not the long sound contracted, but a sound wholly
different.
   The long sound in monosyllables is always marked by the e
 final, as thin, thine.
   I is often sounded before r as a short u;  as flirt, first, shirt.
   It forms a diphthong  only with e, as field, shield, \»hich is
 sounded as the double ee;  except friend, which is  sounded  as
frend.
  1 is joined with eu in lieu; and ew in view; which triphthongs are sounded as
 the  open u.
                              o
    O is long, as bone, obedient, corroding; or short, as block,
 knock,  iblique, 1811.
    Women is pronounced wimen.
  The short o has sometimes the sound of a close w, as  son, come.
   O coalesces into a diphthong with o, as  moan, groan,  ap-
proach; oa has the  sound of o long.
  0 is united to e in some words derived from Greek,  as aconomy; but oe being
not an English diphthong, they are better written as they are sounded with onlv e
economy.                                                    ' '
  With i, as oil, soil, moil, noisome.
  This coalition of letters seems to unite the sounds of the two letters as far as two
sounds can be  united without being destroyed, and therefore approaches more
nearly than any combination in our tongue to the notion of a diphthong.
   With o, as boot, hoot, cooler; oo has the sound of the Italian u.
   With u or w, as our, power, flower; but in some  words has
only the sound of o long, as in soul, bowl, sow, grow.  These dif-
ferent sounds are used to distinguish different significations; as
bow, an instrument for shooting;  bow, a depression of the head;
sow, the she of a boar; sow, to scatter seed;  bowl, an orbicular
body;  bowl, a wooden  vessel.
   Ou is sometimes pronounced like  o soft, as court; sometimes
like o short, as cough; sometimes like u close,  as could;  or u
open, as rough, tough; which use only can teach.
  Ou is frequently used in the last syllable of words which in Latin end in or, and
are made in English, as fconoitr, labour, favour, from honor, labor, favor.
  Some late innovators have rejected the w, without considering that the last syl-
lable gives the sound neither of or, nor ur, but  a sound between them, if not com-
pounded of both; besides that they are probably derived to us from the French
nouns, in eur, as honneur,faveur.
                              u.
   U is long in use, confusion;  or short, as us, concussion.
  It coalesces with a, e, i, o; but has rather in these combina-
tions the force of the w, as  quaff,  quest, quit, quite,  languish;
sometimes in ui the i loses its sound, as in juice. It is sometimes
mute before a, e, i,y, as guard, guest, guist, buy.
  U is followed by e in  virtue, but the e has no sound.
  Ue is sometimes mute at the end of a word, in imitation of the French, as pro-
rogue, synagogue, plague, vague, harangue.
                              Y.
   Y is a vowel, which, as Quintilian observes of  one of the  Ro-
man letters, we might  want without inconvenience, but that  we
have it.   It supplies the place of i in the end of words, as thy;
before an i, as dying;  and  is commonly retained  in  derivative
words where  it  was part of a diphthong  in  the primitive; as
destroy, destroyer;  betray, betrayed, betrayer; pray, prayers;
say, sayer;  day, days.
  Y being  the Saxon vowel y, which was commonly used where i is now put,
occurs very frequently in old books.

                      General  Rules.
  A vowel in the beginning or middle syllable, before two con-
sonants, is commonly short,  as opportunity.
  In monosyllables a single vowel before a single consonant is
short, as  stag, frog.
  Many is pronounced as if it were wrote manny.

                    OF CONSONANTS.
                              B.
  B has one unvaried sound, such as it obtains in  other  lan-
guages.
  It is  mute  in debt, debtor, subtle,  doubt, lamb, limb, dumb,
thumb, limb, comb, womb.
  It is used before I and r, as black, brown.
   C has before e and i the sound of s; as sincerely, centrick, cen-
tury  circular, cistern,  city, siccity; before a, o and u, it sounds
like k, as calm, concavity, copper, incorporate, curiosity, concu-
piscence.                                             S1
  C might be omitted in the language without loss, since one of its sounds might
gV jus aXiot%otherby vv*" preserves to «*  ^s^ac
gy oi woras, asjace tram fanes, captive from captivus.

^S/^T? -STd  WWch is analyZCd int0 "A» as ''torch,  ehin,
Z«i  k l 1S    f™ S°Und Which  thc ItaIians  g^e to the c
simple before i and e, as citta, cerro.               5
   CAis  sounded  like  A: in words derived  from the Greek, as
a voTel  1    I Ch°Ur  AICh is C°mmonlv sounded «* before
a cTsonant  H "T/5 ?nd WUh ^ EnSUsh sound of ch before
a consonant, as archbishop.
J£ in some French  words not yet assimilated, sounds like sh as machine,
  C, having no determinate sound, according to English orthography, never ends
\ 
                                                 ENGLISH

 a word; therefore we write stick, block, whfch were originally sticke, blocke.  In
 such words, c is now mute.
   It is used before I and r, as clock, cross.
                               D.
   Is uniform  in its sound, a3 death, diligent.
   It is used before r, as draw, dross; and w, as dwell.
                               F.
   F, though  having a name  beginning with a vowel, is num-
 bered by the  grammarians among the  semivowels; yet has this
 quality of a mute,  that it is commodiously  sounded before a
 liquid, as flask, fly, freckle.  It has an unvariable sound, except
 that of is sometimes spoken nearly as ov.

                               G.
   G has two  sounds; one hard, as in  gay, go, gun; the other
 soft, as in gem, giant.
   At the end of a word it is always hard, ring, snug, song, frog.
   Before e and  i the sound is uncertain.
   G before e is soft, as gem, generation, except in  gear, geld,
 geese,  get, gewgaw, and derivatives from words ending in g as
 singing, stronger, and generally before er at the end of words,
 SiS flnger.
   G is mute  before n, as gnash, sign, foreign.
   G before i is  hard,  as give except in giant, gigantick, gibbet,
 gibe, gibblets, Giles, gill, gilliflower, gin, ginger, gingle, to which
 may be added Egypt and gypsey.
   Gh, in the beginning of a word, has  a sound of the hard g, as
 ghostly; in the middle and  sometimes at the end, it  is quite
 silent, as though, right, sought, spoken tho', rite, soute.
   It has often at the end the sound of/, as laugh, whence laugh-
 ter  retains the same sound in the middle; cough, trough, sough,
 tough, enough, slough.
   It is not to be doubted, but that in the original pronunciation g had the force
 •f consonant deeply guttural, which is still continued among the Scotch.
   G is used before h, I, and r.

                              H.
   H is a note of aspiration, and shows  that the following vowel
 must be pronounced with a strong emission of breath, as hat,
 horse.
   It seldom begins any but the first syllable, in which it is al-
 ways sounded with  a  full breath, except in  heir, herb, hostler,
 honour, humble, honest, humour, and their derivatives.
   It sometimes begins middle or final syllables in words compounded, as block-
 head; or derived from the Latin, as comprehended.

                               J.
   J consonant sounds uniformly like the  soft g, and is there-
 fore a letter useless, except in etymology, as  ejaculation, jester,
jocund,juice.

                              K.
   K has the sound  of  hard c, and is used before e and i, where,
 according to English  analogy, c would be  soft, as kept, king,
 skirt, skeptick, for so it should be written, not sceptick, because
 sc is sounded like s, as in scene.
  It is used before n, as knell, knot, but totally  loses its sound in modern pro-
nunciation.
   K is never  doubled; but c is  used before it to shorten the
vowel by a  double consonant, as cockle, pickle.

                              L.
   L has in English the same liquid sound as in other languages.
  The custom is to double the I at the end of monosyllables, as kill,  will, full.
These words were originally written kille, wiUe, fulle;  and when the e first grew
silent and was afterward omitted, the 11 was retained, to give force, according to
the analogy of our  language,  to the foregoing vowel.
  L is sometimes  mute, as in calf, half, halves, calves, could,
would, should,psalm, talk, salmon, falcon.
TONGUE.

  The Saxons, who delighted in guttural sounds, sometimes aspirated the / at the
beginning of words, as hlap, a loaf, or bread; hlarojm, a lord; but this pronuncia-
tion is now disused.
   Le at the end of words is pronounced like a weak el, in which
the e is almost mute, as table, shuttle.

                              M.
   Mhas  always the same sound, as murmur, monumental.

                              N.
   N has always the same sound, as noble, manners.
   Nis sometimes mute after m, as damn, condemn, hymn.

                               P.
   P has always the same sound, which the Welsh  and  Gei>
mans confound with b.
   P is sometimes mute, as in psalm, and between m and t, as
tempt.
   Ph is used for/in words derived from the Greek, as philoso-
pher, philanthropy, Philip.

                              Q-
   Q, as in  other languages  is always followed by u, and  has a
sound which our Saxon ancestors  well expressed by cp, cw, as
quadrant, queen, equestrian,  quilt, inquiry, quire, quotidian.  Qu
is never followed by u.
   Qu is sometimes sounded, in words derived from the French,
like k, as conquer, liquor, risque, chequer,

                              R.

   R has the same rough  snarling sound as in other tongues.
  The Saxons used often to put h before it, as before I at the beginning of words.
  Rh is used in words derived from the Greek, as myrrh, myrrhine, catarrhous,
rheum, rheumatic,  rhyme.
   Re at the end of some words derived from the Latin or French,
is pronounced  like a weak er, as theatre, sepulchre.

                              S.
   & has a hissing  sound, as sibilation, sister.
  A single s seldom ends any word, except in the third person of verbs, as loves,
grows; and the plurals of nouns, as trees, bushes, distresses; the pronouns this, his,
ours, yours,  us; the adverb thus; and words derived from Latin, as rebus, surplus;
the close being always either in se, as house, horse, or ss, as gross, dress, bliss, less,
anciently grasse, dresse.
   S single, at  the end of words, has a grosser sound, like that
of z, as trees, eyes, except this, thus, us, rebus, surplus.
   It sounds like z before ion, if a vowel goes  before it, as  in-
trusion; and like s, if it follows a consonant, as conversion.
   It sounds like z before e mute, as refuse, and before y  final,
as rosy; and in  those words bosom, desire, wisdom, prison, prison-
er, present, present, damsel, casement.
  It is the peculiar quality of s, that it may be sounded before all consonants ex-
cept x and z, in which s is  comprised, x being only ks and z a hard or gross ».
This * is therefore termed by grammarians sum potestatis litera; the reason of
which the learned  Dr. Clarke erroneously  supposed to be, that in some words it
might be doubled at pleasure.  Thus we find in several languages:
iGtvw/xi, scatter, sdegno, sdrucciolo, sfavellare, <r<$iy%, sgombrare, sgranare,
shake, slumber, smell, snipe, space, splendour, spring, squeeze, shrew, step, strength,
stramen, stripe, sventura, swell.
   S is mute in isle,  island, demesne, viscount.

                              T.
   T has its customary sound, as take, temptation.
   Ti before a vowel has the sound of si,  as salvation, except an
* goes before,  as question; excepting likewise derivatives  from
words  ending in ty, as mighty, mightier.
   Th has two  sounds; the one soft,  as thus, whether;  the other
hard, as thing, think.   The sound is soft in  these words, then,
thence, and  there,  with their derivatives and compounds; and in
chat, these,  rhou, thee, thy,  thine, their, they, this, those, them,
though, thu.s, and in all words between two  vowels, as father,
whether; and between r and a vowel, as burthen.
H2 
A  GRAMMAR OF THE
   tn other words it is  hard, as  thick, thunder, faith, faithful.
Where it is softened at the end of a word, an e silent must be
added, as breath, breathe; cloth, clothe.
   V has a sound of near affinity to that of/, vain, vanity,
  From /,  in the hlandick  alphabet,  v is only distinguished by  a diacritical
point.

                                w.
   Of w, which in diphthongs is often an undoubted vowel, some
grammarians have doubted whether it ever be a consonant; and
not rather, as it is called, a double u, or ou, as water may be re-
solved into ouater: but letters of  the  same  sound  are  always
reckoned consonants  in other alphabets: and  it may be observ-
ed, that w follows a vowel without any hiatus  or difficulty of ut-
terance, as frosty winter:
   IVh has a  sound accounted  peculiar to  the  English,  which
the  Saxons better expressed by hp hw, as  what, whence, whit-
ing;  in whore  only, and sometimes in wholesome, wh is sounded
like  a simple h.
                                 X.
   X begins no English word; it has the sound  of ks, as axle, ex-
traneous.
   Y, when it follows  a consonant, is a vowel: when it precedes
either a vowel or a diphthong, is  a consonant,  ye, young.   It is
thought by some to be in all cases a vowel.   But it may be ob-
served of y as of w, that it follows a vowel without any hiatus,
as rosy youth.

  The chief argument by which w and y appear to be always vowels is, that the
sounds which they are supposed to have, as consonants, cannot be uttered after a
vowel, like that of all other consonants; thus we say, (u, ut; do, odd; but in wed,
dtw, the two sounds of to have no resemblance to each other.
   Z begins no word originally  English; it  has  the sound, as
its name izzard or * hard expresses, of an * uttered with a closer
compression of the palate by the tongue, as freeze, froze.

  In orthography I have supposed orthoepy, or just utterance of words, to be includ-
ed; orthography being only the art of expressing certain sounds by proper charac-
ters. I have therefore observed in what words any of the letters are mute.
  Most of the writers of English grammar have given long tables of words  pro-
uounced otherwise than they  are written, and seem not sufficiently to have  con-
sidered, that of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronunciation,
one cursory and colloquial, the other regular and solemn.  The cursory pronuncia-
tion is always vague and uncertain, being made different in different mouths by
uegligence, unskilfulness, or affectation. The solemn pronunciation,  though by no
means immutable and permanent, is yet always less remote from the orthography,
and less liable to capricious  innovation.  They have however generally formed
their tables according to the cursory speech of those with whom they happened
to converse; and concluding that the whole nation combines to vitiate  language
in one  manner, have often established the jargon of the lowest of the  people as
the model of speech.
   For pronunciation the best general rule is to consider those as the most elegant
speakers who deviate least from the written words.
   There have been many schemes offered for the emendation  and  settlement of
our orthography, which, like that of other nations, being formed by chance, or ac-
cording to the fancy of the earliest writers in rude ages,  was at first very various
and uncertain, and as yet sufficiency irregular. Of these reformers some have en-
deavoured to accommodate orthography better to the pronunciation, without con-
sidering that this is to measure by a shadow, to take that for a  model or standard
which is changing while they  apply for it  Others, less absurdly indeed, but with
equal unlikelihood of success,  have endeavoured to proportion (he number of letters
to that of sounds, that every sound may have its own character, and every character
a single sound.  Such would be the  orthography of a new language to be formed
by a synod of grammarians upon principles of science. But who can hope to pre-
vail ou nations to change their practice, and make all their old books useless3 or
what advantage would  a new orthography procure equivalent to the  confusion and
perplexity of such an alteration?
   Some of these schemes I shall, however, exhibit, which may be used  accordinz
to the diversities of genius, as a guide to reformers, or terrour to innovators
  One of the first who proposed a scheme of regular orthography, was Sir  Tho-
mas Smith, secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth, a man of real learning and
much practised in grammatical disquisitions.  Had he written the following lines
according to his scheme, they would have appeared thus:

           At length Erasmus, that great injur'd name,
           The glory of the priesthood and the shame,
           Stemm'd the wild torrent of a  barb'rous age,
           And drove  those holy Vandals off the stage.

           At lengB Erasmus, Bat gret msurd nAm,
           Ae glon  of Be prtisthiid, and se z 'm,
           Stemmd Be icild torrent of a barb'rous »j,
           And dn.v 80s holi Vandals ofl Be sttx.

  After him another mode of writing was offered by Dr. Gill the celebrated mas-
ter of St. Paul's school in London; which I cannot represent exactly for want of
types, but will approach as nearly as I can by means of characters now in use, se
as to make it understood, exhibiting two stanzas of Spenser in the reformed or-
thography.
                       Spenser, Book iii. Canto 5.
           Unthankful wretch, said he, is this the meed,
           With which her sovereign mercy thou dost quite?
           Thy life she saved by her gracious deed;
           But thou dost ween With villainous despight,
           To blot her honour,  and her heav'nly light.
           Die, rather die, than so disloyally
           Deem of her high desert, or seem so light.
           Fair death it is to shun more shame; then die.
           Die, rather die, than ever love disloyally.
             But if to love disloyalty it be,
           Shall I then hate her, that from deathes door
           Me brought? ah! far be such reproach from me.
             What can I less do, than her love  therefore,
           Sith I her due reward cannot restore?
           Die, rather die, and dying do her serve,
           Dying her serve, and living her adore.
           Thy life  she gave, thy life she  doth deserve;
           Die, rather die, than ever from her service swerve.

           Ynftankful wr»D, said hj, iz sis se mjd,
           Wijj ttJiJ htr sobirain mersi Sou dust qujt?
           Dj Ijf rj s«tJsd bj her grasius djd;
           But Sou dust wen wil) bilenus dispjt.
           Tu blot hir honor, and her hebnlj lwt,
           Dj,  raSir dj, s«n so disloialj
           Djm of hir hiA dezert, or sjm so \iht.
           Fair del) it iz tu run m»r ram; S»n dj.
           Dj,  raser dj, Sen iter lub disloialj.
             But if tu luv disloialtj it bj,
           Sal  I Bin hat hir sat from deBez d»r
           Mj brouAt? ah! for bj sua rsprOD from mj,
           Wat kan I lis du Ben her lub Serfiw,
           Sih  I her du reward kanot res tor?
           Dj,  raBer dj, and dji5 du her Serb,
           Djis her serb, and libis her ad»r.
           DJ Uf rj gab, Bj ljf rj du/t dezerb;
           Dj,  raSer dj, Sen eber from her serbis swetb.

  Dr. Gill was  followed by Charles Butler, a man who did not want an under-
standing, which  might have qualified him  for better employment.  He seems te
have been more sanguine  than his predecessors, for he printed his book accord-
stoSod°   °W"      Ci      ** followinS ^cimen will  make  easily under-

  But whensoever you  have occasion to trouble their patience, or to come amone

Jenlne^ F^r tne' sa* *"?? ^^ ^ *»** than to  £5?<S2
gentleness.  For the safeguard of  your face, which  they have  most mind unto
prov.de a pursehood, made of course boultering,  to be drawn and knit about tout
collar, which for more safety is to be lined  against the eminent parte mthwooC
cloth. F.rst cut a piece about an inch and a half broad, and JhST^d^
to reach round,y the temples andforehead,  from  one ear'to thoSier which bS
about an ino and a hSroad anTS HlT "^ C'0t' First cut a P"c'
and for'head, from one eaTto^ JS. a.yfd.loDS' to ™*> round by Se temples
two rort peeceTof fce sam Wadk P" bee,nS sfowed in "*. pl«c< join unto it
then'setanX pee? abouttt    J **$■*' f°r the bals of 8e ch"k»> *nd
o*er tim's, vtu^J^^J^fL  rlIh"f aSainst *e toP of »e w™. At
«. and ^ abos z?zr«tt% re sfctKsrsr ^ *e
                          Butler on the Mature  and Properties of Beet, 1634. 
ENGLISH TONGUE.
  In the time of Charles I. there was a very prevalent inclination  te change the
orthography; as appears among other books, in such edition* of ths works of Mil-
ton as were published by himself.   Of these  reformers every man had his own
scheme; but they agreed in one general design of accommodating the letters to the
pronunciation, by ejecting such as they thought superfluous.  Some of them would
have written these lines thus:
-All the erth
              Shall then be paradis, far happier place
              Than this of Eden, and far happier dais.
   Bishop Wilkins afterward, in his great work of the philosophical language, pro-
 posed, without expecting to be followed,  a regular orthography; by which the
 Lord's prayer is to be written thus:
   Y«r Fadher hxitsh art  in he"ven, halloed bi dhyi adm, dhyi cingdym cjrm, dhy
 kill bi dyn in erth as itis in heven, &c.
   We have since had no  general  reformers; but some ingenious men have en-
 deavoured to deserve well of their country, by writing honor and labor for Iwnour
 and labour, red for read in the preter tense, sais for says, repete lor repeat, explane
 for explain, or declaim for declaim. Of these it may be said, that as they have done
 no good, they have done little harm; both because they have innovated little, and
 because few have followed them.
   The English language  has properly no dialects; the style of writers has no pro-
 fessed diversity in the use of words, or of their flexions, and terminations, nor differs
 but by different degrees of skill or care.   The oral diction is uniform in no spa-
 eious country, but has less variation in England than in most other nations of equal
 extent. The language of the northern counties retains many words now out of use,
 but which are commonly of the genuine Teutonick race, and is uttered with a pro-
 nunciation which now seems harsh and rough, but was probably used by our an-
 cestors. The northern speech is therefore not barbarous but obsolete. The speech
 in the western provinces  seems to differ from the general diction rather by a de-
 praved pronunciation, than by any real difference which letters would express.

                         ETYMOLOGY.

 ETYMOLOGY teaches  the  deduction of one  word from ano-
    ther,  and the  various modifications by which the sense of the
 same word is diversified: as horse, horses; I love, I loved.

                         Of the  Article.
   The English have two articles, an or c, and  the.

                              An, a.
   A has an indefinite signification, and means one, with some
 reference to more;  as This is a good book, that is, one among the
 books that are good.   He  was killed by a sword, that is, some
 sword.   This is  a better book for  a man than  a  boy, that is,ybr
 one of those that are men than one of those that are boys.   An
 army might enter without resistance, that is, any army.
   In the senses in which we use a  or an  in  the singular, we
 speak in the plural  without an article:  as, these are good books.
   I have made an the original article,  because it is  only the Saxon an, or am,
 oil*, applied to anew use, as the German ein, and the French un; the n being cut
 •ff before a consonant in  the speed of utterance.
   Grammarians of  the last age direct, that an  should be used
 before h;  whence it appears that  the English anciently aspirat-
 ed less.   An is  still used before  the  silent h,  as an herb, an
 honest man:  but otherwise a; as,
   A horse, a  horse,  my kingdom for a horse.    Shakspeare.
   An or a can only be joined with a singular, the correspondent
 plural is the  noun without  an  article: as I want a pen, I want
pens: or with the pronominal adjective some,  as 7" want some
pens.
                              The.
   The has a particular and definite signification.
                                          The fruit
     Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
     Brought  death into the world.               Milton.
   That is,  that particular fruit, and this world in which we live.
So, He giveth fodder for the cattle, and, green  her6s for the use
of man;  that is, for those beings that are cattle, and his use that
is man.
   The is used in both  numbers.
      I am as free as nature Erst made man,
      Ere rAffbase laws of servitude began,
      When wild in woods  the noble savage ran.   Dryden.
    Many words are used without articles;  as,
    1. Proper names, as John, Alexander, Longinus, Aristarchus,
 Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, London.   God is used  as a proper
 name.
    2. Abstract  names, as  blackness, witchcraft, virtue, vice,
 beauty, ugliness, love, hatred, anger, good-nature, kindness.
    3.  Words in which nothing but the  mere being of any thing
 is  implied:  This is  not beer,  but  water: this is not brass, but
 steel.
                    Of Nouns  Substantives.
    The relations of English nouns to  words going before or fol-
 lowing, are not expressed by cases^ or changes of termination,
 but as in most of the  other European  languages by prepositions,
 unless we may be said to have a genitive case.

                             Singular.
    Nom.   Magister,        a Master, the Master
    Gen.    Magistri,     of a Master, of the Master or Masters,
                                                     the  Masters,
    Dat.    Magistro,     to a Master, to the Master.
    Ace.    Magistrum,     a Master, the  Master.
    Voc.    Magister,          Master, O Master.
    Abl.    Magistro,  from a Master,,/rom  the Master.
                              Plural.
    Nom.   Magistri,          Masters, the Masters.
    Gen.    Magistrorum,   of Masters, of the  Masters.
    Dat.    Magistris,       to Masters, to  the  Masters.
   Ace.    Magistros,        Masters, the Masters.
   Voc.    Magistri,          Masters, O  Masters.
   Abl.    Magistris,  from Masters, from the Masters.
    Our nouns are therefore only declined thus:
      Master,    Gen. Masters.        Plur. Masters.
      Scholar,     Gen. Scholars.        Plur. Scholars.
  These genitives are always written with a mark of elision, master's, scholar's,
 according to an opinion long received, that the  's is a contraction of his, as the
 soldier's valour, for the soldier his valour:  but this cannot be the true original, be-
 cause 's is put to female nouns, Woman's  beauty, the Virgin's delicacy; Haughty
 Juno's unrelenting hate; and collective nouns, as  Women's passions, the  rabble's
 insolence, the multitude's folly:  in  all these cases it is apparent that his cannot be
 understood.   We say likewise, the foundation's strength, the diamond's lustre, the
 winter's severity; but in these cases his may be  understood, he and his having for-
 merly been applied to neuters in the place now supplied by it and its.
  The learned and sagacious Wallis, to whom every English grammarian owes a
 tribute of reverence, calls this modification of the noun an adjective  possessive; I
 think with no more propriety than  he might have applied the same to the genitive
 in equitum decus, Trojas oris, or any other Latin  genitive.  Dr. Lowth, on the
 other part, supposes the possessive pronouns mine and thine to be genitive cases.
  This termination of the noun seems to constitute a real genitive, indicating pos-
 session.  It is derived to us from those who declined rmis, a smith; Gen. rmiSer
 of a smith;  Plur. rmiBer, or rmiSar, smiths; and so in two other of their seven
 declensions.
  It is a further confirmation of this opinion, that in the old poets both the geni-
 tive and plural were longer by a syllable than the  original word: knitis for
 knight's, in Chaucer; leavis for leaves, in Spenser.
  When a word ends in s,  the genitive may be the same with the nominative, as
 Venus Temple.
   The Plural is formed by adding s,  as table, tables; fly, flies;
 sister,  sisters; wood,  woods; or es where * could not otherwise
 be  sounded, as after ch, s, sh, x, z; after c sounded like s, and g
 like j; the mute e is vocal before s,  as lance, lances; outrage,
 outrages.
  The formation of the plural and  genitive singular is the same.
  A few words yet make the plural in n, as men, women, oxen, swine, and more
 anciently eyne, and shoon.   This formation is that which generally prevails in the
 Teutonick dialects.
   Words that end in /  commonly form  the plural by v$s, as
 loaf, loaves; calf,  calves.
  Except a few, muff, muffs; chief, chiefs.  So  hoof, roof, proof, relief, mischief.
puff, cuff, dwarf, handkerchief, grief. 
A GRAMMAR  OF THE
    Irregular plurals are Ueth from tooth, /tee from louse, mice from mouse, geese
  from goose, Jut from foot, dice from ifti, pence from pen«y, fcrelftren from brother,
  ekiUrtn from cA&f.

     Plurals ending  in « have for the most part no genitives;  but
  wc say Womens excellencies, and IVci^h the mens wits against
  the ladies hairs.   Pope.
    Dr. W allis minks tt.e Loid's house may be said for the house of Lords;  but
  such phrases arc nut now in use, and surely an English ear rebels against them.
  Tliey would commonly produce a troublesome ambiguity, as the Lord's house may
  be the house of Lords, or the house of a Lord.  Besides that the mark of elision is
  improper, fur in the Lord's liouse nothing is cut off.
    Sonic Knglisli substantives, like those of many other languages, change their
  termination as they express different sexes, as prince, princess; actor, actress; lion,
  Honest;  hero, heroine.  To these mentioned by Dr. Lowth may be added arbitress,
  p< i.tess, chauntress, duchess, tigress, governess, tutress, peeress, authoress, traytress,
  and perhaps others. Of these variable terminations we have only a sufficient num-
  ber to make us feel our want; for when we say of a woman that she is & philoso-
  pher, an astronomer, a builder, a weaver, a dancer, we perceive an impropriety in
  the termination which «e cannot avoids  but we can say that she is an architect, a
  botanist, a student, because these terminations have not annexed to them the notion
  of sex.  In words which the necessities of life are often requiring, the sex is distin-
  guished not by different terminations but by different names, as, a bull, a cote; a
  horse, a mare; equus, equa; a cock, a hen; and sometimes by pronouns prefixed,
  as a he-goat, a she-goaf.

                        Of Adjectives.

    Afljectives in the English language are wholly indeclinable;
  having neither case,  gender, nor number, and being added to
  substantives  in all relations without any change; as a good wo-
  man, good women, of a good woman; a good man, good men, of
  good men.

                 The Comparison  of Adjectives.

    The comparative degree of adjectives  is formed by adding
  er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as fair, fairer,
  fairest; lovely,  lovelier, lovelier; sweet, sweeter, sweetest low,
  lower, lowest;  high, higher, highe«f.
    Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best;
  bad, worse, worst;  little,  less,  least; near, nearer, next; much,
  more, most; many (or moe), more (for moer),  most (for moest);
  late, later, latest or last.
    Some  comparatives form a superlative, by adding most, as
  nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, up-
 per, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
    Most is sometimes added to a substantive, as topmost, south-
  most.

    Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations,
  and are only  compared by more and most, as benevolent, more
 benevolent, most benevolent.
    All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when
 they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed- as
 fair; fairer, or  more fair; fairest, or  most fair.

 .,JS SCClVeS that f^" * regular comParison. *e comparative more is oftener
 ^/"aS^ m°St' " """ ■**' " °fteDer "**» for J*»>  *£

    The  comparison of adjectives  is very uncertain; and beine
 much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeable-
 ness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
    Monosyllables are commonly compared.
   Pollysyllables, or words of more than two syllables,  are sel-
 dom compared otherwise than by  more and most, as deplorable,
 more deplorable, most deplorable.
   Dissyllables are  seldom compared if they terminate in some,
 as fulsome, toilsome; m ful, as c.r.ful, spleenful, dreadful-  in
 ing, as 'rifling, charming; in ou,, as porous; in less, as careless
 harmless;  in ed, as  wretched; in id, as candid;  in al, as  mortal-
 in ent, as recent, fervents in ain, as certain; in ive, as mUsive'.
 in dy, as woody; mfu, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucku-
 in my, as roomy; ,n ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except hap.
py;  m ry, as hoary.                                    v   '

  Some comparatives and superlatives are yet found in good writers formed wirt,
ou regard to the foregoing rules: but in a language subS™ uKdsoTat"
ly to grammar, such anomalies must frequently occur.                 °late"
So shady is compared by Milton.
          She in shadiest covert hid,
  Tun'd her nocturnal note.
Paradise Lost.
     And virtuous.
                 What she wills to say or do,
       Seems wisest, vbiuousest, discreetest, best.       Paradise Lost.
     So trifling by Ray, who is indeed of no great authority.
         It is not so decorous, in respect of God, that he should immediately do
       all the meanest and tnflingest things himself, without making use of any
       inferior or subordinate minister.  Ray on the Creation.
     Famous, by Milton.
         I shall be nam'd among the famousest
           Of women, sung at solemn festivals.  Milton's Agonistes.
     Inventive, by Ascham.
         Those have the inventivesl heads for all purposes, and roundest tongues
       in all matters.                       Ascham's Schoolmaster.
     Mortal, by Bacon.
         The mortalest poisons practised by the West Indians, have some mixture
       of the blood, fat, or flesh of man.                      Bacon.
     Natural, by Wotton.
         I will now deliver a few of the properest and naturallest considerations
       that belong to this piece.               Wotton's Architecture.
     Wretched, by Jonson.
         The wretcheder are the contemners of all helps; such as, presuming on
       their own naturals, deride diligence, and mock at terms when they under-
       stand not things.                              Ben Jonson.
     Powerful, by Milton.
        We have sustained one day, in doubtful  fight,
       What heav'n's great  King hath pow'rfullest to send
       Against us from about his throne.                Paradise Lost.
   The termination in ish may be accounted in some  sort a degree of comparison
 by which the signification is  diminished below the positive, as black, blackish, or
 tending to blackness; salt, saltish, or having a little  taste of salt: they therefore
 admit of no comparison.   This termination  is seldom added but to words express-
 ing sensible qualities, nor often to words of above  one syllable, and Is scarce!?
 used in the solemn or sublime style.

                         Of Pronouns.

   Pronouns  in the English language, are, /, thou, he, with their
 plurals,  we, ye, they, it, who, which, what, whether, whosoever,
 whatsoever, my, mine,  our, ours, thy, thine, your, yours, his, her,
 hers, their, theirs, this, that, other, another, the same, some.

   The pronouns personal are irregularly inflected.

                             Singular.         Plural.
             Nom.               I               We
             Accus. and other >   ^
                oblique  cases J   Me             Us
             •Worn.               Thou          Ye
             Oblique.            Thee          you
   You is commonly used in modern writers for ye, particularly in the la™,,,,. J

 sn^SL" ttMnd"-"'""k usedL *• "-iSlK

          Singular.     Plural.
 Nom.       He         They  ? .    ,.
 Oblique     Him        Them 3 APP»eo- to masculines.

 M>m.       She         They  >
 Oblique.     Her        Them \ APPlied to feminines.
 Worn.      It           They  )
 Oblique.     Its          Them \ APP]ied to neuters or things,

 its%U thC PraCtiCG °f ancicnt ™*rs was  to use  *, and for


 ^J^fiZ^' «" **«*-  « ^hout



 W.*,*r, and hcrs^il the'^^J^&&


by^eVr^fe trouT^S" WJ£?J fStantive  I-"*** i« separated

TitsirT^^h^%",w"Your chUdrenexcd
^^ti^^^i^r seemin.g p,urai te™inati».  ™
books are ours.     ^** *** plural ^tantives, as This book is ours.  These 
ENGLISH TONGUE.
  Mine and thine were formerly used before a vowel, as mine amiable lady) which,
though now  disused in prose, might be still properly continued in poetry; they
are used  as ours and yours, and are referred to a substantive preceding, as thy
house is larger than mine, but my garden is more spacious than thine.

  Their and  theirs are the possessives likewise of they, when
they is the plural of it, and are therefore applied to things.
  Pronouns relative are, who, which, what, whether, whosoever,
whatsoever.
     Sing, and Plur.
Nom.               Who
Gen.               Whose
Other oblique cases.  Whom
       Sing, and Plur.
Nom.               Which
Gen.   Of which, or whose
Other oblique cases. Which
    Who is now used in relation to persons, and which in relation to things; but
  they were anciently confounded.  At least it was common to say, the man which,
  though I remember no example of the thing who.
    Whose is rather the poetical than regular genitive of which.
                            The fruit
            Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
            Brought death into the world.           Milton.
    Whether is only used in the nominative and accusative cases; and has no plura),
 being applied only to one of a number, commonly to one or two, as Whether of
 these is left I know not.   Whether shall I choose?  It is now almost obsolete.

    What, whether relative or interrogative, is without variation.
    Whosoever, whatsoever, being compounded of who or what,
 and soever, follow the rule of their  primitives.

                     Singular.       Plural.
                     ("This          These
         7   ..      J That          Those
        In all cases,< ~.,           Al,
                   ' ] Other        Others
                     [.Whether

   The plural others is not Used but when it is referred to a substantive preceding,
 as I have sent other horses.  I have not sent the same horses but others.
    Another being only an other, has no plural.
    Here, there,  and where, joined with certain particles, have a
 relative and pronominal use.   Hereof, herein, hereby, hereafter,
 herewith, thereof, therein, thereby, thereupon, therewith, whereof,
 wherein, whereby, whereupon, wherewith, which signify, of this,
 in this, &c. of that, in that, Sec. of which, in which, &c.
    Therefore  and wherefore, which are properly there for  and
 where for, for that, for which, are  now reckoned conjunctions,
 and continued in use.  The rest seem to be passing by degrees
 into neglect, though proper, useful, and analagous.   They are
 referred both to singular and  plural antecedents.
    There are two  more words used  only in conjunction with
 pronouns, own and self
    Own is added to possessives, both  singular and plural, as my
 own hand, our own house.  It is emphatical, and implies a silent
 contrariety or opposition; as / live  in my own house, that is, not
 in a hired house.   This 1 did with my own hand, that is, with-
 out help, or not by proxy.
   Self is added to possessives, as myself, yourselves; and some-
 times to personal pronouns, as  himself,  itself, themselves.   It
 then, like own, expresses emphasis and opposition, as J did this
 myself, that is,  not  another; or it  forms a reciprocal pronoun,
 as We hurt ourselves by vain rage.

  Himself, itself, themselves, are supposed by  Wallis to be put, by corruption for
 his self, it' self, their selves; so that self is always a substantive.  This seems justly
observed, for we say, He came himself, Himself shall do this; where himself can-
 not be an accusative.

                        Of the Verb.
   English verbs are active, as I love; or neuter, as I languish.
 The neuters are formed like the actives.

  Most verbs signifying action may likewise signify condition  or habit, and be-
come neuters, as Hove, I am in love; / strike, 1  am now striking.

   Verbs  have only two tenses inflected in their  terminations,
the  present and  simple preterit;  the other tenses are com-
  pounded of the auxiliary  verbs have, shall, will, let, may, can,
  and the infinitive of the active or neuter verb.
    The passive voice is formed by joining the participle preterit
  to the substantive verb, as / am loved.

                   To have.  Indicative Mood.
                         Present  Tense.
  Sing.  J have; thou hast; he hath or has;
  Plur.  We have; ye have; they have.
   Has is a termination corrupted from hath, but now more frequently used both in
  verse and prose.
                        Simple Preterit.
  Sing.  I had; thou hadst; he had;
  Plur.  We had; ye had;  they had.

                      Compound Preterit.
  Sing.  I have had;  thou  hast had; he has, or hath had;
  Plur.  We have had, ye have had; they have had.

                       Preterpluperfect.
  Sing.  I had had; thou hadst had; he had  had;
 Plur.  We had had; ye had had;  they had had.

                            Future.
  Sing.  I shall have; thou shalt have; he shall have;
 Plur.  We shall have; ye shall have; they shall have.

                        Second Future.
  Sing.  I will have; thou  wilt have; he will ha vet
 Plur.  We will have, ye  will have; they will have.
   By reading these future tenses, may be observed the variations of shall and will.
                      Imperative Mood.
 Sing. Have, or have thou; let him have;
 Plur. Let us have; have, or have ye; let them have.

                      Conjunctive Mood.
                          Present.
 Sing. I have; thou have; he have;
 Plur.  We have; ye have; they have.
          Preterit Simple, as in the Indicative.

                 Preterit Compound.
 Sing. I have had; thou have had; he have had;
 Plur.  We have had; ye have had; they have had.

                          Future.
 Sing. I shall have; as in the Indicative.

                        Second Future.
 Sing. I shall have had; thou shalt have had; he shall have had;
 Plur. We shall have had; ye shall have had; they shall have had!

                          Potential.
   The  potential form of speaking is expressed by may, can, in
the present; and might, could, or should, in  the preterit, joined
with the infinite mood of the verb.

                           Present.
 Sing. I may have; thou mayst have;  he may have;
Plur.  We may  have; ye may have; they may have.

                           Preterit.
 Sing, /might have; thou mightst have; he might have;
Plur.  We might have; ye might have; they might have,

                           Present.
 Sing. I can have; thou canst have; he can have;
Plur.  We can have; ye can have; they  can have. 
A GRAMMAR  OF  THE
                         Preterit.
 ^ng. I could have, thou couldst have; he could have.
 Plur. We could have; ye could have; they could have,
         In like manner should is united to the verb.

           There is likewise a double Preterit.
 Sing. I should have had; thou shouldst  have had; he should
         have had;
 Plur. We should  have had; ye should  have had; they should
         have had.
   In like manner we use, / might have had; I could have had,
 ifc.

                      Infinitive Mood.
 Present.  To have.             Preterit.  To have had.
 Participle present.  Having.    Participle preterit.  Had.

                  Verb Active.   To love.

                   Indicative.  Present.
 Sing. I love; thou lovest; he loveth, or loves;
Plur. We love; ye love; they love.

                   Preterit Simple.
 Sing. I loved; thou lovedst; he loved.
  Plur.  We loved; ye loved; they loved.

  Preterpcrfect compound.  I have loved, ifc.
  Preterpluperfect.  I had loved, ifc.
  Future.  I shall love, ifc.   I will love, ifc.

                         Imperative.
  Sing. Love, or love thou; let him love;
  Plur. Let us love; love, or love ye; let them love.

                    Conjunctive.  Present.
  Sing. I love; thou love; he love.
  Plur.  We love; ye love; they love.

  Preterit simple, as in the Indicative.
  Preterit compound. I have loved, ife.
  Future. I shall love, ifc.
  Second Future.  I shall have loved, ifc.

                          Potential.
  Present.  I may or can love, ifc.
  Preterit. I might, could, or should love, ifc.
  Double Preterit. I might, could, or should have loved, ifc.

                         Infinitive.
 Present.  To love.             Preterit.  To have loved, ifc.
 Participle present.  Loving.     Participle past. Loved.

   The passive is formed by the addition of the participle pre-
 tent to the different tenses of the verb to be, which must there-
 tore be here exhibited.

                   Indicative.  Present.
 Sing. I am; thou art; he is;
 Plur.  We are, or be; ye are, or be; they are, or be.
  The plural  be is now little in use.

                         Preterit.
 Sing. I was; thou wast, or wert; he was;
Plur. We  were: ye were; they were.

JTert .s properly of the son junctrve mood, and ougfct sot to be used m the indi-

Preterit compound.  I have been, bV.
Preterpluperfect. I had been,  c*c.
Fuawv. / shall or will be, ife.
                           Imperative.
  Sin,§\ Be tkovr, let Aim be;
  Plur. Let as be; be ye; let fA«» be.
                    Conjunctive.  Present.
  Sing, /be; fAou beest; he be;
  P/wr.  We be; ye be; Mey be.
                            /Vefm'r.
  Sing. I were; rAou wert; he were;
  /Var. We were; ye were; Met/ were.

  Preterit compound. I have been, t5*c.
  Future. I shall have been, ifc.
                          Potential.
  / may or can;  would, could,  or  should be; could, would, or
    should have been, ifc.

                          Infinitive.
  Present.  To be.             Preterit.  To have been.
  Participle present. Being.    Participle preterit. Having; been,

               Passive Voice.   Indicative Mood.
  / am loved, ifc.   I was loved, vfc.  / have been loved, ift.
                      Conjunctive Mood
  If / be loved, Ifc.   If J were  loved, ifc.  If / shall have been
    loved, ifc.
                      Potential Mood.
 / may or can be loved, Ifc.  I might, could, or should be lov-
   ed, ife.  I might, could, or should have been loved, ifc.
                          Infinitive.
   Present. To be  loved.   Pret. To have been loved.
 Participle. Loved.
   There is another form of English verbs, in which the infini-
 tive mood is joined to the verb do in its various inflections, which
 are therefore to be learned in this place.

                           To Do.
                     Indicative. Present.
 Sing.  I do; thou dost; he doth;
 Plur.  We do; ye do; they do.

                          Preterit.
 Sing.  I did; thou didst; he did;
 Plur.  We did; ye did; they did.

 Preterit, ifc. /have done, ifc.  /had done, ifc.
 Future,  /shall  or will do, ifc.

                        Imperative.
 Sing. Do thou;  let  him do;
 Plur.  Let us do; do ye; let them do.

                   Conjunctive.  Present,
 Sing I do; thou do; he do;
 Plur.  We do; ye do; they do.

  The rest are as in the Indicative.
 Infinitive.  To do; to have done.
Participle present.  Doing. Participle preterit. Done

shrfnlv^Tf1™65  ^ suJ>e,flu^y. as /do love, /did Aw,
S oUpJecT' " ' ^^ bUl ^ " C°nsidered » a vitious
  It is sometimes used emphatically; as,
         /do /ov* ^ee, anrf wAen I love thee not%
         Chaos is come again.                  Shakspcre. 
ENGLISH  TONGUE.
 if t were the radical, they coalesce into t;  but if d were the ra-
 dical, then into d or t, as the one or the other letter may be more
 easily pronounced; as  read, lead, spread,  shed, shred, bid, hid,
 chid, fed, bled, bred, sped, strid, slid, rid; from the verbs to read,
 to lead, to spread, to shed, to shrtad, to bid, to hide, to chide, to
feed, to bleed, to breed, to speed, to stride,  to slide, to n'rfe. And
 thus, cast, hurt, cost, burst, eat, beat, sweat, sit, quit, smit, writ,
 bit,  hit, met, shot; from the verbs to  cast, to hurt, to cost, to
 burst, to eat, to dear, to sweat, to  sfr, to quit, to smz*e, to wn're,
 to bite, to Air, to meet, to s/tooj. And in like manner,  lent, sent,
 rent, girt; from the verbs to lend, to send, to  rercrf, to gird.
   The participle preterit or passive is often formed in en, in-
 stead of ed; as been, taken, given, slain, known;  from the verbs
 to be, to take, to give, to s/ay, to know.
   Many words have two or more participles, as not only written,
 bitten,  eaten, beaten,  hidden,  chidden, shotten, chosen, broken;
 but  likewise writ, bit, eat, beat, hid, chid, shot, chose, broke, are
 promiscuously  used in the participle,  from the verbs to write,
\ to bite, to eat, to beat,  to hide, to  chide, to shoot,  to choose, to
 break,  and  many  such like.
   In the same  manner sown, shewn, hewn, mown, loaden, laden,
 as well as sow'd, shew'd, hew'd, ?now'd, loaded, laded, from the
 verbs to sow, to shew, to hew,  to mow, to load, or lade.
\   Concerning these double participles it is difficult to give any
: rule; but he shall seldom err  who remembers, that when a verb
 has  a participle distinct from its preterit, as write, wrote, writ-
 ten, that distinct participle is more proper and elegant,  as The
 book is written, is better than the  book is wrote.  Wrote, how-
; ever, may be used in poetry; at least if we allow any authority
 to poets, who,  in the exultation  of  genius,  think themselves
 perhaps entitled to trample on  grammarians.

   There are other anomalies in the preterit.
  1.  Win, spin,  begin, swim, strike, stick, sing, sting, fling, ring)
 wring, spring, swing, drink, sink,  shrink, stink, come, run,flnd,
 bind, grind, wind, both in the preterit imperfect and participle
 passive,give won, spun, begun, swum, struck, stuck, sung, stung,
flung, rung, wrung, sprung, swung, drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk,
 come, run, found, bound, ground, wound.   And most of them
 are  also formed  in  the  preterit   by a, as  began,  rang, sang,
 sprang, drank,  came, ran,  and  some  others;  but most of these
 are now obsolete.  Some in the participle  passive likewise take
 en, as stricken, strucken, drunken, bounden.
 if t were the radical, they coalesce into t;  but if d were the ra-
 dical, then into d or t, as the one or the other letter may be more
 easily pronounced; as  read, lead, spread,  shed, shred, bid, hid,
 chid, fed, bled, bred, sped, strid, slid, rid; from the verbs to read,
 to lead, to spread, to shed, to shrtad, to bid, to hide, to chide, to
feed, to bleed, to breed, to speed, to stride,  to slide, to ride. And
 thus, cast, hurt, cost, burst, eat, beat, sweat, sit, quit, smit, writ,
 bit,  hit, met, shot; from the verbs to  cast, to hurt, to cost, to
 burst, to eat, to beat, to sweat, to  sit, to quit, to smite, to write,
 to bite, to hit, to meet, to shoot. And in like manner,  lent, sent,
 rent, girt; from the verbs to lend, to send, to  rend, to gird.
   The participle preterit or passive is often formed in en, in-
 stead of ed; as been, taken, given, slain, known;  from the verbs
 to be, to take, to give, to slay, to know.
   Many words have two or more participles, as not only written,
 bitten,  eaten, beaten,  hidden,  chidden, shotten, chosen, broken;
 but  likewise writ, bit, eat, beat, hid, chid, shot, chose, broke, are
 promiscuously  used in the participle,  from the verbs to write,
\ to bite, to eat, to beat,  to hide, to  chide, to shoot,  to choose, to
 break,  and  many  such like.
   In the same  manner sown, shewn, hewn, mown, loaden, laden,
 as well as sow'd, shew'd, hew'd, ?now'd, loaded, laded, from the
 verbs to sow, to shew, to hew,  to mow, to load, or lade.
\   Concerning these double participles it is difficult to give any
: rule; but he shall seldom err  who remembers, that when a verb
 has  a participle distinct from its preterit, as write, wrote, writ-
 ten, that distinct participle is more proper and elegant,  as The
 book is written, is better than the  book is wrote.  Wrote, how-
; ever, may be used in poetry; at least if we allow any authority
 to poets, who,  in the exultation  of  genius,  think themselves
 perhaps entitled to trample on  grammarians.

   There are other anomalies in the preterit.
  1.  Win, spin,  begin, swim, strike, stick, sing, sting, fling, ring)
 wring, spring, swing, drink, sink,  shrink, stink, come, run,flnd,
 bind, grind, wind, both in the preterit imperfect and participle
 passive,give won, spun, begun, swum, struck, stuck, sung, stung,
flung, rung, wrung, sprung, swung, drunk, sunk, shrunk, stunk,
 come, run, found, bound, ground, wound.   And most of them
 are  also formed  in  the  preterit   by a, as  began,  rang, sang,
 sprang, drank,  came, ran,  and  some  others;  but most of these
 are now obsolete.  Some in the participle  passive likewise take
 en, as stricken, strucken, drunken, bounden.
   It is frequently  joined with a negative; as / like her, but I
 do not  love her; I wished him success, but did not help him.
 This, by custom at least, appears more easy than the other form
 of expressing the same sense  by a negative adverb  after the
 verb, / like her, but love her not.
   The imperative prohibitory is seldom applied in  the  second
 person, at least in  prose, without the word do; as Stop him, but
 do not hurt him;  Praise beauty, but do not dote on it.
   Its chief use is in interrogative forms of speech,  in which it
 is used through all the persons; as Do / live? Dost  thou strike
 me? Do they rebel? Did 1 complain? Didst thou love her? Did
 she die?  So likewise  in  negative interrogations; Do /  not yet
 grieve? Did she not die?
   Do and did are thus  used  only for the  present and  simple
 preterit.
   There is another manner of conjugating neuter verbs, which,
 when  it is used, may not improperly denominate them neuter
 passives, as they are inflected according to the passive form by
 the help of the verb substantive to be.  They answer nearly to
 the reciprocal verbs in French; as
   lam risen, surrexi, Latin ; Je me suis leve, French.
   I was walked out, exieram;  Je m'etois  promene.
   In like manner we commonly express the present tense; as I am going, eo.  I am
 grieving, doleo. She is dying, ilia moritur.  The tempest is raging, furitprocella. I
 am pursuing an enemy, hostem msequor. So the other tenses, as, We were walking,
 twyxitvcfAtv 7rtgnreflxvltt, I have been walking, I had been walking,  I shall or
 will be icalking.
   There is another manner of using the active participle, which gives it a passive
 signification: as, The grammar is now printing, grammatica jam nunc chartvs vm-
 primitur. The brass is forging, cera excudwnlur. This is, in my opinion, a vitious
 expression, probably corrupted from a phrase more pure, but now somewhat obso-
 lete :  The book is a printing, The brass is a forging; a being properly at, and printing
 and forging  verbal nouns signifying action, according to the  analogy of this lan-
 guage.
   The indicative and conjunctive moods are  by modern writers frequently con-
 founded, or rather the conjunctive is wholly neglected, when some convenience of
 versification does not invite its revival. It is used among the purer writers of former
 times, after if, though, ere, before, till, or until, whither, except, unless, tohatsoever,
 whomsoever, and words of wishing; as, Doubtless thou art our father, though Abra-
 ham be ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not.

                   0/"Irregular Verbs.
   The English  verbs were  divided by Ben Jonson into four
 conjugations, without any reason arising from the nature of the
 language, which has properly but one conjugation, such as has
 been exemplified;  from which all deviations are to be consider-
 ed as anomalies, which  are indeed  in  our monosyllable Saxon
 verbs, and the verbs derived  from them, very frequent;  but al-
 most all the verbs which have been adopted from other langua-
 ges follow the regular form.
   Our verbs are observed by Dr. Wallis to be irregular only in the formation of
 the preterit, and its participle.  Indeed, in the scantiness of our conjugations, there
 is scarcely any other place for irregularity.
   The first irregularity  is  a slight deviation from the regular
 form, by rapid utterance or poetical  contraction: the last sylla-
 ble ed is often joined with the former by the suppression of e;
 as lov'd for  loved; after c, ch, sh, f, k, x, and after the conso-
 nants s, th, when more strongly pronounced, and sometimes af-
 ter m, n, r, if preceded by a short vowel, t is used in pronunci-
 ation, but very seldom  in writing,  rather than d;  as plac't
 snatch't, fish't, wak't,dwel't, smel't;  for plac'd, snatch'd, fish'd,
 vtak'd, dwel'd, smel'd; or placed, snatched, fished, waked, dwell-
 ed, smelted.
   Those words which terminate in /or  //,or/*,make their pre-
 terit in /, even in solemn language, as crept, felt, dwelt; some-
 times after x, erf is changed into t, nsvext: this is not constant.
   A long vowel is  often  changed into a short one;  thus kept,
 slept, wept,  crept,  swept; from the  verbs to keep,  tb sleep, to
 weep, to creep, to sweep.
   Where  d  or t go before, the additional letter rf or /,  in this
contracted form, coalesce into one letter with the radical d or t:
   VOL. I.
   2. Fight, teach, reach, seek, beseech, catch, buy, bring, think,
work, make fought, taught, wrought, sought, besought, caught,
bought, brought, thought, wrought.
   But a great many of these  retain likewise the regular form,
as teached, reached, beseeched, catched, worked.

   3. Take, shake, forsake, wake, awake,  stand, break, speak,
bear, shear, swear, tear,  wear, weave,  cleave, strive,  thrive,
drive,  shine, rise, arise, smite, write, bide, abide, ride, choose,
chuse,  tread, get, beget, forget, seethe,  make  in  both preterit
and participle took, shook, forsook, woke, awoke,  stood, broke,
spoke,  bore, shore, swore, tore, wore, wove, clove, strove, throve,
drove,  shone, rose, arose, smote, wrote, bode, abode, rode, chose,
trode, got, begot, forgot, sod.  But we say likewise, thrive, rise,
smit, writ, abid, rid. In the preterit some are likewise formed
by a, as brake, spake, bare, share, sware, tare, ware, clave, gat,
begat, forgat, and perhaps some others, but more rarely. In the
participle passive many of them are  formed  by en, as taken,
shaken, forsaken, broken, spoken, born, shorn, sworn, torn, worn,
woven, cloven, thriven, driven,  risen, smitten, ridden, chosen,
trodden, gotten, begotten,forgotten, sodden. And many do like-
wise retain  the analogy in both, as waked,  awaked, sheared,
weaved, leaved, abided, seethed.

   4. Give, bid, sit,  make in the preterit 'gave, bade,  sate; in the
participle passive given, bidden, sitten; but in both bid,
        i 
A  GRAMMAR  OF THE
  a. Draw, know, grow, throw,  blow, crow,  like a cock, fly, j
slay,nrr,ly, make their preterit drew, knew, grew, threw, blew,
rrew,flew, slew, saw, lay; their participles passive by n, drawn,
known, grown, thrown, blown, flown, slain, seen, lien, lain. Yet
from77re is mz&cfled; from go, went, from the old wend, the
participle is gone.
                       Of Derivation.
  That the Kiiglish language may be more  easily understood, it is necessary to
inquire how its derivative words are deduced from their primitives, and how the
primitives arc borrowed from other languages.  In this inquiry I shall sometimes
copy Dr. Wallis, and sometimes endeavour to supply his defects, and rectify his
errours.
   Nouns are derived  from  verbs.
   The thing implied in the verb, as done or produced, is com-
monly either the present of the verb; as to love, love; to fright,
a fright; to fight, aflght; or the preterit of the verb, as to strike,
I strick or strook, a stroke.
   The action is the same with the  participle present, as loving,
frighting, fighting,  striking.
   The agent,  or person acting, is denoted by the syllable  er
added to the verb, as lover, fright er, striker.
   Substantives, adjectives, and sometimes other parts of speech,
are changed into verbs: in which case the vowel is often length-
ened, or the consonant softened;  as a house, to house; brass, to
braze; glass, to glaze; grass, to  graze; price, to prize; breath,
to  breathe; a fish, to fish; oil, to oil; further, to further; forward,
to forward; hinder, to hinder.
   Sometimes the  termination en is added, especially to adjec-
tives;  as  haste, to hasten;  length, to lengthen; strength,  to
strengthen; short, to shorten;  fast, to fasten; white, to whiten;
black, to blacken; hard,  to harden; soft, to soften.
   From substantives are formed adjectives of plenty, by adding
the termination y;  as  a  louse, lousy;  wealth, wealthy; health,
healthy; might, mighty; worth, worthy;   wit,  witty; lust, lusty;
water, watery; earth,  earthy; wood, a  wood,  woody;  air, airy;
a heart, hearty;  a hand, handy.
    From substantives are formed adjectives of plenty, by adding
the termination ful, denoting  abundance; as  joy, joyful; fruit,
fruitful; youth,  youthful; care, careful; use, useful; delight,
delightful; plenty, plentiful; help, helpful.
    Sometimes, in almost the same sense, but with some kind of
 diminution thereof, the  termination some is added, denoting
 something, or in  some degree;  as delight,  delightsome; game,
gamesome; irk, irksome; burden, burdensome; trouble, trouble-
 some; light, lightsome; hand,  handsome; alone,  lonesome; toil,
 toilsome.
    On the contrary, the  termination less  added to substantives,
 makes adjectives signifying want;  as worthless, witless, heart-
 less, joyless, careless,  helpless.  Thus comfort, comfortless; sap,
 sapless.
    Privation or contrariety is very  often denoted by  the particle
 un prefixed to many adjectives, or in before words derived from
 the Latin; as pleasant,  unpleasant; wise, unwise; profitable,
 unprofitable;  patient, impatient    Thus unworthy, unhealthy,
 unfrui'ful, unuscful, and many more.
   The original English primitive is un; but as we often borrow from the Latin, or
 its descendants, words already signifying privation, as inefficacious, impious, indis-
 creet, the inseparable particles un and in have fallen into confusion, from which it
 is not easy to <ii«cntangle them.
   Un is prefixed to all  words originally English; as untrue, untruth, untaught,
 tmhundsomt.
   Un is prefixed to all participles made privative adjectives, as unfeeling, unassist-
 ing, unaided, undeligiUed, unendeared.
   Un ought never to be prefixed to a participle present, to mark a forbearance of
 action, as unsigfting; but a privation of habit, as unpitying.
    Un is prefixed to most  substantives which have an English  termination as
 unfertileness, unperfectness,  which, if they have borrowed terminations, take in or
 i/n. as inftrtUity, imperfection, uncivil, incivility, unactive, inactivity.
   lu borrowing adjectives, if we receive  them already compounded, it is usual to
 retain the particle prefixr J, as indecent, inelegant, improper; but if we borrow the
 adjective, and add the privative particle, we commonlv  prefix un,  as impolite
 tmeaUant.                                                       '
  The prepositive  particles dis and mis, derived from the des
and me* of the French,  signify almost the same  as un; yet d,s
rather imports contrariety  than privation, since  it answers to
the Latin preposition de.  Mis insinuates some errour, and tor
the most part may be rendered by the Latin words male, or per-
peram   To like; to  dislike;  honour, dishonour;  to honour, to
grace, to dishonour, to disgrace; to deign, to disdeign; chance,
hap, mischance, misha/i; to take, to mistake; deed, misdeed; \o
use, to  misuse; to employ, to misemploy; to apply, to misapply.
  Words derived from  Latin written with rfe or  dis retain the
same signification;  as distinguish, distinguo; detract, detraho;
defame, defamo; detain,  detineo.
  The  termination  ly added  to substantives, and sometimes to
adjectives, forms adjectives that import some kind of similitude
or agreement, being  formed by contraction of lick or like.
  A giant, giant ly, giantlike; earth, earthly; heaven, heavenly;
world, worldly; God, godly; good, goodly.
  The  same termination ly  added to adjectives forms adverbs
of like signification;  as beautiful,  beautifully; sweet, sweetly;
that is in a beautiful manner; with some degree of sweetness.
  The  termination  ish added to adjectives, imports diminution:
and  added to substantives, imports similitude or tendency to a
character; as green, greenish; white, whitish; soft, softish; a thief,
thievish; a wolf, wolvish; a child, childish.
   We have forms of diminutives in substantives, though not
frequent; as a hill, a hillock; a cock, a cockrel; a pike, apickrel;
this is a French termination: a goose, a gosling;  this is a Ger-
man termination: a lamb, a lambkin; a chick, a chicken; a man,
a manikin; a pipe, a pipkin;  and thus Halkin, whence  the pa-
tronimick, Hawkins, Wilkin, Thomkin, and others.
  Yet still there is another form of  diminution among the English by lessening
the sound itself, especially of vowels; as there is a form of augmenting them by
enlarging, or even lengthening it; and that sometimes not so much by change of
the letters, as of their pronunciation; as sup, sip, soop, sop, sippet, where, beside
the extenuation of the vowel, there is added the French termination et; top, tip;
sjiit, ftpoui; babe, baby; booby, fiunaue, great pronounced long, especially if with a
stronger  sound, grea-t; little pronounced long, lee-tle; ting,  tang, tong, imports a
succession of smaller and then greater sounds; and so  in jingle, jangle, tingle,
tanglt, and many other made words.
  Much  however of this is arbitrary and fanciful, depending wholly on oral utter-
ance, and therefore scarcely worthy the notice of Wallis.
   Of concrete  adjectives are made abstract substantives,  by
adding the termination ness,  and a few  in hood or head, noting
character or  qualities;  as  white,  whiteness;  hard, hardness;
great, greatness; skilful,  skilfulness;  unskilfulness; godhead;
manhood, maidenhead, widowhood, knighthood, priesthood, like-
lihood, falsehood.
   There are other abstracts, partly derived from  adjectives, and
partly from verbs,  which are formed by the addition of the ter-
mination th, a  small change  being sometimes  made,  as long,
length; strong, strength;  broad,  breadth;  wide,  width; deep,
depth; true, truth;  warm,  warmth; dear,  dearth; slow, sloth;
merry, mirth;  heal,  health; well,  weal, wealth;  dry, droughth;
young, youth; and so moon, month.
   Like these are  some words derived  from  verbs; die, death;
 till, tilth; grow, growth; mow, later mowth; after mow'th; com-
 monly  spoken and  written later math, after  math; steal, stealth;
 bear, birth; rue, ruth; and probably earth from to ear or plow;
 Ry,fight; weigh, weight; hay,fright; to draw, draught.
   These should rather be written flighth, frighth, only that custom will not suffer
 h to be twice repeated.
   The same form retain faith, spight, wreathe, wrath, broth, froth, breath, sooth,
 worth, light, wight, and the like, whose primitives are either entirely obsolete or sel-
 dom occur. Perhaps they are derived (torn fey orfoy, spry, icry, wreak, brew, mow,
fry, bray, say, work.
   Some ending in ship, imply an office, employment, or condi-
 tion; as kingship, wardship, guardianship,partnership, steward-
 ship, headship, lordship.
   Thus worship, that is, wortliship; whence worshipful, and to worship.
   Some few ending  in dom, rick, wick, do especially denote do-
 minion, at least state or condition;  and kingdom,  dukedom, earl- 
ENGLISH   TONGUE.
 dom,princedom, popedom, Christendom, freedom, wisdom, whore-
 dom, bishoprick, bailiwick.
    Ment and age are plainly French terminations, and are of the
 same  import with us as among them, scarcely ever occurring,
 except  in  words  derived  from  the  French, as  commandment,
 usage.

   Thtfre  are in English often long trains of words allied by  their meaning and
 derivation; as to beat, a bat, batoon, a battle, a beetle, a battledoor, to batter, batter,
 a kind of a glutinous composition for food, made by beating different bodies into one
 mass.  All these are of similar signification, and perhaps derived from the Latin
 batuo.  Thus take, touch, tickle, tack,  tackle, all imply a local conjunction, from
 the Latin tango, tetigi, factum.
    From two  are formed twain, twice, twenty, twelve, twins, twine, twist, twirl,
 twig, twitch, twinge, between, betwixt, twilight, twibil.

    The following remarks, extracted from  Wallis, are ingenious, but of more sub-
 tlety than solidity, and such as perhaps might in  every language be enlarged with-
 out end.

    Sn usually imply the nose, and what relates  to it.   From the Latin nasus are
 derived the French nez and the English nose; and nesse, a promontory, as project-
 ing like a nose.  But as if from the consonants ns  taken from nasus, and  trans-
 posed, that they may the better correspond, sn. denote nasus; and thence are deri-
 ved many words that relate to the nose, as snout,  sneeze, snore, snort, sneer, snicker,
 snot, snevil, snite, snuff, snuffle, snaffle, snarle, snudge.
   Tliere is another  sn, which may perhaps be derived from the Latin sinuo,  as
 snake, sneak, snail, snare; so likewise snap, and snatch, snib, snub.
   BI imply a Mast;  as blow, blast, to blast, to blight, and, metaphorically, to blast
 one's reputation; bleat, bleak, a bleak place, to look  bleak, orweatherbeaten,Meafc,
 May, bleach, bluster, blurt, blister,  blab, bladder,  bleb, blister, blabber-tip'1 f. blubber-
 cheek't, blotcd,  blote-hemngs,  blast, blaze, to blow,  that is blossom, bloom; and
 perhaps blood and blush.

    In the native words  of our tongue is to be found a great agreement between the
 letters and the things signified; and therefore the sounds of letters smaller, sharper,
 louder, closer, softer, stronger, clearer, more obscure, and more stridulous, do very
 often intimate the like effects in the things signified.
   Thus words that begin with sir intimate the force and effect of the thing signified,
 as if probably derived from rgovvu//*, or strenuus, as strong, strength, strew, strike,
 streak, stroke, stripe, strive, strife, struggle, strout, strut, stretch, strait, strict, streight,
 that is narrow, distrain, stress, distress, string, strap, stream, streamer, strand, strip,
 stray, struggle, strange, stride, straddle.
   St in like manner imply strength, but in a less degree, so much  only as is suffi-
 cient to preserve what has been already communicated, rather than acquire any
 new degree; as if it were derived from the  Latin sto: for example, stand, stay, that
 is, to remain, or to prop; staff, stay, that is, to oppose; slop, to stuff, stifle, to stay,
 that is,  to  stop; a stay, that is, an  obstacle; stick, stut, stutter, stammer, stagger,
 stickle, stick, stake, a sharp pale, and any thing deposited at play, stock, stem, sting,
 to sting, stink, stitch, stud, stanchion, stub, stubble, to stub up, stump, whence stum-
 ble, stalk, to stalk, step, to stamp with the feet, whence to stamp, that is, to make
 an impression  and a stamp; stow,  to stow, to bestow,  steward or  stoward, stead,
 steady, steadfast, stable,  a stable, a stall, to stall, stool, stall, still, stall, stallage, stall,
 stage, .itill adj. and still adv. stale, stout, sturdy, steed, stoat, stallion,  stiff, stark-
 dead, to starve with  hunger or cold; stone, steel, stern, stanch, to stanch blood,  to
 stare, steep, steeple, stair, standard,  a stated.measure, stalely. In all these, and per-
 haps some others, st denote something firm and fixed.
   Thr imply a more violent degree of motion, as throw, thrust, throng,  throb,
 through, threat, threaten, thrall, throivs.
    Wr imply some sort of obliquity or distortion, as  wry, to wreath, wrest, wrestle,
 wring, wrong,  lorinch, wrench, wrangle,  wrinkle,  wrath, wreak, wrack, wrench,
 wrist, wrap.
   Sw imply a silent agitation, or a softer kind of lateral motion; as sway, swag,  to
 sway, swagger, swerve, sweat, sioeep, swill, swim, swing, swift, sweet, switch, sicinge.
   Nor is there much difference of sm in smooth, smug, smile, smirk, smite, which
 signifies the same as to strike, but is a softer word; small, smell, smack, smother,
 smart, a smart blow properly signifies such a kind of stroke as with an originally
 silent motion, implied in sm, proceeds to a quick violence, den ted by ar sudden-
 ly ended, as is shewn by t.
   CI denote a kind of adhesion or tenacity, as in cleave,  clay, cling, climb, clam-
 ber, clammy, clasp, to clasp, to clip, to clinch, cloak, clog, close, to close, a clod, a
 clot, as a clot of blood,  clouted cream, a clutter, a cluster.
   Sp imply a kind of dissipation or expansion, especially  a quick one, particular-
 ly if there be an r, as if it were from spargo, or separo: for  example, spread, spring,
 sprig, sprout, sprinkle, split, splinter, spill,  spit, sputter, spatter.
   SI denote a kind of silent fall, or a less observable motion; as in slime, slide, slip,
 slipper, sly, sleight, slit, slow, slack, slight, sling, slap.
   And so likewise ash,  in crash, rash, gash, flash, clash, lash, slash, plash,  trash,
 indicate something acting more nimbly and sharply.  But ush, in crush,  rush, gush,
flush, blush, brush, hush, push, implies something as acting more obtusely and
 dully. Yet in both there is indicated a swift and sudden motion, not instantaneous,
 but gradual, by the continued sound, sh.
  Thus inkling, sling,  ding, sioing, cling,  sing,  wring, sting, the tingling of the
 termination ng, and the sharpness of the vowel i, imply the continuation of a very
 •lender motion or tremor, at length indeed vanishing, but not suddenly interrupted.
 But in tink, wink, sink,  clink, chink, think, that end in a  mute consonant, dier.e
 is also indicated a sudden ending.
   If there be an I, as in jingle, tinkle, tingle, mingle, sprinkle, hcinkle, there is
 implied a frequency, or iteration of small acts.  And the same frequency of acts,
 but less subtile by reason of the clearer vowel a, is indicated in jangle, tangle,
 spangle, mangle, wrangle, brangle, dangle; as also in  mumble, grumble, jumble,
 tumble, stumble, rumble, crumble, fumble.  But at the same time the close w im-
 plies something obscure or obtunded; and a congeries of consonants mbl denotes a
 confused kind of rolling or tumbling, as in ramble, scumble, scramble, wamble, am-
 ble; but in these there is  something acute.
   In nimble, the acuteness  of the vowel denotes celerity.   In sparkle, sp denote
 dissipation, ar an acute crackling,  A;"a sudden interruption, I a  frequent iteration;
 and in like manner in sprinkle, unless in may imply the subtility of the dissipated
 guttules.  Thick and thin differ, in that  the former ends with an obtuse consonant,
 and the latter with an acute.
   In like manner in squeek,  squeak, squeal, squall, braid, wraul, yaul, spaiU,
 scrcek, shriek, shrill, slutrp, shrivel, wrinkle, crack, crash, clash, gnash, plash, crush,
 hush, hisse,fisse, tvhist, soft,jarr, hurl, curl,  whirl, buz, bustle, spindle, dwindle,
 twine,  twist, and in many more, we may observe the agreement of such  sort of
 sounds with the thing signified: and this so  frequently happens, that  scarce any
 language which I know can be compared with ours.   So that one monosyllable
 word, of which kind are almost all ours,  emphatically expresses what in other lan-
 guages can scarce be explained but by compounds, or decompounds, or sometimes
 a tedious circumlocution.
   We  have many  words  borrowed  from  the  Latin;  but the
 greatest part of them were communicated by the intervention
 of the French; as grace, face, elegant, elegance, resemble.
   Some  verbs  which seemed  borrowed  from   the Latin, are
 formed from the present tense,  and  some from the supines.
   From the  present are formed spend, expend,  expendo;  con-
 duce, conduco; despise,  despicio; approve,  approbo; conceive,
 concipio.
   From the supines, supplicate, supplico; demonstrate, demon-
 stro; dispose, dispono; expatiate, expatior; suppress, supprimo;
 exempt, eximo.
  Nothing is more apparent than  that Wallis goes too far in quest of originals.
 Many of these which seem selected as immediate descendants from the Latin, are
 apparently French; as conceive, approve,  expose, exempt.
   Some words purely French,  not  derived  from  the  Latin, we
 have transferred into our language: as garden, garter,  buckler,
 to advance, to  cry,  to plead, from  the French, jardin, jar-tier,
 bouclier, avancer,  crier, plaider; though indeed,  even of these,
 part is of Latin  original.
  As to many words which we have in common with the Germans, it is doubtful
whether the old Teutons  borrowed them from the Latins, or the  Latins from the
Teutons, or both had them from some common original; as wine, vinum; wind,
ventus; went, veni; way, via; wall,  vallum; wallovj, volvo; wool, vellus;  will, volo;
loorm,  vermis; worth, virtus; wasp, vespa; day, dies; draw,  traho; tame, domo;
£oy.a.ct; yoke, jugum, &wyos;  over, upper, super, ving; am,  sum, upi; break,
frango;,/fy, volo; blow, flo.  I  make no  doubt but the Teutonick is more ancient
 than the Latin; and it is no  less certain, that  the Latin, which borrowed a great
 number of words not only from the Greek, especially the iEolick, but from  other
neighbouring languages, as  the Oscan and others, which have  long become obso-
lete, received not a few from the Teutonick.   It is certain, that the English,  Ger-
 man, and ether Teutonick languages, retained some derived from the Greek, which
 the Latin has not; as ax,  achs, mit,ford,pfurd, daughter, tochter, mickle, mingle,
 moon,  sear, grave, graff, to  grave,  to scrape, whole, from *|/y», /xita., no^/iAo;,
 S-vycttHQ, fAtyaxo;, y.iywa>, f*>iv», %»gos, ygatpce, oaoc.   Since they received
 these immediately from the Greeks, without the intervention of the Latin language,
 why may not other words be derived immediately from the same fountain, though
 they be likewise found among the  Latins?
   Our ancestors were studious to  form borrowed words, how-
 ever long, into  monosyllables?  and  not only cut  off the forma-
 tive terminations, but cropped  the  first syllable,  especially  in
 words beginning with a vowel;  and  rejected not  only vowels  in
 the middle, but  likewise  consonants of a weaker sound, retain-
 ing the stronger, which seem the bones of  words, or changing
 them  for others of the same organ, in order that the sound might
 become the softer; but  especially transposing their order,  that
 they might the  more  readily be pronounced without  the inter-
 mediate vowels.   For example in expendo, spend; exemplum,
 sample; excipio, scape; e\trav\eus,strange; extractum, stretch'd;
 excrucio, to  screw; exscorio,  to scour; excorio, to  scourge; ex-
 cortico, to scratch; and others beginning with ex: as also, emen-
 do, to mend; episcopus, bishop;  in Danish, bisp; epistola, epistle;
 hospitale, spittle;  Hispania, Spain;  historia, story.
       i2 
A  GRAMMAR  OF  THE
      Many ol these etymologies arc doubtful, and some evidently nmtaken.

    The fullowing are somewhat harder, Alexander, Sander; Elifi^rtha, Betty; apis,
 hee; aper, bur; p passing into b, as in bishop; and by cutting off a from the begin-
 ning, which i^ restored in the  middle: but for  the old oar  or bare, we now say
 *oar; as for long, long; for bain, bane; for stone, stone; aprugna, brawn, p  being
 changed into b, and a transposed, as in  aper, and g changed into to as in pignus,
 pawn; lege, law; d'xo •*»£,/©*; cutting off the beginning, and changing pinto/, as
 in pellis, afell; pullus, afoal;  pater, father; pavor,/ear; polio, file; pleo, impleo,
 fill, full; piseis, fish; and transposing o into the middle, which was taken from
 the beginning; apex, a piece; peak, pike; zophorus, freeze; mustum, stum; defensio,
 fence; dispeosator, spencer; asculto, escouter, Fr. scout; excalpo, scrape; restoring
 I instead of r, and hence scrap, scrabble, scrawl; exculpo,  scoop;  exterritus,  start;
 extonitus, attonitus, slou^d; stomachus, maw; offendo, fined; obstipo, stop; audere,
 dare; cavere, ware; whence a-ware, be-ware, wary, warn, teaming, for the Latin v
 consonant formerly sounded like our w, and the modern sound of the v consonant
 was formerly that of the letter /, that is, the iEolick digamma,  which had the
 sound of <p, and the modern sound of the  letter / was that of the  Greek <f> or ph;
 ulcus, ulcere, ufcer, sore,  and hence sorry,  sorrow, sorrowful; ingenium, engine,
 gin; scalenus, leaning, unless you would rather derive it from kkivo, whence in-
 cliuo;iafundibulum,/unnel; gagates, jett;  projectum, tojettforth, a jetty; cucullus,
 a  cowl.
    There are syncopes somewhat harder; from tempore, time; from nomine, name;
 domina, dame; as the French homme,femme, nom, from homine, foemina, nomine.
 Thus pagina,pag-e; toth^ov, pot; Kuntw*., cup; cantharus, can; tentorium, tent;
 precor, pray; preda, prey; speck), speculor, spy; plico, ply; implico, imply; replico,
 reply; complico, comply;  sedes episcopalis, see.
    A vowel is also cutoff in the middle, that the number of  the syllables may be
 lessened; as amita, aunt; spiritus, spright; debitum, debt; dubito, doubt; comes,
 comitis, count; clericus, clerk; quietus, quit, quite; acquieto, to acquit; separo, to
 spare; stabilis, stable; stabulum, stable; palatium, palace, place; rabula, rail;  rawl,
 wraul, brawl, rable, brable; quaesitio, quest.
    As also a consonant, or at least one, of a softer sound, or even a whole syllable;
 rotundas, round;  fragilis, frail; seiurus, sure; regula, rule; tegula, tile; subtilis,
 subtle; nomeu, noun; decanus, dean; computo, cowil; subitaneus, suddain,  soon;
 superare,  to soar; periculum, peril;  mirabile, marvel; as magnus, main; dignor,
 deign; tingo, stain; tinctum, taint; pingo, paint; pra;dari, reach.
    The contractions may seem  harder, where many of them meet,  as KufUttnoc,
 kyrk,  church; presbyter,  priest; sacristanus, sexton; frango, fregi, oreaA:, breach;
 fagus, <fny», beech; /changed into 6, and g into ch, which are letters near a-kin;
 frigesco,/reeze; frigesco, fresh; sc into sh, as above in bishop, fish, so in scapha,
 skiff, skip, and refrigesco, refresh; but viresco, fresh; phlebotomus, fleam; bovina,
 beef; vitulina,  veal; scutifer, squire; poenitentia, penance; sanctuarium, sanctuary.
 sentry; quaesitio, chase; perquisitio, purchase; auguilla, eel; insula, isle, He, island,
 iland; insuletta, islet, ilet; eyght; and more contractedly ey,  whence Ousney, Ru-
 tty, Ely; cxamiuare, to scan, namely, by rejecting from the  beginning and  end e
 and o,  according to the usual manner, the remainder xamin, which  the Saxons,
 who did not use x, writ csamen or seamen,  is contracted into scan;  as from domi-
 nus, don; nomine, noun; abomino, ban; and indeed,  apum examen they turned into
 sciame; fur which we say swarme, by inserting r to denote the murmuring; the-
 saurus, store;  sedile, stool; ut7oc, wet; sudo, sweat; gaudium, gay; jocus, joy; suc-
 cus, juice; catena, chain;  caliga, calga;  chause, chausse,  Fr.  hose;  extinguo,
 stanch, squench, quench, stint; foras, forth;  species, spice; recito, read; adjuvo, aid;
 ««*»,  ffivum, ay, age, ever; floccus, lock; excerpo, scrape, scrabble, scrawl; extrava-
 gus, stray, straggle; col lee turn,  clot, clutch; colligo, coil; recolligo, recoil; severe,
 sxcear; stridulus, shrill; procurator, proxy;  pulso, to push; calamus, a quill; impe-
 terc, to impeach; augeo, auxi, wax; and vanesco, vanui, icane; syllabare, to  spell;
 puteus, pit; graiuun, corn; comprimo, cramp, crump, crumple, crimple.
    Some may seem harsher, yet may not be rejected, for it at least appears that
 some of them are  derived from proper names, and there are others whose etymo-
 logy is acknowledged by every body;  as Alexander, Elick,  Scander, Sander,  San-
 dy, Sanny; Elizabetha, Elizabeth, Elisabeth, Betty, Bess; Margaretta, Margaret,
 Marget, Meg,  Peg; Maria, Mary, Mai, Pal, Malkin, Mawkin, Mawkes; Mattha>
 us, Mattlta, Mattheio; Martha, Matt, Pat; Gulielmus, Wilhelmus, Girolamo, Guil-
 laume, William, Will, Bill, Wilkin,  Wicken, Wicks,  Weeks.
   Thus cariophyllus, flos; gerofilo, Ital, giriflee, gilofer, Fr. gUliflower, which the
 vulgar call July flower, as if derived from the month July; petroselinum, parsley;
 poi tulaca, purslain; cydonium, ow'nce;  cydoniatum, quiddeny; persicum, peach:
 eruca, eruke;  which they corrupt to ear-wig, as  if it took its name from  the ear;
 annulus geminus, a gimmal, or gimbal ring; and thus the word gimbal and jumbal
 is transferred  to other things thus interwoven; quelques choses, kickshaws. Since
 the origin of these, and many others, however forced, is evident, it ought to appear
 no wonder to any one if the ancients have thus disfigured many, especially as they
 so much affected monosyllables; and, to make mem sound the softer, took this li-
 berty of maiming, taking away, changing, transposing,  and softening them.
   But while we derive  these from the Latin, I do not  mean to say, that many of
 diem did not immediately come to us  from  the Saxon, Danish, Dutch, and Teuto-
 nick languages, and other  dialects, and some taken more lately from the French
 Italians, or Spaniards.
  The same word  according to its different significations, often  has a different
 origin: as to be ar  a burden, from pro; but to bear, whence  birth,  born, bairn
 comes from pario, and a 6ear, al least if it  be of Latin original, from/era.  Thus
percA,  a fish,  from perca; but perch, a measure,  from pertica, and likewise to
perch.  To spell is from syllaba;  but spell, an enchantment, by which it is believed
that the boundaries are so  fixed in lands, that none can pass them against the  mas-
 ter's will, from expeUo; and spell, a messenger, from epistola; whence gospel, good-
 spel, or god-spell. Thus freese, or freeze, from frigesco; but freeze, an architectonic
 word, from zophorus; but/reese, for  cloth,  from Frisia, or perhaps from frigesco,
 as being more fit than any other for keeping out the cold.
   There are many words among us,  even monosyllables, compounded of two or
 more words,  at least serving instead of compounds, and  comprising the significa-
 tion of more  words than  one; as from scrip and roll, comes scroll; from proud and
 dance.prance; from st of the verb stay, or stand and out,  is  made stout; from stout
 and hardy, sturdy; from sp of spit or speic, and out, comes spout; from  the same
 sp, with the termination  in, is spin; and adding out, spin  out; and from the same
 sp, with it, is spit, which only differs from  spout in that it is smaller, and with less
 noise and force; but sputter is because of the obscure u, something between spit
 and spout; and by reason of adding r, it intimates a frequent iteration and noise,
 but obscurely confused:  whereas spatter, on  account of  the sharper and clearer
 vowel a, intimates a more distinct  noise,  in which it chiefly differs from sputter.
 From the same sp, and the termination ark, comes spark, signifying a single emis-
 sion of fire  with a noise; namely, sp the emission, ar the more acute noise, and k the
 mute consonant,  intimates its being suddenly terminated, but adding I,  is made the
 frequentative sparkle.  The same sp, by adding r, that is spr, implies a  more lively
 impetus of diffusing or expanding  itself;  to which adding the termination ing, it
 becomes spring; its vigour spr imports, its  sharpness the  termination ing; and
 lastly in acute and tremulous, ending in the mute consonant g denotes  the sudden
 ending of any motion  that is meant in its  primary signification, of a single, not a
 complicated exilition.  Hence we  call spring whatever has  an elastick force; as
 also a fountain of water, and thence the origin of any thing; and  to spring-, to ger-
 minate; and  sprwig-, one of the four seasons. From the same spr and out, is formed
 sprout, and with the termination ig, sprig; of which the following, for the most
 part, is the difference; sprout, of a grosser sound, imports a fatter or grosser bud;
 sprig, of a slenderer sound, denotes a smaller shoot. In like manner, from str of the
 verb strive, and  out,  come strout and strut.  From the same str, and the termina-
 tion uggle, is  made struggle;  and this gl imports, but without any great noise, by
 reason of the obscure sound of the vowel u. In like manner from throw and roll is
 made trull; and almost  in the same  sense is trundle, from throw or thrust,  and
 rundle. Thus graffor grough is compounded of grace and rough;  and trudge from
 tread or trot and  drudge.

    In  these observations it is easy to discover great sagacity and
 great extravagance,  an ability to do much  defeated by the  de-
 sire of doing  more  than enough.  It may be  remarked,
    1.  That Wallis* s derivations are  often so  made, that by  the
 same  licence any  language may be deduced  from  any other.
    2.  That  he makes no distinction between  words  immediately
 derived  by us  from the  Latin, and  those which being  copied
 from other languages, can  therefore afford   no example of  the
 genius of the English language, or its laws of derivation.
   3.  That he derives  from the Latin, often with  great  harsh-
 ness and violence,  words apparently Teutonick; and therefore
 according to his own declaration, probably older than the tongue
 to which he refers them.
   4.  That some of his derivations are apparently erroneous.


                              SYNTAX.

   The established practice of grammarians requires that I should  here treat of the
 Syntax; but our  language has so little inflection, or variety of terminations,  that
 its construction neither requires nor admits many rules.  Wallis therefore has to-
 tally neglected it;  and Jonson, whose desire  of following the writers upon the
 learned languages made him think a syntax indispensably necessary, has published
 such petty observations as were better omitted.                       F

   The verb, as in other languages,  agrees with the nominative
 in number  and  person: as,  Thou fliest from  good;  He runs  to
 death.
   Our adjectives and pronouns are  invariable.
   Of two substantives  the noun  possessive  is  the  genitive:  as,
 His father's glory;  The sun's heat.

 r0I>ear^nSitiVe  ^"^  m °bH(lUe Case: ^ He  loves me;

 m^He7S^[°T require»obUquecase:  *». He gave this to
 me, He took thts from me; He says this of me; He  came with me.


                             PROSODY.



French by°  &£2? £ ta 'ofTe l^VwallT"^*  T
Jonson, thoueh a  nnet  R„t ,  *l   i    ^n6,,sn °y  Wallis, Cooper, and even by 
ENGLISH  TONGUE.
    Prosody  comprises orthoepy,  or the rules of pronunciation:
  and orthometry, or the laws of versification.
    Pronunciation is just when every letter  has its  proper
  sound, and  when  every syllable has its proper accent, or which
  in English versification is the same, its proper quantity.

   The sounds of the letters have been already explained; and rules for the accent
  or quantity are not easily to be given, being subject to innumerable exceptions.
  Such however as I have read or formed, I shall here propose.

    1.  Of dissyllables formed by affixing a  termination, the for-
  mer  syllable  is  commonly accented, as  childish, kingdom,
  detest, acted,  toilsome, Idver, scoffer, fairer, fdremost, zealous,
 ftdness, godly, meekly, artist.
    2.  Dissyllables formed by prefixing a syllable to the  radical
  word, have commonly the accent on  the latter;  as to begit, to
  beseem, to bestow.
    3.  Of dissyllables,  which are at  once nouns  and verbs,  the
  verb  has commonly the accent on  the latter, and the noun  on
  the former syllable; as to descdnt, a descant; to cement, a ce-
  ment; to  contract, a cdntract.

   This rule has many exceptions. Though verbs seldom have their accent on the
  former, yet nouns often have it on the latter syllable; as, delight, perfume.

    4.  All dissyllables ending in y, as cranny; in our, as labour,
 favour;  in ow, as willow, wallow, except allow; in le, as battle,
  bible; in ish, as banish; in ck, as cdmbrick, edssock; in ter, as to
  batter;  in age, as courage; in  en, as fasten; in  et, as quiet, ac-
  cent the former syllable.
    5.  Dissyllable nouns in er, as canker, butter, have the  accent
  on the former syllable.
   6.  Dissyllable verbs terminating  in a consonant and e final, as
  comprise, escape; or having a diphthong in the  last syllable, as
  appease, reveal; or ending in two  consonants, as attend, have
  the accent on the latter syllable.
   7.  Dissyllable nouns having  a diphthong  in the latter sylla-
 ble,  have commonly their accent on the latter syllable,  as ap-
 plause;  except words in ain, certain, mountain.
   8.  Trissyllables formed by adding a  termination, or prefixing
  a syllable, retain the accent of the  radical  word, as Idveliness,
  tenderness, contemner, wdgonner,phy'sical, bespatter, cdmment-
  ing, commending, assurance.
   9.  Trissyllables ending in ous, as gracious, arduous; in al, as
  capital; in ion, as mention, accent the first.
    10. Trissyllables ending  in ce, ent,  and ate, accent the first
 syllable, as  countenance, continence, armament,  imminent,  ele-
 gant, propagate, except they be derived from words having the
 accent on the last, as connivance, acquaintance;  or the middle
 syllable hath a  vowel  before two consonants, as promulgate.
   11. Trissyllables ending in y, as entity, specify, liberty, victo-
 ry, subsidy, commonly accent the first syllable.
   12. Trissyllables in re or le accent  the first syllable, as le-
 gible,  theatre;  except disciple, and some words which have a
 position, as example, epistle.
   13.  Trissyllables in ude  commonly accent the first syllable,
 as plenitude.
   14.  Trissyllables ending  in ator, or atour, as creator, or hav-
 ing in the middle syllable a diphthong, as endeavour; or a  vowel
 before two consonants, as domestick, accent the middle syllable.
   15.  Trissyllables that have their  accent on the last syllable
 are commonly French, as  acquiesce,  repartee,  magazine;  or
 words formed by prefixing one or two syllables to an acute syl-
 lable, asimmature, overcharge.
   16.  Pollysyllables, or words of mere than three syllables, fol-
 low the accent of the words from which they are derived,  as
arrogating, cdntinency, incontinently, commendable, communica-
bleness. We  should therefore say disputable, indisputable, ra-
ther than disputable,  indisputable; and advertisement rather
than advertisement.
   17.  Words  in ion have the accent  upon the antepenult,  as
salvation, perturbation, conebction;  words in atour or ator on
the penult, as dedicator.
   18.  Words ending in le commonly have the accent  on the
first syllable, as amicable, unless the second syllable have a vow-
el before two consonants, as combustible.
   19.  Words ending in ous have the accent on the  antepenult,
as uxorious, voluptuous.
   20.  Words ending in ty have their accent on the  antepenult,
as pusillanimity, activity.
  These rules are not advanced as complete or infallible, but proposed as useful.
Almost every rule of every language has its exceptions; and in English, as  in
other tongues, much must be learned by example and authority.  Perhaps more
and better rules may be given that have escaped my observation.
   Versification is the arrangement of a certain  number of
syllables according to certain laws.
   The feet of our verses are either iambick, a aloft, create; or
trochaick, as holy, I6fty.
           Our iambick measure comprises verses
   Of four syllables,
           Most good, most fair,  "
           Or things as rare,
           To call you's lost;
           For all the cost
           Words can bestow,
           So poorly show
           Upon your praise,
           That all the ways
           Sense hath, come short.                  Drayton.
           With ravish'd ears
           The monarch hears.                      Dryden.
  Of six,
           This while we are abroad,
             Shall we  not touch our lyre?
           Shall we not sing an ode?
             Shall not  that holy fire,
           In us that strongly glow'd,
             In this cold air expire?
           Though in the utmost Peak
             Awhile we do remain,
           Amongst the mountains bleak,
             Expos'd to sleet and rain,
           No sport our hours shall break,
             To exercise our vein.
           What though bright Phoebus' beams
             Refresh the southern ground,
           And though the princely Thames
             With beauteous nymphs abound,
           And by old Camber's streams
             Be many wonders found:
           Yet many rivers clear
             Here glide in silver swathes,
           And what of all most dear,
             Buxton's  delicious baths,
           Strong ale and noble chear,
             T' assuage breem winter's scathes.
           In places far or near,
             Or famous or obscure,
           Where wholsom is the air,
             Or where the most impure,
          All times and every where,
             The muse is still in ure.              Drayton.
 Of eight;  which is the usual measure for short poems,
          And may at last my weary age
          Find out the peaceful hermitage,
          The hairy gown, and mossy cell,
          Where I may  sit and nightly spelt 
A GRAMMAR OF  THE
ENGLISH TONGUE.
             Of ev'ry star the sky doth shew,
             And ev'ry herb that sips the dew.           Milton.
   Often, which is the common measure of heroick and tragick
 poetry,
      Full in the midst of this created space,
      Betwixt heav'n, earth, and skies, there stands a place
      Confining on all three;  with triple  bound;
      Whence all things, though remote, are view'd around,
      And thither bring their undulating sound.
      The palace of loud Fame, her  seat of pow'r,
      Plac'd on the  summit of a lofty tow'r;
      A thousand winding entries long and wide
      Receive of fresh reports a flowing  tide.
      A thousand crannies in the walls are made;
      Nor gate nor  bars exclude the  busy trade.
      'Tis built of brass,  the better to diffuse
      The spreading sounds, and multiply the news;
      Where echoes in repealed echoes play:
      A mart for ever full; and open  night and day.
      Nor silence is within, nor voice express,
      But a deaf noise  of sounds that never cease;
      Confus'd, and chiding, like the  hollow  roar
      Of tides receding from th' insulted shore:
      Or like the broken  thunder, heard  from far, ■
      When Jove to distance drives the rolling war.
      The courts are fill'd with a tumultuous din
      Of crowds, or issuing forth, or  ent'ring in:
      A thoroughfare of news, where some devise
      Things never  heard, some mingle  truth with lies:
      The troubled air  with empty  sounds they beat,
      Intent to  hear, and eager to repeat.               Dryden.
   In all these measures the accents are to be placed  on even
 syllables; and every line considered  by itself is more harmoni-
 ous as  this rule  is  more strictly observed.   The variations ne-
 cessary to pleasure belong to the art of poetry, not the  rules of
 grammar.
                   Our trochaick  measures are
   Of three  syllables,
             Here we may
             Think  and pray
             Before  death
             Stops our breath:
             Other joys
             Are but toys.                      Walton's  Angler.
   Of five,
             In the days of old,
             Stories plainly told,
             Lovers felt annoy.                       Old  Ballad.
   Of seven,
             Fairest piece of well-form'd earth,
             Urge not thus your haughty birth.           Waller.
   In these measures the accent is  to be placed on  the odd syl-
lables.
  These are the measures which are now in use, and above the  rest those of se-
ven, eight, and ten syllables. Our ancient poets wrote verses sometimes of twelve
syllables, as Drayton's Polyolbion.
      Of all the Cambrian shires their heads that bear so high,
      And farth'st survey their soils with an ambitious eye,
      Mervinia for her hills, as for her matchless crowds,
      The nearest that are said to kiss the wand'ring clouds,
      Especial audience craves, offended with the  throng,
      That she of all the rest'neglected was so long;
      Alleging for herself, when through the Saxon's pride,
      The godlike race of Brute to Severn's setting side
      Were cruelly enforced, her mountains did relieve
      Those whom devouring war else even where did grieve.
      And when all Wales beside (by fortune  or by might)
      Unto her ancient foe resigned her ancient right,
      A constant maiden still she only did remain,
      The last her genuine laws which stoutly did retain,
Lewis to Pope.
       And as each one is praised for her peculiar thing*.
       So only she is rich in mountains, meres, and springs;
       And holds herself as great in her superfluous waste,
       As others by their towns and fruitful tillage grae'd.
   And of fourteen, as Chapman's Homer.
       And as the mind of such  a man, that hath a long way gone,
       And either knoweth not his way, or else would let alone
       His purpos'd journey,  is dish-act.
   The measures of twelve and fourteen syllables were often mingled by our old
 poets, sometimes in alternate lines, and sometimes in alternate couplets.
   The verse of twelve syllables called an Alexandrine, is now only used to diversify
 heroick lines.
       Waller was smooth, but Dryden taught to join
       The varying verse,  the full resounding line,
       The long majestic march, and energy divine.                 Pope.
   The pause in the Alexandrine must be at the sixth syllable.
   The verse of fourteen syllables  is  now broken into a soft lyrick measure of
 verses consisting alternately of eight syllables and six.
           She to receive thy radiant name,
               Selects a whiter space.                        Fenion.
           When  all shall praise, and ev'ry lay
               Devote a wreath to thee,
           That day,  for come it will, that day
               Shall 1 lament to see.
           Beneath this tomb an infant lies
               To earth whose  body lent,
           Hereafter shall more glorious rise,
               But not more innocent.
           When the archangel's trump shall blow,
               And souls to bodies join,
           What crowds shall wish their lives below
               Had been as short as thine!                     Wesley.
   We have another measure very quick  and lively, and  therefore much used in
 songs, which may be called the anapestick, in which the accent rests  upon even-
 third syllable.
      May I g6vern my passion with absolute sway,
      And grow wiser and better as life wears away.           Dr.  Pop<
   In this measure a syllable is often retrenched from the first foot, as
           Di6genes surly and proud.                        Dr.  Pope.
      When present we 16ve, and when absent agree,
      I think not of I'ris nor I'ris of me.                       Dryden.
   These measures  are varied  by many combinations,  and  sometimes by double
 endings, either with or without rhyme, as in the heroick measure.
        'Tis the divinity that stirs within us,
        'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter,
        And intimates eternity to man.                      Addison
   So in that of eight syllables.
        They neither added nor confounded,
        They neither wanted nor abounded.                    Prior.
   In that of seven,
        For resistance I could fear none,
          But with twenty ships had done,
        What thou, brave and happy Vernon,
          Hast achieved with six alone.                       Glover.
   In that of six,
        'Twas when the seas were roaring,
          With hollow blasts of wind,
        A damsel  lay deploring,
          All on a rock reclin'd.                               ^
  In the anapestick.
        When terrible tempests  assail us,
          And mountainous billows affright,
        Nor power nor wealth can avail us,
          But skilful industry steers right.                      R „ ,
Jo  these measures and their laws, may be reduced every species of English


or d^nofeCinT, 1"?** °f *" ,i"ncC8»  ««* a ^aUpha,
or elision  ot  e in the before a vowel, as th' eternal-  and more

'Zel° cXS fnY'^1 r a *Vn«reSiS>h? ^ "1 Tort
Lion racted bv t     8Jrl.IableVM ^tion, special;  or a word
is contracted by the expulsion of a short vowei before  a liouid
as av'nce, temperance.                             ueiore  a liquid,



by a maste'rto thoStat JZrl^nT^t^T^ term'-taught
as are not yet initiated  in to^schoolwo nl/£   £ Wltten a §rammar for such
last ineffectual.                   '  W0U,d have been t^ous, and  perhaps at 
              PREFACE

                           TO


WALKER'S  DICTIONARY.
pEW subjects have of late years more employed the pens of
   every class of critics, than the improvement of the English
language.  The greatest abilities in the nation have been exert-
ed in cultivating and reforming it; nor have a thousand minor
critics been wanting to add their mite of amendment to  their
native tongue  Johnson, whose large mind and just taste made
him capable of enriching and adorning the language with ori-
ginal composition, has  condescended to the drudgery of disen-
tangling, explaining, and arranging it, and left a lasting monu-
ment of his ability, labour, and patience:  and Dr. Lowth, the
politest  scholar of the age, has  veiled his superiority in his
short Introduction to English Grammar.  The ponderous folio
has gravely vindicated the  rights ©f analogy;  and the  light
ephemeral sheet of news has corrected errors in grammar, as
well as in  politicks, by slyly marking them in italicks.
  Nor has the improvement  stopped  here.  While  Johnson
and Lowth have been insensibly operating on the orthography
and construction of  our  language,  its pronunciation has not
been neglected. The importance of a consistent and regular
pronunciation was too obvious  to be overlooked; and the want
of this consistency and regularity induced several ingenious
men  to endeavour at  a reformation; who, by exhibiting the
anomalies  of pronunciation, and pointing out its analogies, have
reclaimed some words that were not irrecoverably fixed  in a
wrong sound, and prevented others  from being perverted by
ignorance or caprice.
  Among those writers who  deserve the first praise on this
subject, is Mr. Elphinston;  who, in his principles of the  Eng-
lish language, has reduced the  chaos to a system, and,  by a
deep investigation of the analogies of our tongue, laid the foun-
dation of a just and regular pronunciation.
  After him  Dr. Kenrick contributed a  portion of improve-
ment by his Rhetorical Dictionary; in which the words are di-
vided  into syllables as  they are pronounced, and  figures placed
over the vowels to indicate their different  sounds. But this gen-
tleman has rendered his dictionary extremely imperfect, by en-
tirely omitting a great number of words of doubtful and difficult
pronunciation—those very words for which a dictionary of this
kind would naturally be consulted.
  To  him succeeded Mr. Sheridan;  who not only divided the
words into syllables, and placed figures over the vowels as Dr.
Kenrick had done, but by spelling these  syllables  as they are
pronouneed, seemed to complete the idea of a pronouncing die
tionary, and to leave but little  expectation of future improve-
ment.  It must,  indeed, be confessed, that Mr.  Sheridan's dic-
tionary is  greatly superiour to  every  other that preceded it; and
his method of conveying the sound of words, by spelling tiien.
as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useful—But here
sincerity obliges me to stop.  The numerous instances  I have
given of impropriety, inconsistency,  and want of acquaintance
with the analogies of the language, sufficiently show how im-
perfect* I think his dictionary  is upon the whole, and what
ample room is left for attempting another that might better
answer the purpose of a guide to pronunciation,
  The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares; who, in his
Elements of Orthoepy,  has shown a clearness of method and
an extent of observation which deserve the highest encomiums.
His  preface alone proves him an elegant  writer, as well as a
philosophical observer of language; and  his alphabetical index,
referring near five thousand words to the rules for pronouncing
them, is a new and useful method of treating the subject; but
he seems, on many occasions, to have mistaken the  best usage,
and to have paid too little attention to the first principles of pro-
nunciation.
  Thus I have ventured to give my opinion of my rivals and
competitors, and I hope without envy or self-conceit. Perhaps
it  would have been policy in me to  have been silent on this
head, for  fear of putting the public in mind that others have
written on the subject as well as myself:  but this  is a narrow
policy which, under the  colour of tenderness to others, is cal-
culated to raise ourselves at  their expense. A  writer,  who is
conscious he deserves the attention of the public,  (and unless
he is thus conscious he ought not to  write,) must not only wish
to be compared with those who have gone before him, but will
promote the comparison by informing his readers what others
have done, and on what  he founds his pretensions  to a prefer-
ence; and if this be done with fairness and impartiality, it can
be no more offensive to modesty, than it is to honesty and plain
dealing.
  The work I have to offer on the subject has, I hope, added
something to the public stock.   It not only exhibits the princi-
ples of pronunciation on  a more extensive plan than others have
done, divides the words into syllables, and marks the sounds of
the vowels, like Dr. Kenrick, spells  the words as they are pro-
nounced like Mr. Sheridan,  and directs  the inspector to  the
rule by the word like Mr. Narcs; but where words are subject
to different pronunciations, it shows the reasons from analogy
for  each; produces authorities for  one  side  and the other,
and points out the pronunciation which  is preferable. In short,
I have endeavoured to unite the science of Mr. Elphinston, the
method of Mr. Nares, and the general  utility of Mr. Sheridan;
and to add to  these advantages, have given critical observa-

   * See Principles, No. 124, 126,  129,  386, 454, 462, 479, 480,  530.
 and the words Assume, Collect,  Covetous, Dis, Donative, Epm
 mera, and Satiety. 
PREFACE  TO  WALKER'S DICTIONARY
lions on such  words as are subject to a diversity of pronuncia-
tion. How I have  succeeded, must  be  left to the decision of
the publick.
   But to  all works of this kind there lies a formidable  objec-
tion; which is, that the pronunciation of a language is necessa-
rily indefinite and fugitive, and that all endeavours to delineate
or settle it are in vain. Dr. Johnson, in his grammar prefixed to
his dictionary, says:  " Most of the writers of English grammar
have  given long tables  of words pronounced otherwise than
they are written;  and seem not sufficiently to have considered,
that, of English, as of all living tongues,  there is a double pro-
nunciation;  one, cursory and colloquial; the other, regular and
solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague and  uncer-
tain, being made  different, in different mouths, by negligence,
unskilfulness, or affectation. The  solemn  pronunciation, though
by no means immutable and permanent,  is yet always less re-
mote from the orthography, and  less liable to capricious inno-
vation.  They have, however, generally formed their tables ac-
cording to the cursory speech of those with whom they happen-
ed to converse; and concluding, that the whole nation combines
to vitiate  language in one  manner, have often established  the
jargon of the lowest of the  people as the  model of speech. For
pronunciation, the best general rule is, to consider those as  the
most elegant speakers  who  deviate  least from the  written
words."
   Without any derogation from the character  of  Dr. Johnson,
it may be  asserted, that in these observations we do not perceive
that justness and accuracy of thinking for which he is  so  re-
markable. It  would  be doing great injustice to him  to sup-
pose, that he meant to exclude all possibility of conveying  the
actual pronunciation of many words that depart manifestly from
their orthography, or of those that are written alike, and pro-
nounced differently, and inversely. He has marked these differ-
ences with great propriety himself  in  many places of his dic-
tionary; and it is to be regretted  that he did not  extend these
remarks farther.  It is impossible, therefore, he could suppose,
that, because the almost imperceptible glances of colloquial pro-
nunciation were not to  be caught  and described by the pen,
that the very perceptible difference between the initial accent-
ed syllables of money and monitor, or the final unaccented syl-
lables of finite and inflnite, could not be sufficiently marked up-
on paper. Cannot  we show that cellar, a vault; and seller, one
who sells, have exactly the same  sound;  or that the monosylla-
ble full, and the first syllable of fulminate, are sounded differ-
ently, because there are some words  in which solemnity will
authorize a different shade of pronunciation from  familiarity?
Besides;  that colloquial pronunciation which  is perfect, is  so
much the language of solemn speaking, that, perhaps, there is
no more  difference  than between the same picture painted to
be viewed near and at a distance.  The symmetry in both is  ex-
actly the  same; and the distinction lies only in the colouring.
The English language,  in this respect, seems to have a great
superiority  over  the French; which pronounces many  let-
ters in the poetick and  solemn style that are wholly silent in
the  pro saie k and  familiar. But if a solemn and familiar pro-
nunciation really exists in our language, is it not the business of
a grammarian to mark  both?  And if  he cannot  point out  the
precise sound of unaccented syllables, (for these only are liable
to obscurity,)  he may,  at  least, give those sounds which  ap-
proach the  nearest; and by this  means  become  a little more
useful than those who so liberally leave every  thing to the ear
and taste of the speaker.
  The truth is, Dr. Johnson seems to have had a confused idea
qf the distinctness and indistinctness with which, on solemn or
familiar occasions,  we  sometimes  pronounce the  unaccented
vowels;  and with respect to these, it must be  owned, that  his
remarks are not entirely without  foundation. The English lan-
guage, with respect to its pronunciation, is evidently divisible
into accented and  unaccented sound?. The accented syllables,
by being pronounced with greater force than the unaccented,
have their vowels as clearly and distinctly sounded as any given
note in musick; while the unaccented vowels, for want ot  the
stress, are apt to slide into an obscurity of sound, which though
sufficiently distinguishable  to the ear, cannot be so definitely
marked out to the eye by other sounds as those vowels that  are
under the accent.  Thus some of the vowels, when neither  un-
der the accent, nor closed by a consonant, have a longer or a
shorter, an opener or a closer sound, according to the solemni-
ty or familiarity,  the deliberation  or rapidity of our delivery.
This will be perceived in the sound of the e in emotion,* of the o
in obedience, and of the u in singular. In the hasty pronunciation
of common speaking, the e in emotion is often shortened, as if
spelt im-mo-tion; the o in obedience is shortened and  obscured,
as if written ub-be-di-ence; and the u in monument changed into
e, as if written mon-ne-ment; while the deliberate and elegant
sound of these vowels is the long  open sound they have, when
the accent is on them in equal, over, and unit; but a, when  un-
accented seems to have  no such  diversity; it has  generally a
short obsoure sound, whether ending a  syllable, or closed by a
consonant.  Thus the a in able has its definite and distinct sound;
but the same letter in  tolerable^ goes into an obscure indefinite
sound approaching to short u; nor can any solemnity  or delibe-
ration give it the long open sound it has in the first word.  Thus,
by distinguishing vowels into their accented  and  unaccented
sounds, we  are enabled  to see clearly what Dr. Johnson saw
but obscurely;  and by this  distinction entirely  to  obviate  the
objection.
  Equally indefinite and uncertain is  his  general rule, that
those are to be considered as the most  elegant speakers who
deviate least from the  written words. It is certain, where cus-
tom  is equal, this ought  to take place; and if the  whole body
of respectable  English speakers were equally divided in their
pronunciation of the word busy, one half pronouncing it bew-
ze,\ and the other  half biz-ze, that the former ought to be  ac-
counted the  most elegant speakers; but till this is the case,  the
latter pronunciation, though a gross  deviation from  orthogra-
phy, will still be esteemed the most elegant. Dr. Johnson's ge-
neral rule, therefore, can only take place where custom has  not
plainly decided; but unfortunately for  the  English language,
its orthography and pronunciation  are so widely different, that
Dr. Watts and Dr. Jones lay it down  as a maxim in their trea-
tises on spelling, that all words which  can be  sounded  differ-
ent  ways, must be written  according to that sound  which is
most  distant from the  true pronunciation; and consequently, in
such a language a pronouncing dictionary must be of essential
use.
  But still it may be objected to such an undertaking, that  the
fluctuation of pronunciation is so great as to render all attempts
to settle  it useless. What  will it avail  us, it  may be said, to
know the pronunciation of the present day, if, in a few years, it
will be altered? And how are we   to know even what the pre-
sent pronunciation  is, when the same words are often differently
pronounced by different speakers,  and those, perhaps, of equal
numbers and reputation? To which it may be answered, that
the  fluctuation  of our language, with respect  to its pronuncia-
tion, seems to have been greatly exaggerated.§  Except a very

  *  See the words Collect, Command, Despatch, Domestick, Ef-
face, Occasion.
  f  Principles, No. 88, 545.               % Principles, No. 178.
  $  The old and new 'at6«, with all the various dialects,  must have
occasioned infinite irregularity  in the pronunciation of  the Greek
tongue; and if we may judge of the Latin pronunciation by the ancient
inscriptions, it was little  less  various and irregular  than  the Greek.
Aulus Gellius  tells us, that  Nigidius,  a grammarian who lived a little
more than a century before him, acuted the first syllable of  Valeri;
but, says he, " si quis nunc Valerium appellans in casu vocandi secun-
dum id preceptum Nigidii acuerit primam, non aberit quin rideatur."
Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of Valerius, 
PREFACE  TO WALKERS DICTIONARY.
 few single words, which are generally noticed in the following
 dictionary, and the words where e comes before r, followed by
 another consonant,  as merchant, service, &c. jhe pronunciation
 of the language is probably in the same state it was in a century
 ago; and had the same attention been then paid to it as now, it
 is not likely even that change would have happened. The same
 may be observed of those words which are differently pronoun-
 ced by different speakers: if the analogies of the language were
 better understood, it is scarcely conceivable that so many words
 in polite usage would have a diversity of pronunciation, which
 is at once so ridiculous and embarrassing;  nay, perhaps it may
 be with confidence asserted, that if the analogies of the lan-
 guage were sufficiently known, and so near at hand as to be
 applicable on  inspection to  every word,  that  not only many
 words which are wavering between  contrary usages would be
 settled in their  true sound, but that many words, which are fix-
 ed by custom to an improper pronunciation, would by degrees
 grow regular and  analogical; and those which are so  already
 would be secured in their purity, by a knowledge of their re-
 gularity and analogy.
   But the utility of a work of this kind is  not confined to those
 parts of language where the impropriety is gross and palpable;
 besides  those  imperfections  in  pronunciation, which  disgust
 every ear not accustomed to them, there are a thousand insen-
 sible deviations, in the more minute parts of language, as  the
 unaccented syllables may be called,  which do not strike the  ear
 so forcibly as to mark any direct impropriety in particular
 words, but occasion only such a general imperfection as gives
 a bad impression upon the whole. Speakers with these imper-
 fections pass very well in common conversation; but when they
 are required to pronounce with emphasis, and for that purpose
 to be more distinct  and definite  in their utterance, here their
 ear fails them;  they have been accustomed only to loose cur-
 sory  speaking, and for want of a firmness of pronunciation, are

 when a vocative  case, would set every body  a-laughing. Even that
 highly polished language the French, if we may believe a writer in the
 Encyclop£die, is little less irregular in this respect than our own.
   11 est arrive^ says he, par les alterations qui se succedent rapidement
 dans  la maniere  de prononcer, et les corrections qui s'introduisent
 lentement dans la maniere d'ecrire, que la prononciation et l'ecriture
 ne marchent point ensemble, et que quoiqu'il y  ait chez les peuples les
 plus polices  de l'Europe, des societe's d'hommes de lettres charges des
 les moderer, des les accorder, et de  les rapprocher de la meme lijrne,
 elles se  trouvent enfin a une distance inconcevable; ensorte  que de,
 deux, choses dont l'une n'a 6te imaginee dans son origine, que pour re-
 prdsenter fidellement l'autre, celle-ci ne differe gudre moins de celle-
 la que le portrait de la meme personne peinte dans  deux ages tres-
 eloign6s. Enfin Pinconv^nient s'estaccru a un tel exces qu'on n'ose plus
 y rem^dier. On prononce une langue, on ecrit une autre: et Ton s'ac-
 coutume tellement pendant le reste  de la vie a cette bisarrerie qui a
 fait verser tant de larmes  dans l'enfance, que  si l'on renoncjoit a  sa
 mauvaise orthographe pour une plus voisine de la prononciation, on ne
 reconnoitroit plus la langue parlee sous cette nouvelle combinaison de
 caracte*res.  S'il y en a qui ne pourroient se succeder sans une grande
 fatigue pour  l'organe, ou ils ne se rencontrent point,  ou ils ne durent
 pas. lis sont echappes de la langue par l'euphonie, cette  loi puissante,
 qui agit continuellement et universellement sans egard pour l'etymolo-
 gie et ses deTenseurs, et qui tend sans intermission a amener des etres
 qui ont les memes organes, le meme idiome, les memes mouvemens
 presents, a-peu-pres k la meme pronociation. Les causes dont Taction
 n'est  point interrompue, deviennent toujours les plus fortes avec les
 terns,  quelque foibles qu'elles soient en elles-metnes, etil  n'y a presque
 pas une seule voyelle, une seule dipthongue, une seule consonne dont
 la valeui soit tellement constante, que l'euphonie n'en puisse disposer,
 soit en alterant le son, soit en le supprimant
  I shall not decide upon the justness of these complaints, but must ob-
 serve, that a worse picture could scarcely be drawn of the English or
 the most barbarous language of Europe. Indeed a degree of versatility
 seems involved in  the very nature of language, and is one of those evils
left by Providence for man to correct: a love of order, and the utility
of regularity, will always incline him to confine this versatility within as
narrow bounds as possible.
   VOL.  I.
 like those painters who draw the muscular exertions of the hu-
 man body without any knowledge of anatomy.  This is one rea-
 son, perhaps, why we find the elocution of so few people agree-
 able when they read or speak to an assembly, while so few offend
 us by their utterance in common conversation. A thousand faults
 lie concealed in a miniature, which a microscope brings to view;
 and it  is only  by  pronouncing on  a larger scale,  as publick
 speaking may  be  called, that we prove the propriety of our
 elocution. As, therefore, there are certain deviations from  ana-
 logy which are not at any rate tolerable, there are others which
 only, as it were, tarnish the  pronunciation, and make it  less
 brilliant and agreeable. There are  few who have turned their
 thoughts on this subject without observing, that they sometimes
 pronounce the same word or syllable in a different manner; and
 as neither of these  manners offend the ear, they are at a  loss to
 which they  shall give the preference;  but as one must neces-
 sarily be more agreeable to the analogy of the language than the
 other, a display of these  analogies,  in a  dictionary  of this
 kind, will immediately remove this uncertainty; and in this view
 of the variety we shall discover a fitness in one mode of speaking,
 which will give a firmness and security to  our pronunciation,
 from a confidence that it is founded on reason, and  the general
 tendency of the  language.   See Principles,  No. 530, 547,551,
 &c.
   But, alas! reasoning on language, however well founded, may
 be all overturned by a single quotation from Horace:
                     "-------------usus
     " Quern penes arbitrium est, Sc jus & normaloquendi."
   This  it must be owned, is  a succinct  way  of  ending the
 controversy; and by virtue of this  argument we may become
 criticks in language without the  trouble of studying it.  Not
 that I would be thought,  in the most distant manner, to deny,
 that Custom is the sovereign arbiter of language.  Far from it.
 I acknowledge its authority, and know there is  no appeal from
 it.  I wish only to dispute where this arbiter has not decided;
 for if once Custom speak out, however absurdly, I sincerely ac-
 quiesce in its sentence.
  But what is this custom to which we must so implicitly sub-
 mit? Is it the usage of the multitude of speakers, whether good
 or bad? This  has never been  asserted by  the  most sanguine
 abettors of its authority.   Is it the majority  of the  studious  in
 schools and colleges, with those of the learned professions, or of
 those who, from their elevated birth or station, give  laws  to the
 refinements, and elegancies of a court?  To  confine propiety
 the latter, which is too often the case, seems an injury to the
 former;  who, from their  very profession,  appear to "have  a
 natural right to a share, at least, in the legislation of language,
 if  not to an absolute sovereignty.   The polished attendants
on a throne are as  apt to depart from simplicity in language
as in dress and manners; and novelty, instead of custom, is too
often the jus & norma loquendi  of a court.
  Perhaps an attentive observation will lead us to conclude
that the usage, which ought to direct us, is neither of these we
have been enumerating, taken singly, but a sort of compound
 ratio of all three.  Neither  a finical pronunciation of the  court,
 nor a pedantic Graecism of the schools, will be denominated res-
 pectable usage, till a certain number of the general mass of speak-
 ers have acknowledged them; nor will a multitude of common
 speakers  authorise any  pronunciation  which  is  reprobated
 by the learned and  polite.
  As those sounds, therefore, which are the most generally re-
 ceived among the learned and polite,  as well  as the bulk  of
 speakers, are the most legitimate, we may conclude that a  ma-
 jority of two of these states ought always to  concur, in order to
 constitute what is called good usage.
  But though custom, when general, is commonly well under-
 stood, there are several states and  degrees  of it  which are ex-
 ceedingly obscure  and equivocal; and the only method of know-
 ing  the extent  of custom in  these cases, seems to  he an
      K 
RULES TO BE  OBSERVED BY FOREIGNERS.
inspection of those dictionaries which prolas&edly treat of pro-
nu omion.   We have now so many  works of this  kind, that
the general current of custom, which respect to the sound of
words, may be collected from them with almost  as  much cer-
tai.ity as tnc geneial sense of words from Johnson.  An exhibi-
tion of the opinions of 01 tlioepists about the  sound of words
always appeared to me a vory rational method of determining
what is called custom.  T'is  method  I  have  adopted in the
following work; and if I luve sometimes dissented from the
majority, it has been,  either from a persuasion of being better
informed of what was the actual  custom of speaking,  or  from
a partiality to the evident analogies of the language.
   And here I must intreat the candid  reader to make every rea-
sonable allowance for the freedom with which I  have criticised
other writers on this subject, and particularly Mr. Sheridan. As
a  man, a gentleman, and a scholar,  I knew Mr. Sheridan, and re-
spected him;  and think every lover of elocution owes him
a  tribute of thanks for  his unwearied addresses to the  pub-
lick, to rouse them to the study of the delivery of their native
tongue.  But this tribute, however just, does not exempt him
from examination.  His credit with the world necessarily sub-
jects him to animadversion, because the errors of such a wri-
ter are dangerous in proportion to his reputation: this has made
me zealous to remark his inaccuracies, but not without giving
my reasons: nor have  I ever taken advantage of such  faults as
may be called inadvertencies*.  On the same principles I have
ventured to criticise Dr. Johnson, (See Sceptic, Scirrhus, Codle,
Further, &c.) whose friendship and advice I was honoured with,
whose  memory I love, and whose  intellectual powers  impress
me with something like religious veneration and awe  I do not
pretend to be  exempt  from faults  myself; in a work like the
present, it  would be  a miracle to escape them; nor have I the
least idea of deciding as a judge, in a case of so  much  delicacy
and importance, as the pronunciation  of a whole people: 1 have
only  assumed  the part of an advocate  to plead the  cause of
consistency and analogy,  and where custom is either  silent
or dubious, to tempt  the lovers of their language  to incline to
the side of propriety;  so that my design is principally to give a
kind of history of pronunciation, and a register of its present
state; and where the authorities of dictionaries or speakers are
found  to differ, to  give such a display of the  analogies  of the
language as may enable everv inspector to decide for himself.
   With respect to the explanation of words, except in  very few
 instances, I have scrupulously followed Dr. Johnson.   His dic-
 tionary has been deemed  lawful plunder by every subsequent
 lexicographer; and so servilely has  it been copied, that  such
words as he must have omitted merely by mistake, as Predilec-
 tion, Respectable, Descriptive, Sulky,  I?iimical, Interference, and
many others, are neither in Mr. Sheridan's, Dr. Kenrick's, nor
 several other dictionaries.

 Rules to be observed bV the Natives of Ireland in or-
   der to obtain a just pronunciation of English.

 /\.S Mr. Sheridan  was a native of Ireland, and had  the best
opportunities of understanding those  peculiarites of pronuncia-
tion which obtain there, I shall extract his observations on that
subject as the best general direction,  and add a few  of my own,
by way of supplement, which I hope  will render this article of
instruction still more  complete.
   The reader will be pleased to take notice, that as I  have
made a different arrangement  of the  vowels, and have  adopted
a  notation different from Mr. Sheridan, I am obliged to  make
use of different figures to mark the vowels, but still such as per-
fectly correspond to his.

   * The inspector will be pleased to take  notice, that my observations
on Mr. Sheridan relate to the first edition, published in his lifetime, and
the second, some time after his death. Whatever alterations may haye
been made by bis subsequent editors, I am totally unacquainted with.
  » The chief mistakes made by the Irish in pronouncing Eng-
" lish, lie forthe most part in the sounds of the two first vowels,
" c and e; the former being generally sounded a by the Irish, as
" in the word bar, in most words where  it is pronounced a, as
« in day, by the English.  Thus the Irish say, patron, matron,
" the  vowel a having the  same sound as in the  word father;
" whilst the English pronounce them as if written pay iron, may-
« tron. The following rule, strictly attended to, will rectify this
" mistake through the whole language.
  « When the vowel a finishes a syllable, and has  the accent on
" it, it is invariably  pronounced a [day J by the English.   To
" this rule there are but three exceptions in the whole language
" to be found in the words father, papa, mama.  The Irish may
" think also the word rather an  exception, as well as father;
" and so it would appear to be in their manner of pronouncing it
" ra-ther, laying the accent on the vowel a; but in the English
" pronunciation the consonant th is  taken into the  first syllable,
" as thus, rath'er, which makes the difference.
  " Whenever a consonant follows the  vowel a in the  same
" syllable,  and  the accent is on the consonant, the vowel a has
" always its fourth sound, as hat, man; as  also the same sound
" lengthened when it precedes the letter r, as far, bar, though
" the  accent be  on the vowel; as likewise when it  precedes Im,
" as balm, psalm.  The Irish, ignorant of this  latter excep-
" tion, pronounce all words of that structure as if they were writ-
" ten  hawm, psawm, quawm, cawm, &c. In the third  sound of a
" marked by different combinations of vowels, or consonants,
" such as aw, in Paul; aw, in law; all, in call; aid, in bald; alk, in
" talk, &c.  the Irish make no mistake,  except in that of Im,
" as before mentioned.
  " The second vowel, e, is for the most part sounded ee by the
" English,  when the accent is upon it; whilst the Irish in most
" words give it the sound of slender a, as in hate.  This sound of
" e [ee ] is marked by different combinations of vowels, such as
" ea, ei, e final mute, ee, and ie. In the two last conbinations of ee
" and ie,  the Irish never mistake; such as in meet, seem, field,
" believe,  &c;  but in all  the others, they almost universally
" change the sound of e into a.  Thus in the combination ec, they
" pronounce the words tea, sea, please, as if they were spelt tay,
" say, plays; instead of tee, see, pleese.  The English constantly
" give this sound  to ec whenever the accent is on the vowel e,
" except in the following words, great, a  pear, a  bear, to bear,
« to forbear, to swear, to tear, to wear. In all which the e has the
" sound of a in hate.   For want of knowing these exceptions,
" the gentlemen of Ireland, after some time of residence in Lon-
" don, are apt to fall into the general rule, and pronounce these
" words  as if spelt greet, beer, swear, &c.
 ^ " Ei is also sounded ee by the English, and as a by the Irish;
"gthus the word deceit,  receive, are pronounced by them as if
« written  desate, vesave.   Ei is always sounded ee, except
" when a g follows it, as in the words reign, feign, deign,  &c ■
Has also in the  words rein (of a bridle) ,rein-c\eer,vein, dreil
* veil, heir, which  are pronounced like rain, vain, drain, vail, air.
  "The final mute e makes the preceding e in the same syl-
  lable, when accented, have the sound ofee,  as  in the words
  2^!  sincJrJ'  "P^-  This  rule  is almost universally
  broken through by the Irish, who  pronounce all such words
  as if written suprame, sincare, replate, &c. There are but two
« IreTT J0,?" "^ " the EnSUsh Pronunciation, which
" are the words there, where.

« as the^I^f  ^^I^*" S°Und' ^ a double <> as t»>U8 ee,
"allwhowlt  ermakeuany-mistakes'  the  best meth°d for
« SL,Wi?JS?*  °  aC(!Ulre the "Sht Pronunciation  of these sev-
« bv^ Cfi°nn^ina!10nS iS) t0 SUppose that ea> "»  ^nd e, attended
  by a final mute e, are all spelt with a double e, or ee
    ^ is always sounded like a by the English, when  the
"cent is nnnn  it    •    ------\ ».v ^.gusu,  wnen  tne  ac-
-pray  convl  ' ? 1^1 "^ *"<*>  C°nv^  Pounced
  Pray,  convoy.  To  this there  are but  two exc enf
"the  words key and ley, sounded *ee,  lee.  The  Irish,
exc eptions, in
        in at* 
RULES TO  BE OBSERVED BY FOREIGNERS.
« tempting to pronounce like the English, often give the same
« sound to ey, as usually belongs to ei; thus  for prey,  convey,
il they say, pree, convee.
  « A strict observation  of these few rules, with a due atten-
« tion to the very few exceptions enumerated above, will enable
« the well-educated natives of Ireland to pronounce their words
« exactly  in the same way as the more polished part of the in-
« habitants of England do, so tar as the vowels are  concerned.
« The diphthongs they commit no fault in except in the sound of
« i, which has been already taken notice of in the Grammar: *
« where likewise, the only difference in pronouncing any of the
« consonants has  been pointed out;  which is, the  thickening
« the  sounds of d  and t,  in certain situations;   and an  easy
" method proposed of correcting this habit.t
  " In order to complete the whole, I  shall now  give  a list of
« such detached words, that do not come under any of the above
" rules, as are pronounced differently in Ireland from what they
" are in England:
Irish pron.
che' arful
fe' arful
d6dr
fiodr
gape
g£th' er (gather)
beard
bull
bush
push
pull
pul' pit
calf
kdtch (catch)
cdarse (coarse)
course (course)
c6urt
male' cious
pudding
quosh(quash)
lezh' ur (leisure)
cla' mour
Me' ki\(Michael)
dr6th (drought)
sarch (search)
sdurce (source)
cushion
str£nth (strength)
English
cherTul
fer'ful
dore
flore
gape
gath' er
berd
bull
bush
push
pull
pul'pit
calf
catch
coarse
coarse
court
malish' us
pudding
quash
le' zhur
clam' mur
Mi' kel
drout
serch
sorce
cvisnion
strenkth
pron
.Irish pron.
 lenth (length)
 struv (strove)
 druv (drove)
 ten' ure
 ten' able
 wrath
 wrath {wroth)
 fa' re wel
 rode
 strode
 shone
 shism (schism)
 whe' refore
 the' refore
 breth (breadth)
 cowld (cold)
 bowld (bold)
 cof fer
 enda' avour
 fftt (foot)
 mische' evous
 In' ion (onion)
 put
 r£tsh (reach)
 squa' dron
 zaa' lous
 zaa'lot
Eng. pron.
lenkth
strove
drove
te' nure
te' nable
wrath
wroth
far' wel
rod
strod
shon
sizm
wher' fore
ther' fore
bredth
cold
bold
co'fer
endev'ur
fut
mis' chivos
un' nyun
put
reach
squod' run
zel' lus
zel' lut
  * " Vide p. 11, (Walker's Grammar.) where the true manner of pro-
" nouncing the diphthong i is pointed out; the Irish pronouncing it much
" in the same manner as the French."
  ■(■ " The letter d has always the  same sound by those who pro-
nounce English well; but the Provincials, particularly the Irish, Scotch,
and Welch, in many words thicken the sound by a mixture of breath.
Thus though they sound the d right in the positive loud and broad in the
comparative degree they thicken it by an aspiration, and sound it as if it
were written loudher, broadher. This vicious pronunciation is produced
by pushing the tongue forward  so as to touch the teeth in forming that
sound; and the way to cure  it is easy; for as they can pronounce  the d
properly  in the word loud, Jet them rest a little  upon that  sylla-
ble  keeping the tongue  in  the position  of forming d, and then  let
them separate it from the upper gum without pushing it forward, and
the  sound  der will be produced of course; for the organ being left in
the  position of sounding d at the end of the syllable loud, is neces-
sarily in  the  position of forming  the  same d in  uttering the last
syllable, unless it makes a new movement, as in the case of protruding
it so as to touch the teeth.  This letter is sometimes, though not often
quiescent, as in the words handkerchief handsome, handsel.
  "Id pronouncing the letter t the Irish and other  Provincials thick-
en the sound, as was before  mentioned  with  regard to the  d;  for
  " These, after the closest attention, are all the words, not in-
" eluded in the rules before laid down, that I have been able to
" collect, in which the well-educated natives of Ireland differ
" from those of England."
  I shall make no observations on the accuracy of this list, but
desire my reader to observe, that  the strongest  characteristics
of the pronunciation of Ireland is  the rough jarring pronuncia-
tion of the letter R, and the aspiration or rough breathing before
all the accented vowels.  For the true sound of R, see that let-
ter in the Principles, No. 419.   And for the rough breathing
or aspiration of the vowels,  the pupil should  be told not  to
bring the voice suddenly from the breast, but  to speak, as It
were, from the mouth only.
  It may be observed too, that the  natives of Ireland pronounce
rm at the end of a word so distinctly  as  to form two separate
syllables.  Thus storm and farm seem sounded by them as if
written s taw-rum, fa-rum; while the English sound the r so soft
and so close to the m, that it  seems pronounced nearly as it
written  stawm,faam.
  Nearly the same observations  are applicable to  Im. When
these letters end a word  they are, in Ireland, pronounced  at
such  a distance, that helm and realm sound as if written hell-urn
and  real-um; but in England the / and  m  are pronounced
as close as possible, and so as to form but one syllable. To reme-
dy this, it will be  necessary for the pupil to make a collection
of words  terminating with  these consonants, and to  practise
them over till a true pronunciation is acquired.

Rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland for
  attaining a  just pronunciation of english.

'T'HAT pronunciation which  distinguishes  the inhabitants of
    Scotland is of a very different kind from that of Ireland, and
may be divided  into the quantity, quality, and accentuation, of
the vowels.  With respect to quantity, it may be observed, that
the Scotch pronounce almost  all their accented vowels long.
Thus, if I am not mistaken, they would pronounce habit,  hay-
bit;  tepid, tee-pid; sinner, see-ner;  conscious, cone-shus:  and
subject, soob-ject:\ it is not pretended, however, that every  ac-
cented vowel is so pronounced, but that such  a pronunciation is
very general, and  particularly of the i.  This vowel is short in
English pronunciation where the other vowels  are long; thus
evasion,adhesion,emotion, confusion, have the a, e, o, and u, long;
and in these  instances the Scotch would pronounce them  like

better, they say betther; for utter, utther;  and so on in all words of
that structure.   This faulty manner arises from the same cause that
was mentioned as affecting the sound of the d;  I mean the protruding of
the tongue so as to touch the teeth, and is curable only in the  same
way."

  }  That this is the general mode of pronouncing these words in Scot-
land, is indisputable; and it is highly probable that the Scotch have pre-
served the old English  pronunciation, from which the English them-
selves have  insensibly departed.   Dr. Hicks observed long ago, that
the Scotch Saxonised in  their language much more than the English;
and it is scarcely to be doubted that a situation nearer to the Continent,
and a greater commercial intercourse with other nations, made the En-
glish admit of numberless changes  which never extended to  Scotland.
About the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the Greek and Latin lan-
guages were cultivated, and the pedantry of shewing an acquaintance
with them became fashionable, it  is not improbable that an alteration in
the quantity of many words took place:  for as in Latin almost .vry
vowel before a single consonant  is short, so  in English almost every
vowel in the same situation was  supposed to be long, or our ancestor.-,
would not have doubled the consonant in the participles of verbs to pre-
vent the preceding vowel from lengthening.  But when once this  af-
fectation of Latinity was adopted, it is no wonder it should exU nd br-
yond its principles, and shorten several vowels in English, because thev
were short in the original Latin; and in this manner, perhap--, mi<rht the
diversity between the quantity of the English and Scotch prouunciation
arise, (542) (543).  See Drama.
                   K2 
RULES  TO BE OBSERVED BY FOREIGNERS.
the English; but in vision, decision, Sec. where the English pro-
nounce the « short, the Scotch lengthen this letter by pronounc-
ing it like ee, as if the words were written vee-sion, decee-sion,
Sec and this peculiarity is universal. The best way, therefore, to
correct this, will be to make a collection of the most usual words
which have the vowel short, and to pronounce them daily till a
habit is formed.  See Principles, No. 507.
   With respect to the quality of the vowels, it may be observ-
ed, that the inhabitants of Scotland are apt to pronounce the a
like aw, where the English give it the slender sound: thus Satan
is pronounced Sawtan, and fatal, fawtal.  It may be remarked
too, that the  Scotch give this sound to the a preceded by w,
according to the general rule, without attending to the excep-
tions,  Principles, No. 88; and thus,  instead of making wax,
wuft, and twang, rhyme with tax, shaft,  and hang, they pro-
nounce them so  as to  rhyme with box, soft and song.  The
short e in bed, fed, red, &c. borders too much upon the English
sound of a in baa, lad, mud,  &c. and the short i in bid, lid, rid,
too much  on the English sound of e in bed, led, red.  To cor-
rect this error, it would be useful to collect the long and short
sounds of  these vowels, and  to pronounce the  long ones first,
and to shorten them by degrees till they are perfectly short; at
the same time  preserving the radical sound of the vowel in
both.  Thus the correspondent long sounds to the e in bed, fed,
red, are bade, fade, rade, and that of the short i in bid, lid, rid, are
bead, lead, reed; and the former of these classes will naturally
lead the ear to the true sound of  the latter, the only difference
lying in the quantity.   The short  o in not,  lodge, got, &c. is apt
to slide into the short u, as if the words were written nut, ludge,
gut, &c.   To rectify this, it should be remembered, that this
o is the short sound of aw, and ought  to have the radical sound
of the deep a in ball.  Thus the  radical sound corresponding
to the o in  not, cot, sot, is found in naught, caught, sought, &c.
and these long sounds, like  the former, should be abbreviated
into the short ones.   But what will tend  greatly to clear the
difficulty will be, to remember that only those words which are
collected in the  Principles,  No. 165,  have the o sounded like
short u when  the accent is  upon it: and with respect to u, in
bull, full, pull,  8cc. it may be observed, that the pronunciation
peculiar to the English is only found in the words enumerated,
Principles, No. 174.
   In  addition to  what has been said, it may be observed, that
oo \x\food, mood, moon, soon, &c. which ought always to have a
long sound, is  generally shortened in Scotland to that middle
sound of the u in bull; and it must be remembered, that wool,
wood, good, hood, stood, foot, are the only words where this
sound of oo ought to take place.
   The accentuation, both in  Scotland and Ireland, (if by ac-
centuation we mean the stress, and not the kind of stress) is so
much the same as that of England, that I cannot recollect many
words in which they differ. Indeed, if it were not so, the versifi-
cation of each country would be different:  for as English verse
is formed by accent or stress, if this accent or stress were upon
different syllables in different countries, what is verse in England
would not be verse in Scotland or Ireland; and this sufficiently
shows how very indefinitely the word  accent is generally used.
   Mr. Elphinston, who must be   allowed to be a competent
judge  in this  case, tells us,  that  in Scotland  they pronounce
silence, bids, canvas, sentence, triumph, comfort, solace, construe
rescue, respite, govern, harass, ransack, cancel, with the  ac-
cent on the last sylJable instead of the first.  To this list may  be
added the word menace, which they pronounce as if written me-
ndss; and though they  place the accent on the  last syllabic of
canal, like the English, they broaden the a in the  last syllable,
as if the word were spelt canawl.   It may  be farther observed'
that they place an accent  on the comparative adverb, as, in the
phrases as  much, as  little, as many,  as great,  &c.  while the
English, except in some very particular emphatical cases, lay
 no stress on this word, but pronounce these phrases like words
 of two or three  syllables without any accent on the first.
   But besides the mispronunciation of  single words, there is a
 tone of  voice with which these words are  accompanied, that
 distinguishes  a native of Ireland or Scotland as much as an im-
 proper sound of the letters.   This is  vulgarly, and, if it does
 not mean stress only, but  the kind of stress, I mink, not impro-
 perly called the accent.*  For though there  is an asperity in
 the Irish dialect, and a drawl in the Scotch, independent of ihe
 slides or inflections they  make use of,  yet it may with confi-
 dence be affirmed, that much  of the peculiarity which distin-
 guishes these dialects may be reduced to a predominant use of
 one of  these, slides.  Let any one who  has sufficiently studied
 the speaking  voice to distinguish the slides, observe the pro-
 nunciation of  an Irishman and a Scotchman, who have much of
 the dialect of their country,  and he will find that the former
 abounds with  the  falling, and the latter with  the rising inflex-
 ion; t and if this is the case, a teacher, if  he  understands  these
 slides, ought to direct his instruction so as to remedy the im-
 perfection.  But as avoiding the wrong, and  seizing the  right
 at the same instant, is,  perhaps, too great a task for human
 powers, I would advise a native of Ireland, who has much of
 the accent, to pronounce  almost all his words, and end all  his
 sentences with the rising slide; and a Scotchman in the  same
 manner, to use the falling inflexion; this will, in some measure,
 counteract the natural propensity, and bids fairer for  bringing
 the pupil to that nearly equal mixture of both slides which dis-
 tinguishes the English speaker, than endeavouring  at first to
 catch the agreeable variety.  For this purpose the teacher ought
 to pronounce  all the single words in the lesson with the falling
 inflexion to a  Scotchman, and  with the rising to an Irishman;
 and should frequently give the pauses in a sentence the  same
 inflexions to each of these pupils, where  he  would vary  them
 to a native of England.   But while the human voice remains
 unstudied, there is little expectation that this distinction of the
 slides should be applied to these useful purposes.
   Besides a peculiarity of inflexion, which I take to be a fall-
 ing circumflex, directly  opposite  to that of the  Scotch, the
 Welch pronounce the sharp consonants and aspirations instead
 of the flat.  (See  Principles, No. 29, 41.)   Thus for  big they
 say pick; for blood, pioot; and for good, coot.   Instead of virtue
 and vice, they say firtue and fice; instead of zeal and praise, they
 say seal and prace; instead of  these and those, they say thece
 and thoct- and instead of  azure and osier, they say aysher and
 osher; and for jail, chait.   Thus there are nine distinct conso-
 nant sounds which, to the Welch, are entirely  useless.  To
 speak with propriety, therefore, the  Welch ought for some time
 o pronounce the flat consonants and aspirations  only; that is,
 they ought not only to pronounce them  where the letters re-
 quire the flat  wund, but  even  where they  require the sharD
 sound;  this  will be the best way to acquit a  h\b t; and wK
 this is once  done,  a d.stinction  will be easily  made, and a jus"
 pronunciation  more readily acquired.                     J
   There is scarcely any part of England remote from the camtal
 where a different system of pronunciation does not prevail As
 in Wales they pronounce  the sharp consonants tvlhl flat to

 Sa^merS^^wPmrC 4"y °f thC A^tt^f'th
 sharp.   ihus for  Somersetshire, they say Zomerzrtshire- for
father, vather; for  Mink, mink; and for sire, zhurel
   There are dialects peculiar to Cornwall, Lancashire York



p4S13?'MS m°re W*«^pU6edmElem««,of Election, Vol.11.



                   \ See the word Change 
RULES  TO BE OBSERVED  BY  FOREIGNERS.
  occasion, I shall  conclude these remarks with  a few observa-
  tions on the peculiarities of my countrymen, the Cockneys; who,
  as they are the models of pronunciation to the distant provinces,
  ought to be the more scrupulously correct.

              First Fault of the Londoners.

              Pronouncing s indistinctly after st.

    The letter s after st, from the very difficulty of its pronuncia-
  tion, is often sounded inarticulately.  The inhabitants of  Lon-
  don, of the lower order, cut the knot, and pronounce it in a dis-
  tinct syllable, as if e were before it;  but this is to be  avoided as
  the greatest blemish in speaking: the three last letters in posts,
  fists, mists, 8cc. must all be distinctly heard in one syllable, and
  without  permitting  the letters to coalesce.  For the acquiring
  of this sound, it will be proper to select nouns that end in st or
  ste; to form them into plurals, and pronounce them forcibly and
  distinctly every day. The same may be observed of the third per-
  son of verbs ending in  sts or stes, as persists, wastes, hastes, &c.

                      Second Fault.

              Pronouncing w for v, and inversely.

    The pronunciation of v for w, and more frequently  of w for v,
  among the inhabitants of London, and those not always of the
  lower order, is a blemish of the first magnitude.  The difficulty
  of remedying this defect is the greater, as the  cure of one of
  these mistakes has a tendency to promote the other.
    Thus, if you are  very  careful to  make a pupil pronounce
  veal and vinegar, not  as if written weal and winegar, you will
  find him  very apt to pronounce wine and wind, as if written vine
  and vind.  The only method of rectifying this habit seems  to
  be this: Let the pupil  select from a dictionary, not only all the
  words that begin  with v, but as many as he can of those that have
  this letter in any other part.  Let him be told to bite his under lip
  while he is sounding the v in those words,  and to practise this
  every day till he pronounces the v properly at first sight: then,
  and not till then, let him pursue the same method with the w;
  which he must be directed to pronounce by a pouting  out  of
  the lips  without  suffering them to touch  the teeth.  Thus by
  giving all the attention to only one of these letters at a time, and
  fixing by habit the true sound of that, we shall at last find both
  of them reduced  to their proper pronunciation in a shorter time
  than by endeavouring  to rectify them both at once.

                       Third Fault.

                  Not sounding h after w.

   The  aspirate h is often  sunk,  particularly in the capital,
 where we do  not  find the least distinction of  sound  between
 while and wile, whet and wet, where and were, &c.   The best
 method to rectify this is, to collect  all the words of this de-
 scription from a dictionary, and write them down; and instead
 of the wh  to begin them with hoo in a distinct syllable, and so to
 pronounce them.   Thus let while be  written  and sounded hoo-
 ile; whet,  hoo-et; where, hoo-are; whip, hoo-ip, &c.  This is no
 more, as  Dr. Lowth  observes, than placing the aspirate in its
 true position before the w, as it is in the Saxon, which the words
 come from; where we may observe, that though we have alter-
 ed the orthography of our ancestors, we have still preserved
 their pronunciation.

                     Fourth Fault.

  Not sounding h where it ought to be sounded, and inversely.
  A still worse habit than the last prevails, chiefly among the
people of London, that of sinking the h at the beginning of words
 where it ought to be sounded, and of sounding it, either where
 it is not seen, or where it ought to be sunk.  This we not un-
 frequently hear, especially among children heart  pronounced
 art, and arm, harm.  This is a vice perfectly similar to that of
 pronouncing the v for the w, and the w for the v, and requires
 a similar method to correct it.
   As there are so very few words in the  language where the
 initial h is sunk, we may select these from  the rest, and, with-
 out setting the pupil right when he  mispronounces  these,  or
 when he prefixes the  h  improperly  to other words, we may
 make him pronounce all the words where h is sounded, till  he
 has almost forgot there  are any  words pronounced otherwise.
 Then he may go over  those  words to which he  improperly
 prefixes the h, and  those were the h is seen but not sounded,
 without any danger of  an interchange.   As these latter words
 are but few, I shall  subjoin a catalogue of them for the use of
 the learner. Heir, heiress, herb,herbage, honest, honesty, honest-
 ly, honour, honourable, honourably, hospital, hostler, hour, hour-
 ly,  humble, humbly, humbles, humour, humourist, humorous,
 humorously, humoursome. Where we may observe, that humour
 and its compounds not only sink the h but sound the u like the
 pronoun you, or the noun yew,  as if written yewmour, yew-
 morous, &c.
   Thus I have endeavoured to correct some of the more glar-
 ing errors of my countrymen;  who with all their faults, are still
 upon the whole the best pronouncers of the English language.
 For though the pronunciation of London is certainly erroneous
 in many words, yet, upon being compared with that of any other
 place, it is undoubtedly  the best; that is, not  only the best by
 courtesy, and because it happens to be the pronunciation of the
 capital, but best by a better title; that of being more generally
 received: or, in other words, though the people of London are
 erroneous in the pronunciation of many words, the inhabitants
 of every other place are erroneous in many more.   Nay, harsh
 as the sentence may  seem, those at a considerable distance from
 the capital do not only mispronounce many words taken sepa-
 rately, but they scarcely  pronounce with purity a single word,
 syllable, or letter.   Thus, if the short sound of the letter u in
 trunk, sunk, &c. differ from the sound of that letter in the nor-
 thern parts of England, where they sound it like the u in bull,
 and nearly as if the words were  written troonk,  soonk, &c. it
 necessarily follows that  every  word where  that  letter occurs
 must by those provincials be mispronounced.
   But though the inhabitants of London have this manifest ad-
 vantage over all the other inhabitants of the island, they have
 the disadvantage of being more disgraced by their peculiarities
 than any other people.   The grand difference between the me-
 tropolis and the provinces is, that people of education in Lon-
 don are generally free from the vices  of the vulgar;  but the
 best educated people in the  provinces, if constantly resident
 there, are sure to be strongly tinctured with the dialect of the
 country in which they live.  Hence it  is, that the vulgar pro-
 nunciation of London, though not half so erroneous as  that of
 Scotland, Ireland, or any of the provinces, is, to a person of cor-
 rect taste, a thousand times more  offensive and disgusting.

           DIRECTIONS TO  FOREIGNERS,

IN  ORDER  TO  ATTAIN A  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE MARKS IN THIS
  DICTIONARY, AND TO ACQUIRE A RIGHT PRONUNCIATION OF
  EVERY WORD IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
 A  S the sounds of the vowels are different in different langua-
    ges, it would be  endless to bring parallel sounds from the
various languages of Europe; but as the French is so  general-
ly understood upon the  continent, if we can  reduce the sounds
of the English letters to those of the French,  we  shall  render
the pronunciation of our language very generally attainable:
and this, it is presumed,  will be pretty accurately accomplished
by observing the following directions: 
RULES TO BE OBSERVED  BY FOREIGNERS.
 ABCDEFG   H   1JKLMNOPQ   R
 ei bi ci  di  i  ef dgi etch a'i dje que ell cm en  o  pi kiou arr
             S   T  U  V   W    X  Y  Z
             ess  ti  iou vi dobliou  ex ouai zedd.
   The French have all our vowel sounds, and will therefore find
 the pronunciation of them very  easy.  The only difficulty they
 will  meet with seems to be i, which, though demonstrably com-
 posed of two successive sounds,  has passed for a simple vowel
 with a very competent judge of English pronunciation*. The
 reason is, these two sounds are pronounced so closely together
 as to require some attention to discover their component parts:
 this  attention Mr. Sheridanf never gave, or he would not have
 told us that this diphthong  is a  compound of our  fullest and
 slenderest sounds a and e; the  first made  by the largest,  and
 the  last  by the smallest aperture of  the mouth. Now nothing
 is more certain  than  the  inaccuracy  of this definition. The
 third sound of a, which  is perfectly  equivalent to the third
 sound of o,  when combined with the first sound  of e, must in-
 evitably  form the diphthong in boy, joy, &c. and not the diph-
 thongal sound of the vowel i in idle, and the personal pronoun
 1; this double sound will, upon a close examination, be found to
 be composed of the  Italian a  in the last syllable of papa,  and
 the first  sound of e, pronounced as closely together as possible;}
 and  for the exactness of this definition, I appeal to every just
 English  ear in the kingdom.
   The other diphthongal vowel u is composed of the French i,
 pronounced as closely as possible to their diphthong ou, or the
 English  ee and 6, perfectly equivalent to the sound the  French
 would give to the letters you, and which is exactly the sound
 the  English give to the plural of the second personal pronoun.
   The diphthong oi or oy is composed of  the French a and i;
 thus toy and boy would be exactly expressed to a Frenchman
 by writing them tdi and bdi.
   The diphthongs ou and ow, when sounded like ou, are com-
 posed of the French a  and the diphthong ou;  and the English
 sounds of thou and now may be expressed to  a Frenchman  by
 spelling them thdou and ndou.
   W is no more than the French diphthong ou; thus  West is
 equivalent to Quest, and wall to oudll.
   Y is perfectly equivalent to the  French letter of  that name,
 and  may be supplied by i;  thus yoke, you, &c. is expressed by
 ioke, iou, 8cc.
   J, or / consonant,  must be pronounced by prefixing d to the
 French j; thus jay, joy, 8cc. sound to a Frenchman as if spelled
 dje, djdi, 8cc.  If any difficulty be found in forming  this combi-
 nation of sounds, it  will be removed  by pronouncing the d, ed,
 and  spelling these words edje, edjdi, 8cc.
   Ch, in English words not derived from the Greek, Latin, or
 French, is pronounced as if t were prefixed; thus the sound of
 chair,  cheese, chain, Sec. would be understood by a Frenchman
 if the words were written tchere,  tchize, tchene.
   Sh in English  is expressed by  ch  in French; thus  shame,
 share, 8cc. would be spelled by a Frenchman cheme, chere, &c.
   The ringing sound  ng in long, song, &c.  may be perfectly
 conceived by a pupil who can pronounce the French word E71-
 core, as the first syllable of this  word is exactly correspondent
 to the  sound in those English words;  and for the formation of it,
 see Principles,  No. 57; also the word Encore.

   * Elements of Orthoepy, page 2.
  f See Section III. of his Prosodial Grammar prefixed to his dictiona-
 ry.
  X Holder, the most philosophical  and accurate investigator of the
 •onnation  and powers of the letters, says: " Our vulgar i,  as in stile
 • seems to be such a diphthong, (or rather syllable, or part of a syllable,)
 •• composed of a,  i, or e, i, and not a simple original vowel." Elements
of Speech, page 95.
  Dr. Wallis, speaking of the long English i, says it is sounded " eodem
 •* fer£ modo quo Gallorum ai in vocibus main, manus; pain, panis, &c.
 ■ Nempe sonum habet compositum ex Gallorum e foeminino & i vel w."
 ■ 'rammatica Linguae Anglicanae, pag. 48.
  But
cing E
       the greatest difficulty every foreigner finds in pronoun-
       nglish, is the lisping consonant th. This, it may be ob-
served, has,  like the other consonants, a sharp and flat sound:
sharp as in thin, bath; flat as in that, with.  To acquire a true
pronunciation of this difficult combination, it may be proper to
begin with those words where it is initial: and first, let the pu-
pil protrude his tongue a little way beyond the teeth, and press
it between them as  if going to bite  the tip of  it; while this is
doing, if he wishes to pronounce thin,  let  him hiss as if to
sound  the letter *; and  after the hiss,  let him draw back his
tongue  within his  teeth, and  pronounce  the preposition in,
and thus will the word thin be  perfectly pronounced.  If he
would  pronounce that, let him place the tongue between the
teeth as before; and while  he is hissing as to sound the letter
z, let him withdraw his tongue into his mouth, and immediately
pronounce the preposition at. To  pronounce this combination
when  final in bath, let him pronounce ba,  and  protrude the
tongue beyond the teeth, pressing the tongue with them, and
hissing as if to sound s;  if he  would pronounce with, let him
first form wi, put the tongue in the same position as before, and
hiss as if to sound 2. It will be  proper to make the pupil dwell
some time with the tongue beyond the teeth in  order to form a
habit, and to pronounce daily some words out of a dictionary
beginning and ending with these letters.
  These directions, it is presumed, if properly attended to, will
be sufficient to give such foreigners as understand French, and
have not access to a master, a competent knowledge of English
pronunciation; but to render the sounds of the  vowels marked
by figures in  this dictionary still more easily to be comprehend-
ed—with those English words which exemplify the sounds of
the vowels, I have associated such French words as have vow-
els exactly corresponding to them, and which immediately con-
vey the true English pronunciation  These should be commit-
ted to memory, or written down and  held in his hand while the
pupil is inspecting the dictionary.
  Perhaps the greatest advantage to  foreigners and provincials
will be derived from the classification of words of a similar
sound, and drawing the line between the general rule and the
exception. This has been an arduous task; but it is hoped the
benefit arising from it will amply repay it. When the nume-
rous varieties of sounds annexed to vowels, diphthongs, and con-
sonants, lie scattered without bounds, a  learner is bewildered
and discouraged from attempting to distinguish them; but when
they are all  classed, arranged, and  enumerated, the variety
seems  less, the  number smaller, and  the  distinction easier.
What an inextricable labyrinth do the diphthongs ea and ou form
as they lie loose  in the language! but classed and arranged as
we find them, No. 226, &c. and 313, &c.  the confusion vanishes,
they become much  less formidable, and a learner has it in his
power, by repeating them daily, to become master of them all
in a very little time.
  The English  accent is often an insurmountable obstacle to
loreigners, as the rules for it are so various, and the exceptions
so numerous;  but let the inspector consult the article Accent in
the  Principles, particularly No. 492, 505, 506, &c. and he will
soon perceive how much of our language is regularly accented,
and how much that which is irregular is facilitated by an enu-
meration of the greater number of exceptions
  But scarcely any method will be  so  useful  for gaining the
English accent as the reading of verse.  This will naturally lead
 he ear to the right accentuation; and though a different posi-
tion of the accent is frequently to be met with in the beginning
nLU^V    * 1S S sufficient regularity to render the pro-
5SnIIf VCrSe 5 rPT,erful  meanS °f 0btaininS  s^h a dis-
c«t  Fn^i?   aKdfeueblene;8  lS  is commo"1y called the ac
drlifhJhl. K  y, bC °bSerVed'  that a tbreiSner » no less dis-
KnrfUh  r P     g "" &Cfm Up°n Certain  words t0 which
™efiuJhSVCT?° STS;  tha" by Pladng the stress »P°na
wrong syllable. Thus if a foreigner, when he calls for bread at 
CONTENTS  OF  THE PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION.
table, by saying give me some bread,  lays an equal stress upon
every word, though  every  word should be pronounced with its
exact sound,  we immediately perceive he is not a native.  An
Englishman would pronounce these four words like  two, with
the accent on  the first syllable of the first, and on the  last sylla-
ble of the  last, as if written giveme somebread; or rather giv-
me sumbred: or more commonly, though vulgarly, gimme some-
bred. Verse  may   sometimes induce a foreigner, as  it does
sometimes injudicious natives, to lay the accent on a syllable in
long words which ought to have  none, as in a couplet of Pope's
Essay on Criticism:
   Alphabet,........No. 1
 Definition of vowels and consonants,     -----    5
 Analogical table of the vowels,......16
 Diphthongs and triphthongs enumerated,      -    -    -    -   17
 Consonants disl inguished into classes,       -                    18
 Analogical table of the consonants,      -----  ,29
 Organic formation of the letters,      -    -    -    -    -      31
 Of the quantity and quality of the vowels,     -    ...   62
 Of the influence of accent on the sounds of the letters,   -    -      69
 The letter A and its different sounds,         ....   72
 The letter E and its different sounds,        -                    93
 The letter / and its different sounds,     -     -    -    -    -  105
 The letter O and its different sounds,        -    -    -    -     161
 The letter U and its different sounds,.....171
 The vowel Y and iis different sounds,       -    -    -    -     180
 The vowel W and its different souuds,    -----  189
 Of the diphthongs called semi-consonant,    -                   196
 Of the diphthongs AE, Al, AO,  aud all the rest in their alpha-
   betical order,........199
 Of the sounds of the consonants,    ------  347
 B, when mute,       -.-..__.    ibid.
 C, its different sounds,       ......-  348
 D, its different sounds,.....-         358
   Improperly changed into  T.  Dr.  Lowth's opinion  of  this
     change in certain verbs, considered and corrected,      -     369
 F, its different sounds,        -----  377
 G, its different sounds,            -       -      -       -     379
 O always mute before JV* in the same syllable at the end of a word,
   exemplified in the words impugn, oppugn, propugn,  expugn,
   impregn, Sfc. with the  authorities of  the most respectable or-
   thoepists,    -     -      -      -      -      -       .  386
 H, when sounded, and when mute,       ...       394
 J, its uniform sound,        -----    398
 K, when sounded and when mute,       -                    399
 L, when sounded and when mute,     -                        401
 Jit, when sounded and when mute,       ...       407
 A", when it has its naso-guttural sound,       ...    408
    When it has its ringing sound  in the participial termination
     ing,         ...      .      .      .      .       410
 P, when sounded, and when mute,    -                        412
 PH, its uniform sound,          -      -      -      -       412
 Q, its different sounds when combined with «,        -      -    414
 R, when its sound is transposed,   -          ■   -      -       416
   When it is to be pronounced rough and when smooth,     -    419
 S, its different sounds,    -----
   When it is to be pronounced like z,        -      -      .    432
   When it is to be pronounced like sh and zh,    -      -       430
   Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected,        -      -    454
 T, its different sounds,    -                                  459
   How it slides into sh in the numerous termination tion,    -   ibid.
   Why it slides into this  sound before u, preceded by the ac-
     cent,        -      -      -       -      .              46i
   Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected,        -      -    462
 TH, its different sounds,                        »              455
    When the h is silent in this combination,        -      -    471
T, when silent,    ......       472
 V, its uniform sound,        .....    473
Jf, when silent, and when sounded,      -      -      .  474  475
      " False eloquence, like the prismatic glass,
      " Its gaudy colours spreads on every place."
Here a foreigner would be apt to place an accent on the last
syllable of eloquence as well as the  first, which would certain-
ly be wrong; but this fault is so trifling, when compared with
that of laying the accent on the second syllable, that  it almost
vanishes from observation;  and this misaccentuation, verse will
generally guard him from. The reading  of verse, therefore,
will, if I am not mistaken, be found a powerful regulator, both
of accent and emphasis.
                         On Quantity.                       529
The shortening  power of the secondary accent exemplified in
  the uncertainty and inconsistency  of Mr. Sheridan and Dr.
  Kenrick in their division of words into syllables,         -      530
                       On Syllabication.
Syllabication, different according to the different ends to be at-
  tained by it,     ------      538
Syllabication exhibiting the sound of a word depending, in some
  measure on the nature of the letters  prior  to actual pro-
  nunciation,     -      -      -      .      .       .      540
The almost total independence of the English quantity on that of
  the Greek and Latin, exemplified by an enumeration of most
  of the dissyllables in our language derived from the Latin and
  Greek,         ----..      544
The only  possible case in which we can argue  from the Latin
  quantity to the English,        -      -      -       .     ibid.
Dissyllables from the Saxon and French languages enumerated,  ibid.
Causes of the prevalence of shortening the first syllable of dissyl-
  lables from these languages,   -                           ibid.
Of the quantity of unaccented syllables ending with a vowel,      54?
Uncertainty  and inconsistency of Dr.  Kenrick in his notation of
  the quantity of these vowels,   -      -      -      . .     ibid.
Uncertainty  and inconsistency of Mr.  Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick
  in marking the quantity of these vowels,       -         -      551
Exception to the general rule of pronouncing these syllables
  when e is followed by r,        -      -      .       .      553
Uncertainty of our best orthoepists in  their syllabication  of such
  words,  exemplified by  a list from Sheridan,  Kenrick, Scott,
  and Perry,     --.__.      554
Peculiar delicacy of the sound of these syllables,     -       -   555
Tendency of 0 before r to go into  the same obscurity as e, exem-
  plified in the diversity and inconsistency of our best orthoepists
  in marking these syllables,       ....      5 - 7
Table of the  simple and diphthongal vowels, referred to as a key
  to the figures over the letters in the dictionary,   -         v   359
CONTENTS OF THE  PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION.
 X, Is exactly similar to ks, and liable to the same alterations of
 sound,        -..--..   479
    Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected,     -      -      480
 Y as a consonant, and its different sounds,     ...   482
 Z, improperly resolved by Dr. Johnson into * hard,
   Its true name Izzard,        -        -         -   .   -   483
   Its different sounds,      ....      484
                     Of the nature of Accent.
 The only true definition of accent,    ....   488
 The different positions of the English accent,      ■<-      -      489
 Accent on dissyllables,       -      -       -       -      -   491
 Dissyllable nouns and verbs differently accented,   -      -      492
 Accent on trisyllables,        -      -      -       -      -   501
 Partial dependence of the English accent on that of the  Greek
   and Latin.        ---.._   533
! Accent on polysyllables,   -     -      -       -      -      504
 Enclitical accent exemplified in the  terminations logy, graphy,
   &c-        --.--.      513, 518
 The tendency of compounds to contract the sound of the simple,   515
 Secondary accent,        -                                 522
 The shortening power of this accent,         ...   527 
PRINCIPLES
OF
ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
I. npHE first principles or elements of pronunciation are let-
      ters.
  The letters of the English language are:
Roman.
A a
B b
C c
D d
E e
F f
H h
I i
J j K k
L 1
M m
N n
O o
P p Qq R r
S fs
T t
U u
V v
W W
X x
Y y Z z
Italic.
A  a
B  b
C  c
D d
E  e
Ff
G g
H h
I  i
J j
K k
L I
Mm
AT n
O o
P p
Q 9
 R r
 Sfs
 T t
 U u
 V v
 Ww
 X x
 Y y
 Z z
Name.
a
bee
see
dee
                                jee
                                 aitch
                                 i or eye
                                j consonant, or jay
                                 kay
                                 el
                                 em
                                 en
                                 o
                                 pee
                                 cue
                                 ar
                                 ess
                                  tee
                                  u or you
                                  v consonant, or i>ee
                                  double u
                                  eks
                                  wy
                                  zed or izzard. (483).

  2.  To these may be added certain combinations of letters
universally used in printing; as 61, ft, fl, fl, fb, fk, ff, ff, fi, ffi,
fi, ffi, ffi, and &,  or and per se and, or rather et per se and. Si,
ft,fl,hjh,jk,ff,ff,fi,ffi,fi,ffi,ffl, isf.
  3.  Our letters, says Dr. Johnson, are commonly reckoned
twenty-four,  because anciently i andy, as well as u and v, were
expressed by the same character; but as these  letters,  which
had always different powers, have now different forms, our al-
phabet may be properly said to consist of twenty-six letters.
  4.  In considering the sounds of these first principles of  lan-
guage, we find that some are so simple and unmixed, that there
is nothing required but the opening of the mouth to make them
understood,  and to form  different sounds. Whence they have
the names of vowels, or voices or vocal sounds. On the contrary,
we find that there are others, whose pronunciation depends on
the particular application and use of every part of  the mouth,
as the  teeth, the lips,  the tongue,  the  palate, &c. which yet
cannot make any one  perfect  sound  but by their  union with
those vocal sounds; and these are called consonants, or letters
sounding with other letters.
          Definition of Vowels and Consonants.

  5.  Vowels are generally  reckoned to be five in number;
namely, a, e, i, o, u; y and w are called vowels  when they end
a syllable or word, and consonants when they begin one.
  6.  The definition of a vowel, as little liable to exception as
any, seems  to be the following: A  vowel is  a simple sound
formed by a continued effusion of the breath, and a certain con-
formation of the mouth,  without any alteration in the position,
or any motion of the organs of speech, from the moment the
vocal sound commences till it ends.
  7.  A consonant may be defined  to be, an interruption of the
effusion of vocal sound,  arising from the application of the or-
gans of speech to each other.
  8.  Agreeably to this definition,  vowels  may be divided into
two kinds, the simple and  compound. The simple a, e, o, are
those which are formed  by one conformation of the organs only;
that is, the  organs remain exactly in the same position at the
end as at the beginning of the letter; whereas in the compound
vowels i and u, the organs alter their position before the letter
is completely sounded.  Nay, these  letters,  when commencing
a syllable, do not only require  a different position of the organs
in order to form them perfectly, but demand such an applica-
tion of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, as is inconsistent
with the nature of a pure vowel; for the first of these letters i,
when sounded alone, or ending a syllable with the accent upon it,
is a real diphthong, composed of the sound of a in father, and of
e in the, exactly correspondent  to the sound of the noun eye; and
when this letter commences a syllable, as in  min-ion, pin-ion,
 kc. the sound of e with which it terminates is squeezed into a
 consonant sound, like  the double e heard in  queen, different
from the simple sound of that letter in quean, and this squeezed
 sound  in the commencing i makes it exactly similar to y in
 the same situation; which, by all grammarians, is acknowledg-
 ed to  be a consonant.*  The latter of  these compound vowels,

  * How so accurate a grammarian as Dr. Lowth could pronounce so
 definitively on the nature of y, and insist on its being always a vowel,
 can only be accounted for by considering the small  attention which ia
 generally paid to this part  of grammar. His words are these:
  " The same sound which we express  by the initial y our Saxon an-
 cestors in many instances expressed by the vowel e; as eower, your; and
 by the vowel i; as iw, yew; iong, young. In the word yew the initial y
 has precisely the same sound with i in the words view, lieu, adieu; the i
 is acknowledged to be a  vowel  in these latter, how then can the y,
 which has the very same sound, possibly be a consonant in the former?
 Its initial sound is generally like that of i in shire, or ee nearly; it is
 formed by the opening of the mouth without any motion or contact of
 the parts: in a word, it has every property of  a vowel and not one of a
 consonant."  Introd. to Eng. Gram,  page 3.
   Thus far the learned bishop, who has too fixed a fame to suffer any
  diminution by a mistake in so trifling part of literature as  this: but it
  may be asked if y has every property of a vowel and not one of a conso-
  nant, why, when it begins a word, does it not admit of the euphonic ar-
  ticle an before it? 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION
u  when initial, and not shortened by a consonant, commences
with this squeezed sound  of e equivalent to the y, and ends with
a sound given to  oo in woo  and coo, which makes its  name in
the alphabet exactly similar  to the pronoun you*  If, therefore,
the common definition of a vowel be just, these two  letters are
so far from being  simple  vowels, that they may more properly
be called semi-consonants.
  9. That y and  w  are  consonants when they begin  a word,
and vowels when they end one, is generally acknowledged by the
best grammarians; and yet Dr. Lowth has  told us, that w is
equivalent to oo;  but if this were the case, it would  always ad-
mit  the particle an before it: for though we have no word in
the  language which commences with these letters,  we plainly
perceive, that if we had such a word, it would readily admit of
ah before it, and consequently that these letters are not equiva-
lent to w. Thus we find that the common opinion, with respect
to the double capacity of these letters, is perfectly just.
   10. Besides the vowels already mentioned, there  is another
simple vowel sound found under the oo in the words woo and coo;
these letters have, in these two words, every property of a pure
vowel, but when found in food, mood,  &c. and in the word too,
pronounced like the adjective two:  here the oo has a squeezed
sound, occasioned by contracting the mouth, so as to make the
lips nearly touch each other; and this makes it, like the i and u,
not so much  a double vowel as a sound between a vowel and
a consonant.
           Classification  of Vowels and Consonants.
   11. Vowels and consonants being thus defined, it  will be  ne-
cessary in the next place  to arrange them into such  classes, as
their similitudes and specific differences seem to require.
   12. Letters, therefore,  are naturally divisible into vowels and
consonants.
   13. The vowels are a,  e, i, o, u; and y  and w when ending a
syllable.
   14. The consonants are  b, c, d,f, g, h,j, k, I, m,n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, x, z, and y and w when beginning a syllable.
   15. The vowels may be subdivided into such as  are simple
and pure, and into such as are compound and impure. The sim-
ple or pure vowels are such as require only one conformation
of the organs to form them,  and no  motion in the organs while
forming.
   16. The compound or  impure vowels  are such  as  require
more than one conformation  of the organs to form them, and a
motion  in the organs  while  forming. These observations pre-
mised,  we may call the following scheme:
             An  analogical  Table of the  Vowels.
           pa-per^
:l
a  h
e  V
n  ! r
    fa-ther
    wa-ter
   "me-tre
o  | noble
oo j coo
>Simple or pure vowels
  * An ignorance of the real composition of u and a want of knowing
that it partook of the nature of a consonant, has occasioned a great di-
versity and uncertainty in prefixing the indefinite article an before it.
Our ancestors, judging of its nature from its name, never suspected that
it was not a pure vowel, and  constantly prefixed the article an before
nouns beginning with this letter:  an union, an useful book. They were
confirmed in this opinion by finding the an always adapted to the short
u, as an umpire, an umbrella, without ever dreaming that the short u is
a pure vowel, and essentially different from the long one.  But the mo-
derns, not resting in the name of a letter, and consulting their ears ra-
ther than their eyes,  have frequently placed the a instead of on before
the long m, and we have seen aunion, a university, a useful book,  from
some of the most respectable pens of the present age. Nor can we doubt
a moment of the propriety of this orthography, when we reflect that
these words actually  begin  to the ear with y, and might be spelled you-
nion, youniversity,  youseful, and can therefore no more admit of an be-
fore them tiian year and youth.
ae Caesar ai aim	eo people eu feud
ao gaol au taught	ew jewel ey they
aw law ea clean	ia poniard ie friend
ee reed ei ceiling	io passion oa coat
       i ~\ ti-tle  "|

       " \>. V~ .,  ^compound or impure vowels

       wj  pow-erj

          Diphthongs and Triphthongs enumerated.
   17. Two vowels forming but one syllable are generally call-
ed a diphthong;  and three a triphthong.  These are the follow-
ing:
                             oe  ceconomy   aye (for ever)
                             oi  voice       eau beauty
                             oo  moon       eou plenteous
                             ou  found      ieu  adieu
                             ow now        lew view
                             y boy
                             ue  mansuetude
                             ui languid     oeu manoeuvre.

   Consonants enumerated and distinguished into Classes.
   18. The consonants are divisible into mutes,  semivowels.
and liquids.
   19. The mutes are such as emit no sound without a vowel,
as b, p, t, d, k, and c and g hard.
   20. The semi-vowels are  such as emit a sound without the
concurrence of a vowel, asfv, s, z, x, g soft ory.
   21. The liquids are  such  as flow into, or unite easily with
the mutes, as /, m, n, r.
   22. But, besides these, there is another classification of the
consonants, of great importance to a just idea of the nature of
the letters, and that is, into such as are sharp or flat, and simple
or aspirated.
   23. The sharp consonants are p,f, t,s,k, c hard.
   24. The flat consonants are, b, v, d, z, g hard.
   25. The simple  consonants are those which have always the
sound of one letter unmixed with others, as b,p,f, v, k,g hard,
and g soft, or y.
   26. The mixed or aspirated consonants are those which have
sometimes a hiss or aspiration joined with them, which mingles
with the letter, and alters its sound, as t in motion, d in soldier,
s in mission, and z in azure.
   27. There is another distinction of consonants arising either
from the seat of their formation,  or from those organs which
are chiefly employed in  forming them. The  best distinction of
this kind seems to be that which divides them into labials, den-
tals, gutturals, and nasals.
   28. The labials are b, p,f, v.  The dentals are t, d,  s, z, and
soft g ovj. The gutturals are k, q, c, hard, and g hard. The na-
sals  are m, n, and ng.
   29. These several properties of the consonants  may be ex-
hibited at one view in the following table, which may be called
           An analogical Table of the Consonants.

Mute labials  J5Jiatrp^0Bf
              I r lat  b, bomb

Hissing labials \^lfj
Mute dentals


Hissing dentals

Lisping dentals
5 Sharp t
2 Flat  d
}tat   \ g J etch
dad  \"cJ\ edge
or J
C Sharp *
I Flat   z
C Sharp eth, death
I Flat the, scythe
£  C esh passion
S- £ ezhe vision
Gutturals
   C Sharp k, kick
   I Flat g hard, gag
Dento-guttural or nasal ng, hang.
 "| labio-
  I nasal
  {liquid
 J m

   {dento-
   nasal
   liquid n

> dental
5 liquid '
C guttural
I liquid r 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
  30. Vowels and consonants being thus defined and arranged,
w<  are  the better enabled to  enter upon an  inquiry into their
different po vers, as they are differently combined with each
other. Hut previous to this,  that nothing  may be  wanting to
form a just idea of the first principles of pronunciation, it  may
not be improper to show the organic formation of each other.

              Organic Formation of the Letters.
  31. Though I think every mechanical account of the organic
formation of the  letters rather curious than useful, yet, that no-
thing which can be  presented to the eye may be wanting to in-
form the ear, I shall in this follow those who have been at the
pains to trace every letter  to its seat, and make us, as it were,
touch the sounds  we articulate.
              Organic Formation of the vowels.
   32. It will be necessary  to observe, that there are three long
sounds  of the letter a, which are formed by a greater or  less
expansion of the internal parts of the mouth.
   33. The German a,  heard in ball, wall, &c. is formed  by a
strong and grave expression of the  breath through the mouth,
which is open nearly in a circular form, while the tongue,  con-
tracting itself to the root, as to make way for the sound, almost
rests upon the under jaw.
   34. The Italian a, heard in father, closes  the mouth a little
more than the German a; and by raising the lower jaw, widen-
ing the tongue, and advancing it a little nearer to the lips, ren-
ders its sound less hollow and deep.
   35. The slender  a, or that heard in lane,  is formed in  the
mouth still higher than the last; and in pronouncing it the lips,
as if to  give it a slender sound, dilate their aperture horizontal-
ly;  while the tongue,  to assist this narrow emission of breath,
widens itself to the cheeks, raises itself nearer the palate, and
by these means a less hollow sound than either of the former is
produced.
   36. The e in e-qual, is formed by  dilating  the tongue a little
more, and advancing it nearer to the palate and the lips, which
produces the slenderest vowel in  the language: for the tongue
is, in the formation of this letter, as close to the palate as pos-
sible, without touching it; as the moment the  tongue touches
the palate, the squeezed sound of ee in thee and meet is formed,
which, by its description, must partake of the sound of the con-
sonant y.
   37. The i in i-dol, is formed by uniting the sound of the Ita-
lia a in father and the e in e-qual, and pronouncing them as close-
ly together as possible.  See Directions to Foreigners.
   38. The o in o-pen, is formed by nearly the same position of
the organs as the a in water; but the tongue is advanced a little
more into the middle of the mouth; the lips are protruded, and
form a  round aperture like the form of the letter, and the voice
is not so deep in  the mouth as when a is formed, but advances
to the middle or hollow of the mouth.
   39. The u in u-nit  is formed by uniting the squeezed sound
ee  to a simple vowel sound,  heard in woo and  coo;  the oo in
these words is formed by protruding the lips a little more than
in o, forming a smaller aperture with them, and instead of swel-
ling the voice in the  middle of the mouth, bringing it as for-
ward as possible to the lips.
   40.   Y final in try, is formed like i:  and w final in now,  like
the oo,  which  has just been described.
   In this view of the organic formation of the vowels we  find
that a, e, and o, are  the only simple or pure vowels: that i  is a
diphthong, and that u is a semi-consonant. If we were inclined
to contrive a scale for measuring the breadth or narrowness, or
as others term it, the openness or closeness of the vowels, we
might begin with e  open, as Mr. Elphinston  calls it, and which
he announces to  be  the closest of all the vocal powers. In the
pronunciation of  this letter we find the aperture of the mouth
extended on each side; the tips almost closed, and the sound
issuing horizontally.  The slender a  in waste, opens the mouth
a little wider. The a in father, opens the mouth still more with-
out contracting the corners.  The German a heard in  wall, not
only opens the  mouth wider than the former a, but  contracts
the corners of the mouth so  as to make the apertuie approach
nearer to a  circle, while the  o opens the mouth still more, and
contracts the corners so as to make it the os rotundum, a pic-
ture of the letter it sounds. If therefore the other vowels were,
like o, to take their forms  from the aperture of the mouth
in pronouncing them, the German a ought necessarily to have
a figure as nearly approaching the o  in form as it does in sound;
that is, it ought to have that elliptical form which approaches
nearest  to the circle; as the a of the Italians, and that of  the
English in father, ought to  form ovals, in exact  proportion to
the breadth  of their sounds; the English a in waste ought to
have a narrower oval; the e in the ought to have the curve of a
parabola, and the squeezed sound of ee in seen a right line; or to
reduce these lines to solids, the o would be a perfect globe, the
German a an obiate spheroid like the figure of the earth,  the
Italian like an egg, the English slender a a Dutch skittle, thee
a rolling pin, and the double e a cylinder.

            Organic Formation of the Consonants.
   41.  The best method of shewing the organic formation of the
consonants will be to class them  into such  pairs as they natu-
rally fall into, and then by describing one, wc shall nearly  de-
scribe its fellow; by which means the labour will be  lessened,
and the nature of the consonants better perceived. The conso-
nonts  that fall into pairs are the following:
         p  f  t   s   sh   th   k   ch   chair
         b    v  d  z   zh   dh   g   j    jail.
   42. Holder,  who wrote the most  elaborately and philosophi-
cally upon this subject, tells  us, in his Elements of Speech, that
when  we only whisper we cannot distinguish the first rank of
these  letters from the second. It is certain the difference  be-
tween them is very nice; the upper letters seeming to have on-
ly a smarter, brisker appulse of the organs than the latter; which
may not improperly  be distinguished  by sharp and  flat. The
most  marking distinction between them will  be found to be a
sort of guttural murmur, which precedes the  latter letters
when we wish to pronounce them forcibly, but not the former.
Thus if we close the lips, and put the fingers  on  them to keep
them  shut, and strive to pronounce the p, no sound at all will be
heard; but in striving to pronounce the b we shall find a mur-
muring sound  from  the throat,  which seems the commence-
ment of the letter; and if we do but stop the breath by the ap-
pulse of the organs,  in order to pronounce with greater force,
the same may be observed of the rest of the letters.
   43. This  difference in the formation of these consonants may
be more distinctly perceived in the s and z than in  any other
of the letters; the former is  sounded by the simple issue of the
breath  between the  teeth, without any  vibration of  it in  the
throat, and may be called a hissing sound:  while the latter can»
not be formed  without generating a sound in  the throat, which
may be called a vocal sound. The upper rank of letters, there-
fore, may be called breathing consonants; and the lower vocal
ones.
   44. These observations premised, we may proceed to  de-
scribe the  organic  formation of each letter.
   45. P and B are formed by closing the lips till the breath is
collected, and then letting it issue by forming the vowel e.
   46. Fand V are formed by pressing the upper teeth upon the
under lip, and sounding the vowel e before the former and after
the latter of these letters.
   47. T and D are formed by pressing the tip of the tongue to
the gums of the upper teeth, and then separating them, by pro.
nouncing the vowel e.
   48. -S and Z are formed by placing the tongue in the same
position as in T and D,but not so close to the gums as to stop 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
the breaths a space is left between the tongue and the palate for
the breath to issue, which forms the hissing and buzzing sound
of these letters.                                         .
   49. SH heard in  mission,  and zh in evasion, are formed in
the same seat  of sound as * and z; but in the former, the
tongue is drawn a  little  inwards, and at a somewhat greater
distance  from the palate, which occasions a fuller  effusion of
breath from the hollow of the mouth, than in  the latter; which
are formed nearer to the teeth.
   50. TH in think, and the same letters in that, are formed by
protruding the  tongue between  the  fore teeth,  pressing  it
against the upper teeth, and at the  same time endeavouring to
sound the * or z; the former letter to sound th in think, and the
latter to  sound th in that.
   51. JTand G hard are formed by pressing the middle of the
tongue to the roof of the mouth near the throat, and separating
them a little smartty to form the first, and more gently to form
the last of these letters.
   52. CH in chair, and J in jail, are formed by pressing t to sh
and  d to  zh.
   53. M is formed by closing the lips, as in  P and B, and let-
ing the voice issue by the nose.
   54. .Wis formed by resting the tongue in the same position as,
in Tov D, and breathing through the nose, with the mouth open.
   55. L is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as
t and d, but more with the tip of the tongue, which is brou ght a lit-
tle forwarder to the  teeth, while the breath issues from the mouth.
   56. R  is formed by placing the tongue  nearly in the po-
sition of t, but at such a distance from the palate as  suffers it to
jarr  against it, when the breath  is propelled from the  throat to
the mouth.
   57. NG in ring, sing, 8cc. is formed in the same seat of sound
as hard g; but while the middle of the tongue presses the roof
of the mouth, as in  G, the voice passes principally through the
nose, as in N.
   58. Y consonant is formed by placing the organs in the posi-
tion  of e, and squeezing the tongue against the roof of the mouth
which produces ee,  which is  equivalent to initial y. (36).
   59. ^consonant  is formed by placing the  organs in the po-
sition of  oo, described under u, and closing the lips a  little more,
in order  to propel the breath upon the succeeding vowel which
it articulates.
   60. In this sketch of the  formation and distribution of the
consonants, it is curious to observe on how few radical princi-
ples the  almost infinite variety of combination in language de-
pends.   It is with some degree  of wonder we perceive that the
slightest aspiration, the almost insensible inflection of nearly si-
milar sounds,  often generate the most different and opposite
meanings.   In  this  view of nature, as in every other, we find
uniformity and  variety  very  conspicuous.  The  single fiat, at
first impressed on the  chaos, seems to operate on  languages;
which, from the simplicity and  paucity of their principles, and
the extent and power of their combinations, prove the goodness,
wisdom,  and omnipotence, of their origin.  -
   61. This analogical association of sounds is not only curious,
but useful: it gives us a comprehensive view of the powers of
the letters, and from the small number that are radically differ-
ent, enables us to see the rules on which their varieties depend.
It discovers to us the genius and propensities of  several lan-
guages and dialects, and, when authority is silent, enables  us to
decide agreeably to analogy.
   62. The vowels, diphthongs, and consonants, thus enumerat-
ed and defined, before  we proceed to ascertain their different
powers as they are differently associated with each other,  it
may be necessary to give some account of those distinctions of
sound in the same vowels which express their quantity as long
or short, or their quality as open or close, or  slender and broad.
This will appear the more necessary as these distinctions so fre-
quently occur in describing the sounds of the vowels, and as they
are not unfrequently used with too little precision by most wr-
ters on the subject.

          Of the Quantity and Quality of the Vowels.
   63. The first distinction of sound that seems to obtrude itsell
upon us when we utter the vowels, is a long and a short sound
according to the greater or less duration of time taken up in
pronouncing them.  This  distinction is so  obvious as to have
been adopted in all languages, and is that to which  we annex
clearer ideas than to any other: and though the short sounds of
some vowels have not in our language been classed with suffi-
cient accuracy with their  parent long ones: yet this  had bred
but little confusion,  as vowels long and short are always suffi-
ciently  distinguishable;  and  the nice  appropriation of short
sounds to their specific long ones, is  not necessary to our con-
veying what sound  we mean, when the letter to which we ap-
ply these sounds is known, and its power agreed upon.
   64.  The next distinction of vowels  into their specific sounds,
which seems to be the most generally  adopted, is that which  ari-
ses from the different apertures of the mouth in forming them.
It is certainly very natural,  when we  have so many more sim-
ple sounds than we have characters by which to express them,
to distinguish them  by that  which seems their organic defini-
tion; and we accordingly find vowels denominated by the French,
ouvert andferme, by the Italians, aperto and chiuso; and by, the
English, open and shut.
   65.  But whatever propriety there may be in the use of these
terms in other languages, it is certain they  must be  used with
caution  in English for fear of confounding them with long  and
short.   Dr.  Johnson and other grammarians call the a in father
the open a;  which may, indeed, distinguish it from the slender
a  in paper;  but not from  the broad a in water, which is  still
more  open.   Each  of these letters has a short sound, which
may  be called a shut sound; but the long sounds cannot be so
properly denominated open as more or less broad: that is, the a
in paper, the slender sound; the a in father, the broadish or
middle sound; and the a in water, the broad sound.   The same
may be  observed of the o.  This letter has three long sounds,
heard in move, note, nor;  which graduate from slender to broad-
ish, and broad like the a. The i also in mine may be called the broad
i, and that in machine the slender i; though eachof them are equal-
ly long;  and though these vowels that are long may  be said to
be more or less open according to the different apertures of the
mouth in forming them; yet the short vowels cannot be said to
be more or less shut.  For as short always implies shut (except
in verse), though  long does not always imply open, we must be
careful  not  to  confound  long and open, and close  and shut
when we speak of the quantity and quality of the vowels. The
truth  of it is; all vowels, either terminate a syllable, or are  uni-
ted with a consonant.   In the first case, if the accent be on the
syllable the  vowel is long, though it may not be open: in the se-
cond case, where a syllable is terminated by a consonant, except
that consonant be r, whether the accent be on  the syllable or
not, the vowel has its short sound, which, compared with its
long one, may be called shut.   But  as no vowel can  be said to
be shut that is not joined to a consonant, all  vowels that end syl-
lables may be said to be open whether the accent be on them or
not.   (550)  (551).
   66  But though the terms long and short, as applied to vow-
els, are pretty generally understood,  an accurate ear will easily
perceive that these terms do  not  always mean the long and
short sounds of the  respective vowels to which they are applied;
for if we choose to  be directed by the ear in denominating vow-
els, long or short, we must certainly give these appellations to
those sounds only  which have  exactly the same radical tone,
 and  differ only in the long or  short emission of  that tone.
 Thus measuring the sounds of the vowels  by this  scale, we
 shall find that the long landy have properly no short sounds h»>t
 such  as seem essentially distinct from their long ones; and that
L2 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
the short sound of these vowels is no other than the short sound
uf e, which is the latter letter in the composition of these diph-
thongs.
   67. The same want  of correspondence in classing the  long
and short vowels we find in a, e,  o, and u; for as the e in theme
does not find its short  sound in the same letter in them, but in
the / in him; so the e in them must descend a step  lower  into
the province of a for its long sound in tame.   The a in carry is
not the short sound of the a in care,  but of that in car, father, Sec.
as the short broad sound of the a in want is the true abbreviation
of that in wall.  The sound   of o in  don, gone, &c. is  exactly
correspondent to the a in swan,  and finds its long sound in the
a in wall, or the  diphthong aw in dawn, lawn, &c. ; while the
short  sound  of the o  in tone is nearly that of the same letter
in ton, (a weight,) and corresponding with what is generally
called  the short  sound  of u in  tun, gun,  Sec.   as the long
sound of u in pule must find its short sound in the u in pull,
hull, Sec; for this vowel, like the i  and y, being a diphthong, its
short  sound is formed  from  the latter part of the letter equiva-
lent to double o; as this word, if spelled according to the sound,
might be written peoole.
   68.  Another observation preparatory to a consideration of the
 various sounds of the vowels and consonants seems to be the
 influence  of the  accent:  as  the accent or stress  which is laid
 upon  certain syllables  has so obvious an effect upon the sounds
 of the letters, that unless we take accent into the account, it will be
 impossible to reason rightly upon  the proper pronunciation of
 the Elements of Speech.
    Of the Influence of Accent on the Sounds of the Letters.
   69. It may be first observed, that the exertion of the organs
 of speech necessary to produce the accent or stress, has an obvi-
 ous tendency to preserve the letters in their  pure and  uniform
 sound, while the relaxation or feebleness which succeeds the ac-
 cent as naturally suffers the letters to slide into a somewhat
 different sound a little easier to the organs of pronunciation.
 Thus the first a in cabbage is pronounced distinctly with the
 true sound of that  letter, while the second a goes into an ob-
 scure sound bordering on  the i short; the slenderest of all
  sounds: so that cabbage and village have the a in the last sylla-
 ble scarcely distinguishable from the e and z in the last syllables
  of college and vestige.
    70. In the same manner the a, e, i, o, and y, coming before r
  in a  final unaccented  syllable, go into an  obscure sound  so
  nearly approaching to the short  u, that if the accent were care-
  fully  kept upon  the first syllables of liar, Her, elixir, mayor,
  martyr, Sec. these words, without any perceptible change in the
  sound of their last syllables, might all be written and pronounc-
  ed, liur, liur, elixur, mayur, martur, Sec.
    71. The consonants also are no less altered in their sound by
  the position  of the accent than the vowels.  The k  and sin the
  composition of a-, when the accent is on them, in  exercise, exe-
  cute,  Sec. preserve their strong  pure sound;  but  when the ac-
  i-.ent is on the second  syllable, in  exact,  exonerate, Sec. these
  letters slide into the duller and weaker sounds of g and z, which
  are easier to the organs of pronunciation.   Hence not  only the
  soft c and the s, go into sh,  but even the t before a diphthong
  slides into the same letters when the stressison the preceding syl-
  lable.  Thus in society and satiety  the c and / preserve  their
  pure  sound, because the syllables ci and ti have  the accent on
  them: but in social and satiate these syllables  come  after the
  stress,  and from the feebleness of their situation  naturally fall
  into the shorter and easier sound, as if written soshial and sashi-
  :te.  See the word satiety.
                             A
    72. A has three long sounds  and two short ones.
    73. The first  sound of the first letter in our alphabet is that
  which among the English is its name.  This is what  is called
  by most grammarians its slender  sound (35); we find it in the
  words lade, spade, trade, Sec. In the diphthong ai, we have exact-
ly the same sound of this letter, as in pain, gam, stain, &c. and
sometimes  in  the diphthong ea, as bear, swear, pear, Sec. nay,
twice we find it, contrary to every rule of pronunciation, in the
words where and there, and once in the anomalous diphthong ao
in gaol.  It exactly corresponds  to the sound  ol the French e
in the beginning of the words etre and tete.
  74. The  long slender a is generally produced by a silent e at
the end of the  syllable; which e not only keeps one single inter-
vening  consonant  from shortening the preceding  vowel, but
sometimes  two:  thus  we find the  mute  e makes  of  rag, rage,
and keeps  the a open even in range, change, &c: hat, with the
mute e becomes hate, and the a continues open, and, perhaps,
somewhat  longer in haste, waste,  paste, &c. though it must be
confessed this seems the privilege omy of a; for the other vow-
els contract before the consonants ng in revenge, cringe, plunge;
and  the  ste in our language is preceded by no  other vowel but
this.  Every consonant but n shortens  every vowel but a when
softg and e silent succeed; as bilge, badge, hinge, spunge, &c.
  75. Hence we may establish this general rule: A has the long,
open, slender sound, when followed by a single consonant, and e
mute, as lade, made, fade, Sec.  The only exceptions seem to be,
have, are, gape, and bade, the past time of to bid.
   76. A has the same sound, when ending an accented syllable,
as pa-per,  ta-per, spec-ta-tor. The only exceptions are fa-ther,
master, wa-ter.
   77. As the short sound of the long slender a  is not found un-
der the same character, but in the short e (as may be perceived
by comparing mate and met) we proceed to delineate the second
sound of this vowel, which is that heard in father, and is called
by some the open sound (34); but this  can never distinguish it
from the deeper  sound of the a in all, ball,  Sec. which is still
more open: by some it is styled the middle sound of a, as be-
tween the  a in pale, and that in wall.   It answers nearly to the
Italiana in Toscano, Romana, Sec. or to the final  a in the natural-
ized Geek  wordspapa and mama; and in baa; the word adopted in
almost all  languages to express the cry of sheep. We seldom
find  the long sound  of this letter in our language, except in
monosyllables ending with r an far, tar, mar, Sec. and in the word
father.  There are certain words from the Latin,  Italian, and Spa-
nish  languages, such  as lumbago, bravado, tornado, 8cc. which
are sometimes heard  with this sound of a; but  except in bravo,
heard chiefly at the theatres, the  English sound of a is prefera-
ble in all these words.
   78. The long sound of the middle or Italian a is always found
before r in monosyllables,  as  car, far, mar,  Sec. before the li-
quids Im;  whether the  latter  only be  pronounced as in psalm,
or both, as in psalmist;  sometimes before If,  and  Ive, as calf,
half, calve, halve, salve, Sec. and lastly before  the  sharp aspi-
 rated dental th in bath, path, lath, Sec.  and in the word father:
this sound of the a was formerly more than at present found be-
 fore  the-nasal liquid  n, especially when succeeded by t or c as
grant,dance,glance, lance, France,chance,prance, slant,slander,
 Sec.
   79. The hissing consonant * was likewise a sign of this sound
 of the a, whether double, as in glass, grass, Sec. or accompa-
 nied by t,  as in last, fast, Sec. but this pronunciation of a seems
 to have been for some years advancing to the short sound  of
 this letter, as heard in hand, land, grand, Sec.  and pronouncing
 the a in after, answer, basket, plant,  mast,  Sec. as long as in
 half, calf,  Sec. borders very closely on vulgarity: it must be ob-
 served, however,  that the a before n  in monosyllables, and at
 the end of words, was  anciently  written with  u  after it, and so
 probably pronounced as broad as the German a.  For Dr. John-
 son  observes, « many words pronounced with a broad, were
 " anciently written with au, as fault, mault; and we still write
 "fault, vault. This was probably the  Saxon sound, for it is yet
 " retained in the northern dialects, and in the rustic pronuncia-
 " tion, as maun for man, haund for hand." But since the u has
 vanished,  the a has been  gradually  pronounced slenderer and 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
 shorter, till now almost every vestige of the ancient orthogra-
 phy seems lost; though the termination mand in command, de-
 mand, Sec. formerly written commaund, demaund, still retains
 the long sound inviolably.'*
   80. As the  mute I in calm, psalm,  calf, half,  Sec. seems to
 lengthen  the  sound of this letter, so the abbreviation  of some
 words by apostrophe seems  to have  the same effect. Thus
 when, by impatience, that  grand corrupter of manners, as  well
 as language, the no is cut out of the word cannot, and the two
 syllables reduced to one, we find the a  lengthened to the Italian
 or middle a, as cannot, can't; have not, han't; shall not, sha'n't,
 8ec.  This is  no more tnan what the Latin language is subject
 to; it being a  known rule in that tongue, that when, by compo-
 sition or otherwise, two short syllables become one, that sylla-
 ble is almost always long, as alius has  the penultimate long be-
 cause it comes  from aliius, and  the two vowels in the last of
 Orpheus make one long syllable, as formed of Orpheus, where
 they make two short ones.
   81. The  short sound of the middle or Italian a, which is ge-
 nerally  confounded with  the short sound of the slender a, is the
 sound of this vowel in man, pan, tan, mat, hat, Sec. we generally
 find this sound before any  two successive consonants but those
 excepted in the foregoing  remarks, even when it comes before
 an r, if a vowel follow, or the r be double; for if this consonant be
 doubled, in order to produce another  syllable, the long sound
 becomes short, as mar, marry; tar, tarry; car, carry, Sec. where
 we find the monosyllables have the long,  and the dissyllable the
 short sound; but if a come  before r, followed  by another conso-
 nant, it  has its long sound, as in part, partial, Sec.
   82. The only exception  to this rule is, in adjectives derived
 from  substantives ending  in r: for in this case the a continues
 long, as in the primitive.   Thus the a in starry, or full of stars,
 is as  long as in star; and  the a  in the adjective tarry, or be-
 smeared with tar, is as long as in the substantive tar, though
 short in the word tarry, (to stay).
   83. The third long sound of a is that which we more imme-
 diately derive from our maternal language the Saxon; but which
 at present we  use less than any other: this is the a in fall,  ball,
  all (33): we find a correspondent  sound  to this a in the diph-
 thongs au and aw; as laud, law, saw,  Sec. though it must  here
 be noted, that  we have improved upon our German parent, by
 giving a broader sound to this letter in  these  words than the
 Germans themselves would do, were they to pronounce them.
   84. The long sound of the deep broad German a is produced
 by 11 after it, as in all, wall, call; or indeed by one /,  and  any
 other consonant except the mute labials p, b,f, andf,  and the
 sharp and flat  gutturals c or k and g;  as  salt,  bald, false,  Sec.
 The exceptions to this rule are generally words from the Ara-
 bic and Latin languages; as Alps,  Albion, asphaltic, salve,  cal-
 culate, amalgamate, Alcoran, and  Alfred, Sec;  the two last of
 which may be  considered as ancient proper names which have
 been frequently latinized, and  by this  means  have acquired a

  * Since the first publication of this Dictionary the Public have  been
 favoured with some very elaborate and judicious observations ou English
 pronunciation by Mr. Smith, in a Scheme of a French and English  Dic-
 tionary.  In this work he departs frequently from my judgment, and
particularly in the pronunciation of the letter a, when succeeded by fs,
it, or n, and another consonant; as pafs, last, chance, &c. to which he
annexos the long sound of a in father.  That this was the sound former-
ly, is highly probable from its being still the sound given it by the vulgar
who are generally the last to alter the  common pronunciation;  but that
 tho short a in these words is now the general pronunciation of the polite
and learned world  seems to  be candidly acknowledged by Mr. Smith,
himself: and as every correct ear would be disgusted at giving the a in
these words the full long sound of the a in father, any middle sound ought
 to be discountenanced, as tending to render the pronunciation of a lan-
guage obscure and indefinite. (163).
  Ben Jonson in his Grammar classes salt, malt, balm, and  calm, as
having the some sound of a; and aunt,  as having the same diphthongal
sound as audience, author, law, saw, draw, Sic.
 slenderer sound of a.  This rule, however, must be understood
 of such syllables only as have the accent on them; for when al,
 followed by a consonant, is in the first syllable of a word, having
 the  accent  on the second, it is then pronounced as in the first
 syllables of al-ley, val-ley, Sec. as alternate, Sec.  Our modern
 orthography, which has done its utmost to perplex pronuncia-
 tion, has made it necessary to observe, that  every  word  com-
 pounded of a monosyllable with //, as albeit, also, almost, down-
ful, Sec. must be pronounced as if the two liquids were still re-
 maining, notwithstanding our word-menders have wisely taken
 one away, to the destruction both of sound and etymology; for, as
 Mr. Elphinston shrewdly observes, "  Every reader, young and
 " old, must now be so sagacious an analyst as to discern at once
 " not only what are compounds and what their  simples, but that
 " al in composition is equal to all out of it; or in other words, that
 " it is both what it is, and what it is not. Prin. Eng. Language.
 Vol. 1.  page 60.  See No.  404.
   85. The w has a peculiar  quality of broadening this letter, even
 when prepositive:  this is always the effect, except when  the
 vowel  is closed by the sharp or flat guttural k or g, x, ng, nk,
 or the sharp labial/, as wax, waft, thwack, twang: thus we pro-
 nounce the a broad, though short, in wad, wan, want, was, what,
 Sec. and though other letters suffer the a to alter its sound before
 //, when one of these letters goes to the formation of the latter
 syllable, as tall, tal-low: hall, hal-low: call, cal-low, Sec. yet we
 see w preserve the sound  of this vowel before a single conso-
 nant, as wal-low, swal-low, &c.
   86. The q including the sound of the w, and  being no more
 than this  letter preceded by k, ought, according to analogy, to
 broaden every a it goes before like the w: thus quantity ought
 to be pronounced as if written kwontity,  and quality should
 rhyme with jollity: instead of which we frequently hear the w
 robbed of its rights in its proxy;  and quality so pronounced  as
 to rhyme with legality: while to rhyme quantity, according to
 this affected mode of pronouncing it, we must coin such words
 as plantity and consonantity.   The a in Quaver and Equator
 is an exception to this rule, from the preponderancy of another
 which  requires a,  ending  a syllable under the accent, to  have
 the slender sound of that letter; to which rule, father, master,
 and water, are the only exceptions.
   87. The short sound of this broad a is heard when it is pre-
 ceded  by w, and succeeded by a single consonant in the same
 syllable, as wal-low, swal-low, Sec. or by two consonants in the
 same syllable, as want, wast, wasp,  Sec.; but when I or r is one
of the consonants, the a becomes long, as walk, swarm, Sec.

             Irregular and unaccented Sounds.

  88. But besides the long and short sounds common to all the
vowels, there is a certain transient  indistinct  pronunciation of
some of them, when they are not accented, that cannot be  so
easily settled: when the accent is not upon it, no vowel is more
apt to run into this imperfect sound than the a: thus the particle
a before participles, in the phrases a-going, c-walking, e-shoot-
ing, Sec. seems, says Dr. Lowth, to be the true and genuine pre-
position on, a little disguised by familiar use and  quick pronun-
ciation:  the same indistinctness,  from rapidity and coincidence
of sound, has confounded the  pronunciation of this  mutilated
preposition to the ear, in the different questions what's o'clock,
when we would know the  hour, and what's  o'clock  when we
would  have  the description of that horary machine;  and if the
accent  be kept strongly on  the first  syllable of the word tolera-
ble, as it always ought to be, we find scarcely any distinguisha-
ble difference to the ear, if we substitute u  or o instead of a in
the penultimate syllable.  Thus tolerable, toleroble, and toleru-
ble, are exactly the same word to the ear,  if pronounced with-
out premeditation or transposing the accent for the real  pur-
pose of distinction; and inwards, outwards,  Sec. might, with re-
 spect to sound, be spelt inwurds, outwurds, Sec. Thus the word 
PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION.
hian, when not under the accent, might be written mun, in no-
bleman, husbandman, woman, Sec.  The same observation will
hold good in almost every final syllable where a is not accented:
as medal, dial, giant, bias, Sec. defiance, temperance, Sec. (92)
   89. There is a corrupt, but a received, pronunciation of this
letter in the words any, many,  Thames, where the a sounds like
short e, as if written enny, menny, Terns.  Catch, among London-
ers, seems to have degenerated into Ketch.
   90.  The a goes into a sound approaching the short /,  in the
numerous  termination in age, when  the accent is not on it, as
cabbage, village, courage, Sec. and arc pronounced nearly as if
written cabbige, villige, courige, Sec.
   91.  The a in the numerous  termination ate, when the accent
is  not on  it, is  pronounced somewhat differently in  different
words. If the word be a substantive, or an adjective, the a seems
to be shorter than when it is a verb: thus a good ear will discover
a difference in the quantity of this letter, in delicate and dedicate,
in climate, primate, and  ultimate; and calculate, regulate, and
speculate, where we find the nouns  and adjectives have the a
 considerably shorter than the verbs. Innate, however, preserves
 the a as long as if the  accent were on it.   But the unaccented
terminations in ace, whether nouns or  verbs, have the a so short
 and obscure as to be nearly similar to the u in us: thus palace,
solace, menace, pinnace, populace, might, without any great de-
parture from their common sound, be written pallus, sollus, Sec.
 while furnace  almost changes  a into i, and might be written
furniss.
   92. When the a is preceded by the gutturals, hardg- or c, it
is, in  polite pronunciation,  softened  by the intervention of a
sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced
like ke-ard, ke-art, ghe-ard,  re-ghe-ard.   When the a is pro-
nounced short,  as in the first syllable of cabbage, gander, Sec.
the interposition of the  e is very perceptible and indeed un-
avoidable: for though we can pronounce guard and cart without
interposing the e, it is impossible to pronounce garrison and car-
riage in the same manner.   This sound of the a is taken notice
of in Steel's Grammar, page 49, which proves it is not the off-
spring of  the present  day  (160); and I have the satisfaction
to find Mr. Smith, a very accurate inquirer into the subject, en-
tirely of my opinion. But the sound of the a, which I have found
the most difficult to appreciate, is that where it ends the sylla-
ble, either immediately before or after the accent.  We cannot
 give it any of its three  open sounds without hurting the ear.
Thus in pronouncing the words abound and diadem, ay-bound,
ah-bound,  and aw-bound; di-ay-dem, di-ah-dem, and di-aw-dem,
are all improper; but giving the a the second or Italian sound,
as ah-bound and di-ah-dem, seems the least so. For which rea-
son I have, like Mr. Sheridan, adopted the short  sound of this
letter to mark this unaccented a.  But  if the unaccented a be
final, which is not the case in  any word purely English, it then
seems to approach  still nearer to the Italian a in the last sylla-
ble of papa, and to the a in father; as may be heard it* the de-
liberate pronunciation of the words idea, Africa, Delta, Sec. (88).
                            E.
   93.  The first  sound  of e is that which it has when lengthen-
ed by the mute e final, as in glebe, theme, Sec. or  ending a sylla-
ble, as se-cre-tion, ad-he sion, &c. (36).
   94.  The exceptions to this rule are, the words  where and
there:  in which the first e is  pronounced  like a, as if written
where, there, and the  auxiliary verb were: where the e has its
short sound, as if written  werr, rhyming with the last syllable of
prefir.  Ere (before) sounds like air.
   95. The short sound of e is  that heard in bed, fed, red, wed,
Sec; this sound  before r is apt to slide into short u: and we
sometimes  hear mercy sounded as if written murcy: but this
though very near, is not the exact sound.
              Irregular and unaccented Sounds.

   96.  The e at the end of the  monosyllables be,  he, me, we, is
 pronounced ee; as if written bee, hee, Sec.  It is silent at the end
 of words purely English,  but is pronounced  distinctly  at the
 end of some words from  the learned languages, as epitome, si-
 mile, Sec.
   97.  The  first e  in the poetic contractions; e'er and ne'er, is
 pronounced like a; as if written air and nair.
   98.  The  e in her is pronounced nearly like short u; and as we
 hear it in the unaccented  terminations of writer,  reader, Sec.
 pronounced as if written  writur, readur, where we may observe
 that the r being only  a jar, and  not a definite distinct articula-
 tion like the other consonants, instead of stopping the vocal ef-
 flux of  voice,  lets it imperfectly pass, and so corrupts and al-
 ters the true sound of the vowel.  The same may be observed
 of the final e after r in words ending in ere, gre, tre, where the
 e is sounded as if it were  placed before the r as in lucre, maugre,
 theatre, Sec. pronounced lukur, maugur, theatur, Sec.  See No.
 418.  It may be remarked,  that though we ought cautiously to
 avoid  pronouncing the e like u when under the accent, it would
 be nimis Attice, and border too much on affectation of accuracy
 to preserve this sound of e  in unaccented syllables before r; and
 though terrible should never be pronounced as if written turrible,
 it is impossible without pedantry to make any difference in the
 sound of the last syllables of splendour, and tender: sulphur and
 suffer: or martyr  and garter.   But there is a small deviation
 from rule when this  letter begins a word, and is followed by a
 double consonant with the  accent on the second syllable: in this
 case we find the vowel lengthen as if the consonant were single.
 See Effack, Despatch, Embalm.
   99.  This vowel, in  a final unaccented syllable,  is apt to slide
 into the short i: thus/ace*, ranges,  praises, are pronounced as
 if written faciz, rangiz, praiziz: poet, covet, linen, Sec. as if writ-
 ten poit, covit, linin, Sec.  Where we may observe, that though
 the e goes into the  short sound  of  i, it is exactly that  sound
 which corresponds to the  long sound of e.   See  Port  Royal
 Grammaire Latin, page 142.
   100. There is a remarkable exception to the common sound
 of this letter in the words clerk, serjeant, and  a  few  others,
 where  we  find  the  e  pronounced like  the a  in dark and
 margin.  But this exception, I  imagine, was, till within these
 few years, the general rule of sounding this letter before r, fol-
 lowed by another consonant. See Merchant.   Thirty years
 ago every one pronounced the first syllable of merchant like the
 monosyllable march,  and as it was anciently written marchant.
 Service  and servant are  still heard  among the lower order of
 speakers, as if written sarvice and sarvent: and even among the
 better sort, we  sometimes hear the salutation,  Sir, your ser-
 vant; though this pronunciation of the word singly would be look-
 ed upon as a mark of the lowest vulgarity. The proper names,
 Draby and  Berkeley, still  retain the old  sound,  as if written
 Darby and Barkeley; but even these, in polite usage, are get-
 ting into the common sound, nearly as if written  Durby and
 Burkeley.  As this modern pronunciation of the e has a tenden-
 cy to simplify the language by lessening the number of excep-
 tions, it ought certainly to be indulged.
   101. This letter falls into an irregular sound, but still a sound
 which  is its nearest relation, in  the  words, England, yes, and
firetty, where the e is  heard like  short i.   Vulgar speakers are
 guilty  of the same irregularity in engine, as if  written ingine;
 but this cannot be too  carefully avoided.
   102. The vowel e before  / and  n in the final unaccented sylla-
 ble,  by its being sometimes suppressed  and sometimes not,
forms one of the most puzzling difficulties in pronunciation.
 When any of the liquids  preceded these letters, the e is heard
distinctly as woo lien,flannel, women, syren; but when any of the 
PRINCIPLES  OF  ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION.
•ther consonants come before these letters, the e is sometimes
heard, as in novel, sudden; and sometimes no', js in swivel, ra-
ven, &c.  As no other rule can be given for f.-is variety of pro-
nunciation, perhaps the best way will be to draw  the line be-
tween those  words where e  is pronounced, and those where it
is not; and this, by  the  help of the Rhyming  Dictionary, I am
luckily enabled to  do.   In the first place, then, it may be ob-
served, the e before /, in a final  unaccented  syllable, must al-
ways be pronounced distinctly, except in the  following words:
shekel,  weasel, ousel,  nousel, (better written  nuzzle), navel,
ravel, snivel, rivel, drivel, shrivel, shovel, grovel, hazel, drazel,
nozel. These words are pronounced as if that e were omitted by
an apostrophe, as shek'l, weas'l, ous'l, Sec. or rather as if written
aheckle, weazle, ouzle, Sec.; but as these are the only words  of
this termination that are so pronounced, great care must be ta-
ken that we do not pronounce travel, gravel, rebel, (the  sub-
stantive), parcel, chapel, and vessel, in the same manner; a  iault
to which many are very prone.
   103. E before win a final unaccented syllable, and not preced-
ed by a liquid, must always be suppressed, except in the follow-
ing words: sudden, mynchen, kitchen, hyphen,  chicken, ticken,
(better written ticking), jerken,  as/ien,  platen, paten,  marten,
latten, flatten, leaven, or leven, sloven, mittens. In  these words
the e is heard distinctly, contrary to the general rule which  sup-
presses the e in these syllables, when preceded by  a mute,  as
harden, heathen, heaven, as if written hard'n, heathe'n, heav'n,
&c. nay, even when preceded by a liquid in the words fallen,
and stolen, where the e is suppressed, as if they were written
fall'n, and stoll'n: garden and burden, therefore, are very ana-
logically pronounced gard'n, and burd'n; and this pronunciation
ought the rather to be indulged, as we always hear the e  sup-
pressed in gardener and burdensome, as if written gard'ner and
burdensome.
   104.  This diversity in the pronunciation of these terminations
ought the more carefully to be  attended to,  as nothing  is  so
vulgar and childish as to hear swivel and heaven  pronounced
with  the e distinctly,  or novel and chicken with the e suppress-
ed.   But the most  general suppression ol this letter is in the
participial termination ed: here, where the e is not preceded by
d or t,  the e is almost universally sunk (362), and the two  fi-
nal consonants are pronounced in one syllable: thus loved, lived,
barred, marred, are pronounced as if written lovd,  livd, bard,
mard.  The  same may be observed of this letter when silent in
the singulars of nouns,  or the first persons of verbs,  as theme,
make, Sec. which form  themes, makes,  Sec. where the last e is
siknt,  and the words are pronounced in one  syllable.   When
the noun or first person of the verb ends in y,  with the accent
on it, tue e is likewise suppressed,  as a re/ily, two replies, he
replies, Sec.  When worus of this form have the accent on the
preceding syllables, the e is suppressed, and the y pronounced
liK.i: short i, as cherries, marries, carries, Sec pronounced  cherriz,
marriz, carriz, Sec.   In the same manner, carried, married, un-
bodied,  Sec. are pronounced as if written carrid, marrid, imbodid,
Sec.   But it must be carefully noted, that there is a remarkable
exception to  many of these contractions  when we are pronoun-
cing the language of Scripture: here every participial ed ought
to make a distinct syllable, where it is not preceded by a vowel.
Thus, " Who hath believed our report, and to whom is the arm
of the  Lord revealed?"  Here the participles are both  pro-
nounced in three syllables;but in the following passage, " Whom
*' he did predestinate, them he also called; and whom he called,
"them he also justified; and  whom he justified, them he  also
« glorified."  Called preserves the e, and is pronounced in two
syllables;  and justified and glorified suppress the e,  and are
pronounced in three.
   105. This letter is a perfect diphthong, composed  of  th
sound of a in father, and ein he, pronounced as closely together
as possible (57).   When these sounds are openly pronounced
they produce the familiar assent ay; which, by the old English
dramatic  writers, was often  expressed by /.  This sound is
heard when the letter is lengthened by final e,  as time, thine, or
ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as ti-tle,di-al;  in mo-
nosyllables ending with nd, as bind, find, mind, Sec; in three
words ending with Id, as child, mild, wild;  and in one very irre-
gularly ending with nt, as pint. (37).
   106.  There is one  instance where this letter, though succeed-
ed by final e, does not go into the broad English sound like the
noun eye, but into the slender foreign sound like e.   This is in
the word shire, pronounced as if written sheer, both when single,
as a knight of the shire; or in composition,  as in  Nottingham-
shire, Leicestershire, Sec.  This is the sound Dr. Lowth gives
it in his Grammar,  page 4:  and it is highly probable that the
simple shire acquired  this slender sound from its tendency to
become slender  in the compounds,  where it  is at a distance
from the accent, and  where all the vowels have  a natural tenden-
cy to become short and obscure.  See Shire.
   107.  The short sound of this letter is heard  in him, thin,  See.
and when ending  an  unaccented syllable, as van-i-ty, qual-i-ty.
Sec. where, though it cannot be properly said to be short, as it
is not closed  by a consonant, yet it has but  half its diphthongal
sound.  This sound is the sound of e, the last letter of the diph-
thong that forms the  long /;  and it is not a little surprising that
Dr. Johnson should say that the short i was a sound wholly  dif-
ferent from the long one. (551),
   108.  When this letter is succeeded by r, and another conso-
nant not in a final syllable, it has exactly the sound of e in ver-
min, vernal, Sec. as virtue, virgin, Sec. which approaches to the
sound of  short u; but when it comes before r,  followed by
another consonant in  a final syllable, it acquires the sound of u
exactly; as bird, dirt, shirt, squirt, Sec.  Mirth, birth,gird, girt,
girl, whirl, and firm, are the only exceptions to this rule; where
i is pronounced like e, and as if the word were written, merth,
berth, and ferm.
   109.  The letter r,  in this case, seems to have  the same in-
fluence on this word,  as it evidently has on a and o. When these
vowels come before double r,  or single r, followed by a vowel,
as in arable, carry, marry, orator, horrid, forage,  Sec. they are
considerably  shorter than when the r is the final letter of  the
word, or when it is succeeded by another consonant, as in arbour,
car, mar, or, nor,for. In the same manner, the i, coming before
either double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, preserves its
pure, short sound; as in irritate, conspiracy, Sec. but when  r is
followed by another consonant, or is a final letter of a word with
the accent upon it, the i goes into a deeper and broader sound,
equivalent to short e, as heard in virgin, virtue,  Sec.  So fir, a
tree, is  perfectly  similar to the first syllable of ferment, though
often corruptly pronounced like fur, a skin.   Sir and stir are
exactly pronounced as if wriuen Sur and stur.  It seems, says
Mr. Nares, that our ancestors distinguished these sounds more
correctly.  Bishop Gardiner,  in his first letter to Cheke, men-
tions a witticism of Nicholas Rowley, a  fellow Cantab, with  him
to this effect; " Let handsome girls be called virgins, plain ones
vurgins,"
         " Si pulchraest, virgo, sin turpis, vurgo vocetur."

Which  says Mr.  Elphinston, may be modernised by the aid of
a far more celebrated line;
         " Sweet virgin can alone the fair express,
         " Fine by degrees, and beautifully less:
         "But lei the hoyden, homely, rough-hewn vurgin,
         " Engross the homage of a Major Sturgeon."
   110.  The  sound of i, in this situation, ought to be the more
carefully  attended to, as letting it fall into the sound of u, where
it should have the sound of e,  has a grossness in it approaching
to vulgarity.   Perhaps the  only exception to  this rule is when
the succeeding vowel is u; lor this letter  being a semi conso* 
PRINCIPLES  OF  ENGLISH  PRONUNCIATION
nant, has some influence on the preceding i, though not so much
as a perfect consonant would have.  This makes Mr. Sheri-
dan's pronunciation of the /" in virulent, and its compounds,  like
that in  virgin, less exceptionable than I  at first thought it; but
since  we cannot give a semi-sound of short i to correspond to
the semi-consonant sound of u, I have preferred the pure sound
which I think the most agreeable to polite usage.

              Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
   111.  There is an  irregular pronunciation of this letter which
has greatly multiplied within these few years, and that is,  the
slender sound heard  in ee. This sound is chiefly found in words
derived from the French and Italian languages;  and we think
we show our breeding by a knowledge of those tongues, and an
ignorance  of our own:
        " Report of fashions in proud Italy,
       -' Whose manners still our tardy apish  nation
       " Limps after, in base awkward imitation."
                                    Shakspeare, Richard II.
When Lord Chesterfield wrote his letters to his son, the word
oblige was, by many polite speakers, pronounced as if written
obleege, to give a hint of their knowledge of the French lan-
guage; nay,  Pope has rhymed it to this sound:
         " Dreading ev'n fools, by flatterers besieg'd,
         " And so obliging, that he ne'er obliged."
 But it was so far from having  generally  obtained, that Lord
 Chesterfield strictly  enjoins his  son  to avoid this  pronunciation
as affected.   In a few years, however,  it became  so general,
that none but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced it in the En-
 glish manner; but upon the publication of this nobleman's let-
 ters, which was about twenty years  after he wrote them, his
 authority has had so much influence with the polite  world  as to
bid fair for restoring the i, in this word, to its original rights;
 and we not unfrequently hear it now  pronounced with the broad
 English i, in those circles where, a few years ago it would have
 been an infallible mark of vulgarity.
   Mr. Sheridan,  W. Johnston, and Mr. Barclay,  give  both
 sounds, but place the sound of oblige  first.  Mr. Scott gives both,
 but places obleege first.  Dr.  Kenrick and Buchanan give only
 oblige; and  Mr. Elphinston, Mr  Perry, and Fenning, give only
 obleege; but though this sound has lost ground so  much, yet
 Mr. Nares,  who wrote about twelve years ago, says oblige, still
 I think retains the sound of long e, notwithstanding the proscrip-
 tion of that pronunciation by the late Lord Chesterfield.
   112. The words that have preserved the foreign sound of i,
 like ee, are the following: Ambergris, verdegris, antique, beca-
 fico, bombasin, brasil, capivi, capuchin, colbertine, chioppine, ca-
price,  chagrin, chevaux de frise,  critique (for criticism),festu-
 cine,frizc, gabardine, haberdine, sordine, rugine, trephine, qua-
 rantine, routine, fascine, fatigue, intrigue,  glacis, invalid, ma-
 chine, magazine, marine, palanquin, pique, police,profile, recita-
 tive,tab ourine, tambourine, tontine, transmarine, ultramarine. In
 all these words, if for the last z we substitute ee, we shall have the
 true  pronunciation.   In signior  the first i is thus pronounced.
 Mr. Sheridan pronounces vertigo and serpigo, with the accent
 on the second syllable, and the i long, as in tie and pie. Dr. Ken-
 rick gives these words the  same accent, but sounds the i, as e
 in te and pea.   The latter is,  in my  opinion, the preferable
 pronunciation.  But if the English  ear were unbiassed by the
 long i in Latin, which fixes the accent on the second syllable,
 and could  free itself from the slavish imitation of the French and
 Italians, there is little doubt but these words  would have the
accent on  the first syllable,  and that the i would be  pronounced
 regularly like the short e; as in Indigo and Portico.  See Ver-
 tigo.
   113. There is a remarkable  alteration  in the sound of this
 vowel, in certain situations,  where it changes to a  sound equi-
 valent to initial y.  The situation that occasions this change is,
 when the  i precedes another vowel in  an unaccented  syllable,
and is not preceded by any of the dentals: thus we hear tary m
mil-iary, bil-iary, Sec. pronounced as if written mil-yary, bil-yary,
Sec.   Min-ion and pin-ion, as if written min-yon and pm-yon. In
these words the z is so totally altered to y, that pronouncing the
ia and io in separate syllables would be an error the most palpa-
ble; but where the other  liquids or mutes precede the i in tins
situation, the coalition is not so necessary:  for though the two
latter syllables of convivial, participial, Sec. are extremely prone
to unite into one, they may, however, be separated, provided the
separation be not too distant. The same observations hold good
of e, as malleable, pronounced mal-ya-ble.
   114.  But the sound of the/,  the most difficult to reduce to
rule, is, when it ends a syllable, immediately before the accent.
When either the  primary or secondary accent is on this letter,
it is invariably pronounced either as the long i in title, the short
i in tittle, or the French i in magazine; and when it ends a sylla-
ble after the  accent, it is always sounded like e, as sen-si-ble,
ra-ti-fy, Sec.  But when it ends a syllable, immediately before
the accent, it is sometimes pronounced  long,  as in vi-ta-li-ty,
where the  first syllable is exactly like the  first of vi-al; and
sometimes  short, as in di-gest, where the i is pronounced as if
the word were written de-gest.   The sound of the i,  in this si-
tuation, is  so little reducible to rule, that none of our writers on
the subject have attempted it; and the only method to give some
idea of it,  seems to be the very laborious one of classing such
words together as have the i pronounced in the same manner,
and observing the  different combinations of other letters that
may possibly be the cause of the  different sounds of this.
   115. In the first  place, where the i is the only letter in the
first syllable,  and  the accent is on the second, beginning with a
consonant, the vowel has its long diphthongal sound, as in idea,
identity, idolatry, idoneous, irascible, ironical, isosceles, itinerant,
itinerary. Imagine and its compounds seem the only exceptions.
But to give the inspector some idea of  general usage,  I have
subjoined examples of these words as they stand in our differ
ent Pronouncing Dictionaries:
idea.     Sheridan,  Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Kenrick.
idea.     Perry.
Identity.  Sheridan,  Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Kenrick.
identity.  Perry.
idolatry. Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,  Kenrick.
idolatry. Perry.
idoneus.  Sheridan,  Kenrick.
irascible. Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick.
irascible.  Perry.
isosceles. Sheridan, Scott, Perry.
itinerary.  Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick.
 itinerary.  Perry.
itinerant.  Sheridan, Scott, W.  Johnston, Nares.
itinerant.  Buchanan, Perry.
    116. When i ends the first syllable, and the accent is on the
 second, commencing  with a vowel, it generally preserves its
diphthongal sound.   Thus in di-ameter, di-urnal, Sec. the first
syllable is  equivalent to the verb to die.   A corrupt, foreign
manner of  pronouncing these words may sometimes mince the
i into e, as  if the words were  written de-ameter,  de-urnal, Sec;
but this is disgusting to every just English ear,  and contrary to
the whole  current of analogy.   Besides,  the vowel that ends,
and the vowel that begins a syllable, are, by pronouncing the i
 long, kept  more  distinct, and not suffered to coalesce,  as they
 are apt to do if i has its slender sound.   This proneness of the e,
 which is  exactly  the  slender  sound of i to coalesce with the
 succeeding vowel,  has produced such monsters in pronuncia-
 tion zsjoggraphy and jommetry for geography and eeometry;
 and jorgics for georgics.   The latter of these words is fixed in
 this absurd pronunciation without remedy; but  the two former
 seem recovering their right to four syllables; though Mr. She-
 ridan has endeavoured to deprive them of it, by spelling them
 with three.  Hence we may observe,  that those who wish t« 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS  OF THE  LETTER  J.
pronounce correctly,  and according to analogy, ought to pro-
nounce the first syllable of bi-ography, as the verb to buy,  and
not as if written be-ography.
   117.  When z ends an initial syllable without the accent, and
the succeeding syllable begins with a consonant, the i is  gene-
rally slender, as if written  e.  But  the exceptions to this rule
are so numerous, that nothing but a catalogue will give a tole-
rable idea of the  state of pronunciation in this point.
   118.  When the prepositive bi,  derived from bis (twice) ends
a syllable immediately before the accent, the i is long and broad,
in order to convey more precisely  the specific meaning of the
syllable.  Thus bi-capsular, bi-cipital, bi-cipitous, bi-cornous, bi-
corporal, bi-dental, bi-farious, bifurcated, bi-linguous,  bi-nocu-
lar, bi-pennated, bi-petalous, bi-quadrate, have the i long.
   119. The same may be observed of words beginning  with tri,
having the accent on  the second syllable.  Thus tri-bunal, tri-
corporal, tri-chotomy, tri-gintals, have the i ending the  first syl-
lable long, as in tri-al.  To this class ought to be added,  di-pe-
talous and di-lemma, though the i in the first syllable of the last
word is pronounced like e,  and as if written de-lemma, by Mr.
Scott and Mr. Perry,  but long by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick,
and Buchanan; and both ways by W. Johnston, but placing the
short first.  And hence  we may conclude,  that the verb to bi-
sect, and the noun bisection, ought to have the z at the end of the
first  syllable, pronouncing like buy, as Mr. Scott and Dr. Ken-
rick have marked it, though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan,
Mr. Perry, and Buchanan.
   120. When the first syllable  is chi,  with the accent on the
second, the i is  generally long, as chi-ragrical, chi-rurgic, chi-
rurgeon, chi-rographist,chi-rographer, chi-rography.  Chi-mera
and chi-merical have the i most frequently short, as pronounced
by Buchanan  and Perry; though otherwise marked by Sheri-
dan, Scott,  W. Johnston, and Kenrick;  and,  indeed, the  short
sound seems now established.  Chicane and chicanery, from the
French, have the i always short;  or more properly slender.
   121. Ci before  the accent has the i generally short,  as civi-
lian,  ci-vility,  and, I think,  ci-licious, and ci-nerulent, though
otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan.  Ci-barious and  ci-tation
have the i long.
   122. Cli before the accent has the i long, as cli-macter.
   123. Cri before  the  accent has  the i  generally  long, as m-
nigerous, cri-tcrion; though we sometimes hear the  latter as if
written cre-terion, but I think improperly.
   124. Di before  the accented syllable, beginning with  a conso-
nant, has the i almost always short;  as digest, digestion, digress,
digression,  dilute, dilution, diluvian, dimension, dimensive, di-
midiation, diminish, diminutive, diploma, direct, direction, diver-
sify,  diversification, diversion,  diversity, divert, divertisement,
divertive, divest, divesture, divide, dividable, dividant, divine, di-
vinity, divisible, divisibility, divorce, divulge. To these, 1  think,
may be added, dicacity, didactic, dilacerate, dilaceration, dilani-
ate, dilapidation, dilate, dilatable, dilatability, dilection,  dilucid,
dilucidate, dilucidation, dinetical, dinumeration, diverge, diver-
gent,  divan; though  Mr. Sheridan has marked the first z in all
these words long; some of them may undoubtedly be pronoun-
ced either way;  but why he should make the i in diploma long,
and W. Johnston should give it both ways, is unaccountable; as
Mr. Scott, Buchanan,  Dr. Kenrick, Mr.  Perry, and the general
usage, is against them.  Diaresis and dioptrics have the i long,
according to the general rule (116), though the last is absurd-
ly made short by Dr.  Kenrick, and the diphthong is made long
in the first by Mr. Siuridan, contrary to one of the most  prevail-
ing idioms in pronunciation;  which  is, the shortening power of
the antepenultimate accent (503).   Let  it not be said  that the
diphthong  must be always long,  since Ccesarea and Dadalus,
have the <e always short
   125.  The long i, in words of this form,  seems confined to the
following:  Digladiation,  dijudication, dinumeration, divaricate,
direfition,  diruption.  Both Johnson and Sheridan, in  my opi-
   VOL. I.
nion, place  the accent of the word didascalic improperly upon
the second syllable;  it should seem more agreeable to analogy
to class  it with the numerous terminations in ic, and place the
accent on the penultimate syllable (509); and, in this case, the i
in the first  will  be shortened by the secondary accent, and the
syllable pronounced  like did (527).   The first  i  in dimissory,
marked long by Mr. Sheridan, and  with the accent on the se-
cond syllable, contrary to Dr. Johnson, are equally erroneous.
The accent ought to be on the first syllable, and the i short, as in
the adjective dim.  See Possessory.
   126. Fi before  the accent ought always to be short: this is
the sound we generally give  to the i in the  first syllable of fi-
delity; and why  we should give the long sound to the i in fidu-
cial and fiduciary,  as marked by Mr.  Sheridan, I know not: he
is certainly erroneous, in marking the first i in frigidity long, and
equally so in placing the accent upon the last syllable of finite.
Finance has the i short universally.
   127.  Gigantic has the i in the first  syllable always long.
   128. Li has the  i generally long, as li-bation, li-branan, li-
bration, li-centious, li-pothymy, li-quescent, li-thography, li-tho-
tomy.  Litigious  has the i in the first syllable always  short.
The same  may be  observed of  libidinous,  though otherwise
marked by  Mr. Sheridan.
   129.   Mi has the i  generally  short, as in  minority,  militia,
mimographer, minacious, minacity, miraculous; though the  four
last are marked  with the long z by Mr. Sheridan;  and what is
still more  strange, he marks the i which has the accent on it
long in minatory;  though the same word, in the compound com-
minatory, where the i  is always short, might have shewn him
his error.  The  word mimetic, which, though in very good use,
is neither in Johnson nor Sheridan, ought to be pronounced with
the first z" short, as if written mim-et-ic. The i is generally long
in micrometer, micrography, and migration.
   130. Ni has the i long in nigrescent.  The first i in nigrifica-
tion, though marked long by Mr. Sheridan is shortened by the
secondary accent  (527), and ought to be pronounced as if di-
vided into nig-ri-fi-cation.
   131. Phi has the i generally short, as in philanthropy, philip-
pic, philosopher,  philosophy, philosophize; to which we may cer-
tainly add, philologer, philologist, philology, philological, notwith-
standing  Mr. Sheridan  has marked  the i in these last words
long.
   132. Pi and pli have the i generally short,  as pilaster, pitui-
tous, pilosity, plication. Piaster and piazza, being Italian words,
have the i short before the vowel, contrary  to the analogy  of
words of this form (166), where  the i is long, as in pi-acular,
pri-ority, &c  Piratical has the i marked long by  Mr. Sheri-
dan, and short by Dr. Kenrick.   The former is, in my opinion
more agreeable both to custom and analogy, as the sound of the
i before the accent is often determined by the sound of that let-
ter in the primitive word.
   133. Pri has the i generally  long, as in primeval, primevous,
primitial, primero, primordial, privado, privation,
   134. Ri has the  z short, as in ridiculous.  Rigidity is marked
with the  i long by  Mr. Sheridan, and short by Dr. Kenrick: the
latter is Undoubtedly right.   Rivality has the i long in the  first
syllable,  in compliment to rival, as piratical has the i long, be-
cause derived from pirate.   Rhinoceros has the i long in Sheri-
dan, Scott, Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Buchanan;  and short in
Perry.
   135. Si has the i generally short, as similitude,  siriasis,  and
ought certainly to be short in silicious, (better written cilicious,)
though marked long by Mr. Sheridan.  Simultaneous having the
secondary accent on the first syllable, does not come under this
head, but retains  the i long, notwithstanding  the shortening
power of the accent it is under. (527).
   136. Ti has the  i short, as in timidity.
   137. Tri  has the i long,  for the same reason  as bi, which
see.  (118).
    M 
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE  LETTER  /.
  \o$. Vi has thei so  unsettled as to puzzle the correctest
speakers.   The i is generally long in vicarious, notwithstanding
the  short i in vicar.  It is long in vibration, from its relation to
vibrate.  Vitality has the i long, like vital.   In vivifick, vivifi-
rate, and viviparous, the first i is long to avoid too great a same-
ness with the second.   Vivaceous and  vivacity have the i al-
most as often l»ng as short; Mr. Sheridan,  Mr. Scott, and Dr.
Kenrick, make the i in vivacious long,  and Mr. Perry and Bu-
chanan short; Mr.  Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston, make
the i in the first of vivacity long, and  Perry and Buchanan short:
but the short sound seems less formal and most agreeable to
polite usage. Vicinity, vicinal, vicissitude, vituperate, vimineous
and virago, seem  to prefer  the short z,  though Mr. Sheridan
has marked  the three last words  with  the first  vowel long.
But the diversity will be best seen by giving the authorities for
all  these words:

 Vicinity.    Dr. Kenrick.
 Vicinity.    Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,
              and Perry.
 Vicinal.    Mr. Sheridan.
Vicissitude. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick,  W. Johnston, Bucha-
              nan, and Perry.
 Vituperate. Mr.  Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston.
 Vituperate. Mr. Perry.
 Vimineous. Mr. Sheridan.
 Virago.    Mr. Sheridan, and W.  Johnston.
 Virago.    Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, and Perry.
   I have classed vicinal here as a word with the accent on the
 second syllable as it stands in Sheridan's Dictionary, but think
 it ought to have the accent on the first.   See MEniciNAL.
    139. The same diversity and uncertainty in the sound of this
 letter seem to reign in  those final  unaccented syllables which
 are terminated with the mute e.  Perhaps the best way to give
 some tolerable idea of the analogy of the language in this point
 will be, to show the general  rule,  and  mark the exceptions;
 though these are  sometimes so numerous as to make us doubt
 •f  the rule itself; in which case, the best way will be to give a
 catalogue of both.
    140. There is,  however, one rule  of very great extent, in
 words of this termination, which have the accent on the per ul-
 timate syllable, and that is, that the i in the  final syllable of
 these words is short.   Thus servile, hostile, respite, deposite,
 adamantine, amethystine, Sec.  are pronounced as if written ser-
 vil, hostil,  respit,  deposit, Sec.  The  only  exceptions in this
 numerous class of words seem  to be the following: Exile, senile,
 edile, empire, umpire, rampire, feline, ferine, archives; the sub-
 stantives, confine, and  supine,  while the adjectives saline and
 contrite have sometimes the accent on the first, and sometimes
 on the last syllable; but in either case the i is long.  Quagmire
 and pismire have the  i long also;  likewise  has the i long, but
 otherwise has it more frequently short.  Myrrhine, vulpine, and
 gentile, though marked with the i long by Mr. Sheridan, ought,
 in  my opinion, to conform to the general rule and be pronounc-
 ed with the i short.   Vulpine, with the i long, is adopted by
 Mr. Scott;  and  W. Johnston, Mr.  Scott, and Buchanan, agree
 with Mr. Sheridan in the last syllable of gentile; and this seems
 agreeable  to general usage, though not to  analogy.  See Vul-
 pine.
    141. But when the accent is on  the last syllable but two in
 words of this termination, the length of the vowel is not so easily
 ascertained.
    142. Those ending in ice have the i  short, except sacrifice
 and cockatrice.
    143. Those ending in ide have  the i long, notwithstanding
 we sometimes hear suicide absurdly pronounced, as if written
 suicid.
    144. Those ending in ife have the i  long, except housewife,
 pronounced huzzwiff,  according to the  general rule,  notwith-
standing the i  in wife, is always long.  Midwife ^sometimes
shortened in the same manner by the vulgar; and se nmght, for
sevennight, is  gone irrecoverably into the same analogy; though
/ormight, for fourteennight, is more frequently pronounced with
the i long than short.
   145.  Those  ending in He have the i short,  except reconcile,
chamomile, estipile.  Juvenile, mercantile and puerile, have the i
lone in Sheridan's Dictionary, and  short in Kenrick s.   In my
opinion the latter  is the much  more prevalent and polite pro-
nunciation; but infantile though pronounceable both ways, seem
inclinable to lengthen the i in the last syllable.  See Juvenile.
   146. In the termination ime,pantomime  has  the t long, rhym-
ing with time; and maritime has the i short, as if written maritim.
   147  Words in ine that have the accent higher than the pen-
ultimate syllable,  have  the quantity of i so uncertain, that the
only method to give an  idea of it will be to exhibit a catalogue
of words where it is pronounced differently.
   148. But first it may not  be improper to see the different
sounds given to this letter in some of the same words by differ-
ent orthoepists:
 Columbine. Sheridan, Nares, W. Johnston.
 Columbine. Kenrick, Perry.
 Saccharine. Sheridan, Nares.
 Saccharine.  Kenrick, Perry.
 Saturnine.  Sheridan,  Nares, Buchanan.
 Saturnine.  Kenrick, Perry.
Metalline.  Kenrick.
Metalline.   Sheridan,  W. Johnston, Perry.
 Crystalline.  Kenrick.
 Crystalline. Sheridan, Perry.
 Uterine.     Sheridan, Buchanan, W. Johnston.
 Uterine.    Kenrick, Scott, Perry.

   149. In these words, I do not hesitate to pronounce, that the
 general rule inclines evidently to the long i, which, in doubtful
 cases, ought always to be followed; and for which reason 1 shall
 enumerate those words first where  I judge  the i ought to be
 pronounced  long.  Canabine, carabine,  columbine, bizantine,
 gelantine, legatine, oxyrrhodine, concubine, muscadine, incarna-
 dine,  celandine, almadine, secundine, amygdaline, crystalline,
 vituline,  calamine,  asinine,  saturnine, saccharine, adulterine,
 viperine, uterine, lament ine, armentine, serpentine, turpentine,
 vespertine, belluine, porcupine, countermine, leonine, sappherine,
 and, I think, metalline.
    150. The words of this termination, where the i is short, are
 the following: Jacobine, medicine,  discipline, masculine, jessa-
 mine, feminine, heroine, nectarine, libertine  genuine,  hyaline,
 palatine.  To these, I think, ought to be added, alkaline, aqui-
 line, coralline, brigantine,  eglantine: and to  this pronunciation
 of the i, the  proper names, Valentine and  Censtantine seem
 strongly to incline, and  Cymbelline has entirely adopted.
    151. The only words ending in ire, with  the  accent on the
 antepenultimate syllable, is  acrospire: and in this the i is long;
 the last syllable sounding  like the spire of a church.
    152. Words ending  in zse have the i short, when the accent
 is on  the last  syllable  but one,  as  franchise, except the com-
 pounds ending in wise, as likewise, lengthwise, Sec. as marked
 by Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and Buchanan:  but even among these
 words we sometimes  hear  otherwise, pronounced otherwiz as
 marked by Mr. Sheridan and W.  Johnston; but, I think, im-
 properly.
    153. When the accent is on the last syllable but two in these
 words, they are invariably pronounced with the i long, as criti-
 cise, equalise.
    154. In the termination ite, when the  accent is on it, the i is
 always long, as requite.   When the accent is on the last sylla-
 ble but one, it is always short, as respite (140); pronounced as
 if written respit, except contrite; but when the accent is on the
 last syllable but two,  the i is generally  long: the exceptions, 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS
OF THE  LETTER 0.
however, are so many, that a catalogue of both will be the best
rule.
   155. The i is  long in expedite, recondite, incondite, herma-
phrodite, carmelite, theodolite, cosmopolite, chrysolite, bedlamite,
eremite, aconite, margarite, marcasite, parasite, appetite, bipar-
tite, tripartite, quadripartite, convertite,  anchorite, pituite, sa-
tellite.   As the word stands, in Kenrick's Dictionary sa-tell-it,
having the z short, and the accent on the second syllable, it is
doubly wrong.  The i in  the last syllable is shortened also by
W. Johnston and Perry, but made  long, as it ought to be, by
Mr. Sheridan, Mr.  Scott and Mr. Nares.   See Recondite.
   156.  The z is short in cucurbite, ingenite, definite, indefinite,
infinite, hypocrite,favourite, requisite, pre-requisite, perquisite,
exquisite, apposite, and opposite.  He.teroclite has the z long in
Sheridan, but short in Kenrick.  The former is, in my opinion,
the best pronunciation, (see the word in the  Dictionary); but ite,
in what may be  called a Gentile termination,  has the i always
long, as in Hivite, Samnite, cosmopolite, Sec.
   157.  The termination ive, when the accent is on it, is always
long, as in hive, except in the two  verbs, give, live,  and  their
compounds, giving, living, 8ec; for the adjective live, as a live
animalhas the i long, and rhymes with strive; so has the adjec-
tive and adverb, lively, and livelily: the noun livelihood, follows
the same analogy; but the adjective live-long, as the live-long
day has the i short, as in the verb.  When the accent is not on
the i in this termination it is always short, as sportive, plaintive,
 Sec. rhyming  with give.
   158. All the other adjectives and substantives of this termi-
nation, when the accent is not on it, have the  z invariably short,
as offensive, defensive,  Sec.  The i in salique, is short, as  if
written sallick,but long in oblique, rhyming  with  pike, strike,
Sec: while the i in antique has the i long and  slender, and nhymes
with speak.  Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, Bucha-
nan, and Barclay, have obleek, for oblique; Mr. Scott has it both
ways, but gives the slender sound first; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr.
Nares, and W.  Johnston, oblike.  The latter is, in my opinion,
more agreeable  to polite usage, but the former more analogical:
for as it comes  from the French oblique, we cannot write it
 oblike, as Mr. Nares wishes, any more than antique, and antike,
for fear of departing too far from the Latin antiquus, and obli-
 quus.  Opaque, Mr.  Nares  observes, has become opake; but
 then it must be remembered, that the Latin is opacus, and not
 opaquus.
   159. All the terminatious in ize have the i long, except to
 endenize; which, having the accent on the  second syllable, fol-
 low the general rule, and has  the i short, pronounced as in the
 verb is, (140).  To these observations we may add, that though
 evil, and devil,  suppress  the z as if written ev'l and dev'l, yet
 that cavil andpencil preserve its sound distinctly, and that Latin
 ought never to.  be  pronounced as it is generally  at schools, as
 if written Latt'n. Cousin and cozen both drop the last vowels,
 as if spelled cozn, and are only distinguishable to the eye.
   Thus we see how little  regularity there is in  the sound of
this letter, when it is not under the accent, and, when custom
will permit, how careful  we ought to be to preserve the least
trace of analogy, that  " confusion may not be worse confound-
ed."'  The sketch that has been just given  may, perhaps, afford
something like a clew to direct us in this labyrinth, and it is
hoped it will  enable the judicious  speaker to pronounce with
more certainty and decision.
   160. It was remarked under the vowel  A, that  when a hard
gor c preceded that vowel, a sound like e interposed, the better
 to unite the letters, and soften the s»ound of the consonant.  The
 same may be observed of the letter /.    When this vowel is
preceded by hard g or k, which is but another form for hard c,
it is pronounced as if un e were inserted between the consonant
and the vowel.  Thus sky, kind, guide, guise,  disguise, guile,
beguile, mankind, are  pronounced  as  if written ske-y ke-ind,
gue-ise, disgue-ise, gue-ile, begue-ile, manke-ind.  At first sight
we are surprised that two  such different letters as a and i should
be affected in the same manner by the hard gutturals, g, c, and
k;bnt when we reflect that i is really composed of a and e,our
surprise ceases;  and we  are pleased to find the  ear perfectly
uniform in its procedure,  and entirely unbiassed by the eye.
From this view of the analogy we may see  how  greatly mis-
taken is a very solid and  ingenious writer on  this subject, who
says that " ky-ind for  kind  is a monster of pronunciation, heard
only on our stage."  Nares' Orth. p. 28.  See No. 92.
  It may not perhaps  seem unworthy of notice, that when this
letter is unaccented in the numerous terminations ity, ible, Sec.
it is frequently pronounced like short u, as if the words sensible,
visible, Sec. were written sensubble, visubble, Sec.  and charity,
chastity, Sec. like charutty, chastutty, Sec; but it may be observ-
ed that the pure sound of i like e in these words is as much the
mark of an elegant speaker as  that of the u in singular, educate,
Sec.  See No. 179.

                             O.

   161. Grammarians have  generally  allowed this letter but
three sounds.  Mr. Sheridan instances them in not, note, prove.
For a fourth, I have added the o in love, dove, Sec. for the fifth,
that in or, nor, for; and a sixth, that in woman, wolf, Sec.
   162.   The first, and only peculiar sound of this letter, is that
by  which it is named in the alphabet.   It  requires the mouth
to be formed, in  some degree, like the letter, in  order to pro-
nounce it.   This may be called its long open sound, as the o in
prove may be called its long slender sound,  (65).  This sound
we find in words ending with silent e, as  tone, bone, alone; or
when ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as mo-tion, po-
tent, Sec.  like wise in  the monosyllables, go, so, no.  This sound
is found under  several combinations of other vowels with this
letter, as in moan, groan, bow, (to shoot with,) low (not high.)
   163.  The second sound of this letter is called its short sound,
and is found, in  not, got, lot, Sec.  though  this,  as in the other
short vowels, is  by no means the short  sound of the former long
one, but corresponds exactly  to that of a in what, with which
the  words not, got, lot, are perfect rhymes.   The long sound, to
which the o in  not and sot are  short ones, is found under the
diphthong au in naught, and the ou in sought; corresponding
exactly to the a in hall, ball, Sec.   The short sound of this let-
ter, like the  short sound of a in father  (78) (79),  is frequently,
by inaccurate speakers, and  chiefly those among the vulgar,
lengthened to a  middle sound  approaching to its long sound, the
o  in or.  This  sound is generally heard, as in the case of a,
when it is succeeded by two consonants. Thus Mr. Smith pro-
nounces broth,froth,  andmoth, as if written brawth,frawth, and
mawth. Of the propriety or impropriety of this, a well educated
ear is the best judge; but as was observed under the article A,
(79), if this be not the sound heard among the best speakers, no
middle sound ought to be admitted, as good orators will ever in-
cline to definite and absolute sounds rather than such as may be
called non-descripts in language.
   164.  The third sound of this letter, as was marked in the first
observation, may be called its  long slender sound, corresponding
to the double o.  The  words where this sound of o occurs are so
few, that it will be easy  to give a catalogue of them.   Prove,
move, behove, and ".heir compounds, lose, do, ado, Rome,poltron,
ponton, sponton. who, whom, womb,  tomb.  Sponton is not in
Johnson; and this and the two preceding words ought rather to
be written with  oo in the  last syllable.   Gold is pronounced like
gold in familiar  conversation; but in verse and solemn lan-
 guage, especially that of the scripture, ought always to rhyme
 with old,fold, Sec. See Encore, Gold, and Wind.
   165. The fourth sound of this vowel is that which is found in
love, dove, Sec.   and the long sound, which seems the nt...rest
 relation to it, is the first sound of  a in 7zoz*e, tone,  rove,  Sec.
 This sound of o is generally  heard when it  is shortened by  the
 succeeding liquids n, m, r, and the semivowels v, z,  th: and
 as an ingenious writer  has given a catalogue of those words, I
 shall avail myself of his labour.   Above, affront, allonge, among,
       M  2 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS OF THE  LETTER I.
amongst, attorney, bomb, bombard, (the noun), borage, borough,
brother, cochineal, colour, come, comely, comfit, comfort, compa-
ny, compass, comrade, combat,  conduit, coney, conjure,  consta-
ble,  covenant,  cover, covert,  covet,  covey, cozen, discomfit,
done, doth, dost, dove, dozen, dromedary, front,  glove, govern,
honey,  love, Monday, money,  mongrel, monk, monkey, month,
mother, none,  nothing, one, onion, other, oven, plover, pome-
granate, pommel, pother, romage, shove, shovel, sloven, smother,
some, Somerset, son, sovereign, sponge, stomach, thorough, ton,
tongue, word, work, wander, world, worry, worse, worship, wort,
worth; to which may be added, rhomb, once, comfrey, and col-
lander.
   166. In these words the accent is on the o in every word, ex-
cept pomegranate: but with very few exceptions, this letter has
the same sound in the unaccented terminations, oc, ock, od, ol, om,
on, op, or, ot, and some, as mammoc, cassoc, metpod, carol, king-
dom, union, gallop, tutor, turbot, troublesome, Sec.  all which
are  pronounced as if written   mammuc, cassuc,  methud,  Sec.
The o in the adjunct munger  as cheesemonger, Sec. has always
this  sound.  The  exceptions  to this  rule are technical terms
from the Greek or Latin, as Achor, a species of the herpes; and
proper names, as Calor, a river in Italy.
   167. The fifth sound of o is the long sound produced by r final,
or followed by another consonant, as for, former. This  sound is
perfectly equivalent to the diphthong au;  and for andformer
might, on account of sound only, be written faur and faurmer.
   168.  O,  like A,  is lengthened  before r, when terminating a
monosyllable, or followed by another consonant;  and, like a too,
is shortened by  a duplication of the liquid;  as we  may hear by
comparing the conjunction or  with the same letters in torrid,
florid,  Sec.   for though the r is not double to the eye in florid,
yet as  the accent is on it, it is  as effectually doubled to the ear,
as if written florrid; so if a consonant of another kind succeed
the r in this situation, we find the o as  long as in a monosyllable.
Thus the o in orchard is as long as in the conjunction or, and that
informal as in the word for: but the  o in orlfl.ee and  forage-.
where the r is followed by a  vowel, the o  is as short as if the
r were double, and the words written orrifice and forrage.
   169. There  is a sixth sound  of o exactly corresponding to the
u in bull, full, pull, 6<c. which, from its existing only in the fol-
lowing words, may be called its irregular sound.  These words
are, woman, bosom, worsted, wolf, and the proper names, Wolsey,
 Worcester, and Wolverhampton.

              Irregular and unaccented Sounds.

   170. What was observed of the a, when followed by a liquid
and  a mute, may be observed of the o with equal justness.  This
letter,  like a, has a tendency  to lengthen,  when followed by a
liquid  and another consonant, or by s, ss or sand a mute. But this
length of o, in this situation, seems every day growing more and
more vulgar: and, as it would be gross to a degree to sound the
a in castle, mask, and plant, like the a in palm, psalm, Sec. so it
would be equally exceptionable to pronounce the o in moss, dross,
and  frost, as if written mauwse, drawse, and frawst, (78) (79).
The o in the compounds of solve, as  dissolve, absolve, resolve,
seem the only words where a somewhat longer sound of the o is
agreeable to polite pronunciation.  On the  contrary when the o
ends a syllable, immediately before or after the accent, as in po-
lite, im-potent, Sec. there  is an elegance in giving it the  open
sound  nearly as long as in po-lar, andpo-tent, Sec.  See Domes-
tic, Collect, and Command.  It may like wise be observed,
that the o like the e (102) is supressed in a final unaccented
syllable when preceded by c or k and followed by  n; as bacon,
beacon,deacon, beckon, reckon,  pronounced bak'n, beak'n, deak'n,
beck'n, reck'n; and when c is preceded by another  consonant, as
falcon, nronouncedfawk'n.  The o is likewise mute in the same
situation, when preceded by d in pardon; pronounced pard'n, but
not in  Guerdon.   It is mute when preceded by p in weapon, ca-
pon, Sec. pronounced weap'n,  eafi'n, Sec.  and when preceded,
by s in reason, season, treason, oraison, benison, denison, unison,
foison, poison, prison, damson, crimson, advowson, pronounced
reaz'n, treaz'n, Sec;  and mason, bason, garrison, lesson, capa-
rison, comparison, disinherison, parson, and person, pronounced
mas'n, bas'n, Sec.   Unison, diapason,  and cargason, seem  par-
ticularly in solemn speaking, to  preserve the sound of o like u,
as if written  unisun,  diapazun,  Sec.   The same letter is sup-
pressed in a final unaccented syllable beginning with t, as Seton,
cotton, button, mutton, glutton;  pronounced as if written Set'n,
cott'n, Sec.   When x precedes the t, the o is pronounced dis-
tinctly, as in Sexton.  When / is the preceding letter, the o is
generally suppressed as in the proper names Stilton cheese, Wil,
ton  carpets, and  Melton Mowbray, Sec.   Accurate  speakers
sometimes struggle to  preserve it in the name  of our great
epic poet Milton; but the former examples sufficiently shew the
tendency of the language; and  this tendency cannot be easily
counteracted.   This letter is likewise suppressed in the last syl-
lable of blazon, pronounced blaz'n; but is always to be preser-
ved  in the same syllable of horizon.   This suppression  of the o
must not be ranked among those careless  abbreviations found
only among the vulgar, but must be considered as one of those
devious tendencies to brevity, which has worn itself a curren-
cy in the language, and has at last  become a part of  it.  To
pronounce the o  in those cases where it is suppressed, would
give a singularity to the speaker bordering nearly on the pedan-
tic;  and  the attention given to  this singularity by the hearer
would necessarily diminish his attention, to the subject, and con-
sequently deprive the  speaker of something much more desira-
ble.
                            U.

   171.  The first sound of u, heard in tube, or ending an unac-
cented syllable, as in cu-bic, is a diphthongal sound, as ife were
prefixed, and these  words were spelt tewbe and kewbic.  The
letter u is exactly the pronoun you.
   172. The second sound of u is the short sound, which tallies
exactly with the o in done, son, Sec. which every ear preceives
might as well forthe sound's sake be spelt dun, sun, Sec.
   173. The third sound of this letter, and that in which the Eng-
lish more particularly, depart from analogy, is the u in bull,full,
pull, Sec.   The first, or diphthongal u in tube, seems almost as
pecular to the English as  the long sound of the i in thine, mine,
Sec.   but here, as if they chose to imitate the Latin, Italian, and
French u, they  leave out the e before the u which is heard in
tube, mule, Sec. and do not pronounce the latter part of u quite so
long as the oo in pool,  nor so short as the u in dull, but with a
middle sound between both, which is the true short sound of the
oo in coo and woo, as may be  heard by comparing woo and wool;
the latter of which is a perfect rhyme to bull.
   174.  This middle sound of u, so unlike the general sound of
that  letter, exists only in the following words: bull, full, pull,
words compounded of full, as wonderfull, dreadfull,  Sec.  bul-
lock, bully, bullet,  bulwark, fuller, fullingmill, pulley, pullet,
push, bush, bushel,pulpit,puss, bullion, bute her, cushion, cuckoo,
pudding, sugar, hussar, huzza, and put when a verb: but few as
they are, except/^//, which  is a very copious termination, they
are sufficient to puzzle Englishmen who reside at any distance
trom  the  capital, and  to make the inhabitants of Scotland and
Ireland, (who, it is  highly probable, received a much more re-
gulaf pronunciation from our  ancestors)  not  unfrequently the
jest of fools.                                      n    /

   175. But vague and desultory as this sound of the u may at first
seem, on a closer view we find it chiefly confined to words which
begin with the mute labials b,p,f, and end with the liquid labial/,
orthe dentals*, t, and d, as in bull,full,pull, bush,push,pudding,
puss, put  Sec.  Whatever, therefore,  was the  cause of this
whimsical deviation, we see its primatives are confined to a very 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS OF THE LETTER Y.
 narrow compass: put, has this sound only when it is a verb; for
 putty, a paste for glass, has the common sound of u, and rhymes
 exactly with nutty, (having tue qualities of a nut); so put, the
 game at cards, and the vulgar apptllation of country put, follow
 the same analogy.  All Bull's compounds regularly follow their
 primative.  But though/tttVer, a whitener of tioth, and Fulham,
 a proper name,  are not compounded of full, they are sounded
 as if they were;  while Putney, follows the general rule, and has
 its first syllable  pronounced iikethe noun put.  Pulpit and pul-
 let comply with  the peculiarity on account of their resemblance
 to pull, though nothing related to it; and butcher and puss adopt
 this sound of u  for no reason but the nearness of their form to
 the other words: and when to these we have added cushion, su-
 gar, cuckoo, hussar, and the interjection huzza, we have every
 word in the whole language where the u is thus pronounced.
   176. Some speakers, indeed, have attempted to give bulk, and
 punish, this obtuse sound of zz, but luckily have not been follow-
 ed.   The words which have already adopted it are sufficiently
 numerous; and  we cannot be too  careful to check the growth
 of so unmeaning an irregularity.
   177. It must be remarked, that this sound of u except in the
 Ytovdfuller, never extends to words from the learned languages;
 for fulminant, fulmination, ebullition, repulsion, sepulchre, Sec.
 sound the u as in dull, gull, Sec. and the u in pus and pustule, is
 exactly like the same letter in thus.   So  the pure English
 words buss, bulge,  bustle, bustard, buzzard, preserve the u in
 its second sound, as in us, hull and  custard.  It may likewise
 not be unworthy of remark, that the letter  u is never subject
 to the shortening power of either the primary or secondary
 accent; but  when accented,  is always long, unless shortened
 by a double consonant.  See  the  words Drama and Mucu-
 lent, and No. 503, 534.

              Irregular and unaccented Sounds.
   178. But the  strangest deviation of this letter from its regu-
 lar sound is in the words busy, business, and bury.  We laugh
 at the Scotch for pronouncing these words, as if written bewsy,
 bewsiness, and bewry;  but we ought rather to blush for ourselves
 in departing so wantonly from the general rule as to pronounce
 them bizzy, bizness, and berry.
   179. There is an incorrect pronunciation of this letter when
 it ends a syllable, not under the accent which prevails, not only
 among the vulgar, but is sometimes found in better company;
 and that is givng the u an obscure sound which confounds it with
 vowels of a very different kind.  Thus we not unfrequently
 hear singular, regular, and particular  pronounced as if written
 sing-e-lar, reg-e-lar, and par-tic-e-lar; but nothing tends more to
 tarnish and vulgarize the pronunciation than this short and ob-
 scure sound of the unaccented u.   It may indeed, be observed,
 that  there  is scarcely any  thing more distinguishes a person
 of mean and good education than the pronunciation of the unac-
 cented vowels, (547)  (558).   When vowels are under the ac-
 cent, the prince and the lowest of the people, with very few ex-
 ceptions, pronounce them in the same manner; but the unaccen-
 ted vowels in the mouth of the former  have a distinct,  open,
 and specific sound, while the latter often totally sink them,  or
 change them  into some  other sound.   Those, therefore, who
 wish  to pronounce elegantly must be particularly attentive to
 the unaccented vowels; as a neat pronunciation of these, forms
 one of the greatest beauties of speaking.

                          Y final.
   180. Y final either in  a word or syllable, is a pure vowel,
 and  has exactly the same  sound as i would have in the same
 situation.  For this reason printers, who have been the great
 correctors of our orthography, have  substituted  the  i in  its
 stead, on account of the too great frequency of this letter  in
 Ihe English language.  That y final is a vowel, is universally
acknowledged; nor need  we  any other proof of it, than its
long  sound, when followed by e mute, as in thyme, rhyme, Sec.
 or ending  a syllable with the  accent upon it, as buy, cyder,
 Sec.  this may be called its first vowel sound.
   181.  The second sound  of the vowel  y is its short sound,
 heard in system, syntax, Sec.

             Irregular and unaccented Sounds.

   182.  The unaccented sound of this letter at the end of a syl-
 lable, like that of z in the same situation, is always like the first
 sound of e. Thus vanity, pleurisy,  Sec. and if sound alone were
 consulted, might, be written vanitee, pleurisee, Sec.
   183.  The exception to this rule is, when / precedes the y
 in a  final syllable, the y is then pronounced as long and open
 as if the accent were on it.  Thus justify, qualify, Sec. have the
 last  syllable sounded like that in defy.  This long sound con-
 tinues when the y is changed into  i,  in justifiable, qualifiable,
 Sec.  The same may be observed of multiply,  multipliable, Sec.
 occupy and occupiable,  Sec. (512).
   184.  There is an irregular sound of this letter when  the ac-
 cent is on it in panegyric, when  it is frequently pronounced
 like  the second sound of e; but would, perhaps,  be  more cor-
 rect if its true sound were preserved,  and it  were to  rhyme
 with Pyrrhic; or  as Swift does  with  Satiric:
            " On me when dunces are satirick,
            " I take it for a panegyrick."
   185.  But the most uncertain sound of this  letter is, when it
 ends a syllable immediately preceding the accent. In this case
 it is  subject to the same variety as the letter i in the same situ-
 ation, and nothing but a catalogue will give us any idea of the
 analogy of the language in this point.
   186.  The y is long in chylaceous, but shortened by the secon-
 dary accent in chylifaction and chylifactive, (530); though with-
 out the least reason from analogy, Mr. Sheridan has marked
 them both long.
   187.  Words composed of hydro, from the Greek uS'ug, water,
 have the y before the accent generally long,  as  hydrography,
 hydrographer, hydrometry, hydropic; all which have the y long
 in Mr. Sheridan but hydrography,  which must be a mistake of
 the press; and this long sound of y continues  in hydrostatic, in
 spite of the shortening power of the secondary accent, (530).
 The same sound of y prevails in hydraulics and hydatides.  Hy-
grometer and hygrometry seem  to follow the same analogy, as
 well as hyperbola and  hyperbole; which are  generally heard
 with the y long; though Kenrick has marked the latter short.
 hypostasis and hypothenuse ought to have the y long likewise.
 In  hypothesis  the  y  is  more  frequently  short than long,
 and  in  hypothetical it is more frequenty  long than short; but
 hypocrisy has the first y always  short.   Myrabolan and myro-
polist may have the y either  long or short.  Mythology  has the
 first y generally short,  and mythological, from the shortening
 power of the secondary accent, (530), almost always.  Phytivo-
rous, phytography, phytology, have the first y always long.  In
phylactory  the first y is generally short, and  in  physician  al-
 ways. Pylorus has the y long in  Mr. Sheridan,  but, I think,
improperly.  In pyramidal he marks  the y long, though, in my
opinion, it is generally heard short, as in pyramid.  In pyrites,
 with the accent on the  second syllable, he  marks the y short,
 much more correctly than Kenrick, who places  the accent on
the first syllable, and marks the y long, (see the word). Synodic,
 synodical, synonima and synopsis, have the y always short: sy-
nechdoche ought likewise to  have the same letter short, as we
 find it in Perry's and Kenrick's Dictionaries; though in Sheri-
dan's we find it long.  Typography  and typographer ought to
 have the first y long, as we find it in Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan,
 W.  Johnston, Kenrick,  and Perry,  though frequently heard
 short; and though tyrannical has the y  marked  short  by Mr.
 Perry,  it ought  rather to have  the  long  sound, as  we see it
 marked by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston,
and Kenrick.
   188.  From the view that has been taken of the sound of the 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS OF THE  DIPHTHONG AE.
fand y immediately before the accent, it may justly be  called
the most uncertain part of pronunciation.  Scarcely any reason
can be  given  why  custom prefers one sound to the other in
some words; and why, in others, we may use either one or  the
other indiscriminately.  It is strrngly to be presumed  that  the
z and y, in this situation, particularly  the  last, was generally
pronounced long by our ancestors, but that custom has gradu-
ally inclned to the shorter sound  as more  readily pronounced,
and as  more  like the sound of these letters when they end  a
syllable after the  accent; and, perhaps, We should contribute to
the regularity of  the language, if,  when we are  in doubt, we
 should  rather incline to the short than the long sound of these
 tetters.

                          W final.

   189.  That w final is a vowel, is  not disputed (9); when it is
 in  this  situation, it is equivalent to oo; as may be perceived in
 the sound of vow, tow-el, Sec.where  it forms a real dipthong,
 composed of the a in wa-ter, and the oo in woo and coo.
   It is  often joined to o at the end  of a syllable, without affect-
 ing the sound of that  vowel; and in  this situation it may be
 called servile, as in bow, to shoot with; crow,low (not high), Sec.

                     DIPHTHONGS.

    190.  A diphthong is a double vowel, or the union or mixture
 of  two vowels pronounced together, so as only to make one
 syllable: as the Latin a  e or a, o  e or &, the Greek a, the  En-
 glish ai, au, Sec.
    191.  This is the general definition  of a diphthong; but if we
 examine it closely, we  shall  find in it a want of  precision  and
 accuracy.*  If a diphthong be two vowel sounds in succession,
 they must necessarily form two  syllables, and therefore, by its
 very definition, cannot be a diphthong; if it be such a mixture
 •f two vowels as to form  but one simple sound, it is very im-
 properly called a diphthong; nor can any such simple mixture
 exist.
    192. The orily way to reconcile this seeming  contradiction,
 is to suppose  that two vocal sounds in succession were  some-
 times pronounced so closely together as to form only the time
 of one syllable in Greek and  Latin verse.  Some  of these diph-
 thongal syllables we have in our own language, which only pass
 for monosyllables  in poetry. Thus  hire (wages) is no more
 than one syllable in verse, though perfectly equivalent to higher
 (more  high) which generally passes for a dissyllable: the same
 may be observed of dire or dyer, hour and power, Sec.  This  is
 not uniting two  vocal sounds into one simple sound, which  is
 impossible, but  pronouncing two vocal sounds in succession
 so rapidly and so closely  as to go for only one syllable in po-
 etry.
    193. Thus  the  best definition I have found of a diphthong
 is  that given  us  by Mr. Smith in  his scheme for a French and
 English Dictionary. "  A diphthong  (says  this gentleman) I
 " would define to be two simple vocal sounds uttered by one
 " and the same emission of breath, and joined in such a manner
 " that each loses  a portion of its natural length; but from the
 " junction  produceth  a compound sound, equal in the  time  of
 " pronouncing to either of  them taken separately, and so ma-
 " king still but one syllable."
    194.  " Now if we apply this definition (says Mr. Smith)  to
 " the several  combinations that may have been  laid down and
 " denominated diphthongs by former  orthoepists, I believe we
 " shall  find only  a  small  number  of  them  meriting  this
 " name."  Asa proof of the truth of this observation, we find,
 that most of those vocal assemblages that go under the name
 of diphthongs  emit but a simple sound, and that not compoun-

   * We see how many disputes  the simple and ambiguous nature  of
 vowels created among grammarians, and how it has begot the mistake
 concerning diphthongs: all that are properly so are syllables, and not
 diphthongs, as intended to be signified by that Word. Holder.
ded  of  the two vowels, but one  of them only sounded long:
thus pain, and pane,pail, and pale, hear and here, are perfectly
the same sounds.                                   .   .
   195  These observations naturally lead us  to a distinction of
diphthongs in to proper  and improper.   The proper are such
as have  two distinct vocal sounds, and  the  improper such
as have butone.
   196. The proper diphthongs are,
       ea ocean        io passion        oy boy
       eu feud          oi voice         ua  assuage
       ew jewel        ou pound         ue mansuetude
       ia poniard       ow now           ui languid.
       ie spaniel
In this assemblage it is impossible not to see  a manifest distinc-
tion between those which begin with e or i,  and the  rest.  In
those beginning with either of these vowels we find a squeezed
sound like  the commencing or consonant y interpose,  as it
were, to articulate the latter vowel, and that the words  where
these diphthongs are found,  might, agreeably to the  sound, be
spelt oshe-yan, fynde, j-yewel, pon-yard, span-yel, pash-yon,
Sec. ; and as these diphthongs (which, from  their commencing
with the sound oft/ consonant, may not improperly be  called
semi-consonant diphthongs) begin in  that part of the mouth
where s,  c soft, and t are formed, we find  that  coalescence en-
sue which forms  the aspirated hiss in the  numerous termin-
ations sion, tion, tial, Sec. and by direct  consequence in those
ending in ure, une, as future, fortune, Sec. for the letter u, when
long, is exactly one of these  semi-consonant  diphthongs (8);
 and when immediately  after the  accent  it  coalesces with the
preceding s, c, or  t, and draws them into the aspirated hiss of
sh or tsh, (459).  Those found in the termination ious may be
called semi-consonant diphthongs also, as the o and u have but
the sound of one  vowel. It may be observed too, in passing,
that the reason why in mansuetude the * does not  go into sh is,
because when u is followed by another vowel it drops its con-
sonant sound at the beginning, and becomes  merely double  o.
    197.  The improper diphthongs are,
       ea Caesar         ea clean         ie friend
       ai aim          ee reed          oa  coat
       ao gaol           ei ceiling       oe  oeconomy
       au taught       eo people       oo  moon
       aw law           ey they         ow crow.
    108. The triphthongs having but two sounds are merely ocu-
 lar, and must therefore  be classed with the proper diphthongs:
     aye (for ever)    eou plenteous     iew view
     eau beauty       ieu adieu         oeu manoeuvre.
 Of all  these combinations of vowels we shall treat in their al-
phabetical order.

                           A  E.

    199.  Ae or a is a diphthong, says Dr.  Johnson, of very fre-
 quent use in the Latin language, which seems not properly to
 have any place in the  English; since the a of the Saxons  has
been long  out of use, being changed to e simple; to which, in
 words frequently occurring,  the  e of  the  Romans is, in  the
 same manner, altered,  as in equator, equinoctial, and  even in
 Eneas.
   200. But though the  diphthong e is perfectly useless  in  our
 language, and the substitution of e in its stead, in Cesar  and
 Eneas, is recommended by Dr. Johnson, we do not find  his  au-
 thority has totally annihilated it; especially in proper names  and
 technical terms, derived from the learned  languages.  Cesar,
 JEneas, JEsop,pean, ether, ethiops mineral, amphisbena, ana-
 cephaleosis, apheresis, cegilops, ozena, Sec. seem to preserves
 the dip.-.thong as well as certain words which are either plurals
 or genitives, in Latin  words rot naturalised  as cornucopia:,
 exuvie, aqua vita, minutie, strice, Sec.
    201.  T is diphthong, when not under the accent in Michael-
 mas, and when accented in  Dazdalus, is pronounced like short 
DIPHTHONGS  AI,  AO,  AU,  AW,  AY.
              DIFFERENT  SOUNDS OF THE  I

t. It is, like e, subject to the short sound when under the secon-
dary accent, as in JEnobarbus, where en, in the first syllable, is
pronounced exactly like the letter n, (530).

                           AI.

  202. The sound of this diphthong is exactly like the long slen-
der sound of a; thus pail, a vessel, and pale, a colour, are, per-
fectly the same sound.  The exceptions are but few.
  203. When  said is the third person  preterimperfect tense of
the verb to say, ai has the sound of short e, and said rhymes with
bed: but when  this word is an adjective, as the said man, it is
regular, and rhymes with trade.
  204. Plaid, a striped garment, rhymes with mad.
  205. Raillery is a perfect rhyme to salary; and raisin, a fruit,
is pronounced  exactly like reason, the distinctive faculty of man.
See both these words in the Dictionary.
  206. Again and against sound  as if written agen and agenst.
  207. The aisle of a church is pronounced exactly like isle, an
island; and is some times written z7e.
  208.  When this diphthong is in a final unaccented syllable,
the a is sunk, and the i pronounced  short.  Thus mountain,
fountain, captain, curtain, villain, are all pronounced as if written
mountin,fountin, captin, curtin, villin; but when the last word
takes an additional syllable, the z is dropped, and the a has its short
sound; as villanous, villany.   See the  words in the  Dictionary.
  209. The az' in Britain has the short sound approaching to u, so
common  with all the vowels in  final unaccented syllables, and
is pronounced exactly like Briton.
  210. Plait, a fold of cloth, is regular, and ought to be pronoun-
ced like plate, a dish; pronouncing it so as to rhyme with meat
is a vulgarism, and ought to be avoided.
  211. Plaister belongs no longer to this class of words, being
now more properly written plaster, rhyming with caster.

                           AO.

  212. This combination of vowels in a diphthong is only to be
met with  in the word gaol, now  more properly written, as it is
pronounced, jail.

                           AU.

  213. The general sound of this diphthong is that of the noun
awe; as taught, caught, Sec. or of the a in hall, ball, Sec.
  214.  When these letters are  followed  by n and  by another
consonant, they  change to the second  sound of a, heard in far,
farther, Sec. Thus aunt, haunt, daunt, askaunce, askaunt,flaunt,
haunt, gauntlet, jaunt,  haunch, launch, craunch, jaundice, laun-
dry, have the  Italian sound of the a  in  the last syllable of papa
and mamma. To these I think ought  to be added, daunt,paunch,
gaunt, and saunter, as  Dr.  Kenrick has marked them with the
Italian a,  and not as if written dawnt, pawnch, Sec. as Mr. Sheri-
dan sounds them.  Maund, a basket is always pronounced with
the Italian a, and nearly as if written marnd; for which reason
Maundy Thursday, which is derived from it, ought, with  Mr.
Nares, to  be pronounced in the same manner, though generally
heard with the sound of aw.  To maunder, to  grumble, though
generally  heard as if written mawnder, ought certainly to be
pronounced as Mr. Nares has  classed it,  with the Italian a.
The same may be observed of taunt, which  ought to rhyme
with aunt, though sounded tawnt, by Mr. Sheridan; and being
left out of the above list, supposed to be so pronounced by Mr.
Nares. But Mr. Elphinston  has placed the analogy  of these
words in so strong and  curious a light, that I cannot help pres
enting them to the reader in his own words though a different or-
thography: " U meritoriously distinguishes aunt, the parent's
" sister, from ant the emmet, and gives a slender shut, the ser-
" vile of a broad open, yet  without pretence  of so dangerous or
" any coincidence; in defiance of both sisters, his aunt had pow-
" cr to retain the company of jaunt,  haunt, vaunt, taunt, daunt,
« gaunt, gauntlet; in all of which the u does precisely the same
" duty it formely did in chaunt, graunt, maund, and commaund;
" in saunter, and sounder, as well as in braunch, haunch,paunch,
« launch, staunch; all now justly as genealogically, chant, grant,
" mand, (the old  basket),  command, santer,  sander; branch,
" hanch,panch, lanch, stanch. Jaundice alone pleaded u radical;
" and yet was found mere jandice. So with aunt, must return to
" truth and etymology (who do not always join issue) jant, hant,
" vant, tant, dant, gant, gantlet; and even the venerable Mandy
" Thursday, with her mandor basket in her hand. Shediad, indeed
" almost left the language, though  Astrea had  not left the land,
" when analogy (or harmony) enacted: a broad  (au) shall not in
" English precede n, followed either by a dry dentaL, or by a si-
" bilation; that is, au shall not be followed by nt, nd, nee, nch, or
" nge. No such sounds being sufferablc in the English system, as
" aunt, aund,  aunch, aunce, or aunge;  there shall be no such
" semblances.   Alike  are  therefore  indispensable chant, and
"jant; hand and mand, chance and lance,  branch and lanch, ban-
" ter and santer; Sande and his full self Alexander.  In all such,
" a, far from broad or open, is slender and shut; yet hardly shor-
" ter than if the silent  aspiration interposed in ahnt, sahnter,
" lahnce, lahnch, and the rest.  Before nge, indeed, a, is also
" slender, but open; not  ah,  but a; guarded therefore by its own
" (z) servile (as we saw in its place) against  every danger of
" change.  Faun and fawn remain doubtless in fa uns, and pawns,
" unaltered by the adscilitious depressive sibilant." Propriety
Ascertained in her Picture, vol. i. pag. 171.
  215. Laugh and draught, which are very properly classed by
Mr. Nares among  these words which have the long Italian a
in father, are marked by Mr. Sheridan with his first sound of a
in hat, lengthened into the sound of a in father, by placing the
accent on it.  Staunch is spelled without the u by Johnson, and
therefore improperly classed by Mr. Nares in the above  list.
  216. Vaunt  and avaunt seem to be the only real exceptions
to this sound of a in the whole list; and as these  words are chief-
ly confined to tragedy, they may be allowed to "  fret and strut
their hour upon the stage"  in the old traditionary sound of awe.
  217. This diphthong is pronounced like long o in hautboy, as
if written  ho-boy;  and like  o short in cauliflower, laurel, and
laudanum; as  if written colliflower, lorrel, and loddanum.  In
gauge, au has the sound of slender a, and rhymes  with page.
  2i8.  There is  a corrupt  pronunciation of this diphthong
among the vulgar, which is giving the au in daughter,  sauce,
saucer,  and saucy, the  sound  of the Italian a, and nearly as if
written darter, sarce, sarcer,  and sarcy;  but this pronunciation
cannot be  too carefully avoided.   Au in  sausage also, is soun-
bed by the vulgar with short a, as if written sassage; but in this,
as in the other words au ought to sound awe.  See the words in
the  Dictionary.

                          AW.
  219. Has the long broad sound of a in ball, with which the
word bawl is perfectly identical.  It is always regular.

                           AY.
  220. This diphthong, like its near relation az, has the  sound
of slender a in pay, day, &c.  and is pronounced like long e in
the word quay, which is now sometimes seen written key; for if
we  cannot bring the pronunciation to the spelling, it is looked
upon  as some improvement to bring the  spelling to the pronun-
ciation; a most pernicious practice in language.  See Bowl.
  221. To flay, to strip off  the skin also, is corruptly pronoun-
cedflea; but the diphthong in this word seems to be recover-
ing its rights.
  222. There is a wanton  departure  from analogy in  ortho-
graphy, by  changing the y in this diphthong to z  in the  words
paid,  said, laid, for payed, sayed, and layed.  Why these  words
should be written with i and thus contracted, and played, prayed,
and delayed, remain at  large, let our wise correctors of ortho- 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS  OF  THE  DIPHTHONGS  AYE,  EA
 graphy determine. Stayed also, a participial adjective, signify-
 ing steady, is always written staid.
   22.3. Wiicn ay comes immediately after the accent in a final
 syllable,  like ai,  it drops the former  vowel,  in the colloquial
 pronunciation of the days of the week. Thus  as we pronounce
 cu/itain, curtin, Sec. as if written captin, curtin, Sec. so we hear,
 Sunday, Monday, Sec. as if written Sundy, Mundy, Sec A more
 distinct pronunciation  of day, in  these words, is a mark of the
 northern dialect, (208).
   224 The familliar assent ay for yes, is a combination of the
 long  Italian a  in the  last  syllable  of papa, and the first
 sound of e.   If  we give the a the sound of that letter in ball,
 the   word  degenerates into  a  coarse  rustic pronunciation.
 Though in  the House  of Commons, where this word is made
 a noun, we  frequently, but not correctly, hear it so pronounced,
 in the phrase the ayes have it.

                            AYE.

   225. This triphthong is a combination of the slender sound of
 a, heard  in pa-per, and the e in  me-tre.  The word  which it
 composes, signifying ever, is almost obsolete.

                            EA.

   226. The regular sound of this diphthong, is that of the first
 sound of e in here; but its  irregular sound of short e is so  fre-
 quent as to make a catalogue of both  necessary; especially  for
 those who are unsettled in the pronunciation of the capital, and
 wish to practise in order to form  a habit.
   227. The first sound of ea is like open  e, and is heard in the
 following words: Afeard, affear, anneal, appeal, appear, appease,
 arread, arrear, beacon, beadle, beadroll, beads, beadsman, bea-
 gle,  beak,beaker, beam, bean, beard, bearded, beast, beat, beat-
 en, beaver,  beleaguer,  beneath, bequeath,  bereave, besmear,  be-
 speak,  bleach, bleak,  blear,  bleat, bohea,  breach,  bream,  to
 breathe, cease, cheap, cheat, clean, cleanly  (adverb) clear, clear-
 ance, cleave, cochineal, colleague, conceal,  congeal, cream, creak,
 crease, creature, deacon, deal, dean, deanery, dear,   decease, de-
feasance, defeasible, defeat, demean, demeanor, decrease, dream,
 drear, dreary, each, eager, eagle, eagre, ear, east,  easter, easy,
 to eat, eaten, eaves, entreat, endear, escheat, fear, fearful, fea-
 sible, feasibility, feast,  feat, feature, flea, fleam,  freak, gear,
 gleam, glean, to grease, grease, greaves, heal,  heap, hear, heat,
 heath, heathen,  heave,  impeach,  increase,  inseam, interleave,
 knead, to lead,  leaf, league,  leak, lean,  lease, leash,  leasing,
 least, leave, leaves, mead, meagre,  meal, mean, meat, measles,
 meath, neap, near, neat, pea, peace.; peak, peal,  pease, peat,
plea, plead,  please, reach, to read, ream, reap, rear, rearward,
 reason, recheat,redstreak,release, repeal, repeat, retreat, reveal,
 screak, scream, seal, sea, seam,  seamy, sean, sear, searcloth,
 season, seat, shear, shears,  sheath, sheathe, sheaf, sleasy, sneak,
 sneaker, sneakup, speak, spear, steal, steam,  streak, stream,
 streamer, streamy, surcease, tea, teach, tead, teague, teal, team,
 tear, tease, teat, treacle, treason, treat, treatise, treatment, treaty,
 tweag, tweak, tweague, veal, undeneath, uneasy, unreave, up-
rear,  weak, weaken, weal, weald, wean, weanling, weariness,
 wearisome, weary, weasand, weasel, weave, wheal, wheat, wheat-
en, wreak, wreath, wreathe, wreathy, yea,  year, yeanling, year-
ling, yearly,  yest,  zeal.
  228. In this catalogue we find  beard and bearded sometimes
pronounced  as if written herd and berded:  but this corruption of
the diphthong, which Mr. Sheridan has adopted, seems confined
to the Stage.  See the  word.
  229. The preter imperfect tense of eat,  is sometimes writ-
ten ate, particularly by Lord Bolingbroke, and frequently, and,
perhaps, more correctly, pronounced et,  especially in  Ireland,
but eaten always preserves the ea, long.
  230. Ea in fearful  is long when it signifies timorous, and
short when  it signifies terrible,  as if written/er/uz7.  See the
word.
  231. To  read is long in  the present tense, and short in the
past, and participle; which are sometimes  written zed.
   232.  Teat, a dug, is marked by Dr. Kendrick, Mr. Elphin-
ston, and Mr. Nares, with short e, like tit; but  more properly
by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W.  Johnston, Mr.  Perry, and Mr.
Smith, with the long e, rhyming with meat.
   233. Beat, the preterimperfect tense and participle of to beat,
is frequently pronounced in  Ireland like bet (a wager): and if
utility were the only object of language, this would certainly be
the preferable pronunciation, as nothing tends more to obscu-
rity than verbs  which have no different form for their present
and past  times; but fashion in  this, as  in many other cases,
triumphs over use and propriety; and bet, for the past time and
participle of beat, must be religiously avoided.
   234.  Ea is  pronounced  like  the  short e in the following
words: Abreast, ahead, already, bedstead, behead, bespread, be-
stead, bread, breath, breadth, breakfast, breast,  breath, cleanse,
cleanly (adjective)  cleanlily, dead, deadly, deaf,  deafen, dearth,
death, earl, earldom, early, earn, earnest, earth, earthen, earthly,
endeavour, feather, head, heady, health, heard, hearse, heaven,
heaxiy, jealous,  impearl, instead, lead,  leaden, leant, (the past
time and participle of to lean), learn, learning, leather, leaven,
meadow, meant, measure, pearl, peasant, pheasant, pleasant, plea-
santry, pleasure, read, (past  time  and participle) readily, readi-
ness,ready,realm,rehearsal,rehearse,research,seamstress,searce,
search, spread, stead, steadfast, steady, stealth, stealthy, sweat,
sweaty, thread,  threaden,  threat,  threaten,  treachery,  tread,
treadle, treasure, uncleanly, wealth, wealthy, weapon, weather,
yearn, zealot, zealous, zealously.
   235. I have given the last three words, compounded of zeal, as
instances of the  short sound of the diphthong,  because it is cer-
tainly the  more usual  sound; but  some attempts have lately
been made in the House of Commons to pronounce them  long,
as in the noun. It is a commendable zeal to endeavour to reform
the language as well as the constitution; but whether, if these
words were altered, it would be real  reformation, may admit
of some dispute.  See Enclitical  Termination, No 515,  and
the word Zealot.
  236. Heard, the past time and participle of hear, is sometimes
corruptly pronounced with the diphthong long,  so as to rhyme
with rear'd; but this is supposing the verb to be regular; which,
from the spelling, is evidently not the case.
  237. It is,  perhaps, worth  observation, that when this diph-
thong comes before r, it is apt to slide  into the  short u, which
is undoubtedly  very near the true sound, but not exactly. Thus
pronouncing earl, earth, derth, as if written url, urth, durth, is
a slight deviation from the true sound which is exactly that of i
before r, followed by another consonant, in virtue, virgin; and
that is the true  sound of short e in vermin, vernal, Sec. (108).
  238. Leant, the past time and participle of to lean, is grown
vulgar:  the regular form leaned is preferable.
  239. The past time and participle  of ihe verb to leap seems
to prefer the irregular form; therefore, though we almost always
hear to leap, rhyming with reap, we  generally  hear leaped
written and pronounced leapt, rhyming with wept.
  240. Ea  is pronounced like long slender a in bare, in the fol-
lowing words: Bear, bearer, break,forbear,forswear, great,pear,
steak, swear, to  tear, wear.
  241. The word great is stfmethnes pronounced as if written
greet, generally  by people of education, and almost universally
in Ireland;  but this  is contrary to the fixed and settled practice
in England. That this is an affected  pronunciationl will be per-
ceived in a moment  by pronouncing this word in the phrase,
Alexander  the Great; for those who pronounce the word greet, in
other cases, will generally in tins  rhyme it with fate. It is true
the ee is the regular sound of this diphthoug; but this slender
sound of e  has, m all probability, given way to  that of a as deep-
er and more expressive  of the epithet great.
  242. The same observations are applicable to the word break;
which is much  more expressive of the action  when pronoun-
ced brake than breek, as it is sometimes affectedly pronounced.
   243  Ea is  pronounced  like the long Italian a infather, in
the following words: Heart, hearty, hearten, hearth, hearken. 
DIFFERENT  SOUNDS OF THE  DIPHTHONGS EAU, EE, EI, EO, EOU, EU.
   244. Ea,  unaccented, has an obscure sound approaching to
 short u in vengeance, Serjeant, pageant, and pageantry.

                           EAU.
   245. This is a French, rather than an English, triphthong,
 being found only in words derived from that language. Its sound
 is that of long open o, as beau,  bureau, flambeau, portmanteau.
 In beauty, and its compounds it has the first  sound of u, as if
 written  bewty.

                            EE.
   246, This diphthong, in all words, except those that end inr,
 has a squeezed sound of long open e formed  by a closer appli-
 cation of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, than in that vowel
 singly,  which is distinguishable to a  nice ear, in the different
 sounds  of the verbs to./i'ee and  to meet, and the  nouns^Zea and
 meat. This has always been my opinion;  but upon consulting
 some good speakers on the occasion, and in particular Mr. Gar-
 rick, who could find no difference in the sounds of these words,
 I am less confident in giving it to the public.  At any rate the
 difference is but very trifling, and  I shall therefore consider ee
 as equivocal to the long open e.
   247. This diphthong is irregular only in the word breeches,
 pronounced as if written britches.  Cheesecake, sometimes pro-
 nounced chizcake, and breech, britch, I look upon as vulgarisms.
 Beelzebub, indeed, in prose, has generally the short sound of e, as
 in bell: and when these two letters form but one syllable, in the
 poetical contraction of e'er, and  ne'er, for  ever and never, they
 are pronounced as if written air and nair.

                            EI.

   248. The general sound of this diphthong seems to be the same
 as ey, when under the accent; which is like long slender a; but
 the  other sounds are so numerous as to require a catalogue of
 them  all.
   249. Ei has the sound of long slender a in deign,  vein, rein,
 reign,feign, feint, veil, heinous,  heir,  heiress, inveigh, weigh,
 neigh, skein, reins, their, theirs, eight,freight, weight, neighbour,
 and their compounds.
   250. Ei has the sound of long open e in here, in the following
 words and their compounds; to cezY, ceiling, conceit, deceit,
 reciept, conceive, perceive, deceive, receive, inveigle, seize,seisin,
 seignor, seignory, seine, plebeian. Obeisance, ought to be  in the
 preceding class.  See the word.
   251. Leisure is somtimes pronounced as rhyming with plea-
 sure; but, in my opinion, very improperly; for if it be allowed that
 custom is equally divided, we ought, in this case  to  pronounce
 the diphthong long, as more expressive  of the idea annexed to
 it.(241).
   252. Either and neither  are  so  often pronounced eye-ther
 and  nigh-ther, that it is hard to say to which class they belong.
 Analogy, however, without hesitation, gives the  diphthong the
 sound  of long open e, rather than that  of  i, and rhymes  them
 with breather, one who breathes.  This is the  pronunciation
 Mr. Garrick always gave to these words; but the true analogi-
 cal sound of the diphthong in these words is that of the slender
 a, as if written ay-ther  and nay-ther.   This  pronunciation is
 adopted in Ireland, but is not favoured by one of our orthoepists;
 for Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, Mr.
 Smith, Steele's Grammar, and Dr.  Jones,  all pronounce  these
 words with the diphthong like  long e.   W.  Johnston  alone
 adopts the sound of long z, exclusively; Dr. Kenrick  gives both
 ether and ither but prefers the first, but gives neither the sound
 ot long e exclusively; Mr. Coote says these words are P-eneral-
 ly pronounced with the ei like the i in mine.   Mr. Barclay  gives
 no description of the sound of ezin  either, but says  neither  is
 sometimes  pronounced  nlther, and  by others nether;  and  M..
Nares says, « either and neither are  spoken by some with the
   VOL.  I.
 " sound of long i; I have heard even that of long  a given  to
 " them; but as the regular way is also in use, I think it is pre-
 " ferable.  These differences seem  to have arisen from  igno-
 " ranee of the regular sound of ei."
   If by the regular way and the regular sound of this diphthong
 Mr. Nares means the long sound of e, we need only inspect No.
 249 and 250, to see that the sound of a is the general sound,
 and therefore ought to be called, the regular; but where  there
 are so many instances of words  where this diphthong has the
 long sound of e, and custom is so uniform in these words,  there
 can be no doubt which is the true sound.
   253.  Ei has the sound of long open i, in height and  sleight,
 rhyming with white and right.  Height is, indeed, often heard
 rhyming with eight and weight, and that among very respecta-
 ble speakers; but custom seems to decide in favour of the  other
 pronunciation,  that it may  better tally with the  adjective  high,
 of which it is the abstract.
   254.  Ei has the sound of short e, in the two words heifer and
 nonpareil, pronounced heffer and nonperell.
   255.  This diphthong, when unaccented, like ai (208) drops
 the former vowel, and is pronounced like short z, in foreign, fo-
 reigner, forfeit, forfeiture, kerchief, handkerchief, sovereign,
 sovereignty, surfeit, counterfeit.

                            EO.

   256.  This diphthong is pronounced like e long in people, as if
 written peefile; and like e short in  leopard and jeopardy,  as if
 written leppard and jeppardy; and in the law  terms  feoffee,
 feoffer, and feoffment, as if written feffee,feffer, and feffment.
   257.  We frequently hear these vowels contracted into  short
 o in geography and geometry, as if written joggraphy and  jom-
 metry; but this gross pronunciation seems daily  wearing away,
 and giving place to that which separates the vowels into  two
 distinct syllables, as it  is always heard in geographical, geome-
 ter, geometrical, and geometrician.   Georgic is always heard as
 if written jorgic, and must be given up as incorrigible (116).
   258  Eo is heard like long u infeod,feodal,feodatory, which
 are sometimes  written as they are pronounced, feud,  feudal.
feudatory.
   259. Eo, when unaccented, has the sound of u short in  sur-
 geon, sturgeon, dudgeon,gudgeon, bludgeon, curmudgeon, dun-
 geon, luncheon, puncheon, truncheon, burgeon, habergeon; but
 in scutcheon, escutcheon, fiigeon,and widgeon, the eo sounds like
 short i.
   260.  Eo sounds like long o in yeoman, and yeomanry; the
 first syllable of which words rhyme with go, no, so.  See the
 word.
   261. Eo in galleon,  a Spanish  ship, sounds as if written gal-
 loon, rhyming with moon.

                          EOU.

   262. This triphthong is often contracted into one  syllable in
 prose, and poets never make it go for two.  In cutaneous and
 vitreous two  syllables  are palpable; but in gorgeous and outra-
 geous the soft g coalescing  with e seems to  drop a syllable.
   263. The triphthong is never found but in an unaccented syl-
 lable, and generally a final one; and when it is immediately pre-
 ceded by the dentals d or t, it melts them into the sounds of>
 and tch.   Thus hideous and piteous are pronounced as if  writ-
ten hijeous andpitcheous.   The same may be observed of righ-
 teous, plenteous,  bounteous,  courteous,  beauteous,  courteous,
 beauteous, and duteous, (293) (294).

                           EU.

   264. This diphthong is always sounded like long u or ew; and
 s never irregular.  Thus feud,  deuce, Sec. are  pronounced as
if written fewd, dewce,  Sec. 
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF  EU  EWE, EY,  EYE, IA, IE, 1EU,  IEW, 10, IOU.
                           E\V.

   Jo5. This diphthong is pronounced like long u, and is almost
 always regular.  There is a corrupt pronunciation of it like oo
 chiefly in London, where we sometimes hear dew and new pro-
 nounced as if written doo and noo.
   266. Shew and  strew  have  almost left  this class, and by
 Johnson's  recommendation are  become show and strow, as
 they are pronounced.  The proper name Shrewsbury, howev-
 er, still retains the e, though always pronounced  Shrowsbury.
 Sew, with a needle, always rhymes with no; and sewer, signify-
 ing a drain, is generally pronounced shore; but sewer, an officer,
 rhymes with/ewer.  See Sewer.
   267. Ew  is  sometimes  pronounced  like aw in  the verb
 to chew, but this is gross and vulgar.   To chew ought always
 to rhyme with new, view, Sec.

                           EWE.

   268. This triphthong exists only in the word ewe, a female
 sheep; which is pronounced exactly like  yew, a tree.  There
 is a vulgar pronunciation of this word as if written yoe, rhym-
 ing with doe, which must be carefully avoided.   See the word.

                           EY.

   267. When the accent is on this  diphthong it is always pro-
 nounced like ay, or like its kindred diphthong ei,in vein, reign,
 Sec.  Thus bey, dey, grey,prey, they,  trey, whey,  obey, convey,
 purvey, survey,hey, eyre, and eyrey, are always heard as if writ-
 ten bay, day, Sec.   Key and ley are the only exceptions which
 always rhyme with sea, (220).
   270. Ey, when unaccented, is pronounced  like ee; thus gal-
 ley, valley, alley, barley, Sec. are pronounced as if written gal-
 lee, vallee, Sec.  The noun survey therefore, if we  place the
 accent on the first syllable, is anomalous.   See the word.

                           EYE.

   271. This triphthong is only found in the word  eye, which is
 always pronounced like the letter /.

                            IA.

   272. This diphthong, in the terminations  ian,  ial, iard, and
 iate, forms but one syllable, though the i in this situation  hav-
 ing the squeezed sound of ee perfectly similar to  y, gives the
 syllable a doubie sound, very distinguishable in its nature from
 a syllable formed without the i. Thus Christian, filial,poniard,
 conciliate, sound as  if written,  Christ-yan, fil-yal, pon-yard,
 concil-yate, and have in the  last syllable an evident duplicity of
 sound. (113).
   273. In diamond,  these  vowels  are properly no diphthong;
 and in prose, the word ought to have three distinct  syllables;
 but we frequently hear it so pronounced as to drop  the a en-
 tirely, and as if written dimond.  This however, is a corruption
 that ought to be avoided by all elegant speakers.
   274. In carriage, marriage, parliament, and miniature, the a
 is dropped, and  the i has its short sound as if written  carridge,
 mcrridge,parllment, mineture. (90).

                           IE.

   275. The regular sound of this diphthong is that of ee, as in
grieve, thitve,fiend, lief, liege,  auctionier, grcnadiei; Sec. as if
 written greeve, theeve,feend, Sec.
  276. It has the sound of long i in die, hie, lie, pie, tie, vie, as
 if written dy, hy, 8ec.
   277.  The short sound of e  is heard in friend, and the long
 sound of the same letter in  tier, frieze.
   278. In variegate the best pronunciation is  to pronounce
 both vowels distinctly like e as if written vary-e-gate.
   279. In the numeral terminations in ieth, as twentieth,  thir-
 tieth, Sec. the vowels ought also  to be kept  distinct; the first
 like open e, as heard in the y in  twenty, thirty, Sec. and the se-
 cond like short e, heard in breath,  death, Sec.
   280. In fiery, too, the vowels are heard distinctly.
   281. In orient and spaniel, where these letters come after  a
 liquid, they are  pronounced distinctly;  and great care should
 be taken not to let the last word degenerate into spannel.
   282. When these letters meet, in consequence of forming
 the plurals of nouns, they retain either the long or short sound
 they had in the singular, without increasing the number of syl-
 tables. Thus a fly makes flies, a lie makes lies, company makes
 companies, and dignity, dignities.   The same may be observed
 of the third persons and past participles of verbs,  as / fly, he
flies, I deny, he denies, he denied, I sully, he sullied, Sec. which
 may be pronounced as if written denize, denide, sullid, Sec.
   283. When ie is in a termination  without the accent, it  is
 pronounced, like e only, in the  same situation.  Thus brazier,
 grazier, and glazier, have the last syllable sounded, as if written
 brazhur, grazhur, and glazhur; or rather as braze-yur, graze-
 yur, Sec.

                           IEU.

   284. These vowels occur in adieu, lieu, purlieu,  where they
 have the sound of long u, as if written adeu, leu, purleu.
   285. In one word, lieutenant, these letters are  pronounced
 like short c, as if written lev-tenant.

                          IEW.

   286. These letters occur only  in the word view, where they
 sound like ee, rhyming "with few, new.

                           10.

   287. When the accent is upon the first of these vowels they
 form two distinct syllables,  as priory, violent, violet; the last
 of which is sometimes corruptly pronounced vi-let.
   288. In  marchioness the z is entirely  sunk, and  the unac-
 cented  o pronounced,  as it usually is in this situation,  like
 short u, as if written marshuness. (352).
   289. In cushion the  o  is sunk,  and  the  word  pronounced
 cushin.  See the word.
   290. In  the very numerous termination ion, these vowels are
 pronounced in one syllable like short u;  but when they are pre-
 ceded by a liquid as in million, minion, clarion,  Sec. (113) the
 two vowels, though they make but one syllable are heard dis-
 tinctly: the same  may be observed  when they are preceded by
 any of the other consonants, except * and t; as champion,  scor-
pion, Sec. where the vowels are heard separately: but the ter-
 mination, tion and sion, are pronounced in one syllable, and ex-
 actly like the verb shun.
   291. The only exception to this rule  is, when the t is pre-
 ceded by s: m this case the t  goes  into tch, and the i is in a
 small degree audible like short e.  This may be heard in ques-
 tion, mixtion, digestion, combustion,  and what  is  an instance
 of the same kind in Christian,  as if  written  quest-yun, mixt-
 yun, Sec. (464)                                    y   '

                           IOU.

   292  This  triphthong, when preceded  by a liquid, or any
 mute but a dental, is heard distinctly in two syllables, as  in bi-
 lious,  various, glorious, abstemious, ingenious, copious;  but
 when preceded by the  dentals t,   soft c and *, these vowels
 coalesce into one syllable, pronounced exactly like shus:  thus
precious, factious, noxious, anxious, are pronounced as if writ-
 ten preth-us,fac-shus, nock-shus, ang-shus. 
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF OA,  OE, OEI, OEU,  01, OO, OU.
    293. The same tendency of  these vowels to coalesce after
 a dental, and draw it to aspiration, makes  us  hear tedious,  o-
 dibits, and insidious, pronounced as if written te-je-us, o-jee-us,
 and in-sid-je-us; for as d is but flat t, it is no wonder it should
 be subject to the same aspiration, when the same vowels fol-
 low.  Nay, it may be  affirmed, that so agreeable is this sound
 of the d to the analogy of English pronunciation, that, unless
 we are upon our guard, the organs naturally slide into it.   It
 is not, however, pretended that this is the politest  pronuncia-
 tion; for the sake  of analogy it  were to be wished it were: but
 an ignorance of the real powers of the letters,  joined with  a
 laudable desire of keeping as near as possible to the  orthogra-
 phy, is apt to prevent  the d from going intoy, and to make us
 hear o-de-us, te-de-ous,  Sec.  On the other  hand, the vulgar,
 who in this case are right by instinct, not  only  indulge the as-
 piration of the  d, which the language is so prone to, but are
 apt to contract the succeeding syllable too closely, and instead
 of o-je-us and te-je-ous, say o-jus and te-jus.
    294. It is with some satisfaction I  see Mr. Sheridan adopt
 this pronunciation of these terminations, though his manner  of
 spelling them is too apt to  incline us to a too close  contraction
 of them.  Nor can I conceive  why he should spell  melodious,
 me-lo-dzhus, and commodious,  com-mo-dy-us, as there can be
 no possible difference in  the sound of the terminations.  If the
 y is distinctly pronounced, it sufficiently expresses the aspira-
 tion of the d, and is in my opinion,  the preferable mode of deli-
 neating the sound, as it keeps the two last syllables from unit-
 ing too closely.  Where analogy, therefore, is  so  clear, and
 custom so dubious, we ought not to hesitate a moment at pro-
 nouncing odious, tedious, perfidious, fastidious, invidious, com-
 pendious, melodious, commodious,preludious, and studious, as if
 written o-je-ous, te-je-ous, Sec. or rather o-dyus, te-dyus, Sec; nor
 should we forget that Indian comes under the  same  analogy,
 and ought, though contrary  to  respectable usage, to  be pro-
 nounced as  if written Indyan, and nearly as In-je-an. (376).

                            OA.

   295.  This diphthong is regularly pronounced as  the  long
 open sound of o, as in boat, coat, oat, coal, loaf, Sec.   The only
 exceptions are, broad, abroad, groat, which sound as if written
 brawd, abrawd,grawt.    Oatmeal is sometimes pronounced ot-
 meal, but seems to be recovering the long sound of o, as in oat.

                           OE.

   296. Whether it be  proper to retain the o in this diphthong,
 or to banish it  from our  orthography, as Dr. Johnson advises,
 certain it is,  that it is  always pronounced like  single e,  and
 comes entirely under  the  same  laws as that  vowel.  Thus,
 when it ends a syllable, with the accent upon it,  it is long, as in
 An-toe-ci, Peri-oe-ci.   When under the  secondary accent, in
 oec-umenical, oec-onomics,  it is like e short.  It is  long e in
foe-tus, and  short e in foet-id and assafoet-ida.  In doe,foe, sloe,
 toe, throe, hoe, (to dig), and bilboes, it is sounded exactly like
 long open o.   In cazzoe and shoe,  like oo,  as if  written  canoo
 and shoo; and in the verb does, like short u, as if  written duz.

                           OEI.

   297. There is but one word where this triphthong occurs, and
 that is in  Shakspeare's  King Lear, in the word oeiliads (glan-
 ces).  If it were necessary  to pronounce it, in  my  opinion it
 ought to be  sounded as if written e-il-yads.

                          OEU.

   298. This diphthong is from the French, in the word manoeu-
vre; a word, within these  few years, of very general use in oui
language.  It is not in Johnson, and the oeu is  generally  pro-
 nounced by those who can pronounce French, in  the French
 manner; but this is such a sound of the u as does not  exist in
 English, and therefore  it cannot be desciibed.  The nearest
 sound is oo; with which, if this word is pronounced by an En-
 glish speaker, as if written  manoovre, it may, except with very
 nice French ears, escape criticism.

                            01.

   299.  The general, and almost universal sound of this diph-
 thong, is that of a in water, and the first e in me-tre.  This  dou-
 ble sound is very distinguishable in boil, toil, spoil, joint, point,
 anoint, Sec. which sound ought to be carefully preserved, as
 there is  a very prevalent practice among the vulgar of dropping
 the o,  and pronouncing these words as if written bile, tile, spile,
 Sec.
   300. The only instance which admits of a doubt in the sound
 of this diphthong, when under the accent, is in  the word choir;
 but this  word is now  so  much  more  frequently written quire,
 that uniformity strongly inclines us to pronounce the oi in choir
 like long i, and which, by the common orthography, seems fixed
 beyond recovery.  But it may be observed, that either the spel
 ling or the pronunciation of Chorister,  commonly pronounced
 Quirister, ought to be altered.   See the words.
   301. When this diphthong is not under the accent, it is va-
 riously pronounced.   Dr. Kenrick  places the  accent on  the
 first syllable of turcois, and, for I know not what reason,  pro-
 nounces it as if written turkiz; and turkois with the oi broaa as
 in boys.   Mr. Sheridan places the accent on the second sy la-
 ble, and  gives the diphthong the Frenchsound, as if written tur-
 kaze.  In my opinion the best  orthography is turquoise,  and
 the best pronunciation with the accent on the last syllable,  and
 the oi sounded like long e, as if written turkeeze: as we  pro-
 nounce tortoise, with the accent on the first syllable, and the oi
 like short i, as if written tortiz.
   302. In avoirdupois, the first diphthong is pronounced like
 short e, as if written averdupoise.
   303. In connoisseur the same sound of e is substituted, as if
 written connesseur.
   304. In shamois, or chamois, a species  of leather, the  oi is
 pronounced like long e, as if written shammee.
   305.  ddroit and devoir,  two scarcely naturalized  French
 words, have the oi regular.

                            OO.

   306. The sound of this diphthong is regular, except in a  few
 words.   It is pronounced long in moon, soon, fool, rood, food,
 mood, Sec. This is its  regular sound.
   3.07. It has a shorter sound corresponding to the u in bull, in
 the words wool, wood, good, hood, foot,  stood, understood:  and
 these are the only words where this diphthong  has  this middle
 sound.
   3i 8. It has  the sound  of short u in the two words blood  and
flood, rhyming with mud.
   309. Soot is vulgarly  pronounced so as to rhyme with  but,
 hut. Sec.  but ought to have its long, regular  sound,  rhyming
 with boot; as we  always bear it in the compound sooty^  See
 the word.
   310  Door and floor are universally pronounced by the En-
 glish as if written  dore andflore; but in Ireland  they preserve
 the regular sound of oo.
   311. Moor, a black man, is regular in  polite pronunciation,
 and like  more in vulgar.  Moor, a marsh, is sometimes heard
 rhyming  with store; but more correct speakers pronounce it re-
 gularly, rhyming with poor.

                            OU.

   312. This sound is the most irregular assemblage of words
 in our language.   Its  most common sound  is that  heard in
     n2 
DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS OU, OW.
 $ound,fowu., ground, Sec. and this may be called its  proper
 -ound; but its deviations are so many and so various, that  the
 best idea of it will be conveyed by giving the simples of all its
 different sounds.
   313. The first or proper sound of this diphthong is composed
 of the a in ball, and the oo in woo, or  rather the u in bull,  and
 is equivalent  to the ow  in down, frown, Sec.   This sound is
 heard in abound, about, account, accoustics, aground, aloud, a-
 mount, around, arouse, astound, avouch, bough, bounce, bound,
 bounty, bounteous, bout, carosuc, chouse, cloud, dough, clout,
 clouterly, compound, couch, couchant, crouch, deflour,  devour,
 devout, doubt, doubtful, drought, doughty,  douse,  encounter,
 espouse, expound,flout, foul,flounder, found, foundling, foun-
 'ain,frousy,glout,gout (a disease), ground,grout, hound, hour,
 house, impound, loud, lounge, louse,  lout,  mound,  mountain,
 mountebank, mouse, mouth, noun, ounce, our, oust, out,  outer,
 outermost, paramount, plough, pouch, pounce, pound, pout, pro-
 found, pronounce, propound,proud, rebound, recount, redoubt,
 redoubted, redound, rencounter, round, roundelay, rouse, rout,
 scoundrel, scour,  scout, shout, shroud, slouch, spouse,  spout,
 sprout, stout, surround, south, thou, thousand, touse, trounce,
 trousers, trout,  wound,  (did wind),  slough (a miry  place),
 vouch, vouchsafe, without, and in pronoun and  scaramouch;
 though, in> these words, the accent is not on the diphthong.
   314.  The second sound is that of short u in bud, and is heard
 in the following words and their compounds: Adjourn, journey,
 journal, bourgeon,  country, cousin, couple, accouple,  double,
 trouble, courteous, courtesy, courage, encourage, joust, gournet,
 housewife, flourish, mounch, nourish, enough, chough,  rough,
 tough, (a cast skin), scourge, southerly, southern, southernwood,
 southward, touch, touchy, young, younker, and youngster, but
 southern, southerly, and southward, are sometimes pronounced
 regularly like south: this, however, is far from the  prevailing
 pronunciation.  This is the sound this  diphthong  always  has
 when the accent  is not on it, unless in very few instances,
 where  the compound  retains the sound of the simple, as in
 pronoun; but in sojourn, and sojourner, with the accent on  the
 first syllable, and in every unaccented termination, in our, and
 ous, this diphthong has exactly the sound of short u. Thus fa-
 vour, honour, and famous, are pronounced as if written  favur,
 honur, and famus.
   315.  The third sound given to these  vowels is that of oo in
 roo and woo (39): and is found in the following words:  Bouge,
 croup, group, aggroup, amour, paramour, bouse, bousy, boute-
 feu, capouch, cartouch,fourbe, gout (taste), and ragout (pro-
 nounced goo and ragoo), rendezvous, rouge,  soup,  sous (pro-
 nounced soo), surtout, through,  thoroughly, toupee, or  toupet,
 you, your, youth, tour, contour, tourney,  tournay, tournament,
 pour, and route (a road), accoutre, billet doux, agouti, uncouth,
 wound (a hurt), and routine (a beaten road), though the diph-
 thong on the latter has not the accent.   See Tourney.
   316.  The verb to pour  is sometimes pronounced to pore,
 and sometimes to poor;  in each case it interferes with a word
 of a different signification, and the best pronunciation, Avhich is
 that similar to power, is as little  liable to  that exception as
 cither of the others.   See the word.
   317.  To wound is sometimes  pronounced  so as to rhyme
 with fiund; but it is directly contrary to the best usage;  but
 i:ite (a road, as to take a different route),  is often pronounced
 so as to rhyme with doubt by respectable speakers.
   318. The fourth sound of this diphthong is that of long open
 o, and is heard in  the  following words;  though, although,
 coulter,  court,  accourt, gourd,  courtier,  course,  discourse
 source,   recourse,   resource, bourn,  dough,  doughy, four,
 mould,  mouldy,  moult,  should/r,  smoulder,  soul, poultice,
poult,  poulterer, poultry,  troul (to roll  smoothly,  marked
 by  Mr.  S! eridan  as rhyming with  doll, but more properly
 by  Dr.  Kenrick  with  roll),  and borough,  thorough,  for-
Jough. fourteen, concourse, and intercourse, preserve the diph-
thong  in the sound of long o, though not under the  accent.
   319.  The fifth sound of ou is like the noun awe, and is heard
only in  the following words: ought, bought, sought, besought,
fought,  nought, thought, methought, wrought.
   320.  The sixth sound is that of short oo, or the u in bull, and
is heard only in the auxiliary verbs would,  could, should,
rhvming with good, hood, stood, Sec.
   321.  The seventh sound is that of short o, and heard only in
the  words cough and trough;  rhyming exactly with off and
scoff: and in lough and shough, pronounced lock and shock.

                           OW.

   322.  The elementary sound  of  this diphthong is the  same
as the first sound of ozz, and is heard in how, now,  8ec. but the
sound of long o obtains in so many instances, that it will be
necessary to give a catalogue of both.
   323.  The general sound, as  the elementary  sound may be
called, is heard in mow, how, bow (a mark of respect), mow (a
heap of barley, Sec.) cow, brow, brown, browse, plow, sow, vow,
avow, allow, disallow, endow, down, clown, frown, town, crown,
drown,  gown, renown, dowager, dowdy, dower, dowre, dowry,
dowery, dowlas, drowse, drowsy, flower, bower,  lower, (to look
gloomy,) power, powder  prowess,  prow, prowl, vowel,  towel,
bower, rowel, scowl, crowd, shower, tower, sowins, sowl, thowl,
low (to  bellow as a cow).  This word  is generally pronounced
as low, not high; but if custom, in  this case, has not absolutely
decided, it ought, in my opinion, to have the first sound of this
diphthong, rhyming with how, as much more expressive of the
noise it signifies;  which,  where sounds are the ideas  to be
expressed, ought to have great weight in  pronunciation (241)
251).
   324.  The second sound of this diphthong is  heard in blow,
slow, crow, grow, flow, glow, bow, (to shoot with), know, low,
(not  high), mow (to cut grass,), row, show,  sow, (to scatter
grain)  strow, slow, snow, trow, below,  bestow, own, owner,
flown, froward, toward, grown, growth, know, known,  sown,
lower (to bring low),  throw, thrown;  in  all these words the
ow sounds like long o ingo,no, so, Sec.
   325.  The  noun  prow,  signifying the  forepart of a  ship,
rhymes with go in Mr. Sheridan, and with now in Dr. Kenrick.
The  latter is, in my opinion, the preferable sound; while the
verb  to  prowl (to seek for prey) rhymes with owl according to
Mr. Sheridan, and  with  soul  according  to Dr. Kenrick: the
latter has the old spelling prole to  plead, but the former  has,
in my opinion, both analogy and the  best usage on its side.
Both these writers  unite in  giving  the  first  sound of this
diphthong to prowess: which is unquestionably the  true pro-
nunciation.  See to Prowl.
   326.  The proper names How, Howel,  Howard,  and Powel,
generally are heard with  the first sound of this diphthong, as
in  how, now, Sec. but Howes  and Stow (the Historian)  com-
monly rhyme with  knows and know.  Howard, among people
of rank, is generally pronounced with the second sound,  rhym-
ing vithfroward; and Grosvenor, as if written Gravenor.

      "So much they hate the crowd, .that if the throng
      "By chance go right, they purposely go wrong."        Pope.

 Snowdon is frequently pronounced with the first sound of ow;
but the second sound seems preferable; as it is  not improbable
 that these mountains had  their name, like the  Alps, from the
 snow on their tops.
   327.  When this diphthong  is in a final unaccented syllable
 it has always the second sound, like long o, in borrow, sorrow,
fellow,  willow,  Sec.   The  vulgar shorten  this  sound, and
 pronounce the o obscurely, and  sometimes as if followed by r,
 as winder and feller for window and fellow; but this is  almost
 too despicable for notice.   Good speakers preserve  the dipth-
 thong in this situation as  distinct as if the accent were  on  it,
 and give it the full sound of open o, rhyming with no, so, Sec.
    328,  This  diphthong,  in the word* knowledge, has of late 
DIFFERENT SOUNDS  OF THE DIPHTHONGS  OY,  UI UE, UI,  UO, Ul
years undergone a considerable  revolution.  Some  speakers,
who had the regularity of their language at heart, were grieved
to see the compound  depart so far from  the sound of the
simple, and with heroic fortitude have opposed the multitude
by pronouncing the first syllable of  this word as it is heard in
the verb to know.  The pulpit and the bar have for some years
given a sanction  to this  pronunciation;  but the senate and the
stage hold out  inflexibly against it; and  the nation at large
seem insensible of the  improvement.   They still  continue  to
pronounce, as in the old ludicrous rhymes----

          " Among the mighty men of knowledge,
          " That are professors at Gresham College.'"

But if ever  this word  should  have the  good fortune to  be
restored to its rights, it would be but charity to endeavour the
restoration of a great number of words in a similar situation,
such as  breakfast, vineyard,  bewilder,  meadow,  hearken,
pleasure,  whitster, shepherd,  windward, and a long  catalogue
of  fellow  sufferers, (515).   But before  we  endeavour this
restoration we  should  consider, that  contracting  the  sound
of the simple,  when it acquires an additional syllable, is  an
idiom of  pronunciation to which our  language is  extremely
prone; nor is it certain that crossing this tendency  would pro-
duce any real advantage; at least,  not sufficient  to counter-
balance the diversity of pronunciation  which must for  a long
time prevail, and which must necessarily call off our attention
from things to words.  See Enclitical Termination.

                            OY.

   329. This diphthong is but another form for oi, and  is pro-
nounced  exactly  like  it.   When alloy  is  written with this
diphthong, it ought  never to be pronounced allay.  Custom
seems to have appropriated the  former word to the noun, and
the latter to the verb; for the sake of consistency, it were to  be
wished it were always written allay; but it is not to be expected
that poets will give up so good a rhyme to joy, cloy, and destroy.
   330. The only word in  which this diphthong is not under
the accent, is the proper name Savoy: for savoy, a plant, has
the accent on the second syllable; but the  dipththong in both is
pronounced in the same manner.

                            UA.

   331. When the a  in  this diphthong is pronounced, the u has
the power of w, which unites both into one syllable;  thus an-
tiquate, antiquary, assuage, persuade, equal, language, Sec. are
pronounced antikwate, antikwary, asswage, perswade, ekwal,
langwage, Sec.
   332. The u in this diphthong  is silent, in guard, guardian,
guarantee, and piquant; pronounced gard; gardian, garantee,
and pikant (92).
   333. In Mantua, the town of  Italy, both vowels are heard
distinctly.  The same  may be observed of the habit so  called;
but in mantuamuker vulgarity  has sunk the  a, and made it
mantumaker.  The same vulgarity at first, but now sanctioned
by universal custom, has sunk both letters in victuals, and  its
compounds victualling and victualler, pronounced  vittles,
vittling, and vittler.  See Mantua.

                            UE.

   334. This diphthong, like  ua,  when it forms only one sylla-
ble, and both letters are pronounced, has the u sounded like  w;
as  consuetude,  dessuetude, and  mansuetude,  which are  pro-
nounced conswetude, desswetude, and manswetude.  Thus con-
quest is pronounced according to the general rule, as if written
conkwest;  but the verb to conquer has  unaccountably deviated
into conker, particularly upon the stage.   This error, however,
seems not to be so rooted in the general ear l!S to be above cor-
rection; and analogy undoubtedly demands conkwer.
  335. This diphthong, when in a final syllable, sinks the t. as
clue, cue, due, blue, glue, hue, flue, rue, sue, true, mue, accrue,
ensue, endue, imbue,  imbrue, pursue,  subdue, perdue,  argue,
residue, avenue, revenue, continue, retinue, construe, statue, tis-
sue, issue, virtue, value, ague;  in ail these words, whether the
accent be on the diphthong ue or not, it is pronounced like long
open u.  When the accent is not on this  diphthong as in the
latter portion of these words from argue,  it is apt to be feebly
and  indistinctly  pronounced, and  therefore care ought to be
taken to sound it as if these words were written argew, residew,
Sec.   In Tuesday, u though not ending a syllable, the dipththong
is pronounced in the same manner.
  336.  In some words the u is silent, and the  e  pronounced
short, as in guess, guest, guerkin,  guerdon, where the u  acts as
a servile to preserve the.g- hard.
  337.  In some words both the vowels are sunk, as in antique,
oblique, league, feague, teague, colleague, plague, vague, in-
trigue, fatigue, harangue, tongue, disembogue, collogue, rogue,
prorogue, brogue, fugue; in all which the ue is silent, and the
g pronounced hard.  The q  in  antique and oblique,  is  pro-
nounced like k; as if the words were written anteek and oblike.
  338.  The  terminations in ogue from  the  Greek,  are pro-
nounced in the  same  manner.  Thus  pedagogue, demagogue,
ptysmagogue, menagogue,  emmenagogue, synagogue,  mysta-
gogue, decalogue, dialogue, trialogue, catalogue,  theologue, ec-
logue, monologue, prologue, and epilogue, are all  pronounced as
if written, pedagog, demagog, Sec.
  339.  This diphthong after r becomes oo.  Thus true  is pro-
nounced troo.

                            UI.

  340.  The u in this  diphthong,  as in ua and  ue, 'when  both
vowels are pronounced  without forming two syllables;  is pro-
nounced like  w; thus languid,  anguish, languish, extinguish,
distinguish, relinquish, vanquish, linguist, penguin, pursuivant,
guiacum, are pronounced as  if written langwid, angwish,  Sec.
and cuiss and cuisses,  as if written kwiss and kwisses, and cui-
rass, kwirass.
  341.  The u is silent, and the i pronounced long, in guide, dis-
guise, guile, beguile;  but the u is silent and z short, in guild,
build, guilt, guinea, guitar.  Guild, in Guildhall, is, by the lower
people of London, pronounced  so as to rhyme  with child; but
this is directly opposite to  the  best usage, and  contrary to its
etymology; as it is a compound of guild (a corporation, always
pronounced like the verb to gild),  and hall.  Dr. Jones, who
wrote in Queen Anne's  time, tells us it was then pronounced as
if written Gildhall.  In  circuit and biscuit  the u  is merely ser-
vile; in both the c is hard,  and  the i short,  as if  written surkit,
and bisket.   Conduit  is pronounced condit.
   342. In juice, sluice, suit, and pursuit, the i is silent,  and the
u has its diphthongal sound, as if preceded by e, and the words
were written slewce,jewce, sewt, pursewt.
   343.  When this diphthong is preceded by r, it is pronounc-
ed like  oo; thus  bruise,  cruise, fruit, bruit, recruit,  are pro-
nounced  as  if -written  broose, croozc,  broot, froot,  recroot
(339.)

                            170.

   344.  The u in this diphthong, as in the hree  last, is yrc-
nounced like w in quote, quota, quotation, quotient, quotidian,
quorum, quondam, siliquose; quoth, as if written kwote, kivota,
kwotation, Sec.   Coif and coit, commonly  pronounced kwoif
and  kwoit, do not come under this class.   See the  words.

                            UY

   345.  This diphthong, with the accent on it, sinks the u, and
pronounces  the y like long j; thus buu, the only word where
uy has the accent, rhymes with dry, flXJ,  Sec.   When the ac- 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE  CONSONANTS B  C. D
cent is not on this diphthong it is sounded like long e, as pla-
guy, roguy,gluy, pronounced pla-guee, ro-guee, ght-ee.  The
same may be observed of obloquy, ambiloquy, pauciloquy, soli-
loquy,  ventriloquy, alloquy, colloquy,  pronounced  oblo-quee,
ambilo-quee,  Sec.

                           UOY.

   346.   This diphthong is found only in the word  buoy, pro-
nounced as if  written  bwoy, but too often exactly like boy.
This, however, is an impropriety -which ought to be avoided
by correct  breakers.
                OF  THE CONSONANTS.

                            B.

    347.   When b folows m in the same syllable it is gener-
 ally silent, as in lamb, kemb, limb, comb, dumb, Sec.  except ac-
 cumb and succumb.  It is silent also before t in the same sylla-
 ble, as in debt, doubt, redoubt, redoubted, and their compounds.
 It is silent before t, when not in the same syllable, in the word
 subtle (cunning),  often  inaccurately  used for subtile (fine),
 where the b is always pronounced.  In the mathematical term
 rhomb the b is always  heard,  and  the word pronounced as if
 written rhumb.  Ambs-ace is pronounced Aims-ace.

                             C.

   348.   C is  always hard like A: before  a,  o, and u,  as card,
 cord, curd; and soft, like  * before e, i, and y, as cement, city,
 cynic.
   349.   When c ends a word, or syllable, it is always hard, as
 in music,flaccid, sic-city pronounced music k,flack-sid, sick-sity.
 See Exaggerate.
   350.   In the words sceptic, where  the first c, according to
 analogy, ought  to be pronounced  like s, Dr. Johnson has not
 only given his approbation to the sound of k, but has, contrary
 to general practice, spelt the word skeptic.  It may  be observ-
 ed, perhaps, in this, as  on other occasions, of that truly great
 man, that he is but seldom wrong; but when he is so, that he
 is  generally wrong to absurdity.  What a monster does  this
 word skeptic  appear to an eye the least classical or correct!
 and if this alteration be right, why  should we hesitate to write
 and pronounce  scene, scepter, and Lacedemon, skene, skepter,
 and Lakedtsmon, as there is the same  reason for k in all?  It is
 not, however, my intention to cross the general current of po-
 lite and classical pronunciation, which I know is that of sound-
 ing the c and k; my objection is only to  writing it with the k;
 and in this I think I am supported by the  best authorities since
 the publication of Johnson's Dictionary.
   351.   C is mule in Czar, Czarina, victuals, indict, arbuscle,
 corpuscle, and  muscle, it sounds like tch  in the Italian words
 vermicelli and violincello; and like z in suffice, sacrifice, and dis-
 cern.
   352.   This  letter,  when connected  with h, has two sounds;
 the one like tch, in child, chair, rich, which, Sec. pronounced as
 if written tchild, tchair,ritch, whitch, Sec; the other like sh, af-
 ter / or n, as in belch, bench, filch, Sec. pronounced belsh, bensh,
 filsh, Sec.   This latter sound is generally given to words from
 the French, as chaise, chagrin,  chamade, champagne, champig-
 non, chandtlier,  chaperon, charlatan,  chevalier, cheveron, chi-
 cane, capuchin, cartouch, machine, machinist, chancre, marchio-
 ness.
   353.   C.'.\ in words from the learned languages, are general-
 ly pronounced like k, as  chalcography, chalybeate, chamxleon,
 chamomile, chaos,  character, cart, chasm, chemist, (if derived
 from the  Arabic, and chymist if from the  Greek.) chersonese,
 chimera,  c'urography,  chiromancy, cholorosis, cholor, chorus,
 chord, chorography, chyle, and its compounds; anchor, anchoret,
cachexy,  catechism, catechise, catechetical, catechumen, echo,
 echinus, epoch, epocha, ichor, machination, machinal, mechanic,
 mechanical,  orchestra,  orchestre, technical, anarch, anarchy,
 conch, cochleary, distich, hemistich, monostich, eunuch, monarch,
 monarchical,  hierarch,  heresiarch,  pentateuch,  stomach,  sto-
 machic,  scheme, school, scholar,  schesis, tnastich, and  in  all
 words where it is followed by r, as Christ, Christian, chron-
 ology, chronicle, Sec.  To  these may be added  the Celtic word
 loch (a lake).   The exceptions  to  these are, charity, charge,
 archer, and archery.
   354.  When arch, signifying chief, begins a word from the
 Greek language, and is followed  by a vowel, it is always pro-
 nounced ark, as in archangel, archipelago, architect, archives,
 archetype, archaism,  archiepiscopal, archidiaconal, architrave,
 archaiology.   But  when we prefix arch to a word of our own,
 and this word begins  with  a consonant, we pronounce it so as
 to rhyme with  march, as archduke, archdeacon, archbishop; and
 sometimes, when the following word begins with a vowel,  if it
 is a composition of our  own, and the word does not come to us
 compounded from the Greek or Latin, as arch-enemy.
   85 5.   The word ache, (a pain), pronounced ake, comes from
 the Greek, and was by  Shakspeare  extended to two syllables,
 aches with ch, as in watches: but this is obsolete.   It is now al-
 most universally written ake and akes, except where it is com-
 pounded with another word, as head-ach, heart-ach, Sec. and by
 thus absurdly retaining  the ch in the compound, we are puz-
 zled how to form the plural, without pronouncing aches in  two
 syllables: but if this remnant of  Greek  must be retained,  the
 best way would be to spell the  compound head-ache, as the
 simple ache,  with a final e.
   356.   In cAoz'r and  chorister the ch is almost universally pro-
 nounced like qu (300):  in ostrich, like dge, as spelled ostridge.
 It is silent in schedule, schism, and yacht; pronounced  seddule,
 sizm, and yot.   It  is sunk in  drachm, but heard  in drachma;
 pronounced dram and drackma.
   357.   When c   comes after the  accent, either primary or
 secondary, and  is followed  by ea, ia, ie, io, or eous, it takes the
 sound  of sh; thus ocean, social, Phocion, saponaceous, are pro-
 nounced as if written  oshean, sosheal, Phoshean, saponasheous,
fasciation, negociation, Sec. (196).

                            D.

   358.  In order to have a just idea of the alterations of sound
 this letter undergoes, it will be necessary  to consider its near
 relation to T (41).   These consonants, like p, and b,f, and v,
 k, and  hard g, and s, and z, are letters of the same organ; they
 differ by the nicest shades of sound, and are easily convertible
 into each other; t, p, f, k, and *, may,  for the  sake  of distinc-
 tion, be cailed sharp, and d, b, v, g,  and z, may be  called  flat.
 For this reason, when a  singular ends in a sharp consonant, the
 s, which forms the  plural, preserves its sharp sound,  as in cuffs,
packs, lips, hats, deaths;  and when the  singular ends with a
 flat consonant,  the plural s, has the  sound ofz, as drabs, bags,
 beads, lives.
   359.   In the  same manner, when a verb ends with a  sharp
 consonant, the d, in the termination ed, assumed by the preterit
 and participle, becomes sharp, and is sounded like t;  thus stuff-
 ed, tripped,  cracked, passed, vouched,  faced,  (where the  e is
 suppressed, as  it always ought to be except when we are pro-
 nouncing the language of Scripture) (104) change the d  into
 t, as if written  stufft, tript, crackt, past,  voucht, faste.  So,
 when the verb  ends in a flat consonant,  the d preserves its true
 flat sound, as drubbed,  pegged, lived, buzzed,  where the  e is
 suppressed,  and the words pronounced in one syllable, as if
 written drubb'd, fiegg'd,  liv'd,  buzz'd.  It may be observed
 too, that when the  verb ends in a liquid, or a liquid and mute
 e, the participial d always  preserves its pure sound;  as blamed,
joined, filled, barred,  pronounced blam'd, join'd, fill'd, barr'd.
 This contraction of the participial ed, and the verbal en (103), is
 so fixed  an idiom of our  pronunciation, that to alter it, would
 be to alter the sound  of the whole language. It must, however, 
PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  CONSONANT If.
 be regretted, that it subjects our tongue to some of the most
 hissing, snapping, clashing, grinding, sounds that evei grated the
 ears of a Vandal.  Tnus rasped, scratched, wrenched, bridled,
fangled, birchen, hardened, strengthened, quickened, Sec. almost
 frighten  us when written  as they are actually pronounced, as
 ra'spt, Hcrutchi, wrencht, bridt'd, fangl'd, birch'n, strength'n'd,
 quick'n'd,  Sec.  but to compensate for these Gothick sounds,
 which, however, are not  without  their use, our language is lull
 of the smoothest  and most sonorous terminations of the Greeks
 and Romans.
   3 60.   By the forgoing rule of contraction, arising from  the
 very nature of the letters, we see the absurdity of substituting
 the t for ed, when the verb ends in a  sharp consonant;  for, when
 the pronunciation cannot be mistaken, it is folly to  al'.er the
 orthography.  Thus the Distressed Mother, the title of a trage-
 dy, needs not to  be  written  Distrest Mother, as we generally
 find it, because,  though we write it  in the former manner, it
 must necessarily be pronounced  in the latter.
   361.  By this rule, too, we may see the impropriety of writ-
 ing blest for blessed, when a  participle.

     " Blest in thy genius, in thy love too blest "         Pope.

 But when the word  blessed  is an adjective, it ought  always to
 be pronounced, even in the most familiar conversation, in two
 syllables, as this is a blessedday,  the blessed thistle, Sec.
    362   This word,  with learned, cursed,  and winged are the
 only participle  adjectives which are constantly pronounced in
 two syllables, where the participles are pronounced in one:
 thus a learned man, a cursed thing, a winged horse, preserve
 the ed in a distinct syllable;  while the same words, when verbs,
 as he learned to write, he cursed the day, they winged their flight,
 are heard in one syllable, as  if written learnd, curst, and wingd;
 the d in cursed changing to t, from its following the  sharp con-
 sonant s, (358).
    36 3.  Poetry, however, (which has been one great cause of
 improper orthography) assumes  the privilege of  using these
 words, when adjectives,  either as monosyllable or dissyllables;
 but correct prose rigidly exacts the pronunciation of ed in these
 words, when adjectives, as a distinct syllable.  The ed in aged
 and winged, always make a distinct syllable,  as an aged man;
 the winged courser; but  when this  word is compounded with
 another, the ed does not form a  syllable, as a full-ag'd horse;
 a sheath-wing''dfowl.
    364.   It  is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that when adjectives
 are changed into adverbs by the  addition  of the termination ly,
 we often find the participial termination  ed preserved long and
 distinct,  even in those  very words  where it was contracted
 when used adjectively. Thus though we always hear confess'd,
 profess'd, design'd, Sec.  we  as constantly hear confess-ed-ly;
 pro-fess-ed-ly, de-sign-ed-ly, Sec.  The same may be observed
 by the following list of words, which, by the assistance of the
 Rhyming Dictionary, I am enabled to give, as,  perhaps, the on-
 ly words in the language in which the ed is pronounced as a dis-
 tinct syllable in the adverb, where it is contracted in the parti-
 cipial adjective: Forcedly, enforcedly, unveiledly, deformedly,
 Jeignedly,  unfeignedly,  discerncdly, resignedly,  definedly,  re-
 strainedly, concernedly, unconcernedly, discernedly,undiscerned-
 ly, preparedly,  assuredly,  advisedly, dispersedly, diffusedly,
 confusedly, unperceivedly, resolvedly, deservedly, undeserved-
 ly, reservedly,  unreservedly, avowedly, perplexedly, fixedly,
 amazedly.
    365. To this catalogue may be added  several abstract sub-
 stantives formed from participles in ed; which ed makes a dis-
 tinct syhable in the former though not in  the latter. Thus
 blearedness, preparedness,  assuredness diseasedness, advised
 ness, reposedncss, composedness,  diffusedness, confusedness, dis-
 tressedness, resolvedness, reservedness,  perplexedness, fixed-
 ?iess, amazedncss, have ed pronounced distinctly.
  366. The adjectives naked, wicked, picked, (pointed),  hook-
ed, crooked, forked, tusked, and wretched, are not  derived from
verbs, and are therefore pronounced in  two  syllables.   The
same may be  observed of scabbed, crabbed, chubbed, stubbed,
shagged, snagged, ragged, crabbed, scrubbed, dogged,  rugged,
scragged, hawked, jagged; to which we  may add the  solemn
pronunciation  of stiffnecked; and these, when formed into  nouns
by the addition of ness, preserve the ed  in a distinct  syllable,
as wickedness, scabbedness,raggedness, Sec.
  367. Passed, in the sense of beyond, becomes a preposition,
and may allowably be written past, as past twelve o'clock; but
when an adjective, though it is pronounced in one syllable, it
ought to be written with two, as passed pit asures are  present
pain: this  I know is contrary  to usage; but usage is, in this
case, contrary to good sense, and the settled  analogy of the
language.
   368.  It need scarcely  be observed, that when the verb ends
in t or d, the ed in the past time and participle  has the d pro-
nounced with its own sound, and always forms   an additional
syllable as landed, matted, Sec.  otherwise the final d could not
be pronounced at all.
   369.  And here, perhaps, it may not be useless to take notice
of the very imperfect and  confused idea  that is  given in  our
best grammar, of what are called  contracted  verbs,  such as
snacht, checkt, snapt, mixt, dwelt and past, for snatched, check-
ed, snapped, mixed, dwelled, and passed.  To these are added,
those that end in /, m, and n, or p, after a diphthong, which eith-
er shorten the diphthong or change it into a single vowel; and in-
stead of ed, take t only for the preterit, as dealt, dreamt, meant,
felt, slept, crept; and these are said to be  considered not as irre-
gular, but contracted  only.  Now nothing can be clearer than
that  verbs of  a very different kind are here huddled  together
as of the same.   Snatched, checked, snapped, mixed,  and pas-
sed, are not irregular  at  all; if  they are ever  written  snatcht,
checkt, snapt,  mixt, and past, it is from pure ignorance of analo-
gy, and not considering that if they were  written with ed, unless
we were to pronounce it as a distinct syllable, contrary to the
most settled usage of the language, the pronunciation, from the
very nature of the letters  must be the same.   It is very  dif-
ferent with dwelled; here, as a liquid, and  not a sharp  mute,
ends the verb, d might be pronounced without going into t, just
as well as  in fell'd,  the  participle of to fell (to cut down
trees). Here then we  find custom  has determined an irregu-
larity, which cannot  be  altered, without  violence to  the  lan-
guage; dwell may be truly called an irregular verb, and  dwelt
the preterit and participle.
   370.  The same maybe observed of deal, dream, mean, feel,
weep, sleep, and creep.   It is certain we can pronounce d after
the four first of these words, as well as in sealed, screamed, clean-
ed, and reeled; but custom has not only annexed  t to the  prete-
rit of these verbs, but has changed the long diphthongal sound
into  a short one;  they are therefore doubly irregular.   Weep,
sleep, and creep, would not have required t to form their prete-
rits any more than peeped  and  steeped;  but  custom, which has
shortened the diphthong in the former words, very naturally an-
nexed t as the simplest method of conveying the sound.
   371. The only two words which occasion some doubt  about
classing them are, to  learn and to spell.   The vulgar (who are
no contemptible guides on this occasion)  pronounce  them  in
the preterit learnt and spelt; but as  n and / will readily admit of
d after them, it seems more correct to favour a tendency to re-
gularity, both in writing and speaking, which the literary world
has  given into, by spelling them learned, and spelled, and pro-
nouncing them learn'd, and spell'd.   Thus earned, the preterit
ol to earn, has been recovered from the vulgar earnt, and made
■i perfect rhyme to discerned.
   372. To these observations may be added, that, in such irre-
 gular verbs as have the  present, the preterit and participle the
 same, as cast, cost, cut, Sec. the second person singular  of the 
PRONUNCIATION  OF THE CONSONANTS F, G
preterit of these verbs take ed before the est, as / cast, or did
cast;  Thou castedst, or didst cast, Sec. for if this were not  the
case, the second person of the  preterit might be mistaken for
the second person of the present tense,  which in  these words
would render " confusion worse confounded."
   373.  I have been led insensibly to these observations by their
connexion with pronunciation;  and if the reader  should think
them too remote from the subject, I must beg  his pardon, and
resume my remarks on the sound  of the letter d.
   374.  The vulgar drop  this letter in ordinary, and extraor-
dinary, and make them or'nary and extr'or'nary; but  this is
a gross abbreviation; the best pronunciation is sufficiently short,
which is ordinary and extrord'nary; the first in  three, and  last
in four  syllables:  but solemn speaking preserves  the i, and
makes the words consist of five syllables.
   375.  Our  ancestors,  feeling the necessity of  showing  the
quantity of a vowel followed  by ge when it was to  be short, in-
serted d, as wedge, ridge, badge, Sec.  The same reason induc-
ed them to write colledge and alledge, with the d;  but modern
reformers, to the great injury of the language,  have  expelled
the d, and left the vowel to shift for itself; because there is no
d in the Latin  words from which these are derived.
   376.  D like t, to which it is so nearly related, when it comes
after the accent, and is followed by the diphthong ie, io, ia or eou,
slides into gzh, or the consonant j; thus soldier is universally
and justly pronounced as  if written sol-jer; grandeur, gran-
jeur; and verdure (where it must  be remembered  that u is a
diphthong) ver-jurc; and, for the same reason, education is ele-
gantly   pronounced ed-jucation.   But  duke  and  reduce, pro-
nounced juke and re-juce, where the accent is after the d, cannot
be too much reprobated*.

                             F.

   377.  F has  its pure sound in often, off, Sec. but in the prepo-
sition of, slides into its near relation v, as if  written ov.  But,
when this preposition is in  composition at the end of a word,
the /"becomes pure; thus; though  we sound of singly ov,  we
pronounce it as if the/were double in whereof.
   378.  There is  a strong tendency to  change  the /into v in
some words, which confounds the  plural  number and the geni-
tive case.  Thus we often hear of a wive's jointure, a  calve's
head, and houze rent,  for a wife's  jointure,  a calfs  head,  and
house rent.

                             G.

   379.  G like C, has two sounds, a hard and a soft one.  It is
hard before a, o, u, I, and r, as game, gone, gull, glory, grandeur.
Gaol is  the only exception; now more commonly written jail,
(212).
   380.  G before e and i is sometimes hard and sometimes soft.
It is generally  soft before words  of Greek, Latin or French
original, and hard before words from the Saxon.   These latter,
forming by far the smaller number, may be considered  as  ex-
ceptions.
   381. G. is hard before e, in gear, geek, geese, geld, gelt, geld-
ing, get, gew-gavj, shagged, snagged, ragged, cragged, scrag-
ged, dogged, rugged, toged, (dressed in a toga), dagger, swag-
ger, stagger, trigger, dogger, pettyfogger, tiger, auger, eager,
meager, anger, finger, linger, conger, longer, stronger, younger,
longest, strongest, youngest.  The last of these words are  gen-
erally pronounced in Ireland, so as to let the g remain in its na-
sal sound, without articulating the succeeding  vowel;  thus
longer (more long) is so pronounced as to sound  exactly like
the noun a longer (one who longs  or wishes  for a thing);  the
same may be observed of the* rest.   That the pronunciation of
Ireland  is analigocal, appears from the same pronunciation of
g in string-y, spring-y, full of strings and springs;  and  wronger
and wrongest, for more and most wrong.   But though resting
g in the nasal sound, without articulating the succeeding vow-
el, is absolutely necessary in verbal nouns, derived from verbs
ending in ing, as singer, bringer, slinger, Sec; and though analo-
gical, is provincial, in the words above mentioned; for younger
ought  to rhyme exactly  with the termination  monger,  which
has always the g  hard, and articulating the vowel; and this pro-
nunciation  is  approved  by  Mr. Nares.  Forget,  target,  and
together, fall into this class.
  382. Gis hard  before i, in gibbe,gibcat,gibber,gibberish, gib-
bous, giddy, gift, gig, giggle, giglct, (properly giggle'), gild, gill
(of a fish), gimlet,gimp, gird, girdle, girl, girth,  gizzard,  begin,
give, forgive, biggin,piggin, noggin: also derivatives from nouns
or verbs ending in hard g, as  druggist, waggish, riggish, hog.
gish, doggish, sluggish, rigging, digging, Sec.
  383. G before y is generally soft as in elegy, apology, 8cc and
almost in all  words from the learned languages;  but hard in
words from the Saxon, which are  formed from nouns or verbs
ending in g hard, as  shaggy, jaggy, knaggy, snaggy, craggy,
scraggy, guaggy, swaggy, dreggy, spriggy, twiggy, boggy,fog-
gy, cloggy,  buggy,  muggy.  Gyve,  from  its  Celtic original,
ought to have the^ hard, but has decidedly adopted the softg.
       GNin the same syllable at the beginning of a word.
  384. The g in this situation is always silent, as gnaw, gnash,
gnat, gnarl, gnomon, gnomonics; pronounced  naw, nash, nat,
narl, nomon, nomonics.
        GNin the same syllable at the end  of a word.
  385. No combination of letters has more puzzled the critics
than this.  Two actresses of distinguished merit in Portia, in
the Merchant of Venice, pronounced the word impugn different-
ly, and each found her advocate in the newspapers.   One critic
affirmed, that Miss  Young, by preserving the sound  ot ,§-, pro-
nounced the word properly; and the other contended, that Mrs.
Yates was more judicious in leaving it out.   The  former was
charged with harshness;  the latter, with mutilating the  word,
and weakening its sound: but if analogy may decide, it is clear-
ly in favour of the latter; for there is no axiom in our pronuncia-
tion more indisputable than that, which makes g silent before n
in the same syllable.  This is constantly the case  in  sign and
all its compounds, as resign, design, consign, assign; and in  in-
dign, condign, malign, benign; all pronounced as if written sine,
resine, Sec.  In which words we find the vowel i long  and open,
to compensate, as it were, for the suppression of g;  as every
other word ending in gn, when the accent is  on  the syllable,
has a diphthong pronounced like a long open vowel, as arraign,
campaign, feign, reign, deign, and consequently, unless the vow-
el u can produce  some special privilege which the other vowels
have not, we must, if we pronounce according to analogy, make
the u in this  situation long, and sound impugn as  if written ifti-
pune.
  386. The same analogy will oblge us to pronounce  impregn,
oppugn, expugn, propugn,  as  if  written imprene, oppune, ex-
pune, propune, not only when these verbs are  in  the infinitive
mood, but in the preterits, participles, and verbal nouns, formed
from them;  as impugned, impugning, and impugner, must be
pronounced, impuned, impuning, and impuner. The same may be
observed of the rest.   Perhaps it will gratify a curious obser-
ver of pronunciation to see the  diversity and uncertainty of our
orthoepists in their notation of the words before us;
impiine.   Sheridan, Scott,  Nares, Murray, (author of an Eng-
             lish  Grammar).   Barclay says the g in this word
             and  its derivatives is mute, but takes no notice of
             the quantity of the u.
impun.  Buchanan, Kenrick, Perry.
impugn.  W. Johnston.
oppune.  Sheridan,  Scott, Nares,  Murray.
oppun.  Kenrick, Perry, Barclay.
oppugn.  W. Johnston. 
PRONUNCIATION  OF THE CONSONANTS  GH,  GHT,H
propune. Sheridan,  Scott, Perry,  Nares.
propung.  Barclay.
imprene.  Nares,  Murray.
impren.  Sheridan,  Kenrick,  Perry.  Barclay  says the g is
             mute, but says nothing of the quantity of the e.
expiine.    Sheridan, Scott, Nares.
exp&n.     Perry, Barclay.
impuner.   Sheridan.
impuned.   Murray.
impiinner. Perry, Barclay.
oppugner. Sheridan.
propugner. Sheridan.
propuner.  Scott.
propunner. Perry.
Nothing is clearer  than that all these words ought  to  follow
the same fortune, and should be pronounced alike.   How then
shall be reconciled Mr. Sheridan's pronouncing impugn,  op-
pugn, expugn, and  propugn, with the u long, and impregn
with the e short?  Kenrick, who has not the word propugn, is
consistent in pronouncing the rest with the vowel short.   The
same may be  observed of Scott, who adopts the long sound,
but has not the word impregn. Mr Perry gives the short sound
to all but propugn, where he makes the u long; and W. John-
ston,  who has  only impugn and oppugn, pronounces the  vowel
short, and spells them  impung and oppung.   Barclay,  under
the word  impugn, says  the g in this word and its derivatives is
mute, without noticing the quantity of  the vowels, but spells
oppugn, oppun;  and of impregn, only says the g is mute;  but
writes propugn,  propung, in the manner that W. Johnston
does impugn and oppugn: but Mr. Nares observes, that ana-
logy  seems to require a similar pronunciation in all these
words, and that the  vowel should be long.
   The same inconsistency is observable in Mr. Sheridan's pro-
nunciation of  the verbal nouns; for he expunges the g in im-
pugner, and writes it impuner,  but preserves  it in oppugner
and propugner. Mr. Scott has only the word propugner, which
he very properly, as well as consistently, spells propuner.  Mr.
Perry has propunner  and impunner, and Barclay impunner
only.
   The inconsistency here remarked arises from not attending
to the analogy of  pronunciation, which  requires every  verbal
noun to  be pronounced  exactly like the verb, with the mere
 addition of the termination.   Thus singer is only adding er to
 the verb sing, without  suffering  the g to articulate, the  c as it
 does in finger and linger, Sec-  The same may  be observed of
 a signer,  one who signs: and as a corroboration of this doctrine,
 we may  take notice  that  the additional  er  and  est,  in the
 comparatives  and superlatives of adjectives, makes  no altera-
tion in the sound of the radical word;  this is  obvious  in the
words benigner,  benignest, Sec. except younger, longer, and
stronger. See No. 381.
   387. But in  every other compound where these letters occur,
the « articulates the latter syllable, and g is heard  distinctly in
the former, as sig-nify,  malig-nity, assig-nation,  Sec.  Some
affected speakers, either ignorant of the rules for pronouncing
 English,  or over-complaisant to the French, pronounce phy-
siognomy, cognizance, and recognizance, without the g; but this
is a gross violation of the first principles of spelling. The only
words to keep these speakers in countenance are, poignant and
champignion,  not long ago imported from France, and pro-
nounced poiniant, champinion.  The  first  of these  words  will
be probably hereafter written without the g; while the latter,
 confined to the kitchen, may be looked upon as technical,  and
 allowed an exclusive privilege.  See Cognizance.
   388. Bagnio, seignior, seraglio, intaglio, and oglio, pronounced
 ban-yo, seen-yor, seral-yo, intal-yo, and  ole-yo,  may be consid
 ercd as foreign coxcombs, and treated with civility,  by omit-
 ting the g, while they do not pervert the pronunciation of our
 native English words.
                 GMin the same syllable.
  389. What has been  said of gn is  applicable to gm.  We
have but one word in the language where these letters end a
word with the accent on it, and that in phlegm; in this the g is
always mute, and the e, according to analogy, ought to be pro-
nounced long, as if the word were wi itten fleme; but a short pro-
nunciation of the  e has generally obtained, and we  commonly
hear it flem.  It  is highly probable Pope pronounced it pro-
perly, where he says,
      " Our critics take a contrary extreme;
      " They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm."
                                       Essay on Criticism.
Perhaps it would not be difficult to reduce this word  to analogy,
as some speakers still pronounce the e  long: but in the com-
pounds of this word, as in those where gn occur, the  vowel is
shortened, and the g pronounced,as inphleg-mon,phleg-monous,
phleg-matic, and phleg-magogues;  though Mr. Sheridan, for no
reason I can conceive, sinks the  g in the last word.  When
these letters end a syllable, not under the accent, the g is silent,
but the preceding vowel is shortened.  Thus paradigm, para-
pegm, diaphragm, apophthegm, are pronouncedparadim, para-
pern, diaphram, apothem.

                           GH.
  390. This combination, at the beginning of a word, drops the
h, as in ghost, ghastly, aghast, gherkin, pronounced gost, rhy-
ming with most; gastly, agast, guerken.  But when these let-
ters come at the end of a word they form some of the greatest
anomalies in our language; gh, at the end of words,  is gene-
rally silent, and consequently the preceding vowel or diphthong
is long, as high, nigh, thigh, neigh, weigh, inveigh, eugh  (the
obsolete way of spelling yew, a tree),  bough, dough, though,
although, dough  (a cliff),  plough, furlough, slough (a miry
place), through, throughout, thorough, borough, usquebaugh,
pugh!
  391.  Gh is frequently pronounced like/, as laugh, laughter,
cough,fhough, dough, (an allowance in weight), slough (the cast
skin of a snake or sore), enough, rough, tough, trough.
  392.  Gh is sometimes changed into ck, as hough, shough,
lough; sometimes we hear only the g sounded, as in burgh,
burgher, and burghership.

                          GUT.
  393.  Gh in this termination  is always silent, as fight, night,
bought, fought, Sec.   The  only exception is draught; which,
in poetry, is  most frequently rhymed with caught, taught, Sec.
but, in prose, is so universally pronounced as if written draft,
that the  poetical  sound of it grows uncouth, and is becoming
obsolete.   Draughts, the  game, is  also pronounced drafts.
Drought  (dryness) is vulgarly pronounced drowth: it is even
written so by Milton; but in this he is not to be imitated, having
mistaken the analogy of this word,  as well as that of height,
which he spells heighth, and which is frequently  so pronounced
by  the vulgar.  See the words Height and Drought.

                            H.

   394.  This letter  is no more than breathing  forcibly before
the succeeding vowel  is  pronounced-  At  the beginning of
words, it is always sounded, except in heir, heiress, honest, ho-
nesty, honour,^honourable,herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour,
humble, humour, humourous, humoursome. Ben Johnson leaves
out the h in host, and classes it in this  respect with honest.
   395.  H is always silent after r, as rhetorick, rhapsody, rheum,
rheumatism, rhinoceros, rhomb, rhubarb, myrrh, catarrh, and
their compounds.
   396. H  final, preceded by a vowel, is always silent, as  ah!
 hah! oh! foh! sirrah, hallelujah, Messiah.
VOL.  I.
0 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS J, A, L, M.
 verbs  would,  could,  should: it is sometimes suppressed in
fault; but this suppression is become  vulgar, (see the  word).
 In  soldier,  likewise, the /  is sometimes suppressed, and the
 word pronounced so-jer; but this is far from being the most
 correct pronunciation: / ought always to be heard in this word,
 and its compounds soldierly, soldiership, Sec.
   405.   L, preceded by a mute,  and  followed by  e, in a final
 syllable, has an  imperfect sound, which  does not  do  much
 honour to our language.   The /, in this  situation,  is neither
 sounded like elnor le, but the e final is suppressed, and the pre-
 ceding mute articulates the /, without either a preceding or a
 succeeding vowel; so that this sound may be called a monster
 in Grammar—a syllable without a vowel.  This will easily be
 perceived in the words able,  table, circle, 8cc. which are pro-
 nounced as if written abl, tabl,  circl, Sec. and in those still more
 Gothick  and uncouth  abbreviated participial  terminations,
 peopled, bridled,  saddled, trifles, gaffes,  Sec pronounced pee-
 pl'd, bri-dl'd, sad-dVd tri-flz,gaf-flz, Sec.  (359.)
   406.  This letter has not only,  like/ and *, the privilege of
 doubling itself at the end of a word, but it has  an exclusive
 privilege of being double where they remain single; though
 by what right cannot well be conceived.   Thus, according to
 the general rule, when a verb ends in a single consonant, pre-
 ceded by a single vowel, and the accent is on the last syllable,
 the consonant is doubled when a participial  termination is add-
 ed, as, abet, abetting, beg, begging, begin, beginning, Sec.  but
 when the accent  is not on the  last syllable of the verb, the con-
 sonant remains  single,  as suffered, suffering, benefiting, Sec.
 but the / is doubled, whether the accent be on the last syllable
 or not, as duelling, levelling, victualling, travelling, traveller,
 Sec.  This  gross irregularity,  however, would not  have been
 taken notice of in this place, if it had not suggested an absurdi-
 ty  in pronunciation, occasioned by  the omission of I. Though
 the double  / is useless in  traveller, victualler, Sec.  it is  not so
 in controller: for as zV is a mark of the deep broad sound of a
 in  ball, tall, all, Sec. (84); so  the same letters are the  sign of
 the long open sound of o in  boll (a round stalk of a plant) to
 joll, noil, (the  head), knoll (a little hill), poll, clodpoll, roll, scroll,
 droll, troll, stroll, toll: for which  reason, leaving out one  / in
 bethral, catcal, miscal, overfal,forestal, reinstal, downfal, withal,
 control, and unrol,  as we find them in Johnson's  Dictionary, is
 an omission of the uttermost  importance to the  sound of the
 words; for as the pronunciation sometimes  alters the spelling,
 so the  spelling  sometimes alters the  pronunciation.  Accord-
 ingly we find some  speakers, chiefly the  natives of Ireland, in-
 clined to  give the a  its middle sound, to  words commencing
 with al, followed by another consonant, because they do not see
 the z7 in the  all with which  these  words are  compounded.
 Thus we sometimes hear Almighty, albeit, so pronounced as to
 make their first  syllable  rhyme with the first oial-ley, val-ly;
 and extol is pronounced by the Scotch so as to rhyme with coal;
 and with just as much reason as we  pronounce control in the
 same manner.  For though compounds may, in some cases, be
 allowed to drop  such letters  of their simples, as either are not
 necessary to the sound as in Christmas; or might  possibly lead
 to a wrong one,  as in Reconcileable  (which see); yet where, by
 omitting a letter, the sound may be altered, the omission is per-
 nicious and absurd (84).  The same observations might be ex-
 tended to  the numerous termination full, where, in compounds,
 one lis omitted, though nothing can be more certain, than that
 Jul, with a single /, has  not the same sound as when this letter
 is doubled: but this abbreviation is too inveterate and extensive
 to afford any  hope, that the great arbiters of orthography, the
 printers, will ever submit to the  additional  trouble of  nutting
 another /.                                            r    n
  oy7. This letter  is often sunk after w,  particularly in the
capital, where we do not find the least distinction of sound be-
tween while and wile, whet  and wet, where  and wear.  Tri-
fling as this difference may appear at first sight, it tends greatly
to weaken and empoverish the pronunciation, as well as some-
times to  confound words of  a very different meaning.  The
Saxons, as  Dr. Lowth observes, placed the A before the w, as
hwat; and  this is certainly its true place: for in the pronunci-
ation of all  words, beginning with wh,  we ought to breathe for-
cibly before we pronounce the w, as if the words were written
hoo-at, hoo-ile, Sec. and then we shall avoid that feeble, cockney
pronunciation, which is so disagreeable to a correct ear.

                             J.

  398 J is pronounced exactly like  soft g, and is perfectly
uniform in  its sound, except in the word hallelujah, where it is
pronounced like y.

                            K.

  399. K has exactly the sound of hard c.   It is always silent
before n in the same syllable, as knee,  kneel, knack, knight,
know, knuckle, knab, knag, knap, knare, knave, knit, knock,
knot, knoll.
  400. It has been a custom within these twenty years to omit
the k at the end of words, when preceded  by c.   This has in-
troduced a novelty into the language which is that of ending a
word with an unusual letter, and is not only a blemish  in the
face of it, but may possibly produce some irregularity in future
formatives; for mimicking must be written with the k, though
to mimic is without it.   If we  use colic as a verb, which is not
uncommon, we must write colicking and colicked; and though
physicking and physicked are not the most elegant words, they
are not quite out of the line of formation.  This omission of  k
is, however, too general to be  counteracted, even by the autho-
rity^ Johnson, but it is  to be hoped it  will be confined to  words
from the learned languages:  and indeed,  as there is not  the
same vanity of appearing learned in the Saxon as in the Latin
and Greek, there is no great fear that thick and stick will lose
.their k, though they never had it in the original.

                             L.

   401.   Ben Jonson says L melteth  in the sounding,  and  is
therefore called a liquid.  This, however, cannot be  the rea-
son that r is called a  liquid; for no two  letters can, in  this
respect, be more opposite.  See No.  21.
   L is mute in  almond, calf, half,  calve,  halve, chaldron, fal-
con, folk, yolk (better written yelk with the / sounded) fusil,
halser, malmsey, salmon, salve, talbot (a species of dog).  See
Salve.
   402.   L is mute also between I  and k in  the  same syllable,
 as  balk, chalk, talk, stalk, walk.
   403.   L is silent likewise between  a and m in the  same syl-
lable's alms, balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm, shalm; but when
the m is detached from the /  by commencing another syllable
the /becomes audible. Thus, though the / is mute in psalm, it
is always heard inpsal-mist, psal-mody, and pal-mistry; but in
balmy and  palmy, where the y is an adjective termination of our
own, no alteration is made  in  the sound of the substantive
which sinks the / (386).  Calmer and  calmest ought to have the
i mute, as  they are only degrees of comparison; and palmer and
palmerworm (except in the language of scripture, where the
i in palmerworm ought  to be heard)  are only a sort of  verbal
nouns, which never alter the sound of  the original word,  and
therefore ought to have the  /  mute.  But though / is some-
times mute in the noun  salve, and in the  verb to salve, it is al-
ways heard in salver (a kind of plate).  See the word Salve.
   404.   L ought always to  be suppressed in the  auxiliary
                            M.
  407.  M preserves its sound in every word, except comp-
troller; compt and accompt are now universally written as they 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS JV,  P, PH, Q.
 are pronounced count and account;  and though  m and p  are
 preserved to the eye in the officer called acomptroller, the word
 is pronounced exactly like  the noun controller, one who  con-
 trols.

                            N.
   408.  JVhas two sounds; the one simple and pure, as in man,
 net, Sec. the other compounded and mixed, as in hang, thank, Sec.
 The latter sound is heard when it is followed by the sharp or flat
 guttural mutes,5-hard,or k; or its representatives^ hard, aw or x;
 but it may be observed, that so prone is  our language to the flat
 mutes, that when n is followed by k, or its representatives the flat
 muteg seems interposed between them. Thus thank, banquet,
 anxious,are pronounced as if written, not than-k, ban-quet, an-x-
 ious, but, thanck,  bancquet, anckshus.  But this coalition of the
 sound of n and g, or hard c, is only when the accent is on them; for
 when the g or hard c articulates the accented syllable, the n be-
 comes pure. Thus, though congress and congregate are pronoun-
 ded as if written cong-gress and cong-gregate, yet the first syllable
 of congratulate and congressive ought to be pronounced without
 the ringing sound of n, and exactly like the same syllable in con-
 trary.  The same difference may be observed in the words con-
 course and concur; the first word, which has the  accent on the
 first syllable, is pronounced  as if written cong-course; and the
 last, which has the accent on the second syllable, with n pure.
 It must however be carefully observed, that the secondary  ac-
 cent has the same power of melting the n into the succeeding
 hard g or c as the primary(522). Thus congregation and concre-
 mation have the first syllable pronounced as if written cong.
   409.  It may, perhaps, be worthy of notice, that when  n is
 followed by k, the k  has a finished or complete sound, as in
 link, think, Sec. but when n is followed by hard g,  the g has an
 unfinished and imperfect sound, as in hang, bang, Sec.  where
 we may observe the  tongue to rest upon the palate in the sound
 of  g; but when this letter is carried off to articulate another
 syllable, its sound is completed, as in anger  and  Bangor (the
 name of a town), where the sound of g may be perceived to be
 very different from the noun hanger (a sword), and banger (one
 who beats or bangs).  This perfect sound of g is heard in all
 simples, as anger, angle, finger, linger, conger, anguish,  lan-
 guish, distinguish, extinguish, unguent: but in words derived
 from verbs or adjectives, ending in ng,  the g continues imper-
 fect, as it was in the theme.   Thus  a singer (one who sings),
 does not finish the g like finger, but is merely er added to sing:
 the same may be observed of sing-ing, bring-ing, and hang-ing.
 So adjectives formed by the addition of y have the imperfect
 sound of g, as in the original word.  Thus  springy, stringy,
 and wingy, are only the sound  of e added to spring, string, and
 wing; but the comparative and superlative adjectives, longer,
 stronger, and younger; longest, strongest, and youngest;  have
 the g hard and perfectly sounded, as if written long-ger, strong-
 ger, and young-ger, Sec. where the g is  hard, as in finger, ling-
 er, Sec.  And it may be looked upon as a general rule, that nouns,
 adjectives, or verbs, do not alter their original sound upon ta-
 king an additional  syllable.   In these  three words, therefore,
 the  Irish pronounce more agreeably to analogy than the Eng-
 lish; for,  if I mistake not, they do not articulate  the ,§• (381).
  410.  Hitherto we  have considered these letters as they are
 heard under the accent; but  when  they  are  unaccented in
 the participial  termination ing,  they are frequently a cause of
 embarrassment to speakers who desire to pronounce cor-
 rectly.   We are told, even by teachers of English, that  ing,
 in the word singing, bringing, and swinging, must be pronoun-
 ced with the ringing sound, which is heard when  the accent is
 on these letters,  in king, sing, and wing, and not as if written
 without the g, as  singin, bringin, swingin.   No one can be a
 greater advocate  than I am for the  strictest adherence to or
thography, as long as the public pronunciation pays the leas
attention to it; but when I find  letters given up by the public,
 with respect to sound, I then consider them as cyphers; and, if vay
 observation does not greatly fail me, I can assert, that our best
 speakers do not invariably pronounce the participial ing, so as
 to rhyme with sing, king, and ring.   Indeed,  a very obvious
 exception seems to offer itself in those verbs that end in these
 letters, as  a repetition of the ringing sound in  successive syl-
 lables would produce a Tautophony, (see the word), and have
 a very bad  effect on the ear; and therefore, instead of singing,
 bringing, and flinging, our  best speakers  are heard  to pro-
 nounce sing-in, bring-in, and fling-in; and  for the  very same
 reason that we exclude the ringing  sound in these words, we
 ought to admit it when the verb ends with in; for if, instead of
 sinning, pinning, and beginning,  we should  pronounce sin-nin,
 pinnin, and begin-nin, we should fall into the same  disgusting
 repetition as in the former case.  The participial ing, therefore,
 ought always to have its ringing sound, except  in those words
 formed from verbs in this termination; for writing, reading, and
 speaking, are certainly preferable to writin, readin, and speakin,
 wherever the  pronunciation has the  least  degree of precision
 or solemnity.
   411. N  is mute when  it ends a syllable, and  is preceded by
 / or m, as kiln, hymn, limn, solemn, column, autumn, condemn,
 contemn.   In  hym-ning, and lim-ning the n is generally pro-
 nounced, and sometimes, in very solemn speaking, in condem-
 ning and contem-ning; but, in both cases, contrary to analogy,
 which forbids any sound in the  participle that  was not in the
 verb (381).

                            P.
  412. This letter is mute before s and t  at the beginning of
 words, as psalm, psalmist,  psalmody, psalmography,  psalter,
psaltery; the prefix pseudo, signifying false, as pseudography,
pseudology, and  the interjection pshaw!  To these we may add
ptisan, ptyalism, ptysmagogue.   It  is mute in the middle of
 words between  m and t,  in  empty, sempstress,  peremptory,
 sumptuous, presumptuous, redemption, exemption and raspber-
 ry.   In cupboard, it coalesces with, and falls into its flat sound
 b, as if written  cubboard.  It is mute in a  final syllable be-
 tween the same  letters, as tempt, attempt, contempt, exempt,
prompt, accompt.  In receipt it  is mute between i  and t, and
 in the military corps (a body of troops), both p and * are mute,
 as custom has acquiesced in the  French pronunciation of most
 military terms.
                          PH.
  413. Ph  is generally pronounced  like /,  as  in philosophy,
phantom, Sec.  In nephew and  Stephen it has the sound of v.
 In diphthong the sound of p only is heard;  in apophthegm both
 letters are  entirely dropped.   The same may be  observed of
phthisis, phthisic, and phthisical.   In sapphire the  first/z slides
into ph, by an accentual coalition  of similar letters, very agreea
ble to analogy.   See Exaggerate.


  414. Q has always the sound of k: it is constantly followed
by Uj pronounced like w;  and its  general sound is heard in
 quack, quill, queen, &c. pronounced kwack, kwill, kween, Sec.
 That the u subjoined to this  letter has really the power of w,
may be observed in the generality of  words where a succeeds;
 for we find  the vowel go into the broad sound in quart, quarrel,
 quantity, Sec.  as much as in war, warrant, want,  Sec. (85).
 But it must be carefully noted, that this broad  sound is  only
 heard under the accent; when the a, preceded by qu, is not ac-
 cented, it has  the sound of every other accented a in the lan-
 guage (92).  Thus the a in quarter, quarrel,  quadrant, Sec.
because it has the accent is broad; the same may be observed
 when the accent is secondary only (522) (527), as in  quadrage-
 imal, quadrisyllable, Sec; but when the accent is on the suc-
 ceeding syllable, as in qua-dratick, qua-drangular,  &c. the a
 goes into the obscure sound approaching the Italian a (92).
                  02 
PRONUNCIATION OF  THE CONSONANTS R, S.
  415. As a great number of words derived from the French,
have these letters in them, according to our usual complaisance
for that language, we adopt the French pronunciation: thus in
coquet, doquet, etiquette, masquerade, harlequin, oblique, an-
tique, opaque, pique, piquant, piquet,  burlesque, grotesque,
casque, mosque,  quadrille, quater-cousin, the qu is pronounced
like k.   Quoif and quoit ought to be written and pronounced
coif, coit.  Paquet,laquey, chequer, and risque, have been very
properly spelled by Johnson as they are pronounced packet,
lackey, checker, and risk.   Quoth ought  to be pronounced
with the u, as if written kwoth, and therefore is not irregular.
Liquor and harlequin always lose the u; and conquer, conquera-
ble, and conqueror,  sometimes, particularly  on the stage.   This
deviation, however, seems not to have gone beyond recovery;
and conquest is still regularly pronounced conkwest.  Quote
 and quotation are perfectly regular, and ought never to be pro-
nounced as some do, cote, and cotation.  Cirque, contracted from
 circus, and cinque,  cinque-foil, cinque-ports, cinque-spotted, are
 pronounced sirk and sink; and critique, when we mean a criti-
 cism, to distinguish it from critick, is pronounced criteek, rhym-
 ing with speak.  See Quoit and Quotation.
R.
  416. This letter is never silent, but its sound is sometimes
transposed.  In a final unaccented  syllable, terminating with
re, the r is pronounced after the e, as acre, lucre, sabre, fibre,
ocre, eagre, maugre,  sepulchre, theatre,  spectre, metre, petre,
mitre, nitre, autre, lustre, accoutre, massacre; to which we may
add, centre and sceptre; sometimes written center and scepter;
but, in my opinion, very improperly, as this peculiarity is fixed,
and easily understood; while  reducing  meagre to meager dis-
turbs  the rule, and adds another anomaly to our pronunciation,
by making the g hard before  e (98).
  417.  The same transposition of r is always perceived in the
pronunciation  of apron and iron; and often in that of citron  and
saffron, as if written apurn, irun, citurn, saffurn: nor do I think
the two first can be pronounced otherwise without a disagreea-
ble stiffness; but the  two last may preserve the  r before the
vowel with great propriety.  Children and hundred have  slid
into this analogy, when used colloquially, but preserve the  r
before the e in solemn speaking.
  418.  As this letter is but a jar of the tongue, sometimes
against the roof of the mouth, and  sometimes at the orifice of
the throat, it is the most imperfect of all the consonants: and,l
as its formation is so indefinite, no wonder, when  it is not un-
der the accent, that the vowels which precede it should be so
indefinite in their  sounds;  as we  may perceive in the words
friar, Her, elixir, nadir, mayor,  martyr, which with respect to
sound, might  be written friur, liur,  elixur, nadur, mayur, mar-
lur (98).   These  inaccuracies in pronunciation, says an inge-
nious  writer,  ' we seem  to  have derived from  our Saxon
' ancestors.   Dr. Hicks observes in the first  chapter of his
* Saxon Grammar, that " Comparativa apud eos (Anglo-saxo-
i; nas) indifferenter exeunt in ar, er, er, ir, or, ur, yr; et Su-
" perlativa in ast, est, est, ist, ost, ust, yst;  participia prae-
" sentis temporis in  and, end, end,  ind, ond, und, ynd; praete-
" riti  vero in;ad, ed, id, od, ud, yd; pro vario scilicet  vel aevi
" vel loci dialecto."   ' Upon various other occasions also  they
' used two or more vowels and diphthongs indifferently;  and
* this not alway   from difference  of  age  or  place,  because
' these variations are frequently found in the same page.  This
1 will account  for the difference between the spelling and  pro-
' nunciation of such anomalous words as busy and bury,  now
* pronounced as if written bisy and bery,  (the i and e having
* their  common short sound), and  formerly spelt indifferently
• with e,  u, or  y*   Essay  on  the Harmony of Language.
Robs. 1774.
   419. There is a distinction in the  sound cf this letter, scarcely
ever noticed by any of  our writers on the  subject, which is in
my opinion, of no small  importance; and that is,  the  rough
and smooth r.   Ben Jonson in his Grammar says  it is sounded
firm in the beginning of words, and more liquid in  the middle
and ends, as in rarer, riper; and so in the Latin.   The rough
r is formed by jarring the tip of  the tongue against the roof
of the mouth near the fore teeth: the smooth r is a vibration of
the lower part of the tongue, near the root, against the inward
region of the  palate, near the entrance of the throat.  This
latter r is that which marks the pronunciation of England, and
the former that  of Ireland.  In England,  and particularly in
London,  the r  in lard, bard, card, regard, Sec. is pronounced so
much  in the  throat as to be little more  than the middle or
Italian a, lengthened  into baa, baad, caad, regaad;  while in
Ireland the r, in these words, is pronounced with so strong a
jar of the tongue against the forepart of the palate, and accom-
panied with such an aspiration or strong breathing at the begin-
ning of the letter, as to produce that harshness we call  the
Irish accent.  But if this  letter is too forcibly pronounced in
Ireland,  it is often too feebly  sounded in England, and particu-
larly in  London, where it is  sometimes  entirely sunk; and it
may, perhaps, be  worthy of observation, that,  provided we
avoid a too forcible pronunciation of the  r, when it ends a word,
or is followed by a consonant in the same syllable, we may give
as much force as we please to this letter at the beginning of  a
word, without  producing any harshness to  the  ear.  Thus,
 Rome, river,  rage, may  have the r  as forcible as in Ireland;
but bar, bard, card, hard, Sec. must have it nearly as  soft as in
 London.
  420. As the former letter was a jar, this is a hiss; but a hips,
which forms  a  much more definite  and complete consonant
than the other.  This consonant,  like the other mutes, has a
sharp and a flat  sound;  the sharp  sound is heard in the name
of the letter, and in the words same, sin, this;  the flat sound is
that of z, heard in is, his, was; and  these two sounds, accompa-
nied by the aspirate, or  h, form all the varieties found under
this letter (41).
  421.  5 has always its sharp hissing  sound at the beginning of
words, as soon, sin, Sec. and when it immediately follows apy of
the sharp mutes,/, k, p, t, as scoffs, blocks, hips, pits, or when
it is added to the mute  e after  any of these letters,  as  strifes,
flakes, pipes, mites.
  422.  5 is sharp and hissing at the end of the monosyllables
yes, this, us,  thus, gas: and at the end  of words of two or more
syllables, if it be preceded by any of the vowels but e, and forms
a distinct syllable.   Thus es in pipes and mites do not form  a
distinct  syllable; and as they are  preceded by a sharp mute,
the s is sharp likewise; but in prices, these letters form a  syl-
lable, and the s is pronounced like z,  according to the general
rule.
   423.  The only exception to this rule is, the words as, where-
as, has, his, was; for  bias,  dowlas,  Atlas,  metropolis, basis,
 chaos,  tripos, pus,  chorus, Cyprus,  Sec.  have the  final * pro-
nounced sharp and  hissing.
   424. Agreeably to this  rule, the  numerous terminations in
 ous, as pious, superfluous, Sec. have the s sharp, and are pro-
 nounced exactly like the pronoun us;  and every double  * in the
 language is pronounced in  the same  manner, except in the
 words dissolve, possess% and their  compounds; scissors, hussy,
 and hussar.
   425. 5 in  the inseparable preposition dis, when  either the
 primary or  secondary  accent is  on  it  (522), is  always pro-
 nounced sharp and hissing.  The word dismal, which  seems
 to  be an exception, is not so in reality; for, in this word, dis is
 not a preposition: thus  dissolute,  dissonant, Sec. with the pri-
 mary accent on dis; and disability, disagree, Sec.  with the se-
 condary accent on the same letters, have the * sharp and his- 
PRONUNCIATION  OF THE CONSONANT 8.
sing; but when  the accent  is on the second syllable, the * is
either sharp or flat, as it is followed either by a vowel, or a sharp
or flat consonant: thus disable,  disaster, disease, disinterested,
dishonest, disorder,  disuse,  have all of them  the * in  dis flat
like z, because the accent is not on it, and  a vowel begins the
next syllable; but discredit, disfavour, diskindness,  dispense,
distaste, have the * sharp and hissing, because a sharp conso-
nant begins  the succeeding accented syllable; and disband, dis-
dain, disgrace,  disjoin, disvalue, have the * fiat like z, because
they  are succeeded  by a flat consonant in the same situation

(435>                            ••      •  •   1      u
   426. S in the  inseparable preposition mis is always sharp
and hissing, whether the accent be on it or not; or whether it
be followed either by a vowel,  or a sharp or flat consonant, as
miscreant, misaim, misapply, misorder, misuse, misbegot,  mis-
deem, misgovern, Sec.  See  Mis.
   427. S, followed by e in the final syllable of adjectives, is al-
ways sharp  and hissing, as base, obese, precise, concise, globose,
verbose, morbose, pulicose, tenebricose, corticose, jocose, oleose,
rugose, desidiose, close, siliculose, calculate, tumulose, animose,
venenose, arenose, siliginose, crinose, loose, operose, morose, ede-
matose,  comatose,  acetose, aquose, siliquose,  actuose, diffuse,
profuse, occluse, recluse, abstruse,  obtuse,  except  wise  and
otherguise.
   428. S, in the  adjective termination  sive, is always sharp
and hissing, as  suasive, persuasive, assuasive, dissuasive, adhe-
sive, cohesive, decisive, precisive, incisive, derisive, cicatrisive,
visive, plausive,  abusive, diffusive, infusive, inclusive, conclu-
sive, exclusive, elusive, delusive, prelusive,  allusive, illusive,
collusive, amusive, obtrusive, Sec.
   429. S, in the adjectives ending in sory, is always  sharp and
hissing,  as  suasory, persuasory, dicisory,  derisory, deluso-
ry, Sec.
   430. The same may be observed of * in the adjectives end-
ing in some, as troublesome, Sec. and substantives in  osity, as
generosity,  Sec.
   431. Se,  preceded by the liquids /, n, or  r, has the s sharp
and hissing, as pulse, appulse, dense, tense, intense, sense,
verse, adverse, Sec. except cleanse.
                    S pronounced like z.
   432. 5 has always its flat buzzing sound, as it may be called,
in  monosyllables, when it  immediately follows any of the fiat
mutes b, d,  g hard, or v, as ribs, heads, rags, sieves (24).
   433. 5 is pronounced like z,  when  it forms  an additional
syllable with e  before it,  in the plurals of nouns, and the third
person singular of verbs;  even though the singulars and  first
persons end in sharp hissing  sounds, as asses, riches,  cages,
boxes, Sec.  Thus prices and prizes have both the final * flat,
though the  preceding mute in the first word is sharp, (122).
   434. As  * is hissing,  when  preceded by a liquid,  and fol-
lowed by e mute, as  transe, tense, Sec; so when it follows any
of the liquids without the e, it is pronounced like z, as morals,
means, seems, hers.   In the same analogy, when s comes before
any of the liquids, it has the sound of z as Cosmo, cosmetic, dis-
mal, pismire, chasm, prism, theism, schism, and all polysyllables
endingin asm, ism, osm, or ysm, as enthusiasmjudaism, microcosm,
paroxysm, Sec.
  435. S, in the  preposition dis, is either sharp  or  flat,  as it
is accented  or  unaccented,  as explained  above; but it ought
always to be pronounced like z, when  it is not under the ac-
cent, and is  followed  by  a flat mute, a liquid, or a vowel, as
disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband,  disdain,   disgrace,
disvalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismount,
dismiss, disnatured,disrank, disrelish, dz'*rode(425).Mr. Sheridan
and those orthoepists who have copied  him, seem to have  to-
tally overlooked  this tendency in the liquids to convert the «
to z when this letter ends the first syllable without the accent,
andthe liquids  begin the second syllable with it.
  436. <S is pronounced  like  z, in the monosyllables is, his,
 was, these,  those; and  in  all  plurals whose singulars end in a
 vowel, followed by e mute, as commas, operas, shoes, aloes, dues,
 and  consequently when it follows the w or y,  in the plurals of
 nouns, or the third person singular of verbs, as ways, betrays,
 news, views, Sec.
   437.  Some verbs ending in se have the  * like  z,  to distin-
 guish them from nouns or adjectives of the same form.  Ex-
 amples:
      Nouns        Verbs         Nouns       Verbs
      grease       to grease       excuse      to excuse
      close        to c/o.9e         refuse       to refuse
      house       to house        diffuse       to diffuse
      mouse       to mouse       use          to use
      louse        to louse         rise         to rise
      abuse       to abuse        premise      to premise
   438.  Sy and sey, at the end of words, have the s pronounced
 like  z, if it has a vowel before it, with the accent on it, as easy,
 greasy, queasy,  cheesy, daisy, misy, rosy, causey, noisy; but  if
 the accent is on the antepenultimate  syllable, the s is sharp, as
 heresy,poesy, Sec; if a sharp mute precede, the * is sharp, as
 tricksy, tipsy; if a liquid  precede, and the accent is on the pe-
 nultimate syllable, the * is flat, as palsy, flimsy, clumsy, pansy,
 tansy, phrensy, quinsy, tolsey, whimsey, malmsey, jersey, kersey.
 Pursey has the * sharp and hissing from its relation to purse,
 and minstrelsey and  consroversy have the antepenultimate and
 preantepenultimate accent.  Thus  we see  why busy, bousy,
 lousy,  and drowsy, have the * like z, and jealousy the  sharp
 hissing s.
   439.  S, in the termination sible, when preceded  by a vowel,
 is pronounced  like z, as persuasible, risible, visible,  divisible,
 infusible, conclusible; but if a liquid  consonant  precede the s,
 the » then becomes sharp  and  hissing, as sensible, responsible,
 tensible, reversible, Sec.
   440.  S, in the terminations sary and sory, is sharp and his-
 sing, as dispensary, adversary, suasory, persuasory, decisoi y,
 incisory, derisory, depulsory, compulsory, incensory,compensory,
 suspensory,  sensory, responsory, cursory,   discursory, lusory,
 elusory, delusory, illusory, collusory. Rosary, and misery, which
 have the * like z, are the only exceptions.
   441. S, in the termination ise, is pronounced like z, except
 in the adjectives before  mentioned, and a few substantives, such
 as paradise, anise, rise, grise, verdigrise, mortise, travise.
   442.  S,  in the terminations sal and se/,' when preceded by a
 vowel, is pronounced like  z, as nasal, ousel, housel, ncusel, re-
 prisal, proposal, refusal, and sharp and hissing when preceded
 by a consonant, as mensal,  universal,  Sec.
   443.  S, in the terminations son, sen, and sin, is pronounced
 like  z, as reason,  season,  treason,  cargason, diapason, orison,
 benison, venison,denison, unison, foison, poison, prison, damson,
 crimson, chosen, resin, rosin, raisin,  cousin.   But  the * in ma-
 son,  bason, garrison, caparison, comparison, parson,  and per-
 son,  is sharp and hissing (170).
   444.  S, after the inseparable  prepositions pre  and pro,  is
 sharp, as in presage,  preside, presidial, preseance,  presension,
 prosecute, prosecution, prosody, prosopopeia, but flat  like z, in
 presence, president,presidency, presume, presumptive,presump-
 tion; but where the pre is prefixed to a word,  which is  signi-
 ficant when alone, the s is always sharp, as presuppose, pre-
 surmise, Sec.
   445.  S, after the inseparable preposition re, is almost always
 pronounced  like z, as resemble, resent, resentment, reserve, re-
| servation,reservoir, residue,resident, residentiary, reside, resign,
 resignment, resignation, resilience,  resiliency,  resilition, resin,
 resist,  resistance, resolve,  resolution, resolute,  result, resume,
 resumption, resurrection.
   446.  S, is sharp after re in resuscitation, resupination, 8ec.
 and when the word added to it  is significant  by itself, as re-
 search, resiege,  reseat, resurvey.  Thus to resign,  with the a
 like  z, signifies  to yield up;  but to  resign, to sign again, hajs 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT  T
the s sharp, as in sign: so to resound, to reverberate, has the s
like z; but  to resound, to sound  again, has the * sharp and
hissing.
   447. Thus we see, after pursuing this letter through all its
combinations, how difficult it often is to decide by analogy,
when  we are to pronounce it sharp and  hissing, and when flat
like z. In many cases it is of no great importance: in others, it is
the distinctive mark of a vulgar or a polite pronunciation. Thus
design is never heard with the s like z, but among the  lowest
order of the people;  and yet there is not the least reason from
analogy why we  should  not   pronounce it  in this manner,  as
well as in  resign: the same  may  be observed  of preside and
desist, which have the * sharp and hissing; and reside  and re-
sist, where the  same  letter is  pronounced  like z.  It may,
however, be remarked,  that  re has the s like z after it more
regularly than any other of the prefixes.
   448. It may,  perhaps, be worthy of observation, that  though
s becomes sharp  or flat, as it is followed by a sharp or flat
consonant, or a liquid, as cosmetic,  dismal, disband, disturb, Sec.
yet if it follows a liquid or a flat consonant, except in the same
syllable, it is generally sharp. Thus the * in  tubs, suds, Sec.
is like z; but in subserve, subside, subsist,  it is sharp and his-
sing;  and  though it is flat in  absolve, it  is sharp  in absolute and
 absolution; but if a sharp consonant precede,  the * is always
 sharp and hissing, as tipsy, tricksy. Thus, in  the pronuncia-
 tion of the word Glasgow, as the * is always sharp and hissing,
 we find  the g invariably slide into its sharp sound  k;  and
 this word  is always heard as if  written  Glaskow.  We see,
 therefore, that  a preceding  sharp consonant makes the suc-
 ceeding * sharp, but not inversely.
    449.  5 is always sharp and hissing when followed by c, ex-
 cept in the word discern.

            S aspirated, or sounding like sh, or zh.

    450. S, like its fellow dental t, becomes aspirated, and goes into
 the sharp sound sh, or the flat sound zh, when the accent is on
 the preceding vowel, and it is followed by a semi-consonant
 diphthong, as nauseate,  or  a diphthongal vowel, as pleasure,
 pronounced nausheate and plezhure (195).
    451.  S,  in the termination sion, preceded by a vowel, goes
 into the flat aspiration zh, as evasion, cohesion, decision, confu-
 sion, pronounced evazhion, Sec. but when  it is  preceded by a
 liquid, or another s, it has the sharp aspiration sh, as expulsion,
 dimension, reversion, pronounced  expulshun, Sec.
    452.  The  same  may be  observed of s before u;  when a
 vowel precedes the s, with the accent on it, the * goes into the
 flat aspiration, as pleasure, measure, treasure, rasure, pronoun-
 ced  plezhure, Sec. but when  preceded  by a liquid,  or another
 s, it is sounded sh, as sensual, censure, tonsure,  pressure, pro-
 nounced censhure, Sec.
    453.  From the clearness  of this analogy, we may perceive
 the impropriety of pronouncing Asia with the sharp aspiration,
  as if written Ashia; when, by the foregoing rule, it ought un-
  doubtedly to be pronounced  Azhia, rhyming  with Arpasia, eu-
  thanasia, Sec. with the flat aspiration of z.   This is the Scotch
  pronunciation of this word,  and  unquestionably the true one;
 but if I mistake not, Persia is pronounced in  Scotland with the
  same aspiration of s, and as if written  Perzhia;  which  is  as
  contrary to analogy as the other is agreeable to  it.
    454.  The tendency of the s to aspiration before a diphthongal
  sound has produced several anomalies in the language, which
 can only be detected by recurring to first principles; for which
 purpose it  may be necessary to observe,  that the accent or
  stress naturally preserves the letters in  their true sound; and
 as feebleness naturally  succeeds force,  so the letters, immedi-
 ately after the  stress have a tendency  to slide into different
  sounds, which require less exertion of the organs.   Hence the
 omission of one of  the vowels in the pronunciation of  the last
  syllable of fountain, mountain, captain, Sec.  (208); hence the
 short sound of i jn respite, servile, Sec. hence  the * pronounced
like z  in  disable, where the  accent  is on the second syl lablc;
and like * sharp and hissing in disability, where  there is a se-
condary stress on the first syllable;  and  hence the  difference
between the x in exercise, and  that  in exert; the former ha-
ving  the  accent on it, being pronounced  cks, as if  the word
were written ecksercise; and the latter without the accent, pro-
nounced gz, as if the word were written egzert   This analogy
leads us  immediately  to discover  the  irregularity  of sure,
sugar, and their compounds, which  are  pronounced  shure and
shugar, though the accent is on the first syllable, and ought to
preserve  the * without aspiration; and a want of attending to
this analogy has betrayed Mr.  Sheridan into  a series of mis-
takes in the sound of * in the words suiside, presume, resume,
Sec. as if written shoo-icide, pre-zhoom,  re-zhoom, Sec. but if
this is the true pronunciation of these words,  it may be asked,
 why  is not suit, suitable, pursue, Sec. to be pronounced  shoot,
shoot-able, purshoo, Sec?  If it be answered, custom,  I own
this decides the question at once.  Let us only be assured, that
the best speakers pronounce a like o, and that is  the  true pro-
nunciation: but those who see analogy so openly violated, ought
to be assured of the certainty of the  custom before they break
through £.11 the  laws of language to conform to it (69) (71).
See Superable.
   455. We have seen, in a great variety of instances,  the ver-
satility of s,  how frequently it slides into the sound of z;  but
my observation greatly fails me if it ever takes the aspiration,
unless it  immediately follows the accent, except in  the words
szzre, sugar, and their compounds; and these irregularities are
sufficient  without adding to  the  numerous catalogue we have
already seen  under this letter.
   456. The analogy we have just been  observing directs us in
the  pronunciation of usury,  usurer,  and usurious.   The two
first have the accent on the first syllable, which  permits the s
to go into aspiration, as if the words were written uzhury, and
uzhurer;  but the accent being on the second uin  the last word,
the * is prevented   from  going  into  aspiration, and is pro-
nounced uzurious (479) (480.)
   457. Though the ss in passion, mission,  Sec. belong to sepa-
 rate syllables, as if spelt passion, mission, Sec. yet the accent
 presses the first into the same aspiration as the  last, and they
 are  both  pronounced with the sharp aspirated hiss, as if there
 were but one s.  See Exaggerate.
   458. 5 is silent in isle, island, aisle, demesne, puisne, viscount,
 and at the end of some words from  the French, as glacis, pasi
 sous, vis-a-vis; and in corps the two last letters are silent, and
 the word  pronounced core (412).
  459. T is the sharp sound of D (41); but though the latter
is often changed into the former, the  former never goes into
the latter. The sound to  which this letter is prone is that of*.
This sound, the t was anciently accused of usurping in the
Greek  language, and this  usurpation  has been  continued
through most modern tongues. Thaf/z and b, t and d, * andg
hard, * and z, should slide into each other, is not surprising, as
they are distinguished only by a nice shade of sound; but that t
should alter to * seems a most violent transition, till we consi-
der the organic formation of  these letters, and of those vowels
T » a 7T occasion h-  If we attend to the formation of t, we
shall find that it is a stoppage of the breath by the application
of the upper part of the tongue near the end, to the correspon-
dent p^rt of the palate; and  that if we just detach the tongue
from the palate, sufficiently to let the breath pass, a hiss is pro-
duced which forms the letter s. Now the vowel that occasions
this transition of t to s is  the squeezed sound of e. as heard in y
consonant (8): which squeezed sound is a species of hiss; and
uus hiss, irom the absence of accent, easily slides into the s, and
s as easny into sh. Thus  mechanically is generated that hissing
termination Hon, which forms but one  syllable, as if  written 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS TH.
    460. But it must be  carefully remarked, that this  hissing
  sound, contracted by the t before certain diphthongs, is never
  heard but immediately after the accent: when the accent falls
  on the vowel  immediately after the t, this letter, like s  or c in
  the same situation, preserves its simple sound. Thus the c in
  social goes into sh, because the accent is on the  preceding
  vowel; but it preserves the simple sound of s in society, because
  the accent is  on the succeeding vowel.   The  same  analogy is
  obvious in satiate and  satiety; and is perfectly agreeable to that
  difference made by accent in the sound of other letters (71).
  See Satiety.
    461. As the diphthongs ia, ie, io, or iu, when coming after the
  accent, have the power of drawing the t  into sh, so the diph-
  thongal vowel u, in the same situation, has a similar power. If
  we analyse the u, we shall find it commence with the squeezed
  sound of e, equivalent to the consonant y. This letter produces
  the small hiss before  taken notice of, and which may  be ob-
  served in  the pronunciation of nature, and borders  so closely
  on natshur, that it is no wonder Mr. Sheridan adopted this lat-
  ter mode of spelling the  word to express its sound.   The only
  fault of Mr.  Sheridan in depicting the sound of this  word,
  seems to be that of making the u short, as in bur, cur,  Sec. as
  every correct ear must perceive an elegance in lengthening the
  sound of the u, and a vulgarity in shortening it.  The true pro-
  nunciation seems to lie between both.
    462. But Mr. Sheridan's greatest fault seems to   lie in not
'  attending to the nature and influence of the accent; and because
  nature, creature, feature, fortune, misfortune, Sec. have the t
  ponounced like ch, or tsh, as if written crea-chure,fea-tshure,
  Sec. he has extended this change of t into tch, or tsh,  to the
  word tune, and its compounds, tutor, tutoress, tutorage, tute-
  lage, tutelar, tutelary, Sec. tumult, tumour, Sec. which he spells
  tshoon, tshoon-eble,  Sec.  tshoo-tur, tshoo-triss,  tshoo-tur-idzh,
  tshoo-tel-idzh, tshoo-tel-er, tshoo-tel-er-y, Sec. tshoo-mult, tshoo-
  mur, Sec. Though it is evident, from the foregoing observations,
  that as the u is under the accent, the preceding t is  preserved
  pure,and that  the words ought to be pronounced as  if written
  tewtor, tewmult, tewmour, Sec. and neither tshootur, tshoomult,
  tshoomour, as Mr. Sheridan  writes them, nor  tootor, toomult,
  toomour, as they are often pronounced by vulgar speakers. See
  Superable.
    463. Here,  then, the line is drawn by analogy.  Whenever t
  comes before these vowels, and the accent immediately follows
  it, the t preserves its  simple sound, as in Miltiades, elephan-
  tiasis, satiety, Sec; but when  the accent precedes  the t, it then
  goes into sh, tch, or tsh,  as  na-tshure, na-shion, vir-tshue, pa-
  tient, Sec. or natchure,  nashion, virtchue, pashent, Sec.  (464).
  In similar circumstances, the same may be observed of d, as
  arduous, hideous, Sec. (293) (294) (376).
    464. This pronunciation of t extends to every word where
  the diphthong or diphthongal sound commences with i or e, ex-
  cept in the terminations of verbs and adjectives, which preserve
  the simple in  the augment,  without  suffering the t to go into
  the hissing sound, as I pity,  thou pitiest, he pities,  or pitied,
  mightier, worthier, twentieth, thirtieth, Sec.  This is agreeable
  to the general  rule, which forbids the adjectives or verbal ter-
 minations to alter the sound of the primitive verb or noun. See
 No. 381. But in the words bestial, celestial, frontier, admixtion,
 Sec. where the * or n precedes the t, this letter is pronounced
 like tch instead  of sh,  (291),  as  bes-tchial, celes-tchial, fron-
 tcheer, admix-tchion, Sec; as also when the t is followed by eou,
 whatever letter precede,  as righteous,  piteous,  plenteous, Sec.
 jtronouncedrigh-tcheous,pit-cheous,iplen-tcheous,&c. The same
 may be observed of t when succeeded by uou, as unctuous, pre-
 sumptuous, Sec. pronounced ung-tchuous,prezumptchuous, Sec.
 See the words.

                            TH.
   465.  This lisping sound, as it  may  be called, is almost pe-
culiar to the English (41)i(S0) (469). The Greek €> was cer-
  tainly not the sound we give it: like its principal letter, it has a
  sharp and aflat sound; but these are so littie subject to rule,
  that a catalogue will,  perhaps, be the best guide.
    466.  Th, at the beginning of words, is sharp,  as  in thank,
  think, Sec. except in the following words: This, that, than, the,
  thee, their, them, then, thence, there,  these, they, thine, thither,
  those, thou, though, thus, thy, and their compounds.
    467.  Th, at the end of words, is sharp, as death, breath, Sec.
  except in beneath, booth, with: and the verbs to wreath, to loath,
  to uncloath, to secth, to smooth, to sooth, to mouth: all which
  ought to be  written with the e final; not only to distinguish
  them from the nouns,  but to show that th is soft; for though th,
  when final, is  sometimes pronounced soft, as in  to loath, to
  mouth, 8ec. yet the final is never pronounced hard.  There is as
  obvious an analogy for this sound of the th in these verbs, as
  for the z sound of *  in verbs ending in se (437), and why  we
  should write some verbs with e, and others without it, is incon-
  ceivable.  The best way to show the absurdity of our orthogra-
  phy in this particular,  will be to draw out the nouns and verbs
  as they stand in Johnson's Dictionary.
    Adjectives and Nouns.      Verbs.
            breath,          to breathe,
            wreath,         to wreath, to inwreathe.
            loath,           to loathe.
            cloth,           to cloathe, to  uncloath.
            bath,           to bathe.
            smooth,         to smooth.
            mouth,          to mouth.
            swath,          to swathe.
              ,   .,         C to sheath.
            sheath,        1
                          £ to sheathe.
            sooth,          to sooth.
 Surely nothing can be more evident than the analogy of the lan-
 guage in this case.   Is it not absurd  to hesitate a  moment at
 writing all the verbs with the e final?  This is a departure from
 our great lexicographer, which he himself would  approve, as
 nothing but inadvertency could have led him into this unmean-
 ing irregularity.
   468. Th, is hard in the middle of words, either when it pre-
 cedes, or follows a consonant, as panther,  nepenthe, orthodox,
 orthography,  orthoepy, thwart, athwart,  ethnic, misanthrope,
 philanthropy, Sec. except brethren, farthing, farther, northern,
 worthy, burthen, murther, where the th is  flat; but the two last
 words are better written burden and murder.
   469. Th between two vowels is generally soft in words pure-
 ly English, as father, feather, heathen, hither, thither, whither,
 whether, either, neither, weather, wether,  wither, gather, toge-
 ther, pother, mother.
   470. Th between two vowels, in words from the learned lan-
 guages,  is generally hard,  as  apathy, sympathy,  antipathy,
 Athens, atheist, authentic, author, authority, athirst, cathartic,
 cathedral, catholic,  catheter, ether, ethics, lethargy,  Lethe, levi-
 athan, litharge, lithotomy, Lutheran, mathesis, mathematics, me-
 thod, pathetic, plethora, polymathy, prothonotary,  anathema,
 amethyst, theatre, amphitheatre, apothecary, apotheosis.
   471. Th is sometimes pronounced like simple t, as Thomas,
 thyme, Thames, asthma, phthisis, phthisic, phthisical, and is si-
 lent in twelfthtide, pronounced twelflide.

                          T silent.

   472. Tis silent when preceded by s,and followed by the ab-
 breviated terminations  en and le, as hasten, chasten, fasten, lis-
 ten, glisten, christen, moisten, which are pronounced as if writ-
 ten hace'n, chace'n, Sec; in bursten the t is  heard: so  castle, nes-
 tle, trestle, wrestle, thistle, whistle, epistle, bristle, gristle, jostle,
 apostle,  throstle, bustle, justle,  rustle, are pronounced as if
 written cassle, nessle, Sec in pestle the t is pronounced; in often,
fasten, and soften, the  t is silent,  and  at  the  end of several
 words fronj the French, as trait, gout  (taste), eclat.  In the first 
PRONUNCIATION  OF THE  CONSONANTS  V,  W,  X, Y,  Z.
of these words the t begins to be pronounced; in the last, it has
been sometimes heard, but in  the  second, never.  Toupet is
more frequently written toupee, and is therefore not irregular.
In billetdoux the t is silent, as  well as in hautboy. The same
silence of t may be observed in the English words, Christmas,
ehetsnut, mortgage,  ostler, bankruptcy, and in the second syl-
lable of mistletoe.  In currant and currants the t is always mute.

                            V.
  473.  V is flat/, and bears the same relation to it as b does to
p, d to t,  hard g to k, and z to * (41). It is  never irregular;
and if ever silent, it is in the word twelvemonth, were both that
letter and the e  are, in  colloquial  pronunciation, generally
dropped,  as if written tweVmonth.

                          W initial.

   474.  That w at the beginning of a word is a consonant, has
been proved already, (9) (59).  It is always silent before r, as in
wrack,  wrangle, wrap, wrath, wreak,  wreath, wreck, wren,
wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch,  wriggle, wright, wring, wrinkle,
wrist, write, writhe, wrong, wrought, wry, awry, bewray; and
before h and the vowel o, when long, as whole, who,  Sec. pro-
nounced hole, hoo, Sec.
   475.  W before h is pronounced  as if it were after  the h, as
hoo-y, why, hoo-en, when, Sec. but in whole, whoop, Sec. the sin-
gle and double o  coalescing with the same sound in w, this last
letter is scarcely perceptible. In swoon, however, this letter is
always  heard; and pronouncing it soon, is vulgar.  In sword and
answer, it is always  silent.  In two it  mingles with its  kindred
sound, and the number two is pronounced like the adverb too.
The same may be observed of toward and towards, where the
w is dropped, as if written toard and toards, rhyming with hoard
and hoards, but in the adjectives and adverbs toward and to-
wardly, froward and frowardly, the w is heard distinctly.  It is
sometimes dropped  in the  last  syllable of awkward, as if writ-
ten awkard; but this pronunciation is vulgar.

                             X.

   476.  X is a  letter composed of  those which have  been al-
ready considered, and therefore will need but little discussion,
(48) (51).  It is flat or sharp like its component letters, and is
subject to the  same laws.
   477.  X has  a sharp  sound  like  ks, when  it ends a syllable
with Ithe accent upon it, as exercise, excellence,  Sec.  or when
the accent is on the  next syllable, if it begin with a consonant,
as excuse, expense,  Sec. (71).
   478.  X has its flat sound like gz, when the accent  is not on
it, and  the following syllable  begins with a vowel, as exert,
example,  exist, Sec.   pronounced egzert, egzample, egzist,
Sec.   The  same sound  may be observed if  h follow, as
in exhibit, exhale, 8ec. pronounced egzhibit, egzhale: but if the
 secondary accent be  on the x  in the polysyllables exhibition,
exhalation, Sec. this  letter is then sharp,  as in exercise (71).
   479.  X, like s, is aspirated only when the accent is before it:
hence the difference between  luxury and luxurious,  anxious
and anxiety: in the true pronunciation of which words, nothing
will direct us but recurring to  first principles.  It was observ-
ed that * is never aspirated, or pronounced like  sh, but when
the accent is on the preceding syllable   (450); and that when
the  accent is on the succeeding vowel, though the s frequently
is pronounced like z, it is never sounded zh; from which pre-
mises we may conclude, that luxury and luxurious ought to be
pronounced luckshury,  and lugzurious, and not lug-zho-ryus, as
Mr. Sheridan  spells  it.  The same error runs through his pro-
nunciation of all the compounds, luxuriance, luxuriant, luxu-
riate, Sec. which unquestionably ought to be pronounced  lug-
 zu-ri-ance, lug-zu-ri-ant,  lug-zu-ri-ate,  Sec. in four syllables,
and not in three only, as they are divided in his Dictionary.
  480. The same principle will lead us to decide in the words
anxious and anxiety: as the accent is before the x in the  first
word, it is naturally divisible into ank-sious,  and as naturally
pronounced ank-shus;  but as the  aceent is after the x in the
second word, and the hissing sound cannot  be aspirated (456),
it must necessarily be pronounced ang-ziety.  But Mr. Sheri-
dan, without any  regard to the  component letters  of these
words, or  the different position of the accent, has not only spel-
led them  without aspiration, but without letting the s, in the
composition of the  last word, go  into z; for thus they  stand in
his Dictionary: ank-syus, ank-si-e-ty (456).
   481. The letter x, at the beginning of words, goes into z,
as Xerxes, Xenophon, 8cc. pronounced Zerkses, Zenophon, Sec.
it is silent at the end of the French word billet-doux, and pro-
nounced like s in beaux;  often and better written beaus.

                         Y initial.
   482. Y, as a consonant, has always the same sound; and this
has been sufficiently described  in ascertaining its real charac-
ter; when it is a vowel at the end of a word  or  syllable with
the accent upon it, it is sounded exactly like the first  sound of
:', as cyder,  tyrant, reply, Sec; but at the end of a word or syl-
lable, without the accent, it is pronounced like the first sound
of e, liberty, fury, tenderly, Sec.

                            Z.
   483. Z  is the flat *,  and bears the same relation to it as b
does to p,  d to t, hard g to k, and v to /.   Its common name is
izzard, which Dr  Johnson explains into * hard; if, however,
this be the meaning, it is a gross misnomer; for the z is not
the hard, but the soft s;* but  as it has a less sharp, and there-
fore not so  audible a sound, it is not impossible  but it may
mean s surd.  Zed, borrowed  from the  French,  is the more
fashionable name of this letter; but, in my opinion, not to be ad-
mitted,  because the  names  of the letters ought  to have no
diversity.
   484. Z, like s, goes into aspiration before a diphthong, or a
diphthongal  vowel after the accent, as is heard  in vizier, gla-
zier, grazier, Sec. pronounced vizh-i-er,  glazh-i-er,  grazh-i-er,
Sec.  The same may be observed  of azure, razure, Sec.
   485. Z  is silent in the French word rendezvous; and is pro-
nounced in the Italian manner, as  if t were before it, in mezzo-
tinto, as if written metzotinto.

   Thus have we endeavoured to exhibit a just idea of the prin-
ciples of pronunciation, both with respect to single letters, and
their various combinations into syllables and words.   The at-
tentive reader must have observed how much the sounds of the
letters vary, as they are differently associated, and how much
the pronunciation of these associations depends  upon the posi-
tion of the accent.   This is a point of the utmost  importance,
and a want of attending to it has betrayed several ingenious
men into the grossest absurdities.  This will more  fully appear
in the observations on accent; which is the next  point to be
considered.
       OF THE  NATURE  OF  ACCENT.

  486. The accent of the ancients is the opprobrium of modern
criticism.  Nothing can show more evidently the fallibility of
the human faculties than the total ignorance we  are in at pre-

  * Professor Ward, speaking of the reason for doubling the a at the
end of words, says,  " s doubled retains its proper force, which, when
" single at the end of words, is softened into z, as his, hiss."  And Dr.
Wallis tells us, that it is almost certain when a noun has s hard in the
last syllable, and becomes a verb; that in the latter case the * becomes
soft, as a house is  pronounced with the hard s; and to house with the
* soft. 
ACCENT ON DISSYLLABLES.
sent of the nature of the Latin and Greek accent.  This would
be still more surprising if a phenomenon of a similar kind did
not daily  present itself to our view.   The accent of the Eng-
lish language, which  is  constantly sounding in our ears,  and
every moment open to investigation, seems as much a mystery
as that  accent  which  is removed almost two thousand  years
from  our view.   Obscurity,  perplexity,  and confusion,  run
through every writer on  the subject, and nothing could  be so
hopeless as an attempt  to explain it, did not a circumstance
present itself, which at  once  accounts  for the confusion,  and
affords a clue to lead us out of it.
   487. Not one writer on accent has given us such a definition
of the voice, as acquaints  us with its essential properties.  They
speak of high and low, loud and soft, quick and slow; but they
never once mention that  striking property which distinguishes
singing from speaking sounds; and which, from its sliding from
high to low, and from low to high, may not improperly be called
the inflection of the voice.  No wonder, when writers left  this
out of the account,  that they should  blunder about the nature
of accent: it was impossible they should do otherwise; so par-
tial an idea of the  speaking voice  must necessarily lead them
into inextricable difficulties.   But let us once divide the voice
into its rising and falling  inflection, the obscurity vanishes; and
accent becomes as intelligible as any other part of language.
   488. Keeping this distinction in view, let us compare the
accented  syllable  with others, and we  shall find this general
 conclusion may be drawn:" The accented syllable is  always
" louder than the rest; but when it has  the rising inflection, it
" is higher than the preceding, and lower than the succeeding
" syllable;  and when it has the falling inflection, it is pronounc-
" ed higher as well as  louder than the other syllables, either
" preceding or succeeding."   The only exception to this rule
is, " when the accent is on the last  syllable of a word which has
" no  emphasis; and  which  is the concluding word of a  dis-
u course."   Those who wish  to see this clearly  demonstrated
must consult Elements of Elocution, vol. ii. p. 5.   On the pre-
sent occasion it will be sufficient to observe, that the stress we
call accent is as well understood as is necessary for the pronun-
ciation of single words, which is the object of this treatise;  and
therefore, without  disturbing the common opinion concerning
accent, we shall proceed  to make some  remarks on its proper
position in  a word, and endeavour to detect some errors in the
use and application of it.

        The different Positions of the English Accent.
   489. Accent, in its very nature, implies a comparison with
other  syllables less forcible; hence  we may conclude, that
monosyllables, properly  speaking, have no accent: when they
are combined with other  monosyllables and form a  phrase, the
stress which is laid upon one, in  preference to others, is called
emphasis    As emphasis evidently points out the most signifi-
cant word in a sentence,  so, where other reasons do not forbid,
the accent always dwells  with greatest force on that part of the
word  which, from  its importance,  the hearer has always  the
greatest occasion to observe; and this is necessa.ily the root, or
body of the word.  But as harmony of termination frequently
attracts the accent  from the root to the branches of words, so
the first and most natural  law of accentuation  seems to operate
less in fixing the stress than any of the other.   Our own Saxon
terminations, indeed,  with perfect uniformity, leave the princi-
pal part of the word in  quiet possession of what seems its law-
ful property (501);  but Latin and Greek terminations, of which
our language is full, assume a right  of preserving their origi-
nal accent, and subject  many of the words they bestow upon us,
to their own classical laws.  But it may  be  observed  in  pas-
sing, that when we adopt a Latin word into our language,  and
cut off a syllable at the end, we generally place the accent  two
syllables higher than in the original word (503). See AcAnEMY.
  490. Accent, therefore, seems  to be  regulated, in a  great
measure, by etymology.  In words from the Saxon, the accent
is generally on the root; in words from the learned iaijguages,
it is generally on the termination; and  if to these we add the
different accent  we lay on some words,  to distinguish them
from others, we  seem to have the three great principles of ac-
centuation; namely, the radical, the  terminational, and the  dis-
tinctive.

                  Accent on Dissyllables.

  491. Every word of two syllables has necessarily one of them
accented,  and but one.  It is true,  for the sake of  emphasis,
we sometimes lay  an equal stress upon two successive sylla-
bles, as di-rect,  some-times; but  when these  words are pro-
nounced alone,  they have never more than one accent   For
want of attending to this distinction,  some writers have rounaly
asserted, that many dissyllables have two  accents, such as con-
voy, concourse, discord, shipwreck:  in which, and similar  in-
stances, they confound  the distinctness, with which the latter
syllables  are necessarily pronounced, with  accentual  force;
though nothing can be more different.  Let us pronounce the
lasi syllable of the noun torment as  distinctly as  we please, it
will still be very different with respect to force, from the same
syllable in the verb to torment, where the accent is on it; and if
we  do but carefully watch our pronunciation, the same diffe-
rence will  appear in every word  of two syllables throughout
the language. The word Amen is the only word which is pro-
nounced with two consecutive accents when alone.
  492. There is a peculiarity of accentuation in certain  words
of two  syllables, which are both nouns and verbs, that is not un-
worthy of notice; the former having the accent on the first syl-
lable, and  the latter on the last.   This seems  an  instinctive
effort in the language (if the expression will be allowed me)
to compensate in some measure for the want of different termi-
nations for these different parts of speech.   The words which
admit of this diversity of accent are the following :

  Nouns.            Verbs.      Nouns.       Verbs.
abject	to abject	digest	to digest
absent	to absent	essay	to essay
abstract	to abstract	export	to export
accent	to accent	extract	to extract
affix	to affix	exile	to exile
assign	to assign	ferment	to ferment
augment	to augment	frequent	to frequent
bombard	to bombard	import	to import
cement	to cement	incense	to incense
colleague	to colleague	insult	to insult
collect	to collect	object	to object
cbmpact	to compact	perfume	to perfume
compound	to compound	permit	to permit
compress	to compress	prefix	to prefix
concert	to concert	premise	to premise
concrete	to concrete	presage	to presage
conduct	to conduct	present	to present
confine	to confine	produce	to produce
conflict	to conflict	pioject	to project
conserve	to conserve	protest	to protest
consort	to consdrt	rebel	to rebel
contest	to contest	record	to record
contract	to contract	refuse	to refuse
contrast	to contrast	subject	to subject
convent	to convent	survey	to survey
converse	to converse	torment	to torment
convert	to convert	trdject	to trajcct
convict	to convict	transfer	to transfer
desert	to desert	transport	to transport
discount	to discount	attribute	to attribute*
descant	to descant		
VOL. I.
P 
ACCENT ON TRISYLLABLES
  493. To this analogy, some  speakers are endeavouring to
reduce the word contents; which, when it signifies the matter
contained in a book, is often heard with the accent on  the first
syllable; but though this pronunciation serves to distinguish
words which are different in signification, and  to give, in some
measure,  a difference of form to the noun and verb, in which
our tongue is  remarkably deficient, still it is doubtful whether
this  distinction be of any real advantage to the language.   See
Bowl.  This diversity of accentuation seems  to have place in
compound verbs.   See  Counterbalance.
   494.  Sometimes words have a different accent, as they  are
adjectives or substantives.
        Substantives.                   Adjectives.
     A'ugust, the month         august, noble
     compact                    compact
     cdntext                    context
     champaign, wine            champaign, open
     exile, banishment           exile, small
     gallant, a lover            gallant, bold
     instinct,                    instinct
     invalid                    invalid
     Levant, a place            levant, eastern
     minute of time             minute, small
     supine, in grammar        supine, indolent.
   495. Sometimes the same parts of speech have the accent on
 different  syllables, to mark a difference of signification.
 to cdnjure, to practise magic    to conjure, to  summon in a sa-
                                               cred name
      desert, a wilderness        d^ert, merit
     buffet, a blow              buffet, a cupboard
      sinister, insidious           sinister, the left side.
   496. In this analogy some  speakers pronounce  the word
 Concordance with the accent on the first syllable, when it signi-
 fies a dictionary of  the  Bible; and with the accent on the se-
 cond, when it signifies agreement: but besides that there is not
 the same reason for distinguishing nouns from  each  other, as
 there is nouns from verbs; the accent on the first syllable of the
 word Concordance gives a harshness and poverty to its sound,
 which ought to be avoided.
   495. But  though the different accentuation of nouns  and
 verbs of  the same form does not extend so far as might be ex-
 pected, it is certain, that in words of two syllables, where the
 noun and verb are of different forms, there is an evident ten-
 dency in the language to place the accent upon the first sylla-
 ble of the noun, and on the last of the verb.   Hence the nouns
 outrage,  upstart, and uproar, have the accent  on the first sylla-
 ble; and  the verbs to uplift, to uphold, and to outstrip, on the
 last.
   498. This analogy will appear still more evident if we attend
 to the accent of those nouns and verbs which  are compounded
 of two words.  Every dissyllable compounded of words which,
 taken separately, have a meaning, may be deemed a qualified
 substantive; and that word, which qualifies or  describes the
 other, is  that which most distinguishes it, and consequently is
 that which ought to have  the  accent.  Accordingly  we  find
 that inkhorn, outrage, chairman, freehold, sand-box, book-case,
 pen-knife, have the accent on the first syllable, which is the spe-
 cifying part of the word; while gainsay, foresee, overlook, un-
 dersell, have the accent on the last syllable, which is  the least
 distinguishing part of the word.  This rule, however, is, either
 by the caprice of custom, or the love of harmony, frequently
 violated, but is sufficiently extensive  to mark the general ten-
 dency of the language.
   Akenside brings the verb to comment under this analogy:
       "-----------------The sober zeal
       " Of age, commenting on prodigious things."
                                 Pleasures of the Imagination.
And Milton in the same manner the verb to commerce:
" And looks commercing with the skies,
" Thy rapt soul bitting in thine eyes."
II Penseroso.
  499. Something very analogous to this we  find in the nouns
we verbalize, by changing the s  sharp of  the noun into the s
flat, or z of the verb (437), as a ute, and to use; where we may
remark, that when the word in both parts of speech is a mono-
syllable, and so not under the laws  of accent,  the verb, how-
ever, claims the privilege of lengthening the sound of the con-
sonant when it can, as well as when it cannot, prolong the ac-
centuation.  Thus we not only find grass altered to graze, brass
to braze, glass to glaze, price to prize, breath to  breathe,  Sec.
but the c or s  sharp altered to the * flat in  advice to advise, ex-
cuse to excuse, device to  devise, Sec.   The noun  adopting the
sharp hissing sound, and  the verb the soft  buzzing one, without
transferring the accent from one  syllable to another.   The
vulgar extend this analogy  to the noun practice and the verb to
practise, pronouncing the first with the i short and  the c like
sharp  s, as if written practiss, and the last with the i long and
the s like z, as if  written practize; but correct speakers pro-
nounce the verb like the noun; that is, as if  written practiss.
The noun prophecy, and  the verb to prophesy follow thisanalo-
gy, only by writing the noun  with the c and  the verb with the
s, and without any difference of sound, except pronouncing the
y in the first like e, and  in  the last like  i  long; where we may
still discover a trace of the tendency to the barytone pronuncia-
tion in the noun, and the  oxytoneinthe verb (467).  See Sup-
plement.
   500. This seems to be  the favourite  tendency of  English
verbs; and where we find  it crossed, it is generally in those
formed from  nouns, rather than the contrary:  agreeably to this,
Dr. Johnson  has observed,  that  though nouns have often the
accent on the latter, yet verbs have it  seldom on the former
syllable; those nouns which, in the common order of language,
must have preceded the verbs, often transmit  this accent to the
verbs  they form, and  inversely.   Thus the noun water must
have  preceded  the verb to water,  as  the verb  to correspond
must  have  preceded  the noun correspondent; and  to  pursue
must  claim priority to pursuit.  So that we may conclude,
wherever verbs deviate from this rule,  it  is seldom by chance,
and generally in those  words only where a superior law of ac-
cent takes place.

                   Accent on Trisyllables.

   501. As words increase in syllables, the more easily is  their
accent known.  Nouns sometimes acquire a syllable  by becom-
ing plural: adjectives  increase a syllable by  being  compared;
and verbs, by altering their tense, or becoming participles: ad-
jectives become adverbs, by adding  ly to them; and prepositions
precede nouns or verbs without altering the accent of the word,
to which they are prefixed:  so that when once  the accent of
dissyllables is known, those polysyllables whose terminations
are perfectly  English,  have likewise  their accent invariably
settled.  Thus  lion becomes lioness; poet, poetess;  polite be-
comes politer, or politely, or even politelier;  mischief, mischie-
vous; happy, happiness;  nay lioness becomes lionesses; mis chief,
mischievousness; and service, serviceable, serviceableness, ser-
viceably, and  unserviceably,  without disturbing the accent, ei-
ther on account of the  prepositive un, or the  subjunctives able,
ably, and ableness.
   502. Hence  we may perceive  the glaring absurdity which
prevails even in the first circles; that of  pronouncing the plu-
ral of princess, and even the singular, with the accent on  the
second syllable, like  success and successes; for we might  just
as  well say, dutchess and dutchesses, as princess and princesses;
nor would a  correct ear be  less hurt with the latter than with
the former. 
ACCENT ON  POLYSYLLABLES.
   503.  So few verbs of three syllables follow the analogy ob-
servable in those of two, that of  protracting the accent to the
last syllable, that this oeconomy seems peculiar to dissyllables:
many verbs,  indeed, of three syllables are compounded  of a
preposition of two syllables: and then, according to the primary
law of accentuation, and not  the  secondary  of distinction, we
may esteem them radical, and not distinctive:  such are contra-
dict, intercede, supersede, contraband, circumscribe, superscribe,
Sec. while the generality of words, ending in the verbal termi-
nations ise and ize, retain the accent of the simple as  criticise,
tyrannise, modernise, Sec:  and  the whole tribe of  trisyllable
verbs  in ate, very few excepted,  refuse the  accent on the last
syllable: but  words of three syllables often  take  their accent
from the learned languages from which they are derived: and
this makes it necessary to inquire how far English accent is re-
gulated by that of the Greek and  Latin.

On the influence oj the Greek and Latin Accent, on the Accent
                  of English Polysyllables.
   As our language borrows so largely from the learned Ian
guages, it is not wonderful that its pronunciation should be in
some measure influenced  by them.  The rule for placing the
Greek accent was, indeed, essentially different from that of the
Latin; but words  from the Greek,  coming to us  through the
Latin, are often so much latinized, as to lose their original accent,
and to fall into that of the Latin; and it is the Latin accent which
we must chiefly regard, as that which influences our own.
   The  first general  rule that may be laid down, is, that when
words come  to us whole from the Greek or Latin,  the  same
accent ought to be preserved as in the original.  Thus horizon,
sonorous, decorum, dictator, gladiator, mediator, delator, spec-
tator,  adulator, Sec. preserve the penultimate accent of the
original; and yet the antepenultimate tendency of our language
has placed the accent on the first syllable of orator,  senator, au-
ditor, cicatrix, plethora, Sec. in opposition to the Latin pronun-
ciation of these words, and would have infallibly done the same
by abdomen, bitumen, and acumen, if the learned had not step-
ped in to rescue these classical words from the invasion of the
Gothic  accent, and to preserve the stress  inviolably on the
second  syllable.  Nor has even the interposition of two conso-
nants been always able to keep the accent from mounting up to
the antepenultimate syllable, as we may see in minister, sinister,
character, Sec. and this may be said to be the favourite accent of
our language.
   But notwithstanding this prevalence of the  antepenultimate
accent, the general rule still holds good; and more  particularly
in words a little removed from common usage, such as terms
in the arts and sciences: these are generally of Greek  original;
but coming to us through the Latin, most  commonly  contract
the Latin accent when adopted into our language.   This  will
appear more distinctly by a list, which may serve as a rule for
all the  rest:  and first,letus select some, where the Greek and
Latin accent coincide:
  plethora,     TrXrfapa,          antiphrdsis,  xvrKppxa-iq,
   metabdsis,    fjutru&xris,        protasis,     Tr^orxo-tg,
   emphasis,    ifjtjpu.<ri%,          metathesis,   fierxBttrts,
   antispdsis,   xnrunrxris,       epenthesis,   e^cvSea-ii,
  antithesis,    xvTi9e<rtg,         apharesis,    utpxtperis.
   Another list  will show us where the  accent of these lan-
guages differ:
  antanaclasis, xvTttvxtchxrts,     hydrophobia, vfyo<po£i'x,
  catachresis,   KXTx^pna-it;,       cyclopedia,  x.vx.\oirxifoia,
  paracentesis, frxpxKevrtitrn,      aporia,      xiroplx,
  aposiopesis,  X7roa-ia>7niris,      prosopopoeia,^po<rcj7ro7rotx,
  antiptosis,    x\iTi7rTa<ns,       epiphonema, t7ri^)u<tyifA,x,
  anadiplosis,   xvx$t7r\urit;,       diaphoresis,  hx<pi>pqris,
  auxesis,      xvtyvic,,          diploma,     $~i7rXavLX,
  mathesis,     fiecdqo-if,         paragoge,    Tirxpxyuy^
  exegesis,     t^yr^ic.         apostrophe,  ct7T4r]f>opii.
   In this list we perceive the  peculiar  tendency of the Latin
 language to accent the long penultimate vowel, and that of the
 Greek, to pay no regard to it if the last vowel is short, but to
 place the accent  on the antepenultimate.  It will, however, be
 easily perceived,  that in this case we  follow the Latin anal-
 ogy.
   The next rule we may venture to lay down as a pretty general
 one, is, that if the words  derived from the learned  languages,
 though anglicised by altering the  termination, contain the same
 number of syllables as in the original languages, they are gener-
 ally to be pronounced with the same accent: that is, with the
 same  accent as the first person present of the indicative mood
 active voice, or as the present participle of the same verb.
   The reality of this rule will best appear by a selection of such
 classes of words as have an  equal number of syllables in both
 languages.

       Words which  have a in the penultimate syllabic:
   prevalent,   pravalens,       infamous,    infamis,
   equivalent,   equivalens,      propagate,  firopago,
   adjacent,     adjdcens,        indagate,     indago,
   ligament,    ligamen,          suffragan,    suffragans.
   In this small class of words we find all but the two first have
 a different accent  in English from that of the Latin.  The rule
 for placing the accent in that language being the  simplest  in
 the world: if the penultimate syllable is long, the  accent is on
 it; if short, the accent is on the antepenultimate.

       Words which have e in the penultimate syllable:
   penetrate,   penetro,         exuberant,  exuberans,
   discrepant,  discrepans,       eminent,    eminens,
   precedent,   pracedens,       excellent,   excellens,
   elegant,     elegans,         alienate,     alieno,
   exuperant,   exuperans,      delegate,    delego.
   In this class we find the penultimate e accented in English as
 in Latin, except in the*three last words.  The word alienate de-
 parts from the Latin accentuation, by placing the stress on the
 first syllable, as if derived from the English nounalien. Therein
 penetro is either long or short in Latin, and in this case we gen-
 erally prefer the short sound to-the long one.

      Words which have i in the penultimate syllable:
   ultimate,    ultimus,         efficience,    efficient,
   proximate,  proximus,       sufficience,   sufficiens,
   acclivous,   acclivus,         rtersnicience, per spiciens,
   declivous,   declivus,         conscience,   consciens,
   proclivous,  tiroclivus,       obedience,    obediens,
   litigant,      litigans,         pestilence,  pestilens,
   mitigant,    mitigans,        supplicate,   supplicans,
   sibilant,      sibilans,         explicate,    explicans,
   vigilant,     vigilans,         abdicate,     abdicans,
  fulminant,  fulminans,       providence, providens,
  discriminate, discrimino,       festinate,    festino,
   habitant,     habitans,        mendicant,   mendicans,
  beneficent,   beneficus,       resident,    resldens,
   accident,    accidens,         diffidence,   diffidens,
   evident,     evidens,         confidence,  confidens,
   indigent,    indigens,        investigate, investigo,
   diligent,     diligens,         castigate,   castigo,
   negligent,   negligens,       extricate,   extrico,
   exigence,    exigens,         irritate,     irrito,
  intelligence, intelligens,       profligate,   profligo,
   deficience,   deflciens,         instigate,    instigo.
  In the foregoing list of words we find a very general  coinci-
dence of the English and Latin accent, except in the last  eleven
words, where we depart from the Latin accent on  the penulti-
mate, and place it on our own favourite syllable the antepenulti-
mate. These last words must therefore be ranked as exceptions
      p2 
TERMINATIONAL ACCENT.
Words which have o in the penultimate syllable:
                                              ns,
arrogant,	arrbgans,	omnipotent,	omnipotei
dissonant,	dissonans,	innocent,	innocens,
redolent,	redolens,	desolate,	desolo,
insolent,	insolens,	decorate,	decoro,
benevolent,	benevolus,	elaborate,	elaboto,
condolence,	condblens,	laborant,	laborans.
indolence,	indblens,	ignorant,	ignorans,
armipotent,	armipotens,	suffocate,	suffoco.
  In this list the difference of the English and Latin accent is
considerable.  The six last words desert the Latin penultimate
for the English antepenultimate accent, and condolence falls into
an accentuation diametrically opposite.
       Words which have u in the penultimate syllable:
fab u late,
maculate,
adjuvate,
corrugate,
petulant,
disputant,
impudent
speculate,
pullulate,
fab ii. lor,
maculo,
adjuvo,
corriigo,
petulans,
disputans,
impudent,
speciilor,
pulliilo,
populate,
subjugate,
abducent,
relucent,
imprudent,
adjutant,
peculate,
indurate,
obdurate,
popiilo,
subjiigo,
abducens,
relucens,
imprudens,
ad j utans,
pec u lor,
induro,
obduro.
  Here we find the general rule obtain, with,  perhaps,  fewer
exceptions than in any other class.   Adjuvate,peculate, and in-
durate, are the only  absolute deviations; for obdurate has the
accent frequently on the second syllable.   See  the word.
  To these lists, perhaps, might be added the  English  words
ending in tion, sion, and ity: for though z"z'ora and sion are really
pronounced in one syllable, they are by almost all our orthoe-
pists generally divided into two; and consequently nation, pro-
nunciation, occasion, evasion, Sec. contain the same number of
syllables as nati'j, pronunciatio, occasio, evasio, Sec. and have the
accent, in both English and Latin, on the antepenultimate syl-
lable.  The same may be observed of words ending in ity, as
diversity, variety, Sec. from diversitas, varietas, Sec.
  By this selection (which, though not an exact enumeration of
every particular instance, is yet a sufficient specimen of the
correspondence of Latin and English accent) we may perceive
that there is  a general rule running through  both  languages
respecting the accent of  polysyllables, which is, that when a
single vowel  in the penultimate is followed by a single conso-
nant, the accent is on the antepenultimate.  This is so agreea-
ble to English analogy, that  in words  derived  from the  Latin,
where the penultimate vowel, followed  by a single  consonant,
is long, and consequently has the accent, we almost always ne-
glect this exception, as  it may be called, in the Latin language,
and fall into our own general rule  of accenting the  antepen-
ultimate. Nor is it, perhaps,  unworthy  of being  remarked,
that when we neglect  the accent of the original,  it is  al-
most always to place it  at least a syllable higher; as  adjacent
and condolence are the only words in the whole  selection, where
the accent of the English word is placed lower than in the Latin.
  There is, indeed, a remarkable coincidence of accent between
Latin verbs of three syllables, commencing with a preposition,
and the English words of two syllables, derived from  them by
dropping a syllable,* as excello, rebello, inquiro, confino, confu-
to,  consumo, desiro, exploro, procedo, poclamo,  have the accent
in Latin  on the second syllable; and the English verbs excel, re-
bel, inquire, confine, confute, consume, desire, explore, proceed,
proclaim, have the accent on the same  syllable.   This propensi-

  * Ben Jonson seems  to  have had a faint  idea of this coincidence,
where he says, " all verbs coming from the Latin, either of the supine
" or otherwise, hold the accent as it is found in  the first person present
" of those Latin verbs, as dnimo, animate, ce"lebro, celebrate; except
" words compounded offacio, as liquefacio, liquefy; and of statuo, as con-
<J stituto, constitute." English Grammar.  Of the extent and justness
of these observations, the critical reader will be the best judge.
ty of following the Latin accent, in these words, perhaps, in this,
as well as in other cases, formed a general rule, which at last,
neglected the  Latin accent, in words of this  kind; as we find
prefer, confer, defer, desert, compare, compleat, congeal, divide,
dispute, prepare, have the  accent  on  the second  syllable,
though prefero, dejero, confero, desero, comparo, compleo, con-
gelo, divido, disputo, prepdro, have the accent on the  first; and
this  propensity, perhaps, laid the foundBtion of that distinction
of accent which is  so remarkable  between dissyllable nouns,
and verbs of the same form.   See No. 492.
   But when English polysyllables are derived from the  Latin
by dropping a syllable, scarcely any analogy is more  apparent
than the  coincidence of the principal  accent  of the   English
word, and the secondary accent (522), we give to the  Latin
word, in  the English  pronunciation of it.  Thus darsimony,
ceremony, matrimony, melancholy, Sec. have the  accent on the
first syllable, because in pronouncing the Latin words  parsimo-
nia, cxremonia, matrimonia, melancholia, Sec. we  are permitted,
and prone in our English pronunciation of these words, to place
a secondary accent on that   syllable.  See Academy, Irre-
parable, Sec.
   With respect to the quantity of the antepenultimate  syllable
in polysyllables,  it  maybe observed, that   regardless of the
quantity of the original, we almost, without exception, follow
the analogy of our  own  language.   This  analogy uniformly
shortens the vowel,  unless it be u, followed by  a  single conso-
nant, or any other vowel followed by  a single consonant,  suc-
ceeded by a semi-consonant diphthong.   Thus  the first u
in dubious is pronounced long, though short in the Latin word
diibius;  the same may be observed  of the  e and o in medium
and emporium;  and  the first i in delirium, and the  first e in de-
licate, are pronounced  short in English according  to  our own
analogy (507), though these  letters are long in the Latin deli-
dium and delicatus.   For the quantity of English  dissyllables
derived from the Greek and Latin, see No. 542,  543,  544, Sec

                   Terminational Accent.
   504. We have seen that the Saxon terminations, regardless
of harmony, always leave the accent where they  found  it,  let
the adventitious syllables be ever so numerous.   The Saxons,
attentive chiefly to  sense, preserved  the same simplicity in the
accentuation, as in the composition of their words; and, if sense
were the only object of language,  it must be confessed, that
our ancestors were, in  this respect, superior to the Greeks and
Romans.   What method  could so rigidly preserve, and  so
strongly  convey, the  sense of words, as  that which always left
the accent on the root, where the principal meaning of the word
undoubtedly lies?  But  the  necessities  of human  nature  re-
quire that our thoughts should not only  be  conveyed  with
force, but with ease; to give language its due effect, it must be
agreeable as well as forceful; and the ear must be  addressed
while we are informing the mind.  Here,  then, terminational
accent, the music of language, interposes; corrects the discord-
ant, and  strengthens the  feeble sounds;  removes the difficulty
of pronunciation  which arises from placing the accent on initial
syllables, and brings the force gently down to the latter part of
the word, where a cadence is formed, on the principles of har-
mony and proportion.
   505.  To  form an idea of the influence  of termination upon
accent, it will  be sufficient  to observe,  that words which have
ez, ia, ie, to, eou, in  their termination, always have  the accent on
the  preceding  syllable:  thus atheist, alien, regalia, ambrosia,
 Sec. the numerous  terminations in ion,  ian, Sec. as   gradation,
promotion, confusion,  logician, physician, Sec.  those in ious, as
harmonious, abstemious, Sec.  those in eous,  as outrageous,  ad-
vantageous, Sec.  These may not  improperly be styled semi-
consonant diphthongs (196).
   506.  The only exceptions to this  rule are one word in iac, as
elegiac, which has the accent on the i, and  the following words
in iacal, as prosodiacal,  cardiacal, heliacal, genethliacal, mania- 
ENCLITICAL ACCENT
cal, demoniacal, ammoniacal, theriacal,paradisiacal,aphrodisiacal,
and hypochondriacal; all  which have the accent  on the ante-
penultimate i, and that long and open, as in idle, title, Sec.
   507.  Nothing can be more uniform than the position of the
accent  in words  of these terminations; and, with very few ex-
ceptions, the quantity of the accented vowel is as regular as the
accent; for when these terminations are preceded by a single con-
sonant, every accented vowel is long, except i; which in this
situation, is as uniformly short.  Thus occasion, adhesion, ero-
sion, and confusion, have the a, e, o, and u, long; while virion and
decision have the z short.  The same may be observed of proba-
tion, concretion, devotion, ablution, and exhibition.  The excep-
tions are, impetuous, especial, perpetual, discretion and battalion,
which last  ought to be spelt  with  double /,  as in  the French,
from which it is derived, and then  it would follow the general
rule. National, and rational, form two more exceptions; and these
are  almost the  only irregularities  to which these numerous
classes of words are subject.
   508.  Nearly the same uniformity, both of  accent and quan-
tity, we find .n words ending in ic.  The accent  immediately
precedes  this termination,  and every vowel  under this accent
but u is short.  Thus Satanic, pathetic, eliptic, harmonic, Sec.
have the accent on the penultimate, and  the vowel short; while
tunic, runic, and cubic, have the accented vowel long.
   509.  The same may be observed of words  ending in ical, as
fanatical, poetical, levitical, canonical, Sec. which  have the ac-
cent on the antepenultimate syllable, and the vowels a, e, z',and o,
short-  but cubical and  musical, with the accent on the same
syllable, have the u long.
   510.  The only exceptions to this rule are, Bucolic, arsenic,
choleric, ephemeric, turmeric, emperic, rhetoric, bishopric, (bet-
ter written bishoprick, see  No.  400.)  lunatic,  arithmetic,  sple-
netic, heretic, politic, and, perhaps, phlegmatic; which, though
more frequently heard with the accent on the antepenultimate
syllable, ought, if possible, to be reduced to regularity. Words
ending  in scence have uniformly the  accent on  the penultimate
syllable, as quiescence, reminiscence, Sec; concupiscence, which
has the accent on the antepenultimate,  is the  only  exception.
This accentuation seems to arise as much from the correspond-
ence to the  Latin words of the same number of syllables, as to
the concurrence of two consonants  (503).   See Supplement.
   511.  In the same  manner, if we take a view of the words
ending  in ity, we find the accent invariably placed on the pre-
ceding  syllable as in diversity,  congruity, Sec.    On a closer in-
spection we find every vowel in this  antepenultimate syllable,
when no consonant intervenes, pronounced long, as deity, piety,
Sec.   A nearer inspection shows us, that, if  a consonant  pre-
cede this termination, the preceding accented vowel is short,
except it be u, as severity, curiosity, impunity, Sec. we find too,
that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as in curvity,
taciturnity,  Sec and that scarcity and rarity (signifying uncom-
monness;  for rarity, thinness,  has  the  a short) are the  only
exceptions to this rule throughout the language.   The  same
observations are applicable to  words ending in  ify, as justify,
clarify,  Sec.   The only words  where  the antepenultimate ac-
cent in words of this termination  does  not shorten the vowel
are, glorify and notify.   The y in these  words is always long,
like the first sound of i; and both  accent and quantity are the
same when these words take  the  additional  syllable  able, as
justifiable, rarefiable, Sec. (183.)
   512.  To these maybe  added the numerous class of words
ending in arous, erous, and orous, as barbarous, meteorous,  and
humourous; all which have the accent on the antepenultimate
syllable, except canorous  and  sonorous; which some unlucky
sicholar happening to pronounce with the accent on the penul-
tamate syllable, in order to show their derivation from the Latin
adjectives, canorus  and sonorus, they  stand  like  strangers
amidst a crowd of similar words, and are  sure to betray a mere
English scholar into a wrong pronunciation.
   To polysyllables in these terminations might be  added those
in ative, atory, ctive, Sec;  words ending in ative can never have
the accent on the penultimate syllable, if there is a higher syl-
lable to place  it on,  except in the word creative; and when
this is the  case, as it is seldom otherwise, the accent seems  to
rest on the root of the  word,  or on that syllable which has the
accent on the noun, adjective or "verb  with which the word in
ative corresponds.    Thus  copulative,  estimative, alterative,
Sec. follow the verbs  to  copulate, to  estimate, to alter, Sec.
When derivation does not  operate  to  fix the accent, a  double
consonant  will  attract it to the antepenultimate syllable, as ap-
pellative;  and  two consonants have sometimes  this power in
opposition to  derivation,  as adversative and argumentative.
Indicative and interrogative  are likewise exceptions, as they
do not follow the verbs to indicate and  interrogate; but as they
are grammatical terms, they seem to  have taken their  accent
from the  secondary accent,  we sometimes  give to the Latin
words indicativus and  interrogative  (see the word Academy).
Words ending in ary, ery,  or ory, have generally the accent on
the  root of the word;  which, if it consists  of three syllables,
must necessarily be accented on the first, as contrary, treachery,
factory, Sec; if of four or five, the  accent is  generally on that
syllable which  has  the accent in the related  or kindred  words;
thus expostulatory  has the accent on the same radical syllable
as expostulate; and congratulatory, as congratulate: interro-
gatory  and derogatory are  exceptions  here,  as in the termina-
tion ative; and if*  pacificatory, sacrificatory, signiflcatory, Sec.
have not the accent on  the first syllable, it seems to arise from
the  aversion we seem  to have at placing even the secondary
accent on the antepenultimate a, (which we should be very apt to
do if the principal  accent were on the first  syllable,) and the
difficulty there would be in pronouncing such long  words with
so many unaccented syllables at the end, if we were to  lay the
accent on the first.   Words  ending in  cz"zve have  the  accent
regularly on the penultimate syllable,  except adjective,  which,
like indicative, being a grammatical word, seems to have taken
its accent  from the secondary stress  of the Latin  adjectivus,
(see Academy;) and every word ending in z"z've, preceded by a
consonant, has  the accent on the penultimate syllable likewise,
except substantive; and,  perhaps, for  the reason  just given.
After all,  it  must  be  owned,  that words ending in ative and
atory, are the most irregular and  desultory of any in the lan-
guage; as they are generally accented very far from the end,
they are the most difficult to pronounce; and therefore when-
ever usage will permit, we should incline the stress as much
as  possible to the latter syllables.   Thus refractory   ought
never to have the accent on  the first syllable;  but refectory,
with the accent on the first, is a school term, and, like substan-
tive,  adjective, indicative, and interrogative, Tmust be  left  in
quiet possession of their Latin secondary accent,

                      Enclitlcal Accent.
   513.  I have  ventured to give the  name  of enclitical to  the
accent of certain words, whose terminations are formed of such
words as seem to lose their own accent, and throw it hack  on
the last syllable of  the word  with which they coalesce, such as
theology, orthography,  Sec.   The  readiness with which these
words  take the  antepenultimate accent, the agreeable  flow of
sound to the ear, and the unity  it  preserves in  the sense,  are
sufficient proofs of the propriety of placing the accent  on this
syllable, if custom were ambiguous.   I do not remember to

   * These  words ought certainly to be accented alike; and accordingly
we find  Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Barclay,  and Mr. Smith, place
the accent on the second syllable; but though Fenning accents signifi-
catory in the same manner, he places the accent on the antepenultimate
of pacificatory; and Kenrick likewise accents the second syllable  of
significatory, but the first of pacificatory: the other orthoepists who have
not got these words have avoided these inconsistencies, 
ENCLITICAL ACCENT.
have heard the accent  disputed in any word  ending in ology;
but orthography is not unfrequently pronounced with  the ac-
cent on the first syllable, like orthodoxy.  The temptation we
are under to  discover our knowledge of the component parts
of words, is very apt to draw us into this pronunciation; but as
those words which are derived from the Greek, and are com-
pounded  of Xeyos,  have universally  given  into this enclitical
accentuation, no good reason appears for  preventing a similar
pronunciation in those  compounded of ypxQw, as by  placing the
accent on the antepenultimate syllable the word is much more
fluent and agreeable to the ear.   It is certain, however, that at
first sight the most plausible reasoning in the world seems to
lie against this accentuation.  When we place  the  accent  on
the first syllable, say our opponents, we give a kind of subor-
dinate stress to the third syllable graph:  by which  means the
word is divided into its primitives eftfe? and y$x<p»,  and  those
distinct ideas it contains, are preserved, which must necessarily
be confounded by the  contrary mode; and that pronunciation
of compounds, say they, must certainly  be the best  which best
preserves the import of the simples.
   514. Nothing can be more  specious  than this reasoning, till
we look a little higher than language, and consider its object;
we shall then discover, that in uniting two words under one ac-
 cent, so as to form one compound term, we do but  imitate the
superior operations of the  mind, which in order to  collect and
convey knowledge, unite several simple ideas into one complex
one.   " The end of language," says Mr. Locke, " is  by short
" sounds to signify with ease and dispatch general conceptions,
" wherein not only abundance of particulars are contained, but
" also a great variety  of independant  ideas  are collected  into
" one complex one, and that which holds these different parts
" together in the unity of one complex idea, is the word weannex
" to it.  For  the  connexion between the loose parts  of those
" complex ideas being made by the mind, this union, which has
" no particular foundation  in nature, would cease  again,  were
" there not something that did, as it were, hold it together, and
" keep the parts from scattering;  though, therefore, it be the
" mind that makes the collection, 'tis  the name which is, as it
 " were, the knot which ties them fast together." This reasoning,
 with respect to words  and ideas, is  so exactly applicable to ac-
 cent and words, that we need but change the names to  have an
 argument in form  for that accentuation which unites the dif-
 ferent parts of a word under one forcible pressure of the voice;
 for, as Mr.  Locke continues, " Men, in  framing  ideas,  seek
 "more  the  convenience of language  and  quick  dispatch by
 " short and  comprehensive  signs, than the  true and precise
 " nature of things; and, therefore, he who has made a complex
 " idea of a body with life, sense, and motion, with a faculty of rea-
 " son joined to it, need but use the short monosyllable, man, to
 " express all particulars that correspond to that complex idea."
 So it may be subjoined, that in  framing words for the  purpose
 of immediate communication, the end of this communication is
 best answered by such a  pronunciation as unites  simples into
 one compound, and at the same time renders the compound  as
 much a simple as possible: but it is evident that this is done by
 no mode of accentuation,  so well  as that which places the ac-
 cent on the antepenultimate syllable  of the  words theology,
 orthdgraphy;  and  therefore  that this accentuation, without in-
 sisting on its superior harmony, must best answer the great end
 of language (328).
    515. This tendency in our language, to simplify compounds,
 is sufficiently evident in  that  numerous catalogue of words,
 where we  find  the long vowel of the simple  changed into a
 short one in the compound, and by this means losing much of
 its original import to  the ear; thus breakfast, shepherd, vine-
 yard, meadow, shadow, zealous, hearken, valley, cleanse, cleanly
  neat) forehead, wilderness, bewilder, kindred, knowledge, darl-
 ing, fearful,pleasant, pleasure, whitster, whitleather, seamstress,
 stealth, wealth, health, wisdom, wizard,parentage, lineage,chil-
dren, pasty, gosling, collier, holiday, Christmas, Michaelmas,
windless, cripple, hinder, stripling, starling, housewife, husband,
primer,  peascod,fieldfare,  birth from  bear, dearth from deer,
weary from wear, and many others, entirely lose the sound of
the simple in their compound or derivative.
   516.  The long i in white, when  a simple, is almost univer-
sally changed into a short one in proper names, as Whitchurch,
 Whitefleld, Whitbread, Whitlock, Whitaker,  Sec- for compen-
diousness and dispatch being next in importance to perspicui-
ty, when there is no danger of mistake, it is no wonder  that
the organs should fall into the shortest and easiest sounds.
   517.  It must, however,  be observed, that this tendency to
unite simples into a compound, by  placing  an accent  exactly
where the two words  coalesce, is still subservient to the laws
of harmony.   The Greek word Je*»»,  which signifies opinion,
and  from which the  last syllables of orthodoxy are  derived,
was never a  general  subjunctive word  like  Aay«? and  ypet<p» ;
and even if it had been so, the assemblage of consonants in the
letter x would have  prevented the ear from  admitting an ac-
cent on the  syllable  immediately preceding, as the x would,
by this  means,  become  difficult  to pronounce.   Placing the
accent,  therefore, on the first syllable of orthodoxy, gives the
organs an opportunity of laying a  secondary stress upon the
third, which enables  them to pronounce  the whole with  dis-
tinctness and fluency.  Thus Galaxy and Cachexy, having the
accent on the first syllable, are very  difficult  to pronounce;'
but this difficulty is removed by placing the accent a syllable
higher  in the  words apoplexy, ataraxy, and anorexy.   Sec
the words.
   518.  But the numerous classes of words that so readily adopt
this enclitical accent sufficiently prove  it to be agreeable to the
genius  of our pronunciation.  This will more evidently ap-
pear  by adducing examples.  Words  in the  following termi-
nations, have always  the accent on that  syllable where the  two
parts unite, that is, on the antepenultimate syllable.
In logy, as apology, ambilogy, genealogy, Sec.
In graphy, as geography, orthography, historiography, See
In phagus, as sarophagus,  ichthyophagus, androphagus, Sec.
In loquy, as obloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, Sec.
In strophe, as catastrophe, apostrophe, anastrophe,  Sec.
In meter, as geometer, barometer, thermometer, Sec.
In gonal, as diagonal, octagonal, polygonal,  Sec.
In vorous, as carnivorous, granivorous, piscivorous, Sec.
In ferous, as bacciferous, cocciferous, somniferous,  Sec.
In fluous, as superfluous, mellifluous, fellifluous, Sec.
In^zzenz", as mellifluent, circumfluent, interfluent, Sec.
In vomous, as ignivomous,flammivomous, Sec.
In parous, as viviparous, oviparous, deiparous, Sec.
In cracy, as theocracy, aristocracy, democracy, Sec.
 In gony,  as  theogony, cosmogony, hexagony, Sec.
 In phony, as symphony, cacophony,  colophony, 8ec.
 In machy, as theomachy, logomachy, sciomachy,  Sec.
 In nomy, as economy, astronomy, Deuteronomy, Sec.
 In tomy, as anatomy, lithotomy, arteriotomy, Sec.
 In scopy, as metoposcopy, deuteroscopy,  aeroscopy, Sec.
 In pathy, as apathy,  antipathy, idiopathy, Sec.
 In mathy, as opsimathy,polymathy, Sec. Sec. Sec.
   519.  Some of these  Greek compounds seem to refuse the
 antepenultimate accent for the  same reason  as orthodoxy,
 such as necromancy, chiromancy, hydromancy; and those ter-
 minating in archy, as hierarchy, oligarchy,  patriarchy: all of
 which have the accent on  the first syllable,  which gives the
 organs  time to recover their force  upon the third, and to  pro-
 nounce the two consonants  with much more ease, than if the
 accent immediately preceded them; but periphrasis and  anti-
phrasis,  besides their  claim to the accent  of their originals,
 readily  admit of the accent on the second syllable, because the
consonants in the two last syllables  do not come together,  and
are therefore easily  pronounced after  the accent.    Orthoepy 
SECONDARY  ACCENT.
of the word:  they seem to have supposed both  accents equaiiy
necessary, and without  any other difference, than  that one was
pronounced more forcibly than the other.  This mistake arose
from  a want of studying the speaking voice.  A knowledge of
this would have told them, that one accent only was essential to
every word of more than one syllable, and that the secondary
stress might, or might not, be adopted, as distinctness,  force,
or harmony,  should require:  thus complaisant,  contraband,
caravan;  and violin, partisan, artisan, courtisan, metaphysic,
have frequently an accent on  the first,  as well as on the last
syllable,  though  a somewhat less  forcible one.    The same
may be  observed of repartee, referee, privateer, domineer, &c.
but it must still be observed, that though an accent be allowed
on the first syllable of these words, it is by no means necessary;
they may all be pronounced with  one accent, and that on the
last syllable, without the least deviation from propriety.
  525. In order to  give some idea of the nature of the secon-
dary accent, let us suppose, that, in giving our opinion of an ar-
gument, we say,
         " It is a direct demonstration of the Copernican system."
In this sentence, as  an accent is necessarily upon the last sylla-
ble of direct, we seldom lay a stress on the first syllable of de-
monstration, except we mean to be uncommonly  emphatical.
But in the following sentence,
having no consonant in the antepenultimate syllable, naturally
throws its accent on the first.
  520. By this view of the enclitical terminations we may ea-
sily perceive how readily our language falls into the antepenul-
timate accent, in  these  compounded polysyllables;  and that
those terminations which seem  to refuse this accent, do it ra-
ther from a  regard  to etymology than analogy.  Thus words
ending in asis, as periphrasis, apophasis, hypostasis,  Sec. have
the antepenultimate accent of their originals.   The same may
be observed of those ending in  esis,  as  hypothesis,  antithesis,
parenthesis, Sec. but exegesis, mathesis, auxesis, catachresis,
paracentesis, aposiopesis, have  the accent on the penultimate
syllable, because the vowel in this  syllable is long  in Greek
and Latin.   But all words ending in osis have the accent on
the penultimate, except  metamorphosis  and apotheosis, which
desert the accent of their Latin originals, while those in ysis
are accented regularly on the antepenultimate in Greek, La-
tin, and English, as  analysis, paralysis, Sec.  We may note too
that every s  in all these terminations is sharp and hissing.
  521. Words of three syllables ending  in ator have the accent
on the penultimate, as spectator, collator,  delator, Sec.  except
orator, senator, legator, and barrator.   But words in this ter-
mination of more than three syllables, though they have  gen-
erally the accent on the penultimate, are subject to  a diversity
not easily reduced to rule: thus navigator, propagator,  dedi-
cator, Sec. are  sometimes pronounced with the  accent on the
first, syllable, and sometimes on the third:  but as these words
may be pronounced  with an accent on both  these syllables, it  is
of less conseqtience on  which syllable we place the accent,
when we use only one.    The general  rule certainly inclines
to the penultimate   accent; but as all these words are verbal
nouns, and, though generally derived from Latin  words of the
some terminations,  have verbs corresponding to them in  our
own language, it is very natural to preserve the accent of  the
verb in these words, as it gives an emphasis to the most signi-
ficant part of them:  thus  equivocator, prevaricator, dedicator,
might be regularly  formed from the verbs  to equivocate, to pre-
varicate, and to dedicate; and agreeably to  analogy, would have
been written equivocater,prevaricater, and  dedicater;  but an af-
fectation of  preferring every analogy to  our  own,  has given
these words  a Latin   termination,  which answers  no purpose,
but to involve our language in absurdities; but the ear, in this
case, is  not quite  so servile as the eye:  and though we are
obliged to write these words with  or, and  not er, we generally
hear them pronounced as if they were  formed from  our own
verbs, and not from  Latin nouns in ator.   But  when  the word
has no verb in our own language to correspond to it, the accent
is  then  placed with great propriety  upon  the a, as in Latin;
thus violator, instigator, navigator, Sec  ought  to have the ac-
cent on the  first syllable;  and  emendator,  gladiator, adulator,
Sec. on the last  but one.
                SECONDARY ACCENT.

  522. Hitherto we have considered  that accent only, which
necessarily distinguishes one syllable in a word from the rest;
and which, with very little diversity, is  adopted by  all who
speak the English language.
  523  The secondary accent is that stress  we may occasion-
ally  place upon another syllable, besides  that  which has the
principal accent, in order to pronounce every part of the  word
more distinctly, forcibly, and harmoniously.   Thus this accent
is on the  first syllable of conversation, commendation, ijfe.
  524. There are few authors who have not  taken notice  of
two accents upon some  of the longer polysyllables, but none
have once hinted that one of these is not essential to the sound
           " It is a demonstration of the Copernican system."
Here, as no accented word precedes  demonstration, the voice
finds a rest, and the ear a force, in placing an  accent on  the
first, as well as on the third  syllable of this word.
   526. But though we may,  or may not, use the secondary ac-
cent at pleasure, it is by no means  a matter of indifference  on
what syllable we  place it: this  is fixed, with as much  certain-
ty as the  place of the principal  accent itself; and a wrong posi-
tion of one, would as much derange the sound of the word as a
wrong position of the other: and it must be carefully noted, that
though we lay no stress upon the syllable which may  have the
secondary accent, the consonants and vowels have exactly the
same sound as if the doubtful syllable (as it may be called) were
accented.  Thus though I lay no stress upon the second syllable
of negociation, pronunciation, ecclesiastic, Sec. the c and s go in-
to the sound of sh and zh, as if  the  secondary accent  were  on
the preceding syllable  (357)  (451) (459).
   527. It may be observed, in the first place, that the seconda-
ry accent is always two syllables, at least, distant from the prin-
cipal accent: thus in demonstration, lamentation, provocation,
Sec. the secondary accent is on the  first syllable, and the princi-
pal on the third; and in arteriotomy, meteorology, and hypochon-
driacal,^ secondary accent is on the first, and  the principal
on the fourth syllable; and in the  word indivisibility  we  may
place two secondary accents,  one upon the  first and the  other
upon the third syllable.
   528. In the next place it may be observed, that though  the
syllable on which the principal  accent  is placed,  is fixed  and
certain, yet we may,  and do,  frequently make the secondary
principal, and the principal secondary: thus  caravan,  complai-
sant, violin, repartee, referee,privateer, domineer, may  all have
the greatest stress on the first, and the least on the last syllable,
without any violent offence to the ear: nay, it may be asserted, that
the principal accent on the first  syllable of these words, and none
at all on  the last, though certainly improper, has nothing in  it
grating or discordant; but placing an accent on the second sylla-
ble of these words would entirely derange  them, and produce
an intolerable harshness and dissonance.  The  same observa-
tions may be applied to demonstration, lamentation,provocation,
navigator,  propagator,  alligator,  and  every  similar  word in
the  language.    But,  as  we  have   observed, the  conso-
nants t, d, c, and s, after the secondary accent,  are exactly  un-
der the same predicament as  after  the primary; that is, if  they 
QUANTITY
are followed by a diphthong or diphthongal vowel,  these  con-
sonants are pronounced like sh,  tsh, zh, or j,  as  stntentiosity,
partiality, Sec. (526).
                       QUANTITY.
   529.  In treating this part of pronunciation, it will  not be ne-
cessary to enter into the nature  of that quantity  which consti-
tutes poetry; the quantity here considered will be that which
rcates to words taken singly; and this is nothing more than the
length or shortness of the vowels, either as they stand alone, or
as  they  are differently  combined with vowels or  consonants
(63).
   530.  Quantity, in this point of view, has  already been  fully
considered under every vowel and diphthong in the language.
What remains to be said on this subject is, the quantity of vow-
els under the secondary accent.  We have seen that vowels,
under the principal accent, before the diphthongs  ia,  ie,  eou,
ion, are  all long, except i, (507).  That all vowels are  long be-
fore the terminations ity and ety  (511); that if one consonant pre-
cede these terminations, every preceding accented vowel, ex-
cept the a in scarcity, and rarity signifying uncommonness, is
short but u; and that the same  analogy of quantity  is  found
before the terminations ic and ical, and the numerous enclitical
terminations we have just been pointing out. Here  we  find
custom  conformable to analogy; and that the  rules for the ac-
cent and quantity of these words admit of scarcely any excep-
tions.   In other parts of the language where custom  is  more
capricious, we can still discover general  rules; and there are
but very few words in which the quantity of the  vowel under
the principal accent is not ascertained.  Those who have but a
common share of education, and are conversant with  the  pro-
nunciation of the capital, are seldom at a loss for the quantity of
the vowel under that accent which may be called principal; but
the secondary accent in the longer polysyllables does not seem
to decide the quantity of the vowels, so invariably.  Mr. Sheri-
dan divides the words deglutition, depravation, degradation, de-
reliction,and democratical, into de-glu-ti-tion, de-pra-va-tion,de-
gra-da-tion, de-re-lic-tion, and de-mo-crat-i-cal; while Dr. Ken-
rick, more accurately divides them into deg-lu-ti-tion, dep-ra-
va-tion, deg-ra-da-tion, and dem-o-crat-i-cal; but makes not
 any distinction between the first o in profanation and  profane;
prodigality and prodigious; prorogation and prorogue; though
 he distinguishes this letter in the first syllable of progress and
 that in progression.  And though Mr. Sheridan divides retro-
 grade into ret-ro-grade, he divides retro gradation, retrogression,
 retrospect, retrospection, and retrospective, into  re-tro-gra-da-
 tion, re-tro-gres-sion, re-tro-spect,  re-tro-spec-tion, and re-tro-
 spec-tive.  At the first sight of these words we are tempted to
 prefer the preposition in a distinct syllable,  as supposing that
 mode to convey  more distinctly each  part of the word; but cus-
 tom at large, the best interpreter of nature,  soon  lets us  see
 that these prepositions coalesce with the word they are prefix-
 ed to, for reasons greatly superior to those which present them-
 selves at first  (514).  If we observe  the tendency of pronun-
 ciation, with  respect to inseparable prepositions, we shall find,
 that those compound words which we adopt whole from  other
 languages we consider as simples, and pronounce them without
 any respect to their component parts;  but those  compounds
 which we form ourselves retain the traces of their formation,
 in the distinction which is observable, between the prepositive
 and radical part of the word: thus retrogade, retrogression, re-
 trospect and retrospective, coming compounded to us from the
 Latin, ought, when the accent is on the preposition, to shorten
 the vowel, and unite it to the root, as in  res-ur-rec-tion,  rec-ol-
 lec-tion, prep-o-si-tion,hc. while re-commit, re-convey, Sec. be-
 ing compounds of our  own, must preserve it separate.
    531.  From what has been observed arises  this general  rule:
 where the compound retains the primary sense of the  simples,
 and the parts of the word are the same in every respect, both
 in and out of composition, then the preposition is  pronounced
in a distinct syllable; but when the compound  departs ever so
little from the literal sense of the simples, the same departure is
observable in the pronunciation; hence the different syllabication
and pronunciation of re-com-mence and rec-om-mend; the former
signifies a repetition of a commencement, but the latter does
not imply a repetition of a commendation: thus re-petition would
signify to petition again; while rep-etition signifies only an iter-
ation of  the same act, be it what it will.  The same  may  be
observed of the words re-create and rec-reate, re-formation  and
reformation.
  532.  That this is perfectly agreeable  to the nature of the
language, appears from the short pronunciation  of the vow-
el in the first syllable of preface, prelate, prologue, prelude, 8ec.
as if divided into preface, prel-ate, prol-ogue, prel-ude. Sec; and
that it is agreeable to the nature ol things,  may  be  collected
from observing, that the utility of language  does  not consist in
keeping the simples in a word so distinct as that  each of the
component   parts  shall  remain in  a  state  of separation,
but in uniting several parts into one undistinguished compound;
which compound shall often have an idea annexed to it some-
what different from the simples that compose it  (514).
   533.  It will be necessary, however, to observe, that in form-
ing a judgment of the propriety of  these  observations, the  ni-
cest care must be  taken not to confound those prepositions
which are under the primary and secondary accent, with those
which immediately  precede the  stress;  for preclude, pretend,
Sec. are under a very different predicament from prologue, pre-
position, Sec; and the very same  law that  obliges us to pro-
nounce the vowel short in the firstsyllable of prov-i-dence,prov-
o-cation, and prof-a-nation, obliges us to pronounce the vowel
open, and with  some degree of length in pro-vide, pro-voke, and
pro-fane.  The same may be observed of the e in re-pair and
rep-a-ration; re-ply and rep-li-ca-tion; re-peat and  rep-e-tition;
the accent making the whole difference between  the  quantity
of the vowel in one word and the other.
   534.  The only exception to the shortening power of the se-
condary accent is the same as that which prevents the shorten-
ing power of the primary accent (503). namely, the vowel u, as
in lucubration, or when any other of the vowels are  succeeded
by a semi-consonant diphthong, (196): thus mediator and media-
torial have the e in the first syllable as long as  in  mediate:  de-
viation has  the e in the first  syllable  as long as in deviate, not-
withstanding the secondary accent is on  it, and  which, would
infallibly have shortened it, if it had not been for the succeeding
diphthong z'a; and even this diphthong in gladiator has not the
power of preserving the first syllable long; though Mr.  Sheri-
dan, by his marking it, seems to be of a different opinion.
   535.  From what has been seen of accent and  quantity, it is
easy to perceive how prone our language is to an antepenulti-
mate accent, and how naturally this accent  shortens the vowel
it falls upon: nay, so great  a propensity have  vowels to  shrink
under this accent,  that the  diphthong itself in some words and
analogy in others, are not sufficient to prevent it, as valiant, reta-
liate.   Thus, by the subjoining only of al to nation, with the a
long, it becomes national, with the a short, though contrary to
its relation  with occasion and congregation; which do not shor-
ten the a upon being made occasional and congregational: in
like manner the acquisition of the same  termination to  the
word nature, makes it nat-u-ral; but this, it may be presumed,
is derived from the Latin naturalis; and not from  adding al to
the English  word as in the foregoing  instances;  and thus it
comes under the shortening power of the antepenultimate ac-
cent, notwithstanding the semi-consonant diphthong, u.
   536. The same shortening power in the antepenultimate ac-
cent may  be  observed in rational  and ratiocinate, where
the  first a  in the first word, and the o  in the  second  are
short.   The  first a in the second word is short also by  the
power of the secondary accent; though Mr. Sheridan has, in my
opinion, very erroneously  divided ratiocination into, ra-sho-sy-
*. 
SYLLARICATION.
 na-ahun; that is, into a syllable less than it ought to have,  and
 marked the o long instead of short.
   537. The accent on the  Latin antepenultimate  seemed to
 have something of a similar tendency: for though the great dif-
 ference in the nature of the Latin and English accent will  al-
 lov us to argue from one to the other, but in very few circum-
 stances (503),yet we may perceive in that accent, so different
 from ours in general, a  great coincidence in this  particular;
 namely, its  tendency to  shorten an  antepenultimate  syllable.
 Bishop Hare tells us, that " Quae acuuntur in tertia ab extrema,
 " interdum  acuta corripiunt, si positione sola longa sunt, ut op-
 " time, servitus, pervelim, Pamphilus, et pauca alia, quo Creti-
 " ci mutantur, in Anapestos.  Idem  factum est in neutiquam,
 " licet incipiat diphthongo."  De Metr. Comic, p. 62.—Those
 words which have the  acute  accent on the  antepenultimate
 syllable, have sometimes that syllable shortened, if it was only
 long by position, as 6ptime, servitus,pervelim, Pamphilus, and
 a few others, which by this means are changed from Cretic to
 Anapestic feet: nay, neutiquam undergoes the same fate, though
 it begin  with a diphthong.

                   SYLLABICATION.

   538. Dividing words into syllables is a very different opera-
 tion, according to the different  ends  proposed by it.  The ob-
 ject of syllabication may be, either to enable children to dis-
 cover the sound of words they are  unacquainted with, or to
 show the etymology of a word, or to exhibit the  exact pronun-
 ciation of it.
   539.  When a child has made certain advances in  reading,
 but is ignorant of the sound of many of the  longer words, it
 may not be  improper to lay down the common general rule to
 him, that a consonant between two vowels must go to the latter;
 and that two consonants coming  together  must be  divided.
 Farther than this, it would be  absurd to go  with a child; for
 telling him  that compounds must be divided into  their simples,
 and that such consonants  as may begin a word  may  begin a
 syllable, requires a previous knowledge of words, which chil-
 dren cannot be supposed to have;  and which, if they have,
 makes the division of words into syllables unnecessary.  Chil-
 dren, therefore,  may be very usefully taught  the general rule
 above mentioned, as,  in many cases, it  will lead them to  the
 exact sound of the word, as in pro-vi-ded; and in others, it
 will enable them to give a good guess at it, as in de-li-cate;  and
 this is all that can be expected.  This procedure may be cal-
 led synthetic, as it proceeds from parts to the whole; and when
 we are to form an unknown compound sound, out  of several
 known simple  sounds, (which is the  case with children, when
 we wish them to find out the sound of a word by spelling itj;
 this, I say, is the only method that  can be taken.
   540.  But an etymological division of words  is a different
 operation.  This syllabication, which has etymology for its ob-
 ject, is an analytic division; that is, the division of a person ac-
 quainted with the whole word, and who  wishes  to  convey, by
 this division, a  knowledge of its constituent  parts, as ortho-
 graphy, theo-logy, Sec.
   541.  In the same manner, a  person, who is pre-acquainted
 with the  whole compound sound of a word, and wants to convey
 the sound of each part to one unacquainted with it, must adopt
 the analytic  method, by dividing it into such partial sounds as,
 when put together again, will exactly form the  whole, as or-
 thog-ra-phy, the-ol-o-gy, Sec. This is the method adopted  by
 those who would convey the whole sound, by giving distinctly
 every part; and, when this is the  object of syllabication,  Dr.
 Lowth's  rule is certainly to be followed.  " The  best and easi-
 « est rule,"  says the learned bishop, " for dividing the syllables
" in spelling, is, to divide them as they are naturally divided
" in a  right  pronunciation, without regard to the derivation of
" words, or the  possible combination  of consonants,  at the  be-
" ginning of a syllable.*'   Introduction to Eng. Gram, page 7.
      VOL.  I.
   5 42. In this view of syllabication we consider it only as the
 picture of actual pronunciation; but may we not consider it as
 directed likewise by some laws of its own?  Laws, which arise
 out of the very nature of enunciation, and the specific qualities
 of the letters?  These laws certainly direct us to separate dou-
 ble consonants, and such as are uncombinable from the incoa-
 lescence  of their sounds: and if such a separation  will  not
 paint the true sound of the word, we may be certain that such
 sound is  unnatural, and  has arisen from caprice.  Thus the
 words Chamber, Cambridge, and Cambrick, must be divided at
 the letter m, and as this  letter, by terminating the syllable ac-
 cording to the settled rules of pronunciation, shortens the vowel
 —the general pronunciation given  to these words must be ab-
 surd, and contrary to the first principles of the language.  An-
 gel,* ancient, and manger, are under the same predicament;
 but the paucity of words of this kind, so far from weakening
 the general rule, strengthen it.  See Change.
   543.  By an induction which demonstrates the shortening
 power of the antepenultimate accent, has been shown the pro-
 priety of uniting the consonant to the vowel in the first syllable
 of demonstration, lamentation, propagation,  Sec. and thus de-
 ciding upon the quantity of  these vowels, which are so uncer-
 tain in our best dictionaries; and may we not hope, by a similar
 induction, and with the first principles of language in  view, to
 decide the true, genuine, and analogical sound of some words
 of another kind which waver between different pronunciations?
 The  antepenultimate  accent has unquestionably a shortening
 power; and I have not the smallest doubt that the penultimate
 accent has a lengthening power: that is, if our own words, and
 words borrowed from other languages  of two syllables, with
 but one consonant in the  middle, had been left to the general
 ear, the accent on the first syllable would have infallibly length-
 ened the  first vowel. A strong presumption of this arises from
 our pronunciation of all Latin dissyllables in this manner, with-
 out any regard to the  quantity of the original, (see Drama,)
 and the ancient practice of doubling the consonant when pre-
 ceded by a single vowel  in the participial terminations: and I
 believe it may be confidently affirmed, that words of two sylla-
 bles from the  Latin, with  but one consonant in the  middle,
 would always have had the first vowel long,  if a pedantic imi-
 tation of Latin quantity had not prevented  it, (see Drama.)
 Let an Englishman, with only an English education, be put to
 pronounce zephyr, and he will, without hesitation, pronounce
 the e long as  in zenith: if you tell him the e is pronounced
 short in the Latin zephyrus,  which  makes it short in English,
 and he should happen to ask you the Latin quantity of the first
 syllable of comic, mimic,  solace, Sec. your answer would be a
 contradiction to your rule.
  544. But the small dependance of the English quantity on
that of the Latin will be  best seen  by a selection of words of
two syllables, with the accent on the first, and but one conso-
nant in the middle, and comparing  them with the Latin words
from which they are derived.
  English dissyllables which have but one consonant, or a mute
and liquid in the middle, and have the first syllable pronounced
 long, with the Latin words from which they are derived, mark-
ed with their respective quantities.
  Words in which the first vowel in both languages is long:
  pica,       pica.            penal,       poenulis.
  drama,     drama.           final,        Jindlis.
  labra,       labra, labra.      spinal,      spinalis.
  hydra,      hydra, y long.   trinal,       trinus.
  era,         era.             horal,       hora.
  strata,      strata,           thoral,      thora.
  icon,       tuiit.            floral,       floralis,
  stipend,    stipendium.      nasal,       nasus.

  * It is highly probable, that in Ben Jonson's time the a in this word
was pronounced as an, since he classes it to  show the short sound of a
with art, act, and apple.   Grammar.
      4 
SYLLABICATION
notice,	not ilia.	fatal,	fa talis.	dative,	dqtivus,	sapor,	sdpllr.
fragrance,	fragro.	natal.	natalis.	triumph,	triumphus.	tepor,	tepdr.
licence,	Ucentia.	vital,	vitdlis.	focal,	focus.	favour,	favor.
credence,	credentia.	naval,	ndvdlis.	local,	locdlis.	labour,	labor.
female,	femina.	rival,	rivdlis.	gregal,	gregdlis.	odour,	oddr.
edile,	adilis.	oval,	ova tis.	choral,	chorus.	tremour,	tremor'.
feline,	felTnus.	April,	aprilis, dprilis.	nival,	nivalis.	vapour,	vapor.
rasure,	rdsura.	idol,	idolum.	label,	labellum.	pedal,	piddlis.
fibre,	flbra,fibra.	grecism,	grecismus.	libel,	llbellus.	petal,	pe talis.
metre,	me trum,me trum	stratum,	stratum.	serum,	serum.	lapis,	lapis.
nature,	nature.	pagan,	pdgdnus.	forum,	forum.	basis,	basis.
placate,	placatus.	flamen,	flamen.	satan,	satan.	phasis,	(peco-if.
primate,	primdtus.	omen,	omen.	hymen,	himen.	schesis,	vxivn, schesis.
climate,	clima.	siren,	siren.	thesis,	Sie-tt, thesis,	regent,	regens.
lib rate,	librdtus.	siphon,	np»v, siphon.	tripos,	tripos,	client,	cliens.
vibrate,	vibro, vibro.	colon,	xaM*, cSlon.	focus,	focus,	silent,	silentium.
private,	privatus.	demon,	demon.	crocus,	crocus,	parent,	parens.
cerate,	cerdtus.	fico,	ficus.	modus,	modus,	patent, adj.	pdteo.
finite,	firiitus.	halo,	halo.	genus,	geniis,	latent,	latens.
levite,	levita.	solo,	solo.	sinus,	sinus,	potent,	potens.
native,	ndtivus.	tyro,	tiro.	garous,	gdrum.	gerent,	gerena.
motive,	motlvus.	solar,	Solaris.	scabrous,	scdber,	virent,	virens.
votive, •	votivus.	lazar,	Idzdrus.	notus,	notus.	frequent,	frequens.
vocal,	vocalis.	sober,	sobrius.	epact,	£7rctKTXI.	sequent,	aequens.
predal,	preda.	tyger,	tigris, tigris.	roset,	rosa.	sacrist,	sdcer.
regal,	regdlis.	ether,	ether.	vacant,	vdcans.	locust,	locustd.
legal,	legdlis.	oker,	<*M«-	secant,	secans.	phalanx,	phalanx.
mimer,	mimus.	fragrant,	frdgrans.	vagrant,	vagus.	apex,	apex,
caper,	cdppares.	cogent,	cogent.	tyrant,	tir annus.	calix,	cdlix.
viper,	vipera.	moment,	momentum.	blatant,	bldterans.	helix,	«Ai$.
pretor,	pretor.	ponent,	ponens.	natant,	ndtans,	pharynx,	<PeLpwy%.
fetor,	fator.	precept,	preceptum.	recent,	recens	larynx,	Xapvy%.
motor,	motor.	digest, sub	. digestus.	decent,	decens.	onyx,	onyx.
flavour,	fldv&a.	plenist,	plenus.				
feces,	feces.	papist,	papa.	English dissyllables which		have but one consonant, or a	
manes,	manes.	climax,	climax.	mute and liquid in the middle,		and have the	first syllable pro-
iris,	iris.		\ reflexus, 1 reflexus.	nounced short, with the Latin words from which they are de-			
crisis,	xpicis, crisis.	reflex,		rived, marked with their respective quantities.			
gratis,	gratis.						
egress,	egressus.	prefix,	prefixum.	Words in	which the same vowel is short in both languages-.		
	f	phenix,	phanix.				
regress,	1 regressus, | regressus.	matrix,	matrix.	magic,	magic us.	anise,	dnisum.
		varix,	varix.	tragic,	trdgicus.	image,	imago.
tygress,	tigris, tigris.	syrinx,	sirynx, vvpn%.	logic,	logica.	refuge,	refugium.
rebus,	rebus.	refluy,	< refluxus. { refluxus.	colic,	colicus.	adage,	dddgium.
bolus,	bolus, bolus.			chronic,	chrbnicus.	aloe,	aloe.
camus,	camus.	trophy,	5 trophaum, \ trophaum.	lyric,	lyricus, y short gracile,		gracilis.
limous,	limosua.			rabid,	rabidus.	docile,	docilis.
spinous,	spino*us.	chely,	chele.	acid,	acidus.	agile,	agilis.
vinous,	viriosu*.	spiny,	spina.	placid,	pldcidus.	fragile,	frdgilis.
crebrous,	creber.	chary,	cdrus.	rigid,	rigidus.	febrile,	febrilis,febrilis
fetus,	ftetus.	query,	quere.	calid,	cdlidus.	virile,	virilus.
edict,	edictum.	glory,	gloria.	valid,	vdlidus.	globule,	glbbaius.
secret,	Secretus.	story,	historia.	gelid,	gelidus.	macule,	macula.
fibrit,	fibra,fibra.	naval,	ndvdlis.	olid,	olidus.	platane,	pldtdnus.
/ords in which the same vowel is long in in Latin:			English, and short	solid, timid,	solidus. timidus.	sabine, famine,	sdbini, fames.
tumid,	tumidus.	trident,	tridens,	rapid, sapid,	rdpidus. sdptdus.	rapine, patine,	rdpina. patina.
coma,	coma.	trigon,	trigon.	vapid,	vapidus.	tribune,	tribunus.
quota,	quota.	negro,	niger.	tepid,	tepidus.	stature,	stdtura.
tripod,	tri pus.	hero,	heros.	nitid,	nitidus.	anise,	anisum.
sequence,	sequentia.	polar,	poldris.	second,	secundua.	refuse,	refusus. palatum.
cadence,	cddens.	paper,	papyrus.	decade,	deeds.	palate, senate, agate, tribute,	
silence, monade, trochee,	silentium. monas. trocheus.	vapour, fever, fragor,	vapor. febris,febris. fragor.	method, palace, amice,	methodua. pdldtium. dmictua.		senutus. achates. tributio.
satire,	satyr a, y short.	rigor,	rigor.	chalice,	cdlix.	minute,	minutua.
vacate,	vdco.	ichor,	'Xa?-	malice,	mdlitia.	statute,	stdtutus.
cavate,	cdvo.	achor,	achbr.	value,	valor.	dragon,	■ drdfo.
 
SYLLABICATION.
itatuc,
monarch,
stomach,
epoch,
polish,
famish,
perish,
parish,
ravish,
corinth,
epic,
tonic,
conic,
topic,
tropic,
cynic,
static,
critic,
metal,
rebel,
model,
camel,
chapel,
novel,
sigil,
vigil,
steril,
basil,
cavil,
devil,
atom,
sophism,
minum,
alum,
ebon,
platin,
robin,
cumin,
latin,
cavin,
savin,
column,
statiia.
monarcha.
stomachus.
epocha.
politus.
James.
perto.
parochia.
rapio.
corinthus.
 epicus.
tonicus.
conicus.
topicus.
tropicus.
cynicus, y short
stdticus.
criticus.
metallum.
rebello.
modullus.
camelus.
cdpella.
nbvellus.
 sigillum.
 vigilia.
 sterilis.
basilicum.
 caviller.
 didbolus.
atomus.
sbphlsma.
 minus.
 alumen.
ebenus.
pldtina.
rubicula.
 ciiminum.
latinus.
cdvea.
 sabina.
 columna.
canon,
cavern,
tavern,
saturn,
vicar,
scholar,
slaver,
proper,
zephir,
liquour,
vigour,
rigour,
valour,
colour,
tenor,
dolour,
honour,
aloes,
relict,
prophet,
comet,
planet,
tenet,
tapet,
habit,
obit,
placit,
tacit,
adit,
vomit,
merit,
talent,
patent, sub
modest,
forest,
lyrist,
nephew,
sinew,
money,
geiiy»
study,
■canon.
cdverna.
tdberna.
sdturnus.
vicarius.
scholaris.
saliva.
proprius.
zephyru s y short
liquor.
vigor.
rigor.
vdlor.
color.
tenor,
dolor.
honor.
aloes.
relictus.
propheta,
cometa.
pldneta.
 teneo.
 tapes.
 habitus.
 bbiit.
pldcitum.
tdcitus.
 aditus.
 vbmo.
 meritum.
 tdlentum.
pateo.
modestus.
Jorestum.
 liristes.
 nepos,
 sinuo.
 moneta.
gelidus.
 stiidium.
Words in which the same
 Regulus,
 mimic,
 ethic,
 tabid,
 frigid,
 squalid,
 acrid,
 arid,
 florid,
 pumice,
 penance,
 florence,
 province,
 produce,
 flabile,
 debile,
 granule,
 promise,
 ceruse,
 legate,
 granate,
 granite,
 spinach,
radish,
  Regulus.
  mimicus.
 ''nil**).
  tdbidus.
 frigidus.
 aqudlidus.
 deer.
 dridus.
floridus.
pumex.
pena.
florentia.
provincia.
productio.
flab r lias.
de bills.
gran ilium.
pro mitt o.
cerussa.
legdtus.
grdndtus.
grdndtus.
sptndchia.
radix.
vowel is short in
in Latin:
      rorid,
      fetid,
      livid,
      vivid,
      facund,
      fecund,
      prebend,
      solace,
      preface,
      felon,
      melon,
      lemons,
      echo,
      bishop,
      leper,
      primer,
      profur,
      river,
      sever,
      clamour,
      ethics,
      crasis,
      process,
      spirits,
English, and long

  roridus,
  fxtidus.
  lividus.
  vividus.
  fdcundus.
  ftecundus.
  prebend.
  solatium.
  prefatis.
  felonia.
  melo.
  limones.
  echo,  v^u.
  episcopus.
  lepra, lehra
  primitius
  prosfur.
  rivus.
  sepdro.
  clamor.
  itilKX.
  crasis.
  processus.
  spiritus,
planish,
vanish,
finish,
punish,
flourish,
nourish,
comic,
coral,
moral,
tramel,
civil,
linen,
seven,
florin,
resin,
rosin,
matin,
solemn,
planus.
vdnesco.
finio.
punio.
florio.
nutrio.
comicus.
corallium.
mora lis,
trdma,
civilis,
linum.
septem.
florentia,
resina.
resina.
mdtutinus.
solemnes.
traject,	trdjectus.
project,	projectus.
product,	productus
credit,	creditus.
profit,	prbficio.
limit,	limitatio.
spirit,	spiritus.
visit,	vis i to.
pedant,	peddnus.
clement,	clemens.
cement,	cementum
present,	presens.
protest,	protestor.
lily,	lilium.
filly,	fill a.
very,	vere.
city,	civitas.
privy,	privus.
  545. In this view of the Latin and English  quantity, we see
how uncertain it is to argue from the former  to the latter; for
though  the  Latin accent  is frequently  a rule for placing the
English accent, as in words derived whole from that language,
as abdomen, acumen, Sec. (503),  or  preserving the same num-
ber of syllables, as  in  impudent, elegant, from impudens, ele-
gans, Sec. (503), yet the quantity of the Latin seems  to have no
influence on that of the English.   In words of two syllables,
where one consonant comes between two vowels, as focus, ba-
sis, local, Sec. though the vowel in the first  syllable  is  short in
Latin, it is long in English; and inversely, florid, figid, livid,
Sec. have the vowels in the first syllable short,  though these
vowels are long in floridus, frigidus, lividus, Sec; so that if any
thing like a rule can be  formed, it is, that when a  word of three
syllables in  Latin, with the  two first short,  is anglicised  by
dropping the last syllable;  we shorten the first syllable of the
English dissyllable, unless it ends with the  vowel u, (535).
Thus we see the shortening power  of our English antepenulti-
mate  accent, which shortens every  antepenultimate  vowel but
u in our pronunciation of Latin words, as in mimicus, vrvidus,
8ec. continues its shortening  power in the  penultimate accent
of these words when anglicised into mimick and vivid;  and
hence it is that the short quantity of the first vowel in dissylla-
bles is become  so prevalent in our language, to the great detri-
ment  of its sound, and the disturbance of its simplicity.

  It may be necessary in the next place to take a view of such
words as are either of Saxon  or French original, or  not so im-
mediately derived from the  Latin,  as to be influenced by its
quantity.

Dissyllables with but one consonant in the middle,  having the
               first syllable pronounced  long:
sofa,	hazel,	taper,	tiny,
aga,	focil,	toper,	pony,
epha,	evil,	water,	crony,
gala,	acorn,	waver,	tory,
china,	mason,	lever,	misy,
aera,	dado,	over,	gravy,
bifold,	sago,	rigol,	ivy,
dotard,	bravo,	token,	hazy,
dotage,	trochar,	megrim,	nizy,
coping,	polar,	besom,	clover,
lilach,	grocer,	bosom,	sizer,
triglyph,	spider,	raven,	nadir,
garish,	cider,	even,	labour,
zenith,	wafer,	zechin,	wiges,
cadi,	wager,	bason,	bolis,
sophi,	egre,	eapon,	tophet,
Q2 
QUANTITY OF THE UNACCENTED VOWELS NOT UNITED TO CONSONANTS*
will direct us to the degree of openness, with which we must
pronounce the first unaccented o in docility, domestic, poten-
tial, proceed, monastic, monotony, Sec. we may be assured that
it is exactly under the same predicament, with respect to sound,
in all these words:  and as they can never be pronounced short
and shut, as if written dossility, dommestic, Sec. without hurt-
ing the dullest ear;  so the e in event, evangelist, See. and the z
in the third  syllable of utility, and in the  second,  fourth,  and
sixth of indivisibility, can never be sounded as if joined to the
consonant without offending every delicate ear, and overturn-
ing the first principles of pronunciation.
   553.  The only considerable exception to this general rule of
syllabication which determines  the sound of the  unaccented
vowels, is when e succeeds the accent, and is followed by r, as
in literal, general, misery, Sec. which can never be pronounced
lit-e-ral, gen-e-ral,  mis-e-ry, Sec. without the appearance of af-
fectation.  In this  situation we find the r corrupt the sound of
the e, as it does that of every other vowel when in a final un-
accented syllable.  For this consonant being nothing more than
a jar, it unavoidably  mixes with the e in this situation, and re-
duces it to the  obscure sound of short u (418),  a sound to
which the other unaccented  vowels before r have sometimes
so evident a tendency.
   554  An obscure idea of the principles of syllabication just
laid down, and the contradiction to them perceived in this ex-
ception, has made  most of our orthoepists  extremely wavering
and uncertain in their  division of  words into syllables, when
the  unaccented e has preceded r.   Perhaps nothing will better
show the justness  of this observation than a view of the varie-
ties which our best writers have  adopted  when these letters
have occurred in  this situation, where we not only find them
differing from each other, but  sometimes even from themselves:
   Sheridan.

miz-ur-ubl,
miz-zur-y,
sur-dzhur-y,
sor-cer-y,
rob-bur-y,
fore-jer-y,
slave-er-y,
na-vur-y,
bra-vu-ry,
cook-er-y,
rook-ur-y,
monk-ur-y,
mock-kur-y,
im-midzh-ry,
flum-mur-y,
mum-mur-y,
mur-der-ur,
mur-dur-us,
chi-ka-nur-y,
fine-ur-y,
gun-nur-y,
nun-nur-y,
vet-er-en,
danje-rus,
vo-sif-er-us,
Kenrick.
mis-ery,
sur-ge-ry,
sor-ce-ry,

for-ge-ry,
sla-ve-ry,
kna-ve-ry,
rook-er-y,
monk-e-ry,
mock-er-y,
im-a-ger-y,
flum-mer-y,
mum-mer-y,
chi-ca-ne-ry.
               gun-ner-y,
               nun-ne-ry,
               vet-e-ran,
               dan-ger-ous,
               vo-cif-e-rous,
som-nif-fer-us, som-nif-e-rous, som-nifer-ous,
nu-mer-rus,    nu-me-rous,   nu-me-rous,
in-nu-mur-us,  -----------   in-nu-me-rous,
pros-per-us,-----------pros-per-ous,
     Scott.

mis-e-ra-bl,
mis-e-ry,
sur-ge-ry,
sor-ce-ry,
rob-ber-y,
for-ge-ry,
sla-ve-ry,
kna-ve-ry,
bra-ve-ry,
cook-e-ry,
rook-e-ry,
monk-e-ry,
mock-e-ry,
im-a-ger-y,
flum-ma-ry,
mhm-me-ry,
mur-der-er,
mur-der-ous,
chi-ca-ne-ry,
fl-ne-ry,
gun-nery,
nun-ne-ry,
vet-er-an,
dan-ger-ous,
vo-cif-er-ous,
     Perry.

mis-er-a-ble,
mis-e-ry,
surg-e-ry,
sor-ce-ry,
rob-be-ry,
forg-e-ry,
sla-ve-ry,
knav-e-ry,
brav-e-ry,
cook-e-ry,
rook-e-ry,

mock-e-ry,
im-a-ge-ry,
flum-mer-y,
mum-jne-ryf
mur-der-er,
mur-der-ous,
chi-cane-ry,
flne-ry,
gun-ne-ry,
nun-ne-ry,
vet-e-ran,
dang-er-ous,
vo-cife-rous,
som-nif-e-rous,
nu-me-rous,
in-nu-me-rous,
pros-per-ous,
im-pros-pur-us,-
un-pros-per-ous un-pros-per-ous
thing but the actual pronunciation of the word will direct us whether
we ought to unite the preceding vowel to the first consonant, or leave it
open; but if the actual pronunciation of the word be already known,
there can be no reason for dividing it into syllables, but conveying the
sound of it to others; and this is a very  lifferent operation from endea-
vouring to discover the sound of it ourselves, (538) (542).
   Sheridan.      Kenrick.        Scott.          Perry.

ut-tur-ebl,---------—    ut-ter-a-ble,    ut-ter-a-ble,
un-ut-ter-ebl,-----------un-ut-ter-a-ble, un-ut-ter-a-ble^
re-kuv-ur,-----------re-cov-er,      re-cov-er,
re-kuv-ur-y,-----------re-cov-e-ry,    re-cov-er-y,
re-kuv-ur-abl,-----------re-cov-er-a-ble, re-cov-er-a-ble,
dis-kuv-ur,-----------dis-cov-er,     dis-cov-er,
dis-kuv-er-y,-----------dis-cov-e-ry,   dis-cov-er-y,

   555. I have been the more copious in my collection of these
varieties, that I might not appear to have taken the advantage
of any oversight or mistake of the press.  Nor is it any wonder
when the principles of syllabication so strongly incline us to
leave the vowel e, like the other  vowels,  open before a single
consonant;  and the  ear so decidedly tells  us, that this letter is
not always open when precedt d by the accent, and followed by
r, it is no wonder, I say, that a writer should be perplexed, and
that he should sometimes incline to one side, and sometimes to
the other.   I am conscious  1 have not  always been free from
this inconsistency myself.   The examples therefore which I
have selected, will, I hope, fully  justify me in the syllabication
I have adopted;  which is, that of sometimes separating the t
from the r in this situation,  and sometimes not.  When solemn
and deliberate speaking has seemed  to admit of lengthening
the e, I have sometimes made it end the syllable; when this
was not the case, I have  sometimts joined it to the r. Thus
as e in the penultimate syllable of incarcerate, reverberate,  &c.
seems, in solemn speaking, to admit of a small degree of length
and distinctness, it ends a syllable; but as no solemnity of pro-
nunciation seems to admit of the same length and openness of
the e in tolerate, deliberate,  Sec. it is united with r, and sound-
ed in the notation by  short u.   It ought, however, to be care-
fully observed, that though  the e in this situation is sometimes
separated from the r, there  is no speaking, however deliberate
and solemn, that will not admit of uniting it to r, and pronounc-
ing it like short u without offending the nicest and most criti-
cal ear.
   556. It must also be noted, that this alteration of the sound
of e before  r is only when it follows the accent, either primary
or secondary (522) (530);  for when it is in the first syllable of
a word, though  unaccented, it keeps its true sound  Thus,
though the  e is pronounced like  u in alter, alteration, Sec. yet
in perfection, terrific, Sec. this letter is as pure as when the ac-
cent is on it in perfect, terrible, Sec.
   557. Something  like the corruption of the sound of unac-
cented e before r we may perceive in  the colloquial pronuncia-
tion of the vowel o in the same  situation; and accordingly we
find our best orthoepists differ in their notation of  this letter:
thus memory, memorable, immemorable, memorably, memorize,
have the o pronounced like short u by Mr.  Sheridan and  Mr.
Scott, and memorandum with the o, as in open; while Dr. Ken-
rick gives the o in all these words the sound it hasjn the conjunc-
tion or. Mr. Sheridan marks the unaccented o in corporal, cor-
porate, and corporation, like the o in  open; but Mr. Scott  pro-
nounces this o in corporal, corporate, and corporation, like short
u, and the same  letter in incorporate and  incorporation like
 Mr. Sheridan; and  Dr. Kenrick like the o in the  former instan-
ces. Mr. Sheridan  and Mr. Scott are uniform in their pronun-
ciation of the same vowel like short u in armour, armorer, ar-
mory, pillory, suasory, persuasory, allegory, compulsory, curso-
ry, and predatory;  while Dr. Kenrick  pronounces the o in ar-
mour and armory like the o in open, and the same letter in pil-
lory, allegory, and cursory, like the  o in or, nor,  Sec.  This
 diversity, among good judges, can arise from nothing but the
 same  uncertainty of  the sound of this  letter that we have just
 observed of the e;  but if we narrowly watch  our pronunciation,
 we shall find that the unaccented o may be opened and length-
 ened,  in deliberate speaking,  without hurting the ear, which is
not always the case with e; and  this has induced me generally
to separate the o from the succeeding  r when immediately 
)WELS NOT UNITED TO  CONSONANTS.
     QUANTITY OF THE  UNACCENTED VC

following the accent; though! am sensible that the rapidity of
colloquial speaking often reduces it to short u without offending
the ear: but when the  o  is removed  more than one syllable
from the accent, the most deliberate speaking generally lets it
slide into the other vowel;  for which reason I have commonly
marked it in this manner.  See Command.
  558.  It may,  perhaps, appear to  some of my readers, that
too much time  has been spent upon these nice distinctions of
  APOTHEOSIS.   This word, like Metamorphosis, has de-
serted its Latin accentuation on  the penultimate syllable, and
returned to the original  Greek  accent  on the antepenulti-
mate.  See  Principles, No. 503.   The other  words in this
termination, as Anadiplosis, Antiptosis, Sec. retain the Latin
accent, though all these words in Greek have the accent on the
antepenultimate.  This accentuation  is  so  agreeable to the
genius of our own tongue, that it is no wonder it is so preva-
lent. Johnson, Sheridan, Kenrick, Ash, Scott, Buchanan, Bai-
ley, and Perry, have adopted it as I have done; and only Smith,
Entick, and  Barclay, accent the penultimate.
        " Allots the prince of his celestial line,
        " An apotheosis, and rites divine."------Garth.
  Axillary.  This word is accented improperly on the second
syllable instead of the first: for the reasons, see Maxillary
and Mammillary.
  Bucolic   Upon a more mature consideration of the analo-
gies of the language, I think  this word ought to have the ac-
cent on the second rather than the first syllable; for though few
rules are more uniform than that which removes the accent a
syllable  higher, when a final syllable is dropped in the original,
(see Academy, and No. 503,) yet the termination in ic generally
attracts  the accent to the preceding syllable: and though there
are several  exceptions, as may be seen No. 510, yet they are
such deviations as ought not to be indulged.
  Capable.  After this word, see Incapable.
  Capillary.  This word ought to have been accented on the
first syllable: for the reasons, see Maxillary and Mammilla-
ry.
  Chiliaedron  ought to have  the accented  e long, as in
Pentaedrous; not  on account of the quantity in  the Greek
word, but because where no rule  forbids, we ought to make the
vowel accented on the penultimate long (542),  when followed
by a single consonant, or a mute and liquid.
  Concavation.   As the secondary accent is on the first syl-
lable of this word, and the n  comes before hard c, it has the
ringing sound as much as  if the principal accent were upon it,
and ought therefore to have  been so marked in the notation.
See Principles, 408, 409, 432.
  Decorous.  The last word of the  observation  under this
word ought to have been short instead of long.
  Denigrate. In the accentuation of this word I have fol-
lowed the general voice of all our orthoepists, except Johnson;
but did not recollect that the i in the Latin  denigro might  be
pronounced either long or short:  for when this is the case, we
generally adopt the short  sound  in words derived  from that
language.    See  Principles,  No.  503,  and  Principles, No.
sound, in which judges themselves are found to disagree;  but
when we consider how many syllables in the language are  un-
accented, and that these syllables are those in which the pecu-
liar delicacy of the pronunciation of natives consists; when wc
reflect on the necessity of having  as distinct and permanent
sounds as possible, to which we may refer these fleeting and
evanescent ones, we snail  not look  upon an  attempt to arrest
and investigate them as a useless part of philology.
SUPPLEMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.
'IONS AND ADDITIONS.
  Desultory.   After this word, see Subsultory.
  Diastyle.  The  reason  why this  word is pronounced  in
three syllables, and Diastole in four, is that the latter is perfect
Greek  hxsoM, and the former is a compound of our own, for-
med from ^/oeand rv*os, a pillar.  The same reason holds good
for pronouncing Apocope, as divided into A-poc-o-pe, and Oste-
oscope  into  Os-te-o-scope.
  Dissoluble.  After this word,  see Resoluble.
  Docible.  The first syllable  of this word ought to have the
o short, as in Dross.  See Indocil.
  Either and Neither.   For  the different pronunciations of
these words, and the authorities for  each,  see Principles,
No.  252.
  Guerdon.  Since I wrote the observations on this word, I
have found  that Ben Jonson classes the gu with the  same let-
ters in anguish: but as these letters are unaccented in tire last
word,  the analogy is different; and the  sound I have given
remains still the most agreeable to rule.
  Idyl.  As there is sometimes an erroneous pronunciation
of this word by making the i short, as in  idiot, I  have thought
it necessary hereto add the authorities for pronouncing it long, as
in idle: namely Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Buchanan,
and Entick.  Dr. Ash, Barclay, and Fenning, do not distin-
guish it from the z in idiot; and Dr. Kenrick, as  usual with
him  when any thing difficult occurs, does not divide it into syl-
lables.   But the authorities I have produced  are  sufficient  to
vindicate the long sound of i, without recurring to the diph-
thong in tt&vxxlor, as the Greek and Latin quantity are very un-
certain and  fallacious guides in the quantity of English words.
See Principles, No. 544, 545, Sec.
  Interstice.  To the  list of words, which show the impro-
priety of pronouncing this word with the accent on the second
syllable, might have been  added the word superfice.
  Insition.  This word, like Transition, and for the  same rea-
son,  would certainly have gone into insizhon, had it not been
for the  interference of this pronunciation  with incision; a word
of very different signification.
  Mammillary.  There is an error of the  press in spelling
this word with single m.
  Memoir. This word appears to me to be sufficiently angli-
cised to admit of one pronunciation; which is, that which
rhymes with devoir.  Mr. Sheridan has given the two ways of
pronouncing it;  and by placing this first, seems to prefer it.
  Optative.  Upon a more mature recollection of the  ana-
logies of the language, I am still more convinced of the just-
ness of the decision on the accentuation of this word.  A critic,
with whom I lately conversed upon it, contended, that the ac-
cent ought  to be upon the a, because it was on that letter ip 
SUPPLEMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND AUDITIONS.
the preterperfect tense of the verb opto,  optavi.  I desired
him to put  his argument into  form,  and  tell me whether all
words of this termination were to have the same accent as in
the preterperfect tense of the verb—here he could go no far-
ther: I could have immediately confronted him with tentative,
from  tento, tentavi; with negative, from nego,  negavi; with
vocative, from voco, vocavi; and twenty other examples, which
would have shown the weakness  of his reason: and yet this
gentleman  is a real scholar, and a man of good sense and
great acuteness. See Principles, No. 503, on  the influence of
the Greek and Latin accent on that of the English; No. 544, on
the influence of the  Greek and Latin quantity on that of  the
English; and No. 512, on the terminations ative and atory.
   Oxytone.   As  I have frequently met  with this word in
writers on prosody, I have made use of it in the Principles, No.
499;  but not having met with it in any Dictionary, I forgot to
insert it,  though Barytone has not escaped me.  It will  be
necessary therefore  to tell the inspector, that Oxytone comes
from the  Greek word e|uTo>«5>and signifies having an acute ac-
cent on the last syllable. For what the acute accent means, see
Barytone.
  Satire.  See  Principles, No. 507, 508, 509.  To which we
may add, that  though  poets often bend the rhyme  to their
verse, when they cannot bring their verse to the rhyme; yet,
where custom is equivocal, they certainly are of some weight.
In  this view we may look upon Pope's couplet in his Essay
on Criticism;
       " Leave dang'rous truths to unsuccessful satires;
       " And flattery to fulsome dedicators."
  Sciomachy.  Dr. Johnson's  folio'accents this word pro-
perly on  the  second syllable, (see Principles, No. 518,) but
the quarto on the first. 
INDEX  TO  THE  PRINCIPLES.
                               A.
Alphabet,      ------      No.  1
A, its organic formation,     -                            ^3, 34, 35
— The polite and vulgar pronunciation of it,     -                79
— Its sound rendered dubious by disusing double letters,          84
— The diversity and uncertainty of its sound when not under  the
    accent,         -----         oo, »x
Accent, the influence of it on the sounds of the letters,    -       69
------ Uncertainty and diversity of writers  on the  nature of
    accent,      -       -             :       -         486,487
------ A precise and specific definition of it,       -      -      488
------ Its position in words purely English,        -            489
------ Its different position in dissyllable nouns and verbs,        492
------ Influence of the Greek and Latin accent on the accent
    of English polysyllables,  exemplified  by large selections of
    words corresponding and differing in  their accentuation,       503
The  first general rule where the Greek, Latin, and English
    acceut coincide,      -----      ibid.
Latin accent followed by the English when  different from the
    Greek,       ------       ibid.
The second general rule, exemplified by copious selections,       ibid.
Accent of Latin verbs of three syllables and English of two
    derived from them, remarkably coincident,       -          ibid.
------of English polysyllables derived from Latin polysyllables,
    by dropping a syllable, how placed,       -      -         ibid.
------Influence of termination on the accent of English words,   504
Uncertainty of termination in fixing the accent, in a great num-
    ber of the longer English polysyllables, particularly those
    ending in atory,       -      -      -       -       -       512
Regularity of accent on  words of certain enclitical terminations,   518
Duplicity of accent on some words ending in ator,                521
Rule for placing the accent on these words,       -      .       ibid.
Accent, secondary.  What this accent is, and why it  is called
    secondary,       -----       522,523
AU.  Curious investigation  of the sound of this diphthong before
    n and another consonant,       -      -         -           214
B.
 45
347
B. Organic formation of this letter,
— When it is mute,
                              C.
The organic formation of this letter; when hard, equivalent to K,   51
--------------------------------■■— soft, equivalent to S,    48
Consonant, its definition,        -           >■          -         7
Consonants,  an analogical table of them,                         29
----------the organic formation of them,        -              4]
 ----------their classification into pairs, and distinction  into
     flat and sharp,           -           -          -         ibid.
 ----------the almost imperceptible difference between those
     of the same class,       -           -           -        42  60
 ----------alter their sound according to the position  of the
     accent         -           -           -           _         69
                                D.
 D. The organic formation of this letter,                          47
 D changed into t very improperly by Dr. Lowth in verbs ab-
     surdly termed irregular,         ...       369
 Diphthong,  erroneous definition of it,         -         -        191
 ——------its true definition,         -         -         -     193
 Diphthongs semi-consonant; what they are, and their  influence
     on the preceding consonant,                               196
                                E.
 E. Organic  formation of this letter,           -          -        36
 — changed into i in final unaccented syllables,       -             99
 — it3 alteration of sound in certain cases within these few years.
     See Merchant.           ...       100
 — The general rule for suppressing this letter before I in  a final
     unaccented syllable,              -              -           102
 — The general rule for suppressing  this  letter  before  n in a
    final unaccented syllable,             -             -       103
— The importance of attending to these rules for suppressing
    and pronouncing it,       -              -             .    104
When  to be suppressed, and when pronounced in reading the
    Holy Scripture,             -             .       .       ibid,
— When this letter is to be pronounced in the adverb, though
    not in the  participle from which it is formed,       -          364
      VOL. I.
 EA, the general sound of this diphthong exemplified by a list of
     all the words in the language where it occurs,      -    No. 227
 ----the less general or short sound of this diphthong exempli-
     fied by a list of all  the words in the language where it
     occurs,              -             -           -           234
 EI, the general sound of this diphthong,        -       -           249
 Either and Neither, the analogical sound of the diphthong in
     those words,             -                                 252
 ------------------the general sound of the diphthong in those
     words,           -           -           -       -        ibid.
 ------------------the  diversity  of our orthoepists in pro-
     nouncing them,           -             -                 ibid.
                               F.
 F. Organic formation of this letter,      -              -          46
 — When this letter is pure, and when pronounced like v,          377
 — Absurd practice of letting it slide into v exemplified,           378
                               G.
 G. Organic formation of this letter;  when  hard, similar to  K,
     51; and when soft,  to J,             -            -       -    52
 — when hard, and when soft,       -           -           379,380
 — Diversity of opinions whether this letter is mute or  not in the
     words impugn, impregn, Sic.           -           -         385
 — before m in the same syllable mute,       -           -        389
                               H.
 H. This letter only a breathing,           -           -         394
 — When silent,  "        -           -                ibid, 39!i, 396
 — Londoners sink this letter improperly,      -           -      397
 — Its real position before the w, as in Saxon words, and not after
     it,              -             -                           ibid.
                               I.
 I. Its organic formation,             -             -              37
 — a  real diphthong,             -           -          -         8
 — the delicacy of the difference  between  this vowel  and u
     before r, followed by another consonant, exemplified by the
     word Virgin in  an adage of Nicholas Rowley,       -         109
 — in the word oblige,  changed  greatly within  these twenty
     years, and the reason of it,             -           -        111
 — authorities for pronouncing it both ways,             -        ibid.
 — pronounced in the French manner like ee in forty one words
     only,           -            -             -               112
 — diversity of our orthoepists in sounding it before the accent, 115, 138
 — general rule for pronouncing it when immediately before the
     accent,             -           -           -              116
 — difficulty of reducing it to rule when in a  final  unaccented
     syllable,           -           -           -               139
 — diversity of our orthoepists in sounding it in a final unaccent-
     ed syllable,           t             -           -          148
 — general rule for pronouncing it when immediately preceded
     by the accent,             -             -           -      140
 —before k, hard g or hard c, requires the sound of e before it.
     Mr. Nares criticised,             -             -          160
 — elegantly pronounced like e in a syllable after the accent,  ibid. 551
 Ireland.   Directions for the natives of that country in the  pro-
     nunciation of English.   See Preliminary Observations pre-
     fixed to the Principles of English Pronunciation.
 —r.-----In that country a propensity to use the rough instead
     of the smooth r,         -             -          -           419
                               J,
 J. Organic formation of this letter equivalent to soft G,     -       52
— Johnson, Dr. egregiously wrong  in altering the spelling of
      the word Sceptic,             -             -            356
                               K.
 K. Organic formation of this letter,           -           -        51
— When mute,             -           .           -           399
— omitted very improperly at the end of words, with instances of
     the inconveniencies of this omission,              -           400
                               L.
L. Organic formation of this letter,             -            -    55
— The pernicious tendency of writing this letter single in cer-
    tain words by Dr. Johnson,             -             -     ibid.
— Liquids, why these letters are so called,              -          21
Londoners.   Directions to them for avoiding several faults in
    pronunciation to which they are prone.    See Preliminary
      R 
INDEX TO THE  PRINCIPLES
    Observations prefixed to the Principles of English  Pronun-
    ciation.
                               M.
M. Organic formation of this letter,         -         -       No 53
— When mute,           -             -             -         407
                               N.
N. Organic formation of this letter,          -                   54
— When it has its ringing sound by being united to g,             408
------------------------------in the participial termination
    ing,           -          -           -           -       410
— When it is mute,             -          -           -      411
                               O.
O. Its organic formation,           -           -               38
— The true long and short quantity of this vowel,      -         65
— accented; when pronounced like m, exemplified by a complete
    list,           -           -           -           -     165
— unaccented; when pronounced, like «,           -            166
— unaccented in a final  syllable; when pronounced, and when
    suppressed,             -            -           -        170
__Its tendency to go into the same obscurity as e before r after
    the accent, exemplified by the diversity and inconsistency
    of our best orthoepists in marking this vowel,.         -      557
Oo, not equivalent to w,  as Dr.  Lowth asserts,            -     9, 10
                                P.
P. Organic formation of this letter,                              45
— When this letter is mute,             -           -          412
PH. How pronounced, and when mute,              -         413
                                Q
Q.  Organic formation of this letter equivalent to K,       -       51
Qu. When pronounced like k, and when like kw,        -         415
Quantity of the vowels considered singly,          -             63
Quantity of the vowels under the secondary accent exemplified;
    and Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick proved to be erroneous
    and inconsistent,           -               -              530
Quantity, when it is not influenced by the secondary accent,      534
Quantity of the English antepenultimate vowel  generally short,
    and its coincidence in this point with that of the Latin, 535, 536, 537
Quantity of the English peuultimate vowel, with the  accent on
    it, when followed but by one consonant, naturally long,      543
Quantity of English words almost  entirely independent on the
    quantity of the Greek and Latin words from which they
     are derived, exemplified by a selection of most of the dis-
    syllable words in the language, with their  correspondent
    Greek and Latin words opposed to them,           -        544
Quantity of the unaccented vowels not  united to consonants,      547
Uncertainty and inconsistency  of Dr. Kenrick in marking this
    quantity,             -                        -          ibid.
Quantity of these vowels demonstrated,              -          549
Uncertainty and inconsistency of Mr. Sheridan  and Dr. Ken-
    rick in marking the quantity of these vowels,           547, 557
                                R.
R. Organic formation of this letter,             -                56
__The sound of this letter transposed in some terminations,       416
— The tendency of this letter to vitiate the sound of the unac-
     cented vowels,            -             -             98,418
__This letter distinguishable into rough and smooth.  The or-
    ganic formation of both these species,            -         419
__Pronounced too rough by the  natives of Ireland, and too
     smooth by the inhabitants of London,            -          ibid.
                                S.
S. Organic formation of this letter,          -           5       48
— Its relation to z,          -           -         -           ibid.
— When sounded like sh, and when like zh,                540, 541
— Irregularity of this letter in sure, sugar, and their compounds,
    led Mr. Sheridan into gross mistakes in otber words,         454
   The tendency of this letter to go into z in familiar phrases,      378
Syllabication different according to the  ends proposed by it,       538
 ------------not entirely arbitrary, but sometimes determined
    by the nature of the letters,       -           -            542
Syllabication, what it is,           -             -         No. 533
----■---------different according to  the  different  ends to  be
    answered by it,                                  539, 540, 541
difficulty and uncertainty of it when c precedes r
    after the accent, exemplified by a list of words where  this
    occurs in Sheridan, Kenrick, Scott, and Perry,               556
Syllables, not depending for their quantity on the Greek  and
    Latin languages,               -                542,543,544
                               T.
T. Organic formation of this letter,             -                 47
—Mechanical cause of its going into sh in the terminations tion,
    tial, &c.            -            -            -             459
— like s, does not go into sh before the accent.   Mr. Sheridan's
    mistake in this point,              -            -           462
— Mr. Sheridan's mistake in pronouncing this letter before  u,    ibid.
— In what words this letter is silent,            -            -    472
                              TH.
TH. Organic formation of these letters.   See Directions to  Fo-
    reigners in  the  Preliminary  Observations prefixed to
    Principles of Pronunciation,            •            -      50
— General rules for pronouncing them at the beginning, in the
    middle, and at the end of words; with lists of  the several
    words in which the different pronunciations are found, 465,466, &c,
                               U.
U.  Its organic formation,              -             -          39
— a semi-consonant, or rather a semi-consonant diphthong,     i6id,
— a peculiar sound of this letter, existing only in  a  few words,
    which are enumerated,            -           -             174
Unaccented vowels form the criterion of a vulgar and a  polite
    speaker,             -             -            -        179
-----------------their peculiar delicacy,            -       92,552
                               V.
V. Organic formation of this letter,                 ■»           46
Vowel, its definition,            -              -           -    6
Vowels, their quantity and quality,         -         -          63
--------simple and diphthongal, in a table as  a key to the
    figures over the letters in the Dictionary,              -      559
------'— unaccented, the delicacy of their sound,   92,179, 551, 552
--------their quantity not derivable from the Greek and Latin
    languages,         ...      544,545
                               W.
W. Organic formation of this letter when a vowel,       -        40
— Its peculiar power in broadening the preceding a,       -      85
— Though placed before h, is really pronounced after it,      474, 475
—Organic formation of this letter when a consonant,             59
                               X.
X. Composition of this letter,         -            -             476
— Changes from sharp to flat according to  the  place  of the ac-
    cent, and the nature of the succeeding consonant,           478
— in the words luxury and luxurious, often mispronounced for
    want of understanding the principles of pronunciation.  Mr.
    Sheridan's mistake in this point,         -           -     479
— mispronounced  in anxious and anxiety by Mr. Sheridan,        480
— how pronounced at the beginning of words,      -           481
                               Y.
Y. The organic formation of this letter when a vowel,             40
————----—-------------------------a consonant,    -    58
— The peculiar sound of this letter in some final syllables,        183
— The difficulty of reducing this letter to rule, when ending  a
    syllable, immediately before the accent,          -         187
— sometimes a vowel, contrary to the opinion of Dr. Lowth.
    Notes.             -             -             .           8
— diversity  of our orthoepists in  sounding this letter when un-
   accented,                -                  -               187
                               z.
Z.  Organic formation of this letter,           -            .48
— Its  proper name izzard, not zed,               -             483
— Its alteration to zh, according to the position of the accent
     and the nature of the succeeding vowel,                    484 
559. A Table of the Simple and Diphthongal  Vowels referred to by the Figures over the Letters in this Dictionary.
             ENGLISH SOUNOS.

 1. a.  The long slender English a, as in fate, pa-per, &c. (73)
2. a.  The long Italian a, as in far, fa-ther, pa-pa, mam-mi, (77)
 3. a.  The broad German a, as in fall, wall, wa-ter,  (83)
4. a.  The short sound of this  Italian a, as in fat, mat, mar-ry, (81)

 1. e.  The long e, as in me, here, me-tre, me-dium, (93)
2. e.  The short e, as in met, let, get, (95)

1. i. The long diphthongal i, as in pine, ti-tle, (105)
2. i. The short simple i, as in pin, tit-tie, (107)

1. 6.  The long open  o, as in  no, note, no-tice, (162)
2. 6.  The long close o, as in m6ve, prove, (164)
3. 6.  The long broad o, as in nor, for, or; like the broad a, (167)
 4. 6.  The short broad o, as in not, h6t, got, (163)

 1. u.  The long diphthongal u, as in tube, cu-pid, (171)
 2. a, The short simple u as in tub, cup, sup, (172)
 3. u.  The middle or obtuse u, as in bull, full, pull, (173)

   oi. The long broad 6, and the short i, as in oil, (299)
   eu. The long broad 6, and the middle obtuse u,  as in thou, pound, (313)

              Th.  The acute or sharp th, as in Mink, thin, (466).
             Th. The grave or flat th, as in THis, THat,(41) (50) (469).
FRENCH SOUNDS.

e in fee, epee.
a in fable, rable.
a in age, Chalons.
a in fat, matin.

i in mitre, epitre.
e in mette, nette.

at  in lai'que, naif.
i in inne, titre.

o in globe, lobe.
ou in mouvoir,pouvoir.
o in or, for, encor.
o in hotte, cotte.

 iou in Cioutat, chiourme.
 eu in neuf, veuf.
 ou in boule,foule,poule.

 oi in cyclo'ide, heroi'que.
 aou vo Aofite.
  560. When G  is printed in the Roman character, it has its hard sound in get, gone, &c. as go, give, geese, &c; when it has
its soft sound, it is spelled in the notation by the consonant J, as giant, ginger, ji-ant,jin-ger.  The same may be observed of 5;
the Roman character denotes its hard sound in sin, sun, &c. as so, sit, sense, &c; its soft sound is spelled by z, as rose, raise, &c.
roze, raze, &c.
   |r~p If the inspector should not find the satisfaction he wants respecting any word in the body of the Dictionary, he is request-
ed to look for it in the Principles, under the vowel, diphthong, or consonant, the sound  of which he  is in doubt of.  Thus the
silence of g in impugn, oppugn, &c. may be seen more fully treated under the letter G, No. 386; the sound of i before or  after the
accent, under 7, No. 114, 115,  116, &c; the sound of ei in Either and Neither, No. 252; and if he still wants farther information,
perhaps he may find it in the Supplement. 
 
                  A   DICTIONARY

                                          OF

THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE.
A                                      A                                   ABA
 A   THE  first letter of the  European
"** 9  alphabets, has,  in the  English lan-
  guage, three different sounds; which
  may  be termed  the broad, open, and
   slender.
     The broad sound, resembling that of
  the German c, is found in many of our
  monosyllables, as all, wall, malt, salt; in
  which a is pronounced as au in cause, or
  aw in law.  Many of these words were
  anciently  written with  au,  as sault,
  waulk; which happens to be still retain-
  ed in fault.  This was  probably the an-
  cient  sound of the  Saxons, since it  is
  almost uniformly preserved in the rus-
  tick pronunciation,  and the northern
  dialects, as maun for man, haund for
  hand.
A open,  not unlike the a of the Italians,
  is found in father, rather, and more ob-
  scurely in fancy, fast, &c.
A, slender or close, is the peculiar a of the
  English language, resembling the sound
  of the French e masculine, or diphthong
  ai in pais; or perhaps  a middle sound
  between them, or between the a and e:
  to this the Arabick a is said nearly to ap-
  proach.   Of this sound we have exam-
  ples in the words,  place, face, waste;
  and all those that terminate in ation, as,
  relation, nation, generation.
A is short,  as glass, grass; or  long, as
  glaze, graze:  it  is marked long, gene-
  rally, by an e final,plane, or by an i ad-
  ded, as plain.  The short a is open, the
  long a close.
1. A, an article set before nouns of the sin-
  gular  number; a man, a tree; denoting
  the number one, as, a man is  coming;
  that is, no more than one;  or an indefi-
  nite indication, as, a man may come this
  way; that is, any man. This article has
  no plural signification.   Before a word
  beginning with a vowel, it is written an,
  as, an ox, an egg, of which a is the con-
  traction.
     VOL. 1.
 2. A, taken materially, or for itself, is a
   noun; as, a great A, a little a.
 3. A is placed before a participle, or par-
   ticipial noun; and is considered by Wal-
   lis as a contraction of at, when it is put
   before  a word denoting  some action
   not yet finished; as, I am a walking. It
   also  seems to be anciently contracted
   from at, when placed before local sur-
   names; as, Thomas a Becket. In other
   cases, it seems to signify to, like the
   French a.
    A hunting Chloe" went.               Prior.
    They go a begging to a bankrupt's door.
                                 Dryden.
    May peace still slumber by these purling foun-
         tains!
  Which we may every year
  Find when we come a fishing here.      Wotton.
    Now the men fell a rubbing of armour, which a
  great while had lain oiled.            Wotton.
    He will knap the spears a pieees with his teeth.
                        Mores Antid.  Athm.
    Another falls a  ringing a Pescennius Niger, and
  judiciously distinguishes the sound of it to be mo-
  dern.                    Addison on Medals.
4. A has a peculiar signification, denoting
   the proportion of one thing to another.
   Thus we say,  The landlord hath a hun-
   dred  a  year; the ship's crew gained a
   thousand pounds a man.
    The river Inn passes through a wide open coun-
  try, during all its course through Bavaria; which is
  a voyage of two days, after the rate of twenty leagues
  a day.                    Addison on Italy.
5. A is used in burlesque poetry, to  length-
   en out a syllable, without adding to the
   sense.
    For cloves and nutmegs to the line-a,
  And even  for oranges to China.         Dryden.
6. A is sometimes, in familiar writings,
   put by a barbarous corruption for he; as,
   will a come, for will he come.
7. A, in composition, seems to have some-
   times the power  of  the  French  a in
   these phrases, a droit, a gauche, &c. and
   sometimes to be contracted from at, as,
   aside,  aslope,  afoot,  asleep,  at hirst,
   aware.
    I gin to  be a weary of the sun;
                   A
  And wish the state of th' world were now undone.
                        Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    And now a breeze from shore began to blow,
  The sailors ship their oars, and cease to row;
  Then hoist their yards a-trip, and all their sails
  Let fall, to court the wind, and catch the gales.
                   Dryden's Ceyx and Alcyone.
    A little house with trees a row,
  And, like its master, very low.     Pope's Horace.
8. A is sometimes redundant;  as, arise,
  arouse, awake; the same with rise, rouse,
  wake.
9. A, in abbreviations, stands for  artium,
  or arts; as, a. b. bachelor of arts, artium
  baccalaureus; a. m. master of arts, ar-
   tium magister;  or, anno; as, a. d. anno
  domini.
AB, ab. at the beginning of the names of
   places, generally shows that they have
  some relation to an abbey, as Abingdon.
                                 Gibson.
Aba'cke, a-bak'. adv. [from back.~] Back-
   wards.  Obsolete.
    But when they came where thou thy skill didst
         show,
  They drew abacke, as half with shame  confound.
                         Spenser's Pastorals.
ABA'CTOR, ab-ak't6r.  n.  s.   [Latin.]
  One who drives away or steals cattle in
  herds, or great numbers  at once, in
  distinction from those that  steal only a
  sheep or two.                 Blount.
A'BACUS, ab'a-kus.  n. s. [Latin.]
I. A counting-table, anciently used in cal-
  culations.
2. [In architecture.^   The  uppermost
  member of a column, which serves as a
  sort of crowning both to the capital and
  column.                         Diet.
Aba'ft, a-baft'.848 adv. [of abapcan, Sax.
  behind.]  From the fore-part of the ship,
  towards  the stern.               Diet.
Abai'sance, a-ba'sanse.  n. a. [from the
  French abaiser, to depress,  to bring
  down.]  An act of reverence, a  bow.
     Obeysance is considered by Skinner
  as a corruption of abaisance, but is now
  universally used. 
ABA
ABA
ABA
To ABA'LIENATE, ab-ale'yen-ate. u. a.
   [from  abalieno,  Lat.]   To  make that
   another's, which was our own before.
   A term of the civil law, not much used
   in common  speech.
Abaliena'tion, &b-ale'yen-a-shun. n. s.
   [Lat. abalienatio.~]   The  act of giving
   up one's right to another person; or a
   making over an estate, goods, or chat-
   tels by sale, or due course of law.   Diet.
 To Aba'nd,  a-band'.  v. a.  [A word con-
   tracted from  abandon, but not now in
   use.   See  Abandon.]   To forsake.
          They stronger are
   Than they which sought at first their helping hand,
   And Vortiger enforced the kingdom to aband.
             Spenser's Fairy Queen, 6. ii. cant. 10.
 To  ABA'NDON, a-ban'dun.  v. a. [Fr.
   abandonner. Derived, according to Me-
   nage,  from   the   Italian  abandonare,
   which signifies  to forsake his colours;
   bandum ^yexillum^ deserere.  Pasquier
   thinks it a  coalition of a ban  donner, to
   give up to & proscription; in which sense
   we, at this day, mention the ban  of the
   empire.  Ban, in  our own old dialect,
   signifies a curse; and to abandon, if con-
   sidered as compounded between French
   and Saxon, is exactly equivalent to diris
   devovere.^

 1. To give up,  resign, or quit; often  fol-
   lowed by the  particle to.
     If she be so  abandoned to her sorrow,
   As it is  spoke, she never will admit me.
                     Shakspeare's Twelfth Night.
     The passive gods behold the Greeks defile
   Their temples, and abandon to the spoil
   Their own abodes; we, feeble few, conspire
   To save a sinking town, involv'd in fire.
                               Dryden's JEneid.
     Who  is he so abandoned to sottish credulity,  as to
   think, that a  clod of earth in a sack, may ever, by
   eternal shaking, receive the fabric of man's body?
                             Bentley's Sermons.
     Must he, whose altars on the Phrygian shore,
   With frequent rites, and pure, avow'd thy pow'r,
   Be doom'd the worst of human ills to prove,
   Unbless'd, abandon'd to the wrath of Jove?
                                Pope's Odyssey.
 1. To desert; to forsake:  in  an ill sense.
     The princes using the  passions of fearing evil,
   and desiring to escape, only to sene the rale of vir-
   tue, not to abandon one's  self, leapt to a rib of the
   ship.                                 Sidney.
       Seeing the hurt stag alone,
   Left and abandon'd of his velvet friends;
   'Tis right, quoth he; thus misery dofli part
   The flux of company.      Shaksp. As you like it.
     What fate a wretched fugitive attends,
   Scorn'd by my foes, abandon'd by my friends.
                                      Dryden.
     But to the parting goddess thus she pray'd:
   Propitious still be present to my aid,
   Nor quite abandon your once favour'd maid.
                               D)-yden's Fables.
 3. To  forsake; to leave.
     He boldly spake,  Sir knight, if knight thou  be,
   Abandon this  forestalled place at erst,
   For fear of further harm, I counsel thee.
                          Spenser's Fairy Queen
 To Aba'ndon   o'ver, a-ban'dun  o'-vur.
   v. a.  [a form of writing not usual,  per-
   haps not exact.] To give up to, to resign.
     Look on me as a man abandon'd o'er
   To an eternal lethargy of love;
   To pull, and  pinch, and  wound me, cannot cure,
   And but disturb the quiet of my death.    Dryden.
Abandoned, a-ban'dund,362 particip.adj.
  Corrupted in the highest degree: as, an
  abandoned wretch.   In this sense, it is a
  contraction of a longer form, abandoned
  [given up] to wickedness.

Aba'ndoning, a-ban'dun-ing.  [a  verbal
  noun, from abandon^   Desertion, for-
  saking.
    He hoped his past meritorious actions might out-
  weigh his present abandoning the thought of future
  action.                            Clarendon.
Abandonment,  a-ban'dun-ment.  n.  s.
  [abandonnement, French.]
1. The act of abandoning.
2. The state of being abandoned.     Diet.
Abanni'tion, a-ban-ni'shun.  n.  s.  [Lat.
  . abannitioJj  A banishment for  one or
  two years, for manslaughter. Obsolete.
                                       Diet.
To Aba're, a-ba're. v. a. [abapian, Sax.]
  To make bare, uncover, or disclose.
                                       Diet.
Abarticula'tion,   ab-ar-tik-u-la'shun.
  n. s.  [from  ab,  from, and articulus, a
  joint, Lat.] A good and apt construction
   of the bones, by which they move strong-
   ly and easily; or that species of articula-
   tion  that has manifest motion.     Diet.
 To Aba'se, a-base'.  v. a.  [Fr. abaisser,
   from the Lat. basis, or bassus, a barba-
   rous word, signifying low, base.]
 1. To depress; to lower.
     It is a point of cunning  to wait upon him with
  whom you speak with your eye; yet with  a demure
  abasing of it sometimes.                  Bacon.
2. To  cast  down;  lo depress;  to  bring
   low: in a figurative and personal sense,
   which is the common use.
     Happy shepherd, to the gods be thankful, that to
  thy advancement their wisdoms have thee abased.
                                      Sidney.
     Behold every one that is proud,  and abase him.
                                         Job.
     With unresisted might the monarch reigns;
  He levels mountains,  and he raises plains;
  And, not regarding difF'rence of degree,
  Ahas'd your daughter, and exalted me.    Dryden.
     If the mind be curbed and humbled too much in
  children; if their spirits be abased and broken much
  by too strict an hand over them; they lose all their
  vigour and industry.             Locke on Educ.
 Aba'sed,  a-ba'sed. adj.   [with  heralds.]
   A term used of the wings  of eagles,
   when the top looks downwards towards
   thepointof the shield; orwhen thewings
   are  shut; the natural way of  bearing
   them being spread, with the top  point-
   ing to the chief of the angle.
                        Bailey.    Chambers.
 Aba'sement,  d-base'ment.   n. s.   The
   state  of being  brought low;  the act of
   bringing low; depression.
     There is an abasement because of glory; and there
  is that lifteth up his head from a low estate.   Ecclus.
 To  Aba'sh, a-bash'.  v. a. [See Bashful.
   Perhaps from abaisser, French.]
 l.To put into confusion; to makeashamed
   It generally implies a sudden impres-
   sion of shame.
     They heard and were abash'd.  Milt. Par. Lost.
     This heard, th' imperious queen sat mute with fear'
  Nor further durst incense the gloomy thunderer.
   Silence was in the court at this rebuke:
  Nor could the gods, ubash'd, sustain their sovereign's
        look.                  Dryden's Fables.
2. The passive admits  the particle at,
   sometimes of, before the causal noun.
    In no wise speak against the truth, but be abash'd
  of the error of thy ignorance.             Ecclus.
    I said unto her, from whence is this kid? Is it not
  stolen?  But she replied upon me, it was given for a
  gift, more than the wages: however, I did not be-
  lieve her, and I was abashed at her.        To6if.
    In the admiration only of weak minds,
  Led captive: cease t' admire, and all her plumes
  Fall flat, and sink into a trivial toy,
  Al every sudden slighting quite abasht.
                         Milton's Paradise Lost.
    The little Cupids hov'ring round,
  (As pictures prove) with  garlands crown'd,
  Abasht at what they saw and heard,
  Flew off, nor ever more appear'd.
                            Swift's Miscellanies.
To ABA'TE,  a-bate'.846   v. a.  [from the
   French abbatre, to beat down.]
I. To lessen; to diminish.
    Who can tell whether the divine wisdom, to abate
  the glory of those kings,  did  not reserve this work
  to be done by a queen, that it might appear to be
  his own immediate work?  Sir J. Davies on Ireland.
    If you did know to whom I  gave the ring,
  And how unwillingly I left the ring,
  You would abate the strength  of your displeasure.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Here we see the hopes of great benefit and light,
  from expositors and commentators,  are in a great
  part abated; and  those who have most need of their
  help, can  receive but little from them.
              Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.
2. To deject, or depress  the mind.
            This iron world
  Brings down the stoutest hearts to lowest state:
  For misery doth bravest minds abate.
                       Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.
            Have the power still
  To banish your defenders, till at length
  Your ignorance deliver you,
  As most abated captives, to some nation
  That won you without blows?         Shakspeare.
    Time that changes all, yet changes us in vain,
  The body, not the mind; nor  can control
  Th' immortal vigour, or abate the soul.
                              Dryden's ASaieid.
3. [In commerce.] To let down the price
   in selling, sometimes  to beat down the
   price in buying.
To Aba'te, a-ba'te.  v. n.
1. To  grow  less: as, his passion abates;
   the storm abates. It is used sometimes
   with the particle  of before the thing
   lessened.
    Our physicians have observed, that, in process of
   time, some diseases have abated of their virulence,
   and have, in a manner, worn out their malignity, so
   as to be no longer mortal.
                     Dryden's Hind und Panther.
2.  [In  common law.]
     It is in law used both actively and neuterly; as,
   to abate a castle, to beat it down.  To abate a writ,
   is, by some exception, to defeat  or overthrow it. A
   stranger abateth, that is, entereth upon a house or
   land void by the death of him that last possessed it,
   before the heir  take his possession,  and so keepetk
   him out.   Wherefore, as he that putteth out him in
   possession, is said to disseise; so he that steppeth in
   between  the former possessor and his heir, is said
   to abate.  In the neuter signification thus: The writ
   of the demandment shall abate, that is, shall be disa-
   bled, frustrated, or overthrown. The Appeal abateth
   by covin, that is, that the accusation is defeated bj
   deceit.                               Cowell.
 3. [In horsemanship.]   A horse  is said to
    abate or take down his curvets; when,
    working upon curvets, he puts his two 
ABB
ABB
ABD
   hind-l«gs to the ground  both at once,
   and observes the same exactness in all
   the times.                        Diet.
 Aba'tement, a-bate'ment.  n. s. [abate-
   ment, Fr.]
 1. The act of abating or lessening.
     Xenophon tells us, that the city contained about
  ten thousand houses, and allowing one man to every
  house, who  could have  any share in  the govern-
  ment (the rest, consisting of women, children, and
  servants), and making  other obvious  abatements,
  these tyrants, if they had been careful to adhere to-
  gether, might have been a majority even of the peo-
  ple collective.
          Swift on the Contests of Athens and Rome.
 2. The state of being abated.
     Coffee  has, in common  with all nuts, an oil
  strongly  combined and entangled with  earthy par-
  ticles.  The most noxious part of the oil exhales in
  roasting, to the abatement of near one quarter of its
  weight.                Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 3. The sum or quantity taken away by the
   act of abating.
    The law of works is that law, which requires per-
  fect obedience, without  remission or abatement; so
  that, by that law, a man cannot be just, or justified,
  without an exact performance of every tittle.
                                     Locke.
 4. The cause of abating; extenuation.
     As our advantages  towards practising and pro-
  moting piety and virtue were greater than those of
  other men; so will our excuse be less, if we neglect
  to make use of them.  We cannot plead, in abate-
  ment of our guilt, that we were ignorant of our duty,
  under the prepossession of ill habits, and the bias of
  a wrong education.                 Atterbury.
 5. [In law.]  The  act of the abator; as,
  the abatement of the heir into  the  land
  before he hath  agreed with the lord.
  The affection or passion  of the thing
  abated; as, abatement of the writ. Cornell.
 6. [With heralds.]  An accidental  mark,
  which being added to a coat of arms,
  the dignity of it is  abased, by reason of
  some stain  or dishonourable quality of
  the bearer.                      Diet.
 Aba'ter, a-ba tur.B8   n. s.  The  agent or
  cause  by  which an abatement is pro-
   cured; that by which any  thing is  les-
   sened.
    Abaters of acrimony or sharpness, are expressed
  oils of ripe vegetables, and all preparations of such;
  as of almonds, pistachoes, and other nuts.
                           Arbuthnot on Diet.
 Aba'tor, a-ba'tur. n. s.  [a law term.]
  One who  intrudes  into houses or land,
  void by the death of the former posses-
  sour, and  yet not entered upon  or taken
  up by his heir.                   Diet.
A'batude, a'ba-tude. n.  s. [old records.]
  Any thing diminished.         Bailey.
A'bature, a'ba-ture.  n. s.  [from abatre,
  French.]  Those  sprigs of grass  which
  are thrown down  by a stag in his passing
  by.                               Diet.
Abb, ab.   n. s.  The  yarn on a weaver's
  warp: a term among clothiers.
                               Chambers.
A'BBA, ab'ba. n. a. [Heb. 3N.]  A Syriac
  word, which signifies father.
A'bbacy,  ab'ba-se.482  n. *. [Lat. abbatia.~]
  The rights or privileges  of an  abbot.
  See Abbev.
    According to Felinus, au abbacy is the dignity it-
  self, since an abbot is a term or word of dignity,
   and not of office; and, therefore, even a secular per-
   son, who has the care of souls, is sometimes, in the
   canon law, also stiled an abbot.
                    Ayliffe's Par. Juris Canonici.
 A'bbess, ab'bess. n. s.  [Latin abbatissa,
   from whence the Saxon abubippe,then
   probably abbatess, and by contraction a b-
   besse in Fr.  and abbess, Eng.] The su-
   periour or governess of  a  nunnery or
   monastery of women.
                    They fled
   Into this abbey, whither we pursued them;
   And here  the abbess shuts the gate on us,
   And will not suffer us to fetch him out.    Shaksp.
    I have a sister, abbess in Terceras,
   Who lost her lover on her bridal day.     Dryden.
    Constantia, as soon as the solemnities of her re-
   ception were  over, retired with the abbess into her
   own apartment.                     Addison.
 A'bbey, or Abby,  ab'be.370  n. s.  [Lat. ab-
   batia; from whence probably first Abba-
   cy; which see.] A monastery of religious
   persons, whether  men or women; dis-
   tinguished  from religious  houses of
   other denominations by  larger privi-
   leges.   See  Abbot.
    With easy roads  he came to Leicester;
   Lodg'd in the  abbey, where the reverend abbot,
   With all his convent, honourably received him.
                                 Shakspeare.
 A'bbey-lub'uer,   ab'be-lftb'bur.  n. s.
   [See Lubber.]  A slothful loiterer in
   a religious house, under pretence of re-
   tirement and austerity.
    This is no  father Dominic, no huge overgrown
   abbey-lubber; this is but a diminutive sucking friar.
                       Dryden's Spanish Friar.
 A'BBOT, ab'but.166  n. s.  [in  the lower
   Latin abbas, from 3N, father, which sense
   was  still implied; so  that the abbots
   were calledpatres, and abbesses matres
   monasterii. Thus Fortunatus to the ab-
   bot Paternus: Nominis officiumjure, Pa-
   terne,geris.~\ The chief of a convent, or
   fellowship  of canons. Of these, some in
   England were  mitred, some not: those
   that were mitred, were exempted from
   the jurisdiction of  the diocesan, having
   in themselves episcopal authority with-
   in their precincts,  and being also lords
   of  parliament.   The other  sort  were
   subject  to  the diocesan  in all  spiritual
   government.                    Cowell.
   See Abbey.
A'bbotship,  ab'biit-ship. n. s.  The state
   or privilege  of an abbot.         Diet.
To ABBREVIATE, ab-bre've-ate.808 v.
   a. [Lat.  abbreviare.~\
1. To  shorten  by  contraction of parts,
   without loss of the main  substance; to
   abridge.
    It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, an-
  other by cutting off.           Bacon, Essay 26.
    The only invention of late years, which hath
  contributed towards politeness in discourse, is that
  of abbreviating or reducing words of many syllables
  into one, by lopping off the rest.           Swift.
2. To shorten, to  cut  short.
    Set the  length of their days before  the flood;
  which were abbreviated after, and contracted into
  hundreds and threescores.
             Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.
Abbreviation, ab-bre-ve-a'shun. n.  a.
1. The  act of abbreviating.
                    a  2 K
 2. The means used to abbreviate, as cha-
    racters signifying whole words;  words
    contracted.
     Such is the propriety and energy  in them all,
   that they never can be changed, but to disadvan-
   tage, except in the circumstance of using abbrevia-
   tions.                                Swift.
 Abbrevia'tor,  ab-bre-ve-a'tur."1  n. s.
   [abbreviateur, Fr.]  One who abbrevi-
   ates, or abridges.
 Abbue'viature,  ab-bre'-ve-a-tchure.451
   n. s.  [abbreviatura, Lat.]
 1. A mark used for the sake of shortening.
 2. A compendium or abridgment.
     He is a good man, who grieves rather for him
   that injures him, than for his own suffering; who
   prays for him that wrongs him, forgiving;  all his
   faults; who sooner shews mercy than anger; who
   offers violence to his appetite, in all things endea-
   vouring to subdue the flesh to the spirit. This is an
   excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a chris-
   tian.              Taylor's Guide to Devotion
 ABBREUVOI'R, ab-bre'voir. [French,
   a watering place.  Ital. abbeverato, dal
   verbo bevere. Lat.  bibere. Abbeverari i
   cavalli. This word is derived by Me-
   nage, not much  acquainted  with  the
   Teutonick dialects,  from  adbibare  for
   adbibere;  but more  probably  it comes
   from  the same root  with  brew.  See
   Brew.] Among  masons,  the joint or
   juncture of two stones, or the interstice
   between two stones to be filled up with
   mortar.                           Diet.
 A'bby, ab'be. See Abbey.
 A, B, C, a, be, se.
 1. The  alphabet; as, he  has not learned his
   a, b, c.
 2. The  little book by which the elements
   of reading are taught.
    Then comes question like an a, b, c, book.
                                 Shakspeare.
 To  A'BDICATE,  ab-de-kate.^  v, c.
   [Lat.  abdico.'] To give  up right; to  re-
   sign; to  lay down  an office.
    Old Saturn, here, with upcast eyes,
  Beheld his abdicated skies.             Addison.
Abdica'tion,  ab-de-ka'shun. n.  s.  [ab-
   dicatio, Lat.] The act of abdicating; re-
   signation;  quitting an  office by  one's
   own  proper  act before the  usual or
   stated expiration.
    Neither doth it appeal- how a prince's abdication
  can make any other sort of vacancy in the throne,
  than would be caused by his death; since he cannot
  abdicate for his children, otherwise than by his own
  consent in form  to a bill from the two houses.
           Sicift on the Sentiments of a Church of
             England Man.
 A'hdicative, ab'-de-ca-tive.5'2 adj. That
   which causes or implies an abdication.
                                     Diet.
 A'bditive,    db-de'tive.    adj.   [from
   abdo, to hide.]  That which  has  the
   power or quality of hiding.        Diet.
 ABDO'MEN, ab-do'-men.*0* n. s.  [Lat.
   from abdo, to hide.]  A cavity common-
   ly called the lower  venter or belly: it
   contains the stomach, guts, liver, spleen,
   bladder, and is within lined with a mem-
   brane  called  the  peritonaeum.   The
   lower part is  called  the hypogastrium; 
ABE
ABE
A BH
 the  foremost part  is  divided  into  the
 epigastrium, the  right and  left hypo-
 chondria, and the navel;  'tis  bounded
 above  by the cartilago ensiformis and
 the  diaphragm;  sideways  by the short
 or lower ribs, and  behind by the verte-
 brae of the  loins, the  bones of the cox-
 endix, that of the pubes, and os sacrum.
 It  is  covered with  several  muscles,
 from whose alternate relaxations and
  contractions in respiration,  digestion
  is forwarded, and the due motion of all
  the parts therein contained promoted,
  both for secretion  and expulsion.
                                   Quincy.
    The abdomen consists of parts containing and
 contained.                 Wiseman's Surgery.
Abdo'minal, ab-d&m'me-nal.  } adj.Ke-
Abdo'minous, ab-dorn'me-nCis. 3 latingto
  the abdomen.
To ABDU'CE,  ab-duse'.  v. a [Lat.  ab-
  duco.~] To draw to a different part; to
  withdraw  one part from  another.  A
  word chiefly used  in physick or science.
    If we abduce the eye  unto either corner, the ob-
  ject will not duplicate; for, in tliat position, the axis
  of the cones remain  in the  same plain; as is de-
  monstrated in the optics delivered by Galen.
            Broton's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 20.
Abdu'oent, ab-du'sent. adj. Muscles ab-
   ducent, are those which serve to open or
   pull back  divers parts of the body; their
   opposites  being called adducent.  Diet.
 Abdu'ction, ab-duk'shun. n. s.  [abductio,
   Lat.]
 1.  The art of drawing apart, or  withdraw-
   ing one part from another.
 2.  A particular form of argument.
 ABDU'CTOR, ab-duk'tdr>6  „.  s  [ab-
    ductor, Lat.] The name given by anato-
    mists to the muscles,  which serve  to
    draw back the several  members.
     He supposed the constrictors of the eyelids must
   be strengthened in the supercilious; the abductors in
   drunkards, and  contemplative men, who have the
   same steady  and grave motion of the  eye.
         Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus  Scriblerus.
 Abecedarian,  a-be-se-da're-an.  n. s.
    [from the names of a, b,c, the three first
    letters of the alphabet.] He that teaches
    or learns  the  alphabet,  or  first rudi-
    ments of literature.
       This  word  is  used  by Wood in his
    Athene Oxonienscs, where mentioning
    Farnaby  the critic,  he relates, that, in
    some part of his  life,  he  was reduced
    to follow the trade of an abecedarian by
    his misfortunes.
 A'becedary,  a-be-se-da're. adj.    [See
    Abecedarian]
 !. Belonging to the alphabet.
 2. Inscribed with the alphabet.
      This is pretended  from the  sympathy of two
    needles touched with the loadstone,  and placed in
    the centre of two abecedary circles or rings of let-
    ters, described round about them, one friend keep-
    ing one, and another the other, and agreeing upon
    an hour wherein they will communicate.
                Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.
  Abr'd, a-bed'. adv. [from a,  for  at, and
    bedf\ In  bed.
      It was a shame for them to mar their complex-
    Ions, yea and conditions too,  with long lying abed:
 when she was of their age, she would have made
 a handkerchief by that time o'day.   Sydney, b. ii.
    She has not been abed, but in her chapel
 All night devoutly watch'd.    Dryd. Span. Friar.
Abe'rrance, ab-er'ranse. } n. s.  [from
ABE'RRANCY,ab-er'ran-se. £ aberro, Lat.
   to wander  from the right way.]  A de-
   viation from the right way; an errour; a
   mistake; a false  opinion.
    They do not only swarm with errours, but vices
  depending thereon. Thus they  commonly affect no
  man any farther than he deserts his reason, or com-
  plies with their aberrancies.
               Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.
    Could a man be composed to such an advantage
   of constitution, that it should not at all adulterate
   the images of his mind; yet this  second nature
   would alter  the crasis of his understanding, and
   render it as obnoxious to aberrances, as now.
               Glanville's Scepsis Scientifka, c. 16.
 Abe'rrant, ab-er'rant. adj. [from aber-
   rans, Lat.] Deviating, wandering from
   the right or known way.          Diet.
 Aberra'tion, ab-er-ra'sh&n. n. s. [from
   aberratio, Lat.]   The act of deviating
   from the common  or  from  the right
   track.
     If it be a mistake, there is no heresy in such an
   harmless aberration; the probability of it will ren-
   der it a lapse of easy pardon.
               Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c.  11.
 Abe'rring, ab-er'ring.410part, [from the
    verb aberr, of aberro, Lat.] Wandering,
    going astray.
      Of the  verb  aberr I have  found  no
    example.
     Divers were out in their account, aberring several
   ways from  the true and just compute, and calling
   that one year, which perhaps might be another,
              Brown's Vulgar  Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
 To  Aberu'noate, ab-e-run'kate.91 v. a.
    [averunco, Lat.] To pull  up  by  the
    roots; to extirpate utterly.         Diet.
 To ABET, a-bet'. v. a. [from becan, Sax.
    signifying to enkindle or animate.] To
    push forward another, to support him in
    his  designs, by connivance, encourage-
    ment, or help. It was once indifferent,
    but is almost always taken by modern
    writers in an ill sense; as  may be seen
    in Abetter.
      To abet signifieth, in our common law, as much
    as to encourage or set on.               Cowell.
      Then shall I soon, quoth he, return again,
    Abet that virgin's cause disconsolate,
    And shortly back return.      Fairy Queen, b. i.
      A widow who by solemn vows,
    Contracted to me, for my spouse,
    Combin'd with him to break her word,
    And has abetted all.       Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.
      Men lay so great weight upon right opinions, and
    eagerness of abetting them, that they account that
    the unum necessarium.           Decay of Piety.
      They abetted both parties in the civil war, and
    always furnished supplies  to the weaker side, lest
    there should be an end put to these fatal divisions.
                      Addison. Freeholder, No. 28.
   Abe'tment, a-beVment. n. s.  The act of
     abetting.                          Diet
   Abe'tter, or Are'ttor, a-bet'-tur.196 418
     n. s. He that abets; the supporter or en-
     courager of another.
       Whilst calumny has two such potent abettors,
    we are not to wonder at its growth: as long as men
    are malicious and  designing, they will  be traduc-
    ing.                   Govern, of the Tongue,
      You shall be still plain Torrismond with me,
    Th' abettor, partner (if you like ihe name,)
 The husband of a tyrant, but no king;
 Till you deserve that title by your justice.
                       Dryden's Spanish Friar.
   These considerations, though  they may have ne
 influence on the multitude, ought to sink into the
 minds of those who are their abettors, and who, ii
 they escape punishment here, must know, that these
 several mischiefs will be one day laid to their charge.
                    Addison. Freeholder, No. 50
Abey'ance,  a-ba'anse.  n.  s.  [from  the
  French aboyer,  allatrare, to  bark at.]
  This word, in Littleton, cap.  Disconti-
  nuance, is  thus used.  The  right of fee-
  simple lieth in  abeyance, when it is all
  only in  the remembrance,  intendment
  and consideration of the law.  The frank
  tenement of the  glebe of  the parsonage,
  is in no  man during  the time that the
  parsonage is  void, but is in  abeyance.
                                    Cowell.
Abgrega'tion,  ab-gre-ga'shfin.   n.  a.
  [abgregatio, Lat.] a separation from the
  flock.                              E)ict.
 To  ABHO'R, ab-hor'.168 v.  a.  [abhorreo,
   Lat.] To hate with acrimony; to  detest
   to extremity; to loath; to abominate.
     Whilst I was big in clamour,  came  a man,
  Who having seen me in my  worser  state,
  Shunn'd my abhorr'd society.
                           Shakspeare's K. Lear.
              Justly thou abhorr'st
  That son, who on the quiet state of men
  Such trouble brought, affecting to subdue
  Rational liberty.  Milt. Parad. Lost, b. xii. I. 79.
     The self-same thing they will abhor
  One way, and long another for.
                          Hudibras, p. i. cant. I.
     A church of England man abhors the humour of
   the age, in delighting to fling scandals upon the
   clergy in general; which, besides  the disgrace to
   the reformation, and to religion itself, cast an ig-
   nominy upon the kingdom. Swift.  Ch.  of Eng.
 Abho'rrence, ab-h6r'rense.  } n.s.[from
 Abho'rrency, ab-hor'ren-se. 3 abhor.~]
 1. The act of abhorring, detestation.
     It draws upon him the hatred and abhorrence of
   all men here; and subjects him  to the wrath of God
   hereafter.                   South's Sermons.
 2.  The disposition to abhor,  hatred.
     Even a just and necessary defence does, by giv-
   ing men acquaintance with war, take off somewhat
   from the ablwrrence of it, and insensibly dispose
   them to hostilities.              Decay of Piety.
     The first tendency to any  injustice that  appears,
   must be suppressed  with a show of wonder and ab-
   horrency in the parents and governours.
                      Locke on Education, § 110.
 Abho'rhent, ab-hor'rent.168  adj.  [from
    abhor7\
  I.  Struck with abhorrence; loathing.
                    For if the worlds
   In worlds inclos'd could ou his senses burst,
   He would abhorrent turn.
                      Thomson's Summer, I. 310.
 2.  Contrary to,  foreign from, inconsistent
     with.  It  is used with the particles/row
     or to, but more properly with from.
      This I conceive to be an hypothesis, well worthy
    a rational belief; and yet it is so abhorrent from the
    vulgar, that they would as soon believe Anaxagoras,
    that snow is black, as him that should affirm it is
    not white.        Glanville's  Scepsis Scient. c. 12.
      Why then these foreign thoughts of state em-
                ployments,
    Abhorrent to your Junction and your breeding?
     Poor droning truants of unpractis'd cells,
     Bred in the fellowship of bearded boys,
     What wonder is it if you know not men?  Dryden.
  Abho'rrer,  ab-hdr'rur.38 n. s. [from ab- 
ABI
ABJ
VBI
   hor.~\ The person that abhors; a hater;
   detester.
     The lower clergy were railed at, for disputing
   the power of the bishops, by the known abhorrers of
   episcopacy, and abused for doing nothing in the
   convocations, by these very men who wanted to bind
   up their hands.         Swift. Examiner, No. i 1.
 Abho'kring,  ab-h6r'lng.  The object of
   abhorrence.  This seems not to be the
   proper use of  the participial noun.
     They shall go forth, and look upon the carcases
   of the  men that have transgressed against Me: for
   their worm shall not die, neither  shall their fire be
    Suenched, and they shall be an abhorring unto all
    esh.                         Isaiah, lxvi. 44.
 To ABI'DE, a-bide'. v. n. I abode  or abid.
   [from  bibian, or aubibian, Sax.]
 1. To dwell  in a place; not  remove;  to
   stay.
     Thy servant became surety for the lad unto my
   father, saying, if I bring him not unto thee, then I
   shall bear the blame to my father for ever.  Now
   therefore I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead
   of the  lad,  a bondman to my lord; and let the lad
   go up with his brethren.       Gen. xliv. 32, 33.
 2. To dwell.
     The Marquis Dorset, as I hear, is fled
   To Richmond, in the parts where he abides.
                            Shaksp. Richard III.
     Those  who apply themselves  to learning,  are
   forced to acknowledge one God, incorruptible  and
   unbegotten; who is the only  true jbeing, and abides
   for ever  above the highest  heavens, from whence
   He beholds all the  things that are done  in heaven
   and earth.    StUlingfl. Defence of Disc,  on Idolat.
 3. To remain; not to cease or fail; to be im-
   movable.
     They that trust in the  Lord shall be  as mount
   Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideth for
   ever.                          Psalm cxxv. 1.
 4. To continue in the same state.
     The fear of the  Lord tendeth  to  life; and he
   that hath  it  shall abide satisfied.     Prov. xix.  23.
     There  can  be no study without time; and  the
   mind must abide and dwell upon things, or be al-
   ways a stranger to the inside of them.      South.
 5. To endure without offence)  anger,  or
   contradiction.
     Who can abide, that, against their own doctors,
   six whole books should by their fatherhoods be im-
   periously  obtruded upon God and his church? Hall.
 6. It is used with the particle with before
   a person, and at or in before a place.
     It is better that I give  her to thee, than  that I
   should give  her to another man: Abide with me.
                                 Gen.  xxix.  19.
     For thy servant vowed a vow, while I  abode at
   Geshur in Syria, saying, if the Lord shall  bring me
   again indeed to Jerusalem, then  I will  serve the
  Lord.                           2 Sam. xv. 8.
7. It is  used  with by before a thing; as, to
   abide  by his testimony; to  abide by  his
   own skill; that is, to rely upon them;  to
   abide  by  an opinion;  to maintain it;  to
   abide  by a man, is also, to defend  or sup-
   port him.   But  these forms are  some-
   thing low.
     Of the  participle abid,  I have found
   only the  example in  Woodward, and
   should  rather determine that abide  in
   the active sense has no passive partici-
   ple, or compounded preterite.
To Abi'de, a-bide'.  v. o.
1.  To wait for,  expect, attend, wait upon,
   await; used of things prepared for per-
   sons,  as well as  of persons  expecting
   things.
     Home is he brought, and laid in sumptuous bed,
   Where many skilful leeches him abide,
   To salve his  hurts.    Faii-y Quei n, b. i. c. 5. st. 17.
     While lions war, and battle for their dens,
   Poor harmless lambs abide their enmity.
                           Sltaksjy. Hen. VI. p. 3.
     Bonds and afflictions abide me.     Acts, xx. 23.
 2. To bear or support the consequences of
   a thing.
             Ah me! they little know
   How dearly I abide that boast so vain.
                             Milton's Par. Lost.
 3. To bear or support, without being con-
   quered or destroyed.
     But the Lord he is the  true God, he is the living
   God, and an everlasting king:  At his wrath the
   earth shall tremble,  and the nations shall not  be
   able to abide his indignation.          Jer. x. 10.
     It must be allowed a fair presumption in favour
   of the truth of my doctrines,  that they have abid a
   very rigorous test now for above thirty years, and
   the more strictly they are looked  into,  the more
   they are  confirmed.          Woodward, Letter i.
 4. To bear without aversion; in which sense
   it is commonly used with a negative.
     Thou canst not abide Tiridates; this is but love of
   thyself.                           Sidney, b. ii.
                   Thy vile race,
   Though thou didst learn,  had that in't, which good
       natures
   Could not abide to be with; therefore wast thou
   Deservedly confin'd unto this rock.
                               Shaksp.  Tempest.
 5. To bear or suffer.
         Girt with circumfluous tides,
   He still calamitous constraint abides.
                       Pope's Odyss. b. iv. I. 750.
 Aui'der, a-bi'dur.98 n.  s.  [from  abide.~]
   The  person that abides or dwells in a
   place;  perhaps  that lives  or  endures.
   A word little in use.
 Abi'ding, a-bi'ding.410 n. s. [from  abided]
   Continuance; stay; fixed state.
     We are strangers before Thee and sojourners, as
   were all our  fathers: our days on the earth are as a
   shadow, and  there is none abiding.
                              1 Chron. xxix. 16.
     The air in that region is  so violently removed,
   and carried about with such swiftness, as nothing in
   that place can consist or have abiding.
                   Raleigh's History of the World.
 A'BJECT, ab'jekt."9' adj. [abjectus, Lat.]
   thrown away as of no value.

 I. Mean; worthless; base; groveling;  spo-
   ken of persons, or their qualities.
                         Rebellion
  Came like itself in base and abject routs,
  Led on by bloody youth goaded with rage,
  And countenane'd by boys and beggary.
                          Shakspeare's Henry IV.
    I was at first, as other beasts that graze
  The Uodden herb, of  abject thoughts and low.
                 Milt. Paradise Lost, b. ix. I. 571.
    Honest men, who tell their sovereigns what they
  expect from them, and what obedience they shall be
  always ready  to pay them, are not  upon an  equal
  foot with base and abject flatterers.
                      Addison's Wing Examiner.
2. Being  of no hope or  regard;  used  of
   condition.
    The rarer thy example stands,
  By how much from the top of wond'rous glory,
  Strongest  of mortal men,
  To lowest pitch of abject fortune thou art fall'n.
                     Milton's Sampson Agonistes.
    We see man and woman in the highest innocence
  and perfection, and in the most abject state of guilt
  and infirmity.       Addison.  Spectator, No. 279.

3. Mean  and despicable; used of actions.
     The rapine is so abject and profane,
   They not from trifles, nor lrom gods refrain.
                          Diyden's Juvenal, Sat. 8
     To what base ends, and by what abject ways
   Are mortals urg'd through sacred lust of praise?
                        Pope's Essay on Criticism.
 A'bjeot, ab'jekt.  n. s.  A  man  without
   hope; a man whose miseries are irre-
   trievable; one of the lowest condition.
     Yea,  the objects gathered  themselves together
   against me.                     Psalm xxxv. 15.
 To Abje'ct, ab-jekt'.492 v. a. \abjicio,LaX.~\
   To throw away.  A word rarely used.
 Abje'ctedness,  ab-jek'ted-ness.   n.   s.,
   [from abject.~\ The state of an abject.
     Our Saviour would love at no less  rate  than
   death; and, from the supereminent height of glory,
   stooped and abased himself to the sufferance of the
   exU-emest of indignities,  and  sunk himself to the
   bottom of abjectedness, to exalt our condition to the
   contrary extreme.                Boyle's Works.
 Abje'otion,  ab-jek'shun. n. s.  [from ab-
   ject^]  Meanness of mind; want of spirit;
   servility; baseness.
     That this should be termed baseness, abjection of
   mind, or servility, is it credible?  Hooker, b.v. § 47.
     The just medium lies betwixt pride and abjection,
   the two extremes.                   L'Estrange.
 A'bjectly, ab'jekt-le.452  adv. [from  ab-
   ject.^   In  an  abject  manner, meanly,
   basely, servilely, contemptibly.
 A'bjectness, ab'jekt-ness.  n.  s. [from
   abject.']  Abjection, servility, meanness.
    Servility and abjectness of humour is implicitly
  involved in the  charge of lying.
                   Government of the Tongue,  § 8.
    By humility I mean not the abjectness of a base
  mind: but a prudent care not to over-value ourselves
  upon any account.
              Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 1.
 Abi'lity, a-bire-te.482 n. s. [Habilete, Fr.]
 1. The power to do any thing, whether de-
   pending upon skill, or riches, or strength,
   or any other quality.
    Of singing thou hast got the reputation,
  Good Thyrsis, mine I yield to thy ability;
  My heart doth seek another estimation.
                                   Sidney, b. i.
    If aught in my ability may serve
  To lighten what thou suffer'st, and appease
  Thy mind with what amends is in my pow'r.
                Milton's Sampson Agonistes, I. 744.
    They gave after their ability unto the treasure.
                                  Ezra, ii. 69.
    If any man minister, let him do it as of the ability
  which God giveth: that God  in  all things may be
  glorified through Jesus Christ.       1 Pet. iv. 11.
    Wherever we find our  abilities too weak for the
  performance, he assures us of the assistance of his
  Holy Spirit.                  Rogers's Sermons.
2. Capacity of mind;  force of understand-
   ing;  mental power.
    Children in  whom there was no blemish,  but
  well-favoured, and skilful in all wisdom, and  cun-
  ning in knowledge, and understanding science,  and
  such as had ability in them to stand in the king's
  palace.  _                          Dan. i. 4.
3. When it has the plural number, abilities,
   it frequently  signifies  the  faculties or
   powers of the mind, and sometimes the
   force of understanding given byna'ure,
   as distinguished from acquired qualifi-
   cations.
    Whether it  may be thought necessary, that in
  eertain tracts of country, like what we call parishes
  there should be one man, at least, of abilities to
  read and write?                         Swift.
Abintestate, ab-ln-tes'tat.  adj. [of«6, 
ABL                                    ABL                                    ABO
  from, and inteatatus,  Lat.J   A term of
  law, implying  him that inherits from a
  man, who, though  he had the power to
  make a will, yet did not make it.
To A'bjugate, ab'ju-gate. v.a.[abjugo,
  Lat.] To unyoke, to uncouple.    Diet.
Abjura'tion, ab-ju-ra'shun.  n. s. [from
  abjure.] The act of abjuring. The oath
  taken tor that end.
    Until Henry VIII.  his time, if a man, having
  committed felony, could go into a church, or church-
  yard, before he were apprehended, he might not be
  taken from thence to the usual trial of law, but con-
  fessing his fault to the justices, or  to the coroner,
  gave his oath to forsake the realm  for ever, which
  was called abjuration.
    There are some abjurations still in force among
  us here in England; as, by the statute of the 25th of
  king Charles II. all  persons that are  admitted into
  any office, civil or  military, must take the  test;
  which is  an abjuration of some doctrines of the
  church of Rome.
    There  is likewise another oath of  abjuration,
  which laymen and  clergymen are both obliged to
  take; and that is to  abjure the Pretender.
                Ayliffe's Par ergon Juris Canonici.
To ABJU'RE,ab-ju're.-D.a. \_abjuro,Lat.]
1. To cast off upon oath, to swear not to
   do or not to have  something.
    Either to die the  death, or to abjure
  For ever the society of man.
             Shakspeare's Midsum. Night's Dream.
    No man, therefore, that hath not abjured his rea-
  son, and sworn allegiance to a preconceived fantas-
  tical hypothesis, can undertake the defence of such
  a supposition.                          Hale.
2. To retract, recant, or abnegate a posi-
   tion  upon oath.
To  ABL ACT ATE,  ab-lak'tate.s*  v. a.
   [ablacto, Lat.] To wean from the breast.
Ablacta'tion, ab-lac-ta'shun. n. s.  One
   of the methods of grafting; and, accord-
   ing to the signification of the word, as it
   were a weaning  of a  cyon by degrees
   from its mother stock; not cutting it off
   wholly  from the stock, till  it is firmly
   united to that on which it is grafted.
ABLAquEA'TiON, ab-la-kwe-a'sluin.634 n.
   s. [ablaqueatio, Lat.]   The art or prac-
   tice  of opening the  ground about the
   roots of trees,  to  let the air and water
   operate upon them.
    Trench the ground, and make it  ready for the
  spring: Prepare also soil, and use it where you have
  occasion:   Dig borders.  Uncover as yet roots of
  trees,  where ablaqueation is requisite.
                            Evelyn's Kalendar.
    The tenure in chief  is  the very root that doth
  maintain  this silver stem,  that  by many rich  and
  fruitful branches spreadeth itself: so if it be suffer-
  ed to  starve, by want of  ablaqueation,  and other
  good husbandry,  this yearly fruit will  much  de-
  crease.            Bacon's Office of Alienations.
ABLA'TION,  ab-la'shvin. n. s. [ablatio,
   Lat.]   The act of taking away.
A blative, db'la-tiv.168  n. a.  [ablativus,
   Lat.]
1. That which takes  away.
2. The sixth case of the  Latin nouns;  the
   case which, among other significations,
   includes the person  from whom some-
   thing is taken away.   A  term of gram-
   mar.
A'BLE, k'bl.adj.  [habile, Fr. habilis, Lat.]
   skilful, ready.
1. Having strong faculties, or great strength
  or knowledge, riches, or any other pow-
  er of mind, body, or fortune.
    Henry VII. was not afraid  of an able man, as
  Lewis the Eleventh was.  But, contrariwise, he was
  served by the  ablest men that were to  be found;
  without which his affairs could not have prospered
  as they did.                Bacon's Henry VII.
    Such gambol faculties he hath, that shew a weak
  mind and an able body,  for the  which the prince
  admits him.            Shaksp. Henry IV.  p. ii.
2. Having power sufficient; enabled.
    All mankind acknowledge  themselves able and
  sufficient to do many things,  which actually they
  never do.                       S&uth's Serm.
    Every man shall give  as he is able,  according to
  the blessing of the Lord thy  God, which he hath
  given thee.                      Devi. xvi. 17.
3. Before a verb,  with the  particle to, it
   signifies generally  having the power.
    Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous;  but who
  is able to stand before envy?       Prov. xxvii. 4.
4. With for it is not often nor very proper-
   ly used.
    There have been  some  inventions also, which
  have been able for the utterance of articulate sounds,
  as the speaking of certain words.
                   Wilkins's Mathematical Magic.
To A'ble, a'bl.*06 v. a.  To make able;
   to enable, which is the word commonly
   used.   See Enable.
                   Plate sin with gold,
  And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks:
  Arm it with rags, a pigmy's straw doth pierce it.
  None does offend, none,  I say none; I'll able 'em;
  Take that of me, my friend. Shakspeare's K.  Lear.
A'BLE-Bo'DiED,a'bl-b6d'did.B9arf/. Strong
   of body.
    It lies in the power of  every fine woman, to secure
  at least half a dozen able-bodied men to his majesty's
  service.            Addison. Freeholder, No. 4.
To A'BLEGATE, ab'le-gate. v. a. [able-
   go, Lat.]   To send abroad upon some
   employment; to send out of the way.
                                     Diet.
ABLEGA'TioN^ab-le-ga'shun. n.s.  [from
   ablegate.]   The act of  sending abroad.
                                     Diet.
A'bleness,  a'bl-ness. n.  s.  [from  able.]
   Ability of body or  mind, vigour, force.
    That nation doth so excel,  both for comeliness
  and ableness,  that from neighbour countries they
  ordinarily come, some to strive, some to learn, some
  to behold.                        Sidney, 6, ii.
Able'psy, ab-lep'se.482 n. s. [cc^Xe-^ici,  Gr.]
   Want of sight, blindness; unadvisedness.
                                     Diet.
To A'bligate, ab'li-gate.  v. a. [abligo,
   Lat.]  To tie up from.            Diet.
Abliguri'tion,  ab-li-gu-ri'shfin.  n.  s.
   [abliguritio, Lat.]  Prodigal expense on
   meat and drink.                   Diet.
To A'BLOCATE,ab'l6-kate. v.a. [abloco,
   Lat.]  To let out to hire.
     Perhaps  properly  by  him  who has
   hired it from another.
              Calvin's Lexicon Juridicum.
Abloca'tion, ab-16-ka'shun. n. s. [from
   ablocate.]   A letting out to hire.

To Ablu'de, ab-lu'de. v. n. [abludo, Lat.]
   To be unlike.                     Diet.
A'bluent,  ab'lu-ent.  adj.  [abluens,  Lat.
   from abluo, to  wash away/]
1. That which washes clean.
2. That  which has the power of cleansing.
                                     Diet.
ABLu'TioN,ab-lu'shun. n.s. [ablutio,Lat.]
1. The act of cleansing, or washing clean.
    There is a natural analogy between the ablution
  of the body and the purification of the soul; between
  eating the holy bread and drinking the sacred cha-
  lice,  and a participation of the  body and blood of
  Christ.           Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
2. The water used in washing.
    Wash'd by the briny wave, the pious train
  Are cleans'd, and cast th' ablutions in the main.
                                 Pope's Iliad.
3. The rinsing of chymical preparations in
   water, to dissolve  and wash  away any
   acrimonious particles.
4. The cup given, without consecration, to
  the laity in the popish churches.
To A'BNEGATE,ab'ne-gate .v.a.  [from
   abnego, Lat.]  To deny.
Abnega'tion,  ab-ne-ga'shun. n.s. [abne-
  gatio, Lat. denial, from abnego, to deny.]
   Denial, renunciation.
    The abnegation or renouncing of all his own holds
  and interests, and trusts of all that man is most apt
  to depend upon,  that he may the more expedite);
  follow Christ.                     Hammond.
Abnoda'tion, ab-no-da'shun. n.s. [abno-
   datio, Lat.]   The act of cutting away
   knots from trees; a term of gardening.
                                      Diet.
ABNo'RMOUS,ab-n6r'mus.  adj. [abnormis,
   Lat. out of rule.]  Irregular, mishapen.
                                      Diet.
Abo'ard, a-bo'rd.39B adv. [a sea-term, but
   adopted into common language; derived
   immediately from the French a bord, as,
   aller d bord, envoyer a bord.   Bord is
   itself a word of  very doubtful  original,
   and perhaps, in its different acceptations,
   deducible from different  roots.   Bopb,
   in the ancient Saxon, signified a house;
   in which sense, to go aboard, is to take
   up residence in  a ship.]
1. In a ship.
    He loudly call'd to such as were aboard,
  The little bark unto the shore to draw,
  And him to ferry over that deep  ford.
                      Fairy Queen, b. ii.  cant. 6.
    He might  land them, if it pleased him, or other-
  wise keep them aboard.   Sir W. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Into a ship.
    When morning rose, I sent my mates to bring
  Supplies of water from a neighb'ring spring,
  Whilst I the motions  of the winds explor'd;
  Then summon'd in my crew, and went aboard.
            Addison's Ovid's Metamorphoses, b. iii,
Abo'de, a-bo'de. n. s. [from abide.]
 1. Habitation, dwelling, place of residence.
    But I know thy aoode and thy going out,  and thy
  coming in.                   2 Kings, xix. 27
    Others may use the ocean as their road,
  Only the English make it their abode;
  Whose ready sails with every wind can fly,
  And make a cov'nant with th' inconstant sky.
                                      Waller.
2. Stay, continuance in a  place.
    Sweet friends, your patience for my long abode;
  Not I, but my affairs, have made you wait.
                 Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
    Making a  short abode in Sicily the second time,
  landing in Italy, and  making the war,  may be rea-
  sonably judged the business but of ten months.
                     Dryden's Dedicat.  to Aineid.
    The woodcocks early visit, and abode
  Of long continuance in our temp'rate clime,
  Foretel a liberal harvest.               Phillips.
3. To make abode.   To dwell, to reside, to
   inhabit. 
ABO                                      ABO                                      ABO
     Deep in a cave the Sibyl makes abode;
   Thence full of fate returns, and of the God.
                                   Dryd. Mm. 6.
  ToAbo'de, a-bo'de.  v.a.  [See  Bode.]
    To foretoken or foreshow; to be a prog-
    nostick, to be ominous.  It is taken, with
    its  derivatives, in  the  sense  either of
    good or ill.
                        Every man,
   After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
   A thing inspir'd; and, not consulting, broke
   Into a general prophecy, that this tempest,
   Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
   The sudden breach of it.  Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
  Abo'bemknt, a-bode'ment. n.  s.  [from
    To abode.] A secret anticipation of some-
    thing future;  an  impression upon  the
    mind of  some  event to come;  prognos-
    tication; omen.
                          I like not this.
   For many men that stumble at the threshold,
   Are well foretold that danger lurks within.—
   —Tush! man, abodements must not now affright us.
                     Shakspeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
     My lord bishop asked him, Whether he had never
   any secret abodement in his mind? No, replied the
   duke; but I think some adventure may kill  me as
   well as another man.                    Wotton.

  To ABO'LISH,  a-bol'lish.  v. a. [aboleo,
   Lat.]
  I. To annul;  to  make void.   Applied to
   laws or institutions.
     For us to abolish what he hath established, were
   presumption most intolerable.   Hookir, b. iii. § 10.
     On the parliament's part it was  proposed,  that
   all the bishops, deans, and chapters, might be im-
   mediately taken away, and abolished.
                               Clarendon, b. viii.
 2. To put an end  to, to destroy.
     The long continued wars, between the English and
   the Scots, had then  raised invincible jealousies and
   hate, which long continued peace hath since abolish-
   ed.                         Sir John Hayward.
     That shall Perocles well requite, I wot,
   And, with thy blood, abolish so reproachful blot.
                                  Fairy Queen.
                 More destroy'd than they,
   We should be quite abolish'd, and expire.   Milton.
               Or wilt thou thyself
   Abolish  thy creation, and unmake
   For him, what for thy glory thou hast made?
                           Milton, b.  iii. I. 163.
         Nor could Vulcanian flame
   The stench abolish,  or the savour tame.
                           Dryd. Virg.  Geo. iii.
     Fermented spirits contract, harden, and conso-
   lidate many fibres together, abolishing many canals;
   especially where the fibres are the teuderest, as in
   the brain.                  Arbuth. on Aliments.
Abo'lishable, a-bol'Hsh-a-bl.  adj [from
   abolish.] That which may be abolished.
Abo'lisher,  a-bdriish-ur.91 n. s. [from
   abolish.] He that abolishes.
Abo'lishment,   a-bol'lish-ment.   n.   s.
   [from  abolish.]  The act of abolishing.
    The plain and direct way had been to prove, that
  all such ceremonies, as they required lo be abolished,
  are retained by us with the hurt of the  church, or
  with less benefit than the abolishment of them would
  bring.                           Hooker, b. iv.
    He  should think the  abolishment of episcopacy
  among us,  would prove a mighty scandal and cor-
  ruption to our faith, and manifestly dangerous to our
  monarchy.       Swift's Church of England Man.

Aboli'tion, a-bo-lish'un.54* n. s  [from
   abolish.] The act of abolishing.  This is
   now more frequently used than  abolish-
   ment.
    From  the total abolition of the popular power,
   may be dated the ruin of Rome: for had the redu-
   cing hereof  to its ancient condition, proposed  by
   Agrippa, been accepted instead of Maecenas's mo-
   del, that state might have continued unto this day.
               Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 4.
     An apoplexy is a sudden abolition of all the senses,
   and of all voluntary motion, by the stoppage of the
   flux and reflux of the  animal spirits  through the
   nerves destined for those motions.
                              Arbuthnot on Diet.
 Abo'minable,  a-bom'e-na-bl. adj.  [abo-
   minabilis,  Lat.]
 I. Hateful, detestable; to be  loathed.
             This infernal pit
   Abominable, accurs'd, the house of woe.   Milton.
     The queen and ministry might easily redress this
   abominable grievance,  by endeavouring to  choose
   men of virtuous principles.
      Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.
 2. Unciean.
     The soul that shall touch any unclean beast, or
   any abominable unclean thing, even that soul shall be
   cut off from his people.         Leviticus, vii. 21.
   In low and  ludicrous language, it is a
   word of loose and indeterminate censure.
     They say you are a melancholy fellow.—I am so;
   I do love it better than laughing.—Those that are
   in extremity of either, are abominable fellows, and
   betray themselves to every modern censure, worse
   than drunkards.       Sliakspeare's As you like it.
 Abo'minableness,   a-b&m'e-na-bl-ness.
   n. s.  [from abominable^] The quality of
   being abominable; hatefulness, odious-
   ness.
     Till we have proved,  in its proper place, the eter-
   nal and essential difference between virtue and vice,
   we must forbear to urge atheists with the corruption
   and abominableness of their principles.
                              Bcntley's Sermons.
 Abo'minably,a-bdm'e-na-ble. adv.[from
   abominable.]  A  word of low or familiar
   language,  signifying excessively,  ex-
   tremely, exceedingly; in ar: ill sense.  It
   is not often seriously used.
     I have observed great abuses and disorders in your
   family; your servants are mutinous and quarrelsome,
   and cheat you most abominably.        Arbuthnot
 To ABO'MINATE, a-bom'e-nate. v.  a.
   [abominor, Lat.] To abhor, detest, hate
   utterly.
    Pride goes, hated, cursed, and abominated by all.
                                     Hammond.
    We are not guilty of your injuries,
  No way consent to them; but do abhor,
  Abominate, and loath this cruelty.
                           Southern's Oroonoko.
    He professed  both to abominate and  despise all
  mystery, refinement, and intrigue, either in a prince
  or minister.                            Sioifl.
Abomina'tion,  a-bom-e-na'shun. n.   s.
1. Hatred,  detestation.
    To assist king Charles by English or Dutch forces,
  would render him odious to his  new subjects, who
  have nothing in so great abomination, as those whom
  they hold for heretics.                    Swift.
2.  The object of hatred.
    Every shepherd is an abomination to  the Egyp-
  tians.                         Genesis, xlvi. 34.
3.  Pollution,  defilement.
   And there shall in no  wise enter into it any tiling
  that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomina-
 tion, or maketh a lie.              Rev. xxi. 27.
i.  Wickedness; hateful or shameful vice
   Th' adulterous Antony, most large
 In his abominations, turns you  off',
 And gives his potent regiment to a trull,
 That noses it against us.
                   Shaksp. Antony and  Cleopatra.
».  The cause of pollution
   And the high places that were before Jerusalem,
    which were on the right hand of the mount of cor-
    ruption, which Solomon the king of Israel had build-
    ed for Ashtoreth the abomination of  the Zidonians,
    and for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites,
    and for Milcom the abomination of the children of
    Ammon, did the king defile.    2 Kings, xxiii. 13.
 ABORTGINESj ab-6-ridge'e-i,ez. n. s.
    [Lat.] The earliest inhabitants of a coun-
    try; those of  whom no original  is to be
    traced; as, the Welsh in Britain.
 To ABO'RT, a-bort'. v.n.  [aborto, Lat.]
    To bring forth before the time; to mis-
    carry.                                Diet.
 Abo'rtion,   a-bor'shun.  n.  s.  [abortio,
    Lat.]  1. The act  of bringing  forth un-
    timely.
     These then need cause no abortion.     Sandys.
 2.  The produce of an untimely birth.
     His wife miscarried; but, as the abortion prove*!
   only a female foetus, he comforted himself.
          Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerw.
     Behold my arm thus blasted, dry and wither'd,
   Shrunk like a foul abortion, and decay'd,
   Like some untimely product of the seasons.  Rowe.

 Abo'rtive, a-bor'tiv.157  n.s. That which
   is born before the due time. Perhaps an*
   ciently any thing irregularly produced.
     No common wind, no customed event,
   But they will pluck away its nat'ral causes,
  And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs,
  Abortives, and presages, tongues of heav'n,
  Plainly denouncing vengeance upon John.
                             Shalcsp. King John.
     Take the fine skin of an abortive, and, with starch
  thin laid on, prepare your ground or tablet.
                          Peacham on Drawing.
     Many are preserved, and do signal service to their
  country, who, without a provision, might have per-
  ished as abortives, or have come to an  untimely end,
  and perhaps have brought, upon their guilty parents,
  the like destruction.  Addison. Guardian, No 106.
 Abo'rtive,   a-bor'-tlv.  adj.  [abortivus,
   Lat.]                          L          '
 1.  That which is brought forth before the
   due time of birth.
     If ever he have  child, abortive be it,
  Prodigious, and untimely brought to light.
                            Shaksp. Richard III
     All th' unaccomplished works of nature's hand,
  Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mix'd,
  Dissolv'd on earth, fleet hither.
              Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. I. 456
        Nor will his fruit expect
  Th' autumnal season, but, in summer's pride
  When other orchards smile, abortive fail.  Phillips
2.  Figuratively,  that  which fails for want
   of time.
    How often hast thou waited at my cup,
  Remember it, and  let it make thee crest-fain;
  Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride.
                         Shaksp. Henry VI. p. ii.
3.  That which brings forth nothing.
          The void profound
  Of unessential night receives him next,
  Wide-gaping; and  with utter loss of being
  Threatens him, plung'd in that abortive gulf.
              Milton's Paradise Lest, b. ii. /. 451,
4.  That which  fails  or miscarries,  from
   whatever cause.   This  is less proper.
    Many politic conceptions, so elaborately formed
  and wrought, and grown at length ripe for delivery,
  do yet, in the issue, miscarry and prove abortive.
                               South's Sermons
Abo'rtively,  a-borYiv-Ie.  adv.  [from
  abortive.]  Born  without the  due  time*
  iminaturely, untimely.
ABo'RTivfcN'Ess, a-bdr'tlv-ness  w.«.[from
  abortive.] The state of abortion. 
ABO                                     ABO                                      ABO
Abo'rtment,  a-bdrt'ment.  n.  s.  [from
   abort.]  The  thing brought forth out of
   time;  an untimely birth.
    Concealed  treasures, now lost to mankind, shall
  be  brought into  use  by the industry of converted
  penitents, whose wretched carcases the impartial
  laws dedicate, as untimely feasts, to the worms of
  the earth, in  whose womb those deserted mineral
  riches must ever lie buried as lost abortments, unless
  those be made the active midwives to deliver them.
                        Bacon's Physical Remains.
ABO'VE, a-bnv'.*6' fir,p.  [from  a, and
   bupan, Saxon; boven, Dutch.]
 1. To a higher place;  in a higher place.
     So when with crackling flames a cauldron fries,
   The bubbling waters from the bottom rise;
  Above the brims they force their fiery way;
   Black vapours climb  aloft, and cloud the day.
                       Dryden, AZneid, vii. /. 643.
 2.  More in  quantity or number.
     Every one that passeth among them, that are num-
   bered from twenty years old and above, shall give an
   offering unto  the Lord.          Exodus, xxx.  14.
 3. In a superiour degree, or to  a superiour
   degree of rank,  power, or excellence.
     The Lord is high above all nations, and his glory
   above the heavens.                 Psalm cxiii. 4.
     The public power of all societies is above every
   soul contained in the  same societies. Hooker, b. 1.
     There is no riches above a sound body, and no joy
   above the joy of the heart.  Ecclesiasticus, xxx.  16.
                    To her
   Thou didst resign thy manhood, and the place
   Wherein God set thee above her, made of thee,
   And for thee: whose perfection farexcell'd
   Hers, in all real dignity. Milton's Par. Lost, b.  x.
     La ton a sees her shine above the rest,
   And feeds with secret joy her silent breast.
                                Dryden's Mneid.
 4.  In a  state of being superiour to; unat-
   tainable by.
     It is an old and true distinction, that things may
  be  above our reason, without being contrary to it.  Of
  this kind are  the power, the nature, and the univer-
  sal presence of God, with innumerable other points.
                                          Swift.
 5. Beyond; more than.
     We were pressed out of measure, above strength;
  insomuch that we despaired even of life. 2 Cor. i. 8.
     In having thoughts unconfused, and being able to
  distinguish one thing  from another, where there is
  but the least  difference, consists the exactness of
  judgment and  clearness of reason, which is in one
  man above another.                      Locke.
    The inhabitants of Tirol  have  many privileges
  above those of the other hereditary countries of the
  emperour.                            Addison.
6. Too proud for; too high for. A phrase
   chiefly used in familiar expression.
    Kings and princes, in the earlier ages of the world,
  laboured in arts and occupations, and  were above
  nothing that tended to promote the conveniences of
  life.                      Pope's Odyssey; notes.
Abo've, a-buv'. adv.
1. Over-head; in a higher place.
    To men standing below, men standing aloft seem
  much lessened; to those above, men standing below,
  seem not so much lessened.              Bacon.
    When he established the clouds above; when he
  strengthened the  fountains of the deep; when he
  gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should
  not pass his commandment; when he  appointed the
  foundations of the earth; then I was by him, as one
  brought up with him: and  I was daily his  delight,
  rejoicing always before him.     Proverbs, viii. 29.
   Every good  gift, and every perfect gift, is from
  above, and cometh down from the father of lights,
  with whom  is no  variableness, neither shadow  of
  turning.                           James i. 17.
   The Trojans/rom above their foes beheld;
  And with arm'd legions all the rampires fill'd.
                               Dryden, AZneid.
2.  In the regions of heaven.
     Your praise the birds shall chant in every grove,
  And winds shall waft it to the pow'rs above.
                                Pope's Pastorals.
3.  Before.   [See Above-cited.]
     I said above, that these two machines of the ba-
  lance, and the dira, were only ornamental, and that
  the success of the duel had been the same without
  them.                   Dryd. Dedical. AZneid.

Above  a'll, a-buv-a'll.  In the first place;
   chiefly.
     I studied Virgil's design, his disposition  of it, his
  manners, his  judicious management of the figures,
  the sober retrenchments of his sense, which always
  leaves something to gratify  our imagination,  on
  which it may  enlarge at pleasure; but above all, the
  elegance of his expression, and the  harmony of his
  numbers.              Dryden's Dedicat. AZneid.
Above-bo'ard, a-buv'bdrd.
 I.  In open sight; without artifice or trick.
   A figurative expression, borrowed from
   gamesters,  who,  when they put their
   hands under  the  table, are  changing
   their cards.   It is used only in familiar
   language.
     It is the part also of an honest man to deal above-
  board, and without tricks.            L'Estrange,
2.  Without  disguise or concealment.
     Though there  have not been wanting such here-
  tofore, as have practised these unworthy arts, for as
  much as there have been villains in all places, and
  all ages, yet now-a-days they are owned above-board.
                                South's Sermons.
Abo've-ci'ted,  a-buv'si-ted.   Cited be-
   fore.  A  figurative expression,  taken
   from  the  ancient  manner of  writing
   books on scrolls; where whatever is cited
   or mentioned before in  the same page,
   must be above.
     It appears from the authority above-cited, that this
  is a fact confessed by heathens themselves.
                 Addison on the Christian Religion.
Abo've-grou'nd, a-buv'grdund.  An ex-
   pression used to signify alive; not in the
   grave.
Abo've-me'ntioned,  a-bfiv'men-shund.
   See Above-cited.
     I do not remember, that Homer any where falls
  into the faults above-mentioned, which  were indeed
  the false refinements of latter ages.
                     Addison. Spectator, No. 279.
To ABO'UND, a-bdu'nd.6**!;. n.[abundo,
   Lat. abonder, French.]
1. To have in great plenty; to be copiously
   stored.   It is used sometimes with the
   particle in, and sometimes  the particle
  with.
          The king-becoming graces,
  I  have no relish of them, but abound
  In the division of each  several crime,
  Acting it many ways.       Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    Corn, wine, and oil,  are wanting  to this ground,
  In which our countries fruitfully abound.
                        Dryden's Indian Emperor.
    A faithful man shall abound icith blessings: but he
  that maketh haste to be rich, shall not be innocent.
                            Proverbs, xxviii. 20.
    Now that languages are made, and abound with
  words standing for combinations,  an usual  way of
  getting complex ideas, is by the explication of those
  terms that stand for them.                 Locke.
2. To be in great plenty.
    And because iniquity shall  abound, the love of
  many shall wax cold.          Matthew, xxiv. 12.
    Words are  like leaves, and where they most
        abound,
  Much fruit of  sense beneath is rarely found.
                       Pope's Essay on Criticism.
 ABO'UT,  a-bdu't.84S prep,  [abucan,  or
   abuton, Sax. which seems to signify en-
   circling on the outside.]
 1. Round, surrounding, encircling.
     Let not mercy and truth forsake thee.  Bind them
   about  thy neck;  write them upon  the table of thy
   heart.                          Proverbs, iii. 3.
     She cries, and tears her cheeks,
   Her hair, her vest; and, stooping to the sands,
   About his neck she cast her trembling hands.
                                 Dryden's Fables.
 2. Near to.
     Speak unto the congregation, saying, get you up
   from about the tabernacle of Korah,  Dathan, and
   Abiram.                              Exodus.
              Thou dost nothing,  Sergius,
   Thou canst endeavour nothing, nay, not think:
   But I both see and hear it; and am with thee,
   By and before, about and in thee too.
                              Ben Jons. Catiline.
 3. Concerning, with  regard  to, relating to.
     When Constantine had finished an house for the
   service of God at Jerusalem, the dedication he judg-
   ed a matter not unworthy, about the solemn  perfor-
   mance whereof, the greatest part of the bishops in
   Christendom should meet together.       Hooker.
     The  painter is not to take so  much pains about
   the drapery as about the face where the principal
   resemblance lies.                        Dryd.
     They are most frequently used as words equiva-
   lent, and do both of them indifferently signify either
   a  speculative knowledge of things, or a practical
   skill about  them, according  to the  exigency of the
   matter or thing spoken of.       Tillot. Sermon i.
     Theft is always a sin, although the particular
   species of it, and the denomination of particular acts,
   doth suppose positive laws about dominion and pro-
   perty.                              Stillingfleet.
     Children should always be heard, and fairly and
   kindly answered, when they ask after any thing they
   would know, and desire to be informed about. Cu-
   riosity should be  as carefully cherished in children,
   as other appetites suppressed.              Locke.
     It hath been practised as a  method of making
   men's court, when they are asked about the rate of
   lands, the abilities of tenants, the state of trade, to
   answer, that all things are in a flourishing condition.
                     Sioift's Short View of Ireland.
 4. In a state of being engaged in, or em-
   ployed upon.
     Our blessed Lord was pleased to command the
   representation of his death and sacrifice on the cross
   should be made by breaking of bread and effusion of
   wine; to signify to us the nature and sacredness of
   the liturgy we are about.                 Taylor.
     Labour, for labour's sake, is against nature. The
   understanding, as well as all  the  other faculties,
   chooses always the  shortest  way to its  end, would
   presently obtain the knowledge it is «6ou/, and then
   set upon some new inquiry.  But this, whether la-
   ziness or baste, often misleads it.          Locke.
     Our armies ought to be provided with secretaries,
   to  tell their story in  plain English, and to  let us
   know, in our mother tongue, what it is our brave
   countrymen are about.   Addison. Sped. No. 309.
 5. Appendant  to the person; as clothes.
         If you have this  about you,
   As I will give you when we go, you may
   Boldly assault the necromancer's hall.
                                Milton's Comus.
    It is not strange to me, that persons of the fairer
   sex should like, in all things about them, that hand-
   someness for which they find  themselves most liked.
          .                      Boyle on Colours.
 6. Relating to the person, as a servant, or
   dependant.
    Liking very well the young gentleman, such I took
  him to be, admitted this Deiphantus about me, who
  well shewed, there is no service like his that serves
  because he loves.                  Sidney, b. ii.
7. Relating to  person, as an act or office.
    Good  corporal, for my old dame's sake, stand my
  friend: she hath no body to do any thing  about her 
ABO                                    ABB.                                     A  BR
   when I am gone,  and  she is old and cannot help
   herself.                 Shakspeare's Henry IV.

 Abo'ut, a-bdut'. adv.
 I. Circularly, in a round; circum.
     The weyward sisters, hand in  hand,
   Posters of the sea  and land,
   Thus do go about,  about,
   Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine,
   And thrice again to make up nine.
                               Shaksp. Macbeth.
 2. In circuit, in  compass.
     I'll tell you  what I am  about.—Two yards and
   more.—No quips  now, Pistol: indeed I am in  the
   waist two yards about; but I am  about no waste, I
   am about thrift.                   Shakspeare.
     A tun about was ev'ry pillar there,
   A polish'd mirrour shone not half so clear.
                                  Dryd. Fables.
 3. Nearly; circiter.
     When the boats were come within about sixty
   yards of the pillar, they found themselves all bound,
   and could go no farther; yet so as they might move
   to go about, but might not approach nearer.
                          Bacon's New Atalantis.
 4. Here and there; every way; circa.
     Up rose the gentle virgin from her place,
   And looked all  about, if she might spy
   Her lovely knight.
              Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. ii. stanz. 33.
     A wolf that was past labour, in his old age, bor-
   rows a habit, and so about he goes, begging charity
   from door to door, under the disguise of a pilgrim.
                                   V Estrange.
 5. With to before a verb; as, about to fly;
    upon the point, within a small distance of.
     These dying lovers, and their floating sons,
   Suspend the fight,  and  silence all our guns:
   Beauty and youth,  about to perish, finds
   Such noble pity in  brave English  minds.   Waller.

 6. Round; the longest  way, in opposition
    to the short straight way.
     Gold hath these natures;  greatness of weight;
   closeness of parts; fixation; pliantness, or softness;
   immunity from rust; colour, or tincture of yellow:
   Therefore the sure  way (though most about) to make
   gold, is to know the  causes of the several natures
   before rehearsed.  Bacon's Natural Hist. No. 328.
             Spies of the Volscians
   Held me in chace, that I was forced to wheel
   Three or four miles about; else had I, Sir,
   Half an hour since brought my report.
                            Shaksp. Coriolanus.
 7. To bring about;  to bring to the point or
    state desired;  as, he has brought about
    his purposes.
     Whether this will be brought about, by breaking
   his head, I very much question.         Spectator
 8. To come about; to come to some certain
   state or point.  It has commonly the idea
   of revolution, or gyration.
    Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was
   come  about, after  Hannah had conceived, that she
   bare a son.                       1 Sam.  i. 20.
    One evening it befel, that looking out,
   The wind they long had wish'd was come about:
   Well pleas'd, they  went to rest; and, if the gale
   Till morn continu'd, both resolv'd to sail.
                                 Dryd. Fables.
 9.  To go about;  to prepare to do it.
    Did not Moses give you the law? and yet none
  of you  keepeth the law. Why go ye about to kill
  me?                            John, vii. 19.
     In  common language  they  say,  to
   come about  a man, to circumvent him.
     Some of  these  phrases seem to de-
   rive their original, from the  French a
   bout; venir a bout d'une chose;  venir a
   bout de quelqu*un.

A. Bp. for Archbishop; which see.
      VOL. I.
 ABRACADA'BRA, ab-ra-ka-dstb'ra.   A
   superstitious charm against agues.
 To ABRA'DE,  a-brade'.  v. a. [abrado,
   Lat.]  To rub  off;  to wear away from
   the other parts; to waste by degrees.
    By this means there may be a continued supply,
  of what is successively abraded from  them by de-
  cursion of waters.                        Hale.
 A'braham's   Ba'lm,  a'bra-ham's-bam.
   The name  of an herb.
 Abra'sion, a-bra'-zhun. n. s.  [See Ab-
   rade.]
 1. The act of abrading, or rubbing  off.
 2. [In medicine.]  The wearing away of
   the natural mucus,  which covers  the
   membranes,  particularly  those  of  the
   stomach and guts, by corrosive or sharp
   medicines or humours.         Quincy.
 3. The  matter, worn off by the attrition of
   bodies.
 ABRE'AST,a-brest'.s4Saa?"u. [SeeBreast.]
   Side by side; in such a position, that  the
   breasts may bear against the same line.
                   -------My cousin Suffolk
  My soul shall thine keep company to heav'n:
  Tarry, sweet soul, for mine; then fly abreast.
                              Shaksp. Henry V.
    For honour travels in a streight so narrow,
  Where one but goes abreast.
                    Shaksp. Troilus and  Cressida.
    The riders rode abreast; and one his shield,
  His lance of cornel wood another, held.
                               Di-yden's Fables.
 A'bricot,  a-bre-kdt.  See Apricot.
 To ABRI'DGE, d-bridje'. v.a.  [abreger,
   Fr. abbrevio, Lat.]
 1. To make shorter  in  words, keeping
   still the same substance.
    All these sayings,  being declared by Jason of
  Cyrene in  five books, we will essay to abridge in
  one volume.                    2 Mace. ii. 23.
 2. To contract, to diminish, to cut short.
    The  determination of the will, upon enquiry,  is
  following the direction of that guide;  and he,  that
  has a power to act or not to act, according as such
  determination directs, is free. Such determination
  abridges not that power, wherein liberty consists.
                                       Locke.
 3. To deprive of;  to cut  off  from.  In
   which sense it is followed by  the parti-
   cle from, or  of,  preceding the  thing
   taken away.
                 I have disabled mine estate,
  By showing something a more swelling port,
  Than my faint means would giant continuance;
  Nor do I now make moan, to be dbridg'd
  From such a noble rate.
                 Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
    They  were  formerly, by the  common  law, dis-
  charged  from  pontage and murage; but this privi-
  lege  has been abridged them since, by several sta-
  tutes.          Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.
 Abri'dged of,  a-brijd'  dv'.  part. De-
   prived of, debarred from, cut  short.
 Abri'dger, a-brid'jur. n. s.
 1. He that abridges;  a shortener.
2. A  writer of compendiums or abridg-
  ments.
 Abridgment, a-bridje'ment. n.s.  [abre-
  gement, French.]
 I. The  epitome  of  a larger work, con-
   tracted into a  small  compass;  a  com-
   pend; a summary.
    Surely this commandment containeth the law and
  the  prophets; and,  in this one word, is the abridg-
  ment of all volumes of scripture.  Hooker, b. ii.  §  6.
    Idolatry is certainly the ti'it-born of folly, the
  great and leading paradox;  nay. the very abridg-
  ment and sum-total of all absurdities.
                               South's Sermons.
2. A diminution in general.
    All trying, by a love of littleness,
  To make abridgments, and to draw to less,
  Even that nothing, which at first we were.
                                       Donne.
3. Contraction; reduction.
    The constant desire of happiness, and the con-
  straint it puts upon us, no body (I think) account?
  an abridgment of liberty; or at least an abridgment
  of liberty to be complained of.             Locke.
4. Restraint from any thing pleasing; con-
  traction of any  thing enjoyed.
    It is not barely a man's abridgment in his exter-
  nal accommodations,  which makes him miserable;
  but, when his conscience shall tell him, that it was
  his sin and his  folly which brought him under that
  abridgment.                            South.
Abro'ach,  a-brdtsh'.s95 adv.    [See  To
  Broach.]
1. In  a posture,  to run  out, or yield the
  liquor  contained;  properly   spoken  of
  vessels.
                  The jarrs of gen'rous wine
  He set abroach, and for the feast prepar'd.
                                  Dryd. Virgil.
    The Templer spruce, while ev'ry spout's abroach,
  Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach.
                                Swift's Miscel.
2. In  a figurative  sense; in a  state  to be
  diffused or extended;  in a state of such
  beginning, as promises a progress.
    That man, that sits within a monarch's heart,
  And ripens in the sunshine of his favour,
  Would he abuse the counfnance of the king,
  Alack! what mischiefs might be set abroach,
  In shadow of such greatness?
                     Shakspeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Abro'ad, a-braw'd.298 adv. [compounded
  of a  and broad.   See Broad.]
1. Without  confinement; widely; at large.
            Intermit no watch
  Against a wakeful foe; while I abroad,
  Thro' all the coasts of dark destruction, seek
  Deliverance.   Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. I. 463.
    Again, the lonely fox roams far abroad,
  On secret rapine bent, and midnight fraud;
  Now haunts the cliff, now traverses the lawn,
  And flies the hated neighbourhood of man.  Prior.
2. Out of the house.
                Welcome, Sir!
  This cell's my court; here have I few attendants,
  And subjects none abroad.    Shakspeare's Tempest.
    Lady-----walked  a whole hour abroad, without
  dying after it.                    Pope's Letters.
3i In another country.
    They thought it better, to be  somewhat hardly
  yoked at home; than  for ever abroad, and discre-
  dited.                           Hooker, Pref
    Whosoever offers at verbal translation, shall have
  the misfortune of that young traveller, who lost his
  own  language abroad, and brought home no other
  instead of it.                    Sir J. Denham.
    What learn our youth abroad, but to refine
  The homely vices of their native land?
                             Dryd. Span. Friar
    He, who sojourns  in a foreign country,  refers
  what he sees and hears abroad, to the state of things
  at borne.                         Atterb. Serin.
   In   all  directions,  this  way and that;
  with wide expansion.
    Full in the midst of this infernal road,
  An elm displays her dusky arms abroad.
                           Dryd.  Virg. Mn. vi
    Without, not within.
    Bodies politic, being subject (as  much as natu-
  ral) to dissolution, by divers means,  there are un-
  doubtedly more states overthrown, through diseases 
ABR
AB  S
AB S
  bred within themselves, than through violence from
 J*™*                     Hooker, Dedication.
 To A'BROG ATE, ab-rd-gate. v. a. [abro-
   go, Lat.]  To take away from a law its
   force; to repeal; to annul.
    Laws have been made, upon special  occasions;
  which occasions ceasing, laws of that kind do ab-
  rogate themselves.            Hooker, b. iv. § 14.
    The negative precepts of men  may  cease, by
  many instruments; by contrary customs, by public
  disrelish, by long omission: but the negative pre-
  cepts of God never  can cease, but when they are
  expressly abrogated by the same authority.
                      Taylor's Rul-e of living holy.
 Abroga'tion, ab-rd-ga'-shiln. n. s. [abro-
   gate, Lat.]  The act of abrogating;  the
   repeal of a law.
    The commissioners from the confederate Roman
  catholics, demanded the abrogation and repeal of all
  those laws, which were in force against the exer-
  cise of the Roman religion.      Clarendon,  b. viii.
 To   Abro'ok, a-brddk.  v. a. [from  To
   brook, with a superabundant, a word not
   in use.]  To brook, to bear, to endure.
    Sweet Nell, ill can thy noble mind abrook
  The abject people, gazing on thy face
  With envious looks, still laughing at thy  shame.
                      Shakspeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
 ^BRU'PT, ab-rupt'. adj.  [abruptus, Lat.
   broken  off.]
 1.  Broken, craggy.
    Resistless, roaring, dreadful, down it comes
  From the rude mountain and the mossy wild,
  Tumbling  through rocks abrupt.   Thorns. Winter.
 2.  Divided, without any thing intervening.
                 Or spread his airy flight,
  Upborn with indefatigable wings,
  Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive
  The happy isle.
               Milton's Paradise Lost, b.  ii. I. 409.
 3.  Sudden, without the customary or pro-
   per preparatives.
                 My  lady craves
  To  know the cause of your abrupt departure.
                                    Shakspeare.
    The abrupt and unkind breaking off the two first
  parliaments  was wholly imputed to the duke of
  Buckingham.                       Clarendon
    Abrupt,  with eagle-speed she cut the sky,
  Instant invisible to mortal eye:
  Then first  he recogniz'd th' ethereal guest.
                               Pope's Odyss, b. i.
 4. Unconnected.
    The abrupt stile, which hath many breaches, and
  doth not seem to end  but fall.   Ben  Jonson's Disc.
 Abru'pted, ab-rupt'£d.  adj.  [abruptus,
   Lat.  a word little in use.]   Broken off
  suddenly.
    The effects of their activity are not precipitously
  abrupled, but gradually proceed to their cessations.
                Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. 10.
 Abru'ption, ab-rup'-shun. n. s. [abruptio,
   Lat.]  Breaking off, violent  and sudden
   separation.
    Those, which are  inclosed  in stone, marble, or
  such other solid matter; being difficultly  separable
  from it, because of its adhesion to all sides of them;
  have commonly some of that matter still adhering to
  them, or at least marks of its abruption from them,
  on all their sides.        Woodw. Nat. Hist. p. 4
Abru'ptly, ab-rupt'-le.  adv.m   [See Ab-
  rupt.]  Hastily, without the due forms
  of  preparation.
    The sweetness of virtue's disposition, jealous even
  over itself, suffered her not to enter abruptly into
  questions of Musidorus.             Sidney, b. ii.
    Now missing from their joy, so lately found,
  So lately found, and so abruptly gone.
                              Par, Regain, b. ii.
     They (both of them) punctually observed the
   time, thus agreed upon;  and that,  whatever com-
   pany or business they were engaged in, they left it
   abruptly as soon as the clock warned them to retire.
                      Addison, Spectator.  No. 241.
 Abruptness,  ab-rupt'-ness.  n. s. [from
   abrupt.]
 1. An abrupt manner, haste,  suddenness,
   untimely  vehemence.
 2. The state of an abrupt or broken thing;
   roughness, cragginess; as of a fragment
   violently disjoined.
     The crystallized bodies found in the perpendicu-
   lar intervals, have always their root, as the jewel-
   lers call it, which is only the abruptness at the end
   of the body, whereby it adhered to the  stone or
   sides of the intervals: which abruptness is caused,
   by its being broke off from the said stone.
                         Woodw. Nat. Hist. p. 4.
 A'BscEss,ab'-sess. n. s. [abscessus, Lat.] A
   morbid cavity in  the  body; a tumour,
   filled with matter; a term of chirurgery.
     If the patient is not relieved, nor dies  in eight
   days; the inflammation ends in a suppuration and an
   abscess in the  lungs,  and sometimes in some other
   part of the body.               Arbutti. of Diet
     Lindanus  conjectured it might be some hidden
   abscess in the mesentery; which, breaking  some few
   days after, was discovered to be an apostem of the
   mesenteiy.             Harvey on Consumptions.
 To  Aboci'nd, ab-slnd'. v. a.   To  cut off,
   either in a  natural or figurative  sense.
 ABSCI'SSA, ab-slz-sa. [Lat.]  Part of the
   diameter of a conick section, intercepted
   between the vertex and a semi-ordinate.
 Absci'ssion,  ab-sizh'-un. n. s. [abscissio,
   Lat.]
 1. The act of cutting off.
     Fabricius ab Aquapendente renders the abscission
   of them difficult enough, and not without danger.
                             Wiseman's Surgery.
 2. The state of being  cut off.
     By cessation of oracles,  with  Montacutius, we
   may understand this intercision, not, abscission, or
   consummate desolation.
              Brown's Vulgar Errours, b.  vi. c. 12
 To  ABSCO'ND, ab-skdnd'.-y. n.[abscon-
   do, Lat.]   To hide one's self;  to retire
   from the publick view: generallyusedof
   persons in debt, or criminals eluding the
   law.
     The marmotte or mus alpinus, which absconds all
   winter, lives on its own fat:  for in autumn, when it
   shuts itself up in its hole, it is yery  fat; but in the
   spring-time, when it comes forth again, very lean.
                            Ray on the  Creation.
 Absco'nder,  ab-scdn'dur.  n.  s.   [from
   abscond.]  The person, that  absconds.
 A'bsence, ab'-sense. n. s. [See Absent.]
 1. The  state of being absent, opposed to
   presence.
                     Sir, 'tis fit
   You have strong party to defend yourself,
   By calmness, or by absence: all's in danger.
                         Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
     His friends beheld, and piry'd him in vain,
   For, what advice can ease a lover's pain?
  Absence, the best expedient they could find,
   Might save the fortune, if not cure the mind.
     v   ,     .      ,.              Dryd. Fab.
     You have given no dissertation, upon the absence
  of lovers;  nor laid  down any methods, how they
  should support themselves  under those separations.
                     Addison, Spectator, No. 241.
2. Want of appearance, in the  legal sense.
    Absence is of a fourfold kind or species.  The first
  is a necessary absence,  as in banished persons; this
  is entirely necessary.   A second, necessary and vo-
  luntary; as, upon the account of the commbnwealth,
  or in the service of the church.   The third kind the
  civilians call a probable absence; as, that of students
  on the score of study.  And the fourth, an absence
  entirely voluntary;  as, on  the  account of trade,
  merchandise, and the like. Some add a fifth land of
  absence, which is committed cum dolo et culpa, by a
  man's non-appearance on a citation;  as,  in a con-
  tumacious person, who, in hatred to his contumacy,
  is (by the law)  in some respects, reputed as a per-
  son present.     Aylijfe's Parergon Juris Canonici.
3. Inattention, heedlessness, neglect of the
   present object.
    I  continued my walk, reflecting on the little ab-
  sences and distractions of mankind.
                      Addison, Spectator, No. 77.
4, It is used with the  particle/rom.
    His absence from his mother oft he'll mourn,
  And, with his eyes, look wishes to return.
                           -   Dryd. Juv. Sat. ii.
A'BSENT, absent'.*9*  adj. [absens, Lat.J
1. Not present: used  with  the particle
  from.
    In spring the fields, in autumn hills I love;
  At morn the plains, at noon the shady grove;
  But Delia always: absent from her sight,
  Nor plains at morn, nor groves at noon delight.
                                    Pope's Past,
    Where there is advantage to be given,
  Both more and  less have given him the revolt;
  And none serve with him, but constrained  things,
  Whose hearts are absent too.    Shaksp.  Macbeth.
    Whether they were absent or present, they were
  vexed alike.                      Wind. xi. 11.
2. Absent in mind;  inattentive, regardless
   of the present object.
    I distinguish a man  that is absent, because he
  thinks of something else, from him  that is absent,
  because he thinks of nothing.
                      Addison, Spectator, No. 71.
To Abse'nt, ab-sent'. v. a- To withdraw,
   to  forbear to come into  presence.
    If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart,
  Absent thee  from felicity a while,
  And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain,
  To tell my tale.             Shakspeare's Hamlet.
    Go!—for thy stay, not free, absents thee more.
              Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. /. 372.
    Tho' I am fore'd thus to absent myself
  From all I love; I shall contrive some means,
  Some friendly intervals, to visit thee.
                       Southern's Spartan Dame.
    The Arengo  is still  called together in cases of
  importance; and if,  after due  summons, any mem-
  ber absents himself, he is to be fined to the value of
  about a penny English.
                      Addison's Remarks on Italy.
ABSENTA'NEous,ab-sen-ta'-ne-us.arf/'. Re-
   lating to  absence; absent.          Diet.
Absente'e, ab-sen-te'. n.  s.  He,  that is
   absent from his station, or employment,
   or  country.   A word used  commonly
   with regard to Irishmen,  living out of
   their country.
    Then was the first statute made against absentees;
  commanding all such, as had  land  in Ireland, to
  return and reside thereupon.
                      Sir John Davies on Ireland.
    A  great  part of estates in Ireland are owned by
  absentees; and such as draw over the profits raised
  out of Ireland, refunding nothing.
                      Child's Discourse on Trade.
Absinthiated,  ab-sin'-fAe-a-ted.  part.
   [from absinthium, Lat. wormwood.] Im-
   bittered, impregnated with wormwood.
                                        Diet.
To Absi'st, ab-sist'. v. n.   [absisto, Lat.]
   To stand off, to leave off.         Diet.
To> ABSO'LVE,ab-zdlv'.4« v. a. [absolve,
  Lat.]                            L 
AB S
ABS
ABS
 l. To  clear, to acquit of a crime, in a ju-
   dicial sense.
     Your great goodness, out of holy pity,
   Absolv'd him with an axe.     Shaksp. Henry VIII.
     Our victors, blest in peace, forget their wars,
   Enjoy past dangers, and absolve the stars.   Tickell.
     As he hopes, and gives out, by the influence of
   his wealth, to be here absolved; in condemning this
   man, you have an opportunity of belying that gene-
   ral scandal,  of redeeming the credit lost by former
   judgments.                  Swift's Miscellanies.
 2. To set free from an engagement or pro-
   mise.
     Compell'd by threats to take that bloody oath,
   And the act ill, I am absolv'd by both.
                          Waller's Maid's Tragedy.
     This command, which  must necessarily compre-
   hend the persons of our natural fathers, must mean
   a duty we owe them, distinct from our obedience to
   the  magistrate, and from  which the most absolute
   power of princes t annot absolve us.          Locke.
 3. To pronounce sin remitted in  the  ec-
   clesiastical  sense.
     But all is  calm, in this eternal sleep:
   Here grief forgets to groan, and love to weep;
   Ev'n superstition loses ev'ry fear;
   For God, not man, absolves our frailties here.
                          Pope's Eloisa to Abelard.
 4. To finish, to  complete. This use  is not
   common.
                    What cause
   Mov'd the Creator, in his holy rest
   Through all eternity, so late to build
   In chaos;  and the work begun, how soon
   Absolv'd.       Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. I. 94.
     If that, which is so supposed infinitely distant,
   from what is now current, is distant from us by a
   finite interval, and not infinitely; then  that one cir-
   culation, which preceded  it,  must  necessarily be
   like ours;  and consequently absolved in the space  of
   twenty-four hours.      Hale's Origin  of Mankind.
 A'bsolute, ab'-sd-lute.448 adj. [absolutus,
   Lat.]
 1. Complete;  applied,  as  well to persons,
   as to things.
     Because the  things, that proceed from him, are
   perfect, without any manner of defect or maim;  it
   cannot be, but  that the words of his mouth are ab-
   solute, and lack nothing which they should have, for
   performance of that thing whereunto they tend.
                               Hooker, b. ii. § 6.
     What is his strength by land?—
   —Great and increasing:  but, by sea,
   He is an absolute master.
                 Shakspeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
 2. Unconditional, as  an absolute promise.
     Although it runs  in forms absolute, yet it is indeed
   conditional;  as  depending upon the  qualification
   of the person, to whom it is pronounced.
                                South's Sermons.
 3.  Not relative; as,  absolute space.
     I see still  the distinctions of sovereign and infe-
   rior, of absolute and relative worship, will bear any
   man out in the worship of any creature with respect
   to God; as well at least, as it doth in the worship of
   images.     Slillingft. Def. of Disc, on Rom. Idol.
    An absolute mode is that, which  belongs to its
  subject, without  respect to any other beings what-
  soever; but a relative mode is derived from the re-
  gard that one being has to other*.   Watts's  Logic.
     In this  sense we speak of the ablative
   case  absolute in grammar.
4. Not limited; as, absolute power.
    My crown  is absolute, and holds of none:
  I cannot in a base subjection live;
  Nor suffer you to take, tho' I would give.
                               Dryd. Ind. Emp.
5. Positive; certain; without any hesitation.
   In this sense it rarely occurs.
           Long is it, since I saw him:
  But time hath nothing blurr'd those lines of favour,
   Which then he wore; the snatches in his voice,
   And burst of speaking, were as his: I'm absolute,
   'Twas very Cloten.       Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
 A'bsolutely, ab'-sd-lute-le. adv. [from
   absolute.]
 1. Completely, without restriction.
     All  the  contradictions,  which  grow in  those
   minds, that neither absolutely climb the rock of vir-
   tue, nor freely sink into the sea of vanity.   Sidney.
     What merit they can build  upon having joined
   with a protestant army, under a king they acknow-
   ledge, to defend their own liberties and properties,
   is, to me, absolutely inconceivable;  and, I  believe,
   will equally be so for ever.     Sicift's Presb.  Plea.
 2. Without relation; in a state unconnected.
     Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot
   absolutely approve either willingness to live, or for-
   wardness to die.                    Hooker, b. v.
     These then  being the perpetual  causes of zeal;
   the greatest good, or the greatest  evil; either ab-
   solutely  so in themselves, or relatively so to us; it is
   therefore good, to be zealously affected for the one
   against the other.              Sprat's Sermons.
     No sensible  quality  (as light, and  colour, and
   heat, and sound) can  be  subsistent in the bodies
   themselves, absolutely considered, without a relation
   to our  eyes  and ears  and other organs of sense.
   These qualities are only the effects of our sensation;
   which arise  from the  different motions, upon our
   nerves, from objects without, according to their va-
   rious modifications and positions. Bentley's Sermons.
 3. Without limits or dependence.
     The prince long time had courted fortune's  love;
   But, once possess'd, did absolutely reign:
   Thus, with their Amazons, the heroes strove,
   And conquer'd first  those beauties they would  gain.
                       Dryden's Annus Mirabilis.
 4. Without condition.
     And of that nature (for the most part) are tilings,
  absolutely unto  all men's salvation necessary, either
  to be held or denied, either to  be done or avoided.
                               Hooker's Preface.
 5. Peremptorily, positively.
     Being as I am, why didst not thou
  Command me absolutely not to go;
  Going into such danger, as thou saidst?
                               Parad. Lost, b. ix.
 Absoluteness,  ab'-sd-lute-ness.   n.  s.
   [from absolute.]
 I. Completeness.
 2. Freedom from dependence, or limits.
    The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commis-
  sion was generally much spoken of.
                               Clarendon, b. viii.
    There is nothing,  that can raise a man to that ge-
  nerous absoluteness of condition, as neither to cringe,
  to fawn, or to depend meanly; but that, which  gives
  him that happiness  within himself,  for which men
  depend upon others.                South's Serai.
 3. Despotism.
    He kept a strait hand on his nobility; and chose
  rather to advance clergymen and lawyers, which
  wa-e more obsequious to him, but had less interest
  in the people: which made for  his absoluteness, but
  not for his safety.          , Bacon's Henry VII.
    They dress up  power with all the splendor and
  temptation absoluteness  can add to it.       Locke.

Absolu'tion, ab-sd-lu'-shun. n. s. [abso-
  lutio, Lat.]
1. Acquittal.
    Absolution, in the civil law,  imports  a full ac-
  quittal of a person by some  final  sentence of law;
  also, a temporary discharge of his farther atten-
  dance upon a mesne process, through a failure or
  defect in pleading: as it does likewise in the canon
  law; where,  and among divines, it likewise signifies
  a relaxation of him from  the  obligation of some
  sentence, pronounced either in  a court of law, or
  else inforo poznitentiali. Thus there is, in this  kind
  of law, one kind of absolution, termed judicial; and
  another,  styled  a declaratory or extra-judicial ab-
  solution.        Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.
                     b2
  .  The remission of sins, or  penance, de-
    clared by ecclesiastical authority.
     The absolution pronounced by a priest, whether
  papist or protestant,  is not a  certain  infallible
  ground to give the person,  so  absolved, confidence
  towards God.                  South's  Sermons.
A'bsolutorv, ab-sdl'-u-tur-re.  adj. [ab-
   solutorius, Lat.]  That  which  absolves.
     Though  an absolutory  sentence should be pro-
  nounced in favour of the persons, upon  the account
  of nearness of blood;  yet,  if adultery  shall  after-
  wards be truly proved, he may be again proceeded
  against as an adulterer.        Ayliffe's Parergon.
A'bsonant, ab'-sd-nant.644, adj. [See Ab-
   sonous.] Contrary to reason, wide from
   the  purpose.
A'bsonous,  ab'-sd-nus.  adj.  [absonus,
   Lat. ill-sounding.]  Absurd, contrary to
   reason. It is  not  much in  use;  and it
   may be doubted,  whether it  should  be
   followed by  to or from.
    To suppose an uniter of a middle constitution,
  that should partake of some of the qualities of both,
  is unwarranted by any of our  faculties; yea, most
  absonous  to our reason.
                Glanville's Scepsis Scienlifica, c. 4.
To  Abso'rb,  ab-sdrb'.  v. a.  [absorbeo,
   Lat. preter.  absorbed;  part.  pret. ab-
   sorbed, or absorpt.]
1. To  swallow up.
    Moses  imputed the  deluge, to the disruption of
  the abyss; and St. Peter, to the particular consti-
  tution of that earth, which made it obnoxious to be
  absorpt in water.                Burnet's Theory.
                 Some tokens shew
  Of fearless friendship, and their sinking  mates
  Sustain; vain love, tho' laudable, absorpt
  By a fierce eddy, they together found
  The vast profundity.                    Phillips.
2. To suck up.  See  Absorbent.
    The evils that come  of exercise are, that it doth
  absorb and attenuate the moisture of the body.
                                         Bacon.
    Supposing the forementioned consumption should
  prove so  durable, as to absorb and extenuate the
  said sanguine parts to an extreme degree; it is evi-
  dent, that the fundamental  parts must  necessarily
  come into danger.      Harvey on Comsumptions.
    While we perspire, we absorb the outward air.
                                      Arbuthnot.
Abso'rbent, ab-sd'r-bent.  n.  s. [absor-
   bens, Lat.]
     A medicine  that,  by the softness  or
   porosity of its  parts, either  eases the
   asperities of pungent humours, or dries
   away superfluous moisture  in the body.
                                      Quincy.
    There  is  a third  class of substances, commonly
  called absorbents;  as, the  various  kinds of shells,
  coral, chalk, crabs-eyes, &fc. which likewise raise an
  effervescence with acids, and are therefore  called
  alkalis, though not so  properly, for  they are not
  salts-                     Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Abso'rpt,  ab-sd'rpt.   part,    [from ab.
  sorb.]  Swallowed up; used  as well  in a
  figurative sense,  of persons, as, in the
  primitive, of  things.
    What can you expect from a man, who has not
  talked these five  days?  who  is withdrawing his
  thoughts,  as  far as he  can, from all the present
  world, its customs and its manners,  to be fully pos-
  sessed and absorpt in the past.      Pope's Letters.
\bso'rption,  ab-sdrp'-sluln.  n. s.  [from
  absorb.]  The act  of swallowing  up.
    It was below the dignity of those sacred penmen
  or the Spirit of God that directed them, to shew  us
  the causes of this  disruption, or of this absorption:
  this is left to the enquiries of men.
                    Bur-net's Theory of the Earth. 
ABfe                                      ABS                                      ads
To ABSTA'IN, ab-stane'. v. n. [abstineo,
   Lat.] To forbear, to deny one's self any
   gratification; with the particle/row.
    If thou judge it hard and difficult,
  Conversing, looking, loving, to abstain
  From love's due rites, nuptial embraces sweet;
  And, with desires, to languish without hope.
               Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. I. 993.
    To be perpetually longing,  and impatiently desi-
  rous of any thing,  so that a man  cannot abstain
  from it, is to lose a man's liberty, and to become a
  servant of meat and drink, or smoke.
                     Taylor's Rule of living holy.
    Even then the doubtful billows scarce abstain
   From the toss'd vessel on the  troubled main.
                                  Dryd. Virgil.
ABSTE'MIOUS, ab-ste'-me-ds. adj. [ab-
   stemius, Lat.] Temperate, sober, absti-
   nent, refraining from  excess or plea-
   sures.  It is used of persons; as, an ab-
   stemious hermit:  and of  things; as, an
   abstemious  diet.  It is spoken likewise
   of things that cause  temperance.
    The instances of longevity are  chiefly amongst
   fte abstemious. Abstinence in extremity will prove
   a mortal disease; but the experiments of it are very
   rare.                   Arbuthnot  on Aliments.
    Clytorean streams the love of wine expel;
   Such is the virtue of th'  abstemious well;
   Whether the colder nymph that rules the flood,
   Extinguishes, and balks the drunken god;
   Or that Melampus (so have some assur'd)
   When the mad Praetides  with charms he cur'd,
   And pow'rful herbs, both  charms and simples cast
   Into the sober  spring, where still their virtues last.
                                    Dryd. Fab.
Abste'miously,  &b-ste'-me-us-le.  adv.
   [from abstemious.] Temperately, sober-
   ly, without  indulgence.
Abste'miousness, ab-ste'-me-us-ness.  n.
   s. [See  Abstemious.] The  quality of
   being abstemious.
Abste'ntion, ab-sten'-shun.  n. s. [from
   abstineo, Lat.]  The  act of  holding off,
   or restraining; restraint.           Diet.
To ABSTE'RGE, ab-sterje'. v. a.  [ab-
   stergo, Lat.] To  cleanse by wiping; to
   wipe.
Abste'rgent,  ab-ster'-jdnt.  adj.  Clean-
   sing; having a cleansing quality.
To  Abste'rse,   ab-stdrse'.   [See   Ab-
   sterge.] To cleanse, to purify: a word
   very little in  use, and less analogical
   than absterge.
    Nor will we affirm, that iron receiveth, in the
   stomach of the ostrich,  no alteration; but we sus-
   pect this effect, rather from  corrosion than diges-
   tion ; not any tendence to chilification by the na-
   tural heat, but rather some attrition from an acid
   and vitriolous humidity in the stomach, which may
   absterse and shave the scorious parts thereof.
                   Brown's Vulgar Errours,  b. iii.
Abste'rsion, ab-stdr'-shdn. n. s. [abster-
   sio, Lat.] The act of cleansing. See Ab-
   sterge.
    Abstersion is plainly  a scouring off,  or incision of
  the  more viscous humours, and making the hu-
  mours more fluid, and cutting between them and
  the part; as is found in nitrous water, which scoureth
  linen cloth speedily from the foulness.
                Bacon's Natural History, No. 42.
Abste'rsive,  ab-stdr'-siv.428  adj.  [from
   absterge.]  That has  the quality  of ab-
   sterging or cleansing.
    It is good,  after purging, to use apozemes and
  broths; not so much opening, as those  used before
  purging: but abstersive and mundifying clysters also
  are good to conclude with, to draw away the reliques
  of the humours.        Bacon's Natural History.
    A tablet stood of that abstersive tree,
  Where  .flithiops' swarthy bird did build to nest.
                             Sir John Denham.
    There, many a flow'r abstersive  grew,
  Thy fav'rite flow'rs of yellow hue.  Swift's Miscel.
A'bstinence,  ab'ste-nense. n.  *.  [absti-
  nentia, Lat.]
1. Forbearance of any thing;  with the par-
  ticie from.
    Because the abstinence from a present pleasure,
  that offers itself, is a pain; nay, oftentimes a very
  great one: it is no wonder  that that operates after
  the same manner pain does; and lessens, in our
  thoughts, what is future; and so forces, us as it were,
  blindfold into its embraces.              Locke.
2. Fasting,  or forbearance   of necessary
  food.  It is generally  distinguished from
  temperance, as the greater degree from
  the less:  sometimes  as single perform-
  ances, from habits;  as,  a day of absti-
  nence, and a life of temperance.
    Say,  can you fast? your stomachs are too young;
  And abstinence ingenders maladies.
                      Shaksp. Love's Labour Lost.
    And  the faces of them,  which  have used absti-
  nence, shall shine above the stars; whereas our faces
  shall be blacker than darkness.  2 Esdras, vii. 55.
    Religious men, who hither must be sent
  As awful guides of heavenly government;
  To teach you penance, fasts, and abstinence,
  To punish bodies for the soul's offence.
                          Dryden's Indian Emp.

A'bstinency, ab'-ste-ndn-sd. n.  s.  The
  same with Abstinence.
    Were our rewards, for the abstinencies or riots of
  this present life, under the prejudices of short  or
  finite: the promises and threats of Christ would lose
  much of their virtue and energy.
                           Hammond's Fundam.
A'bstinent, ab'-ste-nent. adj. [abstinens,
  Lat.]  That uses  abstinence; in opposi-
  tion to covetous,  rapacious,  or luxuri-
  ous.  It is used chiefly of persons.
Absto'rted, ab'-stdrt-£d. adj. [abstortus,
  Lat.] Forced  away,  wrung  from  an-
  other by  violence.                 Diet.
To ABSTRA'CT,  ab-strakt'.  v. a. [ab-
  straho, Lat.]
1. To take one  thing from another.
    Could we abstract from  these pernicious effects,
  and suppose this were  innocent, it would be too
  light, to be matter of praise.       Decay of Piety.
2. To separate by distillation.
    Having dephlegmed spirit of salt, and gently ab-
  stracted the whole spirit, there remaineth in the re-
  tort a styptical substance.                Boyle.
3. To separate ideas.
    Those, who cannot distinguish, compare, and ab-
  stract, would hardly be able to understand and make
  use of language, or judge or reason to any tolerable
  degree.                                Locke.
4. To reduce to an  epitome.
    If we would fix in the memory the discourses we
  hear, or what we design to speak, let us abstract
  them into brief compends,  and review them often.
                       Watts's Imp. of the Mind.
A'bstract, ab-strakt'.  adj.  [abstractus,
  Lat. See the verb To Abstract.]
1. Separated from something  else: gene-
  rdly used, with relation to mental per-
  ceptions; as, abstract mathematicks, ab-
  stract terms,  in opposition  to concrete.
   Mathematics, in its  latitude, is usually divided
  into pure and mixed: and, though the pure do han-
  dle only abstract quantity in  general, as geometry,
  arithmetic; yet that, which  is mixed, doth consider
  the quantity of some particular determinate subject:
  so astronomy handles the quantity of heavenly mo-
  tions; music, of sounds; and mechanics, of weights
  and powers.      Wilkin's Mathematical Magick.
    Abstract terms  signify the  mode or quality of a
  being, without any regard to the subject in which it
  is; as, whiteness,  roundness, length, breadth, wis-
  dom, mortality, life, death.       Watts's Logkk.
2. With the  particle from.
    Another fruit from  the  considering things in
  themselves, abstract from our opinions, and other
  men's notions and discourses on them, will be, that
  each man will pursue his thoughts in that method,
  which will be most agreeable to the nature of the
  thing,  and to his apprehension of what it suggests
  to him.                                Loch.
A'bstract, ab'-strakt.*92  n.  s. [from the
   verb.]
1. A smaller quantity, containing the vir-
   tue or power  of  a greater.
    You shall there find a man, who is the abstract
  Of all faults all men follow.
                   Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
    If you are false, these epithets are small;
  You're then the things, and abstract of  them all.
                                    Dryd. dur.
2. An epitome,  made  by taking  out the
   principal parts.
    When Mnemon came  to the end of a chapter,
  he recollected the sentiments he had remarked; so
  that he could give a tolerable analysis  and abstract
  of every treatise he had read, just after he had
  finished it.             Watts's Imp. of the  Mind.
3. The state of  being abstracted, or dis-
   joined.
    The hearts of great princes, if they be consider-
  ed, as it were in abstract, without the  necessity of
  states, and circumstances of time, can  take  no full
  and proportional pleasure in the exerise of any nar-
  row bounty.                          Wotton.
Abstracted,   ab-strak'-tdd. part.  adj.
   [from abstract.]
1. Separated^ disjoined.
    That space, the evil one abstracted stood
  From his  own evil; and, for the time, remain'd "
  Stupidly good.                        Milton.
2. Refined, purified.
    Abstracted spiritual love,  they like
  Their souls exhal'd.                   Donne.
3. Abstruse; difficult.
4. Absent of mind, inattentive to present
   objects; as, an abstracted scholar.
Abstractedly,   ab-strak'-ted-le.  adv.
   With   abstraction, simply,  separately
   from all contingent circumstances.
    Or whether more abstractedly we look,
  Or on the writers, or the written book;
  Whence, but from heav'n, could men  unskill'd in
    arts,
  In several ages born,  in several parts,
  Weave such agreeing truths? or how, or why
  Should all conspire, to cheat us with a  lie?
  Unask'd their pains, ungrateful their advice,
  Starving their gain, and martyrdom their price!
                         Dryden's Religio Laki.
Abstraction,  ab-strak'-shun.  n. s. [ab-
   stract™, Lat.]
1. The act of abstracting.
    The word abstraction signifies  a  withdrawing
  some part of an  idea,  from  other parts of it; by
  which means such abstracted ideas are firmed, as
  neither represent  any thing corporeal  or spiritual;
  that is, any  thing peculiar or proper  to mind or
  body.                           Watts's Logick.
2. The state of  being abstracted.
3. Absence  of mind; inattention.
4. Disregard of worldly objects.
    A hermit wishes to be praised for bis abstraction.
                                 Pope's Letters.
Abstractive, ab-strak'-tiv.  adj. [from 
ABS
ABU
ABU
  abstract^  Having the power or quality
  of abstracting.
Abstra'otly, ab-strakt'-ld. adv.  [from
  abstract^]  In an  abstract manner,  ab-
  solutely, without reference to any thing
  else.
    Matter, abstractly and absolutely considered, can-
  not have born an infinite duration now past and ex-
  pired.                       Bentley's Sermons.
ABSTRA'cTNESs,ab-strakt'-ndss.M.«. [from
  abstract.] Subtilty;  separation from all
  matter or  common notion.
    I have taken some pains, to make plain and fa-
  miliar to your thoughts, truths; which, established
  prejudice, or the oisfrrocftiessof the ideas themselves,
  might render difficult.                   Locke.
Abstracted, ab-strikt'-ed.part. adj. [ab-
   strictus, Lat.] Unbound.          Diet.
 To Abstri'nge, ab-strinje'. v. a.  To un-
   bind.                               Diet.
 To ABSTRU'DE, ab-strude'.  v. a. [ab-
   slrudo,  Lat.]  To  thrust  off,  or  pull
  away.                               Diet.
Abstru'se, ab-struse'.427 adj.  [abstrusus,
   Lat. thrust  out of sight.]
 1. Hidden.
    Th' eternal eye, whose sight discerns
  Abstrusest  thoughts, from forth his holy mount,
  And from within the golden lamps that burn
  Nightly before  him, saw, without their light,
  Rebellion  rising.
               Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. I. 712.
2.  Difficult; remote from conception or
   apprehension. It is  opposed to  obvious
   and easy.
     So spake our Sire, and by his countenance seem'd
  Ent'ring on studious thoughts abstruse.
                            Paradise Lost, b. viii.
    The motions and figures within the mouth are
  abstruse, and not easy to be distinguished, especially
  those of the  tongue; which is moved, through the
  help of many muscles, so easily and  habitually and
  variously; that we are scarce able, to give a judg-
  ment of motions and figures thereby  framed.
                                       Holder.
     No man could give a rule of the  greatest beau-
  ties, and the  knowledge of them was so abstruse,
  that there  was no manner of speaking, which could
  express  them.                 Dryd. Dufresnoy.
 Abstru'sely,  ab-struse'-le.  adv. In an
   abstruse manner; obscurely, not plainly,
   or obvious'y.
 Abstru'seness,   ab-struse'-ndss.  n.  s.
   [from abstruse.]  The  quality of being
   abstruse;  difficulty,  obscurity.
     It is not oftentimes  so much, what the scripture
  says, as  what some men  persuade  others it  says,
  that makes it seem obscure;  and that,  as to some
  other passages that are so indeed (since it  is the
  ubstmseness of what is taught in them, that makes
  them almost inevitably so) it  is little less saucy,
  upon such a score, to find fault with the style of the
  scripture, than to do so with the author for making
  us but men.              Boyle on the Scripture.
Abstru'sity, ab-stru'-se-td.611 n. s. [from
  abstruse.]
 1. Abstruseness.
2. That  which is  abstruse. A word   sel-
  dom used.
    Authors  are  also suspicious, nor  greedily to be
  swallowed; who pretend to write of  secrets, to de-
  liver antipathies, sympathies,  and the  occult ab-
  itrusUies of things. .      Brown's Vulg. Errours.
 To  Absu'mk, ab-sume'.  v. a. [absumo,
  Lat]  To  bring to an end by a gradual
  waste; to eat up.  An uncommon word.
    That which had  been burning an infinite  time
  could never be burnt; no, not so much as any part
  of it: for, if it had burned part after part, the whole
  must needs be absumed in a portion of time.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
ABSU'RD,ab-sdrd'. adj. [absurdus, Lat.]
I.  Unreasonable;  without  judgment,  as
   used of men.
    Seeming wise men may make shift to get opinion;
  but let no man chuse them for employment: for cer-
  tainly you had better take for business  a man some-
  what absurd, than over formal.             Bacon.
    A man, who cannot write with wit on a proper
  subject, is dull and stupid; but one, who shews it in
  an improper place, is as impertinent and absurd.
                     Addison, Spectator, No. 291.
2. Inconsistent, contrary to reason; used of
   sentiments or practices.
    The thing itself appeared desirable to him; and
  accordingly he could not but like and  desire it: but
  then, it was after a very irrational absurd way, and
  contrary to all the methods and  principles of a ra-
  tional agent; which never wills  a thing really and
  properly, but it applies to the means, by which it is
  to be acquired.                 South's Sermons.
    But grant, that those can conquer, these can cheat;
  'Tis phrase absurd, to call a villain great:
  Who wickedly is wise, or madly brave,
  Is but the more a fool, the more a knave.
                          Pope's Essay on Man.
Absu'rdity,  ab-sdr'-dd-td.611 n. s.  [from
   absurd.]
I.  The quality of  being absurd; want of
   judgment, applied to men; want of pro-
   priety,  applied to things.
    How clear soever this idea of the infinity of num-
  ber be, there is nothing more evident, than the ab-
  surdity of the actual  idea of an infinite number.
                                        Locke.
2.  That which is absurd; as, his  travels
   were full of absurdities.  In which sense
   it has a plural.
    That satisfaction we receive from the opinion of
  some pre-eminence in ourselves, when we  see the
  absurdities of another, or when we reflect on any past
  absurdities of our own.                 Addison.
Absu'rdly,  ab-sdrd'-ld. adv.   [from  ab-
   surd.]  After an absurd manner; impro-
   perly; unreasonably.
    But man, we find  the only creature;
  Who, led by folly, combats nature;
  Who, when she loudly cries, Forbear,
  With obstinacy fixes there;
  And, where his genius least inclines,
  Absurdly bends his whole designs.   Swift's Miscel.
    We may proceed yet further, with the atheist; and
  convince him, that not only his principle is absurd,
  but his consequences also as absurdly deduced from
  it.                          Bentley's Sermons.
Absu'b dness, ab-sdrd'-ndss. n. s. [from ab-
   surd.]  The quality of being absurd; in-
   judiciousness; impropriety. See Absur-
   dity; which is more frequently used.
Abu'ndanoe,  a-bdn'-dansc n.  s.  [abun-
   dance, Fr.]
1.  Plenty; a sense chiefly poetical.
    At the whisper of thy word,
  Crown'd abundance spreads my  board.   Crashaio.
    The doubled charge, his subjects' love supplies;
  Who, in that bounty, to themselves are kind:
    So glad Egyptians see their Nilus rise,
  And, in his plenty, their abundance find.
                               Dryd. Ann. Mir.
2.  Great  numbers.
    The river Inn is shut up between mountains, co-
  vered with woods of fir-trees.  Abundance of pea-
  sants are employed, in hewing  down the largest of
  these trees; that, after they are barked and cut into
  shape, are tumbled down.       Addison on Italy.
3.  A great quantity.
    Their chief enterprise was  the recovery of the
  Holy Land: in which worthy, but extremely difficult,
  action, it is  lamentable to  remember, what abt/>i-
  dance of noble blood hath been shed, with very small
  benefit unto the Christian state.
                     Sir Walter Raleigh's  Essays.
4. Exuberance; more than enough.
    For well I wot, most mighty  sovereign,
  That all this famous antique history,
  Of some, th' abundance of  an idle brain,
  Will judged be, and painted forgery.     Spenser.
Abu'ndant, a-bdn'-dant.  adj.  [abundans,
   Lat.]
I. Plentiful.
            Good, the more
  Communicated, more abundant grows;
  The author not impair'd, but honour'd more.
                             Paradise Lost, b. v.
2. Exuberant.
    If  the vessels are in a state of too great rigidity,
  so as not to yield, a strong  projectile  motion occa-
  sions their rupture, and haemorrhages, especially in
  the lungs, where the blood is abundant.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Fully stored.  It is lollowed  sometimes
   by in, commonly by with.
    The world began but some ages before these were
  found out; and was abundant with all things  at first;
  and men not very numerous; and therefore were not
  put so much to the use of their wits, to find out ways
  for living commodiously.                 Burnet.
4. It is  applied generally to things, some-
   times to persons.
    The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious,
  long-suffering and abundant in goodness and truth.
                                Exod. xxxiv. 6.
Abu'ndantly, a-bdn'-dant-le. adv.  [from
   abundant.]
1. In  plenty.
    Let the waters bring forth abundantly the  moving
  creature that hath life.            Genesis, i. 20.
            God on thee
  Abundantly his gifts hath also pour'd;
  Inward and outward both, his image fair.
                           Paradise Lost, b. viii.
2. Amply, liberally, more than sufficiently.
    Ye saw the French tongue abundantly purified.
                                        Sprat.
    Heroic poetry has ever been esteemed the great-
  est work of human nature. In that rank has Aristotle
  placed  it: and Longinus is so full of the  like ex-
  pressions, that  he  abundantly confirms the other's
  testimony.      Dryden's State of Innocence,  Pref.
    What the example of our equals  wants of au-
  thority, is abundantly supplied in the imaginations of
  friendship, and the repeated influences of a constant
  conversation.                    .Rogers's Serai.
 To  ABU'SE, a-buze'.*" v.  a.  [abutor,
   abusus, Lat.] In abuse the verb, s has the
   sound of z; in  the noun, the  common
   sound.
 1. To make an ill use  of.
    They, that use this world, as not abusing it; for
   the fashion of this world passeth away.  1 Cor. vii. 31.
    He has fixed and determined the time for our re-
   pentance, beyond which he will no longer await the
   perverseness of men, no longer suffer his compassion
   to be abused.                  Rogers's Sermons.
 2. To violate; to defile.
    Arachne figured, how Jove did abuse
   Europa like a bull, and on  his  back
   Her through the sea did bear.             Spenser.
 3.  To deceive; to impose upon,
                       He perhaps,
   Out of my weakness and my melancholy,
   As he is very potent with such spirits,
   Abuses me to damn me.     Sluikspeare's  Hamlet,
     The world hath been much abused, by the opinion
   of making gold: the work itself, I judge to be pos-
   sible; but  the means, hitherto propounded, are (in
   the practice) full of error. Bacon's N. Hist.  No. 1J6, 
ABU
AB  Y
A V  A
    It imports the misrepresentation of the qualities
  of things and actions, to the common apprehensions
  of men, abusing their minds with false notions; and
  so, by this  artifice, making evil pass for good, and
  good for evil, in all the great concerns of life.
                               South's Sermons.
    Nor be with all those tempting words abus'd;
  These tempting words were all to Sappho us'd.
                                        Pope.
 4.  To treat with rudeness; to reproach.
    I am no strumpet; but of life as honest,
  As you that thus  abuse me.      Shaksp. Othello.
    But he mocked them, and laughed at them, and
  abused them shamefully, and spake proudly.
                                1 Mac. vii. 34.
    Some praise at morning, what they blame at night;
  But ahvays think the last opinion right.
  A mu|e by these is, like a mistress, us'd;
  This hour  she's idoliz'd, the next abus'd.
                       Pope's Essay on Criticism.
    The next criticism  seems to be introduced for no
  other reason, but to mention Mr. Bickerstaff, whom
  the author every where endeavours to imitate and
  abuse.                              Addison
 Abu'se, a-bu'se.437  n. s. [from the  verb
   abuse.]
 1.  The  ill use of any thing.
     The casting away things profitable for the suste-
  nance of man's life, is  an unthankful abuse of the
  fruits of God's good providence towards mankind.
                              Hooker, b. v. § 9.
                      Little knows
  Any, but God alone, to value right
  The good before him, but perverts best things
  To worst abuse, or to  their meanest use.
                            Paradise Lost, b.  iv.
 2.  A  corrupt practice, bad custom.
    The nature of things is such, that, if abuses  be
  not remedied, they will certainly increase.
               Swift for Advancement of Religion.
 3.  Seducement.
    Was it not enough for him, to have deceived me:
  and, through the deceit, abused me; and, after the
  abuse, forsaken me: but, that he must now, of all
  the company, and before all the company, lay want
  of beauty to my charge?            Sidney, b. ii.
 4.  Unjust censure, rude  reproach,  con-
   tumely.
           I dark in light, expos'd
  To daily fraud, contempt, abuse, and wrong.
                             Sampson Agonistes.
 Abu'ser,  a-bu'-zdr. n. s. [from the verb
   abuse.]
 1.  He that makes an ill use.
 2.  He that deceives.
    Next thou, the abuser of thy prince's ear.
                              Denham's Sophy.
 3.  He, that reproaches with rudeness.
 4.  A ravisher, a violater.
 Abu'sive, a-bu'-siv.428 adj. [from  abuse.]
 I.  Practising abuse.
    The tongue mov'd gently first, and speech was low;
  Till wrangling science taught it noise and show,
  And wicked wit arose, thy most abusive foe.
                             Pope's Miscellanies.
    Dame Nature, as the learned shew,
  Provides each animal  its foe:
  Hounds hunt the hare; the wily fox
  Devours your geese, the wolf your flocks:
  Thus envy pleads a natural claim,
  To persecute the  muse's fame;
  On poets, in all times, abusive;
  From Homer, down to Pope, inclusive.
                                Swift's Miscel.
2. Containing abuse;  as, an abusive lam-
  poon.
    Next,  Comedy appear'd with great applause,
  Till her licentious and obust»e tongue
  Waken'd the magistrate's coercive power. Roscom.
3. Deceitful; a  sense little used, yet  not
  improper.
    It is verified, by a number of examples; that what-
  soever is gained by an  abusive treaty, ought to be
  restored in integrum.
        Bacon's Considerations on War with Spain.
Abu'sively,  a-bu'-slv-le.  adv.   [from
   abuse.]
1. Improperly, by a wrong use.
    The oil (abusively called spirit) of roses swims at
  the top of the water, in the form of a white butter;
  which I remember not to have observed in any other
  oil drawn in any limbeck. Boyle's Sceptical Chymist.
2. Reproachfully.
Abu'siveness, a-bu'-slv-ndss. n. s. [from
   abuse.]  The  quality of being abusive;
   foulness of language.
    Pick out of mirth, like stones out of thy ground,
  Profaneness, filthiness,  afrusit>eness:
  These are the scum, with which coarse wits abound;
  The fine may spare these well, yet not go less.
                                     Herbert.
To ABU'T,  a-bdt'. v. n. obsolete, [aboutir,
   to touch at the end, Fr.]  To end at, to
   border upon; to meet, or  approach to,
   with the particle upon.
            Two mighty monarchies,
  Whose high upreared and abutting fronts
  The narrow perilous ocean parts asunder.
                          Shakspeare's Henry V.
    The  Looes are  two  several corporations, distin-
  guished by the addition of east and west, abutting
  upon a navigable creek, and joined by a fair bridge
  of many arches.                        Careio.
Abu'ttal, a-bdt'-tal.lfi7. n. s. [from abut.]
   The butting or boundaries of any land. A
   writing, declaring on what  lands, high-
   ways, or other places, it does abut. Diet.
Abu'tment,  a-bdt'-mdnt.  n.  s.  [from
   abut.]  That, which abuts,  or borders,
   upon  another.
ABY'sM,a-blm'. n. s. [abysme, old Fr. now
   written contractedly abime.]  A gulf; the
   same with abyss.
    My good stars, that were my former guides,
  Have empty left their orbs, and shot their fires
  Into the abysm of hell. Shakspeare's Ant. and Cleop.

Aby'ss, a-biss'. n. s. [abyssus, Lat. «£t/c-c(^
   bottomless, Gr.]
1. A depth without  bottom.
    Who shall  tempt with wand'ring feet
  The dark, unbottom'd, infinite abyss;
  And, through  the palpable obscure, find out
  This  uncouth way.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Thy throne is darkness, in th' abyss of light;
  A blaze of glory, that forbids the sight.
  0 teach me, to believe thee thus conceal'd;
  And search no farther,  than thyself reyeal'd.
                                      Dryden.
        Jove was not more pleas'd
  With infant nature, when his spacious hand
  Had rounded  this huge ball of earth and seas,
  To give it the first push, and see it roll
  Along the vast abyss.    Addison, Guard. No. 110.
2. A great depth, a gulf; hyperbolically.
    The yawning earth disclos'd th' abyss of hell.
                        Dryden's Virg. Georg. i.
3  In a figurative sense; that, in  which any
  thing is  lost.
    For sepulchres themselves must crumbling fall
  In time's abyss, the common grave of all.
                       Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. x.
    If, discovering how far we have clear and distinct
  ideas, we confine our thoughts within the contempla-
  tion of those things, that are within the reach of our
  understandings; and launch not out into that abyss of
  darkness, out of a presumption that nothing is be-
  yond our comprehension.                 Locke.
4. The  body of waters, supposed  at  the
  centre of the earth.
    We are here to consider, what is generally un-
  derstood by the great abyss, in the common explica-
  tion of the deluge; and 'tis commonly interpreted,
  either to be the sea, or subterraneous waters, hid in
  the bowels of the earth.        Burnet's Theory.
5. In the  language of divines, hell.
    From that insatiable abyss,
  Where flames devour, and serpents hiss,
  Promote me to thy seat of bliss.      Roscommon.
Ac, Ak, or Ake, ak, ak, a'ke.
    Being initials in the names of places, as Acton,
  signify an oak, from the Saxon ac, an oak.
                              Gibson's Camden.
ACA'CIA, a-ka'-she-a.6oa n. s. [Lat.]
1. A  drug, brought from  Egypt; which,
   being supposed the inspissated juice of
   a tree, is imitated by the juice of sloes,
   boiled to the same consistence.
   Dictionnaire de  Comm.   Savory.  Tre.
   voux.
2. A tree, commonly so calledhere; though
   different from that, which produces the
   true acacia; and  therefore termed fiseu.
   docacia, or Virginian acacia.     Miller.
Acade'mial,  ak-a-dd'-md-al. adj.  [from
   academy.] Relating to an academy, be-
   longing to an academy.
Acade'mian, ak-a-dd'-md-an. n. s.  [from
   academy.]  A scholar of an academy or
   university; a member ot  an university,
   Wood, in his Athena Oxonienses, men-
   tions a great feast made for the academU
   ans.
Acade'miok,   ak-a-ddmik.  n.  s.  [from
   academy.]  A  student of an university.
    A young academic shall dwell upon a journal, that
  treats of trade, and be lavish in the praise of the
  author; while persons, skilled in those subjects, hear
  the tattle with  contempt.
                 Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Acade'mick,   ak-a-ddm'ik.  adj.   [aca-
   demicus, Lat.] Relating to an university.
    While through poetic scenes the  genius roves,
  Or wanders wild in academic groves.
                          Dunciad, b. iv. I. 481.
Acade'mical,   ak-a-ddm'me-kal.    adj.
   [academicus, Lat.]  Belonging to an uni-
   versity.
    He drew him first into the fatal circle, from a
  kind of resolved  privateness: where, after the aca-
  demical life, he had taken such a taste of the rural,
  as I have  heard him  say, that he could well have
  bent his mind to a retired course.        Wotton.
AoademiCian,  ak-a-de-mish'an,   n.  s.
   [academicien,  Fr.] The  member  of an
   academy.  It is generally used, in speak-
   ing of the professors in  the academies
   of  France.
Aca'demist, a-cad'dd-mist, or  ak'a-dem-
   ist. n. s. [from academy.] The member
   of  an academy-  This is not often used.
    It is  observed,  by  the Parisian  academists, that
  some amphibious quadrupeds, particularly the sea-
  calf or seal, hath his epiglottis extraordinarily large.
                           Ray on the Creation.
A'CADEMY,   a-kad'de-me,    or   aka-
   ddm'd n. s. [anciently, a. dproperly, with
   the accent on  the first syllable, now fre-
   quently on  the second  Acc.demia, Lat.
   from Academus of Athens, whose house
   was turned intoa  school, from whom the
   Groves of Academe, in Milton.]
1. An assembly or society of men, uniting
   for the  promotion of some art.
    Our court shall be a little academy, 
ACC                                      ACC                                      ACC
   Still and contemplative in living aits.
                  Shakspeare's Love's Labour Lost.
 2. The place, where sciences are taught.
     Amongst the academies, which were composed by
   the rare genius of those great men, these four are
   reckoned as the principal; namely, the Athenian
   school, that of Sicyon, that of Rhodes, and that of
   Corinth.                  Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 3. An  university.
 4. A place of education, in contradistinc-
   tion to the universities or public k schools.
   The  thing,  and therefore  the  name, is
   modern.
 ACA'NTHUS, a-kan'Mds.704 n. s. [Lat.]
   The name of the herb Bear's-breech;
   remarkable, for being the model of the
   foliage on the Corinthian chapiter.
                 On either side
   Acanthus, and each od'rous bushy shrub,
   Fenc'd up the verdant wall.
                  Milt. Parad. Lost, b. iv. I. 696.
 AoatalkCtic, a-kat-a-lek'tik. n. s. [ukx-
   t*a>j*7i*9s, Or.] A verse, which has the
   complete number of syllables, without
   defect or superfluity.
 ToACCE'DE,ak-sede'.v.n.[accedo,hat.]
   To be added to, to come to;  generally
   used in political accounts; as, another
   power has acceded to the treaty; that is,
   has become a parly.
 To ACCE'LERATE,ak-sel'ldr-ate. v. a.
   [accelero, Lat.]
 I. To make quick, to hasten, to quicken
   motion; to give a continual  impulse to
   motion, so as perpetually to increase.
    Take new beer, and put some quantity of stale
   beer into it; and see, whether it will not accelerate
   the  clarification, by opening the body of the beer,
   whereby the  grosser parts may fall down into lees.
                 Bacon's Natural History, No. 307.
    By a skilful application of those notices, may be
   gained the accelerating and bettering of fruits, and
   the emptying of mines, at much more easy rates,
   than by the common methods.   Glanville, Scepsis.
    If the rays endeavour to recede, from the densest
   part of the vibration;*they may be alternately ac-
   celerated and  retarded, by the vibrations overtaking
   them.                       Newton's Optics.
    Spices quicken the pulse, and accelerate the motion
   of the  blood, and dissipate the fluids; from whence
   leanness, pains in the stomach, loathings, and fevers.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    Lo!  from the  dread immensity of space
   Returning, with accelerated course,
   The rushing comet to the sun descends.
                           Thorns. Sum. I. 1690.
 2. It  is  generally applied to matter,  and
   used  chiefly  in philosophical language;
   but it is sometimes used on other occa-
   sions.
    In which council the king himself (whose continu-
   al vigilancy did suck-in sometimes causeless suspi-
  cions, which few else knew) inclined to the accelera-
  ting a battle.                Bacon's Henry VII.
    Perhaps it may point out to a student now and
  then, what may employ the most useful labours  of
  bis thoughts, and accelerate his diligence in the most
  momentous enquiries.                    Watts.
Acceleration, ak-sdl-ldr-a'shdii.6fi6 n.s.
   [ace, leratio, Lat.]
 1.  The  act of quickening motion.
    The law of the acceleration of falling bodies, dis-
  covered first by Galileo, is; that the velocities, ac-
  quired by falling, being as  the  time in  which the
  body falls; the spaces, through which it passes, will
  be as the squares of the velocities; and the velocity
  •nd time taken together, as in a quadruplicate ratio
 of the spates.
 2.  The  state  of the  body  accelerated,
    or quickened in its motion.
     The degrees of acceleration of motion, the gravi-
   tation of the air, the existence or non-existence of
   empty spaces, either coacervate or interspersed, and
   many the like, have taken up the thoughts and times
   of men in disputes concerning them.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 3. The act of hastening.
     Considering the languor ensuing that action  in
   some, and the visible acceleration it maketh of age in
   most, we cannot but think, venery much abridgeth
   our days.                             Brown.
 To ACCE'ND, ak-sdnd'. v. a. [accendo,
   Lat.]  To kindle, to set on  fire; a word
   very  rarely used.
    Our devotion, if sufficiently accended, would (as
   theirs)  burn up innumerable books of this sort.
                                Decay of Piety.
 Acce'nsion, ak-sen'-shdn. n. s. [accensio,
   Lat.]   The act of kindling, or the state
   of being kindled.
    The  fulminating damp will take fire, at a candle
   or other flame; and, upon its accension, gives a crack
   or report, like the discharge of a gun; and makes
   an  explosion so forcible, as  sometimes to  kill the
   miners, shake the earth, and force bodies (of great
   weight and bulk) from the bottom  of the pit or
   mine.                   Woodward's Nat. Hist.
 A'CCENT,  ak'sent. n. s. 4s6  [accentus,
   Lat.]
 l.The  manner of speaking or  pronoun-
   cing  with regard either to force or ele-
   gance.
    I know, Sir, I am no  flatterer: he, that beguiled
   you in a plain accent, was a plain knave; which, for
   my part, I will not be.     Shakspeare's King Lear.
 2. The  sound given  to the  syllable pro-
   nounced.
    Your accent is something finer, than you could
  purchase in  so removed a dwelling.
                     Shakspeare's  As you like it.
  . In grammar, the marks made upon syl-
   lables,  to regulate their pronunciation.
    Accent, as in the Greek names and usage, seems
  to have  regarded the tune of the voice; the acute
  accent, raising the voice  in some certain  syllables,
  to a higher,  (t. e. more acute) pitch  or tone; and
  the grave, depressing it lower; and both having some
  emphasis, i.e. more vigorous pronunciation. Holder.
   Poetically, language or words.
             How many ages hence
  Shall this our lofty scene be acted o'er,
  In states unborn, and accents yet unknown.
                       Shakspeare's Julius Ccesar.
    Winds! on your wings  to heav'n her accents bear!
  Such words as heav'n alone is fit to hear.  Dryden.
5. A modification of the voice, expressive
   of the passions or sentiments.
    The tender accent of a woman's ciy
  Will pass unheard, will  unregarded die;
  When the rough seaman's louder shouts prevail,
  When fair occasion shews the springing gale.
                                       Prior.
To ACcent, ak-sent.,492v.a. [from accen-
   tus, Lat.]  formerly elevated at the se-
   cond syllable, now at the first.
I, To pronounce, to speak  words  with
   particular  regard  to the  grammatical
  marks or  rules
    Having got  somebody to mark the last  syllable
  but one, where it is long, in words above two sylla-
  bles; which is enough, to regulate her pronuncia-
  tion, and accenting the  words;  let her read daily
  in the gospels, and avoid understanding them in
  Latin, if she can.    Locke on Education, § 177.
I.  In  poetry; to pronounce or utter in ge
  neral.
     O my unhappy lines! you, that before
   Have serv'd my youth, to vent some wanton eric5
     And now, congeal'd with grief, can scarce implore
   Strength to accent, Here my Albertus lies! Wotton.
 3. To  write or note the accents.
 To  Acce'ntuate, ak-sen'tshu-ate, v.  a.
   [accentuer, Fr.] To place the proper ac-
   cents  over the  vowels.
 Accentua'tion,  ak-sen-tshu-a'shdn,  n.
   s. [from accentuate J]
 1. The  act  of placing  the accent in pro-
   nunciation.
 2. Marking the accent  in waking.
 To  ACCE'PT, ak-sept'. v.  a. [accipio,
   Lat. accepter,  Fr.]
 1. To take with pleasure; to receive kind-
   ly; to admit with  approbation.   It  is
   distinguished from receive,  as specifck
   from general; noting a  particular  man-
   ner of receiving.
     Neither do ye kindle fire on my altar for nought.
  I have no pleasure in you, saith the Lord of hosts,
  neither will I accept an offering at your hand.
                                 Malachi, i. 10.
     God is no respecter of persons: but, in every na-
  tion, he that feareth him, and worketh righteous-
  ness, is accepted with him.         Acts, x. 34,35.
     You have been graciously pleased, to accept this
  tender of my duty.
                 Dryden's Dedication to his Fables.
    Charm by accepting-, by submitting sway;
  Yet have your humour most when you obey.  Pope.
2. It is  used in a kind of juridical senses
  as, to accept  terms, accept a treaty.
    They slaughter'd many of the gentry; for whom
  no sex or age could be accepted for excuse. Sidney.
    His promise Palamon accepts; but pray'd
  To keep  it better, than the first he made.
                               Dryden's Fables.
    Those, who have defended the proceedings of our
  negociators at the treaty*of Gertruydenburgh, dwell
  upon their zeal  and patience in endeavouring  to
  work the French up to their demands, but say no-
  thing of the  probability, that France would ever
  accept them.                            Sicift.
3. In the language of the Bible, to accept
  persons, is to act with personal and par-
  tial regard.
    He will surely reprove you if ye do secretly accept
  persons.                          j00) xiii. io.
   It is sometimes  used with the particle
  of
    I will  appease him with the present, that goeth
  before me; and  afterward I will see his face: per-
  adventure he will accept of me.  Genesis, xxxii. 20.
Acceptability,  ak sdp-ta-bil'l£-td.  n.
  s.   The quality  of  being  acceptable.
  See Aoceptable.
    He hath given us his natural blood to be shed,
  for the remission of our sins, and for the obtaining
  the grace and acceptability of repentance.
                  Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Acceptable, ak'sdp-ta-bl, adj. [accepta-
  ble, Fr. from the Latin.]  It  is pronoun-
  ced by  some, with  the  accent on the
  first syllable, as  by  Milton; by others,
  with the accent on the second, which is
  more analogical.
1. That  which is likely to be accepted;
  grateful; pleasing.  It is used with the
  particle  to, before the person accepting.
    This woman, whom thou mad'st to be my help,
  And gav'stmeas thy perfect gift, so good,
  So fit, so acceptable, so divine.
  That from her hand I could expect no ill.
                            Paradise Lost, b. ii, 
ACC
ACC
AC C
    I do not see any other method left, for men of that
  function to take, in order to reform the world, than
  by using all honest arts, to make themselves  accep-
  table to the laity.                         Swift.
    After he  had  made  a peace so acceptable to the
  church, and  so honourable to himself, he died with
  an extraordinary reputation of sanctity.
                               Addison on Italy.
Acce'ptableness,   ak'sep-ta-bl-ness.  n.
   s. [from  acceptable/]   The  quality  of
   being acceptable.
    It  will thereby take away the acceptableness of
   that conjunction.
              Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 2.
Acce'ptabi*,  ak'sdp-ta-ble, adv.  [from
   acceptable/]    In an acceptable manner;
   so  as to  please;  with  the  particle to.
   For the accent, see Acceptable.
    Do not omit thy prayers, for want of a good ora-
   tory: for he, that prayeth upon God's account, cares
   not what he suffers, so he be the friend of  Christ;
   nor where nor when he prays, so he may do it fre-
   quently, fervently, and acceptably.          Taylor.
    If you can teach them to love and respect other
   people, they will, as your age requires it, find ways
   to express it acceptably to every one.
                       Locke on Education, § 145.
 Acce'ptance, ak-sep'tanse. n. s. [accep-
    tance, Fr.]
 1. Reception with approbation.
     By that acceptance of his  sovereignty, they also
   accepted of his  laws; why  then should any other
   laws now be used amongst them?
                        Spenser's State of Ireland.
     If he tells us his noble deeds, we must also tell
   him our noble acceptance of them.
                          Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
     Thus I embolden'd spake, and freedom us'd
   Permissive, and acceptance found.
                      Paradise Lost, b. viii. I. 43,5.
     Some men cannot be fools  with so  good accep-
   tance as others.                 South's Sermons.
 2. The meaning of a word, as it is receiv-
    ed or understood;  acceptation  is  the
    word now commonly used.
     That pleasure is man's chiefest good, because in-
   deed it is  the perception of good that is properly
   pleasure, is an assertion most certainly true; though,
   under the common acceptance of it, not only false
   but odious: for, according to this, pleasure and sen-
   suality pass for terms equivalent; and therefore he,
   who takes it in (his sense, alters the subject of the
   discourse.                              South.
 Acce'ptance, ak-sep'tanse.   [in  law.]
    The receiving of a rent,  whereby the
    giver binds himself for  ever, to  allow
    a former act done by another, whether
    it be in itself good or  not.       Cowell.
  Accepta'tion,  ak-sdp-ta'shdn.   n.   s.
    [from accept.]
  1. Reception, whether good or bad.  This
    large  sense  seems now wholly  out of
    use.
     Yet, poor soul! knows he no other, but that  I do
   suspect,neglect, yea, and detest him ? For, every day,
   he finds one way or other, to set forth himself unto
   me; but all are rewarded with like coldness of ac-
   ceptation.                          Sidney,  b ii.
     What is new, finds better acceptation than what
   is good or great               Denham's Sophy.

 2. Good reception;  acceptance.
     Cain, envious of the acceptation of his brother's
   prayer and sacrifice, slew him; making himself the
   first manslayer,  and his brother the first martyr.
                Raleigh's History of the World,  b. i.
 3. The state of being acceptable;  regard
     Some things, although not su required of neces-
   sity; that,  to leave them undone, excluded from
   salvation, are, notwithstanding, of so great dignity
 and acceptation with God, that most ample reward
 in heaven is laid up for them.       Hooker, b. ii.
   They have  those enjoyments, only as the conse-
 quences of the state of esteem and acceptation they
 are in with their parents and governours.
                      Locke on Education,  § 53.
   Acceptance in the juridical sense. This
  sense occurs rarely.
   As, in order to the passing away a thing by gift,
 there is required a surrender of all  right, on his
 part that gives; so there  is required also an accep-
 tation on his part, to whom it is given.
                               South's Sermons.
 .  The meaning of a  word, as  it is com-
   monly received.
    Thereupon the earl of Lauderdale made  a dis-
 course upon the several questions, and what  accep-
 tation these words and expressions had.
                              Clarendon, b. viii.
    All  matter is  either fluid or solid, in a large ac-
 ceptation of the  words; that they may comprehend
 even all  the  middle degrees, between extreme fix-
 edness and coherency,  and the most rapid intestine
 motion of the particles of bodies.  Bentley's  Serm.
Acce'pter, ak-sdp'tdr.  n.  s.  [from ac-
   cept/]   The  person that accepts.
Acceptila'tion,  ak-sdp-td-la'shdn. n s.
   [acceptilatio, Lat.]   A term of the civil
   law; importing the remission of a  debt,
   by an acquittance from the creditor; tes-
   tifying the receipt of money, which has
   never been paid.
Acce'ption, ak-sdp'shdn.   n.  s.  [accep-
   tion, Fr. from acceptio, Lat.]  The  re-
   ceived  sense of a  word;  the meaning.
   Not in  use.
     That this hath been esteemed the due and proper
   acception  of this word,  I shall testify by one evi-
   dence, which gave me the first hint of this notion.
                     Hammond on Fundamentals.
ACCE'SS,  ak-sess'.  n. s. [In some  of its
   senses, it seems derived from accessus;
   in others, from accessio, Lat. acces, Fr.]
 1. The way by  which any thing may be ap-
   proached.
     The access of the town was  only by a neck of
   land.                                  Bacon.
     There remained very advantageous accesses, for
   temptations to enter and invade  men; the fortifica-
   tions being very slender, little knowledge of immor-
   tality, or any thing beyond this life; and no assur-
   ance, that repentance would be admitted for sin.
                      Hammond on Fundamentals.
     And here th' access, a gloomy grove defends;
   And here th' unnavigable lake extends;
   O'er whose unhappy waters, void of light,
   No bird presumes to steer his airy flight.
                             Dryden's AZneid, vi.
 2. The means, or liberty,  of approaching
   either to things or men.
     When we are wronged, and would unfold  our
         griefs;
   We are deny'd  access unto his person,
   Ev'n  by those men that  most have done us  wrong.
                                    Shakspeare.
     They go, commission'd to require a peace;
   And carry presents to procure access.
                      Dryden's Mneid, vii.  I. 209.
           He grants what they besought;
   Instructed, that  to God is no access,
   Without  Mediator; whose high office now
   Moses in figure  bears.
                  Milton's  Par. Lost, b. xii.  I. 239.
 3. Encrease, enlargement,  addition.
     The gold was accumulated, and store treasures,
   for the most part; but  the silver is  still growing!
   Besides,  infinite is the access of territory and em-
   pire, by the same enterprize.              Bacon.
         Nor think superfluous their aid:
   I,  from the influence of thy looks, receive
 Access in every virtue; in thy sight
 More wise, more watchful, stronger.
                            Paradise Lost, b. «,
    Although to opinion, there be many gods, may
 seem an access  in  religion,  and such as cannot
 at all consist with atheism; yet doth it deductively
 and upon inference, include the same: for unity j8
 the inseparable and essential attribute of Deity.
              Browns Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 10.
                  The reputation
  Of virtuous actions past, if not kept up
  With an access and fresh supply of new ones,
  Is lost and soon forgotton.       Denham's Sophy.
4.  It is sometimes used, after the French,
   to  signify.the returns or fits of a distem-
   per; but this sense seems yet  scarcely
   received into our language.
    For as relapses make diseases
  More desperate than their first accesses.   Hudibras.
ACcessariness,  ak'ses-sa're-ndss. n. t.
   [from accessary.]   The state  of being
   accessary.
    Perhaps this will draw us into a negative acces-
  sariness to the mischiefs.           Decay of Pitty.
ACsessary,  ak'sds-sa-re.  adj.   [A cor-
   ruption, as it seems of the word accesso-
   ry, which see; but now more common-
   ly used than the proper word.]  That
   which,  without being the chief consti-
   tuent of a crime, contributes to it. But
   it had  formerly  a  good and  general
   sense.
     As for  those  things that are accessary hereunto!
   those things, that so belong to the way of salvation,
   &c                        Hooker, b. iii. § 3.
     He hath taken upon him the government of Hull,
   without any apprehension or imagination, that it
   would ever make him accessary to rebellion.
                               Clarendon, b. viii,
Aoce'ssible,  ak-sds'se-bl.  adj. [accessi-
   bills, Lat. accessible, Fr.]   That, which
   may  be approached; that which we may
   reach or  arrive at.
    It is applied both to persons and things,
   with the  particle to.
      Some lie more open to our senses and daily ob-
   servation; others are more occult and hidden: and
   though accessible (in  some measure) to  our senses,
   yet not without great search and scrutiny, or some
   happy  accident.        Hale's Origin of Mankind.
     Those  things  which  were indeed  inexplicable,
   have been rackt and tortured to discover them-
   selves; while the plainer and more accessible truths,
   as if despicable while easy,  are clouded and ob-
   scured.             *            Decay of Pitty.
     As  an island we are accessible on every side, and
   exposed to  perpetual invasions;  against which it is
   impossible to fortify ourselves sufficiently, without
   a power at sea.             Addison's  Freeholder.
      In conversation, the tempers of men are open and
   accessible, their attention is awake, and their minds
   disposed  to receive the strongest impressions, and,
   what  is spoken, is generally more affecting, and
   more apposite to particular occasions.      Rogers-
 Acoe'ssion,   ak-sdsh'un. n.  s.  [accessio,
    Lat. accession, Fr.]
 1. Increase, by something added; enlarge-
    ment, augmentation.
      Nor could all the king's  bounties, nor his own
   large accessions, raise a fortune to his heir; but, af-
   ter vast sums  of money, and great wealth gotten,
   he died unlamented.                  Clarendon.
      There would not have been found the difference
   (here  set down) betwixt the force of the air, when
   expanded, and what that force should have been
   according to the theory; but that the included inch
   of air  received  some little accession, during the trial.
                         Beyle's Sping of the .lit-
      The wisest among  the nobles began to apprehend
   the growing power of the people;  and therefore, 
ACC                                      ACC                                      ACC
   knowing what an accession thereof would accrue to
   them, by such  an addition of property, used all
   means to prevent it.                     Swift.
     Charity  indeed, and works of munificence, are
   the proper  discharge of such over-proportioned ac-
   cessions, and the only virtuous enjoyment of them.
                               Rogers's Sermons.

 2. The  act of coming to, or joining one's
    self to; as, accession to a confederacy.
     Beside, what wise objections he prepares
   Against my late accession to the wars:
   Does not the fool perceive, his argument
   Is with more force against Achilles bent?
                                 Dryden's Fables.
 3  The act of arriving at; as,  the king's ac-
    cession to  the throne.
 ACcessorily, ak'ses-sd-re-le. adv. [from
    accessory.]  In the  manner of an acces-
    sory.
 ACoessory, ak'ses-sd-rd.arf/'.667 Joined to
   another thing, so as to increase it; addi-
   tional.
     In this kind there is not the  least action,  but it
   doth somewhat make to the accessory augmentation
   of our bliss.                          Hooker.
 ACcessouy, ak'ses-so-re."''7 n.  s. [acces-
   sorius, Lat. accessoire, Fr.  This  word,
   which had anciently  a general signifi-
   cation, is now almost confined to forms
   of law.]
 1. Applied to persons.
     A man, that is guilty of a felonious offence, not
   principally, but by participation;  as, by command-
   ment, advice, or concealment.   And a man may
   be accessory to the offence of another, after two sorts;
   by the common law, or by statute:  and, by the com-
   mon law two ways also; that is, before or after the
   fact.  Before the  fact; as, when  one commandeth
   or adviseth  another to commit a felony, and is not
   present  at  the execution  thereof; for his presence
   makes him  also a principal: wherefore there cannot
   be an accessory  before the fact,  in manslaughter;
   because manslaughter is sudden and not prepensed.
   Accessory after the fact is, when one reeeiveth him,
   whom he knoweth to have committed  felony.  Ac-
   cessory by statute is he, that abets,  counsels, or hides
   any man committing, or having committed an of-
   ence, made felony by statute.            Cowell.
    By the common law, the  accessories cannot be
   proceeded against, till the principal  has received
   his trial.                Spens. State of Ireland.
    But pause,  my soul! and study,  ere  thou fall
   On accidental joys, th' essential.
   Still before accessories do abide
  A trial,  must the principal be try'd.      Donne.
           Now were all transform'd
  Alike, to serpents all, as accessories
  To his bold riot.    Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. I. 520.
2. Applied  to things.
    An accessory is said to be that which does accede
  unto  some principal fact  or thing in  law; and, as
  such, generally speaking, follows  the reason and
  nature of its principal.                  Ayliffe.
ACcidence, ak'se-dense.tt.  s. [a corrup-
   tion of accidents, from accidentia, Lat.]
   The little book, containing the first ru-
  diments  of grammar,  and explaining
  the  properties  of the eight   parts  of
   speech.
    I do confess  I do want eloquence,
  And never yet did learn mine accidence.
                         Taylor the  Water Poet.
A'CCIDENT,  ak'se-dent. n.  s. [accidens,
  Lat.]
1. The property  or  quality of any being,
  which  may be separated from  it, at least
  in thought.

      VOL.  I.
   If she were but the body's accident,
 And her sole being did in it subsist,
   As white in snow; she might herself absent,
 And in the body's substance not be miss'd.
                                Sir J. Dames.
   An accidental mode, or an accident, is such a
 mode, as  is not necessary to the being of a thing;
 for the subject maybe without it, and yet remain of
 the same  nature that it was before: or it is that
 mode, which  may be separated or abolished from
 its subject.                      Watts's Logick.
. In grammar, the property of a word.
   The learning  of a language is nothing else, but
 the informing of ourselves, what composures of let-
 ters are, by consent and institution, to signify such
 certain notions of things, with their modalities and
 accidents.            Holder's Elements of Speech.
    That which happens unforeseen; casu-
    alty,  chance.
     General laws are like general rules in  physick:
   according whereunto,  as no  wise man will desire
   himself to be cured, if there be joined with his dis-
   ease some special accident; in regard whereof, that,
   whereby others (in the same  infirmity, but without
   the like accident) reeover health, would be to him
   either hurtful, or at the least  unprofitable.
                               Hooker, b. v. § 9.
     The flood, and  other accidents of time, made it
   one common field  and pasture with  the  land  of
   Eden.                 Raleigh's Hist, of World.
              Our joy is turn'd
   Into perplexity and new amaze;
   For, whither is he gone? What  accident
   Hath rapt him from us?        Paradise Regained
     And trivial accidents shall be  forborn,
   That others may have time to take their turn.
                                Dryden's Fables.
     The reformation owed nothing  to the good in-
   tentions of king Hemy.  He  was  only  an instru-
   ment of it (as the logicians speak) by accident.
                             Swift's Miscellanies.
 Accide'ntal, ak-se-den'tal. n. s. [acciden-
    tal, Fr. See  ACCIDENT.]  A proper-
    ty non essential.
     Coneeive, as much as you can, of the essentials
   of any subject, before you consider its accidentals.
                                  Watts' Logick.
 Accide'ntal, ak-se-den'tal. adj. [from ac-
    cident.]
 I.  Having the quality of an accident, non-
    essential;  used with the particle to, be-
    fore that,  in which the  acccident  in-
    heres.
     A distinction is to be made, between what pleases
   naturally in itself,  and what pleases upon the ac-
   count of machines,  actors, dances, and circumstan-
   ces, which are merely accidental  to the tragedy.
                Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.
     This is accidental to a state of  religion, and there-
   fore ought to be reckoned among the ordinary dif-
   ficulties of it.                        Tillotson.
 I. Casual, fortuitous, happening by chance.
     Thy sin's not accidental, but a trade.
                         Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
               So shall you hear
  Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters;
  Of deaths, put on by cunning and fore'd cause.
                                Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Look upon things of the most accidental and mu-
  table nature;  accidental, in their production; and
  mutable in their continuance:  yet God's prescience
  of them is as certain in  him, as the memory of them
  is, or can be, in us.             South's Sermons.
 >.  In the following passage, it  seems to
   signify adventitious.
    Ay, such a minister, as wind to fire;
  That adds an accidental fierceness to
  Its natural fury.                Denham's Sophy.
Aocide'ntally,  ak-sd-ddn'tal-ld.   adv.
   [from accidental.]

                       C
 1. After an accidental manner; nonessen
    tially.
     Other points  no less concern the commonwealth,
   though but accidentally depending upon the former.
                             Spenser's St. of Irel.
     I conclude choler accidentally bitter, and acrimo-
   nious, but not in itself.   Harvey on Consumptions.
 2. Casually, fortuitously.
     Although virtuous men do sometimes accidentally
   make their way to preferment;  yet the world is so
   corrupted,  that no man can reasonably hope to be
   rewarded in it, merely upon account of his virtue.
                             Swift's Miscellanies.
 Accide'ntalness, ak-sd-ddn'tal-ndss. n. s.
    [from accidental.]   The  quality of be-
    ing accidental.                     Diet.
 Acqi'pient, ak-slp'pe-dnt. n. s. [accipiens,
    Lat.]  A receiver, perhaps sometimes
    used for recipient.                   Diet.
 To Acci'te, ak-site'.  v. a.  [accito, Lat.]
    To  call, to summons; a word not in use
    now.
     Our coronation  done, we will accite
   As I before remember'd all our state;
   And (Heav'n consigning to my good intents)
   No prince, no peer shall have just cause to say,
   Heav'n shorten Harry's happy life one day.
                              Shaksp. Henry IV.
 Accla'im, ak-klame'. n. s. [acclamo, Lat.
    from which probably  first the verb ac-
    claim, now lost, and then the noun.]  A
    shout of praise, acclamation.
     Back from pursuit thy pow'rs, with loud acclaim,
   Thee only extoll'd. Milton's Par  Lost, b. iii. I. 397.
     The herald ends; the vaulted firmament
   With loud acclaims and vast  applause, is rent.
                                   Dryd. Fables.
 Acclama'tion, ak-kla-ma'shdn, n. s. [ac-
    clamatio,  Lat.]   Shouts  of applause;
    such as  those, with  which a victorious
    army salutes the general.
     It hath been the custom of Christian men, in to-
   ken of the greater reverence, to stand, to utter cer-
   tain words  of acclamation; and, at the name of Je-
   sus to bow.                  Hooker, b. v. § 29.
               Gladly then he mix'd
   Among those friendly pow'rs, who him receiv'd
   With joy and acclamations loud, that one,
   That  (of so many myriads fall'n)  yet one
   Returned, not lost.    Milt.  Par.  Lost, b.  vi. I. 23.
    Such an enchantment is there  in words; and so
   fine a thing does it seem to some, to be ruined plau-
   sibly, and to be ushered to their destruction with
   panegyrick  and  acclamation.              South.
 Accli'vity,  ak-kliv've-td.611 n. s.  [from
    acclivus, Lat.]  The steepness or slope
    of a line inclining to the horizon, reck-
    oned upwards; as, the ascent of an hill
   is the acclivity,  the  descent is the de-
    clivity.                           Quincy.
    The men, leaving their wives and younger chil-
   dren below, do (not without  some difficulty) clam-
   ber up the acclivities, dragging their kine with them;
   where they  feed them, and  milk them, and make
   butter and cheese, and do all the dairy work.
                            Ray on the Creation.
Accli'vous,  ak-kli'vds.  adj.  [acclivus,
   Lat.]   Rising with a slope.
 To Acclo'y, ak-kldd'.329 v. a. [See Cloy.]
 1. To  fill up, in  an ill  sense;  to crowd, to
   stuff full; a word almost obsolete.
    At the well head the purest streams arise: '
   But mucky filth his branching arms annoys,
   And with uncomely weeds the gentle wave  accloys.
                                  Fairy Queen.
2.  To fill to satiety; in which sense  cloy is
   still  in use. 
ACC                                      ACC                                     ACC
    They, that escape best in the temperate zone,
  would be accloyed with long nights, very tedious, no
  less than forty days.         Ray on the Creation.
To Acco'iL,ak-kdll'.229-u. n. [See COIL]
   To crowd, to keep a coil about, to bustle,
   to be  in a hurry: a word now out of use.
    About the cauldron many cooks accoil'd,
  With hooks and ladles as need did require;
  The while the viands in  the vessel boil'd,
  They did about their business  sweat,  and sorely
      toil'd.                       Fairy Queen.
ACcolent, ak'kd-lent.644 n.  s. [accolens,
   Lat.]   He that inhabits near a place;  a
   borderer.                           Diet
Acco'mmodable, ak-kdm'md-da-bl.  adj.
   [accommodabilis,  Lat.]    That  which
   may be fitted; with the particle to.
    As there is infinite variety in  the circumstances
  of persons, things, actions, times, and places; so
  we must be furnished with such general rules, as
  are accommodable to all this variety, by a wise judg-
  ment and discretion.             Watts's Logick.
To  ACCO'MMODATE,   ak-kdm'md-
   date.  v. a. [accommodo, Lat.]
I. To  supply with  conveniences of  any
   kind.  It has with before the thing
                   These three
  (The rest do nothing) with this word, stand! stand!
  Accommodated by the place (more charming
  With their own nobleness, which could have turn d
  A distaff to a lance) gilded pale  looks.
                             Shaksp.  Cymbeline.
2. With the particle  to; to adapt, to fit, to
   make consistent with.
    He had altered  many things; not, that they were
  not natural before; but that he might accommodate
  himself to the age in which he lived.
                    Dryden on Dramatic Poetry
    'Twas his misfortune to light upon an hypothesis,
  that could  not be accommodated to the nature of
  things and human  affairs: his principles could not
  be made to agree with  that constitution and order
  which God hath settled in the world.      Locke.
3. To reconcile;  to adjust what seems in-
   consistent or at variance; to make con-
   sistency appear.
    Part  know, how to accommodate St. James and
  St. Paul, better than some late reconcilers. Norris.
To Acco'mmodate, ak-kdm'md-date. v.
   n.   To be conformable to.
    They make the particular ensigns of the twelve
  tribes accommodate, unto the twelve signs of the zo-
  diac.                                 Brown.
    Neither sort of chymists  have duly considered,
  how great variety there  is in the textures and con-
  sistencies of compound bodies; and how little the
  consistence and duration of many of them seem  to
  accommodate and he explicable by the proposed no-
  tion.                     Boyle's Scept. Chym.
Acco'mmodate,  ak-kdm'md-date.   adj.
   [accommodatus,Lat.]  Suitable, fit;used
   sometimes  with  the  particle  for, but
   more frequently with  to.
    They are so acted and directed by nature,  as  to
  cast their eggs in such places, as are most accommo-
  date for the  exclusion of their young; and where
  there is food ready for them,  so  soon as they be
  hatched.                  Ray on the Creation.
    In these cases  we examine the why, the what,
  and the how, of things; and propose means accommo-
  date to the end.                    L'Estrange.
    God  did not primarily intend to appoint this way
  of worship;  and to impose it  upon them as that
  which was most proper  and agreeable to him: but
  that he  condescended to it, as most accommodate  to
  their present state and inclination.       Tillotson.
Acco'mmodately,  ak-kdm'md-date-Ie.91
   adv.  [from  accommodated]  Suitably,
  fitly.
Acoommoda'tion,  ak*kdm-mo-da'shdn.
  to. s. [from accommodate.]
1. Provision of conveniences.
2. In the plural, conveniencies, things  re-
  quisite  to ease or refreshment.
    The  king's commissioners were to have such ac-
  commodations, as the other thought fit to leave to
  them; who had been very civil to the king's com-
  missioners.                   Clarendon, b.  viii.
3. Adaptation, fitness; with the particle to.
    Indeed that disputing physiology is no accommo-
  dation to your designs; which are not to teach men,
  to cant endlessly about materia and forma.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
    The organization of the body, with accommodation
  to its functions, is fitted with the most curious me-
  chanism.                        Hale's Origin.
4. Composition of a difference, reconcilia-
   tion, adjustment.
Acco'mpanable,  ak-kum'pa-na-bl.   adj.
   [from accompany.]   Sociable:  a word
   now not used.
    A show (as it were) of an accompanable solitari-
  ness, and of a civil wildness.         Sidney, b. i.
Acco'mpanier,  ak-kdm'-pa-nd-dr.  to. *.
   [from  accompany.]  The person,  that
   makes part of the company; companion.
                                       Diet.
To ACCO'MPANY.ak-kum'pa-ne.1"* v.
   a. [accompagner, Fr.] To be  with ano-
   ther, as a companion.   It is used, both
   of persons and things.
    Go visit her, in her chaste bower of rest,
  Accompany'd with angel-like delights.
                              Spenser, Sonnet iii.
    The great business of the senses being to make
  us take notice of what hurts or advantages the bo-
  dy, it is wisely ordered by nature, that pain  should
  accompany the reception of several ideas.   Locke.
    As folly is usually accompanied with perverseness,
  so it is  here.        Swift's Short View of Ireland.
To Acco'mpany, ak-kum'pa-ne.  v.n. To
   associate with; to become a companion
   to.
    No man in effect doth  accompany "with others,
  but he learneth,  ere he is aware, some gesture,
  voice, or fashion.        Bacon's Natural History.
Acco'mplice, ak-kdm'-plis.142 n.s. [com-
   plice, Fr. from complex, a  word in  the
   barbarous Lat. much in use.]
1. An associate, a partaker; usually in an
   ill sense.
    There  were  several scandalous  reports, indus-
   triously spread by Wood and his accomplices, to dis-
   courage all opposition against his infamous project.
                                        Swift.
2. A partner,  or a co-operator; in a sense
   indifferent.
    If a tongue would be talking, without a mouth;
   what could it have done, when it had all its organs
   of speech, and accomplices of sound, about it?
                     Addison, Spectator, No. 247.
3.  It is  used with the particle to,  before a
   thing; and with, before  a person.
     Childless Arturious, vastly rich before,
   Thus by his losses multiplies his store;
   Suspected for accomplice to the fire,
   That burnt his palace, but to build  it higher.
                                Dryd. Juv. Sat.
    Who, should they steal for want of his relief,
  He judg'd himself accomplice with the thief.
                                  Dryd. Fables.
To ACCO'MPLISH,ak-k6m'plish,i,. a.
   [accomplir,  Fr. from compleo, Lat.]
1.  To complete, to execute fully;  as, to
   accomplish a design.
    He that is far off, shall die of the pestilence; and
  he that is near, shall fall by the sword; and he that
  remaineth, and is besieged, shall die by the famine.
  Thus will I accomplish my fury upon them.
                                Ezekiel, vi. \-i
2. To complete a period  of time.
    He would accomplish seventy years, in the deso-
  lations of Jerusalem.               Daniel, ix. 2
3. To fulfil; as, a prophecy.
              The vision,
  Which I made known to Lucius ere the  stroke
  Of this yet scarce cold battle, at this instant
  Is full accomplish'd.           Shaksp.  Cymbeline.
    We see every day those events exactly aceom-
  plished, which our Saviour foretold at so great a dis-
  tance.                               Addison.
4. To gain, to obtain.
    Tell him from me (as he will win my love)
  He bear himself with honourable action;
  Such, as he hath observ'd in noble ladies
  Unto their lords, by them accomplish'd.
                 Shakspeare's Taming of a Shrew.
    I'll make my heaven in a lady's lap.
  Oh miserable thought, and more unlikely,
  Than to accomplish twenty golden crowns.
                             Shaksp.  Henry V.
5. To adorn or furnish either mind or bo-
   dy.
                   From the tents,
  The armourers accomplishing the knights,
  With busy hammers  closing rivets up,
  Give dreadful note of preparation.
                              Shaksp. Henry V,
Accomplished, ak-kdm'pllsh-ed. parti.
   cipial adj.
1. Complete in some qualification.
    For, who expects, that under a tutor a young gen-
  tleman should be an accomplished publick orator or
  logician.                              Loch
2. Elegant, finished;  in respect of embel-
   lishments; used commonly of acquired
   qualifications, without including moral
   excellence.
             The next I took to wife,
  (0, that I never had! fond wish too late)
  Was in the vale of Sorec, Dalila;
  That specious monster, my accomplish'd  snare-
                                Sampson Agm.
Acco'mplisher, ak-kdm'plish-dr. n. t.
   [from  accomplish.]   The person  that
   accomplishes.                      Diet.
Acgo'mplishment,   ak-kdm'pllsh-mint.
   to. s. [accomplissement, Fr.]
I. Completion, full performance, perfec-
   tion.
    This would be the accomplishment of their com-
  mon felicity; in case  by  their evil, either through
  destiny or advice,  they suffered not the  occasion to
  be lost.                     Sir John Haywood.
     Thereby  he  might evade  the accowipiijim*ni of
  those afflictions, he now but gradually endureth.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errovn.
     He thought it impossible to find, in any oae body,
  all those perfections which he sought for the accom-
  plishment of a  Helena;  because nature, in any in-
  dividual person, makes nothing that is perfect in all
  its parts.           Dryden's Dufresnoy, Prefect.
2. Completion; as,  of a prophecy.
     The miraculous success of the apostles' preaching,
  and the accomplishment of many of their predictions,
  which, to those early christians, were  matters of
  faith only, are, to us, matters of sight and experience.
                            Atterbury's Sermon*.

3. Embellishment, elegance, ornament of
   mind  or body.
     Young heirs and elder brothers, from their on
  reflecting upon the estates they  are  born to, and
  therefore thinking all other accomplishments unne-
  cessary, are of no manner of use, but to keep «P
  their families.       Addison, Spectator, No. 123 
ACC                                      ACC                                      ACC
4. The act of obtaining or perfecting any
   thing;  attainment: completion.
    The means suggested by  policy and wordly wis-
  dom, for the attainment of those earthly enjoyments,
  are unfit  for that purpose; not only upon the account
  of their insufficiency for, but also of their frequent
  opposition and contrariety to, the accomplishment of
  BUCh ends.                     South's Sermons.
Acco'mpt, ak-kdunt'.*07 n. s. [Fr. compter
   and compte, anciently accompter.  Skin-
   ner.]    An account,  a reckoning.  See
   Account.
    The soul may have time, to call  itself to a just
  accompt of all things past; by means whereof repen-
  tence is perfected.            Hooker, b.  v. § 46.
    Each Christmas they accompts did clear,
  And wound their bottom round the year.    Prior.
A.coo'mptant,  ak-koun'tant.412 n.s.  [ac-
   comptant, Fr.] A reckoner, computer.
   See Accountant.
    As the accompt runs on, generally the accomptant
  goes backward.               South's Sermons.
Aoco'mpting day, ak-k6unt'ing da. The
   day  on  which the  reckoning  is to  be
   settled.
    To whom thou much dost owe, thou much must
           pay,
   Think on the debt against th' accompting day.
                                 Sir J. Denham.
To ACCO'RD,  ak-k6rd'.  v.  a.  [derived,
   by some,  from corda,  the  string of a
   musical instrument; by others from cor-
   da, hearts; in the first,  implying harmo-
   ny; in the other, unity.]
1. To make  agree;  lo adjust  one thing to
   another; with the particle to.
    The first sports the shepherds shewed, were full of
  such leaps and gambols; as, being accorded to the pipe
  which they bore in  their mouths, even as they dan-
  ced, made a right  picture  of their chief god Pan,
  and his companions the satyrs.      Sydney, b. i.
    Her hands accorded the lute'smusick to the voice:
   her panting heart danced to the musick.
                                  Sidney, b. ii.
    The lights  and shades, whose well accorded strife
   Gives all the  strength and colour of our life.
                                  Pope's Epist.
2. To bring  to agreement; to  compose; to
   accommodate.
    Men would not rest upon bare contracts, without
   reducing the  debt, into a specialty; which created
   much certainty, and accorded many suits.
                                  Sir M. Hale.

 To Acco'rd, ak-kdrd.' v. n. To agree, to
   suit one with another;  with the particle
   with.
    Things are often spoke, and seldom meant,
   But (that my heart accordeth with my tongue,
   Seeing the deed is meritorious,
   And to preserve my sovereign from his foe)
   Say but the word, and I will be  his priest.
                             Shaksp.  Henry  VI.
    Several of the main parts of Moses's history, as
  concerning the flood, and the first fathers of the se-
  veral nations  of the world, do veiy well accord icith
  the most ancient accounts of profane histoiy.
                            Tillotson, Sermon i.
    Jarring int'rr.sts of themselves create
  Th' accm-ding musick of a well mixt state.   Pope.
A.cco'111), ak-k6rd'. to. *.  [accord  Fr.]
1. A compact; an agreement;  adjustment
   of a difference.
    There was  no means for him,  to satisfy  all obli-
  gations to God and  man; but to offer himself, for a
  mediator of an accord and peace between them.
                              Bacon's Hen. VII.
    If both are  satisfy'd with  this accord,
  Sivcar by the  laws of knighthood ou  my sword.
                                 Dryden. Fab.
2. Concurrence, union of mind.
    At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
  That I that lady to my spouse had won;
    Accord of friends, consent of parents sought,
  Affiance made, my happiness begun.
                          Spenser's Fairy Queen.
    They gathered themselves together, to fight with
  Joshua and Israel, with one accord.   Joshua, ix. 2.
3. Harmony, symmetry, just  correspon-
   dence of one thing with another.
    Beauty is nothing else but a just accord and mu-
  tual  harmony  of  the members, animated by a
  healthful constitution.   Dryden's Dufresnoy, Pref.
%. Musical note.
    Try, if there were in one steeple two bells of uni-
  son, whether the striking of the one would move the
  other, more than if it were another accord.
                Bacon's Natural History, No. 281.
    We must  not blame Apollo, but his lute,
  If false accords from her false strings be sent.
                                  Sir J. Davies.
5. Own  accord;  voluntary  motion:  used
   both of persons and things.
        Ne Guyon yet spake word,
  Till that they came unto an iron door,
  Which to them  open'd of its own accord.
                                  Fairy  Queen.
    Will you blame any man  for  doing  that of his
  own accord,  which all men should be compelled  to
  do, that are  not willing of themselves.    Hooker.
    All animal substances, exposed to the air, turn
  alkaline of their own accord; and some vegetables,
  by heat, will not turn acid, but alkaline.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. Action in speaking, correspondent  to
   the words.
    Titus, I am come to talk with thee;—
  —No, not a word:  how can I grace my talk,
  Wanting a hand to give it that accord?
                          Shakspeare's Tit. And.
Acco'rdance,ak-k6r/danse.  to.  s.  [from
   accord.]
1. Agreement  with  a  person; with  the
   particle with.
    And prays he may in long accordance bide,
   Jflth that great worth, which hath  such wonders
      wrought.            Fairfax, b. ii. stanza 63.
2. Conformity to something.
    The only way of defining of sin, is by the  contra-
  riety to the will of God, as of good, by the  accord-
  ance with that will.    Hammond's Fundamentals.
Acco'rdant,  ak-k6r'dant.  adj. [accor-
   dant, Fr.] Willing;  in a good humour.
   Not in use.
    The prince discovered, that he loved your niece;
  and meant to acknowledge it this night, in a dance;
  and, if he found her accordant, he  meant  to take
  the present time by the  top, and instantly break
  with you of  it.   Shaksp. Much ado about JVbthing.
Acco'hding,   ak-k6r'dlng. prep,  [from
   accord, of which it  is  properly a  parti-
   ciple, and is therefore  never used but
   with to.]
I. In  a manner suitable to,  agreeably to,
   in  proportion
    Our churches are places provided, that the peo-
  ple  might there assemble  themselves in due and
  decent manner, according to their  several  degrees
  and orders.                   Hooker, b.  v. § 13.
    Our zeal then should be, according to knowledge:
  and what kind of knowledge? Without all question,
  first, according to the  true, saving,  evangelical
  knowledge.   It should be according  to  the  gospel,
  the whole gospel:  not only  according to its truths,
  but precepts; not only according to its free grace,
  but necessary duties; not only according to its mys-
  teries, but also its commandments. Sprat's Sermons.
    Noble is the fame, that  is built on candour and
  ingenuity, according" to those beautiful lines of Sir
  John Denham.               Addison, Spectator.
                     c  2
2. With regard to.
     God made all things, in number, weight,  and
  measure; and gave them, to be  considered  by us
  according to these properties, which are  inherent in
  created beings.                 Holder on Time.
3. In proportion.   The following  phrase
   is, I think, vitious.
    A man  may, with prudence and a good con-
  science, approve of the professed principles of one
  party  more than  the other, according as he  thinks
  they best promote the good of church and state.
                  Swift's Church of England Man.
Accordingly,   ak-k6r'ding-le'.   adv.
  [from accord.] Agreeably, suitably, con-
  formably.
    As the actions of men are of sundry distinct kinds,
  so the laws thereof must accordingly be distinguished.
                                   Hooker, b, i.
    Sirrah, thou art said to have a stubborn soul,
  That apprehends no further than  this world;
  And squar'st thy life accordingly.
                     Shakspeare's Meas. for Meas.
    Whoever is so assured of the authority and sense
  of scripture,  as to believe  the doctrine of it, and
  to live accordingly, shall be saved.   Tillots. Preface.
    Mealy substances, fermented, turn sour. Accord-
  ingly,  given to a weak child, they still retain their
  nature; for bread will give them the eholic.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
To ACCO'ST,  ak-k6st'. v.  a. [accoster,
  Fr.] To  speak to first; to address; to sa-
  lute.
    You mistake, knight:  accost her, front her, board
  her, woo her, assail her.
                     Shakspeare's Twelfth J\fight.
    At length, collecting all his serpent wiles,
  With soothing words renew'd, him thus accosts.
                                   Par ad. Reg-
    I first accosted him: I su'd, I sought;
  And, with a loving force, to Pheneus brought.
                               Dryden's A3neid.
Acco'stable, ak-kos'ta-bl.408 adj.  [from
  accost.]  Easy of access;   familiar.  Not
  in use.
    They were both indubitable,  strong, and high-
  minded men, yet of sweet  and  accostable nature,
  almost equally delighting in the press and affluence
  of dependants and suitors.               Wotton.
ACCO'UNT, ak-k6unt'.*°7 to.  s. [from the
  old French accompt, from  computus,
  Lat.  It was originally written accompt,
  which see;  but, by gradually softening
  the pronunciation, in time the orthogra-
  phy  changed  to account.]
1. A  computation of debts or expenses;
  a register of facts  relating to money.
    At many times I brought in my accounts,
  Laid them before you: you would throw them off;
  And say you found them in mine honesty.
                            Shakspeare's Timam.
    When my young master has once got the skill of
  keeping accounts (which is a  business of reason,
  more than arithmetic) perhaps it will not be amiss,
  that his father from  thenceforth require him to do
  it in all his concernments.         Locke on Educ.
2. The state or result  of a computation;
   as, the account stands thus  between us.
    Behold,  this have I found, saith the Preacher:
  counting one by one, to find out the account.
                           Ecclesiasticus, vii.  27.
3.  Such a state of  persons  or things, as
   may make them more or less worthy of
   being considered in the reckoning. Va-
   lue, or estimation.
    For  the care, that they took fur their wives and
  their children, their brethren and kinsfolks, was in
  least account with them: but the greatest and prin-
  cipal fear was, for the holy temple.
                              2 Maccab.  xv.  18. 
ACC
ACC
ACC
    That good affection, which things of smaller ac-
  count have once set on work, is by  so much the
  more easily raised higher.      Hooker, b. v. § 35.
    I should make more account of their judgment,
  who are men of sense, and yet have never touched
  a pencil; than of the opinion, given by the greatest
  part of painters.             Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. Profit; advantage; to turn to account, is
   to produce advantage.
    We would establish our souls in such a solid and
  substantial virtue,  as  will  hirn to account in that
  great day, when  it must stand  the test of infinite
  wisdom and justice.         Add. Sped. No. 399.
5. Distinction, dignity, rank.
    There is such  a peculiarity in Homer's manner
  of apostrophizing Eumaus: it is generally applied,
  by that poet,  only to men of account and distinction.
                           Pope's Odyssey; notes.
6. A  reckoning verified,  by finding   the
   value of a thing, equal to what it was ac-
   counted.
    Considering the usual motives of human actions,
  which are pleasure, profit,  and ambition;  I cannot
  yet comprehend, how those persons find their account
  in any of the  three.                      Swift.
7. A reckoning, referred to, or sum charg-
   ed upon  any  particular  person;  and
   thence,  figuratively,  regard; considera-
   tion;  sake.
    If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee aught,
  put that on my  account.           Philemon, i. 8.
    This must be always remembered; that nothing
  can come  into the account of recreation, that is not
  done with delight.     Locke on Education, § 197.
    In matters, where his judgment led him to op-
  pose  men on a public account, he would do it vigo-
  rously and heartily.          Atterbury's Sermons.
    The assertion is our Saviour's, though uttered by
  him in the person of Abraham the  father of the
  faithful; who, on the account of that character, is
  very fitly introduced.                 Atterbury.
    These tribunes kindled great dissentions between
  the nobles  and the commons, on the account of Co-
  riolanus, a nobleman, whom the  latter  had im-
  peached.     Swift's Contests in Athens and Rome.
    Nothing can recommend itself to our  love, on
  any other  account, but either as it  promotes our
  present, or is a means to assure to us a future hap-
  piness.                      Rogers's Sermon v.
    Sempronius gives no thanks on this account.
                                 Addison's  Cato.

8.  A narrative,  relation; in this use it may
   seem to  be  derived from conte, Fr. a
  tale, a narration.
9.  The review or examination of an affair
   taken by  authority; as,  the  magistrate
   took  an  account of the tumult.
    Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened unto
  a certain king, which would  take account of his
  servants; and, when he had begun to reckon, one
  was brought unto him, which owed him ten thousand
  talents.                      Matt. xix. 23, 24.

10.  The relation  and reasons of a transac-
   tion,  given to a person in authority.
    What need we fear, who knows it, when none
  can call our power to account.
                           Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    The true ground of morality can only be the will
  and law of a God, who sees men  in the dark, has
  in his  hands rewards and  punishments, and power
  enough to call to  account the proudest offender.
                                        Locke.

11.  Explanation; assignment of causes.
    It is easy to give account, how it comes to pass,
  that though all men desire happiness, yet their wills
  carry them so contrarily.                 Locke.
    It being in our author's account, a right acquired
  by begetting, to rule over those he had begotten, it
  was  not a power possible to be inherited;  because
  the right, being consequent to, and built on, an act
  perfectly personal, made that power so too, and im-
  possible to be inherited.                  Locke.
12.  An opinion, previously established.
    These were designed to join with the forces at
  sea; there being prepared a number of flat-bottom-
  ed boats, to transport the land forces under the wing
  of the great  navy: for they made no account, but
  that the navy should be absolutely  master of the
  seas.  Bacon's Considerations on War icith Spain.
    A prodigal young fellow, that had sold his clothes;
  upon the  sight of a swallow,  made account, that
  summer was at hand, and away went his shirt too.
                        L'Estrange, Fab. cxxvii.
13.  The reasons of any thing collected.
    Being convinced, upon all accounts, that they had
  the same reason to believe the history of our Saviour,
  as that of any other person, to which they  them-
  selves  were not  actually eye-witnesses; they were
  bound, by all the rules of historical faith,  and  of
  right reason, to give credit to this histoiy.  Addison.
14.  In  law.
    Account is, in the common law, taken for a writ
  or action, brought against a man; that, by means of
  office or business undertaken, is to render an account
  unto another; as, a bailiff toward his master, a guar-
  dian to his ward.                       Coioell.
To Acco'unt, ak-kount'.  v. a. [See  AC-
   COUNT.]
1. To esteem, to think, to hold in opinion.
    That also was accounted a land of giants.   Deut.
2.  To  reckon, to compute.
    Neither the motion of the moon, whereby months
  are computed, nor the  sun, whereby years are ac-
  counted, consisteth of whole numbers.
                        Brown's  Vulgar Errours,
3. To  assign  to, as a  debt; with the par-
   ticle to.
    For some years really accrued the  yearly sum  of
  two hundred thousand pounds  to the king's coffers;
  and it  was,  in truth, the only project, that was ac-
  counted to his own service.            Clarendon.
4. To hold in esteem; with of.
    Silver was nothing accounted of, in the days of
  Solomon.                              Chron.

To Acco'unt, ak-kount'.  v. to.
i. To reckon.
    The calendar months are likewise arbitrarily and
  unequally settled, by the same power; by  which
  months we, to this day,  account: and they measure
  and make up that, which we call the Julian year.
                               Holder on Time.
2. To  give an  account,  to  assign  the
   causes;  in which sense  it is followed by
   the particle for.
    If any one should ask, why our general eontinued
  so easy to the last? I know no other way to account
  for it, but by that  unmeasurable love  of wealth,
  which  his best friends allow to be his predominant
  passion.                                 Swift.

3. To make up the reckoning; to answer;
   with for.
     Then  thou shalt see him plung'd when least  he
        fears;
  At once accounting for his deep arrears.
                         Dryden's Juv. Sat. xiii.
    They have no uneasy presages of a  future rec-
  koning, wherein the pleasures they now taste must
  be accounted for; and may perhaps  be outweighed
  by the pains, which shall then lay hold of them.
                            Atterbury's Sermons.

4.  To  appear  as  the medium, by which
   any thing may be  explained.
     Such, as have a  faulty  circulation through the
  lungs, ought to eat very little at a time; because the
  increase of the  quantity of  fresh chyle must make
  that circulation still more uneasy: which, indeed, is
  the case  of consumptive and  some  asthmatic per-
  sons; and accounts for the symptoms, they are trou-
  bled with after eating.      Arbuth. on Aliments.
Accountable, ak-koun'ta-bl. adj. [from
  account.]  Of whom an account may be
  required;  who must answer for:  follow-
  ed by the particle to, before the person;
  and/or, before the  thing.
                 Accountable to none,
  But to my conscience and my God alone.  Oldham.
    Thinking themselves excused, from standing upon
  their own legs,  or being accountable for their own
  conduct, they very seldom trouble themselves with
  enquiries.                  Locke on Education.
    The good magistrate will make no distinction: for
  the judgment is God's; and he  will look upon him-
  self, as accountable at his bar for the equity of it.
                            Atterbury's Sermons.
Accou'ntant,   ak-kovm'tant.  adj.  [from
  account.]   Accountable to;  responsible
  for. Not in use.
  His offence is so, as it appears
  Accountant to the law upon that pain.
                     Shakspeare's Meas. for Meas.
                 I love her too;
  Not out of absolute lust (though peradventure
  1  stand accountant for as great a sin)
  But partly led to diet my revenge.  Shaksp. Othello.
Acco'untant,  ak-kdun'tant.  n. s  [See
  Accomptant.]  A  computer; a man,
  skilled or employed in accounts.
    The different compute of divers states; the short
  and irreconcileable years of some; the exceeding
  errour in the natural frame of others; and the false
  deductions of ordinary accountants in most.
                        Brown's VtUgar Errours.
Acco'unt-book, ak-kount'-b66k. to. s. A
  book containing accounts.
    I would endeavour, to comfort myself upon the
  loss of friends, as I do upon the loss of money; by
  turning to my account-book, and seeing whether I
  have enough  left for my support.          Swift.
Acco'unting,   ak-kovin'ting.  to   s.  [from
  account.]  The act of reckoning,  or ma-
  king  up of accounts.
    This method, faithfully observed, must keep a
  man from breaking, or running  behind-hand, in his
  spiritual estate; which, without frequent accountings,
  he will hardly be able to prevent.  South's Sermons.
To  Acco'uple,   ak-kfip'pl.  v. a.  [ac-
  coupler, Fr.]  To join, to link  together.
  We now use  couple.
    He sent a solemn embassage,  to treat a peace
  and league with the king; accoupling it with an ar-
  ticle in the nature of a request.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
To Acco'urage, ak-kur'ridje. v. a. [Ob-
  solete. See Courage.]  To animate.
    That forward pair  she ever would assuage,
  When they would strive due reason to exceed;
    But that same froward twain would accourage,
  And of her plenty add unto their need.
                         Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 2.
To  Acco'urt,  ak-kort'.318  v.  a.  [See
   To COURT.] To entertain with court-
  ship,  or  courtesy;  a word  now not  in
  use.
    Who  all this while were at their wanton rest,
  Accourting each her friend with lavish feast.
                                  Fairy Queen.
ToACCO'UTRE, ak-k66'iur.t;. a.  [ac-
   coutrer, Fr.] To dress, to equip.
     Is it for this they study? to grow pale,
  And miss the pleasures of a glorious meal?
  For this, in rags accoutred are they seen,
  And made the.May-game of the public spleen?
                                       Dryden.
Aooo'utrement,  ak-k66'tur-ment.  to.   s.
  [accoutrement, Fr.]   Dress,  equipage;
  furniture,  relating to the person;  trap-
  pings, ornaments. 
AC  C
ACC
ACC
     I profess requital to a hair's breadth; not only
   in the simple office of love, but in all the occowfre-
   mif!- complement, and ceremony of it.
             Shakspeare's Merry  Wives of Windsor.
     Christianity is lost among them, in the  trappings
   and accoutrements of it;  with  which, instead of
   adorning religion, they have strangely disguised it;
   and quite stifled it, in the crowd of external rites and
   ceremonies.            Tillotson, Sermon xxviii.
     I have seen the pope officiate at St. Peter's; where,
   for two hours together, he was busied in putting on
   or off his  different accoutrements, according to the
   different parts he was to act ia them.
                      Addison, Spectator, No. 201.
     How gay with all th' accoutrements of war,
   The Britons come, with gold well-fraught they come.
                                          Phil.
 ACCRETION, ak-kre'shun.  n.  s.  [ac-
    cretio,  Lat.]  The act  of growing  to
    another, so as to  increase it.
     Plants do nourish;  animated bodies do not: they
   have an accretion, but no alimentation.
                      Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 602.
     The changes seem to be effected by the exhaling
   of the moisture; which may leave the tinging cor-
   puscles more dense,  and something augmented by
   the accretion  of the oily and earthy parts of that
   moisture.                      Neicton's Optics.
     Infants  support abstinence worst, from the quan-
   tity of aliment consumed in accretion.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Aocre'tive,   ak-kre'tlv.lfiS  adj.   [from
    accretion.]  Growing;  that,  which  by
    growth is  added.
     If the motion be very slow, we perceive it not:
   we have no sense of the accretive motion of plants
   and animals;  and  the sly shadow steals away upon
   the dial; and the quickest eye can discover no more,
   but that it is gone.             Glanville's Scepsis.
 To ACCRO'ACH, ak-kr6tsh'.2»6   v.  a.
   [accrocher,  Fr.]  To  draw to  one, as
   with a hook; to gripe;  to draw away by
   degrees, what is  another's.
A.coro'achment,   ak-krotsh-ment. n.  s.
   from accroach.] The act of accroaching.
                                        Diet.
 To ACCRU'E, ak-kr66'.3!"> v. n. [from the
   participle accru,  formed from accroitre,
   Fr.]
 I. To  accede  to, to be added to;  as a na-
   tural  production or  effect, without any
   particular  respect to good or ill.
     The Son of God, by his incarnation, hath chang-
   ed the manner of that personal subsistence; no al-
   teration thereby  accruing to the nature of God.
                              Hooker, b. v. § 54,
2.  To  be  added, as an advantage  or im-
   provement, in  a sense inclining to good
   rather than  ill;  in which meaning it is
   more frequently used,  by later  authors.
     From which compact there arising an obligation
  upon every one, so to convey his meaning; there ac-
  crues also  a right to every  one, by the same signs,
  to judge of the sense  or meaning of the person, so
  obliged to express himself.       South's Sermons.
    Let the evidence of such a particular miracle be
  never so bright and clear, yet it  is still  but parti-
  cular;  and  must  therefore want that kind of force,
  that degree of influence, which  accrues to a standing
  general proof,  from its having been  tried or ap-
  proved, and consented to, by men of all ranks and
  capacities,  of all tempers and interests, of all ages
  and nations.               Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To append to, or arise  from: as, an ill
   consequence; this sense seems to be less
   proper.
    His scholar Aristotle, as in many other particulars,
  so likewise on this, did  justly oppose him, and be-
  came one of the anthers; choosing a certain benefit,
   before the hazard that might accrue from the dis-
   respects of ignorant persons.             Wilkins.
 4. In a commercial sense, to be produced,
   or arise; as, profits
     The yearly benefit that, out of those his works,
   accrueth to her majesty, amounteth to one thousand
   pounds.                       Carew's Survey.
     The great profits, which have accrued to the duke
   of Florence  from his free port, have set several of
   the states of Italy on the same project.
                               Addison on Italy.
 5. To follow, as loss;  a vitious use.
     The benefit or loss of such  a trade accruing to
   the government,  until it  comes to take root in the
   nation.                         Temple's Misc.
 Accuba'tion, ak-ku-ba'shun.  n. s. [from
   accubo, to lie  down to, Lat.]  The  an-
   cient posture of leaning at meals.
     It will appear, that accubation, or lying down at
   meals, was a gesture used by very many nations.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 To Accu'mb, ak-kdmb'.3*7 v.  a. [accum-
   bo, Lat ]  To lie at the table, according
   to the ancient manner.             Diet.
 Accu'mbent,  ak-kum'bent. adj. [accum-
   bens, Lat ] Leaning.
     The Roman recumbent, or (more properly) ac-
   cumbent posture in eating, was introduced after the
   first Punic war.             Arbuthnot on Coins.
 To  ACCUMULATE,  ak-ku'mu-late."
   v. a.  [from  accumulo, Lat.]  To  heap
   one  thing upon  another; to pile up, to
   heap together. It is used either literally,
   as, to accumulate money; or figuratively,
   as, to accumulate merit or wickedness.
     If thou dost slander her, and torture me,
   Never pray more; abandon all remorse;
   On horror's head horrors accumulate;
   For nothing canst thou to damnation add.
                           Shakspeare's Othello.
    Crusht by imaginary treasons weight,
   Which too much merit did accumulate.
                              Sir John Denham.
 Accumulation, ak-ku-mu-la'shun.  n. s.
   [from accumulate.]
 1.  The act of accumulating.
    One of my place in Syria, his lieutenant,
   For quick accumulation of renown,
   Which he achiev'd by th' minute, lost his favour.
               Shakspeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
    Some perhaps  might otherwise wonder, at  such
  an accumulation of benefits;  like a kind of embroi-
  dering, or listing of one favour upon another.
                                      Wotton.
2. The state of being accumulated
    By the regular returns of it in some people,  and
  their freedom from it after the morbid matter is ex-
  hausted, it looks, as there were regular accumula-
  tions and gatherings of it, as of other humours in the
  body.                       Arbuthnot on Diet.
Accumulative,  ak-ku'mu-la-tiv.  adj.
   [from accumulate.]
 1. That, which  accumulates.
2. That, which is  accumulated.
    If the injury meet  not with meekness, it then ac-
  quires another accumulative guilt; and  stands an-
  swerable not only for its own positive ill, but for
  all the accidental, which it causes in the sufferer.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Accumulator,  ak-ku'mu-la-tur.^1 n. s.
   [from  accumulate.]  He, that accumu-
   lates; a gatherer or heaper together.
    Injuries may fall upon the passive mas; yet, with-
  out revenge, there would be no broils and quarrels,
  the great accumulators and multipliers of injuries.
                                Decay of Piety.
A'ccuracy,  ak'ku-ra-se. to.  s. [accuratio,
   Lat.] Exactness, nicety.
     This perfect artifice and accuracy might  have
   been omitted, and yet they have made shift to move.
                                         More.
     Quickness of imagination is seen in the invention,
   fertility in  the fancy, and the accuracy in the ex-
   pression.                              Dryden.
     The man who hath the stupid ignorance, or hard-
   ened effrontery, to insult the revealed will of God;
   or the petulant conceit,  to turn it into ridicule; or
   the  arrogance, to make his  own perfections  the
   measure of the Divinity: or, at best, that can collate
   a text, or quote an authority, with an insipid accu-
   racy; or demonstrate a plain proposition, in all for-
   mality: these now are the only men worth mention-
   ing.                                   Delany.
    We consider the uniformity of the whole design,
   accuracy of the calculations, and skill in restoring
   and comparing passages of ancient authors.
                             Arbuthnot on Coins.

 A'CCURATE,  ak'ku-rate.»». adj.  [accu-
   ratus, Lat.]
 1.  Exact,  as opposed to negligence or  ig-
   norance, applied to persons.
 2.  Exact,  without  defect  or failure,  ap-
   plied to things.
    No man living has made more accurate trials
  than Reaumure, that  brightest ornament of France.
                                        Colson.
 3.  Determinate; precisely fixed.
    Those conceive,  the celestial bodies have more
  accurate influences upon these  things below, than
  indeed they have but  in gross.             Bacon.

 A'ocurately, ak'ku-rate-le. adv. [from
   accurate.]   In an accurate manner; ex-
   actly, without errour, nicely.
    The sine of incidence  is either accurately,  or
  very nearly, in a given ratio to the sine of refrac-
  tion.                                Neioton.
    That all these distances, motions, and quantities
  of matter, should be so accurately and harmonious-
  ly adjusted in this great variety of our system, is
  above the fortuitous hits of blind material  causes;
  and must certainly flow, from that eternal fountain
  of wisdom.                            Bentley.

 A'ocurateness,   ak'ku-rate-ness.  to.   s.
   [from accurate.]   Exactness, nicety.
    But sometime after, suspecting  that in making
  this observation I had not determined the  diame-
  ter of the sphere  with sufficient accurateness, I re-
  peated the experiment.                 Newton.

 To  Accu'rse,  ak-kiirse'.  v.  a.   [See
   Curse.]  To doom to misery; to invoke
   misery upon any one.
    As if it were an unlucky  comet,  or as  if God
  had so accursed it; that  it should  never shine, to
  give light in things concerning  our duty any way
  towards him.                          Hooker.
    When Hildebrand accursed,  and cast down from
  his throne, Hemy IV; there were none so hardy, as
  to defend their lord.  Sir Walter Raleigh's Essays.

Accu'RSEn, ak-kur'sed.36a part. adj.
 1. That, which is cursed or doomed  to
   misery.
    'Tis the most certain sign the world's accurst,
  That the best things corrupted are and worst.
                                      Denham.
2. That, which deserves the curse; exe-
   crable, hateful, detestable; and, by con-
   sequence, wicked, malignant.
                A swift blessing
  May  soon return, to this our suffering country,
  Under a hand accurs'd!      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    The chief part of the misery of wicked men, and
  those accursed spirits,  the devils, is this; that they
  are of a disposition conn-ary to God.    Tillotson.
    They, like the  seed  from  which they sprung,
        accurst,
  Against the gods immortal hatred nurst.   Dryden.
Accu'sable,  iik-ku'za-bl.408  adj.  [from 
ACC
ACE
ACH
  the verb accuse.]  That, which may be
  censured; blamable, culpable.
    There would be a manifest defect, and Nature's
  improvision were justly accusable; if animals, so
  subject unto diseases from bilious causes,  should
  want a proper conveyance for choler.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Accusa'tion,  ak-ku-za'shun. to.*, [from
  accuse.]
1. The  act of  accusing.
    Thus they in mutual accusation spent
  The fruitless hours, but neither self-condemning;
  And, of their vain contest, appear'd no end.  Milt.
2. The  charge,  brought against any one
  by the accuser.
                        You read
  These acusations; and these grievous crimes,
  Committed by your person and your followers.
                                   Shakspeare.
    All accusation, in the very nature of the  thing,
  still supposing, and being founded upon some law:
  for, where there is no law, there can be  no  trans-
  gression; and, where there can be no transgression,
  I am sure, there ought to be  no  accusation.
                                       South.
3.  [In the sense of the courts.]  A decla-
   ration of some crime, preferred before
   a competent judge, in order to inflict
   some judgment on the guilty person.
                         Ayliffe's Parergon.
Acou'sative,  ak-ku'za-tiv. adj. [accu-
   sativus, Lat.]  A term of grammar, sig-
   nifying the relation of the noun, on which
   the action  implied in the verb termi-
   nates.
Accu'satorv.   ak-ku'za-to'-re'613   adj.
   | Irom accuse.]  That, which produceth
   or containeth an  accusation.
    In a charge of adultery, the accuser ought to set
  forth, in the accusatory libel,  some certain and de-
  finite time.                           Ayliffe.
 To ACCU'SE,  ak-kuze'. v.a.  [from
    accuso, Lat.]
 1.  To charge with a crime.  It requires
    the particle of,  before  the  subject of
    accusation.
     He stripp'd the bears-foot of its leafy growth;
   And, calling western winds,  accus'd the spring  of
         sloth.                  Dryden's Virgil.
     The professors are accused of all the ill practices,
   which  may seem to be the* ill consequences of their
   principles.                          Addison.
 2.  It sometimes admits the particle/or.
     Never send  up a leg of a fowl at supper,  while
   there is a cat or dog in the house, that can be  ac-
   cused for running away with it:  but,  if there hap-
   pen to be neither, you must lay it upon the rats, or
   a strange greyhound.                    Swift.
 3.  To blame  or censure, in opposition to
    applause or justification.
     Their   conscience bearing witness,  and their
   thoughts the mean while accusing or  else excusing
   one another.                      Rom. ii. 15.
     Your valour would their sloth too much accuse;
   And therefore, like themselves, they princes choose.
                        Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
 Accu'ser,  ak-ku'zur.98 n. s.   [from ac-
    cuse.]  He,  that brings a charge against
    another.
     There are some persons forbidden to be accusers,
   on the score of their sex, as women; others, of
   their age, as pupils and  infants; others, upon  the
   account of some crimes  committed by  them; and
   others, on the score of some filthy lucre they pro-
   pose to gain thereby;  others on the score of their
   conditions, as libertines against their  patrons; and
   others, through a suspicion of calumny,  as having
   once already given false evidence; and lastly others,
 on account of their  poverty, as not being  worth
 more than fifty aurei.          Ayliffe's Parergon.
   —That  good  man, who drank the  pois'nous
       draught,
 With mind serene; and could not wish, to see
 His vile accuser drink as deep as he.     Dryden.
   If the person  accused maketh  his innocence
 plainly to appear upon his trial, the accuser is im-
 mediately put to an ignominious death; and, out of
 his goods and lands,  the innocent person is quadru-
 ply recompensed.             Gulliver's Travels.
To  ACCU'STOM,   ak-kus'tum.  v.  a.
  [accoutumer,  Fr.]  To habituate, to in-
  ure, with the particle to.  It  is  used
  chiefly of persons.
          How shall we breathe in other air
 Less pure, accustom'd to immortal fruits?  Milton.
    It has been some  advantage, to  accustom one's
 self to books of the same edition.
                Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
To  Accu'stom, ak-kus'tum. v. n.  To be
  wont to do any  thing.   Obsolete.
    A boat over-freighted  sunk, and all drowned,
 saving one  woman,  that  in her first  popping-up
 again (which most living things accustom) got hold
 of the boat.                          Careic.
Acou'stomable,  ak-kus'tum-ma-bl. adj.
  [from accustom.]   Of long custom  or
  habit; habitual, customary.
    Animals (even of the same original, extraction,
 and species) may be diversified by accustomable re-
 sidence in one climate, from what they are in ano-
  ther.                 Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Accu'stomably, ak-kus'tum-ma-ble. adv.
  According to custom.
    Touching the king's fines, accustomably paid for
  the purchasing of writs original,  I find no  certain
  beginning of them; and  do therefore think, that
  they grew up with the chancery.
                            Bacon's Alienation.
Accu'stomance,  ak-kus'tilm-manse.  to.
   s.  [accoutumance, Fr.]  Custom,  habit,
   use.
    Through  accustomance and negligence, and per-
  haps some other causes,  we neither feel it in our
  own bodies, nor take notice of it in others.  Boyle.
Accu'stom aril y,  ak-k&s'tnm-ma-re-le.
   adv.   In a customary manner; accord-
   ing to common or  customary practice.
    Go on, rhetorick; and expose the peculiar emi-
  nency, which you accustomarily marshal before logick
  to public  view.                    Cleaveland.
 Accu'stomary,     ak-kus'tum-ma-re.6ia
   adj. [from accustom.]  Usual, practis-
   ed; according  to custom.
 Accu'stom En,   ak-kus'tum-£d.382    adj.
   [from accustom.]   According  to cus-
   tom;  frequent; usual.
    Look, how she rubs her hands!—It is  an accus-
  tomed action with her, to seem thus washing her
  hands:  I  have known her continue in this  a quar-
  ter of an hour.            Shakspeare's Macbeth.
 Ace, ase.  n. s.   [As  not  only  signified a
   piece of money, but  any integer:  from
   whence is derived  the word ace, or unit.
   Thus, As  signified  the  whole inheri-
   tance.   Arbuthnot  on Coins.]
 1. An unit; a dingle point, on cards or dice.
    When lots are shuffled together in a lap, urn, or
  pitcher; or if a man blindfold  casts a die, what
  reason  in the world can he have to presume,  that
  he shall draw a white stone rather than a black, or
  throw an ace rather than  a  sise?           South.
 2.  A small quantity; a particle; an atom.
    He will not bate an  ace of absolute certainty;
  but however doubtful or  improbable  the thing is,
  coming from him it  must  go for  an indisputable
  truth.               Government of the Tongue.
    I'll not wag an ace farther: the whole world shall
  not bribe me to it.        Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Ace'phalous, a-se'fal-us. adj.  [«*ep«A®-,
  Gr.]   Without a head.            Diet.
Aoe'rb, a-serb'.  adj. [acerbus, Lat.] Acid,
  with an addition of roughness; as most
  fruits are, before they are ripe. Quincy.
Ace'rbity, a-seY-be-te.611 to. s. [acerbi-
  tas, Lat]
1. A rough sour taste.
2. Applied to men, sharpness of temper;
  severity.
    True it is, that  the talents for criticism (namely,
  smartness, quick censure,  vivacity of remark;  in-
  deed all, but acerbity) seem rather  the gifts of
  youth, than of old age.                   Pope,
To  ACE'RVATE,  a-ser'vate.91  v.  „.
   [acervo, Lat.]   To heap up.      Diet.
Acerva'tion,   as-er-va'shun.637  n.  8,
   [from acervate.]   The act  of heaping
   together.
Ace'rvose, a-ser'vos.  adj. Full of heaps.
                                       Diet.
Ace'scent,  a-ses'sent.  adj.    [acescens,
   Lat.]   That  which  has a tendency  to
   sourness or acidity.
    The same persons  (perhaps) had enjoyed their
  health as well, with a mixture of animal diet, qua-
  lified with  a  sufficient quantity of acescenfs;  as,
  bread, vinegar, and fermented liquors.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Aceto'se, as-e-tose'.427 adj.  That which
   has in it any thing sour.
 Ackto'sity,  as-e-tds'e-t£.611  n. s. [from
   acetose.]   The  state of being acetose,
   or of containing sourness.          Diet.
 Ace'tous,  a-se'tus.314 adj. [from acetum,
   vinegar, Lat.]   Having the  quality oi
   vinegar; sour.
     Raisins,  which consist  chiefly of the juice of
   grapes, inspissated in the skins or husks by the a?o-
   lation of the superfluous  moisture  through their
   pores, being distilled in a retort, did not afford an;
   vinous, but rather an acetous, spirit.        Boyle.
 Ache, ake.  to.  «.  [ace,  Sax,  *%©*, Gr.
   now generally written ake,  and  in the
   plural akes,  of one syllable:  the primi-
   tive manner being preserved chiefly in
   poetry, for the sake of the  measure.]
   A  continued  pain.  See Ake.
             I'll rack thee with old cramps;
   Fill all thy bones with aches, make thee roar,
   That beasts shall tremble at thy din.      Shaksp.
     A coming show'r your shooting corns presage,
   Old aches throb, your hollow tooth will rage. Sxcift.
  To Ache, ake.  v. n. [See Ache.  To be
    in  pain.
     Upon  this account, our senses  are dulled and
   spent by any extraordinary intention; and our very
   eyes will ache, if long fixed upon any difficultly dis-
   cerned object.                       Glanvilk.

  To ACHl'EVE,  at-tsheve'.  v. a. [ache-
   ver, Fr. to complete.]
  1. To perform, to finish a design  prospe-
    rously.
     Our toils, my  friends,  are  crown'd  with  sure
         success:
   The greater part pevform'd, achieve the less. Dryd.
  2. To gain, to  obtain.
     Experience is  by industry achiev'd,
   And perfected by the swift course of time.  Shaksp.
     Tranio, I burn, 1 pine;  I perish, Tranio,
   If I achieve not this young modest girl.     Shaksp.
     Thou hast achiev'd our liberty, confin'd
   Within hell-gates till low.    "           Milton 
ACI
ACK
ACQ
    Show all the spoils by valiant kings achiev'd,
  And groaning nations by their arms reliev'd. Prior.

Achi'ever, at-tshe'vur. n. *.   He, that
  performs; he,  that obtains, what he en-
  deavours after
    A victory is twice itself, when the acntew brings
  home full numbers.
             Shakspeare's Miuh ado about Nothing.
Achievement,   at-tsh6ve'ment.  to.  s.
  [achevement, Fr.]
1. The performance of an action.
    From every coast, that heaven walks about,
  Have thither come the noble martial crew,
  That famous hard achievements still pursue.
                                 Fairy Queen.
2. The escutcheon or  ensigns armorial,
   granted to any man for the performance
   of great actions.
    Then shall the war, and stern debate, and strife
  Immortal, be the bus'ness of my life;
  And in thy fame, the dusty spoils among,
  High on the burnish'd roof, my banner shall be hung,
  Rank'd with my champion's bucklers; and below,
  With arms revers'd, th' achievements of the foe.
                                      Dryden.
Achievement, in the first sense, is derived
   from achieve, as it signifies to  perform;
   in  the  second,  from  achieve, as it im-
   ports to gain.

A'ching, a'king.  «. s. [from ache.] Pain;
   uneasiness.
     When old age comes, to wait upon a great and
  worshipful  sinner; it comes, attended with  many
  painful girds and achings, called the  gout.   South.
A'CHOR, i'kdr.168 to. s. [achor, Lat. *^«f,
   Gr. furfur/]   A species of  the herpes;
   it appears with  a crusty  scab,  which
   causes an itching on the surface of the
   head, occasioned by a salt sharp serum
   oozing through the skin.       Quincy.

A'CID, as'sid. adj. [acidus, Lat. acide, Fr.]
   Sour, sharp.
     Wild trees last longer, than garden  trees; and
   in the same kind, those, whose fruit  is acta", more
   than those,  whose fruit is sweet.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
     Acid or sour proceed from a salt of the same
   nature, without mixture of oil; in  austere tastes,
   the oily parts have not disentangled  themselves
   from the salts and earthy parts; such is the taste
   of unripe fruits.          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
     Liquors and substances are called acids, which,
   being  composed of  pointed  particles, affect the
   taste in a sharp and piercing manner.   The com-
   mon way of trying, whether any particular liquor
  hath in it any particles of this kind, is  by mixing
  it with syrup of violets, when it will turn of a red
  colour; but if it contains alkaline or lixivial parti-
  cles, it changes that syrup green.         Quincy.
Aci'dity,    a-sld'de-te.S11  to.  *.  [from
   acid.] The  quality of being  acid; an
   acid taste;  sharpness; sourness.
     Fishes, by the help of a  dissolvent liquor,  cor-
  rode and reduce their meat,  skin, bones and all,
  into a chylus or tremor; and yet mis liquor mani-
  fests nothing of acidity to the taste.         Ray.
     When the taste of the mouth is bitter, it  is a
  sign of a redundance  of a bilious alkali; and de-
  mands a quite different diet, from the case of aci-
  dity or sourness.          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 A'cidness, as'sld-ness.  n. s. [from acid.]
   The  quality of being.acid: acidity.  See
   Acidity.
ACl'DULM, a-sld'du-le.1^ „. ,. [that is,
   aqua acidule.]   Medicinal springs  im-
   pregnated  with sharp  particles; as all
  the nitrous, ehalybeate, and alum springs
  are.                             Quincy.
   The acidulce, or medical springs, emit a greater
 quantity of their  minerals than usual; and even
 the ordinary springs,  which  v ere before clear,
 fresh, and limpid, become  thick and turbid, aud
 are impregnated with sulphur and  other minerals,
 as long as the earthquake lasts.
                   Woodward's Natural History.
To   Aci'dulate,  a-sid'du-late.9J   v.  a.
  [aciduler, Fr.]  To impregnate or tinge
  with acids in a slight degree.
    A diet of fresh unsalted things,  watery liquors
 acidulated, farinaceous  emollient substances, sour
 milk, butter, and acid fruits.
                        Arbuthnot on Aliments.
To  ACKNO'WLEDGE, ak-ndl-ledj.3*8
  v. a. [a word formed,  as  it seems, be-
  tween  the Latin and English,  from ag-
  nosco and knowledge; which is deduced
  from the Saxon cnapan  to know.
1.  To own the  knowledge of; to own any
  thing or person  in  a  particular cha-
  racter.
    My people do already know my  mind;
  And will acknowledge you and Jessica,
  In place of lord Bassanio and myself.     Shaksp.
    None, that acknowledge God or providence,
  Their soul's eternity did ever doubt.       Davies.
2. To confess;  as, a fault.
    For I  acknowledge my  transgressions;  and my
  sin is ever before me.              Psalm li. 3.
3.  To own; as,  a  benefit; sometimes  with
  the particle to, before  the person con-
  ferring the benefit.
                      His spirit
    Taught them; but they  his gifts acknowledged
          not.                         Milton.
    In  the first place, therefore, I thankfully acknow-
  ledge to the Almighty power the assistance he has
  given me, in the beginning and the prosecution of
  my present studies.                     Dryden.
Acknowledging,  ak-nol'ledj-ing.  adj.
  [from  acknowledge.]   Grateful;  ready
  to acknowledge benefits received.  A
  Gallicism, reconnoissant.
    He has shewn his hero acknowledging  and un-
  grateful, compassionate and hard-hearted; but, at
  the bottom, fickle and self-interested.
                              Dryden's Virgil.
Acknowledgment,   ak-n6l'l£dje-ment
  328  to. s. [from acknowledge.]
1. Concession of any character in another;
  as,  existence, superiority.
    The due contemplation of the human nature doth,
  by a  necessary connection and chain of causes, car-
  ry us up  to the unavoidable acknowledgment of the
  Deity; because it carries every thinking man, to an
  original of every successive individual.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Concession of the truth of  any position.
    Immediately upon  the  acknowledgment of the
  cluistian faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip.
                                      Hooker.
3.  Confession of a fault.
4.  Confession of a benefit received;  gra-
  titude.
5.  Act of attestation to  any  concession;
  such as homage.
    There be many  wide  countries  in Ireland, in
  which the laws of England were never established,
  nor any acknowledgment of subjection made.
                      Spenser's State of Ireland.
6. Something given or done, in confession
  of a benefit received.
    The second is an acknowledgment to his majesty,
  for the leave of fishing upon his coasts; and though
  this may not be grounded upon any  treaty, yet, if
  it appear to be an ancient right ou  our side, and
  custom on theirs, not determined or extinguished by
  any treaty between us, it may  with  justice be in-
  sisted on.                 Temple's Miscellanies.
A'CME,  ak'me. to.*.  [«kjk.jj,  Gr.]   The
   height  of any thing; more  especially
   used to denote the height of a distem-
   per,  which is divided into four periods.
   1.  The  arche, the beginning or first at-
   tack. 2. Anabasis, the growth. 3. Acme,
   the  height.   And, 4. Paracme, which
   is  the declension of the distemper.
                                    Quincy.
Aco'lothist, a-kol'16-thist. n. s. [»*oXx-
   B-eu,  Gr.]   One of the lowest order, in
   the Romish church; whose  office is, to
   prepare the elements for the offices, to
   light the church, &c.
    It is duty, according to the papal law, when the
  bishop sings mass, to order all the inferior clergy
  to appear  in their proper habits; and to see that all
  the  offices of the church be rightly  performed;  to
  ordain the acolotinst, to keep the  sacred vessels.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
A'colyte, ak'6-lite.54* n. s.   [The same
   with Acolothist ]
A'coNiTE,ak'k6-nite.166 to.  s. [aconiturn,
   Lat.]   Properly the herb  wolfs-bane;
   but commonly used in poetical language,
   for poison in  general.
    Our land is from the rage of tygers freed,
  Nor nourishes the lion's angry seed;
  Nor pois'nous aconite is here produe'd,
  Or grows unknown, or is (when known) refus'd.
                                      Dryden.
    Despair, that aconite does prove,
  And certain death to others love,
  That poison never yet withstood,
  Does nourish mine, and turns to blood.  Granville.
A'oorn,  a'k6rn.  to. s.   [JEcojin, Sax.
   from ac, an  oak,  and corin,  corn or
   grain; that is,  the grain or  fruit of the
   oak ] The seed or fruit, born by the oak.
    Errours, such  as are but acorns in our younger
  brows, grow oaks in  our older heads, and  become
  inflexible.                             Brown.
    Content with food, which nature freely bred,
  On wildings and on strawberries  they fed:
  Cornels and bramble-berries gave the rest;
  And falling acorns furnished out a feast.
                                 Dryden's Ovid.
    He, that is nourished by the acorns he picked up>
  under an  oak, or the apples  he gathered from the
  trees in the wood, has certainly appropriated them
  to himself.                             Locke.
A'corned,  a'kornd.  adj.  [from  acorn.]
   Stored with acorns.
    Like a full acorn'd boar.          Shakspeare.
Aco'usTicKS,a-k6u'stiks.318TO.5. [etzt/TtX*,
   of mkh'u, Gr. to hear.]
 1. The doctrine or theory of sounds.
 2.  Medicines to help the hearing.  Quincy.
 To ACQU A'INT, ak-kwant'.  v. a. [accoin-
    ter,  Fr.]
 I. To make familiar with; applied either to
    persons or things.   It has  with,  before
    the  object.
   We, that acqual.U ourselves with ev'ry zone,
     And pass the tropicks, and behold each pole;
   When we come home, are to ourselves unknown,
     And unacquainted still with our own soul. Davies.
     There with thee, new welcome saint,
   Like  fortunes may her soul acquaint.      Milton.
      Before a man can speak on any subject, it is ne-
   cessary to be acquainted toith it. Locke on Education.
     .#cguain*yoursel\es with things ancient and mo-
   dern, natural, civil, and religious, domestic and na* 
ACQ,                                     ACQ                                      ACQ
  tional, things of your own and foreign countries; and,
  above all, be  well acquainted with  God and your-
  selves; leare animal nature, and the workings of your
  own spirits.                     Watts's Logick.
2. To inform.   With is more in use before
   the object, than of.
    But for some other reasons, my grave Sir,
  Which is not fit you know, I not acquaint
  My father of this business. Shaksp.  Twelfth Night.
    A friend in the  country acquaints me, that two
  or three men of the town are got among them, and
  have brought words and phrases, which were never
  before in those parts.                    Tatlcr.
Acquaintance, ak-kwant'anse. n.s. [ac-
   cointance, Fr.]
1. The  state  of being acquainted with; fa-
   miliarity, knowledge.   It is applied, as
   well  to persons as things, with the  par-
   ticle  with.
    Nor was his acquaintance less  with the famous
  poets of his age, than with the noblemen and ladies.
                                       Dryden.
    Our  admiration of a famous man lessens, upon
  our nearer acquaintance with him; and we seldom
  hear of a celebrated person, without a catalogue of
  some notorious weaknesses and infirmities.  Addison.
    Would we be admitted into an acquaintance with
  God, let us study  to resemble him. We must be
  partakers of a divine nature, in order to partake of
  this high privilege and alliance.        Alterbury.
2. Familiar knowledge; simply, without a
   preposition.
             Brave soldier, pardon me,
  That any accent, breaking from my  tongue,
  Should 'scape the true acquaintance  of mine ear.
                                    SAa/cspeare.
    This  keeps the  understanding long  in  converse
  with an object, and long converse brings  acquain-
  tance.                                 South.'
    In what manner he lived with those, who were of
  his neighbourhood  and  acquaintance; how obliging
  his carriage was to them, what kind offices he did,
  and was always ready to do them; I forbear parti-
  cularly to say.                       Atterbury.

3. A slight or initial knowledge, short of
   friendship, as  applied to persons.
    I hope, I am pretty  near seeing you; and there-
  fore I would cultivate an  acquaintance: because, if
  you do not know me, when we meet; you need only
  keep one of my  letters, and compare it  with my
  face; for my face and letters are counterparts of my
  heart.                           Sicift to Pope.
    A long noviciate of acquaintance should precede
  the vows of friendship.              Bolingbroke.
4. The person with whom we are acquaint-
   ed; him, of whom we have some know-
   ledge, without the intimacy of friend-
   ship.
      In  this sense, the plural is,  in some
   authors, acquaintance; in  others,  ac-
   quaintances.
    But she, all vow'd unto the red-cross knight,
  His wand'ring peril closely did lament;
    Ne in this new acquaintance could delight,
  But her dear heart with anguish did torment.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    That young men travel under some tutor, I allow
  well; so that he be such a one, that may be able to
  tell them, what acquaintances they are to seek, what
  exercises or discipline the place yieldeth.   Bacon.
    This, my lord, has justly acquired you as many
  friends, as there are persons,  who have the honour
  to be known to you; mere acquaintance  you  have
  none; you have drawn them all into  a  nearer line;
  and they, who have conversed with you, are for
  ever after inviolably yours.              Dryden.
    We see, he is ashamed of his nearest  acquain-
  tances.                    Boyle against Bentley.

Acquainted,  ak-kwant'ed.  adj. [from
  acquaint.] Familiar, well known; not new.
    Now call we our high court of parliament;
  That war or peace, or both at once, may be
  As things acquainted and familiar to us.    Shaksp.
Acque'st, ak-kwest'.  n. s. [acquest, Fr
   from acquerir; written by some acquist,
   with a view to the word  acquire, or ac-
   quisita.]   Attainment, acquisition; the
   thing gained.
    New acquests are more burden than strength.
                                        Bacon.
    Mud, reposed near the ostea of rivers, makes con-
  tinual additions to the land, thereby excluding the
  sea; and preserving these  shells, as  trophies and
  signs of its new acquests and encroachments.
                                    Woodward.
To ACQUIE'SCE, ak-kwe-ess'.v. n. [ac-
   quiescer, Fr. acquiescere, Lat.]  To rest
   in, or remain satisfied with, without op-
   position or discontent. It has in,  before
   the object.
    Others will, upon account of the receivedness of
  the proposed opinion,  think it rather  worthy to be
  examined, than acquiesced in.             Boyle.
    Neither a bare approbation of, nor a mere wish-
  ing, nor unactive complacency in;  nor, lastly, a
  natural inclination to  things virtuous and good, can
  pass before God for a man's willing of such things:
  and,  consequently, if men, upon this  account, will
  needs take up and acquiesce  in an  aiiy ungrounded
  persuasion, that they will those things which really
  they not will; they fall thereby into a gross and fatal
  delusion.                               Soutli.
    He hath employed  his transcendent wisdom and
  power, that by these he might  make way for his
  benignity; as the end, wherein they ultimately ac-
  quiesce.                                Grew.
Acquie'scence, ak-kwe-£ss'ense.   to.  s.
   [from acquiesce/]
1. A  silent appearance of content;  distin-
   guished on one side,  from avowed con-
   sent; on the other, from opposition.
    Neither from any of the nobility, nor of the cler-
  gy, who were thought most averse from it, there
  appeared any sign of contradiction to that; but an
  entire acquiescence in  all, the bishops thought fit to
  do.                                Clarendon.
2. Satisfaction, rest, content.
    Many indeed have given over  their pursuits after
  fame, either from disappointment, or from expe-
  rience of the little pleasure which attends it,  or the
  better informations or natural coldness of old age;
  but seldom from  a full satisfaction and acquiescence
  in their present enjoyments of it.        Addison.
3. Submission,  confidence.
    The greatest part of the world take up their per-
  suasions concerning good and evil, by an implicit
  faith, and a full acquiescence in  the word of those,
  who shall represent things to them under these cha-
  racters.                                South.
Acquirable, ak-kwi'ra-bl.406 adj. [from
   acquire.]  That,  which may be acquired
   or obtained; attainable.
    Those rational instincts,  the  connate principles
  engraven in the human soul, though they are buths
  acquirable and deducible by rational  consequence
  and argumentation, yet seem to be inscribed in the
  very crasis and texture of the soul, antecedent to any
  acquisition by industry or the exercise of the discur-
  sive faculty in man.     Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    If the powers of cogitation and volition and sen-
  sation, are neither inherent in matter as such, nor
  acquirable to matter by any  motion or modification
  of it; it necessarily follows, that  they proceed from
  some cogitative substance, some  incorporeal inhabi-
  tant within us, which we call spirit and soul. Bentley.
To ACQUIRE,ak-kwire'.v.a.[acquerir,
   Fr.  acquiro, Lat.]
1. To gain, by one's own labour or power;
   to obtain, what is not received from na-
   ture, or  transmitted by inheritance.
     Better to leave undone, than by our deed
  Acquire too high a fame; while he, we serve, 'a
       away.         Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
2. To come to; to attain.
     Motion cannot be perceived, without the percep-
  tion  of its terms; viz. the parts of space, which it
  immediately left; and those, which it next acquires.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
Acqui'red, ak-kwi'red.362 particip.  adj.
   [from acquire/] Gained by one's self; in
   opposition to those things, which arc be.
   stowed by nature.
     We are seldom at ease, and free enough from
  the solicitation of our natural or adopted  desires'
  but a constant succession of uneasinesses, out of that
  stock, which natural wants or  acquired habits have
  heaped up, take the will in their turns.      Locke.
Acqui'rer, ak-kwi'rur.98 «. a,  [from ac-
   quire.]   The person,  that  acquires; a
   gainer.

Acquirement,   ak-kwire'ment.   n. s.
   [from acquire.] That, which is acquired;
   gain;  attainment.   The word may be
   properly used, in opposition to the gifts
   of nature.
     These his acquirements, by industry, were exceed-
  ingly both enriched and enlarged, by many excel-
  lent endowments of nature. Hayward on Edward VI.
     By a content and acquiescence in every species of
  truth, we embrace the shadow thereof;  or so  much
  as may palliate its just and substantial acquirements.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     It is very  difficult, to lay down  rules for the ac-
  quirement of a taste: the faculty must,  in some de-
  gree, be born with us.                  Addison.
Acquisition,  ak-kwe-zish'shun.  n. i
   [acquisitio, Lat ]
1. The act of acquiring or gaining.
     Each  man has but a limited right to the good
  things of the world; and the natural allowed way
  by which he is to compass the possession of thest
  things, is by his own industrious acquisition of them
                                        South,
2. The thing gained; acquirement.
           Great Sir, all acquisition
  Of glory as of empire, here I lay before
  Your royal feet.                Denham's Sophy.
     A  state can never arrive to  its period, in a more
  deplorable crisis; than, when  some prince lies ho-
  vering like a vulture, to dismember its dying carcase;
  by which means it becomes only an acquisition to
  some mighty monarchy, without hopes of a resur-
  rection.                                 Swift.
Acqui'sitive, ak-kwiz'z£-tiv.167adj.[ac-
   quisitivus, Lat.] That, which is acquired
   or gained.
     He died not in his  acquisitive, but in his native
  soil; nature herself, as it were, claiming a final in-
  terest in his body, when fortune had done with him.
                                       Wotton.
Acqui'st, ak-kwlst'. n.s. [See Acquest.]
   Acquirement; attainment; gain.  Not in
   use.
     His servent he, with new acquist
  Of true experience from this great event,
  With peace and consolation hath dismist.   Milton.
To ACQUI'T, ak-kwit'.*« v. a. [acquiter,
   Fr.   See Quit.]
1. To set free.
     Ne do I wish (for wishing were but vain)
  To be acquit from my continual smart;
     But joy, her thrall for ever to remain,
  And yield for pledge my  poor captiv'd heart. Spenser.
2. To clear from a charge of guilt;  to ab-
   solve; opposed to condemn, either simply
   with an accusative, as, the jury acquitted
   him;  or with  the  particles from or of, 
ACR
ACR
ACT
  which is  more  common,  before  the
  crime.
    If I sin, then thou markest me, and thou wilt not
  acquit me/rommine iniquity          Job, x. IJ
    By the suffrage of the most and best, he is already
  acquitted; and, by the sentence of some, condemned.
                                      Dryden.
    He that judges, without informing himself to the
  utmost that he  is capable, cannot  acquit himself of
  judging amiss.                          Locke.
    Neither do I reflect upon the memory of his majes-
  ty, whom 1 entirely acquit of way imputation. Sicift.
3. To clear from any obligation.
    Steady to my principles, and not dispirited with
  my afflictions, 1 have, by the blessing of God on my
  endeavours, overcome all difficulties; and, in some
  measure, acquitted myself of the debt, which I owed
  the publick, when  I undertook this work.  Dryden.
4. In a similar sense,  it is  said,  The man
  hath acquitted himself well;  that is,  he
   hath discharged his duty.
Acquitment, ak-kwit'ment. n. s. [from
  acquit.] The state of being acquitted; or
  act of acquitting.
    The word imports properly an acquitment or dis-
  charge of a man, upon some precedent accusation;
  and a  full trial and cognizance of his  cause, had
  thereupon.                             South.
Acqui't i al,  ak-kwit'tal.  n. s. In law, is
   a deliverance and setting free,  from the
   suspicion or guiltiness of an offence.
                                     Cowell.
    The constant design of both these orators was, to
  drive some one particular point, either the condem-
  nation or acquittal of an accused person.    Sivift.
To Acqui'ttance,  ak-kwlt'tanse.  v. a.
  To procure an acquittance; to acquit;
  a word not in  present use.
    But, if black scandal and foul-fac'd reproach
  Attend the sequel of your imposition;
  Your mere enforcement shall acquittance me
  From all the impure blots and stains thereof.
                 j,               Shakspeare.

Acqui'ttance,  ak-kwit'tanse. to. *. [from
   acquit.]
1. The act of discharging from a debt.
                  But soon shall find
  Forbearance, no acquittance, ere day end
  Justice shall not return, as beauty, scorn'd. Milton.
2.  A  writing, testifying  the receipt of a
   debt.
            You can produce acquittances
  For such a sum, from special officers
  Of Charles his father.
                  Shaksjyeare's Love's Labour Lost.
    They quickly pay their debt;  and then
  Take no acquittances, but pay again.      Donne.
    The same man bought and sold  to himself,  paid
  the money, and gave the acquittance.   Arbuthnot.
A'cre,  a'kur.08 *16 to. s. [Mcjie, Sax.] A
  quantity of land  containing, in length,
  forty perches, and four  in  breadth, or
  four  thousand eight  hundred and forty
  square yards.                      Diet.
    Search every acre in the high-grown field,
  And bring him to our eye.     Shaksp.  King Lear.
A'cRiD,ak'krid.  adj. [acer, Lat.] Ol a  hot
  biting taste; bitter; so as to leave a pain-
  ful heat upon the organs of taste.
    Bitter and acrid differ, only by the sharp particles
  of the first, being involved in a greater quantity of
  oil, than those of the last.   Arbuthnot on Aliments.

Acrimo'nious,  ak-kre-mo'ne-us.314 adj.
  Abounding with acrimony; sharp; cor-
  rosive.
    If gall cannot be  rendered acrimonious and bit-
  ter of itself; then, whatever acrimony or  amaritude
      VOL. I.
  redounds in it, must be from the admixture of me-
  lancholy.              Harvey on Consumptions.
A'crimont,  ak'kre-mo-ne."? n. a.  [acri-
   monia, Lat.]
1. Sharpness, corrosiveness.
    There be plants, that have a milk in them when
  they are cut; as, figs, old lettuce, sow-thistles, spurge.
  The cause may be an inception of putrefaction; for
  those milks have all an acrimony, though one would
  think they should be lenitive.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
    The chymists define salt, from some of its proper-
  ties, to be a body fusible in the fire; congealable again
  by cold, into  brittle  glebes or crystals; soluble  in
  water, so as to disappear; not malleable; and having
  something in it, which affects the organs of taste with
  a sensation of acrimony or sharpness.   Arbuthnot.
2. Sharpness of temper, severity, bitterness
  of thought or language.
    John the Baptist set himself, with much acrimony
  and indignation,  to  baffle this senseless arrogant
  conceit of theirs; which made them huff at the doc-
  trine of repentance, as a thing below them, and not
  at all belonging to them.                 South.
A'critude,  ak'kre-tude.  to. s.  [from
  acrid.]  An acrid taste; a biting heat on
  the  palate.
    In green vitriol, with its astringent and sweetish
  tastes, is joined some acritude.   Greio's Musozum.
Acroama'tical,  ak'kro-a-mat'te-kdl.809
   adj. [ctx,geoiot*.xt, Gr. I hear.] Of or per-
  taining to  deep learning; the opposite of
   exoterical.
Acroa'ticks, ak-kro-at'tiks.  to. «. [««£•«-
  7<k«, Gr.]   Aristotle's  lectures, on the
  more nice and principal parts of philo-
  sophy; to  which, none but friends  and
  scholars were admitted by him.
Acro'nycal,  ak-kr&n'e-kal.  adj.  [from
  £x.g6s, summus,  and »t»| nox; importing
   the beginning  of  night.]   A term of
   astronomy applied to the stars; of which
  the rising  or setting is called acronycal,
  when they either appear above or sink
  below the  horizon at the time of sunset.
  It is opposed  to cosmical.  -
Acro'nycally,   ak-kron'e-kal-16.   adv.
  from acronycal.  At the acronycal time.
    He is tempestuous in the summer, when he rises
  heliacally; and rainy in the winter, when he  rises
  acronycally.                          Dryden.
A'crospire, ak'kro-spire.161  n. s.  [from
  xKgos and e-irtig*, Gr.] A shoot or sprout
  from the end of seeds, before  they are
  put in the  ground.
    Many corns mil smilt, or have their pulp turned
  into a substance  like thick cream; and will  send
  forth their substance  in an acrospire.     Mortimer.
A'crospired, ak'kro-spi-re'd.362part.  adj.
  Having sprouts, or having shot out.
    For want of turning, when the malt is spread on
  the floor, it comes and sprouts at both ends; which is
  called acrospired,  and is fit only for swine. Mortimer.
Acuo'ss, a-kross'. adv.  [from a for at, or
  the French d, as it is  used in a travers,
  and  cross.] Athwart;  laid  over  some-
  thing so as to cross it.
    The harp hath the concave, not along the strings,
  but across the strings; and no harp hath the sound, so
  melting and prolonged, as the Irish harp.  Bacon.
    This view'd, but not en joy'd, with arms acr-oss
  He stood, reflecting on his country's loss.  Dryden.
    There is a  set  of artisans; who, by the help of
  several poles, which they  lay  across each others
  shoulders, build themselves up into  a kind of pyra-
  mid; so that you see a pile of men in the air, of four
  or five rows, rising one above another.    Addison.
                    D
An  Acro'stiok,  a-kross'tik. n.  «. [from
   «*£«? and n'x«s, Gr.] A poem, in which
   the first letter of every  line being taken,
   makes up  the  name of the person or
   thing, on which the poem  is written.
Acro'stiok,  a-kross'tlk.  adj.
1. That, which relates to  an acrostick.
2. That, which contains acrosticks.
    Leave writing plays; and choose for thy command
  Some peaceful province in acrostick land:
  There thou may'st wings display, and altars raise,
  And torture one poor word ten  thousand ways.
                                      Dryden.
A'CROTERS,  or  ACROTE'RIA,  ak'
   kro-turs.  to. s.  [from «xf»», Gr. the ex-
   tremity of any body.]   Little pedestals
   without bases, placed at the middle and
   the  two extremes of pediments;  some-
   times serving, to support statues.
To ACT, akt. v. to. [ago,  actum,  Lat.]
I. To  be in action, not to  rest.
    He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest. Pope.
2. To  perform the proper functions.
    Albeit the will is not capable of being compelled
  to any of its actings; yet it is capable, of being made
  to act with more or less  difficulty, according to the
  different impressions it receives from motives or ob-
  jects.                                 South.
3. To  practise arts or dnties;  to  conduct
   one's self.
    'Tis plain, that she (who for a kingdom now
  Would sacrifice her love, and break her vow)
  Not out of love, but interest, acts alone;
  And would, ev'n in my arms, lie thinking of a throne
                  Dryden's Conquest of Granada.
    The desire of happiness, and the constraint it puts
  upon  us to act  for it, no  body accounts an abridg-
  ment of liberty.                        Locke.
    The splendor of his office, is the token of that sa-
  cred character, which he inwardly bears; and one of
  these ought constantly to put him in mind of the
  other, and excite him  to act up to it, through the
  whole course of his administration.
                           Atterbury's Sermons.
    It is our part and duty, to  co-operate with  this
  grace, vigorously to  exert those powers, and act up
  to those advantages to which it restores  us. He has
  given eyes to the blind, and feet to the lame.
                             Rogers's Sermons.
4. To produce effects, in some passive sub-
   ject.
    Hence, 'tis we wait the wond'rous cause to find,
  How  body acts  upon impassive  mind.
                             Garth's Dispensary.
    The stomach, the intestines, the  muscles of the
  lower belly, all act upon the  aliment: besides, the
  chyle is not sucked, but squeezed, into the mouths of
  the lacteals, by the action of the fibres of the guts.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
To Act, akt. v. a.
1  To bear a borrowed  character, as  a
   stage-player.
    Honour and  shame from no  condition rise:
  Act well your part; there all the honour lies. Pope.
2. To  counterfeit; to feign by action.
    His former trembling once again renew'd,
  With acted fear the villain thus pursu'd.   Dryden.
3. To  actuate; to put in motion; to  regu-
   late the movements.
    Most people in the world are acted by levity and
  humour, by strange and irrational changes. South.
    Perhaps they are as proud as Lucifer, as covetous
  as Demas, as  false  as  Judas; and, in the whole
  course of their conversation, act and are acted, not
  by devotion, but design.                 South.
    We suppose  two distinct incommunicable con-
  sciousnessess acting the  same  body; the  one con-
  stantly by day, the other by  night; and, on the 
                    ACT

  other side, the same consciousness  acting by inter-
  vals two distinct bodies.                  Locke.
Act, akt. to. s. [actum, Lat.]
1. Something  done;  a deed;  an  exploit,
   whether good or ill.
                 A lower place, not well,
  May make too great an act:
  Better to  leave undone, than by our deed
  Acquire too high a fame.
                      Shahtp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
    The conscious wretch must all his acts reveal;
  Loth to confess, unable to conceal;
  From the first moment of his vital breath,
  To his last hour of unrepenting death.     Dryden.
2. Agency; the power of producing an ef-
   fect.
                    I will try the forces
   Of these thy compounds on such creatures, as
  We count not worth the hanging, but none human;
   To try the vigour of them, and apply
   Allayments to their act; and by them gather
   Their several virtues and effects.   Shaksp. Cymb.
3.  Action; the performance of exploits;
   production of  effect*.
    'Tis so  much in  your nature to do good, that
   your life is but one continued act of placing benefits
   on many; as the sun is always carrying his light, to
   some part or other of the world.   Dryden's Fables.
    Who forth from nothing call'd this comely frame,
   His will and act, his word and work the same. Prior.
4.  The doing of some particular thing;  a
   step taken;  a purpose  executed.
                This act persuades me,
   That this remotion of the duke and her
   Is practice only.          Sliakspeare's King Lear.
5. A state of reality; effect.
    The seeds of herbs and plants at the first are not
   in act (but in possibility)  that, which they after-
   wards grow to be.                      Hooker.
    God alone excepted; who  actually and everlast-
   ingly is, whatsoever he may be; and which cannot
   hereafter be that, which now he is  not: all  other
   things besides are somewhat in possibility, which as
   yet they are not in act.                 Hooker.
                Sure, they're conscious
   Of some intended mischief; and are fled,
   To put it into act.              Denham's Sophy.
6. Incipient agency; tendency to an effort.
    Her legs were buskin'd; and the left before,
   In act  to  shoot: a silver bow she bore.    Dryden.
7. A part of a play, during which the ac-
   tion  proceeds without interruption.
    Many never doubt, but the whole condition re-
   quired by Christ (the repentance, he came to preach)
   will, in that last scene of their last act, immediate-
   ly before the exit, be as opportunely and acceptably
   performed, as at any other point of their lives.
                       Hammond's Fundamentals.
    Five acts are the just measure of a play.
                                    Roscommon.
8.  A decree of a court of justice, or edict
   of a legislature.
    They make edicts for usury,  to support usurers;
   repeal daily any wholesome act, established against
   the rich; and provide more piercing statutes daily,
   to chain-up and restrain the poor.
                         Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    You, that are king, though he do wear the crown,
   Have caus'd him, by new act of parliament,
   To blot out me.           Shakspeare's Henry VI.
9.  Record  of judicial proceedings.
    Judicial acts are all  those  matters, which relate
   to judicial proceedings; and, being reduced into
  writing by a public notary, are recorded by the au-
  thority of the judge.                    Ayliffe.
A'ction,   ak'shun.290  to. s.  [action,  Fr.
   actio, Lat.]
1. The quality or state of acting, opposite
   to  rest.
    0 noble English! that could entertain,
  With half their forces, the full power of France;
                  ACT

  And let another half stand laughing by,
  All out of work, and cold for action.
                           Shakspeare's Henry V.
2. An act or thing done; a deed.
             This action, I now go on
  Is for my better grace.  Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
    God never accepts a good inclination instead of
  a good action, where that action may be done; nay,
  so much the contrary, that, if a good inclination be
  not seconded by a good action, the want of that ac-
  tion is made so much the  more criminal and inex-
  cusable.                                South.

3. Agency, operation.
    It is better therefore, that the earth should move
  about its own center, and make those useful vicissi-
  tudes of night and day, than expose always the same
  side to the action of the sun.             Bentley.
    He has  settled laws, and laid down rules; con-
  formable to which, natural bodies are governed in
  their actions upon one another.           Cheyne.
4. The series of events, represented in a
   fable.
    This  action should  have  three  qualifications.
  First, it should  be but one  action;  secondly, it
  should be an entire action; and,  thirdly, it should
  be a great  action.                      Addison.
5. Gesticulation;  the  accordance  of  the
   motions of the body,  with  the  words
   spoken; a part of oratory.
    —He, that speaks, doth gripe the hearer's wrist;
  While he, that hears, makes fearful action
  With wrinkled brows.     Shakspeare's King John,
    Our orators are observed, to make use of less ges-
  ture or action, than those of other countries. Addison.

6. [In  law.] It  is used with  the preposi-
   tion against, before the person; and for,
   before the thing.
    Actions are personal, rCal, and mixed.  Action
  personal belongs to a man against another, by rea-
  son of any contract, offence, or cause; of like force
  with a contract or offence, made or done by him or
  some other, for whose fact he is to answer. Action
  real is given to any man against  another, that pos-
  sesses the  thing  required or sued for, in  his own
  name, and no other man's.   Action mixt is that,
  which lies as  well against or for the thing, which
  we  seek; as against the person, that  hath it: called
  mixt, because it  hath  a mixt  respect, both to the
  thing and  to the person.
    Action  is divided into  civil,  penal, and mixt.
  Action civil is that, which  tends  only to the reco-
  very of that,  which is due to us; as a sum of mo-
  ney formerly lent.  Action penal is that, which
  aims at some penalty  or punishment  in the party
  sued, be it corporal or pecuniary; as, in  common
  law, the next friends  of a man  feloniously slain
  shall pursue the law against the murderer.  Action,
  mixt is  that, which seeks both, the  thing whereof
  we are deprived, and a penalty also for the unjust
  detaining of the same.
    Action upon the case, is an action given for redress
  of wrongs, done without force  against any man, by
  law not specially provided for.
    Action  upon  the  statute,  is an  action brought
  against  a man upon breach of a statute.    Cowell.
    There was never man, could have a juster action
  against  filthy fortune, than I; since, all other things
  being granted me, her blindness is the only lett.
                                         Sidney.
                 For our reward then;
  First, all our debts are paid; dangers of law,
  Actions, decrees, judgments, against us, quitted.
                                     B. Jonson.
7. In the  plural, in  France, the same  as
   stocks in England.

A'ctionable,  ak'shun-3-bl.406 adj.  [from
   action.] That, which admits an action in
   law  to be brought against it; punishable.
    His process was formed; whereby he was found
  guilty of nought else, that I could learn, which v.as
  actionable, but of ambition.  Howel's Vocal Forest.
                   A L  1

    No man's face is acttonaWe: these singularities are
  interprctable from more innocent causes.   Collier.
A'otionauy,  or  A'ctionist, ak'shiiii-a.
   re,   ak'shun-ist.  w.  *.  [from  action.]
   One,  that  has  a share  in  actions  or
   stocks.
A'ction-ta'king,   ak'shun-ta'king.  adj.
   Accustomed, to  resent  by  means  of
  law;  litigious.
    A knave, a rascal, a filthy worsted-stocking knave;
  a lily-liver'd action-taking knave.         Shaksp.
Actita'tion, ak-ti-ta'shun.  to. s. [from
   actito, Lat.]   Action  quick  and  fre-
   quent.                              Diet.
To A'ctivate, ak-te-vate.  v. a.  [from
   active.] To make active.  This word ia
   perhaps used only by the author alleged.
    As snow and ice, especially  being holpen, and
  their cold activated by nitre or salt, will turn water
  into ice, and that in a few hours;  so, it  may be, it
  will turn wood or stiff clay  into  stone, in longer
  time.                                  Bacon.
A'ctive,  ak'liv.151  adj.  [activus, Lat]
1. That, which has the power or quality
   of acting.
    These particles have not only a vis inertia, ac-
  companied with  such  passive laws of motion,  as
  naturally result from that force; but also  they are
  moved by certain active principles, such a9 is that
  of gravity; and that, which  causes fermentation,
  and the cohesion of bodies.     Newton's Opticb.
2. That which acts; opposed  to passive, or
   that which  suffers.
    —When an  even flame two hearts did touch;
  His office was, indulgently to fit
  Actives to passives: correspondency
  Only his subject was.                   Donne.
    If you think  that, by multiplying the additaments
  in the same proportion that you multiply  the ore,
  the work will follow, you may be deceived: for
  quantity in the passive will add  more  resistance,
  (han the quantity in the active will add force. Bacon.
3.  Busy,  engaged in action;  opposed  to
   idle  or sedentary, or any state of which
   the  duties  are  performed only by the
   mental  powers.
    'Tis virtuous action, that must praise bring forth;
  Without which, slow advice is little  worth:
  Yet they, who  give good counsel, praise  deserve;
  Tho', in the active part, they cannot serve. Denham.
4. Practical; not  merely  theoretical.
    The world hath had  in  these  men fresh expe-
  rience, how dangerous such active errors are. Hooker.
5. Nimble;  agile; quick.
    Some bend the stubborn bow for victory;
  And some with darts their active sinews try. Dryd
6. In  grammar.
    A verb active is that, which signifies action; as I
   teach.                  Clarke's Latin Grammar-
A'ctivelv,  ak'tlv-I£. adv. [from active.]
   In an active  manner; busily; nimbly. In
   an active signification; as, the word u
   used actively.
A'ctiveness, ak'tlv-ness. to. *. [from ac-
   tive.]  The  quality  of  being   active;
   quickness; nimbleness. This is  a word
   more rarely  used  than activity.
    What strange  agility and activeness, do our com-
   mon tumblers and dancers on the  rope attain to, bj
  continual exercise!       Wilkin's Math. Magick.
Aoti'vity,  ak-tlv'e-t£.eia  to. «. [from  ac-
   tive.] The quality of  being active, ap-
   plied either to things  or persons.
    Salt put to ice, as in the producing of the artifi-
   cial ice, increaseth the activity of cold.    Bacon.
    Our adversary will not be idle,  though we  are:
   he watches every turn of our soul,  and incident of 
ACT
ACU
ADA
  our life; and, if we remit our activity, will take ad-
  vantage of our indolence.                Rogers.
 A'ctor, ak'tur.98 *18 to. s.  [actor, Lat.]
 1. He, that acts, or performs any thing.
     The virtues of either age may correct the defects
  of both: and good for succession, that young men may
  be learners, while men in age  are actors.   Bacon.
     He, who writes an Encomium Neronis, if he does
  it  heartily,  is himself but a transcript of Nero in
  his mind; and would gladly enough see such pranks,
  as he was famous for, acted again, though he dares
  not be the actor of them himself.          South.
 2. He, that personates a character; a stage-
   player.
                   Would you have
  Such an Herculean actor in the scene,
  And not this hydra? They must sweat no  less,
  To fit their properties, than t' express their parts.
                                   Ben Jonson.
     When a good actor doth his part present,
  In every act he our attention draws;
  That, at the last, he may find just applause. Denham.
     These false beauties of the stage are ko more last-
  ing,  than a rainbow; when the actor ceases to shine
  upon them, they  vanish in a twinkling.
                         Dryden's Spanish Friar.
 A'ctress,  ak'tress. to. s. [actrice,  Fr.]
 I. She, that performs any  thing.
     Virgil has indeed admitted  Fame,  as an actress,
  in the AZneid: but the part she acts,  is very short:
  and none  of the most admired circumstances of
  that divine work.                     Addison.
         We sprights have just such natures,
  We had (for all  the world) when human creatures;
  And therefore I, that was an actress here,
  Play all my tricks in hell, a goblin there. Dryden.
 2. A  woman, that plays on the stage.

 A'ctual,   ak'tshu-al.481 adj. [actuel, Fr.]
 1. That, which comprises action.
     In this slumbry agitation, besides  her walking
  and other actual performances, what, at any time,
  have you heard her say?     Shakspeare's Macbeth.
 2. Really in act; not merely potential.
                   Sin, there in pow'r, before
  Once actual; now in body, and  to dwell
  Habitual habitant.                    Milton.
 3. In act; not purely in speculation.
    For he, that but  conceives  a  crime in thought,
  Contracts the danger of an actual fault:
  Then, what must he expect, that still proceeds
  To finish sin, and work-up thoughts to deeds? Dryden.
 Actua'lity, ak-tshu-al'le-te. to. s. [from
   actual.] The state of being actual.
     Th' actuality of these spiritual qualities  is thus
  imprisoned,  though their  potentiality  be  not quite
  destroyed: and thus a crass, extended, impenetra-
  ble,  passive, divisible,  unintelligent  substance  is
  generated, which we call matter.         Cheyne.
A'c tually,  ak'tshu-al-le. adv. [from ac-
  tual.] In ?ct; in effect; really.
    All mankind acknowledge  themselves able and
  sufficient to do many things, which actually they
  never do.                               South.
    Read one of the Chronicles;  and you will think,
  you were reading a history of the kings of Israel or
  Judah, where the historians were actually  inspired;
  and where, by a particular scheme of providence,
  the kings were  distinguished by judgments or bles-
  sings, according as they promoted idolatry, or the
  worship of the true God.               Addison.
   Though our  temporal prospects should be full of
  danger, or  though the days of sorrow should ac-
  tually overtake us, jet we still must repose our-
  sehes on God.                         Rogers.
A'ciualness,  ak'tshu-al-ne'ss.n.s. [from
  actual The quality of being actual.
A'c i uary,  ak'tshu-a-re. n. s. [actuarius,
  Lat ]  The register, who compiles the
  minutes of  the proceedings of a court;
  a term of the civil law.
     Suppose  the judge should  say, that he would
   have the keeping of the acts of court remain with
   him, and the notary will have the custody of them
   with himself; certainly in this  case, the actuary or
   writer of them ought to be preferred.       Ayliffe.
 A'otvate,  ak'tshu-ate.  adj.  [from the
   verb  To  actuate.]  Put  into action; ani-
   mated; brought into effect.
     The  active informations of the intellect, filling
   the passive reception of the will, like form closing
   with matter, grew actuate into a third and distinct
   perfection of practice.                   South.
 To   A'CTUATE,   ak'tshu-ate"   v.   a.
   [from ago, actum, Lat.] To put into ac-
   tion; to invigorate, or increase the pow-
   ers of motion.
     The light, made by this animal, depends upon a
   living spirit; and seems by some vital irradiation, to
   be actuated into this lustre. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Such  is every  man, who has not actuated  the
   grace given  him, to the subduing of every reigning
   sin.                           Decay of Piety.
     Men of the  greatest abilities are most fired with
   ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and  narrow
   minds are the least actuated by it.        Addison.
     Our passions are the springs, which actuate  the
   powers  of our  nature.                  Rogers.
 Aottjo'se,  ak'tshu-ose. adj. [from  ace.]
   That, which hath strong powers of ac-
   tion; a word little used.
 To   A'cuate,   ak'il-ate.  v.  a.   [acuo,
   Lat.]  To sharpen; to invigorate,  with
   any powers of sharpness.
     Immoderate feeding upon powdered beef, pic-
   kled meats, and debauching with strong wines, do
   inflame and acuate the blood; whereby it is capaci-
   tated, to corrode the lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.
 Aou'leate,  a-ku'16-ate.91 adj. [aculeatus,
   Lat.] That, which has a point or sting;
   prickly:  that,  which  terminates  in a
   sharp  point.

ACU'MEN, a-ku'men.603 «.  s. [Lat.] A
   sharp  point;  figuratively, quickness of
   intellects.
    The  word was much affected by the  learned
  Aristarchus  in common  conversation, to  signify
  genius or natural acumen.                 Pope.

Acu'minated,  a-ku'me-na-ted. particip.
   adj. Ending in a point; sharp-pointed.
    This is not  acuminated and pointed, as  in the
  rest; but seemeth, as  it were, cut off.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    I appropriate this word, Noli me  tangere, to a
  small round  acuminated tubercle; which  hath not
  much pain, unless touched or  rubbed, or  exaspe-
  rated by topicks.                    Wiseman.

ACU'TE, a-kute'. adj. [acutus, Lat.]
1. Sharp, ending in a point; opposed  to
   obtuse or blunt.
    Having the ideas of an obtuse and  an acute an-
  gled triangle, both drawn from  equal bases  and be-
  tween parallels; I can, by intuitive knowledge, per-
  ceive the one not to be the other; but cannot that
  way know, whether they be equal.         Locke.
2. In a figurative  sense, applied to men;
   ingenious;  penetrating;  opposed to dull
   or stupid.
    The acute and  ingenious  author,  among  many
  very fine thoughts and uncommon reflections, has
  started the notion of seeing all things in God. Locke.
3. Spoken ol  the  senses,  vigorous; pow-
   erful  in operation.
    Were our  senses altered, and made much quicker
  and acuter; the appearance and outward scheme of
  things would have quite another face to us.   Locke.
4. Acute disease.  Any disease,  which  is
   attended  with  an increased velocity of
                    d2
   blood, and  terminates in a few days;
   opposed to chronical.            Quincy.
 5. Acute accent;  that,  which  raises  or
   sharpens the voice.

 Acu'tely, a-kute'le.  adv.  [from  acute/]
   After an acute manner;  sharply:  it  is
   used, as  well  in  the figurative, as pri-
   mitive sense.
    He,  that  will look into  many parts of Asia and
  America, will  find men  reason there  perhaps as
  acutely as himself, who yet never heard of a syl-
  logism.                                Locke.
Acu'teness,   a-kute'ness.  to.  s. [from
  acute, which see.]
 I. Sharpness.
2. Force of intellects.
    They would not be so  apt to think, that there
  could be nothing added to  the acuteness and pene-
  tration of their understandings.            Locke.
3. Quickness and vigour  of senses.
    If eyes so framed could not view at once the
  hand and the hour-plate, their owner could not be
  benefited by that acuteness;  which, whilst it dis-
  covered the secret connivance  of the machine, made
  him lose its  use.                         Locke.
4. Violence and speedy crisis of a malady.
    We apply present remedies, according to indica-
  tions; respecting rather the acuteness of the disease,
  and precipitancy of the occasion, than  the rising
  and setting of stars.                    Brown.
5. Sharpness of sound.
    This acttfeness of sound  will shew that, whilst to
  the eye the bell seems to be at rest, yet the minute
  parts of it continue in a very brisk motion, without
  which they could not strike the air.         Boyle.
Ada'cted, a-dak'ted. particip. adj. [adac-
  tus, Lat.] Driven by force; a word little
  used. The verb adact is not used. Diet.
A'nAGE, ad'aje.90  to.   s.  [adagium^ Lat]
  A maxim, handed down from antiquity;
  a proverb.
    Shallow unimproved intellects are confident pre-
  tenders to certainty; as if,  contrary  to the adage,
  science had  no friend but ignorance.
                    Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
    Fine fruits of learning!  old ambitious fool,
  Dar'st thou apply that adage of the school:
  As if 'tis nothing worth, that lies conceal'd;
  And science is not science, till reveal'd?   Dryden.

ADA'GIO, a-da'je-6.  to.   *.  [Italian,  at
  leisure.]  A term used by musicians, to
  mark a slow time.
A'DAMANT,  ad'a-mant. to. s. [adamas,
  Lat. aPttfius, Gr. from « and Xupuu, to
  tame or subdue: that is insuperable, in-
  frangible.]

1. A  stone,  imagined by writers, of impe-
  netrable hardness.
    So great a fear my name amongst them spread;
  That they suppos'd, I could rend bars of steel,
  And spurn in pieces posts of adamant. Shakspeare.
    Satan, with vast and haughty strides advane'd,
  Came tow'ring, arm'd in adamant and gold.  Milt.
                 Eternal Deities,
  Who rule the world with absolute decrees;
  And write, whatever time  shall bring to pass,
  With pens of adamant, on  plates of brass.  Dryden.
2. The  diamond.
    Hardness, wherein some stones exceed all other
  bodies; and among them, the adamant all other
  stones, being exalted to that  degree thereof, that
  art in vain endeavours to  counterfeit it: the facti-
  tious stones of chymists, in imitation, being easily de-
  tected by an ordinary lapidist.  Ray on the Creation
3. Adamant is taken for  the loadstone.
    You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant! 
ADA
ADD
ADD
  But yet you draw not iron; for my heart
  Is true, as steel.                    Shakspeare.
    Let him change his lodging from one part of the
  town to another, which is a great adamant of ac-
  quaintance.                           Bacon.
Adamante'an, ad-a-man-te'an. adj.[from
   adamant.] Hard, as adamant.
    He weaponless himself,
  Made arms ridiculous, useless the forgery
  Of brazen shield and spear, the hammcr'd cuirass,
  Chalybean temper'd steel, and  frock of mail
  Adamantean proof.                    ^Milton.
   This word occurs perhaps only in this
   passage.
Adama'ntine, ad-a-man'tin.140 adj. [ada-
   mantinus, Lat.]
1.  Made of adamant.
    Wide is the fronting gate; and, rais'd on high
  With adamantine columns, threats the sky.  Dryd.
2.  Having  the  qualities of adamant;  as,
   hardness, indissolubility.
    Could Eve's weak hand, extended to the tree,
  In sunder rend that adamantine chain;
    Whose golden links, effects and causes be:
  And which, to God's own chair, doth fix'd remain?
                                      Davies.
    An eternal sterility must have possessed the world,
  where all things had been fixed and fastened ever-
  lastingly with the  adamantine chains  of. specific
  gravity; if the Almighty had not  spoken and said,
  • Let the earth bring forth grass, the  herb yielding
  seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit, after its kind:'
  and it was so.                         Bentley,
    In adamantine chains shall death be bound,
  And hell's grim tyrant feel th' eternal wound.  Pope.
    Tho' adamantine bonds the chief restrain,
  The dire restraint his wisdom will defeat,
  And soon restore him to his regal seat.      Pope.
A'dam's-a'pple,   ad'amz-ap'pl. to. *. [in
  anatomy.]  A  prominent  part  of the
  throat.
To AD A'PT, a-dapt'. v. a. [ adapto, Lat.]
  To  fit one thing to  another; to suit; to
  proportion.
    'Tis true, but let it not be known,
  My eyes are somewhat dimmish grown;
  For nature, always  in the right,
  To your decays adapts my sight.           Swift.
    It is not enough,  that nothing offends the ear; but
  a good poet will adapt the veiy sounds, as well as
  words, to the things he treats of.   Pope's Letters.
Adapta'tion,   ad-ap-ta'shun.627  n.   s.
  [from adapt.]  The act  of fitting one
  thing to another: the fitness of one thing
  to another.
    Some species there be of middle natures; that is,
  t)f bird and beast, as batts: yet are their parts so set
  together, that we cannot define the beginning or end
  of either; there being a commixtion of both, rather
  than adaptation or cement of the one unto the other.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Adhesion maybe in part ascribed, cither to some
  elastical motion in the pressed glass,  or to the ex-
  quisite adaptation of the almost numberless (though
  very small) asperities of the one, and the numerous
  little cavities of the other: whereby the surfaces do
  lock in with one anether, or are (as it were) clasped
  together.                               BoVu-
Ada'ption,   a-dap'shun.   to.   *.  [from
  adapt/]  The act of fitting.
    It  were alone a sufficient work, to shew all the
  necessities, the wise contrivances, and prudent adap-
  tions, of these admirable machines, for the benefit
  ef the whole.                         Cheytu.
Ada'ptness, a-dapt'ness. to. e. [for adapt-
  edness, from adapt.]
    Some notes are, to display the adaptness of the
  «ound to the sense.                 Dr- Newton.
     This word I have found nowhere else.
 To Adco'hporate,  ad-kor'p6'rate.  v. a
   [from ad and corpus/] To  unite  one
   body with another; more usually  wrote
   accorporate; which see.
 To ADD, ad.  v. a. [addo, Lat.]
 1. To join  something  to that,  which was
   before.
    Mark, if his birth makes any difference;
  If, to his words, it adds one grain of sense.   Dryd.
    They, whose  muses have the highest flown,
  Add not to his immortal memory,
  But do an act of friendship to their own.    Dryd.
2. To  perform  the mental operation,  of
   adding one  number  or conception  to
   another.  To add to, is  proper; but, to
   add together, seems a solecism.
    Whatsoever positive idea a man has in his mind,
  of any quantity; he can repeat it, and add it to the
  former, as easily, as he can add together the ideas of
  two days or two  years.                   Locke.
A'ddable, ad'da-bl. adj. [from add.] That,
   to  which something may be added:  Ad-
   dible is more proper.   It signifies more
   properly that, which may be  added.
    The first number, in every addition, is called the
  addable number; the other,  toe number or numbers
  added; and the number, invented by  the addition,
  the aggregate or sum.                  Cocker.
To Adde'oimate, ad-des's£-mate.B1 v. a.
  [addecimo, Lat.]  To  take or ascertain
  tithes.                              Diet.
To Adde'em, ad-deem', v.  a. [from deem.]
  To esteem; to account.  This word  is
  now  out of use.
    She scorns to be addeem'd so worthless-base,
  As to be mov'd to such an infamy.
                           Daniel's Civil Wars.
A'dder, ad'dur.98 418 to. s  [JLccen, JEe-
  tojt, Nabbrie,asit seemsfrom  eitcrie,
  Sax. poison.] A serpent, a viper, a poi-
   sonous reptile; perhaps of any  species.
   In  common language, adders  and snakes
   are not the same.
    Or is the adder better than the eel,
  Because his painted skin contents the  eye? Shaksp.
    An adder did it; for, with doubler tongue
  Than thine, thou serpent, never adder stung. Shaksp.
    The adder teaches us where to strike,  by her cu-
  rious and fearful defending of her head.   Taylor.
A'dder's-gra'ss,  ad'ehirz-grass.   «.  s.
   The name of a plant, imagined  by Skin-
   ner to  be so named, because serpents
   lurk about it.
A'dder's-to'ngue,  ad'durz-tung.  n.   s.
   [ophioglossum,  Lat.]  The name  of an
   herb.
    It hath no visible flower; but the seeds are produ-
  ced  on a spike, which resembles a serpent's tongue;
  which seed is contained in many longitudinal cells.
                                       Miller.
    The most common simples are comfrey, bugle,
  agrimony, sanicle, paul's-betony, fluellin, periwin-
  kle, adder's-tongue.          Wiseman's Surgery.
A'dder's-wo'rt, ad'durz-wftrt. n. s.  An
   herb; so named, on account of its virtue,
   real  or supposed, of curing  the bite  of
   serpents.

A'ddible,  ad'de-bl.40fi  adj. [from  add.]
   Possible to be  added.  See  Addable.
    The clearest idea it can give of infinity, is the con-
  fused, incomprehensible remainder of endless, addir
  ble numbers, which affords no prospect  of  stop or
  boundary.                             Locke.
Abdibi'lity,   ad'de-bil'Ie-te.811   n.    a.
   [from addible.] The possibility of being
   added.
    This endless addition or addibility (if any one like
  the word better) of numbers, so apparent to the
  mind, is that, which gives us the clearest and most
  distinct idea of infinity.                  Locke.
 A'ddice,  ad'dls.142 to.  s.  [for  which  we
   corruptly speak  and write adz,  from
   abepe, Sax. an axe.]
    The addice hath its  blade made thin, and some-
  what arching. As the  axe hath its edge parallel to
  its handle, so the addice hath its  edge athwart the
  handle, and is ground to a  basil on its inside to its
  outer edge.        Moxon's Mechanical Exercises
 ToADDFCT, ad-dikt'.T>. a. [addico, Lat.]
 1. To devote, to dedicate, in a good sense;
   which is rarely used.
    Ye know the house of Stephanus; that they have
  addicted themselves, to the ministry of the saints.
                                 1 Cor. xvi. 15.
2. It is commonly taken in a bad sense; as,
   he addicted himself to vice.
 3. To devote one's self to any person, par-
   ty, or persuasion. A  Latinism.
    I am neither author or fautor of any sect:  I will
  have no man addict  himself to me; but, if I have
  any thing right, defend it as truth's.   Ben Jonson.
Addi'cteuness,  ad-dik'ted-ness.  n.  a.
   [from addicted.] The quality or state of
   being addicted.
    Those know, how little I have remitted of my for-
  mer addictedness to make chymical experiments.
                                       Boyle.
Addi'ction, ad-dlk'shun. to. s.  [addictio,
  Lat.]
1  The  act, of devoting or giving up.
2. The  state, of being devoted.
    It is a wonder, how his grace should glean it;
  Since his addiction was, to courses vain;
  His companies, unletter'd, rude, and shallow;
  His hours, fill'd-up with riots, banquets, sports.
                                      Shaksp
A'dditament, ad-dit'a-ment. to. s.  [addi-
   tamentum, Lat.] The addition, or thing
   added
    Iron  will not incorporate with brass, nor other
  metals, of itself, by simple  fire; so as  the enquiry
  must be upon the calcination, and the additament,
  and the eharge of them.                 Bacon.
    In a  palace, there is first the case or fabrick, or
  moles of the structure itself; and, besides that, there
  are certain additaments, that contribute to its ornar
  ment and use; as, various furniture, rare fountains
  and aqueducts, divers things appendicated to it.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Addi'tion,  ad-dish'shun.*69  to. s.  [from
   add.]
 1. The act, of adding one thing to another;
   opposed to diminution.
    The  infinite distance, between the Creator  and
  the noblest of all creatures,  can never be measured,
  nor exhausted by endless addition of finite degrees.
                                      Bentley.
2. Additament, or the thing added.
    It will not be modestly done, if any of our own
  wisdom intrude or interpose, or be willing to make
  additions, to what Christ  and his apostles have de-
  signed.                           Hammond.
    Some such resemblances, methinks, I find
  Of  our last evening's talk, in this thy dream;
  But, with addition strange!              Milton.
    The  abolishing of villanage, together  with the
  custom (permitted among the nobles) of selling their
  lands, was a mighty addition to the power of the com-
  mons.                                 Swift.
3. In arithmetick.
    Addition is the reduction of two or more number*
  of like kind together into one sum or total.
                           Cocker's Arithmetick. 
ADD
ADD
ADE
 1.  In law. A title given to a man, over and
   above his christian name and surname;
   shewing his estate, degree, occupation,
   trade, age, place of  dwelling.   Cowell.
                Only retain
  The name, and all th' addition to a king;
  The sway, revenue, execution,
  Beloved sons, be yours; which to confirm,
  This coronet part  between you.  Shaksp. K. Lear.
                   From this time,
  For what he did before Corioli, call him,
  With all th' applause and clamour  of the host,
  Caius Marcius Coriolanus. Bear th' addition nobly
           ever.          Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
     There arose new disputes, upon  the persons na-
  med by the king; or rather, against the additions and
  appellations of title, which  were  made  to their
  names.                           Clarendon.
 Additional, ad-dlsh'shun-al  adj. [from
   addition.] That which is added.
     Our kalendar being once reformed and set right,
  it may be kept so, without any considerable variation,
  for many ages, by omitting one leap-year; i. e. the
  additional day, at  the end of every  134 years.
                              Holder on  Time.
     The greatest wits, that ever were  produced in one
  age, lived together in so good  an understanding, and
  celebrated one aiiother with so much  generosity;
  that each ol* them  receives an additional lustre, from
  his coteinporaries.                   Addison.
     They include in them that  very kind of evidence,
  which is supposed to be powerful:  and do (withal)
  altord us several  other  additional  proofs,  of great
  force and clearness.                  Atterbury.
 Additional, acl-dlsh'shun-al. n.  s. Addi-
   tament; something added.   Not in use
     May be,  some  little additional  may further the
  incorporation.                          Bacon.
 A'dditory,   ad'd6-t6-re.S12  adj.  [from
   add.]   That,  which has the power or
   quality of adding.
     The additory fiction gives to a great man a larger
  share of reputation, than belongs to him; to enable
  him, to serve some good end or purpose. Arbuthnot.
 A'DDLE, ad'dl.408 adj. [from abel, a dis-
   ease, Sax. according to Skinner and Ju-
   nius: perhaps from  ybel,  idle, barren,
   unfruitful.]  Originally applied to eggs;
   and signifying such, as produce nothing,
   but  grow rotten under the  hen: thence
   transferred to brains, that  produce no-
   thing.
     There's one with truncheon, like a ladle;
  That carries eggs  too fresh or addle;
  And still at random, as he goes,
  Among the rabble-rout bestows.        Hudibras.
    After much solitariness, fasting, or long sickness,
  their brains were addle; and their bellies as empty
  of meat, as their heads of wit. Burton on Melancholy.
    Thus far the poet: but his brains  grow addle;
  And all the rest is  purely from this  noddle.  Dryd.
 To  A'ddle,  ad'dl.408 v. a. [from  addle,
  adj.]  To make addle; to  corrupt;  to
  make barren.
    This is also evidenced in eggs, whereof the sound
  ones sink; and such, as are addled, swim; as do also
  those, that are termed hypanemice, or wind-eggs.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To   A'ddle, ad'dl.40*3 v. n. To  grow; to
  increase. Obsolete.
    Where ivy embraceth the tree very sore,
  Kill ivy,  else tree will addle no more.
                           Tusser's Husbandry.
A'ddle-pated,  ad'dl-pa-ted.   adj.  Hav-
  ing addled brains.  See Addle.
    Poor slaves in metre, dull and addle-pated;
  Who rhyme, below even David's psalms franslated.
                                     Dryden.

To  ADDRE'SS, ad-dress', v. a. [addres-
   ser, Fr. from dcrecar, Span, from dirigo,
   directum, Lat.]
 I. To prepare one's self, to enter upon any
   action; as, he addressed himself to the
   work.  It has to, before the thing.
    With him the Palmer eke, in habit sad,
  Himself ad(ires< to that adventure hard. Fairy Queen.
    It lifted up its head, and did address
  Itself to motion, like as it would speak.
                               Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Then Turnus, from his chariot leaping light,
  Address'd himself on foot to single fight.   Dryden.
2. To get ready; to put in a state, for im-
   mediate use.
    They fell directly on the English  battle; where-
  upon the earl of Warwick addressed his men, to take
  the flank.                          Hayward.
    Duke Frederick hearing, how that every day
  Men of great worth resorted to this forest,
  Address'd a mighty power, which were on foot,
  In his own conduct purposely to take
  His brother here.      Shakspeare, As you like it.
    To-night in Harfleur we will be your guest;
  To-morrow for the march we are addrest.  Shaksp.
3. To apply to another by words, with va-
   rious forms of construction.
4. Sometimes without  a preposition.
    To such I would address, with this most affection-
  ate petition.                    Decay of Piety.
    Among the crowd, but far above the rest,
  Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest.
                                      Dryden.
    Are not your orders to address the senate? Addison.
   Sometimes with to.
    Addressing to Pollio, his great patron, and him-
  self no vulgar poet, he began to assert his native
  character, which is sublimity.            Dryden.
6. Sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun;
   as, he addressed himself to the general.
7. Sometimes with the accusative of the
   matter of the address, which may be the
   nominative to the  passive.
    The young hero had addressed his prayers to him
  for his assistance.                     Dryden.
    The prince himself, with awful dread possess'd,
  His vows to great Apollo thus addrest.    Dryden.
    His suit was common; but, above the rest,
  To both the brother-princes thus addrest.  Dryden.
8. To address [in law] is, to apply to the
   king in form.
    The representatives of the nation in parliament,
  and the privy-council, address'd the king, to have it
  recalled.                               Swift.
Yddre'ss, ad-dress',  to. s. [addresse,  Fr.]
1. Verbal application to any one, by way
   of persuasion;  petition.
    Henry, in knots involving Emma's name,
  Had half-confess'd and half-conceal'd his flame
  Upon this tree: and, as the tender mark
  Grew with the year, and widen'd with the bark,
  Venus had heard the virgin's soft address;
  That, as the wound, the passion  might increase.
                                       Prior.
    Most of the persons, to whom these addresses are
  made, are not wise and skilful judges; but are in-
  fluenced, by their own sinful appetites and passions.
                Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Courtship.
    They often have reveal'd their passion to me:
  But, tell  me, whose address thou favour'st most;
  I long to know, and yet I dread to hear it. Addison.
    A gentleman, whom (I  am  sure) you yourself
  would have approved, made his addresses to me.
                                     Addison.

3. Manner of addressing another; as, we
   say, a man  of an happy  or a pleasing
   address; a man of an awkward address.
4. Skill  dexterity.
    I could produce innumerable  instances from my
   own observation, of events imputed to the profound
   skill and address of a minister; which, in reality,
   were either mere effects of negligence, weakness,
   humour, passion, or pride; or at best, but the natu-
   ral course of things, left to themselves.     Swift.
 5.  Manner of directing  a letter; a  sense
   chiefly mercantile.
 Addre'sser,  ad-dreYsur.98  to. *.  [from
   address.] The person, that  addresses or
   petitions.
 Addu'cent, ad-du'sent.  adj. [adducens,
   Lat.] A word applied to those muscles,
   that bring forward, close, or draw toge-
   ther, the parts  of the  body,  to  which
   they are annexed.              Quincy.
 To Addu'lce, ad-dulse', v. a. [addoucir,
   Fr.  dulcis, Lat]  To sweeten; a  word,
   not now in use.
    Thus did the French embassadors, with great shew
  of their king's affection, and many sugared words,
  seek to addulce all matters between the two kings.
                            Bacon's Henry VII.
A'deling, a'dllng. to. s. [from aebel, Sax.
   illustrious.]   A word of honour among
   the Angles, properly appertaining to the
   king's children: king Edward the Con-
   fessor, being without issue, and intend-
   ing to make Edgar his  heir, called  him
   Adding.                         Cowell.
Adeno'graphy, ad-de-nog'gra-fe.618 to. s.
   [from «2t)W* a gland, and y%*<pa to write,
   Gr.] A treatise of the glands.
Ade'mption, a-dem'shun.412  n. s. [adimo,
   ademptum, Lat.] Taking away; priva-
   tion.                                Diet.
Ade'pt, a-dept'. to. s. [from adeptus, Lat.
   that is, adeptus artem.] He, that is com-
   pletely  skilled in  all the secrets  of his
   art.  It is, in its original  signification,
   appropriated to the chymists; but is now
   extended to  other artists.
    The preservation of chastity is easy to true adepts.
                                        Pope.
Ade'pt,  a-dept'.  adj. Skilful;  thoroughly
   v ersed.
    If there be really such adept philosophers, as we
  are told of; I am apt to think that, among their ar-
  cana, they are masters  of extremely potent men-
  struums.                               Boyle.
A'dequate, ad'-e-kwate.91  adj. [adequa-
   tus, Lat.] Equal to; proportionate; cor-
   respondent to,  so as to bear an exact
   resemblance or proportion.   It is used
   generally in a figurative sense, and often
   with the particle to.
    Contingent death seems to be the whole adequate
  object of popular courage; but a necessary and una-
  voidable coffin strikes paleness into the stoutest heart.
                       Harvey on Consumptions.
    The arguments were proper, adequate, and  suffi-
  cient to compass their respective ends.      South.
    AU our simple ideas are adequate; because, being
  nothing but the effects of certain powers in  things,
  fitted and  ordained by God to  produce such sensa-
  tions in us, they cannot but be correspondent and
  adequate to those powers.                 Locke.
    Those are adequate ideas, which perfectly repre-
  sent their archetypes or objects. Inadequate are but
  a partial or incomplete representation of those ar-
  chetypes,io which they are referred. Watts's Logick.
A'dequately, ad'e-kwate-le. adv. [from
   adequate.]
1. In an adequate manner; with justness
   of representation; with exactness of pro-
   portion. 
V D II                                     A D J                                      A D J
    Gratitude consists adequately, in these two things:
  first, thai it is a debt; and, secondly, that it is such
  a debt, a. is left to every man's ingenuity, whether
  he will pay or no.                       South.
2. It is used with  the particle to.
    Piety is  the necessary Christian virtue, propor-
  tioned adequately to the omniscence and spirituality
  of tL.«'. infinite Deity.  Hammond's Fundamentals.
A'decjuaieness,   ad'e-kwate-ness. w.  «.
   [from  adequate.] The slate of being ade-
   quate, justness  of representation; exact-
   ness of  proportion.
Adespo'tick, a'de-spot'ik.  adj.  N«t ab-
   solute; not despotick.             Diet.
 To ADHE'RE, ad-here'.  v. w. [adhareo,
   Lat.]
 1. To stick to; as, wax to the finger; with
   to, before the thing.
 2. To stick, in a  figurative sense; to be
   consistent; to hold together.
    Why  every thing  adheres together, that no dram
   of a scruple, no scruple of a  scruple, no incredu-
   lous or unsafe circumstance—
                     Shakspeare's Ticelfth Night.
 3. To  remain firmly fixed, to a party, per-
   son, or  opinion.
    Good gentlemen,  he hath much talk'd of you;
   And sure I am, two  men there are not living,
   To whom he more adlieres.      Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Every man of  sense  will agree  with  me, that
   singularity is laudable;  when,  in confradiction to a
   multitude, it adheres to the dictates  of conscience,
   morality, and honour.                    Boyle.
 Adhe'rence,  ad-he'r£nse. to. *. [from
   adhere.]  See Adhesion.
 1. The quality  of adhering or  sticking;
   tenacity.
 2. In a figurative sense, fixedness of mind;
   steadiness;  fidelity.
    The firm adherence of the Jews to their religion
   is no less remarkable, than  their dispersion; con-
   sidering it, as persecuted or contemned over the
   whole earth.                         Addison.
     A constant adherence to  one sort of diet may
   have bad effects on  any constitution.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    Plain good sense, and a firm adherence to the
   point, have proved more effectual, than  those arts,
   which are contemptuously called the spirit of ne-
   gotiating.                              Swift.
 Adhe'rency, ad-he'ren-se.182 to. *. [The
    same  with adherence.]
  1. Steady attachment.
 2. That, which adheres.
    Vices have a native adherency of vexation.
                                 Decay of Piety.
 Adhe'rent, ad-he'rent. ad/, [from adhere.]
  1. Sticking  to.
     Close to the cliff, with both his hands he clung;
   And stuck adherent, and suspended hung.     Pope.
 2. United with.
     Modes are said to be inherent or  adherent; that
   is proper or improper. Adherent or improper modes
   arise, from the joining of some accidental substance
   to the chief subject, which yet may be  separated
   from it: so, when a bowl is wet, or a boy is clothed,
   these are adherent modes; for the water and the
   clothes are distinct substances, which adhere to the
   bowl, or to the boy.               Watts's Logick.
 Adhe'rent,  ad-he'rent.  n. s. [from ad-
   here.]
 1.  The  person, that  adheres; one,  that
   supports the  cause, or  follows  the for-
   tune of another; a follower,  a partisan.
    Princes  must give protection to their subjects and
   adherents when worthy occasion shall require it.
                                      Raleigh.
    A new war must be undertaken, upon the advice
  of those; who, with their partisans and adherents,
  were to be the sole gainers by it.          Swift.
2. Any  thing,  outwardly  belonging to a
   person.
    When they cannot shake the  main fort,  they
  must try, if they can possess themselves of the
  outworks; raise some prejudice against  his discre-
  tion, his humour, his carriage, and his extrinsic
  adherents.             Government of the Tongue.
Adhe'rer,  ad-he'rur.98 to. s. [from  ad-
   here.]   He,  that adheres.
    He ought to be indulgent to tender consciences;
  but, at the same time, a firm adherer  to the  esta-
  blished church.                        Sunft.
Adhe'sion, ad-he'zhun.461 to. s.  [adhasio,
   Lat.]
1. The act or state, of sticking  to some-
   thing.  Adhesion is  generally  used,  in
   the natural; and adherence, in the  me-
   taphorical sense: as, the adhesion of iron
   to the magnet; and adherence of a client
   to his patron.
    Why therefore may not the minute parts of other
  bodies, if they be conveniently shaped for adhesion,
  stick to one another, as well as stick to this spirit?
                                       Boyle.
    The rest (consisting wholly in the sensible con-
  figuration, as smooth  and  rough;  or else more or
  less firm adhesion of the parts, as hard and soft,
  tough and brittle) are obvious.            Locke.
    ----Prove, that all things (on occasion)
  Love union, and desire adhesion.          Prior.
2.  It is  sometimes taken (like adherence)
   figuratively, for firmness in an opinion,
   or steadiness in a practice.
    The same want of sincerity, the same adhesion
  to vice, and aversion from goodness, will be equally
  a reason for their rejecting any proof whatsoever.
                                    Atterbury.
Adhe'sive,  ad-he'siv.lfi8 428  adj.  [from
   adhesion.]   Sticking; tenacious.
    If slow, yet sure,  adhesive to the tract,
  Hot-steaming up.                    Thomson.
 To ADHI'BIT, ad-hib'bit. v. a.   [adhibeo,
   Lat.]   To apply; to make use of.
    Salt, a necessary ingredient in all sacrifices, was
  adhibited and required in this view only, as an em-
  blem of purification.
              President Forbes's Letter to a Bishop.

 \dhibi'tion,  ad-he-bish'shun.807  to.  s.
   [from adhibit.]  Application; use. Diet.
 Adja'cency,   ad-ja's£n-se.182 to. s.  [from
   adjaceo, Lat]
 1.  The state,  of  lying  close to  another
    thing.
 2.  That, which is adjacent.   See  Adja-
    cent.
     Because the  Cape hath sea on both sides near it,
   and other lands (remote  as it were)  equidistant
   from it; therefore, at that point, the needle  is  not
   distracted by the vicinity of adjacencies.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Adja'cent,  ad-ja'sent.  adj  [adjacens,
   Lat.]   Lying near or close;  bordering
    upon something.
    It may corrupt within itself, although no part of
   it issue into the body adjacent.           Bacon.
     Uniform pellucid mediums, such as  water, have
   no sensible reflection, but in their external super-
   fices, where they are adjacent to other mediums of
   a different density.                     Newton.

 Adja'cent, ad-ja's£nt. to. s.  That, which
   lies next another.
    The sense of the author goes visibly, in its own
  train; and the words, receiving a determined sense
  from their companions and adjacents, will not con-
  sent to give countenance and colour, to what must
  be supported at any rate.                Locke.
Adia'phorous, a-d6-af'f6-ro.s. adj. [«^<«.
  <pef<&>, Gr.]  Neutral; particularly used
  of  some  spirits  and salts, which are
  neither of an acid or alkaline  nature.
                                    Quincy.
    Our adiaphorous spirit may be obtained, by dis-
  tilling the liquor, that is afforded by woods and di-
  vers other bodies.                      Boyle.
Adia'phory, a-de-af'fo-re.134 to.*.  [i}t€i
  <po^'cc, Gr.]   Neutrality; indifference.
To ADJE'CT, ad-ject'  v. a. [adjicio, ad-
  jectum, Lat.]   To add to; to put  to ano-
  ther thing.
Adje'ciion,   ad-jek'shfin, «. a.  [adjectio,
  Lat.]
1. The act of adjecting or adding.
2. The thing, adjected or added.
    That unto every pound of sulphur,  an  adjecHon
  of one ounce of quicksilver; or unto every pound of
  petre, one ounce of sal-ammoniac, will much intend
  the force, and consequently the  report, I find no
  verity.                 Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
Adjecti'tious,  ad-jek-tish'iis. adj. [from
  adjection.]   Added; thrown-in upon the
  rest.
A'djective,  ad'jek-tlv.613 to. s. [adjecti-
  vum, Lat.]    A word  added  to a noun,
  to  signify the addition or separation of
   some quality, circumstance, or manner
  of being; as, good, bad, are adjectives;
   because, in speech, they are applied to
  nouns, to modify their signification, or
  intimate the  manner of existence in the
   things signified thereby.
                      Clarke's Latin  Gram.
    All  the  versification of Claudian  is  included
  within the compass of four or  five lines,  perpetu-
  ally closing his sense at the end of a verse; and that
  verse commonly, which they call  golden; or two
  substantives and two adjectives, with a  verb bebvixt
  them, to keep the peace.               Dryden.
A'djectively, ad'j£k-tlv-le. adv. [trom
  adjective.]    After the manner of an ad-
  jective; a term of grammar.
Adieu', a-du'.284 adv. [from d Dieu,  used
  elliptically  for d Dieuje vous commende,
  used  at  the  departure  of  friends.]
   The form of parting, originally import-
   ing a commendation to the Divine care;
  but now used, in a popular sense, some-
   times to  things inanimate;  farewell!
    Ne gave him leave,  to bid that aged sire,
  Adieu; but nimbly ran her wonted  course.
                                  Fairy Queen,
    Use a more  spacious  ceremony, to the noble
  lords; you restrained yourself, within the list of too
  cold an adieu: be more expressive to them.
              Shakspeare's All's well that ends weU.
    While now I take my last adieu,
  Heave thou no sigh, nor shed a tear;
    Lest yet my half-clos'd eye may view
  On earth an object worth its care.          Prior.
 To Adjo'in, ad-join'.*99 v. a. [adjoindre,
   Fr. adjungo, Lat.]
 1. To join to; to unite to; to put to.
    As one, who long in populous city pent,
  Forth issuing on a summer's morn to breathe
  Among the pleasant villages and farms
  Adjoin'd, from each thing met conceives delight.
                                      Milton.
    Corrections or improvements should be  as re-
  marks adjoined, by way of note or commentary,  in
  their proper places; and superadded,  to a regular
  treatise.                               fram 
AD J
AD J
ADM
2. To fasten by a joint or juncture.
                As a massy wheel,
  Fixt on the summit of the highest mount,
  To whose huge spoke ten thousand lesser things
  Are mortis'd and adjoined.           Shakspeare.
To Adjo'in, ad-join', v. «.  To be conti-
   guous to; to lie next, so as to  have no-
   thing botwecn.
    Th' adjoining fane,  th'  assembled Greeks  ex-
        prcss'd,
  And hunting of the Caledonian beast.   Dryden.
    In learning any thing, as little  should be pro-
  posed to  the mind at once,  as is possible; and, that
  being understood and fully mastered, proceed to the
  next adjoining, yet unknown,  simple, unperplexed
  proposition, belonging to the matter in  hand, and
   tt uding to the clearing what is principally design-
   ed.                                 Locke.
 To  ADJO'URN, ad-jurn.'314  v. a.[ad-
   journer, Fr.]
 1. To put off to  another  day, naming the
   time; a term used in juridical  proceed-
   ings; as,  of parliaments,  or  courts  of
   justice.
    The queen being absent, 'tis a needful fitness,
   That we adjourn this court  to further day. Shaksp.
    By  the king's authority alone,  and by his writs,
   they are  assembled; and, by  him alone, are they
   prorogued and dissolved: but each house may ad-
  journ itself.                          Bacon.
2. To  put off;  to defer; to let stay  to  a
   future  time.
     Then, Jupiter, thou king of gods,
   Why hast thou thus adjourn'd
     The graces for his merits due,
   Being all to dolours turn'd.         Shaksp. Cymb.
     Crown high the goblets with a cheerful draught:
   Enjoy the present hour, adjourn the future thought.
                                     Dryden.
     The formation of animals being foreign  to my
   purpose, I shall adjourn the consideration of it to
   another occasion.    Woodward's Natural History.
Adjournment, ad-jurn'ment. n. s. [ad-
   journment, Fr.]
 1. An  assignment of a day;  or a putting
   off, till another day.
     Adjournment in eyre, an appointment of  a day,
   when the justices in eyre mean to sit again.  Cowell.
 2. Delay; procrastination;  dismission to  a
   future time.
     We will, and we will not; and then we will not
   again, and we will.  At this rate we run our lives
   out, in adjournment from  time to  time; out of a
   fantastical levity, that holds us off and on, betwixt
   hawk and buzzard.                L'Estrange.

A'dipous,  ad'de-pus.314  adj. [adiposus,
   hat.]   Fat.                        Diet.

 A'dit, ad'lt. to. a.  [aditus, Lat.]  A pas-
   sage,  for the  conveyance of water un-
   der ground; a passage under ground in
   general; a term among the minemen.
    For conveying away the Water, they stand in aid
   of sundry devices; as, adits, pumps, and wheels,
   driven by a stream, and interchangeably filling and
   emptying two buckets.                  Careic.
    The delfs would be so flown with waters  (it be-
   ing impossible, to make any adits or soughs to drain
   them) that no gins or  machines could  suffice, to
  lay and keep them dry.                    Ray.
Adi'tion, ad-ish's^hun.469  n. s. [from adeo,
   aditum,  Lat.]   The  act,  of  going  to
   another                           Diet.

 To Adju'dge, ad-judje'. v. a. [adjudico,
   Lat.]
1. To give the thing controverted, to one
   of the  parties,  by a judicial sentence;
   with (he particle to, before the person.
    The way of disputing in  the schools is, by in-
  sisting on one topical argument; by the success  of
  which, victory is adjudged to the opponent or de-
  fendant.                              Locke.
            The great competitors for Rome,
  Caesar and Pompey, on Pharsalian plains;
  Where stern Bellona, with one final stroke,
  Adjudged the empire of this globe to one.  Phillips.
2. To sentence, or condemn to a punish-
   ment; with to before the thing.
    But though thou art adjudged to the death;
  Yet 1 will favour thee, in what I can.     Shaksp.
3. Simply, to judge;  to decree;  to  deter-
   mine.
    He  adjudged him unworthy of his friendship,
  purposing sharply to revenge the wrong he had re-
  ceived.                             Knolles.
Adjudication,  ad-ju-de-ka'shtin. to.  «.
   [adjudicatio, Lat.] The act of judging,
   or of granting something to a litigant,
   by a judicial sentence.
To ADJU'DICATE, ad-ju'de-kate. v. a.
   [adjudico, Lat.]  To  adjudge; to give
   something controverted to one  of  the
   litigants, by a sentence or decision.
To A'DJUGATE,£d'ju-gate.91 v  a.[adjugo,
   Lat.]   To  yoke  to;  to join to another
   by a yoke.                         Diet.
A'djument, ad'ju-ment. to.  s. [adjumen-
   turn, Lat.]   Help; support.       Diet.
A'DJUNCT, ad'jflnkt. n. s. [adjunctum,
   Lat.]
I. Something  adherent or united to ano-
   ther, though not essentially part of it.
     Learning is but an adjunct to ourself;
   And, where we are, our learning likewise  is. Shak.
     But I make haste, to consider you  as abstracted
   from a court; which (if you will give me  leave to
   use a  term of logick) is only an adjunct, not a pro-
   priety, of happiness.                  D)-yden.
     The talent of discretion, in its several adjuncts
   and circumstances, is no where so serviceable as to
   the clergy.                           Swift.
2. A person joined to another.  This sense
   rarely occurs.
     He made him the associate of his heir-apparent,
   together with the lord Cottington (as an adjunct of
   singular  experience and trust) in foreign travels,
   and in a business of love.              Wotton.
A'djunct, ad'junkt. adj.  United with;
   immediately consequent.
     So well, that what you bid me undertake,
   Though that my death were adjunct to my act,
   I'll do it.                   Shaksp. King John.
Adju'nction, ad-junk'shun. to. s. [adjunc-
   tio, Lat.]
1. The act of adjoining or coupling toge-
   ther.
2. The thing joined.
ADJu'NCTivE,ad-jilnk'tlv.168 to. s.[adjunc-
   tivus, Lat.]
1. He, that joins.
2. That, which is joined.
Adjura'tion,  ad-ju-ra'shun. w. s. [adju-
   ratio, Lat.]
1. The act of  adjuring,  or proposing  an
   oath to another.
2. The form of oath, proposed to another.
     When these learned men saw sickness and frenzy
   cured, the dead raised, the oracles put to silence,
   the daemons and evil spirits forced to confess them-
   selves no gods, by  persons, who only made use of
   prayer and adjurations in the name of their cruci-
   fied Saviour; how  could they doubt of their Sa-
   viour's power on the like occasions?
                Addison on the Christian Religion,
To ADJURE,  ad-jiire'. v.  a. [adjuro,
   Lat.]  To impose an oath upon another,
   prescribing  the form in which he shall
   swear.
              Thou know'st, the magistrates
  And princes of my country came in person;
  Solicited, commanded, threaten'd, urg'd,
  Adjur'd by all the bonds of civil duty
  And of religion; press'd, how just it was,
  How honourable.                     Milton.
    Ye lamps of heaven! (he said, and lifted high
  His hands now free) thou  venerable sky!
  Ye sacred altars, from whose flames 1 fled!
  Be all of you adjured.                 Dryden.
To ADJU'ST,  ad-just',  v.  a. [adjuster,
   Fr.]
1. To regulate; to put in order;  to settle
   in  the right form.
    Your lordship removes  all our  difficulties, and
  supplies all our wants, faster than the most vision-
  ary projector can adjust his schemes.       Swift.
2. To reduce to the true state or standard;
   to make accurate.
    The names of mixed modes, for the  most  part,
  want standards in nature,  whereby men may rec-
  tify and adjust their signification; therefore they are
  very various and doubtful.              Locke.
3. To make conformable. It requires the
   particle to,  before the  thing,  to which
   the conformity is made.
    As to  the  accomplishment of this remarkable
  prophecy, whoever reads the account given  by Jo-
  sephus,  without knowing his character;  and  com-
  pares it,  with  what our  Saviour  foretold;  would
  think the historian had been a Christian; and that
  he had nothing else in view, but to adjust the  event
  to the prediction.                    Addison.
Adjustment, ad-just'ment.  to. s. [adjus-
   tement, Fr.]
1. Regulation; the act  of putting in  me-
   thod;  settlement.
    The farther and clearer adjustment of this affair,
  I am constrained to adjourn to the larger treatise.
                                   Woodward.
2. The state,  of being put in method, or
   regulated.
    It is a vulgar idea we have of a watch or clock,
  when we conceive of it, as an instrument made to
  shew the hour: but it is a  learned idea, which the
  watch-maker has of it; who knows all the several
  parts of it, together with  the various  connections
  and adjustments of each part.     Watts's Logick.
A'djutant, ad'ju-tant. to. s.  A petty offi
   cer,  whose duty is  to assist the major,
   by distributing the pay, and overseeing
   the punishment of the  common men.
 To ADJU'TE, ad-jute', v. a. [adjuvo, ad-
   jutum, Lat.]   To  help;  to  concur: a
   word not now in use.
               For there be
   Six bachelors as bold as he,
  Adjuting to his company;
  And each one hath his livery.        Ben Jonson.
 Adju'tor, ad-ju'tur.88  l6B to. s.  [adjutor,
   Lat.]   A helper.                  Diet.
 Adju'tory, ad'ju-tiir-re'.6ia 6" adj.  [ad-
   jutorius, Lat.] That which helps.  Diet.
Adju'trix, ad'ju-triks. w. s. [Lat]   She,
   who helps.                        Diet.
A'djuvant,  ad'ju-vant  adj.  [adjuvans,
   Lat.]   Helpful; useful.            Diet.
 To A'djuvate, ad'ju-vate.603 v. a. [adju-
   vo, Lat.]   To help; to further; to put
   forward.                            Diet.

Admeasurement, ad-mezh'ure-ment. «.
   s.   [See Measure.]    The adjustment 
ADM
ADM
ADM
  of  proportions;  the  act or practice  of
  measuring according to rule.
    Admeasurement  is a writ, which lieth for the
  bringing of those to a mediocrity, that usurp more
  than their part.  It lieth in two cases: one is term-
  ed admeasurement of dower, where the widow  of
  the deceased holdeth (from the heir or his guardian)
  more in the name of her dower, than belongeth to
  her: the other is admeasurement of pasture, which
  lieth between those, that have common of pasture
  appendant to their freehold, or common by vicin-
  age ; in case, any  one of them (or more) do sur-
  charge the  common with more cattle,  than they
  ought.                               Cowell.
    In some counties they are not much acquainted,
  with admeasurement by acre;  and thereby the writs
  contain twice or thrice so many acres more, than
  the land hath.                         Bacon.
Admensura'tion, ad-men-shvi-ra'shun.462
  to. s. [ad and mensura, Lat.]  The act,
  or practice,  of measuring  out  to each
  his  part.
Admi'nicle, ad-mln'6-kl.406 to. s. [admini
  culum,  Lat.]  Help;  support;  further
  ance.                               Diet.
Adminicular,   ad-me-nik'u-lar.418  adj
  [from adminiculum, Lat.]  That, which
  gives help.                         Diet
To  ADMI'NISTER,  ad-min'nls-tur.  »«
  v. a.  [adminislro, Lat.]
1. To give; to afford; to supply.
                  Let zephyrs bland
  Administer their tepid genial airs;
  Naught fear he from the west, whose gentle warmth
  Discloses well the  earth's all-teeming womb.
                                      Philips
2. To act, as the minister or  agent in any
  employment or  office;  generally, but
  not always, with  some  hint of  subordi-
  nation: as, to administer the government
    For forms of  government let fools contest;
  Whate'er is best administer'd, is best.      Pope
3. To administer justice; to distribute right
4. To administer the sacraments, to dis-
  pense them.
    Have not they the old popish custom of adminis-
  tering the blessed  sacrament of the holy eucharist
  with wafer-cakes?                      Hooker.
5. To administer an oath; to propose  or
  require an oath  authoritatively; to ten-
  der an oalh.
    Swear by the duty that you owe to heav'n,
  To keep the oath that we administer.   Shakspeare
6. To administer physick; to give physick
  as it is wanted.
    I was carried on men's shoulders, administering
  physick and phlebotomy.         Wafer's Voyage.
7. To administer to; to contribute; to bring
  supplies.
    I must not omit, that there is a fountain rising
  in the  upper part of my  garden,  which forms a
  little wandering rill; and  administers to the plea-
  sure, as well as  the plenty, of the place. Spectator.
8. To perform the office of an administra-
  tor, in law.  See Administrator.
    Neal's order  was never performed, because the
  executors durst not administer.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope

To  Administrate, ad-min'nis-trate.01 v
  a.   [adminislro, Lat.]   To exhibit;  to
  give as physick.    Not in use.
    They have the  same effects in medicine, when
  inwardly administrated to animal bodies.
                                   Woodward

Administration, ad-min-nis-tra'shun.52;
  n. s.  [administrate, Lat.]
I. The act of administering or conducting
   any employment; as, the conducting the
   publick affairs; dispensing the laws.
    I then did use the person of your father;
  The image of his power lay then in me:
  And in th' administration of his law,
  While I was busy for the commonwealth,
  Your highness pleased to forget my place.  Shaksp.
    In the short time of his administration, he shone
  so  powerfully  upon me; that, like the heat of a
  Russian summer, he ripened the fruits of poetry in
  a cold climate.                       Dryden.
2. The active or executive part of govern-
   ment.
    It may pass for a maxim  in state, that the  ad-
  ministration cannot be placed in too few hands,  nor
  the legislature in too many.               Swift.
3. Collectively; those, to whom the care of
   publick affairs is committed; as,
    The administration has been opposed  in parlia
  ment.
4. Distribution; exhibition; dispensation.
     There is, in sacraments,  to be observed their
  force, and their form of administration.    Hooker.
     By the universal administration of grace (begun
  by our blessed Saviour,  enlarged by his apostles,
  carried on by their immediate successors, and to be
  completed by the rest to the world's end) all types,
  that darkened this faith, are enlightened.
                              Sprat's Sermons.
Administrative,  ad-min'nis-tra-tiv.1B7
   adj. [from administrate.] That, which
   administers; that, by which any  one ad-
   ministers.
Administra'tou,  ad-min-nis-tra'tur.98 627
   n. s. [administrator, Lat.]
1. It is properly taken for  him,  that has
   the goods of a man dying intestate, com
   mitted to his charge by the ordinary; and
   is accountable for the same, whenever it
   shall  please  the  ordinary to call upon
   him thereunto.                   Cowell.
     He was wonderfully diligent to enquire and  ob
  serve, what became of the  king of Arragon, in
  holding the kingdom  of Castille; and whether he
  did hold it in his own right,  or as administrator to
  his daughter.               Bacon's Henry VII
2. He, that officiates in divine rites.
     I feel my conscience  bound  to remember  the
  death of Christ, with  some society of Christians or
  other, since it is a most plain command; whether
  the person, who distributes these elements, be only
  an occasional or a settled administrator.    Watts.
3. He, that conducts the government.
     The residence of the prince, or chief administra-
  tor of the civil power.                   Sicift.
Administratrix,ad-min-nis-tra'triks.82
   to. s. [Lat.] She, who administers in con-
   sequence of a will.
Administka'torshif, ad-min-nis-tra'tur-
   ship. to. s.  [from administrator.] The  of-
   fice of administrator.
Admirabi'lity,  ad-me-ra.-bil'le-t&. to. s
   [admirabilis, Lat.] The quality  or state
   of being admirable.               Diet
A'dmihable, ad'me-ra-bl.406 adj. [admi-
   rabilis,  Lat.] To be admired; worthy of
   admiration; of power to excite wonder
   always taken in  a good sense,  and ap
   plied either to persons or things.
     The  more power  he hath to  hurt, the more ad-
  mirable is his praise,  that he will not hurt Sidney.
     God was with them, in all their afflictions;  and
  at length,  by working their admirable deliverance,
  did testify that they served him not in vain.
                                      Hooker.
     What admirable things occur, in the remains of
  several other philosophers! Short, I confess, of the
  rules of Christianity, but  generally above the lives
  of christians.                  South's Sermons.
                  You can at most
  To an indiff'rent lover's praise pretend:
  But you would spoil an admirable friend.  Dryden.
A'dmirableness,  ad'me-ra-bl-ness.  n. «.
  [from admirable.] The quality of being
  admirable; the power of raising wonder.
A'dmirably, ad'me-ra-ble. adv. [from ad.
  mirable.]  So,  as to  raise  wonder; in an
  admirable  manner.
    The theatre is the most spacious, of any I ever
  saw; and  so admirably well contrived, that, from
  the very depth of  the stage,  the lowest sound may
  be heard distinctly to the farthest part of the au.
  dience, as in a whispering place;  and yet, raise your
  voice as high as you please, there is nothing (like
  an echo) to cause the least confusion.    Addison.
A'DMIRAL, ad'me-ral. to.*, [cmiral, Fr.
  of uncertain etymology]
1. An officer  or  magistrate, that has the
   government of the  king's navy, and the
   hearing and determining all causes (as
   well civil  as criminal) belonging to the
   sea.                             Cowell.
2. The chief commander of a fleet.
    He also, in battle at sea, overthrew Rodericus
  Rotundus, admiral of Spain; in which fight, theai-
  miral with his son  were both slain, and seven of his
  gallies taken.                        Knolles.
    Make the sea shine with gallantry, and all
  The English youth flock to their  admiral.   Waller.
3. The ship  which carries  the admiral or
   commander of the  fleet.
    The admiral galley, wherein the emperor himself
  was, by great mischance struck upon a sand.
                                     Knolles.
A'DMiRALSHip,ad'me-ral-ship'. to.*, [from
  admiral.]  The office or power of an ad-
   miral.
Admira'lty, ad'me-ral-te.  to.  *.  [ami-
   raulte,  Fr.] The power or officers, ap-
   pointed for the administration of naval
   affairs.
Admira'tion,  ad-me-ra'shun. n.  s.  [ad-
   miratio, Lat.]
1. Wonder;  the  act of admiring or won-
   dering.
    Indu'd with human voice and human sense,
  Reasoning to admiration.                Milton.
    The passions always move, and therefore (conse-
  quently) please: for, without motion,  there can be
  no delight; which  cannot be considered, but as an
  active passion. When we view those elevated ideas
  of  nature, the result of  that view is admiration,
  which is always the cause of pleasure.    Dryden.
    There  is a pleasure in admiration; and this is
  that, which  properly causeth admiration; when we
  discover a great deal in  an  object, which we un-
  derstand to be excellent;  and yet we see (we know
  not how much) more beyond that, which our under-
  standings  cannot fully reach and  comprehend.
                                    Tillotson-
2. It  is  taken sometimes in  a bad sense,
   though generally in a good.
    Your boldness I  with admiration see;
  What hope had you to gain a queen like me?
  Because a hero fore'd me once away,
  Am I thought fit to be a second prey?    Dryden.
To ADMl'RE,  ad-mire',  v.  a. [admiro,
   Lat. admirer,  Fr.]
1. To regard with wonder:  generally in a
   good sense.
    'Tis here,  that  knowledge wonders;  and there is
  an admiration, that is not  the daughter of ignorance.
  This indeed stupidly gazeth ot the unwonted effect; 
ADM                                    ADM                                     ADM
   but the philosophic passion truly admires and adores
   the supreme efficient.                 Glancille.
 2. It is sometimes  used, in more  familiar
    speech, for to regard with love.
 3. It is used, but rarely, in an  ill sense.
     You have displac'd the  mirth, brtke the good
         meeting,
   With most admir'd disorder.    Shaksp. Macbeth.
 To Adm'ire, ad-mire', v.  n.  To wo^jjer;
    sometimes with  the particle at.
     The eye is already so perfect, that I believe the
   reason of a man would easily have rested here, and
   admir'd at his own contrivance. Ray on the Creation.
 ADMi'RER,ad-mi'rur.98n.s. [fromadmire/]
 1. The person, that  wonders,  or regards
    with admiration.
      Neither Virgil nor Horace would have gained so
   great reputation,  had they not been the friends and
   admirers of each other.                Addison.
     Who most, to shun or hate mankind, pretend;
   Seek an admirer, or would fix a friend.      Pope.
 2. In common speech, a lover.
 Admi'ringly,  ad-mi'rlng-le  adv. [from
    admire] With admiration; in the man-
    ner of an admirer.
     The king very lately spoke  of him admiringly
   and mournfully.   Shaksp. All's well that ends well.
     We may yet further admiringly observe, that men
   usually give freeliest, where they have not given be-
   fore.                                   Boyle.
 ADMi'ssiBLE,ad-mis'se-bl.408afi?/. [admitto,
    admissum, Lat.] That, which may be ad-
    mitted.
     Suppose that this supposition were admissible; yet
   this would not any way be inconsistent, with the
   eternity of the divine nature and essence.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 Admi'ssion, ad-mlsh'shiin. ». s. [admissio,
   Lat.]
 1. The act or practice of admitting.
     There  was also enacted that charitable law, for
   the admission of poor suitors without fee; whereby
   poor men became rather able to vex, than  unable
   to sue.                    Bacon's Henry VII.
     By means of our solitary  situation, and our rare
   admission of strangers, we know most part of the
   habitable world, and are ourselves unknown.
                         Bacon's New Atalantis.
 2. The state of being admitted.
     My father saw you ill designs pursue;
   And my admission shew'd his fear of you. Dryden.
     God did then exercise man's hopes with the ex-
   pectations of a better paradise, or a more intimate
   admission to himself.           South's Sermons.
               Our king descends from Jove:
   And hither are we come by his command,
   To crave admission in your happy land.   Dryden.
 3. Admittance;  the power of entering, or
   being admitted.
    All springs have some degree of heat, none ever
  freezing, no not in the longest and severest frosts;
  especially those, where there is such a site and dis-
  position of the strata, as gives free and easy admis-
  sion to this heat.     Woodward's Natural History.
4. [In the ecclesiastical  law.]  It is, when
   the patron presents a clerk to a church
   that is vacant; and the bishop, upon exa-
   mination, admits and allows of such clerk
   to be fitly qualified, by saying, admitto te
   habilem.             Ayliffe's Parergon.
5.  The allowance of an argument; the grant
   of a position not fully proved.
To ADMIT, ad-mlt'  v. a. [admitto, Lat.]
I.  To suffer to enter; to grant entrance.
    Mirth, admit me of thy crew.          Milton.
    Does not one table Bavius still  admit?     Pope.
2.  To suffer to  enter upon an  office; in

      VOL. I.
    which sense the phrase of admission into
    a college, &c. is used.
     The treasurer found  it no hard matter, so far to
   terrify him; that, for the king's service, as was pre-
   tended,  he admitted, for a six-clerk, a person re-
   commended by him.                 Ctarendon,
 3. To allow an argument or position.
     Suppose, no weapon  can thy valour's pride
   Subdue; that, by no force, thou  may'st be won;
     Admit, no steel can hurt or wound thy side;
   And be  it, heav'n hath  thee such favour done.
                                      Fairfax.
     This  argument is  like to have the less effect on
   me, seeing I cannot easily admit the inference.
                                        Locke
 4. To allow or  grant,  in general;  some-
   times  with the particle of.
     If you once  admit of a latitude, that thoughts
   may be  exalted, and  images raised  above the  life;
   that leads you insensibly, from your own principles
   to mine.                            Dryden.
 Admi'ttable, ad-mlt'ta.-bl. adj. [from ad-
   mit ]  The person  or thing which may
   be admitted.
     Because they have not a bladder, like those we
   observe  in others, they  have no gall at all, is a pa-
   ralogism not admittable; a fallacy, that needs not
   the sun  to scatter it.                    Brown.
     The  clerk, who is presented, ought to prove to
   the bishop, that he  is  a deacon, and that he has
   orders;  otherwise, the bishop is  not bound to admit
   him: for, as the law then stood, a deacon was admit-
   table.                       Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Admittance, ad-mlt'tanse.  to. a. [from
   admit.]
 I. The act of admitting; allowance or per-
   mission to enter.
     It cannot enter any man's conceit to think it law-
   ful, that every man which listeth should take upon
   him charge in the church; and  therefore a solemn
   admittance is of such necessity, that, without it,
   there can be no church polity.           Hooker.
     As to  the admittance  of the weighty elastic parts
   of the air into the blood, through the coats of the
   vessels;  it seems contrary to experiments upon dead
   bodies.                 Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 I. The power or right of entering.
                       What,
   If I do line one of their hands?—'tis gold,
   Which buys admittance.   Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
    Surely a daily expectation at the gate is the rea-
   diest way, to gain admittance into the house.
                               South's Sermons.
    There's news from  Bertran: he desires
  Admittance to the king;  and cries aloud,
   This day shall end our fears.            Dryden.
    There are some ideas, which have admittance
   only through one sense, which is  peculiarly adapted
  to receive them.                        Locke.
 !. Custom or prerogative, of being admit-
   ted to  great persons: a sense now cut of
   use.
    Sir John, you are a  gentlemen  of excellent breed-
  ing, of great admittance; authentick, in your place
  and person; generally allowed for your many war-
  like, courtlike, and learned preparations.  Shaksp.
4. Concession of  a  position.
    Nor could the Pythagoreans give easy admittance
  thereto; for, holding that separate souls successively
  supplied  other bodies, they could hardly allow the
  raising of souls from other worlds.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To Admi'x, ad-miks'. v a [admisceo, Lat.]
   To mingle with sontething else.
Admixtion, ad-miks'tshun, to.  s.  [from
   admix.]  The  union of one  body  with
   another, by mingling them.
    All metals may be calcined, by strong waters; or
  by admixtion of salt, sulphur, and mercuiy. Bacon.
    The elements are no where pure, in these lower
                      E
   regions; and, if there is any free  from the admu-
   tion of another, sure it is above the concave of the
   moon.                              Glanville.
     There is no way, to make a strong and vigorous
   powder of saltpetre, without the admixtion of sul-
   phur.                  Brown's  Vulgar Errours
 Admi'xture, ad-mlks'tshure.46' w.«.[from
   admix.] The body,  mingled  with ano-
   ther; perhaps sometimes the act of ming-
   ling.
     Whatever acrimony or amaritude at any time re-
   dounds in it, must be derived from  the admixture of
   another sharp bitter substance. Harvey on Consump.
     A mass, which to the eye appears to be nothing
   but mere  simple earth, shall, to the smell or taste,
   discover a plentiful admixture of sulphur,  alum, or
   some other mineral.  Woodicard's Natural History.
 To ADMO'NISH,ad-m&n/nIsh.i>.a. [ad-
   moneo,  Lat.]  To warn of a fault; to  re-
   prove gently;  to counsel against wrong
   practices; to put in mind of a  fault or a
   duty:  with the particle  of, or against;
   which latter is more rare: or the infini-
   tive mood of a verb.
    One of his cardinals, who better knew the in-
   trigues of affairs,  admonished him  against that un-
   skilful piece of ingenuity.         Decay of Piety.
                 He of their wicked ways
   Shall them admonish, and before tliem set
   The paths of righteousness.              Milton.
    But, when he was admonished by his subject to
   descend, he came down, gently  circling in toe air
   and singing, to the ground.               Dryden.
 Admo'nisher, ad-m6n'nlsh-ur. to. s. [from
   admonish.] The person that  admonishes,
   or puts another in mind of  his faults or
   duty.
    Horace was a mild admonisher;  a court-satirist.
   fit for the gentle times of Augustus.       Dryden.
 Admo'nishment, ad-mdn'nish-ment. to. «
   [from admonish.] Admonition; the  no-
   tice, by which one is put in mind of faults
   or duties: a word not often used.
    But yet be wary, in thy studious care.—
   —Thy grave admonishments prevail  with me.
                      Shakspeare's Henry V. p. !>
             To th' infinitely Good we owe
   Immortal  thanks;  and his admonishment
   Receive, with solemn purpose to observe
   Immutably his sovereign will, the end
   Of what we are.                       Milton.
 ADMONi'TiON,ad-md-nish'-un. to.*, [admo-
   nitio, Lat.]  The hint of a fault or duty;
   counsel; gentle reproof.
    They must give our teachers leave, for the saving
   of souls, to intermingle* sometimes with other more
   necessaiy things,  admonition concerning these  not
   unnecessary.                           Hooker.
    From this admonition they took only occasion, to
   redouble their fault, and  to sleep  again; so that,
   upon a second and third admonition, they had no-
   thing to plead for their unseasonable drowsiness.
                               South's Sermons.
 Admoni'tioner, id-mo-nish'iin-ur. to. s.
   [from admonition.]  A liberal dispenser
   of admonition; a general  adviser. A lu-
   dicrous term.
    Albeit, the admonitioners did seem at first, to like
  no prescript form of prayer at  all; but thought it
  the best, that  their minister should  always be left
  at liberty  to pray, as his own discretion did serve;
  their defender, and his associates, have sithence
  proposed to the world a form as themselves did like.
                                      Hooker,
Admo'nitory, ad-m6n'ne-tur-re.adj. [ad-
  monitorius,Lat.] That,which admonishes.
    The sentence of reason is  either mandatory
  shewing what must be done; or else permissive  de-
  claring only what may be done; or thirdly, admoni- 
ADO
ADO
ADO
  tory, opening what is the most convenient for us to
  do.                                  Hooker.
Admurmura'tion,  ad-mur-mu-ra'shun.
   to. s. [admurmuro, Lat.] The act of mur-
   muring or whispering to another. Diet.
To Aomo've, ad-modve'. v. a. [admovto,
   Lat.] To bring one thing to another.  A
   word not in use.
    If, unto the powder of loadstone or iron, we ad-
  move the  north-pole of the loadstone; the powders,
  or small  divisions, will erect and conform them-
  selves thereto.          JBroton's Vulgar Errours.
Ado', a-d66\  w. s. [from the verb to do,
   with a  before it, as the Frence affaire,
   from a and faire.]
 1. Trouble, difficulty.
    He took  Clitophon prisoner;  whom, with much
   ado, he keepeth alive; the Helots being villainously
   cruel.                                Sidney.
    They moved, and in the end persuaded  (with
   much ado) the people, to bind themselves by solemn
   oath.                                Hooker.
    He kept  the borders and marches of the pale,
   with much ado; he held many parliaments, wherein
   sundry laws were made.         Sr John Davies.
    With much ado, he partly kept awake;  .
   Not suff'ring all his eyes, repose to take.  Dryden.
 2. Bustle;  tumult; business;  sometimes
   with the particle about.
    Let's follow to see the end of this ado.   Shaksp.
    All this ado,  about Adam's fatherhood and  the
   greatness of its  power, helps nothing to establish
   the power of those that govern.            Locke.
 3. It has  a  light and ludicrous sense, im-
   plying  more tumult and show of busi-
   ness, than the affair  is worth:  in this
   sense it is of late generally used.
    I made no more  ado, but took all their seven
   points in  my target, thus.      Shaksp. Henry IV.
    We'll keep no great ado:—a friend or two—
   It may be thought, we held him carelessly,
   Being our kinsman, if we revel much.    Shaksp.
    Come, says Puss, without any more ado, 'tis time
   to go to breakfast; cats don't live upon dialogues.
                                    L'Estrange

 Adole'scence, ad-6-les'sense. In.s. fado-
 Adole'scency,ad-6 leVsen-se.J\lescentia,
   Lat.]  The age, succeeding childhood
   and succeeded by puberty:  more large-
   ly, that part of life, in which the body has
   not yet reached its full perfection.
    He was  so far from a boy, that he was a man
   born, and at his full stature; if we believe Jose-
   phus, who  places him in the last adolescency, and
   makes him twenty-five years old.          Brown.
    The sons must have a tedious time of childhood
   and adolescency, before they can either themselves
   assist their parents,  or encourage them with new
   hopes of posterity.                    Bentley.
 To ADO'PT, a-dopt'. v. a. [adopto, Lat.]
 I. To take a son by choice; to make him
   a son, who was not so by birth.
    Were none of all my father's sisters left;
   Nay, were I of my mother's kin bereft;
   None, by an uncle's or a grandame's side;
   Yet I could some adopted heir provide.    Dryden.
 2. To  place any  person or  thing,  in a
   nearer relation,  than they have by na-
   ture, to something else.
    Whether, adopted to some neighb'ring star,
   Thou roll'st above us in thy wand'ring race;
    Or, in  procession fix'd and regular,
   MovM with the heav'ns majestic pace;
   Or call'd to more celestial bliss,
   Thou tread'st with seraphims the vast abyss. Dryd.
    We are seldom at  ease, from the solicitation of
   our natural  or adopted desires; but a constant suc-
   cession of uneasinesses (out of that stock, which
  natural wants or  acquired habits have hcaped-up)
  take the will in their turns.               Locke.
Ado'ptedlt,   a-dop't£d-le.   adv.  [from
  adopted/]  After the manner of  some-
  thing adopted.
    Adoptedly,  as school-maids change their names,
  By vain (though apt) affection.       Shakspeare.
Adop'ter, a-dop'tur.98 to. s. [from adopt.]
  He, that  gives some one by choice the
  rights of a son.
Ado'ption,  a-d6p'shun.*w to. *. [adoptio,
  Lat.]
1. The act of adopting, or taking to one's
  self what is not native.
2. The state of being adopted.
    My bed shall be abused, my reputation gnawn
  at; and I  shall not only receive this villainous
  wrong, but stand under the adoption of abominable
  terms; ancTby him, that does me the wrong. Shaksp.
                  She purpos'd,
  When she had fitted you with her craft, to work
  Her son into th' adoption of the crown. Shakspeare.
    In every act of our Christian  worship, we are
  taught to call upon him  under the endearing cha-
  racter of our Father, to remind us of our adoption;
  that we are made heirs of God,  and joint-heirs of
  Christ.                      Rogers's Sermons.
Ado'ptive, a-dop'tiv.ls7  adj. [adoptivus,
  Lat.]
1. He, that is  adopted by  another,  and
  made his son.
    It is  impossible, an elective monarch should be so
  free  and  absolute, as an hereditary; no more than
  it is possible for a father, to have so full power and
  interest in an adoptive son, as in a natural. Bacon.
2. He,  that adopts another, and  makes
  him his son.
    An adopted son cannot cite his adoptive  father
  into court, without his leave.     Ayliffe's Parergon.
Ado'rable,  a-do'ra-bl.408 adj. [adorab e,
  Fr.] That, which  ought  to be adored;
  that,  which is worthy of divine  honours.
    ' On  these two, the love of God and  eur neigh-
  ' bour,  hang both the law and the prophets,' says
  the adorable Author of Christianity; and the Apostle
  says,' the end of the law is charity.'       Cheyne.
Ado'rableness,  a-do'ra-bl-ness.   to.   s.
  [from adorable.] The  quality of being
  adorable; worthiness of divine  honours.
Ado'rably, a-do'ra-ble. adv. [from ado-
  rable.] In a manner worthy of adoration.
Adora'tion,  ad-do-ra'shun. to. s. [adora-
  tio, Lat.]
1. The external homage, paid to the  Di-
  vinity, distinct  from mental reverence.
    Solemn and serviceable worship we name, for
  distinction sake, whatsoever belongeth to the church
  (or publick society) of God, by way of external ado-
  ration.                               Hooker.
    It is possible to suppose, that those, who  believe a
  supreme excellent Being, may yet give  him no ex-
  ternal adoration at all.              Stillingjleet.
2. Homage, paid to persons  in high place
  or esteem.
    O ceremony! shew me but thy worth!
  What is thy toll, 0 adoration!
  Art thou naught else, but place, degree, and form,
  Creating awe and fear in other men?
  Wherein thou art less happy, being fear'd,
  Than they in fearing.
  What drink'st thou oft, instead of homage  sweet,
  But poison'd flattery?,      Shakspeare's Henry V.

To ADO'RE, a-dqre'. v.  a.  [adoro, Lat.]
1. To worship with external homage; to
  pay divine honours.
    The mountain  nymphs and Themis they adore,
  And from her oracles relief implore.      Dryden.
2. It is used popularly, to  denote  a high
   degree of reverence  or  regard;  to re-
   verence; to honour; to love.
    The people appear adoring their prince, and their
  prince adoring God.             Taller, No. 57,
    Make future times, thy equal act adore;
  And be, what brave Orestes was before. Pope's Od.
Ado'rement,  a-dore'm£nt.  «.  *.  [from
   adore.]  Adoration;  worship: a  word
   scarcely used.
    The priests of elder times deluded their appre-
  hensions, with sooth-saying, and such  oblique idola-
  tries; and won  their  credulities to the literal and
  downright adorement,  of cats,  lizards, and beetles.
                        Brown's  Vulgar Eirours.
Ado'rer,  a-do'rur.98  n.  s. [from adore]
I. He, that adores; a worshipper; a term
   generally used  in  a low  sense; as, by
   lovers, or admirers.
     Being so far provoked (as  I  was) in France  I
  would abate her nothing; though I profess myself
  her adorer, not her friend.     Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    Whilst as th' approaching pageant does appear
  And echoing crowds speak mighty Venus near;
  I, her adorer, too, devoutly stand,
  Fast on the utmost margin of  the land.    Prior.
2. A worshipper: in a serious sense.
     He was so severe an ardorer of truth, as not to
  dissemble; or to suffer any man to  think, that he
  would do any thing,  which he  resolved hot to do.
                                    Clarendon.
To ADO'RN, a-ddrn'.16? v. a. [adorno,
   Lat.]
I. To dress; to deck  the person with or-
   naments.
     He hath clothed me, with the garments of salva-
  tion; he hath covered me, with  the robe of righte-
  ousness; as a bridegroom decketh himself with or-
  naments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her
  jewels.                           ha. lxi. 10.
     Yet 'tis not to adorn and gild  each part,
   That shews more cost than art;
  Jewels, at nose and lips, but ill appear.   Cowley.
2. To set-out any place or thing, with de-
   corations.
     A gallery, adorned with the pictures or statues of
   the invention of things useful to human life Cowley.
3. To embellish  with oratory, or elegance
   of language.
    This will supply men's tongues, with many new
  things; to be named, adorned,  and  described, in
  their discourse.                         Sprat.
    Thousands there are, in  darker  fame that dwell.
  Whose names some nobler poem shall adorn;
  For, tho' unknown to me, they sure fought well.
                                      Dryden.
Ado'rn, a-dorn'.167 adj. [from  the verb.]
   Adorned; decorated: a word, peculiar
   to Milton.
     She'll to realities yield all her shows;
   Made so adorn, for thy delight the more.   Milton.
Ado'rnment, a-d6rn'm£nt.  n.  *.  [from
   adorn.] Ornament; embellishment; ele-
   gance: not now  in use.
     This attribute was not given to  the earth, while
   it was  confused; nor to  the heavens,  before they
   had motion and adornment.     Raleigh's History-
     She held the very garment of Posthumus in more
   respect, than my noble and natural person, togeth-
   er with the adornment of my  qualities.    Shaksp.
Ado'wn,  a-doun'.883  adv.  [from  a  and
   down.] Down; on the ground.
     Thrice did she sink adown,  in deadly sound;
   And thrice he her reviv'd, with  busy pain.
                                  Fairy Queen.
Ado'wn,  a-d6un'. prep.  Down; towards
   the ground; from  a higher  situation,
   towards a lower. 
ADV
AD V
AD V
     In'this remembrance, Emily ere day
   Arose, and dress'd herself in rich array;
   Fresh as the month, and as the morning fair:
   Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryd.
 Adre'ad, a-dred'.a34 adv   [from  a  and
    dread; as,  aside, a thirst,  asleep.]  In a
    state  of  fear;  frighted;  terrified:  now
    obsolete.
     And thinking, to make all men adread to such a
   one; an enemy, who would not spare nor fear, to
   kill so great a prince.                   Sidney.
 Adri'ft,  a-drift'.  adv.  [from a and drift,
    from drive.]  Floating at random;  as
    any impulse may drive.
                Then shall this mount
   Of Paradise, by might of waves, be moved
   Out of his place; push'd by the homed flood
   (With all his verdure spoil'd, and trees adrift)
   Down the great river, to the opening gulf;
   And there take root.                    Milton.
     It seem'd a corps adrift, to distant sight;
   But, at a distance, who  could judge aright? Dryd.
     The custom of frequent reflection will keep their
   minds, from running adrift; and call their  thoughts
   home, from useless unattentive roving.
                             Locke on Education.
 ADRO'IT,  a-dr61t'.306  adj.   [French.]
    Dextrous; active;  skilful.
     An adroit stout fellow would sometimes destroy a
   whole family,  with justice  apparently  against him
   the whole time.            Jervas's Don  Quixote.
 Adroi'tness,  a-drolt'ness.  ra.  s.  [from
    adroit.]   Dexterity; readiness;  activity
    Neither this word, nor adroit, seem yet
    completely naturalized.
 Adry', a-dri'. adv. [from a and dry.] A
    thirst; thirstv; in want of drink.
     He never told any of them, that he was his hum-
   ble servant, but his well-wisher; and would rather
   be thought a  malecontent, than  drink the king's
   health when he was not  adry.          Spectator.
 Adsciti'tious, ad-se-lish'us.31*  adj. [ad-
    scititius,  Lat.] That, which is taken in,
    to  complete  something else,  though
    originally extrinsick; supplemental; ad-
    ditional.
 Adstri'ction,  ad-strik'shun. to.  s. [ad-
    strictio,  Lat.]  The  act of* binding to-
    gether; and applied generally, to  medi-
    caments  and  applications, which have
    the  power of making the part contract.

 To ADVA'NCE, ad-vanse':78 v. a. [avan-
    cer, Fr]
 1.  To  bring forward, in the local sense.
     Now morn, her rosy steps in th' eastern clime
  Advancing, sow'd the earth with orient pearl. Milt.
2. To raise to preferment; to aggrandize.
     He hath been ever constant, in his course of ad-.
  vancing me: from a private gentlewoman, he made
  me a marchioness; and from a marchioness, a queen;
  and now he intends  to crown my  innocency,  with
  the glory of martyrdom.                  Bacon.
    The declaration of the greatness of Mordecai,
  whereunto the king advanced him.    Esther, x. 2.
3. To improve.
    What laws can be advised move proper and effec-
  tual, to advance the nature of man to its highest per-
  fection, than these precepts of Christianity?
                                     Tillotson
4. To heighten; to grace; to give lustre to
    ■As the calling dignifies the man, so the man much
  more advances his calling. As a garment, though it
  warms the body, has a return with an advantage,
  being much  more warmed by it.  South's Sermons.
5. To forward; to accelerate.
    These three last were slower, than the ordinary
  Indian wheat of itself; and this culture  did rather
  retard  than advance.                     Bacon.
 6. To propose; to offer to the publick; to
    bring to view or notice.
     Phedon I hight, quoth he; and do advance
   My ancestry from famous Coradin.   Fairy Queen.
     I dare not advance my opinion, against the judg-
   ment of so great an author; but I  think it fair, to
   leave the decision to the publick.         Dryden.
     Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own,
   But catch the spreading notion of the town.  Pope.
 To Adva'nce, ad-vanse'.  v. n.
 I. To come forward.
     At this the youth, whose vent'rous soul
   No fears of magick art control,
       Advanc'd in open sight.             Parnel.
 2. To make improvement.
     They,  who would advance in knowledge, and not
   deceive and swell themselves  with  a little articu-
   lated air, should not take words for real  entities in
   nature, till they can frame clear and distinct ideas
   of those entities.                       Locke.
 Adva'nce, ad-vanse'.79 «. s. [from To ad-
    vance.]
 1. The act of coming forward.
     All the foot were put into Abington, with a resolu-
   tion to quit or defend the town, according to the man-
   ner of the enemy's advance towards  it.  Clarendon.
     So, like the sun's advance, your titles shew;
   Which, as he rises, does the warmer grow. Waller.
 2. A tendency, to come forward to meet a
    lover;  an act of invitation.
     In  vain are all the practis'd wiles,
   In vain those eyes would love impart;
     Not all th' advances, all the smiles,
   Can move one unrelenting heart.          Walsh.
                  His genius was below
   The skill of ev'ry common beau;
   Who, though he cannot spell, is wise
   Enough to read  a lady's eyes;
   And will each accidental glance
   Interpret, for a kind advance.              Swift.
     He has described  the unworthy passion of the
   goddess Calypso,  and the  indecent advances she
   made to detain him from his own country.   Pope.
     That prince applied himself, first to the Church
   of England; and, upon their refusal to fall-in with
   his measures, made the like  advances  to the Dis-
   senters.                               Srvift.
 3.  Gradual  progression;  rise, from  one
    point to another.
     Our Saviour raised the ruler's daughter, the wi-
  dow's son, and Lazarus: the first of these, when she
  had just expired; the second, as he  was carried to
  the grave on his bier; and  the third, after he had
  been  some time buried.  And, having  (by these
  gradual advances) manifested his divine power, he
  at last exerted the highest and most glorious degree
  of it; and raised himself also, by his  own all-quick-
  ening virtue, and according to his own express pre-
  diction.                             Atterbury.
     Men of study and thought, that reason right, and
  are lovers of truth, do make no great advances in
  their discoveries of it.                    Locke.
4. Improvement; progress towards per-
   fection
     The principle  and object,  of  the greatest impor-
  tance  (in  the world) to the good of mankind, and for
  the advance and  perfecting of human nature. Hale.
Advancement, ad-vanse'm^nt. to. s. [ad-
   vancement, Fr.]
1. The act of coming forward.
     This refinement makes daily  advancements; and,
  I hope, in time will raise our  language to the ut-
  most perfection.                         Swift.
2  The  state of being advanced;  prefer-
   ment.
              The Percies of the North,
  Finding his usurpation most unjust,
  Endeavour'd my advancement to the throne. Slutksp.
   The act of advancing another.
     In his own  grace, he doth  exalt himself
  More, than in your advancement. Shaks. King Lear '
                    e2
 4. Improvement;  promotion  to  a higher
   state of excellence.
     Nor can we conceive it unwelcome unto those
   worthies, who endeavour the advancement of learn-
   ing.                   Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 5. Settlement on a wife. This sense is now
   disused.
     The jointure or advancement of the lady was the
   third part of the principality of Wales.      Bacon.
 Adva'ncer, ad-van'sur.98 to  s. [from  ad-
   vance.] He, that advances  any thing; a
   promoter; forwarder.
     Soon after the death of  a great officer, who was
  judged no advancer of the king's matters; the king
   said to his solicitor, ' Tell me truly, what say you
   of your cousin that is gone."               Bacon.
     The reporters are  greater advancers of defama-
   tory designs, than the very first contrivers.
                       Government of the Tongue
 ADVA'NTAGE,   ad-van'tadje.90  to.  *.
   [avantage, Fr.]
 1. Superiority:  often with of or over, be-
   fore a person.
     In the practical prudence of managing such gifts,
  the laity may have some advantage over the clergy;
  whose experience is,  and  ought to  be, less of this
  world than the other.                     Sprat.
     All other sorts and sects of men would  evidently
  have the advantage of us, and a much surer title to
  happiness than we.                   Atterbury.
 2. Superiority,  gained  by  stratagem  or
   unlawful means.
    The common  law hath left them this benefit,
  whereof they make advantage, and wrest it to their
  bad purposes.           Spenser's State of Ireland.
     But specially he took advantage of the night, for
  such privy attempts; insomuch, that the bruit of his
  manliness was spread everywhere. 2. Jlfacc. viii. 7.
    Great malice, backed with a great interest, yet
  can have no advantage of a man; but from his own
  expectations of something, that is without him.
                               South's  Sermons.
    As soon, as he was got  to  Sicily, they sent for
  him  back; designing to take advantage,  and pro-
  secute him in the absence of his friends.     Swift.
 3. Opportunity; convenience.
    Give me advantage, of some brief discourse
  With Desdemona alone.                Shaksp.
 4. Favourable circumstances.
    Like jewels to advantage set,
  Her beauty by the shade does  get.         Waller.
    A face, which is over-flushed,  appears to advan-
  tage in the deepest scarlet; and  the darkest com-
  plexion is not a little alleviated, by a black hood.
                                       Addison.
    True wit is nature, to advantage dress'd;
  What oft was thought, but ne'er  so well express'd.
                                         Pope.
5. Superiour excellence.
    A man, born with such advantage of constitution.
  that it adulterates not the images of his mind.
      .                              Glanville
6. Gam; profit.
    For thou saidst,' What advantage will it be unto
  thee, and what profit  shall I have, if I be  cleansed
  from my sin?'                             j00
    Certain it is, that advantage now sits in  the room
  of conscience; and steers all.     South's  Sermons.
   Overplus; something  more,  than the
   mere lawful gain.
    We owe thee much: within  this wall of flesh,
  There is a soul, counts thee her creditor;
  And, with advantage, means to pay thy love. Shaksp,
    You said, you neither lend nor borrow
  Upon advantage.        Slutksp.  Merch. of Venice.
8  Preponderation, on one  side  of the com-
   parison.
    Much more should  the consideration of this pat-
  tern arm us with patience, against  ordinary cala-
  mities; especially, if we consider his example with
  this advantage; that though  his sufferings  were 
AD V
AD  V
AD V
   wholly undeserved, and not for himself but for us,
   yet he bore them patiently.            Tillotson.
 To   Adva'ntage, ad-van'tadje.90  v.  a.
   [from the noun.]
 1. To benefit.
     Convey, what I set down, to my lady; it shall ad-
   vantage more, than ever the bearing of letter did.
                                       Shaksp.
     The trial hath endamag'd thee no way;
   Rather more honour left, and more esteem;
   Me naught advantag'd, missing what I aim'd. Mill.
     The great business of the senses being, to make
   us take notice of what hurts or advantages tht body;
   it  is wisely ordered by nature, that pain, should ac-
   company the reception of several ideas.     Locke.
     We should have pursued some other way, more
   effectual, for distressing the common enemy, and
   advantaging ourselves.                   Swift.
 2. To  promote; to bring forward;  to gain
   ground to.
     The stoics (that opinioned, the souls of wise men
  dwelt about the moon, and  those of fools wandered
  about  the earth)  advantaged the conceit of this ef-
  fect                   Broion's Vulgar Errours.
    To  ennoble it with the spirit, that inspires the
  Royal Society, were to advantage it in one of the
  best capacities, in which it is improveable.
                    Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
Adva'ntageable,  ad-van-ta'ja-bl.   adj.
   [from advantage.] Profitable;  conve-
   nient; gainful.
    As it is advantageable to a physician, to be called
  to the  cure of a declining disease; so it is for a com-
  mander, to suppress a sedition which has passed the
  height.                       Sir J. Hayward.
ADVA'NTAGED,ad-van'ta-jed.362 adj. [from
   To  advantage/] Possessed of  advanta-
   ges; commodiously situated or disposed.
    In the most advantaged tempers,  this disposition
  is but comparative; whereas the most of men labour
  under  disadvantages, which, nothing can rid them
  0f                                 Giant; if ie.
Adva'ntage-ground, to.  s.  ad-van'taje-
   grovmd. Ground, that gives superiority,
   and  opportunities of annoyance or re-
   sistance.
    This excellent man, who stood not upon  the ad-
  vantage-ground before; from the time of his promo-
  tion to the archbishoprick, provoked, or underwent
  the envy, and  reproach, and malice, of men of all
  qualities and conditions ;who agreed in nothing else.
                                    Clarendon.
Advanta'geous,  ad-van-ta'jiis.  adj.  [a-
   vantageux, Fr.]
 1. Of  advantage;  profitable;  useful; op-
   portune; convenient.
     The time of sickness, or affliction is, like the cool
   of the day to Adam, a season of peculiar propriety
   for the voice of God to be heard; and may be improv-
   ed, into a very advantageous opportunity of begetting
   or increasing spiritual life.            Hammond.
                 Here perhaps
   Some advantageous act may be achiev'd,
   By sudden onset; either with hell-fire
   To waste his whole creation, or possess
   All as our own.                       Milton.
2. It is used, with relation to persons; and
   followed,  by to.
     Since every painter paints himself  in his own
   works, 'tis advantageous to him to know himself; to
   the end, that he  may cultivate those talents, which
  make  his genius.                      Dryden.
Advanta'geously, ad-van-ta'jis-le.  adv.
   [from advantageous/] Conveniently; op-
   portunely; profitably.
    It was  advantageously situated; there being an
  easy passage, from it to India, by sea.  Arbuthnot
Advanta'geousness,  ad-van-ta'jus-ness
   to. a, [from  advantageous.']  Quality of
   being advantageous; profitableness; use-
   fulness; convenience.
    The last property, which qualifies God for the
  fittest object of our love, is the advantageousness of
  his to us, both in the present and the future life.
                           Boyle's Seraphic Love.
 To ADVE'NE, ad-veue'. v. n.  [adv. nio,
   Lat] To accede to something; to become
   part of something else, without being es-
   sential; to be superadded.
    A  cause, considered in judicature, is stiled an
  accidental  cause; and the accidental of any act i>
  said  to be, whatever advenes to  the act itself al-
  ready substantiated.           Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Adv E'NiENT,ad-ve'ne-^nt. gc(/.[adveniens,
   Lat.] Advening; coming, from outward
   causes; superadded.
    Being thus divided from truth in themselves,
  they  are yet  farther removed by advenient decep-
  tion ; for they are daily mocked into errour, by sub-
  tler devisers.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    If, to suppose the soul a distinct substance from
  the body,  and extrinsically  advenient, be  a great
  errour in philosophy, almost all the world hath been
  mistaken.        Glanville's Vanity of Dogmatism.
 A'dvent,  ad'vent.  to.  s.  [from  adventus;
   that is,  adventus  Redemptoris.]  The
   name of one of the holy seasons, signi-
  fying the coming; that is, the coming of
  our Saviour:  which is  made the subject
  of our devotion, during the four weeks
  before Christmas.      Common Prayer.
Adve'ntine, ad-v^n'tln.140 adj. [from ad-
  venio, adventum.]  Adventitious; that,
  which is extrinsically added; that, which
  comes  from  outward causes:  a  word
  scarcely in use.
    As for toe peregrine heat, it is thus far true; that,
  if the proportion of the adventine heat be greatly
  predominant to the natural heat and spirits of the
  body, it tendeth to dissolution or notable alteration.
                                       Bacon.
 Adventitious, ad-ven-tish'us. adj. [ad-
  ventitius,hat.] That, which advenes; ac-
  cidental; supervenient; extrinsically ad-
  ded, not essentially inherent.
   Diseases of continuance get an adventitious strength
  from  custom, besides their material cause from the
  humours.                              Bacon.
    Though we may call the obvious colours natural,
  and the others adventitious; yet such changes of co-
  lours, from whatsoever cause they proceed, may be
  properly taken-in.                      Boyle.
    If  his blood boil, and the adventitious fire
  (Rais'd by high meats, and higher wines) require
  To temper and allay the burning heat;
  Waters are brought, which by decoction get
  New coolness.                         Dryden.
    In  the gem-kind, of all the many sorts reckoned-
  np by lapidaries, there are not above three or four
  that are original; their diversities, as to lustre, colour,
  and hardness, arising from the different admixture
  of other adventitious mineral matter.   Woodward.
 Adve'ntive, ad-v£n'tiv.157 to. «. [from ad-
   venio, Lat]  The thing or person, that
   comes from without: a word not now in
   use.
    That the natives be not so many, but that there
  may  be elbow-room  enough  for them, and for the
  adt>enii»es also.                        Bacon.
 Adve'ntual, acl-ven'tshu-al.481 adj.[from
   advent.] Relating to the season of advent.
    I do also daily use  one other collect; as, namely,
  the collects adventual, quadragesimal, paschal, or
  pentecostal, for their proper seasons.
                             Bishop Saunderson.
 ADVE'NTURE,  ad-rfci'tshure.«" to. s.
   [aventure, Fr.]
 I. An  accident;  a chance;  a hazard; an
   event, of which we have no direction.
    The general summoned three castles: one, despe-
  rate of succour, and not desirous to dispute the de-
  fence, presently yielded; but two stood upon their
  adventure.                           Hayward.
2. In this sense is used the phrase, at all
   adventures;  [a  I'aventure,  Fr.]  By
   chance;  without any rational scheme
    Blows flew at all adventures; wounds and deathi
  given and taken unexpected; many scarce knowing
  their enemies, from their friends.       Hayward.
    Where the mind does not perceive probable con-
  nection, there men's opinions are the effects of chance
  and hazard; of a mind,  floating at all adventures
  without choice and without direction.      Locke'
3. The occasion of casual events; an enter-
   prise, in which something must be left
   to hazard.
    For I must love, and am resolv'd to try
  My fate; or, failing in th' adventure, die.  Dryden.
4. This noun, with all its derivatives, is fre-
   quently written without ad; as, venture,
   venturous.
 To Adve'nture, ad-ven'tshure.  v. n. [a.
   venturer, Fr.]
 1. To try the chance; to dare.
               Be not angry,
  Most mighty princess, that I have adventur'd
  To try your taking of a false report.    Shakspeart.
    The tender and delicate woman among you, which
  would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon
  the ground, for delicateness and tenderness.
                             Deuter. xxviii. 26.
To Adve'nture, ad-ven'tshure.  v. a. To
  put into the power  of chance.
    For my father fought for you, and adventured his
  life for; and delivered you, out of the hand of Midian.
                                Judges, a. it.
     It  is often used, with the  reciprocal
  pronoun;  as, he adventured himself.
ADVE'NTURER,^d-ven'tshur-ur.98 n.s. [a-
  venturier, Fr.] He, that seeks occasions
  of  hazard; he, that puts himself in the
  hands of chance.
    He is a great adventurer, said he,
  That hath his sword through hard assay foregone.
                                     Spenser.
    The kings of England did not make the conquest
  of Ireland: it was begun, by particular adventurers,
  and other voluntaries, who came to seek their for-
  tunes.                         Sir John Davits.
    He intended, to hazard his own action; that so the
  more easily he might win adventurers, who else were
  like to be less forward.                 Raleigh.
    Had it not been for the British, which the late
  wars drew over; and adventurers or soldiers, seated
  here; Ireland had, by the last war and plague, beeD
  left destitute.                         Temple.
    Their wealthy trade from pirates' rapine free,
  Our merchants shall no more advent'rers be.
                                      Dryden.
Adve'nturous, ad-ven'tshur-tis. adj. [ad-
   ventureux, Fr.]
 1. He, that is inclined to adventures; and,
   consequently, bold, daring, courageous.
    At land and sea, in many a doubtful fight,
  Was never known a more advent'rous knight;
  Who oftner drew his sword, and always for the right.
                                      Dryden.

 2. Applied  to things: that, which is full of
   hazard;  which requires  courage; dan-
   gerous.
    But I've already troubled you too long;
  Nor dare attempt a more advent'rous song:
  My humble verse demands a softer theme;
  A painted meadow, or a purling stream.  Addison.
 ADVE'NTURousLY,ad-v6n'tshur-ds-le.arfr. 
ADV                                    ADV                                     ADV
    [from adventurous.] After an adventu-
    rous manner; boldly; daringly.
     They are both hanged; and so would this be, if
   he durst steal any thing adventurously.  Shakspeare.
 Adve'nturesome, ad-ven'tshur-sum. adj.
    [from adventure.]  The same, with ad-
    venturous:  a low word, scarcely used
    in  writing.
 AnvE'NTURES0MENEss,3d*v^n'tshur-siim-
    ne'ss.461 to. s. [from adventuresome.] The
    quality  of being adventuresome.  Diet.
 A'D VERB, ad'verb, n.s [adverbium, Lat]
    A word, joined to a verb or adjective;
    and solely applied, to the use of qualify-
    ing and restraining the latitude of their
    signification, by the intimation of some
    circumstance  thereof;   as,  of  quality,
    manner, degree.  Clarke's Latin Gram.
      Thus we  say, he runs swiftly; the bird
    flies aloft; he iives virtuously.
 Adve'rbial,  ad-ver'be-al. adj. [adverbia-
    lis, Lat.]  That, which has  the quality
    or structure of an adverb.
 Adve'rbially,  ad-ver'be-al-le. adv. [ad-
    verbialiter, Lat.] Like an adverb;  in the
    manner of an adverb.
     I should think, alia was joined adverbially with
   tremit; did Virgil make use of so equivocal a syntax.
                                     Addison.
 Adve'rsable, ad-ver'sa-bl.*0* adj.  [from
   adverse.] Contrary to; opposite to.  Diet.
 AD VERSA'RIA, ad- ver-sa're-a. to. *. [Lat.
   A book, as it should seem in which  Debt-
   or and Creditor were set in opposition ]
   A common-place; a book, to note in.
    These parchments are supposed to have been St.
  Paul's adversaria.               Bull's Sermons.
 A'dversary,  ad'ver-sa-re.512 to. s.  [adver-
   saire, Fr. adversarius, Lat.]  An oppo-
   nent; antagonist; enemy: generally appli-
   ed to those,  that have verbal or judicial
   quarrels; as, controvertists or litigants:
   sometimes,  to  an opponent in single
   combat.  It may sometimes imply an
   open profession of enmity; as we say,  a
   secret enemy is worse, than an open ad-
   versary.
    Yet am I noble, as the adversary
  I come to cope.          Shakspeare's King Lear.
    Those rites and ceremonies of the church there-
  fore (which are  the self-same now, that they were,
  when  holy  and virtuous  men maintained them,
  against profane and deriding adversaries) her own
  children have in derision.               Hooker.
    Mean while th' adversary of God and man,
  Satan, with thoughts inflam'd, of highest design,
  Puts on swift wings.                    Milton.
    An adversary makes a stricter search into us, and
  discovers every flaw and imperfection in our tempers:
  a friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy in-
  flames his crimes.                     Addison.
Adve'rsative, ild-veVsa-tlv.sia adj.  [ad-
  versativus, Lat.] A term of grammar,
  applied to a word, which makes some
  opposition or variety; as, in this sentence;
   This diamond is orient, but it is  rough:
  But is an adversative conjunction.
Vdverse, ad'verse. adj. [adversus, Lat.]
     In prose, it has now the accent on the
  first syllable; in  verse, it is accented on
  the first by Shakspeare; on either, indif-
  ferently, by Milton; on the last, by Dry-
  den; on the first, by Roscommon.
  I. Acting with contrary directions; as, two
    bodies in collision.
     Was I, for this, nigh wreckt upon the sea;
   And twice, by adverse winds, from England's bank
   Drove back again unto my native clime?   Shaksp.
     As, when two polar winds, blowing adverse,
   Upon the Cronian sea together drive
   Mountains of ice.                      Milton.
     With adverse blast upturns them from the south,
   Notus and Afer.                       Milton.
     A cloud of smoke envelops either host;
   And, all at once, the combatants are lost;
   Darkling they join adverse, and shock unseen;
   Coursers with coursers justling, men with men.
                                      Dryden.
 2. Figuratively; contrary to the wish or de-
   sire; thence, calamitous; afflictive; per-
   nicious.  It is opposed to prosperous.
     What, if he hath decreed, that I shall first
   Be try'd in humble state, and things adverse;
   By tribulations, injuries, insults,
   Contempts, and scorns, and snares, and violence?
                                       Milton.
     Some, the prevailing malice of the great
   (Unhappy men!) or adverse fate
   Sunk deep, into the gulfs of an afflicted state.
                                   Roscommon.
 3. Personally  opponent; the  person,  that
   counteracts  another,  or contests any
   thing.
     Well she saw her father was grown her adverse
   party; and yet her fortune such, as she must favour
   her rivals.                            Sidney.
 Adve'rsity, sid-veVse-t^.511  to. s. [adver-
   site, Fr.] Affliction; calamity; that is,
   opposition to our wishes.
   The cause of our sorrow; affliction; mis-
   fortune. In this sense, it may have a plu-
   ral.
     Let me embrace these four adversities;
   For wise men say it is the wisest course.
                          Shakspeare's Henry VI.
  . The state of unhappiness; misery.
     Concerning deliverance itself from all adversity,
  we use not to say ' Men are in adversity,' whensoever
  they feel any small  hindrance of their welfare  in
  this world; but, when some notable affliction or cross,
  some great calamity or trouble, befalleth them.
                                      Hooker.
     Sweet are the uses of adversity;
  Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
  Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.    Shaksp.
     A remembrance of the good use he had made  of
  prosperity, contributed to support his mind under the
  heavy weight of adversity, which then lay upon him.
                                    Atterbury.
 A'dversely, ad've'rse-le.  adv. [from ad-
   verse.] In an adverse manner; opposite-
   ly; unfortunately.
     What I think, I utter, and spend my malice in my
  breath: if the drink you give me, touch my palate
  adversely; I make a crooked face at it.     Shaksp.

 To  ADVE'RT, ad-vert', v. n.  [adverto,
   Lat.] To attend to; to regard; to observe:
   with the particle to, before the object of
   regard.
    The mind of man  being not capable, at once  to
  advert to more than one thing; a particular view and
  examination of such an innumerable number of vast
  bodies, will afford matter of admiration.
                           jRay on the Creation.
    Now to the universal whole advert:
  The earth regard, as of that whole a part;
  In which wide frame,, more noble worlds abound;
  Witness, ye glorious orbs, which hang around.
                                   Blackmore.
     We sometimes say, To advert the mind
  to an object.

ADVE'RTENCE,ad-ver'iense. to. $. [from ad-
   vert.]  Attention to; regard to;  conside-
   ration.
     Christianity may make Archimedes his chalknge:
   give it, but where it may set its foot; allow, but a
   sober advertence to its proposals; and it will move
   the whole world.                Decay of Piety.
 Adve'rtency, ad-ver't£n-se. n. s. [from
   advert.] The same with advertence. At-
   tention; regard; hcedfulness.
     Too much  advertency is not your talent; or else
   you had fled from that text, as from a rock.   Swift-
 Adve'rtent,  ad-veVtem. adj.  [from ad-
   vert.]  Attentive;  vigilant; heedful.
     This requires choice parts, great attention of mind,
   sequestration  from the importunity of secular em-
  ployments, and a long advertent and deliberate con-
   nexing of consequents.   Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 To ADVER IT'SE, ad-ver-tize'. v.a. [ad-
   vertir, Fr.  It is now spoken with the ac-
   cent upon  the last syllable;  but appears,
   to have been anciently accented on the
   second.]
 1. To inform another; to give  intelligence:
   with an accusative, of the person inform-
   ed.
        The bishop did require a respite,
  Wherein he might the king his lord advertise,
  Whether our daughter were legitimate.    Shaksp.
    As I by friends am well advertised;
  Sir Edmund Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
  With many more confederates, are in arms. Shaksp.
    The king was not so shallow, nor so ill advertised,
  as not to perceive the intention of the French king.
                                       Bacon.
    I hope, you will advertise me fairly of what they
  dislike.                               Digby.
 2. To inform; to give notice: with of, be-
   fore the subject of information.
    Ferhates, understanding that Solyman expected
  more assured  advertisement, unto the other Bassas
  declared the death of the emperor; of which they
  odfertised Solyman,  firming those  letters with all
  their hands and seals.  Knolles's Hist, of the Turks.
    They were to advertise the chief hero, of the dis-
  tresses of his subjects occasioned by his absence.
                                      Dryden.
3. To give notice of any thing, by means of
   an advertisement in the public prints; as,
   He advertised his loss.

Advertisement, or Adve'rtisement,
   ad-veVtiz-ment, or ad-ve^r-tize'meTit. n.s.
   [advertissement, Fr.]
 1. Instruction; admonition.
    —'Tis all men's office, to speak patience
  To those, that wring under the load of sorrow;
  But no man's virtue nor sufficiency,
  To be so moral, when he shall endure
  The like himself: therefore give me no counsel;
  My griefs are louder than advertisement.
             Shaksiieare's Much ado about Nothing.
    Cyrus was  once minded,  to have put Crcesus to
  death; but, hearing him report the advertisement of
  Solon, he spared his life.
                 Abbot's Description of the World.

2. Intelligence; information.
    Then, as a cunning prince that useth spies,
  If they return no news,  doth nothing know;
    But, if they make advertisement of lies,
  The prince's counsels all awry do go.  Sir J. Davies.
    He  had received  advertisement,  that the party
  which was sent  for his relief,  had  received some
  brush, which would much retard their march.
                                   Clarendon.
    The drum and trumpet, by their several sounds,
  serve for many kinds  of advertisements, in military
  affairs: the bells serve, to proclaim a scare-fire; and,
  in some places, water-breaches;  the departure of a
  man, woman,  or child; time of divine service; the
  hour of the day; day of the month.        Holder. 
ADV
ADV
ADU
3. Notice of any thing, published in a paper
   of intelligence.
AnvERTi'sER,ad-ver-tl'zur.98 n.a. [adver-
   tiseur, Fr.]
1. He,that gives intelligence or information.
2. The paper, in which advertisements are
   published.
Advertising, or Advertising, ad-ver-
   ti'zing. part. adj. [from advertise/]  Ac-
   tive,  in giving intelligence; monitory: a
   word, not now in use.
                 As I was then
   Advertising, and holy to your business,
   Not changing heart with habit; I am still
   Attornied at your service.  Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
 To Adve'sperate,  ad-ves'pe-rate.91 v. to.
   [advespero, Lat.]  To draw towards eve-
   ning.                               Diet.
 Advi'ce, ad-vise'.499 to. s. [avis, advis, Fr.
   from adviso, low  Lat.]
 1. Counsel; instruction:  except  that,  in-
    struction implies superiority, and advice
   may be given  by equals or inferiours.
     Break we our watch up; and, by my advice,
   Let us impart, what we have seen to-night,
   Unto young Hamlet.             Shaksp. Hamlet.
     O troubled, weak and coward as thou art!
   Without thy poor advice, the lab'ring heart
   To worse extremes with swifter  steps would run;
   Not sav'd by virtue, yet by vice  undone.    P?-ior.
 2. Reflection; prudent consideration: as, he
    always acts, with good advice.
     What he hath won, that he hath fortified:
   So hot a speed, with such advice dispos'd;
   Such temperate order, in so fierce a course;
   Doth want  example.          Shaksp. King John.
 3. Consultation; deliberation: with the par-
    ticle with.
     Great princes, taking advice with workmen, with
   no less cost, set their things together. Bacon's Essays
 4. Intelligence: as, the merchants received
    advice of their loss. This sense is some-
    what low, and chiefly commercial.
 ADVi'cE-Bo'AT,ad-vise'-bote. to.s. A vessel,
    employed to bring intelligence.
 Advi'sable, ad-vi'za-bl.40S  adj. [from ad-
    vise.] Prudent; fit to be  advised.
     Some judge it advisable for a man, to account with
   his heart eveiy day; and this, no doubt, is the best
   and surest  course: for still, the oftner, the better.
                                South's Sermons.
     It is not  advisable to reward, where men have the
   tenderness  not to punish.     L'Estrange's Fables.
  Advi'sableness,  ad-vi'za-bl-n£ss.  to. a.
    [from advisable.] The quality of being
    advisable, or fit; fitness;  propriety.
  To ADVI'SE, ad-vize'.*3? v. a. [adviser,
    Fr]
  1. To counsel: with the particle  to, before
    the  thing advised.
     If you do stir abroad, go arm'd.----
    ----Arm'd, brother!-------
    ----Brother, I advise you to the best.
                          Shukspeare's King Lear.
     I would  advise all gentlemen,  to learn merchants'
   accounts; and not to think it a skill, that belongs not
   to them.                               Locke.
     When I consider the scruples and cautions, I here
   lay in your way; methinks it looks, as if I advised you
   to something, which I would have offered  at, but in
   effect not done.                         Locke.
  2. To give information; to inform; to make
    acquainted with any thing: often with the
    particle of, before the thing told.
     You were advis'd, his flesh was capable
   Of wounds and scars; and that his forward spirit
 Would lift him, where most trade of danger rang'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
            Such discourse bring on,
 As may advise him o/bis happy state;
 Happiness in his power, left free to will.  Par. Lost.
    A posting messenger, dispatch'd, from hence,
 O/this fair troop advised  their aged prince. Dryden.
To Advi'se, ad-vize'.499 v. to.
1.  To consult: with the particle with, be-
   fore the person consulted; as, he advis-
   ed with his companions.
2.  To consider;  to  deliberate.
            Advise, if this be worth
  Attempting; or to sit in darkness here,
  Hatching vain empires.     Milt. Par. Lost, b. ii.
Advi'sed, ad-vi'zed.s6i par. adj. [from ad-
   vise.]
 1.  Acting  with  deliberation and design;
   prudent; wise.
    Let his travel appear, rather in his discourse, than
  in his  apparel  or  gesture; and, in his discourse, let
  him be rather advised in his answers, than forward
  to tell stories.                   Bacon's Essays.
          Th' Almighty Father, where he sits
  Shrin'd in his sanctuary of heav'n secure,
  Consulting on the sum of things foreseen,
  This tumult (and permitted all) advis'd.
                             Paradise Lost, b. vi.
 2.  Performed  with deliberation; done  on
   purpose; acted with design.
    By  that, which we work naturally, (as, when we
   breathe, sleep, and move) we set forth the glory of
   God,  as natural agents do; albeit we  have no ex-
   press purpose, to make that our end; nor any advised
   determination therein to follow a law.
                             Hooker, b. i. p. 49.
    In my school-days,  when I had lost one shaft,
   I shot his fellow of the self-same flight,
   The self-same way, with more advised watch,
   To find the other forth; by vent'ring both,
   I oft found both.     Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
 Advi'sedly,  ad-vi'z^d-le.364  adv.  [from
   advised.]   Soberly;  heedfully; delibe-
   rately; purposely;  by design; prudertly.
    This book advisedly read, and diligently followed
   but one year at home,  would do more good  than
   three  years travel abroad.              Ascham.
     Surprise maybe made by moving things, when the
   party is in haste; and cannot stay, to consider advised-
   ly of that which is moved.       Bacon, Essay xxiii.
    Thou stilest second thoughts, (by all allowed the
   best,) a relapse; and accusest constancy of mischief,
   in what is natural, and advisedly undertaken.
                              Sir John Suckling.

 Advi'sedness,   ad-vi'z£d-ness.38s  to.  «.
   [from advised.]   Deliberation; cool and
   prudent procedure.
    While things are in agitation, private men may
   modestly tender their thoughts to the consideration
   of those, that are  in authority; to whose care it be-
   longeth,  in  prescribing  concerning indifferent
   things, to proceed with  all just advisedness and mo-
   deration.     Saunderson's Judgment in one  View.

 Advi'sement, ad-vize'm£nt to. s. [advise-
   ment, Fr.]
 I. Counsel;  information.
                 Mote I wote,
   What strange adventure do ye now  pursue ?
   Perhaps my succour, or advisement meet,
   Mote stead you much.             Fairy  Queen.
     I will, according to your advisement, declare the
   evils, which seem most hurtful.
                        Spenser's State of Ireland.
 2. It is taken  likewise, in old writers, for
   prudence and circumspection. It is now,
   in both senses, antiquated.
 Anvi'sER, ad-vi'ziir.98 n. s.  [from advise.]
   The person, that advises, or gives coun-
   sel;  a counsellor.
    Here, free from court compliances, he walks;
  And with himself, his best adviser, talks.    Waller.
    They never fail of their most artful and indefati-
  gable address, to silence this impertinent  adviser,
  whose severity awes their excesses.  Rogers's Serm.
Adula'tion, ad-ju-la'shun.394n.s.[arfu/a-
  tion, Fr. adulatio, Lat.]   Flattery; high
  compliment.
              O be sick, great Greatness!
  And bid thy ceremony give thee cure.
  Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
  With titles blown from adulation? Shaksp. Henry V.
    They, who flattered him most before, mentioned
  him now with the greatest bitterness; without imput-
  ing the least crime to him, committed since the time
  of that exalted adulation; or that was not then as
  much known to them, as it could be now. Clarendon.
Adula'tor, ad-ju-la'tilr.531 n. s. [adulator,
   Lat.]   A flatterer.                Diet.
A'dulatory, ad'ju-la-tur're. adj. [adula-
   torius, Lat.]  Flattering; full of compli-
   ments.
ADU'LT,  a-dult'.  adj. [adultus,  Lat]
   Grown up;  past the age of infancy and
   weakness.
     They would  appear less  able to approve them-
  selves, not only to the confessor, but even to the ca-
  techist, in their adult age; than they were in their
  minority; as having scarce ever  thought of the prin-
  ciples of their  religion, since they conned them to
  avoid correction.                 Decay of Piety.
     The earth, by these applauded schools, 'tis said,
  This single crop of men and women bred;
  Who grown adult, so chance (it seems) enjoin'd,
  Did, male and female, propagate their kind.
                                    Blackmort,
Adu'lt, a-dult'. to. a. A person above the
   age of infancy, or grown to some degree
   of strength;  sometimes, full  grown:  a
   word used chiefly by medicinal writers.
     The depression of the cranium, without a fracture,
  can but seldom occur; and then it happens to chil-
  dren, whose bones are more pliable and soft, than
  those of adults.                Sharp's Surgery.
Adu'ltness,    a-dult'n£ss.   m.  *.  [from
   adult.]   The state of being adult.  See
   Adolescence.                    Diet,
 To Adu'lter, a-dill'tur.98 BB6v. a. [adulter-
   er, Fr. adultero, Lat.]  To commit adul-
   tery with another: a  word not classical.
                           His chaste wife
   He adulters still: his thoughts lie with a whore.
                                    Ben Jonson
 Adu'lterant, a-dul'tur-ant. to. s. [adul-
    terans,  Lat.]   The person  or thing
    which adulterates.
 To Adu'lterate,  a-diil'tur-ate.91 v.  a,
   [adulterer,  Fr. adultero, Lat.]
 I.  To commit adultery.
                  But fortune,  (oh!)
   Adulterates hourly with thine uncle John.  Shaksp.
 2.  To corrupt by some foreign admixture;
    to contaminate.
     Common pot-ashes, bought  of  them, that sell it
   in shops; who are not so foolishly knavish, as  to
   adulterate  them  with  salt-petre, which  is much
   dearer than pot-ashes.                    Boyle.
     Could a man be composed to such an advantage
   of constitution, that it should not at all adulterate
   the images of his mind; yet this second nature would
   alter the crasis of his understanding.
                Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. xvi.
     The present  war has so adulterated our tongue,
   with strange words; that it would be impossible  for
   one of our great grandfathers, to know what his pos-
   terity has been doing.                 Spectator.
 Adu'lterate, a-dul'tur-ate.*1  adj. [from
    To adulterate.] 
ADU
ADV
ADU
 1. Tainted with the guilt of adultery.
     I am possess'd with an adulterate blot:
   My blood  is mingled with the grime of lust;
   Being strumpeted, by thy contagion.
                      Shaksp. Comedy of Errours.
   ----That incestuous, that adulterate beast. Slutksp.
 2. Corrupted, with some foreign mixture.
     It does indeed differ no more, than the maker of
   adulterate  wares does from the vender of them.
                       Government of the Tongue.
     They will have all their gold and silver; and may
   keep their adulterate copper at home. Swift's Misc.
 Adul'terateness, a-diil'tur-ate-ness.9198
    469 to. s. [from adulterate.] The quality
    or state, of being adulterate or counter-
    feit.
 Adultera'tion, a-dul'tur-a'shun.  to.  a.
    [from adulterate.]
 I. The act of adulterating or  corrupting,
    by foreign mixture; contamination.
     To make  the compound pass for the rich metal
   simple, is an adulteration or counterfeiting: but if
   it be done avowedly, and without disguising, it may
   be a great saving of the richer metal.
                Bacon's Natural History, No. 798.
 2. The state of being adulterated or conta-
    minated.
     Such translations are like the adulteration of the
   noblest wines; where something of the colour, spirit,
   and flavour, will remain.    Felton on the Classics.
 ADu'LTERER,a-dul'tur-ur.98TO. s. [adulter,
    Lat.]   The person, guilty of adultery.
     With what impatience must the muse behold
   The wife, by her procuring husband sold;
   For, tho' the law  makes null th'  adulterer's deed,
   Of lands to her, the cuckold may succeed.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
 Adu'lteress, £-dul'tur-e<ss. to.  s. [from
    adulterer.]    A  woman,  that  commits
    adultery.
     The Spartan lady replied, when she was asked,
   What was the punishment for adulteresses?  There
   are no such things here.   Got;, of the Tongue, § 3.
                       Helen's rich attire,
   From Argos by the fam'd adult'ress brought,
   With golden  flow'rs and winding foliage wrought.
                               Dryden's Virgil
 Adu'lterine, a-diil'tur-ine.149 to. s. [adul-
    terine, Fr. adulterinus, Lat.]   A child,
    born of an adulteress: a term of canon
    law.
 Adu'lterous, a-dtil'tur-us.31*  adj. [adul-
    ter, Lat.]   Guilty of adultery.
            The adulterous Antony,  most large
   In his abominations, turns you off;
   And gives his potent regiment to a trull,
   That noses it against us.  Shaksp. Ant. and Cleop.
    An adulterous person is tied to restitution of the
   injury, so far as it is reparable; and to make provi-
  sion for the children, that they may not injure the
  legitimate.                            Taylor.
    Think, on whose faith th' adult'rous youth rely'd;
  Who promis'd, whoprocur'd the Spartan bride?
                              Dryden's Mneid.
ADU'LTERY,  a-dul'tur-e.**6 n. s [adul-
   terium,  Lat.]   The act of violating the
   bed of a  married person.
    All thy domestic griefs at home be left,
  The wife's adult'ry, with the servant's theft;
  And, (the most racking thought which can intrude,)
  Forget false friends, and their ingratitude.
                             Dryden's Juvenal.
Adu'mbrant, ad-um'brant.  adj. [from
   adumbt ate.] That, which gives a slight
   resemblance.
To ADU'MI3RATE,ad-um'brate.91-y.  a.
   [from adumbro, Lat]   To shadow-out;
   to give  a slight likeness;  to  exnibit a
   faint resemblance, like that, which sha-
   dows afford of the bodies which they re-
   present.
     Heaven is designed for our reward as well  as
   rescue; and therefore is  adumbrated by  all those
   positive excellencies,  which  can endear or recom-
   mend.                         Decay  of Piety.
 Adumbra'tion,  ad-um-bra'shun.  to.  *.
   [from adumbrate.]
 1. The act of  adumbrating,  or giving  a
   slight and imperfect representation.  See
   Adumbrate.
     To make  some adumbration of that we mean; it is
   rather an impulsation or contusion of the  air, than
   an elision or section of the same.
                Bacon's Natural History,  No. 187.
 2. The slight and imperfect representation
   of a thing; a faint sketch.
     The observers view but the backside of the hang-
   ings; the right one is on the other  side  the grave:
   and our knowledge is, but like those broken ends; at
   best, a most confused adumbration.
                    Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
     Those of the first sort have some adumbration  of
   the rational nature, as vegetables have of the sensi-
   ble.                            Hale's (higin.
 Aduna'tion, ad-u-na'shun. to. s. [from ad
   and unus, Lat.] The state of being uni-
   ted; union: a word of little use.
     When, by glaciation, wood, straw, dust, and water,
   are supposed to be united into one lump, the cold
   does not cause any real union or adunation; but, on-
   ly hardening the aqueous parts of the liquor into ice,
   the other bodies (being accidentally present in that
   liquor) are frozen  up in it, but not really united.
                                       Boyle.
 ADu'N0iTY,a-dfln'se-te.611TO. s. [aduncitas.
   Lat.]  Crookedness;  flexure inwards;
   hookedness.
     There can be no question but the aduncity of the
   pounces and beaks of the hawks, is the cause of the
   great and habitual immorality of those animals.
                Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
 ADu'NQUE,a-dunk'.418arf/. [aduncus,L,at.]
   Crooked; bending inwards; hooked.
     The birds, that are speakers, are parrots, pies,
  jays, daws, and ravens; of which, parrots  have an
  adunque bill, but the rest not.
                Bacon's Natural History, No. 238.
 A'dvocacy, ad'vo-ka-se.848 n. s. [from  ad-
   vocate.] The act of pleading; vindication;
   defence; apology:  a word in little  use.
    If any there are,  who are of opinion, that there are
  no antipodes, or that the stars  do fall; they shall not
  want herein the applause or advocacy of Satan.
                   Brown's  Vulgar Errours, b.  i.
A'DVOCATE,  ad'vo-kate. n. s. [advoca-
   tus, Lat.]
 I. He, that  pleads the cause of another, in
   a court of judicature.
  An advocate; (in the general import of the word,)  is
  that person, who has the pleading and management
  of a judicial  cause. In a strict way of speaking,
  only that person is stiltd advocate, who is the patron
  of the cause; and is often in Latin termed togatus,
  and in English a person of the long robe.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
    Learn, what thou ow'st thy country and thy friend;
  What's requisite to spare, and what to spend:
  Learn this; and after, envy not the store
  Of the greas'd advocate that grinds the poor.
                                Dryd.  Persius.
2. He, that  pleads any cause, in whatever
  manner, as a controvertist or vindicator.
   If she dares trust me with her little babe,
  I'll shew 't the kiug; and undertake, to be
  Her advocate to th' loudest.          Shakspem-e.
   Of the several forms of government, that have been,
  or are in the  world; that cause seems commonly the
   better, that has the better advocate, or is advantaged
   by fresher experience.      Temple's Miscellanies.
 3. It is used, with the particle for, before
   the person or thing, in whose favour the
   plea is offered.
    Foes to all living worth, except your own;
   And advocates, for folly dead and gone.     Pope.
 4. In  the scriptural and  sacred sense, it
   stands  for one of the offices of  our Re-
   deemer.
                     Me, his advocate
   And propitiation; all his works on me,
   Good, or not good, ingraft.         Paradise Lost.
 Advoua'tion, ad-vo-ka'shun, to. <s. [from
   advocate.] The office or act of pleading;
   plea; apology.
    My advocation is not now in tune;
   My lord is not my lord; nor should I know him,
   Were he in favour, as in humour, alter'd.  Shaksp.
 Advola'tion, ad-vo-li'shin. n. s. [advolo,
   advolatum,  Lat.] The act,  of flying to
   something.                         Diet.
 Advolu'tion, ad-vo-lu'shun.  to. s. [advo-
   lutio, Lat.]  The act of rolling to  some-
   thing.
 Advo'utry, ad-vovi'tre.313 to. a. [avoulrie,
   Fr.] Adultery.
    He was the most perfidious man upon the earth,
   and he had made a marriage compounded between an
   advoutry and a rape.          Bacon's Hen. VII.
 Advowe'e, ad-vou-ee'. to. s.  He that has
   the right of advowson. See Advowson.
 Advo'wson, or  Advo'wzen,  ad-vou'zun.
   170 to. s. [In common law.]  A right, to
   present to a benefice; and  signifies  as
   much, as Jus Patronatus. In the  canon
   law, it  is so termed; because they, that
   originally obtained the right of present-
   ing to any church, were great benefac-
   tors  thereto; and are therefore  termed
   sometimes Patroni, sometimes  Advo-
   cati.                              Cowell.
 To Adu're, a-dure'. v. n. [aduro, Lat.] To
   burn up; not in use.
    Such a degree of heat, which doth neither melt
  nor scorch, doth mellow, and not adure.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
 Adu'st, a-dust'. adj. [adustus, Lat.]
 1. Burnt  up;  hot, as with  fire; scorched.
    By this means, the virtual heat of the water will
  enter; and such a heat as will not make the body
  adust or fragile.                        Bacon.
                Which with torrid heat,
  And vapours, as the Libyan air, adust,
  Began to parch that temperate clime.   Par. Lost.
 2. It is generally now applied, in a medi-
   cinal or philosophical sense,  to the com-
   plexion and  humours of the body.
    Such humours are adust, as by long heat, become
  of a hot and fiery nature, as choler, and the like.
                                      Quincy.
    To ease the soul of one oppressive weight,
  This quits an empire, that embroils a state.
  The same adust complexion has impell'd
  Charles to the convent, Philip to the field.   Pope.
Adu'sted, a-dust'ed. adj.  [See  Adust.]
 1. Burnt; scorched; dried with fire.
                Sulphurous and nitrous foam
  They found, they mingled, and with subtle art
  Concocted, and adusted, they redue'd
  To blackest grain, and into store convey'd.
                                 Paradise Lost.
 2. Hot, as the complexion.
    They arebuc the fruits of adusted choler, and the
  evaporations of a vindictive spirit.        Howi 11
 Adu'stible,   a-dus'te-bl.1™  a(ij.   [from 
AER
AFE
AFF
  adust/] That which may be adusted or
  burnt up.                          Diet.
Adu'stion,  a-dus'tshiin46* to.  a. [from
  adust.]  The act, of burning up or dry-
  ing, as by fire.
    This is ordinarily a consequent of a burning colli-
  quative  fever; the softer parts being melted away,
  the heat continuing its adustion upon the  drier and
  fleshy parts, changes into a marcid fever.  Harvey.
Adz, adz'. «. «. See Addice.
AE, or JfL, a. e. A diphthong, of very fre-
  quent  use in the Latin language; which
  seems not properly to have any  place in
  the English;  since the <s of the Saxons
  has been long out of use, being changed
  to e simple; to which, in words frequent-
  ly occurring, the a of the Romans is (in
  the same manner) altered; as in equator,
  equinoctial, and even in  Eneas.
^E'glogue, ek'log.338 to. s [writteninstead
  of eclogue, from a mistaken etymology.]
  A pastoral; a dialogue in verse, between
  goat-herds.
    Which moved him rather in ceglogues otherwise
  to write, doubting, perhaps, his ability,  which he
  little needed, or minding to furnish our tongue with
  this kind wherein it faulteth.         Spens. Past.
JL'gilops, e-gil'ops.  to. s. [m'tyiXw^/, Gr
  signifying goat-eyed, the goat being sub-
  ject to this ailment.] A tumour or swel-
  ling in the  great corner of  the  eye, by
  the root of the nose, either with or with-
  out an inflammation: also a plant so cal-
  led, for its  supposed virtues  against
  such a distemper.               Quincy.
    AZgilops is a tubercle in the inner canthus of the
  eye.                      Wiseman's Surgery.
£gypti'acum, e-jip-ti'a-cum.460 to. s.  An
  ointment, consisting only of honey, ver-
  digris, and vinegar.              Quincy.
Ml,, or  Eal, or Al; £1, al, ael. [in com-
  pound names, as «•«» in the Greek com-
  pounds] signifies all, or altogether.  So
  JElwin is a complete conqueror: Albert,
  all illustrious: Aldred, altogether rever-
  end:  Alfred, altogether  peaceful.   To
  these   Pammachius, Pancratius, Pam-
  philius, &c. do in some measure  answer.
                         Gibson's Camden.
Mlf, e"lF. [which, according to various dia-
  lects,  is pronounced  ulf, welph hulph,
  hilp, helfe; and, at this day,  helpe] im-
  plies assistance.  So JElfwin is  victori-
  ous; and jElfwold; an  auxiliary gover-
  nour;  jElfgifa, a  lender of assistance:
  with which  Boetius,  Symmachus, Epi-
  curus, &c. bear a plain analogy.
                         Gibson's Camden.
jEni'gma, e-nig'ma.  See Enigma.
Ae'rial, a-e're-al. adj. [a'erius, Lat.]
1. Belonging to the air, as consisting of it.
                The thunder, when to roll
  With terrour through the dark aerial hall.
                               Paradise Lost.
    From all that can with fins or feathers fly,
  Thro' the aerial or the wat'ry sky.         Prior.
    I gathered the thickness of the air, or, aerial in-
  terval of the glasses at that ring.    Netcton's Opt.
    Vegetables abound more with aerial particles than
  animal substances.       Arbuthnot on  Aliments.
2. Produced by the air.
    The gifts of heav'n my folPwing song pursues;
  Aerial honey, and ambrosial dews.       Dnjden.
3. Inhabiting the air.
          Where those immortal shapes
  Of bright aerial spirits live inspher'd,
  In regions mild of calm and serene air.  Par. Reg.
    Aerial animals may be subdivided into birds and
  flies.       *                         Locke.
4. Placed in the  air.
    Here subterranean works and cities see;
  There towns aerial on the waving tree.       Pope.
5. High; elevated in situation, and there-
   fore in the air.
    A spacious city stood, with firmest walls
  Sure mounded, and with numerous turrets crown'd,
  Aerial spires, and citadels, the seat
  Of kings and heroes resolute in war.      Philips
A'erie, e're. to. s. [airie, Fr.] The proper
   word (in hawks, and other birds of prey)
   for that, which we generally call a nest
   in  other  birds.                   Cowell.
Aero'logy, a-ur-61'lo-je.868 to. s. [«\»g and
   XoX®", Gr.] The doctrine of the air.
A'eromancy, a-ur-6-man-se.819  to.*.  [<&>•{
   and jtt«»7'5j Gr.]   The art of divining by
   the air.                             Diet.
Aero'metry, a-ur-6m'me-tre.618 n.s. [« §
   and fjutlt^ea,  Gr.] The art  of measuring
   the air.                             Diet.
Aero'scopy, a-ur-6s'k6-pe.sl8TO s. [«»f and
   frx.iic\u, Gr.] The observation of the air.
                                      Diet.
vE'THiops-Mi'NERAL,e'£/ze-fips-min'ur-ral.
   n.s. A medicine, so called from its dark
   colour; prepared of quicksilver and sul-
   phur, ground together in a marble mor-
   tar to a black  powder.  Such, as have
   used it most, think its virtues  not  very
   great.                           Quincy.
^ti'tes, e-ti'tez. to. a.   [cccl®*, an eagle.]
   Eagle stone. It is about the bigness of
   a chestnut, and hollow; and somewhat
   in it, that  rattles upon shaking.  Quincy
Afa'r, a-far/. adv. [from a for at, and far.]
   See Far.
1. At a great distance.
    So shaken, as we are, so wan with care;
  Find we a time for frighted peace, to pant,
  And breathe short-winded accents of new broils,
  To be commene'd in strouds afar remote?  Shaksp.
    We hear  better, when we hold our breath than
  contrary; insomuch as, in listening to attain a sound
  afar off, men hold their breath.           Bacon.
2. To or from a great distance.
        Hector hastened to relieve his boy;
  Dismiss'd his burnish'd helm that shone afar,
  The pride of warriours, and the pomp of war.
                                    Dryden.
S. Prom afar; from a distant place.
    The rough Vulturnus, furious in its course*
  With rapid streams divides the fruitful grounds,
  And/rom afar in hollow murmur sofcls.  Addison.
4. Afar off,  remotely distant.
    Much suspecting his secret ends, he entertained
  a treaty of peace with France, but secretly and afar
  off, and to be governed as occasions should vary.
                           Sir John Hayward.
Afe'ard, a-ferd'. participial adj.  [from
   to fear, for to fright, with a redundant.]
1. Frighted; terrified; afraid.
    He loudly bray'd, that like was never heard;
  And from his wide-devouring oven sent
  A flake of fire, that flashing in his beard,
  Him all amaz'd, and almost made afeard.
    _                           Fairy Queen.
    But tell me, Hal, art thou not horridly afeard?
  Thou being heir apparent, could the world pick thee
  out three such enemies again.  Shaksp, Henry IV.
    Till he cherish too much beard,
  And make Love or me afeard.        Ben Jonson.
2. It has the particle of, before the object
   of fear.
    Fear is described by Spenser to ride in armour,
  at the clashing whereof he looks afeard of himself.'
                                    Peacham.
     It  is now  obsolete; the  last author,
   whom I have found using it, is Sedley.
A'PER, a'fur.98 to. *.  [Lat.]   The south-
   west  wind.
    With adverse blast upturns them from the  south.
  Notus and Afer, black with thund'rous clouds.
                        Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Affabi'lity, af-fa-bll'le-te. re. s. [affabili-
   te, Fr. affabilitas. Lat. See Affable.]
   The quality, of being  affable;  easiness
   of manners; courteousness; civility; con-
   descension.  It is commonly used of su-
   periours.
    Hearing of her beauty and her wit,
  Her affability and bashful  modesty,
  Her wond'rous qualities, and mild behaviour. Shah.
    He was of a most flowing courtesy and affability
  to all men; and so desirous to oblige them, that he
  did not enough consider the value of the obligation
  or the merit of the person.           Clarendon.
    All instances of charity, sweetness of conversa-
  tion, affability, admonition, all significations of ten-
  derness, care, and watchfulness, must be expressed
  towards children.                     Taylor.
    It is impossible for a publick minister, to be so
  open and easy to all his old friends, as he was in his
  private  condition: but this may be helped out, by an
  affability of address.                L'Estrange.
A'FFABLE, affa-bU0S adj.  [affable, Fr.
   affabilis, Lat.]
1. Easy of manners; accostable; courteous;
   complaisant.  It is used of superiours.
    He was affable, and both well and fair spoken; and
  would use strange sweetness and blandishment of
  words, where he desired  to affect or persuade any
  thing, that he took to heart.             Bacon,
            Her father is
  An affable and courteous gentleman.      Shaksp.
    Gentle to  me and affable hath been
  Thy condescension, and shall be honour'd ever
  With grateful memory.  Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii
2. It is  applied, to the  external appear-
   ance; benign; mild; favourable.
    Augustus appeared, looking round him with a se-
  rene and affable countenance upon all the writers of
  his age.                             Tatkr.
A'ffableness, af-fa-bl-n£ss'. to. s.  [from
   affable.]  Courtesy; affability.
A'ffahly,  af'fa-bl£. adv. [from affable.]
   In an affable manner; courteously: civil-
   iy-
A'FFABRous,af'fa-brus.  adj. [affabre, Fr]
   Skilfully  made;  complete;  finished in a
   workman-like manner.            Diet.

Affabula'tion,  af'fab-u-la-shun.  «. *.
   [affabulatio, Lat.]  Theanoral  of  a fa-
   ble.                                Diet.
Affa'ir, af-fare. to. *.  [affaire,Fr.] Busi-
   ness; something to be managed or trans-
   acted.  It is used, for both  private and
   publick matters.
    I was not born, for courts or great affairs;
  I pay my debts, believe, and say my prayers.Pepe.
    A good acquaintance with method will greatly as-
  sist every one, in ranging, disposing, and managing
  all human affairs.               Watts's Logick.
    What St.  John's skill in state affairs,
  What Ormond's valour, Oxford's cares,
  To aid  their sinking country lent;
  Was all destroy'd, by one  event.          Sicift. 
AFF
AFF
AFF
To Affi/ar, af-fere.327 v. to. [from  affier,
   Fr.] To confirm; to give a sanction to; to
   establish:  an old term of law.
            Bleed, bleed, poor country!
  Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure!
  For goodness dares not check thee:
  His title is affear'd.             Shaksp. Macbeth.
Affe'ot, af-fekt'. to. s. [from the verb af-
  fect.]
1. Affection; passion; sensation.
    It seemeth that, as the feet have a sympathy with
  the head, so the wrists have  a  sympathy with the
  heart: we see,  the affects and passions of the heart
  and spirits are notably disclosed by the pulse.
                       Bacon's Nat. Hist.  No. 97.
2. Quality;  circumstance.
     I find it difficult, to make-out one single ulcer, as
   authors describe it; without other symptoms or af-
  fects, joined to it.                     Wiseman.
      This is only the antiquated word, for
   affection.
To  AFFE'CT, af-fekt'. v. a. [affecter,Fr.
   officio, affectum, Lat.]
1. To act upon; to produce effects,  in any
   other thing.
                  The sun
   Had first his precept, so to move, so shine,
   As might affect the earth with cold and heat,
   Scarce tolerable.       Milton's'Par. Lost, b. x.
     The generality of  men are wholly governed by
   names,  in matters of good and  evil; so far as these
   qualities relate to, and affect, the actions of meij.
                                South's Ser-mons.
     Yet even those two particles, do reciprocally affect
   each other, with the same force and vigour; as they
   would do, at the same distance, in any other situa-
   tion imaginable.              Bentley's Sermons.
2. To move the passions.
     As a thinking man cannot but be very much af-
  fected, with the idea of his appearing in the presence
   of that Being, whom none can see and live: he must
   be much more  affected, when lie considers,  that this
   Being, whom he appears before, will examine the
   actions of his life, and reivard or punish him accord-
   ingly.              Addison,  Spectator, No. 613.
3. To aim  at;  to endeavour after: spoken
   of persons.
                    Atrides broke
   His silence next, but pnnder'd ere he  spoke:
   Wise are thy words, and glad I would obey,
   But this proud man affects imperial sway.  Dryden.
 4. To tend  to; to endeavour after: spoken
   of things.
      The drops of every fluid affect a round figure, by
   the mutual attraction of their parts; as the globe of
   the earth and sea affects a round figure, by the mutu-
   al attraction of its parts by gravity.        Neivton.
5. To be fond of;  to be pleased with; to
   love;  to regard with fondness.
     That little, which some of the heathen did chance
   to hear, concerning such matter as the sat-red Scrip-
   ture plentifully  containeth,  they did  in wonderful
   sort affect.                         Hooker, b. i.
                  There is your crown;
   And he that wears the crown immortally,
   Long guard it yours! If I affect it more,
   Than as your honour, and as your renown;
   Let me no more from this obedience rise.   Shaksp.
     Think not, that wars we love, and strife affect;
   Or that we hate sweet peace.        Fairfax, b. ii.
     None but a woman, could a man direct,
   To tell us women, what we most affect.     Dryden.
6. To make a shew of something; to study
   the appearance of any thing; with some
   degree of hypocrisy.
     Another nymph, amongst the many fair,
   Before the rest affected still to stand;
   And watch'd my eye, preventing my command.
                                          trior.
     These often  carry the humour  so far, till their
       VOL. I.
  affected coldness and indifference quite kills all the
  fondness of a lover.    Addison, Spectator, No. 171.
    Coquet and coy at once her air,
  Both studied, though both seem neglected;
    Careless she is with artful care,
  Affecting to seem unaffected.            Congreve.
   The conscious husband, whom like symptoms seize,
  Charges on her the guilt of their disease;
  Affecting fury, acts a madman's part;
  He'll rip the fatal secret from her heart.  Granville.
7. To  imitate in an  unnatural  and  con-
   strained manner.
    Spenser, in affecting the ancients, writ no lan-
  guage; yet I would have him read for his matter,
  but as Virgil read Ennius. Ben Jonson's Discoveries.
8. To convict  of some  crime;  to attaint
   with guilt: a  phrase, merely juridical.
    By the civil law, if a dowry with a wife  be pro-
  mised and not paid, the husband is not obliged to
  allow her alimony: but, if her parents shall become
  insolvent by some misfortune, she shall have alimo-
  ny; unless you  can affect them  with fraud, in pro-
  mising, what they knew they were not able to per-
  form.                       Ayliffe's Parergon.

Affecta'tion, af-fek-ta'shun. to. s.  [af-
  fectatio,  Lat.]
 1. Fondness; high degree of liking;  com-
   monly with some degree of culpability.
     In things of their own nature indifferent, if either
   councils or  particular men have at any  time, with
   sound judgment, misliked  conformity between the
   church of God  an J infidels; the cause  thereof hath
   been somewhat else, than only affectation  of dissi-
   militude.                     Hooker, b. iv. § 1.
 2. An artificial show; an elaborate appear-
   ance; a false pretence.
     It has been (from age  to  age) an affectation, to
   love the pleasure of solitude, among those, who can-
   not possibly be supposed qualified for passing life
   in that manner.              Spectator, No. 264.
 Affe'cted,  af-fik'ted.  participial   adj.
   [from affect.]
 1. Moved;  touched  with affection;  inter-
   nally  disposed or inclined.
     No marvel then, if he were ill affected.  Shaksp.
     The model they seemed affected to, in their  di-
   rectory, was not like to any of the foreign reformed
   churches now in the world.            Clarendon.
 2. Studied  with over-much care, or  with
   hypocritical appearance.
     These antick, lisping,  affected phantasies, these
   new tuners  of accents.   Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
 3. In a personal sense,  full of affectation;
   as, an affected lady.

 Affe'ctkdly,  af-fek'ted-le.  adv.  [from
   affected.
 1. In an affected  manner; hypocritically;
   with more  appearance, than reality.
     Perhaps  they are affectedly ignorant:  they are so
   willing, it should be frue, that they have not attempt-
   ed to examine it.   Government of the Tongue, § 5.
     Some indeed have been so  affectedly vain, as to
   counterfeit immortality; and have stolen their death,
   in hopes to be esteemed immortal.         Brown.
     By talking so familiarly of one hundred and ten
   thousand pounds, by a tax upon a few commodities,
   it is plain; you are either naturally or affectedlu ig-
   norant of our condition.                   Sioift.
 2. Studiously; with laboured intention.
     Some mispersuasions, concerning the divine at-
   tributes, tend  to the corrupting men's manners; as
   if they were designed, and affectedly chosen, for that
   purpose.                        Decay of Piety.

  Affe'ctedness,   af-feVt£d-n£ss.    to. s
    [from affected.] The quality,  of being af-
    fected, or  of making false appearances
  AFFECTION,  af-fe'k'shun. n.  a.  [affec-
    tion, Fr. affrctio, Lat.]
                         F
, The state, of being affected by any cause
 or agent.  This general sense  is little in
 use.
   Some men there are, love not a gaping pig;
 Some, that are mad, if they behold a cat;
 And others, when the bag-pipe sings i' th' nose,
 Cannot contain their urine for affection.     Shaksp.
  Passion of any kind.
   Then gan the Palmer thus:  most wretched man,
 That to affections does the bridle lend;
   In their beginning they are weak and wan,
 But soon through sufferance grow  to fearful end.
                                 Fairy Queen.
   Impute it to my late solitary life, which is prone
 to affections.                        Sidney, b. i
   Affections (as, joy, grief, fear  and  anger, with
 such like) being (as it were) the sundry fashions  and
 forms of appetite, can neither rise at the conceit of
 a thing indifferent, nor yet choose but  rise at the
 sight of some things.                Hooker, b. i.
                To speak truth of Casar;
 I have not known, when his affections sway'd
 More than his reason.       Shaksp. Julius Caesar.
   Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees
 of pious affections; of which some are milder  and
 gentler, some sharper and more vehement.   Sprat.
   I can present  nothing beyond  this to your affec-
 tions;  to excite your love and desire.     Tillotson.
.  Love; kindness; good-will to some per-
 sons: often with to  or towards, before
 the person.
                I have acquainted yon,
 With the dear love I bear to fair Anne Page,
 Who mutually hath answer'd my affection. Shaksp.
   My king is tangled in affection, to
 A creature of the queen's, lady Anne Bullen. Shaks.
   What warmth is there in your affections, towards
 any of these princely suitors? Shaksp. Mer. of Venice.
   Make his interest depend, upon mutual  affection
 and good correspondence with others.      Collier.
   Nor at first sight, like most, admires the fair:
 For you he lives; and you alone shall share
 His last affection, as his early care.         Pope.
'. Good-will to any object; zeal; passion-
  ate regard.
   I have reason, to distrust mine own judgment; as
 that, which may be overborn by my zeal and affec-
 tion to this cause.                        Bacon.
    Set your affection upon my words; desire them,
 and ye shall be instructed.        Wisdom, vi. 11.
    His integrity to the king was without blemish;
  and his affection to the church so notorious, that he
  never deserted it.                    Clarendon.
    All the precepts of Christianity command us, to
  moderate our passions, to temper our affections, to-
  wards all things below.                  Temple.
    Let not the mind of a  student  be under the influ-
  ence of warm affections to things  of sense, when he
  comes to the search of truth.               Watts.

5. State of the  mind,  in  general.
                 There grows,
  In my most ill compos'd'q^t ction, such
  A stanchless avarice; that were I king,
   I should cut-off the nobles for their lands.  Shaksp
    The man, that hath no musick in himself,
  Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
  Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils;
  The motions of his spirit are dull as night,
  And his affections dark as Erebus:
  Let no such man be trusted.  Shaksp. Mer. of Venice
  . Quality; property.
    The certainity and acurateness, which is a'tribu-
   ted to what mathematicians deliver,  miut  be re-
   strained to what they teach, concerning those  pure-
   ly mathematical disciplines, arithmetick and geome-
   try; where the  affections of quantity are abstracted-
   ly considered.                            Boyle.
    The mouth, being necessary to conduct t!ie voice
   to the shape of its cavity, necessarily gives the voice
   some particular affection of sound in its passage, be-
   fore it come to the lips. Fl< Ider's Elan nts rfS; eech.
     God  may have joined immaterial souls to  otl n
   kinds of bodies, and  in  other laws of union; ami, 
A1  F
AFF
AFF
  from those different laws of anion, there will arise
  quite different affections, and natures, and species
  of the compound beings.       Bentley's Sermons.
7. State ot the body, as acted upon by any
   cause.
    It seemed to me a venereal gonorrhoea; and others
  thought, it arose from some scorbutica! affection.
                            Wiseman's Surgery.
>i. Lively  representation in painting.
    Affection is the lively representment  of any pas-
  sion whatsoever; as if the figures stood, not upon a
  cloth or board, but  as if they were acting upon a
  stage.                   Wotton's Architecture.
9. It is used by  Shakspeare sometimes,
   for affectation.
    There was nothing in it, that could indict the au-
  thor of affectum.                      Shaksp.
Affe'ctionate, af-fek'shun-ate. adj.[af-
  fecti'.nne, Fr. from affection.]
1. Full of affection; strongly moved; warm,
   zealous.
    In their love of God,  and desire to please him,
  men can never be too affectionate; and it is as true,
  that, in their hatred of sin, men may be sometimes
  too  passionate.                 Sprat's Sermons.
2. Strongly  inclined to; disposed to:  with
   the particle to.
    As for the parliament, it presently took fire; being
  affectionate of old to the war of France.    Bacon.
3. Fond; tender.
    He found  me sitting; beholding this picture,  I
  know not  with how affectionate countenance;  but,  I
  am  sure, with a most affectionate mind.    Sidney.
              Away they fly,
  Affectionate; and, undesiring, bear
  The most delicious morsel to their young. Thomson.
A. Benevolent; tender.
    When we reflect, on all this affectionate care of
  Providence for  our  happiness; with what wonder
  must we observe the little effect'it has on men!
                              Rogers's Sermons.
Affe'ctionate ly,   af-fek'shun-ate-le.
   adv. [from affectionate.] In an affection-
   ate  manner; fondly;  tenderly; benevo-
   lently.
AFFE'cTioNATENESS,af-fek'shun-ate-ness.
   n.  s.  [from  affectionate.]  The quality
   or  state, of being  affectionate; fond-
   ness; tenderness;  good-will;   benevo-
   lence.
Affe'ctioneo, af-fek'shund.3S9adj. [from
   affection.]
1. Affected; conceited.  This sense is now
   obsolete.
    An affectioned ass, that cons state without book,
  and utters it by  great swaths.            Shaksp.
2. Inclined; mentally disposed. '
    Be kindly affectioned one to another. Rom. xii. 10.

AFFE'cTiousLY,af-fek'shus-le. adv. [from
   affect.]  In an affecting manner.   Diet.
Affe'ctive, af-fek'tiv. adj. [from affect.]
   That, which affects; that, which strong-
   ly  touches. It is generally used for pain-
   ful.
    Pain is so uneasy a sentiment; that very little of
  it is enough, to  corrupt  every enjoyment;  and the
  effect, God  intends  this variety of ungrateful and
  affective sentiments should have on us, is, to reclaim
  our  affections from this valley of tears    Rogers.
affeotuo'sity,  af-f£k-tshu-6s'se-te. n.s.
  [from affectuous.] Passionateness. Diet.
Affe'ctuous, af-fek-tshu-us, adj.  [from
  affect/]Y\\\\  of passion; as, an affectuous
  speech: a  word, little used.
To Affe're, af-fere'.  v. a. [affier, Fr.] A
   law term, signifying to confirm. See To
   Affear.
AFFE'RORs,af-fe-rir.314n. s. [from affere.]
    Such as  are appointed in court-leets, fyc. upon
  oath, to mulct such as have committed faults, arbi-
  trarily punishable, and have no express penalty set
  down by statute.                       Cowell.

AFFI'ANCE,  af-fl'anse.  to. *.  [affiance,
   from affier, Fr.]
1. A marriage-contract.
    At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
  That I that lady to my spouse had won;
    Accord of friends, consent of parents sought,
  Affiance made, my happiness begun.  Fairy Queen.
2. Trust,  in general; confidence;  secure
   reliance.
    The duke is virtuous, mild; and too well given,
  To dream on evil, or to work my downfall.—
  Ah! what's more dangerous, than this fond affiance?
  Seems he a dove? his feathers are but borrowed.
                            Shaksp. Henry VI.
3. Trust in the divine promises  and  pro-
   tection.   To this sense it is now almost
   confined.
    Religion receives man, into a covenant of grace;
  where there is pardon  reached-out, to all truly pe-
  nitent sinners,  and assistance promised,  and en-
  gaged, and bestowed,  upon  very easy conditions;
  viz. humility, prayer, and affiance in him.
                      Hammond's Fundamentals.
    There can be no surer way  to  success, than by
  disclaiming all confidence in ourselves, and refer-
  ring the events of things to God with an implicit
  affiance.                   Atterbury's  Sermons-
To Affi'anoe,  af-i'anse.  v. a. [from the
   noun affiance.]
I. To betroth; to bind any one  by promise
   to marriage.
    To me, (sad maid, or rather widow sad)
  He was affianced, long time before;
    And sacred pledges  he both gave and had;
  False errant knight, infamous and foreswore.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    Her should Angelo have married, was affianced
  to her by oath, and the nuptial appointed; between
  which time of the contract, and limit of the solem-
  nity, her brother was wrecked, having in  that ves-
  sel the dowry of his sister.            Shakspeare.
2. To give confidence.
    Stranger! whoe'er thou art, securely rest
  Affianc'd in my faith, a friendly guest. Pope's Odys.

Affi'ancer, af-fi'an-sur.  to. s. [from  af-
  fiance/]   He, that makes a contract of
   marriage between two parties.     Diet.
AFFiDA'TiON,af-fe-da'shun.   ? ».s.[from
AFFinA'TURE,affe'-da-tshure. $     affido,
   Lat.  See Affieo.]  Mutual contract;
   mutual oath of fidelity.            Diet.
Affidavit,  af-fe-da'vit. to. a. [affidavit
   signifies, in the language of the  com-
   mon law, he made oath.]  A declaration
   upon oath.
    You said, if I retum'd next 'size in Lent,
  I should be  in remitter of your grace;
  In th' interim, my letters should take place
  Of affidavits.                          Donne.
    Count Rechteren should have made affidavit, that
  his servants had been affronted; and then Monsieur
  Mesnager would have done him justice. Spectator.

Affi'ed,   af-fi'ed.  participial  adj.  [from
   the verb affy, derived from affido,  Lat.
   Bracton  using the phrase affidare  muli-
   eres.]   Joined by contract; affianced.
    Be weaj^ied, and such assurance ta'en,
  As shall with either part's agreement stand. Shaks.

Affilia'tion, af-fll-le-a'shun. to. s. [from
  ad andflius, Lat.]   Adoption;  the act
  of taking a son.               Chambers,
A'ffin AGE,af fe-naje.fl0 n. a. [affinage, Fr.]
  The act of refining metals by the cuppel.
                                       Diet.
Affi'ned,  af-fi'ned.363 adj.  [from affinis,
  Lat.]    Joined by affinity to another; re-
  lated  to another.
    If partially affin'd, or leagu'd in office,
  Thou dost deliver more or less than truth,
  Thou art no soldier.             Shaksp. Othello.
Affi'nity, af-fi'ne-te.611 n.s. [affinite, Fr,
  from affinis, Lat.]
1. Relation  by marriage;   relation  con-
  tracted, by the husband to the  kindred
  of the wife, and by the wife to  those of
  the husband.  It is  opposed to  consan-
  guinity, or  relation by birth.
     In  this sense it  has sometimes the
  particle with, and sometimes to, before
  the person  to whom the relation is con*
  tracted.
    They had left none alive; by the blindness of rage
  killing many guiltless persons, either for  affinity to
  the tyrant, or enmity to the tyrant-killers.  Sidney.
    And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of
  Egypt, and took Pharaoh's daughter.  1 Kings, iii. l.
    A breach was made with France itself, notwith-
  standing so strait an affinity, so lately accomplished;
  as if indeed (according to that pleasant maxim of
  state) kingdoms were never married.      Wotton.
2. Relation to;  connexion  with; resem-
  blance  to:  spoken of things.
    The British  tongue or Welsh was in use, only in
  this island; having great affinity with the old Gal-
  lick.                                Camden.
    All things, that have affinity with  the heavens,
  move upon the center of another, which they be-
  nefit.                      Bacon, Essay, xxiv.
    The art of painting hath wonderful affinity icilA
  that of poetry.            Dryd. Dufresnoy, Prtj
    Man is  more distinguished, by devotion than by
  reason;  as several brute creatures discover some-
  thing like reason; though they betray not  any thing,
  that bears the least affinity to devotion,   Addism.
To AFFI'RM, af-ferm'.108 v.  n. [affirmo,
  Lat.]    To  declare; to  tell confidently:
  opposed to  the word deny.
    Yet their own authors faithfully affirm,
  That the land Salike lies in Germany,
  Between the floods of Sala and of Elve.   Shaksp.
To Affi'rm, af-ferm'. v. a.
1. To declare  positively; as,  to affirm a
  fact.
2. To ratify or approve a former law, or
  judgment: opposed to  reverse or repeal
    The house of peers  hath a power of judicature in
  some cases, properly to examine, and then to affirm;
  or, if there be cause,  to  reverse the judgments,
  which have been given in the court of king's bench.
                 Bacon's Advice to Sir G. Villien.
  In this  sense we say, to affirm the truth.
Affi'rmable, af-fer'ma-bl. adj. [from of-
  firm.]   That, which may be affirmed.
    Those attributes and conceptions,  that were ap-
  plicable and affirmable of him when present, are
  now affirmable  and applicable to him though past.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Affi'rmance, af-fer'manse.  to. s. [from
  affirm.] Confirmation: opposed to repeal.
    This statute  did but restore an ancient statute,
  which was itself also made but in affirmance of the
  common law.                          Bacon-

Affi'rmant,  af-fer'mant. to. *. [from af-
  firm/]   The person, that affirms; a de-
  clarer,                              [jkt. 
AFF
AFF
AFF
Affirma'tion,  af-fer-ma'shdn. n. a. [af-
  firmatio, Lat.]
1. The act of affirming  or declaring:  op-
   posed to negation or denial.
    This gentleman vouches, upon warrant of bloody
  affirmation, his to be more  virtuous, and less at-
  temptable, than any of our ladies.      Sliakspeare.
2. The position affirmed.
    That he shall receive  no  benefit from Christ, is
  the affirmation, whereon his  despair is founded; and
  oneway of removing this dismal apprehension is, to
  convince him, that Christ's death (if he perform the
  condition required) shall certainly belong to him.
                       Hammond's Fundamentals.
3. Confirmation; opposed to repeal.
    The learned in the laws of our land observe, that
  our statutes  sometimes are only the affirmation or
  ratification of that, which by common law was held
  before.                              Hooker.
Affirmative,af-fer'ma-tiv.168 adj. [from
   affirm.]
1. That, which affirms; opposed to  nega-
   tive: in which sense,  we use  the affir-
   mative absolutely;  that is,  the affirma-
   tive position.
    For the a^rmative, we are now to answer such
  proofs of theirs, as have been before alleged. Hooker.
    Whether there  are such beings or not, 'tis suffi-
   cient for my purpose, that many have  believed the
  affirmative.                           Dryden.
2. That,  which  can or may be affirmed:  a
   sense, used chiefly in science.
    As in algebra, where affirmative quantities vanish
  or cease, there negative ones begin; so in mecha-
   nicks, where attraction  ceases, there  a repulsive
  virtue ought to succeed.             Nerol. Opt.
3. Applied to persons;  he,  who  has the
   habit of affirming with vehemence; po-
   sitive; dogmatical.
    Be not confident and affirmative, in an uncertain
  matter; but report tilings modestly and temperately,
  according to the degree of that persuasion; which is,
  or ought to be, begotten  by  the efficacy of the au-
  thority, or the reason inducing thee.        Taylor.
Affirmatively,  af-fer'ma-tlv-le.   adv.
   [from  affirmative.]   In  an  affirmative
   manner; on the positive side; not  nega-
   tively.
    The reason of man hath no  such restraint:  con-
  cluding not only affirmatively, but negatively; not only
  affirming, there is no magnitude  beyond the last
  heavens;  but also  denying, there  is any  vacuity
  within them.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Affi'rmeh, af-fer'mui .°8  to. s. [from af-
  firm/]   The person, that affirms.
    If, by  the word virtue, the afftrmer intends our
  whole duty to God and man; and the denier, by the
  word virtue, means only courage, or (at most) our
  duty toward  our neighbour, without including (in
  the idea of it) the duty which we owe to God.
                                Watts's Logick.
To Affi'x,  af-flks'. v. a. [affigo, affixum,
   Lat.]
I. To unite to the end, or a posteriori;  to
   subjoin.
    He, that has settled in his mind determined ideas,
  with names affixed to them, will be able to  discern
  their differences one from another.         Locke.
    If  men constantly affixed applause and disgrace,
  where they ought;  the principle of shame would
  have a veiy  good  influence, on publick conduct;
  though, on secret villanies, it lays no restraint.
                             Rogers's Sermons.
2. To  connect consequentially.
    The doctrine of irresistibility of grace, in work-
  ing whatsoever it works; if it be acknowledged, there
  is nothing to be afflxt to gratitude.      Hammond.
3. Simply, to fasten or fix.   Obsolete.
    Her modest eyes, abashed to behold
  So many gazers as on her do stare,
  Upon the lowly ground affixed are.       Spenser.
Affi'x, af'fiks.492 to. *. [affixum, Lat.] A
  term of grammar.   Something, united
  to the  end of a word.
    In the  Hebrew language, the noun has  its affixa,
  to denote the pronouns possessive or relative.
                        Clarke's Latin Grammar.
Affi'xion, af-fik'shun. «. *. [from affix.]
1. The act of affixing.
2. The slate of being affixed.        Diet.
Affla'tion, af-fla'shun. n. s.  [affio, affla-
  tum, Lat.]   The act of breathing upon
  any  thing.                          Diet.
AFFLA'TUS,af.M'ths. to. s. [Lat.] Com-
  munication of the power of prophecy.
    The poet, writing against his genius, will be like
  a prophet without his afflatus.  Spence on the Odys.
To AFFLI'CT,  af-flikt'. v. a.  [affiicto, af-
  flict um, Lat.]
I. To put to pain; to grieve; to torment.
    It teacheth us, how God thought fit to plague and
  afflict them: it doth not appoint, in what form and
  maimer we ought to punish  the sin  of idolatry in
  others.                     Hooker, b. v. ^ 11.
    O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!
  The lights burn blue.—Is it not dead midnight?
  Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
                             Shaksp. Rich. III.
    Give not over thy mind to heaviness,  and  afflict
  not thyself in thine own counsel.  Ecclus. xxx. 21.
    A father, afflicted with  untimely mourning, when
  he hath made an image of his child soon taken away,
  now honoured him as a God, which was then a dead
  man; and delivered, to those that were under him,
  ceremonies and sacrifices.             Wisdom.
    A melancholy tear afflicts my eye;
  And my  heart labours with a sudden sigh.   Prior.
2. The passive (to be afflicted,) has often
  at, before the  causal noun;   by  is  like-
   wise proper.
    The mother was so afflicted, at the loss of  a fine
  boy, who was her  only son; that she died for  grief
  of it.                         Addison, Sped.
Affli'cteoness, af-flik't£d-ness.  «. s.
  [from affiicted.] The state of affliction, or
  of being afflicted; sorrowfulness; grief.
Affli'oter, a.f-fliktur.98  to. s. [from af-
  flict.]   The person, that afflicts.
Affli'ction,  af-flik'shun. to.  s.  [afflictio,
  Lat.]
1. The cause of pain or sorrow; calamity.
    To the flesh (as  the apostle himself granteth) all
  affliction  is naturally grievous;  therefore nature,
  which causeth fear, teacheth to pray against all ad-
  versity.                    Hooker, b. v. § 48.
    We'll  bring you  to one, that you have  cozened of
  money: I  think, to repay that money, will be a biting
  affliction.                        Shakspeare.
2. The state of sorrowfulness;  misery: op-
  posed to joy or prosperity.
            Besides you know,
  Prosperity's the very bond of love;
  Whose fresh complexion, and whose  heart together,
  Affliction alters.          Shaksp.  Winter's  Tale.
    Where shall we find the man, that bears uffliction,
  Great and majestic in his griefs, like Cato? Addison.
    Some virtues are only seen in affliction, and  some
  in prosperity.        Addison, Spectator; No. 251.
Affli'ctive,  af-flik'tiv.16» adj. [from af-
  flict.]   That,  which  causes affliction;
  painful;  tormenting.
    They found martyrdom a duty; dressed-up indeed
  with all that was terrible and afflictive  to  human
  nature; yet, not at all the less a duty.      South.
                Nor can they find,
  Where to retire themselves, or where appease
                    f2
  Th' afflictive keen desire of food; expired
  To winds and storms, and jaws of savage death.
                                      Philips.
            Restless Proserpine,—
  —On the spacious land and liquid main,
  Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain.  Prior.

A'ffluence, af'flii-ense. to. *.  [affluence,
   Fr.  affluentia, Lat.]
1. The act of flowing to  any  place;  con-
   course.   It is almost always used  figu-
   ratively.
    I shall not relate the affluence of young nobles,
  from hence into Spain; after the voice of our  prince
  being there, had been noised.            Wotton.
2. Exuberance of riches;  stream of wealth;
   plenty.
    Those degrees of fortune, which give fulness and
  affluence to one station, may be want and penury in
  another.                              Rogers.
    Let joy or ease, let affluence or content,
  And the gay conscience of a life well  spent,
  Calm ev'ry thought, inspirit ev'ry grace.     Pope
A'ffluency, af'flu-en-se. to. s. The same
   with affluence.

A'FFLUENT, af'flu-ent.  adj.  [affluent,
   Fr.  affluens, Lat.]
1. Flowing to any part.
    These parts are no more, than  foundation-piles of
  the ensuing, body; which are  afterwards to  be in-
  creased and raised to a greater bulk, by the affluent
  blood, that is hansmitted out  of  the mother's body.
                       Harvey on Consumptions.
2. Abundant; exuberant; wealthy.
    I see thee, Lord and end of my desire,
  Loaded and blest with all the  affluent store,
  Which human vows and smoking shrines implore.
                                        Prior.
A'ffluentness, af'flu-ent-n£ss.TO.,s.[from
   affluent.]  The quality of  being  afflu-
   ent.                                 Diet.
A'fflux, af'fiflks. to. s. [affluxus, Lat.]
1. The act of flowing to some  place;  af-
   fluence.
2. That, which flows to another place.
    The cause hereof cannot be a supply by procrea-
  tions; ergo, it must be, by new affluxes to London
  out of the country.                     Giaunt.
    The infant grows bigger out of the womb,  by ag-
  glutinating one afflux of blood to another.  Harvey.
    An animal, that must lie still,  receives the afflux
  of colder or warmer, clean or foul water, as  it hap-
  pens to come to it.                        Locke.
Afflu'xion, af-flftk-shun. to. s. [affluxio,
   Lat.]
1. The act of flowing to a particular place.
2. That which  flows from  one place  to
   another.
    An inflammation; either simple,  consisting of an
  hot and sanguineous affluxion; or else denominable
  from  other humours, according unto the predomi-
  nancy of melancholy, phlegm, or choler.  Brown.
To Affo'rd, af-ford'. v. a  [affourrer, af-
  fourrager, Fr.]
I. To yield or produce; as, the soil affords
   grain;   the  trees  afford fruits.   This
   seems to be the primitive  signification.
2. To grant, to confer any thing; generally
   in a good sense, and sometimes in a bad,
   but less properly.
     So soon, as Mammon there, arriv'd, the door
  To him did open, and afforded way.  Fairy  Queen.
     This is  the consolation  of all good men,  uutj
  whom his ubiquity affordeth continual comfort and
  security; and this is the  affliction of hell, to whom
  it affordeth despair and remediless cal amity. Broic-n.
\S. To be able to sell.  It is  usxcl always, 
AFF                                       AFF                                     AFI
     with reference to some certain price; as,
     / can afford this for less than the other.
      They fill their magazines, in times of the great-
    est plenty; that so they may afford cheaper, and in-
    crease the public revenue, at a small expense to its
    members.                    Addison on Italy.
  4. To be able to bear expenses; as, tra-
     ders can afford more finery in peace than
    in war.
      The same errours run through all families; where
    there is wealth enough to afford, that their sons may
    be good for nothing.  Swift on Modern Education.
  To AFFO'REST,  af-for'rest.10"l68 v. a
    [afforestare, Lat.]  To turn ground into
    forest.
     It appeareth, by Charta de Foresta, that he  af-
   forested many woods and wastes, to the grievance of
    the subject, which by that law were disafforested.
                       Sir John Davies on Ireland.
 Afforesta'tion, af-f6r-r£s-ta'shun. to. «.
    [from afforest.]
     The charter de Foresta was,  to reform the  en-
   croachments made in the  time of Richard I, and
   Henry II; who had made new  afforestations, and
   much extended the rigour of the forest laws. Hale.
 To  Affra'nchise, af-fran'tshiz.140  v.a.
    [affrancher, Fr.] To make free.
 To AFFRA'Y, af-fra'. v. a. [effrayer, oref-
   friger, Fr. which Menage derives  from
   fragor; perhaps it comes from frigus.]
   To fright; to terrify; to strike with fear.
 This word is  not now in use.
     The same to  wight he never would disclose;
   But when as monsters huge he would dismay,
     Or daunt unequal armies of his foes,
   Or when the flying heavens he would affray.
                                  Fairy Qween.
 Affra'y, or Affra'yment, af-fra', or af-
   fra'ment.  to. *. [from the  verb.]
 1. A tumultuous assault of one or  more
   persons upon  others;  a law  term.   A
   battle* in this sense it is written/ray.
 2. Tumult; confusion:  out of use.
     Let the  night be calm and quietsome,
   Without tempestuous storms or sad affray. Spenser.
 Affri'otion, af-frik'shun.  to. s. [affrictio,
   Lat.] The act of rubbing one thing upon
   another.
     1 have divers times observed,  in wearing silver-
   hilted swords, that, if they rubbed upon my clothes,
   if they were of a light-coloured cloth, the affriction
   would  quickly  blacken  them;   and,  congruously
   hereunto,  I have found  pens blacked almost all
   over, when I had a while carried them about me in
   a silver case.                           Boyle.
 To Affri'ght af-frite'. v.a. [See Fright.]
 1. To affect with fear;  to terrify.   It ge-
   nerally implies  a sudden  impression  of
   fear.
     Thy name affrights me, in whose sound is death.
                              Shaksp. Henry VI.
     Godlike his courage seem'd; whom nor delight
   Could soften, nor the face of death affright.  Waller.
    He, when his country (threaten'd with alarm)
   Requires his courage and his conq'ring arm,
   Shall more than once the Punic  bands affright.
                               Dryden's JEneid.
2.  It is used in  the  passive, sometimes
   with at,  before the thing  feared.
    Thou shalt not be  affrighted  at them;  for the
  Lord thy God is  among you.        Devi, vii, 21.
3.   Sometimes  with  the particle with, be-
   fore  the  thing feared.
                  As one affright
   With hellish fiend*, or furies mad uproar,
  He then uprose.        Fairy Queen, b. ii. canf. 5

Affri'ght, af-frite'. to. #. [from the verb.]
This  word is chiefly
  I.  Terrour; fear.
    poetical.
       As the moon, cloathed with cloudy night,
     Does shew to him, that walks  in fear and sad af-
         fright.                     Fairy Queen.
     Wide was his parish, not contracted close
   In streets, but here and there a straggling house;
   Yet still he was at hand, without request,
   To serve the sick, to succour the  distress'd;
   Tempting, on foot, alone, without affright,
   The dangers of a dark tempestuous night.  Dryden.
  I. The  cause of fear; a  terrible  object;
    dreadful appearance.
                   I see the gods
   Upbraid our suff'rings, and would humble them,
   By sending these affrights, while we are here;
   That we might laugh, at their ridiculous fear.
                               B. Jons. Catiline.
     The war at hand appears with  more affright,
   And rises ev'ry moment to the sight. Diyd. AZneid.

 AFFRi'GHTFUL,af-frite'ful.  adj. [from af-
   fright.] Full  of affright or terrour; ter-
   rible; dreadful.
     There is an absence of all that is destructive or
   affrightful to human nature.        Decay of Piety.
 Affri'ghtment, af-frite'ment. to. s. [from
   affright.]
 '.. The  impression of fear; terrour.
     She awaked, with the affrightment of a dream.
                                      Wotton.
     Passionate words or blows, from the tutor, fill the
  child's mind with  terrour and  affrightment; which
  immediately takes it wholly up, and leaves no room
  for other impression.                    Locke.
2. The state of fearfulness.
    Whether those, that (under any anguish of mind)
  return to affrightments or doubtings, have not been
  hypocrites.                        Hammond.

To  AFFRO'NT, af-frunt'.l6s v.  a. [af-
  fronter, Fr. that is, adfrontem stare; ad
  frontem contumeliam allidere, to insult a
   man to his  face.]
1. To  meet  face to  face; to encounter.
   This  seems the  genuine  and original '
   sense of the word;  which was  formerly
   indifferent to good or ill.
    We have closely sent for Hamlet hither;
  That he, as 'twere by accident, may here
  Affront  Ophelia.               Shaksp. Hamlet.
    The seditious, the next day, affronted the king's
  forces at the  entrance of a  highway; whom when
  they found both ready and resolute to fight, they de-
  sired enterparlance.          Sir John Hayward.
2. To  meet, in an hostile manner, front to
   front.
    His holy rites and solemn feasts profan'd,
  And with their darkness durst affront his light.
                                 Paradise Lost.
3. To  offer an open insult; to offend avow-
   edly.  With respect to this sense, it is ob-
   served by  Cervantes; that,' if a man
   strike another on the  back,  and then
   run away; the person so struck is injur-
   ed, but not  affronted; an affront always
   implying  a  justification of the act.'
    Did not this fatal war affront thy coast?
  Yet sattest thou an idle looker-on.   Fairfax, i. 51.
    But harm precedes not sin; only our foe,
  Tempting, affronts us with his foul esteem
  Of our integrity.        Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
     I would learn  the cause, why  Torrismond
  (Within my palace walls, within my hearing,
  Almost within my sight) affronts a prince,
  Who shortly shall command him. Dryd. Span. Friar.
    This brings to mind Faustina's  fondness  for the
  gladiator, and is interpreted as satire: but how can
  one imagine, that the Fathers would have dared to
  affront the wife of Aurelius?             Addison
  Affro'nt, af-frilnt'.  to. s. [from the verb
    affront.]
  I. Open opposition; encounter: a sense not
    frequent, though  regularly  deducible
    from the derivation.
     Fearless of danger, like a petty god
   I walk'd about admir'd of all, and dreaded
   On hostile ground, none daring my affront.
                              Sampson Agonistes
 2. Insult, offered  to the face; contemptu-
   ous or rude treatment; contumely.
     He would often maintain Plantianus, in  doing af-
  fronts to his son.                 Bacon's Essays.
     You've done enough; for you design'd my chains:
   The grace is vanish'd; but th' affront remains.
                            Dryden's Aurengzebe,
     He, that is found reasonable in one thing, is con-
   cluded to be so in all; and, to think or say otherwise
   is thought so unjust  an  affront, and so senseless a
   censure, that nobody ventures to do it.     Locke
     There is nothing, which we receive with so much
   reluctance, as advice: we look upon the man, who
   gives it us, as offering au affront to our understand-
   ing, and treating us like children or ideots.
                     Addison, Spectator, No. 512.
 3. Outrage; act of contempt, in a more ge-
   neral  sense.
             Oft have they violated
  The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts,
  Abominations rather. Milton's Paradise Rcgainet
 ■*. Disgrace; shame. This sense is  rather
   peculiar to the Scottish dialect.
    Antonius attacked the pirates of Crete;  and, by
  his too great presumption, was defeated; upon the
  sense of which affront, he died with grief.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
 Affro'nter, af-friWtfir.98 to. *. [from af.
  front.] The person, that affronts.
 Affro'nting, af-frun'ting. participial adj.
   [from affront.]  That,  which has  the
   quality of affronting; contumelious.
    Among words, which signify the same principal
  ideas, some are clean and  decent, others unclean;
  some are kind, others are  affronting and reproach-
  ful ; because of the secondary idea, which custom has
  affixed to them.                 Watts's Logick.
 To AFFU'SE, af-fuze' v. a. [affundo, af-
  fusum, Lat.] To pour one thing upon an-
  other.
    I poured acid liquors, to try if they contained any
  volatile salt or spirit; which would probably have
  discovered itself, by making an ebullition with the
  affused liquor.                         Boyle,
Affu'sion, af-fu'zhun. «. s. [affusio, Lat.]
  The act of pouring one thing upon an-
  other.
    Upon the affusion of a tincture of galls, it imme-
  diately became as black as ink.  fSreio's Musceum-
 To AFFY', af-fi'. v.a. [affier, Fr. affidare
  mulierem, Bracton.] To betroth,  in or-
  der  to marriage.
        Wedded be thou to the hags of hell,
  Far daring to affy a mighty lord,
  Unto  the daughter of a worthless king.     Shaksp.

 To Affy', af-fi'. v. n. To put confidence in;
  to put trust in; to confide.  Not in use.
    Marcus Andronicus, so I do affy
  In thy uprightness and integrity,
  That I will here dismiss my loving friends.
                            Shaksp. TUusAndr.
Afi'kld,  a-feeld'/"e  adv.  [from   a  and
  field. See  Field.] To the field.
    We drove afield; and both together heard,
  What time the grey fly winds her sultry horn;
  Batt'ning our flocks, with the fresh dews of night.
                                       Milton.
    Afield I went, amid the morning dew,
  To milk my kine; for so should housewives do. Gay. 
A  F  0
AFT
AFT
 Afi.a't, a-flat'. adv. [from a andflat. See
   Flat.]  Level with the ground.
     When you would have  many new roots of fruit-
   trees,  take a low  tree, and bow it, and lay all his
   branches aflat upon the ground, and cast earth upon
   them: and every twig will take root.
                           Bacon's Nat. History.
 Aflo'at, a-flote'.29' adv. [from a and float.
   See  Float.] Floating;  born-up in the
   water; not sinking: in a figurative sense,
   within view; in motion.
     There is a tide, in the aflairs of men;
   Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
   Omitted, all the voyage of their life
   Is bound in shallows and in miseries,
   On such a full sea, are we now afloat;
   And we must take the current when it serves,
   Or lose our ventures.       Shaksp. Julius Ccesar.
     Take any passion of the soul of man, while it is
   predominant and afloat; and,  just  in the critical
   height of it, nick it with some lucky or unlucky word;
   and you may as  certainly over-rule it  to your own
   purpose, as a spark of fire, falling upon gunpowder,
   will infallibly blow it up.                 South.
     There  are  generally  several  hundred loads  of
   timber afloat:  for they cut above twenty-five leagues
   up the river; and other rivers bring in their contri-
   butions.                       Addison's Italy.
 Afo'ot, a-fat'.307 adv. [from a and Joot ]
 1. On foot; not on  horseback.
     He thought it best, to return, for that  day, to a
   village not far off; and, dispatching his horse in some
   sort, the next day early, to come afoot wither.
                                    Shakspeare.
 2. In action; as, a design is afoot.
     I pr'ythee, when thou seest that act afoot,
   Ev'n with the very comment of thy soul
   Observe mine uncle.                    Shaksp.
 3. In motion.
     Of Albany's and Cornwall's pow'rs you heard not.
   'Tis said, they are afoot.       Shaksp. King Lear.
 Afo're,  a-fore'. prep,   [from  a and fore.
   See Before.]
 1. Not behind; as, he held the shield afore:
   not in use.
 2. Before; nearer in place to any thing; as,
   he stood afore him.
 3. Sooner  in time.
     If your diligence be not  speedy, I  shall be there
   afore you.                   Shaksp. King Lear.
 Afo're, a-fore'. adv.
 1. In time foregone or past.
     Whosoever should make light of any thing afore
   spoken or written, out of his own house a tree should
   be taken, and he thereon be hanged. Esdras, vi. 22.
     If he never drank wine afore, it will go near to re-
   move his fit.                   Shaksp. Temped.
 2. First in the  way.
    ^Emilia, run you to the citadel;
   And tell my lord and lady,  what hath hap'd:
   Will you go on afore?           Shaksp. Othello.
 3. In front; in the fore-part.
    Approaching nigh, he reared high afore
  His body monstrous, horrible, and vast.   Fairy Q.
 Afo'uegoing,  a-fore'go-ing.  participial
   adj. [from afore and going]  Going be-
   fore
Afo'rkhand,  a-fore'hand.  adv.   [from
   afore and hand.]
 1. By a previous  provision.
    Many of the particular subjects of discourse are
  occasional, and such as cannot aforehand be reduced
  to any certain account.     Govern, of the Tongue.
2. Provided; prepared; previous y fitted
    For it will be said, that in the  former  times,
  whereof we have spoken, Spain was  not so mighty
  as now it is; and England, on the other side, was
  more aforehand in all matters of power.
        Bacon's Considerations on  War with Spain.
 Afo'rementioned,  a-fore'men-shund.36*
   adj. [from afore and mentioned]  Men-
   tioned  before.
     Among the nine other parts, five are not in a con-
   dition to give alms or relief to those aforementioned;
   being very near reduced  themselves, to the same
   miserable condition.                   Addison.
 Afo'rbnamed,   a-fore'na-med.38a   adj.
   [from afore and named ] Named before.
     Imitate something of circular form; in which, as
   in all other aforenamed proportions, you shall help
   yourself by the diameter.     Peacham on Drawing.
 Afo'resaid, a-fore'sade. adj. [from afore
   and said.] Said before.
     It need not go for repetition, if we resume again
   that, which we said in the aforesaid experiment.
                     Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 171.
 Afo'retime,   a-fore'time.  adv.  [from
   afore jmd time.] In time past.
     Othou, that ait waxen old in wickedness! Now
   thy sins, which thou hast  committed aforetime, are
   come to light.                       Susanna.
 Afra'id, a-trade'. participial adj.  [from
   the verb affray: it should therefore pro-
   perly  be written with ff.]
 I. Struck with fear; terrified; fearful.
     So persecute them with toy tempest,  and make
   them afraid with thy storm.     Psalm lxxxiii.  15.
 2  it tub the particle of, before the object
   of fear.
     There, loathing life, and yet of death afraid,
   In anguish of her spirit thus she pray'd.   Dryden.
     If, while this wearied flesh draws fleeting breath,
   Not saiisfy'd with life, afraid of death,
   It  hap'ly be thy will, that I should know
   Glimpse of delight, or pause from anxious woe;
   From now, from instant now, great Sire, dispel
   The clouds, that press my soul.            Prior.
 Afre'sh, a-tresh'. adv. [from a and fresh.
   See Fresh.] Anew; again, after inter-
   mission.
     The Germans, serving upon  great horses, and
   charged with heavy armour, received great hurt by
   light skirmishes; the Turks, with their light horses,
   easily shunning their charge, and again (at their
   pleasure) charging them afresh, when they saw the
   heavy horses almost weary.
                   Knolles's History of the Turks.
     When once we have attained  these ideas, they
   may be excited afresh by the use of words.
                                Watts's Logick.
 Afro'nt, a-frunt'.168   adv. [from a  and
  front.]  In front; in direct opposition  to
   the face.
    These four came all afront, and mainly thrust at
  me.                    Shalcsp. Henry IV. p. i.
 A'fter, af'tur.98/?r<?/2.  [aepcen., Sax.]
 I.  Following in place.  After is commonly
   applied to words of motion; as, he came
   after, and stood  behind him. It is op-
   posed to before.
    What says Lord Warwick? Shall we after them?
  —After them! nay, before them, if we can. Shaksp.
2  In pursuit of.
    After whom is the king of Israel come out? Af-
  ter whom dost thou pursue? After a dead dog, after
  a flea.                        1 Sam. xxiv.  14.
3  Bciiind. This is not  a  common  use.
    Sometimes I placed a third prism after a second,
  and sometimes also a fourth  after  a third; by all
  which, the image might be often refracted sideways.
                              Newton's Opticks.
4.  Posterior in time.
    Good after ill, and after pain delight;
  Alternate, like the scenes of day and night. Dryden.
    We shall examine the ways of conveyance of the
  sovereignty of Adam to princes, that  were to reign
  after him.                              Locke.
5. According to.
    He, that thiuketh Spain our over-match, is no
  good  mint-man; but takes greatness of kingdoms,
  according to bulk and currency, and not after their
  intrinsic value.                          Bacon.
6 In imitation of.
    There are, among the old Roman statues, several
  of Venus, in different postures  and habits; as there
  are many particular figures of  her,  made after the
  same design.                    Addison's Italy.
    This allusion is after the oriental manner: thus,
  in the Psalms, how frequently are persons compared
  to cedars.                 Pope's Odyssey, notes.
A'fter, af'tur. adv.
1. In succeeding time.  It is used  of time,
   mentioned as  succeeding some other.
   So we cannot say,»I  shall be  happy af-
   ter,  but hereafter;' but we say,' I was
   first  made  miserable by the  loss, but
   was  after  happier.'
    Far be it from me, to justify the cruelties, which
  were at fust used towards them, which had their re-
  ward soon after.                         Bacon.
          Those, who (from the pit of hell,
  Roaming to seek their prey on earth) durst fix
  Their seats long after, next the  seat of God.
                                 Paradise Lost.
2. Following another.
    Let go thy hold, when  a  great wheel  runs down
  a hill; lest it break thy neck; with following it; but
  the great one, that goes upward, let him draw thee
  after.                       Shaksp. King Lear.
A'fter, af'tur, is compounded with many
   words, but almost always in  its genuine
   and primitive signification; some, which
   occurred,  will follow, by  which  others
  may be  explained.
A'fter-acceptation,  af'tilr-ak-sep-ta'-
   shun. to.  s. [from after and acceptation.]
   A sense afterwards, not at first admitted.
    'Tis true, some doctors in a scantier space,
  I mean in each apart, contract the place;
  Some, who to greater length extend  the line,
  The church's after-acceptation join.        Dryden.
Vfterages,  af'tur-a'j£z. to. s.  [from af-
   ter and ag^s.] Successive times;  poste-
   rity. Of this word  I have found no  sin-
   gular; but see not,  why  it might  not be
   said,  This will be done in some after-age.
    Not the whole land, which the Chusites should or
  might, in future time, conquer; seeing, in after-ages,
  they became lords of many nations. Raleigh's Hist.
    Nor to philosophers is praise  deny'd,
  Whose wise instructions after-ages guide.
                                Sir J. Denham.
    What an opinion will after-ages entertain, of their
  religion; who bid fair  for a gibbet, to bring in a su-
  perstition, which their fore-fathers perished in flames
  to keep out.                          Addison.
A'ftf.rall, af'tur-ill',  adv. When ah has
   been  taken into  the view;  when  there
   remains nothing  more  to be  added; at
   last;  in  fine; in  conclusion;  upon  the
   whole; at the most.
    They have given no good proof, in asserting this
  extravagant principle; for which (after-all)  they
  have no ground or colour, but a passage or two of
  scripture, miserably perverted, in opposition to many
  express texts.              Atti.rbury's Sermons.
    But after-alt, if they have any merit,  it is to be
  attributed to some good  old authors, whose works I
  study.                  Pope on Pastoral Poetry.
Vftkrbirth,  aft&r-ber^A. to. *.  [from
   cftt-r and  birth ]  The   membrane, in
   which the birth  was  involved, winch  is
   brought away after; the  secuncane.
    The exorbitances or degenerations, whether fri'm
  a hurt in labour, or from part of the after-birth left 
AFT                                     AFT                                     AGA
  behind, produce such virulent distempers  of the
  blood, as make it cast out a tumour.     Wiseman.
A'fterclap,  af'tur-klap.  to. *. [from af-
   ter and clap.] Unexpected events, hap-
   pening after an affair is supposed to be
   at an end.
    For the next morrow's mead they closely went,
  For fear of after-claps to prevent. Spens. Hub. Tale.
     It is commonly taken in  an ill sense.
A'ftercost, af'tur-kost. to. s. [from after
   and  coat]  The latter  charges; the ex-
   pense, incurred after the original plan
   is executed.
    You must take care to carry off the land-floods
  and streams, before you attempt draining; lest your
  after'-cost and labour prove unsuccessful.
                         Mortimer's Husbandry.
A'ftercrop,  af'tur-krop. to. s. [from af-
   ter  and crop.] The second crop or har-
   vest of the same year.
    After-crops I think neither good  for the land, nor
  yet the hay good for the  cattle.       Mortimer.
A'fter-uinner,  af'tiir-din'nur.98   to.   s.
   [from after and dinner.] The hour pas-
   sing just afterdinncr, which is generally
   allowed to indulgence and amusement.
            Thou hast nor youth nor age,
  But (as it were) an after-dinner's sleep,
  Dreaming on both.  Shaksp. Measure for Measure.
A'FTER-ENnEAvouR,  af't&r-en-dev'ur.254
   to. s. [from  after and endeavour.] En-
   deavours, made after the  first effort or
   endeavour.
    There is  no  reason,  why the  sound of  a pipe
  should leave traces in their brains; which, not at first,
  but by their after-endeavours, should produce the
  like sounds.                            Locke.
A'FTER-iNquiRY, af't&r-in-kwi're.   to.  *.
   [from after andinquiry.] Inquiry,  made
   after the  fact committed, or after life.
    You must either be directed by  some, that take
  upon them to know; or take upon yourself that which
  (I am sure) you do not know; or lump the after-en-
  quiry, on your peril.          Shaksp. Cymbeline.
To A'ftereye, af'tur-i'. v. a. [from after
   and eye.] To keep one in view; to follow
   in view.  This is not in use.
    Thou shouldst have made him,
  As little as a crow, or less; ere left
  To after-eye  him.            Shaksp. Cymbeline.
A'fiergame,  af'tur-game.  to. s.  [from
   after and game.] The  scheme, which
   may be laid; or the  expedients, which
   are  practised, after the original design
   has  miscarried;  methods, taken  after
   the  first turn of affairs.
    This earl, like certain vegetables, did bud and
  open slowly; nature sometimes delighting to play an
  after-game, as well  as fortune; which had  (both)
  their turns and tides, in course.         Wotton.
    The fables of the axe-handle and the wedge serve
  to precaution us, not to put ourselves  needlessly
"  upon  an after-game; but to weigh before-hand, what
  we say and do.             L'Estrange's  Fables.
    Our first design, my friend, has  prov'd abortive;
  Still there remains an after-game to play. Addison.
A'fter hours,  af'tdr-oiirs.394  313   to.   s.
   [from after and hours.] The hours, that
   succeed.
    So smile the heav'ns upon this holy act,
  That after-hcurs with sorrow chide us not.  Shaksp.
A'FTER-LivER,af'tur-lfv'vur.98  n. s. [from
   after and live.] He, that lives in succeed-
   ing   times.
            By thee my promise sent
  1 nto  myself, let after-livers know.     Sidney, b.  ii.
A'fterlove, af'tar-iav.15' to. s.  [from af-
  ter and love.] The second or later love.
    Intended, or committed, was this fault?
  If but the first, how heinous e'er it be;
  To win thy after-love, I pardon thee.       Shaksp.
A'FTERMATH,af'tur-ma^A. n.s. [from after
  and math, from mow.]  The latter math;
  the second crop of grass, mown  in au-
  tumn.  See Aftf.rcrop.
A'FTERNOONjaf'tiLir-noon'. n.s.[fromafter
  and noon.] The time, from the meridian
  to the evening.
    A beauty-waining and distressed widow,
  Ev'n in the afternoon of her best days,
  Made prize and purchase of his wanton eye.  Shaksp.
    However, keep the lively taste you hold
  Of God; and love him now, but fear him more:
    And in your afternoons think, what you told
  And promis'd him at morning-prayer before.  Donne.
    Such, all the morning, to the pleadings run;
  But, when the bus'ness of the day is done,
  On dice, and drink, and drabs, they spend the after-
      noon.              Dryden's Persius, Sat. i.
A'FTERPAiNS,af'tiir-panez. to. s. [from af-
  ter and pain.]
     The pains after birth, by which wo-
  men are delivered of the secundine.
A'fterpart,  af'tur-part.81 n.s. [from af-
  ter and part.]  The latter  part.
    The flexibleness of the former part of a man's
  age, not yet grown-up to  be  headstrong, makes it
  more governable and safe; and, in the afterpart, rea-
  son and foresight begin a little to take place, and
  mind a man of his safety and  improvement. Locke.
A'fterproof, af't&r-proof.306 to. s.  [from
  after and proof]
1. Evidence,  posterior to  the  thing  in
  question.
2. Qualities, known by subsequent expe-
  rience.
    All know, that he likewise  at first was much un-
  der the expectation of his aftcrproof; such a solar in-
  fluence there is, in the solar aspect.       Wotton.
A'ftertaste, af'tur-taste. to. s. [from af-
  ter and taste.] A taste, remaining upon
  the tongue after the draught, which was
  not perceived in the act of drinking.
A'fterthought, af'tur-thawt. n. s. [from
  after and thought.] Reflections after the
  act; expedients, formed too late.   It is
  not  properly to  be  used  for second-
  thought.
    Expence, and afterthought,  and idle care,
  And doubts of motley hue, and dark despair;
  Suspicions, and fantastical surmise;
  And jealousy, suffus'd with jaundice in her eyes,
  Discolouring all she view'd, in tawny dress'd,
  Downlook'd, and with a cuckow on her fist.
                              Dryden's Fables.
A'ftertimes, af'tijr-timez. to. s.   [from
  after and time.]  Succeeding times. See
  After'ages.
    You promis'd  once, a progeny divine
  Of Romans, rising from the Trojan line,
  In aftertimes should hold the world in awe,
  And to the land  and ocean give the law.
                              Dryden's Virgil.
A'ftertossing,  af'ttir-tos-ifig.488    n. s.
  [from  after  and toss.]  The motion of
  the sea after a storm.
    Confusions and tumults are only the impotent re-
  mains of an unnatural rebellion; and are  no more,
  than the after-tossings of a sea, when the storm is
  laid.                      Addison's Freeholder,
 Vjierward, af'tfir-ward.88  adv.  [from
  after and peajib,  Sax.] In succeeding
  time: sometimes written afterwards, but
  less  properly.
    Uses, not thought-upon  before,  may aftencard
  spring-up; and be reasonable causes of retaining
  that, which former considerations did formerly pro-
  cure to be instituted.                  Hooker.
    An anxious distrust of the divine goodness makes
  a man more and more unworthy of it; and misera-
  ble beforehand, for fear of being so  afterward.
                                  L'Estrxmge,
A'fterwit, af'tur-wlt. to. *.  [from after
  and wit.]  The contrivance of expedi-
  ents, after the occasion of using them is
  past.   See Afterthought.
    There is no recalling, what's gone and past; so
  that afterwit comes too late, when  the mischief is
  done.                            L'Estrange.
A'fterwrath, af tor-rath. to.  s. [from af
  ter and  wrath.]   Anger, when the pro-
  vocation seems past.
                  I hear him mock
  The luck of Casar; which the gods give men,
  T' excuse their after-wrath. Shaksp. Ant. and Cleop.
A'GA, a'ga.  «. s. The title of a Turkish
  military officer.
Aga'in, a-g6n'. adv. [agen, Sax.]
I. A  second time; once more:  marking
  the  repetition of the same thing.
    The poor remnant of human seed, which remain-
  ed in their mountains, peopled  their country again
  slowly, by little and little.  Bacon's New Atalantis.
    Should Nature's self invade the world  again,
  And o'er the cenfre spread the liquid main;
  Thy pow'r were safe.                   Waller.
    Go now, deluded man!  And seek again
  New toils, new dangers, on the dusty plain.
                                Dryd. JEntU.
    Some are already retired into foreign countries;
  and the rest, who possess lands, are determined ne-
  ver to hazard them again, for the sake of establish-
  ing their superstition.                    Swift.
2. On the other hand:  marking some op-
  position or contrariety.
    His wit increased upon the occasion;and so much
  the more,  if the occasion were sharpened with dan-
  ger.  Again, whether it  were  the shortness of bis
  foresight,  or  the strength of his will; certain it is,
  that the perpetual trouble of his fortunes could not
  have been without defects in his nature.    Bacon.
    Those things, that we know not, what to do withal,
  if we had them: and those things again, which ano-
  ther cannot part with,  but to his own loss and shame,
                           L'Estrange's FabUs.
3. On another part: marking a transition
  to some new consideration.
    Behold yon mountain's  hoary height,
  Made higher with new mounts of snow;
    Again, behold the winter's weight,
  Oppress the lab'ring woods below.       Dryden.
4. In return: noting re-action, or recipro-
  cal action; as,' his fortune worked upon
  his  nature, and his nature again upon
  his fortune.'
5. Back: in restitution.
            When your head did but ake,
  I knit my handkerchief about your brows,
  The best I had; a princess wrought it me;
  And I did never ask it you again.  Shaksp. K. John.
6. In return  for any thing;  in recompense.
    That he hath given, will he pay again.
                                 Prov. xix. 21.
7. In order of rank  or succession; marking
   distribution.
    Question was  asked of Demosthenes,  What was
  the chief part of an orator? He answered, Action:
  What next? Action: What next, again? Action.
                                Bacon's  Essays.
    The cause of the holding green, is the close and
  compact substance of their leaves, and the pedicles 
AGA
AGA
AGE
   of them: and the cause of that again is, either the
   tough and viscous juice of the plant, or toe strength
   and heat thereof.             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 8. Besides; in any other time or place.
    They have the Walloons, who are tall soldiers;
   yet, that is but a spot of ground: but, on the other
   side, there is not in the world again such a spring
   and seminary of brave military people; as in Eng-
   land, Scotland, and Ireland.              Bacon.
 9. Twice  as  much:   marking the  same
   quantity once  repeated.
    There are, whom heav'n has  blest with store of
         wit;
   Yet want as much again, to manage  it;
   For wit and judgment ever are at strife,
   Tho' meant each others' said, like man and wife.
                                         Pope.
     I should not be sorry, to see a chorus on a theatre,
   more than as large and as deep again as ours, built
   and adorned at a king's charges.          Dryden.
 10. Again and again;  with frequent repe-
   tition: often.
    This is not to be obtained, by  one  or two hasty
   readings: it must be repeated again and again, with
   a close attention to the tenour of the discourse.
                                        Locke.
 11. In opposition; by way of resistance.
    Who art thou, that answerest again?      Rom.
 12. Back; as, returning  from  some  mes-
    sage.
     Bring us word again, which way we shall go.
                                    Deut. i.  22.
 Aga'inst, a-ge'nst'.208 prep, [sengeon, on-
   geonb, Sax.]
 1. In opposition to any person.
    And he will be a wild man: his hand will be against
   every man, and every man's hand against him.
                                   Gen. xvi.  12.
 2. Contrary; opposite, in general.
    That authority of men should  prevail with men
   either against or above reason, is no part of our be-
   lief.                                 Hooker.
    He is melancholy without cause, and merry against
   the  hair.            Sliaksp. Troilus and Cressida.
    We might work any effect, without and against
   matter: and this not holpen, by the co-operation of
   angels or  spirits; but, only by the unity and harmony
   of nature.                   Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    The preventing goodness of God does even wrest
   him from himself, and save him (as it were) against
   his will.                               South.
    The god, uneasy till he slept again,
   Resolv'd, at once to  rid himself of pain;
   And, tho' against his custom, calld aloud. Dryden.
    Men often say, a thing is against their conscience,
   when really it is not.             Swift's Miscel.
 3. In contradiction to any opinion.
    After all, that can be said against  a  thing, this
  will still  be  true;  that many things possibly are,
  which we know not of; and that many more things
  may be, than are: and if so, after  all our arguments
  against a thing, it will be uncertain, whether it be
  or not.                              Tillotson.
    The church-clergy have written the best collection
  bf tracts against popery, that ever appeared in Eng-
  land.                                  Swift.
4. With contrary motion or tendency: used
   of material action.
            Boils and plagues
  Plaister you o'er, that one infect another
  Against the wind a mile.          Shaksp. Coriol.
    The kite, being a bird of prey, and therefore hot,
  delighteth in the. fresh air; and many times  flieth
  against the wind, as trouts and salmons swim against
  the stream.                            Bacon.
5. Contrary to rule or law.
              If aught against my life
  Thy country sought of thee, it sought unjustly,
  Against the law of nature, law of nations.  Milton.
    Against the. public  sanctions of the peace.
  Against all omens of their ill success:
   With fates averse, the rout in arms resort,
   To force their monarch, and insult the court. Dryd.
 6. Opposite to, in place.
     Against the Tiber's mouth, but far away.  Dryd.
 7. To the hurt of another.   See sense 5.
     And, when thou think'st of her eternity,
   Think not that death against her nature is;
     Think it a birth: and, when thou go'st to die,
   Sing like a swan, as if thou went'st to bliss.
                                  Sir J.  Davies.
 8. In provision for; in expectation of.
   This mode of speaking probably had its
   original from the idea of making provi-
   sion against, or in opposition to, a time
   of misfortune; but by degrees acquired
   a neutral  sense.  It sometimes has the
   case elliptically suppressed; as, against
   he comes; that is, against  the time, when
   he comes.
     Thence she them brought into a stately hall,
   Wherein were many tables fair dispred,
     And ready dight with drapets festival,
   Against the viands should be ministred. Fairy Queen.
     The like charge was given them against the time,
   they should come to settle  themselves  in the land
   promised unto their fathers.             Hooker.
     Some say, that ever, 'gainst that season comes,
   Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
   The bird of dawning singeth all night long:
   And then they say, no spirit walks abroad;
   The nights are wholesome; then no planets strike;
   No fairy tales, no witch hath power to charm;
   So hallow'd and  so gracious is the time.    Shaksp.
     To that purpose, he made haste to Bristol; that all
   things  might be  ready,  against  the prince came
   thither.                            Clarendon.
    Against the promis'd time provides with care,
   And hastens in the woof the robes he was to wear.
                                      Dryden.
     All which, I grant to be reasonably and truly said;
   and only desire,  they may be remembered  against
   another day.                       Stillingfleet.
 A'galaxy,  a-gal'lak-se.fi17  to. s.  [from «
   and y«A«, Gr.]  Want of milk.     Diet.
 Aga'pe, d-gape'. adv.7B [from a and gape.]
   Staring with  eagerness; as, a bird gapes
   for meat.
            In himself was all his state;
  More solemn, than the tedious pomp, that waits
   On princes; when their rich retinue long,
  Of horses led, and grooms besmear'd with gold,
  Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape.
                                 Paradise Lost.
    Dazzle the crowd, and set them all agape. Philips.
    The whole crowd stood agape, and ready to take
  the doctor at his word.        Spectator, No. 572.
 A'garick, ag'a-rik. to. s. [agaricum,  Lat.]
   A drug, of use in physick, and the dying
   trade.  It is divided,  into male and fe-
   male; the male is   used only in dying,
   the female in medicine; the male grows
   on oaks, the  female  on larches.
    There are two excrescences,  which grow upon
  trees; both of them, in the nature of mushrooms: the
  one, the Romans call boletus; which groweth upon
  the roots of oaks, and was  one  of the  dainties of
  their table: the other is  medicinal, that is called
  agarick, which groweth upon the tops of oaks; though
  it be affirmed by some, that  it groweth also at the
  roots-                                 Bacon.
Aga'st, a-gast'. adj.  [This word, which
   is  usually by  later   authors  written
   aghast, is not improbably the true word,
   derived  from agaze;   which has  been
   written  aghast,  from   a  mistaken ety-
   mology.   See Aghast.]   Struck with
   terrour; amazed; frighted to astonish-
   ment.
               Thus roving-on,
   In confus'd march forlorn, th' advent'rous bands
   (With shudd'ring horrour pale, and eyes agast)
   View'd first their lamentable lot; and found
   No rest.                     Milton's Par. Lost.
 A'gate, ag'at.91  to. s.  [agate, Fr. achates,
   hat]   A  precious stone of the lowest
   class,  often  clouded with  beautiful va-
   riegations.
     In shape no bigger, than an agate stone
   On the forefinger of an alderman.         Shaksp.
     Agates are  only varieties of the  flint  kind: they
   have a grey horny ground, clouded, lineated, or spot-
   ted with different colours, chiefly dusky,  black,
   brown, red, and  sometimes blue.       Woodward.
 A'g.vty, ag'a-te.  adj.  [from  agate] Par-
   taking of the nature of agate.
     An agaty flint was above two inches in diameter;
   the whole covered over,  with a friable cretaceous
   crust.                              Woodward.
 To  Aga'ze,  a-gaze'.  v.  a.   [from a and
   gaze, to set a gazing; as, amaze, amuse,
   and others.]  To strike with  amazement;
   to stupify  with sudden terrour.   The
   verb  is now out of use.
     So as they travell'd, so they 'gan espy
   An armed knight toward them gallop fast;
     That seemed from some feared foe to fly,
   Or other grisly thing that him agast.  Fairy Queen.
 Aga'zed, a-ga'zld.   particip. adj.  [from
   agaze; which see.] Struck  with amaze-
   ment; terrified  to stupidity.
     Hundreds he sent to  hell;  and none durst stand
           him:
   Here, there, and every where, enrag'd he flew:
   The French exclaim'd,  « The devil  was  in arms!'
   All the whole army stood agazed on him.  Shaksp.
 AGE, aje. to. s.  [age,  Fr. anciently eage,
   or aage:  it is deduced by Menage, from
   cetalium, of tetas;  by Junius,  from aa,
   which (in the Teutonick dialects) signi-
   fied long duration.]
 1. Any period of time, attributed to some-
   thing, as the whole or part of its dura-
   tion:  in  this sense,  we  say,  the age of
   man,  the several  ages of the world, the
   golden or iron age.
     One man in his time plays many parts,
  His life being seven ages.               Sliaksp.
     And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt, seventeen
  years: so the whole age of Jacob was an hundred forty
  and seven years.               Genesis, xlvii. 28.
2. A succession or generation of  men.
     Hence  lastly springs care of posterities;
  For things, their kind would everlasting make:
     Hence  is it, that old men do plant young trees,
  The fruit whereof another age shall take.
                                  Sir J, Davies.
                 Next to the Son,
  Destin'd Restorer of mankind, by whom
  New heav'n and earth shall to the ages rise,
  Or down from heav'n descend. Milton's Par. Lost.
                 No declining age
  E'er felt the raptures of  poetic rage.  Roscommon.
3. The time,  in which any particular man,
   or race of  men, lived,'or shall live;  as,
   the age of heroes.
    No longer now the golden age appears,
  When patriarch wits surviv'd a thousand years.
                                         Pope.
4. The space  of a hundred years; a secular
   period; a century.
5. The latter  part of life;  old-age; oldness
     You see, how full of change his ag-e is; the obser-
  vation we have made of it, hath not been little: he
  always  loved our sister most;  and,  with what poor
  judgment, he hath wow cast her oil"!       Shaho 
AGE
AGG
AGG
    Boys must  not have th' ambitions care of men;
  Nor men, the weak anxieties of age.  Roscommon.
    And on this forehead (where your verse has said,
  The loves delighted, and the graces play'd)
  Insulting age will trace his cruel way,
  And leave sad marks of his destructive sway. Prior.
6. Maturity;  ripeness; years of discretion;
   full strength of life.
    A solemn admission of proselytes; all, that either,
  being of age, desire that admission for themselves;
  or that,  in infancy, are by others presented to that
  charity of the church.               Hammond.
    We thought our sires, not with their own consent,
  Had (ere we came to age) our portion spent. Dryd.
7. In law.
    In a man, the age of fourteen years is the age of
  discretion; and twenty-one years is the full age.  In
  a woman, at seven years of age, the lord her father
  may distrain his tenants for aid to marry her; at the
  age of nine years, she is dowable; at twelve years,
  she is able finally to ratify and confirm her former
  consent given to matrimony; at fourteen, she is ena-
  bled to receive her land into her own hands; and
  shall be out of ward, at the death of her ancestor: at
  sixteen,  she shall be out of ward, though at  the
  death of her ancestor, she was within the age  of
  fourteen years: at twenty-one, she is able to alien-
  ate her lands and tenements.   At the age of four-
  teen, a stripling is enabled to choose his own guar-
  dian; at the age of fourteen, a man may consent to
  marriage.                            Cowell.
A'ged, a'jed.363 adj. [from age.  It makes
   two syllables in poetry.]
1. Old;  stricken  in  years: applied gene-
   rally, to animate beings.
    If the comparison do stand between man and man,
  tie aged (for the most part) are best experienced,
  least subject to rash and unadvised passions.  Hooker.
    Novelty is only in request: and it is as dangerous,
  to be aged in any kind of course; as it is virtuous, to
  be constant in any undertaking.          Shaksp.
    Kindness itself too weak a charm will proveH
  To raise the feeble fires of aged love.       Prior.
2. Old;  applied to inanimate things. This
   use  is  rare,  and commonly with some
   tendency to  the prosopopaia.
    The  people did not more worship the images of
  gold and ivoiy, than they did the groves: and the
  same, Quintilian saith, of the aged oaks.
        Stillingfleel's Defence of Disc, on Rom. Idol.
A'GEnLY, a'j£d-le. adv. [from aged.]  Af-
   ter the manner of an aged person.
Age'n, a-gen'.206 adv. [agen,Sax.] Again;
   in return.   See Again.
     This word is now only written in this
   manner (though it be in reality the true
   orthography)  for the sake of rhyme.
    Thus Venus: Thus her son reply'd ag'n;
  None of your sisters have we heard or seen. Dryd.
A'gency, a'jen-se. to. s.  [from agent/]
1. The quality of acting; the state of being
   in action; action.
    A few advances there are in the following papers,
  tending to assert the superintendence and agency of
  Providence in the natural world.      Woodward.
2. The  office of an agent or factor for ano-
   ther;  business performed  by an agent.
    Some of the purchasers themselves may be con-
  tent to live cheap in a worse country, rather than
  be at the charge of exchange and agencies.  Sicift.

A'GKNT, a'jent. adj. [agens, Lat.] That,
   which acts; opposed to  patient, or that
   which is acted upon.
    This success is oft' truly ascribed, unto the force
  of imagination upon the body agent; and then, by a
  secondary means, it may upon a diverse body: as,
  for example; if a man carry a ring, or some part of
  a beast, believing strongly that it will help him to
  obtain his love; it may make him more industrious,
  and again more confident and persisting, than other-
  wise he would be.             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
A'gent, a'jent.  to. a.
1. An actor; he, that acts; he, that posses-
   ses the faculty of action.
    Where there is no doubt, deliberation is not ex-
  cluded, as impertinent unto the thing; but as need-
  less in regard of the agent, which seeth already what
  to resolve upon.                       Hooker.
    To whom, nor agent, from the instrument;
  Nor pow'r of working, from the work is known.
                                      Davies.
    Heav'n made us agents, free to good or ill;
  And fore'd it not though he foresaw the will:
  Freedom was first bestow'd on human race,
  And prescience only held the second place.  Dryden.
    A miracle is a work, exceeding the power of any
  created agent, consequently being an effect of the di-
  vine omnipotence.              South's Sermons.
2. A substitute; a deputy; a factor; a per-
   son,  employed  to transact the  business
   of  another.
    —All hearts in love, use your own tongues;
  Let every eye negociate for itself,
  And trust no agent.                    Shaksp.
    They had not  the  wit, to send to them, (in any
  orderly fashion) agents  or  chosen men, to tempt
  them,  and to treat with them.  Bacon's Henry VII.
    Remember, Sir, your fury of a wife;
  Who,  not content to be reveng'd on you,
  The agents of your passion will pursue.
                             Dryden's Aureng.
3. That, which has the power of operating,
   or producing effects, upon another thing.
    They produced wonderful effects, by  the proper
  application of agents to patients.          Temple.
Aggela'tion,  aj-je-la'shun. «.  s. [Lat.
   gelu.]  Concretion of  ice.
    It is round in hail, and figured in its guttulous de-
  scent from the air; growing greater or lesser, accord-
  ing to  the accretion or pluvious aggelation about the
  fundamental atoms thereof.   Brown's V.  Errours.
Aggenera'tion, ad-jen-nir-a'shun. to. *.
   [from ad and generatio, Lat.] The state
   of  growing or uniting to another body.
    To make a perfect nutrition, there is  required a
  transmutation of nutriment: now, where .this con-
  version or aggeneration is made, there is also requir-
  ed, in  the aliment, a similarity of matter.
                        Brown's Vidgar Errours.
To  A'ggkrate,  skl'jur-ate.  v  a.  [from
   agger, Lat.] To heap up.          Diet.
Agoero'sr, ad-jfir-6se'. adj. [from agger,
   Lat.] Full  of heaps.               Diet.
To AGGLO'MERATE, ag-gl6m'mur-
   ate.  v. a.  [agglomero, Lat.]
1  To gather up in a ball, as thread.
2  To gather  together.
To A.GGLo'MERArE,ag-glom'mfirate.i;.«.
    Besides the hard agglomerating salts,
  The spoil of ages, would impervious choke
  Their  secret channels.       Tlwmson's Autumn.
Agglu'tinants,   ag-glu'te-nanls.  n   s.
   [from agglutinate.]  Those medicines or
   applications,  which  have  the power of
   uniting parts together.

7* AGGLU'TINATE,ag-glu'te-nate. v.
   to.  [from  ad and gluten, glue, Lat.]  To
   unite one part to another;  to  join  to-
   gether, so as not to fall asunder.  It is a
   word, almost appropriated to medicine.
    The body has got room enough, to grow into its
  full  dimensions; which is performed, by the daily
  ingestion of  food, that is digested into blood; which,
  being  diffused  through the body, is  agglutinated to
   those parts,  that  were immediately  agglutinated to
   toe foundation parts of the womb.
                       Harvey on Consumptions.
Agglutina'tion, ag-glu-te-na'shiin. ». «.
   [from agglutinate.] Union; cohesion; the
   act of agglutinating; the state of being
   agglutinated.
    The occasion of its not healing by agglutination,
  as the other did, was from the alteration the ichor
  had begun to make in the bottom of the wound.
                             Wiseman's Surgery.
Agglu'tinative,  ag-glu'te-na-tlv.612 adj.
   [from agglutinate/] That, which has the
   power of procuring agglutination.
    Rowl up  the member, with  the agglutinative
  rowler.                              Wiseman.
To AGGUANDI'ZE, %'gran-dize.™» „.
   a. [aggrandiser, Fr.] To make great; to
   enlarge; to exalt; to improve  in power,
   honour, or rank.  It is applied to persons
   generally, sometimes to things.
    If the king should use it no better, than the pope
  did, only to aggrandize covetous churchmen; it can-
  not be called a jewel in his crown.
                             Ayliffe's  Parergov
    These furnish us, with glorious springs and me-
  diums;  to raise  and aggrandize our conceptions, to
  warm our souls, to awaken the  better passions; and
  to elevate them, even to a divine pitch, and that
  for devotional  purposes.  Watts's hnpr. of the Mind.
A'ggrandizement,  ag'gran-dize-ment.
   to. s. [aggrandissement,  Fr.] The state
   of being aggrandized; the act of aggran
   dizing.
A'GGRANniZER,  ag'gran-dize-iir.  n. «,
   [from aggrandize.] The  person, that ag-
   grandizes or makes great another.
To Aggra'te, ag-grate'. v. a.  [aggratare,
   Ital.]  To please; to treat with civilities:
   a word not now in use.
    And in the  midst thereof, upon the floor,
  A lovely bevy of fair ladies sate,
    Courted of many a jolly paramour;
  The which them did in modest wise amate,
  And each one sought his lady  to aggrate.
                                 Fairy Queer*,
To A'GGRAVATE, ag'gra-vate.*1  v.a.
   [aggravo, Lat.]
1. To make  heavy: used,  only in a meta-
   phorical sense; as, to aggravate an accu-
   sation, or a  punishment.
    A grove hard by sprung up with this their change,
   (His will, who reigns above!) to aggravate
  Their penance; laden with fruit, like that
  Which grew in Paradise, the bait of Eve,
  Us'd by the tempter.          Milton's Par. Lost.
    Ambitious Turnus in the press appears,
  And aggravating crimes augments their fears.
                               Dryden's AZneid.
2. Ho make  any thing worse, by the  addi-
   tion of some  particular circumstance,
   not essential.
    This  offence, in itself so heinous, was yet in him
  aggravated by the motive thereof;  which was not
  malice  or discontent, but an aspiring  mind to the
   papacy.                    Bacon's Henry VII.
AGGRAVA'TioN,ag-gra-va'shfin.TO.s.[from
   aggravate.]
1. The act of aggravating, or making heavy,
2. The act of enlarging to  enormity.
    A painter added a pair of whiskers to the face;
   and, by a little aggravation of the features, changed
   it into the Saracen's head.              Addison.
3. The  extrinsical circumstances or acci-
   dents, which increase   the  guilt   of  a
   crime, or  the misery of a calamity
    He,  to the sins which he commits, hath the ag-
  gravation superadded, of committing them against
   knowledge, against conscience, against sight of the
   contrary law.                       Hammond 
AGG
AGI
AGI
                If it be weigh'd
   By itself, with aggravations not surcharg'd,
   Or else with just allowance counterpois'd;
  ■ 1 may, if possible, thy pardon find •
   The easier towards me, or thy hatred less.  Milton.
 A'ggregatr, ag'gre-gate." adj. [aggre-
   gate,  Lat.]  Framed, by the collection
   of any particular parts, into one mass,
   body, or system.
     The solid reason of one man with unprejudicate
   apprehensions, begets as firm a belief, as the autho-
   rity or aggregate testimony of many hundreds.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     They  had,  for  a long time together, produced
   many other inept  combinations, or aggregate forms
   of particular things, and nonsensical systems of the
   whole.                   Ray on tlie Creation.
 A'ggregate, ag'gre-gate, n. s. [from  the
   verb.]  The complex or collective result
   of the  conjunction or acervation of ma-
   ny particulars.
     The reason  of the far greatest part of mankind,
   is but an  aggregate of mistaken phantasms; and, in
   things not sensible, a constant delusion.
                    Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
     A great number of living and thinking particles
   could not possibly,  by their mutual  contact,  and
   pressing, and  striking, compose  one  great indivi-
   dual animal, with  one mind and understanding, and
   a vital consension of the whole body; any more,
   than a swarm  of bees,  or a crowd of men and wo-
   men, can be conceived to make up one particular
   living creature, compounded and constituted of the
   aggregate of them  all.                 Bentley.
 To  A'GGREGATE,  ag'gre-gate.  v. a.
   aggrego, Lat.] To collect together; to
   accumulate; to heap many  particulars
   into one mass.
                   The aggregated soil
   Death, with his mace petrifick, cold and dry,
   As with a trident, smote.      Milton's Par. Lost.
 Aggregation, ag- gre-ga'shun. n. s. [from
   aggregate.]
 I. Collection, or  state of being collected.
     Their  individual imperfections being great,  they
   are moreover enlarged by their aggregation; and,
   being erroneous in  their single numbers, once hud-
   dled together, they will  be errour itself.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 2. The collection, or act of collecting ma-
   ny particulars into one whole.
     The water, resident in the abyss, is  (in all parts
   of it) stored with a considerable quantity of heat;
   and more especially in those, where these extraor-
   dinary aggregations of this fire happen.
               ♦          Woodward's Nat. Hist.
 3. The whole, composed by the  coacerva-
   tion of many particulars; an aggregate.
 To AGGRE'SS,  ag-grdss'. v.n. [aggredior,
   aggressum,  Lat.]  To commit the first
   act of violence; to  begin the quarrel.
             The glorious pair advance,
  With mingled anger and collected might;
    To turn the war, and  tell aggressing France,
  How Britain's sons  and Britain's friends can fight.
                                      Prior.
Aggre'ssion, ag-gre'sh'fin. n.s. [eggressio,
   Lat.] The first  act of injury; commence-
   ment of a quarrel, by some act of iniqui-
   ty-
    There is no resisting of a common enemy, with-
  out an union for a mutual defence; and there may be
  also,  on the other  hand, a conspiracy of common
  enmity and aggression.              L'Estrange.
Aggre'ssor, ag-gres'siir.88 418 n. s. [from
   aggress.]  The   person, that first  com-
   mences hostility; the assaulter or inva-
  der, opposed to the defendant.
      VOL. I.
                  Fly in nature's face!
   But how, if nature fly in my face first?
   Then nature's the aggressor. Let her look toH.
                                     Dryden.
    It  is a very unlucky circumstance, to be obliged
   to retaliate the injuries of such authors; whose works
   are so soon forgotten, that we are in danger already
   of appearing the first aggressors.   Pope and Swift.
 Aggri'evance,  ag-gre'vanse. to.  s.  [See
   Grievance.]  Injury; hardship inflicted;
   wrong endured.
 To Aggri'eve, ag-greve'.a7s v.  a.  [from
   gravis-, Lat. See To grieve.]
 1. To give sorrow; to  cause grief;  to vex.
   It is not  improbable, that to grieve was
   original ly neuter, and aggriev e the active.
    But while therein I took my chief delight,
   I saw, alas! the gaping earth devour
    The spring, the place, and all, clean out of sight:
   Which yet aggrieves my heart, even to this hour.
                                     Spenser.
 2. To impose some hardships upon; to ha-
   rass;  to hurt in one's right.   This is a
   kind of juridical sense; and whenever it
   is used now, it seems to bear some allu-
   sion to forms of law.
    Sewall, archbishop of York, much aggrieved with
   some practices of the pope's collectors,  took all pa-
   tiently.                             Camden.
    The landed man finds himself aggrieved, by the
   falling of his rents, and the strcightening of his for-
   tune; whilst the monied man keeps up his gain, and
   the merchant thrives and grows rich by trade. Locke.
    Of injur'd fame, and mighty wrongs receiv'd,
   Chloe complains, and wond'rously's aggriev'd.
                                   Granville.
 To Aggrou'p,  ag-gr66p'.  v. a.  [aggro-
   pare, Ital.] To bring together into one
   figure; to crowd  together:  a term of
   painting.
    Bodies of divers natures, which are aggrouped (or
  combined)  together, are agreeable and pleasant to
  the sight.                            Dryden.
Agha'st, a-gast'. adj.  [either the partici-
   ple  of agaze (see  Agaze,)  and then to
   be written agazed, or agast; or  from a
   and gape,  a ghost;  which  the present
   orthography favours: perhaps they were
   originally different words.]  Struck with
   horrour,  as at the sight of a spectre;
   stupified with  terrour.  It is generally
   applied to the  external appearance.
    She (sighing sore, as if her heart in twaine
  Had riven been, and all her heart-strings brast)
  With dreary drooping eyne look'd up, like one aghast
                                     Spenser.
    The aged earth, aghast
  With terror of that blast,
  Shall from the surface to the centre shake.  Milton.
    Aghast he wak'd; and, starting from his bed,
  Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread.
                             Dryden's AZneid.
    I laugh to think,  how your unshaken Cato
  Will look aghast, while unforeseen destruction
  Pours in upon him thus from every side.   Addison
A'GILE, aj'll.1*0 adj.  [agile, Fr.  agilis,
   Lat.] Nimble;  ready; having the quality
   of being  speedily put in motion;  active.
    With that he gave his able horse the head;
  And, bending forward, struck his agile heels
  Against the  panting sides of his poor jade,
  Up to the rowel-head.          Shaksp. Hen. IV.
    The immediate  and  agile subservience of the
  spirits to the empire of the mind or soul.
                     Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    To guide  its actions with informing care,
  In peace to judge, to conquer in the war,
                      G
   Render it agile, witty, valiant, sage;
   As fits the various course of humnn age.    Prioi.
 A'gileness, ajli-ness.  to.  s.  [from agile/
   The quality of being agile; nimbieness;
   readiness for motion; quickness; activi-
   ty;  agility.
 Agi'litt, a-jil'e-te.611 to. s.  [agilitas, Lat.
   from agilis, agile.] Nimbleness; readi-
   ness to move; quickness; activity.
    A  limb, over-strained by lifting a weight above
  its power, may never recover its former agility and
  vigour.                               U atts.
 AGrLLOCHUM,a-j\V6-k&m.n.s. Aloes-
   wood. A tree in the East-Indies, brought
   lo us  in  small  bits,  of a very fragrant
   scent.   It is hot, drying, and accounted
   a strengthener of the nerves in general:
   the best is  of  a  blackish purple colour;
   and so light, as  to swim upon water.
                                    Quincy.
 A'GIO,ar]e-b. to. s. [An Italian word, sig-
   nifying ease or  conveniency.]  A  mer-
   cantile  term,  used chiefly in Holland
   and  Venice, for the difference between
   the value of bank notes, and the current
   money.                       Chambers.
 To AGI'ST, a-jist'. v. a. [from giste, Fr. a
   bed or resting-place,  or from gist er, i. e.
   stabulari/] To take in and feed the cattle
   of strangers in the king's forest, and to
   gather the money.  The officers,  that do
   this, are called agistors; in English,guest
   or gist-takers: their  function is termed
   agistment;  as, agistment upon the sea-
   banks. This word agist is also used, for
   the  taking in of other men's cattle into
   any man's ground, at a  certain rate per
   week.                            Blount.
 Agistment, aj-ist'm£nt. to. s. [See Agist]
   It is taken by the canon lawyers, in an-
  other sense, than is  mentioned  under
   agist.  They seemed to intend by it, a
  modus or  composition, or mean  rate, at
   which  some right or due may  be reck-
   oned: perhaps it is corrupted from ad-
   doucissement, of adjustment.
Agi'stor, a-jis'tlir. to. s. [from agist.] An
  officer of the king's forest.  See  Agist.
A'gitable,  aj'e-ta-bl. adj.  [from  agitate;
   agitabilis,  Lat.]  That,  which  may  be
   agitated, or put  in motion;  perhaps that
   which  may be disputed. See Agitate,
   and Agitation.
 To A'GITATE,  aj'e-tate" v. a.  [agito,
   Lat.]
 1. To  put in  motion; to  shake;  to move
   nimbly; as, < the surface of the waters is
   agitated  by the wind;  the vessel  was
  broken, by agitating  the liquor.'
2. To be the cause of motion; to actuate;
   to move.
    Where dwells this  sov'reign arbitrary soul,
  Which does the human animal controul,
  Inform each part, and agitate the whole?  Blackmore.
3. To  effect  with per.urbation:  as, 'the
   mind  of  man is  agitated  by  various
   passions.'
 4. To stir; to bandy from one to another; to
   discuss; to controvert;   as, to  agitate a
  . question. 
AGN
AGO
AGO
    Though this controversy be revived, and hotly
  agitated among the moderns; yet I doubt, whether
  it be not, in a great part, a nominal dispute.
                             Boyle on Colours.
.'). To contrive; to revolve; to form by la-
   borious thought.
    Formalities of extraordinary zeal and piety are*
  never more studied and elaborate, than when politi-
  cians most agitate desperate designs.  King Charles.
Agita'tion, aj-e-ta'shun. to. s. [from agi-
   tate; agitatio, Lat ]
1. The act of moving or shaking any thing.
    Putrefaction asketh rest; for the  subtle motion,
  which putrefaction  requireth,  is disturbed by any
  agitation.                            Bacon.
2. The state of being moved or agitated; as,
   the waters, after a storm, are  some time
   in a violent agitation.'
3. Discussion; controversial  examination.
    A kind of a school question is started in this fable,
   upon reason and instinct: this deliberative proceed-
  ing of the crow was rather a logical agitation of the
  matter.                    L'Estrange's Fables.
4. "Violent motion of the mind; perturba-
   tion; disturbance of the thoughts.
    A great perturbation in nature! to receive at once
   the benefit of sleep, and do the effects of watching.
   In this slumbry agitation, besides her walking, and
  other actual performances, what have you heard her
   say?                        Shaksp.  Macbeth.
    His mother could no longer bear the agitations of
  so many passions, as thronged upon her.
                                Tatler, No. 55.
$. Deliberation;  contrivance;  the state of
   being  consulted upon.
    The project now in agitation, for repealing of the
  test act,  and yet leaving the name of an establish-
  ment to the present national church, is inconsistent.
                            Sroift's Miscellanies.
Agita'tor, aj-e ta'tur. 531  «. s.  [from agi-
   tate.]   He, that agitates any thing;  he,
   who manages  affairs! in  which sense
   seems to  be used, the  agitators of  the
   army.
A'glet, ag'let. to. s. [Some derive it from
   eityxn, splendour; but it is apparently to
   be deduced from aigulette,  Fr. a tag to
   a point; and that, from aigu,  sharp.]
 1. A tag of a point, curved into some rep-
   resentation of an animal, generally of a
   man.
    He thereupon gave for the garter a chain, worth
  2001. and his gown addressed with aglets, esteemed
  worth 251.                        Hayward.
    Why,  give him gold enough, and many him to a
  puppet, or an aglet baby, or an old trot, and ne'er a
  tooth in her head.   Shaksp. Taming of the Shrew.
2. The pendants, atthe ends of the chieves
   of flowers, as in tulips.
A'gminal,  ag'me-nal. adj. [from agmen,
   Lat.]  Belonging to a troop.       Diet.
A'gnail, ag'nale. adj. [from anje, grieved,
   and nagle, a nail.] A disease of the nails;
   a whitlow; an  inflammation  round the
   nails.
Agna'tion, ag-na'shfin. ». s.  [from agna-
   tus, Lat.] Descent from  the same father,
   in a direct male line; distinct from cog-
  nation, or consanguinity; which include
  descendants from females.
Agni'tion, ag-nish'un. to. «. [from agnitio,
  Lat.] Acknowledgment.
To Agni'ze, ag-nize'. v. a. [from agnosco,
  Lat.] To acknowledge; to own; to avow
  This word is now obsolete.
                I do agnize
  A natural and prompt alacrity,
  I find in hardness.              Shaksp. Othello.
Agnomina'tion, ag-nom-me-na'shiin. to. s.
  [agnominatio,Lat.] Allusion of one word
  to another, by resemblance of sound.
    The British continueth yet in Wales, and some
  villages of Cornwall, intermingled with provincial
  Latin; being veiy significative, copious, and plea-
  santly running upon agnominations, although harsh
  in aspirations.                       Camden.
AGNUX  CASTUS, ag'nus-cas'tus. to.  *.
  [Lat.] The name of the tree, commonly
  called the Chaste Tree, from an imagi-
  nary virtue of preserving chastity.
    Of laurel some, of woodbine many more,
  And wreathes of agnus castus others bore. Dryden.
Ago' a-go'. adv.  [agart, Sax. past or gone;
  whence  writers formerly used, and  in
  some provinces the people  still use,
  agone for ago]  Past; as, long ago; that
  is, long time has passed since.  Reckon-
  ing time  toward the present, we  use,
  since; as, it is a year since it happened:
  reckoning from the present, we use ago;
  as, it happened a year ago. This is not,
  perhaps, always observed.
                The great supply
  Are wreck'd three nights ago on Godwin sands.
                                     Sliaksp.
    This, both by others and myself I know:
  For I have serv'd their sovereign, long ago;
  Oft have been caught, within the winding train.
                              Dryden's Fables.
    I shall set down an account of a discourse I chanced
  to have with one of them some time ago.   Addison.
Ago'g a-gog'.  adv.  [a word of uncertain
  etymology. The French have the term d
  gogo, in low language; as, ils vivent a
  gogo, they live to their wish: from this
  phrase, our word may be (perhaps) de-
  rived.]
I. In a state of desire; in a state  of warm
  imagination; heated,  with the notion  of
  some enjoyment; longing; strongly  ex-
  cited.
    As for  the sense and reason of it, that has little
  or nothing to do here: only let it sound full and
  round, and chime right to the humour, which is  at
  present agog; just as a big, long, rattling name is
  said to command even adoration from a  Spaniard:
  and no doubt, with this powerful, senseless engine,
  the  rabble-driver shall be able to carry all before
  him.                        South's Sermons.
2. It is used, with the verbs to be, or to set;
  as, he is agog, or you may set him agog.
    The gawdy gossip, when she's set agog,
  In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob,
  Goes flaunting out; and, in her trim of pride,
  Thinks, all she says or does is justify'd.    Dryden.
    This maggot has no sooner set him agog, but  he
  gets him a ship; freights her, builds castles in the
  air, and conceits both the Indies in his coffers.
                                  L'Estrange.
3.  It  has the  particles on, or for before
  the object of desire.
    On which, the saints are  all agog;
  And all this, for a bear and dog.  Hudibr. cant. ii.
    Gypsies generally  straggle into these parts, and
  set the heads of our servant-maids so agog for hus-
  bands, that we do not expect to have any business
  done as it should be, whilst they are in the country.
                           Addison's  Spectator.
Ago'ing, a-go'lng.*™ participial adj. [from
  a and going] In action; into  action.
    Their first movement, and impressed motions,
  demanded the impulse of an almighty hand, to set
  them first agoing.                      Tatler.
Ago'ne, a-g6n'. adv.  [ajan, Sax.] Ago;
  past.  See Ago.
    Is he such a princely one,
  As you spake him long agone?       Ben Jonson.
A'gonism, ag'6-nizm.5^3  to. s. [ecyavtT/ui}
  Gr.] Contention for a prize.       Diet.
A'gonist, ag'6-nist. to. s.   [xymim, Gr.l
  A contender for prizes.           Diet.
Agoni'stes,  ag-6-nis'tez.  to. a. [*y«»iVi»«,
  Gr.] A  prize-fighter; one, that contends
  at  any  publick solemnity for  a prize.
  Milton  has so  styled his tragedy; be-
  cause Samson was called out,  to divert
  the Philistines with feats of strength.
Agonis'tioal, ag-6-nls'te-kal.  adj. [from
  agonistes.]  Relating  to prize-fighting.
                                      Diet.
To  A'gonize, ag'6-nize. v. ». [from ago-
  nizo,  low Latin:  *ymi&, Gr. agoni&er,
  Fr.] To feel agonies; to be in excessive
  pain.
    Dost  thou behold my poor distracted heart,
  Thus rent with agonizing love and rage;
  And ask me, what it means? Art thou not false?
                            Rowe's Jane Shore.
    Or touch, if tremblingly alive all o'er,
  To smart and agonize at every pore?        Pope,
Agonothe'tick,   ag-o-no-thei'tik.608 «°fl
  adj. [dXav and  ri'S/cm Gr.]   Proposing
  publick contentions for prizes;  giving-
  prizes;  presiding at publick games.
                                      Diet,
A'GONY,  ag'6-ne.s*8   n.s. [»yaV, Gr.
  agon, low Lat. agonie, Fr.]
1. The pangs of death; properly, the last
  contest between life and death.
    Never was there more pity,  in saving any, than
  in ending  me; because therein my agony shall end.
                                     Sidney.
    Thou, who for me didst feel such pain,
  Whose precious blood the cross did stain,
  Let not those agonies be vain.       Roscommon.
2. Any violent or  excessive pain of body
  or  mind.
    Betwixt them both, they have done me to dy,
  Through wounds, and strokes, and stubborn handel-
      ing;
    That death were better, than such agony,
  As grief and fury unto me did bring.  Fairy Queen,
    Thee I have miss'd, and thought it long, depriv'd
  Thy presence; agony of love! till now
  Not felt, nor shall be twice.    MUton's Par. Lost.
3. It  is particularly used, in devotions for
  our Redeemer's  conflict in the garden.
    To propose our desires, which cannot take such
  effect as we specify, shall (notwithstanding) other-
  wise procure us his heavenly  grace; even as this
  very prayer of Christ obtained angels to be sent him,
  as comforters in his agony.              Hooker.
Ago'od, a-gud.'  adv. [a  and  good.' In
  earnest; not fictitiously. Not in use.
    At that time I made her weep agood,
    For I did play a lamentable part.    Shakspeare.
Agou'tv, a-g66'te. to. *. An animal of the
  Antilles; of the bigness of a rabbet, with
  bright red  hair, and a little tail without
  hair.  He has but two teeth in each jaw;
  holds his meat in his fore-paws;  like  a
  squirrel;  and  has a very remarkable
  cry: when  he is angry, his hair stands
  on end;  and he strikes the earth with his
  hind-feet; and, when chased; he flies to
  a hollow tree, whence he is expelled by
  smoke.                         Trevoux. 
AGR
AGR
AGR
 To Agra'ce, a-grase'. v. a. [from a and
   grace]  To gnait favours to; to  confer
   benefits upon; a word not now in use.
     She granted; aiid that knight so much agroc'd,
   That she him taught celestial discipline.  Fairy Q.

 Agha'mmatist, a-gram'iiia-t'ist. to. s.  [«,
   priv. andy f»/*./*.*, Gr.] An illiterate man.
                                        Diet.
 Agra'bia'n,  a-gra'r£-an.  adj. [agrarius,
   Lat.] Relating to  fields or  grounds:  a
   Word seldom used, but  in  the Roman
   History;  where there is mention of the
   agrarian la\v.
 To Agre'ase, a-greze'. v. a. [from a and
   grease.] To daub; to grease; to pollute
    with  filth.
     The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were,
   Ehgross'd  with mud; which did them foul agrease.
                                  Fairy Queen.

 ToAGRE'E, aigree'. v.n.  [agreer, Fr.
   from  gre,  liking  or  good-will; gratia
   and gratus; Lat.]
 1. To be in concord; to live without  con-
   tention;  not to differ.
     The more you agree together, the less hurt can
   your enemies do you.  Broome's View of Epic Poetry.
 2. To grant; to yield to; to admit;  with the
   particles to, or upon.
     And persuaded them, to agree to  all reasonable
   conditions.                 2 Maccabees, xi. 14.
     We do not prove the origin of the earth,  from a
   chaos; seeing that is  agreed on by all, that give it
  any origin.                           Burnet.
 3. To settle amicably.
     A form  of words  were quickly  agreed on  be-
   tween them, for a perfect combination. Clarendon
 4. To  settle terms,  by stipulation; to ac-
   cord;  followed by with.
     Agree with thine adversary quickly, whilst thou
  art in the way with him; lest at any time toe adver-
  sary deliver thee to toe judge, and the judge deliver
  thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison.
                                  Matt. v. 25.
 5. To settle- a price, between buyer and
   seller.
     Friend,  I do thee no wrong: didst not  thou agree
   with me for a penny?              Matt. xx.  13.
 6. To be of the  same mind or opinion.
     He exceedingly provoked or  underwent, the envy
   and reproach, and malice of men of all qualities
   and conditions,  who agreed in nothing else.
                                    Clarendon.
     Milton is a noble genius; and the  world .agrees,
  to confess it.     Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
 7. To concur; to co-operate.
    Must the whole man (amazing thought!) return,
  To the cold marble and contracted urn?
  And never shall those particles agree,
  That were  in life this individual he?        Prior.
8. To settle some point, among many; with
   upon,  before a noun.
    Strifes and troubles would be endless; except they
  gave  their common consent all, to be ordered by
  some, whom they should agree upon.      Hooker.
    If men, skilled in chymicai affairs,  shall agree to
  write clearly, and keep  men from  being stunned
  by dark or empty words;  they will be  reduced,
  either to write nothing; or books that  may teach  us
  something.                              Boyle.
9.  To be consistent; not to contradict: with
   to or with.
    For many bear false witness' against him; but
  their witness agreed not together.   Mark, xiv. 56.
    They, that stood by, said again to  Peter, Surely
  thou art one of them;  for thou art a Galilean, and
  thy speech agreeth thereto.        Mark, xiv. 70.
    Which testimony, I the less scruple to allege; be-
  cause it agrees very well, with what has been affirm-
  ed to me.                               Boyle.
 10. To suit with; to be accommodated to:
    with to, or with.
    Thou feedest thine own people with angels food;
  and didst send them from heaven bread, agreeing to
  every taste.                           Wisdom.
    His principles  could not be made to  agree, with
  that  constitution  and order, which God had settled
  in the world;  and therefore must needs  clash, with
  common sense and experience.            Locke.
 11. To cause no disturbance in the body.
    I have often thought that, our prescribing asses
  milk in such small quantities is injudicious; for un-
  doubtedly, with such as it agrees with, it would per-
  form much greater and  quicker effects, in greater
  quantities.                          Arbuthnot.
 To Agre'e, a-gree'.  v.  a.
 1. To put an  end to a  variance.
 |   He saw from far, or seemed for to see,
  Some troublous uproar, or contentious fray;
  Whereto he drew in haste, it to agree.   Fairy Q.
 2. To make friends; to reconcile.
    The mighty rivals, whose destructive rage
  Did the whole world in civil  arms engage,
  Are now agreed.                    Roscommon.
 Agre'eable, a-gree'a-bl. adj. [agreable,
  Fr.]
 1. Suitable to; consistent With; conforma-
  ble  to. It has  the particle to, or with.
    This paucity of blood is agreeable  to many other
  animals; as frogs, lizards, and other fishes. Brown.
    The delight, which men have in popularity; fame,
  submission, and subjection  of  other  men's minds;
  seemeth to be a thing (in itself, without contempla-
  tion of consequence) agreeable  and grateful, to the
  nature of man.          Bacon's Natural History.
    What you do,  is not at all agreeable, either with
  so good a  christian, or so  reasonable and so great a
  person.                               Ternple.
    That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing,
  is many times contrary to the nature of another.
                                   L'Estrange.
    As the practice of all piety  and virtue is agree-
  able to our reason; so is  it  likewise  the interest,
  both of private persons, and of publick societies.
                                     Tillotson.
i. In the following passage, the adjective
  is used  (by a familiar  corruption) for
  the  adverb  agreeably.
    Agreeable hereunto, perhaps it might not be amiss,
  to make children (as soon as they are capable of it)
  often to tell a story.          Locke on Education.
3. Pleasing; that is suitable, to the inclina-
  tion, faculties, or  temper: it is used in
  this sense, both of persons apd things.
    And, while the face of  outward things we find
  Pleasant and fair, agreeable and sweet;
  These things transport.            Sir J. Davies.
    I recollect in my mind the  discourses, which have
  passed  between us; and  call to mind a thousand
  agreeable remarks, which  he  has made on these oc-
  casions.            Addison, Spectator, No. 241.
Agre'eableness,  a-gree'a-bl-n£ss.   to. s.
  [from agreeable.]
 1. Consistency  with; suitableness to: with
  the  particle to.
    Pleasant tastes depend, not on the things them-
  selves, but their agreeableness to this or  that parti-
  cular palate; wherein there is great variety. Locke.
2. The quality of pleasing.  It is  used, in
  an inferiour sense; to mark the  produc-
  tion of satisfaction, calm and lasting, but
  below rapture or admiration.
    There will be occasion for largeness of mind,
  and agreeooieness of temper.   Collier of Friendship.
    It is very much an image of that author's writing;
  who has an agreeableness that charms us, without
  correctness; like  a mistress, whose faults we see,
  but love her with them all.                 Pope.
                    g2
 3. Resemblance; likeness: sometimes, with
   tlie particle between.
     This relation is likewise seen, in the agreeable-
  ness between man and the other parts of the uni-
  verse.                 Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
 Agre'eably,  a-gree'a-ble.  adv.  [from
   agreeable/]
 I. Consistently  with; in a manner, suitable
   to.
     They may look into the affairs of Judea and Je-
  rusalem; agreeably to that, which is in toe law of the
  Lord.                         1 Esd. xviii. 12
 2. Pleasingly.
     I .did never imagine, that so many excellent rules
  could be produced so advantageously and agreeably.
                                         Sicift.

 Agre'eo, a-greed'. participial adj.  [from
  agree.] Settled by consent.
     When they had got known and agreed names, to
  signify those internal operations of their own minds;
  they were sufficiently furnished, to make known by
  words all their ideas.                    Locke.
Agre'eingness,   a-gree'ing-ndss.    to. s.
  [from agree.]  Consistence; suitableness.
AGRE'EMENT,a-gree'ment. to. s. [agrement,
  Fr. in law Latin  agreamentum,   which
  Coke would willingly derive  from ag-
  gregalio mentium.]
 1. Concord.
     What agreement is there, between the hyena and
  the dog? and what peace between the rich  and the
 ; poor?                          Ecclus. xiii. 18.
2. Resemblance of one thing to another.
   The division and quavering, which please so much
  in  musick, have an agreement with toe glittering of
  light; as the moon-beams, playing upon a wav^.
                                        Bacon.
     Expansion and duration have  this farther agree-
  ment; that,  though they are both considered by us
  as  having parts, yet  their parts are not separable
  one from another.                        Locke.
3. Compact,  bargain; conclusion of con-
  troversy; stipulation.
     And your covenant with death shall be disannul-
  led, and your agreement with hell shall not stand;
  when the, overflowing scourge shall pass through,
  then shall ye be trodden down by it.
                              Isaiah, xxviii. 18.
     Make an agreement with me by a  present, and
  come out to me; and then eat ye, every man of his
  own vine, and every one of his fig-tree.
                              2 Kings, xviii. 31i
     Frog had given  his word, that he would meet the
  company, to talk of this agreement.     Arbuthnot.
Agre'stick, or  Agre'stical,  a-gres'tik,
  or a-greVte'kal. adj. [from agrcstis, La,t.
  Having relation  to  the  country;  rude;
  rustick.                             Diet.
Agrioola'tion,   a-gre-ko-la'shun.   to. &.
  [from agricola. Lat.]  Culture of the
  ground.                             Diet.

A'gricui/ture, ag're-kul-tchure.462 to. *.
  [agricultura, Lat.]  The art of cultivat-
  ing the  ground;  tillage; husbandry, as
  distinct from  pasturage.
     He strictly adviseth not to begin to sow before
  the setting of the stars; which,  notwithstanding,
  without injury to agriculture, cannot be observed in
  England.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     That there was tillage  bestowed upon the ante-
  diluvian ground,  Moses  does indeed  intimate in
  general", what sort of tillage that was, is not ex-
  pressed.  I hope  to  shew that,  their  agriculture
  was nothing so laborious and troublesome,nordidit
  take up so much time, as ours doth.     Woodward.
     The disposition of  Ulysses inclined him to war,
|  rather than the less  lucrative,  but  more secure, 
AGD
AID
AIL
  method of life, by agricxdture and husbandry.
                   Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
A'grimony, ag're-mun-ne."7 to. s.[agrimo-
   nia, Lat.]   The name of a  plant. The
   leaves  are rough, hairy, pennated, and
   grow alternately  on the  branches;  the
   flower-cup consists of one  leaf,  which
   is  divided into five segments: the flow-
   ers have five  or six leaves, and  are
   formed  into  a  long spike; which ex-
   pands, in for.n of a rose;  the fruit is ob-
   long, dry, and prickly, like the burdock;
   ineach of which, are  contained two ker-
   nels.                              Miller
 To AGRi'sE,a-grize. v.  to. [ajruran, Sax.]
   To look terrible.  Out of use.  Spenser.
 To Agri'se,   a-grize,  v. a.  To  terrify.
                                    Spenser.
 Agro'und, a-grdund'.313 adv.  [from a and
   ground.]
 1. Stranded; hindered by the ground, from
   passing farther.
    With our great ships, we durst not approach the
  coast;  we having been, all  of us aground.
                        Sir W. Raleigh's Essays.
    Say, what you seek, and whither were you bound?
  Were you, by stress of weather, cast aground?
                                      Dryden,
 2. It is likewise figuratively used, for being
   hindered in  the progress of  affairs; as,
   the  negociators  were aground  at  that
   objection.
 A'GUE,  a'gue.338  to. s. [aigu, Fr. acute/]
   An  intermitting  fever,  with cold fits
   succeeded by hot: the cold  fit is, in po-
   pular language, more particularly call-
   ed the  ague; and the hot, the fever.
                   Our castle's strength
   Will laugh a siege to scorn. Here let them lie.
   Till famine and the ague eat them up.     Shaksp.
                         Though
   He feels the heats of youth, and colds of age;
   Yet neither tempers nor corrects the other;
   As  if there were an ague in his nature,
   That still inclines to one extreme. Denham's Sophy.
 A'GUED,a'gu-ecl.36a ,69  adj. [from ague.]
   Struck with an ague; shivering; chill;
   cold: a word in little  use.
    All hurt behind, backs red, and faces pale,
   With flight and agued fear!   Shaksp. Coriolanus.
 A'gue-fit, i'gue-fit. n. s. [from ague and
   ft.]  The paroxysm of the ague.
    This ague-fit of fear is overblown.      Shaksp.
 A'gue-proof,a'gue-proof, ad/ [fromague
   and proof] Proof against agues; able to
   resist the causes, which produce agues,
   without being affected.
    When the rain came to  wet  me once,  and the
   wind to make me chatter; when the thunder would
   not peace at my  bidding; there I found 'em, there I
   smelt 'em out. They told me, I was every thing: 'tis
   a lie; I am not ague-proof.     Sliaksp. King Lear.
 A'gue-tree, a'gue-tree.  «. s. [from ague
   and  tree.]  A name sometimes given to
   sassafras.                           Diet
 To  A'guisk, a'gyize. te03*1 v. a.  [from a
   and guise.   See Guise.]  To dress;  to
   adorn; to deck: a word not in use now.
    As her fantastic wit did most delight,
  Sometimes her head she fondly would aguise
  With gaudy garlands, or fresh flowers dight
  About her neck, or rings of rushes plight.   Fairy Q.
 A'guish, a'gu-ish adj.  [from ague.] Hav-
   ing the qualities of an ague.
    So calm, and so serene, but now,
  What means this change, on Myra's brow?
  Her aguish love now glows and burns,
  Then chills and shakes, and the cold fit returns.
                                    Granville.
A'guishnicss,  a'gu-ish-ness. «. s.  [from
  aguish.] The quality,  of resembling an
  ague.
Ah, a.  Interjection.
1. A word, noting sometimes dislike  and
  censure.
    Ah! sinful nation!  a people, laden with iniquity, a
  seed of evil-doers; children, that are corrupters! they
  have forsaken the Lord.             Isaiah, i. 4.
2. Sometimes, contempt and exultation.
    Let  them not say in their hearts, Ah! so we would
  have it: let them not say, we have swallowed him
  up.                           Pslam xxxv. 25.
3. Sometimes, and most frequently, com-
  passion and comprint.
    In youth alone, unhappy mortals live;
  But, ah! the mighty bliss is fugitive:
  Discolour'd sickness, anxious labour come,
  And age and death's inexorable doom.    Dryden.
    Ah me! the blooming pride of May,
  And that of beauty, are but one:
    At morn both flourish bright and gay;
  Both fade at evening, pale and gone.       Prior.
4. When  it  is  followed  by that,  it  ex-
  presses vehement desire.
    In goodness, as in greatness, they excel.
  Ah! tlutt we lov'd ourselves, but half so well!  Dryden.
Aha'! Aha'! a-ha', a-.ia'.  interjection.  A
  word,intimating triumph and contempt.
    They opened their mouth wide against me, and
  said, aha! aha! our eye hath seen it.
                              Psalm xxxv. 21
Ahe'ad, a-hed'. adv. [from a and head.]
i. Farther onward,  than  another:  a  sea
  term.
    And now the mighty Centaur seems to lead;
  And now the speedy Dolphin gets ahead.
                              Dryden's AZneid.
2. Headlong; precipitantly:  used of  ani-
  mals, and  figuratively of men.
    It is mightily the fault of parents, guardians, tutors,
  and governours, that so many men  miscarry.  They
  suffer them at first to run ahead; and, when perverse
  inclinations are advanced into  habits,  there  is no
  dealing with them.           L'Estrange's Fables.
Ahe'ight,   a-hite'.  adv.  [from  a  and
  height]   Aloft; on high.
                 But have I fall'n or no,—
  —From the dread summit of this chalky  bourne?
  Look up aheight! the shrill'd-gorg'd lark  so far
  Cannot be seen or heard.      Shaksp.  King Lear.

AHOUA'I, a-hoi-a'.  n.  s. The name of a
  poisonous  plant.
To  AID,  ade,202 v. a.  [aider, Fr.  from ad-
  jutare, Lat.] To help; to support; to suc-
  cour.
    Into the lake he leapt, his lord to aid;
  And, of him catching hold, him strongly  staid
  From drowning.                  Fairy Queen.
    Neither shall they give any thing unto them, that
  make war upon them, or aid them with victuals,
  weapons, money, or ships.     Maccabees,  viii. 26.
    By the loud trumpet which our courage aids,
  We learn  that, sound as well as sense persuades.
                                  Roscommon.
Aid, ade. to. s.  [from To aid]
1. Help; support.
    The memory of useful things may receive consi-
  derable aid, if they are thrown into verse.
                Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
    Your patrimonial stores in peace possess;
  Undoubted all your filial claim confess;
  Your private right should impious  power invade,
  The peers of Ithaca would arm in aid.   Pope's Od.
2. The person, that gives help or support;
   a  helper; auxiliary.
    Thou hast said, it is not good,  that man should
  be  alone;  let us make  unto him  au aid, like unto
  himself.                         Tobit, viii. 6.
    Great aids came in to him, partly upon missives.
  and partly voluntaries from many parts.    Bacon.
3. In law.
    A subsidy. Aid is also particularly used, in mat-
  ter of pleading, for a petition made  in court, for
  the calling in of help from another, that hath an in-
  terest in the cause in question: and is likewise, both
  to  give strength  to the party,  that prays in aid of
  him;  and also, to avoid a prejudice accruing towards
  his own right, except it be prevented: as, when a
  tenant for  term of life,  courtesy, &c. being im-
  pleaded touching his estate, he may pray  in aid oi
  him in the reversion; that is, entreat toe court, that
  he may be called in  by writ, to allege what he thinks
  good  for the maintenance both of his right and his
  own.                                 Covotll.
Ai'dance,  ade'anse.   to. s.   [from  aid.]
   Help; support:  a word little used.
    Oft have I seen a timely parted ghost,
  Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless,
  Being all descended to the lab'ring heart;
  Who, in the conflict that it holds with death,
  Attracts the same, for aidance 'gainst the enemy.
                             Shaksp. Henry VI.
Ai'dant, ade'ant. adj. [aidant, Fr.] Help-
   ing, helpful: not in use.
    AU you, unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
  Spring with my tears; be aidant and remediate,
  In the good man's distress.    Shaksp. King Lear.
Ai'der, ade'ur, to. s.  [from  aid] He, that
   brings aid or help; a helper;  an  ally.
    All along, as he went, were punished the adhe-
  rents and aiders of the late rebels.         Bacon.
Ai'dless, ade'less. adj. [from aid and/e*«,
   an inseparable  particle.]   Helpless; un-
   supported; undefended.
               Alone he enter'd            s
  The mortal gate o' th' city, which he painted
  With shunless destiny: aidless came off;
  And with a sudden re-enforcement, struck
  Corioli, like a planet.        Shaksp. Coriolanus.
               He had met
  Already, ere my best speed could prevent,
  The aidless innocent lady, his wish'd prey. Milton-
A'igulet, a'gu-lei. n.  s. [aigulet, Fr.] A
   point, with tags;  points  of gold, at the
   end of fringes.
    It  all above besprinkled was throughout
  With golden aigulets, that glister'd bright,
    Like twinkling stars; and, all the skirt about,
  Was hemm'd with golden fringes.   Fairy Queen.

To AIL, ale. v. a. [ejlan, Sax. to be trou-
   blesome.]
1. To pain; to trouble; to give pain.
    And the angel of God called to Hagar out of hea-
  ven,  and said unto her;  ' What aileth thee, Hagar?
  fear  not!  for God hath heard the voice of the lad,
  where he  is.'                     Gen. xxi. 17.
2. It is  used  (in a sense  less determinate)
   for  to affect  in any manner;  as, some-
   thing ails  me,  that  I cannot sit  still;
   what ails the man, that  he laughs with-
   out reason?
    Love smiled, and thus said; ' Want, joined to de-
  sire,  is unhappy; but, if he nought do desire, what
  can Heraclitus ail?'                    Sidney.
    What ails me, that I cannot lose thy thought!
  Command, the empress hither to  be brought:
  I, in  her death, shall some diversion find;
  And  rid my thoughts at once, of  woman-kind.
                       Dryden's Tyrannick Loot.

3. To feel pain; to be incommoded.
4. It is remarkable, that this word is never
   used, but with some indefinite term, or 
AIM                                       AIR                                         AIR
   the  word nothing:  as,  What  ails  him?
   What  does  he  ail?  He ails something;
   he  ails nothing.   Something  ails  him;
   nothing ails  him.  Thus we never say, a
   fever ails him, or he ails a fever; or use
   definite terms with this verb.
 Ail, ale.302 to. s.  [from  the verb.]  A dis-
   ease.
     Or heal, 0 Narses, thy obscener ail.      Pope.
 Ai'lment, ale'ment. n. s. [from ail.] Pain;
   disease.
              Little ailments oft attend the fair,
   Not decent for a husband's eye or ear.   Granville.
     I am never ill, but I think of your ailments; and
   repine, that they mutually hinder our being together.
                                  Sioifl's Letters.
 A'iling, ale'ing. participial adj.  [from To
   ail.] Sickly; full of complaints.
 jTo AIM, arne.203  v.n.  [It is derived by
   Skinner from esmer, to point at; a word
   which  I have not found.]
 1. To endeavour, to strike with  a missive
   weapon; to direct towards: with the par-
   ticle at.
     Aim'st thou at princes, all amaz'd they said,
   The last of games?               Pope's Odyssey.
 2. To point the  view, or direct  the steps,
   towards any thing;  to tend  towards;  to
   endeavour to  reach  or obtain: with to
   formerly, now only with at.
     Lo, here the  world is bliss; so here the end,
   To which all men do aim, rich to be made;
   Such grace now, to be happy, is before thee laid.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     Another kind there is; which although we desire
   for itself, as health,  and virtue, and knowledge; ne-
   vertheless they are  not  the  last mark, whereat we
   aim;  but have their further end, whereunto they are
   referred.                              Hooker.
     Swoln with applause, and aiming  still at more,
   He now provokes the sea-gods from the shore.
                                Dryden's Aineid.
     Religion tends to the ease and pleasure, the peace
   and tranquillity, of our minds; which, all the wis-
   dom of the world did always aim at, as the utmost
   felicity of this life.                    Tillotson.
 3. To  guess.
 To  Aim,  ame. v. a.  To  direct  a missile
   weapon; more particularly taken, for the
   act  of  pointing the weapon by the eye,
   before its dismission  from the hand.
     And proud Ideus,  Priam's charioteer,
   Who shakes his empty reins, and aims his airy spear.
                                        Dryden.
 Ann, ame. n. s.  [from the verb.]
 1. The direction of a  missile weapon.
     Ascanius, young and eager of his game,
   Soon  bent his bow, uncertain of his aim:
   But the dire fiend the fatal arrow guides,
   Which pierc'd his  bowels through his panting sides.
                         Dryden, AZn. vii. /. 691.
 2. The point, to which the thing  thrown is
   directed.
    That arrows fled not swifter toward their aim,
  Than  did our soldiers, aiming at their safety,
  Fly from  the field.        Shaksp.  Henry IV. p. ii.
 3.  In  a  figurative  sense, a  purpose;   a
   scheme; an intention; a design.
    He h-usted, to have equall'd the Most High,
  If he oppos'd: and, with ambitious aim,
  Against the throne and  monarchy of God,
  Rais'd impious war.    Milt. Par. Lost, b. i. /. 4J.
    But see, how oft ambitious aims are cio.4;
  And chiefs contend, till all the  prize is  lost   Pope.
4. The object of a design;  the thing,  utcr
   which any one endeavours.
    The safest way is to suppose, that the epistle has
  but one aim; till (by a frequent perusal of it) you
  are forced to see,  there are distinct independent
  parts.        Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.
5. Conjecture; guess.
    It is impossible, by aim to tell it; and, for experi-
  ence and knowledge thereof,  I do not  think that,
  there was ever any  of the particulars thereof.
                              Spenser on Ireland.
    There is a history in all men's lives,
  Figuring the nature  of the times deceas'd:
  The which observ'd, a man may prophesy
  With a near aim, of the  main chance of things,
  As yet not come to life; which, in their seeds
  And weak beginnings, lie intreasured.      Shaksp.
AIR, are.30- «. s.  [air, Fr. ae'r, Lat.]
I. Tne  element,  encompassing the terra-
   queous globe.
    If I were to tell, what  I mean by the word air; I
  may say, it is that fine matter, which we breathe in
  and breathe out continually:  or it is that thin fluid
  body, in which the birds fly, a little above the earth;
  or it is that invisible matter, which  fills all places
  near the  earth, or which immediately encompasses
  the  globe of earth and water.      Watts's Logick.
2. The state  of the air,  or the air, consi-
   dered with regard  to health.
    There be many good  and  healthful airs, that do
  appear by habitation and other proofs; that  differ
  not in smell from other airs.              Bacon.
3. Air in  motion;  a small gentle wind.
               Fresh gales and gentle airs
  Whisper'd it to the  woods; and from their wings
  Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub,
  Disporting! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. I. 515,
    But safe repose, without an air of breath,
  Dwells here; and a  dumb quiet, next to death.
                                       Dryden.
    Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play,
  And Albion's cliffs resound toe rural lay.    Pope.
4. Scent; vapour.
    Stinks, which the nostrils straight abhor, are not
  the  most pernicious; but such airs, as have some si-
  militude with man's body; and so insinuate them-
  selves, and betray the spirits.             Bacon.
5. Blast; pestilential vapour.
    All the stor'd vengeances of heaven fall
  On  her ingrateful top! strike her young bones,
  You taking airs, with lameness.  Shaksp. King Lear.
6. Any thing light or uncertain; that is as
   light as air.
    0 momentary grace of mortal men!
  Which we more hunt for, than the grace of God,
  Who builds his hope in air of your fair looks,
  Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast,
  Ready with ev'ry nod to tumble down.     Shaksp.
7. The open weather; air unconfined.
    The garden was inclos'd within the square,
  Where young Emilia took the morning air.  Dryd.
8. Vent; utterance;  emission into the air.
    I would have ask'd you, if I durst for shame,
  If still you lov'd: you gave it air before me.
  But ah! why were we not both of a sex?
  For then we might have lov'd, without a crime.
                                       Dryden.
9. Publication; exposure,  to  the  publick
   view and knowledge.
    I am sorry to find, it  has  taken air,  that I have
  some hand in these papers.         Pope's Letters.
10. Intelligence; information.  This is not
   now in use.
    It grew from the airs, which the princes and states
  abroad received from their ambassadors and agents
  here.                       Bacon's Henry VII.
11.  Musick,  whether  light or  serious;
   sound;  air modulated
    This musick crept by me upon the waters,
  Allaying both their fury and my passion,
  With its sweet air.              Shaksp. Tempest.
    Call in some musick.   I have heard, soft airs
  Can charm our senses, and expel our cares.
                               Denham's Sophy.
    The same airs, which some entertain with most
  delightful transports, to others are importune.
                     Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
    Since we have such a treasury of words, so pro-
  per for the airs of  musick; I wonder that, persons
  should give so little attention.            Addison.
    Borne on the swelling notes, our souls aspire;
  While solemn airs  improve the sacred fire,
  And angels  lean from heav'n to hear.       Pope.
    —When the soul is sunk with cares,
  Exalts her in enliv'ning airs.    Pope's St. Coxilia.
12. Poetry; a song.
                 The repeated air
  Of sad Electra's poet had the pow'r,
  To save  th'  Athenian walls from ruin bare.
                              Paradise Regained.
13. The  mien, or rilanner, of the person;
  the look.
    Her graceful innocence, her ev'ry air,
  Of gesture, or least action, over-aw'd
  His malice.              Milton's Paradise Lost.
               For  the air of youth
  Hopeful  and cheerful, in thy blood shall reign
  A melancholy damp of cold and dry,
  To weigh thy spirits down, and (last) consume
  The balm of life.         Milton's Paradise Lost.
    But, having the  life before us, besides the expe-
  rience of all they knew; it is no wonder, to hit some
  airs and features which they have missed.  Dryden.
    There is something wonderfully divine, in the airs
  of this picture.                 Addison on Italy.
    Yet should the Graces all thy figures place,
  And breathe an air divine on  ev'ry face.    Pope.
14. An affected  or  laboured  manner  or
  gesture;  as, a  lofty air,  a gay air.
    Whom Ancus follows, with a fawning air;
  But vain within, and proudly popular.     Dryden.
    There are of these sorts of beauties, which last but
  for a moment; as, the different airs of an assembly,
  upon the sight of an unexpected and uncommon ob-
  ject; some particularity of a violent passion, some
  graceful  action, a smile, a glance of an eye, a dis-
  dainful look, a look of gravity,  and a thousand other
  such like things.              Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    Their  whole lives were employed, in intrigues  of
  state;  and they  naturally give  themselves airs of
  kings and princes, of which the ministers of other
  nations are only the representatives.      Addison.
          To curl their waving hairs,
  Assist their blushes, and inspire their airs.   Pope.
    He  assumes and  affects an entire set of very dif-
  ferent airs: he conceives himself, a being of a supe-
  rior nature.                             Swift.
15. Appearance.
    As it was communicated with the air of a secret,
  it soon found its way into the world.        Pope.
16. [in horsemanship.]  Airs denote the ar-
  tificial or practised motions of a managed
  horse.                          Chambers.

To Air,  are. v. a. [from the noun air.]
1. To expose to  the air; lo open to  the air.
    The others make it a matter of small  commen-
  dation in itself; if they, who wear it, do nothing else,
  but air the robes, which their place requireth.
                              Hooker, b. v. § 29,
    Fleas  breed principally of straw or  mats, where
  there  hath been a little moisture; or the chamber
  and bed-straw kept close, and not aired.     Bacon.
    We have had, in  our time,  experience twice or
  thrice; when, both  the judges that sat upon the jail,
  and numbers of those that attended the business, or
  were present, sickened upon it, and died.    There-
  fore, it were good  wisdom, that (in such cases) the
  jail were aired, before they were brought  forth.
                   Bacon's Nat. History, No. 914.
    As  the ants were airing their provisions one  win-
  ter, up comes  a hungry grasshopper to them, and
  begs a charity.               L'Estrange's Fables.
    Or  wicker-baskets weave, or air the coin. Dryd.
2. To  gratify,  by enjoying the  open air.
   with the reciprocal pronoun.
    Nay, stay a little------ 
AIR
AIR
AK1
  Were you bht riding-forth to air yourself,
  Such parting were too petty.   Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    I ascended the highest hills of Bagdat, in order
  to pass the rest of the day in meditation and prayer.
  As I was here airing myself , on the tops of the moun-
  tains; I fell into a profound contemplation, on the
  vanity of human life.            Addison, Sped.
3. To air liquors; to warm them, by the
   fire: a term, used in conversation.
4. To breed in  nests.  In this sense it is
   derived from aerie, a nest: it is now out
   of use.
    You may add their busy, dangerous, discourteous,
  yea and sometimes despiteful stealing, one from
  another, of the eggs and young ones; who if they
  were allowed to air flLvUrally and quietly, there
  would be store sufficient,  to kill not only the par-
  tridges, but even all the good house-wives' chickens,
  in a country.         Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
A'irbladder, are'blad-dur.  to.  s.  [from
   air and bladder.]
 1. Any cuticle or vesicle, filled with air.
    The pulmonary artery and vein pass along the
  surfaces of these air-bladders, in an infinite number
  of ramifications.          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The bladder in fishes; by  the  contrac-
   tion and dilatation of which, they  vary
   the properties of their weight to that of
   their bulk, and rise or fail.
    Though the air-bladder in fishes seems necessary
  for swimming, yet some are so formed, as. to swim
  without it.                         Cudworth.
A'irbuilt,  are'bllt. adj.  [from  air  and
   build.]  Built in the air, without any so-
   lid foundation.
    Hence the fool's paradise, the statesman's scheme,
  The -ahr-built castle, and the golden dream-,
  The maid's romantick wish, the chymist's flame,
  And, poet's vision of eternal fame.          Pope.
A*RnRAWLN,are'dra,wn. adj. [from air and
   drawn.] Drawn or painted in air: a word
   not used.
    This is the very painting, of your fear;
  This is the air-drawn dagger, which (you said)
  Led you to Duncan.             Shaksp. Macbeth.
A'irer, are'ur.98 «.  s. [from To air.]  He,
   that exposes to the air.
A'irgun,  are'gun.  s.  A  gun,  charged
   with air instead of powder.
A'irhole,   are'hole.  to.  a.  [from  air and
   hole.]  A  hole to admit the air.
A'iriness, are'e-n^ss. to. a. [from airy.]
 1. Openness; exposure to the air.
2. Lightness; gayety; levity.
    The French have indeed taken worthy pains, to
  make classick learning speak their language: if they
  have not succeeded, it must be imputed to a certain
  talkativeness and  airiness  represented  in  their
  tongue; which will never agree, with the sedateness
  of the Romans, or the solemnity of the Greeks. Felton.
A'iring, are'ing.410 to. *. [from  air.] A
   short journey or ramble,  to enjoy the
   free air.
    This little fleet serves, only to fetch them wine,
  and corn, and to give their ladies an airing in the
  summer season.                      Addison.
A'irless, are'less. adj. [from air.]  Want-
   ing communication with the free air.
    Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass,
  Nor airless dungeon, nor stoong links of iron,
  Can be retentive to the strength of spirit.  Shaksp.
A'lRLiNG,are'llng.410 to. s.  [from air, for
  gayety.]   A young,  light,  thoughtless,
   gay person.
    Some more there be, slight  airlings, will be won
  With dogs, and horses, and perhaps a whore.
                                  Ben Jonson.
A'iupump, are'pump. n. a. [from air and
  pump.]  A  machine, by whose means
  the air is exhausted out of proper ves-
  sels.   The  principle,  on  which it is
  built, is the  elasticity of the air; as that,
  on which the water-pump  is founded, is
  on the gravity of the air. The invention
  of this curious instrument is ascribed to
  Otto de Guerick, consul of Magdebourg,
  in 1,654: but his  machine  laboured  un-
  der several defects; the force, necessary
  to work it; was very great; and the pro-
  gress, very  slow; it was to be kept  un-
  der water, and allowed of no change of
  subjects for experiments.   Mr. Boyle,
  with  the assistance of  Dr. Hooke,  re-
  moved several inconveniencies; though
   still the working was laborious, by rea-
   son of the pressure of the atmosphere at
  every exsuction: this labour  has been
   since removed, by  Mr.  Hawksbee; who
  (by adding a second  barrel and piston,
   to rise as the other fell, and  fall as it
   rose) made  the pressure of the atmos-
   phere on the descending one, of as much
   service, as it was of disservice in the as-
   cending one.  Vream  made  a further
   improvement, by reducing the alternate
   motion of the hand and winch to a  cir-
   cular one.                     Chambers.
     The air,  that; in ■ exhausted receivers of air-
  pumps, is exhaled from minerals, and flesh, and
  fruits,  and liquors, is as true and genuine,  as to
  elasticity and density, or rarefaction, as that we re-
  spire in: and yet this factitious air is  so far  from
  being fit to be breathed in; that it kills animals in  a
  moment, even sooner  than the absence of air, or  a
  vacuum itself.                        Bentley.
 A'irshaft,  are'shaft.  to. s. [from air and
   shaft.] A passage for the air into mines
   and subterraneous places.
     By the sinking, of an air-shaft, the air hath liberty
  to circulate, and carry out the steams both of the
  miners' breath and the damps, which would other-
  wise stagnate there.                      Ray.
 A'iry, are'e. adj.   [from air; a'ereus, Lat.]
 I. Composed  of air.
     The first is the transmission, or emission, of the
  thinner and more airy parts of bodies;  as, in odours
  and infections: and this is, of all the rest,  the most
  corporeal.                             Bacon.
 2. Relating to the air; belonging to the air.
     There are fishes,  that have wings, that are no
  strangers to the airy region.              Boyle.
 3. High in  air.
     Whole rivers here  forsake the fields below;
  And, wond'ring at their height, through airy chan-
       nels flow.                       Addison.
 4. Open to the free air.
     Joy'd to range abroad in fresh attire,
  Thro' the wide compass of the airy coast.   Spenser.
 5. Light as air; thin; unsubstantial; without
   solidity.
     I hold ambition of so airy and light a quality, that
  it is but a shadow's shadow.       Shaksp Hamlet
     Still may the dog the wand'ring troops constrain
  Of airy ghosts, and vex the guilty train.    Dryden.
 6. Wanting reality, having no steady foun-
   dation in truth or nature; vain; trifling.
              Nor think, with wind
  Of airy threats to awe, whom yet with deeds
  Thou can'st not.          Milton's Paradise  Lost.
     Nor  (to avoid such  meanness) soaring high,
  With empty sound and airy notions fly.  Rosccmmon.
     I have found  a complaint, concerning the scarcity
  of money; which occasioned many airy propositions,
  for the remedy of it.             Temple's Misctl.
7. Fluttering; loose; as if to catch the air;
   full of levity.
    The painters draw their nymphs, in thin and airy
  habits; but the weight of gold and of embroideries
  is reserved, for queens and goddesses     Dryden.
    By this name of ladies, he means all young p^.
  sons, slender, finely shaped, airy and delic?4te: such,
  as  are nymphs and Naiads.            Dryden.
8. Gay; sprightly; full of mirth; vivacious;
   lively; spirited; light of heart.
    He, that is merry and airy at shore, when he sees
  a sad tempest ou the sea; or dances, when God thun-
  ders from heaven; regards not, when God speaks to
  all the world.                         Taylor.
Aisle, ile.307 to. s. [Thus the word is writ-
   ten by Addison, but perhaps improper.
   ly; since it  seems deducibie only from
   either aile a wing, or  allee a path; anil
   is therefore to be written aile.]  The
   walks in a church, or  wings of a quire.
     The abbey is by no means so magnificent, as one
  would expect from its endowments.  The church'is
  one huge nef, with a double aitle to it; add, at each
  end, is a large quire.                  Addison.
Ait, or Eyght,  ate.20*  to",  s.  [supposed,
   by Skinner, to be corrupted from islet]
   A small island in a river.
A'JUTAGB,  aj-jti'tage.  to. s.  [ajutage,
   Fr.] An additional pipe to water-works.
                                       Diet.
 To Ake, ake.3ss v. to. [from «#©*, Gr. and
   therefore more  grammatically written
   ache.
 1. To feel  a lasting pain, generally of the
   internal parts; distinguished from smart,
   which is commonly used of uneasiness
   in the external  parts:  but this is no ac-
   curate account.
     To sue,  and be deny'd such common grace,
   My wounds ake at you!                 Sfu
             Let our finger ake; and it endues
   Our other healthful members, with a sense
   Of pain.
     Were the pleasure of drinking accompanied, the
   very moment, with that sick stomach and aklnghead;
   which in some men are sure to follow;  I think, no
   body would ever let wine touch his lips.      Locke.
     His limbs must ake, with daily toils opprest;
   Ere long-wish'd night brings necessary rest.  Prior.
 2. It is frequently applied, in an improper
   sense, to  the hearty  as, the heart akes;
   to imply grief or fear.  Shakspeare has
   used it, still more licentiously, of the
   soul-
                   My  soul  afces
   To know, when two authorities are up,
   Neither supreme, how soon confusion
   May enter.                 Shaksp. CoriolaiM.
     Here shame dissuades him, there his fear prevails;;
   And each, by turns, his aking heart assails.  Addison?

 Aki'n, a-kir/. adj. [from a and kin.]
 I. Related to; allied  by blood: used of per-
   sons.
     I do nryt envy thee, Pamela; only I wish, that being
   thy sist/r in nature, I were  not so far off akin in
   fortune.                              Sidney.
 2 Allied  to by nature;  partaking of the
   same  properties: used of things.
     The cankered passion of  envy is nothing akin to
   the silly envy of the ass.     L'Estrange's Fables-
     Some limbs again, in bulk or stature
   Unlike, and not akin by nature,
   In concert act, like modern friends;
   Because one serves the  other's ends.        Prior-
     He separates it from  questions, with which it maj 
ALA
ALA
ALB
  have been complicated; and distinguishes it from
  questions, which may be afcia to it.
                Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Al, Attle, Adle, §1',  at'tl,  ad'l, do  all
  seem to be corruptions of the  Saxon
  iEpel, noble,famous; as also Ailing and
  Adling are corruptions of iEpeling, no-
  ble, splendid, famous.
     A I,  Aid,  'being initials, are derived
  from the Saxon Ealb,  ancient;  and  so,
  (oftentimes) the initial all, being melted
  by the Normans from the Saxon ealb.
                         Gibson's Camden.
A'lab aster,  aTa-bas-tfir.98   to. s.  [ixi-
   Setr^on.]  A kind of soft marble, easier
   to cut, and  less durable, than the other
   kinds:  some is white, which is most
   cpmmon; some of  the colour  of horn,
   and transparent;  some yellow, like ho-
   ney, marked with veins.   The ancients
   used it, to make boxes for perfumes.
                                   Savary.
              Yet I'll not shed her blood;
  Nor scar that whiter skin of hers, than snow;
  And smooth, as monumental alabaster.    Shaksp.
A'labaster, al'a-bas-tur.418  adj.  Made
   of alabaster.
     I cannot forbear mentioning part of an alabaster
  column, found  in the ruins of Livia's portico.   It is
  of the colour of fire; and maybe seen, over the high
  altar of St. Maria in Campitello; for they have cut
  it into two pieces; and fixed  it, in  toe shape of a
  cross, in a hole of the wall; so that the light passing
  through it, makes it look (to those in the church)
  like a huge transparent cross of amber.   Addison.
Ala'ok, a-lak'. interject. [This word seems
   only the corruption of  alas.]  Alas; an
   expression  of sorrow.
    Alack! when once our grace we have forgot,
  Nothing goes right; we would, and we would not.
                    Shaksp. Measure for Measure.
    At thunder now no more I start,
  Than at the rumbling of a cart:
  Nay (what's incredible) alack!
  I hardly hear a woman's clack.            Swift.
Ala'ckaday,  a-lak'a-da.  interject.  [This;
   like the former, is for alas the day.]   A
   word, noting sorrow and melancholy.
Ala'oriously, a-iak're-u.s-le.  adv. [from
   alacrious, supposed to be formed from
   alacris: but, of alacrious, I have found no
   example]   Cheerfully; without dejec-
   tion.
    Epaminondas alacriously expired, in confidence
  that he left behind him a perpetual  memory of the
  victories he had achieved for his country.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Ai,a'crity, a-lak'kre-te.'m to. s. [alacritas,
   Lat.] Cheerfulness, expressed by some
   outward token; sprightliness;  gayety;
  liveliness; cheerful willingness.
    These orders were, on all sides, yielded unto with
  no less alacrity  of mind; than cities, unable to hold
  out any longer, are  wont to shew; when they take
  conditions, such as it liketh him to offer them, which
  hath them in the narrow straits of advantage.
                                     Hooker.
            Give me a bowl of wine:
  I have not that  alacrity of spirit;
  Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have.  Sliaksp.
    He, glad that now his sea should find a shore,
  With fresb.alocrity and tome renew'd,
  Springs, upward.             Milton's Par, Lost.
    Never did men more joyfully obey,
  Or sooner understood the sign to fly:
    With such alacrity they bore away,
  AftiC tpf raise,them, all toe state* stood by. Dryden.
ALA MI'RE, a'la-mire. «. s.  The lowest;
  note but one, in Guido Aretine's scale of
  musick.
Alamo'de, al-a-mode'.   adv.  [a  la mode,
  Fr]   According to the fashion: a low
  word. It is used  likewise by shopkeep-
  ers, for  a kind of thin silken manufac-
  ture.
Ala'nd, a-land'.  adv. [from a for at, and
  land]   At  land;  landed;  on  the dry
  ground.
    He only, with  the prince his cousin, were cast
  aland; far  off from the place, whither their desires
  would have guided them.               Sidney.
  ■.  Three more, fierce Eurus, in his angry mood,
  Dash'd on the shallows of toe moving sand;
  And, in mid ocean, left them moor'd aland. Dryden.
AL A'RM, a-larm'. to. *. [from the French,
  d I'arme, to arms; as, crier a I'arme, to
  call to arms.]
I. A cry, by which men are summoned to
  their arms, as,  at  the approach of an
  enemy.
    When the congregation Is to be  gathered toge-
  ther, you  shall blow; but you shall not sound an
  alarm.                            Numbers.
    God himself is with us, for our captain; and his
  priests with sounding trumpets, to cry alarms against
  you.                          Chron. xiii. 12.
    The trumpet's loud clangour
      Excites us to arms,
    With shrill notes of anger,
      And  mortal alarms.               Dryden.
    Taught by this stroke, renounce the war's alarms;
  And learn to tremble, at the name of arms.    Pope.
2. Acry,or notice, of any danger approach-
  ing; as, an alarm of fire.
3. Any tumult or disturbance.
    Crowds of rivals, for thy mother's charms,
  Thy palace fill with insults and alarms. Pope's Odys.
To Ala'rm, a-larm'. v. a. [from alarm, the
  noun.]
1. To call to arms.
2. To disturb; as, with the approach of an
  enemy.
            The wasp the hive a/arms
  With louder hums, and with unequal arms. Addison.
3. To surprise  with the apprehension of
  any danger.
    When rage misguides me, or when fear alarms,
  When pain distresses, or when pleasure charms.
                                     Tickell.
4. To disturb in general.
    His son, Cupavo, brush'd  the briny flood:
  Upon his stern, a brawny Centaur stood;
  Who heav'd a rock; and, threat'ning still to throw,
  With lifted hands, alarm'd the seas below.  Dryden.
Ala'rmbell,   a-larm'bell.  to.  s.  [from
  alarm and bell.]  The bell, that is rung at
  the approach of an enemy.
    Th' alarm-bell rings, from our Alhambra walls;
  And, from the streets, sound drums and ataballes.
                                     Dryden,
Ala'rming,  a-lar'ming.  particip.   adj.
  [from alarm.]   Terrifying; awakening;
  surprising; as, an alarming message; an
  alarming pain.
Ala'rmpost,  a-larm'post.   to. s.  [from
  alarm and post.] The post or place ap-
  pointed to each  body  of men  to appear
  at, when an alarm shall happen.
Ala'rum, a-lar'um. to. s.  [corrupted, as it
  seems,  from alarm. See Alarm.]
    Now are our Irrows bound with victorious wreaths,
  Our bruised arras hung-up, for monuments;
  Our stern alarums chang'd, to merry meetings.
                                  Shakspeare.
    That Almatro might better hear,
  She sets a drum at either ear;
  And loud or gentle, harsh or sweet,
  Are but the alarums, which they beat.      Prior.
To  Ala'rum,  a-lar'um. v. a.  [corrupted
  from To alarm] See Alarm.
              Withered murder
  (Alarvm'd by his sentinel the wolf,
  Whose howl's his watch) thus, with his stealthy pace,
  Moves like a ghost.                 Shakspeare.
Ala's,  a-lass'. interject, [helas, Fr.' eylaes,
  Dutch.]
1. A word expressing lamentation, when
  we use it of ourselves.
    But yet, alas! O but yet, alas! our  haps be but
  hard haps.                           Sidney.
    Alas, how little from the grave we claim!
  Thou but preserv'st a form, and I a name.    Pope.
2. A word  of pity,  when used  of other
  persons.
    Alas, poor Protheus! thou hast entertain'd
  A fox, to be the shepherd of thy lambs.     Shaksp,
3. A word of sorrow and  concern, when
  used of things.
    Thus saith the Lord God;' Smite with thine hand,
  and stamp with  thy foot,  and say Alas! for all the
  evil abominations of the house of Israel.'  Ezekiel.
    Alas! both for the deed, and for the cause 1 Milton.
    Alas! for pity of this bloody field:
  Piteous indeed must be; when I, a spirit,
  Can have so soft a sense of human woes.  Dryden.
ALAS-A-DAY,a-las'a-da.      >  interject.
Alas-the-day, a-las'th£-da. £  Ah! unhap-
py day!
    Alas-the-day! I never gave him  cause.  Shaksp.
    Alas-a-day! you have ruined my poor mistress: you
  have made a gap,  in her  reputation; and can you
  blame her, if she make it up with her husband?
                                   Congreve.
Alas-the-while, a-las'-th£-while.  inter-
  ject    Ah!  unhappy time!
    All as the sheep, such was the shepherd's look;
  For pale and wan he was, alas-the-while!
  May seem, he lov'd, or else some care he took.
                                     Spenser,
Ala'te,  a-late'. adv.  [from a and late.]
  Lately; no long time ago.
Alb, alb. to. s. [album, Lat.]  A surplice; a
  white linen vestment, worn by priests.
Albe, alb.        }  adv. [a coalition of the
ALBE'iT,atl-be'it.845 words all be it so___
   Skinner.]  Although; notwithstanding;
  though it should be.
     Ne wou'd he suffer sleep once thitherward
  Approach, albe his drowsy den was next.   Spenser.
     This very thing is cause sufficient; why duties, be-
  longing to each kind of virtue (albeit the law of reason
  teaeh them) should, notwithstanding, be prescribed,
  even by human law.                   Hooker.
              One, whose eyes
  (Albeit, unused to the melting mood)
  Drop tears as fast, as  the Arabian trees
  Their medicinal gum.            '      Shaksp.
     He, who has a probable belief, that he shall meet
  with thieves in such a road, thinks  himself to have
  reason enough to decline it; albeit he is sure to sus-
  tain some less  (though yet considerable) inconve-
  nience, by his so doing.         South's Sermons.

Albugi'neous, al-bu-jhVe-us.   adj.  [al-
   bugo, Lat.]  Resembling the white of an

   egg-
     Eggs will freeze in the albugineous part thereof.
                        Broion's Vulgar Errour's.
     I opened it by incision, giving vent, first  to  an
  albugineous, then to white concocted matter: upon
  which the tumour sunk.       Wiseman's Surgery
ALB U'GO, al-bu'go. a*n. s. [Lat.] A dis» 
ALU
ALD
ALE
  ease in the  eye, by which  the cornea
  contracts a whiteness.  The same, with
  leucoma.
A'lburn-colour,  aw'biirn-kuTiu.r. n. s.
  See Auburn.
A'lcahest, aTka-he.st.84TO.*. An  Arabick
  word, to express an universal dissolvent;
  pretended to, by Paracelsus and Hel-
  mont.                           Quincy.
Alca'io, al-cade'.84  to. s.  [from al, Arab.
  and "]p-ip, the head.]
1. In Barbary, the governour of a  castle.
                      Th' alcai'l
  Shuns me; and with a grim civility,
  Bows, and declines my walks.           Dryden.
2. In Spain, the judge of a city; first insti-
   tuted by the Saracens.       Du Cange.
ALCA'NNA,  al-kan'na.84 n. s.  An Egyp-
   tian plant,  used in dying;   the  leaves
   making a yellow,  infused in water; and
   a red, in acid iiquors.
    The root of alcanna, though  green, will give a red
  stain.                Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Alchy'mical, al-kim'me-kal. adj.  [from
   alchymy.] Relating to  alchymy;  produ-
   ced by alchymy.
    The rose-noble, then current for six shillings and
  eight pence, the alchymists do  affirm as an unwritten
  verity, was made by projection or multiplication alr
  chymical of Raymond Lully in the tower of London.
                            Camden's Remains.
Alchy'mically,  al-kim'me-kal-le. adv.
   [from alchymical.] In  the manner of an
   alchymist; by means of alchymy.
    Raymond Lully would prove it alchymically.
                                     Camden.
A'lchymist, al'ke-mlst.8*  n.s. [from al-
   chymy.] One, who pursues or professes
   the science of alchymy.
    To solemnize this day, the  glorious sun
  Stays in his course, and plays  the alchymist;
  Turning, with splendour of his precious eye,
  The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold. Shaksp.
    Every alchymist knows, that  gold will  endure  a
  Vehement fire for a long time without any change;
  and, after it has been divided by corrosive liquors into
  invisible parts, yet may presently be precipitated, so
  as to appear in its own form.              Grew.
A'LCHYMY, al'ke-me.**  to. *.   [of al,
   Arab, and xw*-]
 I. The more  sublime  and occult  part of
   chymistry;  which  proposes for  its ob-
   ject, the transmutation of metals,  and
   other  important operations.
    There is nothing more dangerous, than this delud-
  ing art; which changeth the meaning of words, as
  alchymy doth (or would do) the substance of metals;
  maketh of any thing, what it  listeth; and bringeth,
  in the end, all truth to nothing.          Hooker.
    O he sits high, in all the people's hearts;
  And that, which would appeal- offence in us,
  His countenance, like richest alchymy,
  Will change to virtue and to worthiness.    Shaksp.
                Compared to this,
  All honour's mimick; all wealth, alchymy is. Donne.
2. A kind of mixed metal, used for spoons
   and kitchen utensils.
    White alchymy is made of  pan-brass one pound,
  and arsenicum three  ounces; or alchymy is made of
  copper and auripigmentom. Bacon's Phys. Remains.
                They bid cry,
  With ♦'■umpets regal sound, the great result:
  TowVds the four winds, four speedy cherubims
  Put to their mouths the sounding alchymy,
  By herald's voice explained.   Milton's Par. Lost.
A'LCOHOL,  al'KO-ho!.84  n.s.   An Ara-
   bick term used  by chy mists, for a high
  rectified dephlegmated spirit of wine,
  or for any thing reduced into an impalp-
  able powder.                    Quincy.
    If the same salt shall be reduced into alcohol, as
  the chymists speak, or an impalpable powder; the
  particles and intercepted spaces will be  extremely
  lessened.                            Boyle.
    Sal volatile oleosum will coagulate the serum, on
  account of the alcohol (or rectified spirit) which it
  contains.                         Arbuthnot.
Alcoholiza'tion,   al'ko-hol-e-za'shun.
  n. s. [from alcoholize.]  The act of alco-
  holizing or rectifying spirits; or of redu-
  cing bodies  to an impalpable powder.
To  A'lcoholize,   ai'ko-ho-lize.   v. a.
  [from alcohol.]
1. To make an alcohol;  that is, to rectify
  spirits, till they are wholly dephlegma-
  ted.
2. To comminute powder, till it is wholly
  without roughness.
A'lcoran, al'ko-ran.84 to. s.  [al and koran,
  Arab.]   The book of the  Mahometan
  precepts and credenda.
    If this would satisfy the conscience, we might not
  only take the present covenant, but subscribe to the
  council of Trent; yea, and to the Turkish alcoran;
  and swear, to maintain and defend either of them.
                 Saunderson against the Covenant.

Alco've, al-kove'. to. s.  [alcoba, Span.] A
  recess, or part of a chamber; separated
  by an estrade or partition, and other cor-
  respondent  ornaments;  in which is plac-
  ed a bed of  state, and sometimes seats to
  entertain company.           Trevoux.
    The weary'd champion lull'd in soft alcoves,
  The noblest boast of thy romantick groves:
  Oft, if the muse presage, shall he be seen
  By Rosamonda fleeting o'er the green;
  In dreams be hail'd by heroes' mighty shades,
  And hear old Chaucer warble through the glades.
                                     Tickell.
    Deep in a rich alcove the prince was laid,
  And slept beneath the pompous colonnade.   Pope.

A'loer, al'dur.84 n. s. [alnus, Lat.] A tree,
  having leaves resembling those of  the
  hazel: the male flowers, or katkins, are
  produced at remote distances from the
  fruit, on the same tree;  the fruil is squa-
  mose, and of a conical figure: the spe-
  cies  are.   1. The  common  or round-
  leaved alder; 2. The long-leaved alder;
  3. The scarlet  alder.   These trees de-
  light in a very  moist soil:  the wood is
  used, by turners; and  will endure long,
  under ground, or in water       Miller.
    Without the  grot, a various sylvan scene
  Appear'd around, and groves of living green;
  Poplars and alders ever-quivering play'd,
  And nodding cypress form'd a fragrant shade.
                               Pope's Odyssey.
Alderli'evest, al-du.r-liv'£st. adj. superl.
  [from aid,  alder,  old, elder, and lieve,
  dea>, beloved ] Most beloved; which has
   held the longest possession of the heart
    The mutual  conference, that my mind hath had
  (In courtly company, or at my beads)
  With you, mine alderlicvest sovereign,
  Makes me the  bolder.    Sliaksp. Henry VI. p. ii.
A'lderman,  al'dur-man.  to. s. [from aid,
   old,  and man.]
 1. The same  as senator;  Cowell.  A go-
   vernour or magistrate, originally,  (as
   the name imports) chosen on account of
  the experience, which his age had given
  him.
    Tell him, ' Myself, the mayor, and aldermen.
  Are come to have some conf'rence with his grace.'
                                  Shakspeare.
    Though my own aldermen conferr'd my bays,
  To me committing their eternal praise;
  Their full-fed heroes, their pacilick may'rs,
  Their annual bophies, and their monthly wars.
                              Pope's  Dunciad.
2. In the following  passage it is, I think,
  improperly used.
    But, if the trumpet's clangour you abhor,
  And dare not be  an alderman of war;
  Take to a shop, behind a counter lie.     Dryden.
A'ldermanly, il'dur-man-le. adv. [from
  alderman]   Like an  alderman; belong-
  ing  to an alderman.
    These, and many more, suffered death,  in enTy to
  their virtues and superiour genius; which embold-
  ened them, in exigencies wanting an aldermanly dis-
  cretion, to attempt service out of the common forms.
                           Swift's Miscellanies.
A'ldern, al'dilrn.84 BBB adj.  [from alder]
  Made of alder.
    Then aldern boats first plow'd the ocean.
                                May's Virgil.
ALE, ale.  to. s. [eale,  Sax.]
I. A liquor, made by infusing malt in hot
  water, and then fermenting the  liquor.
    You must be seeing christenings.  Do you look
  for ale and cakes here, you rude rascals?   Shaksp.
    The fertility of the soil in grain, and itsbeingnot
  proper for vines, put the Egyptians upon drinking
  ale, of which they were the inventors.     Arbuth.
2.  A  merry-meeting,  used  in  country
  places.
    And all the neighbourhood, from old records
  Of antick proverbs drawn from Whitson lords,
  And their authorities at wakes and ales,
  With country precedents and old wives tales,
  We bring you now.                Ben Jonstm.
A'leberry, ale'ber-re. «. s.  [from ale and
  berry.] A beverage, made byboilingale,
  with spice and sugar, and sops of bread:
  a word, now only  used  in  conversation.
    Their ale-berries, cawdles, possets, each one,
  Syllibubs made at the milking pale,
  But what are composed of a pot of good ale.
                                  Beaumont.
 \.'le-brewer, ale'broo-ur. to. a. [from ale
  and brewer.] One that professes to brew
  ale.
    The summer-made malt brews ill, and is disliked
  by most of our ale-brewers.      Mortimer's Hush.
A'leconner,  ale'kon-nur. to. s. [from alt
  and  con.]   An  officer,  in the  city of
  London; whose business  is, to inspect
  the measures of publick houses. Four
  of them are chosen (or  rechosen) annu-
  ally, by  the common-hall  of the city;
  and, whatever might be their use for-
  merly, their places are  now regarded
  only as  sinecures for decayed citizens.
A'lecost,  afle'kost. «. s. [perhaps from
  ale, and costus, Lat.]  The name of an
  herb.                              Diet.
Ale'ctryomancy,  or Ale'ctoromanoy,
  a-lek'tre-6-man-se, or  a-lek'to-ro-man-
  se. to. s.  [uXttyvat, and fue»7<s«]  Divina-
  tion by a cock.                     Diet.
A'legar, al'le-gtir.98 *18to.*. [from ale, and
  eager, sour.]  Sour  ale; a kind of acid,
  made by ale; as vinegar by wine, which
  has lost its  spirit.
A'leger, al'le-jer.s8 adj. [allegr", Fr. al'a- 
ALE
ALC
ALi
   cris, Lat.]  Gay; cheerful; sprightly: a
   word, not now used.
     Coffee, the root and leaf betle, and leaf tobacco,
   of which the Turks are great takers, do all condense
   the spirits, and make them strong and aleger.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
 A'lehoof,  ale'hofif. n. s. [from ale and
   hoopb, head.]  Groundivy; so called by
   our Saxon ancestors, as being their chief
   ingredient in ale.   An herb.
     Alehoof or groundivy is, in my  opinion, of the
   most excellent and most general use and  virtue, of
   any plants we have among us.          Temple.
 A'lehouse, ale'lioise. n. s. [from  ale and
   h'juse.] A house, where ale is publickiy
   sold; a tipling-house.  It is  distinguish-
   ed from a tavern, where they sell wine.
              Thou, most beauteous inn!
   Why should hard-favour'd grief be lodg'd  in thee,
   When triumph is become an ale-house guest?
                                 Shakspeare.
     One would think, it should be no easy matter to
   bring any man of sense in love with an ale-house; in-
   deed of  so much sense, as  seeing and  smelling
   amounts  to; there being such strong encounters of
   both, as  would quickly send him  packing, did not
   the love of good fellowship reconcile  to these nui-
   sances.                             South.
     Thee shall  each ale-house,  thee  each gill-house
           mourn;
   And answ'ring ginshops sourer sighs return.  Pope.
 A'LEHOusE-KEfcPER,    ale'hou.se-ke-plir.
   to. s.  [from alehouse,  and keeper.]  He
   that keeps ale publickiy to sell.
     You resemble perfectly the two  alehouse-keepers
   in Holland, who were at the same time burgomas-
   ters of the town, and taxed one another's bills alter-
   nately.                       Letter to Swift.
 A'leknight, ale'nite. n.s. [from ale, and
   knight.] A pot-companion; a tipler:  a
   word now out of use.
   The old ale-knights of England were well depainted
   by Hanville, in toe ale-house colours of that time.
                                    Camden.
 Alf/mbick, a-lem'bik. n. s. A vessel, used
   in distilling; consistingof a vessel  placed
   over a  fire, in which  is contained  the
   substance to be distilled; and a concave,
   closely fitted on,  into which the  fumes
   arise by the heat: this  cover has  a beak
   or spout, into which  the vapours rise;
   and by  which they pass into  a serpen-
   tine pipe, which is kept cool by making
   many convolutions  in  a tub  of  water,
   here the  vapours are  condensed; and
   what entered the pipe in fumes,  comes
   out in drops.
    Though water may be rarefied, into invisible va-
  pours; yet it is not changed into air, but only scat-
  tered into minute parts; which, meeting together in
  the alembick, or in the receiver, do presently return
  into such water, as they constituted  before.   Boyle.
Ale'ngth, a-ieng/A'. adv. [from a  for at,
   and length.]    At  full  length;  along;
   stretched along the ground.
ALE'RT,  a-lert'. adj. [alerte, Fr. perhaps
   from alacris;  but probably from a I'art,
   according to art or rule.]
1.  In the military sense, on guard; watch-
   ful; vigilant;  ready at a call.
2.  In the common sense,  brisk;  pert; pe-
   tulant; smart;  implying some degree of
   censure and contempt.
   I saw an alert young fellow,  that cocked his hat
 upon a friend of his; and accosted him,  Well, Jack,
 the  old prig is dead at last.     Addison, Spectator.
      VOL. I.
 Ale'rtness, a-lert'n&ss. n. s. [from alert.]
   The quality, of being  alert; sprightli-
   ness; pertness.
     That alertness and unconcern for matters of com-
   mon life,  a campaign or two would infallibly have
   given him.                Addison, Spectator.
 A'letaster, ale-tast'&r. to. s.w [from ale,
   and taster.]  An officer,  appointed  in
   every court leet; and sworn, to look  to
   the assize and  the goodness of bread.
   and ?le or beer, within the precincts of
   that lordship.                   Cowell.
 A'levat, ale'vat. to. s.  [from ale, and vat.]
   The tub, in which the ale is fermented.
 A'lew, a-lu'.  to. s. Clamour; outcry.  Not
   in use.                        Spenser.
 A'lewashed, ale'wosht. adj.3Bf> [from ale
   and wash.]   Steeped or soaked in  ale:
   not now in  use.
     What, a beard of the general's cut, and a horrid
   suit of the camp, will do among foaming bottles and
   ale-washed wits is wonderful to be thought on.
                                 Shakspeare.
 A'lewife, ale'wife.  to. *.   [from ale,  and
   wife.]   A woman, that  keeps  an  ale-
   house.
     Perhaps he will swagger and hector, and threaten
   to beat and butcher an ule-wife; or take the goods
   by force, and throw them down the bad halfpence.
                       Sicift's Draper's Letters.
 A'lexanders, al'£gz-an-durz. n.s. [smyr-
   nium, Lat ]  The name of a plant.
 A'lexander's-foot, al'^gz-an'dQrz-fut.478
   «. s.  The name of an herb.
 ALEXA'NnniNE, cl-ldgz-aii'drin.160 n.s. A
   kind of verse borrowed from the French;
   first used in a poem, called Alexander.
   They consist,  among  the  French, of
   twelve and  thirteen syllables, in alter-
   nate couplets; and, among us, of twelve.
     Our numbers should, for the most part, be lyrical.
  For variety, or rather where the majesty of thought
  requires it, they may be stretched to the English he-
  roic of five feet, and to the French Alexandrine  of
  six.                               Dryden.
     Then, at the last and only couplet, fraught
  With some unmeaning thing they call a thought;
  A  needless Alexandrine ends the song;
  That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length
      along.           Pope's Essay on Criticism.
 Alexipha'rmiok,  a-lek-se-far'mik.  adj.
   [from mXc^im and pupfMtxov.] That, which
   drives  away  poison;   antidotal;  that,
   which opposes infection.
    Some antidotal quality, it may have; since, not
  only the bone in the heart, but the horn of a deer,
  is alexipharmick.       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 ALExiTE'RioAL,or Alexite'rick, a-l£k-
   se-ter're-kal.so9 or  a-lek-se-teVrik. adj
   [from aAfgeV]  That which drives away
   poison; that  which resists fevers.
A'lgates,  al'gates,  adv. [from all and
  gate. Skinner.  Gate is the same as via;
  and still  used for way in the Scottish
  dialect.]  On any terms;  every way: now
  obsolete.
   Nor had the boaster ever risen more,
  But that Renaldo's horse ev'n then down fell;
  And, with the fall, his leg oppress'd so sore;
  That, for a space, there must he algates dwell.
                                   ■Fair/or.
A'LGEBRA, al'je-brl84 to a. [an Arabic
  word, of uncertain etymology: derived,
  by some, from Geber the  philosopher;
                   H
adj.
   by some, from  gefr,  parchment;  by
   others; from algehinta, a bonesetter; by
   Menage, from algiabarat, the restitution
   of things broken.]  A peculiar  kind of
   arithmetick;  which  takes  the quantity
   sought, whether it be  a  number  or a
   line, or any  other quantity, as if it were
   granted; and, by means of one or more
   quantities given,  proceeds  by  conse-
   quence,  till the quantity (at first  only
   supposed to be known, or at least some
   power thereof) is found to be equal to
   some quantity or quantities,  which are
   known; and consequently itself is known.
   This art was in use among the Arabs,
   long before it Ci.me into this part of the
   world: and they are  supposed to have
   borrowed it  from the Persians; and the
   Persians, from the Indians.  The  first
   Greek author  of algebra was Diophan-
   tus;  who, about  the  year 800,  wrote
   thirteen books: in 1494, Lucas Paccio-
   lus (or Lucas  de Burgos) a  cordelier,
   printed a treatise of algebra in  Italian, at
   Venice: he says, that algebra came origi-
   nally from the  Arabs. After several im-
   provements, by Vieta, Oughtred, Har-
   riot, and Descartes; Sir Isaac  Newton
   brought this art to the  height at which
   it still continues.   Trevoux. Chambers.
    It would surely require no veiy profound skill in
  algebra, to reduce  the difference of ninepence in
  thirty shillings.                       Swift.
 Algebra ick,  al-je-bra'ik.
 Algebra'ical,  ai-je-bra'e-kal.
   [from algebra.]
 1. Relating to algebra;  as, an algebraical
   treatise.
   Containing operations of algebra; as, an
   algebraical computation,
 Algebra'ist,  al-je-bia'ist. to. s. [from al-
  gebra.]   A person, that understands or
   practises the science of algebra.
    When any dead body is found in England, no al-
  gebraist  or uncipherer can use more subtle supposi-
  tions to find the demonstration or cipher; than every
  unconcerned person doth, to find the murderers.
                     Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
    Confining themselves, to the synthetick and ana-
  lytick methods of geometricians and algebraists; they
  have too much narrowed the rules of method, as
  though every thing were to be treated in mathemati-
  cal forms.                     Watts's Logick.
 A'LGID, aYj\d.s*adj. [algidus, Lat.] Cold;
  chill.                              Diet.
 ALGi'DiTY,al-jid'de-te.611> to. s.  from  al-
 A'lgidness, al-jld-ness. \ gid.] Chilness;
  cold.                              Diet.
 Algi'fio, al-jif'fik.509  adj. [from  algor,
  Lat.] That, which produces cold. Diet.
A'LGOR,  al'gor.  to. s.[Lat.]   Extreme
  cold, chilness.                     Diet.
 A'lgorism, aTgo-rizm.667  } n. s.  Ara-
A'lgorithm, al'go-rUAm.  5 wc^ wo»'ds;
  which are used, to imply the six opera-
  tions of arithmetick,  or the science of
  numbers.                          Diet.
Algo'se,  al'gose'.437  adj.  [from algor,
  Lat.J Extremely cold; chill.       Diet.
A'LIAS, a'le-as.  adv.  A Latin word, sig-
  nifying  otherwise;  often  used  in  the 
A L 1                                       A  L I                                        A L I
  ! rials of  criminals, whose danger  has
  obliged them to change their names: as,
  Simson, alias Smith, alius Baker; that is,
  otherwise  Smith,  otherwise Baker.
A'lible, al'le-b!.*06  adj.  [alibilis,  Lat.]
  Nutritive; nourishing; or that,  whicn
  may be nourished.                  Diet.
A'LIEN, ale'yen.405 adj. [alienus, Lat]
1. Foreign, or  not  of  the  same  family or
  land.
    The mother plant admires the leaves unknown
  Of alien trees, and apples not her own.     Dryden.
               From native soil
  Exil'd by fate, torn from the tender embrace
  Of his young guiltless progeny, he seeks
  Inglorious shelter in an alien land.        Philips.
2. Estranged from; not allied to; adverse
   to:  with  the particle from, and  some-
   times to, but improperly.
    To declare my mind to the disciples of  the fire,
  by a similitude  not alien from their profession.
                                          Boyle.
    The sentiment, that arises, is a conviction of the
  deplorable state of nature, to which sin reduced us;
  a weak, ignorant creature, alien from God and
  goodness, and a prey to the great destroyer. Rogers.
     They  encouraged  persons and principles, alien
  from our religion and  government,  in order  to
  strengthen their faction.       Swift's Miscellanies.
 A'lien, ale'yen. 1132S3 n. s. [alienus, Lat.]
 1.  A  foreigner;  not a  denison; a  man of
   another  country or family; one, not al-
   lied; a stranger.
     In whomsoever these things are, the church doth
  acknowledge them for her children: them only she
  holdeth  for aliens and strangers, in  whom these
  things are not found.                     Hooker.
     If it be prov'd against an alien,
   He seeks the life of any citizen;
   The party, 'gainst the which he doth contrive,
   Shall seize on half his goods.             Shaksp.
     The mere Irish were not only accounted aliens,
   but enemies; so as it was no capital offence, to kill
   them.                Sir John Davies on Ireland.
     Thy place in council thou hast rudely lost,
   Which by thy younger brother is supply'd;
   And art almost an alien to the- hearts
   Of all the court and princes of my blood.   Sliaksp.
     The lawgiver condemned the persons, who sat
   idle  in divisions dangerous to the government,  as
   aliens to the community, and therefore to be cut off
   from it.                    Addison, Freeholder.
 2. In law.
     An alien is one, born  in  a strange country, and
   never enfranchised. A man, born out of the land, so
   it be within the limits  beyond the seas,  or of En-
   glish parents out of the king's obedience,  so the pa-
   rents (at the time of the birth) be of the king's obe-
   dience, is not alien: if one, born out of the  king's
   allegiance, come and dwell in England; his children
   (if he beget any here) are not aliens, but denisons.
                                         Coivell.
  To A'lien, ale'yen. v.a. [aliener, Fr.alieno,
    Lat.]
  1. To make any thing the property of an-
   other.
     If the  son alien lands and then repurchase them
   again in fee;  the rules  of descents  are to be ob-
   served, as if he were the original purchaser.  Hale.
 2.  To estrange, to turn the  mind or  affec-
   tion; to  make averse: with from.
     The king was disquieted, when he found that, the
   prince was totally  aliened from  all thoughts of, or
   inclination to, the marriage.           Clarendon.
 A'lienable,  ale'yen-a-bl. adj. [from To
   alienate.] That, of which the property
   may be  transferred.
     Land is  alienable, and treasure is transitory; and
   both  must pass from him, by his own voluntary act,
  or by the violence of others, or at least by fate.
                                Dennis's Letters.
To   A'lienate,   ale'yen-ate.eoe 634  v.a.
  [aliener,  Fr. alieno, Lat.]
1. To  transfer the property of any thing to
  another.
    The countries of the Turks were once Christian,
  and members of the church, and where the golden
  candlesticks did stand; though now they be utterly
  alienated, and no Christians left.           Bacon.
2. To withdraw the heart  or  affections;
   with the particle from, where  the  first
   possessor is mentioned.
    The manner  of men's writing  must not alienate
  our hearts from the' truth.               Hooker.
    Be it  never so true, which we teach the world to
  believe;  yet, if once  their  affections  begin to be
  alienated, a small thing persuadeth them to change
  their opinions.                         Hooker.
    His eyes survey'd the dark idolatries
  Of alienated Judah.         Milton's Parad. Lost.
    Any thing, that is apt to disturb the world, and to
  alienate  the affections of men from one another,
  such as  cross and distasteful humours; is, either ex-
  pressly,  or by clear consequence and deduction, for-
  bidden in the New Testament.         Tillotson.
     Her  mind was quite alienated from the honest
  Castilian; whom she was taught to look upon, as a
  formal old fellow.                     Addison.
A'lien\te,  ale'yen-ate.  adj. [alienatus,
   Lat.]  Withdrawn from; stranger to: with
   the particle from.
    The Whigs are damnably wicked; impatient, for
  the death of the queen; ready, to gratify their am-
  bition and revenge by all desperate methods; wholly
  alienate  from  truth,  law, religion,  mercy,  con-
  science, or honour.          Swift's Miscellanies.
 Aliena'tion, ale-yen-a'shun. n. s. [alien-
   atio, Lat]
 I. The act, of transferring property.
     This  ordinance was, for the maintenance of their
  lands in their posterity, and for excluding all inno-
  vation or alienation thereof unto strangers. Spenser.
     God put it into the heart of one of our princes, to
   give a check to sacrilege. Her successour passed a
   law, which prevented all future alienations of the
   church revenues.                     Atterbury.
     Great changes  and alienations of property have
   created new and great dependencies.        Swift.
 2. The state of being alienated; as, the state
   was wasted during its alienation.
 3. Change of affection.
     It is left, but rfi dark memory; what was the ground
   of his defection, and the alienation of his heart from
   the king.                             Bacon.
 4. Applied to the mind,  it means disorder
   of the faculties.
     Some things are done by man, though not through
   outward force  and impulsion; though  not against,
   yet without, their wills; as,  in alienation of mind,
   or any like inevitable utter absence of wit and judg-
   ment.                                 Hooker.
 Ali'feuous, a lif'fer-iis.31*  adj. [from ala
   and fero, Lat.] Having wings      Diet.
 Ali'gerous,  a-lij'^r-us.314 adj.  [aliger,
   Lat.]   Having wings; winged.      Diet.
 To  Ali'gge, a-lig'. v. a. [from a, and lig,
   to  lie down.] To lay; to allay; to throw
   down; to subdue; an old word,  even in
   the time of Spenser;  now wholly  for-
   gotten.
     Thomalin, why sitten we so,
     As weren overwent with woe,
       Upon so fair a morrow?
     The joyous  time now nigheth fast,
     That shall aligge  this bitter blast,
       And slake the winter sorrow.    Spenser's Past.
 To Ali'ght,  a-lite'.  v. to.  [alihcan,  Sax.
   afichten, Dutch.]
1. To come  down,  and stop.   The word
  implies the idea of descending; as, of a
  bird, from the wing; a traveller from his
  horse or carriage; and generally, of rest-
  ing or stopping.
    There ancient night arriving, did alight
  From her high weary waine.         Fairy Queen.
          There is alighted, at your gate,
  A young Venetian.       Shaksp. Merch. of Venkt.
    Slackness breeds worms; but the sure traveller,
  Though he alights sometimes, still goetu on.  Herbert.
    When marching with his foot, he walks till night;
  When with his horse, he never will alight. Denham.
    When Dedalus, to fly the Cretan shore,
  His heavy limbs on jointed pinions bore;
  To the Cumean coast, at length  he came;
  And, here alighting, built this costly frame.
                                 Dryden's Aineid.
    When he was admonished by his subject to de-
  scend, he came down (gently, and circling in the
  air, and singing) to the ground:  like a lark, melo-
  dious in her mounting, and continuing her song till
  she alights; still preparing for a higher flight, at her
  next sally.                             Dryden.
                 When finish'd was the fight,
  The victors from their lusty steeds alight:
  Like them, dismounted all the warlike train. Dryden.
    Should a spirit of superiour rank, a stranger to
  human nature, alight  upon the  earth,  what would
  his notions of us be?           Addison, Spectator.
2. It is used also, of  any  thing  thrown or
   falling;  to fall upon.
    But storms of stones,  from the proud  temple's
         height,
  Pour down; and, on our batter'd helms, alight. Dryd.
Ali'ke, a-like'.  adv.  [from a  and like]
   With resemblance;  without difference;
   in the same manner; in the same form,
   In  some expressions, it has the appear-
   ance of an adjective, but is  always an
   adverb.
    The darkness hideth not from thee; but the night
  shineth, as the day: the darkness  and the  light are
  both alike to thee.              Psalm exxxix. 12.
    With thee conversing,  I forget all  time;
  All seasons,  and their change, all please alike.
                                   Paradise Lost.
     Riches cannot rescue from  the grave,
  Which claims alike the monarch and the slave. Dryd.
     Let us unite, at least in an equal zeal, for those ca-
  pital doctrines; which we all  equally embrace, and
  are alike concerned to maintain.        Atterbury.
     Two handmaids wait the throne; alike, in place;
  But diff'ring far, in figure and in face.      Pope.
 A'LIMEN T, ai'le-m£nt. n.s. [alimentum,
   Lat.]    Nourishment;  that which  nou-
   rishes; nutriment; food.
     New parts are added to our substance; and, as
  we die, we are born, daily: nor can we give an ac-
   count, how the aliment is prepared for nutrition; or,
   by what mechanism, it is distributed.
                      Glanville's Scepsis Scientifca.
     All bodies,  which (by the  animal faculties)  can
   be changed into the fluids and solids of our bodies,
   are called aliments. In the largest sense; by aliment,
   I understand every thing, which a human creature
   takes in common diet; as, meat, drink; and season-
   ing, as salt, spice, vinegar.            Arbuthnot.

 Alime'ntal,  al-le-m^n'tal.   adj.   [from
   aliment]  That, which has the quality of
   aliment;   that,  which  nourishes;  that,
   which feeds.
     The sun,  that light imparts to all, receives
   (From all) his alimental recompense,
   In humid exhalations.          Milton's Par. Lost.
     Except they be watered,  from higher regions;
   these weeds must lose their alimental sap, and wither.
                                         Brown.
     Th' industrious,  when toe sun in Leo rides,
   Forget not, at the foot of every  plant,
   To sink a circling trench, and daily pour 
ALI
ALK
ALL
  A just supply of alimental streams,
  Exhausted sap recruiting.               Philips.
Alime'ntally,    al-le-men'tal-e.   adv.
  [from alimental]   So,  as to serve  for
  nourishment.
    The substance of gold is invincible, by the power-
  fullest heat; and that, not only alimenlally in a sub-
  stantial  mutation, but  also  medicamentally in any
  corporeal conversion.     Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Alime'n tariness,   ai-ie-men'ia-re-ness.
  n.s.  [from aliment cry.] The quality of
  being alimentary,  or  of affording nou-
  rishment                         Diet.
Alime'ntary,    aUe-mfin'ta-re.    adj.
  [from aliment.]
1. That, which belongs or relates to ali-
  ment.
    The solution of the aliment by mastication is neces-
  sary : without it, toe aliment could not be disposed for
  toe changes, which it receives,  as it passeth through
  the alimentary duct.       Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. That which has the quality of aliment,
  or the power of nourishing.
    I do  not think that water  supplies animals, or
  even  plants, with nourishment; but serves, for a
  vehicle to the alimentary particles, to  convey and
  distribute them to the several parts of the body.
                           Ray on the Creation.
    Of alimentary roots, some are pulpy and very nu-
  tritious; as, turnips and carrots.  These have a fat-
  tening quality.           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Alimenta'tion, al-le-meii'ta-bhun.  n.s.
   [from aliment]
1. The  power of affording  aliment;  the
  quality of nourishing.
2  The  state of being  nourished by assi-
  milation of matter received.
    Plants do nourish; inanimate bodies do not: they
  have an accretion, but no alimentation.      Bacon.
Alimo'nious, ai-le-mo'ne-us. adj.  [from
  alimony] That which nourishes; a word
  very little in use.
    The plethora renders us lean, by suppressing  our
  spirits; whereby they are incapacitated, of digesting
  the alimonious humours into flesh.        Harvey.
A'Ll MONY, a/le-muii-ne.*86 to.  s. [alimo-
  nia, Lat.]  Alimony  signifies that legal
  proportion of the husband'sestate;which,
   by  the  sentence of  the  ecclesiastical
   court, is allowed to  the  wife for her
   m intenance, upon the account of any
  separation from  him; provided it be not
  caused by her elopement or adultery.
                          Ay ff 's Parerg.
    Before they settled hands and hearts,
  Till alimony or death them parts.       Hudibras.
A'LiqUANT, al'ie-qvvant. adj.  [aliquantus,
  Lat]   Parts of a number; which, how-
  ever repeated, will never make up  the
  number exactly;  as,  3  is an aliquant of
  10;  thrice 3 being 9;  and four times 3
  making  12.
Vliquot, al'le-qwot. adj.  [aliquot, Lat.]
  Aliquot parts of any number or  quanti-
  ty;  such,  as will exactly  measure it
  without any remainder:  as,  3  is an ali-
  quot part of 12,  because, being taken
  four times; it will just measure  it.
A'lish, ale'ish. adj.  [from ale]  Resem-
  bling  ale; having  qualities of ale.
    Stirring it, and beating down the yeast, gives it
  the sweet alish taste.      Mortimer's Husbandly.
A'LiTUHE,al'e-lshure. n.s.  [alit ura,L:\t]
  Nourishment.                     Diet.
Ali've, alive',   adj.   [from a and live.]
I. In the state of life; not dead.
    Nor well alive, nor wholly dead, they were;
  But some faint signs of feeble life appear. Dnjden.
    Not youthful kings, in battle seiz'd alive;
  Not scornful virgins, who their charms survive. Pope.
2. In a figurative  sense, unextinguished;
   undestroyed; active; in full force.
    Those good and learned men had reason to wish,
  tnat their proceedings might be favoured; and the
  good affection of such, as inclined toward them, kept
  alive.                              Hooker.
3. Cheerful; sprightly; full of alacrity.
    She was not so much alive, the whole day; if she
  slept more than six hours.              Clarissa.
4. In a popular sense, it is used only to add
   an emphasis, like the French du monde;
   as, the best  man alive; that is, the best,
   with an emphasis. This sense has been
   long in use, and was once admitted into
   serious writings; but is now merely  lu-
   dicrous.
    And to those brethren said, rise, rise, by-live;
  And unto battle do yourselves address:
    For yonder comes the prowest knight alive,
  Prince Arthur, flower of grace and nobiless.
                                Fairy  Queen.
    The earl of Northumberland, who was the proud-
  est man alive, could not look upon the destruction of
  monarchy with any pleasure.          Clarendon.
    John was quick, and understood business; but no
  man alive was more careless, in looking into his
  accounts.                         Arbuthnot.
A'lkahest, al'ka-h^st.84 n. s.   A  word,
   used first by Paracelsus, and adopted by
   his followers, to signify an universal dis-
   solvent; or liquor, which has the power
   of resolving all things into  their first
   principles.
Alkale'scent,  al-ka-leYsent. adj. [from
   alkali.]  That which has a tendency  to
   the properties of an alkali.
    All animal diet is alkalescent or anti-acid. Arbuth.
A'LKALI, al'ka-le.84 to. *. [The word al-
   kali  comes from an herb; called by the
   Egyptians, kali; by us,  glasswort. This
   herb they burnt to ashes; boiled them in
   water; and,  after having evaporated the
   water, there remained  at the  bottom a
   white salt: this they called  sal kali, or
   alkali.  It is corrosive; producing pu-
   trefaction in animal substances, to which
   it is  applied.   Arbuthnot on Aliments]
   Any substance,  which,  when mingled
   with acid, produces effervescence and
   fermentation.
A'LKALiNE,al'ka-lin.160ac(/. [from alkali.]
   That, which has the qualities of alkali.
    Any watery liquor will keep an animal from starv-
  ing very long, by diluting the fluids, and consequent-
  ly keeping them from an alkaline state. People have
  lived twenty-four days, upon nothing but water.
                                  Arbuthnot.
To Alka'lizate,   al-kal'le-zate.    v. a.
   [from alkali.] To make bodies alkaline,
   by changing their nature, or by  mixing
   alkalies with them.
Alka'lizate,  al-kal'le-zate.  adj.  [from
   alkali.]  That which has the  qualities of
   alkali; that, which is impregnated with
   alkaii
    The odour of the fixed nitre is veiy languid; but
  that, which it discovers, being dissolved in hot wa-
  ter, is different, being of kin to that of other alkali-
  zate salts.                             Boyle.
                   h2
    The colour of violets in their syrup, by acid li-
  quors, turns red; and, by urinous and alkalizale.
  turns green.                         Newton.
Alkaliza'tion,  al-kal-le-za'shun.  n. s.
  [from alkali.]  The  act of alkalizating,
  or impregnating bodies with aikali.
A'lkanet,  al'ka-n£t. to. s.  [anchusa, Lat]
  The name of a plant.   This plant is a
  species  of bugloss, with  a red root;
  brought from  the  southern parts of
  France, and used in  medicine.   Miller.
ALKEKE'NGI,   al-ke-kei/je. to. *.  A
  medicinal fruit or berry, produced  by a
  plant of the same denomination; popu-
  larly also called winter-cherry: the plant
  bears a near resemblance, to Solatium
  or Nightshade; whence  it is frequently
  called in Latin  by that name, with the
  addition or epithet of vesicarium.
                                 Chambers.
ALKE'RMES, al-ker'mez. to. s.   In me-
  dicine:  a term borrowed from the Arabs;
  denoting  a celebrated  remedy, of the
  consistence of a confection; whereof the
  kermes berries are the basis.  The other
  ingredients are, pippin-cyder, rose-wa-
  ter,  sugar,  ambergris,   musk,   cinna-
  mon, aloes wood, pearls, and leaf-gold;
  but  the  sweets are usually omitted.  The
  confectio  alkermes  is  chiefly made at
  Montpellier:  the  .grain, which gives it
  the  denomination, is no where found so
  plentifully, as there.          Chambers.
ALL, all."  adj. [M\\, jEal, ealle,  alle,
  Saxon;  oil,  Welsh;  al,  Dutch;  alle,
  German;  «A@-, Gr.]
1. Being  the whole  number; everyone.
    Brutus is an honourable man:
  So are they all; all, honourable men.     Shaksp.
              To graze the herb all leaving,
  Devour'd each other.            Milt. Par. Lost.
    The great encouragement of all, is the assurance
  of a future reward.                  Tillotson.
2. Being  the whole quantity; every part.
    Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work.
                                 Deut.  v. 13.
    Political power I take to be a right, of making
  laws with penalties;  and of employing the force of
  the community, in the  execution of such laws, and
  in the defence of  the commonwealth; and all this,
  only for the public good.                Locke.
3. The whole quantity, applied to duration
  of time.
    On those pastures cheerful spring,
  All toe year, doth sit and sing;
  And rejoicing, smiles to see,
  Their green backs wear his livery.       Crashaw.
4. The whole extent of place.
    Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing;  more,
  than any man in all Venice.  Shaksj). Merch. ofl'en.
All, ail. adv. [See ALL, adj.]
1. Quite;  completely.
    How is my love all ready forth to come.   Spenser.
    Know, Rome, that all alone Marcus did fight
  Within Corioli gates.        Shaksp. Coriolanus.
                  He swore so loud;
  That, all amaz'd,  the priest let fall the book. Shaksp.
    The Saxons could call a comet, a fixed star; which
  is all one with stella crinita or cometa.     Camden.
    For a large conscience is all one,
  And signifies the same with none.      Hudibras.
    Balm, from a silver box distill'd around,
  Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground,
                                    Dryden.
    I do not remember, he (any where) mentions ex-
  pressly the title of the first-born; but (all along) 
ALL
ALL
ALL
   keeps himself, under the shelter of the indefinite
   term, heir.                            Locke
     Justice may be furnished out of fire, as far as her
   =word iioes; and courage may be (all over) a conti-
   nued blaze.                          Addison.
     If e'er toe miser durst his farthings spare,
   Hv thinly spreads them through the public square:
   Where, all beside the rail, rang'd beggars lie;
   And, from each other, catch the doleful cry.   Gay.
 2. Altogether; wholly; without any other
    consideration.
     I am of the temper of most kings; who love to be
   in debt;  arc all for present money, no matter how
   they pay it afterward.                 Dryden.
 3. Only;  without  admission  of any thing
    else.
                   When I shall wed;
   That lord, whose hand must  take  my plight, shall
        carry
   Half my love with him, half my care and duty:
   Sure, I shall never marry, like my sister,
   To love my father all.        Shaksp. King Lear.
 4. Although.   This sense is  truly Teuto-
    nick, but now  obsolete.
     Do you not think, th' accomplishment of it
   Sufficient work for one man's  simple head;
   All were it, as the rest, but simply writ.    Spenser.
 5. It  is sometimes a word  of emphasis;
    nearly the same  with just.
     A  shepherd's swain, say, did thee bring;
   All, as his straying flock he fed:
   And, when his honour hath thee read,
   Crave pardon for thy hardyhead. Spenser's Pastorals.
 6. It was  anciently in English, what it is
   now in the  other Teutonick dialects; a
   particle of mere enforcement.
     He thought them, sixpence (all) too dear.
                            Song in Shakspeare.
     Tell us, what occasion of import
   Hath all so long detain'd you from your wife.
                                   Shakspeare.
 All,  all. to. *.
 1. The whole; opposed to part, or nothing.
     And will she yet debase her eyes on me;
   On me, whose all not equals Edward's moiety?
                                   Shakspeare.
                 Nought's had, all's spent;
   Where our desire is got, without content.  Shaksp.
     The youth shall study; and  no more engage
   Their flattering wishes, for uncertain age:
   No more with fruitless care, and cheated strife,
   Chace fleeting pleasure through the maze of life;
   Finding,  the wretched all they here can have,
   But present food, and but a future grave.    Prior.
     Our all is at stake, and irretrievably lost, if we fail
   of success.                          Addison.
 2. Every  thing.
     Then shall we be news-cramm'd.—All the better;
   we shall be the more remarkable.      Shakspeare.
     Up, with my tent; here will I lie to-night:
   But where, to-morrow?—Well, all's one for that.
                                   Shakspeare.
          All the fitter, Lentulus; our coming
   Is not for salutation; we have bus'ness.  Ben Jonson.
 3. That is, every thing is the better, the
   same, the fitter.
    Sceptre and pow'r, thy giving, I assume:
   And glad, her shall resign; when, in the end,
    Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee,
   For ever; and in me, all whom thou lov'st.   Milton.
    They, that do not keep up this indifferency for all
   but truth, put coloured spectacles before their eyes,
   and look through false glasses.            Locke.
4. The phrase  and all is of the same kind.
    They all fell to work, at the roots of the tree: and
  left it  so little foot-hold, that the first blast of wind
  laid it flat upon the ground; nest, eagles, and all.
                                  L'Estrange;
    A torch, snuff and all, goes-out in  a moment.
  when dipped in the vapour. Addison's Rem. on Italy
5.  Ml is much used in composition;  but,
    in most instances, it is merely arbitrary;
    as,  all-commanding.    Sometimes  the
    words compounded  with it,  are fixed
    and classical; as, Almighty.  When it is
    connected with a participle, it seems to
    be a noun; as, all-surrounding: in other
    cases an adverb; as, all-accomplished, or
    completely  accomplished.    Of these
    compounds,  a  small   part  of  those,
    which may be found, is inserted.
 All-bea'ring, all-ba'ring. adj.  [from all
    and bear.] That, which bears everything;
    omniparous.
     Thus while he spoke, the sovereign plant he drew;
   Where, on the all-bearing earth, unmark'd it grew.
                                        Pope
 All-chee'ring, all-tshe'ring. adj.  [from
    all and cheer.] That, which gives gayety
    and cheerfulness to all.
             Soon, as the allrcheering sun
   Should, in the farthest east, begin to draw
   The shady curtains from Aurora's bed.    Shaksp.
 All-comma'nding,   all-kom-mand'ing.
    adj.  [from all and command.]  Having
    the  sovereignty over  all.
     He now sets before them the  high and shining
   idol of glory, the all-commanding image of bright
   g°ld-                                Raleigh.
 All-compo'sing, all-kom-po'sing.409 adj.
    [from all and compose.]  That, which
    quiets all men, or every thing.
     Wrapt in embow'ring shades, Ulysses lies,
   His woes forgot: but Pallas now addrest,
   To break the bands of all-composing rest.   Pope.
 ALL-co'NquERiNG,   all-conk'ker-lng.33*
    adj. [from all and conquer.] That, which
    subdues  every thing.
     Second of Satan sprung, all-conquering death!
   What think'st thou of our empire now ?     Milton.
 All-consu'ming,  ail-kon-su/ming.  adj.
    [from all and consume.]  That, which
    consumes every  thing.
     By age unbroke:—but all-consuming care
   Destroys perhaps toe strength, that time would spare.
                                       Pope.
 All-oevouring,  all-de-vour'ing.   adj.
   [from all and devour.]  That which eats
   up every thing.
     Secure from flames, from envy's fiercer rage,
   Destructive war, and all-devouring age.    Pope.
 All-fou'rs,  all-forz'. ». s.  [from all and
   four.] A low  game at cards; played by
   two;  so  named,  from the four particu-
   lars by which it is reckoned;  and which,
   joined in the hand of  either of the par-
   ties, are said to make all-fours.
 Allha'il,  ali-hale'. to.  s.  [from all and
   hail, for health.] All health! This is there-
   fore  not  a compound, though perhaps
   usually reckoned among them; a term
   of salutation.  Salve, or salvete.
  All hail, ye fields, where constant peace attends!
    All hail, ye sacred solitary groves!
  All hail, ye books, my  true, my real friends,
    Whose conversation pleases and improves!
                                      Walsh.
Allha'llow,  all-hal'lo.  > n. s. [from all
Allha'llows,  all-hal'lus. 5 and  hallow.]
   All saints day; the first of November.
All-ha'llown, all-hal'lun. adj.  [from all
   and hallow,  to make holy.]  The time,
   about All saints day.
    Farewell, thou latter spring! farewell,
  All-hallown summer.       Shakspeare's Henry IV.
Allha'llowtide,   all-hal'lo-tide.  to. *.
   [See  All-hallown.]  The term, near
   All saints, or the first of November
    Cut off the bough about All-hallowHde, in the bare
  place; and set it, in the ground; and it will grow, to
  be a fair tree in one year.      Bacon's Nat. Hist.
All-hea'l, all-hele'. to. s.  [panax, Lat."]
   A  species of ironwort; which see.
All-jud'ging, afl-jild'jing. adj. [from all
   and judge.]  That, which has the  sove-
   reign right of judgment.
             I look with horror back,
  That I detest my wretched self, and curse
  My past polluted life.  All-judging Heaven,
  Who knows my crimes, has seen my sorrow for them
                             Rowe's Jane Shore.
All-kno'wing,  all-no'ing. adj. [from all
   and know.] Omniscient; all-wise.
    Shall we repine, at a little misplaced charity; we
  who could no way foresee the effect? When an all
  knowing, all-wise  Being, showers down every day
  his benefits on the unthankful and undeserving.
                           Atterbury's Sermons.
All-ma'king, all-make'ing. adj. [from all
   and make.] That, created all; omnisick.
   See All-seeing.
ALL-pow'ERFUL,all-p6ii'iir-ful.arf7*.[from
   all and poiverful/]  Almighty;  omnipo-
   tent; possessed of  infinite  power.
    0 all-powerful Being!  the least motion of whose
  will can create or destroy  a  world; pity us, the
  mournful friends of thy distressed servant.    Swift.
A'll saints da'y,  all-sants-da'. n.s. The
   day, on which there is a general celebra-
   tion of the saints.  The  first of  Novem-
   ber.
All-se'er, all-seer7,  to. s. [from  all and
   see.]   He, that  sees or beholds every
   tiling;  he, whose view comprehends all
   things
    That high All-seer, which I dallied with,
  Hath turn'd  my feigned prayer on my head;
  And giv'n in earnest, what I begg'd in jest. Shaksp.
All-se'eing, all-see'ing.  adj.  [from  all
   and see.]  That beholds  every thing.
    The same First Mover certain bounds has plac'd,
  How long those perishable forms shall last:
  Nor can they last, beyond the time, assign'd
  By that all-seeing and all-making mind.    Dryden.
All  so'uls day, all-solz-da'. n.  s.  The
   day, on which supplications  are made
   for all souls by the church of Rome; the
   second of November
    This is all souls day, fellows! Is it not?—
  It is, my lord.—
  Why then, all souls day is my body's doomsday.
All-suffi'cient,   all-suf-fish'ent.  adj.
   [from all and  sufficient.]   Sufficient to
   every thing.
    The testimonies of God are perfect: the testimo-
  nies of God are allrsufficient unto that end, for which
  they were given.                       Ho^ceri
    He can more than employ all our powers in their
  utmost elevation; for he is every way perfect and all-
  sufficient,                             jy^,
All-wi'se, all-wize'. adj. [from  all and
   wise.] Possest of infinite wisdom.
    There is  an infinite, eternal, all-wise mind, go-
  verning the affairs of the world.           South.
    Supreme, allrwise, eternal, potentate!
  Sole author, sole disposer, of our fate!     Prior.
ALLANTO'IS,or ALLANTO'IDES, al-
  lan-td'iz,  or ai-lan-to'idz. to. *. [from  *A-
  /*« a gui, and eU®* shape.] The urinary
  tumck,  placed  between the amnion and 
ALL                                     ALL                                     ALL
                                                0
  chorion; which, by the navel and ura-
  chus (or passage, by which the urine is
  conveyed from the  infant in the womb)
  receives the urine, that comes out of the
  bladder.                         Quincy.
To  ALLA'Y, al-la'. v. a.[from alloycr, Fr.
  to mix one metal with another, in order
  to coinage: it is therefore derived  by
  some,  from a la loi, according  to law;
  the quantity of metals being mixed, ac-
  cording to law: by others, from allier, to
  unite;  perhaps from allocare, to put to-
   gether.]
1. To mix one metal with another, to make
  it fitter for coinage.   In this sense, most
  authors preserve the original French or-
  thography, and write alloy.  See Alloy.
2. To join  any thing to another, so as to
  abate its predominant  qualities.  It is
  used commonly, in a sense contrary to
  its  original meaning;  and  is, to make
  something bad, less bad.  To obtund; to
  repress; to abate
        Being brought into toe open air,
  I would allay the burning quality
  Of that fell poison.                     Shaksp.
    No friendly officers shall alter or allay that ran-
  cour, that frets in some hellish breasts; which, upon
  all occasions, will foam out at its foul mouth in slan-
  der and invective.                      South.
3.  To quiet; to pacify; to  repress.  The
   word, in this sense, I think not to be de-
  rived from the French alloyer; but to be
  the English word lay, with a before it,
   according to the old form.
           If by your art you have
  Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them. Shaksp.
Alla'y, al-la'. to. s. [alloy, Fr.]
1. The rnetal of a baser kind, mixed in
  coins, to harden them,  that  they may
  wearless. Gold is allayed, with silver and
  copper; two carats, to a pound Troy: sil-
  ver, with copper only; of which, eighteen
  pennyweights is mixed  with a pound.
  Cowell thinks the allayis added, to coun-
  tervail the charge of coining:which might
  have been done, only by making the coin
  less.
    For fools are stubborn in their way,
  As coins are harden'd by th' allay.      Hudibras.
2. Any thing, which (being added) abates
  the predominant qualities of that with
  which it is mingled; in the same manner,
  as the admixture of baser metals allays
  the qualities of the first mass.
    Dark colours easily suffer a sensible allay, by lit-
  tle scattering light.             Newton's Opticks.
3. Allay,  being taken  from baser metals,
  commonly implies something worse than
  that, with which it is mixed.
    The joy has no allay of jealousy, hope, and fear.
                                  Roscommon.
Alla'yer, al-la'ur. to. *. [froma//ay.] The
  person or thing, which has the power or
  qu tiity  of allaying.
    Phlegm and pure  blood are reputed allayers of
  acrimony: and Avicen countermands letting blood in
  cholerick  bodies; because he esteems the blood a
  frcen»m bilis, or a bridle of gall, obtunding its acri-
  mony and fierceness.                   Harvey.
ALLA;Y.Mfc:Nr,al-ia'ment. n. s.[fromallay.]
  That which has the power of allaying or
  abating the force of another.
    If I could temporize with my affection,
  Or brew it to a weak and colder palate;
  The like allayment would I give my grief.   Sliaksp.
Allega'tion, ai-le-ga'shun.  to.  5.  [from
  allege.]
1. Affirmation; declaration
2. The thing alleged  or affirmed.
    Hath he not twit our sovereign lady here
  With ignominious words, though darkly coucht?
  As if she had suborned some to swear
  False allegations, to o'erthrow his state.
                         Shakspeare's Henry VI.
3. An  excuse;  a plea.
    I omitted no means, to be informed of my errours;
  and I expect not to  be excused in any negligence,
  on account of youth, want of leisure, or any other
  idle allegations.                          Pope.
To  ALLE'GE, al-l£dje'. v. a.[allego, Lat.]
1. To  affirm; to declare; to maintain.
2. To  plead, as an excuse; or produce, as
  an argument.
    Surely the present form of church-government is
  such, as no law of God, or reason  of man, hath
  hitherto been alleged of force  sufficient,  to prove
  they do ill; who, to the utmost of their power, with-
  stand the alteration thereof.              Hooker.
    If we forsake the ways of grace or goodness, we
  cannot allege any colour of ignorance, or want of in-
  struction; we cannot say, we have not learned them,
  or w? could not.                        Sprat.
    He hath a clear and full view; and there is no
  more to be alleged, for his better information. Locke.
Alle'geable, al-iedj'a-bl. adj.  [from al-
  lege.] That, which may be alleged.
    Upon this interpretation, all may be solved, that
  is allegeable against it.     Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Alle'gement, al-lfidj'm£nt.  to.  s.  [from
  allege] The same with allegation.  Diet.
Alle'ger, al-lddj'ur. to. s. [Irom allege]
   He, that alleges.
    The  narrative, if we believe it as confidently as
  the famous alleger of it (Pamphilio) appears to do,
  would argue, that there is no other principle requi-
  site,  than what may result from the lucky  mixture
  of several bodies.                      Boyle.
Alle'giance, al-le'janse. n.s. [allegeance.
  Fr.] The duty of subjects to the govern-
  ment.
    I did pluck allegiance from men's hearts,
  Loud shouts and salutations from their mouths,
  Even in the presence of the crowned king.  Sliaksp.
    We charge you, on allegiance to ourselves,
  To hold your slaughtering hands, and keep the peace.
                                      Shaksp.
    The house of commons, to whom every day peti-
  tions are directed by the several counties  of Eng-
  land, professing all allegiance to them, govern abso-
  lutely; the lords concurring, or rather submitting, to
  whatsoever is proposed.              Clarendon.
Alle'giant, al-le'jant. adj. [from allege]
  Loyal; conformable to  the  duty of alle-
  giance: a word, not now used.
            For your great graces
  Heap'd upon me, poor undeserver; I
  Can nothing render, but aUegiant thanks,
  My pray'rs to heaven for you.   Shaksp. Henry VIII.
Allego'rick, al-le gor'rik. adj  [from al-
  legory/]  After the manner of  an  alle-
   gory; not real;  not literal.
    A  kingdom they portend thee; but, what kingdom,
  Real or allegorick, I discern not.         Milton.
ALLEGo'uicALjal-le-gor're-kal adj. [from
  allegory.]  In the form ol  an  aliegory;
   not real; not literal; mystical.
    When our Saviour said, in  an  allegorical and
  mystical sense, ' Except ye eat the flesh of the Son
  of Man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you;'
  the hearers understood him literally and grossly.
                                      Bentley.
    The epithet of Apollo for shooting, is dpaMe ol
  two applications; oue literal, in respect of the darts
  and bow, the ensign of that god; toe other allegori-
  cal, in regard to tiie rays of toe sun.        Pope.
Allego'rically, ai-ie-gor're-kal-le. adv.
   [from allegory.]  After  an allegorical
   manner.
    Virgil often  makes Iris the messenger of Juno,
  allegoricalty taken for the  air.          Peacham.
    The place is to be understood allegorically; and,
  what is thus spoken by a Pnaeacian with wistlom, is
  (by the Poet) applied to the goddess of it.    Pope.
Allego'ricalness,   al-ie-gor're-ka -nes.
   to. s.  [from allegorical]  The quality of
   being allegorical.                  Diet.
To A'llegorize, aVle-go-rize. v. a. [from
   allegory.] To turn into allegory; to form
   an allegory;  to take  in a sense not literal.
    He hath very wittily allegorized this tree; allow-
  ing his supposition of the tree itself to be true.
                                     Raleigh.
    As some would allegorize these signs,  so others
  would confine them to the destruction of Jerusalem.
                              Burnet's Theory.
    An alchymist shall reduce divinity, to  the max-
  ims of his laboratory; explain morality by sal sul-
  phur, and mercury; and allegorize the  scripture it-
  self,  and the sacred mysteries thereof, into the phi
  losopher's stone.                        Locke.
A'LLEGORY,al'le-g6r-re.8"«.«.[«A^yo-
   plot.]  A figurative discourse;  in  which
   something other is intended, than is con-
   tained in the words  literally taken;  as,
   wealth is the daughter of diligence, and
   the  parent of authority.
    Neither must we draw out our allegory too long;
  lest either we make ourselves obscure; or fall into
  affectation, which is childish.         Ben Jonson.
    This word nympha meant nothing else, but  (by
  allegory) the vegetative humour or  moisture, that
  qaickeneth and giveth life to  trees and flowers,
  whereby they grow.                  Peacham.
ALLE'GRO,  al-le'gro. to.  s. A  word, de-
   noting  one  of the  six  distinctions of
   time.   It expresses a sprightly -motion,
   the quickest of all, except Presto.  It
   originally means gay, as  in  Milton.
ALLELU'JAH,  n.s.  al-le-lu'ya.  [This
   word is falsely written tor  Hallelujah,
   iV?n and m.]  A word of spiritual  exul-
   tation, used in hymns; it signifies, Praise
   God.
    He will set his tongue, to those pious divine strains;
  which may be a proper prsludium to  those allelujalis,
  he hopes eternally to sing. Government of the Tongue
ALLEMA'NDE, al-le'mand. to. *. [Ital.]
   A grave kind of musick.           Diet.
To ALLEVIATE,   al-le've-ate.91  v. a.
   [allevo, Lat.]
1. To  make light; to ease; to soften.
    The pains, taken in toe speculative, will much al-
  leviate me in describing toe practic  part.   Harvey.
    Most of the distempers are the effects of abused
  plenty  and luxury, and must not be charged upon
  our Maker; who (notwithstanding) hath provided ex-
  cellent medicines, to alleviate those  evils, which we
  bring upon ourselves.                  Bentley.
2. To extenuate  or soften; as, he allevi-
   ates his fault by an  excuse.
Allevia'tion, al-le-ve-a'shun. «. s. [from
   alleviate.]
1. The  act of making light, of allaying, or
   extenuating.
     All apologies for, and alkviulions of, faults, though
   they  are toe heights of humanity; vi t they are not the
|   favours, but the duties, of friendship.        &\, nth. 
ALL
ALL
ALL
2. That,  by  which any pain is eased,  or
   fault extenuated.
    This loss of one-fifth of their income will sit heavy
  on them, who shall feel it, without the alleviation of
  any profit.                             Locki.
A'lley, al'le.270 to. s. [allee, Fr.]
1. A walk in a garden.
    And all within were walks and alleys wide,
  With footing worn, and leading inward far.  Spenser.
    Where alleys are close gravelled,  the earth put-
  teth forth the lirst year knotgrass, and after spire-
  grass.                 Bacon's Natural History.
              Yonder alleys green,
  Our walk at noon, with branches overgrown. Milton
     Come, my  fair love! Our morning's task we lose:
   Some labour, ev'n the  easiest life would choose:
   Ours is not great; the dangling bows to crop,
   Whose too luxuriant growth our alleys stop. Dryden.
     The thriving plants, ignoble broomsticks made,
   Now sweep those alleys they were born to  shade.
                                       Pope.
2. A passage  in  towns,  narrower  than a
   street.
     A back friend, a shoulder clapper; one that com-
   mands  the passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow
   lands.                            Shakspeare.
Alli'ance,  al-li'anse. n. s.  [alliance, Fr.]
 1. The  state of connexion with  another,
   by confederacy; a league. In this sense,
   our histories of  queen  Anne  mention
   the grand alliance.
2. Relition by marriage.
     A bloody Hymen shall to' alliance join,
   Betwixt the Trojan and to' Ausonian line.   Dryd
3. Relation by any form of kindred.
               For my father's sake,
   And for alliance' sake, declare the cause
   My father lost his head.        Shaksp. Henry VI.
     Adrastus soon, with gods averse, shall join
   In dire alliance with the Theban line;
   Thence strife shall rise, and mortal  war succeed.
                                        Pope.
 4. The  act  of forming or  contracting  re-
    lation  to another; the act of  making
    a confederacy.
     Dorset, your son, that with a  fearful soul
   Leads discontented steps in foreign  soil,
   This fair alliance quickly shall call home
   To high promotions.         Shaksp. Richard III.
 5. The persons allied to each  other.
     I would not boast the greatness of my father,
   But point out new alliances to Cato.       Addison.
 Alli ciENCY,ai-lish'yen-se.i13 n.s.[allicio
    Lat  to entice or draw ]  The  power of
   attracting any thing; magnetism; attrac-
    tion.
     The feigned central alliciency is but a word; and
   the manner of  it, still occult.          Glanville.
 To A'LLIGATE, aTle-gate.o* v.a.  [atligo,
    Lat.]  To tie one thing  to  another; to
    unite.
 Alliga'tion, al-le-ga'shun.  to. s.  [from
    altigate]
 1. Tne  act of tying together;  the  state of
    being  so  tied.
 2. The arithmetical rule,  that teaches to
    adjust the price of compounds  formed
    of several ingredients of different value.
 Alliga'tor,  a-le-ga'tur.631 to. s.  The cro-
    codile of  America; between whicn, and
    that  of  Africa,   naturalists have  laid
    down this, difference:  that  one   moves
   the upper,  and the other the lower jaw;
   but tms is now known to be oimerical,
   the lower jaw being equally moved   by
   both   See Crocodile.
    In Ins needy shop a tortoise hung,
  An alligator stuff'd, and other skins
  Of ill-shap'd fishes.                     Shaksp
    Aloft in rows large poppy-hea.ls were strung,
  And here a scaly alligator nung.  Garth's Dispt nsary.
A lligature,  ai-lig'ga-ture.-*^ n.s. [from
   alligate.] The link or ligature, by which
   two things are joined together.    Diet.
Alli'sion, al-iizh'un  n. s.  [alido, allisum,
   L-at.]  The  act of  striking one thing
   against another.
    There have not been any islands of note, or con-
  siderable extent, torn and cast off' from  the conti-
  nent by earthquakes, or severed from it by toe bois-
  terous allision of the sea.            Woodward.
Allitera'tion,  ai-lit-er-a'shun. n. s. [ad
   and  litera, Lat.]  Of what  the critics
   call alliteration, or beginning of several
   words in the same verse witn the same
   letter; there are instances in the  oldest
   and best writers, as,
    Behemoth biggest born.  Milton's  Paradise Lost.
Allocation, al-lo-ka'shuu.  to. s.  [alloco,
   Lat.]
1. The act of putting one thing to  another.
2. The admission of an article in  reckon-
   ing, and addition of it to the account.
3. An allowance made upon an account:  a
   term used in the exchequer. Chambers.
Allocu'tion,  al-16-ku'sluin. to. s.  [alio-
   cutio, Lat.] The act of speaking to ano-
   ther.
 \llo'dial,  al-16'de-al. adj.  [from  allodi-
   um.]   Held  without  any acknowledg-
   ment of superiority; not  feudal; inde-
   pendent.
ALLO'DIUM, a\-lo'de-Am.  n.s. [A word
   of very uncertain derivation, but most
   probably of  German  original.]  A  pos-
   session held  in absolute independence,
   without any acknowledgment of a  lord
   paramount:  it is opposed to fee, or feu-
   dum, which  intimates some  kind of de-
   pendence.   There are no allodial lands
   in England; all being held  either  me-
   diately  or  immediately of the king.
ALLo'NGE,a-liiiidje'.itiflTO.*. [allonge, Fr.]
 1. A pass or thrust with a  rapier;  so cal-
   led from the lengthening of the space
   taken up by the fencer.
2. It  is likewise  taken  for a long rein,
   when the  horse is trotted  in the hand
 To Allo'o, al-166'. v. a. [Tnis word is ge-
   nerally spoke halloo; and is used to  dogs
   when  they are incited to  the chase  or
   battle: it is commonly imagined to come
   from the French allons; perhaps from
   all lo, look all; showing the object.] To
   set on; to  incite a dog, by crying  alloo.
    Aloo thy furious mastiff;  bid him vex
   The  noxious herd, and print upon their ears
   A sad memorial of their past offence.     Philips.
A'lloquy,   al'lo-kwe.  to.  s.   [alloquium,
   Lat.]  The act of speaking  to  another;
   address; conversation.             Diet.
 To ALLO'T,  ai-lot'  v. a.  [from lot.]
 i. To distribute by lot.
2. To  grant.
    Five days we do allot thee for provision,
   To shield thee from disasters of the world-
   And, on toe sixth, to turn thy hated back '
   Upon our kingdom.          Shaksp. King Lear.
    I shall deserve my fate; if I refuse
  That hapi<y hour, which heaven allots to peace.
                                      Dryden.
   To distribute;  to  parcel  out;  to  give
   each his share.
    Since fame was the only end of all their studies
  a man cannot be too scrupulous  in allotting them
  their due portion of it.                   Tatler.
Allotment, al-iot'ment n.s.  [from al-
   lot.]
   Tiut which is allotted to any one;  the
   part, the share, the portion granted.
    There can be no  thought of security or quiet in
  this world, but in a resignation to  the allotments of
  God and nature.                   L'Esirange.
    Though it is our duty,  to submit with patience to
  more scanty allotments; yet thus much, we may rea-
  sonably and lawfully ask of God.     Rogers's Serin.
2. Fart appropriated.
    It is laid out into a grove, for fruits and shade- a
  vineyard; and an allotment, for olives and herns.
                                     Broome.
Allo'ttery, al-lot'tdr-e.8as n.s [fromal-
   lot.] That wnich is granted to any par-
   ticular person in a distribution. See Al-
   lotment.
    Allow me such exercises, as may become a gen-
  tleman; or give me the poor allottery, my father left
  me by testament.                      Shaksp
To ALLO'W, ai-16u'. v. a.  [allouer, Fr.
   from allaudare, Lat.]
   To admit; as, to allow a position: not to
   contradict; not to oppose.
    The principles, which  all mankind allow for true
  are innate; those, that men of right reason admit'
  are the principles allowed by all mankind.    Locke.
    The pow'r of musick all our hearts allow;
  And, what Timotheus was, is Dryden now.   Pope.
    That some of the Presbyterians declared openly
  against the king's murder, I allow to be true.  Swift.
2.  To justily;  to maintain as right.
            The pow'rs above
  Allow obedience.                  Shakspeare.
    The Lord alloweth the righteous.        Bible.
3. To grant; to yield; to own any one's ti-
   tle to.
    We will not, in civility, allow too much sincerity
  to toe professions of most men; but think their ac-
  tions to be interpreters of their thoughts.     Locke.
    I shall be ready to allow the pope as little power
  here, as you please.                     Swift.
4. To grant license to; to permit.
    Let's follow the old earl; and get the bedlam,
  To lead him where he would: his roguish madness
  Allows itself to any thing.               Shaksp,
    But, as we were allowed of God to be put in trust
  with the gospel, even so  we speak; not as pleasing
  men, but God, which trieth our hearts. 1 Thess. ii. 4.
    They referred all laws, that were to be passed in
  Ireland, to be considered, corrected, and allowed first
  by the state of England.         Davies on Ireland.
5. To give a sanction to; to autnonze.
   ^ There is no slander, in an aUow'd fool.   Shaksp.
6. To give to; to pay to.
    Ungrateful, then! if we no tears allow
  To him, that gave us peace and empire too. Waller.
7. To appoint  for,  to set out to a certain
   use; as,  He allowed  his  son the third
   part of his income.
8. To make  abatement  or provision; or to
   settle any tiling, with  some concessions
   or cautions regarding something else.
    If we consider the different occasions, of ancient
   and modern medals; we shad find they both agree in
  recording the great actions and successes in war; al-
   lowing still for the diiierent ways of making it, and
   the circumstances that attended it.      Addison.
Allo'wablk,  ai-lou a-bl. adj.  [from al-
   low.]                          L 
ALL
ALL
ALM
  l.  That  which  may be  admitted without
    contradiction.
     It is not allowable what is observable in many pieces
   of Raphael; where Magdalen is represented before
   our Saviour, washing his feet on her knees: whicn
   will not consist with toe text.   Brown's Vulgar Err.
  2. That  which is permitted or  licensed,
    lawful; not forbidden.
     In actions of this sort, the light of nature  alone
   may discover that, which is in the sight of God, allow-
   able.                                Hooker.
     1 was, by the freedom allowable among friends,
   tempted to vent my thoughts with negligence.  Boyle.
     Reputation becomes a signal and a very peculiar
   blessing to magistrates; and their pursuit of it is, not
   only allowable, but laudable.  Atterbury's Sermons.
  Allo'wahleness,  ai-ibu a-bl-ness.  n.  s.
    [from allowable ]  The qualify of being
    allowaole; lawfulness; exemption from
    prohibition.
     Lots, as to their nature, use, and allowableness, in
   matters of recreation, are indeed impugned by some,
   though better defended by others.  South's Sermons.
  Allo'wvnce, ai-i6u anse.  n.s. [from a/-
   low]
  1. Admission, without contradiction.
     That, which wisdom did first begin, and hath been
   with good men long continued, challengeth allowance
   of them that succeed, although it plead for itself no-
   thing.                            .   Hooker.
     Without the notion and alloicance of spirits, our
   philosophy will be lame and defective in one  main
   part of it.                             Locke.
  2. Sanction; license; authority.
     You sent a large commission to conclude
   (Without the king's will, or the state's allowance)
   A league, between his highness and Ferrara. Shaksp.
 3. Permission; freedom  from restraint.
     They should,  therefore, be accustomed betimes,
   to consult and make use of their reason, before they
   give allowance to their inclinations.         Locke.
 4. A settled rate, or appointment for  any
   use
     The victual in plantations ought to be expended,
   almost as in a besieged town; that is, with certain
   allowance.                            Bacon.
     And his allowance was a continual allowance, given
   him of the king; a daily rate, for every day all his
   life.                                2 Kings.
 5. Abatement, from the  strict rigour  of a
   law or demand.
     The whole poem, though written in heroick verse,
   is of the Pindaricknature; as well in the thought, as
   the expression: and, as such, requires the same grains
   of allowance for it.                    Dryden.
     Parents never give allowances, for an innocent
   passion.                               Sioift.
 6. Established character; reputation.
     His bark is stoutly timber'd; and his pilot,
     Of very expert and approv'd alloicance. Shaksp.
 Allo'y, al-ioe'.82 to.  s  [See Allay.]
 1. Baser metal, mixed in coinage.
     That precise weight and fineness, by law appro-
   priated to the pieces of each denomination, is called
   the standard. Fine silver is silver, without the mix-
   ture of any baser metal: Alloy is baser metal, mixed
   with it.                               Locke.
    Let another piece be coined of toe same weight;
  wherein half the silver is taken out, and  copper or
  other alloy put into the place; it will be worth but
  half as much: for the value of the alloy is so incon-
  siderable as  not to be reckoned.           Locke.
 2. Abatement; diminution.
    The pleasures of sense are probably relished, by
  beasts in a more exquisite degree, than they are by
  men; for they taste them sincere and pure, without
  mixture or alloy.                     Atterbury.
Allube'scency, al-lu-bes'sen-se. n. s. [al-
  lubeseentia, Lat.] Willingness; content
                                       Diet.
 To  ALLU'DE,   ai-iude'.  v. n.  [alludo,
    Lat ] To have some reference to a thMg
    without tne direct mention of it; to him
    at; to insinuate.    It is used of persons;
    as,  he  alludes  to an  old  story;  or  ol
    things,  as, the  lampoon alludes  to  hh
    mother's faults.
     These speeches of Jerom and Chrysostom do seem
   to allude unto such  ministerial garments as were
   then in use.                          Hooker.
     True it  is,  that many things of this nature be ul-
   luded unto; yea, many things declared.    Hooker.
     Then just proportions were taken, and every thing
   placed by weight and  measure: and this, I doubt not,
   was that artificial structure here alludea. to. Burnet.
 Ali.u'minor, al-lu'me-nur. to. s. [allumer
   Fr. to light.] One who colours or paints
   upon paper  or  parchment; because  he
   gives graces,light, and ornament, to the
   letters or figures coloured.       Cowell.
 To  ALLU'RL, al-lure'. v. a.  [leurer, Fr
   looren, Dutch, belaerien, Sax]  To en-
   tice to any thing whether good or  bad:
   to  draw toward any  thing  by  entice-
   ment.
     Unto laws, that men make for the  benefit of men,
   it hath seemed always needful to add rewards; which
   may more  allure unto good,  than any hardness de-
   terreth from it: and punishments; which may more
   deter from evil, than any sweetness thereto alluretu.
                                      Hooker.
     The golden sun, in splendour likest  heav'n,
   Allur'd his eye           Milton's Paradise Lost.
     Each flatt'ring hope, and each alluring joy.
                                     Lyttlelon.
 Allu're,  al-lure'.  to s. [from  the verb al-
   lure] Something set up, to  entice  birds
   (or other things) to it.  We now  write
   lure.
     The rather to train them to his allure, he told them
   both often, and with  a vehement voice, how they
   were over-topped and trodden down by gentlemen.
                                     Hayward.
 Allu'rement, al-lure'ment.  n. s.  [from
   allun .]■  That which allures, or has the
   force of  alluring; enticement;  tempta-
   tion of pleasure
    Against allurement, custom, and a world
   Offended; fearless of reproach and scorn,
   Or violence.             Milton's Paradise Lost.
    —Adam, by his wife's allurement, fell.
                             Paradise Regained.
             To shun to' allurement is not hard
  To minds resolv'd, forewarn'd, and well prepared:
  But, wond'rous difficult, when once beset;
  To struggle through the straits, and break  th' in-
      volving net.                       Dryden.
Allu'rer, ai-hi'rtlr.98 n. s.  [from allure.]
   The  person  that  allures;  enticer;  in-
   veigler.

Allu'kingly,  al-lu'r!ng-le.  adv. [from
   allure]   In  an  alluring  manner;  enti-
   cingly.

Allu'ringness,   al-lur'ing-n£ss.  n.  s
   [from alluring.]  The quality uf alluring
   or enticing;  invitation;  temptation  by
   proposing  pleasure.

 allu'sion, al-lu'zhdn. to. s. [allu&io, Lat.]
   That which is spoken with reference to
   something   supposed   to  be  already
   known, and therefore not expressed; a
   hint; an implication. It has the  particle
   to.
    Here are manifest allusions and footsteps  of the
   dissolution of the earth, as it was in the deluge, and
   will be m its last ruin.           Burnet's l'n.ory.
     This last allusion gall'd the Panther more;
   Because indeed it rubb'd upon the sore.   Dryden.
     Expressions now out of use, allusions to customs
   lost to us, and various particularities, must needs
   continue several passages in the dark..     Locke
 Allu'sivk, al-iu'siv.lM *~" adj.  [alludo, al-
   lusum,  Lat.]   Hinting at sometning  not
   fully expressed.
     Where the expression in  one place is plain,  and
   the sense affixed to it agreeable to the proper force
   of the wards, and  no negative objection requires us
   to depart from it; and the expression, in  the other,
   is figurative or allusive, and the doctrine, deduced
   from it, liable to great objections; it is reasonable,
   in this latter place, to restrain  the  extent of the
   figure aud allusion  to a consistency with the former.
                              Rogers's Sermons.
 Allu'sively, al-lu'siv-ie. adv.  [from  al-
   lusive]   In an allusive manner;  by im-
   plication;  by insinuation.
    The Jewish nation, that rejected and crucified him,
   within the compass  of one generation, were, accord-
   ing to his prediction, destroyed by the Romans, and
   preyed upon  by those  eagles (Matt. xxiv. 28.) by
   which, allusively, are noted the Roman armies,whose
   ensign was the eagle.                Hammond.
 Allu siveness,  ai-lu'siv-ness. n. s. [from
   allusive]  The  quality of being allusive.
 ALLu'vioN,al-lu've-un n.s.[<illuvio, Lat.]
 1. The carrying of any thing  to something
   else by the motion ol  the  water.
 2. The tuing carried by water  to  some-
   thing else.
    The  civil law gives the owner of land aright to
   that increase  which arises  from alluvion,  which is
  defined, an insensible  increment,  brought by the
  water.                                CoweU
 Allu'vious, al-lu've-As.314 adj.  [from al-
   luvion.]  That which  is carried  by wa-
   ter to another  place, and  lodged upon
   something else.
 To ALLY' al-li'. v. a.  [allier, Fr.]
 I. To unite  by kindred, friendship, or con-
   federacy.
    All these septs are allied, to toe inhabitants of the
  north; so, as  there  is no hope, that they will ever
  serve faithfully against them.   Spenser on Ireland.
    Wants, frailties,  passions,  closer still ally
  The common int'rest, or endear the tye.      Pope.
                To the sun  ally'd,
  From him they draw the animating fire.   Thomson.
2. To make  a  relation  between two things
   by similitude   or  resemblance,  or  any
   other means.
    Two lines are, indeed, remotely allied to Virgil's
  sense; but they are  too like the tenderness of Ovid.
                                      Dryden.
Ally', al-li'. to. s. [allie, Fr.] One  united
   by some means of connexion; as  marri-
   age, friendship, confederacy.
    He in court stood, on his own feet;  for the most
  of his allies, rather leaned upon him,  than shored
  h»m-                                 Wotton.
    We could  hinder the accession of Holland to
  France; either as subjects, with great immunities
  for the encouragement of  trade; or as an inferiour
  and dependent ally,  under their protection.   Temple,

 ILMACA'NTAR,  al-ma-kan'tir. n.s.
   [An Arabick word, written variously by
   various  authors; by  D'Herbelot, almo-
   cantar; by others, almucantar.] A circle
   drawn parallel to the horizon. It is ge-
   nerally used  in the plural; and means a
   series of.parallel circles drawn through
   the several degrees of the  meridian, 
ALM
ALM
ALN
Almaoa ntar's Staff, al-ma-kan'tnrz-
  staff.   to. *.  An  instrument commonly
  made of pear-tree or  box, with an arch
  of fifteen degrees; used to take observa-
  tions of the sun  about the time of its
  rising and  setting, in  order to find the
  amplitude, and consequently the varia-
  tions of the compass.          Chambers.
A'lm anack, al'ma-nak.84 to. s. [Derived by
  some from the Arabick al and  manah,
  Heb.  to count or compute;  by others,
  from  al, Arabick, and pm* a  month, or
  (A,xiu.Ko<i the  course of the  months:  by
  others, from a  Teutonick original, al,
  and mann,the moon, an account of every
  moon or month. All of them are proba-
  ble.]   A calendar; a book in which the
  revolutions of the seasons, with the  re-
  turn of feasts and fasts, is noted for the
   ensuing year.
    It will be said, this is an almanack for the old year:
  all hath been well; Spain hath not assailed this king-
  dom.                                Bacon.
    This astrologer made his almanack give a tolera-
  ble account of the weather,  by a direct inversion of
  the common prognosticators.
                     Government of the Tongue.
    Beware the woman too, and shun her sight,
  Who in these studies does herself delight;
  By whom a greasy almanack is borne,
  With often handling, like chaft amber worn.  Dryd.
    I'll have a fasting almanack printed, on purpose
  for her use.            Dryden's Spanish Friar.
A'LMANDINE,aYman-d'me.l*J n. s. [Fr.
  almandina, Ital.]  A  ruby, coarser and
  lighter than  the  oriental,  and nearer  the
  colour of the granate.            Diet.
Almi'ghtiness, al-mi'te ness. to. s. [fiom
  almighty.]  Unlimited power; omnipo-
   tence; one of the attributes of God.
    It  serveto to  the world,  for a witness of his al-
  mightiness, whom we outwardly honour with the
  chiefest of outward things.              Hooker.
    In  creating and making existent the world univer-
  sal, by the absolute act of his own word, God shewed
  his power and almightiness.    Sir Walter Raleigh.
    In  the wilderness,  the bittern and toe stork, the
  unicorn and the elk,  live upon his provisions,  and
  revere his power, and feel the force of his almighti-
  ness.                                Taylor.
 Almi'ghiy, al-mi'te.8*  406  adj.  [from all
  and mighty.] Of unlimited power; om-
   nipotent.
    The Lord appeared unto Abraham;  and said unto
  him,  I am the almighty God: walk before me,  and
  be thou perfect.                Genesis, xvii. 1.
    He wills you,  in the name of God almighty;
  That you divest yourself,  and lay apart
  The borrowed glories; that, by gift of heav'n,
  By law of nature and of nations, 'long
  To him and to his heirs.                Shaksp,
 V/lmond, a'mund.401   to. s.  [amand,  Fr.
   derived  by  Menage  from  amandala, a
  word in low Latin:  by others from Alle-
   tnand,  a  German; supposing that  al-
  monds come to France from Germany ]
  The  nut of the  almond  tree, either
  sweet  or bitter.
    Pound an almond,  and  the clear white colour will
  be altered into a dirty one; and the sweet taste, into
  an oily one.                          Locke.
A'lmonu-tree, i'mAnd-tree. n.a.  [amyg-
  dalus, Lat.]    It has leaves and  fioweis
  very like those of the peach tree; but the
  fruit is longer and more compressed;
  the  outer green coat is thinner and drier
  when ripe, and the  shell is not so rug-
  ged.                             Miller.
    Like to an almond-tree, mounted high
  On top of Green Selenis, all alone,
  With blossoms brave bedecked daintily;
  Whose tender locks do tremble every one,
  At every little breath that under heav'n is blown.
                                Fahy Queen,
    Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood:
  If od'rous blooms the bearing branches load,
  The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign;
  Great heats will follow, and large crops of grain.
                                   Dryden.
A'lmonds of the throat, or Tonsils,
  a'mundz (called improperly, Almonds
  of the ears) are two round glands, placed
  on  the sides of the basis of  the tongue,
  under the common  membrane of the
  fauces: each of them has  a large oval
  sinus, which opens into the fauces; and
  in it are a great number of lesser ones,
  which discharge themselves through the
  great sinus of a mucous and slippery mat-
  ter into the fauces, larynx, and oesopha-
  gus, forthe moistening and lubricating
  those parts. When the oesophagus mus-
  cle acts, it compresses the almonds, and
  they  frequently are  the occasion of a
  sore throat.                     Quincy.
    The tonsils, or  almonds of the ears,  are also fre-
  quently swelled in the king's evil; which tumour may
  be very well reckoned a species of it.      Wiseman.
A'LMOND-FURNACE,orA'LMAN-FURNACE,
  a'milnd-mr-nis, called also the Sweep;
  is a peculiar kind of furnace used in re-
  fining,  to separate metals from cinders
  and other foreign substances. Chambers
A'lmoner, or A'lmner, al'mo-nur.  j+to. *.
  [eleemosynarius, Lat.]  The officer of a
  prince or other person employed  in the
  distribution of charity
    I enquired for an almoner; and the general fame
  has  pointed out your reverence, as the worthiest
  man.                             Dryden.
Al'monry, al'min-re.  to. *.  [from  almo-
  ner.] The place where the almoner re-
  sides, or where the alms are distributed.
Almo'st,  ai'most.84   adv.  [from all and
  most; that is,  most part of all. Skinner.]
  Neariy; well nigh;  in the  next degree
  to the whole,  or to universality.
    Who is there almost; whose mind, at some time
  or other,  love or anger, fear or grief, has  not so
  fastened to some clog, that it could not turn itself to
  any other object.                      Locke.
    There can be no such thing or notion, as an almost
  infinite; there can  be nothing next or second, to an
  omnipotent God.             Bentley's Sermons.
    Atlas becomes unequal to his freight;
  And alnwst faints,  beueath the glowing weight.
                                   Addison.
ALMS, amz.408 to. s.  [in Saxon, elmer,
  from eleemosyna, Lat.]   What is given
  gratuitously in relief of the poor.  It has
  no singular.
            My arm'd knees,
  Which bow'd but in my stirrup, bend like his,
  That hath receiv'd an alms.             Shaksp.
    The poor beggar hath a just demand of an alms,
  from the rich man; who is guilty of fraud, injustice,
  and oppression, if he does not afford relief according
  to his abilities.                         Swift
Alms-basket, amz'bas-klt.   to. s.  [from
  alma a.nd basket.]  The basket in which
  provisions are put to be given away.
    There sweepings do as well,
  As the best ordcr'd meal;
  For, who the relish of these guests will fit,
  Needs set theua but the alms-basket ot >vit. BenJons.
    We'll stind up for our properties, was the beggar's
  song, that lived upon the alms-basket.   L'Eiiraitgt.
A'lmsdeed,  amz'ueed. to.*,  [from ulms
   and deed.] An act of charity; a charita-
   ble gift.
   This woman was full of good works, and alms-duds
  which she did.                    Acts,«. 86
        Hard-favour'd Richard, where art thou?
  Thou art not here: murder is thy alms-deed;
  Petitioner for blood thou ne'er put'st bacL.  Shaksp.
A'LMs-GivER,amz'giv-ur. to. s. [fromu/w«
   and giver.] He  that  gives alms; he that
   supports others by his charity.
    He endowed many religious foundations, and yet
  was he a great alms-giver in secret; which shewed
  that his works in publick were dedicated, rather to
  God's glory, than his own.               Bacon.
A'lmshouse, amz-house.   to. «.   [from
   alms and house.] A house devoted to the
   reception and support of the poor; an
   hospital for the  poor.
    The way of providing for the clergy by tithes, the
  device of alms-houses for the poor, and the sorting-
  out of the people into parishes, are manifest. Hooker.
    And, to relief of lazars,  and weak age.
  Of indigent faint souls past corporal toil,
  A hundred alms-houses right well supplied.  Shaksp.
    Many penitents, after the robbing of temples and
  other rapine, build an hospital or alms-house, out of
  the ruins of the church, aud the spoils of widows and
  orphans.                         L'Eslrange.
    Behold yon alms-house, neat, but void of state;
  Where age and want sit smiling at the gate.  Pope.
A'lms-man, amz'man.  n.s. [from alms and
   man.] A man who lives upon alms; who
   is supported by charity.
    I'll give my jewels, for a set of beads;
  My gorgeous palace, for a hermitage;
  My gay apparel, for an alms-man's gown.   Shaksp
A'lmug-tree, ai'mug-tree. «.  s.  A tree
   mentioned in  Scripture.    Of its  wood
   were made musical instruments; and it
   was used also in rails, or in a staircase.
   The Rabbins  generally render it  coral,
   others ebony,  brazil,  or pine: in the Sep-
   tuagint, it is translated wrought wood;
   and in the Vulgate, JJgna Thyina:  but
   coral could never answer the purposes
   of the almugim;  the pine-tree is  too
   common in Judea  to be  imported from
   Ophir; and the Thyinum or citron-tree,
   much esteemed  by the ancients for its
   fragrance and beauty, came from  Mau-
   ritania.   By the wood almugim, or algu-
   mim, or simply gummim, taking al for a
   kind of article,  may be understood oily
   and gummy sorts of wood; and particu-
   larly the trees which produce gum am-
   moniac,  or gum  arabick; and is (per-
   haps) the same with the Shittim wood
   mentioned by Moses.           Calmet.
    And the navy also of Hiram, that brought gold
  from Ophir, brought in from Ophir great plenty of
  almug-trees and precious trees.     1 Kings, x. 11.
A'lnagar,  \LNAGER,Or A'lnegeh,  aT-
   na-gur,s> al'na gur, ai'ne'-giir. to. «.  [from
   alnage.] A measurer by the ell: a sworn
   officer;  whose business formerly was to
   inspect  the assize of woollen cloth, and
   to fix  the  seals appointed upon it for
   that purpose: but there are  now three 
ALO
ALO
ALP
    officers belonging to  the regulation of
    cloth manufactures;  the searcher, mea-
    surer, and alneger.                 Diet.
 A'lnage, al'naje.90 to. s.  [from aulnage,
    or aunage, Fr.]  Ell-measure, or rather
    the measuring by the ell or yard. Diet.
 A'lnight,  al'nite.  n.s.   [from all and
    night.]
     A service, which they call alnight, is a great cake
   of wax, with the wick in  the midst; whereby  it
   cometh to pass, that the wick fetcheth the  nourish-
   ment farther off.                       Bacon.
 A'LOES, al'oze. n.  s. [dShn,  as it is sup-
    posed.]  A term applied to three  differ-
    ent things.
  I. A precious wood  used in the East  for
    perfumes; of which  the best sort is of
    higher price than gold; and was the
    most valuable present given by the king
    of Siam, in 1686, to the king of France:
    it is called Tambac; and is the heart or
    innermost part of the aloe tree; the next
    part to which is called Calembac;  which
    is sometimes  imported into Europe, and
    (though of inferiour value to the Tam-
    bac) is  much esteemed: the part, next
    the bark, is termed by the  Portuguese
    Pao d,aquila, or eagle-wood; but some
    account the  eagle-wood not  the outer
    part of the Tambac,  but another spe-
    cies.   Our knowledge  of this wood is
    yet very imperfect.             Savary.
 2.  Aloes is a tree, which grows in hot coun-
    tries, and even  in  the  mountains  of
    Spain.
 3.  Aloes is a medicinal  juice,  extracted,
   not from the odoriferous, but the com-
   mon  aloes  tree;  by cutting  the leaves,
   and exposing the juice (that drops from
   them) to  the sun.  It is distinguished
   into Socotorine, and Caballine  or horse
   aloes: the first is  so called, from Socoto-
   ra; the second, because (being coarser)
   it ought to be confined to the use of far-
   riers.  It is a warm and strong cathar-
   tick.
 Aloe'tical,  al-6-eH'e-kal.  adj.   [from
   aloes.]  Consisting chiefly of aloes.
    It may be excited, by  aloetical, scammoniate, or
  acrimonious medicines.       Wiseman's Surgery.
Aloe'tick,  al-6-£t'ik. to. a.  [from aloes]
   Any  medicine is  so called, which  chief-
   ly  consists of  aloes.             Quincy.
Alo'ft, a-loft'.  adv.  [loffter, to lift up,
   Dan. Loft  air, Icelandish; so that aloft
   is into the air ]  On high; above; in the
   air: a word used  chiefly in poetry.
    For I have read in stories oft,
  That love has wings, and soars aloft.    Suckling.
    Upright he stood; and bore aloft his shield,
  Conspicuous from afar; and overlook'd the field.
                                     Dryden.
Alo'ft, a-16ft'. prep.  Above.
                The great luminary
  (Aloft the vulgar constellations thick,
  That from his lordly eye keep distance due)
  Dispenses light from far.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
A'logy, al'6-je.  to.  s.  [<*Aoy©-.]  Unrea-
   sonableness; absurdity.            Diet.
Alo'ne, a-lone'846 adj.  [alleen,  Dutch;
  from  al and een or  one, thai is,  single.]
1.  Without another.
       VOL. I.
     The quarrel toucheth none, but us alone;
   Betwixt ourselves let us decide it then.     Shaksp.
     If by a mortal hand my father's throne
   Could be defended, 'twas by mine alone.   Dryden.
     God, by whose alone power and conversation we.
   all live, and move, and have our being.   Bentley.
 2. Without company; solitary.
     Eagles we see fly alone; and they are but sheep,
   which always herd together.             Sidney.
     Alone, for other creature in this place,
   Living or lifeless, to be found was none     Milton.
     I never durst in darkness be alone.      Dryden.
 Alo'ne, a-lone'.B*s  adv.
 1. This word is seldom used, but with the
   word let; if  even then it be an adverb.
   It implies sometimes an ironical prohi-
   bition, forbidding to help a man  who is
   able to manage the affair himself.
            Let us alone, to guard Corioli:
   If they set down before 's; 'fore they remove,
   Bring up your army.                   Shaksp.
     Let you alone,  cunning artificer;
   See, how his gorget peers above his gown,
   To tell the people in what danger he was. Ben Jons.
 2. To forbear; to leave undone.
     His client stole it; but he had better have let it
   alone; for he lost his cause by his jest.     Addison.
 Alo'ng, a-long'. adv. [au longue, Fr.]
 1. At length.
     Some rowl a mighty stone; some, laid along,
   And bound with burning wires, on spokes of wheels
       are hung.                         Dryden.
 2. Through any space measured length-
   wise.
     A firebrand carried along, leaveth a train of light
  behind it.              Bacon's Natural History.
     Where Ufens glides along the lowly lands,
  Or the black water of Pomptina stands.     Dryden.
 3. Throughout; in the whole: with all pre-
   fixed.
     Solomon, all along in his Proverbs, gives the title
  of fool to a wicked man.              Tillotson.
     They were all along, a cross untoward sort of
  people.                              South.
 4. Joined with the particle with; in com-
   pany; joined with.
    I your commission will forthwith dispatch;
  And he to England shall along with you.   Shaksp.
    Hence then! and Evil go with thee along!
  Thy offspring, to the place of evil, Hell.     Milton.
    Religious zeal  is subject to an excess, and to a
  defect; when something is mingled with it, which it
  should not have; or, when it wants something, that
  ought to go along with it.               Sprat.
5. Sometimes with is understood.
    Command thy slaves: my free-born soul disdains
  A tyrant's curb, and restive breaks the reins.
  Take this along; and no dispute shall rise
  (Though mine the woman) for my ravish'd prize.
                                     Dryden.
6. Forward; onward. In this sense it is de-
   rived from allons, French.
    Come then, my friend; my genius, come along
  Thou master of the poet and the song!      Pope.
Alo'ngst, a-16ngst'. adv. [a corruption,
   as it seems, from along]  Along; through
   the length.
    The Turks did keep strait watch and ward, in all
  their ports alongst the sea coast.   Knolle's History.
Alo'of, a-166tY. adv. [all off, that is, quite
   off]
 I. At a distance; with the particle from. It
   generally implies a small distance; such
   as is within view or observation.
    Then bade the knight this lady yede aloof,
  And to an hill herself withdrew aside;
  From whence she might behold the battle's proof,
  And else be safe from danger far descried. Fairy Q.
                      As next in worth,
   Came singly where he stood, on the bare strand;
   While the promiscuous crowd stood yet aloof.
                         Milton's Paradise Lost.
     The noise approaches; though our palace stood
   Aloof from streets, encompass'd with a wood.  Dryd.
 2. Applied to  persons  it often insinuates
    caution and circumspection.
     Turn on the bloody hounds, with heads of steel;
   And make the cowards, stand aloof at bay. Shaksp.
     Going northwards, aloof, as long as they had any
   doubt of being pursued: at last, when  they were out
   of reach, they turned and cross'd the ocean to Spain,
                                      Bacon.
     The king would not, by any means, enter the city;
   until he had aloof seen the cross set up upon the
   greater tower of Granada, whereby it became Chris-
   tian ground.                          Bacon.
     Two pots stood by a river, one of brass, the other
   of clay: the water carried them away; toe earthen
   vessel kept aloof from t'other.  L'Estrange's Fables.
     The strong may fight aloof; Ancsus try'd
   His force too near, and by presuming dy'd. Dryden.
 3. In a figurative sense, it is used to  im-
   port art or cunning in conversation, by
   which a man holds the  principal ques-
   tion at a distance.
    Nor do we find him forward to be sounded;
  But with a crafty madness keeps aloof,
  When we would bring him on to some confession
  Of his true state.               Shaksp. Hamlet.
 4. It is used metaphorically of persons
   that will not  be seen in a design.
    It is necessary, the queen join: for, if she stand
  aloof, there will be still suspicions; it being a re-
  ceived opinion, that she hath a great interest in toe
  king's favour and power.               Suckling.
 5. It is applied  to things not properly  be-
   longing to each other.
                 Love's not love,
  When it is mingled with regards, that stand
  Aloof from to' entire point.     Shaksp. King Lear.
 Alo'ud, a-ldud'. adv. [from a  and loud]
   Loudly; with  a strong voice; with a great
   noise.
    Strangled he lies! yet seems to cry aloud,
  To warn the mighty, and instruct the proud;
  That of the great, neglecting to be just,
  Heav'n in a moment makes an heap of dust. Waller.
    Then heav'n's high  monarch  thund'red thrice
      aloud,
  And thrice he shook aloft a golden cloud.  Dryden.
 Alo'w, a-16'. adv. [from a and  low.]  In a
   low place; not aloft.
    And now alow, and now aloft they fly,
  As borne through air; and seem to touch the sky.
                                     Dtyden.
A'LP HA, al'fa.84 «« n. s. The first letterin
   the Greek alphabet, answering to our A;
   therefore used to signify the first.
    I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the end-
  ing, saith the Lord; which is, and which was, and
  which is to come, the Almighty.      Revelations.
 A'LPHABET, al'fa-bet. to. s. [from 2a?«
   alpha and /3«t« beta, the two first letters
   of the Greeks.]  The order of the let-
   ters, or  elements of speech.
                  Thou shalt not sigh,
  Nor wink,  nor nod, nor kneel, nor make a sigh;
  But I of these will rest an alphabet,
  And by still practice learn to know thy meaning.
                                  Shakspeare.
    The letters of the alphabet, formed by the several
  motions of the mouth; and the great variety of sylla-
  bles, composed of letters, and  formed with almost
  equal velocity; and the  endless number of words,
  capable of being  framed out of the alphabet, either
  of more syllables or of one, are wonderful.   Holder.
    Taught  by their nurses, little children get
  This saying, sooner than their alphabet.
                                Dryd.jun. Juv. 
ALT
ALT
A L  T
To A'lphabet, al'fa-bet.  v. a.  [from al-
  phabet, noun.]  To range in the order of
   the alphabet.
Alphabetical, >  al-fa-bet'te-kal,e08 609
Alphabe'tick,  3  al-fa-bet'ik. adj. [from
   alphabet; alphabetique, Fr.]  In the or-
   der of the alphabet; according to the se-
   ries of letters.
    I have digested, in an alphabetical order, all the
   counties, corporations, and boroughs in Great Bri-
   tain, with their respective tempers.         Swift.
 ALPHABE'TicALLY,al-fa-bet'e-kal-le. adv.
   [from alphabetical.]  In an alphabetical
   manner; according to  the order  of  the
   letters.
    I had once in my thoughts, to contrive a grammar,
   more than I can now comprise in short hints; and a
   dictionary, alphabetically containing the words of the
   language, which the deaf person is to learn.
                      Holder's Elements of Speech.
 Alre'ady, al-red'de.84 adv. [from all and
   ready] At this present time, or at some
   time past; opposed to futurity; as,  Will
   he come soon? He is here  already.  Will
   it  be done? It  has been done already.
    Touching our uniformity; that, which hath been
   already answered, may serve for answer.    Hooker.
         You warn'd me still, of loving two;
   Can I love him, already loving you? Dryden's I. Emp,
    See, the guards from yon far eastern hill
   Already move, no longer stay  afford;
   High in the air they wave the flaming sword,
   Your signal to depart.  Dryden's Slate of Innocence.
    Methods for the advancement of piety are in the
   power of a prince, limited like ours, by a strict exe-
   cution of the laws already in force.         Swift.
    Methinks, already I your tears survey;
   Already hear, the horrid things they say;
   Already see you, a degraded toast;
   And all your honour, in a whisper lost!      Pope.

 Als, als' adv. [als,  Dutch]  Also;  like-
   wise: a word .now out of use.
     SacTremembrance now the prince amoves,
   With fresh desire his voyage  to pursue;
   Als Una earn'd her travel to renew.    Fairy Queen.
 A'lso, ai'so.84 adv. [from all and so.]
 1. In the same manner; likewise.
     In these two, no doubt, are contained the causes
   of the great deluge; as according to Moses, so also
   according to necessity: for our world affords no other
   treasures of water.             Burnet's Theory.
 2. Also is sometimes nearly the same with
   and, and only  conjoins  the  members  of
   the sentence.
     God do so to me, and more aZso. 1 Samuel, xiv. 44.
 A'ltar, al'tar 84 98 n. s. [altare, Lat. It is ob-
   served by Junius that the word  altar  is
   received with  Christianity in all the  Eu-
   ropean languages; and  that altare  is
   used by one of the  Fathers  as  appro-
   priated to the Christian worship in op-
   position to  the  arcs of gentilism.]
 \. The  place where offerings  to heaven
   are laid.
             The goddess of the nuptial bed,
   Tir'd with her vain devotions  for the dead,
   Resolv'd the tainted hand should be repell'd;
   Which incense offer'd, and her altar held.   Dryden.
 2. The table in Christian  churches where
   the communion is administered.
         Her grace rose; and, with modest paces,
   Came to the altar; where she kneel'd, and saint-like
   Cast her fair eyes to heav'n, and pray'd devoutly.
                                    Shakspeare.
 A'ltarage, aj'tur-aje.90  «. *• [altaragium,
   L&t]  An  emolument arising   to  the
  priest from oblations, through the means
  of the altar.          Ayliffe's Parergon.
A'LTAR-cLOTH,al'tur-cl6th. to. s. [from al-
  tar and cloth.]  The cloth thrown  over
  the altar in churches.
    I should set down the wealth,  books, hangings,
  and altar-cloths, which our kings gave this abbey.
                          Peacham on Drawing.

To A'LTER, al'tur.4*8  v. a.  [alterer, Fr.
  from alter, Lat.]
1. To change; to  make otherwise than it
  is. To alter seems more properly to im
  ply a change made  only in some part of
  a thing; as, to alter a writing,  may be,
  to  blot or interpolate  it:  to change it,
  may be, to substitute another in its place.
   With from and to; as, her face is altered
  from  pale to  red.
              Do you note,
  How much her grace is alter'd on the sudden?
  How long her face is drawn? how pale she looks,
  And of an earthly cold?       Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    Acts,  appropriated to the worship of  God by his
  own appointment, must continue so, till himself hath
  otherwise declared: for, who dares alter, what God
  hath appointed?                   Stilling fleet.
2. To  take  off from  a persuasion, prac-
   tice, or sect.
    For the way of writing plays inverse, I  find it
  troublesome and slow: but I am no way altered, from
  my opinion of it; at least with any reasons, which
  have opposed it.                       Dryden.

 To A'LTER,  al'tur. v. to.   To become
   otherwise than  it was; as,  the weather
   alters from bright  to cloudy.

 A'lterable,  al'tur-a-bl. adj.  [from al-
   ter; alterable, Fr.]  That which may  be
   altered or changed by  something else;
   distinct from changeable, or that which
   changes, or may  change itself.
     That alterable respects are realities in  nature, will
  never be admitted by a considerate discerner.
                                     Glanville.
    Our condition  in this world is mutable and uncer-
  tain, alterable by a thousand  accidents, which we
  can neither foresee nor prevent.          Rogers.
    I wish they had been more  clear in  their direc-
  tions upon that mighty point.   Whether toe settle-
  ment of the succession in the  House of Hanover be
  alterable, or no?                         Swift.
A'lterableness,  al'tur-a-bl-ness.  to. s.
   [from alterable.]   The quality of  being
   alterable, or  admitting  change from  ex-
   ternal causes.
A'lterablv,  al'tiir-a-ble. adv.  [from  al-
   terable.]  In such a manner as may  be
   altered.
 A'lterage, al'tur-idje.90 to. s. [from alo.]
   The breeding, nourishing,  or  fostering
   of a child.
    In Ireland they put their children to fosterers: the
  rich sell, the meaner sort buying the alterage of their
  children; and the reason is, because, in the opinion
  of the people, fostering has always been a  stronger
  alliance than blood.   Sir John Davies on Ireland.
 A'lterant, al'tiir-ant.656 adj.   [alterant,
   Fr.]  That which has the  power of pro-
   ducing changes in  any thing.
    And whether  the body be alterant  or  altered,
  evermore a perception precedeth operation; for else
  all bodies would  be alike one  to another.   Bacon.
 Altera'tion, al'tur-a'shu,n.  «.  s.  [from
   alter; alteration, Fr.]
 I. The act of altering or changing.
    Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath
  in it inconveuiencics, and those weighty.   Hooker.
2. The cuu.nge made.
    Why may wc not presume, that God doth even
  call for such change or alteration, as the very con-
  dition of things themselves doth make necessary?
                                      Hooker.
    So he, with difficulty and labour hard,
  Mov'd on:
  But he  once past, soon after, when man fell,
  Strange alteration! Sin, and Death, amain
  Following his track (such was the will of heav'n!)
  Pav 'd after him a broad and beaten way    Milton.
    No other alteration will  satisfy; nor this neither,
  very long, without an utter abolition of all order.
                                        Soitth.
    Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons
  of those who had been slaves; by which, and suc-
  ceeding alterations, that council degenerated into a
  most corrupt body.                      Swift.
A'lterative, al'tur-a-tiv. adj. [from al-
   ter.]
    Medicines called alterative, are  such as have no
  immediate sensible operation, but gradually gain
  upon the constitution, by changing the humours from
  a state  of distemperature to health.  They are op-
  posed to evacuants.                    Quincy.
    When there is an eruption of humour in any part,
  it is not cured merely by outward applications, but
  by such alterative medicines as purify the blood.
                       Government of the Tongue.
Ai.teroa'tion, a.l-tiir-ka'shun.84 n. «. [al-
   tercation, Fr.  from altercor, Lat.]  De-
   bate; controversy; wrangle.
     By this hot pursuit of lower controversies amongst
   men professing religion, and agreeing in the princi-
   pal foundations thereof, they conceive hope, that,
   about the higher  principles themselves, time will
   cause altercation to grow.               Hooker.
     Their whole life was little else than a perpetual
   wrangling and altercation; and that, many times, ra-
   ther for victory and ostentation of wit, than a sober
   and serious search of truth.  Hakewill on Providence.

 Alte'kn, al-teTn'.84 98  adj. [alternus, Lat]
   Acting by turns, in succession each to
   the other.
     And God made two great lights, great for their use
   To man; the greater to have rule by day,
   The less by night, altern.                Milton.
 Alte'rnacy, al-ter'na-se.84 n. s. [from al-
   ternate.] Action performed by turns.
 ALTE'RNATE,  al-ter'nate.91  adj.  [al-
   turnus, Lat.] Being by turns;  one after
   another; reciprocal.
     Friendship consists properly in mutual offices, and
   a generous strife in alternate acts of kindness. South.
     Hear how Timotheus' various lays surprise,
   And bid alternate passions fall and rise!
   While, at each change, the son of Lybian Jove
   Now burns with glory, and then melts with love.
                                         Pope.
 Alte'rnate angles, al-ter'nate-ang-gels.
    [in geometry] are  the internal  angles
    made  by a line  cutting two  parallels,
    and  lying on  the opposite sides of the
    cutting line;  the one  below the first pa-
    rallel, and the other  above the  second.
 Altk'rnate, al-ter'nate. to. *. [fromalter-
    nate, adj.]  That which happens alter-
    nately; vicissitude.
     And rais'd in pleasure, or repos'd in ease,
   Grateful alternates of substantial peace,
   They bless the long nocturnal influence shed
   On the crown'd goblet, and the genial bed.  Prior.
 To Alte'hna i e, al-ter'nate.91 v. a. [alter'
    no, Lat.]
 1. To perform  alternately.
           Those who, in their course, 
ALT
ALU
AMA
  Melodious hymns about the sov'reign throne
  Alternate all night long.                Milton.
2. To change one thing for another recip-
   rocally.
    The most high  God, in all things appertaining
  unto this life, for  sundry wise ends, alternates the
  disposition of good and evil.              Grew.
Alte'rnatelv, ai-ter'nale-le. adv. [from
   alternate.]  In reciprocal succession, so
   that each shall  be succeeded by  that
   which it succeeds, as light follows dark-
   ness, and darkness follows light.
    The princess Melesinda, bath'd in tears,
  And toss'd alternately with hopes and fears,
  Would learn from you the fortunes of her lord. Dryd.
    Unhappy man! whom sorrow thus and rage
  To  different ills alternately engage.        Prior.
    The rays of light are, by some  cause or other,
  alternately disposed to be reflected or refracted for
  many vicissitudes.                    Newton.
Alte'rnateness,  al-ter'nate-ness.  to.  s.
   [from alternate] The quality of  being
   alternate, or of happening in reciprocal
   succession.                         Diet.
Alternation,  al-tiir-na'shun.655   to.  s.
   [from alternate.]  The reciprocal suc-
   cession of things.
    The one would be oppressed with constant  heat,
   the other with insufferable cold; and so the defect
   of alternation would utterly impugn the generation
  of all things.                         Brown.
Alternative, al-teVna-tiv.ie8  to. s.  [al-
   ternatif, Fr.]  The choice  given of two
   things; so  that  if one be  rejected,  the
   other must be taken.
    A strange alternative--------
  Must ladies have a doctor, or a dance?     Young.
Alternatively,  al-ter'na-tiv-le.  adv.
   from alternative]  In an alternate man-
   ner; by turns; reciprocally.
    An appeal alternatively made maybe tolerated by
  the  civil law as valid.         Ayliffe's Parergon.
Alte'rnativeness,  a.l-ter'na-tiv-n£ss. to.
   s.  [from alternative.]  The  quality or
   state of  being  alternative; reciproca-
   tion.                                Diet.
Alte'rnity, al-ter'ne-te.98 «. s.  [from al-
   tern]   Reciprocal  succession;  vicissi-
   tude; turn; mutual change of one  thing
   for another; reciprocation.
    They imagine,  that an animal of the vastest di-
  mensions,  and  longest duration, should live in a
  continual motion, without the alternity and vicissi-
  tude of rest, whereby all other animals continue.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Altho'ugh, a.l-rHo.'84 conj. [from all and
   though.  See Though.] Notwithstand-
   ing; however it  may  be granted;  how-
   ever it may be that.
    We all know, that many things are believed, al-
  though they be intricate, obscure, and dark: although
  they exceed the reach and capacity of our wits; yea,
  altlwugh in this world they be no way possible to be
  understood.                          Hooker.
    Me the gold of France did not seduce,
  Although I did admit it as a motive
  The sooner to effect what I intended.      Shaksp.
    The stress must be laid upon a majority; without
  which the laws would be of little weight, although
  they be good additional securities.         Swift.

A'ltigrade, al-te-grade' adj. [from altus
   a.... gradior, Lat.]   Rising on high.
An I'LoquENOE, al-fil'16-kwense.98  n.  s.
   altus and loquor, Lat.]  High speech,
   pompous language.
ALTi'METRY.ai-tuji'me-tre.618 n.s. [altime-
   tria, Lat. from altus and f*.er^t.~]   The
   art  of taking  or  measuring altitudes
   orheights,whetheraccessibleorinacces-
   sible, generally performed by a quadrant.
Alti'sonant, al-tis's6-nante18 )  adj[altiso-
Alti'sonous, al-t'is'so-nus.614  5  nus, Lat.]
   High sounding;  pompous or  lofty in
   sound.                              Diet.
A'lti iude, al'te-tude. to. s. [allitudo, Lat.]
1. Height  of place;  space measured  up-
   ward.
    Ten masts attach'd make not the altitude,
  Which thou hast perpendicularly fall'n.    Shaksp.
    Some define the perpendicular altitude of the high-
  est mountains to be four miles; others but fifteen fur-
  longs.                               Brown.
    She shines above, we know, but in what place,
  How near the throne, and heav'n's imperial face,
  By our weak optics is but vainly guess'd;
  Distance and altitude conceal the rest.    Dryden.
2. The elevation of  any of the heavenly
   bodies above the horizon.
    Even unto toe  latitude of fifty-two, the efficacy
  thereof is not much considerable,  whether we con-
  sider its ascent, meridian, altitude, or abode above
  the horizon.           Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Has not a poet more virtues and vices within his
  circle, cannot he observe them and their influences
  in their oppositions and  conjunctions,  in their alti-
  tudes and depressions?                  Rymer.
3. Situation with regard to lower things.
    Those members which are pairs, stand by one an-
  other in equal altitude, and answer on  each side one
  to another.                             Rav-
4. Height of excellence; superiority.
    Your altilude offends the eyes
  Of those who want the power to rise.       Sioift.
5. Height of degree;  highest point.
    He did it to please his mother,  and to be partly
  proud; which he is, even to the altitude of his virtue.
                                  Shakspeare.
Alti'volant,  al-tiv'vo-lant.88 adj.  [altiyo-
   lans, Lat. from  altus and volo]   High
   flying.                              Diet.
Altogether, al-to-ge7A'uT. adv. [from
   all and together]
1. Completely; without restriction; with-
   out exception.
    It is in vain to speak of planting laws, and plot-
  ting policy, till the people be altogether subdued.
                       Spenser's State of Ireland.
    We find not in the world  any people  that  hath
  lived altogether without religion.          Hooker.
    If death and danger are things that really cannot
  be endured, no man could ever be obliged to suffer
  for his conscience, or to die for his religion; it being
  altogether as absurd to  imagine a man obliged to
  suffer, as to do impossibilities.            South.
    I do not altogether disapprove of the manner of in-
  terweaving texts of scripture through the style of
  your sermon.                          Swift.
2. Conjunctly;  in company.   This is ra-
   ther all together.
    Cousin of Somerset, join you with me,
  And altogether with the duke of Suffolk,
  We'll quickly hoist duke Humphry from his seat.
                                  Sliakspeare.
A'LUDEL, al'u-del. «. s. [from a and lu-
   tum; that is,  without lute.]
    Aludels are subliming pots used in  chemistry,
  without bottoms, and fitted  into  one another, as
  many as there is occasion for, without luting.  At
  the bottom of the furnace is a pot that  holds the
  matter to be sublimed; and at the top is a head, to
  retain the flowers that rise up.           Qjiincy.
A'LUM, al'hlm. «. s. [alumen,  Lat.]
    A kind of ntineral salt, of an acid taste, leaving
  in  the mouth a  sense  of sweetness,  accompanied
  with a considerable degree of astringency.  The
  ancient naturalists allow of two sorts of alum, na-
  tural and factitious.  The natural is found-in the
  island of Milo, being a kind of whitish stone, veiy
  light, friable, and porous, and streaked with fila-
  ments resembling silver,  England, Italy, and Flan-
  ders, are the  countries where  alum is principally
  produced; and the English roche-alum is made from
  a bluish mineral stone, in the hills of Yorkshire anil
  Lancashire.
    Saccharine alum is a composition of common alum.
  with rose-water and whites of eggs boiled together,
  to the consistence of a paste, and thus moulded at
  pleasure.  As it cools, it grows hard as a stone.
    Burnt alum is alum calcined over the toe.
    Plumose or plume alum is a sort of saline mineral
  stone, of various  colours, most commonly  white,
  bordering on green; it  rises in threads or  fibres.
  resembling those  of a  feather; whence its name
  from pluma, a feather.                Chambers.
    By long beating the white of an egg with a lump
  of alum, you may bring it, for the most part, into
  white curds.                           Boyle.
Alum-stone, al'lum-stone. to. s.  A stone
  or  calx used in surgery; perhaps alum
  calcined, which then  becomes  corro-
  sive.
    She gargled with oxycrate, and was in a few days
  cured, by touching it with the vitriol and alum-stones.
                                    Wiseman,
Alu'minous,   a-lu'me-nus.   adj.   [from
  alum.]  Relating to alum, or consisting
  of alum.
    Nor do we reasonably conclude, because, by a cold
  and  aluminous moisture, it is able awhile to' resist
  the fire, that, from a peculiarity of nature, it sub-
  sisteth and liveth in it.                  Brown.
    The tumour may have other mixture with it, to
  make it of a vitriolick or ahtminotts nature.
                            Wiseman's Surgery.
A'lWays, al'waze. adv.  [It is sometimes
  written alway, compounded of all  and
  way; eallepsega, Sax. tuttavia, Ital.]
1. Perpetually; throughout all time; oppo-
  sed to sometime, or to never.
    That, which sometimes is expedient, doth not al-
  ways so continue.                      Hooker.
    Man never is, but ahoays to be blest.      Pope.
2. Constantly; without variation;  opposed
  to  sometimes, or to now and then.
    He  is always great, when some great occasion is
  presented to him.                     Diyden.
A.  M.  a. em.  stands for artium  magister,
  or  master of arts; the second degree of
  our universities, which,  in some foreign
  countries, is called doctor of philosophy.
Am,  am.  The first person of the verb to
  be.   [See  To Be.]
    And God said unto Moses, I am that I am: and
  he said, thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel,
  I am hath sent me unto you.       Exodus, iii. 14.
    Come then, my soul: I call thee by that name,
  Thou busy thing, from whence I know I am:
  For knowing that I am, I know thou art;
  Since that must needs exist, which can impart. Prior.
 Vmabi'lity, am-a-bil'e-te.611627 to. s. [from
  amabilis, Lat.] Loveliness; the power of
  pleasing.
    No rules can make amability, our minds and ap-
  prehensions make that; and so is our felicity.  Taylor.
AMADE'TTO, am-a-det'to. «• *. A sort
  of  pear.  [See Pear.]   So called, says
  Skinner, from the name of him who cul-
  tivated it.
A'MADOT,  am'a-dot.603  n. s.   A sort of
  pear.   [See Pear.]
Ama'in,  amine.' adv.  [from maine, or
   maigne, old Fr. derived from  tnagnus,
   Lat.]  With vehemence,  with vigour; 
AM A
AM A
A M A
   fiercely;  violently.   It  is  used  of any
   action  performed   with  precipitation,
   whether of fear  or courage, or of any
   violent effort.
    Great lords, from Ireland am I come amain,
   To signify that rebels there are up.       Shaksp.
    What! when we fled amain, pursued, and struck
   With heav'n's afflicting thunder, and besought
   The deep to shelter us?                 Milton.
             The hills, to their supply,
   Vapour and exhalation, dusk and moist,
   Sent up amain.                       Milton.
    From hence the boar was rous'd, and sprung amain,
   Like light'ning sudden, on the warriour train,
   Beats down the trees before him, shakes the ground;
   The forest echoes to the  crackling sound,
   Shout the fierce youth, and clamours ring around.
                                     Dryden.
 AMA'LGAM,a-ma:'gam.   >  n.s. [xy.*
 AM A'LGAMA,a-ma\'ga-ma. } andycc^eh]
   The  mixture of  metals  procured by
   amalgamation.   See Amalgamation.
    The induration of the amalgam appears to proceed
   from the new texture resulting from the coalition of
   the mingled ingredients, that make up the amalgam.
                                       Boyle.
 To  Amalgamate, a-mal'ga-mate. v. a.
   [from amalgam.] To unite metals with
   quicksilver,  which  may be practised
   upon all metals, except iron and cop-
   per.   The use  of  this  operation is, to
   make the metal soft and ductile.  Gold
   is,  by  this method,  drawn over other
   materials by  the gilders.
 Amalgamation, a-mal-ga-ma-shiin.34 to.
   s. from [amalgamate.]  The act or prac-
   tice of amalgamating metals.
    Amalgamation is the mixing of mercury with any
   of the metals.  The manner is thus in gold, the rest
   are  answerable:  Take six parts of mercury, mix
   them hot in a crucible, and pour them to one part of
   gold made red hot in another crucible; stir these well,
   that they may incorporate;  then cast the mass into
   cold water, and wash it.                Bacon.
 Amanoa'tion,   am-an-da'shun.627   to. s.
   from  [amando, Lat.]  The act of send-
   ing on  a message,  or employment.
 AMANUE'NSIS, a-man-u-en'sis.  to. s.
   [Lat.]  A person who writes what an-
   other dictates.
 A'maranth, am/a-ran/A.  to.  *.  [amaran-
   thus,  Lat. from  «  and jt«£et<»«.]   The
   name of a plant.   The flowers have no
   petals; the cup of the flower  is dry  and
   multifid; the seeds are included in mem-
   branaceous vessels, which, when come
   to maturity, burst  transversely or hori-
   zontally,  like purslane,  each of which
   contains one or  more roundish seeds
   Among  the  many species,  the most
   beautiful  are,  1.  The  tree amaranth.
   2. The long pendulous amaranth, with
   reddish coloured seeds, commonly call-
   ed  Love lies a bleeding.
2. In  poetry, it  is sometimes  an imagina-
   ry flower, supposed from its name never
   to fade.
   Immortal amaranth! a  flower which once
  In paradise, fast by toe tree of life,
  Began to bloom; but soon, for man's offence,
  To heav'n remov'd, where first it grew, there grows,
  And flowers aloft,  shading the fount of life;
  And where toe river of bliss, thro' midst of heav'n,
  Rowls o'er Elysian flow'rs her amber stream:
  With these, that never fadev the spirits elect
  Bind their resplendent locks, inwreath'd with beams.
                         Milton's Paradise Lost.
Amara'nthine, a-ma-nurV/dn.160 adj. [a-
   maranthinus, Lat.]  Relating to  ama-
   ranths; consisting of amaranths.
    By the streams that ever flow,
  By toe fragrant winds that blow
    O'er the Elysian flow'rs;
  By those happy souls that dwell
  In yellow meads of asphodel,
    Or amaranthine bow'rs.                 Pope.
Ama'ritude, a-mar're-tude.81 to. s. [ama-
   ritudo, Lat.]   Bitterness.
    What amaritude or acrimony is deprehended in
  choler, it acquires from a commixture of melancho-
  ly, or external malign bodies. Harvey on Consump.
Ama'rulence, a-mar'u-lense.110 to. s. [a-
   maritudo, Lat.]   Bitterness.
Ama'sment, a-mas'ment.  w. s. [from a-
   mass.]   A  heap;  an  accumulation;  a
   collection.
    What is now, is but an amasment of imaginary
  conceptions, prejudices, ungrounded opinions, and
  infinite impostures.   Glanville's Scepsis Scientifka.
To AMA'SS, si-mas',  v. a.  [amasser, Fr.]
   1.  To collect together  in  one heap or
   mass.
    The rich man is not blamed,  as having made use
  of any unlawful means to amass riches, as having
  thriven by fraud and injustice.    Atterbury's  Serm.
    When we would think of infinite space, or dura-
  tion, we, at first step, usually make some very large
  idea, as, perhaps, of millions of ages, or miles, which
  possibly we double and multiply several times. All
  that we thus amass together in our thoughts, is po-
  sitive, and the assemblage of a great number of po-
  sitive ideas of space or duration.         Locke.
2. In a figurative sense, to add  one thing
  to another,  generally with some share
  of reproach, either  of  eagerness  or in-
  discrimination.
    Such as amass all relations, must err in some, and
  be unbelieved in many.       Broion's Vulg. Err.
    Do not content yourselves with mere words, lest
  your improvements only amass a heap of unintelli-
  gible phrases.         Watts's Impr. of the Mind.
    The life of Homer has been written, by amassing
  of all the traditions and hints the writers could meet
  with,, in order to tell a story of him to the world.
                                       Pope.

Ama'ss,  a-mass'. to. *.  [amas,  Fr.] An as-
  semblage, an accumulation.
    This pillar is but a medley  or amass of all the
  precedent ornaments, making a new kind by stealth.
                                     Wotton.
To  Ama'te, a-mate.'  v  a. [from a  and
  mate.]   See Mate.
I. To accompany; to entertain as a com-
  panion.   It is now obsolete.
    A lovely bevy of fair ladies sate,
  Courted of many a jolly paramour,
  The which did them in modest wise amate,
  And each one sought his lady to aggrate. Fairy Q.
2. To terrify;  to strike with horrour.   In
  this sense,  it is derived from the old
  French, matter,  to crush or subdue.
Amato'hculist,   am-a-tor'ku-list.  w. *.
  [amatorculus, Lat.]  A little insignificant
  lover;  a pretender to affection.    Diet.

A'matory, am'a-tur-re.512 BBB  adj. [amato-
  rius,  Lat.]  Relating  to   love;  causing
  love.
    It is the same thing whether one ravish Lucretia
  by force, as Tarquin,  or by amatory potions not only
  allure her, but necessitate her to  satisfy his lust, and
  incline her effectually, and draw her inevitably, to
  follow him spontaneously.  Bramhall against Hobbcs.
AMAURO'SIS,   am-au-ro'sis.6*0   n. s.
   [inttvf eu]  A dimness of sight, not from
   any visible defect  in  the eye, but from
   some distemperature of the inner parts
   occasioning  the representations of flics
   and dust floating before the eyes: which
   appearances are the parts of the  retina
   hid and  compressed  by the  blood-ves-
   sels being too much distended; so that
   in many  of its parts,  all sense is lost
   and therefore no  images  can be  paint-
   ed upon  them; whereby the eyes,  conti-
   nually rolling round, many parts  of ob-
   jects  falling  successively  upon  them
   are obscure.  The cure of  this depends
   upon  a  removal of the stagnations  in
   the extremities of those arteries which
   run over the bottom of the eye. Quincy.

To AMAZE,   a-maze'. v. a.  [from  a and
   maze, perplexity.]
1. To confuse with terrour.
    Yea,  I will make many people amazed at thee
  and their kings  shall be horribly afraid for thee'
  when I shall brandish my sword before them, and
  they shall tremble at every moment; every man for
  his own life in the day of the fall.        Ezekiel.
2. To put into confusion with wonder.
    Go, heav'nly pair, and with your dazzling virtues
  Your courage, truth,  your innocence and love,
  Amaze and charm mankind.              Smith.
3. To put into perplexity.
    That cannot choose but amaze him. If he be not
  amazed, he will be mocked; if he be amazed he
  will every way be mocked.              Shaksp.
Ama'ze, a-maze'. to. s.  [from  the verb
   amaze.] Astonishment; confusion, either
   of fear or wonder.
    Fairfax whose name in arms thro' Europe rings,
  And fills all mouths with envy or with praise,
  And all her jealous monarchs with amaze.  Milton.
    Meantime the Trojan cuts his wat'ry way,
  Fix'd on his voyage, through the curling sea;
  Then casting back his eyes, with dire  amaze;
  Sees on the Punick shore the mounting blaze. Dryd.
Ama'zedly, a-ma'zed-le.36*  adv.  [from
   amazed.] Confusedly;  with amazement;
   with confusion.
    I speak amazedly, and it becomes
  My marvel, and my message.           Shaksp.
                  But why
  Stands Macbeth thus amazedly?
  Come, sisters, cheer we  up his sprights.    Shaksp.

AMA'zEDNESs,a-ma'z<ld-n£s.36s n.s.  [from
   amazed.] The state of being  amazed;
   astonishment;  wonder; confusion.
    I was by at the opening of the farthel, heard the
  old shepherd deliver  the manner how he found it;
  whereupon, after a little amazedness,  we were all
  commanded out of the chamber.         Shaksp.
Ama'zement, a-maze'ment.  to. *.  [from
   amaze.]
I. Such a confused apprehension as does
   not leave reason its full force; extreme
   fear;  honour.
    He answered nought at all; but adding new
  Fear to his first amazement, staring wide,
  With stony  eyes, and heartless hollow hue,
  Astonish'd stood, as one that had espy'd
  Infernal furies, with their chains umy'd. F. Queen.
    But look! amazement  on thy mother sits;
  0 step between her and  her fighting soul:
  Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works.  SAafosp.
2. Extreme dejection.
    He ended, and his words impression left
  Of much amazement to to' infernal  crew, 
AMB
A MB
A AI B
  Distracted and surpriz'd with deep dismay
  At these sad tidings.                    Milton.
3. Height of admiration.
    Had you, some ages past, this race of glory
  Run, with amazement we should read your story;
  But living virtue, all achievements past,
  Meets envy still  to grapple with at last.    Waller.
4. Astonishment; wonder at an unexpect-
  ed event.
    They knew that it was he which sat for  alms at
  the Beautiful Gate of the temple, and they were fil-
  led with wonder and amazement at that which had
  happened unto him.                      Acts.
Ama'zing,  a-ma'zing.  participial  adj.
  [from amaze.] Wonderful; astonishing.
    It is an amazing thing to see the present desola-
  tion of Italy, when one considers what  incredible
  multitudes it abounded with during the reigns of the
  Roman emperours.                   Addison.
Ama'zingly,  am-a'zing-le.  adv.  [from
  amazing] To a degree  that may  excite
  astonishment; wonderfully.
    If we arise to  the world of spirits, our knowledge
  of them must be amazingly imperfect, when there
  is not toe least grain of sand but has too many dif-
  ficulties belonging to it for  the wisest philosopher to
  answer.                       Watts's Logick.

A'MAZON,   am'a-zun.166  to.  s.  [«  and
  (*.«£&'.]   The Amazons were a race of
  women famous for valour, who inhabit-
  ed Caucasus; they are  so called from
  their cutting off theirbreasts,to use their
  weapons  better.  A  warlike  woman;  a
  virago.
    Stay, stay thy hands, thou art an amazon,
  And fightest with the sword.             Shaksp.
AMBA'GES,   am-ba'jes.fi03  to.  s.  [Lat.]
  A circuit of words;   a  circumlocutory
  form of speech; a multiplicity of words;
  an indirect manner of expression.
    They gave those complex ideas names, that they
  might the more easily record and discourse of things
  they were daily conversant in, without long  ambages
  and circumlocutions; and that the things they were
  continually to give and receive information about,
  might be the easier and quicker understood. Locke.
Amba'gious, am-ba'jus. adj. [from amba-
  ges.]   Circumlocutory; perplexed;  te-
  dious.                             Diet.
Ambassa'de,  am-bas-sade'.  «. a.  [ambas-
  sade,  Fr.] Embassy;  character or busi-
  ness of an ambassador:  a  word  not  now
  in use.
    When you disgraced me  in my  ambassade,
  Then I degraded you from being  king.     Shaksp.
AMBA'SSADOUR, am-bas'sa-dur.418 to.
  *.  [ambassadeur, Fr. embaxador, Span.
  It is written differently, as it is  suppos-
  ed to come from the  French or  Spanish
  language; and the  original  derivation
  being uncertain, it is not  easy to settle
  its orthography.   Some derive it from
  the Hebrew  it?3 to  tell,   and  W33 a
  messenger; others from ambactus, which,
  in the old Gaulish,  signified a servant;
  whence ambascia, in low Latin, is found
  to signify  service, and ambasciator, a ser-
  vant; others deduce  it from ambacht,
  in  old Teutonick, signifying  a govern-
  ment; and Junius mentions a possibility
  of its  descent from mtt&xiH»\ and others
  from am for ad, and bu&sus, low, as sup-
  posing the act of sending   an  ambassa-
  dor,  to be in some  sort an act of sub-
  mission.   All  these derivations lead to
  write ambassadour,  not embassadour]
  A person sent in a publick manner from
  one  tovereign  power  to another, and
  supposed  to represent the  power  from
  which he  is sent. The person of an am-
  bassadour is inviolable.
     Ambassadour is, in popular language,
  the general name of a messenger  from
  a sovereign power, and sometimes,  lu-
  dicrously,  from common persons.   In
  the juridical and  formal  language,  it
  signifies  particularly a  minister of the
  highest  rank residing in another coun-
  try, and is distinguished from an envoy,
  who  is of  less  dignity.
    Give first admittance to th' ambassadours. Shaksp.
    Rais'd by these hopes, I sent no news before,
  Nor ask'd your leave, nor did your faith implore;
  But come without a pledge my own ambassadour.
                                     Dryden.
    Oft have their black ambassadours appear'd
  Loaden with gifts,  and filled the courts of Zama.
                                    Addison
Amba'ssaorrss, arn-bas'sa-dres. to. s.[am-
  bassadrice, Fr.]
I. The lady of an ambassadour.
2. In ludicrous  language, a woman sent
  on a  message.
    Well, my ambassadress------
  Come you to menace war, and loud defiance?
  Or does the peaceful olive grace your brow?  Rowe.
A'mbassage,  am'bas-saje.60  to. s. [from
  ambassadour/]  An embassy; the  busi-
  ness  of an ambassadour.
    Maximilian entertained  them with dilatory an-
  swers;  so  as  toe formal  part of their  ambassage
  might well warrant their further stay.      Bacon.
A'MBER,  am'bur.18  to. s. [from ambar,
  Arab, whence the lower writers formed
  ambarum.]
    A yellow transparent substance of a gummous or
  bituminous consistence, but a resinous taste, and a
  smell like oil of turpentine;  chiefly found  in the
  Baltick sea, along the coasts of Prussia.  Some na-
  turalists refer it to  the vegetable, others  to the mi-
  neral,  and some even to the animal kingdom.  Pli-
  ny describes it as a resinous juice, oozing from aged
  pines and firs,  and discharged thence into the sea.
  He adds, that it was hence the ancients gave it the
  denomination of swecinwm, from succus, juice. Some
  have imagined it a concretion of the tears of birds;
  others,  the urine of a beast; others, the scum of
  the lake Cephisis, near the Atlantick; others, a con-
  gelation formed in  the Baltick, and in some foun-
  tains, where it is found swimming like pitch.   Others
  suppose it a bitumen trickling into the sea from sub-
  terraneous sources; but this opinion also is discard-
  ed, as  good amber having  been found in digging at
  a considerable distance from the sea, as that ga-
  thered  on the coast. Boerhaave ranks it with cam-
  phire,  which is a concrete  oil of aromatick plants,
  elaborated by heat  into a crystalline form. Within
  some pieces of amber have been found leaves  and
  insects  included; which seems to indicate*  either
  that the amber was originally in a fluid state, or
  that, having been exposed to toe sun, it was soften-
  ed, and rendered susceptible of the leaves and  in-
  sects.  Amber, when rubbed, draws or attracts bo-
  dies to  k; and, by friction,  is brought to yield light
  pretty copiously in the dark. Some distinguish am-
  ber into yellow, white, brown, and  black: but the
  two latter are supposed to be of a different  nature
  and denomination; the one called jet, the other am-
  bergris.                   Trevoux. Chambers.
    Liquid amber is a kind of native balsam or resin,
  like  turpentine;  clear, reddish, or yellowish; of a
  pleasant smell, almost like ambergris. It flows from
  an incision made in the bark of a fine large tree in
  New Spain, called by the natives ososol.
                                    Chambers.
    If light penetrateth any clear body, that is colour-
  ed, as painted glass, amber, water,  and the like, it
  gives toe light the  colour of its medium. Peacham-
    No interwoven reeds a garland made,
  To hide his brows within the vulgar shade;
  But poplar wreathes around his temples spread,
  And tears of amber trickled down his head. Addison.
    The spoils of elephants the roofs inlay,
  And studded amber darts a golden ray.      Pope.
A'mber, am'bilr.  adj. Consisting of am-
  ber.
    With scarfs, and fans, and double charge of bra-
        v'ry,
  With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knav'ry.
                                      Sliaksp.

A'MBER-nRiNK,  am'bur-drink. n. s. Drink
  of  the colour of amber, or resembling
  amber in  colour and transparency.
    All your clear amber-drink is flat.      Bacon.
Am'bergris, am'bur-grese.11* to. s. [from
  amber and gris, or grey; that is, grey
  amber]
    A fragrant drug,  that melts almost like wax, com-
  monly of a greyish or ash colour, used both as a per-
  fume and a cordial. Some imagine it to be the excre-
  ment of a bird, which being melted by the heat of the
  sun, and washed off the shore by the waves, is swal-
  lowed by whales, who return it back in the condi-
  tion we find  it.  Others  conclude it to be the ex-
  crement of a cetaceous fish, because sometimes
  found in the intestines of such animals. But we have
  no instance of any excrement capable of melting
  like wax; and if it were the excrement of a whale,
  it should  rather be found  where these  animals
  abound, as about Greenland.  Others take it for a
  kind of wax  or gum, which distils from trees, and
  drops into the sea,  where it eongeals.  Many of the
  orientals imagine it springs out of the sea,  as naph-
  tha does out  of some fountains.   Others assert it to
  be a vegetable production, issuing out of the root of
  a tree, whose roots always  shoot towards the sea,
  and discharge themselves into it.  Others maintain,
  that ambergris is made from the honey-combs, which
  fall  into the sea from the  rocks, where the bees had
  formed  their nests;  several persons having  seen
  pieces that were half ambergris,  and half plain ho-
  ney-comb;  and others have  found  large  pieces of
  ainbergris, in which, when broke, honey-comb, and
  honey too, were found in the middle.  Neumann
  absolutely denies it to be an animal substance, as
  not  yielding in the analysis, any one animal prin-
  ciple. He concludes it to be a bitumen issuing out
  of toe earth  into the sea;  at first of a viscous con-
  sistence, but hardening, by  its mixture with some
  liquid naphtha, into the form in which we find it.
                            Trevoux* Chambers.
    Bermudas wall'd  with  rocks,  who does  not
        know
  That happy island, where huge lemons grow,
  Where shining pearl, coral, and many a pound,
  On the rich shore,  of ambergris is found?   Waller,
A'mber-seed, am'bur-seed, or musk-seed,
  resembles millet, is of a bitterish taste,
  and brought  dry  from Martinico  and
  Egypt.                        Chambers.
A'mber-tree, am'bur-tree. «. s. [frutex
  Africanus ambram  spirans] A  shrub,
  whose beauty is in its small evergreen
  leaves,  which grow as close as  heath,
  and, being bruised between the fingers,
  emit a very fragrant odour.     Miller.
AMBIDE'XTER,  am-be-dex'ter.  n. a.
  [Lat.]
1. A  man  who  has  equally  the  use of
  both his hands.
    Rodiginus, undertaking to give a reason of am-
  bidexters,  and left-handed men,  delivereth a third
  opinion.                              Brotcn. 
A M B                                    AMB                                    AMB
2. A man who is equally ready to act on
  either  side,  in  party  disputes.  This
  sense is ludicrous.
Ambioexte'rity,    am-be-d£x-ter're-te.
  n. «.  [from ambidexter.]
I. The quality of being able equally to use
  both  hands.
2. Double dealing.
 YMBinE'xTRous,  am-be-dex'tiils.    adj.
  [from ambidexter, Lat.]
1. Having, with equal facility, the use of
  either hand.
    Others,  not considering  ambidextrous and left-
  handed men,  do totally submit unto the efficacy of
  the liver.                            Brown.
2. Double-dealing;   practising  on  both
  sides.
    ^Esop condemns the double practices of trim-
  mers,  and all false, shuffling, and ambidextrous
  dealings.                         L'Estrange.
Ambiue'xtrousness,    am-be-dex'trus-
  nes.   to. s. [from ambidextrous.]  The
  quality  of  being ambidextrous.   Diet.
A'mbient, am'be-ent. adj.[ambiens, Lat.]
  Surrounding; encompassing; investing.
              This which yields or fills
  All space, the ambient air wide iitferfus'd. Milton.
    The thickness of a  plate  requisite to produce
  any colour, depends only on the density of the plate,
  and not on that of the ambient medium.   Newton.
    Around him dance the rosy  hours,
  And damasking the ground with flow'rs,
  With ambient sweets perfume  toe morn.   Fenton
    Illustrious virtues, who by turns have rose,
  With happy laws her empire to sustain,
  And with full povv'r assert her ambient main. Prior.
    The ambient sther is too liquid and empty, to im-
  pel horizontally with that prodigious celerity.
                                     Bentley.

A'MBIGU,   am'be-gu.  to.  s.  [French.]
  An entertainment,  consisting not of re-
  gular courses, but of a  medley of dishes
  set on together.
    When straiten'd in your time, and servants few,
  Yrou'd  richly then compose an  amb'igu;
  Where first"and second course, and your desert,
  All in  one single table have their part.
                         King's Art of Cookery.
Ambigu'ity, am-be-gu'e-te. to. s.  [from
  ambiguous.] Doubtfulness ol  meaning;
  uncertainty  of  signification;   double
  meaning.
    With ambiguities, they often entangle themselves,
  not marking what doth agree to the word of God in
  itself,  and what in regard of outward accidents.
                                     Hooker.
            We can clear these ambiguities,
  And know their spring, their head, their true de-
        scent.                         Shaksp.
    The words  are of single signification, without any
  ambiguity; and therefore I shall not trouble you, by
  straining for  an  interpretation, where  there is no
  difficulty;  or  distinction, where there is no differ-
  rence.                                South.
AMBI/GUOUS, am-big'u-us.  adj. [am-
  biguus, Lat.]
1. Doubtful; having two meanings;  of un-
  certain  signification.
    But  what have been thy answers, what but dark,
  ambiguous, and with double sense deluding? Milton.
    Some expressions in the  covenant were ambigu-
  ous, and were left so;  because the persons who
  framed them were not all of one mind. Clarendon.
2. Applied to persons using doubtful ex-
  pressions.   It is applied to expressions,
  or  those that use  them,  not to  a du-
  bious or suspended state of mind.
  Th' ambiguous god, who rul'd her lab'ring breast,
  In these mysterious words his mind exprest;
  Some truths reveal'd, in terms involv'd the rest.
                                    Dryden.
    Silence at length the gay Antinous broke,
  Constrained a smile, and thus ambiguous spoke.
                                      Pope.
Ambi'guously,    am-blg'u-fis-le.   adv.
   [from  ambiguous.]   In  an ambiguous
   manner;  doubtfully;  uncertainly; with
   double meaning.
Ambi'guousness, am-big/u-us-n£s.  to. s.
   [from ambiguous.] The quality of being
   ambiguous;  uncertainty  of   meaning;
   duplicity of signification.
Ambi'logy,  am-bil'lo-je.618  to.  s.  [from
   ambo,  Lat. and Aey©-.]  Talk  of ambi-
   guous or doubtful signification.   Diet.
Ambi'loquous,  am-bil'16-kwus.818  adj.
   [from ambo and loquor, Lat.] Using am-
   biguous and doubtful expressions.  Diet.
Ambi'loquy, am-bil'16-kwe. to.  s. [ambi-
   loquium, Lat.] The use of doubtful and
   indeterminate expressions;  discourse
   of doubtful meaning.              Diet.
A'mbit, am'bit. to.  s. [ambitus,.Lat.] The
   compass or circuit of any thing; the line
   that encompasses any thing.
    The tusk of a wild boar winds about almost into
  a perfect ring or hoop;  only it is a little writhen.
  In measuring by the ambit, it is long or round about
  a foot and two inches; its basis an inch over.
                             Grew's Musceum.
Ambi'tion,  am-bish'un.607 to. s.  [ambitio,
   Lat.] The desire of  something higher
   than is possessed at present.
1. The desire of preferment or honour.
    Who would think without having such a mind as
  Antiphilus, that so great goodness could not have
  bound  gratefulness; and so high advancement not
  have satisfied his ambition?              Sidney.
2. The  desire of any thing  great or ex-
   cellent.
    The quick'ning power would be, and so would rest;
  The sense would not be only, but be well:
    But wit's amotion longeth to the best,
  For it desires in endless bliss to dwell.     Dartes.
            Urge them, while their souls
  Are capable of this ambition;
  Lest zeal, now melted by the windy breath
  Of soft petitions, pity, and remorse,
  Cool and congeal again to what it  was.     Shaksp.
S. It is used with  to before a verb, and of
   before a noun.
    I had a very early ambition to  recommend  my-
  self to your Lordship's patronage.        Addison.
    There was an ambition of wit, and an affectation
  of gayety.          Pope's Preface to his Letters.
Ambi'tious, am-bish'ds.49s  adj. [ambiti-
   osus, Lat.]
1. Seized or touched with ambition; desi-
   rous of advancement; eager of honours;
   aspiring.   It has the particle  of before
   the object of ambition, if a noun; to,  if
   expressed by a verb.
    We seem ambitious God's whole work t' undo.
                                     Donne.
    The neighb'ring monarchs, by thy beauty led,
  Contend in crowds, ambitious of thy bed:
  The world is at thy choice,  except but one,
  Except but him thou  canst not choose alone. Dryd.
    You have been pleased not to suffer an old man
  to go discontented out of the world, for want of that
  protection, of which he had been so long  ambiti-
  ous.                                Dryden.
    Trajan, a prince ambitious of glory, descended to
|  the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates, and went
  upon the ocean, where, seeing a vessel trading to
  the Indies, he had thoughts of outdoing Alexander.
                           Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Eager to grow bigger; aspiring.
                  I have seen
  Th' ambitious ocean swell, and rage and foam,
  To be exalted with the threat'ning clouds.  Sliaksp,
Ambi'tiously, am-blsh'tis-ie. adv. [from
   ambitious.] In  an  ambitious  manner-
   with eagerness of advancement or pre-
   ference.
    With such glad hearts did our despairing men
  Salute th' appearance of the prince's fleet;
    And each ambitiously would claim the ken,
  That with fast eyes did distant safety meet. Dryden.
    Here Flecknoe, as a place to fame well known,
  Ambitiously design'd his Sh—'s throne.   Dryden.
Ambi'tiousness,  am-bish'us-nes.  n.  «.
   [from ambitious.] The quality of being
   ambitious.
A'mbitude,  am'be-tude.463 n. s. [ambio,
   Lat.]  Compass; circuit; circumference.
                                     Diet.
To A'MBLE, am'bl.*88 v. n. [[ambler, Fr.
   ambulo, Lat.]
1. To move upon an amble.  See Amble.
    It is good, on some occasions,  to enjoy as much
  of the present, as will not endanger our futurity;
  and to provide ourselves of  the  virtuoso's saddle,
  which will be sure to  amble, when toe world  is
  upon the hardest trot.                  Dryden.
2. To move easily, without hard  shocks,
   or shaking.
   Whom ambles time withal?—A rich man that hath
  not the gout; for he  lives merrily, because he feels
  no pain; knowing no burthen  of heavy tedious penu-
  ry: him time ambtes withal.            Shaksp.
3. In a ludicrous sense, to move with sub-
   mission,  and by  direction; as  a horse
   that ambles uses a gait not natural.
    A laughing, toying, wheedling, whimpering she,
  Shall make him amble on a gossip's message,
  And take the distaff with a hand as patient,
  As e'er did Hercules.        Rowe's Jane Short.
4. To walk daintily and affectedly.
    I am rudely stampt, and want love's majesty,
  To strut before a wanton ambling nymph. Shaksp.
A'mble, am'bl.406 n. s.  [from To amble]
   A  pace  or movement  in  which  the
   horse removes both his legs on one side;
   as, on the far side, he  removes his fore
   and hinder leg  of the  same side at one
   time,  whilst the legs on the near side
   stand still;  and, when the  far  legs are
   upon  the  ground,the nearside removes
   the fore leg and a hinder leg, and the legs
   on the far side stand  still.  An amble  is
   the first  pace of young colts, but when
   they have  strength to  trot,  they quit it.
   There is no amble in  the manage;  rid-
   ing-masters allow only of walk, trot, and
   gallop. A horse may be put from a trot
   to a  gallop  without  stopping; but he
   cannot be ^put from an amble to a gallop
   without  a  stop,  which  interrupts the
   justness of the manage.  Farrier's Diet.
A'mbler,  am'blvir.98 n. s.  [from To am-
   ble.]  A  horse  that has been taught  to
   amble; a  pacer.
A'mhlingly, am'bling-le. adv. [from am-
   bling.  With an ambling  movement.
AMBRO'SIA, am-brc-'zhe-a. B0B 4B3 s*2'"
   TO. S. [a/*,GgO<rtci.]
 1. The imaginary food  of the gods, from 
AMB
A M E
VME
    which every  thing eminently  pleasing
    to the smell or taste is called ambrosia.
 2. The  name of a plant.
     It has male flosculous flowers, produced on sepa-
   rate parts of  the same plant from the fruit, having
   no visible petals,  die fruit which succeeds the fe-
   male flowers,  i-. sniped like a club, and is prickly,
   containing one oblong seed in each.
     The species are, 1. The marine or sea ambrosia.
   2. Taller unsavoury sea ambrosia.   3. The tallest
   Canada ambrosia.                      Miller.
 Ambro'sial, 3m-bi6'zhe-al. adj.  [from
    ambrosia]  Partaking of the nature or
    qualities  of  ambrosia;  fragrant; deli-
    cious; delectable.
     Thus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance  fill'd
   All heaven, and in the blessed spirits elect
   Sense of new joy ineffable diffus'd.        Milton.
     The gifts of heaven my following song pursues,
   Aerial honey and ambrosial dews.         Dryden.
     To farthest shores th' ambrosial spirit flies,
   Sweet to the world, and grateful to the skies. Pope.
 A'mbry, am'bre. to. «.  [a word corrupted
    from  almonrtj.]
 I. The place where the  almoner lives, or
    where alms are distributed.
 2. The place where plate, and utensils for
    housekeeping,  are kept; also a cup-
    board for  keeping cold victuals: a word
    still used in the northern counties, and
    in  Scotland.
 Ambs ACE,amez-ase'.3*7  n.s. [from ambo,
    Lat. and ace]  A double ace; so called
    when  two  dice turn up the ace.
     I had rather be in this choice, than throw ambs
   ace for my life.                       Shaksp.
     This will be yet clearer, by considering his own
   instance of casting ambs ace, though it partake more
   of contingency than of freedom. Supposing the posi-
   tureofthe party's hand who did  throw the dice,
   supposing the  figure of the table, and of the dice
   themselves, supposing the measure of force applied,
   and supposing  all  other things which did concur to
   the production  of that cast, to be the very same they
   were, there is no  doubt but  in this case the cast is
   necessary.            Bramhall against Hobbes.
 Ambula'tion, am-bu-la'shiin. to. s.  [am-
   bulation Lat] The act of walking.
    From  toe occult  and invisible motion of the mus-
   cles, in station, proceed more offensive  lassitudes
   than from ambulation.   Broion's Vulgar Errours.
 A'mbul atory,  am'bu-la-tdr-r6.612  adj.
   [ambulo, Lat.]
 I. That which has the power or faculty of
   walking.
    The gradient, or ambulatory, are such as require
  some basis, or bottom, to uphold them  in their mo-
  tions: such were those self-moving statues, which,
  unless violently detained, would  of themselves run
  away.                Wilkins's Math. Magick.
2.  That which happens during  a passage
   or walk.
    He was sent to  conduce hither the princess, of
  whom his majesty  had  an ambulatory view in  his
  travels.                              Wotton,
3.  Moveable;  as, an ambulatory court;  a
   court  which  removes  from  place  to
  place for the exercise of its jurisdiction.
A'mbury,  am'bu-re to. *  A bloody wart
  on any  part of a horse's body.
Ambusca'de,  am-bus-kade'. n. s. [embus-
   cade, Fr. See Ambush.]  A private sta-
  tion in which men lie to surprise others;
  ambush.
    Then waving high her torch, the signal made,
 Which rous'd the Grecians from their ambmcade.
                                    Dryden
     When  I behold a fashionable table set out, I
   fancy that gouts, fevers,  and lethargies, with innu-
   merable distempers,  lie  in  ambuscade among the
   dishes.                             Addison.
 Ambusca'do,  am-bus-ka'd6.77 n. s. [em-
    boscada, Span.] A private post, in order
    to  surprise an enemy.
     Sometimes she driveth  o'er a soldier's neck,
   And then he dreams of cutting foreign throats,
   Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,
   Of healths five fathom deep.             Shaksp.
 A'mbush, arn'btish.17"  to. s.   [embuche,
    Fr. from  bois a  wood;   whence embu-
    cher to  hide in woods, ambushes being
    commonly laid under  the concealment
    of thick forests.]
 I. The post  where soldiers  or assassins
    are placed, in order lo  fall  unexpect-
    edly upon  an  enemy.
     The residue retired deceitfully towards the place
   of their ambush,  whence issued more.  Then  the
   earl  maintained the fight. But the enemy, intending
   to draw the English further into their amiush turned
   away at an easy pace.               Hayward.
     Charge, charge, their ground the faint Taxallans
       yield,
   Bold in close ambush, base in open field.   Dryden.
 2. The act of surprising another, by lying
    in wait, or  lodging in a secret post.
                   Nor shall we need
   With dangerous expedition, to invade
   Heav'n, whose high walls fear no assault or siege,
   Or ambush from toe deep.  Milton's Paradise Lost.
 J. The state of being posted privately, in or-
   der to surprise; the state of lying in wait.
 t. Perhaps the persons placed in private
   stations.
     For you, my noble lord  of Lancaster,
   Once did I lay an ambush  for your life.   Shaksp.
 A'mbushed, am'bush-ed.3"9 adj. [from am-
   bush] Placed in ambush; lying in wait.
     Thick as the shades, there issue swarming bands
   Of ambush'd men,  whom,  by their arms and dress,
   To be Taxallan enemies I guess.         Dryden.
 A'mbushment,am'bush-ment. to. s. [from
   ambush; which see.] Ambush; surprise:
   a word now not used.
     1 ike as a wily fox, that  having spied
   Where on a sunny  bank the lambs do play,
    Full closely creeping by the hinder side,
  Lies in ambushment of his  hoped prey.    Spenser.
 Ambu'st,  am-bust'. adj. [ambustus, Lat.]
   Burnt; scalded,                   Diet.
 Ambu'stion,  am-bils'tslujn.464  to. *.  [am-
   buetio, Lat.] A burn;  a scald.
 A'mel,  am'mel. to. s.   [email,  Fr.]  The
   matter with which the variegated works
   are  overlaid, which we call  enamelled.
    The materials of glass melted with calcined tin,
  compose an undiaphanous body. This white amel  is
  toe basis of all  those fine concretes that goldsmiths
  and artificers employ in the curious art of enamel-
  ling-                        Boyle on Colours.
AM'EN. a'men'.4" adv. [a word, of which
   the   original  has  given  rise to many
   conjectures. Scaliger writes, that it is
   Arabick; and the  Habbies made it the
   compound  of  the   initials   of  three
   words, signifying the Lord is  a faithful
   king; but the word  seems merely He-
   brew,  TDK,  which, with a long train of
   derivatives  signifies  firmness, certainty,
   fidelity.] A  term used in devotions, by
   which, at the end of  a prayer, we mean,
   so bei-; at the  end of a creed, so it is.
    One cried, God bless us! and, *#men/the other,
As they had seen me with these hangman's hands.
Listening their fear, I could not say Amen,
When they did say God bless us.    Shaksp. Macb.
  Blessed be the  Lord God of Israel, from ever-
lasting and to everlasting, Amen and amen.
                              Psalm xli. 13.
  Ame'nable, a-men-a-bl.40a adj. [amesna-
    ble, Fr. amenerquelqu'un, in the French
    courts, signifies, to oblige one to appear
    to answer a charge exhibited against
    him.]  Responsible; subject so as to be
    liable to inquiries or accounts.
     Again, because the inferiour sort  were loose and
   poor, and not amenable to the law, he provided, by
   another act, that five of the best and eldest persons
   of every sept, should bring in all the idle persons of
   their surname, to be justified by toe law.
                      JSir John Davies on Ireland.

  v'menage, a-me'nidje.90  >  to. s.  [They
  A'menance, a-me'nanse.  3 seem to come
    from amener, Fr ] Conduct; behaviour;
    mien: words disused.
     For he is fit to use in all assays,
   Whether for arms and warlike amenance,
   Or else for wise  and civil governance.    Spenser.
             Well kend him so far space,
   Th' enchanter, by his arms and amenance,
   When under him  he saw his Lybian steed to prance.
                                 Fairy Q«een.
  To AME'ND,  a-mend'.  v. a. [amender,
   Fr.  emendo, Lat]
  I. To  correct; to change any that is wrong
   to something better.
 2. To  reform the life, or leave wickedness.
   In  these  two  cases we usually write
   mend.  See Mend.
     Amend your ways and your doings, and I will
   cause you to dwell in this place.     Jerem. vii. 3.
 3. To  restore passages in  writers, which
   the  copiers  are supposed  to have  de-
   praved; to recover the true  reading.
 To  Ame'nd, a-mend'. v. to. To grow bet-
   ter.  To amend differs from to improve;
   to improve supposes or  not  denies that
   the thing is well already, but to amend,
   implies something wrong.
     As my fortune  either amends or impairs, I  may
   declare it unto you.                    Sidney,
                  At his touch
   Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand,
   They presently amend.          Shaksp. Macbeth.

AMENDE, a-mand'. n. s.  [French.]This
   word,  in  French, signifies a fine, by
   which recompense is  supposed  to be
   made for the  fault committed. We use,
   in a cognate   signification  the  word
   amends.

Ame'ndment,a-mend'rnent. to. s. [amende-
   knent, Fr.]
I. A change from  bad for the better.
    Before it was presented on the stage, some things
  in it have passed your approbation and amendment.
                                     Dryden.
    Man is  always  mending and altering his works;
  but nature observes the same tenour, because her
  works  are so perfect, that  there  is no place for
  amendments; nothing that can be reprehended. Ray.
    There are many natural defects in the understand-
  ing capable  of amendment, which are overlooked
  and wholly neglected.                  Locke.
2. Reformation of life.
    Our Lord and Saviour was of opinion, that they
  which would  not be drawn to amendment of life, by
  the testimony which  Moses and the prophets have
  given,  concerning  the miseries  that follow sinners
  after death, were  not likely to he persuaded  riy 
AME                                     AMI                                     AMI
  other means,  although God from the dead should
  have raised them up preachers.          Hooker.
    Behold! famine and plague, tribulation and an-
  guish, are sent as scourges for amendment.
                             2 Esdras, xvi. 19.
    Though a serious purpose of amendment, and true
  acts of contrition, before the habit, maybe accepted
  by God; yet there is no sure judgment whether this
  purpose be  serious,  or these acts true acts of con-
  trition.          Hamnwnd's Practical Catechism.
3. Recovery of health.
    Your honour's players, hearing your amendment,
  Are come to play a pleasant comedy.     Shaksp.

Ame'ndment, a-mend'ment. w. s. [emen-
   datio, Lat.] It signifies,  in law, the  cor-
   rection of an  errour, committed in a
   process,  and  espied  before  or  after
   judgment; and  sometimes after the par-
   ty's seeking advantage by the errour.
                                    Blount.
Ame'nder,   a-men'dur.98   to. s.    [from
   amend.]  The person that amends any
   thing.
Ame'nds,  a-mendsA.   n.s.  [amende,  Fr.
   from which it seems to be accidentally
   corrupted.]  Recompense;  compensa-
   tion; atonement.
    If I have too austerely punish'd you,
  Your compensation makes amends.        Shaksp.
    Of the amends recovered, little or  nothing re-
  turns to those that had suffered the wrong, but com-
  monly all runs into the prince's coffers.    Raleigh.
    There I, a pris'ner chain'd, scarce freely draw
  The air imprison'd also, close and damp,
  Unwholesome draught; but here I feel amends,
  The  breath of heav'n  fresh  blowing, pure and
      sweet,
  With day-spring born; here leave me to respire.
                                      Milton.
    Some little hopes  I have yet  remaining, that I
  may make the world some part of amends for many
  ill plays, by an heroick poem.           Dryden.
    If our souls be immortal,  this makes abundant
  amends and compensation  for the frailties of life,
  and sufferings of this state.            Tillotson.
    It  is a strong argument for retribution hereafter,
  that virtuous persons are veiy often unfortunate, and
  vicious persons prosperous; which is repugnant to the
  nature of a Being, who appears infinitely wise and
  good in all his works; unless we may suppose that
  such a promiscuous distribution, which was necessa-
  ry for carrying on the designs of  providence in this
  life, will be rectified and made  amends for in an-
  other.                             Spectator.

Ame'nity,  a-men'ne-te.611 to.*, [amenite,
   Yr.amanitas, Lat] Pleasantness; agree-
   ableness of situation.
    If the situation of  Babylon was such at first as in
  the days of Herodotus, it was a seat of amenity and
  pleasure.                             Brown.
Amenta'oeous,   a-men-ta'shus.3B7   adj.
   [amentatus,  Lat.]  Hanging  as  by a
   thread.
    The pine tree hath amentaceous flowers or katkins.
                                      Miller.
To AME'RCE, a-meTse'. v. a. [amercier,
   Fr.] o<p$ttXtim ctph p.epo*e, seems to  give
   the original.
I. To punish with pecuniary penalty; to
   exact a fine; to inflict a forfeiture.  It is
   a word originally juridical, but adopted
   by other writers, and is used by Spenser
   of punishments in general.
    Where every one that misseth then her make,
  Shall be by him amerc'd with penance due. Spenser.
    But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine,
  That you shall all repent the loss of mine.   Shaksp.
    All  the suitors were  considerably amerced; yet
  this proved but an ineffectoal remedy for those mis-
  chiefs.                                Hale.
2. Sometimes with the particle  in before
   the  fine.
    They shall amerce him vn an hundred shekels of
  silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel,
  because he hath brought up an evil name upon a
  virgin of Israel.                 Deut. xxii. 19.
3. Sometimes  it  is used, in  imitation of
   the  Greek construction, with the parti-
   cle  of
    Millions of spirits, for his fault amerc'd
  O/heaven, and from eternal splendours flung
  For his revolt.                        Milton.
Ame'rcer,   a-meVsur.98   w. s.   [from
   amerce.]  He that sets a fine upon any
   misdemeanour;  he  that decrees or  in-
   flicts any pecuniary punishment or for-
   feiture.
Ame'rcement,  a-merse'm£nt.     ")
Amerciament, a-mers'e-ment.    5
   [from amerce.]   The pecuniary  punish-
   ment of an offender, who stands at  the
   mercy  of the king, or other lord of  his
   court.                           Cowell.
    All amercements and fines that shall be imposed
  upon them, shall come unto themselves.   Spenser.
Ames ace, amez-ace'. n.s. [a corruption of
   the word  ambs ace,  which  appears,
   from  very old authorities, to have been
   early softened by omitting the b.]  Two
   aces on two dice.
    But then my study was to cog the dice,
  And  dext'rously to throw the lucky sice:
  To shun ames ace, that sweeps my stakes away;
  And  watch the box, for fear they should convey
  False bones, and put upon me in the play,  Dryden.

A'mess,   a'mis.  to. s.  [corrupted  from
   amice.] A priest's  vestment.      Diet.
AMETHo'nicAL,   a-me-fAod'e-kal.  adj.
   [from a and method.]  Out of method;
   without method, irregular.
A'METHYST, am'e-Mlst. n.s.[*/<.t$vc:<&>,
   contrary to wine, or contrary to drunk-
   enness; so called, either because it is  not
   quite the of colour of wine, or because
   it was imagined to prevent inebriation.]
    A  precious stone of a violet colour, bordering on
  purple. The oriental amethyst, is the hardest, scarc-
  est, and  most  valuable;  it is generally of a dove
  colour, though some are  purple,  and others white
  like the diamond. The German is of a violet colour,
  and the Spanish are of three sorts;  the best are the
  blackest or deepest violet: others are almost quite
  white, and some few tinctured with yellow.  The
  amethyst,  is not extremely  hard, but easy to be en-
  graved upon, and is next in value to the emerald.
                             Savary. Chambers.
    Some stones approached the granatecomplexion;
  and several nearly resembled the amethyst.
                                   Woodward.
A'methyst, am'e-thist. [in heraldry] sig-
   nifies the same  colour in  a nobleman's
   coat,  that  purpure  does in- a  gentle-
   man's.

Amethy'stine, am'e-rAis-tin.140 adj.[from
   amethyst.]  Resembling an  amethyst in
   colour.
    A  kind of  amethystine  flint, not composed of
  crystals or grains, but one entire massy stone  Grew
A'xMIABLE, a'me-a-bl.40*  adj. [aimable,
   Fr.]
1. Lovely; pleasing.
    That which is good in  the  actions of men,  doth
  not only delight as profitable, but as amiable also.
                                     Hooker.
          She told her, while she kept it,
  'Twould make her amiable, subdue my father
  Entirely to her love; but if she lost it,
  Or made a gift of it, my father's eye
  Should hold her loathed.        Shaksp. Othello.
2. Pretending love;  shewing love.
    Lay amiable siege to the  honesty of this Ford's
  wife; use your art of wooing.            Shaksp.
A'miableness, a'me-a-bl-n^ss. to. a. [from
  amiable.]  The quality of being amiable-
  loveliness; power of raising love.
    As soon as the  natural gaiety and amiableness of
  toe young man wears  off, they have nothing left to
  commend them, but lie by among the lumber and
  refuse of the species.                 Addison.
A'mi ably, a'me-a-ble. acfv. [from amiable.]
  In an amiable manner;  in such a man-
  ner as  to excite love.
A'MICABLE,  am'me-ka-bl.40* adj. [ami.
  cabilis, Lat.]  Friendly; kind.  It is com-
  monly used of more than one; as, they
  live in an amicable manner; but we sel-
  dom say, an amicable action,  or an ami-
  cable man, though it be so used in this
  passage.
    O grace serene! oh virtue heav'nly fair,
  Divine oblivion of low-thoughted care!
  Fresh blooming hope,  gay daughter of the sky!
  And faith, our early immortality!
  Enter each mild,  each amicable guest;
  Receive  and wrap me  in eternal rest.      Popt.

A'micableness,  am'me-ka-bl-ness. n. *.
  [from  amicable.]  The  quality of being
  amicable; friendliness, good-will.
A'micably, am'e-ka-ble. adv. [from ami-
  cable.]  In  an  amicable  manner; in a
  friendly way; with good-will and concord.
                They see
  Through the dun  mist, in blooming beauty fresh,
  Two lovely youths, that amicably walkt
  O'er verdant meads, and pleas'd perhaps, revolv'd
  Anna's late conquests.                 Philips.
    I found my subjects amicably join
  To lessen their defects, by citing mine.     Prior.
    In Holland itself, where it is pretended that the va-
  riety of sects live so amicably together, it is notorioui
  how a turbulent party, joining with the Arminiaiw,
  did attempt to destroy  the republick.
                 Swift's Church of England Man.
A'mice,  am'mis.143 to.  s.  [amictus,  Lat
  amict,  Fr.  Primum ex sex indumentii
  episcopo etpresbyteriiscommunibussunt,
  amictus, alba, cingulum, stola, manifiu-
  lua, et planeta.   Du  Cange.  Amictus
  quo collum atringitur, et pectus tegitur,
  castitatem  interioris hominis  designat:
  tegit  enim cor,  ne  vanitates  cogitet;
  stringit autem collum,  ne inde  ad  Un-
  guam  transeat  mendacium.  Bruno]
  The first or undermost part of a priest's
  habit,  over which he wears the alb.
    Thus pass'd the night so foul, till morning fair
  Came forth with pilgrim steps in amice grey. MiU.
    On some a priest, succinct in amice white,
  Attends.                              Pope-
Ami'd, a-mld'.    > prep  [from a andmfrf,
Ami'dst, a-midst'. 5   or midst.]
I. In the  midst; equally distant from either
  extremity.
                Of the fruit
  Of each  tree in the garden we may eat;
  But of the fruit of this fair tree amidst
 ■ The garden, God hath said, ye shall not eat. Mdi-
    The two ports,  the bagnio, and D'»iate!li's Matte 
AMI
AMM
AM 0
  of the great duke, amidst the tour slaves, chained to
  his pedestal, are very noble sights.        Addison.
2. Mingled  with;  surrounded  by; in  the
   ambit of another thing.
    Amid my flock with woe my voice I tear,
  And, but bewitch'd,  who to his flock would moan?
                                       Sidney.
    So hills amid the air, encounter'd hills,
 - Hurl'd to and fro with jaculation dire.    Milton.
    What have I done, to name that wealthy swain,
  The boar amidst my chrystal streams I bring,
  And southern winds  to blast my flow'ry spring.
                                      Dryden.
    Amata's breast the fury thus invades,
  And fires with rage amid the sylvan shades. Dryden.
 3. Amongst; conjoined with.
    What too' no real voice nor sound
  Amid their radiant orbs be found?
   In reason's ear they all rejoice,
  And utter forth a glorious voice,
  For ever singing, as  they shine,
  " The hand that made us is divine."     Addison
 Ami'ss, a-miss. adv. [from a, which, in this
   form of composition, often  signifies ac-
   cording to, and  miss, the English  parti-
   cle,  which shows any  thing,  like  the
   Greek w*f«, to be wrong, as, to mis-
   count, to  count erroneously;  to misdo,
   to commit a crime; amiss therefore  sig-
   nifies not right, or out of order.]
 1.  Faulty; criminal.
    For that which thou hast sworn to do amiss,
   Is yet amiss,  when it is truly done. Shaksp. K. John
 2.  Faultily;  criminally.
    We hope therefore to reform ourselves, if at any
  time we have done amiss, is not to sever ourselves
  from toe church we were of before.      Hooker.
               0 ye  powers that search
  The heart of man, and weigh his inmost thoughts,
  If I have done amiss, impute it not!      Addison.
 3.  In an ill  sense.
    She sigh'd withal, they constru'd all amiss,
  And thought  she wish'd to kill who long'd to  kiss.
                                      Fairfax.
 4.  Wrong;  improper; unfit.
    Examples  have not generally the force of laws,
  which all men ought to keep, but of counsels only
  and persuasions, not amiss to  be followed by them,
  whose case is the like.                 Hooker.
    Methinks  though  a man had all science,  and all
  principles, yet it might not be amiss to have some
  conscience.                           Tillotson.
 5.  Wrong; not  according to the perfection
   of the thing, whatever it be.
    Your kindred  is not much amiss, 'tis true;
  Yet I am somewhat better born than you. Dryden.
    I built a  wall, and  when  the masons plaid the
  knaves, nothing delighted me so much  as to stand
  by, while my servants threw down what was amiss.
                                        Swift.
 6. Reproachful; irreverent.
    Every people, nation, and language, which speak
  any thing amiss against the God of Shadracb,  Mes-
  hach, and  Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and
  their houses  shall be made  a dunghill; because
  there is no other God  that can deliver after this
  sort.                           Daniel, iii. 29.
 7.  Impaired in health;  as,  I was somewhat
   amiss yesterday; but am well to-day.
 3.  Amiss is  marked  as an adverb, though
   it cannot  always be  adverbially render-
   ed; because  it  always  follows  the sub-
   stantive to which  it  relates, contrary  to
    the nature of adjectives in English; and
    though we say  the action was amiss, we
    never say an amiss action.
 9.  Amiss is  used  by Shakspeare as a noun
    substantive.
    To my rick soul, as sin's true nature is,
  Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.
                                      Hamlet.
Ami'ssion, a-mish'iln. ». s.  [amissio, Lat.]
   Loss.
To Ami't, a-mlt'. v. a. [amitto, Lat.]  To
   lose: a word  little in use.
    Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air,
  whereby it acquireth no new form, but rather a con-
  sistence or determination of its diffluency, and amit-
  teth not its essence, but condition of fluidity.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.

A'mity, am'me-te. si1to. «. [amitie, Fr. ami-
   citia, Lat.]  Friendship, whether publick
   between nations, opposed  to war;  or
   among the people;  opposed  to discord;
   or between private persons.
    The prophet David did think,  that the very meet-
  ing of men together, and their  accompanying one
  another to the house of God, should make toe bond
  of their love insoluble, and tie them in a league  of
  inviolable amity.                       Hooker.
    The  monarchy of Great Britain was in  league
  and amity with ail toe world.     Sir John Davies.
    You have a noble and true conceit
  Of godlike amity; which appears most strongly
  In bearing thus toe absence of your Lord.  Shaksp.
    And ye, oh Tyrians, with immortal hate
  Pursue this race, this service dedicate
  To my deplored ashes; let there be
  'Twixt us and them no league nor amity.  Denham.

AMMONI'AC, am-mo'ne-ak.606».*. The
   name of a drug.
Gum Ammoniac is brought from the East  Indies,
  and is supposed to ooze from an umbelliferous plant.
  Dioscorides says, it is the juice  of a kind of ferula
  growing in Barbary, and the plant is called agasyllis.
  Pliny calls the tree metopion, which, he says, grows
  near the Temple of Jupiter Ammon,  whence the
  gum takes its  name.  It ought to be in dry drops,
  white within, yellowish without, easily fusible, re-
  sinous, somewhat bitter,  and of a very sharp taste
  and smell, somewhat like garlick. This gum is said
  to have served the ancients for incense, in their sa-
  crifices.                       Savory. Trevoux.
Sal Ammoniac is a volatile salt of two kinds, ancient
  and modern. The ancient sort, described by Pliny
  and Dioscorides,  was a  native salt, generated  in
  those large inns where the crowds of pilgrims, com-
  ing from the  temple of Jupiter Ammon, used  to
  lodge; who travelling upon camels, and those crea-
  tures in Cyrene, where that celebrated temple stood,
  urining in the stables, or in the parched sands, out
  of this urine, which is remarkably strong, arose a
  kind of salt, denominated sometimes from the tem-
  ple, Ammoniac,  and  sometimes from the country,
  Cyreniac.  No more of this salt is produced there;
  and, from  this deficiency, some suspect there never
  was any such thing: but this suspicion is removed,
  by the large quantities of a salt, nearly of the same
  nature, thrown out by mount jEtna.
    The modern sal ammoniac is made in  Egypt;
  where long-necked glass bottles, filled  with soot, a
  little sea salt,  and the urine of cattle, and having
  their mouths luted with a piece of wet cotton, are
  placed over an oven or furnace, in a thick bed of
  ashes, nothing but the necks appearing, and kept
  there two days and a night, with a continual strong
  fire.  The  steam  swells up the cotton,  and forms a
  paste at the vent hole, hindering the salts from eva-
  porating; which  stick to toe top of  the bottle, and
  are taken out in  those large cakes, which they send
  to England.  Only soot exhaled from dung, is the
  proper ingredient in this preparation; and the dung
   of camels affords the  strongest.
     Our cbymists imitate the Egyptian sal ammoniac,
   by adding one part of common salt to five of urine;
   with which some mix that quantity of soot, and put-
   ting the whole in a vessel, they raise from it,  by
   sublimation, a white, friable, farinaceous substance,
   which they call sal ammoniac.         Chambers.

 Ammoni'acal,   am-mo-ni'a-kal.*06   adj.
   [from ammoniac]  Having the propel
   ties of ammoniac salt.
    Human blood calcined, yields no fixed salt; nor
  is it a sal ammoniac; for that  remains  immutable
  after repeated distillations; and distillation destroys
  the ammoniacal quality of  animal salts, and turns
  them alkaline: so  that it is a salt neither quite fix-
  ed, nor quite volatile, nor quite acid, nor quite alka-
  line,  nor quite ammoniacal; but soft and benign,
  approaching nearest to the nature of sal  ammoniac.
                                     Arbuthnot.

Ammunition, am-mu-nish'un. to. *. [sup-
   posed by some to  come from amonitio,
   which, in the barbarous ages, seems to
   have  signified supply of provision; but
   it surely  may be more reasonably  deri-
   ved from munitio, fortification; choaes d
   munitions,  things for   the  fortresses.]
   Military stores.
    They  must make themselves defensible against
  strangers; and must have the assistance of some able
  military man, and convenient arms and ammunition
  for their defence.                       Bacon.
    The colonel staid to  put in  the ammunition he
  brought with him; which was only twelve barrels of
  powder, and twelve hundred weight of match.
                                    Clarendon
    All the rich mines of learning ransackt are,
  To furnish ammunition for this war.      Denham
    But now his stores of ammunition spent,
  His naked valour is his only guard:
    Rare thunders are from his dumb cannon sent,
  And solitary guns are scarcely heard.      Dryden.

Ammunition   bread,  am-mti-nlsh'un-
   br£d.  w. s.  Bread for the supply of the
   armies or garrisons.
A'mnesty,  am'nes-te. to. s. [ufivn-ict.]  An
   act of oblivion; an act by  which crimes
   against the government, to a certain
   time, are so obliterated, that  they can
   never be  brought into charge.
    I never read of a law enacted to take away the
  force of all laws, by which a man may safely com-
  mit upon the last of June, what he would infallibly
  be hanged for, if he committed it on the first of Ju-
  ry; by  which  the greatest criminals  may escape,
  provided they continue long enough in power to an-
  tiquate  their crimes, and, by stifling them a  while,
  deceive the legislature into an amnesty.      Swift.
Amni'colist, am-nik'ko-list.  n. s. [amni-
   cola, Lat.] Inhabiting near a river. Diet.

Amni'genous, am-ned'je-nus.314TO. s.  [am-
   nigenus, Lat.] Born of a  river.   Diet.
A'MNION, am'ne-6n.ie6 > «. *.  [Lat. per-
A'MNIOS, am'ne-6s.166 $ haps fr. Apr®*.]
    The  innermost  membrane with which the foetus
  in the womb is more immediately covered, and with
  which the rest of the secundines, the chorion, and
  alantois, are ejected after birth. It is whiter and thin-
  ner than the chorion.  It also  contains a nutritious
  humour, separated by glands for that purpose, with
  which the foetus is preserved. It is outwardly cloath-
  ed with the urinary membrane  and the chorion,
  which sometimes stick so close to one another, that
  they can scarce be separated. It has also its vessels
  from the same origin as the chorion.      Quincy.
A MO'MUM, a-mo'mum. n. s. [Lat.]   A
   sort of fruit.
    The  commentators on Pliny and Dioscorides sup-
  pose it to be a fruit different from ours. The modern
  amomum appears  to be the sison of the ancients,
   or bastard stone-parsley. It resembles  the muscat
   grape.   This fruit is brought from the East  Indies,
   and makes part of treacle.  It is of a hot spicy taste
   and smell.                  Trevoux. Chambers.
 Amo'ng, a-milng'.,fl*      > prep, [amanj,
 Amo'nost, a-mungst'.l8*5 jeman^Sax.]
VOL. 1.
K 
A M 0                                     A MP                                     AMP
1. Mingled  with; placed with other per-
  sons or things on every side.
    Amongst shawberries sow here and there some
 borage-seed; and you shall  find the snawberries
 under  those  leaves far more large than their fel-
 lows.                                Bacon.
          The voice of God they heard,
 Now walking in the garden, by soft winds
 Brought to their ears, while day declin'd: they heard,
 And from his presence hid themselves, among
 The thickest trees, both man and wife.    Milton.
2.  Conjoined  with others,  so as to make
  part of the  number.
    I have then, as you see, observed the failings of
  many  great wits  amongst the moderns, who have
  attempted to write epic poems.          Dryden.
    There were  among the old Roman statues, seve-
  ral of Venus in different postures and habits; as there
  are many particular figures of her made after the
  same design.                        Addison.
A'morist, am'6-rlst. to.  s. [from  amour]
   An inamorato; a gallant;  a  man profes-
   sing love.
    Female beauties are as  fickle in  their faces as
  their minds; though casualties should spare them,
  age brings in a necessity of decay; leaving doters
  upon red and  white perplexed by  incertainty both
  of the continuance of their mistress's kindness, and
  her beauty, both which are necessary to the amorist's
  joy and quiet.                          Boyle.
 AMORO'SO, am-6-ro'so. to.  *. [Ital.]  A
   man enamoured.                   Diet.
 A'morous,  a.m'6-rQ.s.844 adj. [amoroso,
   Ital.]
 I.  In love;  enamoured;  with the particle
   of  before  the thing   loved; in Shaks-
   peare, on.
    Sure my brother is amorous on  Hero; and hath
  withdrawn her father to break with him  about it.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The am'rous master own'd her potent eyes,
   Sigh'd when he look'd, and  trembled as he drew;
     Each flowing line coniirm'd his first surprize,
   And as the piece advanc'd, the passion grew. Prior:
 2.  Naturally  inclined to love;  disposed to
   fondness; fond.
     Apes, as soon as they have brought forth  their
   young, keep their eyes  fastened on them, and are
   rover weary of admiring their beauty; so amorous is
   nature of whatsoever she produces.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 3.  Relating or belonging to love.
     1 that am not shap'd for sportive tricks,
   Nor made to court an am'rous looking-glass,
   I, that am rudely stampt.      Shakesp. Rich. III.
     And into all things from her air inspir'd
   The spirit of love, and amorous delight.    Milton.
                 In the amorous net
   First caught they lik'd;  and each his liking chose.
                                      Milton.
     O! how I long my careless limbs to lay
   Under the plantane's shade, and all the day
   With am'rous airs my fancy entertain,
   Invoke toe muses, and improve my  vein!   Waller.
 A'morously, am'6-riis-le. adv. [from amo-
   rous.]   Fondly; lovingly.
     When thou  wilt swim in that live-bath,
   Each fish, which eveiy channel hath,
   Will amorously to thee swim,
   Gladder to catch thee, than thou him.     Donne.
 .Vmorousness, a.m'6-rus-ness. «. *.[from
   amorous.]   The quality of being amo-
   rous; fondness; lovingness;  love.
    AU Gynecia's  actions  were interpreted by  Basi-
   Iius, as proceeding from jealousy of his amorous-
   ness.                                 Sidney.
    Lindamor has wit,  and  amorousness enough to
   make him find it more easy to defend  fair ladies,
   than to defend himself against them.       Boyle.
 AMO'RT, a-mort.'   adv. [a la mort, Fr.]
  In the  state of  the dead; dejected; de-
  pressed; spiritless.
    How fares my Kate? what, sweeting, all amort?
                   Shaksp. Taming of the Shrew.
AMORTizA'TioN,a-m6r-te-za'shmi. ?
Amortizement, -amdr'-fiz-m£nt. }
  [amorlissement, amortissable, Fr.]  The
  right  or  act  of  transferring lands  to
  mortmain; that is, to some community,
  that never is to cease.
    Every one of the  religious orders was  confirmed
  by one pope or other; and they made an especial
  provision for them, after the laws of amortization
  were devised and put in use by princes.
               Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

To  AMO'RTIZE,  a-mor'tlz.1+0  v. a. [a-
  mortir, Fr.]   To alien lands  or  tene-
  ments  to any corporation, guild, or fra-
  ternity,  and their successours; which
  cannot  be done without license of the
  king, and the lord of the manour. Blount.
    This did concern the kingdom, to have farms suffi-
  cient to maintain an able body out of penury, and
  to amortize part of toe  lands unto the yeomanry, or
  middle part of the people.               Bacon.

To  Amo've, a-md6ve.' v. a. [amoveo, Lat ]
I.  To remove from a post  or station; a
  juridical  sense.
2. To remove; to move; to alter:  a sense
  now out of use.
    Therewith, amoved from his sober  mood,
  And lives he yet, said he, that wrought this act?
  And do the heavens afford him vital food?
                                 Fairy Queen.
    At her so piteous  cry was much amov'd
  Her champion stout.              Fairy Queen.
To  Amo'unt,  a-mount.' v.  to.  [monter,
  Fr.]
1. To rise to in the  accumulative  quanti-
  ty; to compose in  the whole,  with  the
  particle to.   It is used of several sums
  in quantities added together.
    Let us compute a little more particularly  how
  much this will amount to, or how many oceans of
  water would be necessary to compose  this great
  ocean rowling in the air, without bounds  or banks.
                              Burnet's Theory.
2. It  is   used figuratively,  of the conse-
  quence rising from any thing  taken  al-
  together.
    The errours of young men are the ruin of busi-
  ness; but the errours of aged men amount but to
  this, that more might have been done, or sooner.
                                       Bacon.
    Judgments that are made on the wrong side of the
  danger, amount to no more than an affectation of
  skill, without either credit or effect.   L'Estrangt.
Amo'unt,  a-mount.'  n.   s.   [from   To
  amount.] The  sum total;  the result of
   several  sums  or  quantities accumula-
  ted.
    And now, ye lying vanities of life,
  Where are you nowr and what is your amount?
  Vexation, disappointment, and remorse.   Thomson.
Amo'ur, a-m66r.' to. s. [amour, Fr.  amor,
   Lat.] an affair of gallantry;  an intrigue:
   generally used of vitious love.   The ou
   sounds like oo in poor.
    No man is of so general and diffusive a lust, as
  to proseeute his amours all the world over; and let
  it burn never so outrageously, yet the impure flame
  will either die of  itself, or consume the body  that
  harbours it.                           South.
    The restless youth search'd all the world around;
  But how can Jove in his amours be found? Addison.
A'mper, am'pur.98  to. *. [amppe, Sax.] A
  tumour, with inflammation; bile: a word
  said, by Skinner, to be much used in.
  Essex; but perhaps, not found in books.
AMPrIIT>IOUS,am-fib'be-us. adj. [«^,
  and /3i'(S^.]
1. That which partakes of two natures, so
  as to live in two elements; as, in air and
  water.
    A creature of amphibious nature,
  On land a beast, a fish in water.        Hudibras.
    Those are called amphibious, which live freely in
  the air, upon the earth, and yet are observed to live
  long upon water, as if they were natural inhabitant!
  of that element; though it be worth the examination
  to know, whether any of those creatures that live at
  ease, and by choice, a good while, or at any time,
  upon  the earth, can live, a long time together, per-
  fectly under water.                      Locke.
    Fishes contain much oil, and amphibious animals
  participate somewhat of the nature of fishes, and
  are oily.                          Arbuthnot.
2.  Of a mixt nature, in  allusion  to ani-
  mals that  live in air and water.
    Traulus of amphibious breed,
  Motley fruit of mongrel seed;
  By the dam from lordlings sprung,
  By the sire exhal'd  from dung.           Swift,
Amphi'biousness, am-fib'be-us-ness.  n.
  s. [from   amphibious]  The quality of
  being able to live in different elements.
AMPHinoLo'GicAL.am-fe-b6-l6d'je-kal.*0S
  adj. [from amphibology]  Doubtful.
Amphibolo'gicallt,     am-fe-bo-l6d'je-
  kal-le.   adv.  [from   amphibological]
  Doubtfullv; with a doubtful meaning.
AMPHIBOLOGY, am-fe-b&l'o-je.  n.s.
  [et^iSeXoyia ]  Discourse  of uncertain
  meaning.  It is distinguished from equi-
  vocation,  which means the double sig-
  nification  of a single word;  as, noli re-
  gem occidere timere bonum est, is amphi-
  bology;   captare  lepores,  meaning  by
  lepores, either hares or jests, is equivo-
   cation.
    Now the fallacies, whereby men deceive others,
  and are deceived themselves,  the ancients have di-
  vided into verbal and real; of the verbal, and such
  as conclude from mistakes of top word, there  are
  but two worthy our notation;  the fallacy of equivo-
  cation, and amphibology.  Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    He that affirm'd  'gainst sense, snow black to be,
  Might prove it by this amphibology;
  Things are not what they seem.    V. on Cleveland.
    In defining obvious appearances, we are to use
  what is most plain and easy;  that the mind be not
  misled by amphibologies into  fallacious deductions.
                                    Glanville.

Amphibolous,  am-f ib'b6-lu.s adj. [*^»
   and /3«AA».] Tossed from one to another;
    striking each way.
    Never  was there such an amphibolous quarrel,
  both parties declaring themselves for the king,  and
  making use of his name in all their remonstrances,
  to justify  their actions.                 Howell.
Amphi'logy, am-fil'6-je. to. a. [upjQi and
    Aoy<^.] Equivocation;  ambiguity.  Diet.

AMPHISBJE'NA,   am-f Is-be'na.92 ». *.
    [Lat. KftptrGitm).]  A  serpent supposed
    to have two heads, and by consequence
    to move  with either end foremost.
     That the omphisbeena, that is,  a smaller kind of
  serpent, which moveth forward and backward, hath
  two  heads, er one at either extreme, was affirmed
  by Nicander, and others. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Scorpion,  and asp, and amphisbana dire. Milton
AMPHI'SCII,  am-fls'se-i.  to. *.  [Lat. 
AMP
AMP
AMP
   ifjupto-Ktoi,  of u^i  and <rx.ix  a shadow.]
   Those  people dwelling   in  climates,
   wherein the shadows, at different times
   of the year,  fall both ways; lo the north
   pole, when the  sun  is  in the southern
   signs; and to the  south pole, when  he
   is  in the  northern signs.   These  are
   the people who inhabit  the torrid zone.
Amphtthe'atke, am-fe-Me'a-tur.618  n.s
   [of up.<pt6txrgov,  of kfjupi and itio^xt]
   A building  in a circular or oval form,
   having its area encompassed with rows
   of seats one-above another; where spec-
   tators  might  behold  spectacles,   as
   stage-plays, or  gladiators.  The thea-
   tres of  the  ancients were built in  the
   form of a semicircle only exceeding a
   just  semicircle by one-fourth  part of
   the diameter; and the  amphitheatre is
   two  theatres joined together;  so  that
   the longest diameter of the  amphithea-
   tre was to the  shortest,  as  one and a
   half to  one.
    Within, an amphitheatre appear'd
   Rais'd in degrees; to sixty paces  rear'd,
   That when a man was plac'd in one degree,
   Height was allow'd for him above to see. Dryden.
    Conceive a man placed in the burning iron chair at
   Lyons, amid the insults and mockeries of a crowded
   amphitheatre, and still keeping his seat; or stretched
   upon a grate of iron, over coals of fire, and breath-
   ing out his soul among toe exquisite sufferings of
   such a tedious execution, rather than renounce his
   religion, or blaspheme his Saviour.      Addison.
A'MPLE, am'pl.40fi  adj.   [amplus,  Lat.]
1. Large;  wide; extended.
               Heav'n descends
   In universal bounty, shedding herbs,
   And fruits, and flowers, on Nature's ample lap.
                                    Thomson.
2. Great  in  bulk.
    Did your letters pierce the queen  to any demon-
  stration of grief?----
    She took 'm and read 'm in my presence,
  And now and then an ample tear  trill'd down
  Her delicate cheeks.      Shakspeare's King Lear.
3. Unlimited;  without  restriction.
    Have what you ask, your presents I receive;
   Land where  and  when you please,  with  ample
        leave                         Dryden.
4. Liberal; large; without parsimony.
    If we speak of strict justice,  God could no way
  have been bound  to require man's labours in so
  large and ample manner as human felicity doth im-
  port; in as much as toe dignity of this exceedeth so
  far toe other's value.                  Hooker.
5. Magnificent; splendid.
    To dispose the  prince the more willingly to un-
  dertake his relief, the earl made ample  promises,
  that within so many days after the siege  should be
  raised, he would advance his highness's levies with
  two thousand men.                  Clarendmi.
6. Diffusive; not contracted; as, an ample
   narrative, that is,  not  an epitome.
VmpleneSs, am'pl-n£ss.  to. s.  [from am-
  ple] The quality of being ample; large-
   ness;  splendour
   Impossible it is  for a person of my condition to
  produce any thing in proportion either to the ample-
  ness of the body you represent,  or of the places you
  bear.                                South.
To A'mpliate, am'ple-ate.  v. a. [amplio,
   Lat.]  To enlarge;  to make greater;  to
   extend.
   He should look upon it, not to traduce or extenu-
  ate, but to explain and elucidate,  to add and ampli-
  ate.                                 Brown.
Amplia'tion, am-ple-a'shiln. «. s.  [from
  ampliate.]
1. Enlargement; exaggeration; extension.
    Odious matters admit not of an ampliation, but
  might to be restrained and interpreted in the mild-
  est sense.                   Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Diffuseness; enlargement.
    The obscurity of toe subject, and the prejudice
  and prepossession of most readers, may plead excuse
  for any ampliations or repetitions that may be found,
  whilst I labour to express myself plain and full.
                                      Holder.
To  Ampli'ficate,  am-plif'e-kate.  v. a.
  [amplifco, Lat.] To enlarge;  to spread
  out;  to amplify.                   Diet.
Amplification, am-ple-fe-ka'shfin. to. *.
  [amplification, Fr. amplifcatio, Lat.]
I. Enlargement;  extension.
2. It is usually taken in a rhetorical sense,
  and implies exaggerated representation,
  or diffuse  narrative; an image height-
   ened  beyond  reality;  a  narrative en-
   larged with  many circumstances.
    I shall summarily, without  any amplification at
  all, shew in what manner defects have been sup-
  plied.                                Davies.
    Things unknown seem greater than they are, and
  are usually received with amplifications above their
  nature.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Is the poet justifiable for relating such incredible
  amplifications?  It may be answered, if he had put
  these extravagancies into the mouth of Ulysses, he
  had been unpardonable; but they suit well the cha-
  racter of Alcinous.                      Pope.
A'mplifier, am'ple-fi-ur.98  to.  *.  [from
   To amplify]  One  that  enlarges any
   thing;  one that exaggerates;  one  that
   represents  any thing with a large  dis-
   play  of the  best circumstances; it be-
  ing usually taken in a good sense.
    Dorillaus could need no amplifier's mouth for the
  highest point of praise.                  Sidney.
To  A'mplify, am'ple-fi.183 v. a. [ampli-
  fier, Fr.]
1. To enlarge; to increase any material
  substance, or object of sense.
    So when  a great monied man hath divided his
  chests, and coins, and bags, he seemeth to himself
  richer than  he was: and therefore a way to amplify
  any thing, is to break it, and to make anatomy of it
  in several parts, and  to examine it according to the
  several circumstances.                  Bacon.
    All concaves that proceed from more narrow to
  more broad, do amplify the sound at the coming out.
                                      Bacon.
2. To enlarge; or  extend any thing incor-
  poreal.
    As the reputation of the Roman prelates grew up
  in these blind ages, so grew up  in them withal a de-
  sire of amplifying their power, that they might be
  as great in temporal forces, as  men's opinions have
  formed them in spiritual matters.        Raleigh.
3. To exaggerate  any thing; to enlarge it
  by the  manner of  representation.
    Thy general is my lover; I have been
  The book of his good acts; whence men have read
  His fame unparallel'd, hap'ly amplified.    Shaksp.
    Since I have plainly laid open the negligence and
  errors of every age that is past, I would not willing-
  ly seem to flatter the present, by amplifying the di-
  ligence and true judgment of  those servitours that
  have laboured in this vineyard.           Davies.
4. To enlarge; to improve by new addi-
  tions
    In paraphrase the author's words are not strictly
  followed, his sense too is amplified but not altered,
  as Waller's translation of Virgil.        Dryden
    I feel age advancing, and my health is insuffici-
                    k2
  ent to increase and amplify these remarks,  to con-
  firm and improve these rules, and to illuminate toe
  several pages.                          Watts.
To A'mplify,  am'ple-fi.183  v.  to.   Fre-
   quently with the particle on.
1. To speak largely in  many words; to
   lay  one's self out in diffusion.
    When you affect to amplify on the former branches
  of a  discourse, you will often lay a necessity upon
  yourself  of contracting the latter,  and prevent
  yourself in the most important part of your design.
                                Watts's Logick.
2. To form  large or pompous represen-
   tations.
    An excellent medicine for the stone  might be
  conceived,  by amplifying apprehensions able  to
  break a diamond.       Broion's Vulgar Eirours.
    I have sometimes been forced to amplify on others;
  but here, where the subject is so fruitful, that the
  harvest overcomes the reaper, I am  shortened by
  my chain.                           Dryden.
    Homer amplifies, not invents; and as there was
  really a people called Cyclopeans, so they might be
  men of great stature, or giants.      Pope's Odys.
A'mplitude, am'ple-tude. to. s.  [ampli-
   tude, Fr. amplitudo, Lat.]
1. Extent.
    Whatever I look upon,  within the amplitude of
  heaven and earth, is evidence of human ignorance
                                     Glanville.
2. Largeness; greatness.
    Men should learn how severe a thing the true in-
  quisition of nature is, and accustom themselves, by
  the light of particulars, to enlarge their minds to
  the amplitude of the world, and not reduce the world
  to the narrowness of their minds.          Bacon.
3. Capacity;  extent of intellectual facul-
   ties.
    With  more than  human  gifts  from  heav'n
      adorn'd,
  Perfections absolute, graces divine,
  And amplitude of mind to greatest deeds.  Milton.
4. Splendour; grandeur; dignity.
    In  the great frame of kingdoms and common-
  wealths,  it is in the power of princes, or estates, to
  add amplitude and greatness to their kingdoms.
                               Bacon's Essays.
5. Copiousness; abundance.
    You should say every thing which has a proper and
  direct tendency to this end;  always  proportioning
  the amplitude of your matter, and  the fulness of
  your discourse, to your great design; the length of
  your time, to the  convenience of your hearers.
                                Watts's Logick.
6. Amplitude of the range of a projectile,
   denotes  the horizontal line  subtending
   the  path in which it moved.
7. Amplitude, in  astronomy,  an  arch of
   the  horizon,  intercepted between  the
   true east  and west point  thereof,  and
   the  centre  of the sun  or star at its  ris-
   ing  or setting.   It is eastern or ortive,
   when the star rises;  and western or oc-
   ciduous  when the star sets.  The east-
   ern  or western amplitude are also called
   northern or southern, as they fall in the
   northern or southern quarters of the ho-
   rizon.
8. Magnetical amplitude is an arch of the
   horizon, contained between the sun at
   his rising, and the east or west points of
   the  compass; or it is the difference of
   the  rising or setting of the  sun, from
   the  east or west parts  of the  compass.
                                  Chambers.
A'mply, am'pie.  adv.  [ample, Lat.]
1. Largely;  liberally. 
AMU                                     A>                                     ANA
              For whose well-being,
  So amply, and with hands so liberal,
  Thou hast provided all things.           Milton.
    The evidence they had before was enough, amply
  enough, to convince them;  but they were resolved
  not to be convinced: and to  those, who are resolved
  not to be convinced, all motives, all arguments, are
  equal.                             Atterbury.
%. At large; without reserve.
                      At return
  Of him so lately promis'd to thy aid,
  The woman's seed, obscurely then foretold,
  Now amplier known thy Saviour,  and thy Lord.
                                     Milton.
3. At large;  copiously; with a  diffusive
   detail.
    Some parte of a poem require  to be amply writ-
  ten, and with all the force  and elegance of words;
  Others must  be cast into shadows; that is, passed
  over in silence, or but faintly touched.
                           Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To A'MPUTATE,am'pu-tate. v. a [am-
  puto, Lat.]  To cut off a  limb:  a word
   used only in chirurgery.
    Amongst the cruizers, it was  complained, that
  their surgeons were too  active in amputating frac-
  tured members.            Wiseman's Surgery.
Amputa'tion,  am-pu-ta'shun.  to. s. [am-
  fiutatio, Lat.]
    The operation of cutting off a limb, or other part
  of the body.  The usual method of performing  it,
  in the instance of a leg,  is  as follows:  The proper
  part for the operation being  four or five inches below
  toe  knee, toe  skin  and flesh are first to be drawn
  very tight upwards, and secured from returning by
  a ligature two or three fingers broad:  above this
  ligature another loose one is passed, for the gripe;
  which being twisted by means of a stick, may be
  straitened to any degree at pleasure.  Then the pa-
  tient being conveniently situated, and the operator
  placed to the inside of the limb, which k to be held
  by one assistant above, and another below the part
  designed tor the operation, and the gripe sufficiently
  twisted to prevent too large an haemorrhage,  the
  flesh is, with a stroke or two, to be separated from
  the  bone with the dismembering knife.   Then toe
  periostiuin being also divided from the bone with
  the  back of the knife, saw  the bone asunder, with
  as few strokes as possible.  When two parallel
  bones  are concerned,  the flesh that grows between
  them must likewise  be separated  before the use of
  the saw.  This being done,  the gripe may be slack-
  ened,  to give an opportunity of searching for the
  targe blood-vessels,  and  securing the hemorrhage
  at their mouths.  After making proper applications
  to toe stump, loosen the first ligature, and pull both
  toe skin and the flesh, as far as  conveniently may
  be,  over the stump to cover it;  and secure them
  with the  cross stitch made  at the depth of half or
  three quarters of an inch in the skin.  Then apply
  pledgets, astringents, plaisters, and other necessa-
  ries,           i                   Chambers.
    The Amazons, by toe amputation of their right
  breast, had the freer use of their bow.
                       Broion's Vulgar Errours.
A'mulet,  am'u-let.  «. s. [amulette,  Fr.
   amuletum,  or amoletum,  quod  malum
   amolitur, Lat.]   An appended  remedy,
   or  preservative; a thing hung about the
  neck, or any other part of the body, for
  preventing or curing  of some particular
  diseases.
    That spirits are corporeal, seems at first view a
  conceit derogative unto, himself; yet herein he esta-
  Wisheth the doctrine of lustrations, amulets, and
  eharms.               Breton's Vulgar  Errours.
    They do not certainly know the falsity of what
  toey report;  and their ignorance must serve you as
  an amulet against the guilt  both of deceit and ma-
  lice.                Government of the Tongut.

Amuroo'sity, a-nuir-kos'e-te- n, s.[amur-
   ca, Lat.] The quality of lees or mother
   of any thing.                       Diet.
To AMU'SE, 4-muze'. v. a. [amuser, Fr.]
   1. To entertain with tranquillity;  to fill
   with  thoughts  that engage  the  mind,
   without distracting  it.  To  divert im-
   plies  something  more  lively,  and  to
   please something  more important.  It
   is therefore frequently taken in a sense
   bordering on  contempt.
    They think they see visions, and are arrived to
  some extraordinary revelations; when, indeed, they
  do but dream dreams, and amuse  themselves with
  the fantastic ideas of a busy imagination.
                               Decay of Piety.
    I cannot think it natural tor a man, who is much
  in love, to amuse himself with trifles.       Walsh.
2.  To draw on from time to time; to keep
   in expectation;  as, he amused his  fol-
   lowers with idle promises.
Amu'sement, a-muze'me'nt.  n. a. [amuae-
   ment, Fr.]  That which amuses; enter-
   tainment.
     Every interest or pleasure of life, even the most
  trifling  amusement,  is suffered to postpone  the one
  thing necessary.                       Rogers.
    During his confinement, his amusement was to
  give poison to dogs and cats, and see them expire, by
  slower or quicker torments.               Pope.
    I was left to stand toe  battle, while others, who
  had better  talents than a draper, thought it no un-
  pleasant amusement to look on with safety, whilst
  another was giving them diversion at the hazard of
  his liberty.                            Swift.
Amu'ser, a-mu'zilr.88 to. a. [amuseur, Fr.]
   He that amuses, as with false promises.
   The French word  is always taken in an
   ill sense.
Amu'sive,  a-mu'ziv.158 438   adj.   [from
   amuse.]  That which has the power of
   amusing. I know not that this is a cur-
   rent word.
                  But amaz'd,
I  Behold  to' amusive arch before him fly,
  Then vanish quite away.              Thomson.
Amy'gdalate, a-mig'da-late. adj. [amyg-
   dala,  Lat.]  Made of almonds.
Amy'gdaline, a-mig'da-line. adj. [amyg-
   dala, Lat.] Relating to almonds; resem-
   bling almonds.
An, an. article,  [ane, Saxon;  een, Dutch;
   eine, German.]  The article indefinite,
   used  before a vowel, or h  mute.   See
   A.
1.  One, but with less emphasis; as, there
   stands a house.
    Since he cannot be always employed in study,
  reading, and conversation, there will be many an
  hour, besides what his exercises will take up. Locke.
    Any,  or some; as* an, elephant might
   swim in this water.
    He was noway at an uncertainty, nor ever in the
  least at a loss concerning any branch of it   Locke.
    A wit's a feather, and'a chief a rod,
  An honest man's the noblest work of God.    Pope.
3.  Sometimes  it  signifies, like a,  some
   particular  state;  but this  is now dis-
   used.
    It is  certain'that odours do, in  a small degree
  nourish; especially the odour of wine; and  we see
I  men an hungred do love to smell hot bread.   Bacon.
It. An is sometimes, in old authors a con-
   traction of and if.
                He can't flatter, be!
  An honest mind and plain; he must speak truth,
  An toey will take it so; if not, he's plain.  Shaksp,
   Sometimes a contraction of and before
  '/•
                Well I know
  The clerk will ne'er  wear hair on's face that had
      it.
  ----He will an' if he live to be a man.   Shaksp,
   Sometimes it is  a contraction of as if
    My next pretty correspondent,  like Shakspeare's
  lion in Pyiamus and Thisbe, roars an' it were any
  nightingale.                          Addison.
A'NA.  a'na.  adv. [xvx.] A word used in
  the prescriptions of physick, importing
  the like quantity; as,  wine and honey, g
  or ana 5  ii;  that is, of wine and honey
  each two  ounces.
    In the  same  weight  innocence and prudence
        take,
  Ana of each does the just mixture make.  Cowley.
    He'll  bring an apothecary with  a  chargeable
  long bill of anas.            .          Dryden.
A'NA,  a'na. to.  s.  Books so called from
  the last syllables cf their titles; as, Sea-
  ligerana,   Thuaniana;  they are loose
  thoughts, or casual hints  diopt by emi-
  nent  men,   and  collected  by their
  friends.
Anaca'mptick, an-d-kam'tik. adj.  [im-
  KxpTrla.] Reflecting, or reflected: an ana-
  camptick  sound,  an echo; an anacamfi.
  tick hill, a hill  that produces an  echo.
Anaca'mptioks,an-a-kam'tlks. n.s.  The
  doctrine of  reflected light, or  catop-
  tricks.  It has no singular.
Anacatha'rtiok, an-3-ka-fAar'tlk.  n. s.
  [See Cathartick.]  Any medicine that
  works  upwards.                Quincy.
ANACEPHALMaSIS, an-a-sefa-le-d-
  sis.8S0 to. *. [a*xx,(<px?ieciMTis/]  Recapitu-
  lation, or summary of the principal heads
  of a discourse.                     Diet.
Ana'chorete,   an-ak'6-rete.  >   n. s.
Ana'chohite,    an-ak'o-rite.18'3  [some-
  times vitiously written  anchorite; mtt-
  X*>g»iTt)s.]  A monk  who,  with the leave
  of his superiour, leaves the convent for
  a more austere and solitary life.
    Yet lies not love dead here, but here doth sit,
  Vow'd to this trench, like an anachorite.   Donne.
Ana'chronism,   an-ak'kro-nism.   to. *.
  [from «»« and  %{iv®'.]   An errour in
  computing time, by which  events art
  misplaced with regard to each other. It
  seems  properly to signify an errour by
  which an  event is placed too early; but
  is generally used for any errour in chro-
  nology.
    This leads me to the defence of the famous a»i«-
  cfcrontsin, in making /Eneas and Dido cotemporariesi
  for it is certain, that the hero lived almost two hun-
  dred years before toe building of Carthage. Dryd.
Anacla'ticks, an-a-klat'lks. to. s. [a** and
  xxiti.]  The doctrine of refracted light;
  dioptricks.  It has no singular.
ANADIPLO'SIS, an-a-de-plo'sls «° n.».
  [«v*JWA*»ms.]  Reduplication;  a  figure
  in  rhetorick, in  which the last word of
  a foregoing  member of  a  period  be-
  comes the first of  the  following; as, he
  retained his virtues  amidst all his misfor-
  tunes,  misfortunes which only his  vir-
  tues brought upon him. 
ANA
ANA
A N  A
 Anaooge'tical,   an-a-go-jet'e-kal.  adj.
   [xvxydy*i]   That which contributes or
   relates to spiritual elevation or religious
   raptures; mysterious;  elevated  above
   humanity.                          Diet.
 Anago'gioal,   an-a-god'jik-al.509    adj.
   [andgogique, Fr.]  Mysterious;  eleva-
   ted; religiously exalted.           Diet.
 Anago'gically,  an-a-god'je-kal-e. adv.
   [from anagogical.] Mysteriously; with
   religious elevation.
 ANAGRAM, an'a-gram.  n.s. [*v* and
   yf »i*,fix] A conceit arising from the let-
   ters of a name  transposed;  as this, of
    W,i,l,l,i,a,m, Np,y, attorney-general to
   Charles I. a very laborious man, Imoyl
   in law.
     Though all her parts be not in to' usual place,
   She hath yet toe anagrams of a good face:
   If we might put toe Utters but one way,
   Ift toat lean dearth of words What couM we say?
                                      Donne.
     Thy genius calls thee not to purchase fame
   In keen iambick, but mild anagram.     Dryden.
 ANAGRA'MMATisMTan-a-gram'ma-tisnV34
   n. s. [from anagtam] The  aet  or prac-
   tice of making anagrams.
     The only quintessence that hitherto the alchymy
   of wit could draw out of nanies, is anagrammatism,
   or  metagrammatism, which is a dissolution of a
   name truly written into his letters, as his elements,
   and a new connexion of if by artificial transposi-
   tion, without addition, subtraction, or change of any
   letter, into different words, making  some perfect
   sense appHable to toe person named.    Camden.
 ANAGRA'MMATisT,an-a-gram'ma-tist. «. s.
   [from anagram.] A maker of anagrams.
 To   Anagha'mmatize,    an-a-gram'ma-
   fize.169 i). to. [anagraTtimaiiser, Fr.] To
   make anagrams.
 Anale'ptick, an-a-lep,tik.  adj. [xvxXtrr-
   7»*<^'.]   Comforting;  corroborating:   a
   term of physick.
    Anuteptick medicines cherish toe nerves,  and re-
   new the spirits and strength.            Quincy.
 Ana'logal, an-a'16-gal. adj.  [from ana-
   logous] Analogous;  having relation.
    When I see many analogal motions in animals,
   though I cannot call them voluntary, yet I see them
   spontaneous, I have reason to conclude that these in
   their principle are not simply mechanical.    Hale.
 Analogical, an-a-l6d'je-kal. adj.  [from
   analogy.]
 i'. Used by way of analogy.  It seems pro-
   perly distinguished from analogous,   as
   words  from things; analogous signifies
   having  relation, and  analogical having
   the quality of representing  relation.
    It is looked on only as the image of the true God,
  and that not as a proper  likeness, but by analogical
  representation.                     Stilling fleet.
    When a word, which originally signifies any parti-
  cular idea or object, is attributed to several other
  objects, not by way of resemblance, but oil the ac-
  count of some evident reference to the original idea,
  this is'peculiarly called  ab analogical word; so a
  sound or healthy  pulse,  a sound digestion, sound
  sleep, are so called; with reference  to a sound and
  healthy constitution; but if you speak of sound doc-
  trine, orsonndsffeechj'toisis by way of resemblance
  to health-, and the words are1 metaphorical.   Watts.
2. Analogous; having resemblance or rela-
   tion'.
    There'is'placed the minerals between the inani-
  mate and  vegetable province, participating some-
  thing analogical to either. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.
 Analogically, an-a-16dje-e-kal-e.  adv.
   [from analogical.] In an analogical man-
   ner; in an analogous manner.
    I am convinced, from the simplicity and unifor-
  mity of the Divine Nature, and of all his works, that
  there is some one universal principle, running through
  toe whole system of creatures analogically, and con-
  gruous to their relative natures.          Cheyne.
 Analo'gioalness,   an-a-lodje-e-kal-ness.
   «.  s. [from analogical] The  quality of
   being analogical; fitness to be applied
   for the illustration of some analogy.
 ANA'LOGisM^an-a.l'16-jlzm. to. s. [xvxxoya-i-
   fta?.]  An  argument from the cause  to
   the effect.
 To Ana'logize, an-nal'lo-jize. v. a. [from
   analogy.] To explain by way of analogy;
   to  form some resemblance between dif-
   ferent things; to consider something
   with regard to its analogy  with some-
   what else.
    We have systems of material bodies, diversly figur-
  ed atid situated, if separately Considered; they re-
  present the object of toe desire, which is analogized
  by attraction or gravitation.             Cheyne.
 Ana'logous, a-nal'16-glis.314 adj. [x\x and
   Xoy®-]
 1. Having analogy;  bearing  some resem-
   blance or proportion; having something
   parallel.
    Exercise makes things easy, that would be other-
  wise very hard; as, in labour, watchings, heats, and
  colds; and then there is something analogous in  the
  exercise of the mind to that of the body.  It is folly
  and infirmity that makes us delicate and froward.
                                 L'Estrange.
    Many important consequences may be drawn from
  the observation of the most common things, and ana-
  logous reasonings from  the causes of them.  Arbuth.
2. It  has the word to before the thing  to
   which the resemblance is noted.
    This incorporeal substance may have some sort of
  existence, analogous to corporeal extension: though
  we have no adequate conception hereof.    Locke.
ANA'LOGY, a-nal'16-je"8  n.s.  [xvxXo-
  ytx.]
1. Resemblance between  things with re-
  gard to some circumstances or effects;
  as, learning is said to enlighten the mind;
  that is, it is to the mind what light is to
  the eye, by enabling it to discover that
  which was hidden before.
    From God it hath proceeded, that the church hath
  evermore held a prescript form  of common prayer,
  although not in all things every where  toe same,
  yet, for the most part,  retaining the same analogy.
                                     Hooker.
    What I here observe of extraordinary revelation
  and prophecy, will, by analogy  and due proportion,
  extend even to those communications of God's will3
  tnat are requisite to salvation.            South.
2. When the thing  to which  the analogy
  is supposed, happens to be mentioned,
  analogy has  after it  the particles to or
  with;  when both  the things are men-
  tioned after analogy, the  particle  be-
  tween or betwixt is used.
    If the body politiek have any analogy to the natu-
  ral, an act of oblivion were necessary in a hot dis-
  tempered state.                       Dryden.
    By analogy with all other liquors and*concretions,
  the form of the ehaos, whether liquid or concrete,
  could not be the same with that  of the present earth.
                             .Bwrner's Theory.
    If we make Juvenal  express  the customs of  our
  country, rather than of Rome, it is when there was
  some analogy betwixt the customs.         Dryden.
 3. By grammarians, it  is used to signify
   the agreement of  several words in one
   common mode; as, from love is formed
   loved;  from hate, hated; from grieve,
   grieved.
 Ana'ltsis, S-nal'le-sls. to. *. [ctvixvTtc.]
 1. A separation of a compound body into
   the several parts of which it consists.
    There is an account of dew falling, in some places,
   in toe form of butter, or grease, which grows ex-
   tremely fetid; so that the analysis Of the dew of any
   place, may, perhaps, be toe best method of finding
   such contents of the soil as are within the reach of
   the sun.                           Arbuthnot.
 2. A consideration of any thing  in parts,
   so  as that one  particular is first consi-
   dered, then  another.
    Analysis consists in making experiments and ob-
   servations, and in drawing general conclusions from
   them by induction, and admitting of no objections
   but such as are  taken  from  experiments, or  other
   certain truths.                Newton's Opticks.
 3. A solution of any thing, whether corpo-
   real or  mental, to its first elements; as,
   of  a sentence to the single words; of a
   compound word,  to the  particles and
   words  which form it;  of a tune, to sin-
   gle notes; of an  argument, to simple
   propositions.
    We cannot know any thing of nature, but by an
  analysis of its true initial causes, till we know the
  first springs of natural motions, we are still but i"g-
  norants.                            Glanville.
Analy'tical,  an-a-llr/e-kaL  adj. [from
   analysis.]
 I. That which  resolves any thing into first
   principles;  that which separates  any
   compound.   See Analysis.
    Either may be probably maintained against the
  inaccurateness of the analytical experiments vulgar-
  ly relied on.                          Boyle.
2. That which  proceeds  oy analysis, or by
   taking the parts of a compound into dis-
   tinct and  particular consideration.
    Descartes hath here  infinitely outdone all the
  philosophers that went before him, in giving a par-
  ticular and analytical account of the universal fa-
  brick: yet he intends his principles but for hypothe-
  ses.                                Glanville.
Analy'tically,   an-a-llt'te-kal-le.  adv.
   [from analytical] In such a manner as
   separates compounds into simples.  See
   Analysis.
Analy'tiok, an-a-llt'lk.  adj. [*v*At/7<*@-.]
   The manner of resolving compounds in-
   to the simple constituent  or componenit
   parts, applied chiefly  to  mental opera-
   tions.
    He was in logick a great critick,.
  Profoundly skill'd in anatytick.          Hudibras.
    Andlytick method takes the whole compound as it
  finds it, whether it be a species or an individual, and
  leads us into the knowledge of it, by resolving into
  its first principles, or parts, its generick nature, and
  its special properties; and therefore it, is called toe
  method of its resolution.         Watts's Logick.
 To A'NALYZE, an'a-Iize.  v. a. [xvxXva.]
   To resolve  a compound into  its  first
   principles.   See Analysis.
    Chemistry enabling us to depurate bodies, and in
   some measure,  to analyze them, and take asunder
   their heterogeneous parts, in many chymical expe-
  riments, we may, better (han in others, know wnat
   manner of bodies we employ; art having made them
   more simple or uncompounded, than nature alone is
   wont to present them us.                 Boyle 
ANA                                     ANA                                    ANA
    To analyze the immorality of any action into  its
  last principles; if it be enquired, Why such an action
  is to be avoided ? the immediate answer is, Because
  it is sin.                       Norris's Miscel.
    When toe sentence is distinguished into subject
  and predicate,  proposition, argument, act, object,
  cause, effect, adjunct, opposite, Sfc. then it is ana-
  lyzed analogically and metaphysically.  The last is
  what is chiefly meant in the  theological schools;
  when they speak of analyzing a text of scripture.
                               Watts's Logick.
A'nalyzeb, an'a-li-zur.98  to. s.  [from  To
   analyze.] That which has  the power of
   analyzing.
    Particular reasons incline me to doubt, whether
  the fire be the true and universal analyzer of mixt
  bodies.                               Boyle.
ANAMORPHO'SIS,  an-a-mor-fo'sis.*20
   to. s. [etvx and fM^ipiu/]  Deformation;  a
   perspective projection of any thing, so
   that to the  eye, at  one point of view, it
   shall appear deformed, in another, an
   exact and regular representation. Some-
   times  it  is made to appear confused to
   the naked eye, and regular, when view-
   ed in a mirrour of a  certain form.
ANA'NAS, a-na'nas. to. s.  The pine-apple.
    The species are,  1. Oval-shaped pine-apple, with
  a whitish flesh.   2. Pyramidal pine-apple, with a
  yellow flesh.  3. Pine-apple,  with smooth leaves.
  4. Pine-apple, with shining green leaves, and scarce
  any spines  on  their edges.  5. The olive-coloured
  pine.                                Miller.
    Witness thou best anana, thou the pride
  Of vegetable life, beyond whate'er
  The poets imag'd in the golden age.    Thomson.
ANA'NAS, a-na'nas, wild. The same with
   penguin.  See PENGUIN.
A'napjEST, an'a-peest. *. A foot in poetry,
   consisting of two short and one long syl-
  . lable,  the reverse of a dactyl.
ANA'PHO RA, a-naf-fo-ra.8* «. a.  [«»«?•-
   f <*.] A  figure, when several clauses of
   a  sentence  are begun with  the  same
   word or sound; as, Where ia  the wiae?
   Where is the scribe?  Where  is  the dis-
   puter  of this world?
Anaplero'tick, a-na-ple-rot'lk. adj. [xvx-
   zs-Xnqoo.] That which fills  up any vacui-
   ty; used of applications which promote
   flesh.
A'NARCH,    an'ark.3"   to.  *.    [See
   Anarchy.]  An author of confusion.
             Him thus the anarch old,
  With fault'nug speech,  and visage incompos'd,
  Answer'd.                            Milton.
Ana'rchioal, an-ar'ke-kal.  adj.  [from
   anarchy.]   Confused;  without rule  or
   government.
    In this anarchical  and rebellious state of human
  nature, the faculties belonging to the material world
  presume to determine the nature of subjects belong-
  ing to toe supreme spirit.               Cheyne.
A'narchy, an'ar-ke. to. s.  [xvx^x'*-] Want
   of government;  a  state  in  which every
   man is unaccountable; a  state without
   magistracy.
             Where eldest Night
  And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold
  Eternal anarchy amidst the noise
  Of endless wars, and by confusion stand.    Milton.
    Arbitrary power is but the first natural step from
  anarchy,  or the savage life; the adjusting power and
  freedom being an effect and consequence of maturer
  thinking.                              Swift.
ANASA'RCA,a.n-i-skr'ka.S2  n.s. [from
  (ivas and «**f|.]   A sort of dropsy, where
  the whole substance is stuffed with pitu-
  itous humours.                 Quincy.
    When toe lympha  stagnates,  or is extravasated
  under toe skin, it is called an anasarca.  Arbuthnot.
Anasa'rcous,  an-a-sar'k&s.314 adj.  [from
  anasarca.] Relating to an anasarca; par-
  taking of the nature of an anasarca.
    A gentlewoman laboured  of an ascites, with an
  anasarcous swelling of her belly, thighs, and legs.
                                    Wiseman.
Anastoma'tiok,    an-as-to-mat'ik. adj.
  [from  xvx and riftx]  That  which has
  the quality of opening the vessels, or of
  removing obstructions.
ANASTOMO'SIS,  an-as-to-mo'sls. to. s.
  [from xvx and to^x/\  The inosculation
  of vessels, or the opening of one vessel
  into another; as, of the arteries into the
  veins.
ANA'STROPHE,  a-nas'tro-fe."8  «. *.
  [xvxr^60t}-, a  preposterous placing, from
  xvxrgspa.]   A figure  whereby   words
  which should have been precedent, are
  postponed.
ANA'THEMA,a-nath'e-ma»* n.a.  [xvx-
  $-e[4.x.]
I. A curse  pronounced  by ecclesiastical
  authority; excommunication.
    Her bare anathemas fall but like  so many bruta
  fulmina upon the schismatical; who think them-
  selves shrewdly hurt,  forsooth, by being cut off from
  the body, which they choose not to be of.      South.
2. The  object   of  the  curse,  or  person
  cursed. This seems the  original mean-
  ing, though  now little used.
Anathema'tical,  an-a-fAe'mat'e-kal.509
  adj. [from anathema.]  That which has
  the properties of an anathema; that which
  relates to an anathema.
Anathema'tically, an-a-Me-mat'e-kal-
  le. adv. [from anathi matical.] In an ana-
  thematical manner.
To  Anathe'matize, an-a?A'e-ma-tize.10fl
  v. a.  [from  anathema.]  To pronounce
  accursed by ecclesiastical authority; to
  excommunicate.
    They were therefore to be anathematized, and,with
  detestation, branded and banished out of the church.
                                   Hammond.
Anati'ferous, an-a-tif'fe-rus. adj. [from
  anas and  fero, Lat.]  Producing ducks.
  Not in use.
    If there be anatiferous trees, whose corruption
  breaks forth into barnacles; yet, if they corrupt,
  they degenerate  into  maggots, which produce not
  them again.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Ana'tocism, a-nat'to-sizm. to. s. [anatocis-
  mus, Lat. xvx1ox.i<rfMs.]  The accumula-
  tion of interest upon interest; the addi-
  tion of the interest due  for money lent
  to the original sum. A species of usury
  generally forbidden.
Anato'mical, an-a-tom'e-kal. adj. [from
  anatomy.]
1. Relating or  belonging to anatomy.
    When we are taught  by logick to view a thing
  completely in all its parts, by the help of division,
  it has the use of an anatomical knife, which dissects
  an animal body, and separates the veins, arteries,
  nerves, muscles, membranes, &cc. and shews us the
  several parts which go to the composition of a com-
  plete animal.                   Watts's Logick.
2. Proceeding  upon principles taught in
   anatomy; considered  as the object of
   anatomy.
    There is a natural,  involuntary distortion of thi
  muscles, which is the anatomical cause of laughter-
  but there is another cause of laughter, which decen-
  cy requires.                           Swift.
3. Anatomized; dissected;  separated.
    The continuation of solidity is apt to be confound-
  ed with, and, if we will look into the minute ana-
  tomical parts of matter, is little different from hard-
  ness.                                Loch
Anato'mically, an-a-t6m'ekal-le  adv.
   [from anatomical.]    In  an  anatomical
   manner; in  the  sense of an  anatomist-
   according  to the doctrine of anatomy.
    While some affirmed it had  no  gall,  intending
  only thereby no evidence of anger  or fury, others
  have construed anatomically, and denied that  pari
  at all.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Ana'tomist, a-nat'6-mlst.  n.s.  [*»«7»/w.«{.]
   He that studies  the structure of animal
   bodies, by means of dissection;  he that
   divides the bodies of  animals, to disco-
   ver the various parts.
    Anatomists  adjudged, that if nature had been suf-
  fered to run her own course, without  this fatal inter-
  ruption, he might have doubled his age.    Howel.
    Hence when anatomists discourse,
  How like brutes organs are to ours;
  They grant, if higher powers think fit,
  A bear might  soon be made a wit;
  And that, for  any thing in nature,
  Pigs might squeak love odes, dogs bark satire. Prwr.
To Ana'tomize, a-nat'to-mlze. v. a. [w-
   Tefivu.]
1. To dissect an animal; to divide the body
   into its component or constituent parts.
    Our industoy must even anatomize every particle
  of that body, which we are to uphold.    Hooker.
2. To lay any thing open  distinctly, and
   by minute parts.
    I speak but brotherly of him, but should I ana-
  tomize him to thee as he is, I must blush and weep,
  and then must look pale and wonder.     Shaksp.
    Then dark distinctions Reason's light disguis'd,
  And into atoms Truth anatomiz'd.      Denham
ANATOMY,  a-nat'6-me.*18  n.s.  [ma-
   Itfjum/]
1. The art of dissecting the body.
    It is proverbially said, Formica  sua bills, intA
  habct et musca splenem; whereas these parts anatomy
  hath not discovered in insects.  Brown's Vulg. Err.
    It is therefore in the anatomy of the mind, as in
  that of the body; more good will accrue to man-
  kind, by attending to  the large, open, and percepti-
  ble parts, than by studying too much such finer nervei
  and vessels, as will for ever escape our observation.
                                      Papt.
2. The doctrine of the structure of the bo-
   dy, learned by dissection.
    Let  the muscles be well inserted and bound toge-
  ther, according to the knowledge of them which "
  given us by anatomy.                  Dryden.
3. The act of dividing any  thing, whether
   corporeal  or intellectual.
    When a moneyed  man hath  divided his chests,
  he seemeth to himself richer than he was;  therefore,
  a way  to amplify any tiling,  is to break it,  and to
  make anatomy of it in several parts.      Bacon.
4. The  body stripped of its integuments; a
   skeleton.
    O that my tongue were in the thunder's mouth,
  Then with a passion 1 would shake  the world,
  And rouze from sleep that fell anatomy,
  Which cannot hear a feeble lady's voice.    ShaKlf
5. By way ol irony or ridicule, a thin mea-
   gre person. 
ANC
ANC
ANC
     They brought one Pinch, a hungry lean-fac'd vil-
       lain,
   A mere anatomy, a mountebank,
   A thread-bare juggler, and a fortune-teller,
   A needy, hollow-ey'd, sharp looking wretch,
   A living dead man.                 Shakspeare.
 A'natron,  a'na-trun.   to. s.   The scum
   which swims upon the molten  glass  in
   the furnace, which, when taken off. melts
   in the air, and then coagulates into com-
   mon salt. It is likewise that salt which
   gathers upon the walls of vaults.
 A'nbury, an'bu-re. to. *. See Ambury.
 A'NCESTOR,an'ses-tur.98 «. *. [ancestor,
   Lat. ancestre,  Fr.] One from whom a
   person descends, either by the father or
   the mother. It is distinguished from pre-
   decessor; which is not, like ancestor, a
   natural, but civil denomination.  An he-
   reditary monarch succeeds to his ances-
   tors; an elective, to his predecessors.
     And she lies buried with her ancestors,
   0, in a tomb where never scandal slept,
   Save this of her's.                  Shakspeare.
     Cham was the paternal ancestor of Ninus, the
   father of  Chus,  the grandfather of Nimrod; whose
   son was Belus, the father of Ninus.      Raleigh.
     Obscure! why pr'ythee what am I? I know
   My father, grandsire, and great grandsire too:
   If farther I derive my pedigree,
   I can but guess beyond toe fourth degree.
   The rest of my  forgotten ancestors
   Were sons of earth, like him, or sons of whores.
                                      Dryden.
 A'ncestrel, an'ses-trel. adj. [from ances-
   tor.] Claimed  from ancestors; relating
   to ancestors: a term of law.
     Limitation in actions, ancestrel, was anciently so
   here in England.                       Hale.
 A'ncestry, an'ses-tre. to. *.  [from ances-
   tor]
 1. Lineage; a  series  of ancestors, or pro-
   genitors; the persons who compose the
   lineage.
     Phedon I hight, quoth he; and do advance
   Mine ancestry from famous Coradin,
   Who first to rase our house to honour did begin.
                                      Spenser.
     A tenacious adherence to the rights and liberties
   transmitted from a wise and virtuous ancestry,  pub-
   lic spirit,  and a love of one's country, are the sup-
   port and ornaments of government.      Addison.
     Say from what scepter'd ancestry ye claim,
   Recorded eminent in deathless fame?      Pope.
 2. The honour of descent; birth.
     Title and ancestry render a. good man more illus-
   trious, but an ill one more contemptible.  Addison.
 A'nchentry, ane'tshen-tre. n. s. [from an-
   cient, and therefore properly  to be writ-
   ten ancientry.]   Antiquity of a family;
   ancient dignity; appearance or proof of
   antiquity.
    Wooing, wedding, and repenting, is a Scotch jig,
  a measure, and  a cinque pace; the first suit is hot
  and hasty, like a Scotch jig, and full as fantastical;
  the wedding mannerly modest, as a measure full  of
  state and anchentry; and then comes repentance,
  and with his bad legs falls into the cinque pace faster
  and faster, till he sinks into his grave.     Shaksp.
A'NCHOR, ank'ur.383 «8 «. *.  [anchora,
   Lat.]
 I. A heavy iron, composed of a long shank,
   having a  ring at  one end to which the
   cable is fastened, and at the other branch-
   ing out  into two arms orflooks, tending
   upward, with barbs  or edges on each
   side. Its use is to hold the ship, by be-
   ing fixed to the ground.
    He said, and wept: then spread his sails before
  The winds, and reach'd at length the Cuman shore:
  Their anchors drop, his crew the vessels moor.
                                      Dryden.
 2. It is used,  by a metaphor, for any thing
   which confers stability or security.
    Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both
  sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within
  the veil.                            Hebrews.
 3. The forms of speech in which it is most
   commonly  used, are,  to cast anchor, to
   lie or ride at anchor.
    The Turkish general perceiving that the Rhodians
  would not be drawn forth  to battle at sea, withdrew
  his  fleet, when, casting anchor, and landing his men,
  he burnt the corn.     Knolle's Hist, of the Turks.
            Ent'ring with the tide,
  He dropp'd his anclwrs, and his oars he ply'd:
  Furl'd every sail, and drawing down the mast,
  His vessel moor'd, and made with haulsers fast.
                                      Dryden.
    Far from your capital my ship resides
  At Reithrus, and secure at anchor- rides.    Pope.
 To A'nchor,ank'ur.166-u. n. [from anchor]
 1. To cast anchor; to  lie at anchor.
    The fishermen that walk upon the beach
  Appear like mice; and yon tall anchoring bark
  Diminish'd to her cock.   Shakspeare's King Lear.
    Near Calais the Spaniards anchor'd, expecting
  their land forces, which came not.         Bacon.
    Or the strait course to rocky Chios plow,
  And anchor under Mimos' shaggy brow.     Pope.
 2. To stop at; to rest  on.
    My intention, hearing not my tongue,
  Anchor's on Isabel.                     Shaksp.
 To A'nchor, ank'ur.168  v. a.
 1. To place at anchor; as, he anchored his
   ship.
 2. To fix on.
    My tongue should to my ears not name my boys,
  Till that my nails were anchor'd in thine eyes.
                                      Shaksp.
 A'nchor, an'kur.  to. s. Shakspeare seems
   to  have used this word for anchoret, or
   an abstemious recluse person.
    To desperation turn my trust and hope!
  An anchor's cheer in prison be my scope!   Shaksp.
 A'nchor-hold, ank'ur-hold. to. s.  [from
   anchor and hold.] The hold or fastness
   of the anchor; and,  figuratively, securi-

   ty-
    The old English could express most aptly all the
  conceits of  the mind in their own tongue, without
  boreowing from any; as for example:  the holy ser-
  vice of God, which the Latins called religion, be-
  cause  it knitted the minds  of men together, and
  most people of Europe have borrowed the same from
  them,  they called most significantly ean-fastness, as
  the  one and only assurance and fast anchor-hold of
  our  soul's health.                     Camden.
 A'nchor-smith, an'kur-smkA. to. s. [from

   anchor and smith.] The maker or forger
   of  anchors.
    Smithing comprehends all trades which use either
  forge or file, from the anchor-smith to the watch-
  maker; they all working by the same rules, though
  not with equal  exactness; and all using the same
  tools, though of several sizes.            Moxon.
A'nchorage, ank'ur-adje.90 to.  s.  [from
  anchor.]
 1. The hold of the anchor.
    Let me resolve whether there be indeed such effi-
  cacy in nurture and first production; for if that sup-
  posal should fail us, all our anchorage were loose, and
  we should but wander in a  wild sea.        Wotton.
2. The set  of anchors  belonging to a ship.
    The bark that hath discharg'd her freight,
  Returns with precious lading to the bay,
  From whence at first she weigh'd her anchorage.
                                      Shaksp.
3. The duty paid for the liberty of anchor-
   age in a port.
A'nchored, ank'ur-red.363 particip. adj.
   [from To anchor.] Held by the anchor.
    Like a well-twisted cable, holding fast
  The anchor'd vessel in the  loudest blast.   Waller.
A'nchoret, ank'6-ret.lse £ to. s. [contract-
A'nchorite, ank'6-rite.  $ from  anacho-
   ret,  «»«^«f)jT«.] A recluse;  a hermit;
   one  that retires  to  the  more severe du-
   ties of religion.
    His poetry indeed  he  took along with him; but
  he made that an anchorite as well as himself. Sprat.
    You describe so well your hermetical state of life,
  that none of the ancient ancliorites could go beyond
  you, for a cave in a rock, with a fine spring, or any
  of the accommodations that befit a solitary life. Pope.
Ancho'vy, an-tsho've. n.s. [from anchova,
   Span, or anchioe, Ital. of  the same sig-
   nification] A little sea-fish, much used
   by way of sauce, or seasoning.  Savary.
    We invent new sauces and  pickles, which resem-
  ble the animal ferment in taste and virtue, as the
  falso-acid gravies of  meat; toe salt pickles offish,
  anchovies, oysters.                      Floyer.
A'NCIENT,  ane'tshent.**3  adj. ~[ancien,
   Fr. antiquus, Lat.]
1. Old; that happened long since;  of old
   time; not modern.  Ancient and old are
   distinguished; old  relates to the dura-
   tion  of the thing itself,  as, an old  coat, a
   coat much worn; and ancient, to time in
   general, as, an  ancient dress, a habit
   used in former times.   But this  is not
   always  observed, for  we mention old
   customs; but though old be sometimes
   opposed to  modern,  ancient is seldom
   opposed to  new, but when  new  means
   modern.
    Ancient tenure is  that whereby all the  manours
  belonging to the crown, in St. Edward's  or Wil-
  liam the Conquerour's days, did hold.  The num-
  ber  and names of which manours, as all others be-
  longing to common persons, he caused to be written
  in a book, after a survey made of them, now remain-
  ing in the Exchequer, and called Doomsday Book;
  and such as by that book appeared to have belonged
  to the crown  at that time, are called ancient de-
  mesnes.                              Cowell.
2. Old; that has been of long duration.
    With the ancient is wisdom, and in length of days
  understanding.                    Job, xii. 12.
    Thales affirms, that God comprehended all things,
  and that God was of all things the most ancient, be-
  cause he never had any beginning.         Raleigh.
                  Industry
  Gave the tall ancient forest to his axe.   Thomson.
3. Past; former.
    I  see thy fury: if I longer stay,
  We shall begin our ancient bickerings.    Shaksp.
A'ncient,  ane'tshent. to. s. [from ancient,
   adj.]
1. Those that lived in old time were cal-
   led ancients, opposed  to the moderns.
    And though the ancients thus their rules invade,
  As kings dispense with laws themselves have made;
  Moderns, beware! or if you must offend
  Against toe precept, ne'er transgress its end.  Pope.
2. Senior: not in use.
    He toucheth it as a special pre-eminence  of Junius
  and Andronicus, that in  Christianity they  were his
  ancients.                             Hooker,
A'noiknt, ane'tshent. to.  *. 
AND
ANE
ANG
 :. Tire flag or streamer of  a ship, and,
   formerly, of1 a regiment.
 2. The bearer of  a flag,  as was Ancient
   Pistol; whence, in present use, ensign.
     This is Othello's ancient, as I take it.—
  The same indeed, a very valiant fellow.    Shaksp.
 \'NciENTLY,ane'tsheut-le. adv. [from an-
   cient.]  In old times.
     Trebisond anciently pertained unto this crown;
  now unjustly possessed, and as unjustly abused,  by
  those who have neither title to hold it, nor virtue to
  rule it.                              Sidney.
     The colewort is not an enemy, though that were
  anciently received, to the vine only, but to any other
  plant, because it draweth strongly toe fattest juice
  of the earth.                          Bacon.
 A'ncientness, ane'tshent-ness. to.  s. [from
   ancient.] Antiquity; existence from old
   times.
     The Fescenine and Satornian  were  the same;
  they were called Saturnian from their ancientness,
  when Saturn reigned in Italy.           Dryden.
 A'ncientry, ane'tshen-tre. to. s. [from an-
   cient.]  The honour of ancient  lineage;
   the dignity  of birth.
     Of all nations under heaven,  the Spaniard is the
  most mingled, and most uncertain. Wherefore, most
  foolishly do the Irish think to ennoble themselves,
  by wresting their ancientry from the Spaniard, who
  is unable to derive himself from any in certain.
                            Spenser on Ireland.
     There  is nothing in the between, but getting
  wenches with child,  wronging the ancientry, steal-
  ing, fighting.                      Shakspeare.
 Ancle, ank'kl.406   See Ankle.
 A'ncony, an'ko-ne. to. «. [in the iron mills.]
   A bloom wrought into  the figure of a
   flat iron bar, about three foot long, with
   two square rough knobs, one  at each
   end.                          Chambers.
 And, and.  conjunction.
 1. The  particle by which sentences  or
   terms are joined, which it is not easy  to
   explain by any synonymous word.
                 Sure his honesty
  Got him small gains, but shameless flattery
  And filthy beverage, and unseemly thrift,
  And borrow base, and some good lady's gift. Spenser.
     What shall I do to be for ever known,
  And make the age to come my own?     Cowley.
     The Danes unconquer'd offspring march behind)
  And Morini, the last of human kind.     Dryden.
     It shall ever he my study to make discoveries of
  this nature in human life, and to settle the proper
  distinctions between  toe virtues and perfections of
  mankind, and those false colours and resemblances
  of them that shine alike in the eyes of the vulgar.
                                    Addison.
 2. And  sometimes signifies  though, and
  seems a contraction of and if.
    It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as toey will
  set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their
  eggs.                                Bacon.
 3. In and if, the and is redundant, and  is
  omitted by  all later writers.
    I pray thee, Launce, an' if thou seest my boy,
  Bid him make haste.  Shaksp. Two Gent, of Verona.
A'ndiron, and'i-urn.*17 to. s. [supposed by
  Skinner to be corrupted from hand-iron;
  an iron  that may be moved by the  hand,
  or may supply  the  place  of a hand.]
  Irons at the end of a fire-grate, in which
  the spit turns; or  irons in which  wood
  is  laid to burn.
   If you strike an entire body, as an andiron of brass,
 at the top, it maketh  a more treble sound, and at
 the  bottom a baser.                    Bacon.
 AxnRo'GYNALvHn-drodje'e-nal. adj. [from
   «n?f and yuvt).]  Having two sexes; her-
   maphroditical.
 Andro'gynally, an-drodje-e'nal-le.  adv.
   [from androgynal.] In the form of her-
   maphrodites; with two sexes.
    The examples hereof have undergone no real or
   new transexion, but were androgynally  born,  and
   under some kind of hermaphrodites.      Brown.
 Andro'gynous,  an-drodje-e'nus.482  adj.
   The same with androgynal.
 ANDRO'GYNUS,in-dr6d)e-e'ntis.  to. s.
   [See Androgynal.]  An hermaphro-
   dite; one that is of both sexes.
 Andro'tomy,  an-drot'6-me.  to. s. [from
   xviig and re^va.] The practice of cutting
   human bodies.                     Diet.
 A'necdote, an'^k-dote. to. s. [xvUforov.]
 1. Something yet unpublished; secret his-
   tory.
    Some modern anecdotes aver,
   He nodded in his elbow chair.            Prior.
 2. It is now used, after  the French,  for a
   biographical incident; a minute  passage
   of private life.

 Anemo'graphy, an-e-mog'graf-fe.*18 «. *.
   [xvef*.(&> and yf x<pu/] An instrument con-
   trived to measure the strength  or velo-
   city of the wind.
 ANE'MONE, an-nem'6-ne.  to. s.   [xn-
   fiM>).] The wind flower.
    Upon the top  of its single stalk, surrounded by a
   leaf, is produced one naked flower, of many petals,
   with many stamina in the centre; toe seeds are col-
   lected into an oblong head, and surrounded with a
   copious down.  The pripcipal colours in anemonies,
   are white, red, blue, and purple, sometimes curi-
   ously intermixed.                     Miller.
    Wind flowers are distinguished into those with
   broad and hard leaves,  and those with narrow  and
   soft ones.  The broad-leaved anemony roots should
   be planted about the end of September. These with
   small leaves must not. be put into toe ground till toe
   end of October.                     Mortimer.
    From the soft wing of vernal breezes shed,
   Anemonies, auriculas, enrich'd
   With shining meal o'er all their velvet leaves.
                                    Thomson.
 A'nemoscope, a-n£m'6-skope. to. s. [xve-
   /«.©- and (rxo*-©-.]  A machine invented
   to  foretel the changes of the wind.  It
   has  been  observed,  that hygrpscopes
   made  of cat's  gut  proved  very  good
   anemoscopes, seldom failing,  by the
   turning the  index ahout, to  foretel the
   shifting of the wind.          Chambers.
 Ane'nt,  a-nent'.  prep.   A word used in
   the Scotch dialect.
 1. Concerning; about; as, he said  nothing
   anent this particular.
2. Over against;  opposite  to;  as, he lives
   anent the market-house.

Anes, anes. > «. s. The  spires or beards
Awns, ans. } of corn.               Diet.
A'neurism, an'u-rizm.603 to. *.  [etvevgow.]
   A  disease of  the  arteries,  in  which,
   either  by a  preternatural weakness of
   any part of them, they beeome exces-
   sively dilated; or,  by a wound through
  their coats,  the blood is  extravasated
  amongst the  adjacent cavities.   Sharp.
   In the orifice, there was a throbbing of the arterial
  blood, as in an aneurism.             Wat man.
Ane'w, 4-nvi'. adv. [from a and new.]
'. Over again;  another  time; repeatedly
   This is the most common  use.
    Nor, if at mischief taken, on the ground
  Be slain, but pris'ners to the pillars bound,
  At either barrier plac'd; nor, captives made,
  Re freed, or, arm'd anew, the fight invade.  Dryd.
    That, as in birth, in beauty you excel,
  The muse might dictate, and the poet tell:
  Your art no other art can speak; and you,
  To show how well you play, must play anew. Prior.
    The miseries of the civil war did, for many years
  deter the inhabitants of our island from the thoughts
  of engaging anew in such desperate undertakings.
                                    Addison,.
2. Newly;  in a new manner.
    He who begins late, is obliged to form anew the
  whole disposition of his soul, to acquire new habits
  of life, to practise duties to which he is utterly a
  stranger.                            flogers
Anfra'otuose, an-frak'tshu-ose.437 ~)
Anpra'ctuous, an-frak'tshu-us.*61 3 adJ-
   [from anfractus, Lat.] Winding; mazy;
   full of turnings  and winding passages.
    Behind the drum are several vaults and anfrac-
  tuose cavities in the ear-bone, so to intend the least
  sound imaginable; that the sense might be affected
  with it; as we see in subterraneous caves and vaults
  how the sound is redoubled.              jfaJ
Anfra'ctuousness, an-fn»k'tshu-ils-ngss.
   461 to. s. [from anfractuous]  Fulness of
   windings and turnings.
Anfra'cture, in-frak'tshire.  to. s. [from
   anfractus, Lat.]  A turning; a mazy
   winding  and turning.             Diet.
A'NGEL, ane-jel.64*  to.  *. [xyfeXac; ange-
   lus, Lat.]
I. Originally a messenger.   A spirit em-
   ployed by God in the  administration of
   human affairs.
                Some holy angel
  Fly to toe court of England,  and unfold
  His message ere he come.           Shakspeare,
    Had we such a knowledge of the constitution of
  man, as it is possible angels have,  and it is certain
  his Maker has; we should have a quite other idea of
  his essence.                          Locke.
2. Angel is sometimes used in a bad sense;
   as,  angels of darkness.
    And they had a king over  them, which was the
  angel of the bottomless pit.          Revelations.
3. Angel, in Scripture, sometimes means
  man of God, prophet.
4. Angel is used,  in  the style of love, for
  a beautiful person-
    Thou hast the sweetest face I ever look'd on.
  Sir, as I have a soul, she is an angel.     Shaksp.
5. A piece of money anciently coined and
  impressed with  an  angel, in memory of
  an observation   of  Pope Gregory, that
  the  pagan Angli, or English, were so
  beautiful, that, if they were Christians,
   they would be Angeli, or angels.  The
   coin was rated at ten shillings.
    Take an  empty bason,  put an angel of gold, or
  what you will, into it; then go so far from the bason,
  till you cannot see the angel, because it is not in a
  right line; then fill the bason with water, aad.yoii
  will see it out of its place, because of toe reflectioB.
                                     Bacon.
            Shake the bags
  Of hoarding abbots; their imprisoned angels
  Set thou at liberty.                    Shaksp-
A'ngel, ane'jel. adj.  Resembling  angels;
  angelical.
                 I have mark'd
  A thousand  blushing apparitions 
ANG
ANG
ANG
  Start into her face; a thousand innocent shames
  In angel whiteness bear away those blushes. Shaksp.
    Or virgins visited by angel powers,
  With golden crowns, and wreathes  of heav'nly
      flow'rs.            Pope's Rape of the Lock.
A'ngel-like, ane'jel-like, adj.  [from an-
  gel and like.] Resembling  an  angel.
    In heav'n itself thou sure wert drest
  With that angel-like disguise.            Waller.
A'ngel-shot, ane'jel-shot.  to. $. [perhaps
  properly angle-shot, being  folden  to-
  gether  with  a  hinge.] Chain-shot, be-
  ing a cannon bullet cut in two, and the
  halves being joined together by a chain.
                                       Diet.
ANGE'LICA, an-jel'le-ka.93 to. s.   [Lat.
  ab angelica  virtute]  The name of a
   plant.
    It has winged leaves divided into large segments;
  its stalks are hollow; and jointed; toe flowers grow
  in an umbel upon the tops of toe stalks, and  consist
  of five leaves, succeeded by  two large channelled
  seeds.
   The species are, 1. Common or manured angelica.
  2. Greater wild angelica. 3. Shining Canada angeli-
  ca.  4. Mountain perennial angelica, with columbine
  leaves.                              Miller.
ANGE'LICA, an-jel'le-ka. to. s.  (Berry-
  bearing) [aralia, Lat.]  A plant.
    The flower consists of many leaves, expanding in
  form of  a rose, which are naked, growing on the
  top  of the ovary: these  flowers are succeeded by
  globular fruits, which are soft and succulent, and
  full  of oblong seeds.                    Miller.
Ange'lioal,  an-jel'le-kal. adj. [angelicus,
  Lat.]
1. Resembling angels.
    It discovereth unto us  toe glorious works of God,
  and  carrieth up, with an angelical swiftness,  our
  eyes, that our mind, being informed of his visible
  marvels, may continually travel upward.   Raleigh.
2. Partaking of the  nature of angels.
                  Others more mild,
  Retreated in a silent valley, sing
  With notes angelical to many a harp,
  Their own heroick deeds, and hapless fall
  By doom of battle.                    Milton.
3. Belonging to angels; suiting the nature
  or  dignity of angels.
    It may be encouragement to consider the pleasure
  of speculations, which do  ravish and  sublime the
  thoughts with more clear angelical contentments.
                             Wilkins' Daedalus.
Ange'licalness,  an-je'l-le-kal-nes. to. s.
  [from angelical.]  The quality of being
  angelical; resemblance of angels; ex-
  cellence more than human.
Ange'lick, an-jel'lik.808  adj. [angelicus,
  hat.] Partaking of the  nature  of angels;
  angelical; above human.
    Here happy creature, fair angelick Eve,
  Partake thou also.                     Milton.
   My fancy form'd thee of angelick kind,
  Some emanation of to' all-beauteous mind.   Pope.
A'ngelot, an'jel-lot. to. s.  A musical  in-
  strument somewhat resembling a lute.
                                       Diet.
VNGER, ang'gur.409 9S to. s. [A word of no
  certain  etymology, but, with most pro-
  bability, derived by Skinner, from ange,
  Sax. vexed;  which,  however, seems to
  come originally from  the Latin ango.]
I. Anger  is uneasiness or  discomposure of
  the mind, upon the receipt of any  inju-
  •v,  with a present purpose  of revenge.
                                     Locke.
      VOL.  I.
                      Anger is like
  A full hot horse, who being allow'd his way,
  Self-mettle tires him.                  Shaksp.
    Was the Lord displeased against the rivers? was
  thine anger against toe rivers; was thy wrath against
  the sea, that thou didst ride upon thine horses and
  thy chariots of salvation?           Habb. iii. 8.
    Anger is, according to some, a transient hatred,
  or at least very like it.                  South.

2. Pain, or smart, of a sore or swelling. In
  this sense it  seems plainly deducible
  from angor.
   ■ I made the experiment, setting the moxa where
  the first violence of my pain began, and where the
  greatest anger and soreness still continued, notwith-
  standing the swelling of my foot.         Temple.
To A'nger, ang'gir.-y. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make angry; to provoke; to  enrage.
    Who  would anger the meanest artisan, which
  carrieth a good mind?                  Hooker.
                  Sometimes he angers me,
  With telling me of toe moldwarp and toe ant. Shaks.
    There were some late  taxes and impositions in-
  troduced, which rather angered than grieved the
  people.                           Clarendon.
    It anger'd Turenne, once upon a day,
  To see a footman kick'd that took his pay.    Pope.
2. To make painful.
    He turneth the humours back, and maketh the
  wound bleed inwards,  and anger elh  malign ulcers
  and pernicious imposthumations.          Bacon.
A'ngerly, an'gur-le. adv. [from anger]
  In an angry manner; like one offended:
  it is now written angrily.     ,
    Why, how now, Hecat?you look angerly. Shaksp.
    Such jesters dishonest indiscretion, is rather chari-
  tably to  be pitied, than  their exception either an-
  gerly to be grieved at, or seriously to be confuted.
                                      Carew.
ANGio'GRAPHY,an-j6-6g'gra-fe.«.«. [from
  xyfelov, and ygxtyv/] A  description of
  vessels  in the  human  body;  nerves,
  veins, arteries,  and lymphaticks.
Anoio'logy, an-je-61'6-je.   to. s.  [from
  xyftlov  and xbyos.]  A treatise  or  dis-
  course of the vessels of a human body.
Angiomonospe'rmous,   an-je-o-mo-nos-
  per'mus. adj. [from xyfelov, iiavos,  and
  o-TtffLx.]  Such plants as have but  one
  single  seed in the seed-pod.
Angio'tomy, an-je-6t'to-me.  to. s. [from
  xyfeloi, and  rtfDu  to cut.]  A  cutting
  open of the vessels, as in  the opening
  of  a  vein  or artery.
A'NGLE,ang'gl.406«. *. [angle,¥r. angu-
  lus. Lat.] The space intercepted between
  two lines intersecting or meeting, so as,
  if continued, they would intersect each
  other.
    Angle of the centre of a circle, is an angle whose
  vertex, or angular point, is at the centre of a circle,
  and whose legs are two semidiameters of that cir-
  cle.                             Stone's Diet.
A'NGLE, ang'gl. to. s. [angel, Germ, and
  Dutch.] An instrument to take fish, con-
  sisting  of  a rod, a line, and  a hook.
    She also had an angle  in her hand; but the  taker
  was so taken,  that she had forgotten taking. Sidney.
    Give me thine angle, we'll to the river there,
  My musick playing far off, I will betray
  Tawny-finn'd  fish; my bending hook shall pierce
  Their slimy jaws.                     Shaksp.
    The patient fisher takes his silent stand,
  Intent, his angle trembling in his hand;
  With looks unmov'd, he hopes the scaly breed,
  And eyes the dancing cork and bending reed.  Pope.
To  A'nglb,  an'gl. v.  to. [from the noun.]
                       L
1. To fish with a rod and hook.
    The ladies angling in the crystal lake,
  Feast on toe waters with the prey they taike. Waller
2. To try to gain by some insinuating arti-
   fices, as fishes are caught by a bait.
    If he spake courteously, he  angled the people's
  hearts: if he were silent, he mused upon  some dan-
  gerous plot.                           Sidney.
                  By this face,
  This seeming brow of justice, did he win
  The  hearts of all that he did angle for.   Shaksp
    The pleasant'st angling is to see toe fish
  Cut with her golden oars toe silver stream,
  And greedily devour the treacherous bait;
  So angle we for Beatrice.               Shaksp.
A'ngLe-rod, ang'gl-rod.TO. s. [angelroede,
   Dutch.]  The  stick to  which the  line
   and hook are hung.
   It diflereth much in greatness; the smallest being fit
  for thatching of houses; the second bigness is used
  for angle-rods; and, in China, for beating of offend-
  ers upon the thighs.                     Bacon.
    He makes a May-fly to a miracle, and furnishes
  toe whole country with angle-rods.       Addison.
A'ngler,  ang'ghir.98  to.  s. [from angle.]
   He that fishes with an angle.
    He, like a patient angler, ere he strook,
  Would let them play awhile upon toe hook. Dryden
    Neither do birds alone, but many sorts of fishes,
  feed upon insects; as is well known to anglers, who
  bait their hooks with them.                Ray.
A'nglicism, ang'gle-sizm. to. s. [from An-
  glus, Lat.] A form of speech peculiar to
   the English language; an English idiom.
    They corrupt their stile with untutored anglicisms.
                                     Milton.
A'ngober,  ang'go-bur.98  to. s.  A kind of
   pear.
A'ngour, ang'gur. to. s. [angor,Lat.] Pain.
    If the patient be surprised with a lipothymous an-
  gour, and great oppression about the stomach, expect
  no relief from cordials.                 Harvey.
A'ngrily, ang'gre-le. adv. [from angry.]
   In an angry manner; furiously; peevish-
   ly.
                  I will sit as quiet as a lamb;
  I will not stir, nor wince, nor speak a  word,
  Nor look upon toe iron angrily.         Shaksp.
A'ngry, ang'gre.409 adj. [from anger.]
1. Touched with anger; provoked.
    Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak:
  peradventure there shall be thirty found there.
                                Gen. xviii. 30.
2. It seems properly to require, when the
   object of anger is mentioned, the parti-
   cle at before a thing, and  with before a
   person; but this is not always observed.
    Your Coriolanus is not much missed, but with his
  friends: the commonwealth doth stand, and so would
  do, were he angry at it.                 Shaksp.
    Now therefore  be not grieved, nor angry with
  yourselves, that ye sold me hither: for God did send
  me before you to preserve life.       Gen. xiv. 5.
    I think it a vast pleasure, that whenever two peo-
  ple of merit regard one another, so many scoundrels
  envy and are angry at them.              Swift.
3. Having  the appearance of anger; hav-
   ing the effect  of anger.
    The north wind driveth away rain: so doth an an-
  gry countenance a backbiting tongue.Prov. xxv. 23.
4. In chirurgery, painful; inflamed; smart-
   ing.
    This serum, being accompanied by the thinner
  parts of the blood,  grows red and angry; and, want-
  ing its due regress into the mass, first gathers into a
  hard swelling, and in a few days, ripens into matter,
  and so dischargeth.                  Wiseman.
A'nguish,  ang'gwish.8*0  n. a.  [angoisse. 
ANH
ANI
AN I
  Fr. angor, Lat.] Excessive pain cither of
  mind or body; applied  to the mind, it
  means the pain of sorrow, and is seldom
  used to signify other passions.
    Not all so cheerful seemed she of sight,
  As was her sister; whether dread did dwell,
  Or anguish, in her heart, is hard to tell. Fairy Queen.
    Virtue 's but anguish, when 'tis several,
  By occasion wak'd, and circumstantial;
  True virtue's soul's always in all deeds all. Donne.
   They had persecutors, whose invention was as great
  as their cruelty.  Wit and malice conspired to find
  out such deaths, and those of such incredible anguish,
  that only the manner of dying was the punishment,
  death itself the deliverance.               South.
    Perpetual anguish fills his anxious breast,
  Not stopt by business, nor compos'd by rest;
  No musick cheers him, nor no feast can please. Dryd.
A'nguished,  ang'gwlsh-ed.369 adj. [from
  anguish]   Seized with anguish;  tortur-
  ed; excessively pained: not  in use.
                   Feel no touch
  Of conscience, but of fame, and be
  Anguish'd, not that 'twas sin, but that 'twas she.
                                      Donne.
A'NGULAR,ang'gu-mr.98aa?/. [from angle.]
1. Having angles or corners; cornered.
     As for the figure of crystal, it is for the most part
  hexagonal, or six cornered, being built upon  a con-
  fused matter, from whence, as it were from a root,
  angular figures  arise, even as in toe amethyst  and
  basaltes.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Consisting of an angle.
    The distance of the edges of toe knives from one
  another, at the distance of four inches from the an-
  gular point, where the edges  of toe knives meet,
  was the eighth part of an inch.    Newton's Opticks.
Angula'rity, ang-gu-lar'e-te. to. s. [from
  angular.] The quality of being angular,
  or having corners.
A'ngularly,  ang-gu'lur-le.  adv. [from
  angular.] With  angles or corners.
     Another part of the same solution afforded us an
  ice angularly figured.                    Boyle.
A'ngularness,   ang'gu-lAr-n^ss.   to. s.
  [from angular.] The  quality of being
  angular.
A'NGULATED,ang'gu-la-ted. adj. [from an-
  gle.] Formed with angles or corners.
    Topazes, amethysts, or emeralds, which grow in
  the fissures, are ordinarily crystallized, or  shot into
  angulated figures; whereas, in  the strata, they are
  found in rude lumps, like yellow, purple, and green
  pebbles.                           Woodward.
Angulo'sity, ang-gu-lds'se-te.to. a. [from
  angulous.]  Angularity; cornered form.
                                       Diet.
Angulous, ang'gu-lAs.314 adj. [from an-
  gle.] Hooked; angular.
    Nor can it be  a difference, that the parts of solid
  bodies are held together by hooks, and angiUous in-
  volutions: since the coherence of the parts of these
  will be of as difficult a conception.      Glanville.
Angu'st,  an-gtist'. *0998 adj.  [angustus,
  Lat] Narrow; strait.
Angusta'tion, an-gus-ta'shun. to. a. [from
  angustus.] The  act of making narrow;
  Straitening; the state of being narrowed.
    The cause may be referred either to the grumous-
  ness of the blood, or to obstrnction of the vein some-
  where in its passage, by some angustation upon it
  by part of the tumour.                Wiseman.
Anhela'tion,  an-he-la'shun. n.a. [anhelo,
  Lat.]  The act of panting;  the state of
  being out of breath.
Anhelo'se,   a.n-h6-lose'.   adj.  [anhelue,
  Lat.] Out of breath; panting; labouring
  of  being  out of  breath.           Diet.
Anie'nted  an'e-en-ted.  adj.  [aneantir,
  Fr.] Frustrated;  brought to nothing.
Ani'ghts, a-nites'. adv. [from a for at, and
  night.] In the night time.
    Sir Toby, you must come in earlier anights; my
  lady takes great exceptions at your ill hours. Shaksp.
A'nil, an'il. to. a.  The shrub from whose
  leaves and stalks indigo is prepared.
Ani'leness, a-nile'ness.fi3° ?  to. s.   [anili-
Ani'i.ity, a-nil'le-te.630    5 tasr ^at>] Tne
  state  of  being an old woman;  the old
  age of women.
A'nimable,  an'ne-ma-bl.40s  adj.  [from
  animate.]  That  which may be put into
  life, or receive animation.         Diet.
ANiMADVE'RsiON,an-e-mad-ver'shun to. s.
  [animadversio, Lat.]
1. Reproof; severe censure; blame.
    He dismissed their commissioners widi severe
  and sharp animadversions.            Clarendon.
2. Punishment.  When  the object of ani-
  madversion is mentioned, it has the par-
  ticle on or upon before it.
    When a bill is debating in parliament, it is usual
  to  have  the controversy handled by pamphlets on
  both sides; without the least animadversion upon the
  authors.                               Swift.
  3.  In  law.
    An ecclesiastical censure, and an ecclesiastical
  animadversion, are  different things; for a censure
  has a relation to a spiritual punishment, but an ani-
  madversion has only a respect to a temporal one; as,
  degradation, and the  delivering the person over to
  the secular court.            Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. Perception;  power  of  notice:  not   in
  use.
    The soul is the sole percipient which hath animad-
  version and sense, properly so called.    Glanville.
Animadve'usive,     an-e-mad-ve>'siv.428
  adj. [from  animadvert.]   That has the
  power  of perceiving; percipient; not  in
  use.
    The representation of objects to the soul, the on-
  ly animadversive principle, is conveyed by motions
  made on the immediate organs of sense.
                                    Glanville.
Animadve'rsiveness,  an-e-mad-ver'siv-
  ness.  to. *. [from  animadversive/]  The
  power  of  animadverting  or  making
  judgment.                          Diet.
To   ANIMADVE'RT,  an-e-mad-vert'.
  v. n. [animadverto, Lat.]
1. To pass censures upon.
    I should not animadvert on him, who was a pain-
  ful observer of toe decorum of the stage, if he had
  not used extreme severity in his judgment of the in-
  comparable Shakspeare.                Dryden.
2. To inflict punishment.   In both  senses
  with the particle upon.
    If the Author of toe universe animadverts upon
  men here below, how much more will it become him
  to do it upon their entrance into a higher state of
  being?                                Grew.
Animadve'kter, an-e-mad-veVtiir. n. a.
  [from animadvert.] He that passes cen-
  sures, or inflicts punishments.
    God is a strict observer of and a severe animad-
  verter upon, such as presume to partake of those
  mysteries, without such a preparation.      South.
A'NIMAL,an'e-mal. n. *. [animal.Lat.]
I. A living creature corporeal, distinct, on
  the one  side,  from pure spirit; on the
  other, from mere matter.
   Animals  are such beings, which, be-
 side the power of growing, and produc-
 ing their like, as plants  and vegetables
 have, are endowed also  with sensations
 and spontaneous motion. Mr. Ray gives
 two schemes of tables of them.
                Animals are either
 ' Sanguineous, that is, such as have blood, which
    breathe either by
   ' Lungs, having either
     "Two  ventricles  in their heart, and those
        either
        {Viviparious,
         ( Aquatick, as the whale land,
         { Terrestrial, as quadrupeds;
        Oviparous, as birds.
      But one ventricle in the heart, as frogs, tor-
        toises, and serpents.
    Gills, as  all sanguineous fishes, except the
      whale kind.
  Exsanguineous, or  without blood, which may be
    divided into
 * Greater, and those  either
    {Naked,
     ( Terrestrial, as naked snails.
     ( Aquatick, as toe poulp, cuttle-fish, &c.
    Covered with a tegument,  either
     ( Crustaceous, as lobsters  and crab-fish.
     ( Testaceous, either
       C Univalve, as limpets;
       1 Bivalve, as  oysters, muscles, cockles;
       ( Turbinate, as periwinkles, snails, &c.
 t Lesser, as insects of all sorts.
Viviparous hairy animals, or quadrupeds, are either
 " Hoofed, which are either
   C Whole-footed or  hoofed, as the horse and  ass;
    Cloven-footed, having the hoof divided  into
   * Two principal parts, called bisulca, either
     " Such as chew  not the cud, as swine;
      Ruminant, or  such as chew the cud; divid-
        ed into
     j Such as have perpetual and hollow horns.
       ( Beef-kind,
       < Sheep-kind,
       ( Goat-kind.
      Such as have solid, branched, and deciduous
     ^  horns, as the deer-kind,
    Four parts, or quadrisulca, as the rhinoceros
      and hippopotamus.
 k Clawed or digitate, having the foot divided into
   C Two parts or toes, having two nails, as the ca-
   <   mel-kind;
   ( Many toes or claws, either
     ( Undivided, as  the elephant;
     \ Divided, which have either
     ( Broad nails, and an human shape, as apes;
     ( Narrower, and more pointed nails,
which in respect of their teeth, are divided into
  such as have
  Many foreteeth, or cutters, in each jaw;
   ' The  greater, which have
     C A shorter snout  and  rounder head, as the
     <  cat-kind;
     ( A longer snout and head, as the dog-kind.
    The lesser, the vermin or weazel-kind.
  Only two large and  remarkable foreteeth, all
    which are phytivorous, and are called the hare-
    kind.                              Ray.
  Vegetables are proper enough to repair animals,
as  being near of the same specifick gravity with the
animal juices, and as consisting of  toe same parts
with animal  substances, spirit, water, salt,  oil,
earth; all which are  contained  in toe sap they de-
rive from the earth.       Arbuthnot on Aliments
   Some of the animated  substances have various
organical  or instrumental parts, fitted for a variety
of motions from place to place, and a spring of life
within themselves, as beasts,  birds, fishes and in-
sects; these are called animals. Other animated sub-
stances are called vegetables,  which  have within
themselves the principles of another sort of life and
growth, and of various  productions of leaves and
fruit, such as we see in plants, herbs, and trees.
                              Watts's Logick 
ANI
ANK
ANN
2. By way of contempt, we say of a stupid
   man, that he is a stupid animal.
A'nimal, an'e-mal. adj.  [animalis, Lat ]
1. That  which belongs  or relates to ani-
   mals.
    There are things in the world of spirits, wherein
  our ideas are very dark and confused; such as their
  union with animal nature, the way of their acting on
  material beings, and their converse with each other.
                               Watts's Logick.
2. Animal  functions, distinguished from
   natural and vital, are the lower powers
   of the mind;  as the will,  memory, and
   imagination.
3.  Animal life is  opposed, on one side, to
   intellectual; and, on the  other, to vegeta-
   ble.
4. Animal is used  in opposition to spiritual
   or rational; as, the animal nature.
ANiMA'L0ULE,an-e-mal'kule.». *. [animal-
   culum, Lat.] A small animal; paticular-
   ly  those, which are in their first and
   smallest  state.
    We are to know, that they all come of the seed
   of animalcules of their own kind, that were before
   laid there.                             Ray.
Anima'lity,  an-e-mal'e-te. to. s.   [from
   animal.]  The  state of animal existence.
    The word animal, in the first proposition, only
   signifies human animality. In toe minor proposition,
   toe word animal, for the same reason,  signifies  the
   animality of a goose: thereby it becomes an ambi-
   guous term, and unfit to build  toe conclusion upon.
                                       Watts.
 To A'NIMATE, an'e-mate. v. a. [animo,
   Lat.]
 1. To  quicken; to make alive; to give life
   to: as, the soul animates the body; man
   must  have been animated  by  a  higher
   power.     v
2. To  give  powers  to;  to  heighten the
   powers or effect of any thing.
    But none, ah! none can animate the lyre,
   And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire:
   Whether toe learn'd Minerva be her theme,
   Or chaste Diana bathing in the stream;
   None can record their heav'nly praise so well
   As Helen, in whose eyes ten thousand Cupids dwell.
                                     Dryden.
 3. To encourage; to incite.
    The more to animate the people, he stood on high,
   from whence he might be best heard, and cried un-
   to them with a loud voice.              Knolles.
    He was animated  to expect the papacy; by the
   prediction of a soothsayer, that, one should succeed
   Pope Leo, whose name should be Adrian.   Bacon.
A'nimate,  an'e-mate.  adj. [from To ani-
   mate] Alive;  possessing  animal life.
     All bodies have  spirits  and pneumatical parts
. within them; but the main differences between ani-
   mate and inanimate, are  two:  the  first is, that the
  spirits of things animate are  all  contained  within
  themselves, and are branched in  veins and secret
  canals, as blood is;  and, in living creatures,  the
  spirits have not only branches, but certain cells or
  seats, where the principal  spirits do  reside, and
  whereunto the rest do resort: but the spirits in things
  .inanimate are shut in, and cut off by toe  tangible
  parts, and are not pervious one to another, as air is
  in snow.                             Bacon.
                  Nobler birth
  Of creatures animate with gradual life,
  Of growth, sense, reason, all sumin'd up in man.
                                     Milton.
    There are several topicks used against atheism
  and idolatry; such as the visible marks of divine wis-
  dom and goodness in the works of the creation,  the
  vital union of souls with matter, and the admirable
  structure of animate bodies.            Bentley.
A'nimated, an'e-ma-ted, participial adj.
  [from animate.] Lively; vigorous.
    Warriours she fires with animated sounds;
  Pours balm into the bleeding lover's wounds. Pope.
A'nimateness, an'e-mate-nes. to. s. [from
  animate/] The state of being animated.
           J                         Diet.
ANiMA'noN,an-e-ma'shun.n. *. [from awi-
  mate.]
1. The act of animating or enlivening.
    Plants or vegetables are the principal part of the
  third day's work.  They are the  first effects of the
  command producaf, which is the word of animation.
                                     Bacon.
2. The state of being enlivened.
    Two general motions in all animation are its be-
  ginning and encrease; and two more, to run through
  its state and declination.              Brown.
A'nimative, an'e-ma-tive.187  adj.  [from
  animate.] That which has the power of
  giving life, or animating.
Anima'tor, an'e-ma-tur.sai to. s. [from ani-
  mate.] That  which gives  life; or  any
  thing analagous to life, as motion.
    Those bodies being of a congenerous nature, do,
  readily receive toe impressions of their motor;  and,
  if not fettered by their gravity, conform themselves
  to situations, wherein they best unite to their anima-
  tor.                                Brown.
Animo'se, an-e-mose'.427 adj* [animositas,
  Lat.] Full of spirit; hot; vehement.
                                      Diet.
Animo'seness, an-e-mose'ness. to. s. [from
  animose.]  Spirit;  heat; vehemence  of
  temper.                           Diet.
Animo'sity, an-e-mos'se-te. ». s. [animo-
  sitas, Lat.] Vehemence  of hatred; pas-
  sionate  malignity.  It implies rather a
  disposition  to break out into outrages,
  than the outrage itself.
    They were sure to bring passion, animosity, and
  malice enough of their own, what evidence soever
  toey had from others.                Clarendon.
    If there is not some method found out for allay-
  ing these heats and animosities among toe fair sex,
  one does not know to what outrages they may proceed.
                                    Addison.
    No religious sect ever carried their aversions for
  each other to greater heights, than our state parties
  have done; who, the more to inflame their passions,
  have mixed religious and civil animosities together;
  borrowing one of their appellations from the church.
                                      Sioift.
A'nise, an'nis.140 n.s. [anisum, Lat.] A spe-
  cies of apium or parsley, with  large
  sweet-scented seeds.  This plant is not
  worth propagating in England for use,
  because the seeds can be  had much bet-
  ter and  cheaper from Italy.      Miller.
    Ye pay the tytoe of mint, and anise, and cummin,
  and have omitted  the weightier matters of the law,
  judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have
  done,  and not to leave the other undone.  Matt.
A'nker, ank'ir.98 409 to. s. [ancker, Dutch.]
  A liquid  measure chiefly used at Am-
  sterdam.  It  is  the fourth  part of the
  awm, and  contains two  stekans: each
  stekan consists of sixteen mengles; the
  mengle being equal to two  of our wine
  quarts.                        Chambers.
A'nkle, ank'kl.408 n. a.  [ancleop,  Sax.
  anckel,  Dutch.]  The joint which joins
  the foot to the leg.
                      l2
    One of his ankles was much swelled and ulcerat-
  ed on toe inside, in several places.       Wiseman.
    My simple system shall suppose,
  That Alma enters at the toes;
  That then she mounts by just degrees
  Up to toe ankles, legs, and knees.         Prior'
A'nkle-bone, ank'kl-bone, to. s. [from an-
  kle and bone.]  The bone of the ankle.
    The shin-bone, from the  knee to the instep, is
  made by shadowing one half of the leg with a single
  shadow; the ankle-bone will shew itself by a shadow
  given underneath, as the knee.          Peacham.
A'nnalist, an'na-list. to. s. [from annals/1'
  A writer of annals.
    Their own annalist has  given the same title to
  that of. Syrmium.                    Atterbury.
A'NNALS, an'nalz. to. s. without singular
  number,  [annales,  Lat.]  Histories  di-
  gested in the exact order of time; nar-
  ratives in which every event is record-
  ed under its proper year.
    Could you with patience hear, or I relate,
  0 nymph! the tedious annals of our fate;
  Through such a train of woes if I should run,
  The day would sooner than the tale be done! Dryd.
    We are  assured, by many glorious examples in
  the annals of our religion,  that every one,  in toe
  like circumstances of distress, will not  act and ar-
  gue thus; but thus will every one be tempted to act.
                                     Rogers.  \
A'nnats,  an'nats.  to. s.  without singular.
  [annates, Lat.]
1. First fruits; because the rate  of first
  fruits paid of spiritual livings, is  after
  one year's profit.                Cowell.
2. Masses said in the Romish church for
  the space  of a  year,  or  for any other
  time, either for the soul of a person de-
  ceased, or for  the benefit of  a person
  living.               Ayliffe's Parergon.
To A'nneal, an-nele'. v. a. [aelan, to heat,
  Saxon.]
I. To heat glass, that the colours laid on
  it may be fixed.
    But when thou dost anneal in glass thy story,
   " ■                then the light and glory
  More rev'rend grows, and more doth win,
  Which else shews wat'rish, bleak, and thin. Herbert.
    When you purpose to anneal, take a plate of iron
  made fit for the oven, or take a blue stone, which
  being made fit for the oven, lay it upon the cross
  bars of iron.                        Peacham.
    Which her own inward symmetry reveal'd,
  And like a picture shone, in glass anneal'd. Dryden.
2. To heat glass after it  is  blown, that it
  may not break.
3. To heat any thing in  such a manner as
  to give it the true temper.
To ANNE'X, an-n£ks'. v. a. [annecto, an-
  nexum, Lat. annexer, Fr.]
1. To unite to at the end; as, he annexed
  a codicil to his will.
2 To unite, as a smaller thing to a greater;
  as,  he annexed  a province  to  his king-
  dom.
3. To unite a posteriori; annexion always
   presupposing something: thus we may
   say, punishment is annexed to  guilt, but
  not guilt to punishment.
    Concerning fate or destiny, toe opinions of those
  learned men, that have written thereof, may be
  safely received, had they not thereunto annexed and
  fastened an inevitable necessity, and made it more
  general and universally powerful than it is. Raleigh.
             Nations will decline so low
  From virtue, which is reason; that no wrong, 
ANN                                     ANN                                      ANN
  But justice, and some fatal curse annex'd,
  Deprives them of their outward liberty.   Milton
    I mean not the authority, which is annexed toi
  your office; I speak of  that only, which is inborn:
  and inherent to your person.             Dryden.
    He  cannot but love  virtue wherever it is,  and
  annex  happiness always to the exercise of it.
                                    Atterbury.
    The temporal reward  is annexed to the bare per- i
  formance of the action,  but the eternal to toe obe-
  dience.                              Rogers.
Anne'x, an-neks'. to.  s. [from  To annex.]
   The thing annexed; additament.
    Failing in his  first attempt to be but like the
  highest in heaven, he hath obtained of men  to be
  the same on earth, and hath accordingly assumed
  toe annexes of divinity.                . Brown.
Annexa'tion, an-nek-sa'shun.  to. s. [from
   annex.]
1. Conjunction; addition.
     If we can return to  that charity and peaceable
  mindedness, which Christ so  vehemently recom-
  mends to us; we  have  his own promise, that the
  whole body will be full  of light, Matth. vi. that all
  other christian virtues will, by way of concomitance
  or annexation, attend them.           Hammond.
2. Union;  act or practice of  adding  or
   uniting
     How annexations of  benefices first came into the
  church, whether by the prince's authority,  or the
  pope's licence, is a very  great dispute.     Ayliffe.
Anne'xion, an-n£k'shtin. to. s.   [from  an-
   nex] The act of annexing; addition.
     It is necessary to engage toe fears of men, by the
  annexion of such  penalties,  as  will  overbalance
  temporal pleasure.                     Rogers.
Anne'xment, an-neks'ment. to. s. [from an-
   nex.]
 I. The act of annexing.
2. The thing annexed.
                 When it falls,
   Each  small annexment, petty consequence,
   Attends the boist'rous ruin.              Shaksp.
 \nni'hilable, an-ni'he-15-bl.  adj.  [from
   annihilate]  That which may be reduc-
   ed to nothing;  tliat which may be  put
   out  of existence.
 To ANN THI LATE,  an-ni'he-late. v.a.
   [ad and  nihilum, Lat.]
 1. To  reduce  to nothing, to  put out  of
   existence.
     It is impossible for any body to be utterly annihi-
   lated; but that, as it was  the work of toe omnipotency
   of God to make somewhat of nothing,  so it requireth
   the like omnipotency to  turn somewhat into nothing.
                                        Bacon.
     Thou taught'st me by making roe
   Love  her, who  doth neglect both me and thee,
   T' invent and practice this one way, t' annihilate all
      three.                            Donne.
     He despaired of God's mercy; he, by a decollation
   of all hope, annihilated bis mercy.        Brown.
     Whose  friendship can stand against assaults,
   strong enough to annihilate the friendship of  puny
   minds;  such an one has reached  true constancy.
                                        South.
     Some imagined, water sufficient to a deluge was
   created; and, when the business was done, disband-
   ed and annihilated.                 Woodward.
2. To  destroy, so  as to  make  the  thing
   otherwise than it  was.
     The flood bafli altered, deformed, or rather anwt-
   hUated, this place, so as no man can find any mark
   or memory thereof.                   Raleigh.
3. To  annu.H to destroy the agency of any
   thing.
     There is ao  reason,  that any one commonwealth
  should annihilate that, whereupon the whole world
  has agreed.                           Hooker.
Annihila'tton,  an-ni-he-la'shua.   «.  *.
  [from annihilate.]  The act of reducing
  to nothing. The state of being reduced
  to  nothing.
    God hath  his  influence into the very essence of
  things; without which their utter annihilation could
  not choose but follow.                  Hooker.
    That knowledge, which as spirits wc obtain,
  Is to be valued in the midst of pain:
  Annihilation were to lose heav'n more:
  We are not quite exil'd, where thought can soar.
                                      Dryden.
Annive'rsary,  an-ne-ver'sa-re. to. s. [an-
  niversarius, Lat.]
1. A  day  celebrated as  it returns in the
  course  of the  year.
    For encouragement to follow the example of mar-
  tyrs,  the primitive  christians met at the places of
  their martyrdom, to praise  God for them, and to ob-
  serve toe anniversary of their sufferings. StUlingjhet.
2. The act of celebration, or performance,
  in honour of the anniversary day.
    Donne had never seen Mrs. Drury, whom he has
  made immortal in his admirable anniversary. Dryd.
3. Anniversary is an office in the Romish
   church,  celebrated  not only once   a
   year, but which ought to  be  said daily
  through the year, for the soul of the de-
   ceased.               Ayliffe's Parergon.

Annive'rsary, an-ne-veVsa-re. adj. [an-
   niversarius, Lat.]  Returning  with the
   revolution of the year;  annual;  yearly.
    The heaven whirled about with admirable celeri-
  ty, most constantly finishing its anniversary vicissi-
  tudes.                                  Ray.
    They deny giving any worship to a creature, as
  inconsistent  with  Christianity;  but  confess the
  honour and esteem for toe martyrs, which they ex-
  pressed by keeping thefc anniversary days, and re-
  commending their example.          Stillingjleet.
A'NNO D 0'M/A^/,an'no-d6m'e-ne.[Lat.]
   In the year of our Lord, as anno domi-
   ni, or A.  D.  1751; that is, in the seven-
   teen  hundred  and fifty-first year from
   the birth of our Saviour.

 A.nno'isance, an-n6!'sanse. w. s. [fromcTO-
   noy, but  not now in  use.]
    It hath a double signification.  Any hurt done ei-
  ther to a publick  place,  as  highway,  bridge,  or
  common river; or to a private, by laying any thing
  that may breed  infection, by encroaching, or such
  like means.  The writ that is brought upon this trans-
  gression. See Nuisance, the word now used. Blount.
A'NNO LIS, an'no-lis. n.s. An American
   animal, like  a lizard.

 Annota'tion, an-no-ta'shun. to. *. [annota-
   tio, Lat.]  Explications or remarks writ-
   ten upon books; notes.
    It might appear very improper to publish anno-
  tations, without  the text  itself whereunto they re-
  late.                                  Boyle.
 Annota'tor, an-n6-ta'lur.aai  to. a.  [Lat.]
   A  writer of  notes, or annotations; a
   scholiast; a  commentator.
    I have not that respect for the mmotators, which
  toey generally meet with in the world.     Felton.
 To Anno'unce, an-n6tmse'. v. a.  [annon-
   cer, Fr. annuncio, Lat.]
 1. To publish;  to proclaim.
     Of Hie Messiah I have heard foretold
   By all the prophets; of thy birth at length
   Announc'd by Gabriel with the first I knew. Milton.
 2.To pronounce; to  declare by a judicial
   sentence.
   Those, mighty Jove, mean time, thy glorious care,
  Who model nations, publish laws, announce
  Or life or death.                        Prior
To  ANNO'Y, an-n6e'.329 v.a.  [annoyer,
  Fr.] To  incommode; to vex; to teaze-
  to molest.
    Woe to poor man, eaeh outward thing annoys him
  He heaps in inward grief, that most destroys him. '
                                      Sidney.
    Her joyous presence and sweet company
  In full content he there did long enjoy;
    Ne wicked envy, nor vile jealousy,
  His dear delights were able to annoy.    Fairy Q
    As one, who long in populous city pent,
  Where houses thick, and sewers, annoy the air
  Forth issuing on a summer's morn to breathe
  Among the pleasant villages and farms
  Adjoin'd, from each thing met conceives delight.
                                      Mlton.
    Insects seldom use their offensive weapons, unless
  provoked: let them but alone, and annoy them not.
                          _.            Ray.
Anno'y,  an-no£.  to.  *.  [from  the verb.]
  Injury; molestation; trouble.
    Sleep, Richmond,  sleep in peace,  and wake in
      joy;
  Good angels guard thee from the boar's annoy. Shaks.
    All pain and joy is in their way;
  The things we fear bring less annoy
  Than fear,  and hope brings greater joy;
  But in themselves they cannot stay.       Dome.
    What then remains, but, after past annoy,
  To take  toe good vicissitude of joy?      Dryden.
Anno'yanoe, an-noe'anse. n. a.  [from an-
  noy.]
I. That which annoys; that which hurts.
    A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wand'ring hair,
  Any annoyance in that precious sense.    Shaksp.
    Crows, ravens, rooks, and magpies, are great an-
  noyances to corn.                    Mortimer.
2. The  state of being annoyed; or act of
  annoying.
    The spit venom of  their poisoned hearts breaketh
  out to toe annoyance of others.           Hooker.
    The greatest annoyance and disturbance of man-
  kind has been from one of these two things, force
  or fraud.                             South.
    For the further annoyance and terrour of any be-
  sieged place, they would throw into it dead bodies.
                                      mikins.
Anno'yer, an-n6e'flr.98 «. s. [from To an-
  noy.]  The person that annoys.
A'nnual, an'mi-al. adj. [annuel, Fr. from
   annus, Lat.]
1. That  which comes yearly.
    Annual for me toe grape, the rose, renew
  The juice nectareous, and the balmy dew.   Pope.
2. That  which is reckoned by the year.
                  The king's majesty
  Does purpose honour to you; to which
  A thousand pounds a-year, annual support,
  Out of his  grace he adds.     Shaksp. Henry VIII.
3. That  which lasts only a year.
     The dying in the winter of the roots of plants that
  are annual, seemeth  to be caused by the over ex-
  pence of toe sap; which being prevented, they will
  superannuate, if they stand warm.         Bacon.
     Every tree may in some sense, be said to be an
  annual  plant; both leaf, flower, and fruit proceed-
  ing from the coat, that was superinduced over the
  wood the last year.                       Ray.
A'nnually, an'nu-al-le.  adv. [from annri-
   al.] Yearly; every year.
     By two drachms, they thought it sufficient to sig-
  nify a heart; because the heart at one year weighed)
   two drachms, that is, a quarter of an ounce; and, un-
   to fifty years, annually encreaseth the weight of one
   drachm.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     The whole strength of a nation is the  utmost
   that a prince can raise  annually from his subjects.
                                        Swift-
 Annuitant, an-nu'e-tant. n.a.  [from an- 
ANN
ANO
AN  0
   nuity.] He that possesses or receives an
   annuity.
 ANNU'ITY,an-nvi'e-te. to. *. [annuite,Fr.]
 I. A yearly rent to be paid for term of life
   or years. The differences between a rent
   and  an annuity are,  that  every rent is
   going out of land; but an annuity charg-
   es only the granter, or his  heirs, that
   have assets by descent.  The  second
   difference is, that, for  the recovery of
   an  annuity, no action lies, but only the
   writ of annuity against the granter, his
   heirs, or successors; but of a rent, the
   same  actions lie  as do of  land. The
   third difference is, that an annuity  is
   never taken for  assets, because it is
   no  freehold in law; nor shall  be put
   in execution upon a statute merchant,
   statute staple, or elegit, as a rent may.
                                    Cowell.
 2.  A yearly allowance.
     He was generally known to be the son of one earl,
  and brother to another; who supplied his expence,
  beyond what his annuity from his father would bear.
                                  Clarendon.
 To  Annu'l, an-nul'. v. a. [from nullus.]
 1.  To make void; to nullify; to abrogate;
   to abolish.
     That, which gives force to toe law, is the autho-
  rity that enacts it; and, whoever destroys this  au-
  thority, does in effect annul the law.      Rogers.
 2.  To reduce  to nothing;  to obliterate.
     Light, the pure work of God, to me's extinct,
  And all her various objects of delight
  Annull'd, which might in part my grief have eas'd.
                                     Milton.
 A'NNULAR,an'nu-lar.98 adj. [from annulus,
   Lat.] In the form of a ring.
     That toey might not, in bending the aim or leg,
  rise up, he has tied them to the bones by annular
  ligaments.                          Cheyne.
 A'NNULARy,an'nu-la-re.98 adj. [from annu-
   lus,  Lat.] In the form of rings.
     Because continual respiration is necessary, the
  wind-pipe is made with annulary cartilages, that toe
  sides of it may not flag and fall together.     Ray.
 A'nnulet,  an'nu-let. to. s.  [from annulus,
   Lat.]
 1.  A little ring.
 2. [In  heraldry.]  A difference or mark  of
   distinction, which the fifth brother of any
   family ought to bear in his coat of arms.
 3. Annulets are also a  part of the coat-ar-
  mour of several families; they were an-
  ciently  reputed a mark of nobility and
  jurisdiction, it being the custom of pre-
  lates to receive their investiture per ba-
  culum  et  annulum.
 4. [In  architecture.]   The small  square
  members, in the Dorick capital, under
  the quarter round, are called annulets.
 5. Annulet is  also used for a narrow flat
  moulding, common to other parts of the
  column; so called, because it encom-
  passes the column lound.    Chambers
 To  ANNU'MERATE, an-nu'me-rate.91
  v. a. [annumero, Lat.] To  add to a for-
  mer number; to unite to something be-
  fore mentioned.
Annumera'tion, dn-nu-me-ra'shin to.  *.
  [annumeratio, Lat.], Addition to a for-
  mer number.
 To ANNU'NCIATE, an-nun'she-ate."1.
   196 367 -p. c.  [annuncio, Lat.]  To bring
   tidings; to relate something that has fal-
   len out: a word not in popular use.
 Annuncia'tion-day,  an-nun-she-a'shun-
   da. ». s. [from annunciate/]   The day
   celebrated by the church, in memory of
   the angel's  salutation  of  the blessed
   Virgin; solemnized with us on the twen-
   ty-fifth of March.
    Upon the day of the annunciation, or Lady-day,
  meditate on toe incarnation of our blessed Saviour;
  and so, upon all toe festivals of toe year.   Taylor.
 A'nodyne,  an'6-dine. adj. [from « and
   e^om.] That which has  the power of mi-
   tigating pain.
    Yet durst she not too deeply probe toe wound,
  As hoping still toe nobler parts were sound:
  But strove with anodynes V assuage the smart,
  And mildly thus her med'cine did impart.   Dryd.
    Anodynes, or abaters of pain of the alimentary
  kind, are such things as relax the tension of the af-
  fected nervous fibres, as decoctions of emollient sub-
  stances; those things, which destroy toe particular
  acrimony which occasions the pain; or what deadens
  the  sensation of the brain, by procuring sleep.
                                  Arbuthnot.
 To  ANO'INT,  a-noint'.  v. to.  [oindre,
   enoindre, part, oint, enoint, Fr.]
 1. To rub over with  unctuous matter, as
   oil, or unguents.
    Anointed let me be with deadly venom. Shaksp.
    Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy
  coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil:
  for thine olive shall cast his fruit. Deut. xxviii. 40.
 2. To smear; to be rubbed upon.
    Warm waters then, in brazen caldrons borne,
  Are pour'd to wash his body, joint by joint,
  And fragrant oils the stiffen'd limbs anoint.  Dryd.
 3. To consecrate by unction.
                 I would not see thy sister
  In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.   Shaksp.
 ANo'iNTER,an-n6int'tir. to. s. [from anoint.]
   The person that anoints.
 Ano'malism,  a-nom'a-lizm.  to.  s.  [from
  anomaly] Anomaly; irregularity; devia-
  tion from the common rule.      Diet.
 Anomali'stical,    a-nom-a-Hs'te-kal.609
  adj. [from anomaly.] Irregular; applied
  in astronomy to the year, taken for the
  time in which the earth passeth through
  its  orbit, distinct from the tropical year.
 Ano'malous,  a-n&m'a-lils. adj.  [a priv.
  and afixXos.] Irregular; out of rule; de-
  viating  from  the general  method  or
  analogy of things. It is applied, in gram-
  mar, to  words deviating  from the com-
  mon rules of inflection; and, in astrono-
  my, to the seemingly irregular motions
  of the planets.
   There will arise anomalous disturbances, not only
  in civil and artificial, but  also in military officers.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
   He being acquainted with some characters of
  every speech, you may at pleasure make him under-
  stand anomatous pronunciation.          Holder.
   Metals are gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and
  iron; to  which we may join that anomalous body,
  quicksilver or mercury.                 Locke.
ANo'MALousLY,a-n6m'a-lAs-le.arfi». [from
  anomalous]  Irregularly; in a manner
  contrary to rule.
   Eve was not solemnly begotten, but suddenly
  framed, and anomalously proceeded from Adam.
                      Brmon's Vulgar Errours.
 ANO'MALY, a-nom'a-le. n. s. [anomalie,
   Fr. anomalia, Lat. xvupcxX^.] Irregu-
   larity; deviation from the common rule.
    If we should chance to find a mother debauching
  her daughter, as such monsters have been seen, we
  must charge this upon a peculiar anomaly and base-
  ness of nature.                        South.
    I do not pursue the many pseudograpliies  in use;
  but intend to show, how most of these anomalies in
  writing might be avoided, and better supplied.
                                     Holder.
 A'nomy,  a.n'6-me\ to.  s. [x priv. and
   vo/a®*.] Breach of law.
    If sin be good, and just, and lawful; it is no more
  evil, it is no sin, no anomy. Bramhall against Hobbes.
 Ano'n, a-non'. adv. [Junius imagines it to
   be an elliptical form of speaking  for in
   one, that is, in one minute; Skinner from
   a and nean, or near; Minshrcw from on
   on]
 1. Quickly; soon; in a short time.
              A little snow, tumbled about,
  Anon becomes a mountain.      ,    Shakspeare.
    Will they come abroad anon?
  Shall we see young Oberon?        Ben Jonson.
            However, witness, Heav'n!
  Heav'n, witness thou anon! while we discharge
  Freely our part.                     Milton.
    He was not without design at that present, as
  shall be made out anon; meaning, by that device to
  withdraw himself.                  Clarendon ■
    Still as I did the leaves inspire,
  With such a purple light they shone,
  As if they had been  made of fire,
  And spreading so would flame anon.      Waller.
 2.  Sometimes; now  and  then; at   other
   times.   In this sense is used ever and
   anon, for  now and then.
    Full forty  days he pass'd, whether on hill
  Sometimes, anon in shady vale, each night,
  Or harbour'd in one cave, is not reveal'd. Milton.
 Ano'nymous, a-n&n'ne-mus. adj. [«  priv.
   and ove/ix]  Wanting  a name.
    These animalcules serve also for food to another
  anonymous insect of the waters.            Ray.
    They would forthwith publish slanders unpunish-
  ed, the  authors being anonymous, the immediate
  publishers thereof sculking.  Notes on the Dunciad.
 Ano'nymously,   a-non'e-mus-le.   adv.
   [from anonymous] Without a name.
    I would know, whether the edition is to come out
  anonymously, among complaints or spurious editions.
                                      Swift.
 A'norexy, an'no-rek-se.615' n. s. [mo$t\i»/]
   Inappetency, or loathing of food. Quincy.
 Ano'ther, an-UTH'ir.98 adj. [from an and
   other.]
 I. Not the  same.
    He that will not lay a foundation for perpetual
  disorder, must of necessity find another rise of gov-
  ernment than that.                      Locke.
2. One more; a new addition  to the former
   number.
            -------A fourth?-------
  What! will the line stretch out to th'crack of doom?
  Another yet?—a seventh! I'll see no more. Shaksp.
  . Any other; any one else.
    If one man sin against another, the judge shall
  judge him.                   1 Samuel, ii. 25.
    Why not of her? preferr'd above the rest
  By him with knightly deeds, and open love profess'd,
  So had another been, where he his vows address'd.
                                    Dryden.
4. Not one's self.
    A man shall have diffused his life, his self, and
  his whole concernments so far, that he can weep bis
  sorrows with anotlier's eyes; when he has another
  heart besides his own, both  to  share  and to support
  his grief.                             Smit* 
A N  S
ANS
ANT
5, Widely different; much altered.
    When the soul is beaten from its station, and the
  mounds of virtue are broken down; it becomes quite
  another thing, from what it was before.     South.
Ano'thergaines, an-UTH'ar-ganes.  adj.
  [See Anotherguess.] Of another kind.
  This word I have found only in Sidney.
    If my father had not plaid the hasty fool, I might
  have had anothergaines husband than Dametas.
                                       Sidney.
Ano'therguess,   an-uTH'ar-ges.   adj.
  "[This word,which though rarely used in
   writing, is somewhat frequent in collo-
   quial  language,  I  conceive to  be cor-
   rupted from another guise;  that is, of a
   different guise,  or manner, or form.] Of
   a different  kind.
     Oh Hocus! where art thou? It used to go in another
  guess manner in toy time.             Arbuthnot.
 A'nsated, an'sa-ted. adj. [ansatus, Lat.]
   Having  handles; or something in the
   form of handles.
 To  A'NSWER,  an'sur. «5 98 v. «.  [The
   etymology  is uncertain; the Saxons had
   anbrpafuan, but in  another sense;  the
   Dutch have antwoorden.]
 1.  To speak  in return to a question.
     Are we succour'd? are the Moors removed?
   Answer these questions first, and then a thousand
       more.
   Answer them all together.  ^             Dryden.
 2.  To speak  in opposition.
     No man was able to answer him a word.
                              Matthew, xxii. 46.
     If it he said, we may discover the elementary in-
   gredients of things; I answer, that it is not necessa-
   rv. that such a discovery should he practicable.
   J'                                   Boyle.
 3. To be accountable for: with for.
     Those many had not dared to do evil,
   If the first man, that did th' edict infringe,
   Had answer'd for his deed.          Shakspeare.
     Some men have sinned in the principles of hu-
   manity, and must answer for not being men.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     If there be any absurdity in this, our author must
   answer for it.                          Locke.
 4. To vindicate; to give a justificatory ac-
    count of: with for.
     The night, so impudently fixed for my last, made
   little impression on myself; but I cannot answer for
   my family.                             Swift.
 5.  To give an account.
     How they have been since received, and so well
   improved, let  those answer either to God or man,
   who have been the authors and promoters  of such
   wise council.                         Temple.
     He wants a father, to protect his youth,
   And rear him up to virtue.  You must bear
   The future blame, and answer to the world,
   When you refuse the easy honest means
   Of taking care of him.                Southern.
 6. To correspond to; lo suit with.
     As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of
   man to  man.                   Prov. xxvii. 19.
 7. To be equivalent to; to stand for some-
   thing else.
     A feast is made for laughter, and wine  maketh
   merry; but money answereth all things.  Eccl. x. 19.
 8. To satisfy any claim or petition of right
   or justice.
     Zelmane with rageful eyes bade him defend him-
   self; for no less than his life would ansioer it.  Sidney.
     Revenge the jeering and disdain'd contempt
   Of this proud king,  who studies day and night
   To answer all the debt be owes unto you,
   Ev'n with the bloody payments of your deaths. Shaks.
     Let his neck annoer for it,  if there is any martial
   law in the world.                   Shakspeare.
    Men no sooner find their appetites unanswered,
  than they complain toe times are injurious. Raleigh.
    That yearly rent is still paid, even as the former
  casualty itself was wont to be, in parcel meal paid
  in and answered.                       Bacon.
9. To act reciprocally.
    Say, do'stthou yet the Roman harp command?
  Do the strings ansioer to thy noble hand?     Dryd.
10. To stand as opposite or correlative to
   something else.
    There can but two things create love, perfection
  and usefulness; to  which answer, on  our part, 1.
  Admiration; and, 2. Desire: and both these are cen-
  tered in love.                          Taylor.
11. To bear proportion to.
    Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they
  answered the bulk of so prodigious a person.   Swift.
12. To perform what is endeavoured or in-
   tended by the agent.
    Our part is, to choose out the most deserving ob-
  jects, and the most likely to answer the ends of our
  charity; and, when this is done, all is done, that lies
  in our power: the rest must be left to providence.
                                    Atterbury.
13. To comply with.
    He dies, that touches of this fruit,
  Till I and my affairs are answered.    Shakspeare.
14. To  succeed;  to produce the wished
   event.
    Jason  followed her counsel;  whereto when the
  event had answered, he again demanded toe fleece.
                                      Raleigh.
    In operations upon bodies for their version or al-
  teration, the trial in great quantities doth not ansioer
  the trial in small: and so deceiveto many.  Bacon.
15. To appear to any call, or authoritative
   summons; in which sense, though figu-
   ratively,  the following passage may be,
   perhaps, taken.
    Thou wert better in thy grave, than to answer with
  thy uncovered body, this extremity of the skies.
16. To be over-against any thing.
    Fire answers fire; and, by their paly beams,
  Each battle sees the other's umber'd face.  Shaksp.

A'NSWER,an'sur.4!,6TO. *. [from To answer]
1. That which is said, whether in speech
   or  writing, in return to a question, or
   position.
    It was a right ansioer of the physician to his pa-
  tient, that had sore eyes: If you have more pleasure
  in wine than in your sight, wine is good.    Locke.
    How can we think of appearing at that tribunal,
  without being able  to give a ready ansioer to the
  questions, which he shall then put to us, about the
  poor and the afflicted, the hungry and the naked, the
  sick and  imprisoned?                 Atterbury.
2. An account to be given to the demand
   of  justice.
    He'll call you to so hot an answer for it,
  That you shall chide your trespass.    Shakspeare.
3. In law, a  confutation  of a  charge ex-
   hibited against a  person.
    A personal answer ought to have three qualities;
  it ought to be pertinent to the  matter in hand; it
  ought to  be absolute and unconditional; it ought to
  be clear and certain.                    Ayliffe.
A'nswer-jobber,  dn'sur-job-bur.  to.  s.
   [from answerandjobber.] Hethatmakes
   a trade of writing answers.
    What  disgusts me from having any thing  to do
  with ansioer-jofcoers, is that toey have no conscience.
                                       Swift.
A'nswerable, an'sur-a-bl.475 adj.  [from
   answer.]
1. That  to which a reply may be made;
   that which may be answered; as, the ar-
   gument, though subtle, is yet an»vjerable.
2. Obliged to give an account; obliged to
  answer any demand of justice; or stand
  the trial of an accusation.
    Every chief of every kindred or family should be
  answerable, and bound to bring forth every one of
  that kindred, at all times, to be justified, when he
  should be required, or charged with any treason or
  felony.                Spenser's State of Ireland
    Will any man argue, that if a physician should
  manifestly prescribe  poison  to all his patients, he
  cannot be justly punished, but is ansteeraWe only to
  God?                                 Swift.
    He cannot'think ambition more justly laid to their
  charge, than to other men; because that would be
  to make church government  answerable for the er-
  rours of human nature.                  Swift.
3. Correspondent.
    It was but such a likeness, as an imperfect glass
  doth give; answerable enough in some features and
  colours, but erring in others.            Sidney.
    The  daughters of Atlas were ladies who, accom-
  panying such as came to be  registered among  the
  worthies, brought forth children answerable in quali-
  ty to those that begot them.             Raleigh.
4. Proportionate; suitable.
                 Only add
  Deeds to thy knowledge anstoeraWe; add faith,
  Add virtue, patience, temperance; add love
  By name to come call'd charity, the  soul
  Of all the rest.                        Milton.
   Suitable; suited.
    The following, by certain estates of men, answera-
  ble to that, which a great person himself professed)
  (as of soldiers to  him, that hath been employed in
  the wars) hath been a thing well taken even in mon-
  archies.                             Bacon.
    If answerable style I can obtain
  Of my celestial patroness.               Miltm\.
6. Equal; equivalent.
    There be no kings, whose means are answerable
  unto  other men's desires.               Raleigh.
7. Relative; correlative.
    That, to every petition for things  needful, there
  should be some answerable sentence of thanks pro-
  vided particularly to follow, is not requisite. Hooker.
A'nswerably,  an'sfir-a-ble. adv. [from
  answerable.]   In  due  proportion; with
  proper correspondence;  suitably.
    The  broader seas are, if toey be entire, and free
  from islands, they are answerably deeper.
                       Brerewood on Languages.
    It  bears light sorts, into  the atmosphere, to a
  greater or lesser height, answerably to the greater
  or lesser intenseness of the heat.     '  Woodward.
A'nswerableness, an'stir-a-bl-ndss. n. s.
   [from answerable.] The quality of being
   answerable.                        Diet.

A'nswerer, an'stlr-ur.se4 to. s.  [from an-
   swer.]
1.  He that answers; he that speaks in  re-
   turn  to what  another has spoken.
    I know your mind, and I will satisfy it; neither
  will I do it like a niggardly answerer, going no  fur-
  ther than the bounds of the question      Sidney.
2. He that manages the controversy against
   one that has written first.
     It is very unfair in any writer to employ ignorance
  and malice together; because it gives his answerer
  double work.                           Swift.
Ant, am. to. s.   [aemecc, Sax.  which Ju-
   nius  imagines, not without  probability,
   to  have  been first contracted to aemc,
   and then softened to ant.] An emmet; a
   pismire.   A small insect that  lives in
   great numbers together in hillocks.
     We'll set thee to school to an ant, to teach  thee
  there is no lab'ring in toe winter.      Shakspeare
     Metoinks, all cities now but ant-hills are,
  Where when the several labourers I see, 
ANT
ANT
ANT
   For children, house, provision, taking paia;
   They're all but ants, carrying eggs, straw, and grain.
                                      Donne.
     Learn each small people's genius, policies;
   The ant's republick, and toe realm of bees.  Pope.
 Ant-bear, ant'bare.78 to. *.  [from ant and
    bear.] An  animal that feeds on ants.
     Divers quadrupeds feed upon insects; and some
   live wholly upon them; as two sorts of tamanduas
   upon ants, which therefore are called in English
   ant-bear*.                             Ray.

 Ant-hill, or hillock, ant'hil. ». *. [from
    ant and hill.]  The small protuberances
    of earth, in which ants make their nests.
     Put blue flowers into an ant-hill, they will be stain-
   ed with red; because toe ants drop upon them their
   stinging liquor, which hath the effect of oil of vitriol.
                                        Ray
     Those, who have seen ant-hi(locks, have easily
   perceived those small heaps of corn about their nests.
                                     Addison.
 An't, ant. A  contraction  for and it, or
    rather and if it; as, an't please you; that
    is, and if it please you.
 Anta'gonist, an-tag'6-nlst. n. s.  [xvrl and
    uyufi^a.]

  1. One who contends with  another; an op-
    ponent.  It implies generally a personal
    and particular opposition.
     Our antagonists in these controversies may have
   met with some not unlike to Ithacius.     Hooker
               What was set before him,
   To heave, pull, draw, and break, he still perform'd,
   None daring to appear antagonist.       Milton.
     It is  not fit,, that the history of a person should
   appear, till toe prejudice both of his antagonists and
   adherents be softened and subdued.      Addison.
 2. Contrary.
     The short club consists of those, who are under
   five  feet; ours is to be composed  of such,  as are
   above six.  These we look upon,  as the two ex-
   tremes and antagonists of the species;  considering
   all those as neuters, who fill  up the middle space.
                                     Addison.
 3. In  anatomy, the antagonist  is that mus-
   cle which counteracts  some other.
     A relaxation of a muscle must produce a spasm
   in its antagonist, because the equilibrium is destroy-
   ed.                              Arbuthnot.
 To Anta'gonize,  an-tag'6-nize.  v.  to.
   [from «»tJ and xymi£a.]   To contend
   against another.                   Diet.
 Anta'lgick, an-tal'jik.  adj.  [from  **t)
   against, and Hxy®*, pain  ]   That which
   softens pain;  anodyne.
 ANTANACLA'SIS, ant-a-na-kla'sls. n. *.
   [Lat. from xvlxvAxXxo-tc., from avlaixxXxu
   to drive back.]
 1. A figure in  rhetorick, when the same
   word is repeated in a different, if not in
   a contrary signification; as, In thy youth
   learn some  craft, that in  old age  thou
   mayst  get  thy  living  without craft.
   Craft, in the first place, signifies sci-
   ence or occupation; in the  second, de-
   ceit or subtility.
2. It is also a returning to the matter at
   the  end of a long parenthesis; as, Shall
   that heart,  (which does  not only  feel
   them, but hath all motion  of his life pla-
   ced  in them) shall that heart, / say, &c.
                        Smith's Rhetorick.
ANTAPHRonx'Ticx, anta-fr6-dlt'ik.  adj.
  JTrom xrr) against, and ' A^aftm,  Ve-
   nus.] That which  is efficacious  against
   the venereal disease.
 ANTAPOPLE'cTicK,ant-ap-p6.plek'tik.arf/'.
   [*vt< against,  and  *irozrXii%i<;  an  apo-
   plexy.]  Good against an apoplexy.
 Anta'rctick,  an-tark'tlk.  adj.  [*vti  a-
   gainst, and xf *7©°j the bear or northern
   constellation.]   The  southern  pole, so
   called,  as being opposite to the northern.
     Downward as far as antarctick.        Milton.
     They that had 6ail'd from near to' antarctick pole,
   Their treasure safe, and all their vessels whole,
   In sight of their dear country ruined be,
   Without the guilt of either rock or sea.     Waller.
 Antarthri'tick, ant-kr-thril'ik.adj. [xvri
   against, and x^^hn,  the gout.   Good
   against the gout.
 Antasthma'tick,   ant-ast-mat'tik.  adj.
   [from xvri  and xrH-fcx]  Good against
   the asthma.
 A'NTH, an'te.   A  Latin particle  signify-
   ing before, which is frequently used  in
   composition;  as, antediluvian,  before
   the flood; antechamber, a chamber lead-
   ing into another apartment.
 A'nteaot, an'te-akt.  to. *.  [from  ante and
   act.]  A former act.
 Anteambula'tion,  an-te-am-bu-la'shun.
   to. s.  [from ante and ambulatio, Lat.]  A
   walking before.                   Diet.
 To  ANTECE'DE, an-te-sede'. v. a. [from
   ante, before,  and cedo, to go.]  To  pre-
   cede; to go before.
     It seems consonant to reason, that the fabrick of
   toe world did not long antecede its motion.    Hale.
 Antece'dence,   an-te-se'dense.   to.   s.
   [from antecede.]   The  act or state  of
   going before; precedence.
     It is impossible,  that  mixed bodies can be eter-
   nal ; because there is necessarily a pre-existence of
   simple bodies, and an antecedence of their constitu-
   tion, preceding the existence of mixed bodies.  Hale.
 Antece'dent, an-te-se'd£nt.  adj. [antece-
   dens, Lat.]
 I. Going  before;  preceding.   Antecedent
   is used, I  think, only  with regard to
   time, precedent with regard both to time
   and place.
    To assert, that God looked upon Adam's fall as
  a sin, and punished it, when (without any antecedent
  sin of his) it was impossible for him not to fall; seems
  a thing that highly reproaches essential equity and
  goodness.                             South.
 2. It has to before the thing which is  sup-
   posed to follow.
    No one  is so hardy as to say, God is in his debt;
  that he  owed him a nobler being: for existence must
  be antecedent to merit.                  Collier.
    Did the blood first exist, antecedent to the forma-
  tion of the heart?  But that is, to set the effect be-
  fore the cause.                       Bentley.
 Antecedent, an-te-se'dent. to. s. [antece-
   dens,  Lat.]
 1. That which goes before.
    A  duty  of so mighty an influence, that it is  in-
  deed the necessary antecedent, if not also the direct
  cause of a  sinner's return to God.         South.
2. In grammar, the  noun to which the re-
   lative is subjoined; as, the man  who
   comes hither.
   Let him learn toe right joining of substantives
  with adjectives, the noun with the verb, and the re-
  lative with the antecedent.              Ascham.
3.  In logick, the first proposition of an en-
    thymeme,  or argument consisting only
    of two propositions.
     Conditional  or hypothetical propositions are those,
   whose parts are united by the conditional particle if;
   as, if the sun be fixed, toe earth must move; if there
   be no fire, there will be no smoke.  The first part
   of these propositions,  or that wherein the condition
   is contained, is called toe antecedent; toe other is
   called the conseguent.             Watts's Logick.
 Antecedently,   an-te-se'dent-le.  udv
   [from antecedent.]   In the state of  an-
   tecedence,  or going before; previously.
     We consider him antecedently  to  his creation,
   while he yet Jay in toe barren womb of nothing, and
   only in the number of possibilities.         South
 ANT£C£'SSOR,an-te-s(ls'&nr.n.s.[Lat.]
   One who goes before, or leads  another;
   the principal.                      Diet.
 Antecha'mber,  an'te-tsham-bur,  to.   s.
   [from  ante  before,  and  chamber;  it i6
   generally   written,  improperly,  anti-
   chamber.]   The chamber  that  leads to
   the  chief apartment.
    The empress has the antichambers past,
  And this way moves with a disorder'd haste. Dryd.
    His antichamber, and room of audience, are little
  square chambers wainscoted.           Addison-
 ANTECU'RSOR,   an-te-kur'sur. «.   s.
   [Lat ]   One who runs before.     Diet.
 To  A'NTEnATE, an'te-date.  v.  a. [from
   ante, and do, datum, Lat.]
 I. To  date earlier than the real time, so as
   to confer a  fictitious antiquity.
    Now thou hast lov'd  me one whole day;
  To-morrow, when thou leav'st, what wilt thou say?
  Wilt thou then  antedate some new-made vow,
  Or say,  that now
  We are not just those persons, which we were?
                                     Donne.
    By reading, a man does (as it were) antedate his
  life, and make himself contemporary with the ages
  past.                                Collier.
 2. To  take something before the proper
   time.
    Our joys below it can improve,
  And antedate the bliss above.              Pope.
 Anteoilu'vian,   an-te-de-lu'vfi-an.  adj.
   [from  ante   before, and diluvium, a de-
   luge.]
 I. Existing before the deluge.
    During  the time of toe deluge, all the stone  and
  marble of the antediluvian earth were totally  dis-
  solved.                           Woodward.
 2. Relating to things existing before the
   deluge.
    The text intends only the line  of Seth, condu-
  ceable unto the genealogy of our Saviour, and  the
  antediluvian chronology.      Brown's Vulg. Err.
 Anteoilu'vian,  an-te-de-lu've-an,  to.   s.
   One that lived before the flood.
    We are so far from repining at God, that he hath
  not extended the period of our lives to the longevity
  of the antediluvians; that we give  him thanks for
  contracting the  days of our trial.         Bcntlev
 A'ntelope, an'te-lope. to. *. [The etymo-
   logy is uncertain]   A goat with curled
  or wreathed horns.
    The antelope, and wolf both fierce and fell.  Sptns.
Antemeri'dian, an-te-me-rldj-e-an.29*  "6
   607 adj. [from ante, before, andmeridian,
  noon.]   Before noon.
Anteme'tick,  ant-e-met'ik.   adj.  [xn\
  against,  and  v/ata  to  vomit.] That,
   which  has the  power  of  calming the
  stomach;  of preventing  or  stopping
  vomiting. 
A N 1
ANT
ANT
\sTEMu'»r>ANE,  an-te-mua'dane.   adj. I
  [ante  before,  and mundus the  world.]
  That which was before the  creation of
  the world.
Antenu'mber, an-te-mlm'b\ir. «. s. [from
  ante  and number.]   The number that
  precedes another.
    Whatsoever virtue is in numbers, for conducing to
  consent of notes, is rather to be ascribed to the an-
  tenumber,  than to the entire number; as that the
  sound retorneth after six, or after twelve: so that
  the seventh or thirteenth is  not the matter, but the
  sixth or the twelfth.                    Bacon.
A'ntepast,  an'te-past.  to. s. [from  ante,
  before, andpastum to  feed.] A foretaste;
  something taken before the proper  time.
    Were we to expect our bliss only in the satiating
  our appetites, it might be reasonable, by frequent
  antepasts, to excite our gust  for that  profuse  perpe-
  tual meal.                     Decay of Piety.
 Vntepenult, an-te-pe-nult.' to. s. [antepe-
  nultima, Lat.]  The  last  syllable but
  two, as the syllable te  in antepenult:  a
   term of grammar.
Antepile'ptick,  ant-ep-e-lep'tik.   adj.
   [a»ri and eViW^/s ] A medicine against
   convulsions.
    That bezoar is antidotal, lapis judaicus diureti-
  cal, coral antepileptical, we  will not deny.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 To A'ntepone, an'te-pone. v. a.  [antepo-
   no, Lat]  To set one thing before an-
   other; to prefer one thing to another.
                                      Diet.
 ANTEPREni'cAMENT,an-te-pre-dlk'a-m£nt.
   w. 8. [antepredicamentum, Lat.] Some-
   thing to be known in the study of logick,
   previously to the doctrine of the predi-
   cament.
 ANTERio'RiTY,an-te-re-6r're-te. to. s.  [from
   anteriour.]   Priority; the state of being
    before, either in time or situation.
 Ante'riour,  an-te're-ur. adj.  [anterior,
    Lat.]  Going before, either with regard
    to time or place.
     If that be the anteriour or upper part, wherein
   the senses are placed; and that the posteriour and
   lower part, which is opposite thereunto: there is no
   inferiour or former part in  this animal;  for the sen-
   ses, being placed at both extremes, make both ends
   anteriour; which is impossible.
                       Broion's Vulgar Errours.
 A'NTES, an'teze. to. s. [Lat.]  Pillars  of
    large dimensions that support the front
    of a building.
 Antesto'maoh,  an'te-stftm-Ak.186  to.  s.
    [from  ante before, and stomach/]  A ca-
    vity, which leads into the stomaoh.
     In birds there is no mastication  or comminution
   of the meat in the mouth; but it  is immediately
   swallowed into a kind of antestomach, which I have
   observed in piscivorous birds.              Ray.
 Anthelmi'nthick, an-thkl-min'thik.  adj.
    [xvt} against, and eXfuvtlo$ a worm.] That
    which kills worms.
     Anthelminthkks (or contrary to worms) are things,
   which are known by experience to kill them, as oils,
   or honey, taken upon an empty stomach. Arbuthnot.
 A'NTHEMjJUYVMm.TO. s. [xv$vfA,m, a hymn
    sung in alternate parts, and should there-
    fore be written anthymn]  A holy song;
    a song performed as part of divine ser-
    vice.
    God Moses first; then David did inspire,
  To compose antliems for his heavenly quire.
                                   Denham.
    There is no passion, that is not finely expressed
  in those parts of toe inspired writings, which arc
  proper for divine songs and anthems.     Addison.
Antho'logy, an-J/iol-o'je.818 to. s. [xvSoXa-
  ytx, from xvS-os a  flower, and Xeyu to
  gather.]
I. A collection of flowers.
2. A collection of devotions in the  Greek
  church.
3. A collection of poems.
A'nthony's-fi're, an'to-niz-fire'. to. s. A
  kind of erysipelas.
A'NTHRAX, an'^raks. to. s.  [*»%*!, a
  burning  coal.]   A scab or blotch, that
  is made by a corrosive humour, which
  burns  the skin, and  occasions   sharp
  pricking pains; a carbuncle.   Quincy.
Anthropo'logy,  an-Mro-pol'6-je.  to.  s.
  [from xvS-guzret man,  and Xeya  to  dis-
  course.]  The doctrine of anatomy; the
  form and  structure of  the body of man.
Anthropomo'rphite,   an-JAro-po-mor'-
  fite. to. s. [xt6^u7eofM^<p»i]   One, who
  believes a human form in the Deity.
    Christians, as well as Turks, have had whole sects
  contending, that the Deity was corporeal and of hu-
  man  shape; though few profess themselves anthropo-
  morphites, yet we may find many amongst the igno-
  rant of that opinion.                   Locke.
 Anthropo'pathy, an-thrb-rtop'i-the. to. a.
   [uvfyuirts man, and ?r«S«« passion.] The
   sensibility of man;  the passions of man.
 ANTHROPO'PHAGI, an-*Ar6-p6f'a-ji.
   to. s. It has no aingular. [ctv$ga7ros man
   and <pkyu to eat.]  Man-eaters;  canni-
   bals, those that  live upon human flesh.
    The cannibals that each other eat,
  The anthropophagi, and men whose heads
  Do grow beneath their shoulders. Shaksp. Othello.
 Anthropophagi'nian,  an-Mro-pof-a.-jin''-
   ne-an. to. a.  A ludicrous word, formed
   by  Shakspeare, from anthropophagi, for
   the sake  of a formidable sound.
     Go, knock, and call; he'll speak, like an anthro-
  pophaginian, unto thee; knock I say.      Shaksp.
 Anthropo'phagy, an-^ro-pof'a-je. to.  s.
    [uvB-^a-rraq man, and Qxya to eat.]   The
    quality of eating human flesh, or man-
    eating.
     Upon slender foundations  was raised the anthro-
  pophagy of Diomedes his horses.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
  Anthropo'sophy, ibwAro-pos'o-fe.  to .*.
    [uvS-guTFos man, and o-t$!x, wisdom.] The
    knowledge of the nature of man.
 Anthypno'tiok, ant-hip-not'ik. adj. [from
    xvr) against,and iVv«$ sleep.] That,which
    has the power of preventing sleep; that,
    which  is efficacious against  a lethargy.
 Anthypochondhi'aok,   ant-hip-p6-kon'-
    dre-ak609 adj.  [from xvr) against, and
    v-Bo%wfylxKt<$] Good  against hypochon-
    driack maladies.
 ANTHYPO'PHORA,  ant-hip-p6f'f6r-a.
    to.  s. [xv3-v7ro<popx''.] A figure in  rheto-
    rick, which signifies  a contrary illation
    or inference, and is, when an objection
    is refuted or disproved  by  the opposi-
    tion of a contrary sentence.      Smith.
Anthyste'rick,   ant-his-ter'rik.«00  adj.
  [from xvr) against, and «V«j«*»«•]   Good
  against bystericks.
A'NTI, an'te. [*vtJ.]  A  particle  much
  used in composition, with words derived
  from the Greek, and signifies  contrary
  to; as, antimonarchical, opposite to mo-
  narchy.
Antia'cid, Sn-te-as'id.  adj.  [from *itJ,
  and acidus  sour.]  Contrary to sourness;
  alkaline.
    Oils are antiacids, so far as they blunt acrimony;
  but as they are hard of digestion, they produce acri-
  mony of another sort.               Arbuthnot.
Antichache'otiok, an-te-ka-kek'tik. adj.
  [from xvt)  against, and Ka^egi's  a bad
  habit.]   Things adapted to the cure of
  a bad constitution.
Anticha'mber,   an-te-tsham'bur.  n.  s.
  This word is corruptly written for ante-
  chamber; which see.
Antichri'stian,  an-te-kris'tshfln.  adj.
  [from  avn  against, and %g<r<«vo; chris-
  tian.]  Opposite to Christianity.
    That despised, abject, oppressed sort of men, the
  ministers, whom the world would make anficAri*
  tian, and so deprive them of heaven.      South.
Antichri'stianism, an-te-krls'tshun-lsm.
  to.  s. [from antichristian]   Opposition
  or contrariety to Christianity.
    Have we not seen many, whose opinions have
  fastened upon one another the brand of anHcAris(ta?ip
  ism?                         Decay of Piety.
Antichristia'nity,  an-te-kris-tshe-an'e-
   te. to. s. [from an tic hris tian.]   Contra-
   riety to Christianity.
Anti'chronism, an-te-kro'nlzm. ». s. [xm
   against, and  xpovos time.]   Deviation
   from the right order or account of time.
 To ANTICIPATE, an-tls'se-pate. v. a.
   [anticipo,  Lat.]
 1. To take something sooner than another,
    so as to prevent him that comes after;
    to take first possession.
     God hath taken care to  anticipate  and prevent
   every man to draw him early into his church; to
  give Piety toe prepossession, and so to engage him
   in holiness.                       Hammond.
     If our Apostle had maintained such an anticipa-
   ting principle, engraven upon our souls before all
   exercise of reason; why did he talk of seeking the
   Lord, seeing that the  knowledge of him was innate
   and perpetual?                      Bentley.
 2.  To take up before the time at which any
    thing, might be regularly had.
     I find, I have anticipated already, and taken up
   from Boccace, before I come to him; but I am of the
   temper of kings, who are for present money, no mat-
    ter how they pay it.                  Dryden.
    To foretaste,  or take an impression of
    something, which is not yet, as if it real-
    ly was.
      The life of the desperate equals toe anxiety  of
    death,  who  but act  the life of toe damned, and
    anticipate toe desolations of hell. Brown's Vul. Err.
               Why should we
    Anticipate our sorrows? 'tis like those,
    That die for fear of death.             Denham
   . To  prevent any thing by  crowding  in
    before  it; to preclude.
      Time, thou anticipat'st my dread exploits;
    The flighty purpose never is o'ertook,
    Unless toe deed go with it.          Shakspeare-
      I am far from pretending to instruct the profes-
    sion, or anticipating their directions to such  as  are
    under their government.              A\buihrwt- 
ANT                                      ANT                                    ANT
Anticipation,  an-tis-se-pa'sh<in.   n.   a.
   [from  anticipate]
1. The act of taking up something before
   its time.
    The golden number gives  the new moon four
  days too late, by reason of the aforesaid anticipa-
  tion and  our neglect of it.               Holder.
    It  is not enough, to be miserable when the time
  comes; unless we make ourselves so beforehand, and (
  by anticipation.                    L'Estrange.
2. Foretaste.
    If we really live under toe hope of future happi-
  ness, we shall taste it by way of anticipation and
  forethought; an image of it will meet our minds
  often, and stay there, as all pleasing expectations do.
                                    Atterbury.
3. Opinion  implanted before the reasons
   of that opinion can  be known.
    The east and west, the north and south, have the
  same anticipation concerning one  supreme disposer
  of things.                         Stillingfieet.
    What nation is there, that, without any teaching,
  have not a kind of anticipation, or preconceived no-
  tion of a Deity?                      Denham.
A'ntiok, aii'tlk. adj.  [probably  from  an-
   tiquus ancient, as things out of use ap-
   pear   old.]    Odd;  ridiculously  wild;
   buffoon in  gesticulation.
             What! dares the slave
  Come hither covered with an antick  face,
  And fleer and score at our solemnity?
                   Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliet.
    Of all our antick sights, and pageantry,
  Which English idiots run in crowds to see.   Dryd.
    The prize was to be conferred upon the whistler,
  that  could go through his tune without laughing,
  though provoked by the  antick postures of a merry
  Andrew, who was to play tricks.        Addison.
A'ntiok, an'tlk. to. s.
1. He that plays anticks; he that uses odd
   gesticulation; a buffoon.
          Within the hollow crown,
  That rounds the mortal temples of a  king,
  Keeps death his court; and there toe  antick sits,
  Scoffing his state.                   Shakspeare.
    If you should smile, he grows impatient.—
  Fear not, my lord, we can contain ourselves,
  Were he the veriest antick in the world.   Shaksp.
2. Odd appearance.
    A work of rich entail and curious mould,
  Woven with auticks and wild imagery.    Fairy Q.
    For, ev'n at first reflection, she espies
  Such toys, such anticks, and such vanities;
  As she retires and shrinks, for shame and fear.
                                      Davies.
To  A'ntiok,  an'tik. v. a. [from antick.]
   To make antick.
             Mine own tongue
  Splits what it speaks;  the wild disguise hath almost
  Antickt us all.                     Shakspeare.

Vntickly, an'tik-le.  adv.  [from antick]
   In  an antick manner; with odd  postures;
  wild gesticulations, or  fanciful appear-
  ance.
    Scrambling, out-facing, fashion-mongring boys;
  That lye, and cog, and flout, deprave, and slander,
  Go antickly, and shew an outward hideousness,
  And speak of half a dozen dangerous  words. Shaksp.
ANTICLIMAX,  an-te-kli'maks.   to.   s.
  [from  xvri,  and  *A«'/tt«| a  ladder.]  A
  sentence, in which the last part expres-
  ses something lower than the  fi' st.
    A certain  figure, which was unknown to the  an-
  cients, is  called by some an anticlimax.    Addison.
    This distich is frequently mentioned as an exam-
  ple:
    Next comes Dalhoussey, the  great  god of war,
  Lieutenant col'nel to the earl of Mar.
Axticonvu'lsive, an-te-con-vul'siv. adj.
      VOL.  I.
   [from  xn)  against,  and   convulsive]
   Good against convulsions.
    Whatsover produces an inflammatory disposition
  in the blood, produces the asthma, as anticonvulsive
  medicines.                            Floyer.
A'NTICOR, an'te-kor. to. s.  [from  xvr),
   against and cor the heart.]
    A preternatural  swelling of a round figure, occa-
  sioned by a sanguine and bilious humour, and ap-
  pearing in a horse's breast, opposite to his heart.
  An anticor may kill a horse, unless it be brought to
  a suppuration by good remedies.    Farrier's Diet.
Antico'urtier,  an-te-core'tshiir.  n. s.
   [from  «vti agaiust,  and courtier.]  One
   that opposes the court.
A'NTinoTAL, an'le-do'titl. adj. [from anti-
   dote/]  That which has the quality of an
   antidote, or the power of counteracting
   poison.
    That bezoar is antidotal, we shall not deny.
                                      Broicn.
    Animals, that can  innoxiously digest these poi-
  sons, become  antidotal to toe poison digested.
                       Brown's  Vulgar Eirours.
A'ntidote, an'te-dote.TO. s. [*vt/^«7@-, an-
   tidotus,Lat/\A thing given in opposition
   to something else.
    A medicine, given to expel toe mischiefs of ano-
  ther, as of poison.                     Quincy.
              Trust not the physician;
  His antidotes are poison, and he slays
  More than you rob.                 Shakspeare.
    What fool would believe that antidote, delivered
  by Pierius, against toe sting of a scorpion? to sit up-
  on an ass, with one's face towards his tail.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Poison will work against the stars: beware;
  For ev'ry meal an  antidote prepare.  Dryden, jun.
Antidysente'riok,   an-te-dis-sen-ter'lk.
   adj. [from  xvr) against, and dysenteria
   a bloody flux.] Good against the bloody
   flux.
Antife'brile, an-te-feVrll.140  adj. [from
   xiri against, and febris a fever.] Good
   against fevers.
   Antifebrile medicines check toe ebullition. Floyer.
Antilo'garithm, an-te-l&g'a-rkAm.  to. *.
   [from xvt) against, and logarithm]
    The complement of the logarithm of  a sine,  tan-
  gent,  or secant; or  the difference of that logarithm,
  from the logarithm of ninety degrees.    Chambers.
Anti'logy, an-til'o-je."18 ». s. [xvrtXoyix.]
   A contradiction between any words and
   passages in an  author.            Diet.
Anti'loquist, an-til'16-kwist. to. s. [from
   xvr) against, and loquor to speak.]   A
   contradictor.                      Diet.
Antimona'rchical, an-te-mo-nar'ke-kal.
   adj. [from xrri against, and turtx^xlx go-
   vernment by a single person.]  Against
   government by a single  person.
    When he spied the statue of king Charles in the
  middle of the crowd, and most of  the kings ranged
  over  their heads;  he concluded,  that an  antimo-
  narchkal assembly could never choose such a place.
                                     Addison.
ANTiMONA'RCHicALNEss,an-te-m6-nar'ke-
   kal-ness.  to. s.  [from  antimonarchical.]
   The quality of being an enemy to regal
   power.
Antimo'nial,  an-te-mo'ne-al.  adj.  [from
   antimony.] Made of antimony;  having
   the  qualities of antimony; relating to an-
   timony.
    They were got  out of the reach of antimonial
  fumes.                                <jreto
                       M
    Though antimonial cups, prepar'd with  art.
  Their force to wine through ages should imparl
  This dissipation, this profuse expence,
  Nor shrinks  their size, nor wastes their stores  im-
        mense.                     Blackmore.
A'NTIMONY, an'te-mun-e.636 to. s. [The
   stibium of the ancients, by the Greeks
   called rif*.i*.t.  The reason of its modern
   denomination is referred to Basil Valen-
   tine, a German monk;  who, as the tra-
   dition relates, having thrown some of it
   to the  hogs, observed that, after  it had
   purged them heartily, they immediately
   fattened; and therefore  he imagined his
   fellow  monks would be the better for a
   like dose.   The experiment, however,
   succeeded so ill, that they all died of it;
   and  the medicine  was thenceforward
   called  antimoine, antimonk.]
    Antimony is a mineral substance, of a metalline
  nature, having all toe seeming characters of a real
  metal, except malleability; and may be called a se-
  mimetal, being a fossile glebe of some undetermined
  metal, combined with a sulphurous and stony sub-
  stance.  Mines of all metals afford it; that in gold
  mines is reckoned best. It has also its own mines in
  Hungary,  Germany, and France.  Its texture is full
  of little shining veins or threads, like needles; brit-
  tle as glass. Sometimes veins of a red or golden co-
  lour are intermixed, which is called male antimony;
  that without them being denominated female anti-
  mony. It fuses in the fire, though with some difficul-
  ty; and dissolves more easily in water.  It destroys
  and dissipates all metals fused with it, except gold;
  and is therefore  useful in refining.  It is a  common
  ingredient in speculums, or burning concaves; serv-
  ing to give them a finer polish.  It makes a part in
  bell metal; and renders the sound more clear. It is
  mingled with, tin, to make it more hard, white, and
  sound; and with lead, in toe casting of printers' let-
  ters, to render them more smooth and firm.  It is a
  general help in the melting of metals, and especially
  in casting of cannon balls.  In pharmacy it is used
  under various forms,  and with various  intentions,
  chiefly as an emetick.                Chambers.
Antinephri'tick,    an'te-ne-frlt'ik.  adj.
   [from  xvt) and u^/tim;.]  Medicines
   good against diseases of  the reins and
   kidneys.
A'ntinomy,  an-t!n'6-me.818 to.s. [fromavT-i
   and vofM$.] A contradiction between two
i  laws, or two articles of  the same law.
    Antinomies are almost unavoidable in such varie-
  ty of opinions  and answers.               Baker.
Antiparaly'tick, an'te-par-a-llt-ik. adj.
   [from xtr\ and irxgxXv<rt$/]  Efficacious
   against the palsy.
Antipathe'tical, an'te-pa-Met'e-kal. adj.
   [from antipathy/] Having a natural con-
   trariety to any thing.
    The soil is fat and luxurious, and antipathetical to
  all venomous  creatures.     Howel's Vocal Forest.
Antipathe'tioalness,    an'te-pa-MeYe-
   kal-ness.   to. s.  [from  antipathetical.]
   The quality  or state of having a natural
   contrariety to any thing.           Diet.
ANTI'PATHY,   $n-t\p'&-the.*™    to.  s.
   [from  xvr] against,  and zrx$o< feeling;
   antipathie, Fr.]
I. A natural contrariety to any thing,  so
   as to shun it involuntarily; aversion; dis-
   like.   It is opposed to  sympathy.
    No contraries hold more antipathy,
  Than I and such a knave.            Shakspeare.
    To this perhaps might be justly attributed most
  of the sympathies and antipathies observable in men.
                                        Locke 
ANT
ANT                                     ANT
2. It has  sometimes  the particle against
   before the object of antipathy.
    I had a mortal antipathy against standing armies
  in times of peace; because I took armies to be hired
  liy the master of the family to keep his children in
  slavery.                               Swift.
3. Sometimes to.
    Ask you, what provocation I have had?
  The strong antipathy of good to bad.
  When truth or virtue, an affront endures,
  Th' affront is mine, my friend, and should be your's.
                                        Pope.
4. Formerly with; but improperly.
    Tangible bodies have an antipathy with air; and
  any liquid body, that is more dense, they will draw,
  condense, and (in effect) incorporate.       Bacon.
ANTIPERrSTASIS,an'te~\->e-r\s'ta-s\s.
   520 to. s.  [from xvTin-egirxcris,  formed of
   xvti, and Tc^iTXfMtt  to stand round.] The
   opposition of a contrary quality, by which
   the quality it opposes becomes heighten-
   ed  or intended; or the action by which
   a body, attacked by another, collects it-
   self, and becomes  stronger by such op-
   position; or an intention of the activity
   of one quality caused by the  opposition
   of another.    Thus quicklime is set on
   fire by the affusion of cold water; so wa-
   ter becomes warmer  in  winter than in
   summer; and thunder and lightning are
   excited in the middle region of the air,
   which is continually cold, and all by an-
   tiperistasis.   This is an  exploded prin-
   ciple in the Peripatetick philosophy.
    Th' antiperistasis of age
  More inflam'd his am'rous rage.          Coioley.
    The riotous prodigal detests covetousness; yet let
  him find the springs grow dry which feed his luxury,
  covetousness shall  be called in; and  so, by a strange
  antiperistasis, prodigality shall beget rapine.
                                Decay of Piety.
Antipestile'ntial,  an'te-pes-te-len'shal.
   adj. [from xvr) against, and pestilential]
   Efficacious against the  infection  of the
   plague.
    Perfumes correct the air before it is attracted by
  the lungs; or,  rather, antipestilential unguents, to
  anoint toe nostrils with.     Harvey on the Plague.
ANTI'PHRASIS,   fin-tlPfra-sis.*» to. *.
   [from xiTi against, and <ppx<ri<i a form of
   speech.] The use  of words in  a sense
   opposite to their proper meaning.
    You now find no cause to repent,  that you never
  dipt your hands in toe bloody high courts of justice,
  so called only by antiphrasis.              South.
anti'podal, an-tlp'6-dal.518 adj. [from an-
   tipodes.] Relating to the countries inha-
   bited by the antipodes.
    The Americans are antipodal unto the  Indians.
                                      Brown.
 iNTI'PODES, an-tip'6-dez. w. s.  It has
   no singular,   [from xvr)  against, and
   zrehi feet.]  Those people who, living
   on the other side of the globe, have their
   feet directly opposite to  ours.
    We should hold day with the antipodes,
  If you would walk in absence of the sun.    Shaksp.
    So shines toe sun, too' hence remov'd, as clear,
  When his  beams warm th' antipodes, as here.
                                      Waller.
A'ntipope, an'ie-pope.  to. s.  [from  xvr)
   against, and pope.] He that  usurps the
   popedom, in opposition to the right pope.
    This house is famous in history for the retreat of
  an antipope, who called himself Felix V.   Addison.
ANTIPTO'SIS, an-tlp-to'sis.530 «. s.[xv-
   ri7eruo-n]  A figure  in  grammar, by
   which one case is put for another.
A'NTiquARY, ar'te-kwa-re. to.  *. [antiqua-
   rius, Lat.] A man studious  of antiquity;
   a collector of ancient things.
    All arts, rarities, and inventions,  are but the re-
  licks of an intellect defaced with sin.  We admire
  it now, only  as artfiguaries do a piece of  old coin,
  for the stamp it once bore.                South.
    With sharpen'd sight pale antiquaries pore,
  Th' inscription value, but the rust adore.    Pope.
    The rude  Latin of the monks is still very intelli-
  gible: had their records been delivered in the vul-
  gar tongue,  they  could not now be understood, un-
  less by antiquaries.                     Swift.
A'ntiquary, an'te-kwa-re. adj.[Thisword
   is improper.] Old; antique.
                  Here's Nestor,
  Instructed by the  antiquary times;
  He must, he is, he cannot but be wise.   Shaksp.
To A'ntiquate, an'te-kwate.  v. a. [anti-
   quo, Lat.] To put out of usej to make
   obsolete.
    The growth of  Christianity in this kingdom might
  reasonably introduce new laws, and  antiquate or
  abrogate some old ones, that seemed less consistent
  with toe Christian doctrines.
                 Hale's Common Laio of England.
    Milton's Paradise Lost is admirable. But cannot
  I admire the height of his invention, and the strength
  of his expression, without defending his antiquated
  words, and the perpetual harshnes/of their sound?
                                     Dryden.
    Almighty Latium, with her cities crown'd,
  Shall like an antiquated fable sound.     Addison.
A'NTiquATEDNESs,an-te-kwa-ted-nes. to. *.
   [from  antiquated.] The state of being
   antiquated, worn out of use, or obsolete.
ANTI'QUE,  an-teek'."a adj. [antique,
   Fr.  antiquus, Lat.] It was formerly pro-
   nounced according to the F.nglish analo-
   gy,  with the accent on  the first syllable;
   but now after the French, with  the  ac-
   cent, on the last, at least in  prose; the
   poets  use it variously.]
1. Ancient;  old; not modern.
    Now, good Cesario, but that piece of song,
  That old and antique song, we heard last night.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Such truth in love, as to' antique world did know;
  In such a style, as courts might boast of now.
                                     Waller.
2. Of genuine antiquity.
    The seals which we have remaining of Julius Cae-
  sar, which we know to be antique, have the star of
  Venus over them.                      Dryden.
    My copper lamps, at any rate,
  For being true antique I bought;
    Yet wisely melted down my plate,
  On modern models to be wrought;
  And trifles I  alike pursue,
  Because they're old, because they're new.  Prior
3. Of old  fashion.
    Forth came that ancient lord  and aged queen,
  Array'd in antique robes down to toe ground,
  And  sad habiliments right well be  seen.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    Must  he no more divert the tedious day?
  Nor sparkling thoughts in antique words convey?
                  Smith to the Memory of Philips.
4. Odd;  wild; antick.
    Name not these living death-heads unto me;
  For these not ancient but antique be.     Donne.
    And sooner may a gulling weather-spy,
  By drawing forth  heav'n's scheme, tell certainly,
  What fashion'd hats, or ruffs, or suits, next year
  Our giddy-headed antique youth will wear. Doyme.
Antique, an-teek'.112 to. a. [from antique,
   adj.] An antiquity; a  remain of ancient
   times; an ancient rarity.
    I leave to Edward, now earl of Oxford, my seal
  of Julius Caesar;  as also another seal,  supposed to
  be a young Hercules; both very choice antiques, and
  set in gold.                            Swift.
Anti'queness, an-te£k'n£s. «. *. [from an-
   tique.] The quality of being antique; an
   appearance of antiquity.
    We may discover something venerable in the an-
  tiqueness of the work; but we would see toe design
  enlarged.        ^                   Addison.
Anti'quity, an-tik'kwe-te. to. *.  [antiqui-
   tas, Lat.]
I. Old times; time past long ago.
    I mention Aristotle, Polybius, and  Cicero the
  greatest philosopher, the most  impartial historian
  and toe  most consummate statesman, of all anti-
  quity.                              Addison.
2. The  people of old times; the ancients.
    That such pillars were raised by Seth, all anti-
  quity has avowed.                    Raleigh,
3. The works or remains of old times.
    As for the  observation of Machiavel, traducing
  Gregory the Great,  that he did what in him lay to
  extinguish all heathen antiquities: I do not find that
  those zeals last long; as  it appeared in the succes-
  sion of Sabinian, who did revive toe former antiqui-
  ties.                                 Bacon.
4. Old age: a ludicrous sense.
    Is not your voice broken? your wind short? your
  chin double? your wit single? and every part about
  you blasted with  antiquity? and will you yet call
  yourselfyoung?                    Shakspeare.
5.  Ancientness; as, this ring  is valuable
   for its antiquity.
ANTI'SCII, an-tis'se-i. to. *. It has no sin-
   gular. [from  xvr), and a-mx  shadow.] In
   geography, the people who inhabit on
   different sides of the equator, who con-
   sequently  at  noon have  their  shadows
   projected opposite ways. Thus the peo-
   ple of the north are Antiscii  to  those of
   the south; the one  projecting their sha-
   dows at noon toward the north pole, and
   the other toward the south  pole.
                                 Chambers.
Antiscorbu'tioal,   an'te-skor-bu'te-kal.
   adj. [from  xvr) against, and scorbutum
   the scurvy.] Good against the  scurvy.
    The warm  antiscorbutical plants,  in  quantities,
  will occasion stinking breath, and corrupt the blood.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Antiscorbu'tick, an'te-skor-bu'tik. adj.
   [from xvr) against,  and  scorbutum the
   scurvy.]  Good against the scurvy.
    The warm antiscorbuticks, animal diet, and ani-
  mal salts are proper.                Arbuthnot-
ANTI'SPASIS, an-tis'pa-sis. to.  *.  [from
   xvr) against, and mxu to draw.] The re-
   vulsion of any humour into another part,
Antispasmo'dick, an'te-spaz-mod'lk. adj.
   [from  xvr\ against,  and  o-xxtims the
   cramp.]  That which has the  power of
   relieving the cramp.
Antispa'stick, an-te-spas'tik. adj.  [from
   xvri  and a-nxs-ncos.]  Medicines,  which
   cause a revulsion of the  humours.
Antisplene'tick,  an'te-sphsn'e-tik.  adj.
   [from xvr)  and splenetick.] Efficacious
   in diseases  of the  spleen.
    Antispleneticks open the obstructions of the spleen.
                                      Floyer. 
1
                  ANT

 ANTI STROPHE,  an-tis'tro-fe.  to. a.
   [xvrirgopn, from xvr) the contrary way,
   and rtj»<P»  turning.] In an ode  supposed
   to be sung in parts, the second stanza of
   every three, or sometimes every second
   stanza; so called because the dance turns
   about.
 Antistruma'tiok, an'te-stru-mat'ik. adj.
   [from xvr), and struma  a  scrophulous
   swelling.] Good against the king's evil.
     I prescribed him a distilled milk, with antislru-
   malicks, and  purged him.             Wiseman.
 ANITTNESIS, an-ti^'e-sis. to. s. in  the
   plural antitheses, [xvr&ttrit;, placing in
   opposition.] Opposi' ion of words or sen-
   timents; contrast; as in  these lines:
               Though gentle,  yet not dull;
   Strong without rage; without o'erflowing, full.
                                     Denham.
     I see a chief, who leads my chosen sons,
   All arm'd with points, antitheses, and puns.  Pope.
 A'ntitvpe,  an'te-tlpe. to. s. [xvtitv7t<&'.]
   That which is resembled or shadowed
   out  by the type;  that of which the type
   is the representation. It is a term of the-
   ology.   See  Type.
     When once upon the wing, he soars to  an higher
   pitch, from toe type to the antitype, to the days of
   toe Messiah,  the ascension of our Saviour, and (at
   length) to his kingdom and dominion over all the
   earth.                       Burnet's Theory.
     He brought forth  bread and wine, and was the
   priest of toe most high God; imitating the antitype,
   or the substance, Christ himself.          Taylor.
 Antity'pical, an-te-tip'e-kal.  adj. [from
   antitype.]  That which  relates to an an-
   titype; that which explains the type.

 Antivene'real,   an'te-ve-ne're-al.  adj.
   [from xvt\ and venereal.] Good  against
   the venereal disease.
    If the lues be joined with it, you will scarce  cure
   your patient without exhibiting antivenereal  reme-
   dies.                              Wiseman.
 A'ntler, ant'lur.  w. *.  [andouillier, Fr.]
   Properly  the first branches of a stag's
   horns; but, popularly and generally, any
   of his branches.
    Grown old, toey grow less branched, and first lose
   their brow antlers, or lowest furcations next to the
   head.                               Broicn.
          A well-grown stag, whose antlers rise
   High o'er his  front, his beams invade the skies.
                                     Dryden.
               Bright Diana
  Brought hunted wild goats heads,  and branching
      antlers
  Of stags, the fruit and honour of her toil.    Prior.
ANTOE'CI, an-to'e-si. n. s. It has  no sin-
   gular. [Lat from avr\, and oineu, to  in-
   habit.] In  geography, those inhabitants
   of the earth who live under the same
   meridian, and at the same distance from
   the equator; the one towards the north,
   and the other to the south. Hence they
   have the same longitude; and their  lati-
  tude  is also the same, but of a different
  denomination.  They are  in the same se-
  micircle  of the meridian, but opposite
  parallels. They have precisely the same
  hours of the day and night, but opposite
  seasons; and the  night of the one is al-
  ways equal to the day of the other.
                                Chambers.
                  ANX

 ANTONOMA' SI A, an- to-no-nia'zhe-a.4*3
   to. s. [from xvr), and iva^x a name.]  A
   form of speech, in which, for a proper
   name, is put the name of some dignity,
   office,  profession, science,  or trade; or
   when a proper name is put in the room
   of an appellative.   Thus a king is cal-
   led his majesty; anobleman, his lordship.
   We say the philosopher instead of Aris-
   totle, and the orator for Cicero:  thus a
   man is called by the name of his coun-
   try, a German,  an Italian;  and a grave
   man is called a Cato, and a wise man a
   Solomon.            Smith's  Rhetorick_

 A'ntre,   an'tur.416 to. s. [autre, Fr. an-
   trum, Lat.]  A cavern;  a cave; a den:
   not in use.
          With all my travels history:
   Wherein of antres vast, and desarts idle,
   It was my bent to speak.                Shaksp.
 A'nvil, an'vil. n. s. [aenplle, Sax.]
 1. The iron block  on which the  smith lays
   his metal to be  forged.

     I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus,
   The whilst his iron did on his anvil cool.    Shaksp.
     On their eternal anvils here he found
   The brethren beating, and the blows go round.
                                     Dryden.
 2. Any thing on which blows are laid.
                      Here I clip
   The anvil of my sword, and do contest
   Hotly and nobly.                      Shaksp.
 3. Figuratively; to be  upon the  anvil, is to
   be in a state of formation or prepara-
   tion.
     Several members of our house, knowing what was
   upon the anvil, went to the clergy, and desired their
   judgment.                             Swift.
 Anxi'ety, ank-zi'e-te.479 480 to.  s. [anxie-
   tas,  Lat]
 1,. Trouble  of mind,  about  some future
   event; suspense, with uneasiness; per-
   plexity; solicitude.
     To  be happy, is not only  to be freed from the
   pains and diseases of the body, but from anxiety and
   vexation of  spirit; not only to enjoy  the pleasures
   of sense, but peace of conscience and tranquillity of
   mind.                              Tillotson.
 2. In  the  medical  language;  lowness  of
   spirits, with uneasiness of the stomach.
    In anxieties which attend fevers, when the cold fit
  is over, a warmer regimen may  be allowed: and,
  because anxieties often happen  by  spasms from
  wind, spices are useful.              Arbuthnot.
A'NXIOUS, ank'shus.*80  adj.   [anxius,
   Lat.]
1. Disturbed, about some uncertain event;
   solicitous; being  in painful  suspense;
   painfully uncertain.
    His pensive cheek upon his hand reclin'd,
  And anxious thoughts revolving in his mind.  Dryd.
    With beating hearts the  dire event they wait,
  Anxious and trembling for the birth of fate.   Pope.
2  Careful;  full of inquietude; unquiet.
    In youth alone, unhappy mortals live;
  But, all! the mighty bliss is fugitive:
  Discolour'd sickness, anxious labour come,
  And age, and death's inexorable  doom.  Dryden.
3.  Careful, as of a  thing  of great impor-
   tance.

   No writings we need to be solicitous ab.ut the
  meaning of, but those that contain truths  we are
  to believe, or laws we are to obey; we may be less
                   M 2
                  APA

   anxious about the sense of other authors.   Locke
 4. It has generally for or about, before the
    object: but sometimes of less properly.
     Anxious of neglect, suspecting change. Granville.
 A'nxiously, ank'shus-le. adv. [from anx-
    ious.]ln  an anxious manner; solicitous-
    ly;  unquietly; carefully; with  painful
    uncertainty.
     But, where the loss is temporal, every probability
   of it needs not put us  so anxiously to  prevent it,
   since it might be repaired again.          South.
     Thou, what befits the new lord mayor,
   And what the Gallick arms will do,
   Art anxiously inquisitive to know.         Dryden.
 A'nxioitsness,  ank'shus-nes. to. s.  [from
    anxious] The quality of being  anxious;
    susceptibility  of anxiety.
 A'ny, e^n'i.e.89 adj. [amg, emj; Sax.]
 1. Every; whoever he be; whatever it  be.
    It is, in all its senses, applied indiffer-
    ently to persons or things.
    I know, you  are now  (Sir) a gentleman born;
   Ay, and have been so, any time these four hours.
                                      Shaksp.
    You contented  yourself with being capable, as
   much  as any whosoever, of defending your country
   with your sword.                     Dryden.
    How fit is this  retreat, for uninterrupted study!
   Any one that  sees it will own, I could not have
   chosen a more likely place to converse with the dead
   in.                                   Pope.
 I. Whosoever; whatsoever; as distinguish-
   ed from  some other.
    What warmth  is there in your affection towards
   any of these princely suitors, that are already come;
                                      Shaksp.
    An inverted  motion; being begun any where be-
   low, continues itself all  the whole length.   Locke.
 3. It is used, in opposition to none.
    I wound, and I heal: neither is there any, that
   can deliver out of my hand.      Deut. xxxii. 39.
 A'orist, a'6-rist. w. s.[xog<s-«s.] Indefinite;
   a term in the  Greek grammar.
 AO'RTA, a-dr'ta to. s. [xogl*.]  The great
   artery, which rises immediately  out of
   the left ventricle of the heart.  Quincy.
 Apa'ce, a-pase'. adv. [from a and  pace;
   that  is, with a great pace.]
 I. Quick; speedily: used of things in mo-
   tion.
    Or when the flying libbard she did  chace,
   She could then nimbly move,  and after fly apace.
                                    Spenser.
            Ay, quoth my uncle Glo'ster,
  Small herbs have grace, great weeds do grow apace:
  And since, methinks, I would not grow so fast,
  Because sweet flow'rs are slow, and weeds make
      haste.                           Shaksp.
    He promis'd in his east a glorious race;
  Now, sum--, from his meridian, sets apace.  Dryden.
    Is not he imprudent; who, seeing the tide  making
  haste towards him apace, will sleep till the sea over^
  whelm him?                         Tillotson.
2. With haste; applied to some action.
    The  baron now his diamonds pours  apace;
  Th' embroi ier'd king, who shows but half his face,
  And his refulgent queen.  Pope's Rape of the Lock.
   Hastily; with speed: spoken of any kind
   of progression, from   one state to an-
   other.
           This second course of men,
  With some regard to what is just and right,
  Shall lead their lives, and multiply apace.  Milton.
    The  life anil power, of religion decays apace here
  and at borne, while we  are spreading the  honour
  of our arms far and wide through foreign nations.
                                   Atteibury,
    If sensible pleasure or real grandeur, be our end,
  we shall proceed apace to real misery.       Watts. 
A P E
APE
API
Apago'gidal, a-pa-g6d'jik-al.  adj. [from
  x-rxyuyt,, compounded of urr\ from, and
  uyu to bring or draw.] An apogogical
  demonstration  is  such,   as does not
  prove the thing directly; but shews the
  impossibility or absurdity, which arises
  from denying it;  and is  also called re-
  ductio ad impossibile,  or ad absurdum.
                                 Chambers.
Apa'rt, a-part'. adv. [apart, Fr.]
I. Separately from the  rest, in place.
    Since 1 enter  into that question, it behoveto me,
  to give reason for my opinion, with circumspection;
  because I walk aside, and in a way apart from the
  multitude.                           Raleigh.
    The party discerned, that the earl  of Essex
  would never serve their turn; they resolved to have
  another army apart, that should be at their devotion.
                                   Clarendon.
2. In a state of distinction; as, to set apart
   foi* any use.
    He is so very figurative, that he requires a gram-
  mar apart,  toi construe him.              Dryden.
    The tyrant shall demand yon sacred load,
  And gold and vessels, set apart for God.     Prior.
3. Distinctly.
    Moses first nameth heaven and earth, putting wa-
  tei> but in the third place, as comprehending waters
  in the word earth; but afterwards he nameth them
  apart.                              Ruleigh.
4. At a distance; retired from the other
   company.
             So please you, madam,
  To put apart these your attendants.       Shaksp.
Apa'rtment,  a-part'iuent. to. s.  [apart e-
   ment, Fr.] A part of the house, allotted
   to  the use of any particular person;  a
   room; a  set of rooms.
    A private gallery 'twixt th' apartments led,
  Not to the foe yet known.         Sir J. Denham.
    He, pale as death, despoil'd of his array,
  Into the queen's apartment takes his way.   Dryden.
    The most considerable ruin is that on the eastern
  promontory, where are still  some apartments left,
  very high and arched at top.            Addison.
A'pathy, ap'a-Me. n. s.  [x not, and w«  oc,
   feeling.] The quality of not feeling; ex-
   emption from passion;  freedom from
   mental perturbation.
    Of good  and evil much they argued then,
  Passion and apathy, and glory and shame.  Milton.
    To remain insensible of such provocations, is not
  constancy,  but apathy.                   South.
    In lazy apathy let Stoicks boast
  Their virtue fix; tis fixed as in frost,
  Contracted all, retiring to toe breast;
  But strength of mind is exercise, not rest.   Pope.

APF, ape. n. s. [ape, Icelandish.]
1. A kind of monkey, remarkable for imi-
   tating what he sees.
    I will be more newfangled, than an  ape; more
  giddy in my desires, than a monkey.      Shaksj).
    Writers  report, that the heart of an ape, worn
  near the heart, comforteth the heart, and increase*
  audacity. It is true, that toe ape is a merry and bold
  beast.                                Bacon.
    With  glittering gold and sparkling gems they
      shine;
  But apes and monkeys are the gods within. Granville.
    Celestial Beings, when of late they saw
  A mortal man unfold all Nature's law,
  Admir'd such knowledge in. a human shape,
  And show'd a Newton, as we show an ape.  Pope.
2. An imitator; used generally in  the bad
   sense.
    Julio Romano, who, had he himself eternity, and
  could put breath into his work,  would beguile Na-
  ture of her custom: so perfectly is he her ape.Shaksp.
To Ape, ape, v. a. [from ape.] To imitate,
  as an ape imitates human actions.
   Aping the foreigners in every dress;
  Which, bought at greater cost, becomes him less.
                                     Dryden.
   Curse on the stripling! how he apes hi$ sire!
  Ambitiously sententious!               Addison.
Ape'ak, or Ape'ek, a-peke'. adv. [proba-
  bly from d pique.] In  a posture to pierce;
  formed  with a point.
A'pepsy,  ap'ep-se.503   n.s. [xtfc^ix ] A
  loss of natural concoction.      Quincy.
A'per, a'pur.88  to. s.  [from ape.] A  ridi-
  culous imitator or mimick.
Ape'rient, a-pe're-ent. adj. [aperio, Lat.
  lo  open.]  That, which has the quality
  of opening; chiefly used  of medicines,
  gently purgative.
   There be bracelets, fit to comfort the spirits: and
  they be of three intentions; refrigerant;  corrobo-
  rant, and aperient.                    Bacon.
   Of the stems of plants, some contain a fine aperi-
  ent salt, and are diuretic and saponaceous.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Ape'ritive. a-per'e-tiv. adj. [from  aperio,
  Lat.  to  open.]  That,  which has the
  quality  of opening the excrementitious
  passages of the body
   They may make broth, with the addition of apera-
  tive herbs.                            Harvey.
Ape'rt, a-pert'. adj. [apertus, Lat.] Open.
Ape'rtion, a'per-shun. to. *. [from aper-
  tus, Lat.]
I. An opening;  a passage through any
  thing; a gap.
   The next now  in order  are the apertions; under
  which term I do comprehend doors, windows, stair-
  cases, chimneys, or other  conduits; in short, all in-
  lets or outlets.                        Wotton.
2. The act of opening; or state of being
  opened.
    The plenitude of  vessels, otherwise called  the
  plethora, when it happens, causeth an extravasation
  of blood, either by ruption  or apertion of them.
                                    Wiseman.
Ape'rtly,  a-pert-le.  adv. [aperte, Lat.]
  Openly; without covert.
Ape'rtness,   a-pert'ness.   to.  s.  [from
  apert.]  Openness.
    The freedom or apertness, and vigour of pro-
  nouncing,  and the closeness of  muffling  and lazi-
  ness of speaking, render the sound different. Holder.
A'pehture,ap'er-tshure.460 463 n.s. [from
  apertus, open.]
1. The act of opening.
    Hence ariseth the facility of joining a consonant
  to a vowel; because, from an appulse to  an aper-
  ture is easier, than from one appulse  to another.
                                     Holder.
2. An open place.
    If memory be made by  the easy motion of the
  spirits through the opened passages, images (without
  doubt) pass through the same apertures.   Glanville.
3. The hole  next  the object  glass  of  a
  tejescopeor  microscope.
    The concave metal bore an aperture  of an inch;
  but the aperture was  limited by an opaque  circle'
  perforated in the middle.       Neicton's Opticksl
4. Enlargement; explanation; a sense sel-
  dom found.
    It is  too much untwisted by the  doctors, aiid,
  (like philosophy) made intricate by explications, and
  di&cult by toe aperture and dissolution of distinc-
  tions,                               rp  ,
 *  /             .  ...                  laylor.
Ape'talous, a-pet'a-lus.3" adj. [of «priv.
  and vitxXo* a leaf.]  Without petala  or
  flower leaves.
Ape'talovsness, A-pet'a-lus-nes.  to.  9.
   [from apetalous.] Being without leaves.
A'PEX, a'peks.  to-, s. apices, plur. [Lat.]
   The tip or point of any thing.
    The apex, or lesser end of it, is broken off.
                                   Woodward
APHM'RESIS,a-fer'e-h\%.^n. s. [i<px{.
   gte-if.] A figure in grammar, that takes
   away a  letter or syllable from  the  be-
   ginning of a word.
APHE'LION, a-fe'le-un.  to. *.   aphelia,
   plur.[from xno, andtiXi&- the sun.] That
   part of the orbit of a planet, in which it
   is at the point  remotest from the sun.
    The reason, why the comets move not in the zo-
  diack, is, that, in their aphelia they may be at  the
  greatest distances from one another; and consequent-
  ly disturb one another's motions  the least that may
  be-                                 Cheyne.
APHE'TA,  a-fe'td.  to.*,  [with  astrolo-
   gers.]   The name of the planet, which
   is imagined to be the giver or disposer
   of life in a nativity.                j)ictt
Aphe'tical, a-fe'te-kal. adj.  [from aphe-
   ta.]  Relating  to the apheta.
Aphila'nthropy,  af'e-lan'^ro-pe n. s.
   [x without,  and <ptXxvfyu7rix   love of
   mankind.] Want of love  to mankind.
A'phony, af'6-ne.  to. *.  [*\ without, and
   (pavt, speech.] A loss of speech.  Quincy.
A'PHORISM, af'6-rizm.603 «. s. [x<p»Vr-
   /ms.] A maxim; a  precept, contracted
   in  a  short  sentence; an  unconnected
   position.
    He will easily discern, how little of truth there
  is in the multitude; and, though  sometimes they are
  flattered with that aphorism, will hardlv believe the
  voice of the people to be the voice of God. Brown.
    I shall  at present consider the aphorism, that a
  man  of religion and virtue is  a  more useful, and
  consequently a  more valuable  member of a com-
  munity.                             ^^
Aphori'stical, af-6-ris'te-kal. adj. [from
   aphorism.]  In the form of an aphorism;
   in separate and unconnected sentences.

Aphori'stically, af-6-ris'te-kal-le. adv.
   [from aphoristical.]  In  the form of an
   aphorism.
    These, being carried down, seldom miss a cure;
  as Hippocrates doth always aphoristkally tell us.
                                     Harvey.
ApHRonisi'ACAL, af'fro-de-zi'a-kal. >   ..
ApHRonisi'ACK, af'fr6-diz!/e4k.4S1 y   J'
   [from Appofilq, Venus.] Relating to the
   venereal disease.

A'piary,  a'p£-a-re\63*  «.  s.  [from apis,
   Lat. a bee.]  The place, where bees are
   kept.
    Those, who are skilled in bees, when they see a
   foreign swarm  approaching to plunder  their hives,
   have a trick to divert them into  some neighbouring
   apiary, there to make what havock toey please.
                                      Sicift.
APTCES,ap'e-sees.  of a flower. [Lat.
   from apex,  the top.]  Little knobs, that
   grow on the  tops of the stamina, in the
   middle of a flowerr they are commonly
   of a dark purplish colour. By the mi-
   croscope they have been discovered to be
   a sort of capsular seminales, or seed  ves-
   sels; containing in them  small  globular
   (and often oval) particles,  of  various
   colours, andexquisitely formed. Quincy. 
                 APO

Api'ece, a-peese'.  adv. [from a for each,
   and piece  or share.] To  the part  or
   share of each.
    Men,  in whose mouths at first sounded nothing
  but mortification, were come to think that, toey
  might lawfully have six or seven wives apiece.
                                    Hooker.
    I have to-night dispatched sixteen businesses, a
  month's length apiece, by  an abstract of success.
                                     Shaksp.
    One copy of this paper may serve a dozen of you,
  which will be less than a farthing apiece.    Swift.
A'pish, a'pish. adj. [from ape.]
1. Having the  qualities of an ape; imita-
   tive.
    Report of fashions in proud Italy;
   Whose manners still our tardy apish nation
   Limps after, in base aukward imitation.  Shaksp.
2. Foppish;  affected.
    Because I cannot flatter and look fair,
   Duck with French nods and  apish courtesy:
   I must be held a rancorous enemy.        Shaksp.
3. Silly; trifling; insignificant.
    All this is but apish sophistry;  and, to give it a
   name divine and excellent, is abusive and unjust.
                                   Glanville.
4. Wanton; playful.
              Gloomy sits the queen,
   Till happy chance reverts the cruel scene;
   And apish folly, with her wild resort
   Of wit and jest, disturbs the solemn court.   Prior.
A'pishly, a'pisli-le.  adv.  [from apish.]
   In  an  apish manner;  foppishly; conceit-
   edly.
A'pishness, a'pish-nes. to. s. [from apish.]
   Mimickry; foppery; insignificance; play-
   fulness.
Api'tpat, a-pit'pat. adv.  [a word formed
   from the motion.] With  quick palpita-
   tion.
    O, there he comes.—Welcome, my  bully,  my
   back! Agad, my heart has gone apitpat  for  you.
                                   Congreve.
APLU'STRE, a-plus'tur.416 to. s. [Lat.]
   The  ancient  ensign, carried  in sea
   vessels.
    The one holds a sword in her hand, to represent
   the Iliad; as  the  other has an  aplustre, to repre-
   sent the Odyssey, or voyage of Ulysses.    Addison
APO'CALYPSE,a-p6k'a-lips. to. s. [from
   uTre-x-xXuTTTo.]  Revelation; discovery:  a
   word,  used only of the sacred writing's.
    O, for that warning voice, which he, who saw
   Th' apocalypse, heard cry in heav'n aloud. Milton.
    With this throne, ofthe glory of the Father, com-
  pare the  throne of the Son of God, as seen in  the
  apocalypse..        Burnet's Theory ofthe Earth.
Apooaly'ptical,  a-p6k-a-l!p'te-kil.   adj.
   [from  apocalypse.] Concerning revela-
   tion; containing revelation.
    If we could understand that scene, at the opening
  of this apdcalyptieal theatre, we should find it a re-
 . presentation ofthe majesty of our Saviour. Burnet.
Apocaly'ptioally,  a-pok-a-lip'te-kal-le.
   adiT.  [from apocalyptical.] In such a
   manner as  to reveal something secret.
APO'COPE, a-pok'6-pe. to. a .[mm****] A
   figure in grammar, when the last letter
  or syllable  of a word  is taken away; as,
   inger.i,  for ingenii; apoplex, for  apo-
  plexy.
ApacRu'sTicKjap-o-krils'tik.arf/. [x7rox.ps-
   ftKx, from  ttTotcgija to   drive   away.l
   Remedies,  endued with  a  repelling
  astringent  power, by. which they  pre-
                 APO

   vent the too great afflux of humours.
                                Chambers.
APO'CRYPHA, S-pSk're-fa. to. s. [****-
   ^vttJu to put out of sight.]  Books, not
   publickiy communicated; books, whose
   authors are not  known.  It  is used for
   the books, appended to the sacred writ-
   ings; which being of  doubtful authors,
   are less regarded.
    We hold not the  apocrypha for sacred, as we do
  the holy scripture; but, for human compositions.
                                    Hooker.
Apo'cryphal, a-pok're-fal. adj. [from apo-
   crypha .]
I.  Not canonical; of uncertain authority.
    Jerom  (who saith that, all writings not canonical,
  are apocryphal) uses not the title apocryphal, as the
  rest ofthe fathers ordinarily have done; whose cus-
  tom is, so to name (for the most part) only such, as
  might not publickiy be read or divulged.   Hooker.
2.  Contained in the apocrypha.
    To speak of her in the words of the apocryphal
  writers, wisdom is glorious, and never fadeth away.
                                   Addison.
3. It is sometimes used, for an account of
   uncertain credit.
Apo'cryphally,   a-pok're-fal-Ie.    adv.
   [from apocryphal.] Uncertainly; not in-
   disputably.
Apo'cryphalness,  a-pok're-fai-n£s. to. s.
   [from apocryphal.] Uncertainty; doubt-
   fulness of credit.
Aponi'cTioAL,ap-6-dik'te-ka.l. adj.  [from
   i.7cotrn\i<; evident truth, demonstration.]
   Demonstrative; evident, beyond contra-
   diction.
    Holding an apodictical knowledge, and an assured
  knowledge of it; verily, to persuade their apprehen-
  sions otherwise, were to  make an Euclid believe,
  that there were more than one centre in a circle.
                                     Brown.
    We can say all, at the  number three, therefore
  the world is perfect. Tobit went, and his dog follow-
  ed him;  therefore  there is  a world in the moon,
  were an argument as apodictical.       Glanville.
APODI'XIS,ar)-6-d\k'ste.B"n.s.[x7reM,Z,<]
   Demonstration.                    Diet.
APOG&'ON,ap-6-]e'6n.™] to. s.   [from
A'pogee, ap'6-je.603         I xvro froin,yj,
APOGE'UM, ap'6-je-um.  J the earth.]
   A point  in the heavens, in  which  the
   sun, or a planet, is  at the greatest dis-
   tance possible  from the  earth   in its
   whole revolution, the ancient  astrono-
   mers regarding the earth as the centre of
   the system, chiefly regarded the  apo-
   gaeon and perigaeon; which the moderns,
1   making  the sun the centre, change for
   the aphelion and perihelion.  Chambers.
    Thy sin is in. his apogaeon placed;
  And, when it movethnext, must needs descend.
                                   Fairfax.
    Ii is not yet agreed, in what time (precisely) the
  apogeum absolveto one degree.           Brown.
Apologe'tical, a-pol-6-jet'e-kal.  £
Apologe'tick, a-pol'6-jet'ik.     5
   [from x7raXoy{» to defend.] That, which
   is said  in defence of any thing or per-
   son.
    I design to publish an essay, the greater part of
 which is apologetkal, for one sort of chymists. Boyle.
ApoLOGE'TicALLY,a-p6l-6-jet'e-kal-le.arf-y.
   [from apologetical.]  In the way of  de-
   fence or excuse.
                  APO

Apo'logist, a-poi'lo-jist.121 n. s. [from To
   apologize] He, that makes an apology;
   a pleader in favour of another.
To Apo'logize, a-pol'lo-jize. v. to. [from
   apology.
I. To plead in favour of any person or thing.
    It will be much more seasonable, to reform, than
  apologize or  rhetoiicate;  and therefore it imports
  those, who dwell secure, to look about them.
                               Decay of Piety.
2. It has the particle  for, before the sub-
   ject of apology.]
    I ought to apologize, for my indiscretion in the
  whole undertaking.  Wake's Preparation for Death.
    The translator needs not apologize, for his choice
  of this piece, which was made in his childhood.
                       Pope's Preface to Statius.
A'poLOGUE,ap'6-l6g.3386U3TO s.[xToXoy@^.]
   Fable;  story, contrived to  teach  some
   moral truth.
    An apologue of Msop is beyond a  syllogism; and
  proverbs more powerful, than demonstration.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Some men are remarked, for pleasantness in rail-
  lery; others for apologues and apposite diverting sto-
  ries.                                 Locke.
APO'LOGY, a-pol'o-je.518 to. s. [apologia,
   Lat. xiroXoyix.]
1. Defence;  excuse.  Apology generally
   Signifies,  rather  excuse than  vindica-
   tion;  and tends rather  to extenuate the
  fault,  than  prove innocence.   This is,
   however,   sometimes   unregarded  by
   writers.
               In her face excuse
  Came prologue, and apology too prompt;
  Which, with  bland words at will, she thus address'd.
                                     Milton.
2. It has for, before the object of excuse.
    It is not my intention, to make an apology for my
  poem:  some will think,  it  needs no excuse; and
  others will receive none.               Dryden.
    I shall neither trouble the reader nor myself, with
  any apology for publishing of these sermons;  for, if
  toey be (in  any measure) truly serviceable to the
  end, for which they are designed, I do not see  what
  apology is necessary; and, if they be not so, I am
  sure none can be sufficient.             Tillotson.
Apomeco'metry, ap'6 me-kom'me-tre.627
   to. s. [xtto from, (m.*®- distance, and f*.t\i»
   to measure.]   The art of measuring
   things  at a distance.
APONEUROSIS, a-p6n-nu-ro's5s.  to.  *.
   [from xtto from, and veZgov  a nerve.] An
   expansion of a nerve into a membrane.
    When  a cyst rises near  the orifice of the artery, it
  is formed by the aponeurosis  that runs over toe ves.
  sel, which becomes excessively expanded.   Sharp
APO'P HAS IS,  a-p6i'a-sis.62° to. s.  [Lat!
   cc7ro<px<ris a denying.]   A figure in  rhe-
   torick;  by which the  orator,  speaking
   ironically, seems to wave, what he would
   plainly insinuate; as, Neither will I men-
   tion those things, which if I should, you
   notwithstanding could neither confute or
   speak against them. Smith's Rhetarick.
Apophle'gmatick, ap-6-fleg'ma-tik.ai0 to.
   *, [«r. and <f>xiyfu»/]   That, which has
   the quality of drawing away phlegm.
Apophle'gmatism, ap-6-fleg'ma-tlzm. to.
   «. I«r. and <pxiy^x]   A  medicine, of
   which  the intention  is, to draw phlegm
   from the  blood.                      6
  rt.o^d "i1 Vn "Phlegmatism* and  gargarisms
  that draw the rheum down by the palate.   jESS 
APO
APO
APO
 Apophlkgma'tizant, ap-6-fleg'ma.-te-zant
   to. s [xto and  <f)Xtyf*.x/]   Any remedy,
   which causes an evacuation of serous or
   mucous humour by the nostrils, as par-
   ticular kinds of sternutatories.   Quincy.
 A'poPHTHEGMjap'o-Mem.603 to. a.[xnra<p$t-
   yp*.*.]  A remarkable saying; a valuable
   maxim, uttered  on some sudden occa-
   sion.
     We may magnify the apophthegms, or reputed rep-
   lies of wisdom, whereof many are to be seen in La-
   ertius and Lycosthenes.       Brown's Vvlg. Err.
     I had  a mind, to  collect and digest, such observa-
   tions and apopthegms, as tend  to the proof of that
   great assertion, ' All is vanity.'           Prior.
 APO'PHYGE,  a-pof'e-je. to.  *. [xnoQvyi
   flight  or  escape.]   Is, in architecture,
   that part of a column, where it begins
   to spring  out of its base; and was ori-
   ginally no more, than the ring or ferrel,
   which anciently bound the  extremities
   of wooden piilars,  to  keep  them from
   splitting,  and  were afterwards imitated
   in stone  work.  We  sometimes  call it
   the spring of the column.    Chambers.
 APO'PHYSIS,  a-pof'e-sis."0  to. *. [*«■«-
   <pv<ri<i ] The prominent  parts  of some
   bones; the same, as process.  It differs
   from  an epiphysis, as it is a continuance
   of the bone itseM*; whereas the latter is
   somewhat  adhering to  a bone,  and of
   which it is not  properly a part. Quincy.
     It is the apophysis (or head) of the  os tibiae, which
   makes the knee.             Wiseman's Surgery.
 Apople'ctical,   ap-6-plek'te-kal.   adj.
   [from  apoplexy]  Relating  to an apo-
   plexy.
     We meet with the same complaints of gravity in
   living bodies, when the faculty locomotive seems
   abolished; as may  be observed  in supporting per-
   sons inebriated, apoplectical, or  in lipothymies  and
   swoonings.             Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     In an apoplectical case, he found extravasated
   blood, making way  from the ventricles of the brain.
                                     Derham.
 Apople'ctick,  ap-6-pleVtik.  adj.  [from
   apoplexy.]  Relating to an apoplexy.
     A lady was seized with an apoplectick  fit, which
   afterward terminated in some kind of lethargy.
                                    Wiseman.
 A'poplex,  a.p'6-pleks. w. s.   [See  Apo-
   plexy.]  Apoplexy.   The last syllable
   is cut  away; but this is only in poetry.
       Present punishment pursues his maw;
   When, surfeited and swell'd, the  peacock raw
   He bears into the bath; whence want of breath,
   Repletions, apoplex, intestate death.      Dryden.
 A'poplexed,  ap'6-pleks-ed.  adj   [from
   apoplex]   Seized  with an apoplexy.
            Sense (sure) you have,
  Else could you not have  motion; but (sure)  that
        sense
  Is apoplex'd.                       Shakspeare.
A'POPLEXY, ap'6-plek-se «« to. s.  [««••-
   jta»?|<«.] A sudden deprivation of all in-
   ternal and external  sensation, and of all
   motion, uniess of the  heart and  thorax.
   The cause is generally a  repletion; and
  indicates   evacuation  joined with sti-
   muli.                             Quincy.
    Apoplexy is a sudden abolition  of all the senses,
  external and internal, and of all voluntary motion, by
  the stoppage of the flux and reflex ofthe animal spi-
  rits through the nerves, destined for these motions.
                            Arbuthnot on Diet.
    Peace is a very apoplexy; lethargy, mulled, deaf,
   sleepy, insensible.       Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    A fever may take away my reason or memory,
   and an apoplexy leave neither sense nor understand-
   ing.                                  Locke.
 APO'RIA, a-po're-a.805 n. a. [xttopix.]  Is
   a  figure in rhetorick;  by  which  the
   speaker shews,  that he doubts, where
   to begin for the multitude of matter; or
   what  to  say in  some  strange  and am-
   biguous thing; and  doth,  as it were,
   argue  the   case  with  himself.  Thus
   Cicero says,  Whether he  took them from
   his fellows more impudently, gave them
   to a harlot  more  lasciviously, removed
   them from  the Roman people more wick-
   edly, or altered them  more  presump-
   tuously, I cannot well  declare.
                         Smith's Rhetorick.
 APORRHO'EA, ap-por-re'a. to. s. [avop-
   p»i*i.] Effluvium;  emanation; something
   emitted by another: not in use.
    The reason of this he endeavours to make out, by
   atomical aporrhaas, which, passing from the cruen-
   tate weapon to toe wound, and being incorporated
   with the particles of the salve, carry them to the af-
   fected part.                  Glanville's Scepsis.
 APOSIOPE'SIS, a-pozh-e-o-pe'sis.620 to.
   a.  [x9reo-iuT»o-n, from «to  after,  and
   tiwxxu to be silent.] A form of speech,
   by which the speaker, through some af-
   fection (as  sorrow, bashfulness, fear, an-
   ger or  vehemency,)  breaks   off  his
   speech  before  it  be  all  ended.    A
   figure, when,  speaking  of a thing, we
   yet seem to  conceal it;  though indeed
   we aggravate it; or when the course of
   the  sentence  begun  is  so stayed,  as
   thereby some part of the sentence, not
   being uttered, may be  understood.
                         Smith's Rhetorick.
 Apo'stasy, a-pos'ta-se. to.  *.  [xTcrxa-n]
   Departure  from  what a man has pro-
   fessed:  it is  generally applied  to reli-
   gion; sometimes with the particle./rom.
    The  canon law defines apostasy to be a wilful de-
   parture from that state of faith, which any person
   has professed himself to hold in the Christian church.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
    The affable archangel had forewarn'd
   Adam, by due example, to beware
   Apostasy; by what befel in heav'n,
   To those apostates.                     Milton.
    Vice in us were not only wickedness, but apostasy,
   degenerate wickedness.                  Sprat.
    Whoever do give different worships, must bring
   in more gods, which is an apostasy from one God.
                                  Stillingfleet
APO'STATE, a^s'tate."1 to. s. [aposta-
   ta, Lat.  xTrorxTm]   One, that has for-
   saken his profession; generally applied
   to one who  has left his  religion.
    The angels, for disobedience,  thou hast reserved
  to a miserable immortality; but  unto man, equally
  rebellious, equally apostate from  thee and goodness,
  thou hast given a Saviour.      Rogers's Sermons.
    Apostates in  point of faith  are, according to the
  civil law,  subject unto all punishments ordained
  against hereticks.                      Ayliffe.
Aposta'tical, ap-pos-tar'e-kal. adj. [from
   apostate.]    After  the  manner  of an
   apostate.
    To wear turbants, is an apostolical conformity.
                                      Sandys.
Jo Apo statize, a-pos'ta-tize. v. to. [from
   apostate]   To  forsake one's  profes-
   sion: it is commonly used of one, who
   departs from his religion.
    None revolt from the faith, because they must not
  look upon a woman  to lust after her; but, because
  they are restrained,  from the perpetration of their
  lusts.   If wanton  glances  and libidinous thoughts
  hod been permitted by the  gospel, they would have
  apostatized nevertheless.                Bentley.
 To Apo'stemate,  a-pds'te-mate.91 v. n.
   [from aposteme.] To become an apos-
   teme; to swell and corrupt into  matter.
    There is  care  to be taken in abscesses of the
  breast and belly, in danger of breaking inwards; yet,
  by opening these too soon, they sometimes apostematt
  again, and become crude.             Wiseman.
Apostema'tion,  a-pos-te-ma'shiin. n. $,
   [from apostemate.]  The formation of
   an aposteme; the gathering of a hollow
   purulent tumour.
    Nothing can  be more admirable, than the many
  ways nature hath provided for preventing or curing of
  fevers; as, vomitings, apostemations, salivations, &c.
                                      Grew.
A'posteme,  ap'6-steme.603 > to.  *.  [xxaf.
A'postume, ap'os-tume.803 5 >?|t«t,]  A hol-
   low swelling,  filled with purulent mat-
   ter;  an abscess.
    With equal propriety we may affirm, that ulcen
  of the lungs,  or apostemes of the brain, do happen
  only in the left side.     Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    The opening  of apostemes, before  the  suppura-
  tion be perfected, weakeneto  the heat, and renden
  them crude.                         Wiseman
APOS'TLE,  a-pos'tl.4?*  „.  s.  [apostolus,
   Lat. xTofeX^.]   A  person  sent with
   mandates  by another.   It is particular-
  ly applied to them, whom our Saviour
   deputed to preach the  gospel.
    But all his mind is bent to holiness;
  His champions are the prophets and apostles.
                                  Shakspeare,
    I  am far from pretending infallibility; that would
  be, to erect myself into an apostle; a presumption in
  any one, that cannot confirm what he says by mira-
  cles.                                 Locke.
    We know but a small part of the notion of an
  apostle, by knowing barely that he is sent forth.
                                Watts's Logick.
Apo'stleship,  a-pos'sl-ship.  n. s. [from
   apostle.]   The  office  or dignity of an
   apostle.
    Where, because faith is in  too low degree,
  I thought it some apostleship in me,
  To speak things, which by faith alone I see. Donne
    God hath ordered it, that St. Paul hath writ epis-
  tles; which are  all confined within the business of
  his apostleship, and so contain nothing but points of
  Christian instruction.                   Locke.
Aposto'lical,  ap-pos-tol'e-kal. adj [from
   apostolick.]    Delivered or taught by
  the apostles; belonging to the apostles.
    They acknowledge not, that toe church keeps any
  thing as apostolical, which is not found in the apos-
  tles' writings, in what other  records  soever it be
  found.                              Hooker.
    Declare yourself for that church, which is founded
  upon scripture, reason, apostolical practice, and an-
  tiquity.                             Hooker.
Aposto'lically,  ap-os-tol'e-kal-le adv.
   [from  apostolical.]   In the  manner of
  the apostles.
AposTo'LicALNEss,ap-6s-t61'e-kal-ness. n.
   s. [from apostolical.]  The quality of re-
   lating to  the  apostles;  apostolical  au-
  thority.
Aposto'lick,  ap-os-tol'llk.809 adj. [from
  apostle.   The accent is placed by Dry- 
APO
APP
APP
   den on the antipenult.]  Taught by the
   apostles; belonging to an apostle.
     Their oppositions, in maintenance of publick su-
   perstition against apostolick endeavours, were vain
   and frivolous.                         Hooker.
     Or where did I at sure tradition strike,
   Provided still it were apostolick?         Dryden.
 APO'STROPHE,  a-pos'tro-fe.618 to.  s.
   [«T8s-fa^)»,  from  xwo from,  and rpipu to
   turn.]
 1. In rhetorick; a  diversion of speech to
   another person,   than  the  speech ap-
   pointed did intend or require; or, it is a
   turning of the speech from one  person
   to  another, many times abruptly.  A
   figure,  when we break off the  course
   of our speech, and speak to- some  new
   person, present   or  absent;  as,  to the
   people or witnesses, when it was before
   directed to the judges or opponent.
                         Smith's Rhetorick.
 2. In grammar; the contraction of a word,
   by the  use  of a  comma;   as, tho' for
   though; rep' for reputation.
     Many laudable attempts have been made, by ab-
   breviating words with apostrophes;  and by lopping
   polysyllables, leaving one or two syllables at most.
                                        Swift.
 To  Apo'strophize,  a-pos'tro-fize. v. to.
   [from apostrophe.]   To address by an
   apostrophe.
     There is a peculiarity in Homer's manner of apos-
   trophizing Eumaeus, and speaking of him in the se-
   cond person: it is generally applied only to men of
   account.                               Pope.
 A'postume,  ap'os-tume.603  to.  s.    See
   Aposteme.    [This  word  is properly
   Apostem.]  A hollow tumour filled  with
   purulent matter.
     How an apostume  in the mesentery, breaking,
   causes a consumption in the parts, is apparent.
                                      Harvey.
 To  A'postume, ap'6s-tume.803 v. to. [from
   apostume.]  To apostemate.      Diet.
 Apo'thecary,   a-p6?A'e-ka-re.470  to.  *.
   [apotheca, Lat. a repository.]  A man,
   whose  employment  is  to  keep medi-
   cines for sale.
     Give me an ounce  of civet, good apothecary, to
   sweeten my imagination.       Shaksp. King Lear.
     They have no  other doctor, but the sun and the
   fresh air, and that, such anone, as never sends them
   to  the apothecary.                       South.
            Wand'ring in the dark,
  Physicians, for the tree, have found the bark;
  They, lab'ring for relief of human kind,
  With sharpen'd sight some  remedies may find;
  Th' apothecary train is  wholly blind.      Dryden.
 A'pothegm, ar>'6-them.SOi to.  *.  [properly
   apophthegm; which see.]   A remarka-
   ble saying.
    By frequent  conversing with  him, and scattering
  short apothegms and little pleasant stories,  and ma-
  king useful applications of  them, his son was  in his
  infancy .taught to abhor vanity and vice as monsters.
                      Walton's Life of Sanderson.
Apothe'osis, &p-6-f/Ve'6-sis. to. s. [xiroScu-
   o-ii.]  Deification; the  rite,  of adding
   any one  to the number  of gods.
    As if it could be graved and  painted omnipotent,
  or the nails and the hammer could give it an apo-
  theosis.                                South.
    Allots toe prince of his celestial line,
  An apotheosis, and rites divine.            Garth.
Apo'tome, a-p6t'6-me. n. s. [from  x-rore-
  j&v,  to cut off.]
 1. In mathematicks, the remainder or dif-
   ference of two incommensurable quan-
   tities.
 2. In musick, it is the part remaining of
   an entire tone, after a greater semitone
   has been taken from it.  The propor-
   tion  (in  numbers)  of  the  apotome, is
   that  of  2048  to  2187.  The Greeks
   thought that, the greater tone could not
   be divided into  two  equal  parts;  for
   which  reason, they called the first part
   «?reT«it<,j}, and the other  Xhiimx.
                                 Chambers.
A'pozem, ap'6-zem.603 to. s. [x-xa from, and
   £t« to  boil.]  A decoction;  an  infusion
   made by boiling ingredients.
    During this  evacuation, he  took opening broths
  and apozems.                Wiseman's Surgery.
    And Squirts read Garth till apozems grow cold.
                                        Gay.
 To APPA'L, ap-pall'.406  v.  a.  [appalir,
   Fr.  It  might more properly have been
   written appale.]   To fright;  to  strike
   with sudden  fear;  to  depress;  to dis-
   courage.
    Whilst she spake, her great words did appal
  My feeble courage, and my heart oppress,
  That yet I quake and tremble over all.    Fairy Q.
    Give with thy trumpet a loud note to Troy,
  Thou dreadful Ajax, that to' appalled air
  May pierce the head of thy great combatant.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this
  alarum; but took time to consider of it, till next day.
                                   Clarendon.
    Does neither rage inflame, nor fear appal,
  Nor the black fear of death that saddens all.'1 Pope.
                The monster curls
  His flaming crest, all other thirst appall'd;
  Or shiv'ring flies, or choak'd at distance stands.
                                    Thomson.
Appa'lement, ap-pall'ment. to.  s.  [from
   apfial]  Depression;  discouragement;
   impression.of fear.
    As toe furious slaughter of them was a great dis-
  couragement and appalement to the rest.
                            Bacon's Henry VII.
 A'ppanage, ap'pa-naje.90 603  to. s. [appa-
   nagium, low Latin; probably from panis,
   bread.]  Lands set apart by princes for
   the maintenance of their younger chil-
   dren.
    He became suitor for the earldom of Chester, a
  kind of appanage to Wales, and using to go to the
  king's son.                            Bacon.
              Had he thought  it fit,
  That wealth should be toe appanage of wit;
  The God of light could ne'er have been so blind,
  To deal it to the worst of human kind.      Swift.
 Appara'tus,  ap-pa-ra'tds. to.  *-. [Latin.]
   Things provided, as means  to any  cer-
   tain end;  as, the tools of a trade; the fur-
   niture  of a house; ammunition for war;
   equipage; show.
    There  is an apparatus of things previous to be ad-
  justed, before I come to the calculation itself.
                                   Woodioard.
    Ourselves are easily provided for; it is nothing,
  but the circumstantials (the apparatus or equipage)
  of human life, that costs so much.
                          Pope's Letters to Gay.
APPA'REL, ap-par'el.  to. *.   It  has no
  plural,  [appareil, Fr.]
1. Dress; vesture.
    I cannot cog and say, that thou art this and that,
  like many of those lisping hawthorn buds, that come
  like women, in men's apparel, and smell like Buck-
  lersbury in simpling time.
            Shakspeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. External habiliment.
    Our late burnt London, in apparel new,
  Shook off her ashes, to have treated you.   Waller.
    At publick devotion, his resigned carriage made
  religion appear in the natural apparel of simplicity.
                                       Tatler.
To Appa'rel, ap-par'eL v. a. [from  appa-
  rel, the noun.]
1. To dress; to  clothe.
    With such robes were toe king's daughters, that
 were virgins, apparelled.          2 Sam. xiii. 18.
    Both combatants were apparelled only in their
  doublets and hose.                   Hayward.
2. To adorn with  dress.
    She did apparel her apparel, and with the pre-
  ciousness of her body, made it most sumptuous.
                                       Sidney.
3. To cover, or  deck, as with dress.
    You may have trees apparelled  with flowers, by
  boring holes in them,  and putting into them earth,
  and setting seeds of violets.               Bacon.
    Shelves, and rocks, and precipices, and gulfs,
  being apparelled  with a verdure  of plants, would
  resemble mountains and valleys.   Bentley's Sei*m.
4. To fit out; to furnish; not  in use.
    It hath  been agreed that either of them should
  send ships to sea, well manned and apparelled to
  fight.                         Sir J. Hayward.
Appa'rent, ap-pa'rent.  adj.  [apparent
  Fr. apparens, Lat.]
1. Plain; indubitable; not doubtful.
    The main principles of reason are in themselves
  apparent.   For,  to make nothing evident of itself
  unto man's understanding, were to  take away all
  possibility of knowing any thing.         Hooker.
2. Seeming; in appearance; not real.
    The perception intellective often corrects  the re-
  port of phantasy; as, in the apparent, bigness of  the
  sun, in the .apparent crookedness ofthe staff in  air
  and water.           Hale's Origin of Mankind.
   Visible; in opposition to secret.
    What  secret  imaginations we  entertained,  is
  known to God: this is apparent, that we have  not be-
  haved  ourselves,  as if we preserved a grateful re-
  membrance of his mercies.             Atterbury.
    The outward aud apparent sanctity of actions,
  should flow from purity of heart.          Rogers.
4. Open; evident; known; not merely sus-
   pected.
    As well the fear of harm, as harm apparent,
  In my opinion ought to be prevented.      Shaksp.
 i. Certain; not presumptive.
                  He is the next of blood,
  And heir apparent to the English crown.   Shaksp.
Appa'rent, ap-pa'rent.  to.  s.  Elliptically
   used for heir apparent.
               Draw thy sword in right.----
    I'll draw it, as apparent to the crown;
  And in that quarrel use it.      Shaksp. Henry  VI.
Appa'rently,  ap-pa-rent-le.  adv. [from
  apparent.]  Evidently; openly.
                Arrest him, officer;
  I would not spare my brother in this case,
  If he should scorn me so apparently.      Shaksp.
    Vices apparently tend, to the impairing of men's
  health-                            Tillotson.
Appari'tion,  ap-pa-rish-'un.  to. *.  [from
   appareo. Lat. to appear.]
 I.  Appearance; visibility.
    When suddenly stood at my head a dream,
  Whose inward apparition gently mov'd
  Myfancy-.                            Milton.
    My retirement tempted me to divert those melan-
  choly thoughts, which  the new apparitions of foreign
  invasion and domestic discontent gave us. Denham
2. The thing appearing; a form; a visible
   object. 
APP                                      APP                                        APP
from the apfietibility of the object; as a man draws a I Afpl a'u der,  ap-plaw'diir.88 n. a.  [from
  child after him, with the sight of a green bough
                         Bramhall against Hobbes.
A'pp£TiBLE,ap'pet-te-bl.«08 adj. [appetibi-
   lis, Lat.] Desirable; that, which maybe
   the object of appetite.
    Power both to slight  the most appetihle objects,
   and to controul the most unruly passions.
                         Bramhall against Hobbes.
 A'PPETITE,ap'pe-tite.166TO. s. [appeti-
   tus, Lat.]
 1. The natural desire of good; the instinct,
   by which we are led to  seek pleasure.
     The will, properly and strictly taken, as it is (of
   things, which are referred unto the end, that man
   desireto) differeth greatly from  that inferiour natu-
   ral desire, which we call appetite. The object of ap-
   petite is, whatsoever sensible good  may be wished
   for; the object  of will  is that good, which reason
   does lead us to seek.                    Hooker.
 2. The  desire of sensual pleasure.
      Why, she would hang on him,
   As if increase of appetite had grown
   By what it fed on.              Shaksp. Hamlet.
                Urge his hateful luxury,
   And bestial appetite in change of lust.       Shaksp.
                    Each tree,
   Loaden with fairest fruit, that hung to to' eye
   Tempting; stirr'd in me sudden appetite
   To pluck and eat.             Milton's Par. Lost.
  3. Violent longing;  eagerness   after  any-
    thing.
      No man could enjoy his life, his wife,  or goods;
   if a mightier man had an appetite to take the same
   from him.                             Davies.
      Hopton had an  extraordinary appetite to engage
   Waller in a battle.                  Clarendon.
  4. The  thing eagerly desired.
      Power being the  natural appetite of princes,  a
   limited monarch cannot gratify it.          Swift.
  5. Keenness of stomach; hunger; desire
    of food.
      There be four principal causes of appetite; the re-
   frigeration of the stomach,  joined with some dry-
   ness;  contraction, vellication, and  abstertion; be-
   sides hunger, which is an emptiness.        Bacon.
      There is continual  abundance,  which  creates
    such an appetite in your reader, that he is not cloy-
    ed with any thing, but satisfied with all.    Dryden.
  6.  It has sometimes of before  the object
    of desire.
      The new officer's nature needed some restoaint
    to his immoderate appetite of power.    Clarendon.
  7.  Sometimes to.
      We have generally such an appetite to praise, that
    we greedily suck it in.   Government ofthe Tongue.
   Appeti'tion, ap-pe-tish'un.807 to. s. [appe-
    titio, Lat.]  Desire.
      The a.ctnai appetition or fastening  our affections
    on him.          Hammond's Practical Catechism.
      We find in animals  an  estimative or judicial fa-
    culty,  an appetition or  aversation.     Judge Hale.
   \  ppetitive, ap'pe-te-tlv. adj.  [from ap-
    petite.] That, which desires; that, which
    has the quality of desiring.
      The will is not a bare  appetitive power, as  that
    ofthe  sensual appetite; but is a rational appetite.
                         Hale's Origin of Mankind.
      I find in myself an appetitive faculty always in ex-
   ercise, in the very height of activity and invigoration.
                                          Norris.
  To  APPLA'UD, ap-plawd'. v. a. [applau-
    do, Lat.]
  1. To praise by  clapping the hand.
      1 would applaud thee to the very echo,
   That should applaud again       Shaksp. Macbeth.
  2. To praise in general.
      Nations unborn your mighty names shall sound;
   And worlds applaud, that must not yet be found!
                                           Pope.
  applaud.]  He that  praises or  com-
  mends.
    I had  the voice of my single reason  against it
  drowned in the noise of a multitude of applauders.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.

Appla'use,  ap-plawz'. «. s.  [applausus,
  Lat.]  Approbation  loudly  expressed;
   praise: pioperly a clap.

    This general applause, and cheerful shout,
  Argues your wisdom and your love to Richard. Shaks.
                   Sylla wept,
  And chid her barking waves into attention;
  And fell Charybdis mumur'd soft applause. Milton.
    Those that are so fond of applause, how little do
  they taste it, when they have it!           Smith.
     See their  wide-streaming wounds!  toey neither
      came,
  For pride of empire, nor desire of fame:
  Kings fight for kingdoms, madmen for applause;
  But love for love alone, that crowns toe lover's cause.
                                Dryden's Fables.

 A'PPLE, ap'pl.406 to. «. [aeppel, Saxon.]
 I. The fruit ofthe apple-tree.
     Tall thriving  trees confess'd the fruitful mold;
   The redd'ning apple ripens here to gold.      Pope.
 2. The  pupil of the  eye.
     He instructed him: he kept him; as toe apple of
   his eye.                       Deut. xxxii. 10.
 A'pple, ap'pl.408 of Love.
     Apples of love are of three sorts;  the most com-
   mon  having long trailing branches, with  rough
   leaves and yellow joints, succeeded«by apples, as they
   are called, at the joints; not round, but bunched; of
   a pale orange shining pulp, and seeds within.
                           Mortimer's Husbandly.
 A'pple-gra'ft, ap'pl-graft.79 to.  s. [from
    apple and graft]  A twig of apple-tree,
    grafted upon the stock of another tree.
     We have seen three and twenty sorts of  apple-
   grafts, upon the same old  plant; most of  them
   adorned with fruit.                       Boyle.
 Apple-ta'rt,  ap'pl-tart'.  to.  a.  [from
    apple and tart] A tart, made of apples.
     What, up and down carved like an apple-tart!
                                        Shaksp.
  A'pple-tree, ap'pl-tre. to. a.  [from apple
    and tree.
     The fruit of this tree is (for the most part) hollow-
   ed about the footstalk; the cells, inclosing the seed,
   are. separated by cartilaginous partitions; the juice
   of the fruit is sourish, the tree large and spreading;
   the flowers consist of five leaves, expanding in form
   of a rose.  There is a great variety of these fruits;
   those for the dessert are, the white juniting, Marga-
   ret apple, summer pearmain, summer queening, em-
   broidered apple, golden  reinette,  summer   white
   Colville, summer red Colville, silver pippin, aroma-
   tick pippin, the grey reinette, la haute-bonte; royal
   russeting, Wheeler's russet, Sharp's russet, spice
   apple, golden pippin, nonpareil, andl'api: those for
   the kitchen use are, codling, summer marigold, sum-
   mer  red pearmain, Holland pippin, Kentish pippin,
   the hanging body, Loan's pearmain, French reinette,
   French pippin,  royal  russet,  monsh-uous  reinette,
   winter pearmain, pomme violette, Spencer's pippin,
   stone pippin, oakenpin: and those generally used for
   cyder  are,  Devonshire royal wilding,  redstreaked
   apple, the whitsour, Herefordshire underleaf, John
   apple, &c.                             Miller.
      Oaks and beeches last longer  than apples and
   pears.                                 Bacon.
      Thus apple-trees, whose trunks are strong to bear
   Their spreading boughs, exert themselves in  air.
                                        Dryden.
  A'pple-woman,  ap'pl-wum-iin.88189 n. s.
    [from  apple and woman.] A woman,
    that sells apples, that keeps fruit on a
    stall.
    Yonder are two apple-women  scolding, and just
  ready to uncoif one another.   Arbuthnot and Pope.
Appli'able,  ap-pli'a-bl.*°* adj. [from ap-
  ply.]  That, which may be applied. For
  this word,  the moderns use applicable;
  which see.
    Limitations all  such principles hare, in regard of
  the varieties of the matter, whereunto toey are ap-
  plicable.                              Hooker.
    All that I  have said of the heathen idolatry is
  applicable to the idolatry of another  sort of men in
  the world.                             South.
Applia'nce,  ap-pli'anse.  to.*,  [from ufi-
  ply.] The  act of applying; the thing ap-
   plied.
            Diseases desp'rate grown,
    By desperate appliance are relieved.     Shaksp.
                   Are youchaf'd?
  Ask God for temperance; 'tis the appliance only,
  Which your desire requires.              Shaksp.
Applicability,  ap'ple-ka-bil'e-te. n. «,
   [from applicable.] The  quality of being
   fit to be applied to something.
     The action of  cold is composed of two parts; the
   one pressing, the other penetration, which require
   applicability.                           Digby.
 A'pplicable, ap'ple-ka-bl. adj. [from afi-
   ply.]  That, which  may applied,  as pro-
   perly relating to something.
     What he says of the portrait of any particular
   person, is applicable  to poetry.  In the character,
   there is a better or a worse likeness; the better is a
   panegyrick, and the worse a libel.         Dryden.
     It were happy for us, if this complaint were ap-
   plicable only to toe heathen world.         Rogers.
 A'pplicableness, ap'ple-ka-bl-nes.  n.s.
   [from applicable.] Fitness to  be ap-
   plied.
     The knowledge of salts may possibly, by that little
   part which we have already  delivered of its applica-
   bleness, be of use in natural philosophy.     Boyle.
 A'pplicably,  ap'ple-ka-ble.  adv.  [from
   applicable.] In such a manner, as that it
   may be properly applied.
 A'pplicate, ap'ple-kate.91 to. s. [fromafi-
   ply.] A right line drawn across a curve,
    so as to bisect the diameter thereof.
                                    Chambers.
 Application, ap-ple-ka'shtin. to. *. [from
    apply.]
 1. The act  of  applying any thing to an-
    other;  as, he mitigated his pain by the
    application of emollients.
 2. The thing  applied;  as,  he invented a
    new application, by which blood might
    be stanched.
 3. The act of applying  to any person, as a
    solicitor  or petitioner.
     It should seem very extraordinary, that a patent
   should be passed, upon toe application of a poor,
   private, obscure mechanick.               Swift.
 4. The employment of  means for a cer-
    tain end.
     There is no stint, which can be set to the value
   or merit of the sacrificed body of Christ:  it hath no
   measured certainty of limits; bounds of efficacy un-
   to life, it knoweth none; but is also itself infinite, in
   possibility of application.                Hooker.
     If a right course be  taken  with  children, there
   will not be much need ofthe application of the com-
   mon rewards and punishments.           Locke-

  5. Intenseness of thought; close study.
     I have discovered no  other way, to  keep our
   thoughts close to their business; but, by frequent at-
   tention  and application, getting the habit of atten-
   tion and application                      Lockt, 
APP
APP
APP
6. Attention to some particular affair: with
   the particle to.
    His continued application to such publick affairs,
  as may benefit his kingdoms, diverts him from plea-
  sures.                              Addison.
    This ri ime certainly deserves the utmost applica-
  tion and wisdom of a people to prevent it. Addison.
7. Reference to some case or position; as,
   the  story  was  told, and the  hearers
   made the application.
    This principle acts with the greatest force in the
  worst application; and toe familiarity of wicked men
  more successfully debauches, than that of good men
  reforms.                             Rogers.
Applicative, ap'ple-ka-tlv.618 adj. [from
   apply.]  That which applies.
    The directive command, for counsel, is in the un-
  derstanding; and the applicative command, for put-
  ting in execution, is in the will.
                        Bramhall against Hobbes.
A'pplioatory, ap'ple-ka-tdr-re. adj. [from
   ap/ily.] That, which comprehends the
   act of application.
A'pplicatory,  ap'ple-ka-to.r-re.513 to.  *.
   That, which applies.
    There are but two ways of applying toe death of
  Christ: faith  is the inward  applicatory;  and, if
  there be any outward, it must be the sacraments.
                  Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
To APPLY', a-pli'.  v. a.  [applico, Lat.]
1. To put one thing to another.
    He said, and to the sword his throat applied. Dryd.
2. To lay medicaments upon a wound.
    Apply some speedy cure, prevent our fate;
  And succour nature,  ere  it be too late.    Addison.
    God has addressed every passion  of our nature,
  applied remedies to  every weakness, warned us of
  every enemy                         Rogers.
3. To make use of, as relative or suitable
   to  something.
    This brought the death of your father into remem-
  brance; and I repeated the verses, which I former-
  ly applied to him.               Dryden's Fables.
4. To put to a certain use.
    The  profits thereof might be applied, towards the
  support of toe year.                 Clarendon.
5. To use, as means  to an end.
    These glorious beings  are instruments  in  toe
  hands of God; who  applies their services, and go-
  verns their actions, and disposes even their wills and
  affections.                            Rogers.
6. To fix the mind upon; to study: with to.
   Locke uses about, less properly.
    Apply thine heart  unto instruction, and thine ears
  to the words of knowledge.        Prov. xxiii. 12.
    Every man is conscious to himself, that he thinks;
  and that, which his  mind is applied about, whilst
  thinking, is the ideas that are there.       Locke.
    It  is a sign of a capacious mind, when the mind
  can  apply itself to  several objects with a swift suc-
  cession.                               Watts.
7. To have  recourse  to, as a  solicitor or
  petitioner;  with to: as, I applied myself
  to him for  help.
8. To address to.
                  God  at last
  To Satan (first in sin) his doom apply'd;
  Tho' in mysterious terms, judg'd as then best. Milt.
    Sacred vows and mystic song apply'd,
  To grisly Pluto and his gloomy bride.       Pope.
9. To  busy; to keep at work: an antiquated
  sense; for which, we now use  ply.
    She was skilful in applying his humours; never
  suffering fear to fall  to despair, nor hope to hasten
  to assurance.                          Sidney.
10. To act  upon; to ply.
    A varlet running towards hastily,
  Whose  flying feet so  fast their way apply'd,
  That round about a cloud of dust did fly.  Fairy Q.
 To Apply',  a-pli'. v.n.
 I. To suit; to agree.
    Would it apply well to the vehemency of your af-
  fection, that I should win, what you would enjoy?
                                      Shaksp.
2. To have recourse to, as a petitioner.
    1 had no thoughts of applying to any, but himself;
  he- desired, I would speak to others.        Sioift.
3. To attach, by  way of influence.
    God knows every  faculty  and  passion;  and, in
  what manner, they can be most successfully applied
  to.                                  Rogers.
 To Appo'int, ap-point'.  v. a.  [appointer,
   Fr.]
 I. To fix any thing, as to settle the  exact
   time for some transaction.
    The time appointed of the father.   Galat. iv.  2.
2. To settle any thing by compact.
    He said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will pay it.
                                      Genesis.
    Now there was an  appointed sign,  between the
  men of Israel and the liers in wait.  Judges, xx. 38.
3. To establish any thing by decree.
    It was before the Lord, which chose  me before
  toy father, and before all his house, to appoint me
  ruler over the people  ofthe Lord.   2 Sam. vi. 21.
    Unto him thou gavest  commandment, which  he
  transgressed;  and immediately thou appointedst
  death in him, and in his generations.   2 Esd. iii.  7.
    O  Lord, that art the God  of toe just, thou hast
  not appointed repentance to toe just.
                            Manasseh's Prayer.
4. To furnish  in  all  points; to equipj  to
   supply with all  things necessary: used
   anciently in speaking of soldiers.
    The English being well  appointed, did so enter-
  tain them, that their ships departed terribly torn.
                                    Hayioard.
 Appo'inter, ap-poln'tur.98   to. s.  [from
   appoint.]  He, that settles or fixes any
   thing or place.

Appo'intment,  ap-p6int'ment. to. a.  [ap-
   pointement, Fr.]
 I. Stipulation; the act   of  fixing some-
   thing in which two or more are concern-
   ed.
    They had made  an appointment together, to come
  to mourn with him, and to comfort him.  Job, ii. 11.
2. Decree; establishment.
    The  ways of death be only in his hands, who
  alone hath power over all flesh, and unto whose ap-
  pointment we ought  with patience meekly to sub-
  mit ourselves.                         Hooker.
3. Direction; order.
                That good fellow,
  If I command him, follows my appointment:
  I will have none so near else.             Shaksp.
 4. Equipment; furniture.
    They have  put forth the haven: further on,
  Where their appointment we may best discover,
  And look on their endeavour.            Shaksp.
    Here art thou in appointment fresh and fair,
  Anticipating time with starting courage.    Shaksp.
 5. An allowance paid  to any man: com-
   monly used, of allowances to public of-
   ficers.
 To Appo'RTioN,ap-p6re'shnn. v. a.  [from
   portio,Lat.]To set out in j ust proportions.
    Try the parts of toe  body which of  them issue
  speedily, and which slowly,  and, by apportioning
  the time, take and leave that  quality, which you de-
  sire.                                 Bacon.
    To these it were good, that some proper prayer
  were apportioned,  and they taught it.       South.
    An office cannot be apportioned out like a com-
  mon, and shared among distinct proprietors. Collier.
 Appo'RTioNMENT,ap-p6re'sluln-m6nt. n.s.
|  [from apportion.] A dividing of a rent,
                    n2
   into two parts or portions; according as
   the land, whence  it  issues,  is  divided
   among two or more proprietors.
                                  Chambers.
To Appo'sE,ap-poze'. v. a. [appono, Lat.  j
1. To  put questions to.  This word is  not
   now in use; except that, in some schools,
   to  put grammatical questions to a boy,
   is called to pose  him; and we now use
  pose for puzzle.
    Some procure themselves to be surprised, at such
  times; as it is  like the party, that they work upon,
  will come upon them:  and to be found with a letter
  in their hand, or doing somewhat, which  they are
  not accustomed; to toe end they may be apposed of
  those things, which of themselves they are desirous
  to utter.                              Bacon
2. A latinism. To apply to.
    By malign putrid vapours, the nutriment is ren-
  dered unapt ofbeing apposed to the parts.   Harvey.
A'pposite, ap'po-zit.146  adj. [appoaitus,
   Lat.] Proper; fit; well adapted to time,
   place,  or circumstances.
    The duke's delivery of his mind was not so sharp,
  as solid and grave, and apposite to the times and oc-
  casions.                              Wotton.
    Neither was Perkin (for his part) wanting to him-
  self, either in gracious and princely behaviour, or in
  ready and apposite answers.              Bacon.
    Remarkable  instances of this kind have been: but
  it will administer reflections very apposite to toe de-
  sign of this present solemnity.          Atterbury.
A'ppositely, ap'po-zit-le. adv. [from ap-
  posite.] Properly; fitly; suitably.
    We may appositely compare  this  disease, of a
  proper and improper  consumption, to a  decaying
  house.                               Harvey.
    When we come into a government, and see this
  place of honour allotted to a murderer; another, fill-
  ed with an atheist or a blasphemer; may we not ap-
  positely and properly ask, whether there be any vir-
  tue, sobriety, or religion, amongst such a people?
                                       South.
A'ppositeness,  ap'po-zit-nes. to. s. [from
   apposite.]  Fitness; propriety; suitable-
   ness.
    Judgment is either concerning things to  be known,
  or of things done; of their congruity, fitness,  light-
  ness, appositeness.      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Apposi'tion, ap-po-zlsh'un. to. s. [apposi-
   tio, Lat.]
1. The addition of new matter, so as that it
   may touch  the first mass.
    Urine, inspected with a microscope, will discover
  a black sand; wherever  this  sand sticks, it grows
  still bigger, by the apposition of new matter.
                             Arbuthnot on Diet-
2. In grammar, the putting of two nouns
   in the same case; as, Liber Susanna ma-
   tris, the  book of  his mother Susan.
To APPRATSE, ap-praze'. v. a. [appre-
   cier, Fr.] To set a price upon any thing,
   in order to sale.
Appra'iser,  ap-pra'zur.98 to. *. [from  ap-
   praise.]   A person appointed  to set  a
   price upon things to be sold.
To APPREHE'ND, ap-pre-hend'.  v. a
   [apprehendo, Lat.] To take  hold of.
1. To lay hold on.
    There is nothing but hath a double handle, or at
   least we have two hands to apprehend it   Taylor.
2. To  seize in order for  trial  or  punish-
   ment.
    The governor  kept the city with a garrison, de-
   sirous to apprehend me.            2 Cor.  xi. 32.
    It was the rabble, of which no body was named; 
APP                                       APP                                       APP
  and, which is more strange, not one apprehended.
                                    Clarendon.
3. To conceive by the mind.
    The good which  is gotten by doing, causeth not
  action; unless, apprehending it as good, we like and
  desire it.                              Hooker.
    Yet this I apprehend not, why to those
  Among whom God will deign to dwell on earth,
  So many and so various laws are  given.    Milton.
    The  First Being is  invisible  and incorruptible,
  and can only be apprehended by our minds. Stilling.
4. To think on with  terrour; to fear
    From my grandfather's death I had reason to ap-
  prehend the stone; and, from my father's life, the
  gout.                                 Temple.
 Apprehe'nder,  ap-pre-hen'dur.   to  s.
   [from apprehend.]  Conceiver; thinker.
     Gross  apprehenders may not think it any more
   strange, than that a bullet should be moved  by the
   rarefied fire.                         Glanville.
 AppREHE'NSiBLE,ap-pre-hen'se-bl.l60arf/
   [from apprehend]  That  which may be
   apprehended, or conceived.
     The north and southern poles  are incommunica-
   ble and fixed points, whereof the one is not appre-
   hensible in the other.     Broion's Vxdgar Errours.
 Apprehe'nsion,  ap-pre-h6n'shun.   to. *.
   [apprehensio, Lat.]
 1. The mere contemplation of things, with-
   out affirming  or denying  any thing con-
   cerning them.  So  we think of a horse,
   high, swift,  animal, time, matter, mind,
   death,  &c.                        Watts.
     Simple apprehension denotes  no more than the
   soul's naked intellection of an object, without either
   composition or deduction.              Glanville.
 2. Opinion; sentiments; conception.
     If we aim at right understanding its true nature,
   we must examine what apprehension mankind make
   of it.                                   Digby.
     To be false, and to be thought false, is all one in
   respect of men who act not according to truth, but
   apprehension.                           South.
     The expressions of Scripture are commonly suited
   in those matters to the vulgar apprehensions and con-
   ceptions of toe place and people where they were
   delivered.                              Locke.
 3. The faculty by which  we conceive new
   ideas, or power of conceiving  them.
     1 nam'd them as they pass'd, and understood
   Their nature, with such knowledge God indu'd
   My sudden apprehension.                Milton.
 4. Fear.
     It behoveto that the world should be held in awe,
   not by a vain surmise, but a true apprehension of
   somewhat which no man may think himself able to
  Withstand.                            Hooker.
    And he the future evil shall no less
  In apprehension, than in substance, feel.   Milton.
    The apprehension of what was to come from an
  unknown,  at  least  unacknowledged successour to
  the crown, clouded much  of that  prosperity-
                                     Clarendon..
    As they have no apprehension of these things, so
  they need no comfort against them.      Tillotson.
    After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius
  was in no small appreliension for  his own life.
                                      Addison.
5. Suspicion of  something  to happen, or
   be clone.
    I'll note you in my book of memory,
  And scourge you for this apprehension.     Shaksp.
    That he might take away the  apprehension, that
  he meant  suddenly to depart,  he sent out orders,
  which he was sure would come into the enemies
  hands, to two or three villages, that they should send
  proportions of corn into Basinghouse.    Clarendon.
6. Seizure.
    See that he be eonvey'd unto the Tower:
  And go we, brothers, to the man  that took him,
  To question of his apprehension.          Shakspt
7. The power of seizing, catching, or hold-
   ing.
    A lobster hath the chely or great claw of one side
  longer than the other, but this is not their leg, but a
  part of apprehension whereby they seize upon their
  prey.                  Broicn's Vulgar Errours.
IAppreiif.'xsive,  ap-pre-hen'siv.iB8  adj.
   [from apprehend]
 1. Quick to  understand.
    And gives  encouragement to those who teach such
  apprehensive  scholars.                   Holder.
    If conscience be naturally appreftensire and saga-
  cious, certainly we should  trust and rely upon the
  reports of it.                            South.
   Fearful.
    The inhabitants of this country,  when I passed
  through it, were extremely apprehensive of seeing
   Lombardy the seat of war.              Addison.
     They are  not at all apprehensive of evils at a dis-
   tance,  nor tormented with the fearful prospect of
   what may befal them hereafter.        Tillotson.
 3.  Perceptive feeling.
     Thoughts, my tormentors,  arm'd with deadly
         stings,
   Mangle my  apprehensive tenderest parts.   Milton.
 AppKKHE'xsivELY,ap-pre-hen'siv-le.ad'y.
   [from apprehensive.]   In an apprehen-
   sive  manner.
 Apprehe'nsiveness,  ap-pre-heVsiv-nes.
   to. s.  [from apprehensive.] The  quality
   of being apprehensive.
     Whereas  the vowels are much more difficult to be
   taught, you will find, by falling upon, them last, great
   help by the apprehensiveness already gained in learn-
   ing the consonants.                     Holder.

 APPRE'NTICE, ap-pren'fis.**0 «. s. [ap-
   prenti, Fr.]  One that is bound by cove-
   nant to serve another man of trade,  for
   a  certain  term of years, upon condition
   that  the artificer,  or tradesman, shall,
   in the mean time, endeavour to instruct
    him  in his art or mystery.      Cowell.
     Love enjoined such diligence, that no apprentice,
   no, no bond  slave, could ever be more ready  than
   that young princess was.                 Sidney.
     He  found  him such an apprentice, as knew  well
   enough how  to set up for himself.         Wotton.
     This rule  sets the painter at liberty; it teaches
   him, that he ought not to be subject himself ser-
   vilely, and be bound like an apprentice to the rules
   of his art.                  Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 To Appre'ntice, ap-pren'tis. v. a. [from
   the noun.] To put out to a master as an
   apprentice.
     Him portion'd maids,  apprentie'd orphans blest,
   The young who labour, and the old who rest. Pope.
 AppRE'NTicEHOon, ap-pren'fis-hud. to. s.
   [from  apprentice.] The years of an  ap-
   prentice's servitude.
    Must I not serve a long apprentkehood
   To foreign passages, and in the end,
   Having my freedom, boast of nothing else
   But that I was a journeyman to grief?     Shaksp.
 Apprenticeship,  ap-pien'tis-ship. to. s.
   [from  apprentice.] The years which an
   apprentice is to pass under a master.
    In every art, toe simplest that is, there is an ap-
  prenticeship necessary, before it can be expected one
  should work.                            Digby.
    Many rushed into the ministry, as being the only
  calling that they could profess, without serving any
  apprenticeship.                         South.
 To Appri'ze, dp-prize', v. a. [apprendre;
   part, appris, Fr.]  To inform; to  give
   the knowledge of any thing.
    He considers the tendency  of such a virtue or
  vice; he is well apprized, that the representation of
  some of these things may convince the understand-
  ing, and  some may terrify the  conscience. Watts.
    It is fit he be apprized of a few things, that may
  prevent his mistaking.                  Cheyne.
    But if appriz'd ofthe severe stttack,
  The country be shut up, lur'd by the scent,
  On church-yard drear (inhuman to relate)
  The disappointed prowlers fall.          Thomson.
To APPRO'ACH,  ap-protsh'. v. n. [ap.
  procher, Fr.]
1. To draw near locally.
    'Tis time to look about: the powers of the king-
  dom approach apace.                   Shaksp.
    We suppose  Ulysses approaching toward Polv-
  pheme.                              Broome.
2. To draw near, as  time.
    Hark! I hear the sound of coaches,
  The hour of attack approaches.              Qa„
3. To  make  a  progress towards, in the
   figurative  sense,  as mentally.
    He shall approach unto me: for who is this that en-
  gaged his heart to approach unto me? Jer. xxx. 21.
    To have knowledge in all the objects of contem-
  plation, is what the mind can hardly attain unto- the
  instances are few of those who have, in any measure
  approached towards it.                   Lucke
4. To come near, by natural affinity, or re-
   semblance; as, the cat approaches to the
   tiger.
 To  Appro'ach, ap-protsh'. v. a.
 1. To bring  near to.  This sense is rather
   French than English.
     This they will nimbly perform, if objected to the
  extremes; but slowly, and not  at all, if approached
  unto their roots.          Broicn's Vulgar Errours.
     By plunging  paper thoroughly in weak spirit of
  wine, and approaching it to a candle, the spirituous
  parts will burn, without harming the paper.  Boyle.
    Approach'd, and looking underneath the sun,
  He saw proud Arcite.                  Dryden.
2. To come near to.
     He was an admirable poet,  and thought even to
  have approached Homer.               Temple.
Appro'ach,  ap-protsh'.  «. a.  [from the
   verb.]
 1. The act of drawing near.
     If I could bid the seventh welcome with so good a
  heart as I can bid the other five farewell, I should
  be glad of his approach.  Shaksp. Merch. of Venice.
                 'Tis with our souls
  As with our eyes, that after a long darkness
  Are dazzled at th' approach of sudden light. Denh.
2. Access.
     Honour hath in it toe vantage ground to do good;
  toe approach to kings and principal persons; and the
  raising of a man's own  fortunes.          Bacon.
3. Hostile advance.
     For England his a]iproaches makes as fierce
  As waters to  the sucking of a gulf.        Shaksp.
4. Means of advancing.
     Against beleagur'd heav'n the giants move;
  Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie,
  To make their mad approaches to toe sky.  Dryden.
Appro'acher,  ap-pro'tshur.08 to. s. [from
   approach.] The person  that approaches
   or draws near.
    Thou gav'st thine ears, like tapsters, that bid wel-
        come,
  To knaves and all approachers.         Shakspeare.
Appro'achment,   ap-protsh'ment.  n.«.
   [from approach.]  The act of coming
   near.
    As for iee, it will not concrete but in the approaeh-
  ment of the air, as we have made trial in glasses of
  water, which will not easily freeze.       Brown.
Approbation, ap-pro-ba'slnin. n.a.  [ap-
  probate, Lat.]
1. The act of  approving, or  expressing
   himself pleased or satisfied. 
APP
APP
APP
               That not past me, but
   By learned approbation of my judges.      Shaksp.
 2. The liking of any thing.
     There is no positive law of men, whether received
   by formal consent, as in councils, or by secret ap-
   probation,  as in customs,  but may be taken away.
                                      Hooker.
     The bare approbation of the worth and goodness
   of a thing, is not properly the willing of that thing;
   yet men do very commonly account it so.   South.
 3. Attestation; support.
               How many now in health
   Shall drop their blood in approbation
   Of what your reverence shall incite us to.  Shaksp.
 Appro'of, a-pr66P  n. s. [from approve,
   as  proof from prove]   Approbation;
   commendation: a word rightly derived,
   but old.
               0 most perilous mouths,
   That bear in them one and the self-same tongue
   Either of condemnation or approof!        Shaksp.
 To  Appro'perate,  ap-prop'per-ate. v. a.
   [appropero, Lat.] To hasten; to set for-
   ward.                               Diet.
 To Appropinquate, ap-pro-pin'kwate.91
   v. n. [appropinquo, Lat.] To draw nigh
   unto; to approach.
 To AppROPi'NquE,ap-pro-pink'. v.n. [ap-
   propinquo, Lat.] To approach; to draw
   near to. A ludicrous wocd.
     The clotted blood within my hose,
   That from my wounded body flows,
   With mortal crisis doth portend
   My days to appropinque an end.        Hudibras.
 Appropriable,    dp-pro'pre-a-bl.  adj.
   [from appropriate] That which may be
   appropriated;  that  which  may  be  re-
   strained to something particular.
    This conceit, applied unto the original of man, and
   the beginning of toe world, is more justly appropria-
   ble unto its end.         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 To APPRO'PRIATE,  ap-pro'pre-ate."
   v. a. [approprier,  Fr.  approprio, low
   Lat.]
 1. To consign to some  particular  use or
   person.
    Things sanctified were thereby in such  sort  ap-
  propriated unto God, as that toey might never after-
   wards again be made common.          Hooker.
    As for this spot of ground, this person, this thing,
   I have selected and appropriated, I have inclosed it
   to  myself and my own use; and I will endure no
   sharer, no rival, or companion in it.       South.
    Some they appropriated to the gods,
   And some to publick, some to private ends.
                                  Roscomnwn.
    Marks of honour are appropriated to the magis-
  trate, that he might be invited to reverence himself.
                                    Atterbury.
2. To claim  or exercise;  to take to him-
   self by an  exclusive right.
              To themselves appropriating
  The spirit of God,  promis'd alike and giv'n
  To all believers.                       Milton.
    Why should people engross  and appropriate  the
  common benefits of fire,  air, and water, to them-
  selves?                          L'Estrange.
   Every body else has an equal title to it; and there-
  fore he cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, with-
  out the consent of all his fellow commoners, all man-
  kind.                                 Locke.
3. To make peculiar to something; to an-
   nex by combination.
   He need but be furnished with verses of sacred
  scripture; and his system, that has appropriated them
  to the orthodoxy of his church, makes them imme-
  diately irrefragable arguments.            Locke.
   We, by degrees, get ideas and names, and learn
   their appropriated connection one with another.
                                        Locke.
 4. In law, to alienate a benefice.  See Ap-
    propriation.
     Before Richard II. it was lawful to appropriate
   the whole fruits of a benefice to any abbey, the house
   finding one to serve  the  cure; that  king redressed
   that horrid evil.                        Ayliffe.
 Appropriate,    ap-pro'pre-ate.91    adj.
   [from the  verb.] Peculiar; consigned to
   some  particular use or person; belong-
   ing peculiarly.
     He did institute a band of fifty  archers, by toe
   name of yeomen of his guard;  and that it might  be
   thought to be rather a matter  of dignity, than any
   matter of diffidence appropriate to his own case,  he
   made an ordinance  not  temporary, but to hold in
   succession for ever.                     Bacon.
     The heathens themselves had an apprehension of
   the necessity of some appropriate acts of divine wor-
   ship.                            Stillingfleet.
 Appropriation,   ap-pro-pre-a'shun. n. s.
   [from appropriate.]
 1. The application of something to a par-
   ticular purpose.
     The mind should have distinct ideas of the things,
   and retain the particular name, with its peculiar ap-
  propriation to that idea.                  Locke.
 2. The claim of any thing as peculiar.
     He doth nothing but talk of his horse, and make
   a great appropriation  to his good parts, that he can
   shoe him himself.                  Shakspeare.
 3. The fixing a particular signification to
   a word.
     The name of faculty may, by an appropriation thai
   disguises its true sense, palliate toe absurdity.
                                       Locke.
 I. In law, a severing of a benefice ecclesi-
   astical to the proper and perpetual use
   of some religious  house, or dean, and
   chapter, bishoprick, or college; because,
   as persons  ordinarily have no right of
   fee  simple, these, by reason of their per-
   petuity, are accounted owners of the fee
   simple;  and  therefore are  called  pro-
   prietors.  To an  appropriation, after the
   licence obtained of the  king in chance-
   ry,  the consent of the diocesan, patron,
   and  incumbent,  are necessary, if the
   church be full: but if the church be void,
   the diocesan  and the patron, upon the
   king's licence, may conclude.  Cowell.
 Appro pit ia'tor,   ap-pro-pre-a'tiir.98 to. s.
   [from  appropriate] He that is posses-
   sed of an appropriated benefice.
    These appropriators, by reason of their perpetui-
  ties,  are accounted owners of the fee simple; and
  therefore are called proprietors.  Ayliffe's Parerg.
 Appro'vahle,  ap-proo'va-bl. adj.  [from
   approve.]  That  which merits approba-
   tion.
    The solid reason, or confirmed experience, of any
  men, is very approvable in what profession soever.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Appro'val,  ap-proo'val.  to. <s.  [from ap-
   prove]   Approbation:  a  word rarely
   found.
    There is a censor of justice and manners, without
  whose approval no capital sentences are to be exe-
  rted-                              Temple.
 Appro'vance,  ap-pr66'vanse.  to.*, [from
   approve.]   Approbation:  a  word  not
   much  used.
    A man of his learning should not so lightly have
  been  carried away with  old wives' tales from ap-
, provance of his own reason,             Spenser.
               Should she seem
   Soft'ning the least approvance to bestow,
   Their colours burnish, and, by hope inspir'd,
   They brisk advance.                  Thomson.
 To Appro'VE,ap-pr66v'. v.  a.[approuver,
   Fr.  approbo, Lat.]
 I. To  like; to be pleased with.
     There can  be nothing possibly evil which God ap-
   proveth, and that he approveth much more than he
   doth command.                       Hooker
     What power was that, whereby Medea saw,
   And well approv'd, and prais'd toe better course,
   When her rebellious sense did so  withdraw
   Her feeble pow'rs, that she pursu'd toe worse?
                                       Davi-1-
 2. To express liking.
     It is looked upon as insolence for a man to set up
   his own opinion against that of some learned doctor,
   or otherwise approved writer.             Locke.
 3. To prove; to show; to justify.
     His meaning was not, that Archimedes could sim-
   ply in nothing be deceived; but that he had in such
   sort approved his skill, that he seemed worthy of cre-
   dit for ever after, in  matters appertaining to the
   science he was skilful in.               Hooker.
                  In religion,
  What damned errour, but some sober brow
  Will bless it, and approve it with a text?   Shaksp.
                      I am sorry
  That he approves toe common liar, Fame,
  Who speaks him thus at Rome.       Shakspeare.
    Would'st thou approve thy constancy? Approve
  First toy obedience.                    Milton.
    Refer all the actions of this short life to that state
  which will never end; and this will approve kself to
  be wisdom at  the last, whatever toe  world judge of
  it now.                            Tillotson.
4. To experience: not in use.
    Oh! 'tis the curse in love, and still approv'd,
  When women cannot love, where they're belov'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
5. To make,  or show, to be worthy of ap-
   probation.
    The first care and concern must  be to approve
  himself to God by righteousness,  holiness, and pu-
  rity.                                 Rogers.
6. It has of before the object, when it sig-
   nifies to bepleased,but may  be used with-
   out a preposition; as,  I approve your let-
   ter, or, of your letter.
    I showed you a piece of black and white stuff, just
  sent from toe  dyer; which you were  pleased to ap-
  prove of, and be my customer for.          Swift.
Appro'vement,    ap-prodv'm£nt.   to. s.
   [from  approve.]  Approbation; liking.
    It is certain that at the fhst you were all of my
  opinion, and that I did nothing without your approve-
  ment.                              Hayward.
Appro'ver, ap-proo'viir.98 to. s, [from ap-
  prove.]
I. He that approves.
2. He that makes trial.
                  Their discipline,
  Now mingled with their courages, will make known
  To their approvers; toey are people such,
  As mend upon the world.            Shakspeare
3. In  common   law,  one  that,  confes-
   sing felony of himself, appealeth or ac-
   cuseth another, one or more, to be guil-
   ty of the same: and he is called so, be-
   cause  he must prove what he hath al-
   leged in his appeal.             Cowell.
Appro'ximate,  ap-proks'e-mate.91   adj.
   [from  ad to, and proximus near, Lat.]
   Near to.
    These receive a quick conversion,  containing ap-
  proximate dispositions unto animation.
                       Breton's  Vulgar Errour<t. 
APR                                     APT                                      AQU
Approximation, ap-pr&k-se-ma'shiin.  n.
   s. [from approximate]
1. Approach to any thing.
    Unto toe latitude  of  Capricorn, or toe winter
  solstice, it had been a spring; for, unto that posi-
  tion, it had been in a middle point, and that of as-
  cent or approximation.    Brown's Vulg. Errours.
    The fiery  region gains upon toe inferiour ele-
  ments; a necessary consequent of the sun's gradual
  approximation towards the earth.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    Quadrupeds are better placed according to  the
  degrees of their approximation to the human shape.
                               Greto's Musceum.
2. In science, a continual approach  nearer
   still, and nearer, to the quantity sought,
   though perhaps without a possibility of
   ever arriving at  it exactly.
Appu'lse, ap'pillse, to. *. [appulsus, Lat.]
   The act of" striking against any thing.
    An hectick fever is toe innate heat kindled into
  a destructive  fire,  through toe appulse of saline
  steams.                               Harvey.
    In vowels,  the passage of the mouth is open and
  free, without any appulse of an organ of speech to
  another; but, in all consonants, there is an appulse
  of the organs.                          Holder.
To A'pricate,  a'pre-kate.91 v. to.  [apri-
   cor, Lat.]   To bask  in the sun.   Diet.

Apri'oity,  a-prls'e-te.  ».  *.  [apricitas,
   Lat.]  Warmth of the sun; sun-shine.
                                        Diet.
A'prioot, or A'prioock, a'pre-kot. «. *.
   [from apricus, Lat. sunny.]   A kind of
   wall fruit.
A'pril, a'prll. «.  s.  [Aprilis, Lat.  Avril,
   Fr.]  The  fourth  month  of the year,
   January counted first.
    April is represented by a young man in green,
  with a garland of myrtle and hawthorn buds; in one
  hand, primroses and  violets; in toe other, toe sign
  Taurus.                  Peacham on Drawing.
    Men are April, when they woo; December, when
  they wed: Maids are May, when toey are maids;
  but the sky changes, when they are wives.
                           Shaksp. As you like it.
A'pRON,a'purn.417 n.s. [A word of uncertain
   etymology; but supposed by some  to
   be contracted from afore  one.]  A cloth
   hung before, to  keep the other  dress
   clean.
    Give us gold, good Timon: hast thou more?
  ----------Hold up, you sluts,
  Your aprons mountant.                  Shaksp.
    The nobility think  scorn, to go in leather aprons.
                                       Shaksp.
    How might we see Falstaff, and not ourselves be
  seen?----Put on two leathern jerkins and aprons;
  and wait upon him at his table, as drawers. Shaksp.
    In these figures, the vest is gathered up before
  them, like an apron,  which you must suppose filled
  with fruits.                           Addison.
A'pron, a'purn.*17 to.  s.  [in  gunnery.]  A
   piece  of lead  which covers the touch-
   hole of a great gun.
A'pron of a goose.   The fat  skin, which
   covers the  belly.
A'pron-ma'n,  a'purn-man'.91  to. s.  [from
   apron and man.] A man, that wears an
   apron; a workman; a manual artificer.
            You have made good work,
  You and your apron-men; that stood so much,
  Upon toe voice of occupation, and
  The breath of garlick eaters.             Shaksp.
A'proned, a'purnd.368 adj. [from apron]
   Wearing an apron.
    The cobler aprvn'd, and the parson gown'd.  Pope.
A'PSIS, ap'sls. n. a. apsides, plural. [*^<«,
   conjunction.]
    Is applied, in astronomy, to two points in the or-
  bits of planets; in which they are at toe greatest and
  the least  distance from  toe sun or earth.   The
  higher apsis is more particularly denominated aphe-
  lion, or apogee; toe lower, perihelion, or perigee.
                                    Chambers.
    If bodies revolve  in orbits that are pretty near
  circles, and the apsides of these orbits be fixed; then
  the centripetal forces of those bodies  will  be reci-
  procally as the squares of the distances.    Cheyne.

APT, apt. adj. [aptus, Lat.]
1. Fit.
    This so  eminent industry in making proselytes,
  more of that sex than of toe other,  groweth; for
  that, they are deemed apter, to  serve as instruments
  in the cause.  Apter they are  through toe eager-
  ness of their affection; apter, through  a natural in-
  clination unto piety; apter, through sundry opportu-
  nities, &c.   Finally, apter, through a singular de-
  light, which they take in  giving very large and par-
  ticular intelligence, how  all near about them stand
  affected, as concerning the same cause.   Hooker.
2. Having a tendency to; liable  to.
    Things natural, as long as they keep those forms
  which give them their being, cannot possibly be apt
  or inclinable, to do otherwise than they do.  Hooker.
    My vines  and  peaches on my best south walls
  were apt,  to have a soot or smuttiness upon their
  leaves and fruits.                       Temple.
3. Inclined to; led to;  disposed to.
    You may make her you love, believe it; which I
  warrant, she is apter to do, than confess she does.
                          Shaksp. As you like it.
    Men are apt, to think  well of themselves and of
  their nation, of their courage and strength.  Temple.
    One, who has  not these lights, is  a stranger to
  what he reads; and apt to put  a wrong interpreta-
  tion upon it.                         Addison.
    Even those, who  are  near toe court, are apt to
  deduct wrong consequences, by reasoning upon toe
  motives of actions.                       Swift.
    What we  have always seen to be  done in one
  manner; we are apt to imagine there  was  but that
  one way.                             Bentley.
4.  Ready; quick: as, an apt wit.
    I have a heart as little apt as yours;
  But yet a brain, that leads my use of anger
  To better vantage.                      Shaksp.
5. Qualified for.
    These brothers had a  while served the king in
  war, whereunto they were only apt.        Sidney.
    All, that were strong and apt for war, even them
  toe king of Babylon brought captive to  Babylon.
                                     2 Kings.
To Apt, apt', v. a. [apto, Lat.]
1. To suit; to adapt.
    We need a man, that knows the several graces
  Of history, and how to apt their places;
  Where brevity, where splendour, and where height,
  Where sweetness is required, and where weight.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    In some ponds, apted  for it by nature, they be-
  come pikes.                           Walton.
2. To fit; to qualify; to dispose; to prepare.
            The king is melancholy,
  Apted for any ill impressions.    Denham's Sophy.
To  A'ptate,  ap'tate.91 v.  a.  [aptatum,
   Lat.]   To make fit.
    To aptate a planet, is to strengthen the planet in
  position of house and dignities to the greatest advan-
  tage, in order to bring about the desired end.
                                       Bailey.
A'pTiTunE, ap'te-tude. to. s. [French.]
1. Fitness.
    This evinces its perfect  aptitude and fitness for the
  end, to which it was aimed; the planting and nou-
  rishing all true virtue among men.  Decay of Piety.
2. Tendency.
    In an abortion, the mother, besides the frustra-
  tion of her hopes, acquires an aptitude to miscarry
  for toe future.                  Decay of Piety,
3. Disposition.
    He, that is about children, should study their na-
  ture and aptitudes; what turns toey easily take, and
  what becomes them; what their native stock is, and
  what it is fit for.                         Locke.
A'ptlv, apt'le.  adv.  [from apt.]
I. Properly; with just connexion, or cor-
   respondence; fitly.
              That part
  Was aptly fitted,  and naturally perform'd.   Shaks.
    But, what  the  mass nutritious does divide?
  What makes them aptly to toe limbs adhere,
  In youth increase them, and in age repair?
                                    Blaekmorc
2. Justly; pertinently.
    Irensus  very  aptly remarks, that those  nations.
  who  were not possest of the gospels, had the same
  accounts of our Saviour, which are in the Evange-
  lists.                               Addison.
3. Readily; acutely; as, he learned his bu-
   siness very aptly.
A'ptness, apt'nes. to. a. [from apt]
1. Fitness; suitableness.
    The nature of every law must be judged of by the
  aptness of things  therein prescribed, unto the same
  end-                                 Hooker.
    There are antecedent and independent aptnesses
  in things, with respect to which, they are  fit to be
  commanded or forbidden.        Norris's  Miscel
2. Disposition to any thing;  of persons.
    The nobles receive so to heart the banishment of
  that worthy Coriolanus,  that toey are in a ripe apt-
  ness to take all power from the people.    Shaksp.
3. Quickness of  apprehension;  readiness
   to learn.
    What should be toe aptness of birds, in compari-
  son of beasts, to imitate speech, may be enquired.
                                       Bacon.
4. Tendency; of things.
    Some seeds of goodness give him a relish of such
  reflections, as have an aptness to improve the mind.
                                     Addison.
Ap'tote, ap'tote. to. s. [of « and w7*e-i{ a
   case.]  A noun, which is not declined
   with cases.
A QUA,  a'kwa. to. s. [Latin.] A  word sig-
   nifying water, very much used in chymi-
   cal  writings.
AQUA FOR TIS, ak-kwa-for'tls. [Latin.]
   A  corrosive  liquor, made by  distilling
   purified  nitre, with calcined vitriol, or
   rectified oil of vitriol in a strong heat:
   the liquor which  rises  in fumes red as
   blood, being collected, is the spirit of
   nitre, or aquafortis;  which serves as a
   menstruum,  for dissolving of silver, and
   all other metals, except gold.   But, if
   sea salt or  sal ammoniac be  added to
   aqua fortis,  it  commences aqua  regia,
   and  will  then  dissolve no  metal but
   gold.                          Chambers.
    The  dissolving of silver in  aqua fortis, and gold
  in aqua regia, and not vice versa, would not be dif-
  ficult to know.                          Locke.
AQUA MARINA,  ak-kwa-ma-ri'na.  of
   the  Italian   lapidaries,  is of  a sea or
   bluish green.  This stone seems to me,
   to be the  beryllus  of Pliny.  Woodward.
AQUA MIRABILIS,   ak-kwa-mi-rab'e-
   lis. [Latin.]    The wonderful  water, is
   prepared  of cloves, galangals, cubebs,
   mace,  cardomums,  nutmegs, ginger,
   and spirit of wine digested twenty-four
   hours, then distilled. 
AQ,U
ARB
ARB
AQUA REGIA,  or  AQUA REGALIS,
  ak-kwa-re'ja.113  [Latin.]  An acid wa-
  ter, so called because it dissolves gold,
  the king of metals.  Its essential ingre-
  dient is common sea salt, the only salt
  which will operate on gold.  It is prepa-
  red by mixing common sea salt, or sal
  ammoniac, or the  spirit of them, with
  spirit of nitre, or common aqua  fortis.
                                 Chambers.
    He adds to his complex idea of gold, that of fix-
  edness or solubility in aqua regia.         Locke.
AQUA-VITJE, ak-kwa-vi'te.  [Lat.]  It is
  commonly understood of what is other-
  wise  called brandy, or spirit of wine,
  either simple or prepared with aroma-
  ticks.   But some  appropriate the term
  brandy to what is procured from wine
  or the grape; aqua-vita,  to  that drawn
  after the same manner from malt.
                                 Chambers.
    I will rather trust a Fleming with my butter, an
  Irishman with my aqua vitce bottle, or a thief to
  walk with my ambling gelding, than my wife with
  herself.                             Shaksp.
Aqua'tick, a-kwa.t'ik,arf/. [aquaticus, Lat.
  from aqua, water.]
1. That which inhabits the water.
    The vast variety  of worms found in animals, as
  well  terrestrial as aquatick, are  taken into their
  bodies by meats and drinks.  Ray on the Creation.
    Brutes may be considered, as either aerial, ter-
  restrial, aquatick, or  amphibious.   Aquatick are
  those whose constant abode is upon the water.
                                      Locke.
2. Applied to plants, that which grows in
  the water.
    Flags, and such like aquaticks are best destroyed
  by draining.             Mortimer's Husbandry.
A'quATiLE,ak-kwa'til.14S B03 adj. [aquatiiis,
  Lat.]   That  which inhabits the water.
    We behold many millions  of toe aquatile or wa-
  ter frog, in ditches and standing plashes.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A'quEnucT, ak'kwe-duct. to. s. [aquaduc-
  tus, Lat.]  A conveyance, made  for car-
  rying water from one  place  to another;
  made  on  uneven  ground, to  preserve
  the level of the water, and convey it by
  a canal.   Some aqueducts  are  under
  ground, and others above it, supported
  by arches.
    Among toe remains of old Rome, the grandeur of
  the commonwealth shews itself chiefly in temples,
  highways, aqueducts, walls, and bridges of the city.
                                    Addison.
    Hither the rills of water are convey'd,
  In curious aqueducts; by nature laid,
  To carry all the humour.            Blackmore.
A'queous, a'kwe-us.S34  adj. [from aqua,
  water, Lat.]  Watery.
    The vehement fire, requisite to its fusion, forced
  away all the aqueous and fugitive moisture.
                          Ray on the Creation.
A'queousness, a'kwd-tis-n£s. to. s. [aquo-
  siias, Lat.]  Waterishness.
A'quiline,   ak'we-lin.145 adj.  [aquilinus,
  Lat. from aquila  an eagle.]   Resem-
  bling  an  eagle; when applied to  the
  nose, hooked.
    His nose was uquiUne, his eyes were blue,
  Buddy his lips, and fresh and fair his hue.   Dryd.
    Gryps  signifies some  kind of eagle or vulture;
  from  whence  toe epithet grypus, for an hooked or
  aquiline nose,                        Br men.
Aquo'se a-kwose'. adj. [from aqua, wa-
   ter, Lat.]  Watery; having  the quali-
   ties of water.                      Diet.
Aquo'siTv,  a-kwos'e-te.sia «.  *.  [from
   aquose.]  Wateriness.             Diet.
A. R. anno  regni; that is, the  year of the
   reign: as, A. R.  G. R. 20. Anno  regni
   Georgii regis vigesimo, in the twentieth
   year of the reign of king  George.
A'rable, ar'a-bl.405  adj. [from aro, Lat.
   to  plough.]   Fit for the plough; fit for
   tillage; productive  of corn.
    His eyes he open'd, and beheld a field,
  Part arable, and tilth; whereon were sheaves
  New reap'd.                         Milton.
    'Tis good for arable; a  glebe, that asks
  Tough teams of oxen; and laborious tasks. Dryden.
    Having but very little arable land, they are for-
  ced  to fetch all their corn from foreign countries.
                                    Addison.
ARACHNOI'DES,  a-rak-noi'des.  to.  *.
   [from «f <*#vjj a spider, and US<^ form.]
1. One ofthe tunicks ofthe eye, so called
   from its resemblance to a cobweb.
    As to the tunicks of the eye, many things might
  be taken notice of; the  prodigious fineness ofthe
  arachnoides, the acute sense of the retina. Derham.
2. It  is also a fine thin transparent mem-
  brane;  which, lying between the  dura
  and the pia mater,  is supposed to invest
  the whole substance of the brain.
                                 Chambers.
ARA'IGNEE, a-ra-ne'.  n. s.  [Fr.]   A
   term in fortification,  which  sometimes
   denotes a branch, return, or gallery of
   a mine.                            Diet.
Ara'neous, a-ra'ne-fis, adj. [from aranea,
  Lat. a  cobweb.]  Resembling a  cobweb.
    The curious araneous membrane of toe eye con-
  stringeth and dilateto it, and so varieth its focus.
                                    Derham.
Ara'tion, a-ra'shlin.  to. s.  [aratio,  Lat.]
  The act or practice of ploughing.
Ara'tory, ar'a-tilr-re.sia adj.  [from aro,
  Lat.  to plough.]  That,  which contri-
  butes to tillage.                    Diet.
A'rbalist, ar'ba-list.603 to. s. [from arcus a
  bow, and  balista an  engine to throw
   stones.]  A  cross-bow.
    It is reported by William Brito, that the arcuba-
  lista or arbalist was first showed to toe  French by
  our  king Richard toe first, who was shortly after
  slain by a quarrel thereof.             Camden*
A'RBITER, ar'be-tur.98 to.  s. [Lat.]
1. A  judge appointed  by the parties,  to
   whose  determination  they  voluntarily
   submit.
    He would put himself into the king's hands, and
  make him arbiter ofthe peace.           Bacon.
2. One, who has the power of decision  or
   regulation; a judge.
             Next him, high arbiter,
  Chance governs all.                   Milton.
    His majesty, in this great conjuncture, seems to
  be generally  allowed for the sole arbiter  of  toe
  affairs of Christendom.                Temple.
A'rbitrable, ar'be-tra-bl.  adj. [from ar-
   bitror,  Lat.]  Arbitrary; depending upon
   the will.
    The ordinary revenue of a parsonage  is in land,
  called the glebe; in tythe, a set part of our goods,
  rendered to God; in other offerings, bestowed upon
  God by the people, either in such arbitrable propor-
  tion, as their own devotion moveth them, or as the
   laws or  customs of particular places do require
   them.                             Spelman.
 Arb i'trame nt, ar-bit'tra-ment. n. s. [from
   arbitror,  Lat.]   Will;   determination;
   choice.   This  should  be written  arbi-
   trement.
            Stand fast! to stand or fall,
  Free in thine own arbitrament it stands:
  Perfect within, no outward aid require,
  And all temptation to toansgress repel.    Milton.
Arbitrarily, ar'be-tra-re-le.  adv.[from
   arbitrary.] With no other rule, than the
   will; despotically; absolutely.
    He governed arbitrarily: he was  expelled, and
  came to the deserved end of all tyrants.    Dryden.
ARBiTRA'Rious,ar-be-tra'r^-us. adj. [from
   arbitrarius, Lat.]   Arbitrary; depend-
   ing on  the will.
    These  are standing and irrepealable truths; such
  as have no precarious existence, or arbitrarious de-
  pendence upon any will  or understanding  what-
  soever.                              Norris.
Arbitra'riously, ar-be-tra're-us-le. adv.
   [from  arbitrarious.]  Arbitrarily;  ac-
   cording to mere will and pleasure.
    Where words are imposed arbitrariously, distort-
  ed from their common use; the mind must be led
  into misprision.                     Glanville.
A'rbitrary,  ar'be-tra-re.  adj. [arbitra-
   rius, Lat.]
1. Despotick;  absolute; bound by no  law;
   following the will without restraint.  It
   is applied both to persons and things.
   In vain the Tyrian queen resigns her life,
  For toe chaste glory of a virtuous wife;
  If lying bards may false amours rehearse,
  And blast her name with arbitrary verse.    Walsh.
   Their regal tyrants shall with blushes hide
  Their little lusts of arbitrary pride,
  Nor bear to see their vassals ty'd.         Prior.
2. Depending on no rule;  capricious.
   It may be perceived with  what insecurity we
  ascribe effects depending  on toe natural period of
  time, unto arbitrary calculations, and such as vary
  at pleasure.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To A'rbitrate, ar'b6-trate.91 v. a. [arbi-
   tror, Lat.]
1. To  decide; to determine.
   This might have been prevented, and made whole,
  With very easy arguments of love;
  Which now, the manage of two kingdoms must,
  With fearful bloody issue, arbitrate.       Shaksp.
2. To judge of.
   Yet, where an equal poise of hope and fear
  Does arbitrate the event, my nature is,
  That I incline to hope, rather than fear.    Milton.
To A'rbitrate, ar'b6-trate.91  v. to.  To
   give judgment.
   It did arbitrate upon the several reports of sense,
  not like  a drowsy judge, only  hearing, but also
  directing their verdict.                  South.
Arbitrariness, ar'be-tra-r£-n$ss. to. s.
   [from  arbitrary.]  Despoticalness; ty-
   ranny.
    He, that by harshness of nature, and arbitrariness
  of commands, uses  his children  like servants,  ia
  what they mean by a tyrant.             Temple.
Arbitra'tion, ar-be-tra'shun. to. *. [from
   arbitror, Lat.]  The determination of a
   cause,  by a judge  mutually agreed on
   by the parties contending.
Arbitra'tor, ar'be-tra't&r.6"  to. *. [from
   arbitrate.]
 1. An extraordinary judge between party
   and party, chosen by their  mutual con-
   sent.                             Cornell* 
AKB                                    ARC                                     ARC
    tie. a i^ood Soulier, or upright truster.
  An arbitrator from corruption free.        Dryden.
J. A governour; a president.
            Though heav'n be shut,
  Vnd hcav'n's high arbitrator sit secure
  In his own strength; this place may be expos'd.
                                      Milton.
3. He, that has the  power  of prescribing
  to others without limit or control.
    Another Blenheim or Ramillies will  make the
  confederates masters of their own terms, and arbi-
  trators of a peace. Addison on the State ofthe  War.
 1. The determiner;  he, that puts an end to
   any affair.
     But now the arbitrator of despairs,
  Just death, kind umpire of man's miseries,
  With sweet enlargement doth dismiss me hence.
                                      Shaksp.
             The end crowns all;
  And that old common arbitrator, time,
  Will one day end it.                   Shaksp.
 Arbi'trement, ar-bit'tre-ment.  to.   s.
   [from arbitror, Lat.]
 i. Decision; determination.
     I know, toe knight is incensed against you, even
  to a mortal  arbitrement; but  nothing of the circum-
  stance more.                         Shaksp.
                 We of toe offending side
  Must keep aloof from strict arbitrement.   Shaksp.
     Aid was granted, and the  quarrel broug'it to the
  arbitrement of the sword.               Hayward.
 2. Compromise.
     Lukewarm persons think they may accommodate
  points of religion by middle ways and witty recon-
  cilements; as  if they  would make an arbitrement
  between God and man.                 Bacon.
 A'rborary,  ar'bo-ra-re.612cc(/. [arborari-
   us, Lat.] Belonging to a tree.     Diet.
 A'rboret, ar'bo-ret.  to. a. [arbor, Lat. a
   tree.] A  small tree or shrub.
     No arboret, with painted blossoms drest,
   And smelling sweet; but there it might be found,
   To bud out fair,  and  her  sweet smells throw all
     around.                       Fairy Queen.
                 Now hid, now seen,
   Among thick woven arborets, and flow'rs
   Imbroider'd on each bank.             Milton.
 Aruo'reous,  ar-bo're-us. adj. [arboreus,
   Lat.]
 1. Belonging to trees; constituting a tree.
     A grain of mustard  becomes arboreous. Brown.
 2. A  term  in botany, to distinguish such
   funguses or mosses as grow upon trees,
   from those that grow on the ground.
                                     Quincy.
     They speak properly, who make it an arboreous
   excrescence, or rather a superplant bred of a viscous
   and superfluous lopp,  which  the tree itself cannot
   assimulate.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 A'rborist, ar-bo-rist. n. s. [arboriste, Fr.
   from arbor a tree.]   A naturalist,   who
   makes trees his  study.
     The nature ofthe mulberry;  which toe arborists
   observe to be long in the begetting his buds; but, toe
   cold seasons being past, he shoots them all out in a
  night.                     Howel's Vocal Forest.
 A'rborous, ar'bo-rus.314 adj. [from arbor,
   Lat.] Belonging  to a tree.
           From under shady arborous roof,
   Soon as they forth were come to open sight
  Of day-spring and the sun.              Milton.
 A'rbour, ar'bdr.814 to. s. [from arbor,  hat.
   a tree.] A bower; a place, covered with
   green branches of trees.
     Nay, you shall see  mine orchard; where,  in an
  arbour, we will eat a last year's pippin of my own
  graffing.                             Shaksp.
     Let us divide our labours: thou, where choice
  Leads thee, or where most needs; whether to wind
  The woodbine round this aroour, or direct
  The clasping ivy where to climb.          Milton.
    For noonday's heat, are closer arbours made;
  And, for fresh ev'ning air, the op'ner glade. Dryd.
A'rbour vine, ar'bfir-vine.  to. s.  A spe-
  cies of bind-weed; which see.
A'rbuscle, ar'bus-sl.sal *08».s. [arbuscula,
  Lat.]  Any little shrub.             Diet.
A'rbute, ar'bute'.  to. s. [arbutus, Lat.]
    Arbute, or strawberry tree, grows common in Ire-
  land. It is difficult, to be raised from the seeds; but
  may be propagated by layers. It grows, to a goodly
  tree; endures our climate,  unless  the  weather be
  very severe; and makes beautiful hedges. Mortimer.
    Rough arbute slips into a hazel bough
  Are oft ingrafted; and good apples grow
  Out of a plain bee stock.          May's Virgil.

Arc, ark. «. s. [arcus,  Lat.]
1. A  segment; a  part of a circle;  not more
  than a semicircle.
    Their segments or arcs, for the most part ex-
  ceeded not the third part of a circle.      Newton.
2. An arch.
    Load some vain  church with old theatrick state;
  Turn arcs of triumph to a garden gate.      Pope.
Arca'oe, ar-kade'. to. s. [French.] A con-
   tinued arch; a  walk  arched  over.
    Or call the winds, through long arcades to roar;
  Proud to catch cold at a Venetian door.     Pope.
ARCA'NUM,  ar-ka'nim.503  to.*,  in the
  plural arcana. A Latin word, signifying
   a secret.
ARCH, artsh. to. s. [arcus, Lat.]
1. Part of a circle, not more than the half.
    The mind perceives, that an arch of a circle is
  less than the whole circle,  as clearly as it does the
  idea of a circle,                        Locke.
2.  A building,  open  below  and  closed
   above, standing by the form of  its own
   curve;  used for bridges and other works.
    Ne'er through an arch, so hurried toe blown tide;
  As the recomforted, through the gates.      Shaksp.
    Let Rome in Tiber melt, and toe wide arch
  Of the rais'd empire fall! here is my space.  Shaksp.
    The royal squadron marches;
  Erect triumphal arches.         Dryden's Albion.
3. The  sky, or vault  of heaven.
          Hath nature given them eyes
  To see this vaulted arch, and the rich cope
  Of sea and land?                       Shaksp.
4. [from x%x)ii] A chief: obsolete.
           The noble duke, my master,
  My worthy arch and patron, comes to-night. Shaksp.
To Arch, artsh. v. a. [arcuo, Lat.]
1. To build arches.
            The nations of the field and wood
  Build on the wave, or arch beneath the sand. Pope.
2. To cover with arches.
                  Gates of monarchs
  Are arch'd so high that giants may get through.
                                      Shaksp.
    The proud river, which  makes her  bed at her
  feet, is arched over with such a curious pile of stones;
  that, considering the rapid course of toe deep stream
  that roars under it, it may well  take place among
  toe wonders of toe  world.                Hoioel.
3. To form  into  arches.
    Fine  devices of arching water without spilling,
  and making it rise  in several forms of feathers and
  drinking-glasses, be pretty things to look on, but
  nothing to health and sweetness.           Bacon.

Arch, artsh. adj. [from «f#es chief.]
1. Chief; ofthe first class.
    The tyrannous and bloody act is done;
  The most arch deed of piteous massacre,
  That ever yet this land was guilty of.      Sliaksp.
            There  is sprung up
  Anheretick, an arch one. Cranmer        Shaksp.
2. Waggish;  mirthful; triflingly mischie-
   vous. This signification it seems to have
   gained,  by being frequently applied to
   the boy most remarkable for his pranks;
   as, the arch rogue:  unless it be derived
   from Archy, the name  of the  jester to
   Charles I.
    Eugenio set out from the university; he had the
  reputation of an a?cA lad at school.         Swift.
Arch,  aitsh.  in  composition,  signifies
   chief, or of the first class [from «£#««,]
   as archangel, archbishop. It is pronounc-
   ed  variously with  regard  to  the ch
   which  before  a consonant sound  as in
   cheese, as archdeacon;  before  a vowel
   like k, as archangel.
Archa'ngel, ark-ane'jel.36* to. s. [archan-
   gelus, Lat.] One ofthe highest order of
   angels.
          His form had yet not lost
  All her original brightness, nor appear'd
  Less than archangel ruin'd, and to' excess
  Of glory obscur'd.                     Milton.
    'Tis sure th'  archangel's trump I hear,
  Nature's great passing-bell; toe only call
  Of God's, that will be heard by all.       Norris
Archa'ngel, ark-ane'jel.354 n. s. [lamium,
   Lat ]  The  name of a plant, called also
   Dead-nettle.
Archange'lick, ark-an-jel'Hk. adj. [from
   archangel.] Belonging'to archangels.
    He ceas'd; and th' archangelick pow'r prepar'd
  For swift descent; with him the cohort bright
  Of watchful cherubim.                Milton.
Archbe'acon, artsh-be'kn.  «. s.  [from
   arch  and  beacon]  The chief  place of
   prospect, or of signal.
    You shall win the top of toe Cornish archbeaeon
  Hainborough;  which may, for  prospect, compare
  with Rama in Palestina.                Carew.
Archbi'shop, artsh-blsh'tip. ».  s.  [from
   arch and bishop.]  A bishop of the first
   class, who superintends the conduct of
   other bishops his suffragans.
    Cranmer is returned with welcome,
  Install'd lord archbishop of Canterbury.    Shaksp.
    The archbishop was the known architect of this
  new fabrick.                        Clarendon.
Arohbi'shoprick, artsh-bish-fip-rik. n. s.
   [from archbishop.] The state  or juris-
   diction of an archbishop.
                 'Tis the cardinal;
  And, merely to revenge him on the emperor,
  For not bestowing on him at his asking
  The archbishoprick of Toledo, this is purpos'd. Shah.
    This excellent man, from  the time of his promo-
  tion to the archbishoprick, underwent the envy and
  malice of men, who agreed in nothing else.
                                   Clarendon.
ARCHCHA'NTER.artsh-tshan'tiir. to. *. [from
   arch and chanter.] The chief chanter.
Archde'acon, artsh-de'kn. n. s.  [archidi-
   aconus, Lat.] One,  that supplies the bi-
   shop's place and office  in such matters,
   as do belong to the episcopal  function.
   The law styles him the bishop's vicar,
   or vicegerent.       Ayliffe's Parergon.
    Lest negligence might foist in abuses, an  arch-
  deacon was appointed to take account of their doings.
                               Carew's Survey
Archde'aconry,   artsh-de'kn-re.  to. *.
   [archidiaconatus,  Lat.]  The office or
  jurisdiction of an archdeacon.
    It oweth  subjection to the metropolitan of Can-
  terbury, and hath one only arcltdeaconry.  Carew 
ARC
ARC
ARC
Arohde'aconship, artsh-de'kn-ship. to. a.
  [from  archdeacon.]  The  office  of an
  Archdeacon.
Arohdu'ke, artsh-duke'. to. a. [archidux,
  Lat.]  A title given to  some sovereign
  princes, as of Austria and Tuscany.
    Philip, archduke of Austria, during his voyage
  from the Netherlands towards Spain, was weather-
  driven into Weymouth.          Carew's Survey.
Archdu'chess, artsh-dutsh'es. n. s. [from
  arch and duchess.]  A title given to the
  sister or  daughter of  the  archduke  of
  Austria, or to the wife of an archduke
  of Tuscany.
Arch-philo'sopher,   artsh-fe-los'6-fur.
  to. s. [from arch andphilosopher.]Ch.ef
  philosopher.
    It is no improbable opinion  therefore, which the
  arch-philosopher was of; that toe chiefest person in
  every household was always (as it were) a king.
                                     Hooker.
Arch-pre'late,  artsh-prel-ate.91   to.  *.
  [from arch and prelate.] Chief prelate.
    May we not wonder, that a man of St. Basil's au-
  thority and quality, and arch-prelate in the house of
  God, should have his name far and wide called-in
  question?                            Hooker.
Arch-pre'sbyter, artsh-pres'be-ter. to. *.
   [from arch and presbyter]  Chief pres-
  byter.
    As simple deacons are in subjection to presbyters,
  according to the canon law;  so are also presbyters
  and arch-presbyters in subjection to these archdea-
  cons.                      Ayliffe's Parergon.
Arch-pri'est, artsh-preest.375 n. s.  [from
  arch and priest.] Chief priest.
    The word decanus was extended to an ecclesiasti-
  cal dignity, which included the arch-priest.  Ayliffe.
Archaio'logy,  ar-ka-61'6-je. to. s. [from
  rtf%«5®° ancient, and Xoy®* a discourse.]
  A discourse on antiquity.
Archaiolo'gick,   ar-ka-6-16d'jik.   adj.
  [from  archaiology.]  Relating to  a dis-
  course on antiquity.
A'rchaism, ar'ka-lsrn.353 to. s.  [*$%tti0-^05.]
  An ancient phrase, or mode of expres-
  sion.
    I shall never use archaisms, like Milton.   Watts.
A'rched, ar'tshed. participial adj.  [from
   To arch.] Bent in the form  of an arch.
    I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond;
  thou hast toe right arched bent ofthe brow.  Shaksp.
              Let the arched knife,
  Well sharpen'd, now assail the spreading shades
  Of vegetables.                        Philips.
A'roher, artsh'iir. to. s. [archer, Fr. from
  arcus, Lat. a bow.] He that shoots with
  a bow:  he that carries  a bow  in battle.
    Draw, archers, draw your arrows to the head.
                                     Sliaksp.
    This Cupid is no longer an archer; his glory shall
  be ours; for we are toe only love-gods.    Shaksp
    Thou frequent bring'st the smitten deer;
  For seldom, archers say, thy arrows err.     Prior.
A'rchery, artsh'ur-e. to. *. [from archer.]
1. The use of the bow.
    Among the English artillery, archery challenge*
  the pre-eminence, as peculiar to our nation. Camden,
2. The act of shooting with the bow.
   Flower of this purple dye,
  Hit with Cupid's archery,
  Sink in apple of his eye!                Shaksp.
3. Thd art of an archer.
   Blest seraphims shall leave their quire,
  And turn love's soldiers upon  thee,
  To exercise their archery.             Crashaiv.
      VOL. I.
    Say from what golden quivers of the sky
  Do all thy winged arrows fly?
  Swiftness and power by birth are thine.
  'Tis (I believe) this archery to shew,
  That so much cost in colours thou,
  And skill in painting, dost bestow
  Upon thy ancient arms, the gaudy heavenly bow.
                                    Cowley.
A'rohes-court, artsh-ez-cort. n. s. [from
  arches  and court.] The chief and most
  ancient consistory, that belongs to the
  archbishop  of Canterbury,  for the de-
  bating of  spiritual causes; so called
  from  Bow-Church in London,  where
  it is kept; whose top is raised of stone-
  pillars, built archwise.  The  judge  of
  this court  is termed  the dean  of the
  arches, or  official  of the arches-court:
  dean of the  arches, because  with this
   office  is commonly joined  a peculiar
  jurisdiction of thirteen parishes in Lon-
  don, termed a deanery, being exempted
  from  the authority of the bishop  of
  London, and  belonging  to the archbi-
  shop of Canterbury; of which the parish
  of Bow is one.  Some  others  say, that
  he was first called  dean of the arches,
  because  the official to the  archbishop,
  the dean ofthe arches, was his substitute
  in his court; and by that means the names
  became confounded.  The  jurisdiction
  of this judge is ordinary, and extends
  through the  whole province of Canter-
  bury:  so that, upon any appeal, he forth-
  with, and without any further examina-
  tion of the cause,  sends out. his citation
  to the  party appealed;  and his  inhibi-
  tion to the  judge, from whom the ap-
  peal  is made.                  Cowell.
A'rchetype,  ar'ke-tipe.354 to. s. [arche-
  typum, Lat.] The original, of which any
  resemblance is made.
    Our souls,  though they might have perceived
  images themselves, by simple sense; yet it seems in-
  conceivable, how they should apprehend their arcAe-
  types.                     Glanville's Scepsis.
    As a man, a tree, are toe outward objects of our
  perception, and the outward archetypes or patterns
  of our ideas; so our sensations of hunger, cold, are
  also inward archetypes or patterns of our ideas. But
  the notions or pictures of these things,  as they are
  in the mind, are the ideas.       Watts's Logick.
Arche'typal, ar-ke-ti'pal. adj. [archety-
  pus, Lat.]   Original; being a pattern,
  from  which  copies are  made.
    Through contemplation's opticks I have seen
  Him who is fairer than the sons of men;
  The source of good, the light archetypal.   Norris.
ARCHE'US, ar-ke'us.3" n. s.  [probably
  from  x^x,*>  chief  power.]  A  word by
  which  Paracelsus  seems to have meant
  a power, that presides over the animal
  ceconomy,  distinct from  the  rational
  soul.
Archidia'oonal, ar-ke-di-ak'6-nal. adj.
  [from  archidiaconus* Lat. an  archdea-
  con.]  Belonging to an  archdeacon; as,
  this offence is liable to  be  censured in
  an archidiaconal visitation.
Archiepi'scopal,   ar-ki-e-pls'ko-pal.854
  adj. [from archiepiscopus,L&t. an arch-
  bishop.]  Belonging to an  archbishop;
  as, Canterbury is an archiepiacopal see;
                       O
  the suffragans are subject to archiepia-
  copal jurisdiction.
A'RCHiTECT,  ar'ke-tekt.354  «. *. [ar-
  chitectus, Lat.]
1. A professor of the art of building.
    The architect's glory consists,  in the designment
  and idea of the work; his ambition should be, to
  make the form triumph over the matter.   Wotton.
2. A contriver of a building; a builder.
           The hasty multitude
  Admiring enter'd; and the work some praise,
  And some the architect: his hand was known
  In heav'n, by many a tow'rtd structure high;
  Where scepter'd angels held their residence,
  And sat as princes.                   Milton.
3. The contriver or former of  any com-
  pound body.
    This inconvenience the divine architect ofthe body
  obviated.                  Ray on the Creation.
4. The contriver of any  thing.
               An irreligious Moor,
  Chief architect and plotter of these woes.   Shaksp.
Archite'ctive, ar-ke-tek'tlv. adj. [from
  architect.]  That performs the works of
  architecture.
    How could the bodies of many of them, particu-
  larly the last mentioned, be furnished with architec-
  tive materials.          Derh. Physico-Theology.
Architeoto'nick,   ar-ke-tek-ton'nik.i09
  adj. [from «£#:,  chief, and tcktuv an arti-
  ficer?]  That, which  has the  power or
  skill of an architect; that,  which can
  build or form any thing.
    To say, that some more fine part of either, or all
  the hypostatical principle, is  the architect of  this
  elaborate structure; is to give occasion to  demand,
  what proportion of the tria prima afforded this  ar-
  chilectonick spirit, and what agent made so skilful
  and happy a mixture.   .               Boyle.
Architecture, ar'ke-t£k-tshure.461 to. *.
  [architectura, Lat.]
1. The art or science of building.
    Architecture is divided into civil architecture, call-
  ed by way of eminence architecture; military architec-
  ture, or fortification; and naval architecture, which,
  besides building of ships and vessels,  includes  also
  ports, moles, docks, &c.              Chambers.
    Our fathers next, in architecture skill'd,
  Cities for use, and forts for safety build:
  Then palaces and lofty domes arose;
  These for devotion, and for pleasure those.
                                  Blackmore.
2. The effect or  performance of the  sci-
  ence of building.
    The formation of the first earth being a piece of
  divine  architecture, ascribed to a particular provi-
  dence.                      Burnet's Theory.
Vrchitra ve, ar'ke-trave. to. s. [from x%w,
  chief, and trabs, Lat. a beam;  because it
  is supposed to  represent the principal
  beam in timber  buildings.] That part of
  a column, or order of a  column, which
  lies  immediately upon the  capital, and
  is the lowest member of the entablature.
  This member is  different in the diffe-
  rent  orders;  and,  in building   archi-
  trave doors and windows, the workman
  frequently  follows  his  own fancy.  The
  architrave   is  sometimes  called   the
  reason-piece, or master-beam,  in tim-
  ber buildings; as porticos, cloysters, fkc.
  In chininies,  it is called  the  mant:e-
  piece;  and over jambs of  doors, and
  lintels  of windows, hyperthyron.
                            Buildi r's Diet, 
ARC
ARE
ARE
    The materials, laid over this pillar, were of wood;
  through the lightness whereof, the architrave coild
  not suffer, nor the column itself, being so substan-
  tial.                     Wotton's Architecture.
    Westward a pompous frontispiece appear'd,
  On Dorick pillars of white marble rear'd,
  Crowu'd with an arcAitrai'e of antique mold;
  And sculpture rising on the roughen'd gold.  Pope.
A'rchives, ar-kivez.3*4 n. s. without a sin-
  gular,  [archiva,   Lat.]   The  places
  where records or  ancient writings  are
  kept. It is perhaps sometimes used for
  the writings themselves.
    Though we think,  our  words vanish  with the
  breath that utters  them; yet  they become records
  in God's court, and are laid up in his archives, as
  witnesses either for or against us.
                       Government ofthe Tongue.
    I shall now only look a little into toe Mosaic ar-
  chives, to observe what they furnish  us with, upon
  this subject.                       Woodward.
A'rchwise, artsh'wize.354 adv. [from arch
  and  wise.] In the form of  an  arch.
    The court of arches, so called ab arcuata ecclesia,
  or from  Bow church, by reason of the steeple or
  clochier thereof, raised at the top with stone pillars,
  in fashion of a bow bent archwise.         Ayliffe.
Arci'tenent, ar-sit'te-nent. adj.   [arcite-
  nens, Lat.] Bow-bearing.          Diet.
Arcta'tion, ark-ta'shun. n. s. [from arclo
  to straiten.] Straitening; confinement to
  a narrower compass.
A'rctick,  ark'tik,  adj. [from  x^*!®*  a
  bear, the northern constellation.] North-
  ern; lying under the Arctos, or bear. See
  Artick.
    Ever-during snows, perpetual shades
  Of darkness, would congeal their livid blood;
  Did not the arctick toact spontaneous yield  .
  A cheering purple berry, big with wine.    Philips.
A'rotick Circle, ark'tik.   The circle, at
   which the northern frigid zone begins.
A'rcuate,  ar'ku-ate.91  adj.  [arcuatus,
   Lat.]  Bent in the form of an arch.
    The cause ofthe confusion in sounds, and the in-
  coufusion of species visible, is, for that the sight work-
  eto in right lines;  but sounds, that move in oblique
  and arcuate lines, must needs encounter and  disturb
  the one the other.       Bacon's Natural History.
    In the gullet, where it perforateth the midriff, the
  cameous fibres are inflected and arcuate.
                           Ray on the Creation.
A'rcl'ATIle, ar'ku-a-til.14*^rf/'. [from ar-
  cuate] Bent;  inflected.            Diet.
Arcua'tion, ar-ku-a'shiln. to.*, [from ar-
  cuate.]
I. The act of bending any  thing; incurva-
  tion.
2. The  state of being bent;  curvity, or
  crookedness.
3. [In gardening.] The method of raising
  by layers such trees, as cannot be raised
  from seed, or that bear no seed; as  the
  elm, lime, alder, willow; and is  so call-
  ed, from  bending down to  the  ground
  the branches, which spring from the  off-
  sets  or stools  after they  are planted.
                                  Chambers.
A'rcuature, ar-ku-a-ture. to. a. [arcuatu-
  ra, low Lat.] The bending or curvature
  of an arch.                         Diet.
Arcuba'lister,  ar-ku-bal'is-tur.  to.  a.
  [from arcua a bow,  and balista an  en-
  gine.] A crossbow-man.
    King John was espied, by a very good arcubalister;
  who said, that he would soon dispatch the cruel ty-
  rant.   God  forbid, vile varlet, quoth the carl,  that
  we should procure the death of the holy one of God.
                            Camden's Remains.
Ann, ard. [Saxon.] Signifies natural dis-
  position;  as, Goddard, is a divine tem-
  per;  Reinard, a sincere temper; Giffard,
  a bountiful  and liberal disposition; Ber-
  nard, filial affection.  Gibson's Camden.
A'rdency, ar'den-se. n.s.  [from  ardent]
  Ardour;  eagerness; warmth of affection.
    Accepted our prayers shall be, if qualified with
  humility, and ardency,  and perseverance, so far as
  concerns the end immediate to them.
                   Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
    The ineffable happiness of our dear  Redeemer
  must needs bring an increase to ours, commensurate
  to the ardency of our love for him.         Boyle.
A'RDENT,   ar'dent. adj. [ardens, Lat.
  burning.]
I. Hot; burning; fiery.
    Chymists observe, that vegetables (as lavender,
  rue, marjoram, &c.) distilled before fermentation,
  yield oils without any burning spirits; but, after fer-
  mentation, yield ardent spirits without oils: which
  shews, that  their oil is, by fermentation, converted
  into spirit.                   Newton's Opticks.
2. Fierce;  vehement; having the appear-
  ance or quality of fire.
            A knight of swarthy face,
  High on a cole-black steed, pursued the chace;
  With flashing flames his ardent eyes were fill'd.
                                     Dryden.
3. Passionate; affectionate: used generally
  of desire.
    Another nymph with fatal pow'r may rise,
  To damp the sinking beams of  Caelia's eyes;
  With haughty pride may hear her charms confest,
  And scorn the ardent vows that I have blest.  Prior.
Ardently,  ar'dent-le.  adv.  [from  ar-
  dent.]  Eagerly; affectionately.
    With true zeal may our hearts be most ardently
  inflamed to  our religion.         Spratt's Sermons.
A'rdour, ar'dur.314 n.s.  [ardor, Lat. heat.]
1. Heat.
    Joy, like a ray of the sun, reflects with a greater
  ardour and  quickness, when it rebounds upon a  man
  from the breast of his friend.              SowtA.
2. Heat of  affection; as, love, desire, cour-
  age.
    The soldiers shout around with gen'rous rage;
  He prais'd their araour, inly pleas'd to see,
  His host.                            Dryden.
    Unmov'd the mind of Ithacus remain'd,
  And toe vain ardours of our love restrain'd.  Pope.
3. The person ardent or bright.   This is
  only used by Milton.
            Nor delay'd the winged saint,
  After his charge receiv'd; but, from among
  Thousand celestial ardours, where he stood
  Veil'd with his gorgeous wings, up-springing light,
  Flew through the midst of heav'n.   Paradise Lost.
ARDu'iTY,ar-du'e-te.TO.s. [from arduous.]
  Height; difficulty.                  Diet.
A'RDUOUS, ar'ju-us.a^ass adj.  [arduua,
  Lat.]
1. Lofty; hard to  climb.
    High on Parnassus' top her sons she show'd,
  And pointed out those arduous paths they trod Pone
2. Difficult.                      J    •   «V
    It was a means, to bring him up in the school  of
  arts and policy; and so to fit him for that great and
  arduous employment, that God designed him to.
* /                ...                 South.
A RnuousNEss,  ar'ju-us-nfis.293  376  n    s
  [from arduous] Height; difficulty.
ARE,ar.76  The third person plural ofthe
  present tense ofthe verb to be; as, young
  men are rash, old are cautious.
A'RE, a'-rS, or Alamire. The lowest note
  but one in Guido's scale of musick.
    Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
  Are to plead Hortensio's passion;
    B mi Bianca take him for thy lord,
  C faut, that loves with all affection.      Shaksp
A'rea, a're-a.'0 B*s B3* to. *.  [Latin.]
I. The surface;  contained between  any
  lines or boundaries.
    The area of a triangle is found,  by knowin« the
  height and the base.              Watts's Logick
2. Any open surface, as, the floor of a room-
  the open part of a church; the vacant
  part or stage of  an  amphitheatre.  An
  inclosed place, as lists,  or a  bowling.
  green, or grass-plot.
    Let us conceive a floor or area of goodly length
  with the breadth somewhat more than half the Fon-
  gitude.                             Wotton
    The Alban lake is of an oval figure; and, by rea-
  son ofthe high mountains that  encompass it, looks
  like the area of some vast amphitheatre.  Addison
    In areas vary'd with  Mosaick art,
  Some whirl the disk, and some the jav'lin dart. Pope.
To  ARE'An,orARE'ED, a-reed'.x».c.[ane-
  ban, Sax. to counsel.] To advise; to di-
  rect.
            Knights and ladies gentle deeds;
  Whose praises having  slept in silence long,
    Me, all too meane,  the sacred muse areeds
  To blazon broad.                  j^j^ Qwen
    But mark, what I aread thee now. Avant!
  Fly thither, whence thou fled'st! If from this hour
  Within these hallow'd limits thou appear,
  Back to to' infernal pit I drag thee chain'd.
                                Paradise Lost.
Arefa'ction, ar-re-fak'shin. n. s. [are/a-
  cio, Lat. to dry.]  The state of growing
  dry; the act of drying.
    From them, and their motions, principally pro-
  ceed arefaction, and most ofthe effects of nature.
                                     Bacon.
To A'refy, ar're-f i. v. a. [arefacio,  Lat.
  to dry.]  To dry; to exhaust of moisture.
    Heat drieth bodies, that do easily expire,  as
  parchment, leaves, roots, clay, &c. and so doth time
  or age arefy, as in toe  same bodies, &c.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
Arena'ceous, ar-e-na'stms.*2'' adj. [arena,
  Lat. sand.] Sandy; having the qualities
  of sand.
    A piece of the stone of the same mines, of a yel-
  lowish brown colour, an arenaceous friable substance,
  and with some white spar mixed with it.
                           Woodward on Fossils.
ARENA'TiON,ar-e-na'shun.TO s. [from are-
  na, Lat. sand.] Is used  by some physi-
   cians for a sort  of dry bath, when the
   patient sits with  his feet upon hot sand.
                                      Diet.
Areno'se, a-re-nose'.*27 adj. [from arena,
   Lat.] Sandy; full of sand.         Diet.
Are'nulous, a-reVu-liis. adj. [from ami-
  ula, Lat. sand.] Full of small sand; gra-
  velly.                         „
Areo'tick, a-re-6t'!k.434 adj. [x^xictikx]
   Attenuents; applied  to medicines, tha
   dissolve viscidities;  so  that the morbi-
   fick matter may be carried off, by sweat
   or insensible perspiration.      '  Diet.
Areto'looy,  a-re-tol'6-j£.  to.  *. [from
   x{tT» virtue, and  xiyu  to discourse]
   That part of moral philosophy, which 
ARG
ARG
ARI
   treats  of  virtue,  its nature, and  the
   means  of arriving at it.            Diet.
 A'rgal, ar'gal.80eTO.«. Hard lees, sticking
   to the sides of wine vessels; more com-
   monly called tartar.                Diet.
 A'rgent,  ar'jent. adj. [from  argentum,
   Lat. silver.]
 1.  The white colour, used in the coats of
   gentlemen, knights, and baronets;  sup-
   posed, to be the representation  of that
   metal.
             Rinaldo flings
   As swift, as fiery lightning kindled new:
   His argent eagle, with her silver wings
   In field of azure, fair Erminia knew.     Fairfax.
     In an argent field, toe god of war
   Was drawn triumphant on his iron car.    Dryden.
 2. Silver; bright like silver.
     Those argent fields more likely habitants,
   Translated saints, or middle spirits, hold,
   Betwixt to'  angelical  and human kind.     Milton.
     Or ask of yonder argent fields above,
   Why Jove's satellites are less than Jove?     Pope.
 Argenta'tion, ar-jen-ta'shun. to. s. [from
   argentum, Lat  silver.]  An overlaying
   with silver.                         Diet.
 A'rgentine, ar-jen'tin.160 adj. [argentin,
   Fr,]  Sounding like silver.         Diet.

 A'rgil, ar'jil. to. s. [argilla, Lat.]  Potters
   clay; a fat soft kind of  earth, of which
   vessels are made.

 Argilla'ceoits, ar-jil-la'shns. adj. [from
   argil.]  Clayey; partaking of the nature
   of argil;  consisting of argil or  potters
   clay.
 Argi'llous, ar-jil'liis.314 adj. [from argil]
   Consisting of clay;  clayish; containing
   clay.
     Albuquerque derives this redness from the sand
   and argillous earth at the bottom.
                        Brown's Vidgar Errours.
 A'rgosy, ar'go-se.603 to. s. [derived by Pope
   from Argo, the name of Jason's ship;
   supposed by others to be a vessel of Ra-
   gusaor Ragosa,a Ragozine, corrupted.]
   A large vessel for merchandize; a car-
   rack.
     Your mind is tossing on the ocean;
  There, where your argosies with portly sail,
  Like signiors and rich burgers on the flood,
  Do overpeer the petty traffickers.
                     Shaksp.  Merchant of Venice.
 To A'RGUE, ar'gii."6 v. to. [arguo, Lat.]
 1. To reason; to offer reasons.
    I know, your majesty has always lov'd her
  So dear in heart, not to deny her, what
  A woman of less place might ask by law;
  Scholars, allow'd freely to argue for her.
                            Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    Publick arguing oft serves not only to exasperate
  the minds, but to whet toe wits  of hereticks.
                                 Decay of Piety.
    An idea of motion, not passing on, would perplex
  any one, who should argue from such an idea. Locke.
2. To persuade by  argument.
    It is a sort of poetical logick, which I would make
  use of, to argue you into a protection of this play.
                 Congreve's Ded. to Old Bachelor.
3. To dispute; with the  particles with or
  against before the opponent, and against
  before the thing  opposed.
    Why do Christians, of several persuasions, so
  fiercely argue against the salvability of each other?
                                Decay of Piety.
    He, that by often arguing against his own sense,
  imposes falsehoods on others, is not far from believ-
  ing himself.                            Locke.
    I do not see,  how toey can argue vrith any one,
  without setting down strict boundaries.      Locke.
 To A'rgue, ar'gu.3*8 v. a.
 I. To prove any thing  by argument.
    If the world's age and death be argued well,
  By the sun's fall, which now towards earth doth bend;
    Then we might fear, that virtue (since she fell
  So low as woman) should be near her end.  Donne.
2. To debate any question; as, to argue a
   cause.
3. To prove, as an argument.
           So many laws argue so many sins
  Among them: how can God with such reside?
                                       Milton.
    It argues distemper of the mind, as well as of the
  body, when a man is continually tossing from one
  side to the other.                        South.
    This argues a virtue and disposition in those sides
  of toe rays, which answers to that virtue and dispo-
  sition ofthe chrystal.           Newton's  Opticks.
4. To charge with, as a crime:  with of.
    I have pleaded guilty, to all  thoughts and expres-
  sions of mine, which can be truly argued of obsceni-
  ty, profaneness, or immorality; and retract them.
                               Dryden's Fables.
    The accidents are not the same, which would have
  argued him o/a servile copying, and total  barren-
  ness of invention; yet the seas were toe same. Dryd.
A'rguer, ar'gu-ur.98 n.s. [from argue]  A
   reasoner; a disputer; a  controvertist.
    Men are ashamed to be  proselytes to a weak ar-
  guer, as thinking  they must part with their reputa-
  tion as well as their sin.          Decay of Piety.
    Neither good Christians, nor good arguers.
                                    Atterbury.
Argument, ar'gu-m£nt. to. s. [argumen-
   tum, Lat.]
1. A  reason alleged, for or against any
   thing.
    We sometimes see, on our theatres, vice reward-
  ed,  at least unpunished; yet it ought not to be an ar-
  gument against the art.                 Dryden.
    When any thing is proved by as good arguments,
  as that thing is  capable of, supposing it were; we
  ought not in reason, to make any doubt of the exist-
  ence of that thing.                    Tillotson.
    Our  author's two great and only  arguments to
  prove, that heirs are lords over their brethren. Locke.
2. The subject of any discourse or writing.
    That she, who ev'n but now was your best object,
  Your praise's argument, balm of your age,
  Dearest and best.           Shaksp. King Lear.
        To the height of this great argument,
  I may assert eternal providence,
  And justify the ways of God to man.        Milton.
         Sad task! yet argument
  Not less, but more heroick, than the wrath
  Of stern Achilles.                       Milton.
    A much longer discourse, my argument requires;
  your merciful dispositions, a much shorter.
                              Spratt's Sermons.
3. The  contents of any work, summed up
  by way of abstract.
    The argument of toe work, that is, its principal
  action, the oeconomy and disposition of  it,  are the
  things, which distinguish copies from originals.
                                      Dryden.
4. A  controversy.
    This day, in argument upon a case,
  Some words there grew 'twixt Somerset and me.
                                   Shakspeare.
    An argument, that fell out last night, where each
  of us fell in praise of our country mistresses.
                             Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    If the idea be not agreed on, betwixt the speaker
  and hearer; the argument is not about  things, but
  names.                                Ijicke.
5. It  has sometimes the particle  to before
   the thing to be proved, but generally/or.

                   o  2
    The best moral argument to patience, in my opi-
  nion, is toe advantage of patience itself. Tillotson.
    This, before that revelation had enlightened the
  world, was the very best argument for a future state.
                                    Atterbury.
6. [fn astronomy.] An arch, by which we
   seek another unknown arch, proportion-
   al to the first.                 Chambers.
Argume'ntal, ar-gu-men'tal. adj.  [from
   argument.] Belonging to argument; rea-
   soning.
    Afflicted sense thou kindly dost set free,
  Oppress'd with argumental tyranny;
  And routed reason finds a safe retreat in thee.  Pcq>f
Argumentation,  ar-t^u-men-ta'shfin. n.
   s. [from argument.]  Reasoning; the act
   of reasoning.
    Argumentation  is  that operation of the mind,
  whereby we infer one proposition, from two or more
  propositions premised: or it is the drawing a conclu-
  sion, which before was unknown or doubtful, from
  some propositions more known and evident; so, when
  we have judged, that matter cannot think, and that
  the mind of man doth think; we conclude, that there-
  fore  the mind of man is not matter.  Watts's Logick.
    I suppose, it is no ill topick of argumentation, to
  shew the  prevalence of contempt, by the contrary
  influences of respect.                     South.
    His thoughts must be masculine, full of argumen-
  tation, and that sufficiently warm.       Dryden.
    The whole  course of his  argumentation comes to
  nothing.                             Addison.
Argumentative,   ar-gu-men'ta-tiv.513
  adj. [from argument.]
I. Consisting of argument; containing ar-
   gument.
    This omission  (considering the  bounds,  within
  which the argumentative part of my discourse was
  confined) 1 could not avoid.
                 Atterbury's Pref. to his Sermons.
2. Sometimes with of, but  rarely.
    Another thing, argumentative of Providence, is
  thatpappous plumage, growing upon the tops of some
  seeds; whereby they are wafted with the wind, and
  disseminated far and  wide.                 Ray.
3. Applied to persons, disputatious; dispo-
   sed to controversy.
A'rgute, ar-gute'. adj.[arguto, Ital. argu-
   tus, Lat.]
1  Subtle; witty; sharp.
2. Shrill.

A'RIA, a're-a. to. a.  [Ital.  in musick.] An
   air, song, or tune.
A'rid, ar'rid.81 adj.  [aridus,  Lat.  dry.]
   Dry; parched up.
    My  complexion is become adust, and my body
  arid, by visiting lands.       Arbuthnot and Pope.
    His  harden'd fingers deck the gaudy spring;
  Without him summer were an arid waste.   Thorns.
Ari'dity, a-rld'de-te.611 n. s.  [from  arid]
1. Dryness; siccity.
    Salt, taken in great quantities, will reduce an
  animal body to the great extremity of aridity or dry-
  ness.                   Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. In the theological sense, a kind of in-
   sensibility in devotion, contrary to unc-
   tion or tenderness.
    Strike my  soul with lively apprehensions of thy
  excellencies,  to bear up my spirit under the great-
  est aridities and dejections, wilh the delightful pros-
  pect of thy glories.                      Nvrrh.
A'RIES, a're-tz. n. s.  [Lat.]  The  ram;
   one of the twelve signs of  the  zodiack;
   the first vernal  sign.
    At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
  And toe bright Bull receives him.       Thomson. 
ARI
ARK
ARM
To Ari'etate, a-ri'e-tate.91 v. to.  [nrieto,
   Lat.]
1. To butt like a ram.
2. To strike  in  imitation  of the blows,
   which rams give with their heads.
Arieta'tion, a-ri-e-ta'shun. to. a. [from
   arietate.]
1. Tne act of butting like a ram.
2. The act of battering with an engine call-
   ed a ram.
    The strength of the percussion, wherein ordnance
   do exceed all arietations and ancient inventions.
                                       Bacon.
3. The act of striking or conflicting in ge-
   neral.
    Now those heterogeneous atoms, by themselves,
   hit so  exactly into their proper residence, in toe
   midst of such tumultuary motions and arietations of
   other particles.                       Glanville.
ARIE'TTA,  a-re-et'ta.a3* «. *.  [Ital.  in
   musick.]  A short air, song, or tune.
ARi'GHT,a-rite'.393 adv. [from a and right.]
 1. Rightly; without mental errour.
     How him I lov'd, and love with all my might;
   So thought I eke of him, and think I thought aright.
                                      Spenser.
     These were thy thoughts, and thou could'st judge
       aright,
   Till interest made a jaundice in thy sight. Dryden.
     The motions of the tongue are  so  easy,  and so
   subtle, that you can hardly conceive  or distinguish
   them aright.                         Holder.
 2. Rightly; without  crime.
   A generation, that set not their heart aright. Psalms.
 3. Rightly; without failing of the end  de-
   signed.
     Guardian of groves, and  goddess of the night,
   Fair queen, he said, direct my dart aright. Dryden.
 Ariola'tion, or Hariola'tion, a-re-6-
   la'shun.834 to. s.  [hariolus,  Lat. a  sooth-
    sayer.] Soothsaying; vaticination.
     The priests of elder time deluded their apprehen-
   sions with ariolation, soothsaying,  and such oblique
   idolatries.                            Brown.
 A RIO'SO, a-re-6'sb. n.s. [Ital. in musick.]
    The movement of a common air, song
    or tune.                            Diet.
  To Ari'se, a-rize'. v. to. pret. arose, parti-
    cip. arisen, [from a and rise]
  1. To mount  upward,  as the sun.
     He rose; and, looking up, beheld the skies
   With purple blushing, and  the day arise.  Dryden.
 2. To get up, as from sleep, or from rest.
     So Esdras arose up, and said unto them, ye have
   transgressed the law.               1 Esd. ix. 7.
     How long wilt thou sleep,  O sluggard?  When
   wilt thou arise out of toy sleep.        Prov. vi. 9.
 3. To come into view, as  from obscurity.
     There shall arise false Christs and false prophets.
                                    Matt. xxiv.
 4. To revive from death.
     Thy dead men shall live; together with my body,
   shall they arise.  Awake and sing, ye that dwell in
   dust!                         Isaiah, xxvi. 19.
 5. To proceed, or have its original
     They, which were scattered abroad upon toe per-
   secution that arose about Stephen, uavelled as far
   as Phoenice.                      Acts, xi. 19
     I know not, what mischief  may arise hereafter
   from the example of such an innovation.  Dryden.
 6. To enter upon a new station, to succeed
    to power or office.
     Another Mary then arose,
   And did rig'rous laws impose.            Cowley.
 7. To commence hostility.
     And, when he arose against me, I caught him by
   his beard, and smote him.        1 Sam. xvii. 35.
     For the various  senses of this word,
  see Kise.
ARISTO'CRACY, ar-ls-t6k'kra-se. to. s.
  [xgtr®* greatest, and y^xriu to govern.]
  That form of government, which places
  the supreme power in the nobles,  with-
  out a  king, and exclusively ofthe peo-
  ple.
    The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many
  abuses through the degeneracy of the  nobles, that
  the period of its duration seems to approach. Swift.
Aristocra'tical, ar-ris-to-krat'te-kal ?
Aristocra'tick, ar-ris-to-krat'tik.641   $
  adj. [from aristocracy]   Relating to
  aristocracy; including a form of govern-
  ment by the nobles.
    Ockham distinguishes, that toe papacy or eccle-
  siastical monarchy, may be changed in an extraor-
  dinary manner, for some time, into an aristocratical
  form of government.                   Ayliffe.
Aristocra'tic alness,  ar-ris-to-krat'te-
   kal-nes. «. s. [from aristocratical]  An
   aristocratical state.                Diet.
Ari'thmancy, a-rk//man-se.  «. s. [from
   xgiB-fioi number, and f^xvrux divination.]
   A foretelling future events by  numbers.
                                       Diet.
Arithmetical, ar-iM-met'te-kal.827  adj.
   [from arithmetick.]   According  to the
   rules or method of arithmetick.
    The principles of bodies may be infinitely small,
  not only beyond all naked  or assisted sense, but
  beyond all arithmetical operation or conception.
                                       Grew,
    The squares of the diameters of these rings, made
  by any prismatick colour, were in arithmetical pro-
  gression, as in the fifth observation.      Newton.
 Arithme'tically,   ar-k/z-m£t'te-kal-le.
   adv. [from  arithmetical]  In an  arith-
   metical manner; according to the prin-
   ciples of arithmetick.
    Though the fifth part of a xestes, being a simple
  fraction,  and arithmetically regular;  it  is yet  no
  proper part of that measure.   Arbuthnot on Coins.
 Arithmeti'cian, a-rk/j-me-tlsh'an.  to. s.
   [from  arithmetick.]   A  master of the
   art of numbers.
     A man had need be a good arithmetician, to un-
  derstand this author's works.  His description runs
  on like a multiplication  table.          Addison.
 ARI'THMETICK,  a-ri^'me-tik.  to.  s.
   [x^iB-f/oi  number,  and  per^ea to mea-
   sure.]   The  science  of numbers;  the
   art of computation.
    On fair ground I could beat forty of  them;
  But now 'tis odds beyond arithmetick.       Shaksp.
     The christian religion, according to  the apostle's
  arithmetick, hath but these  three parts  of it; so-
  briety, justice, religion.                  Taylor.
 Ark, ark.77 to. s. [area, Lat. a  chest.]
 I. A  vessel  to  swim  upon  the  water;
   usually applied to  that,  in which  Noah
   was  preserved  from  the universal de-
   luge.
     Make thee an ark of gopher wood:  rooms  shalt
  thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch  it within and
  without.                              Genesis.
     The one just man alive, by his command,
   Shall build awond'rous  ark, as thou beheld'st,
   To save himself and household, from amidst
   A world devote to universal wreck.        Milton
 2.  The repository of the covenant of  God
   with  the Jews.
     This coffer was  of shittim wood,  covered with
  plates  or leaves of gold, being two  cubits and a
  half in length, a cubit and a half wide, and a cubit
  and a half high.   It had  two rings of gold on each
  side, through which the staves were put for carrying
  it: upon the top of it was a kind of gold crown, all
  around it; and two cherubim were fastened to the
  cover: it contained the two tables of stone, written
  by the hand of God.                    Calmet.
Arm,   arm. to.  a.  [eanm,  eojim, Sax.]
1. The  limb,  which  reaches from   the
   shoulder  to the hand.
    If I have lift up my hand against the fatherless
  when I saw my help in the  gate; then let mine arm'
  fall from my shoulder-blade, and mine arm be bro-
  ken from the bone.                        j^
    Like  helpless friends, who view from shore
  The lab'ring ship, and hear toe tempest roar;
  So stood they, with their arms across.     Dryden.
2. The bough  of a tree.
    The trees spread out their arms to shade her face
  But she on elbow lean'd.                Sidney.
    Where toe tall oak his spreading arms entwines
  And with the beech a mutual shade combines. Gau.
   An  inlet of water from the sea.
  .  Full in the centre of the  sacred wood,
  An arm ariseth ofthe Stygian flood.    Dryd. M\.
    We  have yet seen but an arm of this sea of
  beauty.                              Morris.
4. Power;  might.   In  this  sense is used
   the  secular arm, &c.
    Cursed be the man, that trusteth in man, and
  maketh flesh his ami;  and whose heart depaiteth
  from  the Lord.                    Jj,., xv;j 5
             0 God, thy arm was here!
  And  not to us, but to toy arm alone,
  Ascribe we all.                Shaksp. Henry V,
Arms end, arms-end', to. s.  a  phrase,
   taken from boxing; in which the weak-
   er man may  overcome the stronger, if
   he  can keep him from closing.
    Such a one as can keep  him at arm's end, need
  never wish for a better companion. Sidney's Arcad.
    For my sake  be comfortable: hold death awhile
  at the arm's end.                      Shaksp.
    In the same sense is used arm's length.
To ARM, arm. v. a. [armo, Lat.]
1. To furnish with armour of defence, or
   weapons of  offence.
    And, when Abram heard,  that his  brother was
   taken captive, he armed his trained servants, born
  in his own house, three  hundred and eighteen; and
  pursued them unto Dan                Genesis.
    True conscious honour is, to feel no sin;
  He's arm'd without, that's innocent within.  Pope.
   To plate  with any thing, that may add
   strength.
             Their wounded steeds
  Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters.
                                   Shakspeare.
  - To furnish, to fit up; as, to arm a load-
   stone, is  to case it with iron.
    You must arm your  hook, with the line in  the
   inside of it.                   Walton's Angler.
    Having wasted the  callus, I  left off those tents;
   and dressed it with others, a^-nted with digestives.
                            Wiseman's Surgery.
4. To provide  against.
     His  servant,  arm'd against such coverture.
   Reported unto all, that he was sure
   A noble gentleman of high regard.       Spenser.
 To  ARM, arm. v. to.  To  take  arms; to
   be  fitted with arms.
             Think we king Harry strong;
   And, princes, look you strongly arm to meet him.
                                   Shakspeare.
 ARMA'DA, ar-ma'da. w. a. [Span, a fleet
   of  war.]  An armament  for sea, a fleet
   of  war.  It is often erroneously spelt
   armudo.
     In all the mid-earth seas was left no road,
   Wherein toe pagan his  bold head untwines;
     Spread was the huge armado wide and broad, 
ARM                                   ARM                                   ARM
  From Venice, Genes, and towns which them con-
        fine.                         Fairfax.
    So by a roaring tempest on the flood,
* A whole armado of collected sail
  Is scatter'd, and disjoin'd from fellowship.  Shaksp.
    At length, resolv'd t' assert the wat'ry ball,
  He in himself did whole armados bring:
    Him aged seamen might their master call,
  And chose for general, were he not then- king.
                                    Dryden.
ARMADI'LLO,ar-ma-dil'16. to. a.  [Span-
   ish.]   A four-footed  animal of  Brazil,
   as  big as a cat; with a snout, like a hog;
   a tail,  like a  lizard; and feet  like a
   hedge-hog.   He is armed all over with
   hard  scales  like  armour,  whence  he
   takes his name; and retires under them
   like the  tortoise.   He lives in holes, or
   in  the water, being of the amphibious
   kind.   His scales  are of a bony  or car-
   tilaginous substance; but they are easily
   pierced.   This animal hides himself, a
   third part of the  year, under ground.
   He  feeds  upon  roots,   sugar-canes,
   fruits,  and poultry. When he is caught,
   he  draws  up  his  feet and head  to his
   belly,  and  rolls himself  up in  a ball,
   which the  strongest hand  cannot open;
   and  he  must be brought near the fire,
   before he will shew his nose. His flesh
   is white, fat, tender; and more delicate
   than that of a sucking pig.    Trevoux.
A'rmament, ar'ma-ment.603  to. s.  [arma-
   mentum, Lat.]  A force  equipped  tor
   war; generally used of a naval force.
Armame'ntary,  ar-ma-men'ta-re.  to.  s.
   [armamentarium. Lat.]  An armoury;
   a magazine or  arsenal of warlike im-
   plements.                         Diet.
A'rman, ar'man.  to.  s.   A  confection  for
   restoring appetite  in horses.       Diet.
A'rmature, ar'ma-tshure,461 ». *.  [arma-
   tura, Lat.]
1. Armour; something to defend the body
   from hurt.
    Others should be armed with hard shells;  others
  with prickles; the rest, that have no such armature,
  should be  endued with great swiftness and per-
  nicity.                   Ray on the Creation.
2. Offensive weapons;  less properly.
    The double armature is  a more destructive en-
  gine, than the tumultuary weapon.  Decay of Piety.
A'RMED,armd. adj. [in heraldry.] Is used
   in respect of beasts and birds of prey,
   when their teeth, horns,  feet, beak, tal-
   ons, or tusks,  are of  a different  colour
   from the rest; as, he  bears a cock or a
   falcon armed, or.              Chambers.
Armed  Chair,  armd-tshare'."2 n. s. [from
   armed and chair.]   An elbow chair, or
   a chair with rests for the arms.
Arme'nian Bole,  ar-me'nyan-b6le.  to. s.
   A  fatty,  medicinal kind of earth; of a
   pale reddish  colour;  which takes  its
   name from the country of Armenia.
Arme'nian  Stone, ar-iue'nyan-stone. to. s.
   A mineral stone  or earth of a blue col-
   our, spotted with green, black, and yel-
  low; anciently brought only from  Arme-
  nia, but now found in  Germany and the
   Tyrol.    It bears a near resemblance to
   lapis lazuli, from  which it seems only
  to differ in degree of maturity; it being
  softer, and speckled with green instead
  of gold.                       Chambers.
Arme'ntal, ar-men'tal.   ) adj.  [armen-
A'rmentine, ar'men-tine. 5 talis,  or  ar-
  mentinus,  Lat.] Belonging to a drove or
  herd of cattle.                     Diet.
Armento'se,  ar-men-t6se'.*27  adj.  [ar-
  mentosus, Lat.]    Abounding with cat-
  tle.                                Diet.
A'rmgaunt, arm'gant.21* adj. [from arm
  and gaunt]   Slender as the arm.
           So he nodded,
  And soberly did mount an armgaunt steed. Shaksp.
A'rm-hole, arm'hole.  to. s. [from  arm
  and hole.] The cavity under the shoulder.
    Tickling is most in the soles of the feet, and un-
  der the arm-holes, and on the sides.   The cause is
  the thinness of the skin in those parts, joined with
  toe rareness of being touched there.
                      Bacon's Natural History.
Armi'gerous, ar-mid'jiir-ris.  adj. [from
  armiger, Lat. an armory-bearer.] Bear-
  ing arms.
A'rmillary,  ar'mil-la-re.  adj. [from ar-
  milla, Lat. a bracelet.]  Resembling a
  bracelet.
    When the circles of the mundane sphere are sup-
  posed to be described  on the  convex surface of a
  sphere, which is hollow within; and, after this, you
  imagine all parts of the sphere's surface to be cut
  away, except those  parts on which such circles are
  described:  then that sphere is called an armillary
  sphere; because  it  appears  in'the form of several
  circular rings, or bracelets, put together in a due
  position.       Hairis's Description  of the Globes.
A'rmillated,  ar'mil-la-ted. adj. [armil-
  latus, Lat.]   Having bracelets.    Diet.
A'rmings,  arm'lngz.  to.  s.  [in  a ship.]
  The  same  with  wastecloaths, being
  clothes  hung about the  outside ofthe
  ship's upper works, fore and aft, and be-
  fore the cubbrige heads.  Some are also
  hung round  the tops, called top arm-
  ings.                         Chambers.
Armi'potence,  ar-mip'6-tense.618  to. s.
  [from arma,  arms, and potentia power,
  Lat ]  Power in war.
Armi'potent, ar-mip'6-tent. adj. [armi-
  potens, Lat.]  Powerful in arms; migh-
  ty in war.
    The manifold linguist, and the armipotent sol-
  dier.                            Shakspeare.
    For, if our God, the Lord armipotent,
  Those  armed angels in our aid down send,
    That were at Dathan to his prophet  sent;
  Thou wilt come down with them.         Fairfax.
    Beneath toe low'ring brow, and on a bent,
  The temple stood of Mars armipotent.      Diyden.
Armi'sonous, ar-mis'6-no.s. adj. [armiso-
  nus,  Lat.]  Rustling with armour.
A'rmistice, ar'me-stis.603 142 n. s. [armis-
  titium, Lat.]   A  short  truce;  a cessa-
  tion of arms for a short time.
Ar'mlet, arm'let. to. s. [from arm.]
1. A little arm; as, an armlet ofthe sea.
2. A pieee of armour for the arm.
3. A bracelet for the arm.
    And, when she takes thy hand, and doth seem
        kind;
  Doth search,  what rings and armlets she can find.
                                     Donne.
    F.very nymph of the flood her tresses rending,
  Throws oli'lit-r armlets of pearl in the main.  Dryd.
Armoxi'ack, a-mo'ne-ak.80*  to. s. [erro-
  neously so written  for ammoniac]   A
  sort of volatile salt.  See Ammoniac
A'rmorer,  ar'mijr-ur.567 «. s. [armoritr,
  Fr.]
1. He that makes armour, or  weapons.
    Now thrive the armorers, and honour's thought
  Reigns solely in the breast of every man.   Shaksp.
    The armorers make their steel more tough and
  pliant, by aspersion of water and juice of herbs.
                                    Bacon.
    The whole division that to Mars pertains,
  All trades of death that deal in steel for gains,
  Were there; toe butcher, armorer, and smith,
  Who forges sharpen'd fauchions, or the scythe.
                                    Dryden.
    When arm'rers temper in toe ford,
  The keen-edg'd pole-ax, or the shining sword;
  The red hot metal hisses in the lake.       Pope.
2. He that dresses another in armour.
    The armorers accomplishing the knights,
  With busy hammers closing rivets up,
  Give dreadful note of preparation.        Shaksp.
    The morning he  was to join battle with Harold,
  his armorer put on his backpiece before, and his
  breastplate behind.                   Camden.
Armo'rial, ar-mo're-al. adj.  [armorial,
  Fr.]   Belonging to the arms  or escut-
  cheon of a family, as, ensigns armorial.
A'rmorist,  ar'mo-rist.  n.   s. [from  ar-
  mour]  A person skilled in heraldry.
                                    Diet.
A'rmory, ar'mur-e.*"57   to.   s.  [from  ar-
  mour.]
1. The  place in which arms are reposited
  for use.
               The sword
  Of Michael, from the armory of God,
  Was giv'n him; temper'd so, that neither keen,
  Nor solid, might resist  that edge.         Milton.
    With plain heroick magnitude of mind,
  And celestial vigour arm'd,
  Their armories and magazines contemns.   Milton.
    Let a man consider these virtues, with toe con-
  trary sins; and then, as out of a full armory or ma-
  gazine, let him furnish his conscience with texts of
  scripture.                            South.
2. Armour.;  arms of defence.
               Nigh at hand,
  Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears,
  Hung high, with diamond flaming and with gold.
                                    Milton,
3. Ensigns armorial.
    Well worthy be you of that armory,
  Wherein you have great glory won this day.
                                Fairy Queen.
Ar'mour, ar'mur.314 to. *.  armateur,  Fr.
  armatura, Lat.] Defensive arms.
    Your friends are up, and buckle on their armour.
                                 Sliakspeare.
    That they  might not go naked among  their ene-
  mies, the only armour that Christ  allows them is
  prudence and innocence.                South.
A'rmour-re'arer, ar'miir-bare'ur. to. s.
  [from armour and bear.]   He that car-
   ries the armour of another.
    His armour-bearer first, and next he kill'd
  His charioteer.                      Dryden.
A'rmpit, arm'pit. to. «.[from arm and pit]
   The hollow place under the shoulder.
    The bandies to  these gouges  are made so  long,
  that the handle may reach under the armpit of the
  workman.                          Mvxson
    Others hold their plate under their left armpit, the
  best situation for keeping it warm.
                                     Swift.
Arms, armz.77 n. s. without the singular
   number, [arma, Lat.]
1. Weapons of offence; or armour of de-
   fence. 
ARO
ARR
ARU
                 Those arms, which Mars before
    Had giv'n the vanquish'J, now the uctor bore.
                                         Pope.
  2. A state of hostility.
     Sir Edward  Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
    With  many more confederates, are in arms.
                                    Shakspeare.
  3. War in general.
     Arms and the man I sing.            Diyden.
     Him Paris follow'd to the dire alarms;
    Both breathing slaughter, both resolved in arms.
                                         Pope.
  ■1 • Action; the act of taking arms.
     Up rose the  victor angels, and to arms
    The matin trumpet sung.
                                       Milton.
     The seas and rocks, and skies rebound,
    To arms, to arms, to arms!
                                         Pope.
  5. The ensigns armorial of a family.
  A'rmy, ar-me.4sa n. s. [armee, Fr.]
  1. A collection  of  armed men, obliged to
    obey one man.                   Locke.
     Number itself  importeth not much in armies,
    where the people are of weak courage.     Bacon.
     The meanest soldier, that has fought often in an
    army, has a truer knowledge of war; than he that
    has writ whole volumes,  but never was in any bat-
    tle.                                  South.
     The Tuscan leaders and their army sing,
    Which followed great  ^Eneas to the war;
    Their arms, their numbers, and their names declare.
                                      Dryden.
  2. A  great number.
     The fool hath planted in his  memory an army of
   good words.        Shakspeare's Merch. of Venice.
 Aroma'tical, ar-6-mat'e-kal. adj. [from
    aromatick.]  Spicy;  fragrant; high scent-
    ed.
     All  things that  are  hot and  aromatical, do pre-
   serve liquors or powders.                 Bacon.
     Volatile oils  refresh the animal spirits;  but like-
   wise are endued with  all the bad qualities of such
   substances, producing  all the effects of an oily and
   aromatical acrimony.                Arbuthnot,
 Aroma'tick,  ar-o-mat'ik637.  adj. [from
    aroma, Lat. spice.]
  1. Spicy.
     Amidst whole heaps of spices lights a ball,
   And now their odours arm'd against them fly:
     Some preciously by shatter'd porcelain fall,
   And some by aromatick splinters die.      Dryden.
 2. Fragrant; strong scented.
     Or quick effluvia darting through the brain,
   Die of a rose in aromatick pain.            Pope.
 Aroma'ticks, ar-6-mat'iks.627 to. s. Spices.
     They were furnished, for exchange of their aro-
   maticks, and other proper commodities.    Raleigh.
 Aromatiza'tion, ar-6-mat-e-za'shun. n. s.
   [from aromatize]  The  mingling of a
    due  proportion of  aromatic spices or
   drugs with any medicine.
 To Aro'matize, ar-ro-nia-tize. v.a. [from
   aroma, Lat.  spice.]
 1.  To  scent with spices;   to impregnate
   with  spices.
    Drink the first cup  at supper, hot; and, half an
  hour before supper, something hot and aromatized.
                                      Bacon.
2. To scent; to perfume.
    Unto converted Jews no man imputeth this unsa-
  voury odour, as  though  aromatized by their conver-
  sion.                                 Brown.
Aro'se, a-roze.'"84   The preterite of  the
  verb arise. See Arise.
Aro'und,  a-round'.  adv.   [from  a  and
  round]
I. In a circle.
     He shall extend his propagated sway,
   Where Atlas turns the rowling heav'ns around,
   And his broad  shoulders with their lights  are
         crown'd.                      Dryden.
 2.  On every side.
     And all above was sky, and ocean all around.
                                      Dryden.
 Around, a-rdimd'.*** prep. About; encir-
    cling, so as to encompass.
                 From young lulus' head
   A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
   Around his brows, and on his temples fed.  Dryd.
 To Aro'use,  a-rouze'. v. a. [from a and
    rouse.]
 1.  To wake from  sleep.
     How loud howling wolves arouse the jades,
   That drag the tragick melancholy night.   Shaksp.
 2.  To raise up; to excite.
     But absent, what fantastick woes arous'd
   Rage in each thought, by restless musing fed;
   Chill the warm  cheek, and blast the bloom of life.
                                    Thomson.
 Aro'w, a-ro'.fi4S adv. [from a  and row.]
    In a row;  with  the breasts  all bearing
   against the same line.
     Then some green gowns are by the lasses worn
  In chastest plays, till home they walk arow. Sidney.
     But with a pace more  sober and more slow,
  And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow.   Dryd.
 Aro'ynt, a-roint'. adv. [a  word of uncer-
   tain  etymology, but  very ancient use.]
   Be gone; away:  a word of expulsion,  or
   avoiding.
     Saint Withold footed thrice the wold,
  He met toe night-mare, and her name told;
  Bid her alight, and her troth plight,
  And aroynt thee, witch, aroynt thee right. Shaksp.
 A'rquebuse,  ar'kwe-bus. to. s.  [Fr. spelt
   falsely harquebuss]  A  hand gun.   It
   seems to have anciently meant  much
   the same, as our carabine or fusee.
    A harquebuse, or ordnance, will be farther heard,
  from the mouth of the piece, than backwards, or on
  the sides.                             Bacon.
 A'RquEBusiER, ar-kwe-bi'is-eer7.276  «.  s.
   [from arquebuse.] A soldier armed with
   an arquebuse.
    He compassed them in, with fifteen thousand ar-
  quebusiers; whom he had  brought with him, well ap-
  pointed.                             Knolles.
 A RRach, O'rrach, or O'rrage, ar-rak',
  or'rak,  or 6r-ridje. to. «.  One  of the
  quickest plants both in coming up and
  running to seed.   Its leaves  are  very
  good in potlage. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Arra'ck, or Ara'ck, ar-rak'. to. *.  The
  word arrack is an Indian name for strong
  waters of  all  kinds;  for  they  call  our
  spirits and brandy English arrack. But
  what we understand by the name arrack,
  L no other than a spirit procured by dis-
  tillation from a vegetable juice  called
  toddy, which flows by  incision out ofthe
  cocoa-nut tree.               Chambers.
    I send this to be better known, for choice of china
 tea, arrack, and other Indian goods.     Spectator.
lo  ARRA'IGN, ar-rane, v. a. [arranger,
  Fr. to set in  order.]
1. To set a thing in order, or in its place.
  One is said to arraign  a writ in a county,
  that fits it for trial before the justices of
  the circuit. A  prisoner is said  to be ar-
  raigned, v/herehe is indicted andbroueht
  forth to his trial.                 Cowell.
     isummon a session, that we may arraign
   Our most disloyal lady; for, as she hath
   Been publickiy accused, so shall she have
   A just and open trial.                  Shaksp.'
 2. To accuse; to charge with faults in ge-
    neral, as in controversy, in a satire.
     Reverse of nature! Shall such copies then
   Arraign th' originals of Maro's pen?  Roscommon
     He, that thinks a man to the ground, will quickly
   endeavour to lay him there:  for, while he despises
   him, he arraigns and condemns him in his heart.

 3. It has for before the fault.
     My own enemies I shall never answer: and if
   your lordship has any, they will not arraign vou fm-
   want of knowledge.                   Dryden.
 Arha'ignment, ar-rane'ment. n. s. [from
   arraign.] The act of arraigning; an ac-
   cusation; a charge.
     In the sixth satire, which seems only an arraien-
   ment ofthe whole sex, there  is a latent admonition
   to avoid ill women.                   Drvden
 To ARRA'NGE,ar-ranje'.t,.a. [arranger,
   Fr.]  To put in the proper order for am'
   purpose.                              ;
                I chane'd this day
   To see two knights in travel on my way
   (A sorry sight!) arrang'd in battle new'
     u    a-  .  „                 Fairy Queen
     How effectually are its muscular fibres arranged
   and with what judgment are its columns and furrowi
 Ad,SP°S,ed!                            Cheyne.
 Arra ngement,^ ranje'ment.M. *.[from
   arrange.] The  act of putting in proper
   order; the state of being put in order.
    There is a proper arrangement of the parts in
   elastick bodies, which may be facilitated by use.
 a /         4 ,  n                     Cheyne.
 A'rrant,  ar'rant 81 »« adj.  [a word of un-
   certain etymology, but probably from er-
   rant; which (being at first applied in its
   proper signification to  vagabonds, as an
   errant or arrant rogue,  that is, a ram-
   bling rogue) lost,  in time,  its original
   signification, and, being by its use un-
   derstood  to  imply something bad,  was
   applied at large to any thing, that  was
   mentioned  with hatred  or contempt.]
   Bad in a high degree.
    Countryfolks, who hallooed and hooted after me,
  as at  the arrantest coward  that ever shewed  Lis
  shoulders to the enemy.                Sidney.
    A vain fool grows forty times an arranter sot than
  before;                          L'Estrange.
    And let him every deity adore,
  If his new bride prove not an arrant whore.  Dryd.
 A'rrantly,  ar'rant-le.  adv.  [from  ar-
   rant.] Corruptly; shamefully.
    Funeral tears are as arrantly hired out, as mourn-
  ing clokes.                       L'Estrange.
A'RRAs,ar'ras. 81 «« to. s.  [from  Arras, a
   town in Artois, where hangings are wo-
   ven.]  Tapestry; hangings woven with
   images.
    Thence to the hall, which was on every side
  With rich array and costly arras dight. Fairy Queen.
        He's going to his mother's closet:
  Behind the arras I'll convey myself,
  To hear the process.                   Shaksp,
    As he shall pass the galleries, I'll place
  A guard behind the arras.       Denham's Sophy.
Arra'ught, ar-rawt'. v.  a.  [a word used
   by Spenser in the preter tense, of which
   1 have not found the present;  but sup-
   pose, he derived arreach from arracher^
   Fr.]  Seized by violence. 
ARR
ARR
ARR
         His ambitious sons unto them twain
   Arraught the rule, and from their father drew.
                                 Fairy Queen.
 Arra'y, ar-ra'. «.  «• [arroy, Fr. arreo, Sp.
   arredo, Ital.  from reye, Teut. Order. It
   was adopted  into the middle Latin, mille
   hominum arraitorum, Knighton.]
 1. Order, chiefly of war.
     The earl, espying them scattered near the army,
   sent one to command them to their array. Hayward.
             Wer't thou sought to deeds,
   That  might require th' airay of war; thy skill
   Of conduct would be such, that all the world
   Could not sustain toy prowess.           Milton.
     A gen'ral sets his army in array
   In vain, unless he fight and win the day.   Denham.
 2. Dress.
     A rich throne, as bright as sunny day;
   On which there sat most brave, embellished
   With royal robes and gorgeous array,
   A maiden queen.                Fairy Queen.
     In this remembrance, Emily ere day
   Arose, and dress'd herself in rich array.    Diyden.
 3. In law. Array,  [of the Fr. arroy, i. e.
   ordo.]  The ranking or setting forth of a
   jury or inquest of men, impannelled up-
   on a cause.  Thence is the verb, to ar-
   ray  a pannel; that is, to set forth one by
   another the men impannelled.   Cowell.
 To  ARRA'Y, ar-ra'. v. a. [arroyer, old Fr.]
 1. To  put in order.
 2. To  deck; to  dress;  to adorn the person:
   with the particle with or in.
     Deck thyself now with majesty  and excellency,
   and array thyself with glory and beauty. Job, xl. 10.
            Now went forth the morn,
   Such as in highest heav'n, array'd in gold
   Empyreal.                           Milton.
     One vest array'd toe corpse; and one toey spread
   O'er his clos'd eyes, and wrapp'd around his head.
                                      Dryden.
 3. In law.  See  Array in law.
 Arra'yers, ar-ra'urs. n. s. [from array.]
   Officers who anciently had the  care ol
   seeing the soldiers duly  appointed in
   their armour.                   Cowell.
~ARRE'AR, ar-reer'. adv. [arriere, Fr. be-
   hind.]  Behind.  This is  the primitive
   signification ofthe word, which, though
   not now in use, seems to be retained by
   Spenser. See Rear.
     To  leave with  speed Atlanta swift, arrear;
   Through forests wild and unfrequented land,
   To chase the lion, boar, or rugged bear.  F.  Qjueen.
 Arre'ar, ar-reer'. n.  s. That, which  re-
   mains behind unpaid, though due.  See
   Arrearage.
    His boon is giv'n; his knight has gain'd  the day,
  But lost toe prize; to' arrears are yet to pay. Dryd.
    If a tenant run away in arrear of some rent, the
  land remains; that cannot be carried away or lost.
                                       Locke.
    It will comfort our grand-children, when  toey see
  a few rags hung up in Westminster-hall; which cost
  an  hundred millions, whereof toey are paying the
  arrears;  and  boasting, as beggars do, that their
  grandfathers were rich.                  Swift.
ARRE'ARAGE,ar-ree'raje.90 to.*, a word now
   little used, [from arriere, Fr. behind.]
   Arrearage is the remainder of an account, or a
  sum of money remaining in the hands of au account-
  ant; or, more generally, any money unpaid at the
  due time, as arrearage of rent.            Cowell.
   Paget set forth  the king  of England's title, to his
 debts and pension from the  French king;  with all
 .arrearages.                         Hayward.
   He'll grant the tribute, send toe arrearages. Shaks.
   The  old arrearages,  under which  that crown had
  long groaned, being defrayed; he hath brought Lu-
  rana, to uphold and maintain herself.      Howel.
 AitRE'ARANCE.ar-re'ranse. n.s. The same
   with arrear. See Arrear.         Diet.
 Arrenta'tion, ar-ren-ta'shun. to.*, [from
   arrendar,  Span, to farm.]  Is, in the fo-
   rest law, the licensing an owner of lands
   in the forest, to inclose them with a low
   hedge and small ditch, in consideration
   of a yearly rent.                   Diet.
 Arrepti'tious, ar-rep-tish'us. adj.[arrep-
   tus, Lat.]
 1. Snatched  away.
 2. [from ad and repo.] Crept in privily.
 Arre'st, ar-rest'. to. s. [from arrester, Fr.
   to stop.]
 I. In law.
    A stop or stay; as, a man apprehended for debt, is
  said to be arrested.  To plead in arrest of judgment,
  is  to shew cause, why judgment should be stayed,
  though the verdict of the twelve be passed. To plead
  in  arrest of taking toe inquest upon the former issue,
  is to shew cause, why an inquest should not be taken.
  An arrest  is a certain restraint of  a man's person,
  depriving him of his own will, and binding it to be-
  come obedient to the will of toe law; and may be
  called the beginning of imprisonment.      Cowell.
    If I could speak so wisely under an arrest, I would
  send for my creditors; yet I had as lief have toe fop-
  pery of freedom, as the morality of imprisonment.
                                     Shaksp.
 2. Any caption, seizure ofthe person.
    To toe rich man, who had promised himself ease
  for many years, it was a sad arrest, that his soul was
  surprised the first night.                Taylor.
 3. A stop.
    The stop and arrest of the air sheweth, that toe
  air hath little  appetite of ascending.       Bacon.
 To ARRE'ST,ar-rest'. v. a. [arrester, Fr.
   to stop.]
 I. To seize by a mandate from a court or
  officer of justice. See Arrest.
    Good tidings, my lord Hastings; for the which I
  do  arrest thee, traitor, of high treason.     Shaksp.
    There's one yonder arrested, and carried to prison,
  was worth five thousand of you all.        Shaksp.
 2. To seize any thing by  law.
    He hath enjoyed nothing of Ford's, but twenty
  pounds  of money, which  must be paid to master
  Brook: his horses are arrested for it.      Shaksp.
 3. To seize;  to lay hands on;  to detain by
   power.
    But, when as Morpheus had with leaden maze
  Arrested all that goodly company.     Fairy Queen.
    Age itself, (which, of all things in toe world, will
 .not be baffled  or defied) shall begin to arrest, seize,
  and remind us of our mortality.           South.
4. To withhold; to hinder.
    This defect ofthe English justice was the main
  impediment, that did airest and stop the course of
  the conquest.                         Davies.
    As often, as my dogs with better  speed
  Arrest her flight, is she to death decreed.  Dryden.
    Nor could her virtues, nor repeated vows
  Of thousand lovers, the relentless hand
  Of death aires*.                       Philips.
5. To stop motion.
    To manifest the coagulative power,  we have ar-
  rested the fluidity of new milk, and turned it into a
  curdled substance.                      Buyle.
6. To obstruct; to stop.
   Ascribing the causes of things to secret proprie-
  ties, hath airested and laid asleep all true enquiry.
                                      Bacon
Arre'st, ar-rest'.  to. s.  [In horsemanship ]
  A niangey  humour between the hum and
  pastern ofthe hinder legs of a horse.
                                      Diet.
 A'rreted, ar'ret-£d. adj. [arrectatus, low
   Lat.]   He, that is convened  before a
   judge, and charged with a crime.  It is
   used sometimes for imputed or laid un-
   to; as, no folly may be arreted  to one
   under age.                       Cowell.
 To Arri'de, ar-ride'. v. a. [arrideo, Lat.]
 I. To laugh at.
 2. To smile; to look pleasantly upon one.

 Arri'ere, ar-reer'. n. s. [French.]  The
   last body of an army, for which we now
   use rear.
    The hoi-semen might issue forth without distur-
  bance of the foot, and the avant-guard without shuf-
  fling with the battail or arriere.         Hayward.
 Arri'ere ban, ar-reer'ban'.  to. s. [Casse-
   neuve derives this word from arriere and
   ban:  Ban denotes the  convening of the
   noblesse  or vassals, who hold fees im-
   mediately of  the crown;  and arriere,
   those who only hold of the king mediate-
   ly.]  A  general proclamation, by  which
   the king of France summons to the war,
   all that hold of him; both his  own vas-
   sals  or the noblesse, and the vassals of
   his vassals.
 Vrri'ere fee, 6r fief, ar-reer'fee.  Is a
   fee, dependant on a superiour one. These
   fees«>mmenced,whendukesand counts*,
   rendering their governments hereditary,
   distributed to their officers parts of the
   domains, *attjLpermitted those officers to
   gratify the  soldiers  under them  in the
   same manner.
Arri'ere  vassal, ar-reer'vas'sal.88  The
   vassal of a vassal.              Trevoux.
Arri'sion, ar-rlzh'un.481 to. s. [arrisio, Lat.]
   A  smiling upon.                   Diet.
Arri'val, ar-ri'val.  to. *. [from arrive.]
   The  act of coming  to  any place; and,
   figuratively, the attainment of any pur-
   pose.
    How are we chang'd, since we first saw the queen!
  She, like the sun, does still toe same appear;
  Bright, as she was at her arrival here.      Waller.
    The unravelling is the arrival of Ulysses upon his
  own island.        Broome's View of Epic Poetry.
Arri'vance,  ar-ri'vanse.  to.  *. [from ar-
  rive.]  Company coming: not in use.
            Every minute  is expectancy
  Of more arrivance.                     Shaksp^
 To ARRl'VE, ar-rive'. v. n. [arriver, Fr
   to come on shore.]
 1.  To come to any place by water.
    At length arriving on the banks of Nile,
  Wearied with length of ways, and worn with toil,
  She laid her down.                    Dryden.
2.  To reach any place by travelling.
    When we were arrived, upon the verge of his es-
  tate; we stopped at a little  inn, to rest ourselves and
  our horses.                            Sidney.
3.  To reach any point.
    The bounds of all body, we have no difficulty to
  arrive  at; but, when the mind is there, it finds no-
  thing to hinder its progress.              Locke
4.  To gain any thing by  progressive ap-
   proach.
    It is toe highest wisdom, by despising the world to
  unite at heaven; they are blessed, who converse
  with God.                            Taylor.
    The virtuous may know in speculation, what they
  could uever anive at by practice; and  avoid the
  snares  of toe crafty.                   Addison 
ARR
A  RT
ART
5.  The thing,  at which we arrive, is al-
   ways supposed to be good.
6.  To happen: with to before the person.
   This sense seems not proper.
    Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives;
  More to be valued, than a thousand lives.   Waller.
To Ariio'de, ar-r6de'. v. a. [arrodo, Lat.J
   To gnaw or nibble.               Diet.
A'rrogance, ar'ro-ganse.  )  n.  s  [arro-
Vrrogancy, ar'ro-gan-se. \ gantia, Lat.]
   The act or quality  of taking much upon
   one's self; that species  of  pride, which
   consists in exorbitant claims.
    Stanley, notwithstanding she's your wife,
   And loves not me; be you, good lord, assur'd,
   I hate not you for her proud arrogance.     Shaksp.
             Pride hath no other glass
   To shew itself, but pride; for supple knees
   Feed arrH^ince, and are toe proud man's fees.
                                      Shaksp.
    Pride and arrogance,  and the evil way, and the
   froward mouth, do I hate.         Prov. viii. 13.
    Discoursing of matters dubious, and on any con-
   trovertible truths, we cannot, without arrogancy, en-
   treat a credulity.        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Humility it expresses by the stooping and bending
   of  the head; arrogance, when  it is lifted, or (as we
   say) tossed up.              Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 A'RROGANT,ar'r6-gant.81 **adj. [arrogans,
    Lat.]  Given to make exorbitant claims;
    haughty; proud.
     Feagh's right unto that country, which he claims,
 or the signiory therein,  must be  vain and arrogant.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
     An arrogant way  of treating with other princes
   and states, is natural to popular governments.
                                      Temple.
 A'rrogantly, ar'ro-gant-le. adv. [from
    arrogant.]  In an arrogant manner.
                         Our poet may
   Himself admire the fortune of his play;
   And arrogantly, as his fellows do,
   Thinks he writes well, because he pleases you. Dryd.
                   Another, warm'd
   With high ambition,  and conceit of prowess
   Inherent, arroganlii/ thus presum'd;
   What if this sword, full often drench'd in blood,
    Should now cleave sheer the execrable head
    Of Churchill.                        Philips.
 A'rrogantness, ar'ro-gant-nes. n.s. [from
    arrogant.]  The same with arrogance;
    which see.                         Diet.
  To  A'RROGATE,  ar'ro-gate.91 v. a. [ar-
    rogo, Lat.]  To claim  vainly;  to exhibit
    unjust claims,  prompted only by pride.
      I intend, to describe this battle fully, not to dero-
    gate any thing from one nation, or to arrogate to the
    other.                             Hayward.
      The popes arrogated unto themselves, that the em-
    pire was held of them in homage.  Sir W. Raleigh.
                    Who, not content
    With fair equality, fraternal state,
    Will arrogate dominion undeserv'd
    Over his brethren.                     Milton.
      Rome never arrogated to herself any infallibility,
    but what she pretended to be founded  upon Christ's
    promise.                            Tillotson.
  Arroga'tion,  ar-ro-ga'shiin. to. s. [from
    arrogate.]  A claiming in a proud unjust
    manner.                           Diet
 Arro'sion, ar-ro'zhun.461 n.s. [from arro-
    sus, Lat.] A gnawing.             Diet.
 A'rrow, ar'ro.327 n. s. [anepe,  Sax.] The
    pointed  weapon,  which is shot from a
    bow. Darts are thrown by the hand: but,
    in poetry, they  are confounded.
      I swear to thee by Cupid's strongest bow,
    By his best arrow with toe golden head.    Shaksp.
    Here were boys so desperately resolved, as to pull
  arrows out of their flesh; and deliver them, to be
  shot again, by the archers on their side.  Hayward.
A'RRowHEAn,ar'ro-hed.TO.s. [from arrow,
 ' and head] A waterplant; so called, from
  the resemblance of its leaves to the head
  of an arrow.                        Diet.
A'rrowy, ar'ro-e. adj. [from arrow.] Con-
  sisting of arrows.
    He saw them in their forms of battle rang'd;
  How quick they wheel'd, and flying, behind them
      shot
  Sharp  sleet of arrowy show'r against the face
  Of their pursuers, and o'ercame  by flight.  Milton.
Arse, arse. n. s. [eartre, Sax.] The but-
   tocks,  or hind part of an  animal.
To hang an Arse, arse.  A  vulgar phrase,
   signifying to be tardy, sluggish, or dila-
   tory.
    For Hudibras wore but one spur;
  As wisely knowing, could he stir
  To active trot one side of's horse,
  The other would not hang an arse.       Hudibras.
Arsefoot, ars'fut. to. s.  A kind of water
   fowl, called also a didapper.        Diet.
Arse-smart, ars'smart. to. s. [persicaria,
   Lat]  An herb.
  Vrsenal, ar'se-nal. to. s.  [arsenate, Ital.]
   A repository of things requisite to war;
   a magazine of military stores.
     I would have a room for the  old Roman instru-
  ments of war; where you might see all the ancient
  military  furniture, as it might have been in an arse-
  nal of old Rome.                     Addison.
Arse'nical, ar-s£n'e-kal. adj. [from arse-
   nick.] Containing arsenick; consisting of
   arsenick.
     An hereditary consumption, or one engendered by
   arsenical fumes under ground, is incapable of cure.
                                      Harvey.
     There are arsenical, or other like noxious mine-
   rals, lodged underneath.             Woodward.
 A'rseniok,  arse'nik. to. s.  [x^tbiukoi/]  A
    ponderous mineral  substance, volatile
    and uninflammable; which gives a white-
    ness to metals in fusion, and proves a vi-
    olent  corrosive poison; of which  there
    are  three  sorts.  Native or yellow  arse-
    nick,  called  also auripigmentum or or-
    piment, is chiefly found in copper mines.
    White or crystalline arsenick is extract-
    ed from the native kind, by subliming it
    with a proportion of sea salt: the small-
    est  quantity of crystalline arsenick, be-
    ing  mixed with any metal, absolutely de-
    stroys its malleability; and a single grain
    will turn a pound of cepper into a beau-
    tiful seeming silver,  but without ducti-
    lity.  Red arsenick  is a preparation  of
    the white, made by adding to it a mine-
    ral  sulphur.                   Chambers.
     Arsenick is a very deadly poison; held to the fire,
   it emits fumes, but liquates very little.
                           Woodward on Fossils.
  ART, art.77 to. s. [arte, Fr. ars,  Lat.]
  1.  The   power of doing  something not
    taught by nature and instinct; as, to walk
    is natural, to dance is an art.
     Art is properly an habitual knowledge of certain
   rules and maxims, by which a man is governed and
   directed in his actions.                   South.
      Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope.
     Ev'n copious Dryden wanted or forgot
    The  last and greatest art, the art to blot.    Pope.
2. A science, as, the liberal arts.
    Arts, that respect the mind, were ever reputed
  nobler, than those that serve the body. Ben Jonson.
    When did his pen on learning fix a brand,
Dryden.
 Boyle


Shaksp.

Shaksp.


Sliaksp.
  Or rail at arts he did not understand ?
3. A trade.
    This observation  is afforded  us by  the art of
  making sugar.
4. Artfulness; skill; dexterity.
    The art of our necessities is strange,
  That can make vile things precious.
5. Cunning.
    More matter, with less art.
6. Speculation.
    I have as much of this in art, as you;
  But yet my nature could not bear it so.
Arte'rial, ar-te're-al. adj.  [from artery]
   That which relates to the artery; that,
   which  is contained in the artery.
    Had not the Maker wrought the springy frame-
  The blood, defrauded of its nitrous food,
  Had cool'd and languish'd in the  arterial road.
                                   Blackmort.
    As this mixture of blood and chyle passeth through
  the arterial tube, it is pressed by two contrary forces-
  that of  the heart,  driving it forward against the
  sides of the tubes; and the elastick force of the air
  pressing  it on the  opposite sides of those air-blad-
  ders, along the surface of which this arterial tube
  creeps.                           Arbuthnot.
Arterio'tomy, ar-te-re-ot'to-me.818  n. s.
   [from  «f7*f (x, and rif^u  to  cut.]  The
   operation of letting blood from the arte-
   ry:  a practice much in  use among the
   French.
A'RTERY, ar/tdr-e.66S to. *. [arteria, Lat.]
   An  artery is a conical canal, conveying
   the  blood from the heart to all parts of
   the  body. Each artery  is composed of
   three  coats; of which the first seems to
   be a thread of fine blood  vessels and
   nerves, for nourishing the coats ofthe
   artery; the second is made up of circu-
   lar, or rather  spiral  fibres,  of which
   there  are more or fewer  strata, accord-
   ing  to the  bigness of the artery:  these
   fibres have a strong elasticity, by which
   they  contract themselves  with  some
   force,  when the power by which they
   have been  stretched  out ceases.  The
   third and inmost  coat is  a fine transpa-
   rent membrane, which keeps the  blood
   within  its  canal;  that otherwise, upon
   the  dilatation of an artery, would  easily
  •, separate the spiral fibres from one an-
   other.  As the  arteries  grow smaller,
    these coats grow thinner, and the  coats
   of the veins seem  only  to be continua-
   tions  of the capillary  arteries.   Quincy
     The arteries are  elastic tubes, endued with a con-
   tractile force, by which they drive the  blood still
   forward; it being hindered from going backward bj
   the valves of toe heart.              Arbuthnot.
 A'rtful, art'ful.17* adj.  [from art and
   full.]
  1. Performed with  art.
     The  last of these  was certainly the most easy;
   but,  for the same reason, the least artful.  Dryden.
 2. Artificial; not natural.
 3. Cunning; skilful; dexterous.
     0 still the same, Ulysses, sherejoin'd;
   In useful craft,-successfully refin'd;
   Artful in speech, in action and in mind.     Pope-
  A rtfully, art'ful-ie. adv. [from artful]
    With art; skilfully; dexterously. 
ART
ART
ART
    The rest in rank: Honoria, chief in place,
  Was artfully contriv'd to set her face,
  To front the thicket, and behold the chacc.   Dryd.
    Vice is  the natural growth  of our corruption.
  How irresistibly must it prevail, when the seeds of
  it are artfully sown, and industriously cultivated!
                                       Rogers.
A'ri fulness, art'fiil-nes. n. s. [from art-
  ful]
1. Skill.
    Consider, with  how much artfulness his bulk and
  situation is contrived, to have just matter, to draw
  round him  these massy bodies.            Cheyne.
2. Cunning.
Arthri'tisal,  ar-Mrlt'e-kal. ? adj.[from
Arthri'tick, ar-Mrit'ik.809  $ arthritis.]
1. Gouty; relating to the gout.
    Frequent changes produce all the arthrilick dis-
  eases.                             Arbuthnot.
2. Relating to joints.
    Serpents, worms,  and  leaches,  though  some
  want bones, and all extended articulations, yet have
  they arthritical analogies; and by the motion of fibrous
  and musculous parts,  are able to make progression.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
ARTHRTTIS,kr-thr\t'is. n. s.  [xpfym,
   from xgfyov  a joint]  Any  distemper,
   that affects the joints; but the gout par-
   ticularly.                          Quincy.
A'rtichoke,  ar'te-tshoke,  to.  s.  [arti-
   chault, Fr.]
    This plant is very like toe thistle; but hath large
  scaly heads, shaped like the cone of the  pine tree:
  the bottom of each scale, as also at the  bottom of
  the florets, is a thick fleshy eatable substance. Milder.
    No  herbs have  curled  leaves, but cabbage and
  cabbage lettuce; none  have double leaves, one be-
  longing to the  stalk, another to the  fruit or seed,
  but the artichoke.                       Bacon.
    Artichokes contain a rich, nutritious, stimulating
  juice.                   Arbuthnot on  Aliments.
A'rtiohoke  of Jerusalem,  ar'te-tshoke.
   A species of sun  flower.
A'rtiok, ar'tik.  adj. [it should be written
   arctick,  from  xgx.liK&'/]  Northern;  un-
   der the  Bear. See Arctick.
    But they would have winters, like those beyond
  toe artick circle; for the sun would  be 80 degrees
  from them.                            Brown.
     In the following example it  is, con-
   trary to custom, spelt after  the  French
   manner, and accented on the lust sylla-
   ble.
    To you,  who live in chill degree,
  As map informs, of fifty-three;
  And do not much for cold atone,
  By bringing thither fifty-one;
  Methinks all climes should be alike,
  From tropick e'en to pole artiqne.         Dryden.

A'RTICLE,  ar'te-kl.406  n.s.  [articulus,
   Lat.]
1. A part of speech, as, the, an; the  man,
   an ox.
2. A single clause of an account; a parti-
   cular part of any complex thing.
    Laws, touching matters of order, are changeable
  by the power ofthe church; articles concerning doc-
  trine, not so.                           Hooker.
    Have the summary of all our griefs,
  When time shall serve to shew in articles.  Shaksp.
    Many believe the article of remission of sins, but
  believe it without  the condition of repentance. We
  believe the article otherwise, than God intended it.
                           Taylor's Holy Living.
    All toe precepts, promises, and threatenings ofthe
  gospel, will rise up in judgment against us; and the
  articles of our faith will be so many articles of accu-
  sation: and the great weight of our  charge will be
      VOL. 1.
  this, That we did  not obey toe gospel, which we
  professed to believe; that we made confession ofthe
  Christian faith, but lived like Heathens.  Tillotson.
    You have small reason, to repine upon that arti-
  cle of life.                              Swift.
3. Terms; stipulations.
    I embrace these conditions; let us have articles be-
  tween us.                              Shaksp.
    It would have gall'd his surly nature,
  Which easily endures not article,
  Tying him to  aught.                    Shaksp.
4. Point of time;  exact time.
    If Cansfield had not, in that article of time, given
  them that brisk charge, by which other troops were
  ready; the king himself had been in danger.
                                    Clarendon.
To A'rticle, ar'te-kl.*05 v. to.  [from the
   noun  article]  To  stipulate; to  make
   terms.
    Such, in love's warfare, is my case;
  I may not article for grace,
  Having put love at  last to show this face.  Donne.
    He had not infringed the least tittle of what was
  articled, that  they aimed at one  mark, and toeir
  ends were concentrick.      Howel's Vocal Forest.
    And if it be said, God  chese  the successor; that
  is manifestly not so  in the story of Jephtha, where he
  articled with toe people, and they  made  him judge
  over them.                             Locke.
To Arti'cle, ar'te-kl.408 v. a. To  draw up
   in particular articles.
    He whose  life seems fair; yet, if  all  his errours
  and tollies were articled against him, the  man would
  seem vicious and miserable.              Taylor.
Arti'cular, ar-tik'u-lar. adj. [articularis,
   Lat.] Belonging to  the joints. In medi-
   cine, an epithet  applied  to  a  disease,
   which   more   immediately infests  the
   joints.   Thus the gout is called morbus
   articularis.

Arti'culate,  ar-tik'u-late.91  adj. [from
   articulus,  Lat.]
I. Distinct; divided, as the parts of a  limb
   are divided by joints; not  continued in
   one tone, as articulate   sounds; that is,
   sounds varied  and  changed  at proper
   pauses, in opposition to the voice of ani-
   mals, which admits no such variety. An
   articulate   pronunciation,  a  manner of
   speaking  clear  and  distinct, in  which
   one sound  is not confounded with an-
   other.
    In speaking under water, when the voice  is re-
  duced to an  extreme exility, yet  the articulate
  sounds, the words, are not confounded.      Bacon.
    The first, at least, of these I thought deny'd
  To beasts; whom God, on their creation-day,
  Created mute to all articulate sound.       Milton.
    Antiquity expressed numbers by the fingers on ei-
  ther hand.  On toe  left, they accounted  their digits
  and articulate numbers  unto  an hundred; on the
  right hand, hundreds  and thousands.       Brown.
2.  Branched out into articles.  This is a
   meaning little  in use.
     Henry's instructions were  extreme curious and
  articulate; and, in them, more articles touching in-
  quisition, than negotiation; requiring an answer in
  distinct articles to his questions.           Bacon.

 To  Arti'culate,  ar-tik'u-late.91   v.  a.
   [from article.]
 I. To form words; to utter  distinct sylla-
   bles; to speak  as a man.
     The dogmatist knows not, by what art he  directs
  his tongue, in articulating sounds into voices.
                                     Glanville,
     Parisian academists, in toeir anatomy  of apes, tell
   us that the  muscles of the tongue, which do most
  serve to articulate a word, were wholly like those of
  man.                      Ray on the Creation
    They would advance in knowledge, and not de-
  ceive themselves with a little articulated air.  Locke.
2. To draw up in articles.
    These things indeed, you have articulated,
  Proclaim'd at market-crosses, read in churches,
  To face the garment of rebellion
  With some fine colour.                  Shaksp.
3. To make terms;  to treat.  These  two
   latter significations are unusual.
                 Send us to Rome
  The best, with whom we may articulate
  For their own good and ours.             Shaksp.

To  Arti'culate, ar-tik'u-late. v. «.  To
   speak  distinctly.

Arti'culately,   ar-tik'u-late-le.   adv.
   [from  articulate.] In an articulate voice.
    The secret purpose of  our heart,  Db less  articu-
  lately  spoken to God, who needs not our words to
  discern our meaning.             Decay of Piety.

Arti'culateness, ar-tik'u-late-nds.  n.s.
   [from articulate]  The  quality of being
   articulate.
Articula'tion,  ar-tlk-u-la'shun.  to. s.
   [from  articulate.]
I. The juncture; or joint  of bones.
    With relation to the motion of the bones in  their
  articulations, there is a twofold liquor prepared for
  the inunction and lubrification of their heads; an
  oily one, and a mucilaginous, supplied by certain
  glandules seated in the articulations.          Ray.
2. The act of forming words.
    I conceive, that an extreme small,  or an extreme
  great sound, cannot be articulate; but that the arti-
  culation requireth a mediocrity of sound.   Bacon.
    By articulation I  mean a  peculiar motion and
  figure of some parts belonging to the mouth, between
  toe throat and lips.                     Holder.
3. [In botany.] The joints or knots in some
   plants, as the cane.
A'rtifioe,  ar'te-fis.143   to. s.   [artificium,
   Lat.]
1. Trick; fraud; stratagem.
    It needs no legends, no service in an unknown
  tongue; none of all these laborious artifices of igno-
  rance, none of all these cloaks and coverings. South.
2. Art; trade; skill obtained by science or
   practice.

Arti'ficer, ar-tif'fe-sur.98 to. s. [artifex,
   Lat.]
I. An  artist;  a  manufacturer; one,  by
   whom any thing is made.
    The lights, doors, and stairs, rather directed to
   the use of the guest, than to toe eye of the artificer.
                                        Sidney.
    The great artificer would be more than ordinarily
   exact, in drawing his own picture.         South.
    In the practices of artificers, and  the manufac-
   tures of  several kinds, the end being proposed, we
   find out ways.                          Locke.
2. A forger; a contriver.
                   He, soon  aware,
   Each perturbation smooth'd with outward calm,
   Artificer of fraud! and was the first,
   That practis'd falsehood under saintly show. Milton.
                 Th' artificer of lies
   Renews to' assault, and  his last batt'ry tries.  Dryd.
3. A dexterous or artful  fellow: not in use.
     Let you alone, cunning artificer.     Ben Jonson.
 Artificial, ar-te-fish'al.  adj. [artificicl,
   Fr.]
 1. Made by art; not natural.
     Basilius used  the artificial  day  of torches,   to
I  lighten  the sports toeir inventions couhl contrive.
I                                       Sidney. 
ART                                         AS                                          AS
    The curtains, closely drawn the light to skreen,
  As if he had contrived, to lie unseen:
  Thus cover'd with an artificial night,
  Sleep did his office.                    Dryden.
    There is no natural motion perpetual, yet it doth
  not hinder, but that it is possible to contrive such an
  artificial revolution.                     Wilkins.
2. Fictitious; not genuine.
    Why, I can smile and murder while I smile;
  And cry, content, to that which grieves my heart;
  And wet my cheeks, with artificial tears.     Shaksp.
    The resolution, which we cannot reconcile to pub-
  lic good, has been supported by an obsequious party;
  and then, with usual  methods, confirmed by an arti-
  ficial majority.                           Swift.
3. Artful; contrived with skill.
    These seem to be toe more artificial, as those of a
  single person the more natural governments. Temple.
Artificial Arguments,ar-te-f ish'al. [In
   rhetorick.]   Are proofs  on  considera-
   tions,  which arise from the genius,  in-
   dustry,  or   invention  of  the   orator;
   which are   thus  called, to   distinguish
   them  from  laws, authorities, citations,
   and the like, which are  said to be  in-
   artificial arguments.
Artificial  Lines,  ar-te-fish'al.  on  a
   sector or  scale, are so contrived, as to
   represent  the  logarithmick sines and
   tangents^ which, by the help ofthe line
   of  numbers,  solve (with tolerable ex-
   actness)  questions  in  trigonometry,
   navigation, &c.                Chambers.
Artificial Numbers,  ar-te-fish'al.   are
   the same with logarithms.
Artifi'ci ally, ar-te-f ish'al-le. adv. [from
   artificial,]
 1. Artfully; with skill; with  good contriv-
   ance.
    How cunningly  he made his faultiness less;  hew
   artificially he set out the  torments of his own con-
   science.                               Sidney.
    Should anyone be cast upon a desolate island, and
   find there a palace artificially contrived,  and curi-
   ously adorned.                           Ray.
 2. By art;  not naturally.
    It is covered on all sides with earth, crumbled in-
   to powder, as if it had been artificially sifted.
                                       Addison.
 Artifi'cialness, ar-te-fish'al-nes.  n. 8.
   [from artificial.] Artfulness.      Diet.
 Artifi'cious, ar-te-fish'us. adj. [from ar-
   tifice.] The  same with artificial.
 Arti'lleky,  ar-til'iftr-re."*  n.s.  It has
   no plural,  [artillerie, Fr.]
 1. Weapons of war;  always used   of  mis-
   sive weapons.
    And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and
   taid unto him; Go, carry them unto toe city.
                                       1 Samuel.
2. Cannonj great ordnance.
    Have I not heard great ordnance in the field ?
   And heav'n's arlilleiy thunder in the skies? Shaksp.
    I'll to the IV. <r with all the haste I can,
   To view to' artillery and ammunition.     Shaksp.
    Upon one wing  the artillery was  drawn,  being
  sixteen pieces; every piece having pioneers, to plain
  the ways.                            Hayward.
    He, that views a fort to take it,
  Plants his artillery 'gainst the weakest place.
                                       Denham.
Artisa'n, ar-te-zan'. to. s. [French.]
1. Artist; professor of an art.
    What  are the most judicious artisans, but toe
  mimicks of nature ?             Wotton's Architec.
    Best and happiest artisan,
  Best of painters, if you can,
  With your many-colour'd art,
  Draw the mistress of my heart.         Guardian.
2. Manufacturer;  low tradesman.
    I, who had none but generals to oppose me, must
  have an artisan for my antagonist.       Addison.
A'rtist, art'ist. to. *. [artiste, Fr.]
1. The  professor of an art, generally of an
   art manual.
    How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
  Instruct the artists, and reward toeir haste.  Waller.
    Rich with toe spoils of many a conquer'd land,
  All arts and artists Theseus could command,
  Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame;
  The master painters and the carvers came.  Dryd.
    When I made this, an artist undertook to imitate
  it; but, using another way, fell much short. Newton.
i. A  skilful man;  not a novice.
    If any one thinks himself an artist at this, let him
  number up the parts of his child's body      Locke.
A'rtlesly,  art'l^s-le.   adv.  [from  art-
   less.]
1. In an artless  manner;  without skill.
2. Naturally; sincerely;  without craft.
    Nature and truth, though never so low or vulgar,
  are yet pleasing,  when openly and artlesly repre-
  sented.                                  Pope.
A'rtless, art'les. adj. [from art and less]
1.  Unskilful;  wanting   art:  sometimes,
   with  the particle of.
    The high-shoed plowman, should he quit the land,
  Artless of stars, and ofthe moving sand.   Dryden.
2. Void of fraud; as, an artless maid.
3. Contrived  without skill;  as,  an artless
   tale.
Arundina'ceous,    a-run-de-na'shfis.29a
   adj. [arundinaceous, Lat.]  Of  or  like
   reeds.                               Diet.
ARUxoi'NEOUs,ar-un-din'e-us.flG(/. [arun-
   dineus, Lat.]  Abounding with reeds.
As, az.421 conjunct, [als, Teut.]
 1. In the  same  manner with  something
   else.
    When thou dost hear, I am as I have been;
   Approach me, and thou shalt be as thou wast.
                                        Shaksp.
    In singing, as in piping, you excel;
   And scarce your master could perform so well. Dryd.
    I live at I did, I think as I did, I love you as I did,
   but all these are to  no purpose: the world will not
   live, think, or love,  as I do.                Swift.
2. In the manner  that.
    Mad as I was, I could not bear his fate
   Willi silent grief, but loudly blam'd the state.
                                Dryden's Aimeid.
    The  landlord,  in his  shirt as he was, taking  a
   candle in one hand, and a drawn sword in the other,
   ventured out of toe room.      Arbuthnot and Pope.
3. That; in a consequential sense.
    The  cunniitgest  mariners were so conquered by
   the storm, as they thought  it best, with  stricken
   sails to yield to be governed by it.         Sidney.
    He had such a  dexterous  proclivity, as his teach-
   ers were fain to restrain his forwardness.
                                        Wotton.
    The relations are so uncertain, as toey require a
   great deal of examination.                Bacon.
    God shall by grace prevent sin so soon, as to keep
   the soul in the virginity of its first innocence. South.
4. In the slate of another.
    Madam, were I as you, I'd take her counsel;
   I'd speak my own distress.   Philips's Diit. Mother.
5 Under a particular consideration;  with
   a particular respect.
    Besides that law, which concerneth men as men;
   and that, which belongs unto men as they are men,
   linked with others in some society; there is a third,
   which  touches all  several bodies politick, so far
   forth, as one of them hath publick concerns with an-
   otn«r.                   Hooker's Ecclcs. Polity.
    Dar'st thou be as good as thy word now?—
  ----Why, Hal, thou knowest, as thou art but a man,
  I dare; but as thou art a prince, I fear thee, as I
  fear toe roaring of the lion's whelp.        Shaksp.
    The objections, that are raised  against it as a
  tragedy, are as follow. Gay's Pref.to What d'ye callit.
6. Like, ofthe same kind  with.
    A simple idea is one uniform idea; as sweet, bit-
  ter.                                    Walk
7. In the same degree with.
    Where you, unless you are as matter blind,
  Conduct and beauteous disposition find. Blackmore.
    Well hast thou spoke, the blue-eyed  maid re-
        plies;
  Thou good old man, benevolent as wise. Pope'j Od.
8. As  if;  according to  the  manner that
  would be, if.
    The squire began nigher to approach,
  And wind his horn under toe castle-wall;
  That,  with the noise it shook,  as it would fall.
                                   Fairy Queen.
    They all contended, to creep into his humour; and
  to  do  that,  as of themselves, which toey conceived
  he desired toey should do.            Hayward.
    Contented, in a nest of snow
  He lies, as he his bliss did know;
  And to the wood no more would go.        frailer.
    So hot  th' assault, so high the tumult rose,
  As all  the Dardan and Argolick race
  Had been contracted in that narrow space.  Dryden.
    Can misery no place of safety know?
  The noise pursues me, wheresoe'er I go,
  As fate sought only me.     Dryden's Aurengzebe.
9. According  to what.
    Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos; but minis-
  ters, by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave
  to eveiy man?                          I Cor.
    Their figure being printed,
  As just before (I think) I hinted;
  Alma  inform'd can by the case           Prior.
    The republick is shut up in toe great duke's do-
  minions, who  at present is  very much  incensed
  against it. The occasion is, as follows.    Addison.
10. As it  were;  in some sort.
    As  for the  daughters of king Edward  IV. they
  thought, king Richard had said  enough for them;
  and took them to be but as of  the king's party, be-
  cause  they  were in his power,  and at  his disposal.
                              .Bacon's Henri/VII,
11. While; at the same time that.
    At  either end, it whistled as it flew;
  And,  as the brands were green, so dropp'd the dew;
  Infected,  as it fell, with sweat of sanguine hue.
                                       Dryden.
    Tl-se haughty words Alecto's rage provoke;
  And frighted Turnus trembled, as she spoke. Dryd.
    So  the pure limpid  stream,  when  foul with stains
  Of rushing torrents and descending rains,
  Works itself clear; and, as it runs, refines.  Addison.
12. Because.
    He, that commanded the injury to be done, is first
  bound; then he, that did it: and toey also arc oblig-
  ed, who did so assist, as without them the thing could
  not have been done.                     Taylor.
13. Because it is; because they are.
     The kernels draw out of toe earth juice, fit to
  nourish the tree; as those, that would be trees them-
  selves.                                Bacon.
14. Equally.
                   Before toe place
  A hundred doors a hundred entries grace;
  As many voices issue, and toe sound
  Of Sybil's words as many tones rebound.  Dryden.
15.  How; in what manner.
     Men  are generally permitted  to publish book?,
  and contradict  others, aud even themselves, as they
  please, with as little danger of being confuted, as of
  being understood.                        Boyle-
16.  With;  answering to like or same.
     Sister, well met! whither away so fast?—
  —Upon the like devotion, as yourselves;
  To eratulate the  gentle princes there.
                              Shaksp. Richard III. 
ASA
ASC
ASC
  17. In a reciprocal sense, answering to aa.
     Every offence, committed in the state of nature,
   may in toe state of nature be also punished; and as
   far forth, as it may in a commonwealth.    Locke.
     As sure, as it is good, that human nature should
   exist; so certain it is, that the circular revolutions of
   toe earth  and  planets (rather  than other motions,
   which might as possibly have been) do declare God.
                                      Bentley.
  18. Going before as,  in  a  comparative
    sense; the first as,  being sometimes un-
    derstood.
     Sempronius is as brave a man, as Cato. Addison.
     Bright as toe sun, and like the morning fair.
                                    Granville.
  19. Answering to such.
     Is it not every man's interest, that there should be
   such a governour of the world,  as designs our hap-
   piness, as  would govern us for our advantage?
                                     Tillotson.
  20. Having so to answer it; in a condition-
    al sense.
     As far,  as they carry light and conviction to any
   othci man's understanding; so  far, I hope, my la-
   bour may  be of use to him.               Locke.
  21. So is sometimes understood.
     As in my speculations I have  endeavoured, to ex-
   tinguish passion and prejudice;  I am still desirous of
   doing some good in this particular.      Spectator.
  22. Answering to so conditionally.
     So may th' auspicious queen of love
   To thee, O sacred ship, be kind;
   As thou, to whom the muse commends
   The best of poets and of friends,
   Dost thy committed pledge restore.       Dryden.
  23. Before how, it is sometimes redundant,
    but this is in low language.
     As how, dear Syphax?         Addison's Cato.
  24. It seems to be redundant before yet; to
    this time.
     Though that war continued nine years, and  this
   hath as yet lasted but six; yet there hath been much
   more action in toe present war.          Addison.
  25. In a sense of comparison, followed by
   so.
     As when a dab-chick waddles through the copse,
   On feet and wings; and flies, and wades, and hops;
   So lab'ring on, with shoulders, hands, and head,
   Wide as a windmill all his figure spread.   Pope.
 26. As  for: with respect to.
     As for the rest of those, who have written against
   me, they deserve not the least notice.    Dryden.
 27. As if; in the same manner that it would
   be, if.
     Answering their questions, as if it were a matter
   that needed it.                         Locke.
 28.  As to; with respect  to.
    I pray thee, speak to me, as to thy thinkings,
   As thou dost ruminate; and give thy worst of thoughts
   The worst of words.             Shaksp. Othello.
    They pretend  (in general) to great refinements,
   as to what regards Christianity.   Addison on Italy.
    I was mistaken as to toe day; placing that acci-
   dent about  thirty-six hours sooner, than it happened.
                                       Swift.
 29. As well as; equally with.
    Each man's mind has some peculiarity, as well as
   nis face; that distinguishes him from all others.
                                      Locke.
    It is adorned with admirable pieces of sculpture,
   as well modern,  as ancient.      Addison on Italy.
 30. As though; as if.
    These should be at first gently treated, as though
   we expected an  imposthumation.    Sharp's Surg.
A'SA D UL'CIS, as-sa-dol-sis.   See Ben-
   zoin.
A'SA FOE'T1DA, as-sa-fet'e-da.
A'SSA FOR'TIDA, as-sa-fet'e-da
   A i^um or resin,  brought from the East
   Indies, of a sharp taste, and a strong of-
   fensive smell; which is said to distil, du-
   ring the heat of summer, from a little
   shrub.                        Chambers.
 ASARABA'CCA,  as-sa-ra-bak'ka. «.  s.
   [asarum, Lat.]  The name of a plant.
 Asbe'stine, az-bes-tin.140 adj. [from asbes-
   tos.]  Something incombustible, or that
   partakes of the nature and qualities of
   the lapis asbestos.
 ASBE'STOS,az-bes'tiis.ie6n.s.[xrGes&]
   A sort of native fossile stone, which may
   be split into threads and filaments, from
   one  inch to  ten inches in length, very
   fine,  brittle,  yet somewhat  tractable,
   silky, and of a grayish colour.  It  is al-
   most insipid to the taste, indissoluble in
   water, and endued with  the wonderful
   property of remaining unconsumed  in
   the fire:  but, in two trials before the
   Royal Society, a piece  of cloth, made
   of this stone,  was found  to lose a dram,
   of its weight  each time.  This stone is
   found in   Anglesey  in  Wales,  and  in
   Aberdeenshire in Scotland.  Chambers.
 ASCA'RIDES, as-kar'e-dez. to. s. [xtxx-
   f/JVs, from  xo-Kxgtga to  leap.]  Little
   worms  in  the rectum,  so called from
   their continual  troublesome   motion,
   causing an intolerable itching.   Quincy.
 To ASCE'ND,  as-send'. v. to. [ascendo,
   Lat.]
 I. To move  upward; to mount; to rise.
    Then, to the heav'n of heav'ns, shall he ascend
  With victory,  triumphing through the air
  Over his foes and thine.                Milton.
   To proceed from one degree of good to
   another.
    By these steps we shall ascend, to more just ideas
  of the glory of Jesus Christ; who is intimately united
  to God, and is one with him.             Watts.
 3. To stand higher  in genealogy.
    The only incest was in the ascending (not collate-
  ral) branch; as, when parents and children married,
  this was accounted incest.              Broome.
 To Asce'nd, as-s£nd'. v. a.  To climb up
   any thing.
    They ascend toe mountains; they descend the val-
  lies.             Delaney's Revelation examined.
Asce'ndable, as-sen'da-bl. adj. [from as-
   cend] That may be  ascended.    Diet.
Asce'ndant, as-sen'dant.  «. *. [from as-
   cend]
 1. The part of the ecliptick, at any parti-
   cular time above the horizon; which is
   supposed by astrologers, to have great
   influence.
2. Height; elevation.
    He was initiated, in order to gain instruction in
  sciences, that were there in their highest ascendant.
                                     Temple.
3. Superiority; influence.
    By the ascendant he had in his understanding, and
  the dexterity of his nature, he could persuade him
  very much.                        Clarendon.
              Some star (I find)
  Has giv'n thee an ascendant o'er my mind. Diyden,
    When they have got an ascendant over them, toey
  should use it with moderation, and not make them-
  selves scarecrows.                      Locfce.
4. One of the degrees of kindred reckon-
  ed  upwards.
    The most nefarious kind of bastards, are incestu-
                v 2
   ous bastards; which are begotten between ascendants
   and descendants, in infinitum; and between collated
   rals, as far as the divine prohibition.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Ascs'NnANT, as-sen'dant. adj.
 1. Superiour; predominant; overpowering.
     Christ outdoes Moses, before he displaces him;
   and shews an ascendant spirit above him.   South.
 2. In an astrological sense, above the ho-
   rizon.
     Let him study toe constellation of Pegasus, which
   is  about that time ascendant.   Brown's  Vulg. Err.
 Asce'ndency,  as-seVden-se. ». s.  [from
   ascend]  Influence; power.
     Custom has some ascendency over understanding;
   and, what atone time seemed descent, appears disa-
   greeable afterwards.                   Watts.
 Asce'nsion, as-s&n'shun.461 to. s. [ascensio,
   Lat.]
 1. The act of ascending or rising; frequent-
   ly applied to the visible elevation of out-
   Saviour to heaven.
            Then, rising from his grave,
   Spoil'd principalities and pow'rs; triumph'd,
   In  open shew; and, with ascension bright,
   Captivity led captive through the air.  Parad. Lost.
 2. The thing rising,or mounting.
    Men err, in the theoiy of inebriation; conceiving,
   the brain doth only suffer from vaporous  ascensims
  from the stomach.       Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
 Asce'nsion, as-sen'shun,451 in astronomy,
   is either right or oblique.   Right ascen-
   sion of the sun, or a star, is that degree
   of the equinoctial, counted  from the be-
   ginning of Aries, which rises with the
   sun or star  in a right  sphere.   Oblique
   ascension is an arch of the equator, in-
   tercepted  between  the  first point  of
   Aries, and  that point  of  the equator,
   which  rises  together  with a star  in an
   oblique sphere.
Asoe'nsion-day,   as-seai'shun-da'.  The
   day,  on which the ascension of our  Sa-
   viour is commemorated, commonly call-
   ed Holy  Thursday; the Thursday but
   one before Whitsuntide.
Asce'nsional Difference, as-sen'shun-al,M
   is the difference, between the right and
   oblique ascension of the same  point to
   the surface of the sphere.    Chambers.
Asce'nsive, as-seVsiv.158 adj.  [from  as-
   cend]  In a state of ascent:  not in use.
    The cold  augments, when the days begin to in-
  crease ; though the sun be then ascensive, and return-
  ing from toe winter teopick. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Asce'nt, as-sent', to. s. [ascensus,  Lat.]
 I. Rise; the act of rising;  the act of mount-
   ing.
    To him with swift ascent he up return'd,
  Into his blissful bosom reassum'd
  In glory, as of old.                     Milton ■
2. The  way, by  which one ascends.
    The temple, and  the several degrees  of ascent,
  whereby men did climb up to the same, as if it had
  been a scala cceli, be all poetical and fabulous. Bacon.
                It was a rock,
  Conspicuous far, winding with one ascent,
  Accessible from earth, one entrance high. Milton.
3. An eminence, or high place.
   No land like Italy  erects the sight
  By such a vast ascent, or swells to such a height.
                                    Addison.
    A wide flat cannot be pleasant in the Elysian
  fields, unless it be diversified with depressed valleys
  and swelling ascents.                    Bentlev 
ASC
ASH
ASK
To ASCERTATN,  as-ser-tane'.   x.  a.
   [aceriener, Fr.]
1. To make certain; to fix; to establish.
    The divine law both ascertaineth the truth, and
  supplieth unto us the want of other laws.   Hooker.
    Money differs from  uncoined silver in this, that
  the quantity of silver in each piece is ascertained by
  0,(5 stamP-                             Locke.
2. To make confident; to take away doubt:
   often with of.
    Right judgment of myself may give me the other
  certainty; that is,  ascertain me, that 1 am in the
  number of God's children.
                  Hammond's Practical Catechism.
    This makes us  act, with a repose of mind and
  wonderful tranquillity; because it  ascertains us, of
  the goodness of our work.    Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Ascerta'iner,  as-ser-ta'nur. n.  s.  [from
   ascertain] The  person that proves or
   establishes.
Ascertainment, as-ser-tane'm£nt. n.  s.
   [from ascertain.] A settled rule; an es-
   tablished standard.
    For want of ascertainment, how far a writer may
  express his good wishes for his country, innocent in-
  tentions may be  charged with crimes.      Swift.
Asce'tick,  as-set'lk.fiW adj.  [xo-Knlncei]
   Employed wholly in exercises of devo-
   tion and mortification.
    None lived such long lives, as monks and hermits;
  sequestered from plenty, to a constant ascetick course
  of the severest abstinence and devotion.     So if (a.
Asce'tick,  as-s£t'ik. to. s.  He, that re-
   tires to devotion and mortification; a her-
   mit.
    I am far from commending those asceticks; that,
  out of a pretence of keeping themselves unspotted
  from the world,  take up their quarters in deserts.
                                       Norris.
    He, that preaches to man, should understand what
  is in man; and that skill can scarce be attained by
  an ascetick in his solitudes.            Atterbury.
A'SCII, as'se-i. to. s.  It has no  singular.
   [from  x without,  and <rx.tx a shadow.]
   Those people, who (at certain times of
   the year) have no shadow at noon: such
   are the inhabitants of the  torrid zone;
   because they have the tun, twice a year,
   vertical to them.                  Diet.
 Asci'tes, as-si'tez.  «. s.  [from x<rx,is  a
   bladder.] A particular species of drop-
 ,  sy; a swelling of the lower belly and de-
   pending parts, from an extravasation and
   collection of water, broke out of its pro-
   per vessels.  This case, when certain and
   inveterate, is universally allowed to ad-
   mit of no cure, but by means ofthe man-
   ual operation  of  tapping.        Quincy.
     There arc two kinds of dropsy: the anasarca, call-
   ed also leucophlegmacy, when the extravasated mat-
   ter swims in toe cells of toe membranaadiposa;and
   the ascites, when the  water possesses the  cavity of
   the abdomen.                  SAorp's Surgery.
Asci'tical, as-slt'e-kal. > adj. [from asci-
 •Vsci'tick, as-sit'ik.     y tea.] Belonging
   to an ascites; dropsical; hydropical.
    When it is part of another tumour, it is hydropi-
  cal, either anasarcous or oscitical.    Wisem. Surg.
AsciTi'Tious,ds-se-tish'iis. adj. [ascititius,
   Lat.] Supplemental; additional;  not in-
   herent; not original.
    Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name
  U-om some accident of his life.             Pope.
Ascri'bable,  as-skri'ba-bl.*05 adj.  [from
   ascribe.]  That, which may be ascribed.
    J be. -reuter part h-ive  been forward to reiect it,
  upon a mistaken persuasion, that those phoenomena
  are the effects of nature's abhorrency of a vacuum,
  which seem to be more fitly ascr'ihable to the weight
  and spring of the air.                    Boyle.
To ASCRI'BE,  as-kribe'. v. a.  [ascribo,
   Lat.]
I. To attribute to, as a cause.
    The cause of his banishment is unknown; because
  he was unwilling to provoke the emperor, by ascri-
  bing it to any other reason, than what was pretend-
  ed.                                 Dryden.
    To thib we may justly ascribe those jealousies and
  encroachments, which render mankind uneasy  to one
  another.                              Rogers.
2. To attribute, as a quality to persons,  or
   accident to substance.
    These perfections must be somewhere; and  there-
  fore may much better be ascribed to God, in  whom
  we suppose all other perfections to meet, than  to any
  thing else.                          Tillotson.
Ascri'ption, as-krip'sluln. to. s. [ascriptio,
   Lat.] The act of ascribing.       Diet.
Ascripti'tious,  as-krip-fish'us. adj.  [as-
   criptitius, Lat.] That, which is ascribed.
                                      Diet.
Ash, ash. to.*, [fraxinus, Lat. aefc, Saxon.]
1. A tree.
    This tree hath pennated leaves, which end in an
  odd lobe. The male flowers, which grow at a remote
  distance from toe fruit, have no petals, but consist
  of many stamina. The ovary becomes a seed vessel,
  containing  one  seed at toe bottom, shaped like a
  bird's tongue.                         Miller.
    With which of old he charm'd the savage train,
  And call'd the mountain ashes to the plain. Dryden.
2. The wood ofthe ash.
              Let me twine
  Mine arms about that body, where against,
  My grained ash an hundred times hath broke,
  And scar'd the moon with splinters.       Sliaksp.
Asha'meii, a-sha'med.369 36a  adj.  [from
   shame.]  Touched with  shame; general-
   ly with of before  the causs of shame, if
   a noun; and to, if a verb.
    Profess publickiy the doctrine of Jesus Christ, not
  being ashamed ofthe word of God, or of any practi-
  ces enjoined by  it.          Taylor's Holy Living.
    One would have thought, she would have stirr'd;
        but strove
  With modesty, and was asham'd to move.   Dryden.
    This I have  shadowed,  that  you  may not  be
  asham'd of that hero, whose protection you under-
  take.                                Dryden.
Ash-coloured,  ash'-kul-urd. adj. [from
   ash  and  colour.]   Coloured  between
   brown and gray, like the bark  of an ash-
   en branch.
    Clay, ash-coloured, was part of a stratum, which
  lay above the strata of stone.  Woodward on Fossils.
A'shi-.n,  asl/shn.103  36«  adj.  [from   ash.]
   Made  of ash wood.
        At once he said, and threw
  His as/ten spear, which quiver'd, as it flew. Dryden.
A'shes,  ash'iz.SM to. s.  wants  the singular.
   [aepca, Sax. asche, Dutch.]
I. The remains of any thing burnt.
    Some  i clicks.would be left of it, as when asAes re-
  main of burned bodies.          Digby on Bodies.
    This late dissension, grown between  the peers,
  Burns under feigned ashes of forg'd love,
  And will at last break out into a flame.    Shaksp.
    Ashes contain a very fertile salt,  and are the best
  manure for cold lands, if kept dry,  that the rain
  doth not wash away their salt.   Mortimer's Husb.
2. The remains ofthe body;  often used  in
   poetry forthe  carcase, from the ancient
   practice of burning the dead.
    Poor key-cold figure of a holy kingf
  Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster'
  Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood. Shaksp
              To great Laertes i bequeath
  A task of grief, his ornaments of death;
  Lest, when the fates his royal asftes claim,
  The Grecian matrons taint my spotless name. Pope,
A'shlar,ash'lar. n.s  [with masons.] Free'
  stones,  as they come out of the quarry,
  of different lengths, breadths, and thick-
  nesses.
A'shleering, ash'lur-lng.666 to.  a. [with
  builders.] Quartering in garrets, about
  two  foot and  a half or three foot high,
  perpendicular to the floor, and reaching
  to the under side ofthe rafters.  B. Diet.
AsHo'RE,a-shore'. adv. [from a andahore]
1. On shore; on the land.
    The poor Englishman riding in the road, having
  all that he brought thither ashore, would have been
  undone.                             Raleigh.
2. To the shore; to the land.
    We may as bootless spend our vain command,
  As send our precepts to the leviathan
  To come ashore.              Shaksp. Henry V.
    May toy billows rowl asftore
  The beryl, and toe golden ore.    Milton's Corms.
    Moor'd in a Chian creek, ashore I went,
  And all the following night in Chios spent.
                               Addison's (hid.
AsH-wa'DNEsnAY,  ash'wenz'da. n. s. The
  first day of Lent; so called, from the an-
  cient custom of sprinkling ashes on the
  head.

A'shweed, ash'weed. n. a. [from ash and
  weed]  An herb.

A'shy, ash'e. adj.  [from ash]   Ash-co-
  loured; pale; inclining to a  whitish gray.
    Oft have I seen a timely parted ghost
  Otashy semblance, meagre, pale,  and bloodless.
                                   Shakspeare.
Asi'de, a.-side'. adv.  [from a and side]
I. To one  side; out of the perpendicular
  direction.
    The storm rush'd in, and Arcite stood aghast:
  The flames were blown aside; yet shone they bright,
  Fann'd by the wind; and gave a ruffled light.
                                      Drydtn.
2. To another part; out of the true direc-
  tion.
    He had no brother; which, though it be a com-
  fortable thing for kings, to have; yet it draweth the
  subjects eyes a little aside.              Bacon.
3. From  the company; as,  to speak aside.
    He took him aside from the multitude.    Mark.
A'sinaky,   as'se-na-re.  adj,  [asinarius,
  Lat] Belonging to an ass.         Diet.
A'sinine, as'se-nine.1*9 adj.  [from asinus,
  Lat.]  Belonging to an ass.
     You shall  have more ado, to  drive our dullest
  youth, our stocks and stubs, from such nurture; than
  we have now, to hale our choicest and hopefullest
  wits, to that asinine feast of sow-thistles and bram-
  bles.                                Milton.
 To Ask, ask.79 v. a.  [apcian, Saxon.]
 1. To petition; to beg: sometimes with an
   accusative only; sometimes with for.
     When thou dost ask me blessing, I'll kneel down,
  And ask of theo forgiveness.             Shaksp.
     We have nothing else to ask; but that,
  Which you deny already: yet will ask;
  That, if we fail in our request, the blame
  May hang upon your hardness.           Shaksp.
     In long journies, asA- your master leave to give ale
  to toe horses.                          Sicifl.
 2. To demand; to claim: as, to ask a price
   for goods.
     Ask me never so much dowry and gift; and I vnlr 
ASK
ASP
ASP
   give, according as ye shall say unto me: but give me
   the damsel to wife.            Genesis, xxxiv. 12.
     He saw his friends; who, whelm'd beneath toe
         waves,
   Their funeral honours claim'd, and ask'd their quiet
         graves.                  Dryden's AZneid.
 3. To question.
     0 inhabitant of  Aroer,  stand by toe way, and
   espy! ask him that flieth, and her thatescapeto; and
   say, what is done.            Jeremiah, xlviii. 19.
 4. To inquire; with after before the thing.
     He said, wherefore is it, that thou dost asfc after
   my name? And he blessed him there.     Genesis.
 5. To require; as physically necessary.
     As it is a great point of art, when our matter re-
   quires it, to enlarge and veer out all sail; so to take
   it in and contract it, is no less praise, when  toe ar-
   gument doth ask it.                 Ben Jonson.
     A lump of ore, in the bottom  of a mine,  will be
   stirred by  two men's strength; which, if you bring it
   to toe top of the earth, will  asfc six men to stir it.
                                         Bacon.
     The administration passes into different hands, at
   the end of two months; which contributes to dispatch:
   but any exigence  of state asks a  much longer time,
   to conduct any design to its maturity.     Addison.
 To  Ask, ask.79  v. to.

 1. To petition; to beg: with for before the
   thing.
     My son, hast thou sinned? do so no more;  but asfc
   pardon for thy  former sins.         Ecclus. xxi. 1.
     If he ask for bread, will he give him a stone?
                                    Matt. vii. 9.
 2. To make inquiry; with for or of before
   the thing.  To inquire.
     Stand ye in  the ways, and see, and ask for the
   old paths, where is the good way; and walk therein,
   and ye shall find, rest for your souls.  Jerem.  vi. 16.
     For asfc now of the days that are  past, which
   were before thee, since the  day, that  God created
   man upon the earth; and ask, from the one  side of
   heaven unto the other; whether there hath been any
   such thing, as this great thing is, or hath been heard
   like it?                           Deut.  iv. 32.
 Ask,  Ash, As,  ask', ash, az, do all come
   from the Saxon aepc, an ash tree.
                           Gibson*s Camden.
 AskVnce,  ?,_skW<314S  adv.   Side-
 Askaunce,5                C  ways;    ob-
   liquely.
     Zelmane, keeping a countenance askance, as she
   understood him not, told him, it became her evil.
                                        Sidney.
     His wannish  eyes upon them bent askance;
   And when  be saw their labours well succeed,
   He wept for rage, and threaten'd dire  mischance.
                                       Fairfax.
     Some say,  he bid his angels turn askance
   The poles of earth, twice ten degrees and more,
   From the sun's  axle: they with labour push'd
   Oblique the centrick globe.              Milton.
Aska'unt, a-skant'.214 adv. Obliquely; on
   one side.
    At this Achilles roll'd his furious eyes,
   Fix'd on toe king  askaunt; and thus replies,
   0, impudent.                          Dryden.
    Since  the space, that lies on either side
   The solar orb, is without limits wide;
   Grant, that the  sun had happen'd to prefer
  A seat askaunt, but one diameter:
  Lost to the light by that unhappy place,
  This globe had lain a frozen loansome mass.
                                    Blackmore.

A'sker,  ask'tir.98 n. s. [from ask.]
I. Petitioner.
                       Have you
  Ere now  denied  the oafcer? and now again
  On him, that did not ask but mock, bestow.
                                       Shaksp.
    The greatness of the asker, and the  smallness of
  the thing asked, had been sufficient to enforce his
  request.                               South.
2. Inquirer.
    Every  asker being satisfied, we may conclude,
  that all their conceptions of being in a place are the
  same.                         Digby on Bodies.
A'sker, ask'iir. n. s. A water newt.
Aske'w,  a-sku'. adv. [from a and skew.]
   Aside; with  contempt.
    For, when ye mildly look with lovely hue,
  Then is my soul with life and love inspir'd:
    But, when ye lowre, or look on me askew,
  Then do I die.                         Spenser.
    Then take it, Sir, as it was writ;
  Nor look  askew, at what it saith:
  There's no petition in it.                  Prior:
To Asla'ke,  a-slake'.  v. a. [from c, and
   slake or slack.]  To remit; to  mitigate;
   to slacken.   Obsolete.
    But this continual, cruel, civil war
  No skill can stint, nor reason can aslafce.   Spenser.
    Whilst, seeking to aslake thy raging fire,
  Thou in me kindlest much more great desire.
                                       Spenser.
Asla'nt, a-slant'.78 adv. [from a and slant.]
   Obliquely; on one side; not perpendicu-
   larly.
    There is a willow grows aslant a brook,
  That shews his hoar leaves in the glassy stream.
                                Shaksp. Hamlet.
    He fell; the shaft
  Drove thro' his neck, aslant: he spurns the ground:
  And the soul issues, through the weazon's wound.
                                       Dryden.
Asle'ep, a-sleep'. adv. [from a and sleep.]
1. Sleeping, at rest.
    How many thousands of my  poorest subjects
  Are at this hour asleep! 0 gentle sleep,
  Nature's soft nurse, how have  I frighted thee!
                                       Shaksp.
    The diligence of trade, and noiseful gain,
  And luxury, more late asleep were laid:
  All was toe night's; and, in her silent reign,
  No sound the rest of Nature did invade.   Dryden.
    There is no difference, between a person asleep.
  and in an apoplexy; but that the one can be awaked,
  and the other cannot.         Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To sleep.
    If a man watch too long, it is odds but he will fall
  asleep.                         Bacon's Essays.
    Thus done toe tales, to bed toey creep,
  By whispering winds soon lull'd asleep.     Milton.
Asi.o'pe, a-slope'. adv. [from a and slope]
   With declivity; obliquely;  not  perpen-
   dicularly.
    Set them  not upright,  but  aslope, a reasonable
  depth under the ground.                 Bacon.
                 The curse aslope
  Glanc'd on the ground; with labour I must earn
  My bread: what harm? Idleness had been worse;
  My labour will sustain me.               Milton.
            The knight did stoop,
  And sate  on further side aslope.         Hudibras.
Aso'matous,  a-som'a-tus. adj.   [fiom x
   priv.  and <raptx a body.] Incorporeal, or
   without a body.
Asp, asp.       > to. s. [aspis, Lat.] A kind
A'spiok,  as'pik. $ of serpent,  whose poi-
   son kills  without a possibility of apply-
  ing any remedy. It  is  said to be very
  small, and peculiar to Egypt and Lybia.
  Those, that  are bitten by it, die  within
  three  hours;  and, the  manner of their
  dying being by sleep, without any pain,
  Cleopntra chose it.               Calmet.
    High-minded Cleopatra, that with  stroke
  Of asp's sting herself did kill.        Fairy Queen.
    Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbtcna dire,
  And dipsas                            Milton.
 Asp, asp. w. s. A tree.  See Aspen.
 ASPA'LATHUS, as-pal'iUAus. «. s. [La
   tin.]
 1. A plant, called  the rose of Jerusalem,
   or our lady's rose.
 2. The  wood of a prickly tree, heavy, ole-
   aginous, somewhat sharp and bitter to
   the taste.   Aspalathus affords an oil of
   admirable  scent, reputed one ofthe best
   perfumes.                      Chambers.
    I gave a sweet smell, like cinnamon and aspala-
  thus; and I yielded a pleasant odour like toe best
  myrrh.                            Ecclus. xxiv.
 Aspa'ragus,  as-par'a-gils.  to. s.  [Lat.]
   The  name of a plant.  It has a rosaceous
   flower of six leaves, placed orbicularly;
   out of  whose  centre rises  the  pointal,
   which  turns  to  a  soft globular berry,
   full of hard seeds.                Milter.
    Asparagus affects the urine with a fetid  smell,
  especially if cut when they are white; and therefore
  have been suspected  by some physicians, as not
  friendly to the kidneys: when they are older, and be-
  gin to ramify, they lose  this  quality; but then they
  are not so agreeable.      Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 A'SPECT,  as'pekt.  to. a. [aspectus, Lat.
   It appears anciently  to  have been pro-
   nounced  with the accent on the last syl-
   lable, which is now placed on  the first.]
 1. Look; air; appearance.
    I have presented the tongue under a  double as-
  pect, such as may justify the definition, that it is the
  best and worst part.    Government ofthe Tongue.
    They are in my judgment,  the image or picture
  of a great ruin; and have the  true aspect of a world,
  lying in its rubbish.             Burnet's Theory.
 2. Countenance; look.
    Those eyes of thine from mine have drawn salt
         tears,
  Sham'd their aspects with store of childish drops.
                         Shakspeare's Richard III.
    I am fearful: wherefore frowns he thus?
  'Tis his aspect of terrour. All's not well.   Shaksp.
    Yet had his aspect nothing of severe,
  But such a face as promis'd him sincere.  Dryden.
    Then shall thy Craggs (and let me call him mine)
  On the  cast ore another Pollio shine;
  With aspect open shall erect his head.       Pope.
 3. Glance; \icw; act of beholding.
    Fairer than fairest, in bis faining eye,
  Whose  sole aspect he counts felicity.       Spenser.
    When an envious or an amorous aspect doth infect
  the spirits of another, there is joined both affection
  and imagination.             ' Bacon's Nat. Hitt.
4. Direction towards  any point; view; po-
   sition.
               The settii g sun
  Slowly  descended; and, with right aspect,
  Against the eastern gate of Paradise
  Levell'd his ev'ning rays.         Paradise Lost.
    I have built a strong  wall,  faced to the south as-
  pect with brick.                          Swift.
5. Disposition  of any thing to something
   else;  relation.
    The  light got from the opposite arguings of men
  of parts, shewing the  different sides of tilings,  and
  their various aspects and probabilities, would be quite
  lost, if every one were obliged to say after the speak-
  er.                                    Locke.
6. Disposition of a planet to other planets.
                There's  some ill planet reigns:
  I must be patient, till the heavens look
  With an aspect more favourable.         Shaksp.
    Not unlike that which  astrologers call a conjunc-
  tion of  planets, of no very benign aspect the one to
  the other.                             Wotton,.
               Tu the blank moon,
  Her office they prcscrib'd; to  th' other five,
  Their planetary motions and aspects, 
ASP
ASP
AS S
    In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite.
                                   Paradise Lost.
      Why does not every single star shed a separate
    influence, and have aspects with other stars of their
    own constellation?             Bentley's Sermons.
  To Aspe'ct, as-pekt'.*92  v.  a.  [aspicio;
     Lat.]  To behold: not used.
      Happy in their mistake, those people, whom
    The northern pole aspects; whom fear of death
    (The greatest of all human fears) ne'er moves.
                                        Temple.
  Aspe'ctable, as-pek'ta-bl.405 adj. [aspec-
     tabilis, Lat.]   Visible; being the object
     of sight.
      He was the sole cause of this aspectable and per-
    ceivable universal.                     Raleigh.
      To this use of informing us what  is in this  as-
    pectable world, we shall find toe  eye well fitted.
                             Ray on the Creation.
  Aspe'ction, as-pek'shiin. to. s.  [from as-
    pect.] Beholding; view.
      A Moorish queen, upon aspection of the picture
    of Andromeda, conceived and brought forth a fair
    one.                                Brown.
  A'spen,  or  Asp, as'pen.108  ». *.  [espe,
    Dutch; asp, Dan. eppe, trembling, Sax.
     Somner.]  See Poplar, of which it is a
    species. The leaves of this tree always
    tremble.
     The aspen or asp n-ee hath leaves much the same
    with the poplar, only much smaller, and not so white.
                                     Mortimer.
     The builder oak sole king of forests all;
    The aspen, good for  statues, the  cypress funeral.
                                       Spenser.
  A'spen,  as'pen. adj. [from asp or aspen.]
  I. Belonging to the asp tree.
     Oh! had the monster seen those lily hands
   Tremble like aspen leaves upon a lute.    Shaksp.
             No gale disturbs the trees,
   Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze.  Gay.
  2. Made of aspen  wood.
  A'SFER, as'pur.98  adj. [Lat.]   Rough;
    rugged.   This  word I have found only
    in the following passage.
     All base notes, or very treble notes, give an asper
   sound; for that the base striketh  more air, than  it
   can well strike equally.                 Bacon.
  To A'SPERATE, as'pe-rate.0* v. a.  [as-
    pero, Lat.] To roughen; to make rough
    or uneven.
     Those corpuscles of colour, insinuating themselves
   into all the pores ofthe body to be dyed, may asper-
   ate its superficies, according to toe bigness and tex-
   ture of toe corpuscles.                   Boyle.
 Aspera'tiox, as-pe-ra'shun.  to. s. [from
   asperate.]  A making rough.      Diet.
 Asperifo'lious,   as-per-e-fo'le-us.   adj.
   [from  asper rough, and folium a leaf,
   Lat.] One of the divisions of plants; so
   called   from  the roughness  of their
   leaves.
 Aspe'rity,  as-per'e-te.  «.  s. [asperitas,
   Lat.]
 1. Unevenness; roughness of surface.
     Sometimes the pores and asperities of dry bodies
  are so incommensurate to the particles of the liquor,
  that they glide over toe surface.          Boyle.
2. Roughness of sound; harshness of pro-
   nunciation.
.>. Roughness or  ruggedness of temper;
   moroseness; sourness; crabbedness.
    The charity of the one, like kindly exhalations,
  will descend in showers of blessings; but the rigour
  and asperity ofthe other, in a severe doom upon our-
  selves.                Government oftlie  Tongue.
    Avoid all unseemliness and asperity of carriage; do
   nothing that may argue a peevish or froward spirit.
                                       Rogers.
  Asperna'tion, as-per-na'shttn. to. *. [u«-
    furnatio,Lat.] Neglect; disregard. Diet.
  A'spf.rous,  as'pe-rus. adj.  [asper; Lat.]
    Rough; uneven.
     Black and white are the most asperous and une-
   qual of colours; so like, that it is hard to distinguish
   them: black is the most rough.            Boyle.
  To ASPE'RSE, as-perse', v. a. [aspergo,
    Lat.] To bespatter with censure or ca-
    lumny.
     In the business of Ireland, besides the opportunity
   to asperse the king, they were safe enough.  Clarend.
     Curb that impetuous tongue; nor rashly vain,
   And singly mad, asperse the sov'reign reign.  Pope.
     Unjustly poets we asperse;
   Truth shines the brighter, clad in verse.    Swift.
 Aspe'rsion,  as-per'shun.  to.*,  [aspersio,
    Lat.]
  I. A sprinkling.
     If thou dost break her virgin knot, before
   All sanctimonious ceremonies;
   No sweet aspersions shall toe heav'ns let fall,
   To make this contract grow.              Shaksp.
     It exhibits a  mixture  of new conceits and old;
   whereas  the instauration gives the new unmixed,
   otherwise than with some little aspersion of toe old,
   for taste's sake.                       Bacon.
 2. Calumny;  censure.
     The same aspersions of the  king, and the  same
   grounds of a rebellion.                 Dryden.
 Aspha'ltick,  as-fal'tlk.84 adj.  [from as-
   phultos.] Gummy; bituminous.
     And with asphaltick slime, broad as the gate,
   Deep to toe roots of hell, the gather'd beach
   They fasten'd.                        Milton.
 ASPHA'LTOS,te-fa\'tbs. to. *. [xrpxXrot
   bitumen.]  A solid, brittle,  black, bitu-
   minous, inflammable substance; resem-
   bling pitch, and chiefly found swimming
   on the surface of the Lacus Asphaltites,
   or Dead Sea, where anciently stood the
   cities of  Sodom and Gomorrah.   It is
   cast  up  in the  nature  of liquid  pitch,
   from the bottom of this sea; and, being
   thrown  upon the  water,  swims  like
   other fat bodies, and condenses gradu-
   ally.
 ASPHA'LTUM, as-fal'tum. to.*.[Lat] A
   bitumous  stone  found   near   ancient
   Babyh n, and lately  in  the  province of
   Neufchatel;  which, mixed  with  other
   matters, makes an excellent cement, in-
   corruptible by air, and impenetrable by
   water;  supposed to be  the  mortar, so
   much celebrated among  the  ancients,
   with which the walls of  Babylon  were
   laid.                          Chambers.
A'sPHonEL,as'fo-del. to. *. [lilio-asphodelus,
   Lat.] Day-lily.  Asphodels were by  the
   ancients planted near buryingplaces, in
   order to supply the  manes of  the  dead
   with nourishment.
    By those happy souls, who dwell
  In yellow meads of asphodel.              Pope.
A'spick, as'pik. n.s. [See Asp.] The name
  of a serpent.
   Why did I 'scape th' invenom'd aspick's ra<*e
  And all the fiery monsters of the desart
  To see this day?                   '  Addison.
To A'SPIRATE,  as'pe-rate.9» v. a. [a*.
  piro, Lat.] To pronounce  with  aspira-
  tion, or full breath; as we aspirate horse
  house, and hog.
  To A'spirate, as'pe-rate.fll v. n. [aspiro
    Lat.] To be pronounced with full breath!
     Where a vowel ends a word, the next begins ei-
   ther with a consonant, or what is its equivalent- ft*
   our to and h aspirate.                   Dryden
  A'spirate, as'pe-rate."1 »** adj. [aspiratu,
    Lat.]  Pronounced with full breath.
     For toeir being pervious, you may call them (it
   you please) perspiratejbut yet they are not aspirate
   i. e. with such an aspiration as h.         Holder
  Aspira'tion, as-pe-ra'shun. to. s. [aspira.
    do, Lat.]
    A breaming after; an ardent wish: used
    generally  of a wish for spiritual  bles-
    sings.
     A soul inspired with the warmest  aspirations af-
   ter celestial beatitude, keeps its powers attentive.
    rp,       c    •  •        ,  .      }Vatt*
    ine act ol  aspiring, or desiring some-
   thing high and great.
     'Tis he; I ken toe manner of his gait:
   He rises on his toe; that spirit of his
   In aspiration lifts him from the earth.    Shabu
 3. The pronunciation of a vowel with full
   breath.
     H is only a guttural aspiration, i. e. a more forci-
   ble impulse of the breath from  the lungs.  Holder.
 To ASPl'RE, as-pire'. v.  to. [aspiro, Lat.]
 I. To desire  with eagerness; to pant after
   something higher: sometimes  with  the
   particle to.
     Most excellent lady! no expectation in others, not
   hope in himself, could aspire to  a higher mark, than
   to be thought worthy to be praised by you. Sidney.
     His father's  grave counsellors, by whose means
   he had aspir'd to the kingdom, he cruelly tortured.
                                      Knolles.
     Hence springs that universal  strong desire,
   Which all men have of immortality:
     Not some few spirits unto this thought aspire;
   But all men's minds in this united be.    Davie.
     Horace did ne'er aspire lo epic bays;
   Nor lofty Maro stoop to lyrick lays.   Roscommon.
     Till then a helpless, hopeless, homely swain;
   I sought not freedom, nor aspir'd to gain.  Dryden.
    Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell,
   Aspiring lo be angels, men rebel.         Pope.
 2. Sometimes, with after.
    Those are raised above sense, and aspire after im-
   mortality, who believe the perpetual duration of their
   souls.                              Tillotson.
    There is none of us, but who would be thought,
   throughout the whole course of his life, to aspire after
  immortality.                       Atterbury.
 3. To rise; to tower.
    There is, betwixt that smile we would aspire to,
  That sweet aspect of princes, and our ruin,
  More pangs and fears, than war or women have.
                                      Shaksp.
    My own breath still foments the fire;
  Which flames as high, as fancy can aspire. Waller.
 Aspi'rer,  as-pi'rur.  to. *.  [from aspire]
   One that ambitiously strives to be great-
   er than he  is.
              They ween'd,
  To win the mount of God; and, on his throne
  To set the envier of his state, the proud
  Aspirer: but their thoughts prov'd fond and vain.
                                     Milton.
 Asportation, as-por-ta'shun. n.  a. [as-
  portatio,  Lat.] A carrying away. Diet.
 Asqui'nt,  a-skwint'.  adv. [from a and
   squint]  Obliquely;  not  in the  straight
   line of  vision.
    A  single guide may direct the way better, than
  five hundred who have contrary  views, or look as-
  quint, or shut their eyes.                 Swift.
Ass, ass  to. *.  [asinus, Lat.]
 1. An  animal  of burden, remarkable for 
ASS
ASS
ASS
   sluggishness,patience,hardiness, coarse-
   ness of food, and long life.
    You have among you many a purchas'd slave;
  Which, like your asses and your dogs and mules,
  You use in abject and in slavish part,
  Because you bought them.               Shaksp.
2. A stupid, heavy, dull fellow; a dolt.
    I do begin to perceive, that I am made an ass.
                                       Shaksp.
               That such a crafty mother
  Should yield the world to  this ass!—a woman, that
  Bears all down with her brain; and yet her son
  Cannot take two from twenty, for his heart,
  And leave eighteen.                    Shaksp.
To ASS ATL, as-sale'. v. a. [assailler, Fr.]
1. To attack in a hostile manner; to assault;
   to fall upon; to invade.
    So, when he saw his flatt'ring arts to fail;
  With greedy force he 'gan the fort t' assail.
                                  Fairy Queen,
2. To attack  with argument; censure;  or
   motives applied to the passions.
    My gracious lord, here in the parliament,
  Let us assail the family of York.          Sliaksp.
    She will not stay toe siege of loving terms,
  Nor bide th' encounter of assailing eyes.    Shaksp.
    How have I fear'd your fate! but fear'd it most,
  When love assail'd you on the Libyan coast. Dryden.
    All books he reads, and all he reads assails,
  From Dryden's Fables down to D—y's Tales. Pope.
    In vain Thalestris with reproach assails;
  For who can move, when fair Belinda fails?  Pope
Assa'ilable, as-sa'la-bl 4°5 adj. [from as-
   sail] Tuat which may be attacked.
         Banquo, and bis Fleance, lives.—
  —But in them nature's copy's not eternal.—
  —There's comfort yet, they are assailable.  Shaksp.
AssA'iLANT,as-sa'lant. n.s. [assaillant, Fr.]
   He that attacks; in opposition to  defen-
   dant.
    The  same was so well encountered, by the de-
  fendants; that the obstinacy of toe assailants did but
  increase the loss.                     Hayward.
    I'll put myself in poor and mean attire,
  And with a kind of umber smirch my face;
  The like do you: so shall we pass along,
  And never stir assailants.                 Shaksp.
Assa'ilant,  as-sa'lant.  adj.  Attacking;
   invading.
    And as ev'ning dragon came,
  . Assailant on the perched roosts
  Of tame villatick fowl.                  Milton.
Assa'iler, as-sa'lur.9* w. s. [from assail]
   One who attacks another.
    Palladius heated, so pursued our assailers, that one
  of them slew him.                      Sidney.
Assapa'niok, as-sa-pan'nik. to. *.  A little
   animal  of Virginia, which is said to fly
   by  stretching out  its  shoulders and its
   •km; and is called in English, the flying
   squirrel.                       Trevoux.
Assa'rt, as-sart'.». *. [essart, from essart-
   er, Fr. to clear away wood in a forest.]
   An  offence committed in the forest, by
   plucking up those  woods by the roots,
   that are thickets or coverts ofthe forest;
   and by making them as plain, as  arable
   land.                              Cowell.
To Assa'rt, as-sart'. v. a. [essarter, Fr.]
   To  commit an assart. See Assart.
ASSA'SSIN, as-sas'sin.        ? n.s. [as-
Assa'ssinate, as-sas'se-nate.01 $   sassin,
  Fr.] a  word, brought originally  from
  Asia; where, about the time of the  holy
  war, there was a set of men called as-
  sassins,  as   is  supposed  for  Arsacida;
  who killed any man, without regard  to
  danger, at the command of their chief]
  A murderer; one that kills by  treache-
  ry, or sudden violence.
    In the very moment, as the knight withdrew from
  the duke, this assassinate gave him, with a back blow,
  a deep wound into his left side.          Wotton.
      The Syrian king; who, to surprize
  One man, assassin like had levy'd war,
  War unproclaim'd.                     Milton.
    The old  king is just murdered; and the person,
  that did it, is unknown.—Let the soldiers seize him,
  for one of the assassinates; and let me alone,  to ac-
  cuse him afterwards.                   Dryden.
    Here hir'd assassins for their gain invade;
  And treach'rous pois'ners urge their fatal trade.
                                      Creech.
    When she hears of a murder, she enlarges more
  on the guilt of the suffering person, than ofthe as-
  sassin.                              Addison.
    Orestes brandish'd the revenging sword;
  Slew the dire pair; and gave to fun'ral flame
  The vile assassin, and adult'rous dame.      Pope.
    Useful, we grant; it serves, what life requires;
  But, dreadful too, the dark assassin hires.    Pope.
Assa'ssinate, as-sas'se-nate.91«. s. [from
  assassin] The crime of an assassin;  mur-
  der.
    Were not all assassinates and popular insurrec-
  tions wrongfully chastised, if the meanness  of the
  offenders indemnified them from punishment? Pope.
To Assa'ssinate,  as-sas'se-nate.91  v.  a.
  [from assassin]
I. To murder by violence.
    Help, neighbours, my house is  broken open  by
  force; and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated.
                                      Dryden.
    What could provoke thy madness,
  To assassinate so great, so brave a man?   Philips.
2. To way-lay; to take by treachery.  This
  meaning is perhaps peculiar to Milton.
    Such usage, as your honourable lords
  Afford me,  assassinated and betray'd;
  Who durst not, with your whole united pow'rs,
  In fight withstand one single and unarm'd.  Milton.
Assassina'tion,  as-sas-se-na'shun.   to.  *.
  [from assassinate.] The act of assassi-
  nating; murder  by violence.
    It were done quickly; if to' assassination
  Could trammel up toe consequence.      Shaksp.
    The duke finish'd his course by a wicked assassi-
  nation.                             Clarendon.
Assassina'tor, as-sas'e-na-tiir. to.*, [from
  assassinate.]  Murderer; mankiller; the
  person that kills another by violence.
Assa'tion, as-sa'shiln.TO.*. [assatus, roast-
  ed, Lat.] Roasting.
    The egg, expiring less in theelixation or boiling;
  whereas, in the assation or roasting, it will sometimes
  abate a drachm.        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
ASS A'ULT,as-sk\t.n.s.[assault, French.]
I. Attack;  hostile onset;  opposed  to de-
  fence.
    Her spirit had been invincible against all assaults
  of affection.                          Shaksp.
    Not to be shook, thyself; but all  assaults
  Baffling, like thy hoar cli;:s the loud sea wave.
                                     Thomson.
2. Storm: opposed to sap  or siege.
    Jason took at least a thousand men, and suddenly
  made an assault upon the city.       2 Mac. v. 5.
    After some clays siege, he resolved to try the for-
  tune of an assault: he succeeded therein so far that
  he had taken the principal tower and fort.  Bacon.
3. Hostile  violence.
        Themselves at discord  fell,
  And cruel combat joined in middle  space,
  With horrible assault and fury fell.    Fairy  Queen.
4. Invasion; hostility; attack.
    After some unhappy assaults upon the prerogative
  by the parliament, which produced its dissolution,
  there followed a composure.           Clarendon.
    Theories, built upon narrow foundations, are very
  hard to be supported against the assaults of opposi-
  tion.                                  Locke.
5. In law.  A violent kind of injury, offer-
   ed to a man's person.  It  may be com-
   mitted by offering of a blow, or by a fear-
   ful speech.                        Cowell.
6. It has upon, before the thing  assaulted.
To AssA'uLT,as-salt'. v.a.[from the noun.]
   To attack; to invade;  to fall upon with
   violence.
    The king granted the Jews, to gather themselves
  together, and to stand for their life, to destroy all
  the power, that would assault them. Esth. viii. 11.
    Before the gates, the cries of babes new-born,
  Whom fate had from their tender mothers torn,
  Assault his ears.                       Dryden.
    New cursed steel, and more accursed gold,
  Gave mischief birth, and made that mischief bold;
  And double death did wretched man invade,
  By steel assaulted, and by gold betray'd.   Dryden.
AssA'uLTER,as-salt'oj\TO.s.[fromas*a«//.]
   One who violently assaults another.
    Neither liking their eloquence, nor  fearing their
  might, we esteemed few swords, in a just defence,
  able to resist many unjust assaulters.       Sidney.
ASSA'Y, as-sa'. to. *.  [essaye, Fr.  from
   which the ancient writers borrowed as-
   say, according to the sound; and  the lat-
   ter, essay, according to the  writing;  but
   the senses now  differing, they may be
   considered as two words.]
1. Examination; trial.
            This cannot be,
  By no assay of reason: 'tis a pageant,
  To keep us in false gaze.                Shaksp.
2. In law.   The examination of measures
   and weights, used by  the  clerk of  the
   market.                           Cowell.
3. The  first entrance upon any thing;  a
   taste for trial.
    For well he weened, that so glorious bait
  Would tempt his guest to take thereof assay.
                                  Fairy Queen.
4. Trial by danger  or  distress;  difficulty;
   hardship.
    She heard with patience all, unto the end;
  And strove, to master sorrowful assay. Fairy Qjueen.
    The men he prest but late,
  To hard assays unfit, unsure at need;
  Yet arm'd to point, in well attempted plate. Fairfax.
            Be sure to find,
  What I foretel thee; many a hard assay,
  Of dangers, and adversities, and pains,
  Ere thou of Israel's sceptre get fast hold.   Milton.
To Assa'y, as-sa'. v. a.  [essayer, Fr.]
1. To make trial of; to make experiment
   of
    One that to bounty never cast his mind;
  Ne thought of honour ever did assay
  His baser breast.                       Spenser.
    Gray and Bryan obtained leave of the general, a
  little to assay them: and so,  with some horsemen,
  charged them home.                  Hayward.
    What unweighed behaviour hath this drunkard
  picked out of my conversation, that he dares in this
  manner assay me?                      Shaksp.
2. To apply to, as  the touchstone in assay-
   ing metals.
    Whom thus afflicted when sad Eve beheld,
  Desolate where she sat; approaching nigh,
  Softvvord3 to his fierce passion she assay'd. Milton
3. To try; to  endeavour.
     Davicl girded his sword upon his armour; and he
I  assayed to go, for he had not proved it.
I                                1 Sam. xvii 39 
AS
&
 Assa'yer, as-si'ur.09  to. *.  [from  assay]
    An officer ofthe mint, for the due trial
    bf silver; appointed between the master
    of the mint and the merchants that bring
    silver thither for exchange.      Cowell.
     The smelters come up to the assayers, within one
   in twenty.                 Woodvard on Fossils.
 Ass£CTA'TioN,as-sek-ta'shun.TO.«.  [assec-
    tatio, Lat.] Attendance, or waiting upon.
                                         Diet.
 Assecu'tion,  as-se-ku'shun. n. *.  [from
    assequor,ussecutum, to obtain.] Acquire-
    ment; the act of obtaining.
     By toe canon law, a person, after he has been in
   full possession of  a second benefice, cannot return
   again to his first; because it is immediately void by
   his ossecuXion of a second.         Ayliffe's Parer.
 Asse'mblage, as-sem'bladje.90 to.  *.  [as-
    semblage, Fr.]
 1. A collection; a number of individuals
    brought together.  It differs from assem-
    bly, by being applied  only, or chiefly,  to
    things;  assembly being used only, or ge-
    nerally, of persons.
     All, that we amass together in our thoughts, is
   positive;  and the assemblage of a great number of
   positive ideas of space or duration.        Locke.
 2. The state of being assembled.
     0 Hartford (fitted, or to shine in courts,
   With unaffected grace;  or walk the plains,
   With innocence and meditation join'd
   In soft assemblage) listen to my song!    Thomson.
 To ASSE'MBLE, as-sem'bl.406 v.  a. [as-
    sembler, Fr.]  To  bring  together  into
    one place.   It is used both of persons
    and things.
    And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and
   shall assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather to-
   gether the dispersed of Judah.     Isaiah, xi. 12.
    He wonders, for what end you have assembled
   Such troops of citizens to come to him.    Shaksp.
 To Asse'mble, ds-sem'bl. v. to.  To meet
    together.
    These men assembled, and found Daniel praying.
                                       Daniel.
 Asse'mbly, as-sem'ble. to.  *. [assemblee,
    Fr.]  A  company met together.
         They had heard  by fame,
   Of this so noble  and so fair assembly,
   This night to utt'C. here.             Shakspeare.

 Asse'nt, as-sent', n.s. [assensus, Lat.]
 J.  The act of agreeing to any  thing.
    Without the king's assent or knowledge,
   You wrought to be a legate.   Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    Faith is  the assent to any proposition,  not thus
   made out by the deduction of reason,  but upon the
  credit of the proposer.                    Locke.
    Al) the arguments on both sides must be laid in
  balance; and, upon the whole, the understanding de-
  termine its assenf.                       Locke.
 2.  Consent; agreement.
    To urge  any  thing upon the church, requiring
  thereunto that religious assent of christian belief,
  wherewith  the words of the holy prophets are re-
  ceived, and not to shew  it in scripture; this did toe
  Fathers evermore think unlawful, impious, and exe-
  crable.                               Hooker.
    The evidence of God's own testimony, added unto
  the natural assent of reason concerning toe certainty
  of them, doth not a little comfort and confirm the
  same.                                Hooker.
 To ASSE'NT, as-sent',  v. n. [assentire,
   Lat.] To concede; to yield to, or agree to.
    And the Jews also assented, saying,  that  these
  things were so.                   Acts, xxiv. 9.
Assenta'tion,  as-sen-ta'shun. n. s. [assen-
   tatio, Lat.] Compliance with the opinion
                   ASS

   of another, out of flattery or dissimula-
   tion.                                Diet.
 Asse'ntment, as-sent'ment. to.*, [from as-
   sent.]  Consent.
     Their  arguments are but precarious, and subsist
   upon toe charity of our ossentments. Br. Vulg. Err.
 To  ASSE'RT,as-sert'. v. a. [assero, Lat.]
 1. To maintain; to  defend either by words
   or actions.
     Your forefathers have asserted  the party which
   toey chose till death; and died for its defence.
                                       Dryden.
 2. To affirm; to declare positively.
 3. To claim; to vindicate a title to.
           Nor can the groveling mind,
   In the dark dungeon of the limbs confin'd,
   Assert the native skies, or own its heav'nly kind.
                                      Dryden.
 AssE'RTiON,as-ser'shun. n.*. [from assert.]
 1. The  act of asserting.
 2. Position advanced.
     If any affirm the earth doth move, and  will not
   believe with  us it standeth still, because he hath
   probable reasons for it, and I no infallible sense or
   reason against it, I will not quarrel with his assertion.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Asse'rtive,  as-seVtiv.168 adj. [from as-
   sert] Positive; dogmatical; peremptory.
     He was not so fond  of the principles he undertook
   to  illustrate, as to boast  their certainty, proposing
   them, not in a confident and assertive form, but as
  probabilities and hypotheses.          Glanville.
 Asse'rtor, as-ser'tur.98 to. *. [from assert.]
   Maintainer;  vindicator;  supporter;  af-
   firmer.
    Among th' assertors of free reason's claim,
  Our nation's not toe least in worth or fame. Dryden.
    Faithful assertor of thy country's cause,
  Britain with tears shall bathe thy glorious wound.
                                       Prior.
    It is an usual piece of art, to undermine toe au-
  thority of fundamental truths, by pretending to shew
  how weak the proofs are, which their assertors em-
  ploy in defence of them.              Atterbury.
 To AssE'RVE,as-serv'. v.a.[asservio,hat]
   To serve, help, or second.         Diet.

 To ASSE'SS,as-ses'.T>.a. [from assestare,
   Ital. to make an equilibrium, or balance.]
   To charge with any certain sum.
    Before  the  receipt of them in this office, they
  were assessed by the affidavit from the time of the
  inquisition found.                       Bacon.

AssE'ssroN,as-sesh'un.T7.*. [assess io,hat.]
   A  sitting down by one, to give assistance
   or advice.                           Diet.
Assessment, as-ses'ment. n. s. [from To
   assess.]
1. The sum levied  on certain property.
2. The act of assessing.
    What greater immunity and happiness can there
  be to a people, than to  be liable to no laws, but what
  they make themselves? To be subject to no contri-
  bution, assessment, or any pecuniary levy whatsoever,
  but what they vote, and voluntarily yield unto them-
  selves?     ^                           Howcl.
AssE'ssoR,as-ses'siir.98/z.*.[a**es*or,Lat.]
1. The person that sits by another;  gene-
   rally used of those who assist the judge.
   Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears;
  And lives and crimes,  with his assessors, hears:
  Round,  in his urn, the blended balls he rowls;
  Absolves the just, and  dooms the guilty souls. Dryd.
2. He that sits by another,as next in dignity.
                To his Sou,
  Th' assessor of his throne, he thus began.   Milton.
   Twice stronger than his sire, who sat above,
  Assessor to the throne of thund'ring Jove.   Dryden.
                   ASS

 3.  lie that lays taxes; derived from assess.
 A'sskts, us'sets. n. s. without the singular.
   [assez, Fr.] Goods sufficient to discharge
   that burden, which is cast upon the ex-
   ecutor or  heir, in satisfying the testators
   or ancestors debts or legacies. Whoever
   pleads assets,  sayeth  nothing;  but that
   the person,against whom he pleads, hath
   enough come to his hands, to discharge
   what is in demand.               Cowell
 To ASSE'VER, as-sev'er.98        > v. a
 To Asse'verate as-sev'e-rate.et «•'« | ras.
   severo, Lat.]  To affirm with great so-
   lemnity, as upon oath.

 Assevera'tion, as-se'v-e-ra'shun.  n.  e.
   [from  asseverate.] Solemn affirmation
   as upon oath.
    That which you are persuaded of, ye have it no
  otherwise than by your own only probable collection •
  and therefore such bold asseverations, as in him
  were admirable, should, in your mouths, but argue
  rashness.                            Hook(r
    Another abuse of toe tongue I might add; vehe-
  ment asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions.
                            Ray on the Creation.
    The repetition gives a greater  emphasis to the
  words, and agrees better with the vehemence of the
  speaker in making his asseveration.
                   Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
A'ssHEAD,as'hed.TO.*. [from ass and head.]
   One slow  of apprehension; a blockhead.
    Will you help an asshead, and a coxcomb, and a
  knave, a thin-faced knave, a gull?   Shaksp. Ham.
Assidu'ity, as-se-du'e-te. to. *. [assiduite,
   Fr. assiduitas, Lat.]  Diligence; close-
   ness of application.
    I have with much  pains  and assiduity, qualified
  myself for a nomenclator.              Addison.
    Can he, who has undertaken this, want conviction
  of the necessity of his  utmost vigour and assiduity to
  acquit himself of it?                   Rogers.
    We observe  the address  and assiduity thcywill
  use to corrupt us.                      Rogers.

ASSrDUOUS,as-sid'ju-us.2M »*■ adj. [at-
  siduus,hat] Constant in application.
                And  if by pray'r
  Incessant I could hope to change the will
  Of him who all things can, I would not cease
  To weary him with my assiduous cries.    JMifton.
    The most assiduous talebearers, and bitterest re-
  vilers, are often half-witted people.
                       Government of the Tongue.
    In summer, you see the hen giving herself greater
  freedoms, and quitting her care for above two hours
  together; but in winter, when the rigour of the
  season would  chill toe principles of life, and de-
  stroy toe young one, she grows more  assiduous in
  her attendance,  and stays away but half the time.
                                     Addison.
    Each still renews her little labour,
    Nor justles  her assiduous neighbour.      Prim:
Assiduously, as-sid'ju-us-le. adv. [from
  assiduous]  Diligently;  continually.
    The trade that obliges artificers to be assiduously
  conversant with their materials, is that of glass-men.
                                       Boyle- -
    The habitable earth may  Lave been perpetually
  the drier, seeing it is assiduously drained and ex-
  hausted by the seas.                   Bentlay.
 To Assi'ege,  as-seje'. v. a. [assiegcr, Fr.]
   To besiege. Obsolete.
    On to' other side th' assieged castles ward
  Their stedfast arms did mightily maintain. Spenser.
ASSIE'NTO  as-se-en'to.  «. *.  [In Spa-
  nish, a contract or bargain.] A contract
  or convention between the king of Spain
  and other powers, for furnishing the Spa- 
ASS
ASS
ASS
    nish dominions  in America with negro
    slaves.
  To   ASSI'GN, as-sine'. v. a.   [assigner,
    FV. assigno, Lat.]
  1. To mark out; to appoint.
     He assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew
   that valiant men were.            2 Sam. xi. 16.
     The two armies were assigned to the leading of
   two generals, both of them rather courtiers assured
   to the state, than martial men.            Bacon.
                  Both joining,
   As join'd in injuries, one enmity
   Against a foe by doom express assign'd us,
   That cruel serpent.                    Milton.
     True quality is neglected, virtue is oppressed, and
   vice triumphant.  The last day will assign to every
   one a station suitable to his character.    Addison.
 2. To fix with regard to quantity or value.
     There is no such intrinsick, natural, settled value
   in any thing, as to make any assigned quantity of it
   constantly worth any assigned quantity of another.
                                        Locke.
 3. [In law.] In general, to appoint a  de-
   puty, or make over  a  right to another;
   in  particular, to appoint or set forth, as
   to  assign error, is to shew in what part
   ofthe process error is committed;  to
   assign  false  judgment, is to  declare
   how and where  the judgment is unjust;
   to assign  the cessor,  is  to shew how the
   plaintiff had  cessed, or given over; to
   assign waste, is -to  shew wherein espe-
   cially the waste is committed.   Cowell.
 Assignable, as-sine'a-bl. adj.  [from as-
   sign.] That which may be marked out,
   or fixed
    Aristotle held that  it streamed by connatural re-
   sult and emanation from God; so that there was no
   instant assignable of God's eternal existence,  in
   which the world did not also co-exist.       South.
 Assignation,   as-sig-na'shun. «. *. [as-
   signation, French.]
 I. An  appointment to  meet:  used gene-
   rally of love appointments.
    The lovers expected the return of this stated hour
  with as much impatience as if it had been a real
  assignation.                         Spectator.
    Or when a whore, in her vocation,
  Keeps punctual to an  assignation.           Swift.
 2. A making over  a thing lo another.

 Assignee', as-se-ne'. to.  *. [assigne, Fr.]
   He th:«t is appointed  or deputed by an-
   other to do any act, or perform any busi-
   ness,  or enjoy any commodity.   And an
   assignee may be either in deed or in
   law; assignee in  deed, is he that is ap-
   pointed  by a person;  assignee in law, is
   he  whom the law maketh so, without
   any appointment of the  person.  Cowell.
Assi'gner, as-si'nur.98 to. *. [from assign.]
   He that appoints.
    The  gospel is at once toe assigner of our tasks,
  and the magazine of our strength.   Decay of Piety.

Assignment, as-sine'm£nt.  n. *. [from
   assign] Appropriation  of one thing to
   another-thing or  person.
    The only thing which maketh any place publick,
  is the publick assignment thereof unto such duties
                                      Hooker.
   This  institution, which assigns it to  a person,
  whom we have no rule to know, is just as good as an
  assignment to nobody at all.               Locke.

Assi'milable,  as-slm'e-ld-bl. adj. [from
  assimilate.]  That which  may be  con-
      VOL.  I.
    verted  to the same nature  with some-
    thing else.
     The spirits of many will find but naked habita-
   tions; meeting no assimUables  wherein to re-act
   toeir natures.           Broion's Vulgar Errours'.
  To ASSi'JVHLATE, as-sim'e-late."1 v. to.
    [assimilo, Lat.]  To perform the  act of
    converting food to nourishment.
     Birds assimilate less, and excern more, than beasts;
   for their excrements are ever liquid, and their flesh
   generally more dry.            Bacon's Nat. Hist,
     Birds be commonly better meat than beasts, be-
   cause their flesh doth  assimilate  more finely, and
   secerneth more subtilely.      Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 To Assi'milate, as-sim'e-late.91 v. a.
 1. To bring to a likeness, or resemblance.
     A ferine and necessitous kind of life would easily
   assimilate at least  the next generation to barbarism
   and ferineness.                         Hale.
     They are not over-patient of mixtures; but such,
   whom they cannot assimilate, soon find it their inte-
   rest to remove.                        Swift.
 2. To turn to its own nature by digestion.
     Tasting concoct, digest, assimilate,
   And corporeal to incorporeal turn.        Milton.
     Hence also animals and vegetables may  assimi-
   late toeir nourishment;  moist nourishment easily
   changing its texture, till it  becomes like toe dense
   earth.                              Nercton.
 Assi'MiLATENEss,as-sim'me-late-nes.w. *.
   [from assimilate.]  Likeness.       Diet.
 Assimila'tion,  as-sim-me-la'shun.  to. *.
   [from assimilate.]
 1. The act of converting any thing to the
   nature or substance of another.
     It furthers toe very act of assimilation of nourish-
  ment, by some outward  emollients  that make the
  parts more apt to assimilate.   Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 2. The state of  being assimilated; or be-
   coming like something else.
    A nourishment in a large acceptation, but not in
  propriety; conserving the body, not repairing it by
  assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation. Brown.
    It is as well the instinct as duty of our nature, to
  aspire to an assimilation  with God; even  the most
  laudable and generous ambition.     Decay of Piety.
 To  Assi'mulate,  as-sim'u-late.91  v. a.
   [assimulo, Lat.]  To  feign;  to counter-
   feit.                                Diet.
 Assimula'tion,  as-slm-u-la'shiin.  «. *.
   [assimulatio,  Lat.]  A  dissembling; a
   counterfeiting.                    Diet.
 To ASSI'ST, as-sist'. v.  a  [assister, Fr.
   assisto, Lat.]  To help
    Receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and
  assist her in whatsoever business she hath need.
                                 Rom. xvi. 2.
    It is necessary and assisting to all our other intel-
  lectual faculties.                       Locke.
    Acquaintance with method will assist one in rang-
  ing human affairs.               Watts's Logick.
    She no sooner yielded to adultery, but she agreed
  to assist in the murder of her husband.    Broome.
Assi'stance, as-sis'tanse. to.  *. [assistance,
   Fr.]  Help; furtherance.
    The council of Trent commends recourse, not
  only to toe prayers of the saints, but to their aid and
  assistance: What doth this aid and assistance signify?
                                  Stillingfteet.
    You have abundant assistances for this knowledge,
  in excellent books.        Wake's Prep, for Death.
    Let us entreat  this  necessary assistance, that by
  his grace he would lead us.              Rogers.
Assi'stant, as-sis'tant. adj. [from assist]
   Helping;  lending aid.
    Some perchance did adhere to  the duke,  and
  were assistant to him openly, or at least under hand.
                Hale's Common  Laio of England
    For the performance of this work, a vital or di-
                      Q
    rective principle seemeth  to be assistant to the cor-
    poreal.                                Grew.
  Assi'stant, as-sis'tant. n. s. [from assist.]
  I. A person engaged in  an  affair,  not as
    principal, but as  auxiliaiy or ministe-
    rial.
     Some young towardly noblemen or gentlemen
   were usually sent as assistants or attendants, ac-
   cording to the quality of tbe persons.       Bacon.
 2. Sometimes it is  perhaps  only  a softer
    word for an  attendant.
     The pale assistants on each other star'd,
   With gaping mouths, for issuing words prepar'd.
                                      Dryden.
 ASSI'ZE, as-size'. to. *.  [assise  a sitting,
   Fr.]
 !. An  assembly of knights and other sub-
   stantial men, with the  bailiff or justice,
   in a certain place, and at a certain time.
 2. A jury.
 3. An ordinance or statute.
 i. The court,  place, or time, where  and
   when  the  writs and processes  of assizi
   are taken.                        Cowell.
    The law was never executed by any justices of as-
   size; but the people left to their own laws.  Davies.
    At each assize and term, we try
   A thousand rascals of as deep a dye.    Dryd. Juv.
 5. Any court of justice.
    The judging God shall close the book of fate,
   And there toe last assizes keep,
   For those who wake, and those who sleep.  Dryden.
 6. Assize  of bread,  ale, &c.  Measure of
   price or rate. Thus it is said, when wheat
   is of such a price, the bread shall be  of
   such assize.
 7. Measure; for which we now use  size.
    On high hill's top I saw a stately frame,
  An hundred cubits high by just assize,
  With hundred pillars.                 Spenser.
 To Assi'ze, as-size'. v.a. [from the noun.]
   To fix the rate of any thing, by an assize
   or writ.
 Assi'zer,  or Assi'ser, as-si'ziir.  to.  s.
   [from assize.] Is an officer, that has the
   care and oversight of weights and mea-
   sures.                            Chamb.
 Asso'ciable, as-so'she-a-bl. adj. [associ-
   abilis, Lat.]  That which  may be joined
   to another.

 7^ ASSO'CIATE,  as-so'she-ate."1 v.a.
   [associer, Fr. associo, Lat.]
 1. To unite with another, as a confederate.
    A fearful army, led by Caius Marcius,
  Associated with Aufidius, rages
  Upon our territories.                   Shaksp.
2. To  adopt as a  friend  upon  equal
   terms.
    Associate in your town a wandering train;
  And strangers in your palace entertain.    Diyden.
3. To  accompany; to keep company with
   another.
    Friends should associate friends in grief and woe.
                                      Shaksp.
4. To unite; to join.
    Some oleaginous particles unperceivedly associated
  themselves to it.                       Boyle.
5. It has generally the  particle  with; as,
   he associated with  his  master's ene-
   mies.
 To Asso'ciate,  as-sd'she-ate.91 v. to.  To
   unite  himself; to join  himself.
Asso'ciate,  as-sd'she-ate.91  adj.  [from 
                    ASS

    the verb.]  Confederate; joined in inte-
    rest or purpose.
     While I descend through darkness
   Tr> my associate pow'rs, them to acquaint
   With these successes.                   Milton.
 Asso'ci\te,  as-so'she-ate.91  n.  s.  [from
    the verb.]
  I. A person  joined with another; a part-
    ner.
     They persuade the king, now in old age, to make
   Plangus his associate in government with him.
                                        Sidney.
 2. A  confederate, in  a good  or neutral
    sense; an accomplice in  ill.
     Their defender, and his associates,  have  sithence
   proposed to the  world a form,  such  as themselves
   like.                                Hooker
 3. A companion;  implying some kind of
    equality.
     He was accompanied,  with a noble gentleman,
   no unsuitable associate.                  Wotton.
     Sole Eve, associate sole to me (beyond
   Compare) above all living creatures dear.  Milton.
     But my associates  now my stay deplore,
   Impatient.                     Pope's Odyssey.
 AssociA'TiONjds-so-she-a'shfin. to.*, [from
    associate.]
  1. Union; conjunction; society.
     The  church, being a society,  hath the self-same
   original grounds, which other politick societies have;
   toe natural  inclination which all men  have unto
   sociable life, and consent to some certain  bond of
   association; which bond is the law, that appointeth
   what kind of order they should be associated in.
                                       Hooker.
 2. Confederacy; union for particular pur-
    poses, good or ill.
     This  could not be done, but with mighty opposi-
   tion: against which to strengthen themselves, they
   secretly entered into a league of association. Hooker.
 3. Partnership.
     Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God;
   and, by making"you his partner, interests you in all
   his happiness.                          Boyle.
 4. Connection.
     Association of  ideas is  of great importance,  and
   may be of excellent use.                 Watts.
 5. Apposition; union of matter.
     The changes of corporeal things are to be placed,
   only in toe various separations, and new associations,
   and motions, of these permanent particles. Newton.
 A'ssonance,  as'so-nanse. to. *. [assonance,
   Fr.] Reference  of one sound  to another
   resembling it.  Resemblance  of sound.
                                        Diet.
 Vssonant, as'so-nant. adj. [assonant,Yr]
   Sounding in a manner  resembling  an-
   other  sound.                        Diet.
 To Asso'rt, as-sdrt'. v. a.  [assortir, Fr.]
   To range in  classes, as one thing suits
   with another.
 Asso'rtment,  as-sort'ment. to.  *. [from
   assort.]
 1. The act of classing or ranging.
 2. A mass or  quantity properly  selected
   and ranged.
 To Asso't, as-sot'. v.  a.  [from  sot; as-
   aoter, Fr] To infatuate, to besot: a  word
   out of use.
    But, whence they sprung, or how they were begot,
  Uneato is to assure; uneato to weene
  That monstoous  errour, which doth some  assot.
                                      Spenser.
To ASSUA'GE, as-swaje'.331 v. a. [The
   derivation  of  this word  is uncertain:
   Minahew deduces it from adsuadere, or
ASS
ASS
    assuaviare; Junius,  from  r»paep  sweet;
    from whence Skinner imagines arpaer,an
    might  have been formed.]
  1. To mitigate; to soften; to allay.
      Refreshing winds toe summer's heats assuage;
    And kindly warmth disarms the winter's rage.
                                       Addison.
  2'. To appease;  to pacify.
      Yet is his hate, his rancour, ne'er the less;
    Since nought assuageth malice, when 'tis told.
                                       Fairfax.
      This was necessary, for toe securing the people
    from their fears, capable of being assuaged by no
    other means.                        Clarendon.
            Shall I, t' assuage
          Their brutal rage,
          The regal stem destroy?   Dryden's Albion.
  3. To ease;  as,  the  medicine   assuages
    pain.
  To Assua'ge, as-swaje.331 v. to. To abate.
      God made a wind to pass over  the earth; and
   toe waters assuaged.                Gen. viii. 1.
  Assua'gement, as-swaje'ment. to. *.[from
    assuage.] Mitigation; abatement of evil.
      Tell me, when shall these weary woes have end;
   Or shall their ruthless torment never cease,
      But all my days in pining languor spend,
   Without hope of assuagement or release.   Spenser.
  Assua'ger, as-swa'jiir.98 to.*,  [from as-
    suage.]  One who pacifies or appeases.

  Assua'sive,  as-swa'siv.158 428  adj. [from
    assuage.]  Softening; mitigating.
     If in the breast tumultuous joys arise,
   Musick her soft assuasive voice supplies.    Pope.
  To  Assu'rjugate, as-so.b-ju-gaie.91 v.a.
    [subjugo,  Lat.] To  subject  to:  not in
    use.
               This valiant lord
   Must not so state his palm, nobly acquir'd;
   Nor by my will assubjugate his merit,
   By going to Achilles.                   Shaksp.
 Assuefa'ction,  as-swe-fak'shiin.   «.  *.
   [assuefacio, Lat.] The slate of being ac-
   customed to any thing.
     Right and left, as parts inservient unto the mo-
   tive faculty, are  differenced by degrees from use
   and assuefaction, or according whereto toe  one
   grows stronger.         Broion's Vulgar Errours.
 As'sue'tude, as-swe'tude.334 to. *. [assue-
   tudo, Lat.]   Accustomance;  custom;
   habit.
    We see that asmetude  of things  hurtful, doth
   make them lose the force to hurt.         Bacon.

 To  ASSU'ME,  as-sume'.4fi4 v. a. [assu-
   mo, Lat.]
 1. To  take.
    This when the various god had urg'd in vain,
   He strait assum'd his native form again.     Pope.
 2. To take upon one's self.
             With ravish'd ears
             The monarch hears;
             Assumes the God,
             Affects to nod;
      And seems, to shake the spheres.     Dtyden.
 3. To arrogate; to claim or seize unjustly.
 4. To  suppose something  granted with-
   out proof.
    In every hypothesis, something is allowed to be
  ™ume(L  ,                           Boyle.
 5. lo apply to one's own use;  to appro-
   priate.
    His majesty might well assume the complaint and
  expression of king David.            Clarendon.

 To Assu'me, as-sume'.4*4 v. to. To be ar-
   rogant; to claim more than is due.
Assu'mer,  as-su'mur.98 n. s.  [from  as-
    sume:]  An arrogant man;  a  man who
    claims more than his due.
      Can man be wise in any course, in which he i<
   not safe  too? But can these high assumers, and me-
   tenders to reason, prove themselves so?     South
  Assu'ming,  as-su'ming  participial adj
    [from  assume.] Arrogant;  haughty.
      His haughty looks, and his assuming air,
   The son  of Isis could no longer bear.      Dryden
      This makes him over forward in business, assum-
   ing in conversation,  and peremptory in answers.

  ASSUMPSIT, as-sum'sit. to. *. [a^o,
    Lat.]   A  voluntary promise made by
    word;  whereby a man taketh upon him
    to perform  or pay any thing to another:
    it  contains  any verbal  promise  made
    upon consideration.              Cowell
  Assu'mption, as-stim'sluln. ». «. [assump-
    tio, Lat.]
  1. The act of taking any thing to one's
   self.
     The personal descent of God himself, and his as-
   sumption of our flesh to his divinity, more familiar-
   ly to insinuate his pleasure to us, was an enforce-
   ment beyond all methods of wisdom.   Hammond
 2. The supposition, or act of supposing, of
   any thing, without further proof.
     These, by way of assumption, under the two gene-
   ral propositions are intrinsically and naturally good
 o °.rrbuad- u.                           *mb.
 3. 1 he thing supposed;  a  postulate.
     Hold, says the Stoick; your assumption's wrong-
   I grant, true freedom you have well defin'd. Dryden.
     For the assumption, that Christ did such miracu-
   lous and  supernatural works,  to confirm what he
   said; we need only repeat the message, sent by him
   to John toe Baptist.                     j^
 4. The taking  up any person into heaven;
   which  is supposed,  by the Romish
   Church ofthe Blessed Virgin.
     Upon the feast of the assumption of the Blessed
   Virgin, the pope and cardinals keep the vespers.
                                  Stillingfleet.
    Adam,  after a certain period of years, would have
   been rewarded  with  an assumption to eternal feli-
 . c,tJ\                                Wake.
 Assu'mptive, as-sura'tiv."* adj. [assumfi-
   tivus, Lat.]  That is assumed.
 Assu'rance, ash-shti'ranse.  «. *.  [assu-
   rance, Fr.]
 1. Certain expectation.
    Though hope  be indeed a lower and lesser  thing
  than assurance; yet, as to all toe purposes of apioas
  life, it may prove more useful.           South.
    What encouragement can  be given to goodness,
  beyond the hopes of heaven, and toe assurance of an
  endless felicity?                      Tillotson.
2. Secure confidence; trust.
    What man is  he, that boasts of fleshly might,
  And vain  assurance of mortality;
  Which all so soon, as  it doth come to fight
  Against spiritual foes, yields by and by.   Fairy Q,
3. Freedom  from  doubt;  certain know-
   ledge.
    Proof, from toe authority of man's judgment, is
  not  able to work that assurance, which doth grow
  by a stronger proof.                   Hooker
                  'Tis far off;
  And rather like a dream, than an assurance
  That my remembrance warrants.         Shaksp.
    The  obedient, and  the man of practice,  shall
  outgrow all their doubts and ignorances; till persua-
  sion pass into knowledge, and knowledge, advance
  into assurance.                        South.
   Hath he found, in an evil course, that comfortable
  assurance of God's favour,  and good  hopes of his
  future condition,  which a religious life would  have
  given him?                         Tillotson. 
ASS
AST
AST
 4. Firmness; undoubting steadiness.
     Men, whose consideration will relieve our modes-
   ty, and give us courage and assurance in toe duties
   of our profession.                      Rogers,
 5. Confidence; want of modesty;  exemp-
    tion from awe or fear.
     My behaviour, ill governed, gave you the first
   comfort;  my affection,  ill hid, hath given you this
   last assurance.                         Sidney.
 6. Freedom from vitious shame.
     Conversation, when  they come into  the world,
   will add to their knowledge and assurance.  Locke.
 7. Ground of confidence;  security;  suffi-
    cient reason for trust or belief.
     The nature of desire itself is no easier to receive
   belief, than it is hard to ground belief; for as de-
   sire is glad to embrace the first shew of comfort,  so
   is desire desirous of perfect assurance.     Sidney.
     As the conquest was but slight and superficial,  so
   the pope's donation to the  Irish submissions were
   but weak and fickle assurances.  Davies on Ireland.
              None, of woman born,
   Shall harm Macbeth.----
   —Then live, Macduff!  what need I fear of thee?
   But yet I'll make assurance double sure,
   And take a bond of fate: thou shalt not live.
                                       Shaksp.
     I must confess, your offer is toe best;
   And, let your father make her the assurance,
   She is  your own, else you must pardon me;
   If you should die before him, where's her dower?
                                       Shaksp.
     An assurance, being passed through for a compe-
   tent fine, hath  come back again by reason of some
   oversight.                             Bacon.
 8. Spirit; intrepidity.
     They, like resolute men, stood in the face of the
   breach, with more  assurance, than the wall itself.
                                      Knolles.
     With all to' assurance, innocence can bring;
   Fearless without, because secure within;
   Arm'd  with my courage, unconcern'd I see
   This pomp; a shame to you, a pride to me.  Dryd.
 9.  Sanguineness; readiness to hope.
     This is not the grace of hope, but a good natural
   assurance or  confidence, which Aristotle observes
   young men to be full of,  and old men not so inclin-
   ed to.                             Hammond.
 10. Testimony of credit.
     I am a gentleman, of blood and breeding;
   And, from some knowledge and assurance of you,
   Offer this office.             Shaksp. King Lear.
     We have as great assurance, that there is a God;
   as we could expect to have, supposing that he were.
                                     Tillotson.
 11. Conviction.
     Such an assurance of things,  as will make men
   careful to avoid  a  lesser danger, ought to awaken
   men to avoid a greater.                Tillotson.
 12.  [In  theology.]  Security, with respect
   to a future state; certainty of acceptance
   with God.
 13.  The same with insurance.  See Insu-
   rance.

 To  Assu're, ash-shure'.176 v. a. [asseurer,
   Fr. from assecurare,  low Latin]
 1. To give confidence by a firm promise.
     So when he had  assured them with many words,
  that he  would restore them without hurt, according
  to the agreement;  they let  him go,  for the saving
  of their brethren.                   2 Mac. xii.
2. To secure to another; to make  firm.
    So irresistible an  authority cannot be reflected on,
  without the most awful  reverence; even by those,
  whose piety assures  its favour to them.     Rogers.
3. To make confident;  to exempt  from
   doubt or fear; to confer security.
    And hereby we know; that we are of toe truth, and
  shall assure our  hearts before him.  1 John, iii. 19.
                   I revive,
  At this last sight; assur'd, that man shall live
  With all toe creatures, and their seed preserve.
                                       Milton.
4. To make secure: with of.
    But what  on earth can long abide in state?
  Or who can  him assure oj happy day?       Spens.
    And, for that dow'ry, I'll assure her of
  Her widowhood (be it, that she survives me)
  In all my lands and leases whatsoever.     Shaksp.
5. To affiance; to betroth.
    This diviner laid claim to me; called me Dromio;
  swore, I was assured to her.               Shaksp.
Assu'red,   asii-shu'red  or  as-shurcl.369
  participial adj. [from assure.]
1. Certain;  indubitable; not doubted.
    It is an assured experience, that flint, laid about
  the bottom of a tree, makes it prosper.     Bacon.
2. Certain;  not doubting.
         Young princes close your hands,
  ----And your lips too; for, I am well assured,
  That I did so, when I was first assur'd.     Shaksp.
        As, when by night the glass
  Of Galilaeo,  less assur'd, observes
  Imagin'd lands and regions in the moon.    Milton.
   Immodest; vitiously confident.
Assu'redly, ash-shu'red-le.364 adv.  [from
  assured]  Certainly; indubitably.
          They promis'd me eternal happiness,
  And brought me garlands, Griffith; which, I feel,
  I am not worthy yet to wear: I shall assuredly.  Shaksp.
    God is absolutely good; and so, assuredly the cause
  of all that is good: but, of any thing that is evil, he
  is no cause at all.     Raleigh's Hist, ofthe Wm-ld.
    Assuredly  he will stop our liberty,  till we restore
  him his worship.                        South.
Assu'redness,  ash-shu'red-nes.366  to.  *.
  [from assured.]  The state of being as-
  sured; certainty.
Assu'rer, ash-shu'riir. n. s. [from assure]
1. He that gives assurance.
2. He that  gives  security to make  good
  any loss.
To ASSVVA'GE, as-swaje'.331  See AS-
  SUAGE.
A'sterisk,  as'te-risk.  to. *.  [xre%trx.<&>]
  A mark in printing or writing,  in form
  of a little  star; as *.
    He also published the translation of toe Septua-
  gint by itself; having first  compared it, with the
  Hebrew; and noted by asterisks, what was defective;
  and by obelisks, what was redundant.      Grew.
A'sterism,  as'te-rism.  to.  *. [asterismus,
  Lat.]
1. A constellation.
    Poetry had filled the skies with asterisms, and
  histories belonging to them;  and then astrology de-
  vises the feigned virtues and influences of each.
                             Bentley's Sermons.
2. An asterisk,  or mark.   This is a very
  improper use.
    Dwell particularly on passages with an asterism*;
  for the observations, which follow such a note, will
  give you a clear light.       Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Aste'rn, a-stern'. adv. [from a and stern.]
  In the hinder part of  the  ship; behind
  the  ship.
    The galley gives her side, and turns her prow;
  While those  astern,  descending down the steep,
  Thro' gaping waves behold toe boiling deep.
                                     Dryden.
To  Asie'rt, a-stert'. v. a. [a word used by
  Spenser,  as it seems, for start or star-
  tle.] To terrify; to startle; to fright.
    We deem  of death, as doom of ill  desert:
  But, knew we fools what it us brings until,
  Die would we daily, once it to expert;
  No danger there the shepherd can astert.  Spenser.
                    Q  2
 A'sth.ma,  ast'ma.471  to.  *.  [*«-V<*-J   A
   frequent, difficult, and  short respiration,
   joined with a hissing sound and cough;
   especially  in the  night-time, and when
   the body is in a prone  posture; because
   ihen the  contents ofthe lower belly bear
   so against  the  diaphragm,  as to lessen
   the capacity of the breast, whereby the
   lungs have less room to move. Quincy.
    An asthma is the inflation  of the membranes of
  the lungs, and of the membranes covering the mus-
  cles of the thorax.        Floyer on the Humours.
 AsTHMA'TicAL,ast-mat'e-kal.  ? adj. [from
 AsTHMA'TicK,ast-mat'ik.609   }  asthma.]
   Troubled with an asthma.
    In asthmatical persons, though the lungs be very
  much stuffed with tough phlegm, yet  the patient may
  live some months, if not some years.       Boyle.
    After drinking, our horses  are most asthmatick;
  and, for avoiding the watering  of them, we wet toeir
  hay.                                  Floyer.
 As'Io'nied, a-ston'e-^d. part. adj. A word,
   used in the version of  the Bible for as-
   tonished.
    Many were astonied at thee.     Isaiah, Hi.  14.
             Unmanly dread invades
  The French astony'd.                J. Philips.
 To ASTO'NJSH, as-ton'nish.  v.a.  [eston-
   ner, Fr.  from attonitus, Lat.] To  con-
   found  with some sudden  passion,  as
   with fear or wonder;  to amaze;  to  sur-
   prise;  to stun.
    It is the part of men, to fear and tremble;
  When the most mighty gods, by tokens, send
  Such dreadful  heralds to astonish us.      Shaksp.
    Astcnish'd at the voice, he stood amaz'd,
  And all around with inward horror gaz'd. Addison.
    A genius,  universal as his theme,
  Astonishing as  chaos.                  Thomson.
Asto'nishingness,   as-ton'nish-ing-nes.
  n. .». [from astonish]   Of a  nature  to
  excite  astonishment.
 Asto'nishment, as-t6n'ish-ment to. *. [es-
  tonnement, Fr.]   Amazement;  confu-
  sion of mind, from fear or wonder.
    We found, with no less wonder to us, than aston-
  ishment to themselves,  that they were the two va-
  liant and famous brothers.                Sidney.
    She esteemed this as much above his wisdom;
  as astonishment is beyond bare admiration. South.
 To Asto'und, as-tound'.  v. a. [estonner,
  Fr.] To  astonish; to confound with fear
  or wonder.   This word is   now  some-
   what obsolete.
    These  thoughts may startle well,  but  not  as-
        tound,
  The virtuous mind, that ever walks attended
  By a strong siding champion, conscience.  Milton.
Astra'ddle,  a-strad'dl.406  adv.  [from  a
  and straddle/]  With  one's  legs across
  any thing.                          Diet.
A'stragal, as'tra-gal 603  TO. *.  [xr£xyx*&'
  the ankle or ankle-bone.]  A little round
  member, in the  form of a ring or brace-
  let, serving as an  ornament at the tops
  and bottoms of columns. Builder's Diet.
    We see none of that ordinary confusion, which is
  the result of quarter  rounds of the astragal, and \\
  know not how many) other intermingled particulars.
                                     Spectator.
A'stral, as'tral. adj. [from astrum, Lat]
   Starry;  belonging to the stars.
    Some astro/  forms I must invoke by pray'r,
  Fram'd all of purest  atoms of the air;
  Not in their natures simply good or ill,
  But most subservient to bad spirits will.   Diyden. 
A ST
AST
ASY
 Astra'y, a-stia'. ndv.  [from a  and stray]
   Out of the right way.
     May seem, the wain was very evil  led;
   VVheu such :tti one had guiding of the wav;
   That kiiet\ not, whether right he went, or else a,-tray.
                                      Spenser.
     Vou run astray: for, whilst we talk of Ireland,
   you rip up the original of Scotland. Spender on htl.
     Like one, that had been led astray,
   Through  the lu-.av'n's wide pathless way.   Milton.
 To  ASTKI'CT, as-trikt'.  v. a. [astringo,
   Lat.]   To contract  by applications,  in
   opposition to rch.< :  a word not so much
  ' used, as constringe.
     The solid parts were to be relaxed  or aslricted, as
   they let the humours pass, either in too small or
   too great quantities.       Arbuihnot on Aliments.
 Astki'ciion,  as-tnk'shun. n.s. [astrictio,
   Lat.]  The  act or power of contracting
   the  parts of the  body by  applications.
     Astriction is  in a substance,  that  hath a virtual
   cold;  and it worketh, partly by the same means,
   that cold doth.                         Bacon.
     This virtue requireth an astriction; but such an
   astriction, as is not grateful to the body: for a pleas-
   ing astriction doth rather bind in the nerves, than
   expel them; and therefore  such astriction is found
   in things  of a harsh taste.                Bacon.
     Lenitive substances are proper for dry atrabi-
   larian  constitutions, who  are subject to astriction
   of the belly, and toe piles.    Arbuthnot on Diet.
 Astri'ctive, aa-trik'tlv.1*8  adj. [from as-
   frir*.]Stiptick;of a bindingquality. Diet.
 Astri'otory,  as-trik'tur-re. adj.  [astric-
   torius,  Lat.]  Astringent; apt  to  bind.
                                       Diet.
 Astri'de, a-stride'.  adv.   [from a  and
   stride.]  With the legs  open.
    To lay  their native arms aside,
   Their modesty, and ride astride.        Hudibras.
    I saw a place, where the Rhone is so straitened
   between two rocks, that a man  may stand astride
   upon both at once.                      Boyle.
 Astri'ferous, as-trif'e-rus. adj. [astrifer,
   Lat.] Bearing or having stars.    Diet.
 Astri'gerous, as-tridje'e-nls. adj. [astri-
   ger, Lat.]  Carrying stars.        Diet.
 To ASTRI'NGE, as-trlnje'. v.  a. [astrin-
   go, Lat.]   To press by contraction;  to
   make the parts draw together.
    Tears are caused by a contraction of the spirits
   of the brain; which contraction, by consequence,
   astringeth the moisture of  the brain, and thereby
   sendeth tears into the eyes.              Bacon.
 Asi'ri'ngency, as-trin'jen-se, to. «. [from
   astringe.]   The  power of contracting
   the parts of the body; opposed to the
   power of relaxation.
    Astriction prohibiteth dissolution;  as,  in  medi-
  cines,  astringents inhibit putrefaction: and, by as-
  tringency, some small quantity of oil of vitriol will
  keep fresh water long from putrefying.    Bacon.
    Acid, acrid, austere and bitter substances, by toeir
  astringency, create honour; that is, stimulate  toe fi-
  bres.                             Arbuthnot.
Astri'ngent,  as-trln'jent.   adj.  [astrin-
   gens, Lat.] Binding; contracting; oppos-
   ed to laxative:  it is  used sometimes of
   tastes,  which  seem  to   contract   the
   mouth.
   Astringent medicines are bidding,  which act by
  the asperity of toeir particles; whereby they cor-
  rugate  the membranes,  and make them draw up
  closer.                               Quincy.
   The myrobalan hath parts of contrary natures;
  for it is sweet, and yet astringent.        Bacon,
   The juice is very astringent,  and  therefore of
  slow motion.              Bacon's Natural Hist.
     What diininisheth sensible perspiration, kicreas-
   eth the insensible; lor that reason, a strengthening
   and astringent diet often conduceth to this purpose.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
  V'sTROGRAPHY,as-tr6g'ra-fe.e18 n.s. [from
    *rf9vandyf«pfti.]The science of describ-
    ing the stars.                       Diet.
 A'strolabe, as'tro-labe.  n.s.   [of «*■£«»,
    and A«£nv  to  take.]
 I. An instrument,  chiefly used for taking
    the altitude ofthe pole, the sun, or stars,
    at  sea.
 2. A  stereographick projection ofthe cir-
    cles of the  sphere, upon the plain of
    some great circle.            Chambers.
 Astro'loger, as-trol'6-jux. to.  *.  [astrol-
    ogus, Lat. from xre~o*  and xiy&> J
 1. One that  (supposing the influences of
    the stars to have a causal power)  pro-
    fesses to foretel or discover events, de-
    pending on those influences.
     Not unlike that, which astrologers call a conjunc-
   tion of planets, of no very benign aspect toe one to
   the other.                            Wotton.
     A happy genius  is the gift of nature: it depends,
   on the influence of toe stars, say the astrologers; on
   the organs of the body, say the naturalists; it  is the
   particular gift of heaven, say the divines, both chris-
   tians and heathens.                    Dryden.
     Astrologers, that future fates foreshew.    Pope.
     I never  heard a  finer satire against lawyers, than
   that  of astrologers; when they pretend, by rules of
   art,  to  tell when a suit will  end, and whether to
   the advantage of the plaintiff or defendant.  Sioifl.
 2. It was anciently used for  one  that   un-
   derstood or explained the motions of the
   planets, without including prediction.
     A worthy astrologer, by perspective glasses, hath
   found in the stars many things unknown to the an-
   cients.                              Raleigh.
 Astrolo'gian, as-tro-16'je-an. to. *. [from
   astrology.] The same  with astrologer.
     The twelve houses of heaven, in the form which
   astrologians use.                      Camden.
     The stars (toey say) cannot dispose,
   No more than can toe astrologian.       Hudibras.
 AsTROLo'GicAL,as-tr6-l6d'je-kal.   >    ,.
 Astrolo'giok, as-tro'l6d-jik.       $a J'
   [from astrology.]
 1. Professing astroiogy.
     Some seem a little  astrological; as, when they
   warn us from places of malign influence.  Wotton.
     No astrologick wizard honour gains,
   Who has not oft been banish'd, or in chains. Dryd.
 2. Relating to astrology.
    Astrological prayers seem to me, to be built on as
   good reason, as the predictions.       StUlingfleet.
    The poetical fables are more ancient than the as-
   trological influences;  that were not known to the
   Greeks, till after Alexander the Great    Bentley.
 Astrolo'gically,    as-tr6-16d'je-kal-le.
   adv.  [from astrology.]  In an astrologi-
   cal  manner.
 To  Astro'logize, as-trdl'o-jize'.  v. to.
   [from astrology.] To practise astrology.
 ASTRO'LOGY, as-tr6l'6-je. to. *. [astro-
   logia, Lat.]  The practice of foretelling
   things by the knowledge of  the  stars;
   an art now  generally exploded, as irra-
   tional and false.
    1 know the learned think of the art of astrology
  that the stars  do not force the actions or wills of
 4men-  ,                                Swift.
Astro'nomer, as-tr6n'no-mur. n. a. [from
   «f?o» a star, and rififc*  a rule or  law.]
   One that studies the. celestial motions,
rules  by which they are go-
    and  the
    verned.
     The motions of factions under kings ought to be
   like toe motions (as toe astronomers speak of) in
   the inferior orbs.                        Bacon.
     Astronomers no longer  doubt of the  motion of
   the planets about toe sun.                Locfce
     The old and new astronomers in vain
   Attempt, the heav'nly motions to explain.
                                    Blackmore.
 AsTRONo'MioAi.,as-tro-nom'e-kal.8°9 >
 Astrono'mick,  as-tro-ndm'ik.      \aaJ-
    [from astronomy.]  Belonging to astro-
    nomy.
     Our forefathers, marking certain mutations t* hap-
   pen in the sun's progress through the zodiack, they
   registrate  and set them down in their astronomical
   canons.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Can he not pass an astronomick line,
   Or dreads toe sun to' imaginary sign;
   That he should ne'er advance, to either pole?
                                    Blackmore.
 Astrono'mically,   as-tro-n6m'e-kal-le.
    adv. [from astronomical.]   In an astro-
    nomical manner.

 ASTRO'NOMY, as-tr6n'n6-me.«8  n.s.
    [xrgovofttx, from ««-£«» a star, and iipj&
    a law or rule.]  A  mixed mathematical
    science; teaching the knowledge of the
    celestial bodies, their magnitudes, mo-
    tions, distances, periods, eclipses, and
    order.    Pythagoras   taught,  that the
    earth and  planets  turn  round the  sun,
    which stands  immovable in  the  centre.
    From the  time of Pythagoras, astrono-
    my sunk into neglect, till it was revived
   by the Ptolemys, kings of Egypt; and the
    Saracens brought it from Africa to Spain,
    and restored this science to  Europe.
                                  Chambers.
     To this  must be added the understanding of the
   globes, and toe principles of geometry and ash-o-
   "WWJ/-                                Cmcley.
 A'sTRoscopv,as-tr6-sk6p'pe.483 n.s. [«jfo>
   a star,  and <rxo?re»  to  view.]   Observa-
   tion of the stars.                  Diet.
 Astro-theologv, as'tro-fAe-&l'6-je. n. a.
   [from astrum  a star,  and  thcologia di-
   vinity.]   Divinity founded on the obser-
   vation of the celestial bodies.
    That the diurnal and annual revolutions are the
   motions of toe terraqueous globe, not of toe sun, I
   shew in the preface of my Astro-Theology.
                      Derham's Physico-Theolcgy.
 Asu'noer, a-sun'dur.a«  adv.  [apufibnan,
   Sax.] Apart;  separately; not together.
    Two indirect lines,  the  further that they are
   drawn out, the further they go asunder.    Spenser.
      Sense  thinks the planets spheres not much
   asunder;
    What tells us then, toeir distance is so far?
                                      Dames.
                    Greedy hope, to find
   His wish and best advantage, us asunder.  P. Lost.
    The fall'n archangel, envious of our state,
   Seeks hid advantage to betray us worse;
   Which, when asunder, will not prove too hard;
  For both together are each other's guard. Dryden.
    Borne far asunder by the tides of men,
   Like adamant and steel they meet again.  Dryden.
    All this metallick matter (both that, which con-
  tinued asunder and  in single corpuscles; and that,
  which was  amassed and concreted into nodules)
  subsided.           Woodward's Natural History.
AsY'LUM,a-si'lflm.  n.s. [Lat.xmXn,from
   x not, and e-«Ao» pillage.]  A place, out
   of which he that has fled to it, may not 
AT
AT
ATH
   be taken; a sanctuary; a refuge; a place
   of retreat and security.
     So sacred was the church to some, that it had the
  right of an asylum or sanctuary. Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Asy'mmetry, a-sim'me-tre.  n.s. [from a
   without, and w^^h^ix symmetry.]
 1. Contrariety to symmetry; disproportion.
     The assymmetries of the brain, as well as toe de-
  formities of the  legs or face, may be rectified  in
  time.                                 Grew.
 2. This term is sometimes used in mathe-
   maticks,  for what is more usually cal-
   led incommensurability; when  between
   two   quantities  there  is  no  common
   measure.
 A'symptote,  as'sim-tote. n. *.  [from  x
   priv. crw  with, and w7«* to fall;  which
   never meet;  incoincident.] Asymptotes
   are right lines,  which approach nearer
   and  nearer to some  curve;  but which,
   though  they and their curve were  infi-
   nitely continued, would i.ever meet; and
   may be  conceived as  tangents to their
   curves at an infinite distance. Chambers.
    Asymptote  lines, though they may approach still
  nearer together,  till they are nearer than toe least
  assignable  distance, yet, being still produced  infi-
  nitely, will never meet.                  Grew.
 AsYMPTo'TicAL,as'3im-t6t-e-kal.ae(/.[from
   asymptote.] Curves are said to be asymp-
   totical, when they continually approach,
   without a possibility of meeting.
ASTNDETON, i-sm'de-tbn. n.s.  [«<r<Jv-
  fcrov, of x, priv. and o-vvS'ta to bind toge-
  ther.]   A figure  in  grammar, when  a
  conjunction copulative is  omitted  in  a
  sentence; as,  in veni,  vidi, vici, et is ieft
  out.
At, at', prep, [aet, Saxon.]
 1. At, before a place, notes the nearness of
  the place; as, a man is at the house, be-
  fore he  is in it.
    This custom continued among many, to say their
  prayers at fountains.                Stillingfleet.
2. At, before a word signifying time, notes
   the coexisienco  of the  time  with  the
   event; the word  time is sometimes  in-
   cluded  in the adjective;  we commonly
   say at a minute, at  an hour, on a day
  in a month.
    We thought it, at the very first, a sign of  cold
  affection.                            Hooker.
    How frequent to desert him, and at last
  To heap ingratitude on worthiest deeds.    Milton.
    At toe same time, that the storm beats upon the
  whole species, we are falling foul upon one another
                                     Addison.
    We made no efforts at all, where we could have
  most weakened the common enemy; and, at the same
  time, enriched ourselves.                 Swift.
3. At, before a causal word, signifies nearly
  the same as with; noting, that the event
  accompanies, or immediately succeeds,
  the action of the cause.
                        At his touch,
 C,Such sanctity hath Heav'n giv'n his hand,
  They presently amend.          Shaksp. Macbeth.
    O, sir, when he shall hear of your approach,
  If that young Arthur be not gone already;
  Ev'n at this news, he dies.      Shaksp. King John.
    Much at the sight was Adam in his heart
  Dismay'd.                     Milt. Par. Lost.
    High o'er their heads, a mould'ring rock is plac'd;
  That promises a fall, and shakes at ev'ry blast. Dryd.
 4. At, before a superlative adjective,  im-
   plies in the state; as, at best, in the state
   of most perfection, l!fc.
    Consider any man as to his personal powers, toey
  are not great: for, at greatest,  they must still be
  limited. •                             South.
    We bring into the world with us a poor,  needy,
  uncertain life, short at toe longest, and unquiet at
  toe best.                            Temple.
 5. At,  before a person,  is seldom  used
  otherwise  than ludicrously; as, he  long-
  ed to be at him; that is, to attack him.
 6. At, before a substantive, sometimes sig-
  nifies the particular condition or circum-
  stances of  the person;  as, at peace, in a
  state of peace.
                  Under pardon,
  You are much more at task, for want of wisdom;
  Than prais'd,  for harmless mildness.      Shaksp.
   It bringeth the treasure of a realm into a few hands:
  for, the usurer being at certainties, and others at un-
  certainties; at the end of the game, most of the mo-
  ney will be in  the box.                  Bacon.
    Hence walk'd toe fiend at large, in spacious field.
                                     Milton.
    The rest, for whom no lot is yet decreed,
  May run in pastures, and at pleasure feed.  Dryden.
    Deserted, at his utmost need,
  By those his former bounty fed.   Dryd. St. Cozcilia.
    What hinder'd either, in their native soil
  At ease to reap the harvest of toeir toil.    Dryden.
    Wise men are sometimes over-borne, when they
  are taken at a  disadvantage.  Collier of Confidence.
    These have been  toe maxims,  toey have been
  guided by: take these from mem, and they are per-
  fectly at a loss; their compass and pole-star then are
  gone, and toeir understanding is perfectly at a non-
  plus.                                 Locke.
    One man manages four horses at once, and leaps
  from the back of another at full speed.      Pope.
    They will not let me be at quiet in my bed; but
  pursue me, to  my very dreams.             Swift.
7. At,  before a  substantive,  sometimes
  marks employment  or attention.
    We find some arrived to that sottishness, as to own
  roundly, what  they would be at.           South.
    How d'ye find yourself? says the doctor to his pa-
  tient.  A little while after, he is at it again;  with a
  Pray, how d'ye find your body?        L'Estrange.
    But she (who well enough knew what,
  Before he spoke, he would be at)
  Pretended not to apprehend.           Hudibras.
    The creature 's at his dirty work again.    Pope.
8. At is sometimes the same with furnish-
  ed with; after the French a.
    Infuse his breast with magnanimity,
  And make him, naked, foil a man at arms.  Shaksp.
9. At sometimes notes the place, where any
  thing is or acts.
    Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet
                                     Shaksp.
    He, that in  tracing the vessels began at the heart,
  though he thought not at all of a circulation, yet
  made he toe first true step towards toe discovery.
                                  ,     Grew,
    To ail you ladies now at land,
  We men at sea indite.               Buckhurst.
    Their various news I heard, of love and strife,
  Of storms at sea, and travels on the shore.   Pope.
 1Q. At  sometimes signifies in immediate
  consequence of.
    Impeachments, at the prosecution of toe house of
  commons, hate received their determinations in the
  house of lords.                         Hale.
 11. At  marks sometimes the  effect, pro-
  ceeding from an act.
    Rest in this tomb, rais'd at tby husband's cost.
                                     Dryden.
    Tom has been at the  charge of a pennv, upon
  this occasion.                         Addison.
     Those may be of use, to confirm by authority,
   what they will not be al the trouble  to deduce by
   reasoning.                         Arbuthnot.
 12. At sometimes is nearly the same as in,
   noting situation; as, he was at the bot-
   tom, or top, of the hill.
     She hath been known to come at the head of these
   rascals, and beat her lover.               Swift.
 13. At sometimes marks the occasion, like
   on.
           Others, with more helpful care,
   Cry'd out aloud, ' Beware, brave youth, beware!'
   At this he turn'd; and, as the bull drew near,
   Shunn'd, and receiv'd him on his pointed spear.
                                     Dryden.
 14. At sometimes seems to signify, in the
   power of, or obedient to.
    But thou of all toe kings, Jove's, care below,
   Art least at my command, and most my foe.  Dryd.
 15. At sometimes  notes the relation of a
   man to an action.
    He who makes pleasure the vehicle of health, is
  a doctor at it in good earnest. Collier of Friendship.
 16. At sometimes imports the manner of an
   action.
    One warms you by degrees; the other sets you on
  fire all at once, and never intermits his heat. Dryd.
    Not with less ruin, than the Bajan mole,
  At once comes tumbling down.          Dryden.
 17. At, like  the French chez, means some-
   times application to, or dependence on.
    The worst authors might endeavour to please us;
  and,  in  that endeavour,  deserve something at our
  hands.                                Pope.
 18. At all. In any manner; in any degree.
    Nothing more true, than what you once let fall;
  Most women have no characters at all.      Pope.
A'tabal, at'a-bal. n.s.  A kind of tabour
   used by the Moors.
    Children shall beat our atabals and drums;
  And all the noisy trades of war no more
  Shall wake toe peaceful morn.   Dryd. Don Sebast.
ATARA'XIA, at'la-rak-se-k,~) ».  *. [xrx-
A'taraxy,  at'ta-rak-s'e.617   3 $«e|/*.] Ex-
   emption from vexation; tranquillity.
    The scepticks affected an  indifferent equiponder-
  ous neutrality, as the only means to their ataroxia,
  and freedom from passionate disturbances.
                            Glanville's Scepsis.
Ate, 6t.  The  preterite of eat.   See  To
   Eat.
    And, by his side, his steed the grassy forage ate.
                                     Spenser.
    Even our first parents ate themselves out of Para-
  dise; and Job's children junketted and feasted  to-
  gether often.                           South.
ATHA'NOR, a/A'a-nor.188 to. a.  [a chymi-
   cal term, borrowed from x$xvxt<&",  or,
   as others think, inn.]  A digesting fur-
   nace,  to keep  heat for some  time;  so
   that it may be augmented or diminished
   at pleasure, by opening or shutting some
   apertures, made on purpose with sliders
   over them, called registers.    Quincy.
 A'theism, a-Me-ism.403  n. *. [from atheist.
   It Is only  of two syllables in  poetry.]
   The disbelief of a God.
    God never wrought miracles to convince atheism,
   because his ordinary works convince it.    Bacon.
    It is toe common interest of mankind, to punish
   all those, who would seduce men to atlteism.
                                     Tillotson.
 A'THEIST,a'f/ie-lst. to. *. [*$e®* without
   God.]  One that denies the existence of
   God.
    To these, that sober race of men, whose lives
   Religious titled them the sous of God, 
ATH                                      ATO                                      ATO
  Shall yield up all their virtue, all toeir fame,
  (Ignobly!) to the trains, and to the smiles,
  Of these fair atheists.       Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Though he were really a speculative atheist; yet,
  if he would but proceed  rationally, he could  not
  however be  a practical atheist, nor live without God
  in this world.                           South.
                 Atheist, use thine eyes;
  And, having view'd the order of the skies,
  Think (if thou canst) that matter, blindly hurl'd
  Without a guide, should frame this wond'rous world.
                                        Creech.
    No atheist, as such, can be a true friend, an affec-
  tionate relation, or a loyal subject.        Bentley.
A'theist, a'fAe-ist. adj. [from the  noun ]
   Atheistical; denying God.
    Nor stood unmindful Abdiel,  to annoy
  The atheist  crew.          Milton's Paradise Lost.
Athei'stical, a-^Ae-ls'te-kal. adj.  [from
   atheist.]  Given to atheism; impious.
    Men are  atheistical, because they are first vicious;
  and question the truth of Christianity, because they
  hate the  practice.                      South.

Athei'sticallt, a-JAe-is'te-kal-Ie.  adv.
   [from atheistical] In an atheistical man-
   ner.
    Is it not enormous, that a divine, hearing a great
  sinner talk atheistically, and scoff profanely at reli-
  gion, should, instead of vindicating the truth, tacitly
  approve toe scoffer?                     South.
    I entreat such, as are atheistically inclined, to con-
  sider these things.                    Tillotson.
Athki'sticalness, a-£Ae-is'te-kal-n£s.  n.
   s.  [from atheistical]  The quality of be-
   ing atheistical.
    Lord,  purge out of all hearts profaneness  and
  atheisticalness.         Hammond's Fundamentals.
Athei'si ick, a-Me-is-tik. adj. [from athe-
   ist.]  Given to atheism.
    This  argument demonstrated the existence of a
  Deity,  and convinced all atfteistfcfc gainsayers. Ray.
A'thel, A'theling, A'del, and ./E'thel,
   k'-the\, a'-fAel-ing, a'-del, a'-the\, from
   udel noble, Germ.  So Mthelred is noble
  for counsel; JEthelard,  a noble genius;
   Mthelbert, eminently noble; Mthelward,
    a noble protector.     Gibson's Camden.
A'theous, a'*Ae-ils.50S adj. [<*£(©-.] Athe-
   istick; godless.
     Thy Father, who is holy, wise, and pure,
  Suffers toe hypocrite, or atheous priest,
  To tread his sacred courts.     Paradise Regained.
ATHERO'MA, a^-e-ro'ml6-7 to. *. [x$e-
   gupx, from xS-ipx pap or pulse]  A spe-
   cies of wen, which neither causes pain,
   discolours the skin, nor yields  easily  to
   the touch.
    If the matter, forming them, resembles milk curds,
  the tumour  is called atlieroma;  if it be like honey,
  meliceris; and, if composed of fat, or a suety sub-
  stance, steatoma.                       Sharp.
Atheromatous,   aM-e-rom'a-tlis.  adj.
   [from atheroma/]   Having the  qualities
   of an atheroma, or curdy wen.
    Feeling the matter fluctuating, I thought it athe-
  romatous.                   Wiseman's  Surgery.
Athi'rst,  d //u\rst'.10s adv. [from  a  and
   thirst.]   Thirsty; in want of drink.
    With scanty measure then supply their food;
  And, when athirst, restrain 'em from the flood. Dryd.
Athle'tick, ath-'ie't ik.6oa adj. [from ath-
  leta, Lat. x$x*t c, a  wrestler.]
1. Belonging to  wrestling.
2. Strong of body; vigorous; lusty; robust
    Seldom shall one see, in rich families, that athle-
  tick soundness and vigour of constitution, which is
|   seen in cottages, where nature is cook, and necessi-
|   ty caterer.                             South.
     Science distinguishes a man of honour, from one
   of those athletick brutes, whom undeservedly we call
   heroes.                               Dryden.
 Athwa'rt, a-thwkn'. prep, [from a  anc
   thwart.]
 1. Across; transverse to any thing.
     Themistocles made Xerxes post out of Grecia, by
   giving out a purpose to break his bridge athwart the
   Hellespont.                     Bacon's Essays-
                   Execrable shape!
   That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance
   Thy miscreated front athwart my way.   Par. Lost.
 2. Through: this is not proper.
     Now, athwart toe terrors, that thy vow
   Has planted round thee, thou appear'st more fair.
                                      Addison.
 Athwa'rt, a-rhwan'. adv.  a tort.
 1. In a manner vexatious and  perplexing;
   crossly.
             All athioart there came
   A post from Wales, loaden with heavy news.
                                       Shaksp.
 2. Wrong: a travers.
     The babby beats the nurse; and quite athwart
   Goes all decorum.        Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
 Ati'lt,  a-tilt'. adv. [from a and tilt.]
 1. In the manner of a filter; with the action
   of a man, making a  thrust at  an anta-
   gonist.
                   In the city Tours
   Thou ran'st atilt, in honour of my love;
   And stol'st away  the  ladies' hearts from France.
                                       Shaksp.
     To run  atilt at men, and wield
   Their naked tools in  open field.         Hudibras.
 2. In the posture of a barrel, raised or tilt-
   ed behind, to make it run out.
     Such a man  is always atilt; his favours  come
   hardly from him.                     Spectator.
 A'tlas, at'las  to. *.
 I. A collection  of  maps; so called, proba-
   bly, from a picture of Atlas supporting
   the heavens,   prefixed  to some collec-
   tions.
 2 A large square folio; so called from these
   folios,  which, containing  maps, were
   made, large and square.
 3. Sometimes the supporters of a building.
 4 A rich  kind  of  silk  or stuff, made for
   women's clothes.
     I have the conveniency of buying Dutch atlasses,
   with gold and silver,  or without.         Spectator.
 A'tmosphere, at'mo-sfere. n. s. [xr^ va-
   pour, and <r<px~%x a sphere.]
     The exteriour part of this our habitable world is
   the air, or atmosphere; a light, thin, fluid, or springy
   body, that encompasses the solid earth on all  sides.
                                        Locke.
     Immense the whole excited atmosphere
   Impetuous rushes o'er the sounding world.  Thomson.
 Atmosphe'rical,  at-mo-sfer-e-kal.  adj.
   [from utmosphere.]   Consisting of the
   atmosphere;   belonging  to  the atmo-
   sphere.
     We did not mention toe weight of the incumbent
   atmosplicrical cylinder, as a part of the weight resist-
   ed.                                   Boyle.
 ATOM, at'tiim.168 to *. [atomus,Lat.  xro-
   l*.&]
 1. Such a small  particle, as cannot be phy-
   sically divided: and these are  the  first
   rudiments, or the component parts, of a, 1
   bodies.                            Quincy.
     Innumerable minute bodies are called atoms; be-
  cause, by reason of their perfect solidity, they were
  really indivisible.                         Ray.
    See plastick nature, working to this end!
  The single atoms, each to other tend;
  Attract, attracted to, the next in place,
  Form'd and impell'd its neighbour to embrace. Pope.
2. Any ihing, extremely small.
    It is as easy to count atoms, as to resolve the pro-
  positions of a lover.         Shaksp. As you like it.
Ato'mical, a-tom'e-kal.  adj. [from atom.']
1. Consisting of atoms.
    Vitrified and pellucid bodies are clearer, in  their
  continuities, than in powders and atomical divisions.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Relating to atoms.
    Vacuum is another principal doctrine ofthe atomi-
  cal philosophy.  ^             Bentley's Sennons.
A'tomist, at'to-mlst.  n.s.  [from atom]
   One that 'holds the atomical philosophy
   or doctrine of atoms.
    The atomists (who define motion to be a passage
  from one place to another) what do they more, than
  put one synonymous word for another?     Locke.
    Now can judicious atomists conceive,
  Chance to the sun could his just impulse give? Blackm.
A'tomy, at'6-me.  to. *.  An obsolete word
   for atom.
    Drawn with a team  of little atomies,
  Athwart men's noses, as they lie asleep.   Shaksp.
To ATO'NE, a-tone'. v. n.  [from at oni]
   as the etymologists remark, to be at one,
   is the  same  as to be in  concord.  This
   derivation  is  much confirmed, by  the
   following passage  of Shakspeare; and
   appears to be the sense, still retained in
   Scotland.]
I. To agree; to accord.
    He and Aufidus can no more atone,
  Than violentest contrariety.    Shaksp. Coriolanvs.
2. To  stand, as an equivalent for some-
   thing; and particularly used  of expiato-
   ry sacrifices, with the particle/or before
   the thing, for which  something else is
   given.
    From a mean stock, the pious Decii came;
  Yet such toeir virtues, that their loss alone,
  For Rome and all our legions, did atone.  Dryden.
    The good intention of a man of weight and worth,
  or a real friend,  seldom atones for the uneasiness,
  produced by his grave representations.      Lczh.
    Let thy sublime meridian course,
  For Mary's setting rays, atone:
    Our lustre, with redoubled force,
  Must now proceed from thee alone.        trim:
    His virgin sword iEgysthus' veins imbrued;
  The murd'rer fell, and blood aton'dfor blood. Popt.
To Ato'ne, a-tone'. v. a.
1. To reduce to concord.
    If any contention arose, he knew none fitter to be
  their judge, to atone and take up their quarrels, but
  himself.                             Drumm-
2. To expiate; to answer for.
    Soon should yon boasters cease their haughty strife,
  Or each atone his guilty love, with life.     Pope.

Ato'nement,  a-tone'm£nt.   n. s.  [from
  alone/]
1. Agreement;  concord.
    He seeks, to make atonement,
  Between the duke of Glo'ster and your brothers.
                                      Shaksp.
2. Expiation; expiatory equivalent: with
  for.
    And the Levites were purified; and Aaron made
  an atonement for them, to cleanse them.   Numbers-
    Surely it is not a sufficient atonement, for the wri-
  ters, that they profess  loyalty  to  the government,
  and sprinkle some arguments in favour ofthe dissent-
  ers; and, under the shelter of popular politicks and 
                    ATT

    religion, undermine the foundations of all piety and
    virtue. ^                               Sioift.
  Ato'p, a-t&p'. adv. [from a and top.]  On
     the top; at the top.
      Atop whereof, but far more rich, appear'd
    The work, as of a kingly palace-gate.    Par. Lost.
      What is extracted by water from coffee is toe oil,
    which often swims atop of toe decoction. Arbuthnot.
  Atrarila'rian, at-tra-be-la're-an.eo7 adj.
     [fiom atra bills, black choler.]  Melan-
     choly; replete with biack choler.
      The atrabilarian constitution (or a black, viscous,
    pitchy consistence of the fluids) makes  all secretions
    difficult and sparing.           Arbuthnot  on Diet.
  Atrabila'rious,  at-tra-be-la're-iis.  adj.
     [from atra bilis, black choler.] Melan-
     cholick.
      The blood, deprived of its due proportion of se-
    rum, or finer and more volatile parts, is atrabilarious;
    whereby it is rendered gross, black, unctuous, and
    earthy.                                Quincy.
      From this black adust state of the blood,  they are
    atrabilarious.                  Arbuthnot on Air.

  Atrabila'riousness,   at-tra-be-la're-iis-
     n£s. n. s.  [from  atrabilarious.]   The
     state of being melancholy; repletion with
     melancholy.
  Atrame'ntal,  at-tra-men'tai. adj.  [from
     atramentum ink, Lat.]   Inky; black.
      If we inquire, in what part of vitriol  this atramen-
    tal and denigrating condition lodgeth;  it will seem,
    especially to lie in the more fixed salt thereof.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
  Atrame'ntous, at-tra-men'tus,  adj. [from
     atramentum ink, Lat.] Inky;  black.
      I  am not satisfied, that those black and atramen-
    tons spots, which seem to represent them, are ocular.
                                         Brown.
  ATRO'CIOUS,a-tr6'shiiS.*92 adj. [atrox,
     Lat.]  Wicked, in a high degree; enor-
     mous; horribly criminal.
      An advocate is necessary; and therefore audience
    ought not to be denied him  in defending causes, un-
    less it be an atrocious offence.  Ayliffe's Parergon.
  Atro'ciously,  a-tro'shus-le  adv.  [from
    atrocious] In  an atrocious manner; with
    great wickedness.
  Atro'ciousness,   a-tro'sho.s-n£s.   n.  s.
    [from  atrocious.]  The quality of  being
    enormously criminal.

  Atro'city, a-tros'se-te.511 «.  *. [atrocitas,
    Lat]   Horrible  wickedness;   excess  of
    wickedness.
      I never recal it to mind,  without a deep astonish-
    ment of the very horrour and atrocity of the fact in
    a Christian court.                       Wotton.
      They desired justice might be done  upon offend-
    ers, as toe atrocity of their crimes deserved.
                                      Clarendon.
  A'trophy, at'tro-fe. «. *. [xrgotpix]  Want
    of  nourishment:  a disease,  in which,
    what is taken at the mouth, cannot con-
    tribute to  the support of  the body.
                 Pining atrophy,
   Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence.    Milton.
     The mouths of the lacteals may be shut up, by a
   viscid mucus; in which  case, the chyle passeth by
   stool, and the person falleth into an atrophy.
                           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
-tfo  ATTA'CH, at-tatsh'. v. a.   [attacher,
    Fr.]
  1.  To  arrest; to  take  or apprehend,  by
    commandment  or  writ.          Cowell.
     Eftsoons the guards, which on his state did wait,
  Jlttacii'd that traitor false, and bound him strait.
                                       Sjwnser.
                   ATT

     The Tower was chosen; that, if Clifford should
  accuse great ones, they might (without suspicion
  or noise) be presently attached. Bacon's Henry VII.
              Bohemia greets you,
  Desires you to attach his son, who has
  His dignity and duty both cast off.        Shaksp.
 2.  Sometimes with  the particle  of, but not
   in present use.
     You, lord archbishop! and you, lord Mowbray!
  Of capital treason, I attach you both.      Shaksp.
 3.  To seize in a judicial manner.
     France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
  Our merchants' goods at Bourdeaux.       Shaksp.
 4.  To lay  hold on, as by power.
              I cannot blame thee;
  Who am myself attach'd with weariness,
  To to' dulling of my spirits.              Shaksp.
 5.  To win; to gain over; to enamour.
             Songs, garlands, flow'rs,
  Andv charming symphonies, attach'd the heart
  Of Adam.                Milton's Paradise Lost.
 6   To fix to one's interest.
     The great and  rich  depend on those, whom their
  power or their wealth attaches to them.     Rogers.
 Attachment,  at-tatsh'ment.  to.   *.  [at-
   tachement, Fr.]
 1.  Adherence; fidelity.
     The Jews are  remarkable,  for an attachment to
  their own country.                    Addison.
 2.  Attention; regard.
     The Romans burnt this last fleet; which is another
  mark of toeir small attachment to the sea. Arbuthnot.
 3.  An  apprehension  of a man,  to bring
   him to answer an  action; and sometimes
   it extends to  his moveables.
 4.  Foreign attachment, is  the  attachment
   of a  foreigner's goods  found  within  a
   city, to satisfy creditors within a citv.
 To  ATTA'CK, at-tak'.  v. a.  [attaquer,
   Fr.]
 1.  To assault an enemy:  opposed to  de-
  fence.
             The front, the rear
  Attack, while Yvo thunders in the centre. Philips.
     Those,  that attack,  generally get  the victory,
  though with disadvantage of ground.         Cane.
 2.  To impugn, in any manner; as with sa-
   tire, confutation,  calumny;  as,  the  de-
   claimer attacked  the  reputation of his
   adversaries.
 Atta'ck, at-tak'. n.  s. [from the verb.] An
   assault  upon an enemy.
    Hector  opposes; and continues  the  aMacfc;  in
  which Sarpedon makes the first breach in the wall.
                                   Pope's Iliad.
        If, appris'd of the severe attack,
  The country be shut up.               Thomson.
    I own,  'twas wrong; when  thousands call'd me
        back,
  To make that hopeless ill-advised  attack.    Young.
 Atta'cker, at-tak'ur.98 to. *. [from attack]
  The person that attacks.

 To ATTA'iN,   at-tane'. v.a.  [atteindre,
   Fr.  attineo, I/at.]
 I.  To gain; to procure; to obtain.
    Is he wise, who hopes to attain the end, without
  the means;  nay, by means, that are quite contrary
  t0 »*•'                               Tillotson.
    All  the nobility here could not attain the same
  avour as Wood did.                     Swift
2.  To overtake; to come up with: a sense
  now little in use.
    The  earl, hoping to  have  overtaken toe Scottish
  king, and to have given him battle, but not attaining
  him in time, set down before  the castle of Aton.
                                       Bacon.
3.   1 o come to;  to enter upon.
                  ATT

     Canaan he now attains: I see his tents
  Pitch'd above Sichem.     Milton's Paradise Lost.
 4.  To reach; to equal.
     So the first precedent, if it be good, is seldom
  attained by imitation.                    Bacon.
 To  Atta'in, at-ta'ne. v. to.
 I. To come to a certain state: with to.
     Milk will  soon separate itself into a cream, and
  a more serous liquor;  which, after twelve days, at-
  tains to toe highest degree of acidity.    Arbuthnot,
2. To arrive at.
     Such knowledge is  too wonderful  for me: it is
  high; I cannot attain unto it.     Psalm exxxix. 6.
     To have knowledge in most objects of contem-
  plation, is what the mind of one man can hardly at-
  tain unto.                              Locke.
Atta'in, at-tane'.   to. *.  [from  the verb.]
  The thing attained; attainment:  a word
  not in use.
     Crowns and diadems, the most splendid terrene
  attains, are akin  to that  which, to-day is in the
  field, and to-morrow is cut down. Glanville's Scepsis.

Attainable, at-tane'a-bl. adj.  [from at*
  tain.] That which may be attained;  pro-
  curable.
    He wilfully neglects, the obtaining unspeakable
  good; which, he is persuaded, is certain and attain-
  ""f;                                Tillotson.
    None was  proposed, that appeared certainly at-
  tainable, or of value enough.              Rogers
Atta'inableness,  at-tane'a-bl-nes. to. s.
  [from attainable.] The  quality  of beine;
  attainable.                               5
    Persons become often enamoured of outward beau-
  ty, without any particular knowledge of  its posses-
  sor, or its attainableness by them.          Cheyne
Attainder, at-tane'dur.*»8 to. *. [from To
  attaint.]

1. The act of attainting in law; conviction
  of a crime. See To Attaint.
    The ends in calling a parliament were chiefly to
  have toe attainders of all of his party reversed; and
  on  the other side, to attaint by parliament  his ene-
.m^S-.      „    ,                    Baxon.
2. 1 aint;  sully of character.
    So smooth he datb'd his vice, with show of virtue;
  He lived from all attainder of suspect.      Shaksp
Attainment,  at-tane'ment. to.  *.  [from
  attain.]

I. That which is attained; acquisition.
    We dispute with men, that count it a great at-
  tainment to be  able to talk much, and little to the
  PurP°se-   .                         Glanville.
    Our attainments  are mean,  compared with the
  perfection of toe universe.                Greto.
2. The act and power  of attaining.
    The Scripture must be sufficient, to imprint in us
  the character of all things necessary for  the attain-
  ment of eternal life.                     Hooker
    Education,  in extent more large, of time shorter'
  and of attainment more certain.           Milton
    Government is an art, above  the attainment of an
  ordinary genius.                         Soil(h
    If the same actions  be the  instruments, both of
  acquiring fame, and procuring this happiness;  they
  would nevertheless fail  in the attainment of this last
  end, if they proceeded from a desire ofthe first.
    —„_            .                   Addison,
   The great care of God for our salvation must ap-
  pear in the concern he  expressed for our  attainment
r*   \     ,      *                     tigers.
lo   Atta'in r, at-tant'.  v.  a.  [attenter,
  Fr.]

1. To disgrace; to cloud with ignominy.
            His warlike shield
  Was all of diamond, perfect, pure, and clean-
  For so exceeding shone his glistering rav
  That Phoebus' golden face it did attaint-
  As when a cloud his beams doth overlay.  Fairy Q 
ATT                                      ATT                                     ATT
2. To attaint, is particularly used for such
   as are found  guilty of some crime or of-
   fence; and especially, of felony or trea-
   son.    A man is  attainted two ways;  by
   appearance, or by process.  Attainder by
   appearance  is, by confession, battle, or
   verdict. Confession is double: one at the
   bar,  before  the judges;  when the pri-
   soner,  upon  his indictment read, being
   asked guilty or not guilty, answers Guil-
   ty; never putting himself, upon the ver-
   dict of the jury: the other  is  before the
   coroner, or  sanctuary;  where he, upon
   his  confession,  was  (in former times)
   constrained  to abjure the  realm; which
   kind  is  called attainder by abjuration.
   Attainder  by battle is, when the party
   appealed; and, choosing to try the truth
   by combat  rather than by jury, is  van-
   quished.  Attainder by  verdict is, when
   the  prisoner at the bar,  answering to the
   indictment Not guilty, hath an inquest of
   life  and death passing upon him, and is
   by the verdict pronounced  guilty.  At-
   tainder by process is, where a  party flies;
   and  is  not found, till five  times called
   publickiy in the county, and at last out-
   lawed upon  his default.          Cowell.
     Were it not an endless trouble, that no traitor or
   felon  should be attainted, but a parliament must be
   called.                               Spenser.
     I must Offend, before I be attainted.   Shakspeare.
 3. To taint; to corrupt.
     My tender youth was never yet attaint
   With any passion of inflaming  love.       Shaksp.
 Atta'int, at-tant'. to. *.  [from the verb.]
 1. Any thing injurious;  as illness, weari-
   ness. This sense is uow obsolete.
     Nor doth he dedicate one jot of colour
   Unto the weary  and all-watched night;
   But freshly looks, and overbears attaint
   With cheerful semblance.       Shaksp. Henry V.
 2. Stain; spot; taint.
     No  man hath a virtue that he has  not a glimpse
   of; nor any man an attaint, but he  carries some
   stain of it.                            Shaksp.
 3. [In  horsemanship.]  A blow or wound
   on the hinder feet of an horse.  Ear. Diet.

 Atta'inture, at-tane'tshure.*ei n. s. [from
   attaint.] Legal censure; reproach; impu-
   tation.
     Hume's knavery will be  the  duchess's wreck,
   And her attatnfwre will be Humphry's  fall. Shaksp.
 To  Atta'minate, at-tam-e-nate, v. a. [at-
   tamino, Lat.]. To corrupt;  to spoil
 To   Atte'mper,  at-tem'p&r. v. a. [attem-
   per,, Lat.]
 1. To  mingle; lo weaken, by the mixture
   of something else; to dilute.
     Nobility attempers sovereignty; and draws the eyes
   ofthe people somewhat aside,  from toe line royal.
                                       Bacon.
             Attemper'd suns  arise,
   Sweet-beam'd, and shedding oft thro' lucid clouds
   A  pleasing calm.                      Thomson.
2. To soften; to mollify.
     His  early providence could likewise have attem-
  pered  his nature therein.                Bacon.
     Those smiling eyes, attemp'ring ev'ry ray,
   Shone sweetly lambent with celestial day.   Pope.
3. To mix, in jusi proportions; to regulate.
     She to her guests doth bounteous banquet dight,
  Attemper'd, goodlv, well for health and for delight.
                                       Spenser.
4. To fit to something else.
    Phemius! let arts of gods and heroes old,
  Atti mper'd to the lyre, your voice employ.    Pope.
To Atte'mperate, at-tetn'pe-rate.fl6S v. a.
   [attempero, Lat.] To proportion to some-
   thing.
    Hope  must be proportioned and attemperate to
  the promise: if it exceed that temper and proportion,
  it becomes a tumour and tympany of hope.
                     Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
To Atte'mpt, at-temt'.41*  v.a.  [attenter,
   Fr.]
I. To attack;  to invade; to venture upon.
             He flatt'ring his displeasure,
  Tript me behind; got praises of toe king,
  For him attempting, who was self-subda'd. Shaksp.
        Who, in all things wise and just,
  Hinder'd not Satan to  attempt the mind
  Of man, with strength entire and free-will arm'd.
                                      Milton.
2. To try; to endeavour.
    I have nevertheless attempted to send unto you,
  for the renewing of brotherhood and friendship.
                                1 Mac. xii. 17.
To Atte'mpt,  at-temt'.412 v. to.  To make
   an attack.
    I have  been so hardy, to attempt upon a name,
  which, among some, is yet very sacred.  Glanville.
    Horace his monster, with woman's head  above,
  and fishy  extreme below, answers the shape of the
  ancient syrens, that attempted upon Ulysses. Brown.
ATTE'MPT,at-temt'.4ia to a.[fromthe verb.]
1.  An attack.
    If we be always prepared  to receive an enemy;
  we shall long live, in peace and quietness, without
  any attempts upon us.                     Bacon.
2.  An essay; an endeavour.
    Alack! I am afraid, they have awak'd,
  And 'tis not done; th' attempt, and not the deed,
  Confounds us.             Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    He would have cry'd; but, hoping that he dreamt,
  Amazement tied his tongue, and stopp'd to' attempt.
                                      Dryden.
    I subjoin the following attempt, towards a  natural
  history of fossils.            Woodward on  Fossils.
 Atte'mptable, at-temt'ta-bl. adj.  [from
   attempt] Liable to attempts or attacks.
    The gentleman, vouching his to be more fair, vir-
  tuous, wise, and less attemptable, than  the rarest of
  our ladies.                         Shakspeare.
Atte'mpter,  at-temt'ur.  «.  *.  [from at-
   tempt.]
 1.  The  person   that attempts; an invader.
    The Son of God, with godlike force endu'd,
  Against to' attempter of thy Father's throne.  Milton.
2.  An endeavourer.
    You are no factors, for glory or treasure; but dis-
  interested attempters, for the universal good.  Glanv.

To ATTE'ND, at-tend'. v. a.  [attendre,
   Fr. attendo, Lat.]
 !.  To regard; to fix the mind upon.
    The diligent  pilot, in a dangerous tempest, doth
  not attend the unskilful words of a passenger.  Sidney.
    The crow doth sing as sweetly, as the stork,
  When neither is attended.            Shakspeare.
2.  To wait on; to accompany,  as an infe-
  •riour, or a servant.
    His companion, youthful Valentine,
  Attends toe emperour in his royal court.     Shaksp.
3. To accompany,  as an enemy.
    He was at present strong  enough, to have stopped
  or attended Waller in  his western expedition.
                                    Clarendon.
4. To be present with upon a summon*.
5.  To accompany;  to be appendant to.
      England is so idly king'd,
  Her sceptre so fantastically borne;
  That fear attends her not.                Shaksp.
    My pray'rs and wishes always shall attend     '
  The friends of Rome.             Addison's Cato.
    A  vehement, burning, fixed, pungent pain in the
  stomach, attended with a fever.    Arbuth. on Ditt.
6. To expect.   This sense is French.
    So dreadful a tempest, as all the people attended
  therein  the very end ofthe world, and judgment day.
                              Raleigh's History.
7. To wait on, as on a charge.
    The fifth had charge, sick persons to attend;
  And comfort those, in point of death which lay.
                                      Spenser.
8. To be consequent to.
    The  Duke made  that unfortunate descent upon
  Rhee, which was afterwards attended with many un-
  prosperous attempts.                Clarendon.
9. To remain to;  to await;  to be in store
  for.
    To him, who hath a prospect of the state, that at-
  tends all men after this, the measures of good and
  evil are changed.                      Locke.
10  To  wait for insidiously.
    Thy interpreter,  full of despight, bloody as the
  hunter, attends thee at the orchard end.    Shaksp.
11  To be bent upon any object.
    Their hunger thus appeas'd, their care attends
  The doubtful fortune of their absent friends.  Dryd.
12.  To  stay for.
    I died, whilst in the womb he staid,
  Attending nature's law.       Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    I hasten to our own; nor will relate
  Great Mitoridates' and rich Croesus' fate;
  Whom Solon wisely counsell'd, to attend
  The name of happy, till he knew his end.  Creech.
    Three days, I promis'd, to attend my doom;
  And two long days and nights are yet to come. Dryd.
To Atte'nd, at-iend'. v. n.
I. To yield attention
    But,  thy relation now! for I attend,
  Pleas'd with thy words.                MUton.
    Since man cannot,  at toe  same time, attend to
  two objects; if you  employ your spirit upon a book
  or a bodily labour, you have no room left for sensual
  temptation.                          Taylor.
2. To stay; to delay.
     This first true cause, and last good end,
  She cannot here so well and truly see;
  For this perfection she must yet attend,
  Till to  her Maker she espoused be.       Davits.
    Plant anemonies  after the first rains, if you will
  have flowers very forward:  but it is surer, to attend
  till October.                         Evelyn.
3. To wait; to be within reach or call.
    The charge thereof, unto a covetous sprite,
  Commaunded was; who thereby did attend
  And warily awaited.               Vairy Qfietn.
4. To wait, as compelled by authority.
    If any minister refused to admit a lecturer, recom-
  mended by him, he was required, to attend upon
  the committee; and not discharged, till the houses
  met again.                         Clarendon.
Attendance, at-ten'danse.  «.  *. [atten-
   dance, Fr.]
 I. The  act  of  waiting on  another; or of
   serving.
             I dance attendance here:
  I think the duke will not be spoke withal.  Shaksp-
     For  he,  of whom -these things  are spoken, pei-
  taineto to another tribe; of which no man gave at-
tendance at the altar.
Heb. rii. 13.
    The other, after many years attendance upon the
  duke, was now one of the bedchamber to toe ponce,
      '                              Clarendon.

2. Service.                             •
    Why might not you, my lord, receive otlendana
  From those, that she calls servants?       **«¥■
3. The persons waiting;  a tram.       ^
    Attendance none shall need, nor  train; where

        none              . . ^  • j ii
  Are to behold the judgment, but the: judgd   •
  Those two.                  Milton's Par.™ 
ATT
ATT
ATT
 I. Attention; regard.
     Give attendance, to reading, to exhortation, to
   doctrine.                        1 Tim. iv. 13.
 5. Expectation; a sense now out of use.
     That which causeth bitterness  in death, is the
   languishing attendance and expectation thereof, ere
   it come.                              Hooker.
 Attendant, at-teii'dant. adj. [attendant,
    Fr.]  Accompanying,  as subordinate or
    consequential.
             Other suns perhaps
   With their attendant moons,  thou wilt descry,
   Communicating male and female light.    Milton.

 Atte'ndant, at-ten'dant. to. *.
 1. One that attends.
     I will be returned forthwith: dismiss your atten-
   dant there; look it be done!       Shaksp. Othello.
 2. One that  belongs to the  train.
     When some gracious monarch dies;
   Soft whispers first and mournful murmurs rise,
   Among the sad attendants.              Dryden.
 3. One that  waits the pleasure of  another,
    as a suitor or agent.
     I endeavour that my reader may not wait long
   for my meaning: to give an attendant quick dispatch,
   is a civility.                   JBurnet's Theory.
 4. One that  is present at any thing.
     He was a constant attendant, at all  meetings re-
   lating to charity, without contributing.       Swift.
 5. [In law.]  One that oweth a duty or ser-
    vice to another; or,  after a sort, depend-
    eth upon another.               Cowell.
 6. That which  is united  with  another, as
    a  concomitant or consequent.
     Govern well thy appetite; lest sin
   Surprise thee, and her black attendant, death.  Milt.
     They secure themselves, first from doing nothing,
   and then from doing ill; the  one being so close an
   attendant on the other, that it is scarce possible to
   sever them.                      Decay of Piety.
     He had an unlimited sense  of fame, the attendant
   of noble spirits, which prompted him to  engage in
   travels.                                 Pope.
     It is hard, to take into  view all the attendants or
   consequents, that will be concerned in a question.
                                         Watts.
 Atte'nder,  at-ten'dur 9S to. *.  [from  at-
   tend.]  Companion;  associate.
         The  gypsies were there,
      Like lords to appear;
      With such their attenders,
      As you thought offenders.       Ben Jonson.

 Atte'nt, at-tent'. adj. [attentus, Lat.] In-
   tent;  attentive; heedful; regardful.
    Now mine eyes shall be open; and mine ears at-
  tent unto the prayer, that is made in this  place.
                               2 Chron. vii. 15.
    What can then be less in me, than desire
  To see thee, and approach thee, whom  I know
  Declar'd the Son of God; to hear attent
  Thy wisdom, and behold thy godlike deeds? Milton.
    Read  your chapter, in your prayers: little inter-
  ruptions will make your prayers less tedious, and
  yourself more attent upon them.          Taylor.
    Being denied communication by  their  ear, their
  eyes are more vigilant, attent, and heedful. Holder.
    To want of judging abilities, we may  add their
  want of leisure, to apply their minds to such a seri-
  ous and attent consideration.              South.
 Attentates, at-ten'tates. to. *. [attentata,
   Lat.] Proceedings in a court of judica-
   ture,  pending suit, and after an inhibition
   is  decreed and gone out: those things,
   which are  done after  an extrajudicial
  appeal, mav likewise  be stiled  atten-
  tates.                              Ayliffe.

Atte'ntion,  at-ten'shun. to. *. [attention,
  Vr/\  The act of  attending  ov heeding;

      VOL.  \.
   the act  of bending the  mind upon any
   thing.
     1 hey say, the tongues of dying men
   Inforce attention like deep harmony.   Shakspeare.
     He perceived nothing, but silence, and signs of
   attention to what he would further say.     Bacon.
     But him the gentle angel by the hand
   Soon rais'd, and his attention thus recall'd. Milton.
     By attention, the ideas that offer  themselves, are
   taken notice of, and  (as it were) registered  in the
   memory.                              Locke
     Attention is a very necessary thing; truth doth not
   always strike toe soul at first sight.          Watts-

 Atte'ntive,  at-ten'tiv.188  adj.  [from at-
   tent.] Heedful; regardful;  full of atten-
   tion.
     Being moved with these, and the like your effec-
   tual discourses, whereunto we gave most attentive
   ear, till toey entered even unto our  souls.  Hooker.
     I'm never merry, when I hear sweet musick:
   —The reason is, your spirits are attentive. Shaksp.
     I saw most of them attentive to three Sirens, disr
   tinguished by the  names of Sloth, Ignorance, and
   Pleasure.                              Tatler.
     A critick is a man, who, on all occasions, is more
   attentive to what is wanting, than what is present.
                                      Addison.
     Musick's force can tame the furious beast;
   Can make the wolf or foaming boar restrain
   His rage; the lion, drop his crested  main,
   Attentive to the song.                    Prior.
 Atte'ntively,  at-ten'tiv-le.  adv.  [from
   attentive.] Heedfully; carefully.
     If a man look sharply and attentively, he shall see
   Fortune; for though she be blind, she is not invisible.
                                       Bacon.
     The cause of cold is a  quick spirit in a cold body;
   as will appeal- to any, that shall attentively consider
   nature.                               Bacon.
 Atte'ntiveness,   at-ten'tiv-nes.   to.  *.
   [from attentive.] The state of being at-
   tentive;  heedfulness; attention.
    At toe relation ofthe queen's death, bravely con-
  fessed and  lamented by the king, how attentiveness
  wounded his daughter. Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
Atte'nuant, at-ten'u-ant. adj. [attenuans,
   Lat.]  What  has the power of making
   thin, or  diluting.
 To ATTE'NUATE, at-ten'u-ate.91 v. a.
   [attenuo, Lat] To make thin, or slen-
   der: opposed to condense, or incrassate,
   or thicken.
    The finer part, belonging to the juice of grapes,
  being attenuated and subtilized, was  changed into an
  ardent spirit.                           Boyle.
    Vinegar  curd, put upon an egg, not only dissolves
  the shell; but also attenuates the white contained in
  it,  into a limpid water.       Wiseman's Surgery.
    It is of the nature of acids, to dissolve or attenu-
  ate; and of alkalies, to precipitate or incrassate.
                              Neicton's Opticks.
    The  ingredients are digested and attenuated by
  heat; they  are stirred and  constantly agitated by
  winds.                             Arbuthnot.
Atte'nuate, at-ten'u-ate.91 adj. [from the
   verb.] Made thin or slender.
    Vivification ever consisteth in spirits attenuate,
  which the cold doth congeal and coagulate. Bacon.

Attenua'tion, at-ten-u-a'shun. to.*.[from
   attenuate] The act of making any thing
   thin or slender; lessening.
    Chiming with a hammer upon the outside  of a
  bell, the sound will be according to the inward con-
  cave of the bell; whereas the elision, or attenuation
  of the air, can be only between the hammer and the
  outside of the bell.                     Bacon.
A'tter, at'tAr.98 to. *. [atep, Sax. venom.]
   Corrupt matter. A  word, much used in
   Lincolnshire.                    Skinner.

                    R
 To Atte'st, at-test'.98 v.a.[attestor,Ldy}
 I.  To bear witness of;  to witness.
     Many particular facts are recorded in holy writ.
  attested by particular pagan authors.       Addison.
 2.  To call to  witness;  to invoke  as con-
    scious.
     The sacred streams, which heav'n's imperial state
  Attests in oaths, and fears to violate.       Dryden.
 Atte'st, at-test'.  to. «.  [from,the verb.]
    Witness;  testimony;  attestation.
     The attest of eyes and ears.        Shakspeare.
             With the voice divine
  Nigh thunderstruck, th' exalted man, to whom
  Such high attest was giv'n, a while survey'd
  With wonder.               Paradise Regained.
 Attesta'tion, at-te's-ta'shfin.  to. *. [from
   attest.]  Testimony; witness; evidence.
     There remains a second kind of peremptoriness;
  of those, who can make no relation, without an at-
  testation of its certainty. Government of the Tongue.
     The next coal-pit, mine, quarry, or chalk-pit, will
  give attestation, to what I write: these are so obvious.
  that I need not seek for a compurgator. Woodward
     We may derive a probability, from the attestation
  of wise and honest men, by word or writing; or the
  concurring witness of multitudes, who have seen and
  known, what  they relate.                  Watts.
 To Atti'nge, at-tinje'. v. a. [attingo, Lat.]
  To touch lightly or gently.         Diet.
 To ATTI'RE, at-tire. v. a. [attirer, Fr.]
  To dress; to habit; to array.
    Let it likewise your gentle breast inspire,
  With sweet infusion; and put you in mind
  Of that proud maid, whom now those leaves attire,
  Proud Daphne.                        Spenser.
    My Nan shall be the queen of all the fairies;
  Finely attired in a robe of white.     Shakspeare.
    With thelinen mitre shall he be attired.  Lev. xvi.
    Now the sappy boughs
  Attire themselves with blooms.           Philips
Atti're, at-tire'. to. *. [from the verb.]
 1. Clothes; dress; habit.
    It is no more disgrace to Scripture, to have  left
  things free, to be ordered by the church; than for
  Nature, to have left it to the wit of man, to devise
  his own attire.                          Hooker.
    After that, the Roman attire grew to be in account,
  and the gown to be in use among them.    Davies.
    Thy sumptuous buildings, and thy wife's attire,
  Hath cost a mass of publick treasure.  Shakspeare.
    And, in this coarse attire, which I now wear,
  With God and with toe Muses I confer.    Donne
    When lavish nature, with her best attire,
  Clothes the gay spring, the season of desire. Waller.
    I pass their form, and ev'ry charming grace;
  But their attire, like liveries of a kind,
  All rich and rare, is fresh within my mind. Dryden.
2. [In hunting] The horns of a  buck or
  stag.
3. [In botany.]  The flower of a plant is di-
  vided into three parts; the empalement,
  the foliation, and the attire,  which is ei-
  ther  florid or semiform.   Florid attire,
  called thrums or suits, as in  the flowers
  of marigold and tansey, consists  some-
  times of two, but commonly of  three
  parts: the  outer part is the  floret; the
  body of which is divided at the top,.like
  the cowslip   flower,  into  five distinct
  parts.   Semiform attire consists of two
  parts, the  chives and apices;  one upon
  each attire.                          Diet.
Atti'rer, at-ti'rir. to. *. [from attire.] One
  that attires another; a dresser.     Diet.
A'ttitude,  at'te-tude.   to.  *.   [attitude,
  Fr. from atto, Ital.]  The posture or ac-
  tion in which a statue  or painted figure
  is placed. 
A T T
A  T  T
A T  T
    Bernini would have taken his opinion, upon the
  beauty and attitude of a figure.  Prior's Dedication.
    They were famous originals, that gave rise  to
  statues, with the same air, posture, and attitudes.
                                      Addison.
Atto'llent,  at-tol'lent.  adj. [attollens,
  Lat.] That which raises or lifts up.
    I shall farther take notice, of the exquisite libra-
  tion of the attollent and depriment muscles.
                      Derham's Physico- Theology.
Atto'rney, at-tilr'ue.lGe to. *.  [attornatus,
   lovv  Lat. from tour, Fr.  Celui qui vient
   a tour d'autrui; qui alterius vices subit.]
 I. Such a person, as (by consent, command-
   ment, or request) takes heed, sees, and
   lakes upon him the charge of other men's
   business, in their  absence.   Attorney is
   either  general  or  special.  Attorney ge-
   neral is he, that by  general authority is
   appointed to  all  our affairs or suits;  as
   the  attorney  general of the king, which
   is nearly  the same with Procurator Cce-
   turis  in the Roman empire. Attorneys
   general are  made,  either by the king's
   letters  patent, or by our appointment
   before justices in Eyre, in open court.
   Attorney special or particularis he, that
   is employed in one  or more causes, par-
   ticularly  specified.   There are  also, in
   respect  of the  divers courts, attorneys
   at  large, and attorneys special, belong-
   ing to this or that court only.   Cowell.
     Attorneys, in common law, are nearly the same
   with proctors in the civil law, and solicitors in courts
   of equity.  Attorneys sue out writs or process; or
   commence, carry on, and defend actions, or other
   proceedings, in  toe names of other persons, in  the
   courts of common law.   None are admitted to act,
   without  having server! a clerkship for five years,
   taking the proper oath, being enrolled, and examined
   by the judges.  The attorney general pleads within
   toe bar. To him come warrants for making out pa-
   tents, pardons, &c. and he is the principal manager
   of all law affairs of the crown.         Chambers.
                I am a subject,
   And challenge law: attorneys are deny'd me;
   And therefore personally I lay my claim,
   To mine inheritance.                Shakspeare.
     The king's attorney, on the contrary,
   Urg'd on examinations, proofs, confessions. Shaksp.
     Despairing quacks with curses fled the place;
   And vile attorneys, now an useless race.     Pope.
 2. It was anciently  used for those who did
    any business for another; now, only in law.
     I will attend my husband; it is my office;
   And will have no attorney, but myself;
   And therefore let me have him home.  Shakspeare.
  To Atto'rney,at-tdr'ne.l6s v. a. [from the
    noun; the verb is now not in use.]
  1. To perform  by proxy.
     Their encounters, though not personal, have been
   royally attornied with interchange of gifts. Shaksp.
 2. To employ as a proxy.
              As I was then,
   Advertising and holy to your business,
   Nor changing heart with habit, I am still
   Attorn led to your service.             Shakspeare.

 Attorneyship, at-tfir'ne-ship. to. *. [from
    attorney.]  The  office of an  attorney;
    proxy; vicarious agency.
     But marriage is  a matter of more worth,
   Than to be dealt in by attorneyship.    Shakspeare.
 Atto'urnment, at-turn'rnent.  to. *. [at-
    tournement,  Fr.] A yielding of the  te-
    nant toanewlord, oracknowledgmentof
    him to  be his lord: for, otherwise,  he
  thai buyetii or obiaineth any lands or te-
  nements of  another,  which  are in the
  occupation of a third, cannot get posses-
  sion.                              Cowell.
To  ATTUA'CT, at-trakt'. v. a. [attraho,
  attractum, Lat.]
I. To draw to  something.
    A  man should scarce persuade the affections of
  the loadstone, or that jet and amber attracteth straws
  and light bodies.        Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
    The single atoms, each to other tend;
  Attract, attracted to, the next in place,
  Form'd and impell'd its neighbour to embrace. Pope.
2. To allure; to invite.
                   Adorn'd
  She was indeed, and lovely, to attract
  Thy love; not thy subjection.             Milton.
    Show the care of approving all actions so, as may
  most effectually attract all to this profession.
                                    Hammond.
    Deign to be lov'd, and ev'ry heart subdue!
  What nymph could e'er attract such crowds,  as you?
                                         Pope.
Attra'ct,  at-trakt'. «. *.  [from  To  at-
   tracf/]  Attraction; the  power of  draw-
   ing: not in use.
    Feel darts and charms, attracts and flames,
  And woo and contract in their names.   Hudibras.
Attra'ctical,  at-trak'te-kal.  adj.  [from
   attract.] Having the power to draw to it.
    Some stones are endued with an electrical or at-
  tractical virtue.              Ray on the Creation.
Attra'ction, a.t-trak'shun. n. s. [from at-
   tract.]
 \. The power of drawing any thing.
    The drawing of amber and jet, and other electrick
  bodies; and the attraction in  gold, of the  spirit of
  quicksilver at distance; and the attraction of heat, at
  distance; and that of fire, to naphtha; and that of
  some herbs to water, though at distance; and divers
  others, we shall handle.                  Bacon.
     Loadstones  and  touched  needles, laid long  in
  quicksilver, have notamitted their attraction. Brown.
    Attraction may be performed by impulse, or some
  other means; I use that word, to signify any force,
  by which bodies tend towards one another. Newton.
 2. The power of alluring or  enticing.
     Setting the attraction of my good parts  aside, I
  have no other charms.               Shakspeare.

 Attractive, at-trak'tlv.1"8 adj. [from at-
   tract.]
 1. Having the power to draw any thing.
             What, if toe sun
   Be centre to the world; and other  stars,
   By his attractive virtue and their own
   Incited, dance about him various rounds?   Milton.
     Some, the round earth's cohesion to secure,
   For that hard task employ magnetick power:
   Remark, say they, the globe; with wonder own
   Its nature, like the fam'd attractive stone. Blackmore.
     Bodies act by the attractions of gravity, magnet-
   ism, and electricity; and these instances make it not
   improbable, but there may be more attractive powers
   than these.                            JVeicton.
 2  Inviting; alluring; enticing.
     Happy is Hermia, wheresoe'er  she lies;
   For she hath blessed and attractive eyes.   Shaksp.
     I pleas'd, and with attractive graces won,
   The most averse, thee chiefly.            Milton.
 Attractive, at-trak'tiv. n. s. [from at-
   tract.] That which draws or incites; al-
   lurement:  except that attractive is of a
   good  or indifferent  sense, and  allure-
   ment generally bad.
     The condition of a sen ant  staves him off to a dis-
   tance; but the gospel speaks nothing, but attractives
   and invitation.                           S(mth

 Attra'ctivelv, at-trak'tiv-le. adv. [from
  attractive.] With the power of attract-
  ing or drawing.
Atira'otiveness,  at-trak'tiv-nes.  n. *.
  [from attractive.] The quality of being
  attractive.
Attra'ctor, at-trak'tdr.98 n. s. [from at-
  tract.] The agent that attracts; a drawer.
    If the straws be in oil, amber draweth them not-
  oil makes the straws to adhere so, that they cannot
  rise unto the attractor.    Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A'ttraheni, at'tra-hent. to. *. [uttrahens
  Lat.] That which draws.
    Our eyes will inform us of the motion ofthe steel
  to its attrahent.               Glanville's bcepsis.
Attrecta'tion, at-trek-ta'shun. n. s. [at-
   irectatio, hat.] Frequent handling. Vict.
Attri'butable, at-trib'u-ta-bl. adj.  [at-
   tribuo, Lat.]  That which may be ascrib-
   ed or attributed;  ascribable; imputable.
    Much of toe origination of the Americans seem*
  to be attributable to the migrations of the Seres Hale
To ATTRl'BUTE,  at-trib'ute. v. a. [at-
   tribuo, Lat.]
1. To ascribe;  to give;  to yield as due.
    To their very bare judgment, somewhat a reasona-
  ble man would attribute; notwithstanding the  com-
  mon imbecilities, which are incident unto our nature.
                                      Hocktr
    We  atfriowte nothing  to God, that hath any re-
  pugnancy or contradiction in it. Power and wisdom
  have no repugnancy in them.           Tillotson.
2. To inipute, as to a cause.
     I have observed a campania determine, contrary to
  appearances, by the caution and conduct of a gene-
  ral, which were attributed to his infirmities. Temple-
    The imperfection of telescopes is attribukd to
  spherical glasses;  and mathematicians  have pro-
  pounded, to figure  them  by the conical sections".
                               JVewton's Opticks.
A'ttribute, at'tre-butc.4*3* to. *. [from Tj
   attribute.]
 1. The  thing attributed to another; as per-
   fection to the  Supreme Being.
     Power, light, virtue, wisdom, and goodness, being
  all but attributes, of one simple essence, and of one
  God; we in all admire, and in part discern. Raleigh.
     \ our vain poets after  did mistake,
  Who ev 'ry attribute a god did make.     Dryden.
     All the perfections of God are called his attiibiiles;
  for he  cannot be without them.    Watts's Logick.
 2.  Quality; characteristic disposition.
     They must have these three attributes;  they must
  be men of courage, fearing God, and hating covet-
  ousness.                              Bacon.
 3.  A thing belonging to another; an appen-
    dant; an adherent.
     His sceptre shows toe force of temporal pow'r,
   The attribute to awe and majesty:
   But mercy is above this scepter'd sway;
   It is an atti-tbute to God himself.      Shakspeare.
     The sculptor, to distinguish him, gave him what
   the medallists call his proper attributes, a spear and
   a shield.                            Addison.
 4.  Reputation; honour.
                    It takes
   From  our achievements, too' perform'd at height,
   The pith and marrow of our attribute. Shakspeare-
 Attribu'tion.  at-tre-b&'shOn. n.s. [from
    To attribute.] Commendation;  qualities
    ascribed.
               If speaking truth,
   In this fine age, were not thought flattery;
   Such attribution should  the Douglass have,
   As not a soldier of this  season's stamp
   Should go so general current through the world.
                                    Shakspeare.
      We suffer him, to persuade us we are as gods; and
   never suspect, these glorious attributions  may be no
   more than flattery.              Decay of Piety* 
AVA
AV A
AUD
Attri'te, at-trite'. adj.  [attritus,  Lat.]
   Ground; worn  by rubbing.
    Or, by collision of two bodies, grind
  The air attrite to fire.                   Milton.
Attri'teness, at-trite'nes. to. *. [from at-
   trite.] The  being much worn.
Attri'tion, at-trish'un.607 to. *. [attritio,
   Lat.]
1. The act of wearing  things,  by rubbing
   one against another.
    This  vapour, ascending incessantly out  of the
  abyss, and pervading  the strata of gravel  and toe
  rest, decays the bones and vegetables  lodged in those
  strata; this fluid, by its continual attrition, fretting
  the said bodies.                    Woodward.
    The change of the aliment is effected, by attrition
  of the inward stomach, and dissolvent liquor, assist-
  ed with heat.                      Arbuthnot.
2. The state of being  worn.
3. [With  divines.]  Grief for  sin, arising
   only from the  fear  of  punishment; the
   lowest  degree  of repentance.
To Atiu'ne, at-tune'. v. a. [from tune.]
1. To make any thing musical.
            Ah-s, vernal airs,
  Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune
  The trembling leaves.                  Milton.
2. To tune one  thing to another;  as, he
   attunes his voice to his harp.
Attu'rney, at-t&r'ne.186 to. *.    [See At-
   torney.]
Atwe'en, a-tween'. adv.  or prep.   [See
   Between.]  Betwixt;  between; in the
   midst of two things: obsolete.
    Her loose long yellow locks (like golden wire,
  Sprinkled with pearl, and pearling flowers atween)
  Do, like a golden mantle, her attire.      Spenser.
Atwi'xt, a-twlkst'. prep.  [See  Betwixt.]
   In the middle of  two things:  obsolete.
    But with outrageous strokes, did him restrain,
  And with his  body barr'd the  way atwixt them
        twain.                    Fairy Queen.
 To AVA'IL,  a- vale', v.  a. [from valoir,
   Fr. to  avail;   being nearly  the same
   thing, with faire  valoir.]
1. To profit; to turn to profit;  with  of, be-
   fore the thing used.
    Then shall they seek t' avail themselves o/names,
  Places, and titles; and with these to join
  Secular pow'r.                         Milton.
    Both of them avail  themselves of  those  licenses,
  which Apollo has equally  bestowed on them. Dryd.
2. To promote, to prosper; to  assist.
    Mean time he voyag'd, to explore  the will
  Of Jove, on high Dodona's holy hill,
  What means might  best his safe return avail. Pope.
To Av.y'il, a-vale'. v. to.  To be of use;  to
   be of advantage.
    Nor can my strength avail; unless, by thee
  Endu'd with force, I gain  the victory      Dryden.
    When real  merit is wanting, it avails nothing, to
  have been encouraged by  the great.         Pope.
Ava'il,  a-vale'.  to. *. [from   To  avail]
   Profit; advantage; benefit.
    For all  that else did come, were sure to fail;
  Yet would he further none, but for avail.   Spenser.
                I charge thee,
  As heav'n shall work in me for thine avail,
  To tell me truly.                      Shaksp.
    Truth, light upon this way, is of no more avail to
  us than errour.                         Locke.
Available, a-va'la-bl. adj. [from  avail.]
I. Profitable;  advantageous.
    Mighty  is the efficacy of  such intercessions, to
  avert judgments; how much  more  available then
  may they be, to secure toe continuance of blessings?
                                    Atterbury.
    All things subject to  action, the will does so far
  incline unto; as reason judges them, more available
  to our bliss.                          Hooker.
2. Powerful; in force; valid.
    Laws human are available by consent.  Hooker.
    Drake put one of his men to death, having no au-
  thority nor commission available.         Raleigh.
Ava'ilableness, a-va'la-bi-n£s. to. *. [from
   available.]
1. Power of promoting the end for which
   it is used.
    We differ, from that  suppositipn of the efficacy,
  or availableness, or suitableness, of these to the end.
                                       Hale.
2. Legal force;  validity.
Availably, a-va'la-ble. adv. [from avail-
   able.]
1. Powerfully; profitably; advantageously.
2. Legally;  validly.
Ava'ilment,   a-vale'ment. to.  *.  [from
   avail.]  Usefulness;  advantage; profit.
To  Ava'le, a-vale'. v. a. [avaler, to let
   sink, Fr.]  To  let  fall; to  depress; to
   make abject; to sink: a word out of use.
    By that to' exalted Phoebus 'gan avale
   His weary wain; and now the frosty night
   Her mantle black thro' heav'n 'gan overhale.
                                     Spenser.
    He did abase and avale the sovereignty, into more
   servitude towards that see, than had been among
   us.                                  Wotton.
To Ava'le, a-vale'.  v. to. To sink.
    But, when his latter ebb 'gins to avale,
   Huge heaps of mud he  leaves.          Spenser.
Ava'nt, a-vant.   The front of  an army.
   See  Van.
Ava'nt-guard, a-vant'gard.  to. *. [avant-
   garde, Fr.]   The van; the first  body of
   an army.
    The horsemen might issue forth, without distur-
   bance of the  foot; and the avant-guard without
   shuffling with the battail or arriere.     Hayward.
A'VARICE, av'a-ris.142 to. *. [avarice, Fr.
   avaritia,  Lat.]   Covetousness;  insatia-
   ble desire.
                 There grows,
   In my most ill-composed affection, such
   A stanchless avarice, that, were I king,
   I should cut off the nobles for toeir lands.   Shaksp.
    This avarice of praise in times to come;
   Those long inscriptions, crowded on the tomb.
                                      Dryden.
    Nor love his peace of mind destroys,
   Nor wicked avarice of wealth.           Dryden.
    Avarice is insatiable; and so he went, still push-
   ing on for more.                    L'Estrange.
    Be niggards of advice, on no pretence;
   For the worst avarice is that of sense.       Pope.
Avari'cious,  av-a-rish'fis.292 adj.  [avari-
   cieux, Fr.] Covetous; insatiably desirous.
    Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful.   Shaksp.
    This speech has been condemned as avaricious;
   and Eustathius judges it to be spoken artfully.
                         Broome on the Odyssey.
Avariciously, av-a-rish'us-le. adv. [from
   avaricious.]   Covetously.

Avari'ciousness,  av-a-nsh'us-nes. n.  s.
   [from avaricious.] The quality of  being
   avaricious.
Ava'st, a-vast/. adv. [from basta, Ital.  It
   is  enough.]  Enough; cease.   A word,
   used among seamen.

Ava'unt, a-vant' 21B interject, [avant,  Fr.]
   A word   of abhorrence, by which  any
   one is driven away.
    0, he is bold,  and blushes not at death!
                    r2     -
  Avaunt, thou hateful villain, get thee gone!
                                   Shakspeare<
                After this process,
  To give her the avaimt! it is a pity,
  Would move a monster.      Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    Mistress! dismiss that rabble from your throne!
  Avaunt! is Aristarchus yet unknown?     Dunciad-
A'uburne,  aw'bdrn.  adj. [from aubour,
  bark,  Fr.] Brown; of a tan colour.
    Her hair is awowne; mine is perfect yellow.
                                   Shakspeare.
    His auburne locks on either shoulder flow'd;
  Which to the fun'ral of his friend, he vow'd.
                                     Dryden.
    Lo, how the arable with barley grain
  Stands thick o'ershadow'd: these, as modern use
  Ordains, infus'd, an auburne drink compose;
  Wholesome, of deathless fame.           Philips.
A'UCTION,awk'shun.TO. s.[auctio,Lat.]
I. A manner of sale, in  which one person
  bids after another; till  so much is bid,
  as the seller is content to take.
2. The things sold by auction.
    Ask you, why Purine the whole auction buys,
  Phrine foresees a general excise.            Pope.
To A'uction,  awk'stmn. v. a. [from  auc-
  tion.]   To sell by auction.
A'uctionary, awk'shun-a-re. adj. [from
  auction.]   Belonging to an auction.
    And much more honest, to be hir'd, and stand
  With auetionary hammer in thy hand;
  Provoking, to give more, and knocking thrice,
  For the old household stuff, or picture's price.
                             Dryden's Juvenal.
Auctioneer, awk-shiin-eer.275 to. *. [from
  auction.]   The person that manages an
  auction.
A'uctive, awk'tiv.168  adj. [from auctus,
  Lat.]  Of an increasing  quality.    Diet.
Aucufa'tion,  aw-ku-pa-shlin. to. s.  [au-
  cupatio, Lat.]  Fowling; bird catching.
AUDA'CIOUS,  aw-da'shus.a9a adj.  [au-
  dacieux, Fr. audax, Lat.] Bold; impu-
  dent;  daring: always in a bad sense.
    Such is thy audacious wickedness;
  Thy lewd, pestif 'rous, and dissentious pranks. Shaks.
     'Till  Jove, no longer patient, took his time,
  T' avenge with thunder their audacious crime.
                                      Dryden.
    Young students,  by a constant habit of disputing,
  grow  impudent  and awaacions, proud and disdain-
  ful.                                   Watts.
Auda'ciously, aw-da'shus-le. adv. [from
  audacious.]   Boldly;  impudently.
                An angel shalt thou see;
  Yet fear not thou, but speak audaciously.  Shaksp.
Auda'ciousness,  aw-da'shils-nes.  to.  *.
  [from audacious.]   Impudence.
Auda'city,   aw-das'e-te.011 to.  *.  [from
   audax,hat] Spirit; boldness; confidence.
     Lean, raw-bon'd rascals! who would e'er suppose
  They had such courage and  audacity?     Shaksp.
     Great effects come of industry and perseverance;
  for audacity doth almost bind and mate the weaker
  sort of minds.                Bacon's Nat. Hist.
     For want of that freedom  and audacity, necessary
  in commerce with  men, his personal modesty over-
  threw all his publick actions.             Tatler.
A'udible,   aw'de-bl.406' 'adj.   [audibilis,
   Lat.]
1. That which may be perceived by hear-
   ing.
     Visibles work upon a looking-glass,, and audibles
  upon the places of  echo; which resemble, in some
  sort,  the cavern of toe ear.     Bacon's Nat. Hist.
                Eve, (who unseen,
  Yet all had heard)  with audible lament
  Discover'dsoon the place of her retire.    MUton. 
AUD                                      A VE                                     A VE
    Every sense doth not operate upon fancy with
  the same force. The conceits of visibles are clearer
  and stronger, than those of audibles.        Grew.
2  Loud enough to be heard.
    One, leaning over a well twenty-five fathom deep,
  and speaking softly, the water returned an audible
  echo.                                Bacon.

A'udibleness, aw'de-bl-nes. to. «. [from
   audible.]   Capableness of being heard.

A'udibly, aw'de-ble. adv. [from audible]
   In such a manner as to be heard.
    And last,  the sum of all, my Father's voice,
  Audibly heard from heav'n pronoune'd me his.
                                      Milton.
A'udience,  aw'je-ense.293294  n.  s.  [au-
   dience, Fr.]
 1. The act of hearing, or attending to any
   thing.
                 Now  I breathe again,
   Aloft the flood; and can give audience
   To any tongue, speak it of what it will.   Shaksp.
     Thus far  his bold discourse without controul,
   Had audience.                        Milton.
                 His look
   Drew audience and attention, still as night
   Or summer's noon-tide air.              Milton.
 2. The   liberty  of speaking  granted;  a
    hearing.
     Were  it reason, to give men audience, pleading
   for the overthrow of that, which their own deed hath
   ratified?                             Hooker.
     According to the fair play of the world,
   Let me have audience: I am sent to speak,
   My holy  lord of Milan, from the king.     Shaksp.
 3. An auditory; persons collected to hear.
     Or, if the star of ev'ning and the moon
   Haste to thy audience, night with her will bring
   Silence.                              Milton.
     The hall was filled, with an audience of toe great-
   est eminence for quality and politeness.   Addison.
     It proclaims the triumphs of goodness in a proper
   audience, even before  toe whole race of mankind.
                                     Atterbury.
 i. The reception of any man, who delivers
    a solemn message.
     In this high temple, on a chair of state,
   The  seat of audience, old Latinus sate.   Dryden.
 Au'dienoe Court, aw'je-ense383 3«>*k6rte.
    S18.  A  court, belonging  to the  arch-
    bishop of Canterbury, of equal authority
    with the arches court; though inferiour,
    both in dignity and antiquity.   The ori-
    ginal  of this  court   was, because  the
    archbishop of Canterbury heard several
    causes extrajudicially at home  in  his
    own palace; which  he usually  commit-
    ted to  be discussed  by  men learned in
    the civil and canon laws, whom he call-
    ed  his auditors; and so in time, it be-
    came  the  power of the  man, who  is
    called causarum negotiorumque audien-
    tice Cantuariensis auditor, seu  officialis.
                                      Cowell.
 A'udit,  aw'dit. to. *. [from audit, he  hears,
    Lat.]  A  final account.
     If they which are accustomed to weigh all things,
   shall here  sit down to receive our audit; the sum
   which truth amoanteth to, will  appear to be but
   this.                                 Hooker.
     He took  my fether  grossly, full of bread,
   With all bis crimes broad blown, and flush as May:
   And, how his audit stands,  who knows save  heav'n?
                                Shaksp. Hamlet.
     I can make my audit up; that all
   From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
   And  leave me but the bran.              Shaksp.
 To A'udit, aw'dit. v. a. [from audit.] To
  lake an account finally.
    Bishops  ordinaries,  auditing all accounts, take
  twelve pence.                Ayliffe's Parergon.
    I love exact dealing,  and let Hocus audit; he
  knows how the money was disbursed.    Arbuthnot.
Audi'tion, aw-dish'tin.607 n.  s.  [auditio,
  Lat.]  Hearing.
A'uditor, aw'de-tur.98 n.s. [auditor, Lat.]
I. A hearer.
    Dear cousin, you that were last day so high in toe
  pulpit against lovers,  are you now become so mean
  an auditor?                           Sidney.
    What a play tow'rd? I'll be an auditor;
  An actor too, perhaps.                  Shaksp.
    This first doctrine,  though admitted by many of
  his auditors, is expressly  against the Epicureans.
                                     Bentley.
2. A person employed to take an account
  ultimately.
    If you suspect my husbandry,
  Call me before th' exactest auditors;
  And set me on the proof.        Shaksp.  Timon.
3. In ecclesiastical law.
    The archbishop's usage was, to commit  toe dis-
  cussing of causes to  persons learned  in the  law,
  stiled his auditors.            Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. In the state.
    A king's officer; who, yearly  examining the ac-
  counts of all under officers accountable, makes up a
  general book.                          Cowell.
A'uditory, aw'de-tir-re.887 adj. [audito-
   rius, Lat.]  That which has the power of
   hearing.
    Is not hearing performed, by the vibrations of
  some medium; excited  in  toe auditory nerves, by
  the tremours of the air,  and propagated through toe
  capillaments of those  nerves?           Newton.
 A'uditory, aw'de-tur-re.e67 to.  *. [audito-
   rium, Lat.]
 I.  An audience;  a collection of persons,
   assembled to hear.
     Demades never troubled his head, to bring his
  auditory to their wits by dry reason.    L'Estrange.
     Met in the church, I  look upon you, as an audi-
  fori/, fit to be  waited on (as you are) by both uni-
   versities.                              South.
     Several of  this auditory  were, perhaps, entire
  strangers to the person, whose  death  we  now la-
  ment.                             Atterbury.
 2.  A place where lectures are to be  heard.
 A'uditress, aw'de-tres. to. *.  [from audi-
    tor.]   The woman that hears; a female
    hearer.
     Yet went she not; as, not with such discourse
  Delighted; or not capable her ear,
  Of what was high: such pleasure she reserv'd,
  Adam relating, she sole auditress.         Milton.
 To Ave'l, a-vel'. v.  a.  [avello, Lat.]   To
    pull away.
     The beaver in chase makes some  divulsion of
  parts; yet are not these parts avelled, to he termed
  testicles.                              Brown.
 A've Ma'ry, a-ve-ma're.  «.  a. [from the
    first wordsof the salutation to the Blessed
    Virgin, Ave Maria.]   A form of wor-
    ship,  repeated   by  the  Romanists, in
    honour ofthe Virgin Mary.
     All his mind is bent on holiness,
   To number Ave Maries on his beads.       Shaksp.
 A'venage, av'en-ldje.91«. *. [of avena oats,
    Lat.]  A certain quantity of oats,  paid to
    a landlord, instead of some other  duties,
    or as a rent by the tenant.          Diet.

  To AVE'NGE, a-venje'.  v.  a. [venger,
    Fr.]
  I.  To revenge.
     I will avenge me of mine enemies.        JsaiaA.
   They stood against their enemies;  aiid were
 avenged of toeir adversaries.             Wisdom.
   I will avenge the blood of Jezrecl, upon the house
 ofJehu.                              Hosea.
  To .punish.
   Till  Jove, no longer patient, took his time,
 T' avenge with thunder your audacious crime.
                                     Dryden.
Ave'ngeance, a-veivjanse.344 n. s.  [from
  avenge.]   Punishment.
            This neglected,  fear
  Signal avengcance; such, as  overtook
  A miser.                              Philips
Ave'ngemi.xt,  a-v£nje'ment.  n. s. [from
  avenge.]  Vengeance; revenge.
    That he might work th' ayengetnentforhis shame
  On those two  caitives, which bad bred him blame!
                                     Spenser.
    All  those great battles (which thou boasts to win
  Through strife and bloodshed, and avengement
  Now prais'd)  hereafter thou shalt repent.
                                 Fairy Queen.
Ave'nger, a-veVjCtr. to. *. [from avenge]
I. Punisher.
    That no  man go beyond and defraud his brother;
  because that the Lord is the avenger of all such.
                                      1 Then.
    Ere this he had return'd, with fury driv'n
  By his avengers; since no place, like this,
  Can fit his punishment, or their revenge.   Milton.
2. Revenger; taker of vengeance for.
    The just avenger of his injured ancestors, the vic-
                                      Dryden.
  torious Louis, was darting his thunder.
    But just disease to luxury succeeds;
  And ev'ry death its own avenger breeds.     Pope.
Ave'ngeress,  a-ven'jur-es.  to1.  s. [from
  avenger.]   A female avenger.   Not in
  use.
    There that cruel queen avengeress
  Heap on her new waves of weary wretchedness.
                                 Fairy Queen.
A'vens, av'enz. to. *. [caryophyllata, Lat]
  The same  with herb bennet.     Miller.
Ave'nture, a-v£n'tshure.481 n. s. [avert-
  ture, Fr.] A mischance, causing a man's
  death, without  felony;  as, when he is
  suddenly drowned or burnt, by any sud-
  den disease falling  into  the fire or wa-
  ter.  See Adventure.         Cowell.
A'venue, av'e-nu.33S 603 n.s. [avenue, Fr. It
  is sometimes pronounced with the ac-
  cent on  the  second syllable, as Watts
  observes; but has it generally placed on
  the first ]
1. A  way  by which  any  place  may  be
  entered.
    Good  guards were set up, at  all the avenuesof
  the city; to keep all people from going out.
                                   Clarendon.
    Truth is a  strong hold, and diligence is laying
  siege to it; so that  it must observe all the avenwi
  and passes to it.                        Soulft.
2. An alley,  or  walk of  trees, before a
   house.
 To AVE'R,  a-ver'. v.  a. [averer, Fr. from
   verum, truth, Lat.]  To declare  posi-
   tively or peremptorily.
     The reason  of the thing is clear;
  Would Jove the  naked truth aver.         •»nor
     Then vainly the philosopher avers,
  That reason guides our deed, and instinct theirs:
  How can we justly diff'rent causes frame,
  When the  effects entirely are the same?     Phot-
     We  may aver, though toe power of  God be in-
  finite, toe capacities of matter are within limits.
A'verage,  av'tir-aje.90 es
  gium, Lat.]
6 n. s.
 Bentley.
[avera- 
AVE
AVE
AUG
i. In law; that duty or service, which the
   tenant is to pay to the king or other lord,
   by his beasts and carriages.   Chambers.
2. In navigation;  a certain contribution,
   that  merchants proportionably make to-
   wards the losses of such, as have  their
   goods cast overboard  for the safety  of
   the ship in a tempest; and this contribu-
   tion  seems so called, because  it  is so
   proportioned, after the  rate of every
   man's average of goods carried.  Cowell.
3. A small  duty,  which  merchants,  who
   send  goods in another man's ship, pay
   to the  master thereof for his  care  of
   them, over and above the freight.
                                  Chambers.
4. A medium; a mean proportion.
Ave'rment, a-ver'ment.  to. s. [from aver/]
1. Establishment of any thing by evidence.
    To avoid  toe oath, for averment of the continu-
  ance of some estate, which is eigne,  the  party will
  sue a pardon.                          Bacon.
2. An offer ofthe defendant  to justify an
   exceptiou, and  the  act  as well as the
   offer.                             Blount.
Ave'rnat, a-ver'nat. to. *. A sort of grape.
   See  Vine.
Averrunoa'tion, av-er-rdn-ka'shun. to. s.
   [from averruncate.]   The act  of root-
   ing up any thing.
To Averru'ncate, av-er-run'kate.fll v. a.
   [averrunco, Lat.]   To root up; to tear
   up by the roots.
    Sure some mischief will come of it;
  Unless, by providential wit
  Or force, we averruncate it.            Hudibras.
Aversa'tion, av-er-sa'shun. to. s. [from
   aversor, Lat.]
1. Hatred; abhorrence; turning away  with
   detestation.
    Hatred is  toe passion of defiance;  and there is
  a kind of aversation  and  hostility, included in its
  essence.                              South.
2. It is  most properly  used  with from, be-
   fore the object of hate.
    There was a stiff aversation in my lord of Essex,
  from applying himself to the earl of Leicester.
                                      Wotton.
3. Sometimes with to: less  properly.
    There is  such  a general aversation (in  human
  nature) to contempt,  that there is scarce any thing
  more exasperating: I will not deny, but the  excess
  of the aversation may be levelled against pride.
                      Government of the Tongue.
4.  Sometimes,  very improperly, with  to-
   wards.
    A natural and  secret hatred  and  aversation to-
  wards  society, in any man,  hath somewhat of the
   savage beast.                          Bacon.
Ave'rse, a-verse'. adj. [aversus, Lat.]
1.  Malign;  not  favourable; having such a
   hatred, as to  turn away.
    Their courage languish'd, as their hopes decay'd;
   And Pallas,  now averse, refus'd her aid.   Dryden.
2.  Not pleased  with;  unwilling to.
     Has toy uncertain bosom ever strove,
   With toe first tumults of a real love?
   Hast thou now dreaded, and  now bless'd his sway,
   By turns averse and joyful to obey?         Prior.
     Averse alike, to flatter or offend;
   Not free from faults, nor yet too vain to mend.
                                         Pope.
3  It has most  properly from,  before  the
   object of aversion.
     Laws politick are never framed, as they should be;
  unless presuming the will of man to be inwardly ob-
  stinate, rebellious, and  averse from all obedience
  unto the sacred laws of his nature.        Hooker.
    They believed all, who objected  against toeir
  undertaking, to be averse from peace.   Clarendon.
    These cares alone her virgin breast employ;
  Averse from Venus and the nuptial joy.      Pope.
4. Very frequently, but improperly, to.
    He had, from the beginning of toe war, been very
  averse to any advice of the privy council. Clarendon.
    Diodorus tells us of one Charondos, who was averse
  to all innovation; especially, when it was to proceed
  from particular persons.                  Swift.
Ave'rsely, a-veTse'le. adv. [from averse.]
I. Unwillingly.
2. Backwardly.
    Not only they want those parts of secretion; but it
  is emitted aversely, or backward, by both sexes.
                        Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
Ave'rseness, a-verse'ness. w.  s.  [from
   averse.]  Unwillingness; backwardness.
    The coiruption of man is in nothing more mani-
  fest, than in  his averseness to entertain any friend-
  ship or familiarity with God.           Atterbury.
Ave'rsion, a-ver'shun. to. s. [aversion, Fr.
  aversio,  Lat.]
1. Hatred;  dislike;  detestation; such  as
  turns away from the object.
    What, if with like aversion I reject
  Riches and realms?                     Milton.
2. It is used most properly, with from be-
  fore the object  of hate.
    They had an inward  aversion from it; and were
  resolved to prevent it, by all possible means.
                                   Clarendon.
    With men, these considerations are usually causes
  of despite, disdain, or aversionfrom  others; but with
  God, so many reasons of our greater tenderness to-
  wards others.                           Spratt.
    The same  adhesion to vice, and aversion from
  goodness, will be a  reason for rejecting any proof
  whatsoever.                        Atterbury.
   Sometimes, less properly, with to.
    A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection.
                                     Addison.
    I might borrow illustrations of freedom, and aver-
  sion to receive new truths, from modern astronomy.
                                       Watts.
4. Sometimes with for.
    The  Lucquese would rather throw themselves
  under the government of the Genoese; than submit
  to a state, for which they have so great aversion.
                                     Addison.
    This aversion ofthe people, for the late proceed-
  ings of the commons, might  be improved to good
  uses.                                 Swift.
5. Sometimes, very  improperly, with to-
  wards.
    His aversion toioards  the house of York was  so
  predominant, as it found place, not only in his coun-
  cils, but in his bed.                      Bacon.
6. The cause of aversion.
    They took great pleasure, in compounding law-
  suits among their neighbours; for which, they were
  the aversion of toe gentlemen of the long robe.
                 Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
    Self-love and reason to one end aspire;
  Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire.    Pope.
 To AVE'RT, a-vert'. v. a. [averto,  Lat.]
 1.  To turn aside; to  turn  off.
                         I beseech you,
  T' avert your liking a more worthy way,
  Than on a wretch.        Shakspeare's King Lear.
    At this,  for the last time, she lifts her hand;
  Averts her eyes, and half unwilltog drops the brand.
                                      Dryden.
 2.  To cause to dislike.
    When people began  to espy the  falsehood of ora-
  cles, whereupon all  gentility was built, toeir hearts
  were utterly auerted from it.             Hooker.
     Even cut themselves  off from toe opportunities of
  proselyting others, by averting them from their com-
  pany.                Government ofthe Tongue.
 .  To put by, as a calamity.
    O Lord! avert whatsoever evil our swerving may
  threaten unto his church!                Hooker.
    Diversity of conjectures made many, whose con-
  ceits  averted from themselves toe fortune of that
  war, to become careless and secure.       Knolles.
    These affections earnestly fix our minds on God,
  and forcibly avert from us those things which  are
  displeasing to him, and contrary to religion. Spratt.
    Thro' threaten'd lands they wild destruction throw,
  Till ardent prayer averts toe public woe.    Prior
Auf, awf. to. s.  [of a If, Dutch.] A fool, or
  silly fellow.                         Diet.
A'uger, aw'gilr.98 186 to. s. [egger, Dutch.]
  A carpenter's tool to bore holes with.
    The auger hath a handle and bit; its office is to
  make great round holes. When you use it, the stuff
  you work upon is commonly laid low under you, that
  you may the  easier use your strength: for in twist-
  ing the bit about by the force of both your hands, on
  each  end  of the handle one, it cuts great chips out
  of the stuff.            Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
Aught,  awt.393 pronoun,  [auht, aphc,
  Saxon.    It is  sometimes, improperly,
  written ought.]  Any thing.
                  If I  can do it,
  By aught that I can speak in his dispraise,
  She shall not long continue love to him.    Shaksp.
    They may, for aught I know, obtain such sub-
  stances as may  induce  toe chymists to entertain
  other thoughts.                         Boyle.
    But go, my son; and see if aught be wanting
  Among thy father's friends.       Addison's Cato.
To  AUGME'NT, awg-ment'. v.  a. [aug-
  menter, Fr.] To increase;  to make big-
  ger,  or more.
    Some cursed weeds her cunning hand did know,
  That could augment his harm, increase his pain.
                                      .Fair/ax.
    Rivers have streams added to them in their pas-
  sage, which enlarge and augment them.      Hale.
To  Augme'nt, awg-ment'. v. to.   To in-
  crease;  to grow  bigger.
    But as his  heat with running did augment,
  Much more his sight encreas'd his hot desire.
                                      Sidney.
    The winds redouble,  and the rains augment,
  The waves on heaps are dash'd.   Dryden's Virgil.
A'ugment, awg'ment. to. s. [augmentum,
  Lat!]
I.  Increase; quantity gained.
    You shall find this augment of the tree  to be
  without the diminution of one drachm of the earth.
                               Walton's Angler.
2.  State of  increase.
    Discutients are improper  in the beginning of in-
  flammations; but proper, when mixed with repel-
  lents, in toe  augment.                 Wiseman.
Augmentation,  awg-men-ta'shun.  n. s.
  [from augment.]
1.  The act of increasing or making bigger.
    Those  who would be zealous  against regular
  troops after a peace, will promote an augmentation
  of those on foot.                       Addison.
2.  The state of being made  bigger.
     What modification of matter can make one em-
  bryo capable of so prodigiously vast augmentation,
  while another is confined to the minuteness of an
  insect?                              Bentley.
3.  The thing  added, by  which another is
   made bigger.
     By being  glorified, it does not mean that he doth
  receive any augmentation of glory at our hands; but
  his name we glorify, when we testify our acknow-
  ledgment of his glory.                  Hooker.
 Augmentation Court,awg-m£n-ta'shun-
    korte.169 A court erected by king Henry 
AU  S
AUT
AU T
i. Favouruule; kind; propitious: applied to
  persons or actions.
    Fortune play upon thy prosp'rous helm,
    As thy auspicious mistress!          Shakspeare.
t.  Lucky; happy, applied to things.
                   I'll deliver all,
  And promise you calm seas, auspicious gales,
  \nd sails expeditious.           Shaksp. Tempest.
    A pure, an active, an auspicious flame,
  And  bright as heav'n, from whence the blessing
      came.                        Roscommon.
    Two battles your auspicious cause has won;
  Thy sword can perfect what it has begun.   Dryd.
 Vuspi'ciously, aw-spish'is-le. adv. [from
   auspicious]   Happily;   prosperously;
   with prosperous omens.
Auspi'oiousness,  aw-spish'us-n£s.  to.  s.
   [from auspicious.] Prosperity; promise
   of happiness.
AUSTE'RE,  aw-stere'.  adj.  [austerus,
   Lat.]
 1. Severe; harsh; rigid.
     When men represent the Divine nature as an au-
  stere and rigorous master, always lifting up his hand
   to take vengeance, such conceptions must unavoida-
   bly raise terror.                       Rogers.
                   Austere Saturnius, say,
   From whence this wrath? or who controls toy sway?
                                         Pope.
 2. Sour  of taste; harsh.
     Th' austere and pond'rous juices they sublime,
   Make them ascend the porous soil, and  climb
   The orange tree, the citron, and the lime. Blackmore.
     Austere wines, diluted with water, cool more than
   water alone, and at toe same time do not relax.
                           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Auste'rely, aw-stere'le. adv. [from au-
   stere.]   Severely; rigidly.
     Ah! Luciana, did he tempt thee so?
   Might'st thou perceive, austerely in his eye,
   That he did plead in earnest?            Shaksp.
             Hypocrites austerely talk
   Of purity, and place, and innocence.     Par. Lost.
 Auste'reness, aw-stere'ness. n.s.  [from
   austere.]
 1. Severity; strictness; rigour.
     My unsoil'd name, to' austereness of my life,
   May vouch against you; and my place  i' to' state
   Will so your accusation overweigh.        Shaksp.
     If an indifferent  and unridiculous  object  could
   draw this austereness into a smile, he  hardly could
   resist the proper motives thereof.    Brown's V. Err.
 2. Roughness in taste.
 Auste'rity,  aw-ster'e-te.811  to.*,  [from
   auatere.]
 1. Severity; mortified life;  strictness.
     Now, Marcus Cato, our new consul's spy,
   What is your sour austerity sent t' explore? B. Jonson.
     What was that snaky-headed Gorgon shield
   That wise Minerva wore, unconquer'd virgin,
   Wherewith she freez'd her foes to congeal'd stone,
   But rigid looks of chaste austerity,
   And noble grace, that dash'd brute violence
   With sudden adoration and blank awe?    Milton.
     This prince kept toe government, and yet lived in
   this convent with all the rigour and austerity of a
   Capuchin.                           Addison.
 2. Cruelty; harsh  discipline.
     Let not austerity breed servile fear;
   No wanton sound offend her virgin ear. Roscommon.
 A'ustral, aws'tral.  adj. [australis, Lat.]
   Southern; as, the austral signs.
 To A'ustralize, aws'tral-ize. v. to. [from
   auster, the south wind, Lat.] To tend to-
   wards the south.
     Steel and good iron discover a verticiry, or polar
   faculty;  whereby they do septentriate at one ex-
   treme, and austraHze at another. Brown's V. Err.
A'ustrine, aws'trin.140 adj. [from austri-
   nus, Lat.]  Southern; southernly.
Authe'ntioal,  aw-*//en't£-kaI.509   adj.
   [from authentick.]  Not fictitious; being
   what it seems.
    Of statutes made before time of memory, we have
  no authentical records, but only transcripts.   Hale.
Authentically,  aw-*Aen'te-kal-le.  adv.
   [from authentical.]  After an authentick
   manner;  with all the circumstances re-
   quisite to procure authority.
    This point is dubious,  and  not yet authentically
   decided.                Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Conscience never commands or forbids any thing
   authentically, but there is some law of God which
   commands or forbids  it first.              South.
 Authe'nticalness,   aw-^Aen'te-kal-nes.
   to. s. [from authentical.]  The quality of
   being authentick;  genuineness; autho-
   rity.
    Nothing can be more pleasant than to  see virtu-
   osos about a cabinet of medals, descanting upon the
   value,  rarity, and authenticalness  of the  several
   pieces.                              Addison.
 Authenticity,  aw-fAen-tls'se-te.   to. s.
   [from authentick.]  Authority; genuine-
   ness; the  being  authentick.
 AUTHE'NTICK, aw-Men'fik. adj. [au-
   thenticua, Lat.]   That which has every
   thing requisite to  give it authority;  as,
   an authentick  register.   It  is  used  in
   opposition to any thing by which autho-
   rity is destroyed, as authentick, not coun-
   terfeit.   It  is  never  used of  persons.
   Genuine; not fictitious.
     Thou art wont his great authentick will
   Interpreter through highest heav'n to bring.  Milton.
     She joy'd  to' authentick news to hear,
   Of what she guess'd before with jealous fear.  Cowley.
       But censure's to be understood
       The authentick  mark of the elect,
   The publick stamp heav'n sets on all that's great and
       good.                              Swift.
 Authe'ntickly,    aw-Men'tik-le.   adv.
   [from authentick.] After an authentick
   manner.
 Authe'ntickness,  aw-Men'tik-nes. to. «.
   [from authentick] The same with  au-
   thenticity.
 A'UTHOR,  aw'fAur.98*™ „.  ,_  [auctor,
   Lat.]
 1. The first beginner or mover of any thing;
   he to whom any thing owes its original.
     That law, the author and observer whereof is one
   only God, to be blessed for ever.           Hooker.
     The author of that which causeth another thing to
   be, is author of that thing also which thereby is caus-
   e"-                                  Hooker.
                          I'll never
   Be such a gosling to obey instinct; but stand
   As if a man was author of himself,
   And knew no other kin.        Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     Thou art my father, thou my author, thou
   My being gav'st me; whom should  I  obey
   B«t thee?                   Milton's Par. Lost.
     But Faunus came from Picus, Picus drew
     His birth from Saturn, if records be true.
     Thus king Latinus, in the third degree,
     Had Saturn author of his family.        Dryden.
     If toe worship of false gods had not blinded the
   heathen, instead of  teaching to worship the sun and
   dead heroes, they would have taught us to worship
   our true Author and benefactor, as  their ancestors
   did under the government of Noah and his sons, be-
   fore they corrupted themselves.          Newton.
 2. The efficient; he that effects or produces
    any thing.
    That which is the strength of their amity, shall
  prove the immediate author of toeir variance. States.
    Now while toe tortur'd savage turns around,
  And flings about his foam, impatient ofthe wound,
  The wound's great autlior close at hand provokes
  His rage.                      Dryden's Fabttj
                  From his loins
  New authors of dissension spring; from him
  Two branches, that in hosting long contend
  For sov'reign sway.                    Philipy
3. The  first writer of any thing;  distinct
   from the translator or  compiler.
    To stand upon every point in particulars, belong-
  eth to the first author of the story.    2 Mace, ii. 30.
    An author has the choice of his own thoughts and
  words, which a translator has not.        D>yden,
4. A writer in general.
    Yet their own authors faitlifully affirm
  That toe land Salike lies in Germany.   Shaksp,

Autho'ritative,  aw-M&r'e-ta-tlv.  adj.
   [from authority.]
1. Having due authority.
2. Having an air of authority.
    I dare not give them the authoritative title of apho-
  risms, which yet may make a reasonable moral prog-
  nostick.     *                        ff'otton.
    The mock authoritative manner of  the one, and
  toe insipid mirth of the other.    Swift's Examiner.
Autho'ritatively,   aw-M6r'e-ta-tiv-le.
   adv. [from authoritative]
1. In an authoritative manner; with a shew
   of authority.
2. With due authority.
    No  law foreign binds in England, till it be receiv-
  ed and authoritatively engrafted into the law of Eng-
  land.                                  Halt
Autho'ritativeness,    aw-tAor'e-ta-tlv-
   n£s.  to.  *. [from  authoritative.]  An act-
   ing by  authority;  authoritative  appear-
   ance.                               Diet.

Autho'rity, kw-thbr'e-te.  n. s. [auctori-
   tas,  Lat.]
 I. Legal  power.
                   Idle old man,
   That still would manage those authorities
   That he hath giv'n away!       Shaksp. K. Lear.
     Adam's sovereignty, that by virtue of being pro-
   prietor of the whole  world, he had  any axilhirity
   over men, could not have been inherited by any of
   his children.                          Locke.
 2.  Influence; credit.
     Power arising  from strength,  is always in those
   that are governed, who are  many: but authority aris-
   ing from  opinion, is in those that govern, who are
   few.                                Temple.
     The woods  are fitter to give rules than cities,
   where those that call  themselves civil and rational,
   go out of their way by the authority of example.
                                        Locke.
 3. Power; rule.
                 I know, my lord,
   If law, authority, and pow'r deny not,
   It will go hard with poor Antonio.        Shaksp.
     But I suffer not a woman  to teach, nor to usurp ou-
   thority over the man, but to be in silence.    1 Tim,
 4. Support; justification;  countenance.
     Dost thou expect to' authority of toeir voices,
   Whose silent wills condemn thee?    Ben Jonson.
 5. Testimony.
     Something  I have heard  of this, which I would be
   glad to find by so sweet an authority confirmed.
                                       Sidney.
     We urge authorities in things that  need not, and
   introduce toe testimony of ancient winters,  to con-
   firm things evidently believed.   Brown's Vulg. Err.
     Having been so hardy as to undertake a charge
   against toe philosophy of the schools, I was liable to
   have  been overborne  by a torrent of autAorittes.
                              Glanville's Scepsis. 
AUT
AUX
A WA
  6. Weight of testimony;  credibility;  co-
    gency of evidence.
      They consider the main consent of all the churches
   in the whole world, witnessing the sacred authority
   of scriptures, ever si thence the first publication there-
   of, even till this present day and hour.     Hooker.

  Authorization, aw-Mo-re-za'shun. to. s.
    [from authorize.]  Establishment by au-
    thority.
      The obligation of laws arises not from their mat-
   ter, but from their admission and reception, and au-
   thorization in this kingdom.               Hale.
  To  Au'thorize, &Vi'th6-r\ze. v.  a. [auto-
    riser, Fr.]
  1. To give authority to any  person.
      Making herself an impudent suitor,  authorizing
   herself very much, with making us see,  that all fa-
   vour and power depended upon her.      Sidney.
      Deaf to complaints, they wait upon the ill,
   Till some safe crisis authorize their skill.    Dryden.
  2. To make any thing  legal.
     Yourself first made that title which I claim,
   First bid me love, and authoriz'd my flame. Dryden.
     I have nothing farther to desire,
   But Sancho's leave to authorize our marriage.  Dryd.
     To  have countenanced  in him irregularity, and
   disobedience to that light which he had,  would have
   been to have authorized disorder, confusion,  and
   wickedness in his creatures.              Locke.
  3. To establish any thing by authority.
      Lawful it is to devise any ceremony,  and to au-
   thorize any kind of  regiment, no special command-
   ment being thereby violated.            Hooker.
      Those forms are best which have been longest re-
   ceived and authorized in a nation by custom and use.
                                       Temple.
  4. To justify; to  prove any thing  to be
   right.
     All virtue lies in a power of denying our own de-
   sires, where reason does not authorize them.  Locke.
  5. To give credit to any person or thing.
     Although their intention be sincere,  yet doth it
   notoriously strengthen vulgar errour, and authorize
   opinions injurious unto truth.   Broicn's  Vulg. Err.
     Be a person in vogue with the multitude, he shall
   authorize any nonsense, and make incoherent stuff,
   seasoned with twang and tautology, pass for rheto-
   rick.                                  South.
 Auto'crasy, aw-tok'ra-se.618 to. s. [kvro-
   x^otract,  from uvt^ self,  and x^ar©-
   power.]  Independent power;  supre-
   macy.                              Diet.
 Autogra'phical, aw-to-graf'e-kal.   adj.
   [from autography.]  Of one's own writ-
   ing.                                 Diet.
 Auto'graphy, aw-to'graf-e.  to. s. [uvtv-
   ygetpov, from «ut«s and y%<b.<pa to write.]
   A particular  person's own writing;  or
   the original of a treatise, in opposition
   to a copy.
 Automatical,   aw-to-mat'e-kal.   adj.
   [from automaton]  Belonging to an au-
   tomaton; having the  power  of  moving
   itself.
 Auto'maton, aw-tom'a-ton.  to. s. [»vt0-
   fixTov.   In the  plural, automata.]   A
   machine that hath the  power of motion
   within itself,  and which  stands in need
   of no  foreign assistance.         Quincy.
    For it is greater to understand the art, whereby
  the  Almighty governs the motions of the great au-
  tomaton, than to have learned the intrigues of policy.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
    The particular circumstances for which the auto-
  mata of this kind are most eminent, may be reduced
  to four.                               Wilkins.
Auto'matous,  aw-t6m'a-tus.  adj. [from

      VOL. I.
   automaton] Having in itself the power
   of motion.
     Clocks, or automatons organs, whereby we distin-
   guish of time, have no mention in ancient writers.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Auto'nomy, aw-ton'no-me.618 to. s.  [xvto-
   vefii'*.]   The living  according to one's
   mind and prescription.             Diet.
 A'utopsy, aw'top-se. n. ».;[«»t«i^/*.] Ocu-
   lar demonstration;  seeing a thing one's
   self.                              Quincy
     In those that have forked tails, autopsy convinceth
   us that it hath this use.      Ray on the  Creation.
 Autoptical,  aw-t&p'te-kal.  adj.   [from
  . autopsy] Perceived by one's own eyes.
 Auto'ptioally,  aw-top'te-kal-le.   adv.
   [from  autoptical.]  By  means of one's
   own eyes.
     Were this true, it would antoptlcally silence that
  dispute.                               Brown.
     That the  galaxy is a meteor,  was toe account of
  Aristotle; but the telescope hath autoptically confut-
  ed it; and he, who is not Pyrrhonian enough to the
  disbelief of his senses, may see that it is no exhala-
  tion.                       Glanville's Scepsis.
 A'utumn,  aw'tiim.411   to. s.  [autumnus,
   Lat.]   The season of the year between
   summer  and winter, beginning astrono-
   mically at the  equinox,  and  ending at
   the  solstice;  popularly,  autumn com-
   prises  August,  September,  and Octo-
   ber.
     For I will board her, though she chide as loud
  As thunder, when the clouds in autumn crack.
                                       Sliaksp.
     I would not be over-confident, till he hath passed
  a spring or autumn.          Wiseman's Surgery.
                 The starving brood,
  Void of sufficient sustenance, will yield
  A slender autumn.                    Philips.
    Autumn, nodding o'er the yellow plain,
  Comes jovial on.                    Thomson.
 Autu'mnal,  aw-tum'nal.  adj.  [from au-
   tumn.]  Belonging to autumn;  produced
   in autumn.
    No spring or summer's beauty hath such grace,
  As I have seen in one autumnal face.       Donne.
                 Thou shalt not long
  Rule in the clouds; like an autumnal star,
  Or lightning, thou shalt fall.             Milton.
    Bind now up your autumnal flowers, to prevent
  sudden gusts, which will prostrate all.     Evelyn.
    Not the fair fruit that on yon branches glows
  With that ripe red to' autumnal sun bestows.  Pope.
 Avu'lsion, a-viil'shun. to. s.[avulsio, Lat.]
  The act of pulling one thing from ano-
  ther.
    Spare not the little offsprings, if they grow
  Redundant; but the thronging clusters thin
  By kind avulsion.                      Philips.
    The pressure of any ambient fluid can be no in-
  telligible cause of the cohesion of matter;  though
  such a pressure may hinder the avulsion of two po-
  lished superficies  one from  another, in a line per-
  pendicular to them.                     Locke.
AUXE'SIS, awg-ze'sis.4?8 o*° to. s.  [Lat.j
  An increasing; an exornation, when,  for
  amplification, a more grave and magni-
  ficent word  is  put  instead of the pro-
  per word.             Smith's  Rhetorick.
Auxi'liar,  awg-zil'yar.478  ? adj.] from
Auxi'liary, awg-zil'va-re.  £  auxilium,
  Lat.]  Assistant; helping; confederate.
                        The giant brood,
  That fought at Thebes and Ilium on each side,
  Mix'd with auxiliar gods.      Milton's Par. Lost.
   Their tractates are little auxiliary unto ours,  nor
   afford us any light to detenebratc this truth.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     There is not toe  smallest capillary vein but it is
   present with, and auxiliary to it, according to its
   use.                 Hale's Origin of Mankind.
     Nor from his patrimonial heav'n alone
   Is Jove content to pour his vengeance down;
   Aid from his brother of the seas he craves,
   To help him with auxiliary waves.        Dryden.
 Auxi'liar, iwg-zil'yar.478   } to. s.  [from
 Auxi'liary, awg zil'ya-re. $  auxilium,
   Lat.]  Helper; assistant; confederate.
     In the strength of that power, he might, without
   the auxiliaries of any further influence, have deter-
   mined his will to a full choice of God.      South.
     There  are, indeed,  a  sort  of underling auxil-
   iaries to toe difficulty of a work,  called commenta-
   tors and criticks.                        Pope.
 Auxi'liary Verb, awg-zil'ya-re.   A verb
   that helps to conjugate other verbs.
     In almost all languages, some of the commonest
   nouns and verbs have many irregularities; such are
   the common auxiliary verbs, to be and to have, to do
   and to be done, &c.                      Watts.
 Auxilia'tion,   awg-zil-e-a'shun.  «.  s.
   [from auxiliatus, Lat.]  Help;  aid; suc-
   cour.                               Diet.
 To Awa'it, a-wate'.  v. a.  [from  a  and
   wait. See Wait.]
 1. To expect;  to wait for.
    Even as the wretch condemn'd to lose his life
   Awaits the falling of the murd'ring knife.  Fairfax.
    Betwixt the rocky pillars Gabriel sat,
   Chief of th' angelic guards, awaiting night. Milton.
 2. To attend; to be in store for.
             To shew thee what reward
   Awaits the good; the rest, what punishment. Milton.
    Unless his wrath be appeased, an eternity of tor-
   ments awaits the objects of his displeasure.  Rogers.
 Awa'it,  a-wate. to.  s.  [from the verb.]
   Ambush.   See  Wait.
    And least mishap the most bliss alter may:
  For thousand perils lie in close await
  About us daily, to work our decay.       Spenser.
 To Awa'ke, a-wake'. v. a.  [J>eccian, Sax.
   To awake has  the preterite  awoke,  or
   as we  now  more   commonly  speak,
   awaked.]
 1. To rouse out of sleep.
                  Take heed,
  How you awake our sleeping sword of war.  Shaksp.
    Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go that I may
  awake him out of sleep.             John, xi. 11,
2. To raise from  any state resembling
   sleep.
    Hark, hark, the horrid sound
  Has rais'd up his head:
  As aioak'd from the dead,
  And amaz'd, he stares around.  Dryd. St. Ccecilia.
3. To put into  new action.
    The spark of noble courage now awake,
  And strive your excellent self to excel.  F. Qtieen.
                      The fair
  Repairs her smiles, awakens ev'ry grace,
  And calls forth all the wonders of her face.   Pope.

To Awa'ke, a-wake'. v. n. To break from
   sleep; to  cease to sleep.
    Alack, I am afraid  they  have aioak'd,
  And 'tis not done!               Sliaks. Macbeth.
    I awaked up last of all, as one that gathereth af-
  ter the grape gatherers.        Ecclus. xxxiii.  16.
Awa'ke,  a-wake'.  adj. [from  the verb.]
   Not being asleep; not sleeping.
    Imagination is like to work better upon sleeping
  men, than men awake.                  Bacon.
    Cares shall not keep him on the throne awake
  Nor break the golden slumbers he would take.
                                      Dryden. 
AW A
AWF
AWK
To  Awa'ken, a-wa'kn.108 v. a.  and v. to.
  The same with Awake.
    Awake Argantyr, Hervor the only daughter
  Of thee and Suafu doth aioafcen thee.      Hickes.
To  Awa'rd, a-ward'. v.  a.  [derived  by
  Skinner,  somewhat  improbably,  from
  yeapb, Sax.  towards.]  To adjudge; to
  give any thing by a judicial  sentence.
    A pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine;
  The court awards it, and the law doth give it.
                                      Shaksp.
    It advances that grand business, and according to
  which their eternity hereafter will be awarded.
                               Decay of Piety.
    A church which allows salvation to none without
  it, nor awards damnation to almost any within it.
                                       South.
    Satisfaction for every affront cannot be awarded
  by stated laws.              Collier on Duelling.
 To Awa'rd, a-ward'. v. to.  To judge; to
  determine.
    Th' unwise award to lodge it in the tow'rs,
  An off'ring sacred.              Pope's Odyssey.
 Awa'rd, a-ward'.  «. s.   [from the verb]
  Judgment; sentence; determination.
    Now hear to' award, and happy may it prove
  To her, and him who  best deserves her love.  Dryd.
    Affection bribes toe judgment, and we cannot ex-
  pect  an equitable aicard, where the judge is made
  a party.                            Glanville.
                 To urge the foe,
  Prompted by blind revenge and wild despair,
  Were to refuse to' awards of Providence.
                               Addison's Cato.
 Awa're, a-ware'. adv. [from  a and ware,
  an old word for cautious; it is however,
  perhaps,  an adjective;  ge}>ap.ian, Sax.]
  Excited to caution; vigilant;  in a state
  of alarm; attentive.
    Ere I was aware, I had left myself nothing hut
  the name of a king.                   Sidney.
    Ere sorrow was aware, they made his thoughts
  bear away something  else besides his own sorrow.
                              (Sidney's Arcadia.
    Temptations  of  prosperity insinuate themselves
  so that we are but little aware of them, and  less
  able to withstand them.               Atterbury.
 To Awa're, aware', v. to.  To beware; to
   be  cautious.
    So warn'd he them aware themselves; and
  Instant, without disturb, they took alarm.  P. Lost.
     This passage  is by others understood
   thus: He warned those, who were aware,
   of themselves.
 Awa'y, a-way'. adv. [apeg, Sax.]
 1. In  a state of absence;  not in any parti-
   cular place.
              They could make
  Love to your dress, although your face were away.
                          Ben Jonson's Catiline.
    It is impossible to know properties that are so an-
  nexed to it, that any of them being away, that es-
  sence is not there.                      Locke.
 2. From any place  or person.
    I have a pain upon  my forehead here- ■
  __Why that's with watching;  'twill away again.
                                      Shaksp.
    When the fowls came down upon the carcases,
  Abraham drove them  away again.     Gen. xv. 11.
    Would you youth and beauty stay,
  Love hath wings, and will away.          Waller.
    Summer suns roll unperceiv'd away.      Pope.
 3. Let us go.
    Away, old man; give me thy hand; away;
  King Lear hath lost, he and his daughter ta'en;
  Give me thy hand.  Come on.   Shaksp. King Lear.
 4. Begone.
    Away, and glister like the god of war,
  When he intendeth to become the field.
                            Sliaksp. King John.
    I'll to toe woods among the happier brutes:
  Come, let's away; hark, the shrill horn resounds.
                 Smith's Phmdra and Hippolitus.
                Away, you flatt'rer!
  Nor change his gen'rous meaning.
                            Rowe's Jane Shore.
5. Out of one's own hands; into the power
   of something else.
    It concerns every man, who will  not trifle away
  his soul, and fool himself into irrecoverable misery,
  to inquire into these matters.            Tillotson.
6. It is often used with a verb;  as, to drink
   away an  estate;  to idle  away a manor;
   that is,  to drink or idle till  an estate or
   manor is gone.
    He play'd his life away.               Pope.
7. On the way; on the road: perhaps this
   is the original import  of the following
   phrase.
    Sir Valentine, whither away so fast.    Shaksp.
8. Perhaps  the phrase,  he cannot  away
   with, may mean, he cannot  travel with;
   he cannot bear the company.
    She never could  away with me.------Never,
  never: she would always  say, she could  not abide
  master Shallow.                       Shaksp.
9. Away with.  Throw away; take away.
    If you dare think of deserving our charms,
  Away with your sheephooks, and take to your arms.
                                      Dryden.
AWE, aw. to. s. [ege, 05a, Saxon.] Re-
   verential fear; reverence.
    They all be brought up idly,  without awe of pa-
  rents, without precepts of masters, and without fear
  of offence.            Spenser's State of Ireland.
    This thought  fixed upon him who is  only to be
  feared, God; and yet with a filial fear, which at the
   same time both fears and  loves. It was awe with-
  out amazement, and dread without distraction. South.
    What is the proper awe and fear, which is due
  from man to God?                     Rogers.

 To Awe,  aw. v. a. [from  the noun.]  To
   strike with reverence, or fear;  to keep
   in subjection.
    If you will work on any man, you must either
  know his nature and fashions,  and  so lead him;  or
  his ends,  and so persuade him; or his weaknesses
   and disadvantages, and so awe  him; or those that
  have interest in him, and so govern him.    Bacon.
    Why then was this forbid?  Why, but to awe?
  Why, but to keep you low and ignorant,
   His worshippers?                      Milton.
    Heav'n that hath placed this Island to give law,
   To balance Europe, and her states to awe.  Waller.
    The rods and) axes of princes and toeir deputies,
   may awe many into obedience; but the fame of their
   goodness,  justice, and other virtues, will work on
   more.                             Atterbury.
 A'wehand, aw'band.  to. s. [from awe and
   band.]  A check.                   Diet.
 A'wful, awTul.173 406  adj.  [from awe and
   full]
 1. That which strikes with awe,  or  fills
   with reverence-
    So awful, that with honour thou may'st love
   Thy mate; who sees, when thou art seen leastwise.
                             Milton's Par. Lost.
        I approach thee thus and gaze
   Insatiate; I thus single; nor have fear'd
   Thy awful brow, more awful thus retir'd,
   Fairest resemblance of thy Maker fair!     Milton.
 2. Worshipful; in authority; invested with
   dignity. This sense  is obsolete.
    Know, then, that some of us are  gentlemen,
   Such as the fury of ungovern'd youth
   Thrust from the company of awful men.    Shaksp.
3.  Struck with awe; timorous; scrupulous.
   This sense occurs but rarely.
    It is not nature and strict reason, but a weak and
  aicful reverence for antiquity, and the vogue of fal-
  lible men.                             Watts.
A'wfully, aw'fil-le.  adv.  [from awful]
   In a  reverential manner.
    It will concern a man, to treat this great principle
  awfully and warily, by still observing what it com-
  mands, but especially what it forbids.      South.
A'wfulness, aw'ful-n£s.  to. *.  [from aw-
  ful.]
1. The  quality of striking  with awe;  so-
   lemnity.
    These objects naturally  raise seriousness;  and
  night heightens the awfulness of toe place, and pours
  out her supernumerary horrours upon every thing.
                                     Addison.
2. The  state of being  struck  with awe;
   little used.
    An help to prayer, producing in us reverence and
  awfulness to the divine majesty of God.
                    Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
To Awha'pe, a-hwape'. v.  a. [This word
   I have met with only  in Spenser, nor
   can I discover whence it  is derived; but
   imagine,  that the  Teutonic  language
   had  anciently wapen  to strike,  or some
   such word, from  which weapons, or of-
   fensive arms, took their denomination.]
   To strike; to confound; to terrify;
    Ah! my dear gossip, answer'd then the ape,
   Deeply do your sad words my wits awftape,
   Both for because your grief doth great appear,
   And eke because myself am touched near.
                               Hubberd's Tales,
Awhi'le, 3-hwile'.397 adv.   [This word,
   generally  reputed  an  adverb, is only
   a while,  that  is, a time,  an interval]
   Some time; some space of time.
             Stay, stay, I  say;
   And if you love me, as you say you do,
   Let me persuade you to forbear awhile.    Shaksp.
     Into this wild abyss the wary fiend
   Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhile,
   Pond'ring his voyage.         Milton's Par. Lost.
Awk, awk'. adj. [A barbarous contraction
   of the word awkward.]  Odd; out of or-
   der.
     We have heard as arrant jangling in  toe pulpits,
   as toe steeples; and professors ringing as awk as the
   bells to give notice of the conflagration. L'Estrangt.
A'wkward, awk'wiird.475  adj.  [aepapb,
   Saxon; that is, backward, untoward.]
 1. Inelegant;  unpolite;  untaught; ungen-
   teel.
                       Proud Italy,
   Whose manners still our tardy, apish nation
   Limps after in base awkward imitation.   Shaksp.
     Their own language is worthy their care; and they
   are judged of by their handsome or awkward way of
   expressing themselves in  it.              Locke.
     An awkivard shame, or  fear of ill usage, has a
   share in this conduct.                   Swift.
 2. Unready;  unhandy;  not dexterous;
   clumsy.
     Slow to resolve, but in performance quick;
   So true, that he was awkward at a trick.  Dryden.
 3. Perverse; untoward.
     A kind and constant friend
   To all that regularly offend;
   But was implacable, and awkward,
   To all that interlop'd and hawker'd.    Hudibras-
 A'wkwardly, awk'wurd-le. adv.  [from
   awkward] Clumsily; unreadily; inele-
   gantly; ungainly. 
AWO                                     AXI                                      AZI
    Dametas nodding from the waist upwards, and
  swearing he never knew man go more awkwardly
  to work.                              Sidney.
    When any thing is done awkwardly, the common
  saying will pass upon them, that  it is suitable to
  their breeding.                         Locke.
    If any pretty creature is void of genius, and would
  perform her part but awkwardly, I must nevertheless
  insist upon her working.               Addison.
    She still renews the ancient scene;
  Forgets the forty years between;
  Aiokwardly gay, and oddly merry;
  Her scarf pale pink, her head-knot cherry.  Prior.
    If a man be taught to hold  his  pen awkwardly,
  yet writes sufficiently well,  it is not worth while to
  teach him the accurate methods of handling that in-
  strument.        Watts's Improvement ofthe Mind.
A'wkwardness,   awk'w&rd-nes.    to.  s
   [from  awkward.]  Inelegance; want  of
   gentility; oddness; unsuitableness.
    One may observe  awfcwardness  in the  Italians,
  which easily discovers their  airs not to be natural.
                                     Addison.
    All his airs of behaviour have a certain awkioard-
  ness in them; but these awkward airs are worn away
  in company.      Watts's Improvement ofthe Mind.
Awl, all. to.  s. [aele, ale, Sax.] A pointed
   instrument to bore  holes.
    He which was minded to make himself  a perpe-
  tual servant, should, for a visible token thereof,
  have also his ear bored through with an awl.
                                      Hooker.
    You may likewise prick many holes with an awl,
  about a joint that will lie in the earth.
                          Mortimer's Husbandry.
A'wless, aw'les. adj.  [from awe, and the
   negative less.]
 1. Wanting reverence;  void of respectful
   fear.
    Against whose fury, and to' unmatched force,
  The awless lion could not wage toe fight.  Shaksp.
    He claims toe bull with awless insolence.
  And having seiz'd his horns, accosts the prince.
                                      Dryden.
2. Wanting  the power of causing reve-
   rence.
    Ah me! I see the ruin  of my house;
  The tiger now hath seized toe gentle hind;
  Insulting tyranny begins to jut
  Upon toe innocent and awless throne.
                              Shaksp. Rich. III.
Awme, or Aume, awm.  to.  s.  A  Dutch
   measure of capacity for  liquids,  con-
   taining eight stechans, or twenty  verges
   or verteels; answering to  what in Eng-
   land is called a  tierce,  or one-sixth of a
   ton of France, or one-seventh of an Eng-
   lish ton.                      Arbuthnot.
Awn, awn. to. s.  [arista, Lat.]  The beard
   growing out of the  corn or grass.
                                  Chambers.
A'wning, aw'ning410  to..v.  A cover  spread
  over a boat  or vessel,  to  keep off the
  weather.
    Of these boards I made an awning over me.
                              Robinson Crusoe.
Awo'ke,  a-woke'.  The  preterite from
  awake.
    And she said, toe Philistines be upon thee, Samp-
  son.  And he awoke out of his sleep.
                                Judges, xvi. 20.
Awo'rk,  a-wurk'.166  adv.  [from  a  and
  work ]  On work; into a state of labour;
  into action.
                  So after  Pyrrhus' pause,
  Aroused vengeance sets him new awork.   Shaksp.
    By prescribing the condition, it sets us awork to
  the performances of it, and that by living well.
                                   Hammond.
Awo'RKiNG,a-wurk'ing. adj.[from awork.]
  Into the state of working.
    Long they thus travelled, yet never met
  Adventure which might them aworking set.
                               Hubberd's Tale.
Awry', a-ri.47*  adv.  [from a and wry.]
I. Not in a straight direction; obliquely.
    But her sad eyes, still fast'ned on toe ground,
  Are governed with goodly modesty;
  That suffers not one look to glance awry,
  Which may let in a little thought unsound. Spenser.
    Like perspectives, which rightly gaz'd upon,
  Shew nothing but confusion; eyed awry,
  Distinguish form.         Shakspeare's Richard II.
    A violent cross wind, from either coast,
  Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry
  Into the devious air.                    Milton.
2. Asquint; with oblique vision.
              You know the king
  With jealous eyes has look'd awry
  On his son's actions.           Denham's Sophy.
3. Not in the right or true direction.
    I hap to step awry, where I see no path,  and can
  discern but few steps afore me.       Brerewood.
4. Not equally between two  points; une-
  venly.
    Not tyrants fierce that unrepenting die,
  Not Cynthia when her manteau's pinn'd awry,
  E'er felt such rage.                     Pope.
5. Not  according to  right  reason; per-
  versely.
    AH awry, and which wried it to the most wry course
  of all, wit abused, rather to feign reason why it
  should be amiss, than how it should be amended.
                                      Sidney.
    Much of toe soul they talk, but all awry,
  And in themselves seek virtue, and to themselves
  All glory arrogate, to God give none.      Milton.
Axe, aks. to. *. [eax, acpe, Sax.  ascia,
  Lat.] An instrument consisting of a me-
  tal  head, with a sharp  edge, fixed in a
  helve or handle, to cut  with.
                  No metal can,
  No, not toe hangman's axe, bear half the keenness
  Of thy sharp envy.                  Shakspeare.
    There stood a forest on the mountain's brow,
  Which overlook'd the shaded plains below;
  No sounding axe presum'd these trees to bite,
  Coeval with the world; a venerable sight.    Dryd.
AXI'LLA, ag-zll'la. to. s. [axilla,  Lat.]
  The cavity under the upper part of the
  arm, called the arm-pit.        Quincy.
axi'llar, ag-zil'lar.478 > adj. [from axil-
A'xiLi.ARY,ag-zil'l^-re, £ la,  Lat.]  Be-
  longing to the arm-pit.
    Axillary artery is distributed unto the hand; be-
  low the cubit, it divideth into two parts.    Brown.
A'xiom, aks'yum.479 n.  s. [axioma,  Lat.
  ttfaiMfix, from «|/o'«. Gr.]
1. A proposition evident at first sight, that
  cannot  be made  plainer by demonstra-
  tion.
    Axioms, or principles more general, are  such as
  this, that the greater good is to be chosen before toe
  lesser.                              Hooker.
2. An established principle to be  granted
  without  new proof.
    The axioms of that law, whereby natural agents
  are guided, have their use in the moral.   Hooker.
    Their affirmations are no  axioms; we esteem
  thereof as  things unsaid, and  account them but in
  list of nothing.                         Brown.
A'xis, ak'sis. to.*,  [axis, hat.] The line
  real or imaginary that passes through
  any thing, on which it  may revolve.
    But since they say our earth, from morn to morn,
  On its own axis is oblig'd to turn;
  That swift rotation must disperse in air
                    s2
  All things which on the rapid orb appear. Blackmore.
    It might annually have compass'd  toe sun, and
  yet never have once turned upon its axis. Bentley.
    On their own axis as the planets run,
  And make at once their circle round the sun;
  So two consistent motions act the soul,
  And one regards itself, and one the whole.   Pope.
A'xle, ak'sl.406          ') n.s.[axis, Lat. ]
A'xle-tree, ak'sl-tree. 5 The  pin which
  passes through the midst of the wheel,
  on which the  circumvolutions of  the
  wheel  are performed.
              Venerable Nestor
  Should with a bond of air, strong as the axle-tree
  On which heav'n rides, knit all toe Grecian ears
  To his experienc'd tongue.           Shakspeare.
    The fly sat  upon the axle-tree of toe chariot-
  wheel, and said, What a dust do I raise!   Bacon.
    And the gilded car of day
  His glowing axle doth allay
  In the steep Atlantick stream.           Milton.
            He saw a greater sun appear,
  Than his bright throne or  burning oxte-tree could
        bear.          Milton's Christ's Nativity.
Ay, ae.106 adv. [perhaps from aio, Lat.]
1. Yes; an adverb  of answering  affirma-
  tively.
    Return you thither?------
  —Ay, madam, with the swiftest wing  of speed.
                                  Shakspeare.
    What say'st thou? Wilt thou be of our consort?
  Say ay, and be the captain  of us all.   Shakspeare.
2. it  is a word by which the sense is en-
  forced; even; yes, certainly;  and more
  than  that.
    Remember it; and let it make thee  crest fall'n;
  Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride.   Shakspeare.
Aye, ae. adv. [apa, Saxon.] Always;  to
 ' eternity; for ever.  It is now rarely used,
  and only in poetry.
    And now in darksome dungeon, wretched thrall
  Remedyless for aye he doth him hold. Fairy Qjueen.
            Either prepare to die,
  Or on Diana's altar to protest,
  For aye, austerity and single life.      Shakspeare.
    The soul, though made in time, survives tor aye;
  And, though it hath beginning, sees no end.
                                Sir J. Davies.
    And hears toe muses, in a ring.
  Aye round about Jove's altars sing.        Milton.
    Th' astonish'd mariners aye ply the pump;
  No stay,  nor rest, till the wide breach is clos'd.
                                     Philips.
A'ygreen, ae'green. to. *. The  same  with
  house-leek; which see.              Diet.
A'yry, a're. to. s. The nest of the  hawk.
    I should discourse on the brancher,  the haggard,
  and then treat of their several ayries.     Walton.
A'zimuth, az'e-mu^A. n.s.  [Arab.]
1. The azimuth ofthe sun, or of a star,  is
  an arch  between the  meridian of the
  place,  and  any given vertical line.
2. Magnetical Azimuth, is an arch of the
  horizon  contained between  the  sun's
  azimuth  circle  and the magnetical me-
  ridian; or it is the apparent distance of
  the sun  from the north or south  point
  of the  compass.
3. Azimuth Compassisan instrument used
  at sea  for finding  the  sun's magnetick
  azimuth.
4. Azimuth Dial is  a dial whose  stile or
  gnomon  is at right angles to the plane
  ofthe  horizon.
5. Azimuths,  called also vertical  circles,
  are great circles intersecting each other
  in the  zenith  and  nadir, and cutting the 
AZ U
AZ U
AZU
  horizon at right angles, in all the points
  thereof.                       Chambers.
A'zure, a'zhtire.484 461  adj.  [azur, Fr.
  azurro, Span, lazur, Arab,  from lazuli,
  a blue stone.] Blue;  faint blue.
  Like pomels round of marble clear,
Where azur'd veins well mixt appear.     Sidney.
  The blue of toe first order, though very faint and
little, may be the colour of some substance; and the
azure colour of the skies seems to be  this order.
                                   •Yeicton-
              Thus replies
Minerva, graceful with her azure eyes.      Popr
                The sea,
Far through his azure turbulent domain,
Your empire owns.                   Thomson.
B.
     BTHE second letter of the English al-
   ? phabet, is  pronounced as  in most
  other European languages, by pressing
  the whole length of  the  lips together,
  and  forcing  them open  with  a strong
  breath.   It has a near affinity with the
  other labial letters; and is confounded by
  the Germans  with  P, and by the Gas-
  cons with V; from which an epigram-
  matist remarks, that bibere  and vivere
  are in Gascony the same.   The Spani-
  ards, in  most words, use B or V indif-
  ferently.
Baa, ba.77  n. s.  [See the verb.] The cry
  of a  sheep.
    —Therefore thou art a sheep.------
  Such another proof would make me cry baa. Shaksp.
To Baa, ba. v. to. [balo, Lat.] To cry like
  a sheep.
    Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet,
  He treble boas for,help, but none can get.  Sidney.
To Ba'bble, bab'bl.406  v.  to.   [babbelen,
   Germ, babiller, Fr.]
1. To prattle like a child; to prate imper-
   fectly.
     My babbling praises 1 repeat no more;
  But hear, rejoice, stand silent, and adore.  Prior.
2. To talk idly,  or irrationally.
     John had conned over a catalogue of hard words;
  these  he used to babble indifferently in all compa-
  nies.                             Arbuthnot.
             Let the silent  sanctuary show,
  What from the babbling schools we may not know.
                                       Prior.
3. To talk  thoughtlessly; to tell secrets.
     There is more danger  in  a reserved and silent
  friend, than in a noisy babbling enemy. L'Estrange.
As. To talk  much.
         The babbling echo mocks the hounds,
  Replying shrilly to the well-tun'd horns;
  As, if a double hunt were heard at once.   Shaksp.
     And had I pow'r to give that knowledge birth.
  In all  toe speeches ofthe babbling earth.    Prior.
     The babbling echo had descry'd his face;
  She, who in other's words her silence breaks.
                                     Addison.
Ba'bble, bab'bl. to. s. [babil,Yr.] Idle talk;
   senseless prattle.
     This babble shall not henceforth trouble me:
  Here is a coil with protestation.      Shakspeare.
              Come, no more!
  This is mere moral babble.               Milton.
    With volleys of eternal  babble,
  And clamour mere unanswerable.      Hudibras.
    The babble, impertinence, and folly, I have taken
  notice of in disputes.                 Glanville.
Ba'bblement,   bab'bl-ment. «. s. [from
  babble.]  Senseless prate; empty words.
    Deluded all this  while with ragged notions and
  babblements, while  toey expected worthy and de-
  lightful knowledge.                    Milton.

Ba'bbler,  bab'blftr.98 to. *. [from babble.]
1. An idle talker; an irrational prattler.
    We hold our time too precious to be spent
  With such a babbler.                Shakspeare.
    The apostle had no sooner proposed it to the mas-
  ters at Athens, but he himself was ridiculed as a
  babbler.                             Rogers.
2. A teller of secrets.
    Utterers of secrets he from thence debarr'd;
  Babblers of folly, and blazers of crime. Fairy Queen.
    Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust.
                                  L'Estrange.
Babe, babe.  to. *.  [baban, Welsh; babba-
   erd, Dutch; bambino,  Italian.]  An in-
   fant; a child of either sex.
            Those that do teach your 6a6es
  Do it with gentle means, and easy tasks:
  He might have chid me so; for, in good faith,
  I am a child to chiding.             Shakspeare.
    Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name
  Be longer us'd, to lull the crying babe.    Dryden.
    The 6ooe had all that infant care beguiles;
  And early knew his mother in her smiles. Dryden.
Ba'bery, ba'bur-re.666 to. s. [from babe.]
   Finery, to please a babe or child.
     So have I seen trim books in velvet dight,
  With golden leaves and painted babery
  Of seely boys, please unacquainted sight.  Sidney.
Ba'bish, ba'bish. adj. [from babe.] Child-
   ish.
     If he be bashful, and will soon  blush, toey call
  him a babish and ill-brought up thing.    Ascham.
Babo'on, ba-b66n'. to. s. [babouin, Fr. It is
   supposed by Skinner to be the augmen-
   tation of babe,  and  to import  a great
   babe.] A monkey ofthe largest kind.
     You had looked through the grate like a geminy
  of baboons.                        Shakspeare.
     He cast every human feature out of his counte-
  nance, and became a baboon.           Addison.
Ba'by, ba'be. to. s. [See Babe.]
 1. A child; an infant.
     The baby beats toe nurse, and quite athwart
   Goes all decorum.                  Shakspeare.
     The child  must have sugar-plums, rather than
  make the poor baby cry.                 Locke.
     He must marry, and propagate: the father cannot
   stay for the portion;  nor the mother, for babes to
  play with.                             Locke.
2.  A small image, in imitation  of a child,
   which girls play with.
     The archduke  saw that Perkin would prove a
  runnagate; and it was the  part of children  to  fall
  out about oaoies.                      Bacon.
     Since no image can represent the great Creator;
  never think to honour him by your foolish puppets,
  and babies of dirt and clay.          Stillingfleet.
Ba'ocated,  bak'ka>ted.  adj.  [baccatut,
  Lat] Beset with  pearls; having many
  berries.                            Diet.
Bacchana'lian,   bak'ka-na'le-an.  n. s.
  [from bacchanalia, Lat.] A riotous per-
  son;  a drunkard.
Ba'cchanals, bak'ka-nalz. to. a.  [baccha-
  nalia, Lat.] The drunken feasts and re-
  vels of Bacchus, the god of wine.
    Ha, my brave  emperor! shall we dance now the
  Egyptian bacchanals, and celebrate our drink?
                                   Shakspeare.
    What wild fury was there in the heathen baccha-
  nals, which we have not seen equalled?
                               Decay of Piety.
    Both extremes were banish'd from their walls;
  Carthusian fasts,  and fulsome bacchanals.    Pope,
Ba'cchus  bole,  bak'kus-boie.  to. s.  A
  flower, not tall, but very full and broad-
  leaved.                       Mortimer.

Bacci'ferous, bak-sife-rus.668 adj. [from
  bacca a  berry,  and fero  to bear, Lat.]
  Berry-bearing.
    Bacciferous trees  are of four kinds.
    1. Such as bear a caliculate or naked berry; the
  flower and calix both falling off together,  and
  leaving toe berry bare; as the sassafras trees.
    2. Such as have a naked monospermous fruit; that
  is, containing in it only one seed; as the arbutes.
    3. Such as have but polyspermous fruit; that is,
  containing two or more  kernels or seeds within it;
  as the jesminum, ligustrum.
    4. Such as have their fruit composed of many
  acini, or round soft balls, set  close together like a
  bunch of grapes; as the uva marina.        Ray-
Bacci'vorous, bak-siv'vo-rus. adj. [from
   bacca  a berry,  and voro to devour, Lat]
   Devouring berries.               Diet.

Ba'chelor, batsh'e-lur.  to. s. [This is  a
   word of very uncertain etymology; it not
   being well known, what  was its original
   sense.   Junius derives  it from jsaxijA®-
   foolish;  Menage, from  bas chevalier  a
   knight  of the  lowest  rank;  Spelman,
   from baculus a staff; Cujas, from  buc-
   cella an allowance  of  provision.   The
   most probable derivation seems to be
   from bacca laurus, the berry of  a laurel
   or bay; bachelors  being young, are of
   good hopes,  like laurels in the  berry.
   Dr. Lawrence observed, that  Menage's
   etymology is  much confirmed  by the
   practice in our universities of calling a
   Bachelor, Sir.  In Latin, baccalaureus.]
 1. A man unmarried. 
BAC
BAC
BAC
               Such separation
  Becomes a virtuous bachelor and a maid.   Shaksp.
    The haunting of dissolute places, or resort to
  courtesans, are no  more punished in married men,
  than in bachelors.                        Bacon.
    A true painter  naturally delights  in the liberty
  which belongs to the bachelor's estate.     Dryden.
    Let sinful bachelors their woes deplore;
  Full well they merit all toey feel, and more. Pope.
 2. A man who takes his  first degrees at
   the university in any profession.
    Being a boy, new bachelor of arts, I  chanced to
  speak against  the pope.                 Ascham.
    I appear before your honour, in behalf of Marti-
  nus Scriblerus, bachelor of physic. Mart. Scriblerus.
 3. A knight of the lowest  order. This is a
   sense now little used.
 Ba'ohelorship,  batsh'e  hlr-ship.   to.  s.
   [from bachelor.]  The condition of a ba-
   chelor.
    Her mother, living yet, can  testify,
  She was the first fruit of my bachelorship.  Shaksp.
 BACK, bak'. to. s.  [bac, baec, Sax. bach,
   Germ.]
 1. The hinder part ofthe  body, from the
   neck to the thighs.
    Part following enter; part remain without,
  And mount on others backs, in hopes to share.
                                       Dryden.
 2. The  outer part of the hand when it is
   shut: opposed to  the palm.
    Methought  love pitying me,  when  he saw this,
  Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss.
                                       Donne.
 3. The outward   part ofthe  body;  that
   which requires clothes: opposed to the
   belly.
    Those who, by toeir ancestors, have been set free
  from a constant drudgery to their backs and their
  bellies, should bestow some time on toeir heads.
                                        Locke.
 4. The rear:  opposed to the van.
    He might conclude, that Walter would  be upon
  the king's back, as his majesty was upon his.
                                     Clarendon.
 5. The place behind.
    As the voice goeth round, as  well towards the
  back as towards the front  of him that spcaketo, so
  does toe echo; for you have many oacfc echoes to
  the place where you stand.               Bacon.
    Antheus, Sergestus grave, Cleanthus strong,
  And  at their backs a mighty Trojan throng.  Dryden.
6. The  part of any thing out  of sight.
    Trees set upon the  6ocA:s of chimnies do ripen
  fruit sooner.                  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
7. The  thick  part of  any  tool  opposed to
  the edge;  as  the  back  of a  knife  or
  sword: whence  backsword,  or  sword
  with a back; as,
    Bull  dreaded not old Lewis either at backsioord,
  single faulchion, or cudgel-play.       Arbuthnot.
8. To turn  the  back on  one; to forsake
  him, or neglect him.
    At toe hour  of death, all friendships of the world
  bid him adictt, and toe whole creation turns its back
  upon him.                              South.
9. To turn the back; to go away; to  be not
  within the  reach of taking cognizance.
    His back was no sooner turned, but they returned
  to their former rebellion.            Sir J. Davies.
Back, bak'. adv. [from the noun.]
1. To the place from which one came.
    jBocA; you shall not to the house, unless
  You undertake  that with me.         Shakspeare.
    He sent many to seek the ship Argo, threatening
  that if they brought  not back Medea, they should
  suffer in her stead.   Raleigh's Hist, ofthe World.
    Where they  are, and why they came not back,
  Is now toe labour of my thoughts.          Milton.
    Back to toy native island might'st thou sail,
  And leave half-heard the melancholy tale.    Pope.
2. Backward;  as retreating from the  pre-
   sent station.
    I've been surpris'd in an unguarded hour,
  But must not  now go back; the love that lay
  Half smother'd in my breast, has broke through all
  Its weak restraints.                    Addison.

3. Behind; not coming  forward.
    I thought to promote thee unto great honour; but
  lo toe Lord hath kept thee back from honour.
                              Numb. xxiv. 11.
    Constrain the glebe, keep back the hurtful weed.
                                    Blackmore.
4. Towards things  past.
    I had always a curiosity to look back unto the
  sources of things,  and to view in my mind toe be-
  ginning and progress of a rising world.     Burnet.
5. Again; in  return.
    The lady's mad; yet if 'twere so,
  She could not sway her house, command  her fol-
      lowers,
  Take and give back affairs, and their dispatch,
  With such a  smooth, discreet, and stable bearing.
                                   Shakspeare.
6. Again; a second  time.
    This Casar found, and that ungrateful age,
  With losing him, went oacfc to blood and rage.
                                       Waller.
    The epistles being written from ladies forsaken by
  their lovers, many thoughts came back  upon  us in
  divers letters.                         Dryden.

To Back, bak. v. a. [from the noun  back/]
1. To mount on the back of a horse.
        That roan  shall be my throne.
  Well, 1 will back him strait. 0 Esperance!
  Bid Butler lead him forth into the park.    Shaksp.
2. To break  a horse;  to train him to bear
   upon his back.
    Direct us how to back the winged horse;
  Favour his flight, and moderate his  course.
                                   Roscommon.
3. To place  upon the back.
          As  I slept, methought
  Great Jupiter, upon his eagle back'd,
  Appear'd to me.                   Shakspeare.

4. To maintain; to  strengthen; to support;
   to defend.
          Belike he means,
  Back'd by the pow'r of Warwick, that false peer,
  T' aspire unto the crown.            Shakspeare.
    You are strait enough in the shoulders, you care
  not who sees your back: call  you that backing of
  your friends?  a plague upon such backing! give me
  them that will face me.             Shakspeare.
    These were  seconded by certain demilaunces,
  and both backed with men at arms. Sir J. Hayward.
    Did toey not swear, in express words,
  To prop  and back the house of lords?
  And after turn'd out the whole houseful.   Hudibras.
    A great malice, backed with a great interest, can
  have no advantage of a man, but from his expecta-
  tions of something without himself.          South.
    How shall we treat this bold aspiring man?
  Success still follows him, and backs his crimes.
                                      Addison.
5. To  justify; to support.
    The patrons of the  ternary number of principles,
  and those that would have five elements, endeavour
  to back their experiments with a specious reason.
                                        Boyle.
    We have I know not  how many adages to back
  the reason of this moral.             L'Estrange.
6. To second.
    Factious, and fav'ring this or t'other side,
  Their wagers  back their wishes.          Dryden.
To Ba'ckbite, bak'bite. v. a. [from back
  and bite.]  To  censure or reproach  the
  absent.
    Most  untruly  and  maliciously  do  these  evil
  tongues backbite and slander toe sacred ashes of that
  personage.                            Spenser-
    I will use him well; a friend i' to' court is better
  than a penny in  purse. Use  his men well, Daw.
  for toey are arrant knaves, and will backbite.
                                    Shakspeare.
Ba'ckbiter, bak'bi-ulr. to. s.  [from back-
   bite.] A  privy calumniator;  a censurer
   ofthe absent.
    No body is bound to look upon his backbiter,  or
  his underminer, his betrayer, or his oppressor, as his
  friend.                                South.
Ba'ckbone,  bak'bone. to.  s.  [from  back
   and  bone.] The bone of the back.
    The backbone should be divided into many verte-
  bres for commodious bending, and not to be one en-
  tire rigid bone.                          .Ray.
Ba'okcarry, bak'kar-re. Having  on  the
   back.
    Manwood, in his forest laws, noteth it for one of
  the four circumstances, or cases, wherein a forester
  may arrest an offender against vert or venison in toe
  forest, viz. stable-stand, dog-draw, backcarry, and
  bloody hand.                          Cowell.
Ba'ckdoor,  bak'dore. to. s.  [from back
   and door.]  The door behind the house;
   privy passage.
    The procession durst not return  by the way  it
  came; but, after  the devotion ofthe monks, passed
  out at a backdoor of toe convent.          Addison.
    Popery,  which is so far shut out as not to re-
  enter openly, is stealing in by the backdoor of athe-
  ism-                               Atterbury.
BA'cKED,bakt'.3*9crf/'.[fromdac/r.] Having
   a back.
                 Lofty-neck'd,
  Sharp-headed, barrel-bellied, broadly back'd. Dryd.
Ba'ckfriend, bak'frend. to.  s. [from back
  and friend] A friend backwards; that is,
  an  enemy in  secret.
    Set toe  restless importunities of talebearers and
  backfriends against fair words and professions.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Far is our church from encroaching upon the civil
  power; as some, who are backfriends to both, would
  maliciously insinuate.                    South.
Backga'mmon,  bak-garn'miln.166  to.  a.
   [from  bach gammon, Welsh, a  little
   battle.]  A play  or game at tables, with
   box and dice.
    In what esteem are you with the vicar of the pa-
  rish? can you play with him at backgammon? Swift.
BaVkhouse, bak'hoise. to.  s. [from back
  and  house.]  The buildings behind  the
   chief part of the  house.
    Their backhouses, of more necessary than cleanly
  service, as kitchens, stables, are climbed up unto by
_,st.ePs-                                Carew.
Ba ckpiece,  bak'peese. to. s.  [from back
   and piece.] The piece of armour which
   covers the back.
    The morning that he was to join battle, his  ar-
  mourer put on his oacftpiece before,  and his breast-
  plate behind.                         Camden.
Ba ckroom,  bak'room. to. s.  [from  back
   and  room]   A room behind;  not in  the
   front.
    If you have a fair prospect backwards of gardens
  it may be convenient to make backrooms the larger!
                       Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
Ba cksiue, bak'side. «. s. [from back and
   side.]
I. The hinder part of any thing.
    If the quicksilver were rubbed from the backside
  of the speculum, toe  glass would cause the same
  rings of colours, but more faint; the phenomena de-
  pend not upon the quicksilver, unless so far as it en-
  creases the reflection of toe backside of the glass.
                                       Newton 
BAC
1BAC
BAD
2. The hind part of an animal.
    A poor ant carries a grain of corn, climbing up a
  wall with her head downwards and her backside up-
  wards.                              Addison.
3. The yard or ground behind a house.
    The wash of pastures,  fields, commons, roads,
  streets, or backsides, are  of great advantage to all
  sorts of land.                        Mortimer.
To BACKSLi'nE,  bak-slide'.497 v. to. [from
   back and slide.] To fall off; to apostatize:
   a word only used by divines.
    Hast thou seen that which backsliding Israel hath
   done? She is gone up upon every high  mountain,
   and under every green tree.           Jeremiah.
Backsli'der,  bak-sli'dur.98   to.  s. [from
   backslide] An apostate.
    The backslider in heart shall be filled.  Proverbs.
Ba'ckstaff,  bak'staf. to. s. [from back and
   staff; because, in taking an observation,
   the observer's back is turned towards
   the sun.] An instrument useful in taking
   the  sun's  altitude at sea; invented  by
   Captain Davies.
 Ba'okstairs, bak'starz,  to. a.  [from back
   and ataira.] The private  stairs  in the
   house.
    I condemn  the practice which hath lately crept
   into the court  at the backstairs,  that some pricked
   for sheriffs get out of the bill.             Bacon.
 Ba'okstays,  bak'staze. to.  a.  [fro*i back
   and atay.]  Ropes  or stays which  keep
   the  masts  of a  ship from pitching for-
   ward or overboard.
 Ba'cksword, bak'sond- «• *• [from back
   and aword.] A  sword  with one  sharp
   edge.
    Bull dreaded not old Lewis at backsword.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 Ba'ckward, bak'wurd.      } adv. [from
 Ba'okwards, bak'wurdz.88  3  hack  and
    peapb,  Sax. that  is, towards the back;
    contrary to forwards.]
  J. With  the  back forwards.
      They went backward, and their faces were bock-
   ward.                               Genesis.
 2. Towards the back.
     In leaping with weights, the  arms are first  cast
   backwards, and then forwards, with so  much the
   greater force; for toe hands go backward before they
   take their rise.                        Bacon.
  3. On the back.
     Then darting fire from her malignant eyes,
   She cast him backward as he strove to rise. Dryden.
 4. From the present station to the  place
    beyond the back.
     We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
   And beat them backward home.           Shaksp.
             The monstrous sight
   Struck them with horrour backward; but far worse
   Urg'd them behind.                   MUton.
 5. Regressive ly.
     Are not toe rays of light, in passing by the edges
   and sides of bodies, bent several times backwards
   and forwards with a motion like that of an eel ?
                                      Newton.
 6. Towards something past.
     To prove the. possibility of a thing, there is no ar-
   gument to that which looks backwards; for what has
   been done or suffered may certainly be done or  suf-
   fered again.                            South.
 7. Reflexively.
    No, doubtless; for the mind can backward cast
   Upon herself, her understanding light. Sir J. Davies.
 8. From  x better to a worse state.
    The work went backward; and the more he strove
   T' advance the suit, the farther from her love. Dryd.
 9. Past;  in time past.
    They have spread one of the worst languages in
  the world, if we look upon it some reigns backward.
                                      Locke.
10. Perversely;  from  the wrong end.
          I never yet saw man,
  But she would spell  him backward; if fair-fac'd,
  She'd swear toe gentleman should be her sister;
  If black, why, nature, drawing of an antick,
  Made a foul blot; if tall, a launce ill-headed. Shaksp.
Ba'ckward, bak'wurd. adj.
1. Unwilling; averse.
    Our mutability makes the friends of our nation
  backward to engage  with  us in alliances.  Addison.
    We are  strangely backioard to lay hold  of  this
  safe, this only method of cure.         Atterbury.
    Cities laid waste,  they storm'd the dens and caves;
  For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves.   Pope.
2. Hesitating.
    All things are ready, if our minds be so:
  Perish the man, whose mind is backward now!
                                  Shakspeare.
3. Sluggish; dilatory.
    The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of
  weighing every argument.               Watts.
4. Dull; not quick or  apprehensive.
    It often falls out,  that toe backioard learner makes
  amends another way.                   South.
5. Late; coming after something else:  as,
   backward fruits;  backward  children:
   fruits long in ripening; children slow of
   growth.
Ba'ckward,  bak'wurd. «. s. The things
   or state behind or past: poetical.
            What seest thou else
  In the dark backward or abysm of time?    Shaksp.
Ba'ckwardly, bak'wdrd-le. adv.  [from
   backward.]
 I. Unwillingly; aversely;  with  the  back
   forward.
     Like Numid lions by Ae hunters chas'd,
  Though they do fly, yet backwardly do go
  With proud aspect, disdaining greater haste. Sidney*
2. Perversely; or with cold hope.
           I was the first man
  That e'er receiv'd gift from him;
  And does he think so backwardly of me,
  That I'll requite it last?             Shakspeare.
Backwardness,bak'wiird-nes. n. a. [from
   backward.]
 1. Dulness; unwillingness;  sluggishness.
     The thing by  which  we are apt to  excuse our
   backwardness to good works, is the ill success  that
  hath been observed to attend well-designing chari-
   ties.                              Atterbury.
2.  Slowness of progression;  tardiness.
Ba'con, ba'kn.170 to. a.  [probably from ba-
   ken, that is,  dried  flesh.]
 1. The flesh of a  hog salted and dried.
     High o'er the hearth a chine  of bacon hung,
   Good old Philemon  seiz'd it with a prong,
   Then cut a slice.                     Dryden.
2. To save the bacon, is a phrase  for pre-
   serving one's self from being hurt; bor-
   rowed from the  care of housewives in
   the country, where  they  have  seldom
   any other provision  in the house than
   dried  bacon,  to   secure  it  from  the
   marching soldiers.
     What frightens you thus, my good son? says the
      priest;
   You murder'd, are sorry, and have been confest.
   0 father! my sorrow will scarce save my bacon;
   For 'twas not that I  murder'd but that I was taken.
                                       Prior.
Baculo'metry,  bak-u-lom'm^-tr*.. to. #.
   [from baculua, Lat.  and  (tergai.] The
   art  of measuring  distances by one or
   more staves.                       Diet.
BAD, bad. adj.  [quaad, Dutch; compar.
  worse; superl. worst.]

I. Ill; not good;  a general  word used in
  regard  to  physical or moral faults, ei-
  ther of men or things.
    Most men have politicks enough to make, through
  violence, the best scheme of government a bad one
                                       Pope.
2. Vicious; corrupt.
              Thou may'st repent,
  And one bad act, with many deeds well done,
  May'st cover.                        MUton.
    Thus will toe latter, as the former, world
  Still tend from bad to worse.             Milton.
              Our unhappy fates
  Mix thee amongst the bad, or make thee run
  Too near toe paths which virtue bids thee shun.
                                      Prior.
3. Unfortunate; unhappy.
    The sun his annual course obliquely made,
  Good days contracted, and enlarg'd the bad. Dryd.

4.   Hurtful;  unwholesome; mischievous;
  pernicious: with for.
    Reading was bad for his eyes,  writing made his
  head ake.                          .Addison.
5. Sick: with of; as, bad of a fever.
Bad, bad.    } ,p,      t  .    _..,
Bade, I)M.7. J The preterite of*<*.

    And for an earnest of greater honour,
  He bode me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawder.
                                  Shakspeare.
Badge,  badje.74 to. a.  [A word of uncer-
  tain etymology; derived by Junius from
  bode or bade a messenger, and suppos-
  ed  to be corrupted  from badage, the
  credential of a messenger; but taken by
   Skinner and  Minshew   from bagghe,
   Dut.  a jewel, or bague,  Fr.  a ring. It
  seems  to  come from bajulo,  to carry,
  Lat.]
1. A mark or cognizance worn to shew the
  relation of the wearer to any person or
  thing.
    But on his breast a bloody cross he bore,
  The deai- resemblance of his dying lord;
  For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he wore,
                                     Spenser.
    The outward splendour of his office, is the badgt
  and token of that sacred character which he inward-
  ly bears.                          Atterbury.

2. A token by which one is known.
    A savage tygress on her helmet lies;
  The famous badge Clarinda  us'd to bear.  Fairfat.
3. The  mark or token of any thing.
    There  appears much joy  in him; even so much,
  that joy could not shew itself modest enough, without
  a badge of bitterness.                Shakspeare.
    Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge.   Shaksp,
    Let him not bear the badges of a wreck,
  Nor beg with a blue table on his back.   Dryden.
 To Badge, badje. v. a. [from the noun]
   To mark as with a badge.
    Your royal father's murder'd----
  ----Oh, by whom?----
  Those of his chamber, as it seem'd, had don't:
  Their hands and faces were  all badg'd with blood,
  So were toeir daggers.              Shakspcart

Ba'dger, bad'jfir98 to. *. [bedour, Fr. melts,
   Lat]  An animal that  earths  in the
    ground, used to be hunted.
     That a brock, or badger, hath legs of one side
  shorter than the other, is received not only by theo-
  rists and unexperienced believers, but most who be-
  hold them daily.                      Brown.
Ba'dger, bad'jur. n. a.  [perhaps from the
   Latin bajuluay a carrier;  but  by Junius 
BAG
BAG
B AI
  derived  from the  badger, a  creature
  who stows up his provision.] One that
  buys corn and victuals in one place, and
  carries it unto another.         Cowell.
Ba'dger-legged, bad'jur-ldgd.  389 adj.
  [from badger and legged/] Having legs
  of an unequal length, as the badger is
  supposed to  have.
    His body crooked all over,  big-bellied,  badger-
  legged, and his complexion swarthy.  ' L'Estrange
BA'DLY,bad-le. adv. [from bad.] In a bad
  manner; not  well.
    How goes toe day with us? O tell me, Hubert.—
  Badly, I fear. How fares your majesty?     Shaksp.
Bad'ness, bad'nes. to. s.  [from bad.] Want
  of good qualities, either natural or mo-
  ral; desert; depravity.
    It was not your brother's  evil  disposition made
  him seek his death; but a  provoking merit, set a
  work by a reprovable badness in himself.    Shaksp.
    There is one convenience in this city, which makes
  some amends for the badness of the pavement.
                              Addison on Italy.
     I did not see how the badness of toe weather
  could be the king's fault?               Addison.
To Ba'ffle,  baf'fl.406 v. a. [baffler, Fr.]
1. To elude; to make ineffectual.
     They made a shift to think themselves guiltless, in
  spite of all toeir sins; to break the precept, and  at
  the same  time to baffle the curse.          South.
     He hath deserved to have the grace withdrawn,
  which he  hath so long baffled and defied. Atterbury.
2. To  confound; to defeat with some con-
   fusion,  as by perplexing or amusing: to
   baffle is sometimes   less  than to con-
   quer.
               Etruria lost,
  He brings to Turnus' aid his baffled host.   Dryden.
     When toe mind has brought itself to close think-
  ing, it may go on roundly. Every abstruse problem,
  every intricate question, will not baffle, discourage,
  or break it.                            Locke.
     A foreign potentate trembles at a war  with toe
  English nation, ready to employ against him such
  revenues as shall baffle his designs upon their coun-
  try.                                Addison.
B'affle,  baf'fl.408  to. *. [from the verb.]
   A defeat.
     It is toe skill  of the disputant that keeps off a
  baffle.                                South.
     The authors having missed of their aims, are
  fain to retreat with frustration and a baffle.  South.
Ba'ffler, baf'flur.98 n.s.[frombaffle.] He
   that puts to confusion, or defeats.
     Experience, that great baffler of speculation, as-
  sures us the thing is too possible, and brings, in all
  ages, matter of fact to confute our suppositions.
                      Government ofthe  Tongue.
Bag, bag. «. s. [belje, Sax. from whence
  perhaps,  by dropping,  as is usual, the
  harsh consonant, came bege, bage, bag]
1. A sack, or pouch, to put any thing in,
   as money, corn.
     Cousin, away for England; haste before,
  And ere our coming, see thou shake the bags
  Of hoarding abbots; toeir imprison'd angels
  Set thou at liberty.                 Shakspeare.
     What is it that opens thy  mouth in praises?  Is it
  that thy bags and toy barns are full?        South.
    Waters were inclosed within toe earth, as in a
  four                                 Burnet.
     Once, we confess, beneath the patriot's cloak,
  From the  crack'd bag the dropping guinea spoke.
                                        Pope.
2. That part of animals in which some par-
  ticular  juices are contained, as the poi-
  son of vipers.
   . The swelling poison of the several sects.
  Which, wanting vent, the nation's health infects,
  Shall burst its bag.                    Dryden
    Sing on, sing on, for I can ne'er be cloy'd;
  So may toy cows their burden'd bags distend.  Dryd.
3. An ornamental purse of  silk tied to
   men's hair.
    We saw a young fellow  riding  towards us full
  gallop, with a bob wig and  black silken bag tied to
  it.                                Addison.
4. A term used to signify different quanti-
   ties of certain commodities; as, a bag of
   pepper, a bag of hops.
To Bag, bag. v. a. [from the nonn.]
1. To  put into a bag.
    Accordingly he drain'd those marshy grounds,
  And bagg'd them  in a blue cloud.        Dryden.
    Hops ought not to be bagged up hot.   Mortimer.
2. To load with a bag.
    Like a bee, bagg'd with his honey'd venom,
  He brings it to your hive. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
To Bag. bag.i>.  to.  To swell like a full bag.
    The skin seemed much contracted, yet it bagged,
  and had a  porringer full of matter in it.   Wiseman.
    Two kids that in the valley stray'd
  I found by chance, and to my fold convey'd:
  They drain two bagging udders every day. Dryden.
Ba'gatelle, bag-a-teT. to. *.  [bagatelle,
   Fr.] A  trifle; a thing of no  importance;
   a word  not naturalized.
     Heaps of hair rings and cypher'd seals;
   Rich trifles, serious bagatelles.             Prior.

Ba'ggage, bag'gidje.9* to. s.  [from   bag;
   baggage, Fr.]
1. The furniture and utensils of an army.
     The army was  an hundred and seventy thousand
   footmen, and twelve thousand horsemen, beside the
   baggage.                              Judith.
     Riches  are the baggage of virtue; they cannot be
   spared, nor left behind, but toey hinder the march.
                                      Bacon.
     They were probably always in readiness, and car-
   ried among toe baggage of toe army.
                              Addison on Italy.
2. The goods that are to be carried away,
   as bag and baggage.
     Dolabella designed, when his affairs grew despe-
   rate in Egypt, to pack up bag and baggage, and sail
   for Italy.                          Arbuthnot.
3. A worthless woman; in French bagaste;
   so called,  because such women follow
   camps.
     A  spark of indignation did rise in her, not to suf-
   fer such a baggage to win away any thing of hers
    When this baggage meets with a man who has
  vanity to credit relations, she turns him to account.
                                    Spectator.
Ba'gnio,  ban'yo.388  to.  s.  [bagno, Ital.  a
  bath.]  A house for bathing,  sweating,
  and otherwise cleansing the body.
    I have known two instances of malignant fevers
  produced by the hot air of a bagnio. Arbuthnot on Air.
Ba'gpipe, bag'pipe. to.  s.  [from bag and
  pipe; the wind being received in a bag.]
  A  musical instrument, consisting of a
  leathern bag, which blows up like a foot-
  ball, by  means of a port-vent  or little
  tube fixed to it, and stopped by a valve
  and three pipes or flutes; the first called
  the great pipe or drone, and the second
  the little one,  which  pass the  wind out
  only at the bottom; the third has a reed,
  and is played on by compressing the bag
  under the arm, when full; and opening or
  stopping the holes, which are eight, with
  the fingers. The bagpipe  takes in the
   compass of three octaves.   Chambers.
    No banners but shirts, with  some bad bagpipes
  instead of drum and fife.                 Sidney.
    He heard a bagpipe, and saw a general animated
  with the sound.            Addison's Freeholder.
Bagpi'per,  bag'pi-po.r.9' to. *. [from bag-
  pipe.]  One that plavs on a bagpipe.
    Some  that will  evermore peep thro' toeir eyes,
  And laugh, like parrots, at a bagpiper.     Shaksp.
BAGUE'TTE, ba-get'.381 n. s. [Fr.aterm
   of architecture.]  A little round mould-
   ing,  less  than  an astragal;  sometimes
   carved and enriched.
To Baigne, bain. v. a. [bagner, Fr.]  To
   drench; to soak: a word out of use.
    The women forslow not to baigne them, unless
  toey plead toeir heels, with a worse perfume than
  Jugurto found in the dungeon.
                    Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Bail, bale. to. s. [Of this word the etymolo-
   gists give many derivations; it seems to
   come from the French bailler, to put into
   the hand; to deliver up, as a man delivers
   himself up in surety.]
    jBaif is the freeing or setting at liberty one arrest-
  ed or imprisoned upon action either civil or crimi-
  nal, under security taken for his appearance. There
  is both common and special bail; common bail is in
  actions of small prejudice, or slight proof, called
  common, because any sureties in that case are ta-
  ken: whereas, upon causes of greater weight, or ap-
  parent specialty, special bail or surety, must be ta-
  ken. There is a difference between bail and main-
  prise ; for he that is mainprised is at large, until the
  day of his appearance: but where a man is bailed,
  he is always accounted by toe law to be in their
  ward and custody for toe time: and they may, if they
  will, keep him in ward or in prison at that time, or
  otherwise at their will.                 Cowell.
    Worry'd with debts, and past all hopes of bail,
  Th' unpity'd wretch lies rotting in a jail.
                                  Roscommon.
    And bribe with presents, or, when presents fail,
  They send toeir prostituted wives for bail. Dryden.
To Bail, bale. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To give  bail for another.
          Let me be their bail----
  They shall be ready at your highness' will,
  To answer their suspicion----
  Thou shalt not bail them. Shakspeare's Titus Andron.
2. To admit to bail.
    When they had bailed the twelve bishops who were
  in the Tower, the house of  Commons, in great in-
  dignation, caused them immediately to be recommitt-
   ed to the Tower.                   Clarendon.

BA'iLABLE^a'la-bl.^orf/. [from *czY.]That
   may be set at liberty by bail or sureties.

Ba'iliff, ba'lif. to. s.  [a word of doubtful
   etymology in  itself, but borrowed by us
   from baillie, Fr.]
 1. A subordinate officer.
     Lausanne is under the  canton of Berne, governed
   by a bailiff sent every three years from toe senate
   of Berne.                           Addison.
2. An officer whose business it is to exe-
   cute arrests.
     It many times happeneth, that, by the under-sher-
   iffs and their bailiffs,  the owner hath  incurred the
   forfeiture, before he cometh to the knowledge of the
   process that runneth against him.         Bacon.
     A bailiffbj mistake, seized you for a debtor, and
   kept you the whole evening in a spunging-house.
                                       Swift.
     Swift as a bard toe bailiff leaves behind.   Pope.
 3. An  under-steward  of a  manor.
 Ba'iliwick, ba'le-wik. n. s. [of  baillie, Fr.
   and yic. Sax.]  The  place of the jurisdic-
   tion of a bailiff within his hundred, or the 
BAI
BAK
B AL
lord's franchise.  It is that liberty which
is exempted from the sheriff of the coun-
ty, over which the lord of the liberty ap-
pointed a  bailiff.                 Cowell.
  A proper officer is to walk up and down his baili-
wick
Spenser.
    There issued writs to the  sheriffs, to  return the
  names of the several land-owners in their several
  bailhoicks.                               Hale.
To Bait, bate, x;. a. [baCan, Sax. baitzen,
   Germ.]
1. To put meat upon a hook, in some place,
   to tempt fish, or other animals.
    Oh cunning enemy, that, to catch a saint,
  With saints dost bait thy hook! most dangerous
  Is that temptation that doth goad us on
  To sin in loving virtue.    Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
    Let's  be revenged on  him; let's  appoint him a
  meeting, give him a show of comfort in his suit, and
  lead  him on with a  sure  baited delay, till  he hath
  pawned  his horses to mine host of the garter.
             Shakspeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
    Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well
  known to anglers, who bait toeir hooks with them.
                                         Ray.
    How are toe sex improv'd in am'rous arts!
  What new found snares they bait for human hearts!
                                          Gay.
2. To give meat to one's self, or horses, on
   the road.
                   What so strong,
  But,  wanting rest, will also want of might?
  The  sun, that measures heaven all day long,
  At night doth bait his steeds the ocean waves among.
                                       Spenser.
To Bait, bate. v. a. [from  battre,  Fr. to
   beat.]
I. To attack with violence.
    Who seeming sorely chaffed at his band,
  As chained bear, whom cruel dogs do bait,
  With idle force did fain them to withstand.
                                   Fairy Qjueen.
                   I will not yield
  To kiss the ground before young Malcolm's feet,
  And  to be baited with the rabble's curse.
                           Shakspeare's Macbeth.
2. To harass by the help of others;  as, we
   bait a  boar with mastiffs, but a bull with
   bull-dogs.

 To Bait, bate. v. to. To stop at any place
   for refreshment: perhaps this word is
   more  properly bate, to abate speed.
     But our desires tyrannical extortion
  Doth force us there to set our chief delightfulness,
  Where but a baiting place is all our portion. Sidney.
    As one who on his journey baits at noon,
  Tho' bent on speed: so here th' archangel paus'd.
                                       Milton.
    In all  our journey from London to his house, we
  did not so much as bait at a whig inn.
                             Addison, Spectator.
 To Bait, bate. v. to. [as an hawk.] To clap
   the wings; to make an offer of flyino-; to
   flutter.
    All plum'd like estridges,  that with the wind
  Baited like eagles having lately bath'd;
  Glittering in  golden coats like images.     Shaksp.
    Hood  my unman'd blood baiting in my cheeks
  With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold,
  Thinks true love acted simple modesty.    Shaksp.
    Another way I have to man my haggard,
  To make her come, and know her keeper's call;
  That is,  to watch her as we watch those kites
  That bait and beat, and will not be obedient. Shaksp.
Bait, bate. to. s.  [from the verb ]
1. Meat  set to allure fish, or other animals,
   to a snare.
    The pleasant'st angling is to see the fish
  Cut with her  golden oars the silver stream,
  And greedily devour the treacherous bait.   Shaksp.
2. A temptation;  an  enticement;  allure-
   ment.
    And that same glorious beauty's idle boast
  Is but a bait such wretches to beguile.    Spenser.
    Taketh therewith the souls of men, as with the
  baits.                                Hooker.
    Sweet words, I grant, baits and allurements sweet,
  But greatest hopes with greatest crosses meet.
                                      Fairfax.
            Fruit, like that
  Which grew in Paradise, toe bait of Eve
  Us'd  by the tempter.                    Milton.
    Secure from foolish pride's affected state,
  And specious flattery's more pernicious bait.
                                   Roscommon.
            Her head was bare,
  But for her native ornament of hair,
  Which in a simple  knot was tied above:
  Sweet negligence! unheeded bait of love!  Dryden.
    Grant that others could with  equal glory
  Look down on  pleasures, and the baits of sense.
                                      Addison.
3. A refreshment on a journey.
Baize, baze.  to. s.  A kind of coarse open
   cloth stuff, having a long nap;  some-
   times frized on one side, and sometimes
   not frized.   This stuff is without wale,
   being wrought on a loom with two tred-
   dles, like flannel.             Chambers.
To Bake, bake. v. a. participle passive,ba-
   kedor  baken.[bxcan, Sax. becken,Germ.
   supposed by Wachter to come from bee,
   which, in the Phrygian language, signi-
   fied bread.]
I. To heat  any thing in a close place; ge-
   nerally in an oven.

    He will take thereof, and warm himself; yea, he
  kindlcto  it, and baketh bread.              Isaiah.
    The difference of prices of bread proceeded from
  toeir delicacy in bread, and perhaps something in
  toeir manner of bafcing.              Arbuthnot.
2. To harden in  the fire.
    The work of the fire is a kind of baking; and
  whatsoever the fire baketh, time doth, in some de-
  gree, dissolve.                          Bacon.
3. To harden with  heat.
                   With vehement suns
  When dusky summer bakes toe  crumbling clods,
  How pleasant is't, beneath the  twisted arch,
  To ply the sweet carouse!                Philips.
    The sun with flaming arrows piere'd the flood,
  And, darting to the  bottom, bak'd the mud. Dryden.
To Bake, bake.  v.  to.
1. To do the  work  of baking.
    I keep his house, and I wash, wring, brew, bake,
  scour, dress  meat,  and  make the  beds, and  do all
  myself-                           Shakspeare.
2. To be  heated or baked.
    Fillet of a fenny snake,
  In the cauldron boil and bake.     Shaksp. Macbeth.
Baked Meats, bakd metes.   Meats dress-
   ed by the oven.
    There be some houses, wherein sweetmeats will
  relent, and bakedmeats will mould, more than others.
_                                     Bacon.
Ba kehouse, bake'house.  to.  s. [from bake
   and house.] A place for baking bread.
    I have marked a willingness in the Italian arti-
  zans, to distribute  the kitchen, pantry,  and bake-
  house under ground.                    Wotton
Ba'ken, ba'kn.1?" The participle from To
   bake.
    There was a cake baken on the coals, and a cruse
  ofwaterathishead.                   Y Ki
Ba'ker,  ba'kur.9* n. s. [from To  bake.]
   He whose trade  is to bake.
    In  life and health, every man must proceed upon
  trust, there being no knowing the intention of the
  cook or baker.                           South,

Ba'lance, bal'lanse. to. s. [balance, Fr. bi-
  lanx, Lat.]
   One of the six simple powers in mecha-
  nicks, used principally for determining
  the difference of weight in heavv bodies.
  It  is of several  forms.        Chambers.
2. A  pair of scales.
    A balance of power, either without or within a
  state, is best conceived by considering what the na-
  ture of a balance is.  It supposes three things; first
  the  part which is held, together with the hand that
  holds it; and then the two scales, with whatever is
  weighed therein.                        Swift
    For when on ground the burden balance lies
  The empty part is lifted up the higher.
                                  Sir J. Davies.
3. A metaphorical balance,or the mind em-
   ployed in comparing one thing with an-
  other.
    I  have an equal balance justly weigh'd
  What wrong our arms may do, what wrongs we suf-
        fer:
  Griefs heavier than our offences.  Shaksp. Hen. IV

4. The act of comparing two things, as by
  the balance.
    Comfort arises not from  others being miserable
  but  from this inference upon the balance,  that we
  suffer only the lot of nature.          L'Estrange
    Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either
  side, it will appear, that the rules of the gospel are
  more powerful means of conviction than such mes-
  saSe-                              Atterbury.
5. The overplus of weight; that quantity by
  which, of two things weighed together,
  one  exceeds the other.
    Care being taken, that the exportation exceed in
  value the importation; and then the balance of trade
  must of necessity be returned in  coin or bullion.
                       Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
6. That  which is wanting  to  make two
  parts of an account even; as, he  stated
  the account with his  correspondent, and
   paid the balance,

7. Equipoise; as,  balance of power.  See
   the second  sense.
    Love, hope, and joy, fair pleasure's smiling train;
  Hate, fear, and grief, the family of pain;
  These mix'd with art, and to due bounds confin'd,
  Make and maintain the balance of toe mind.  Pope.
8. The  beating part of a watch.
    It is but supposing that all watches, whilst the 6a-
  lance beats, think; and it is sufficiently proved, that
  my  watch thought all last night.          Locke.
9. [In  astronomy.]    One  of the  twelve
   signs of  the zodiack, commonly  called
   Libra.
    Or wilt thou  warm our summers with thy rays,
  And seated near the balance poise the days? Dryden.

To Ba'lance,  bal'lanse.  v. a. [balancer,
   Fr.]
1. To weigh  in a  balance, either  real  or
   figurative;  to compare by the balance.
    If men would but balance the good and the evil
  of things, they would not venture soul and body for
  dirty interest.                      L'Estrange.

2. To regulate the weight in a balance; to
   keep in a state of just proportion.
    Heav'n that hath placed  this Island to give law,
  To  balance Europe, and her states to awe.   Waller.
3. To counterpoise; to weigh equal to; to
   be equipollent; to counteract.
    The attraction of the glass is balanced, and ren-
  dered ineffectual, by the contrary attraction of  the
  liquor.                              Newton. 
B AL
B AL
B AL
4. To regulate an account, by stating it on
   both sides.
    Judging is balancing an account, and determining
  on which side the odds lie.                Locke.
5. To pay that which is wanting to make
   the two parts of an account equal.
                  Give him leave
  To balance the account of Blenheim's day.  Prior.
    Though I am very well satisfied, that it is not in
  my power to balance accounts with my Maker, I am
  resolved, however, to turn all my endeavours  that
  way.                      Addison, Spectator.
To Ba'lance, bal'lanse. v. to.  To hesitate;
   to  fluctuate between equal motives, as a
   balance plays when charged with equal
   weights.
    Were the satisfaction of lust, and toe joys of hea-
  ven, offered to anyone's present possession, he would
  not balance, or err, in the determination of his choice.
                                       Locke.
    Since there is nothing that can offend, I see not
  why you should balance a moment about printing it.
                             Atterbury to Pope.
Ba'lanc er, bal'lan-sur. to s. [from balance]
   The person that weighs any thing.
Ba'lass Ruby,b&\'as-r\i'be.n.s. [balas,Fr.
   supposed to be an Indian term.] A kind
   of  ruby.
    Balass ruby is of a crimson colour, with a cast of
  purple, and seems best to answer the description of
  the  ancients.               Woodward on Fossils.
 To Balbu'cinate,  bal-bu'se-nate.  v. to.
   [from balbutio, Lat.]  To  stammer in
   speaking.                          Diet.
To Balbu'tiate, bal-bu'se-ate. v. to. The
   same with balbucinate.             Diet.
Balco'ny, bal-ko'ne.  to. *. [balcon, Fr. bal-
   cone, Ital.]  A  frame  of iron, wood,  or
   stone, before the window of a room.
    Then pleasure came, who liking not the fashion,
  Began to make balconies, tenaces,
  Till she had weaken'd all by alteration.   Herbert.
    WhenJirty waters from balconies drop,
  And dext'rous damsels twirl the sprinkling mop. Gay.
Bald, bawld. adj. [bal,  Welsh.]
!. Wanting hair; despoiled of hair by time
   or  sickness.
    Neither shall men make themselves bald for them.
                                    Jeremiah.
    I  find it remarked by Marchetti, that the cause of
  baldness in men is the dryness of toe brain, and its
  shrinking from toe skull; he having observed,  that
  in bald persons, under the bald part, there was a va-
  cuity between the skull and toe brain.       Ray.
    He should imitate Caesar, who, because his head
  was  bald, covered that defect with laurels.  Addison.
2. Without natural covering.   ,
    Under an oak, whose boughs were moss'd with age,
  And high top bald with dry antiquity.  Shakspeare.
3. Without the  usual covering.
    He is set at the upper end o' th' table; but they
  stand bald before him.              Shakspeare.
4. Unadorned; inelegant.
    Hobbes, in the preface to his own bald translation,
  begins toe praise of Homer when he should have
  ended it.              Dryden's Fables, Preface.
    And that, though labour'd, line must 6atd appear,
  That brings ungrateful musick to the ear.  Creech.
5. Mean; naked; without dignity; without
   value; bare.
    What should the people do with these bald tri-
        bunes?
  On whom depending, their obedience fails
  To to' greater bench.                Shakspeare.
6. Bald was used by the northern nations
   to  signify the same as audax, bold;  and
   is still in  use.  So Baldwin, and by in-
   version  Winbald,  is   bold  conqueror;

       VOL. I.
  Ethelbald, nobly bold; Eadbald, happi-
  ly bold; which  are of the same  import
  as  Thraseas, Thrasymachus, and Thra-
  sybulus, &c.                     Gibson.
Ba'ldachin,  bawld'atsh-in. to. *. [balda-
  chino, Ital.]  A  piece of architecture, in
  form of a canopy, supported with  co-
  lumns, and  serving as a covering to an
  altar.   It properly signifies a rich silk,
  Du Cange, and was a  canopy carried
  over the host.            Builder's Diet.
Ba'lderdash, bawl'dur-dash.  to. s. [pro-
  bably  of balb,  Sax. bold,  and dash, to
  mingle.]  Any  thing jumbled together
  without judgment; rude mixture; a con-
  fused discourse.
To  Ba'lderdash,   bawl'dur-dash. v. a.
  [from the noun.]  To mix or adulterate
  any liquor.
Ba'ldly, bawld'le. adv. [from bald]  Na-
  kedly; meanly;  inelegantly.
Ba'ldmony, bawld'mun-ne. to. s. The same
  with Gentian.
Ba'ldness,  bawld'nes. to. *. [from  bald]
I. The want of hair.
2. The loss of hair.
    Which happen'd on the skin to light,
  And there corrupting to a wound,
  Spreads leprosy and  baldness round.        Swift.
3. Meanness of writing; inelegance.
Ba'ldrick, bawl'drik. to. s. [Of uncertain
  etymology.]
1. A  girdle. By some Dictionaries it is ex-
  plained a bracelet; but I have not found
  it in that  sense.
    Athwart his breast a baldrick brave he ware,
  That shin'd, like twinkling stars, with stones most
        precious rare.              Fairy Qjueen.
    A radiant  baldrick, o'er his shoulders tied,
  Sustain'd the sword  that glitter'd at his side. Pope.
2. The zodiack.
    That like the twins of Jove, toey seem'd in sight,
  Which deck  the baldrick of the heavens bright.
                                     Spenser.
Bale, bale.  to. s. [balle, Fr.]  A bundle or
  parcel of  goods packed up for carriage.
    One hired an ass in toe dog-days, to  carry cer-
  tain bales of goods to such a town.     L'Estrange.
    It is part  of the bates in which bohea tea was
  brought over from China.             Woodward.
Bale, bale.  to. s. [baei. Sax. bale, Dan. bal,
  bol, Icelandish.]  Misery; calamity.
    She look'd about,  and seeing one in mail
  Armed to point, sought back to turn again;
  For light she hated as the deadly bate. Fairy Queen.
To  Bale, bale. v. a. A word used by the
  sailors,  who bid bale out the  water; that
  is,  lave it  out, by way of distinction from
  pumping. Skinner.  I believe from bail-
  ler, Fr. to deliver from hand to  hand.
To Bale, bale. v. to. [emballer, Fr. imbal-
  lure, Ital.]  To  make  up into a bale.
Ba'leful, bale'ful.  adj. [from bale.]
I. Full of misery; full of grief; sorrowful;
   sad; woful.
    Ah, luckless babe! born under cruel star,
  And in  dead parents baleful ashes bred.  .Fairy Q.
    But when I feel the bitter baleful smart,
  Which  her fair eyes unwares do work in me,
  I think  that  1 a new Pandora see.         Spenser.
         Round he throws his baleful eyes,
  That witoess'd huge affliction and dismay,
  Mix'd with obdurate pride and stedfast hate. Milton.
2. Full  of mischief;  destructive.
    But when he saw his threat'ning was but vain,
  He  turn'd  about,  and search'd  his baleful books
        again.                    Fairy Qjueen.
              Boiling choler chokes,
  By sight of these, our balefid enemies. Shakspeare.
    Unseen, unfelt, toe fiery serpent skims
  Betwixt her linen and her naked limbs;
  His baleful breath inspiring as he glides.   Dryden.
    Happy lerne, whose most wholesome air
  Poisons envenom'd spiders, and forbids
  The baleful toad and vipers from her shore. Philips.
Ba'lefully, bale'ful-le. adv. [from bale-
  ful.]  Sorrowfully; mischievously.
Balk,  bawk.402  8*  to. s.  [balk, Dut. and
  Germ.] A great beam, such as is used in
  buildings; a  rafter over an out-house or
  barn.
Balk,  bawk.  to. s.  [derived by  Skinner
  from  valicare,  Ital. to pass  over.]   A
  ridge of  land left unploughed between
  the furrows, or at the end of the field.
To  Balk, bawk.403 v. a.  [See the noun.]
I. To disappoint; to frustrate; to elude.
    Another thing in the  grammar schools I see no
  use of, unless it be to balk young lads in learning
  languages.                            Locke.
    Every one has a desire to keep up the vigour of
  his faculties, and not to balk his understanding by
  what is too hard for it.                  Locke.
    But one may balk this good intent,
  And take things otherwise than meant.     Prim:
    The prices must have been high; for a  people so
  rich would not baffc their fancy.        Arbuthnot.
    Balk'd of his prey, the yelling monster flies,
  And fills the city with his hideous cries.     Pope.
    Is there a variance? enter but his door,
  Balk'd are the courts, and contest is no more. Pope.
2. To miss  any thing; to leave untouched.
    By grisly Plutahe doth swear,
  He rent his clothe*, and tore his hair;
  And as he runneth here and there,
    An acorn cup he greeteth;
  Which soon he taketh by the stalk,
  About his head he lets it walk,
  Nor doth he any creature baffc,
    But lays on all he meeteth. Drayton's Nymphid-
3. To omit or refuse  any thing.
    This was looked for at your hand, and this was
  balkt.                            Shakspeare.
4. To heap, as on a ridge.  This, or some-
  thing like  this,  seems to be intended
  here.
    Ten thousand  bold  Scots,  three and  twenty
        knights,
  Balk'd in their own blood, did Sir Walter see
  On Holmedon's plains.             Shakspeare.
Ba'lkers,  baw'ktirz.98 to. s. [In fishery.]
  Men who stand on a cliff, or high place
  on the shore, and give a sign to the men
  in the fishing-boats, which way the pas-
  sage or  shoal  of herrings is.     Cowtil.
    The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called
  a plusher, who leapeth above water,  and bewrayetta
  them  to toe balker.        Carew's Sur. of Corn.
Ball, bawl.8' "  to. s. [bol, Dun. bol. Dm.]
    Bal, diminutively Belin, the sun, or Apollo of the
  Celts, was called by the ancient  Gauls Abellio.
  Whatever was round, and in particular toe head,
  was called by toe ancients either Bal, or Bel, and
  likewise Bui and BUI. Among the modern Persians,
  the head is called Pole; and the  Flemings still  call
  the head Boile.  rioxo? is toe head or poll;  and
  7riKtiv is to turn.   Boxoc likewise signifies a round
  ball, whence bowl, and bell, and ball,  which the
  Welsh term bel.  By toe Scotch also the head  is
  named bhel; whence the English bitf is derived, sig-
  nifying the beak of a bird.  Figurath cly, the Phry-
  gians and Thurians by 0ttK\»-:  understood a king
  Hence also, in the Syriack dialects,/S jk, @i,\, and
  likewise /2a>\, signifies lord,  and by this name also 
BAL
BAL
BAL
 the sun; and, in some dialects, U\ and'l\, whence
 lxo? and Hx/ej, r>A<oc and Btixiot, and also, in the
 C el tick diminutive way of expression, Emvoc, Ttht-
 vo(, and Bsxevor, signified the sun; and E\tv», TtKivti,
 and BtKtvii, the moon.   Among the Teutonicks, hoi
 and heil have the same meaning; whence the adjec-
 tive holig, or heilig is derived, and signifies divine
 or holy; and the aspiration being  changed into s,
 the Romans form toeir Sol.              Baxter.
1.  Any thing made in a round form, or ap-
   proaching to round.
    Worms with many feet round themselves into balls
 under logs of timber, but not in the timber. Bacon.
    Nor arms they wear, nor  swords and bucklers
        wield,
  But whirl from leathern strings huge balls of lead.
                                     Dryden.
    Like a ball of snow tumbling down a  hill, he
  gathered strength as he passed.           Howel.
       Still unripen'd in the dewy mines,
  Within the ball a trembling water shines,
  That through the ciystal darts.          Addison.
    Such of those corpuscles as happened to combine
  into one  mass, formed the metallick  and  mineral
  balls, or nodules, which we find.       Woodward.
2. A  round thing to play with, either  with
   the hand or foot, or a racket.
    Balls to toe stars, and thralls to fortune's reign,
   Turn'd from themselves, infected with their cage,
   Where death is fear'd, and life is held with pain.
                                      Sidney.
    Those  I have seen play at ball,  grow extremely
   earnest who should have the ball.         Sidney.
3. A  small round  thing,  with some parti-
   cular mark, by which votes  are given,
   or lots cast.
              Let lots decide it.
   For every number'd captive put a ball
   Into  an urn; three only black be there,
   The rest, all white, are safe.            Dryden.
    Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears;
   Round in his urn toe blended balls he rowls,
   Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryd.
 4. A  globe; as, the ball of the earth.
    Julius and Antony, those lords of all,
   Low at her feet present toe conquer'd ball. Granv.
    Ye gods, what justice rules toe ball?
   Freedom and arts together fall.            Pope.
 5. A  globe borne  as an ensign  of sove-
    reignty.
     Hear the tragedy of a young man, that by right
   ought to hold toe ball of a kingdom; but, by fortune,
   is made himself a ball, tossed from misery to mise-
   ry, from place to place.                 Bacon.
 6. Any part ofthe body that approaches to
    roundness;  as, the lower  and  swelling
    part of the  thumb; the apple ofthe eye.
     Be subject to no sight but  mine; invisible
   To every eye ball else.             Shakspeare.
     To make a stern countenance, let your brow bend
   so, that it may almost touch  the ball of the eye.
                                     Peacham.
 7. The skin spread over a hollow piece of
    wood, stuffed  with hair or wool, which
    the printers dip in ink, to  spread  it on
    the letters.
 Ball, bawl. to. 8. [bal, Fr.  from  balare,
    low Lat.  from fictxxlfytv to dance.]  An
    entertainment of dancing,  at which the
    preparations are made at the expense of
    some particular person.
     If golden sconces hang not on the walls,
   To light the costly suppers and the balls.  Dryden.
     He would make no extraordinary figure at a ball;
   but I can assure  the ladies, for  their  consolation,
   that he has writ better verses  on  the sex than any
   man.                                 Swift.
 Ba'llad, bal'lad.TO.s. [balade,¥r.] A song.
     Ballad once signified a solemn and sacred song, as
   well as trivial,  when  Solomon's Song was called the
 ballad of ballads; but now it is applied to nothing but
 trifling verse.                          Watts.
    An' I have not ballads made on you all, and sung
 to filthy tunes, may a cup of sack be my poison.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Like toe sweet ballad, this amusing lay
 Too long detains toe lover on his way.       Gay.
To Ba'llad, bal'lad. v.n. [from the noun.]
   To make or sing ballads.
                Saucy lictors
 Will catch at us like strumpets, and scall'd rhimers
 Ballad us out o' tone.               Shakspeare.
Ba'llad-singer,   bal'lad-slng-ur.  to.  a.
   [from  ballad and sing.] One whose em-
   ployment is to sing ballads in the streets.
    No sooner 'gan he raise his tuneful song,
  But lads  and lasses round about him throng.
  Not ballad-singer, plac'd above  the crowd,
  Sings with a note so shrilling, sweet, and loud. Gay.
BA'LLAST,bal'last.88 n.s. [ballaste, Dutch.]
I.  Something put at the bottom ofthe ship,
   to keep it steady to the centre of gravity.
    There must  be middle counsellors to keep things
  steady; for, without that ballast, the ship  will roul
  too much.                            Bacon.
    As for the ascent of a submarine vessel, this may
  be easily contrived, if there be some great weight at
  the bottom of the ship, being part of its ballast;
  which, by some cord within, may be loosened from
  it.                                 Wilkins.
    As, when empty barks on billows float,
  With sandy ballast sailors trim  the boat;
   So bees bear gravel stones, whose poising weight
   Steers through the  whistling  winds toeir steddy
      flight.                          Dryden.
 2.  That  which is used to  make any thing
   steady.
     Why  should he sink where nothing  seem'd  to
      press?
   His lading little,  and his ballast less.       Swift.
 To Ba'llast, bal'last.88 v. a.  [from  the
    noun.]
 1. To put weight at the bottom of a ship,
    in order to keep  her steady.
     If this be so ballasted, as to be of equal weight with
   the like magnitude of water, it will be moveable.
                                     Wilkins.
 2. To keep any thing  steady.
     While thus  to ballast love I  thought,
   And so more steddily t' have gone,
   I saw I had love's pinnace overfraught.    Donne.
     Now  you have given me virtue for my guide,
   And with true honour ballasted my pride.  Dryden.
 Balle'tte, bal'lut. to. s. [ballette, Fr.]  A
    dance in which  some history is repre-
    sented.
 Ba'lliards, bal'yurdz.113 ». s. [from ball,
    and yard, or stick to push  it with.]  A
    play at which a ball is driven by the end
    of a stick: now corruptly called billiards.
     With dice,  with cards, with halliards, far unfit,
   With shuttlecocks misseeming manly wit. Spenser.
 Ba'llister, bat'&s-tur. See Balustre.
 BALLO'N,  ), 4, .,, ,      r
 Ballo'on,   5 baUoon ' n' "' \Pallonr Fr.]
 I. A large round short-necked vessel used
    in chymistry.
 2. [In architecture.] A ball or globe plac-
    ed on the  top  of a pillar.
 3. [In fireworks.]  A ball of pasteboard,
    stuffed with combustible matter, which,
    when  fired, mounts to a considerable
    height in  the  air, and  then  bursts into
    bright sparks  of fire, resembling stars.
 Ba'llot, bal'lut.168 to. s. [ballote, Fr.]
 1. A little  ball or ticket used in giving
  votes, being put privately into a box or
  urn.
2. The act of voting by ballot.
To  Ba'llot, bal'lut.166 v. to. [balloter, Fr.]
  To choose by ballot, that is, by putting
  little balls  or tickets,  with  particular
  marks, privately in a box;  by counting
  which,  it is known what is the result of
  the poll, without any discovery by whom
  each vote was given.
    No competition arriving to a sufficient number of
  balls, they fell to ballot some others.      Wotton.
    Giving their votes by balloting, they lie under no
  awe.                                 Swift.
Ballota'tion, bal-16-ta'shun, to. a. [from
   ballot]  The act of voting by ballot.
    The election is intricate and curious, consisting of
  ten several ballotations.                 Wotton.
Balm, bam.403 to. a. [baume, Fr. balsamum,
   Lat]
 I. The sap or  juice of a  shrub remarka-
   bly odoriferous.
    Balm trickles through the bleeding veins
  Of happy shrubs, in Idumean plains.      Dryden.
2. Any valuable or fragrant ointment.
     Thy place is fill'd,  thy sceptre wrung from thee;
  Thy balm wash'd off wherewith thou wast anointed.
                                   Shakspeare.
   Any thing that sooths or mitigates pain.
     You were conducted to a gentle bath,
  And balms apply'd to you.           Shakspeare,
     Your praise's argument, batwi of your age;
  Dearest and best.                  Shakspeare.
     A tender smile, our sorrow's only balm.   Young.
Balm,  bam.             ?  to. s.  [melissa.
Balm Mint, bam-mint. 3 Lat.]Thename
  of a plant.
    The species are, 1. Garden batm. 2. Garden balm,
  with yellow variegated  flowers. 3. Stinking Roman
  balm, with softer hairy leaves.           Miller,
Balm of Gilead, bam-6v-gil'yad.
1. The juice drawn  from the balsam tree,
  by making incisions in its bark. Its co-
   lour is first white, soon after green; but,
   when it comes to  be old, it is of the co-
   lour of honey.  The smell of it is agree-
   able, and very  penetrating; the taste of
   it bitter, sharp, and astringent.  As little
   issues from the plant by incision, the
   balm sold by  the  merchants is made of
   the wood and  green  branches of the
   tree, distilled by fire, which is generally
   adulterated  with turpentine.    Calmet.
    It seems to me,  that the zori of Gilead, which we
  render in our Bible by the word balm, was not the
  same with the balsam of Mecca, but only a better
  sort of turpentine,  then in use for the cure of wounds
  and other diseases.       Prideaux's Connections.
 2. A plant remarkable for the strong bal-
   samick  scent  which its  leaves  emit,
   upon being bruised; whence some have
   supposed, erroneously, that the balm of
   Gilead was taken from this plant. Miller.

 To  Balm, bam. v. a. [from balm]
 1. To anoint with balm, or with any thing
   medicinal.
     Balm his foul head with warm distilled waters,
   And burn sweet wood.               Shakspeare.
 2. To sooth; to mitigate; to assuage.
             Opprest nature sleeps:
   This rest might yet have batm'dtoy senses. Shaksp.
 Ba'lmy, bam'e.403 adj. [from  balm.]
 I. Having the qualities of balm.
     Soft on the flow'ry herb I found me laid, 
BAL
BAN
BAN
  In bafmy sweat; which with his beams the sun
  Soon dry'd.                         Jtfiifon.
2. Producing balm.
    Let India boast her groves, nor envy we
  The weeping amber, and the balmy tree.    Pope.
3. Soothing; soft; mild.
    Come, Desdemona! 'tis the soldiers' life
  To have their balmy slumbers wak'd with strife.
                                 Shakspeare.
    Such visions hourly pass before my sight,
  Which from my eyes their balmy slumbers fright.
                                    Dryden.
4. Fragrant; odoriferous.
    Those rich perfumes which from the happy shore
  The winds upon their balmy wings convey'd,
  Whose guilty sweetness first the world betray'd.
                                    Dryden.
    First Eurus to the rising morn is sent,
  The regions ofthe balmy continent.      Dryden.
5. Mitigating:  assuasive.
    Oh balmy breath, that dost almost persuade
  Justice to break her sword!         Shakspeare.
Ba'lneary, bal'ne-a-re. to. s. [balnearium,
   Lat.]  A bathing-room.
    The balnearies, and  bathing-places, he exposeth
  unto the summer setting. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Balnea'tion, bal-ne-a'shun. to. s. [from
   balneum, Lat. a bath.] T he act of bathing.
    As the head may be disturbed by the skin, it may
  the same way be relieved, as is observable in batne-
  ations and fomentations of that part.      Brown.
Ba'lneatory,  baTne-a-tu.r-re.6ia BB7  adj.
   [balnearius, Lat.] Belonging to a bath
   or stove.
Ba'lotade, bal-6-tade'. to. s. The  leap of
   an horse, so that  when his fore-feet are
   in the air,  he shews nothing  but the
   shoesof his hinder-feet, without yerking
   out.  A  balotade differs from a capriole;
   for when a horse works at caprioles,  he
   yerks out his hinder legs with all his
   force.                    Farrier's  Diet.
Ba'lsam,   bawl'sAm.88 «. s. [balsamum,
   Lat.]  Ointment;  unguent; an unctuous
   application thicker  than oil,  and softer
   than salve.
    Christ's blood our balsam; if that cure us here,
  Him, when our judge, we shall not find severe.
                                    Denham.
Ba'lsam Apple, bawl'sum-ap-pl. [momor-
   dica, hat.] An annual Indian plant.
Ba'lsam Tree, bawl'stim-tree.
    This is a shrub which scarce grows  taller than
  toe pomegranate tree; the blossoms are like small
  stars, very fragrant; whence spring out little pointed
  pods, inclosing a fruit like an  almond, called car-
  pobalsamum, as the wood is called xylobalsamum,
  and the juice opobalsamum.            Calmet.
Balsa'mical, bal-sam'e-kal. ">  adj. [from
Balsa'mick, bal-sam'lk.509  $   balsam.]
   Having  the qualities of balsam; unctu-
   ous; mitigating; soft; mild; oily.
    If there be a wound in my leg, the vital energy
  of my soul  thrusts out toe  balsamkal humour of my
  blood to heal it.                         Hale.
    The aliment of such as have fresh  wounds ought
  to be such as keeps toe humours from putrefaction,
  and renders them oily and balsamick.   Arbuthnot.
Ba'luster, bal'fts-tir. to.  *. [according to
   Du Cange, from balaustrium, low  Lat. a
   bathing-place.] A small column or pil-
   aster, from an inch and three  quarters
   to four  inches  square  or  diameter.
   Their dimensions and forms are  vari-
   ous; they are  frequently  adorned  with
   mouldings;  they  are  placed with  rails
  on stairs, and in the fronts of galleries
  in churches.
    This should first have been planched over,  and
  railed about with balusters.              Carew.
Ba'lustrade, bal-us-trade'.  to.  s.  [from
  baluster.]   An assemblage of one or
  more rows of little turned pillars,  called
  balusters, fixed  upon a  terras, or the
  top of a building, for separating one part
  from another.
Bam, Beam, bam,  beme, being initials in
  the name of any  place, usually imply it
  to have been woody;  from  the   Saxon
  beam, which we use  in the same sense
  to this  day.                      Gibson.
Bamboo', bam-b66'. to. *.  An Indian plant
  of the reed kind.  It has  several  shoots
  much larger than our ordinary  reeds,
  which  are  knotty, and separated from
  space to space by joints.  The bamboo
  is much  larger than the sugar-cane.
 To BAMBo'ozLE,bam-b66'zl. v. a. [a cant
  word  not  used  in pure  or  in  grave
  writings.] To deceive; to impose upon;
  to confound.
    After Nick had bamboozled about  the money,
  John called for counters.            Arbuthnot.
 Bambo'ozler, bam-b66'zlur. to. s.  [from
  bamboozle] A tricking fellow; a cheat.
    There are a set of fellows they call bahterers and
  bamboozlers, that play such tricks.     Arbuthnot.
 Ban,  ban.  to. s.  [ban,  Teut. a  publick
  proclamation,  as  of proscription,  in-
  terdiction,  excommunication,  publick
  sale.]
 1. Publick  notice  given  of  any  thing,
  whereby any  thing is  publickiy com-
  manded  or  forbidden.  This word we
   use especially in the publishing of matri-
  monial contracts in the church,  before
  marriage,  to the end that if any man
   can say against the intention of the par-
  ties, either  in  respect  of  kindred  or
   otherwise,  they may take their excep-
   tion in time.  And, in the canon law,
   banna  sunt  proclamationes  sponsi  et
   spons<£ in ecclesiis fieri soliti.    Cowell.
    I bar it in the interest of my wife;
  'Tis she is subcontracted to this lord,
  And I her husband contradict your bans.   Shaksp.
    To draw her neck into the bans.     Hudibras.
 2. A curse; excommunication.
    Thou mixture rank of midnight weeds collected,
  With Hecate's ban thrice blasted, thrice infected.
                              Shaksp. Hamlet.
     A great oversight it was of St. Peter that he did
  not accurse Nero, whereby toe pope might have got
  all; yet what need of such a ban, since friar Vincent
  could tell Atabalipa, that kingdoms were the pope's?
                                     Raleigh.
 3. Interdiction.
                Bold deed to eye
  The sacred fruit, sacred to abstinence,
  Much more to  taste it, under ban to touch.   Milton.
 4. Ban ofthe Empire; a  publick censure
   by which the privileges of any German
   prince are  suspended.
     He proceeded so far by treaty, that he was prof-
  fered to  have the imperial ban taken off Altapinus,
  upon submission.                      Howell.
 To  Ban,  ban v.  a. [bannen,  Dutch,  to
   curse.]  To curse; to execrate.
     Shall we think that it baneth the work which they
                    T 2
  leave behind them, or taketh away the use thereof?
                                    Hooker.
     It is uncertain whether this word, in
  the  foregoing  sense, is to be deduced
  from ban  to curse, or bane to poison.
    In toy closet pent up, rue my shame,
  And ban our enemies, both mine and thine. Shaksp.
    Before these Moors went a Numidian  priest,
  bellowing out charms, and casting scrowls of paper
  on each side, wherein he cursed and banned the
  Christians.                          Knblles.
Bana'na Tree, ba-na'na-tree. A species of
  plantain.
Band, band. «.  a.  [bende, Dutch; band,
  Saxon.]
I. A tie;  a  bandage;  that by which one
  thing is joined to another.
    You shall  find the band, that seems to tie their
  friendship  together, will be the very strangler of
  their  amity.                       Shakspeare.
2. A chain by which any  animal is  kept in
  restraint.  This is now usually spelt, less
  properly, bond.
    So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be,
  And buxom to his bands, is joy to see.   Hub. Tale.
    Since you deny him entrance, he demands
  His wife, whom cruelly you hold in bands. Dryden.
3. Any means of union or connexion  be-
  tween persons.
    Here's eight that must take hands,
  To join in  Hymen's bands.           Shakspeare.
4. Something worn about the neck;  a neck-
  cloth.  It is  now restrained to a neck-
   cloth of  particular form, worn by cler-
   gymen, lawyers,  and  students  in col-
  leges.
    For his mind I do not care;
  That's a toy that I could spare:
    Let his title be but great,
  His cloaths rich, and band sit neat.   Ben Jonson.
    Ho took  his lodging at the mansion-house of a
  taylor's widow, who washes,  and can clear-starch
  his bands.                           Addison.
5. Any thing bound round another.
    In old statues of stone in cellars, toe  feet of
  them being  bound with leaden  bands, it appeared
  that toe lead did swell.                  Bacon.
6. [In architecture.] Any flat low member
   or moulding, called also  fascia,  face, or
   plinth.
7. A company of soldiers.
    And, good my lord of Somerset, unite
    Your troops of horsemen with his bands of foot.
                                  Shakspeare.
8. A  company of persons joined together
   in any common design.
    We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.
                                  Shakspeare.
    The queen, in white array before her band,
   Saluting took her rival by the hand.      Dryden.
    On a sudden, methought, this select band sprang
   forward, with a resolution to climb the ascent, and
   follow the call of that heavenly musick.      Tatler.
    Strait the three bands prepare in arms to join,
   Each band the number of the sacred Nine.   Pope-
 To Band, band.  v. a. [from band ]
 1.  To unite  together  into one  body  or
   troop.
    The bishop, and the duke of Glo'ster's men,
   Have fill'd their pockets full of pebble stones,
   And banding themselves in contrary parts,
   Do pelt at one another's pates.        Shakspeare.
     Some of the  boys banded themselves as for  the
   major, and others for the king, who, after six days
   skirmishing, at last made a composition, and depart-
   ed.                                 Carew.
           They, to live exempt
   From Heav'n's high jurisdiction, in new league
   Banded against his throne.              Milton. 
BAN
BAN
BAN
2. To bind over with a band.
    And by his mother stood an infant lover,
    With wings unfledg'd, his eyes were banded over.
                                      Diydcn.
Bands of a Saddle, bands, are two pieces
   of iron  nailed upon the bows of the sad-
   dle, to hold the bows in the right situa-
   tion.
Ba'ndage, ban'dldje.90 to.  s. [bandage, Fr.]
1. Something bound over another.
    Zeal too had  a  place among the rest, with a
   bandage over her eyes; though one would not have
   expected  to have seen her represented in snow.
                                      Addison.
    Cords  were fastened by hooks to  my bandages,
   which the workmen had girt round my neck.
                               Swift's Gulliver.
2. It is used, in surgery, for the fillet or
   roller wrapped over a wounded  mem-
   ber; and, sometimes, for the act or prac-
   tice of applying bandages.
Ba'ndbox, band'boks.  «.  s. [from band
   and box.] A slight box used for bands,
   and other things of small weight.
     My friends are surprised  to find two bandboxes
   among my books, till  I let  them see that they are
   lined with deep erudition.              Addison.
     With empty bandbox she delights to range,
   And feigns a distant errand from the 'Change.  Gay.
 Ba'ndeiet, ban'de-let. w. s. [bandelet, Fr.
   in  architecture.]  Any  little band,  flat
   moulding, or fillet.
 Ba'ndit,  ban/dit. to. s.  [bandito, Ital.] A
   man outlawed.
     No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer,
   Will dare to soil her virgin purity.         Milton.
     No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride,
   No cavern'd hermit, rests self-satisfy'd.      Pope.
 Bandi'tto, ban-dit'to. to. s. in the plural
    banditti, [bandito, Ital.]
     A Roman sworder, and banditto slave,
   Murder'd sweet Tully.              Shakspeare.
 Ba'ndog,  ban'dog.  to.   a. [from ban or
    band, and dog. The original of this word
    is  very doubtful. Caiua,  De  Canibus
    Britannicis, derives it from band, that is,
    a dog chained  up.   Skinner inclines to
    deduce it from bana, a  murderer.  May
    it not  come from ban a curse, as we
    say a curst  cur; or rather from baund,
    swelled or large, a Danish word; from
    whence, in  some counties,  they call a
    great nut a  ban-nut?]  A kind of large
    dog.
     The time of night when Troy was set on fire,
   The time when  screech-owls cry, and bandogs howl.
                          Shakspeare's Henry VI.
     Or privy, or pert, if any bin,
   We have great bandogs will tear their skin. Spenser.
 Bandole'ers, ban-do-leerz/ to. s.  [ban-
    douliers, Fr.]  Small wooden cases co-
    vered  with leather, each of them con-
    taining powderthatis a sufficient charge
    for a musket.
 Ba'ndrol, band'roll. to.  *.  [banderol, Fr.]
    A little  flag   or  streamer;   the  little
    fringed silk flag that  hangs on a trum-
    pet.
 Ba'ndv,  ban'de. n. s. [from bander, Fr.] A
    club turned  round at  bottom,  for strik-
   ing a ball at play.
 To Ba'ndy, ban'de.  v. a. [probably from
    bandy, the instrument with which they
    strike  balls at play, which, being crook-
  ed is named from the term bander; as,
  bander un arcf to string or bend a bow.]
1. To beat to and fro, or from one to an-
  other.
    They do cunningly, from one  hand  to another,
  bandy toe service like a tennis ball.       Spenser.
    And like a ball bandy'd 'twixt pride and wit,
  Rather than yield,  both sides the prize will quit.
                                    Denham.
    What from the tropicks can the earth repel?
  What vigorous arm, what repercussive blow,
  Bandies the mighty globe still to and fro. Blackmore.
2. To exchange; to give and take recipro-
  cally.
    Do you bandy looks with  me, you rascal? Shaksp.
                  'Tis not in thee
  To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train,
  To bandy hasty words.               Shakspeare.
3. To agitate;  to toss about.
    This hath been  so bandied amongst us, that one
  can hardly miss books of this kind.         Locke.
    Ever since men have been united into govern-
  ments, the  endeavours after universal monarchy
  have been bandied  among them.           Stcift.
    Let not obvious  and known truth, or  some of the
  most plain and certain propositions, be bandied about
  in a disputation.                       Watts.
To Ba'ndy, ban'de. v. to.  To  contend, as
   at  some game, in which each strives to
   drive the ball  his own way.
            No simple man that sees
  This factious bandying of their favourites,
  But that he doth presage some ill event.    Shaksp.
    A valiant son-in-law thou shalt enjoy:
  One fit to bandy with thy lawless sons,
  To ruffle in the  commonwealth.        Shakspeare.
    Could set up grandee against grandee,
  To  squander time  away, and bandy;
  Made lords and commoners lay sieges
  To one another's privileges.           Hudibras.
    After all the  bandying attempts of resolution, it
  is as much a question as ever.          Glanville.
Ba'ndyleg, ban'de-l£g. to. s. [from bander,
   Fr.] A crooked leg.
    He tells aloud your greatest failing,
  Nor makes a scruple to expose
  Your bandyleg,  or  crooked  nose.            Swift.
Ba'ndylegged, ban'de-legd.362 adj. [from
   bandyleg.]   Having crooked legs.
     The Ethiopians had an one-eyed  bandylegged
  prince; such a person would have made but an odd
  figure.                                Collier.
BANE, bane. to.  s. [bana, Sax.  a mur-
   derer.]
 1.  Poison.
    Begone, or else let me.  'Tis bane to draw
  The same air with thee.            Ben  Jonson.
             All good to me becomes
  Bane; and in heav'n much  worse would be my state.
                                      Milton.
             They  with speed
  Their course through thickest constellations held,
   Spreading toeir bane.                  Milton.
     Thus am I doubly arm'd; my death and life,
  My bane and antidote, are both before me:
  This, in a moment, brings me to  an end;
  But that informs me I shall never die.     Addison.
2. That which destroys; mischief; ruin.
     Insolency must  be represt, or it will be the bane
   of the Christian religion.               Hooker.
     I will not be afraid of death and bane,
   Till Birnam forest come to Dunsinane.     Shaksp.
     Suffices that  to  me strength is my bane,
   And proves the source of all my  miseries.   MUton.
     So entertain'd those odorous sweets the fiend,
   Who came their bane.                  Milton.
     Who can omit the Gracchi, who declare
  The Scipios worth, those thunderbolts of war,
  The double bane of Carthage?           Dryden.
     False religion is,  in its  nature, the greatest bane
  and destruction to government in the world.  South.
To Bane, bane. v. a.  [from the noun.j
   To poison.
    What if my house be troubled with a rat,
  And I be pleas'd to give ten thousand ducats
  To have it ban'd?                   Shakspeare.
Ba'neful,  bane'ful.  adj. [from bane and
  full.]
1. Poisonous.
    For voyaging to learn the direful ait,
  To taint with deadly dregs the barbed dart;
  Observant ofthe gods, and sternly just,
  Ilus refus'd t' impart the baneful trust.      Pope,
2. Destructive.
    The silver eagle too is sent before,
  Which I do hope will prove to them as baneful,
  As thou conceiv'st it to the commonwealth.
                                   ■Ben Jonson.
    The nightly wolf is baneful to the fold,
  Storms to the wheat, to buds the bitter cold.  Dryd.
Ba'nefulness,  bane'ful-n^s. to.  *. [from
   baneful.]  Poisonousness;  destructive-
   ness.
Ba'newort, bane'wtirt.88 to. s. [from bane
   and wort]  A  plant,  the  same  with
   deadly nightshade.

To Bang, bang.409v. a.[yengolen,Dutch.]
I. To beat;  to thump;  to  cudgel:  a low
   and  familiar word.
    One receiving from them some affronts, met with
  them handsomely, and banged them to good purpose.
                                      Hmvel.
    He having got some iron out of the earth, put it
  into his servants' hands to fence with, and bang- one
  another.                             Locfee.
    Formerly  I was to be banged because I was too
  strong, and  now because I am too weak to resist;
  I am to be brought down when too rich, and oppress-
  ed when too poor.                   Arbuthnot.
2.  To  handle roughly; to  treat  with  vio-
   lence, in general.
    The desperate tempest hath so bang-'d the Turks,
   That their designment halts.         Shakspeare.
    You should accost her with jests fire-new from the
   mint; you should have banged toe youth into dumb-
   ness.                             Shakspeare.
 Bang, bang.  to. s.  [from the  verb.]   A
   blow; a thump; a stroke: a low word.
    I am a bachelor.—That's to say, they are fools
   that marry; you'll bear me  a bang for that. Shaksp.
    With many a stiff twack, many a bang-,
   Hard crabtree and old iron rang.       Hudibras.
    I heard  several bangs or buffets, as I  thought,
   given to toe eagle that  held the ring of my box in
   his beak.                      Swift's GuUiver.
 To Ba'ngle, ban'gl. v. a. To waste by little
   and little; to squander carelessly: a word
   now  used  only  in  conversation.
    If we bangle away the  legacy of peace left us by
   Christ, it is a sign of our want of regard for him.
                                  Duty of Man.
 To BA'NISH,ban'nish. v. a.  [banir,  Fr.
    banio, low   Lat.  probably  from  ban,
    Teut. an outlawry, or proscription.]

 1. To condemn to leave his  own country.
                 Oh, fare thee well!
   Those evils thou repeat'st upon thyself
   Have banish'd me from Scotland.     Shakspeare.
 2. To drive away.
     Banish business, banish sorrow,
   To the Gods belongs to-morrow.         Cowley.
     It is for wicked men  only to dread God, and to
   endeavour  to  banish the thoughts of him out  of
   their minds.                        Tillotson.
     Successless  all her soft caresses prove,
   To banish from his breast his country's love. Pope.
 Ba'nisher, ban'teh-iir. to.  a.   [from  ba- 
BAN
BAN
BAN
  niah.] He  that forces another from his
  own country.
              In mere spite,
  To be full quit of those my banishers,
  Stand 1 before thee here.            Shakspeare.

Ba'nishment, ban'nlsh-ment. n.s. [banis-
  sement, Fr.]
I. The act of banishing another; as, he se-
  cured himself by the banishment of his
  enemies.
2. The state of being  banished; exile.
              Now go we in content
  To liberty,  and not to banishment.     Shakspeare.
    Round the wide world in banishment we roam,
  Forc'd from our pleasing fields and native home.
                                     Dryden.
BANK, bank.409 to. a. [banc, Saxon.]
1. The earth arising on each side of a wa-
  ter. We say,  properly, the shore of the
  sea, and  the banks of a river, brook, or
  small water.
    Have you not made an universal shout,
  That Tyber trembled underneath his bank? Shaksp.
    Richmond in Devonshire, sent out a boat
  Unto the shore, to ask those on the banks,
  If they were his assistants.           Shakspeare.
    A brook whose stream so great, so good,
  Was lov'd, was honour'd as a flood;
  Whose banks the  Muses dwelt upon.      Crashaw.
    'Tis happy when our streams of knowledge flow
  To fill toeir banks, but not to overthrow.  Denham.
    O early lost! what tears the river shed,
  When the sad pomp along his banks was led!  Pope.
2. Any heap of earth  piled up.
    They besieged him in Abel of Betomaachah, and
  they cast up a bank against the city; and it stood in
  the trench.                           Samuel.
3. [from banc,  Fr. a bench.]  A seat or
  bench of rowers.
    Plac'd on their banks, the lusty Trojans sweep
  Neptune's smooth face, and  cleave  the  yielding
      deep.                            Waller.
    Mean time the king with gifts a vessel stores,
  Supplies the banks with twenty chosen oars.  Diyd.
    That banks of oars were not in the same plain,
  but raised above one another, is evident from de-
  scriptions of ancient ships.            Arbuthnot.

4. A place where money is laid up to be
  called for occasionally.
    Let  it be no bank, or common stock, but every
  man be master of his own money.  Not that I alto-
  gether mislike banks, but they will hardly be brook-
  ed.                           Bacon's Essays.
    This mass of treasure you should now reduce;
  But you your store have hoarded in some bank.
                                    Denham.
    Their pardons and indulgences, and giving men
  a  share in  saints merits  out of the common bank
  and treasury of the church, which the pope has the
  sole custody of.                        South.
5. The company of persons  concerned  in
  managing a bank.
To  Bank, bank. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To inclose with banks.
            Amid toe cliffs
  And burning sands, that banfc the shrubby vales.
                                    Thomson.
2. To lay up money in a bank.

Bank-bill, bank'bill. to. s. [from bank and
  bill.] A  note  for money laid up  in  a
  bank, at  the  sight of which the money
  is paid.
    Let three hundred pounds be paid her out of my
  ready money, or bank-bills.               Swift.
Ba'nker, bank'u.r.88 w s. [from bank.] One
  that  trafficks in money; one that keeps
  or  manages a bank.
    Whole droves of lenders crowd the banker's doors,
  To call in money.                      Dryden.
    By powerful charms of gold and silver led,
  The Lombard bankers and the 'change to waste.
                                     Dryden.

Ba'nkruptcv, bank'rup-se.472  to. s. [from
  bankrupt]
1. The state of a  man broken,  or bank-
  rupt.
2. The act  of  declaring  one's self bank-
  rupt; as, he raised  the clamours of his
  creditors  by a sudden bankruptcy.
Ba'nkrupt, bank'rflpt. adj. [banqueroute,
  Fr. bancorotto,  Ital.]  In debt  beyond
  the power of payment.
    The king's grown bankrupt, like a broken man.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Sir, if you spend word for word with me,
  I shall make your wit bankrupt.       Shakspeare.
     It is said  that the  money-changers of
  Italy  had benches,  probably  in  the
  burse or exchange; and that  whenany
  became insolvent, his banco  was rotto,
  his bench was broke. It was once writ-
  ten bankerout.  Bankerout is a verb.
                 Dainty bits
  Make rich the ribs, but bankerout the wits. Shaksp.

Ba'nkrupt, bank'rupt. n.s. A man in debt,
  beyond the power of payment.
    Perkin gathered together a power, neither in num-
  ber nor in hardiness contemptible; but, in toeir for-
  tunes, to be feared, being bankrupts, and many of
  them felons.                          Bacon.
    It is with wicked men as with  ^bankrupt: when
  his creditors are loud and clamorous, and speak big,
  he giveth them many good words.        Calamy.
    In vain at court the bankrupt pleads his cause;
  His thankless country leaves him to her laws. Pope.
To Ba'nkrupt, bank'rflpt. v. a. To break;
  to disable one from satisfying his credit-
  ors.
    We cast off the care of all future  thrift, because
  we are already bankrupted.          Hammond.
Ba'nner, ban'nur.98 to. s. [banniere, Fr. ba-
  ndir, Welsh.]
1. A flag; a standard; a military  ensign.
    From France there comes a power, who already
  Have secret seize in some of our best ports,
  And are at point to show their open banner. Shaksp.
    All in a moment through the gloom were seen
  Ten thousand banners rise into the air,
  With orient colours waving.             Milton.
              He said no more;
  But left his sister and his queen behind,
  And wav'd his royal banner in toe wind.   Dryden.
    Fir'd with such motives, you do well to join
  With Cato's foes, and follow Caesar's banners.
                                    Addison.
2. A streamer borne at the end of a lance,
   or elsewhere.
Ba'nn eret, ban'mir-et. to. s. [from banner.]
   A knight made in the field, with  the  cer-
   emony of cutting off the point of his stand-
   ard, and making it a banner.  They are
   next to barons  in dignity; and were an-
   ciently called by summons to parliament.
                                    Blount.
    A gentleman told Henry, that Sir Richard Croftes,
  made banneret  at Stoke, was  a wise man; the king
  answered, he doubted not that, but marvelled how a
  fool could know.                      Camden.
Ba'nnerol, more properly  Banderol,
   ban'nfir-roll.666  to.  *.  [from banderole,
   Fr.] A  little flag or streamer
    King Oswald had a bannerol of gold and purple
  set over his  tomb.                     Camden.
BA'NNiAN,ban-yan'. n.s.  A man's undress,
   or morning gown, such as is worn by the
   Bannians in the East Indies.
Ba'nnock, ban'nuk.166 to. s.  A kind of oat-
   en or peasemeal cake, mixed with water,
   and baked upon an  iron plate over the
   fire; used in the northern counties, and
   in Scotland.
B A'NQUET, bank'kwet.408to. s. [banquet,
   Fr. banchetto, Ital. vanquetto, Span.] A
   feast; an entertain ment of meat and drink.
    If a fasting day come, he hath on that day a ban-
  quet to make.                       Hooker.
    In his commendations I am fed;
  It is a banquet to me.                Shakspeare.
    You cannot have a perfect palace, except you
  have two sides; a side for toe banquet,  and aside for
  the household; the one for feasts and triumphs, and
  toe other for dwelling.                  Bacon.
    Shall the companions make a banquet of him?
  Shall they part him among the merchants?    Job.
              At that tasted fruit,
  The sun, as from Thyestean banquet,  torn'd
  His course intended.                   Milton.
    That dares prefer the toils of Hercules
  To dalliance, banquets and ignoble ease.  Dryden.
To Ba'nquet, bank'kwet.409 v. a. [from the
   noun.] To treat any one with feasts.
              Welcome his friends,
  Visit his countrymen and banquet them.    Shaksp.
    They were banqueted by the way, and toe nearer
  they approached, toe more encreased the nobility.
                             Sir J. Hayward.
To Ba'nquet, bank'kwdt. v.n. To feast;
   to fare daintily.
    The mind shall banquet, too' toe body pine:
  Fat paunches make lean pates, and dainty bits
  Make rich toe ribs, but bankerout toe wits. Shaksp.
    So long as his innocence is his repast, he  feasts
  and banquets upon bread and water.        South.
    I purpos'd to unbend the evening hours,
  And banquet private in the women's bow'rs. Prior.
Ba'nqueter,  bank'kw£t-iir.  n. s. [from
   banquet.]
I. A feaster; one that lives deliciously.
2.  He that makes feasts.
Ba'nquet-house, bank'kwet-house.
BA'NquETiNG-HOUSE,bank'kwet-ing-h6use.
   to. s. [from banquet and house.] A house
   where banquets are kept.
    In  a  banqueting-house, among certain pleasant
  trees, the table was set near to an excellent water-
  work,                               Sidney.
    At the walk's  end behold, how rais'd on high
  A banquet-house salutes the southern sky. Dryden.
BANQUE'TTE, bank-ket'. to. a. [Fr. in
   fortification.]  A small bank at the foot
   of the parapet, for the soldiers to mount
   upon when they fire.

Ba'nsticle, ban'stik-kl.405  to. s.  A small
   fish, called also a stickleback.  Pungitius.
To BA'NTER, ban'tur.*8  v.  a. [a barba-
   rous word, without etymology, unless it
   be derived  from badiner, Fr.]  To play
   upon; to rally; to turn to ridicule; to ri-
   dicule.
    The magistrate took it that he bantered him, and
  bade an officer take him into custody.   L'Estrange.
    It is no  new thing for innocent simplicity to be toe
  subject of bantering drolls.          L'Estrange,
            Could Alcinous' guests with-hold
   From scorn or rage? Shall we, cries one, permit
   His leud romances, and his bant'ring wit?    7ate.
Ba'nter,  Imn'tur. n.  s. [from  the verb.]
   Ridicule; raillery.
     This humour, let it look never so sill v, as it passes
   many times for frolick and banter, is one of the most 
BAR                                     BAR                                     BAR
  pernicious snares in human life.      L'Estrange.
    Metaphysicks are so necessary to a distinct con-
  ception, solid judgment, and just reasoning on many
  subjects, that those, who ridicule it, will be suppo-
  sed  to make their wit and banter a refuge and ex-
  cuse for their own laziness.              Watts.

BA'NTERER,ban'tfir-dr. to. s. [from banter.]
   One that banters; a droll.
    What opinion have these religious banterers of the
  divine power?  Or what have toey to  say for  this
  mockery and contempt?              L'Estrange.
Ba'ntling, bant'ling. to. s. [If it  has any
   etymology, it is perhaps corrupted from
   the old word  bairn,  bairnling  a  little
   child] A little child: a low word.
            If the object of their love
   Chance by Luciira's aid to prove,
   They seldom let the bantling roar,
   In basket, at a neighbour's door.          Prior.
Ba'ptism, bap'tizm.  to. s. [baptismus, Lat.
   /3«w7'°"A*«5.]
 1. An external ablution of the body, with a
   certain form of words, which operates
   and denotes an internal ablution or wash-
   ing ofthe soul from original sin. Ayliffe.
     Baptism is given by water, and that prescript form
   of words which toe church of Christ doth use.
                                      Hooker.
           To his great baptism flock'd,
   With awe, the regions round; and with them came
   From Nazareth the son of Joseph deem'd,
   Unmark't, unknown.                   Milton.
 2. Baptism is often taken in Scripture for
    sufferings.
     I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how am
   I straitened till it be accomplished?         Luke.
 Bapti'smal,  bap-tiz'mal. adj. [from bap-
    tism.] Of or pertaining to baptism.
     When we undertake the baptismal vow, and enter
   on their new life, it would be apt to discourage us.
                                    Hammond.
 Ba'ptist, bap'tist. «. a. [baptiste, Fr. /3«?r-
    rtrtii.] He that administers baptism.
             Him the Baptist soon
   Descry'd, divinely warn'd, and witness bore
   As to his worthier.                     Milton.
 Ba'ptistery, bap'tis-tur-e.5fis to. *. [baptis-
    terium, Lat.]  The place where the sa-
    crament of baptism is administered.
      The great church, baptistery, and leaning tower,
   are well worth seeing.                 Addison.

  To BAPTI'ZE,  bap-tize'. v. a. [baptiser,
    Fr. from /3<*5r7«'£«.]  To christen; to ad-
    minister the sacrament of baptism to one.
           He to them shall leave in charge,
   To teach all nations what of him they learn'd,
   And his salvation; them who shall believe,
 .  Baptising in the profluent stream, the sign
   Of washing them from guilt of sin, to life
   Pure, and in mind prepar'd, if so befal,
   For death, like that which the Redeemer died.
                                       Milton.
      Let us reflect that we are Christians; that we are
   called by the name of the Son of God, and baptized
   into an irreconcileable  enmity with sin, the world,
   and the devil.                         Rogers.
  Bapti'zer,  bap-ti'ztir.98 to.  s.  [from  To
    baptize.] One that christens;  one  that
    administers baptism.
 BAR, bar.?? n. s. [barre, Fr.]
 1. A piece of wood, iron, or other matter,
    laid cross  a passage to hinder entrance.
     And he made the middle bar to shoot through the
   boards from-the one end to the other.      Exodus.
 2. A bolt; a piece of iron or wood fastened
    to a door, and  entering into the post or
    wall, to hold the door close.
   The fish-gate did the sons of Hassenaah build, who
 also laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors
 thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof.
                                  Nehemiah.
. Any obstacle which hinders or obstructs;
  obstruction.
   I brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars
 and doors, and said, Hitherto shalt thou come, and
 no farther.                               Job.
   And had his heir surviv'd him in due course,
 What limits, England, hadst thou found? what bar?
 What world could have resisted?   Dan. Civ. War.
   Hard, thou know'st it, to exclude
 Spiritual substance with corporeal bar.    Milton.
   Must I new bars to my own joy create,
 Refuse myself, what I had forc'd from fate ? Dryden.
            Fatal  accidents have set
 A most unhappy bar between your friendship. Rowe.
I. A rock, or bank of sand, at the entrance
  of a harbour or river, which ships can-
  not sail over at low water.
5. Any thing used for prevention, or exclu-
  sion.
    Lest examination should hinder and let your pro-
  ceedings, behold for a bar against that impediment,
  one opinion  newly added.               Hooker.
   Which Salique land the French unjustly gloze to be
  The founder of"this law, and female bar.    Shaksp.
6.  The place where causes of law are tri-
   ed, or where  criminals are judged;  so
   called  from the  bar placed to  hinder
   crowds from  incommoding the court.
            The great duke
  Came to the bar, where to his  accusations
  He pleaded still not guilty.           Shakspeare.
    Some at the bar with subtlety defend,
  Or on the bench the knotty laws untye.    Dryden.
7. An inclosed place in a  tavern or coffee-
   house, where  the housekeeper sits and
   receives reckonings.
    I was under some apprehension that they would
  appeal to me; and therefore laid down my penny at
  the bar, and made the best of my way.    Addison.
8. [In law.] A peremptory exception against
   a demand or plea brought by the defend-
   ant in an action, that destroys the action
   of the plaintiff for ever.  It is  divided
   into a bar  to  common intent, and a bar
   special:  a bar to a common intent, is  an
   ordinary or general bar, that disables the
   declaration or plea of the plaintiff; a bar
   special, is that which is more than ordi-
   nary, and  falls out in the case  in  hand,
   upon some special circumstance of the
   fact.                              Cowell.
    Bastardy is laid in bar of something that is princi-
  pally commenced.                     Ayliffe.
3. Any  thing by which the conipages or
   structure is held together.
    I went down to the bottoms of the mountains: the
   earth, with her bars, was about me for ever.
                                       Jonah.
 10.  Any thing which is laid across another,
   as bars in heraldry.
 11.  Bar of Gold  or  Silver, is a lump or
   wedge  from   the mines, melted  down
   into a sort of mould, and never wrought.

 12. Bars of a Horse. The upper part ofthe
   gums between the tusks and grinders,
   which bears no teeth,  and to which the
   bit  is applied,  and, by  its friction,  the
   horse governed.
 13.  Bars,  in  Musick, are strokes drawn
   perpendicularly  across  the lines  of a
  piece of musick; used to  regulate the
  beating or measure of musical time.

14. Bar,  in  African trafflck,  is used for a
  denomination of price;  payment being
  formerly  made  to the  Negroes almost
  wholly in iron bars.
Bar-shot, bar'shot. to. s. Two half bullets
  joined  together  by an iron bar;  used in
  sea engagements  for cutting down the
  masts and rigging.
To Bar, bar.  v. a [from the noun.]
1. To fasten or shut any thing with a bolt,
  or  bar.
              My duty cannot suffer
  T' obey in all your daughter's hard commands;
  Though toeir injunction be to bar my doors,
  And let this tyrannous night take hold upon you.
                                   Shakspeare.
    When you bar the window-shutters of your lady's
  bed-chamber at nights, leave open the sashes to let
  in air.                                Swift.
   To hinder;  to obstruct.
              When law can do no right,
  Let it be lawful, that law bar no wrong.  Shaksp.
3. To prevent;  to exclude;  to make im-
   practicable.
    The houses of the country were  all scattered, and
  yet  not so far off as that it barred mutual succour.
                                     Sidney.
    Doth it not seem a thing very probable, that God
  doth purposely add,  Do after my judgments; as giv-
  ing  thereby to  understand, that his meaning in the
  former sentence was but to bar similitude in such
  things as were repugnant to his ordinances,  laws,
  and statutes?                        Hooker.
    To detain, by excluding the claimants:
   with from.
    Hath he set bounds between their love and me?
   I am their mother; who shall bar them from me?
                                   Shakspeare-
  ,  To shut out:  with from.
    Our hope of Italy not only lost,
   But shut from ev'ry shore, and barr'd from ev'ry
          coast.                      Dryden.
 6.  To exclude from use,  right, or claim:
   with from  before the thing.
    God hath abridged it, by barring us from some
   things of themselves indifferent.          Hooker,
    Give my voice  on Richard's side,
   To  barmy master's  heirs in true descent!
   God knows I will not.               Shakspeare.
    His civil acts do bind and bar them all;
   And as from Adam all corruption take,
   So, if the father's crime be capital,
   In all the blood law doth corruption make.
                                Sir John Davies-
    It was thought sufficient not only to exclude them
   from that benefit, but to bar them from toeir money.
                                     Clarendon.
    If he is qualified, why is he barred the profit, when
   he  only performs  toe conditions.   Collier on Pride.
   . To  prohibit.
     For  though the law of arms doth bar
   The use of venom'd shot in war.        Hudibras.
     What is a greater pedant than  a mere man of the
   town?  Bar him the playhouses, and you strike him
   dumb.                              Addison.
   . To except;  to make an exception.
     Well, we shall see your bearing—
   Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me
   By what we do to-night.             Shakspeare.
   . [In  law.]  To hinder  the process  of a
    suit.
      But buff and belt men never know these cares;
   No time, nor  trick of law, toeir action bars:
    Their cause toey to an easier issue put.   Dryden.
      From such delays as conduce to the finding out of
    truth, a criminal cause ought not to be barred.
                                       jfylifft. 
BAR
BAR
BAR
     If a bishop be a party to a suit, and excommuni-
   cates his adversary, such excommunication shall not
   disable or bar his adversary.             Ayliffe.
 10. To bar a vein.
      This is  an operation performed upon
   the veins ofthe legs of a horse, and other
   parts, with intent to stop the malignant
   humours.  It is done by opening the skin
   above it, disengaging it, and tying it both
   above and below, and striking between
   the  two ligatures.
 BARB, barb. to. s. [barba, a beard, Lat.]
 1. Any thing that grows in the place of a
   beard.
     The barbel is so called, by reason of toe barb or
   wattles at his mouth, under his chaps.
                               Walton's Angler.
 2. The  points  that stand  backward in an
   arrow, or  fishing-hook; to hinder  them
   from being extracted.
     Nor less  the Spartan fear'd, before he found
   The shining barb appear above toe wound.    Pope.
 3. The armour for horses.
     Their horses were naked, without any barbs; for
   albeit many brought barbs, few regarded to put
   them on.                           Hayward.
 Barb, barb. to. s. [contracted from Barba-
    ry.] A Barbary horse.
     Horses brought from Barbary, are commonly of a
   slender light size, and very lean, usually chosen for
   stallions. Barbs, it is said, may die, but never grow
   old; the vigour and mettle of barbs never cease but
   with toeir life.                  Farrier's Diet.
 To Barb, barb, v a. [from the noun.]
 1. To  shave; to dress out  the beard.
     Shave the head, and tie the beard, and say it was
   toe desire of the penitent to be so barbed before his
   death.                           Shakspeare.
 2. To furnish  horses  with  armour.  See
   Barbed.
               A warriour train
   That like a deluge pour'd upon the plain;
   On barbed steeds they rode, in proud array,
   Thick as the college of the bees in May.  Dryden.
 3. To jag arrows with  hooks.
               The twanging bows
   Send showers of shafts, that on their barbed points
   Alternate ruin bear.                   Philips.
 Ba'rbacan, bar'bS-kan.  to. s.  [barbacane,
   Fr. barbacana, Span.]
 1. A fortification  placed  before the walls
   of a  town.
    Within toe barbacan a porter sate,
   Day and night duly keeping watch and ward:
    Nor wight nor word mote pass out of the gate,
   But in good order, and with due regard. F. Queen.
 2. A fortress  at the end of a bridge.
 3. An opening in the wall  through which
   the guns  are levelled.
 Barba^oes CAern/,bar-ba'duz-tsher're.166
   [malphigia, Lat.]
    In the West Indies, it rises to be fifteen or sixteen
   feet high, where  it produces great quantities of a
  pleasant tart fruit; propagated in gardens there, but
  in Europe it is a curiosity.               Miller.
Barba'does Tar, bar-ba'duz'tar. A bitu-
   minous substance,  differing  little from
   the. petroleum floating on several springs
   in England and Scotland.
          Woodward's Method of Fossils.
BARBA'RiAN,bar-ba're-an. to. s. [barbarus,
   Lat.   It seems to have signified at first
   only a foreign or a foreigner; but, in time,
   implied some degree of wildness or cru-
   elty.]
 I. A man uncivilized; untaught; a savage.
     Proud Greece all nations else barbarians held,
  Boasting, her learning all toe world excell'd.
                                     Denham.
     There were not different gods among the Greeks
  and barbarians.                   Stillingfleet.
     But with descending show'rs of brimstone fir'd,
  The wild barbarian in the storm expir'd.  Addison.
 2. A foreigner.
     I would toey were barbarians, as they are,
  Though in Rome litter'd. Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
 3. A brutal monster; a  man without pity:
   a term of reproach.
               Thou fell barbarian!
  What had he done? what could provoke toy madness
  To assassinate so great, so brave a man? A. Philips.

 Barba'rian, bar-ba're-an. adj. Belonging
   to barbarians; savage.
     Some felt the silent stroke of mould'ring age,
  Barbarian blindness.                     Pope.
 Barba'rick, bar-bar'ik.  adj.  [barbaricus,
   Lat.  in  a different sense,  it means in
   Latin wrought, fretted]  Foreign; far-
   fetched.
     The gorgeous East, with richest hand,
  Show'rs on her kings barbarick pearl and gold.
                                 Paradise Lost.
     The eastern front was glorious to behold,
  With diamond flaming and barbarick gold.    Pope.

 Ba'rbarism, bar'ba-rizm. to. s. [barbaris-
   mus, Lat.]
 I. A form of speech contrary to the purity
   and exactness of any  language.
     The language is as near approaching to it, as our
  modern barbarism will allow; which is all that  can
  be expected from any now extant.       Dryden,
 2. Ignorance of arts; want of learning.
     I have for barbarism spoke more
  Than for that angel knowledge you can say. Shaksp.
     The  genius  of Raphael having succeeded to  the
  times of barbarism and ignorance, the knowledge of
  painting is now arrived to perfection.    Dryden.
 3. Brutality; savageness of  manners; inci-
   vility.
     Moderation  ought  to be had  in  tempering and
  managing the Irish, to  bring them from their delight
  of licentious barbarism unto the love of goodness and
  civility.                      Spenser's Ireland,
     Divers great monarchies have risen from barba-
  rism to  civility, and fallen again  to ruin.   Davies.
 4. Cruelty;  barbarity; unpitying hardness
  of heart; not in use.
    They must perforce have melted,
  And barbarism itself have pitied him.      Shaksp.
 Barba'rity, bar-bar'e-te. to. s. [from bar-
  barous]
 1. Savageness;  incivility.
 2. Cruelty; inhumanity.
    And they did treat him with all the rudeness, re-
  proach, and barbarity imaginable.      Clarendon.
 3. Barbarism; impurity of speech.
    Next Petrarch follow'd, and in him we see
  What rhyme, improv'd in all its height, can be;
  At best a pleasing sound, and sweet barbarity.  Diyd.
    Latin expresses  that in one word, which either
  the barbarity or narrowness of modern tongues cannot
  supply in more.                       Dryden.
    Affected refinements, which ended by degrees in
  many barbarities, before the Goths had invaded Ita-
  ty-                                    Sioift.
BA'RBAROUS, bar'ba-rus.3"4 adj.  [bar-
  bare, Fr. (ix{€ccg<&'.]
 1. Stranger to civility; savage; uncivilized.
   What need I say more to you?  What ear is so
  barbarous but hath heard of Amphialus?   Sidney.
   The doubtful damsel dare not yet commit
  Her single person to their barbarous truth. Fairy Q.
   Thou art a Roman; be not barbarous.    Shaksp
     He left governour, Philip, for his country a Phry -
   gian, and for manners more barbarous than he that
   set him there.                           Mace.
     A barbarous country must be broken by war, be-
   fore it be capable of government; and when subdued,
   if it be not well planted, it will eftsoons return to
   barbarism.                   Davits on Ireland.
 2. Ignorant; unacquainted with arts.
     They who restored painting in Germany, not hav-
   ing those reliques of antiquity, retained that barbar-
   ous manner.                          Dryden.
 3. Cruel; inhuman.
     By their barbarous  usage,  he died  within  a few
   days, to the grief of all that knew him.   Clarendon.
 Ba'rbarously, bar'ba-rus-le. adv. [from
   barbarous.]
 1. Ignorantly; without knowledge or arts.
 2. In a  manner contrary to  the rules of
   speech.
     We barbarously call them blest,
  While swelling coffers break their owners rest.
                                     Stepney.
 3. Cruelly; inhumanly.
     But yet you barbarously murder'd him.  Dryden.
     She wishes it may prosper:  but her mother used
  one of her nieces very barbarously.          Sped.
 Ba'rbarousness,  bar'ba-rus-ne's.   to. s.
   [from barbarous]
 1. Incivility of manners.
     Excellencies of musick and poetry are grown to
  be little more, but the one fiddling, and toe other
  rhyming; and are indeed very worthy of the igno-
  rance ofthe friar, and the barbarousness ofthe Goths.
                                      Temple.
 2. Impurity of language.
     It is much degenerated, as touching toe pureness
  of speech; being overgrown with barbarousness.
                                   Brerewood.
 3. Cruelty.
     The barbarousness of the trial, and the persuasives
  of the clergy, prevailed to antiquate it.      Hale,
 To Ba'rbecue, bar'be-ku. v. a.  A term
   used in the West Indies for dressing a
   hog  whole;  which, being  split to the
   back-bone, is laid flat upon a large grid-
   iron, raised about two foot above a char-
   coal  fire, with which it is surrounded.
    Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endued,
  Cries, Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.  Pope,
Ba'rbecue, bar'be-ku. «. s.  A hog drest
   whole, in  the West Indian manner.
Ba'rbed, bar'bed  or  barb'd.362  part. adj.
   [from To barb]
 1. Furnished with armour.
    His glittering armour he will command to rust,
  His barbed steeds to stables.     Shaksp. Rich. II,
2. Bearded; jagged with  hooks or points.
    If I conjecture  right, no drizzling show'r,
  But rattling storm of arrows barb'd with fire. Milton.
Ba'rbel, bar'bl.1Q2 *os „. S- [barbus, hat]
 1. A kind of fish found in rivers, large and
   strong, but coarse.
    The barbel is so called, by reason of the barb or
  wattels at his mouth, or under his chaps.    Walton.
2. Knots of superfluous flesh  growing  up
   in the channels of the mouth of a horse.
                             Farrier's  Diet.
Ba'rber, bar'bilr.98 to. s. [from To barb.]
   A man who shaves  the beard.
    His chamber being stived with friends or suitors,
  he gave his legs, arms, and breasts to his servants to
  dress; his head and face to his barber; his eyes to his
  letters, and his ears to petitioners.        Wotton.
                Thy boist'rous looks,
  No worthy match for valour to assail,
  But by the barber's razor best subdued.    Milton
    What system, Dick, has right averr'd 
BAR
BAR
BAR
  The cause, why woman has no beard?
  In points like these we must agree;
  Our barber knows as much as we.          Prior.
To Ba'rber,  bar'bur.9s v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]   To dress  out; to powder.
                Our  courteous Antony,
  Whom ne'er the word of No, woman heard speak,
  Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast.
                                    Shakspeare.
Ba'rber-Chirurgeon,  bar'bur-sur-jun.
   269 to. s.  A man who joins the  practice
   of surgery  to  the barber's trade;  such
   as were all  surgeons formerly,  but now
   it is  used  only  for  a low practiser of
   surgery.
    He put himself into  barber-chirurgeons hands, who
  by unfit applications, rarified the tumour.  Wiseman
Ba'rber-monger, bar'bur-mung-gur. to. s.
   A  word  of  reproach  in  Shakspeare,
   which  seems to signify a  fop; a man
   decked out by his  barber.
    Draw, you rogue; for though it be night, the moon
   shines; I'll make a sop ofthe moonshine of you; you
   whoreson, cullionly, barber-monger, draw.  Shaksp.
Ba'rberry,   bar'ber-re.   to. s.  [berberis,
   Lat. or oxyacanthus.] Pipperidge bush.
    The species are,  1. The common barberry.   2.
   Barberry without stones.  The first of these sorts is
   very common in  England, and often planted for
   hedges.                                Miller.
    Barberry is a plant that bears a fruit very useful
  In housewifery; that which beareth its fruit without
   stones is counted best.                Mortimer.
Bard, bard." «. a.  [bardd, Welsh.]   A
   poet.
    There is among the Irish a kind of people called
   bards, which are to them instead of poets; whose pro-
   fession is to set forth the praises or dispraises of men
   in their poems or rhyme; the which are had in high
   regard and estimation among them.       Spenser.
    And many bards that to the trembling chord
   Can tune their timely voices cunningly.   Fairy Q.
     The bard who first adorned our native tongue
   Tun'd to his British lyre this ancient song,
   Which Homer might without a blush rehearse.
                                       Dryden.
BARE, bare. adj.  [bajie, Sax. bar,  Dan.]
 1. Naked; without covering.
     The trees are bare and naked, which use both to
   cloato and house the  kern.     Spenser on Ireland.
     Then stretch'd her arms t' embrace the body bare;
   Her clasping hands inclose but empty air.   Dryden.
     In the old  Roman statues, these  two parts were
   always bare, and  exposed to view  as much as our
   hands and face.                      Addison.
2. Uncovered in respect.
     Though the lords used  to be covered whilst the
   commons were bare, yet the commons would not be
   bare before the Scottish commissioners; and so none
   were covered.                        Clarendon.
3. Unadorned; plain;  simple;  without or-
   nament.
    Yet was their manners  then but bare and plain;
   For to' antique world excess and pride did hate.
                                       Spenser.
4. Detected;  no longer concealed.
    These false pretexts and varnish'd colours failing,
   Bare in thy guilt, how foul thou must appear! Milt.
5. Poor; indigent;  wanting  plenty.
    Were  it for the glory  of God,  that the clergy
  should be left as bare  as the apostles, when toey had
  neither staff nor scrip;  God would,  I hope, endue
  them with the self-same affection.   Hooker's Pref.
    Even from a bare treasury, my success has been
  contrary to that of Mr. Cowley.          Dryden.
6. Mere;  unaccompanied   with usual  re-
   commendation.
    It was a bare petition of a state
  To one whom they had punished.      Shakspeare.
    Nor are men prevailed upon by bare words, only
  through a defect  of knowledge; but carried, with
  these puffs of wind, contrary to knowledge.   South.
7. Threadbare; much  worn.
    You have an exchequer of words, and no other
  treasure for your followers; for it appears, by their
  bare liveries, that they live by your bare words.
                                   Shalispeare.
8. Not united with any thing else.
    A desire to draw all things to the determination of
  bare and naked Scripture, hath caused much pains
  to be taken in abating the credit of man.   Hooker.
    That which  offendeth us,  is the great disgrace
  which toey offer unto our custom of bare reading  the
  word of God.                         Hooker.
9. Wanting  clothes;   slenderly  supplied
   with clothes.
10. Sometimes it has  of before the  thing
   wanted or taken away.
    Tempt not the brave and needy  to despair;
  For, too' your  violence should leave them bare
  Of gold and silver, swords and darts remain.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
    Making a law  to reduce interest, will not raise the
  price of land; it will only leave the country barer of
  money.                                Locke.
To Bare, bare. v. a. [from the adjective.]
   To strip; to  make bare or naked.
    The turtle, on  the bared branch,
  Laments the wounds that death did launch. Spenser.
    There is a fabulous narration, that an herb grow-
  eth in the likeness of a lamb, and feedeth upon the
  grass, in such  sort as it  will bare  the grass round
  about.                      Bacon's Nat. Hist.
                  Eriphyle here he found
  Baring her breast, yet bleeding with the wound.
                                      Dryden.
    He bar'd an ancient oak of all her boughs;
  Then on a rising ground the trunk he plac'd. Dryd.
      For virtue, when I point the pen,
  Bare the mean heart that lurks beneath a star;
  Can there be wanting, to defend her cause,
  Lights ofthe church, or guardians ofthe laws?
                                         Pope.
Bare, or Bore, bare, or bore.  The pre-
   terite of  To bear.   See To Bear.
Ba'rebone, bare/bone. n. s. [from  bare and
   bone.] Lean  so that the bones appear.
    Here comes lean Jack, here comes barebone: how
  long is it ago,  Jack, since thou sawest thy own knee?
                         Shakspeare's Henry IV.
B'arefaced, bare-faste'.369 adj. [from bare
   and face.]
1. With  the face naked; not masked.
    Your French crowns have no hair at all, and then
  you will play barefaced.               Shakspeare.
2. Shameless;  unreserved;  without  con-
   cealment; undisguised.
    The  animosities increased, and toe parties  ap-
  peared barefaced against each other.     Clarendon.
    It is most certain, that barefaced  bawdry is  the
  poorest pretence  to wit imaginable.      Dryden.
BAREFA'cE»LY,bare-faste'le.364arfi>.[from
   barefaced.]  Openly;  shamefully; with-
   out disguise.
    Though only some profligate wretches own it too
  barefacedly, yet,  perhaps, we should hear more, did
  not fear tie people's tongues.              Locke.

Barefa'cedness,  bare-faste'n^s.366  to. s.
   [from barefaced.] Effrontery; assurance;
   audaciousness.
Ba'refoot, bare'fut.  adj. [from  bare and
  foot.]   Having no shoes.
    Going to find a barefoot brother out,
  One of our order.       Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
Ba'refoot, bare'fut.  adv. Without shoes.
                 She must have a husband;
  I must dance barefoot on her wedding-day.  Shaksp.
    Ambitious love hath so in me offended,
  That barefoot plod f the cold ground upou
  With sainted vow.                   Shakspeare.
    Envoys describe this holy man, with his Alcaydes
  about him, standing barefoot, bowing to the earth.
                                      Addison.
Barefo'oted,  bare'fut-e'd.  adj.   Being
  without shoes.
    He himself, with a rope about his neck, barefooted
  came to offer himself to the discretion  of Leonatus.
                                       Sidney.
Ba'regnawn, bare'nawn. adj. [from bare
  and gnawn.]   Eaten bare.
                 Know my name is lost,
  By treason's tooth baregnawn and cankerbit. Shaksp.
Ba'reheaded,  bare'h^d-d^d. adj. [from
  bare and  head.]   Uncovered  in respect.
    He, bareheaded, lower than his proud steed's neck
  Bespoke them thus.             Shaksp. Rich. II,
    Next, before the Chariot, went two men bareheaded.
                                       Bacon.
    The victor knight had laid his helm  aside,
  Bareheaded,  popularly low he bow'd.  Dryd. Fables.
Ba'rely, bare'ie. adv. [from bare]
I. Nakedly.
2. Poorly; indigently.
3. Without decoration.
4. Merely;  only; without any thing more.
    The external administration of his word, is as well
  by reading barely the  Scripture, as by explaining
  the same.                             Hooker.
          The duke of Lancaster is dead;
  And living too, for now his son is duke—
  ----Barely in title, not in revenue. Shaksp. Rich. II.
    He barely nam'd the street, promis'd the wine,
  But his kind wife gave me toe very sign.   Donne.
    Where the balance of trade barely pays for com-
  modities with commodities, there money must be
  sent, or else the  debts  cannot be paid.      Locke,
Ba'reness, bare'nes. to. s. [from bare]
1. Nakedness.
               So you serve us
  Till we serve you; but when you have our roses,
  You barely leave our thorns to prick ourselves,
  And mock us with our bareness.           Shaksp.
2. Leanness.
    For their poverty, I know not where they had that;
  and for their bareness, they never learned that of me.
                                    Shakspeare.
3. Poverty.
    Were it  stripped of its privileges,  and made as
  like the primitive church for its bareness as its puri-
  ty, it could legally want all such privileges.   South,
4. Meanness of clothes.

BA'RGAIN,   bar'gin.208  n.s.   [bargen,
  Welsh; bargaigne, Fr.]
1. A contract or agreement concerning the
   sale of something.
    What is marriage but a very bargain? wherein is
  sought alliance, or portion, or reputation, with some
  desire of issue; not toe faithful nuptial union of man
  and wife.                              Bacon.
    No more  can be due to me,
  Than at the bargain made was meant.    Donne-
2. The thing bought or sold; a purchase;
   the thing purchased.
     Give me  but my price for the other two, and you
  shall even have that into the bargain.   L'Estrange.
     He who is at the charge of a tutor at home, may
  give his son a more genteel carriage, with greater
  learning into the bargain, than  any at school  can
  do.                                   Locke.
3. Stipulation;  interested dealing.
     There was a difference between courtesies receiv-
  ed from their master and the duke; for that the duke's
  might have  ends of utility and bargain, whereas their
  master's could not.                      Bacon.
4. An unexpected  reply,  tending to ob-
   scenity.
     Where sold he bargains, whipstitch?     Dryden- 
BAR
BAR
BAR
    As to bargains, few of them seem to be excellent,
  because they all terminate into one single point. Sw\ft.
    No maid at court is less  asham'd,
  Howe'er for selling bargains fam'd.        Swift.
5. An event;  an upshot: a low sense.
    I am sorry for thy misfortune; however we must
  make the best of a bad bargain.       Arbuthnot.
6. In law.
    Bargain and sale is a contract or agreement made
  for manours, rands, tyc. also the transferring the pro-
  perty of them from the bargainer to the bargainee.
                                      Cowell.
To Ba'&gain,  bar'gin.   t>. «.   [from  the
   noun.]   To make a contract for the sale
   or purchase of any thing: often with for
   before the thing.
    Henry is able to enrich his queen,
  And not to seek a queen to make him rich.
  So worthless peasants bargain for their wives,
  As market-men for oxen, sheep, or horse.  Shaksp.
    For those that are like to be in plenty, they may
  be bargained for upon the ground.          Bacon.
    The thrifty state will bargain ere they fight. Dryd.
    It is possible the great duke may bargain for the
  ttpublick of Lucca, % the help of his great treasures.
                               Addison on Italy.
Bargainee', bar-gin-nee', n.s. [from bar-
   gain.] He  or she that accepts a bargain.
   See Bargain.
Ba'rgainer,  bar'gin-niir.98  to. s.   [from
   bargain.]   The person who proffers, or
   makes a bargain.  See Bargain.

BARGE, barje. n.s. [bargie, Dutch,from
   barga, low Lat.]
I. A boat for pleasure.
    The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd  throne,
   Burnt on the water.                     Shaksp.
               Plac'd in the gilded barge,
  Proud with the burden of so sweet a charge;
  With painted oars the youths begin to sweep
  Neptune's smooth face.                  Waller.
2. A sea commander's  boat.
    It was consulted, when I had tsfken my barge and
  gone ashore, that my ship  should  have set sail and
  left me.                             Raleigh.
3. A boat for burden.
Ba'rger,  bar-jur.98 n. .?.  [from barge]
   The manager of a barge.
    Many wafarers make themselves glee, by putting
  the inhabitants hi mind of this privilege; who again,
  Tike the Campellians in the north, and the  London
  'bargers, forslow not to baigne them. Carew's  Survey.

BARK, bark. to. s. [barck, Dan.]
1. The rind or covering of a tree.
    Trees last according to the strength and quantity
  of toeir sap and juice; being well munited by their
  bark against the injuries of the air.        Bacon.
                Wand'ring in the dark,
  Physicians for the tree have found toe bark. Dryden,
2. A  small ship,  [from barca,  low Lat.]
    The duke of Parma must have flown, if he would
  have couie into England: for he could neither get
  bark nor mariner to put to sea.           Bacon.
    It was that fatal and perfidious bark,
  Built in th' eclipse, and rigg'd with curses dark,
  That sunk so low that sacred head of thine.   Milton.
    Who to a woman trusts his peace of mind,
  Trusts a frail bark With a tempestuous wind.  Glanv.
To Bark,  bark. v. to. [beojican, Saxon.]
1. To mnke the noise which a dog makes
   when he threatens or pursues.
                Sent before my time
  Into this breathing world, scarce half made  up,
  And that so lamely and unfashionably,
  That dogs bark at me.          Sliaksp. Rich. III.
    Why do your do;rs bark so? be  there  bears i' th'
  town?           Sliaksp. Merry Wires of Windsor.
    In vain t'ie herdman calls him back again;
  The dogs stand off afar, and bark in vain.   Cowley.
      VOL. 1.
2. To  clamour  at;  to  pursue  with  re-
  proaches.
    Vile is the vengeance on the ashes cold,
  And envy base, to barfe at sleeping fame.   Fairy Q.
                You dare patronage
  The envious barking of your saucy tongue
  Against my lord!                      Shaksp.
To Bark, bark. v. a. [from the noun.] To
  strip trees of their bark.
    The severest penalties ought to be put upon bar-k-
  ing any tree that is not felled.            Temple.
    These trees, after they  are barked, and cut into
  shape, are tumbled down  from the mountains into
  the stream.                          Addison.
Bark-hared, bark'-bar'd.   adj.   [from
  bark and bare]   Stripped ofthe bark.
    Excorticated and bark-bared trees may be preserved
  by nourishing up a shoot from the foot, or below toe
  stripped place, cutting toe body of toe tree sloping
  off a little above the shoot, and it will heal, and be
  covered with bark.                   Mortimer.
Ba'rker, bar'kiir.98 to. s. [from bark]
1. One that barks  or clamours.
    What hath he done more than abase cur? barked
  and made a noise? had a fool or two to spit  in his
  mouth?  But  they are rather enemies of my fame
  than me, these barifeers.             Ben Jonson.
2 [from bark of trees.]   One that is em-
   ployed in stripping  trees.
Ba'rky, bar'ke. adj.  [from bark.]  Con-
   sisting of bark; containing bark.
    Ivy so enrings toe barky fingers ofthe elm. Shaksp.
BA'RLEY, bar'le«° «.*. [derived by Ju- j
   nius from "U hordeum]
    It hath a thick spike; the calyx, husk, awn, and
  flower, are like those of wheat or rye, but toe awns
  are rough; toe seed is swelling in the middle, and
  for the most  part, ends in a sharp point,  to  which
  toe husks are closely united.  The  species are,  1.
  Common long-eared barky.  3. Winter or square
  barley, by some called big. 3. Sprat barley, or bat-
  tledoor barley.  All these sorts of barley are sown
  in the spring of toe year, in a dry time.  In some
  very dry light land,  toe  barley is sown  early  in
  March; but in strong clayey soils it is not sown till
  April.  The square barley,  or big, is chiefly culti-
  vated in the north of England, and in Scotland; and
  is hardier than the other sorts.           Miller.
    Barley is emollient,  moistening, and expectora-
  ting; barley was chosen by Hippocrates as a proper
  food in inflammatory distempers.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Ba'rleyrrake, bar'le-brake. to.  s. A kind
   of rural  play.
    By neighbours prais'd  she went  abroad thereby,
  At barleybrake her sweet swift feet to try.  Sidney.
Ba'rley broth, bar'le-broth.  to. *. [from
   barley and broth.]   A  low  word some-
   times  used for strong beer.
                      Can sodden water,
  A drench for surreyn'd jades, their barley broth,
  Decoct toeir cold blood to such valiant heat?
                                   Shakspeare.
Ba'rley corn, bar'le-korn.  w.  s.  [from
   barley and corn.]  A grain of barley; the
   beginning of our measure of length; the
   third part of an inch
     A long, long journey, choak'd with brakes and
        thorns,
  Ill-measured by ten thousand barley corns. Tickell.
Ba'rley mow, bar'le-mou.323 to.  s. [from
   barley  and  mow.]  The  place  where
   reaped barley is stowed up.
     Whenever by yon barley mow I pass,
  Before my eyes will trip the tidy lass.        Gay.
BARM,barm. n.s. [burm, Welsh; beojim,
   Sax.]   Yeast;   the ferment   put  into
   drink  to make it work;  and into bread,
   to lighten and swell it.

                     U
           Are you not he
  That sometimes make the drink bear no barm,
  Mislead night wand'rers, laughing at their harm
                                   Shakspeare.
    Try the force  of imagination upon  staying toe
  working of beer, when toe barm is put into it
                                      Bacon.
Ba'rmy, bar'me. adj.  [from barm.] Con-
  taining barm; yeasty.
    Their jovial nights in frolicks and in play
  They pass, to drive the tedious hours away;
  And their cold stomachs with crown'd goblets
       cheer
  Of windy cider, and of barmy beer.       Dryden.

Barn, barn.  to.  s.  [beyin, Sax.] A place
  or  house  for  laying  up any  sort  of
  grain, hay, or straw.
    In vain the barns expect their promis'd load;
  Nor barns at home, nor reeks are heap'd abroad.
                                     Dryden.
    I took notice of the make of barns here: having
  laid a frame of wood, they place at toe four corners,
  four blocks, in such a shape, as neither mice nor
  vermin can creep up.                  Addison.
Ba'rnacle,  bar'na-kl.40s ». *.  [probably
  of beartn, Sax. a child,  and aac, Sax.
  an oak.]
1. A  kind of shell fish  that  grow upon
  timber that lies in the sea.
2. A bird like a goose, fabulously suppos-
  ed to grow on trees.
    It is beyond even an atheist's  credulity and im-
  pudence, to affirm that toe first men might  grow
  upon  trees, as the  story goes about barnacles; or
  might be the lice of  some vast prodigious animals,
  whose species is now extinct.            Bentley.
    And from the most refin'd of saints
  As naturally grow miscreants,
  As barnacles turn  Soland geese
  In th' islands of the Orcades.          Hudibras.
3. An instrument made commonly of iron
  for the use of farriers, to hold  a horse
  by the nose,  to hinder him  from strug-
  gling when an incision is made.
                             Farrier's Diet.
BARO'METER, ba-r6m'me-tur.sl«  to. *.
  [from  pug®* weight,  and  p ergon mea-
  sure.]   A  machine for measuring  the
  weight of the atmosphere,  and  the va-
  riations in it, in order chiefly lo deter-
  mine the  changes  of the weather.  It
  differs from the baroscope,  which  only
  shews that the  air is heavier  at one
  time than another, without specifying
  the difference. Thebarometer is founded
  upon the  Torricellian experiment,  so
  called  from Torricelli, the inventor of
  it,  at  Florence,  in 1643.  It is a glass
  tube filled with mercury, hermetically
  sealed at  one end;   the other open, and
  immerged in a basin of  stagnant mer-
  cury:  so that, as  the weight of the at-
  mosphere diminishes,  the mercury in
  the tube   will  descend,   and,  as it in-
  creases, the  mercury will  ascend;  the
  column of mercury suspended  in  the
  tube being always  equal to the weight
  ofthe incumbent atmosphere
    The measuring the heights of mountains, and find-
  ing the elevation of places above  the level of the
  sea, hath been much promoted by barometrical ex-
  periments, founded upon that essential property of
  toe air,  its gravity or pressure.  As the column of
  mercury in toe barometer is counterpoised by a co-
  lumn of air  of equal weight, so whatever causes
  make the air heavier or lighter, the pressure of it 
BAR
BAR
BAR
 will be thereby increased or lessened, and of con-
 sequence toe mercury will rise or fall.    Harris
   Gravity is  another property of air, whereby it
 counterpoises  a column of mercury from twenty-
 seven inches  and one-half  to thirty and  one-half,
 the gravity of the atmosphere varying one-tenth,
 which are its utmost limits; so that the exact spe-
 cifick gravity of the  air can  be determined when
 the barometer stands  at thirty inches, with  a mo-
 derate heat of the weather.     Arbuthnot on Air.
Barome'trical,  bar-6-met'tre-kal.509 B1B
  adj. [from barometer.] Relating to the
  barometer.
    He is very accurate in making barometrical and
  thermometrical instruments.
                    Derham's Physico-Theology.
BA'RON, bar'run.166 «. a.   [The  etymo-
  logy of this word  is  very  uncertain.
  Baro, among the Romans, signified a
  brave warrior,  or a brutal man; and,
  from the  first  of these  significations,
  Menage  derives  baron,  as  a  term  of
  military  dignity.   Others  suppose it
  originally  to  signify  only  a man,  in
  which  sense  baron, or  varon, is still
  used by the Spaniards; and, to confirm
  this conjecture, our law yet uses baron
  and femme, husband and  wife.   Others
  deduce it from ber, an old Gaulish word,
  signifying commander; others from the
  Hebrew "OJ, of the same import. Some
  think it a contraction of par homme or
  peer, which seems least probable.]
 1. A degree of nobility next to a viscount.
  It may be probably thought, that anci-
  ently, in England, all those were called
   barons, that had  such signiories as we
  now call  court  barons;  and it  is said,
  that after the Conquest,  all such  came
   to the  parliament, and sat as nobles in
   the  upper house.   But  when, by ex-
   perience,  it appeared that the parlia-
   ment was  too much crowded with such
   multitudes,  it became a custom, that
   none should come but  such as the king,
   for their  extraordinary wisdom or qua-
   lity,  thought  good to  call by  writ;
   which writ ran  hac vice tantum.  After
   that, men seeing that this state of nobili-
   ty was but casual, and depending merely
   on the prince's  pleasure, obiained of
   the king  letters  patent of this dignity
   to them and their heirs male; and these
   were called barons by letters patent, or
   by creation, whose  posterity  are now
   those barons that are called lords  of the
   parliament; of which kind the king may
   create more at his pleasure.  It is never-
   theless thought, that there are yet ba-
   rons by writ, as well as barons by letters
   patent, and that they may be discerned
   by their titles; the barons by writ being
   those that, to the title of lord, have their
   own  surnames annexed; whereas the
   barons, by letters patent, are named by
   their baronies.   These barons,  which
   were first by writ,  may now justly also
   be called barona by prescription; for that
   they have continued barona, in  them-
   selves and their  ancestors,  beyond the
   memory of man.  There  are also barons
  by tenure,  as the bishops of the  land,
  who, by virtue of the baronies annexed
  to  their bishopricks, have always had
  place in the upper house of parliament,
  and are called lords spiritual.
  Baron is an officer,  as barons of the ex-
  chequer to the king: of these the prin-
  cipal is called lord chief baron, and the
  three others are his assistants, between
  the king and his subjects, in causes of
  justice belonging to the exchequer.
  There  are also  barons of the cinque
  ports;  two to each of the  seven towns,
  Hastings, Winchelsea, Rye,  Rumney,
  Hithe, Dover, and Sandwich, that have
  places in the lower house of parliament.
                                  Cowell.
                They that bear
  The cloth of state above, are four barons
  Of toe cinque ports.                Shakspeare.
  Baron is used for the husband in rela-
  tion to his wife.                  Cowell.
  A Baron of Beef is when the two sir-
  loins are not cut asunder, but joined to-
  gether by the end of the backbone.
                                    Diet.
Ba'ronage,  bar'nin-adje.90  to.  s.   [from
  baron.]
1. The body of barons and peers.
    His charters of the liberties of England, and of
  the forest, were hardly, and with difficulty, gained
  by his baronage at Staines, A. D. 1215.     Hale.
2. The dignity of a baron.
3. The land which gives title to a baron.
Ba'roness, bar'rin-es.6S7 to. a. [baronessa,
  Ital.  baronissa, Lat.] A baron's lady.
Ba'ronet, bar'run-et.667  to. s.  [of  baron
  and et, diminutive  termination.]   The
  lowest degree of honour that is heredi-
  tary: it is  below a  baron and above a
  knight; and has  the precedency of  all
  other  knights, except the  knights  of
  the garter. It was first founded by king
  James I.  A. D.  1611.  Cowell.   But it
  appears by the following passage, that
  the  term was  in  use before,  though in
  another sense.
    King Edward III. being bearded and crossed by
  the clergy, was advised to direct out his writs to
  certain gentlemen of the best abilities, entitling
  them therein barons in the next parliament.  By
  which means he had so many barons in his parlia-
  ment, as were able to weigh down the clergy; which
  barons were not afterwards lords, hut baronets, as
  sundry of them do yet retain the name.     Spenser.
Ba'rony, bar'run-e.657 to. a. [baronnie,  Fr.
  beoyiny, Sax.]  That honour or lordship
  that gives title to a baron. Such are not
  only the fees of temporal barons, but of
  bishops also.                    Cowell.
Ba'roscope,  bar'ro-skope.  to. •*.   [pap©*
  and oceTea.] An instrument to shew the
  weight ofthe atmosphere.  See  Baro-
  meter.
     If there was always a calm, the equilibrium could
  only be changed by the  contents; where the windg
  are not variable, toe alterations of the baroscope are
  very small.                       Arbuthnot.
Ba'rracan,  bar'ra-kan.  to.  a.    [boura-
   can, or barracan, Fr.]  A strong thick
  kind of camelot.
Ba'rrack, bar'rak. to.*,  [barracca, Span.]
I. Little cabins made by the Spanish fisb>
  ermen on the sea shore; or little lodges
  for soldiers in a camp.
2.  It is generally taken among  us for
  buildings to lodge  soldiers.
Ba'rrator, bar'ra-tur. to. a.  [from barat,
  old Fr. from which is still retained bar-
  ateur a cheat.]  A wrangler,  and en-
  courager of law-suits.
    Will it not reflect as much on thy character, Nic,
  to turn barrator in  thy old days,  a stirrer-up of
  quarrels amongst toy neighbours?
                Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
Ba'rrathy, bar'ra-tre. w. s.  [from barra-
  ter.]  The practice or  crime of a bar-
  rator; foul practice in law.
    'Tis arrant barratry, that bears
  Point blank an action 'gainst our laws.   Hudibras.
Ba'rrel, bar'ril.89 to. a. [baril, Welsh.]
I. A  round wooden vessel  to be  stopped
  close.
    It hath been observed by one ofthe ancients, that
  an empty barrel, knocked upon with the finger, giveth
  a diapason to the sound ofthe like barrel full. Bacon.
            Trembling to approach
  The little barrel, which he fears to broach. Dryden.
2. A particular measure in  liquids.  A
  barrel of wine is thirty-one  gallons and
  a half; of  ale, thirty-two  gallons;  of
  beer, thirty-six gallons; and of beer-vin-
  egar, thirty-four gallons.
  [In  dry measure.] A  barrel of  Essex
  butter contains one hundred  and six
  pounds;  of Suffolk butter, two  hundred
  and  fifty-six.   A barrel of  herrings
  should contain  thirty-two gallons wine
  measure, holding usually  a  thousand
  herrings.
    Several colleges,  instead of limiting  their rents
  to a certain sum, prevailed with toeir  tenants to
  pay the price of so many barrels of corn, as the
  market went.                         Swift.
4. Any thing  hollow; as the  barrel of a
   gun, that part which holds the shot.
    Take the barrel of a long gun perfectly bored, set
  it upright with the breech upon toe ground, and
  take a bullet exactly fit for it; then, if you suck at
  the mouth of the barrel ever so gently, the bullet
  will come up so forcibly, that it will  hazard the
  striking out your teeth.                 Digby.
    A   cylinder;  frequently that  cylinder
   about which any thing is wound.
     Your string and bow must be accommodated to
  your drill;  if too weak, it will not  carry about the
  barrel.                            Moxon.
 6.  Barrel of the ear, is a cavity behind the
   tympanum, covered with a fine  mem-
   brane.                            Diet.
 To Ba'rrel, bar'ril.  v. a.  [from the
   noun.] To put any thing in a barrel for
   preservation.
     I  would have their beef beforehand barrelled,
  which may be  used as is needed.  Spenser on Irel.
     Barrel up earth, and sow some seed in it, and
  put it in the bottom of a pond.           Bacon.
 BA'RREL-BELLiK.n,  bar'ril-bel-lid.  adj.
    [from barrel and belly] Having a large
    belly.
     Dauntless at empty noises; lofty-neck'd,
   Sharp-headed, barrel-belly'd, broadly back'd.
                                    Dryden.
 BA'RREN,  bar'ren. adj.  [bane,  Sax.
    naked;  properly  applied   to  trees  or
    ground unfruitful.] 
BAR
BAR
BAS
 1. Without the  quality of producing its
   kind; not prolific:  applied to animals.
     They hail'd him father to a line of kings,
  Upon my head they plac'd a fruitless crown,
  And put a barren sceptre in my gripe,
  No son of mine succeeding.              Shaksp.
     There shall not be male or female barren among
  you, or among your cattle.                Deut.
 2. Unfruitful;  not fertile; sterile.
     The situation of this city is pleasant, but the wa-
  ter is naught, and the ground barren.     2 Kings.
     Telemachus is far from exalting toe  nature of
  his country; he confesses it to be barren.    Pope.
 3. Not copious; scanty.
     Some schemes will appear barren of hints and
  matter, but prove to be fruitful.           Swift.
 4. Unmeaning; uninventive; dull.
     There be of them that will make themselves
  laugh, to set on some quantity of barren spectators
  to laugh too.                          Shaksp.
 BA'RRENLY,bar'ren-le\ adv. [from barren]
   Unfruitfully.
 Ba'rrenness, bar'ren-nes.«. s.  [from bar-
   ren.]
 I. Want of offspring; want of  the power
   of procreation.
     I pray'd for children, and thought barrenness
  In wedlock a reproach.                 Milton.
     No more be mention'd then of violence
  Against ourselves; and wilful barrenness,
  That cuts us off from hope.              Milton.
 2. Unfruitfulness; sterility; infertility.
     Within toe  self-same hamlet, lands have divers
  degrees of value, through toe diversity of their fer-
  tility or barrenness.                     Bacon.
 3. Want of invention; want of the power
   of producing any thing new.
     The adventures of Ulysses are imitated in toe
  JEneis; though the accidents are not the same,
  which would have argued him of a total barrenness
  of invention.                         Dryden.
 4. Want of matter; scantiness.
     The  importunity of our  adversaries hath  con-
  strained us longer to dwell than toe  barrenness of
  so poor a cause could have seemed either to require
  or to admit.                          Hooker.
 5. [In theology.]  Aridity; want of emotion
   or sensibility.
     The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and
  sometimes feel a barrenness of devotion.   Taylor.
 Ba'rren wort,  bar'ren-wiirt.  ». s.  [epi-
   medium, Lat.]  The name of a plant.
 Ba'rrful, bar'tull. adj.  [from bar  and
  full]  Full of obstructions.
               A barrfull strife!
  Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife.  Shaksp.
 Barrica'ue, ba-re-kade'. to. s.  [barricade,
  Fr.]
 1. A fortification,  made in haste, of trees,
  earth,  wagons,  or any thing else,  to
  keep off an attack.
 2. Any stop; bar; obstruction.
     There must be such a barricade, as would greatly
  annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmos-
  phere.                              Derham.
 To Barrioa'de,  bar-re-kade'. v. a.  [bar-
  ricader, Fr.]
 1. To stop up a passage.
    Now all the pavement sounds with trampling feet,
  And toe mixt hurry barricades the street;
  Entangled here, the waggon's lengthen'd team.
                                        Gay.
2. To hinder by stoppage.
    A new volcano continually discharging that mat-
  ter, which being till then barricaded up and impri-
  soned in the bowels of the earth, was toe occasion
  of very great and frequent calamities.  Woodward.
Barrica'do, bar-re-ka'do. n.s. [barricada,
  Span.] A fortification; a bar;  any thing
  fixed to hinder entrance.
    The access was  by a neck of land,  between the
  sea on one part,  and the harbour water, or inner
  sea on the other; fortified clean over with a strong
  rampier and barricado.                  Bacon,
To  Barrica'do,  bar-re-ka'do.  v. a.  [from
  the  noun.]   To  fortify;  to bar; to stop
  up.
                Fast we found, fast shut
  The dismal gates, and barr-icado'd strong!  Milton.
    He had not time to barricado the doors;  so that
  the enemy entered.                  Clarendon.
    The truth of causes we find so obliterated, that
  it seems  almost  barricadoed from any intellectual
  approach.                           Harvey.
Ba'rrier, bar're-ur.98 n. a.  [barriere, Fr.
  It is  sometimes  pronounced with the
  accent on the last syllable, but it is pla-
  ced more properly on the first.]
1. A barricade; an entrenchment.
    Safe in the love of heav'n, an ocean  flows
  Around our realm, a barrier from toe foes.   Pope.
2. A fortification, or strong place,  as on
  the  frontiers of a country.
    The queen is guarantee of toe  Dutch, having
  possession of the barrier, and the revenues thereof,
  before a  peace.                        Swift.
3. A stop;  an obstruction.
    If  you value yourself as a man of learning, you
  are building a most impassable barrier against im-
  provement.                           Watts.
4. A bar to mark the limits  of any place.
    For justs, and tourneys,  and barriers, the glories
  of them  are chiefly in the chariots,  wherein the
  challengers make their entries.            Bacon.
              Pris'ners to the pillar bound,
  At either barrier plac'd; nor, captives  made,
  Be freed, or arm'd anew.              Dryden.
5. A boundary; a limit.
    But wave whate'er to Cadmus may belong,
  And fix,  0 muse, the barrier of thy song
  At Oedipus.                    Pope's  Statius.
    How instinct varies in the grovelling swine,
  Compar'd, half reas'ning elephant! with thine:
  'Twixt that and  reason what a nice barrier!
  For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near.        Pope.
Ba'rrister, bar'rls-tdr. to. a.  [from bar.]
  A person qualified to plead  causes, cal-
  led  an advocate or  licentiate in  other
  countries and courts. Outer  barristers
  are  pleaders without the bar,  to distin-
  guish them  from inner barristers; such
  are  the  benchers, or those who  have
  been readers, the  counsel of the king,
  queen, or princes,  who  are  admitted
  to plead within the bar.   A counsellor
  at law.                  Blount. Chamb.
Ba'rrow, bar'row.  to. s.   [bepepe, Sax.
  supposed  by  Skinner to  come from
  bear.]  Any  kind of carriage  moved by
  the  hand; as, a hand-barrow, a frame of
  boards, with handles at each  end, car-
  ried between two  men; a wheel-barrow,
  that which one man pushes forward by
  raising it upon one wheel.
    Have  I lived to be  carried in a basket, like a
  barrow of  butcher's  offal, and  thrown into  the
  Thames.                            Shaksp.
                  No barroto's wheel
  Shall mark thy stocking with a miry trace.   Gay.
Ba'rrow,  bar'row.  n  s. [berig, Sax.] A
  hog: whence barrow grease, or  hog's
  lard.
Barrow, whether in the beginning or end
  of names of places, signifies  a grove;
                   u  2
  from beartpe, which the Saxons used in
  the same sense.                  Gibson
Barrow, is likewise used in Cornwall for
  a hillock, under which, in old times, bo-
  dies have been buried.
To  BA'RTER, bar'tur.98 v. n. [baratter,
  Fr. to trick in traffick; from barat craft,
  fraud.]  To traffick by exchanging one
  commodity for another, in opposition to
  purchasing with money.
    As if they scorn'd to trade and barter,
  By giving or by taking quarter.        Hudibras.
    A man has not every thing growing upon his soil,
  and therefore is willing to barter with his neighbour.
                                      Collier,
To  Ba'rter, bar'tur. v. a.
I. To give  any thing  in  exchange  for
  something else.
    For him was I exchang'd and ransom'd;
  But with a baser man of arms by far
  Once, in contempt, toey would have barter'd me.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Then as thou wilt dispose the rest,
  To those who, at the market rate,
  Can barter honour for estate.              Prior.
    I see nothing left us, but to truck and barter our
  goods, like the wild Indians, with each other; Swift.
2. Sometimes it is used with the particle
  away before the thing given.
    If they will barter away their time, methinks toey
  should at least have some ease in exchange.
                               Decay of Piety.
    He also bartered  away plums,  that would have
  rotted in  a week, for  nuts  that would last good for
  his eating a whole year.                  Locke.
Ba'rter,  bar'tur.  to.  s. [from the verb.]
  The act or practice of trafficking by ex-
  change of  commodities; sometimes the
  thing given in exchange.
    From England they may be furnished with such
  things as they may want, and, in exchange or barter,
  send other things with which they may abound.
                                      Bacon,
    He who coirupteth English with foreign words is
  as wise as ladies that change plate for china; for
  which the laudable traffick  of old clothes is much
  toe fairest barter.                      Felton.

Ba'rterer, bar'tir-ur.  to. s. [from barter.]
  He that trafficks by exchange of  com-
  modities.
Ba'rtery, bar'tiir-re.656 to. s. [from barter]
  Exchange of commodities.
    It is a received  opinion, that, in most ancient
  ages, there was only  bartery or exchange of com-
  modities amongst  most nations.      Camden's Rem.
Ba'rton, bar'tun.166 to.  s. The demesne
  lands  of a  manour;  the manour-house
  itself; and  sometimes the out-houses.
                                    Blount.
Ba'rtram, bar'tram. to. s.  A plant;  the
  same with peHitory.

BASE,  base.  adj. [bas, Fr.  basso,  Ital,
  baxo, Span, bassus, low Latin; /3«w<;.]
1. Mean; vile; worthless: of things.
    The harvest white plumb is a base plumb, and the
  white date plumbs are no very good plumbs. Bacon.
    Pyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all bane
  things, as earthen pitchers, a scullery; whereupon
  he was surnamed  Rupographus.         Peacham
2. Of mean  spirit; disingenuous; illiberal-
  ungenerous; low; without dignity of sen-
  timent: of persons.
    Since the perfections are such in the party I love
  as the feeling of them cannot come unto any unnoble
  heart; sh-.Jl that heart, lifted up to such a height
  be counted base?                       g^ 
BAS                                      BAS                                      BAS
    It is base in his adversaries thus to dwell upon the
  excesses of a passion.                 Atterbury.
3. Of low station; of mean account; with-
  out dignity of rank; without honour.
    If the lords and chief men degenerate, what shall
  be hoped of the peasants and baser people.  Spenser.
                  If that rebellion
  Came, like itself, in base and abject routs,
  You, reverend father, and these noble lords,
  Had not been here.                 Shakspeare.
    It could not else be, I should prove so base
  To sue and be denied such common grace. Shaksp.
    And I will yet be more vile than this, and will be
  base in mine own sight.                  2  Sam.
    Insurrections of base people are commonly more
  furious in their beginnings.               Bacon.
                lie, whose mind
  Is virtuous, is alone of noble kind;
  Though poor in fortune, of celestial race;
  And he commits toe crime who calls him base.
                                      Dryden.
4.  Base-born; born out of wedlock, and by
   consequence,  of no  honourable birth; il-
   legitimate.
             Why bastard? wherefore base?
  When my dimensions are as well compact
  As honest madam's issue.             Shakspeare.
    This young lord lost his life with his father in the
  field, and with them a base son.     Camden's Rem.
5.  Applied to metals, without value.  It is
   used in this sense of  all metal except
  gold and silver.
    A guinea is  pure gold, if it has nothing but gold
  in it, without any alloy or baser metal.       Watts.
6.  Applied to sounds; deep,  grave.    It is
   more  frequently  written bass, though
   the comparative baser seems to require
   base.
    In pipes,  toe lower the  note holes be, and the
  further from the mouth of the pipe, the more base
  sound they yield.                       Bacon.
Base-born, base'born. adj.  Born out of
   wedlock.
    But see thy base-born child, thy babe of shame,
  Who, left by thee, upon our parish came.     Gay.
 Base-court,  base'kort. «.  s.  [baa  cour,
   Fr.]  Lower court;  not  the chief court
   that leads to the  house;  the back-yard;
   the farm-yard.
    My lord,  in the base-court he doth attend,
   To speak with you.                  Shakspeare.
 BASE-MiNnEn, base-mind'£d. adj. Mean-
   spirited; worthless.
    It signifieth,  as it seemeth, no more than abject,
   base-minded, false-hearted, coward, or nidget.
                                 Camden's Rem.
 Base-viol, base-v't'iil.166 to. s. [usually writ-
   ten bass-viol]  An instrument which is
   used in concerts for the base  sound.
     At the first grin he cast every  human feature out
   of  his countenance; at toe second, he became toe
   head of a base-viol.                    Addison.
 Base, base. to. *. [bas, Fr.  basis, Lat.]
 1.  The  bottom  of  any  thing:  commonly
   used for the lower part of a building, or
   column.
    What if it tempt thee tow'rd the flood, my lord?
   Or to toe dreadful summit of toe cliff,
   That beetles o'er his base into the sea.   Shakspeare.
    Firm Dorick pillars found your solid base;
  The fair Corinthian irowns the higher space. Dryd.
    And all below is strength, and all above is grace,
  Columns of polish'd marble, firmly set
  On golden bases, are his legs and feet.       Prior.
2. The pedestal of a statue.
    Men of weak abilities in great placeSj are  like
  little statues set  on great bases, made the less by
   their advancement.                     Bacon
    Mercury was patron of flocks, and the ancients
  placed a ram at toe base of his images.    Broome.
3. That part of any ornament which hangs
  down, as housings.
    Phalastus was  all in white,  having his bases and
  caparison embroidered.                 Sidney.
4. The broad  part of any  body;  as,  the
  bottom  of a cone.
5. Stockings,  or perhaps the armour for
  the legs, [from bas, Fr.]
    Nor shall it e'er be said that wight,
  With gauntlet blue and bases white,
  And round blunt truncheon by his side,
  So great a man at arms defy'd.         Hudibras.
   The place from which racers or tilters
  run; the bottom of the field; the  career,
  the starting-post.
    He said; to their appointed base they went;
  With beating heart th' expecting sign receive,
  And, starting  all at once, the barrier leave. Dryden.
7. The string that gives a base sound.
    At thy well-sharpen'd thumb, from shore to shore,
  The trebles queak for fear, toe bases roar.  Dryden.
8. An old rustick play, written by Skinner
  bays, and in some counties called prison
  bars.
    He with two striplings (lads more like to run
  The country base, than to commit such slaughter)
  Made good the passage.             Shakspeare.
To Base, base. v. a. [busier, Fr.]  To em-
  base; to make less valuable  by admix-
  ture of meaner metals.
    I am doubtful whether  men have sufficiently re-
  fined metals, which we cannot base: as, whether
  iron, brass, and tin be refined to the height.  Bacon.
Ba'sely,  base'le. adv. [from base.]
1.  In a base manner;  meanly; dishonour-
  ably.
    The king is not himself, but basely led
  By flatterers.                       Shakspeare.
    A lieutenant basely gave it up, as soon as Essex
  in his passage demanded it.            Clarendon.
    With broken vows his fame he will not stain,
  With conquest basely  bought, and with inglorious
       gain.                            Dryden.
2.  In bastardy.
     These two  Mitylene brethren, basely born, crept
  out of a small galliot unto the majesty of great kings.
                                      Knolles.
 Ba'seness, base'nes. «. s. [from baae.]
 1.  Meanness; vileness; badness.
     Such is toe power of that sweet passion,
  That it all sordid baseness doth expel.     Spenser.
     Your soul's above the baseness of distrust:
  Nothing but love could make you so unjust.  Dryd.
    When  a man's folly must be spread open before
  the angels, and  all his baseness ript up before those
  pure spirits, this will be a double hell.     South.
2.  Vileness  of metal.
     We alleged  the fraudulent obtaining his patent,
  the baseness of his metal, and the prodigious sum  to
  be coined.                             Swift.
3.  Bastardy; illegitimacy of birth.
            Why brand toey us
  With base? with baseness? bastardy?    Snakspeare.
4.  Deepness of sound.
     The just and measured proportion of the air per-
  cussed towards the baseness or trebleness of tones, is
  one of the greatest secrets in toe contemplation of
  sounds.                               Bacon.
 To  BASH,  Wish.  v. to.  [probably from
   base] To be ashamed;  to be confound-
   ed  with shame.
     His countenance was bold, and basted not
  For  Guyon's looks, but scornful eye-glance at him
       shot-   4                        Spenser.
 3ASHA'w,bash-aw'. »  s. [sometimes  writ-
   ten bassa.]  A title  of honour and com-
  mand among the Turks; the viceroy of
  a province;  the general of an army.
    The Turks made an expedition into Persia; and,
  because ofthe straits oi the mountains, thebasAaw
  consulted which way they should gel in.     Bacon.
Ba'shful, bash'tul. adj. [This word, with
  all those of the same  race, are of uncer-
  tain etymology   Skinner imagines them
  derived  from  base  or mean; Minsnew,
  from  verbaesen,  Dut.  to   strike  vthh
  astonishment;  Junius, from /9**n«, which
  he finds in  Hesychius to signify shame.
  The conjecture of Minshew  seems most
  probable ]
I. Modest; shamefaced.
    I never tempted her with word too  large;
  But, as a brother to his sister, show'd
  Bashful sincerity and comely love.      Shakspeare.
2. Sheepish; vitiously modest.
    He looked with an almost bashful kind of mo-
  desty, as if he feared the eyes of man.     Sidney.
                  Hence, bashful cunning!
  And prompt me, plain and holy innocence. Shaksp.
    Our author, anxious for his fame to-night,
  And bashful in his first attempt to write,
  Lies cautiously obscure.                Addison.
Ba'shfully, bash'ful-le. adv.  [from bash-
  ful.]  Timorously; modestly.
Ba'shfulness,  bash'ful-n£s.  to. a. [from
  bashful]
1. Modesty, as shown in outward appear-
  ance.
    Philoclea a little mused  how to  cut the thread
  even, with eyes, cheeks, and lips, whereof each sang
  their part, to make up the harmony of bashfulness.
                                      Sidney.
    Such looks, such bashfulness, might well adorn
  The cheeks of youths that are more nobly born.
                                      Dryden.
2. Vitious or  rustick  shame.
    For fear had bequeathed  his room to his kinsman
  bashfulness, to teach him good manners.    Sidney.
    There are others who have not altogether so much
  of this foolish bashfulness, and who  ask every one's
  opinion.  ^                           Dryden.
Ba'sil, baz'll  «. s. [ocymum, Lat.]  The
  name of a plant.
Ba'sil, baz'll. n. a.   The angle to which
  the  edge of a  joiner's  tool is ground
  away.   See To Basil.
Ba'sil, baz'll. to. *.  The  skin of a sheep
  tanned.  This is, I  believe, more pro-
  perly wrilten basen.
 To Ba'sil, baz'il. v.a  To grind the edge
  of a tool to an angle.
    These chissels  are not ground to such a basil as
  the joiners' chissels, on one of  the sides, but are ba-
  siled away on both the flat sides; so that the edge
  lies between both the sides in the middle of the tool.
                        Moxon'sMech. Exercises.
Basi'lica, ba-zil'e-ka. to. *. [/3*<r<A/*,.] The
   middle vein of the arm. so called by way
   of pre-eminence. It is likewise attribu-
   ted to many medicines for the same rea-
   son.                              Quincy.
Basi'lical, ba-zil'e-ka;. 7 adj. [from basi-
Basi'lick, ba-zil'iik.    $ lica. See Basi-
   lica.]  Bt Iongim;; to the basilick vein.
     These aneurisms following always upon bleeding
  the basilick vein, must be aneurisms  of toe humeral
  artery.                               Sharp.
 Basi'lick, bS-zil'lik. n.s.  [basilique, Fr.
   /3fls<r<A/*»'.]   A large  hall,   having  two
   ranges of pihars, and two isles or wings,
   with galleries over  them.    These ba*i* 
BAS
BAS
BAS
  licks were first made for the palaces of
  princes, and afterwards converted into
  courts of justice, and lastly into churches;
  whence a basilick is generally taken for
  a magnificent church, as the basilick ol
  St. Peter at Rome.
Basi'hcon, bi-zil'e-kon, to. s. [/3*o-<a<k«».]
  An  ointment,  called also tetrapharma-
  con.                             Quincy.
    I made incision into toe cavity, and put a pled-
  get of basilicon over it.                Wiseman.
Ba'silisk,  baz'e-lisk.  n.  s.  [basiliscus,
  Lat. of/3*r<A<e-K^.,  of j3*o-/Aei/« a king.]
I. A kind of  serpent, called also a cocka-
  trice,  which  is  said to  drive away all
  others by  his hissing,  and  to kill  by
  looking.
    Make me not sighted like the basilisk;
  I've look'd on thousand* who have sped the better
  By my regard, but kill'd none so.      Shakspeare.
    The basilisk was a serpent not above three palms
  long, and differenced from other serpents by advan-
  cing his head,  and  some white marks  or coronary
  spots upon the crown.    Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2.  A species  of cannon or ordnance.
    We practise to  make swifter motions than any
  you have, and  to make them stronger and more vio-
  lent than yours are; exceeding your greatest cannons
  and basilisks.                          Bacon-
Ba'sin, ba'sn.*08  to. s. [basin,  Fr.  bacile,
  bacino, Ital. It  is  often written  bason,
  but not according to etymology.]
I. A small vessel to hold  water for wash-
  ing, or other uses.
    Let one attend him with a silver basin,
  Pull of rose-water and bestrew'd with flowers. Shak.
    We have little wells for infusions, where the wa-
  ters take the virtue quicker, and better, than in ves-
  sels and basins.                        Bacon.
    We behold a piece of silver in a basin, when wa-
  ter is put upon it, which we could not discover be-
  fore, as under the verge thereof.   Brown's Vulg. E.
2. A small poi d.
    On one side of the walk you see this hollow basin,
  with its several little plantations lying conveniently
  under toe eye of the beholder.    'n     Spectator.
3. A  part of fie sea inclosed in rocks,
  with a narrov entrance.
    The jutting land two ample bays divides;
  The spacious basins arching rocks inclose,
  A sure defence from' ev'ry storm that blows.  Pope.
4. Any  holio.v place  cap.icious of liquids
    If this rotation does the seas affect,
  The rapid motion rather  would eject
  The stores, the low ctpaeio.is caves contain,
  And from its ample basin cast toe main. Blackmore.
5. A dock for repairing and building snips.
<». In anatomy, a round cavity situated be-
  tween the  anterior  ventricles  of the
  brain.
7. A  concave piece of metal,  by  which
  glass-grinders form their convex g'ass-
  es.
6. A  round shell or  case of iron placed
  over a furnace, in which hatters mould
  the matter of a hat into  form.
9. Basins of a Balaree, the same with the
  scales; one  to hold  the weight, the other
  the thing to be weighed.
Ba'sis, ba'sis. to s. [basi',, Lat.]

I. The  foundation of any thing, as of a co-
  Iuum or a building.
    U must follow, that Paradise, being raised to this
  beigi:'.  ■•-.•st have the compass of the whote enr'.h
  (or aftqfi? and foundation.
    Ascend my chariot, guide the rapid wheels
  That shake heav'n's basis.               Milton.
    In altar wise a stately pile toey rear;
  The basis broad below, and top advane'd in air.
                                     Dryden.
2. The lowest of the three principal parts
  of a column, which are the basis, shaft,
  and capital.
    Observing an English inscription upon toe basis,
  vre read it over several  times.           Addison.
3. That on which any  thing is raised.
    Such seems thy gentle height, made only proud
  To be the basis of that pompous load,
  Than which a nobler weight no mountain bears.
                                    Denham.
4. The pedestal.
    How many times shall Caesar bleed in sport,
  That now on Pompey's basis lies along
  No worthier than toe dust'            Shakspeare.
5. The ground-work or  first  principle of
  any tning.
    Build me toy fortune upon toe basis of valour.
                                  Shakspeare.
    The friendships of the world are oft
  Confederacies in vice, or leagues of pleasure;
  Ours has severest virtue for its basis.      Addison.
To Bask, bask'.79 v. a. [backeren, Dutch.
   Skinner] To warm by laying out in the
   heat:  used almost always of animals.
    And stretch'd out all the chimney's length,
  Basks at the fire his hairy strength.        Milton.
    He was basking himself in the gleam of toe sun.
                                  L'Estrange.
    'Tis all thy business, business how to shun,
  To basfc thy naked body in the sun.        Dryden.
To Bask, ba.sk. v. n. To lie in the warmth.
    About him, and above, and round the wood,
  The birds that haunt the borders of his flood,
  That bath'd within, or bask'd upon his side,
  To tuneful songs their narrow throats apply'd. Dryd.
    Uniock'd in covers let her freely  run
  To range thy courts, and bask before the sun.
                                     Tickell.
    Some in the fields of purest aether play,
  And bask and whiten in toe blaze of day.    Pope.

rlA'sKET,bas'kit. to. *. [basged, Welsh; bas-
   cauda, Lat.  Barbara drpictisvenit  bas-
   cauda Britannis.  Martial.]  A vessel
   made  of twigs, rushes, or splinters, or
   some other slender bodies  interwoven.
    Here is a basket; he may creep in, and throw foul
  linen upon him, as if going to bucking.  Shakspeare.
    Thus, while I sung, my sorrows I deceiv'd,
  And bending osiers into baskets weav'd.    Dryden.
    Poor Peg was forced to go hawking and peddling;
  now and then carrying a basket of fish to the market.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Ba'sket-hilt, bas'klt-hill." to.  s. [from
   basket and hilt]  A hilt of  a  weapon so
   made as to  contain the whole  hand, and
   defend it from being wounded.
    His puissant sword unto his side;
  Near his undaunted heart was ty'd:
  With basket-hilt, that would hold broth,
  And serve for fight and dinner both.     Hudibras.
    Their beef they often in their murrions stew'd,
  And in their basket-ldlls their bev'rage brew'd. King.

Ba'sket-woman,   bas'kit-wum-un.  to. s.
   [from  basket and woman]  A  woman
   that plies at markets with a basket, rea-
   dy to carry home any thing that is bought
Bass, bas. «. *. [supposed by Junius to be
   derived, like  basket, from some  British
   word  signifying  a  rush;  but perhaps
   more properly  written boss,  from  tne
   French bouse ]  \ mat  used in churches
    Having woollen yarn, bass mat, or such like, to
  bind them withal.  '       Mortimer's Husbandry.
To Bass, base. v. «.  To sound in a deep
   tone.
                  The thunder,
  That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronoune'd
  The name of Prosper:  it did buss my trespass.
                                  Shakspeare,
Bass, base. adj. [See Base.]  In musick,
   grave; deep.
Bass-relief, bas-re-leef. to. *. [from bas,
   and relief, raised work, Fr.]  Sculpture.
   The  figures of which  do not stand, out
   from the ground in their full proportion.
   Felibien distinguishes three kinds of bas-
   relief; in the first, the front figures ap-
   pear  almost with  the full  relief; in  the
   second, they stand out no more than  one
   half;  and  in the third  much  less, as in
   coins.
Bass-viol, base-vi'ul.166  See Base-Viol.
    On the sweep of the arch lies one of the Muses,
  playing on a bass-viol.                 Dryden.
Ba'ssa, bash-aw'. See Bashaw.
Ba'sset, bas'sit." n. s.  [basset, Fr.]  A
   game at cards, invented at Venice.
    Gamesters would no more blaspheme; and lady
  Dabcheek's basset bank would be broke.   Dennis.
BASSO RELIEVO,  bas-re-leef.  [Ital.]
   See Bass-relief.
Basso'n,  I ,.   ., ,  5 n. *. [basson, Fr.]
Basso'on,5 Das soon ' I  A musical instru-
   ment of the  wind  kind, blown with a
   reed, and furnished with  eleven holes,
   which   are stopped  like  other  large
   flutes; its diameter at  bottom is  nine
   inches, and it serves for the bass in con-
   certs of hautboys, &c.         Trevoux.
Ba'ssock, bas'suk.168 to. a. The same with
   bass.
BA'STARD, bas'tard.88  n. a.  [baatardd,
   Welsh, of low birth; baatarde, Fr.]
1. Bastard,  according to the civil and ca-
   non law,  is a  person  born of a woman
   out of wedlock, or  not married; so that,
   according to order of law, his father  is
   not known.                      Ayliffe.
    Him to toe Lydian king Lycimnia bare,
   And sent her boasted bastard to the war.   Dryden,
2. Any thing spurious or false.
                      Words
   But rooted in your tongue; bastards and syllables
   Of no allowance to your bosom's truth.    Shaksp.
3. A kind of sweel  wine.
    Score a pint of bastard.—
   Then your brown bastard is your only drink. Shaksp.
Ba'stard, bas'tard adj.  [fiom the noun.]
1. Begotten out of wedlock; illegitimate.
    Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, insensible, a
   getter of more bastard children than war 's a de-
   stroyer of men.                     Shakspeare.
2. Spurious; not genuinej  supposititious;
   false; adulterate.  In tiiis sense, any thing
   which  bears  some relation or resem-
   blance to another, is called spurious or
   ba tard.
    You may partly hope that your father got you not,
   that you are not the Jew's daughter.—That were a
   kind of bastard hope indeed.           Shakspeare.
    Men who, under the disguise ofpublic'igoo.i, pur-
   sue their own designs of power, and such bus'nrd
   honours as attend them.                Temple.
 Ba'stard C'.dar Tree, bas'tard se'dir tree.
   [called guazuma in tee  West Indies.]
To  Ba'stard,  bas'tard.  v. n. [from the 
BAS
BAT
BAT
   noun.]  To convict of being a bastard; to
   stigmatize  with bastardy.
    She  lived to see her brother beheaded, and her
   two sons deposed from toe crown, bastarded in theit
   blood, and cruelly murdered.             Bacon.
 To BA'sTARDizE,bas'tar-dize. v. a. [from
   bastard.]
 1. To convict of being a bastard.
 2. To beget a bastard-
    I should have been what I am, had the maiden-
   liest star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardi-
   zing.                            Shakspeare.
 Ba'stardly, bas'tard-le.  adv.  [from bas-
   tard.] In the manner of a bastardj spu-
   riously.
    Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys
   The soil's disease, and into cockle strays;
   Let the mind's thoughts but be transplanted so
   Into the body, and bastardly they grow.   Donne.
 Ba'stardy, bas'tar-de. n.s. [from bastard]
   An unlawful state of birth, which disa-
   bles the bastard, both  according to the
   laws  of God and man, from succeeding
   to an inheritance.                Ayliffe.
    Once she slandered me with bastardy;
   But whether I be true begot or no,
   That still I lay upon my mother's head.   Shaksp.
    In respect of the evil consequents, the wife's adul-
   tery is worse, as bringing bastardy into a family.
                                     Taylor.
    No more of bastardy in heirs of crowns.    Pope.
 To Baste, baste, v.  a.  participle pass.
   basted, or hasten,  [bastonner, Fr. Baza-
   ta, in the Armorick dialect, signifies to
   strike with a stick; from which perhaps
   buH^n a stick, and all its derivatives, or
   collaterals, may be deduced.]
 1. To beat with a stick.
    Quoth she, I grant it  is in vain
   For one that's basted to  feel pain;
   Because the pangs his bones endure
   Contribute nothing to the cure.        Hudihras.
    Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse,
   Only dulness can produce;
   While a little gentle jerking
   Sets the spirits all a working.            Swift.
 3. To drip butter, or any thing else, upon
   meat, as it  turns upon  the spit.
    Sir, I think toe meat wants what I have, a basting.
                                  Shakspeare.
 3. To moisten meat  on the  spit by melted
   fat falling upon it.
    The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds, will
   serve to baste them, and so save time and butter.
                                      Swift.
 4. To sew slightly, [baster, Fr. to stitch.]
 Bastina'de, bas-te-nade'. ? to. s. [baston-
 Bastina'do, bas-te-na'do. 5  nade, Fr.]
 1. The act of beating with  a cudgel;  the
   blow  given  with a cudgel.
    But this courtesy was worse than a bastinado to
   Zelmane; so withrageful eyes she bade him defend
   himself.                             Sidney.
    And all those harsh and rugged sounds
f Of bastinados, cuts, and wounds.        Hudibras.
2. It is sometimes taken for a Turkish pu-
   nishment, of beating an offender on  the
   soles of his feet.
To Bastina'de, bas-te-nade'. ) v. a. [from
To Bastina'do, ba3-te-na'do. $  the noun;
   bastonnerr Fr.]  To  beat; to treat with
   the bastinado.
   Nick seized toe longer end of the cudgel,  and
  with it began to bastinado old Lewis, who had slunk
  into a corner, waiting the event of a squabble.
                                  Arbuthnot.
 Ba'stion, bas'tshun.291 «. *. [bastion, Fr.]
   A huge  mass of earth, usually  faced
   with sods, sometimes with brick, rarely
   with stone, standing out from a rampart,
   of which it is a principal part,  and was
   anciently called a bulwark.      Harris.
    Toward: but how? ay there 'sthe question;
  Fierce the assault, unarm'd toe bastion.     Prior.
 Bat, bat. to. s. [bat, Sax. This word seems
   to have given rise to a  great number of
   words in many languages; as, battre, Fr.
   to beat; baton, battle,  beat, batty, and
   others.  It probably signified a weapon
   that did execution by its weight, in op-
   position to a  sharp edge; whence whirl-
   bat and brickbat.] A heavy stick or club.
          A handsome bot he held,
  On which he leaned, as one far in eld.    Spenser.
    They were fried in arm chairs, and toeir bones
  broken with bats.                    Hakeioill.
 Bat, bat. to. s.  [vespertilio, the etymology
   unknown.] An animal  having the body
   of a mouse and the wings of a bird; not
   with feathers, but with a  sort of skin
   which is extended. It lays no eggs, but
   brings forth its young alive, and suckles
   them. It never grows tame, feeds upon
   flies, insects, and fatty substances, such
   as candles, oil, and cheese; and appears
   only in the summer evenings, when the
   weather is fine.                 Calmet.
              When owls do cry,
  On the bat's back I do fly.           Shakspeare.
    But then grew reason dark;  that fair star no more
  Could toe fair forms of good and truth discern;
    Bats they became who eagles were before;
  And this they got by toeir desire to learn.  Davies.
    Some animals are placed in the middle betwixt
  two kinds, as bats, which have something of birds
  and beasts.                           Locke.
    Where swallows in the winter season keep,
  And how toe drowsy bat and dormouse sleep.  Gay.
 Bat-fowling, bat'fou-ling. to. s. [from bat
   and fowl]  A particular manner of bird-
   catching  in the  night-time, while they
   are at  roost upon perches, trees,  or
   hedges.  They light torches or straw,
   and then  beat the bushes; upon which
   the birds flying to the flames, are caught
   either with nets, or otherwise.
    You would lift the moon out of her sphere, if she
  would continue in it five weeks without changing.—
  We should so, and  then go a bot-/otciing.  Shaksp.
    Bodies lighted at night by fire, must have a bright-
  er lustre than by day; as sacking of cities, bat-fowl-
  ing.                              Peacham.
 Ba'table, ba'ta-bl.*06  adj.  [from  bate.]
   Disputable.
    Batable ground seems to be the ground heretofore
  in question, whether it belonged to England or Scot-
  land, lying between both kingdoms.  "     Cowell.
 Batch, batsh. to.  s. [from  bake]
 I. The quantity of bread baked at  a  time.
    The joiner puts the  boards  into ovens  after the
  batch is drawn, or lays them in a warm stable.
                        Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Any quantity of any thing made at once.
  so as to have the same qualities
    Except he were of toe same  meal and batch.
                                 Ben Jonson.
Ba'tchelor, batsh'e-lor.   See Bache-
  lor.
Bate. bate. to. *. [perhaps  contracted from
  d bate]  Strife; contention;  as, a  make
  bate.
To Bate, bate. v.  a.  [contracted  from
   abate.]
1. To lessen any thing;  to retrench.
    Shall I bend low, and in a bondman's key,
  With bated breath, and whisp'ring humbleness,
  Say this?        Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
    Nor, envious at the sight, will I forbear
  My plenteous bowl, nor bate my plenteous cheer.
   _   . ,   .     .                  dryden,
2. To sink the  price.
    When the landholder's rent falls, he must either
  bate the labourer's wages, or not employ, or not pay
  him-                                Locke.
3. To lessen a demand.
    Bate me some, and I will pay you some, and as
  most debtors do, promise you infinitely.
                            Shaksp. Henry IV.
4. To cut  off; to take away.
    Bate but the last, and 'tis what I would say.
                       Dryden's Spanish Friar.
To Bate, bate. v. to.
1. To grow less.
    Bardolph, am not I fallen away vilely since this
  last  election? Do I not bale? Do I not dwindle? Why
  my skin hangs about me like an old lady's loose gown.
                        Shakspeare's Henry IV,
2. To remit: with of before the thing
    Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden.
Bate, bate, seems to have been once the
   preterite of bite, as Shakspeare uses bi-
   ting faulchion; unless, in  the following
   lines,  it  may be  rather deduced  from
   beat.
    Yet there the steel staid not, but inly bate
  Deep in his flesh, and open'd wide a red flood gate.
                                   Spenser.
Ba'teful, bate'ful. adj.  [from  bate  and
  full.]  Contentious.
    He knew her haunt,  and haunted in the same,
  And taught his sheep her sheep in  food to thwart;
    Which soon as it did bateful question frame,
  He might on knees confess his guilty part. Sidney.
Ba'tement, bate'ment. to. s. [from abate-
   ment.]  Diminution: a  term  only  used
   among artificers.
    To abate, is to waste a piece of stuff; instead of
  asking how much was cut off, carpenters ask what
  batement that piece of stuff had.         Moxon.
Bath, bkth.7* to. s. [ba$, Saxon.]
1. A  bath  is either  hot  or cold, either of
   art or nature. Artificial baths have been
   in great  esteem with  the  ancients, es-
   pecially in complaints to be relieved by
   revulsion, as inveterate headaches,  by
   opening the  pores of  the  feet, and also
   in  cutaneous cases.   But the  modern
   practice has  greatest  recourse to the
   natural  baths; most  of which abound
   with a mineral sulphur, as appears from
   their turning silver and  copper blackish.
   The cold baths are the most convenient
   springs,  or reservatories, of cold  water
   to wash  in,  which the ancients had in
   great  esteem;  and the  present age can
   produce abundance of noble cures per-
   formed by them.                Quincy.
    Why may not the  cold  bafft,  into which they
  plunged themselves, have had some share ic their
  cure?                     Addison's Spectator.
2. A state in which  great outward heat is
   applied  to the body,  for the mitigation
   of pain, or any other purpose.
    In the height of this bath, when  I was more than
  half stewed in grease like a Dutch dish, to be thrown
  into toe Thames!                   Shakspeare. 
BAT
BAT
BAT
                             Sleep
  The birth of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
  Balm of hurt minds.       Shakspeare's Macbeth.
3. In  chymistry, it generally signifies  a
   vessel of water, in which another is pla-
   ced that requires a softer heat than the
   naked fire.   Balneum Marie  is a mis-
   take for balneum maris, a  sea or water
   bath.  A sand heat is sometimes  called
   balneum siccum,  or  cinereum.    Quincy.
    We see that the water of things distilled in water,
  which they call  toe bafft, differeth not much from
  the water of things distilled by fire.        Bacon.
4. A sort of Hebrew  measure, containing
   the  tenth part of  an  homer, or seven
   gallons and four pints,  as a measure for
   things liquid; and three pecks and three
   pints, as a measure for things dry.
                                     Calmet.
    Ten acres of vineyard shall yield one batft, and
  toe seed of an homer shall yield an ephah.  Isaiah.
 To Bathe, bkthe.*67 v.a. [babian, Saxon.]
 I. To wash, as in a bath.
    Others on silver lakes and rivers batfc'd
  Their downy breast.       Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Chancing to bathe himself  in the river Cydnus,
  through the excessive coldness of  these waters, he
  fell sick, near unto death, for three days.    South.
 2. To  supple or soften by the outward ap-
   plication of warm  liquors.
    Bathe them, and keep their bodies soluble the while
  by clysters and lenitive boluses. Wiseman's Surgery.
    I'll bathe your wounds  in tears for my offence.
                                      Dryden.
 3. To wash any thing.
            Phoenician Dido stood,
  Fresh from her wound, her bosom batft'd in blood.
                                      Dryden.
    Mars could in  mutual blood the centaurs bathe,
  And Jove himself give way to Cinthia's wrath. Diyd.
 To Bathe, bathe, v. n. To be in the  water,
   or in any resemblance of a bath.
    Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,
  I cannot tell.               Shakspeare's Macbeth.
              The delighted spirit
  To bathe in fiery  floods, or to reside
  In thrilling regions of thick ribbed ice. Shakspeare.
    The gallants dancing by toe river side,
  They baffee in summer, and in winter slide.  Waller.
    But bathe, and, in imperial robes array'd,
  Pay due devotions.               Pope's Odyssey.
 Ba'ting, or Aba'ting, ba'ting,  or a-ba'-
   ting.410 prep, [from bate, or abate. This
   word, though a participle in itself, seems
   often used as a preposition.] Except.
    The king, your brother, could not choose an advo-
          cate,
  Whom I would sooner hear on any subject,
  Bating that only one, his love,  than you.     Rowe.
    If we consider children, we have little reason to
  think that they bring many ideas with them, bating,
  perhaps, some faint ideas of hunger and thirst. Locke.
Ba'tlet, bat'let. to. s. [from bat.] A square
   piece of  wood, with a handle, used in
   beating linen  when taken  out  of  the
   buck.
    I remember the kissing of her batlet, and the cow's
  dugs that her pretty ehopt hands had milked.  Shaksp.
Bato'on, ba-t66n'. to.  s. [baston, or baton,
   Fr. formerly  speit baston.]
 1. A staff or club.
    We came close to the shore, and offered to land;
  but straightways  we saw  divers of  the  people with
  bastons in their hands, as it were,  forbidding us to
  land.                   Bacon's New Atalantis.
    That does not make a man the worse,
  Although his shoulders with batoon
  Be claw'd and cudgell'd to some tune.    Hudibras.
2. A truncheon or marshal's staff; a badge
   of military honour.
Ba'ttailous,  bat'ta-ltis.  adj.  [from bat-
   taille, Fr.]  Having the appearance of a
   battle; warlike; with a military appea-
   rance.
    He started up, and did himself prepare
  In sun-bright arms and battailous array.   Fairfax.
    The French came foremost, battailous and bold.
                                     Fairfax.
              A fiery region, stretch'd
  In battailous aspect, and nearer view
  Bristled with upright beams innumerable
  Of rigid spears and helmets throng'd.     Milton.
Batta'lia, bat-tal'ya.273  ». s. [battaglia,
   Ital.]
1. The order of battle.
    Next morning the king put his army into battalia.
                                    Clarendon.
2. The main body of an army in array, dis-
   tinguished from the  wings.

B ATTA'LioN,bat-tal'yiin."2 6°sF«. s.[battail-
   lon, Fr.]
1. A division of an army; a troop; a body
   of forces.  It is now confined to the  in-
   fantry, and the number is uncertain, but
   generally from five  to eight  hundred
   men.  Some  regiments consist of  one
   battalion, and others are divided into
   two, three, or more.
    When sorrows come, toey come not single spies,
  But in battalions.            Shakspeare's Hamlet.
    In this battalion there were two officers, called
  Thersites and Pandarus.                 Tatler.
    The pierc'd battalions disunited fall
  In heaps on heaps: one fate o'erwhelms them all.
                                        Pope.
2. An army.  This sense is not now in use.
    Six or seven thousand is their utmost power.
  —Why, our battalion trebles that account. Shaksp.
To Ba'tten,  bat'tn.103 v.  a.  [a word  of
   doubtful etymology.]
I. To fatten,  or make  fat; to  feed plente-
   ously.
                 We drove afield,
  Batt'ning our flocks with the fresh dews of night.
                                      Milton.
2. To fertilize.
    The meadows here, with batt'ning ooze enrich'd,
  Give spirit to the grass; three cubits high
  The jointed herbage shoots.             Philips.
To Ba'tten, bat'tn.103  v. n. To grow fat;
   to live in indulgence.
    Follow your function, go and batten on cold bits.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Burnish'd and batt'ning on their food, to show
  The diligence of careful herds below.     Dryden.
    The lazy glutton safe at home will keep,
  Indulge his sloth, and battenon his sleep.  Dryden.
    As at full length toe pamper'd monarch lay,
  Batt'ning in ease, and slumb'ring life away. Garth.
    Tway mice, full blythe and amicable,
  Batten beside erle Robert's table.         Prior.
    While paddling ducks the standing lake desire,
  Or batt'ning hogs roll in the sinking mire.     Gay.
Ba'tten,  bat'tn.103 n. s. A word used only
   by workmen.
    A batten is a scantling of wood, two, three, or four
  inches broad, seldom above one thick, and the length
  unlimited.                             Moxon.
To BA'TTER, bat'tur.98 v. a. [battre, to
   beat, Fr.]
I. To beat;  to beat down;  to  shatter: fre-
   quently  used of  walls  thrown down  by
   artillery, or of the violence of engines
   oi war.
    To appoint battering rams  against the gates, to
  cast a mount, and to build a fort.         Ezekiel.
          These haughty words of hers
  Have batter'd me like roaring cannon shot,
  And made me almost yield upon my knees. Shaksp.
    Britannia there, the fort in vain
  Had batter'd been with golden rain:
  Thunder itself had fail'd to pass.         Waller.
    Be then the naval stores toe nation's care,
  New ships to build, and batter'd to repair. Dryden.
2. To wear with beating.
    Crowds to the castle mounted up the street,
  Batt'ring the pavement with their coursers' feet.
                                      Dryden.
    If you have a silver saucepan for the kitchen use,
  let me advise you to batter it well; this will shew
  constant good housekeeping.              Swift.
3. Applied  to persons, to  wear out with
   service.
    The batter'd veteran strumpets here
  Pretend at least to bring a modest ear.    Southern.
    I am a poor old battered fellow, and I would will-
  ingly end my days in peace.          Arbuthnot.
    As the same dame, experiene'd in her trade,
  By names of toasts retails each batter'd jade. Pope.
To Ba'tter, bat'tiir.98 v.n. A word used
   only by workmen.
    The side of a wall, or any timber, that bulges
  from its bottom or foundation, is said to batter.
                                      Moxon.
Ba'tter, bat'tir. n. s. [from To  batter.]
   A mixture of several ingredients beaten
   together  with some liquor;  so called
   from its being so much beaten.
    One would have all things little, hence has try'd
  Turkey poults fresh from th' egg in batter fry'd. King.
Ba'tterer, bat'tur-nir. to. s. [from batter.]
   He that batters.
Ba'ttery, bat'tiir-re.5*6 to. s. [from batter,
   or batterie, Fr.]
\. The act of battering.
    Strong wars  they make, and cruel battery bend,
  'Gainst fort of reason, it to overthrow. Fairy Queen.
    Earthly minds, like mud walls, resist the strong-
  est batteries.                           Locke.
2. The instruments with  which a town is
   battered, placed in  order for  action; a
   line of cannon.
    Where is best place to make our batt'ry next?—
  —I think at the north gate.    Shaksp. Henry VI.
    It plants this reasoning and that argument, this
  consequence and that distinction, like so many in-
  tellectual batteries, till at length it forces  a way and
  passage into toe obstinate inclosed truth.    South.
    See, and revere to' artillery of heav'n,
  Drawn by the gale, or by toe tempest driven:
  A dreadful fire the floating batt'ries make,
  O'erturn toe mountain, and the forest shake.
                                    Blackmore.
3. The frame, or raised work, upon which
   cannons are mounted.
4. [In law.] A violent striking of any man.
   In an action against a striker, one may
   be found guilty of the assault, yet  ac-
   quitted  of  the  battery.   There may
   therefore be assault without battery; but
   battery always implies an assault.
                                  Chambers.
    Why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock
   him about the sconce with a dirty shovel, and  will
   not tell him of his action of battery?   Shakspeare.
    Sir, quo' toe lawyer, not to flatter ye,
   You have as good and fair a battery
   As heart can wish, and need not shame
   The proudest man alive to claim.       Hudibras.
Ba'ttish,  bat'tish.  adj.  [from  bat.] Re-
   sembling a bat.
    To be out late in a battish humour. Gent. Instruct
BA'TTLli, bat'll.*0*  n. s. [bataille, Fr.] 
BAT                                    B A W                                    BAW
i. A fight; an encounter betweeri dppbsite
  armies.   We generally say a battle of
  many, and a combat of  two.
    The English army, that divided was
  Into two parts, is now conjoin'd in one;
  And means to give you battle presently.    Shaksp.
    The battle done, and they within our power,
  She'll never see his pardon.           Shakspeare.
    The race is not to the swift, nor the battte to the
  strong.                                Eccles.
    So they joined baftfe, and the heathen being dis-
  comfited fled into the plain.         1 JWaecwbees.
2. A body of forces, or division of an army.
    The  king divided his army into  three battles;
  whereof the vanguard only, with wings,  came to
  fight.                                 Bacon.
3. The  main body, as distinct from the van
   and rear.
    Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with
  the baSJe a good distance behind, and after came
  the arrier.                          Hayward.
4.  We  say to join battle; to give battle.
To  Ba'ttle, bat'tl. v. to.  [batailler,  Fr.]
   To join battle; to  contend in  fight.
    'Tis  ours by craft and by surprize to gain:
  'Tis yours to meet in arms, and battle in the plain.
                                        Prior.
    We receive accounts of ladies battling it on both
  sides.                               Addison.
    I own, he hates an action base,
  His virtues battling with his place.         Swift.
Ba'ttle-arra'y, bat'tl-ar-ra'.  to. s. [See
   Battle and Array.]  Array, or order,
   of battle.
    Two parties of fine women, placed in the oppo-
  site side boxes, seemed drawn up in battle-array one
  against another.                       Addison.
Ba'ttle-axe,  bat'tl-aks. to. s. A weapon
   used anciently, probably the same with
   a bill.
    Certain tinners, as they were working, found
  spearheads, battle-axes, and swords of copper, wrap-
  ped in  linen clouts.                      Carew.
Ba'ttledoor^ bat'tl-dore. to. s. [so called
   from  door, taken  for a fiat  board, and
   battle, or striking] An instrument with
   a handle and a flat board, used in play to
   strike a ball or shuttlecock.
     Play-things, which are above toeir skill, as tops,
   gigs, battledoors, and the like, which are to be used
   with labour, should indeed be procured them. Locke.

Ba'ttlement, bat'tl-ment, to. s. [generally
   supposed to be formed from  battle, as
   the parts from whence a building is de-
   fended against  assailants; perhaps only
   corrupted  from bdtiment, Fr.]  A wall
   raised round the top of a  building, with
   embrasures,  or   interstices,  to  look
   through, to annoy an enemy.
     And fix'd his head upon our battlements.  Shaksp.
     Thou shalt make a battlement for  thy roof, that
   thou bring not blood upon toy house, if any man fall.
                                  Deuteronomy.
             Through this we pass
   Up to the highest battlement, from whence
   The Trojans threw their darts.          Denham.
     Their standard, planted on the battlement,
   Despair and death among the soldiers sent.   Dryd.
     No, I shan't envy him, whoe'er he be,
   That stands upon the battlements of state;
   I'd rather be secure than great.           Norris,
     The weighty mallet deals rescinding blows,
   Till the proud battlements her tow'rs inclose.  Gay.
Ba'tty, bat't£. adj.  [from bat.] Belonging
   to a bat.
     Till o'er their brows death, counterfeiting sleep,
   With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep.  Shaksp.
B a' \ARot, bav-a-rde'. n. a. A kind of cloak
  or surtout.
    Let the loopM bavaroy toe fop embrace,
  Or his deep cloak be spatter'd o'er with lace. Gay.
Baubee', baw-bee'. n. s. A  word used in
  Scotland, and the northern counties, for
  a halfpenny.
    Tho' in the draw'rs of toy japan bHreaa,
  To lady Gripeall I the Caesars show,
  'Tis equal to her ladyship or me
  A copper Otho, or a Scotch baubee.
                          Bramst. Man of Taste.
Ba'vik, bav'in. «. s. [of uncertain deriva-
  tion.]  A  stick  like those bound up in
  faggots; a piece of waste  wood.
          He rambled up and down
  With shallow jesters and rash bavin wits.
  Soon kindled, and soon burnt.  Shaksp. Henry IV.
     For moulded to toe hfe in clouts
  Th' have pick'd from dunghills thereabouts,
  He's mounted on a hazel bavin,
  A crop'd malignant baker gave him.    Hudibras.
     The truncheons make billet, bavin, and coals.
                                    Mortimer.
To Baulk, bawk.40284  See  Balk.
Ba'wble,  baw'bl.*08 to. s.  [Baubellum, in
   barbarous Latin, signified a jewel, or any
   thing valuable, but not necessary. Om-
   nia baubella sua dedit Othoni. Hoveden.
   Probably from beau, Fr.]  A gewgaw;  a
   trifling piece of finery; a thing of more
   show than use;  a trifle, It is in general,
   whether applied to persons or things, a
   term of contempt.
     She haunts me in every place.  I was on the sea
  bank with  some Venetians, and thither comes the
  bauble, and falls me thus about my neck.   Shaksp.
                 It is a  paltry cap,
  A custard coffin, a bawble, a silken pie.     Shaksp.
     If, in our contest, we do not interchange useful
  notions, we shall traffick toys and bawbles.
                      Government of the  Tongue.
     This shall be writ to fright the fry away,
  Who draw toeir little bawbles, when they play. Diyd.
     A lady's watch needs neither figures nor wheels;
  'Tis enough that 'tis loaded with  bawbles and seals.
                                        Prior.
     Our author then,  to please you in your way,
  Presents you now a bawble of a play,
  In gingling rhyme.                   Granville.
     A prince, the moment he is crown'd,
  Inherits every virtue round,
  As emblems of the sovereign pow'r,
  Like other bawbles of the Tow'r.           Swift.
 Ba'wbling, baw'bling.410 adj. [from baw-
   ble] Trifling; contemptible: a word not
   now  in use, except in conversation.
     A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
  For shallow draught and bulk unprized;
  With which such scathful grapple did he make,
  With toe most noble bottom of our fleet.   Shaksp.
 Ba'wcock, baw'kok. n. s.  [perhaps from
    beau, or baude and cock.]  A familiar
    word, which seems to  signify  the same
   as fine fellow.
     Why, how now, my bawcock? how dost thou,
  chuck?             Shakspeare's  Ticelfth Night.
 BAWD,  bawd. to. s. [baude, old  Fr.]   A
    procurer, or procuress; one  that intro-
    duces men and women to  each  other,
    for the  promotion of debauchery.
     If your worship will take order for the  drabs and
   the knaves, you need not to fear the baiods.  Shaksp.
              This commodity,
   This bawd, this broker, this all-changing word,
   Hath drawn him from his own determin'd aid.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Our author calls colouring lena sororis,  the bawd
   of her sister design; she dresses  her up, she paints
  her, she procures for the design, and makes lovers
  for her.                              Dryden,
To Bawd, bawd. v.n. [from the noun.] To
  procure; to provide gallants with stlump*
  ets.
    Leucippe is agent for toe king's lust, and bawds
  at toe same time, for the whole court.    Addison.
    And in four months a batter'd harridan;
  Now nothing's left, but wither'd, pale,  and shrunk
  To bawd for others, and go shares with punk. Swift.
Ba'wdilv, baw'de-i&. adv. [from bawdy]
  Obscenely.
Ba'Wdiness, baw'de-nes. n. *. [from batu-
  dy.]  Obsceneness.
Ba'wdrick, baw'drik. to. s.  [See  Bal-
  drick.] A belt.
    Fresh garlands too toe virgins' temples crown'd;
  The youths gilt swords wore at their  thighs, with
        silver bawdricks bound.    Chapman's Iliad.
Ba'wdry, baw'dre. to. s. [contracted from
  bawdery, the  practice of a bawd.]
1. A wicked  practice of procuring and
  bringing whores  and rogues together.
                                     Ayliffe.
    Cheating and bawdry go together in  the worW.
                                   L'Estrange.
2. Obscenity; unchaste language.
    Pr'ythee say on; he's for a jig, or a  tale of othv-
  dry, or he sleeps.           Shakspeare's Hamht,
    I have no salt: no bawdry he doth mean:
  For witty,  in his language, is obscene.  Ben Jonson..
    It is most certain, that  barefaced bawdry is the
  poorest pretence to wit imaginable.       Dryien.
Ba'wdy, baw'de.  adj.  [from  bawd]  Ob-
   scene;  unchaste: generally applied  to
   language.
    The bawdy wind, that kisses all it meets,
  Is hush'd within the hollow mine of earth,
  And will not hear 't.            Shaksp. Othello.
                 Only they,
  That come to hear a merry bawdy play,
  Will be deceiv'd.                  Shakspeare-
    Not one poor bawdy jest shall dare appear;
  For now the batter'd veteran strumpets here
  Pretend at least to bring a modest ear.   Southern.
 Ba'wdy-house, baw'de-house. n.  s.  A
   house where traffick is made by wicked-
   ness and debauchery.
    Has the pope lately shut up the bawdy-house's, or
  does he continue to lay a tax upon sin?   Dennis.

 To Bawl, ball. v. to. [balo,  Lat.]
 1 To  hoot; to cry with great vehemence,
   whether for joy or pain. A word always
   used in contempt.
     They bawZ for freedom in their senseless mood,
  And still revolt, when touth would set  them free.
                                      Milton.
     To cry the cause up heretofore,
  c And bawl the bishops out of door.      Hudibras.
     Through the thick shades  th' eternal scribbler
      bawls,
  And shakes the statues on their pedestals. Dryden.
     From his lov'd home no lucre him can draw;
  The senate's mad decrees he never saw,
  Nor heard at bavolmng bars corrupted law. Dryien.
     Loud menaces were heard, and foul disgrace,
   And bawling infamy, in language base,
   Till sense was lost in sound, and silence fled the
       place.                   Dryden's Fables.
     So on the tuneful Margarita's tongue
   The list'ning nymphs and ravish'd heroes hung;
   But cits and fops the heav'n-born musick blame.
   And bawl, and hiss, and damn her into fame.  Smith.
      I have a race of orderly elderly people, who can
   bawl  when I am deaf, and tread softly when I am
   only giddy and would sleep.              Swift.
  2.  To cry as  a froward ckild.
     A little child was bawling, and a woman chiding
   it.                              L'Estrange- 
BAY
BAY
BE
    If they were  never suffered  to have  what they
  cried for, they would never, with bawling and peev-
  ishness, contend for mastery.              Locke.
    My husband took him in, a dirty boy; it was the
  business of the servants to attend him, toe rogue did
  baicl and make such a noise.          Arbuthnot.

 To Bawl, ball. v. a. To proclaim as a crier.
    It grieved me when I saw labours, which had cost
  so much, bawled about by common hawkers. Sioift.
 Ba'wrel, baw'ril.89 to. a. A kind of hawk.
                                       Diet.
 Ba'wsin, baw'sin. to. s. A badger.    Diet.
 Bay, ba.220 adj. [badius, Lat.]
    A bay horse is what is inclining to a chestnut; and
  this colour is various, either a  light bay or a dark
  bay, according as it is less or more deep.  There are
  also coloured horses, that are called dappled bays.
  All bay horses are commonly called brown by the
  common people.
    All bay horses have black manes, which distin-
  guish them from toe sorrel, that have red  or white
  manes.
    There are light bays and gilded bays, which are
  somewhat of a yellowish colour. The chestnut bay
  is  that  which comes nearest to the colour of toe
  chestnut.                      Farrier's Diet.
    My lord, you gave good words the other day of a
  bay courser I rode on.  'Tis yours because you liked
  it.                               Shakspeare.
     Poor Tom! proud of heart to ride on a  bay trot-
  ting horse over four inch'd bridges.    Shakspeare.
             His colour grey,
  For beauty dappled, or the brightest bay.   Dryden.
 BAY, ba. to. s. [baye,  Dutch.]
 1. An opening into the land, where the wa-
   ter is  shut in on  all sides, except at the
   entrance.
        A reverend Syracusan merchant,
  Who put unluckily into this bay.         Shaksp.
    We have also some works in the midst of the sea,
  and some bays upon the shore for  some works, where-
  in is required the air and vapour of the sea.  Bacon.
    Hail,  sacred solitude! from this calm bay
  I view the world's tempestuous sea.   Roscommon.
    Here in a royal bed the waters sleep,
  When tir'd at sea, within this bay they creep. Dryd.
    Some of you have bay.               Dryden.
 2. A pond head raised to keep in store of
  water  for driving a mill.
 Bay, ba. to. a. [abboi, Fr. signifies the last
  extremity; as,  Innocence  est  aux ab-
  boins.  Boileau. Innocence is in the  ut-
  most distress. It is taken  from abboi, the
  barking of a dog at hand, and thence
  signified the  condition of a  stag  when
  the hounds were almost  upon him.]

 1. The state of any thing  surrounded by
  enemies, and obliged to face them by an
  impossibility of escape.
    This ship, for fifteen hours, sate like a stag among
  hounds at the bay, and was sieged and fought with,
  in turn, by fifteen great ships.            Bacon.
    Fair liberty, pursued and meant a prey
  To lawless power, here turn'd, and stood at bay.
                                    Denham.
    Nor flight was left, nor  hopes  to force his way;
  Embolden'd by despair, he stood at bay;
  Resolv'd on death, he dissipates  his fears,
  And bounds aloft against the pointed spears. Dryd.
2. Some writers, perhaps  mistaking the
  meaning, have  used bay as referred to
  the assailant, for distance beyond  which
  no  approach  could be made.
    All, fir'd with  noble emulation, strive;
  And with a storm of darts to distance drive
  The Trojan chief; who, held at bay, from far
  On his Vulcanian orb sustain'd the war.   Dryden.
    We have now, for ten years together, turned toe
  whole force and cxpence of the war, where the ene-
      VOL. I.
  my was best able to hold us at a bay.      Swift.
Bay, ba. w. s.  In architecture, a term used
  to  signify the magnitude of a building;
  as, if a barn consists of  a floor and two
  heads, where they lay corn, they call it
  a barn of two bays. These bays are from
  fourteen to  twenty feet long, and floors
  from  ten to twelve broad, and  usually
  twenty feet  long, which is the breadth of
  the barn.                Builder's Diet.
    If this law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the
  fairest house in it after threepence a bay.  Shaksp.
    There-may be kept one thousand bushels in each
  bay, there being sixteen bays,  each eighteen  feet
  long, about seventeen wide, or three hundred square
  feet in each bay.                    Mortimer.
Bay  Tree, ba'tree. [laurus,hat] The tree,
  as  is generally thought, which is trans-
  lated laurel, and of which honorary gar-
  lands were  anciently made.        M-
    I  have seen the wicked in great power,  and
  spreading himself like a green bay tree.   Psalms.
Bay, ba. to. s.  A poetical name for an ho-
  norary crown or garland, bestowed as a
  prize for any kind of victory  or excel-
  lence.
    Beneath his  reign shall Eusden wear the bays.
                                      Pope.
To Bay, ba. v. to. [abboyer, Fr.]
I. To bark as a dog at a thief, or at the
  game which he  pursues.
    And all the while she stood upon the ground,
  The wakeful dogs did never cease to bay. Fairy Q,
    The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay'd;
  The hunter close pursued the visionary maid;
  She rent the heav'n with loud laments,  imploring
      aid.                     Dryden's Fables.
2. [From bay, an inclosed place.]  To en-
  compass about; to shut in.
             We are at the stake,
  And bay'd about with many enemies.     Shaksp.
To  Bay, ba. v. a. To follow with barking;
  to  bark at.
    I was with Hercules and Cadmus once,
  When in the wood of Crete they bay'd the boar
  With hounds of Sparta.                Shaksp.
            If he should do so,
  He leaves his back unarm'd, the French and Welch
  Baying him at the heels.               Shaksp.
Bay  Salt, ba'salt. Salt made of sea water,
  which receives its consistence from the
  heat of the sun, and is so called from its
  brown colour.  By letting the  sea water
  into  square pits or basons, its  surface
  being struck and agitated by the rays of
  the sun, it thickens at first imperceptibly,
  and becomes covered over with a slight
  crust, which hardening by  the continu-
  ance of the heat, is wholly converted into
  salt.   The  water  in this  condition is
  scalding hot, and the  crystallization is
  perfected in eight, ten, or at most fifteen
  days.                          Chambers,
    All eruptions of air, though small and slight, give
  sound, which we call crackling, puffing, spitting, &c.
  as in bay salt and bay leaves cast into fire. Bacon
Bay  Window, ba'wln'do.   A window jut-
  ting outward,  and therefore forming a
  kind of bay or hollow in the room.
    It hath bay windows transparent as barricadoes.
                                  Shakspeare.
Bay   Yarn, ba'yarn.78   A  denomination
  sometimes  used  promiscuously with
  woollen yarn.                 Chambers.
                   X
          eom,  eapt,
          f"  / was, thou

Preter. J   ,F*r>
          J   he  was,   wt
Ba'yard, ba'yard.78 to. *. [from bay.] A bay
   horse.
    Blind bayard moves toe mill.          Philips.
Ba'yonet,bay'un-n£t. n.s. [bayonette,Fr]
   A short sword or dagger fixed at the end
   of a musket, by which the foot hold off
   the  horse.
    One of the black spots is long and slender, and
  resembles a dagger or bayonet.        Woodward.
Bayze, baze.  See Baize.
BDE'LLIUM, del'yum. to. s.  [fibtXXiar,
   rVT73.] An aromatic gum  brought from
   the  Levant, used as a  medicine, and a
   perfume. Bdellium is mentioned both by
   the  ancient naturalists, and in Scripture;
   but it is doubtful whether any of these be
   the  same with the modern kind. Chamb.
    This bdellium is a tree of the bigness  of an olive,
  whereof Arabia hath great plenty, which yieldeth
  a certain gum, sweet to smell to, but bitter in taste,
  called also bdellium.  The Hebrews take the load-
  stone  for bdellium.                    Raleigh.
To BE, bee.  v. to.   [This word is so re-
   markably irregular, that it is necessary
   to set down many of its terminations.
Present.  lam, thou art, he is, we are, &c.
          eom,  eapc,    ip,  apon, Sax.
                           wast or wert,
                           paepe,
                        we were,  &c.
          L    PaI*>      paepon,  Sax.
          The conjunctive mood.
   / be,  thou  beest, he be,  we be, &c.
   beo,    bipc,      beo,   beon, Sax.]
1. To   have some certain state, condition,
   quality, or accident; as, the man ia wise.
          Seventy senators died
  By their proscriptions, Cicero being one.   Shaksp.
    He hath to-night been in unusual pleasure.
                                     Shaksp.
    Be  what thou hop'st to be, or what thou art,
  Resign to death, it is not worth enjoying.  Shaksp.
                Be but about
  To say she is a goodly lady, and
  The justice of your hearts will add thereto,
  'Tis pity she is not honest, honourable.    Shaksp.
    Let them shew toe  former things what they be,
  that we may consider them.              Isaiah.
          Therefore be sure,
  Thou, when the bridegroom with his feastful friends
  Passes to bliss at the mid hour of night,
  Hast  gain'd toy entrance, virgin wise and pure.
                                     Milton.
    It is not easy to discern what such men would be
  at.                             Stilling fleet.
    To say a man has a clear idea of  quantity, with-
  out knowing how great it is, is  to say, he has a
  clear  idea of toe number of the sands,  who knows
  not how many they be.                   Locke.
2. It  is the auxiliary verb  by which  the
   verb passive is formed.
    The wine of life is drawn, and  toe meer lees
  Is left this vault to brag of.               Shaksp.
3. To  exist; to have existence.
            The times have been,
  That  when the brains were out the man would die.
                                     Macbeth.
    Here cease,  ye pow'rs, and let your vengeance
        end,
  Troy  is no more, and can no more offend. Dryden.
           All to' impossibilities, which poets
  Count to extravagance of loose description,
  Shall sooner be.                         Rmoe,
    To be, contents his natural desire;
  He asks no angel's wing, nor seraph's fire.  Pope.
4. To  have something by appointment or
   rule. 
B E  A
BE A
BEA
    If all political power be derived only from Adam,
  and be to descend only to his successive  heirs, by
  the ordinance of God, and divine institution, this is
  a right antecedent and paramount to all govern-
  ment.                                 Locke.
5. Let  be.   Do not  meddle  with;  leave
   untouched.
            Let be, said he, my prey.     Dryden.
BEACH, beetsh.33? «. s. The shore, par-
   ticularly that part that is dashed by the
   waves; the strand.
    The fishermen, that walk upon the beach,
  Appear like mice.            Shaksp. King Lear.
    Deep to the rocks of hell  the gather'd beach
  They fasten'd, and toe mole immense wrought on
  Over the foaming deep.                 Milton.
    They find the washed amber further out upon the
  beaches and shores, where it has been longer expos-
  ed.                              Woodward.
Be'ached,  beetsh'ed. adj.  [from beach/]
   Exposed  to the waves.
    Timon hath made his everlasting mansion
  Upon the beached verge ofthe salt  flood;
  Which, once a day, with his embossed froth
  The turbulent surge shall cover.          Shaksp.
Be'achy, beetsh'e.  adj.   [from   beach.]
   Having beaches.
           The beachy girdle of the  ocean
   Too wide for Neptune's hips.             Shaksp.
Be'acon, be'kn.170 «.  s.   [beacon, Sax.
   from been a signal, and becnan, whence
   beckon, to make a signal.]
 1. Something  raised on an  eminence,  to
   be fired on the approach of an  enemy,
   to alarm the country.
     His blazing eyes like two bright shining shields,
   Did burn with wrath, and sparkled living fire;
   As two broad beacons set in open fields
   Send forth their flames.            Fairy Queen.
                 Modest doubt is call'd
   The beacon of the wise.                 Shaksp.
     The king  seemed to account of Perkin as a May-
   game; yet had given  order  for  the watching  of
   beacons upon the coasts, and erecting more where
   they stood too thin.                     Bacon.
     No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar,
   The dreadful signal of invasive war.        Gay.
 2. Marks erected, or  lights made in the
    night,  to direct  navigators  in  their
    courses,  and  warn  them   from  rocks,
    shallows, and sand-banks.
 Bead, bede.337 to. s.  [beabe prayer, Sax.]
  1. Small globes or balls of glass or pearl,
    or  other  substances,   strung   upon  a
    thread, and used by the  Romanists to
    count  their  prayers; from whence  the
    phrase to tell  beads, or to be  at one's
    beads, is  to be  at prayer.
     That aged dame, the lady of the place,
   Who all this while was busy at her beads.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     Thy voice I seem in every hymn to hear,
   With ev'ry bead I drop too soft a tear.       Pope.
 2. Little  balls worn  about  the  neck for
   ornament.
     With  scarfs  and fans,  and double  charge  of
         brav'ry,
   With amber bracelets, beads, and all such knav'ry.
                                       Shaksp.
 3. Any globular bodies.
     Thy spirit within thee hath been so at war,
   That beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow.
                                       Shaksp.
     Several yellow lumps of amber,  almost like beads,
   with one  side flat, had fastened themselves to the
   bottom.                               Boyle.
Bead  Tree, bede' tre£.  [azedarach.]  A
   plant.
Be'adle, be'dl.32'' 40e  to. a.  [bybel, Sax.
  a messenger;  bedeau, Fr.  bedel, Span.
  bedelle, Dutch.]
I. A  messenger or servitor belonging to
  a court.                          Cowell.
2. A  petty officer in parishes, whose  bu-
  siness it is to punish petty offenders.
    A dog's obey'd in office.
  Thou rascal beadfe, hold thy bloody hand;
  Why dost thou lash that whore?  '        Shaksp.
    They ought to be taken care of in this condition,
  either by the beadle or the magistrate.   Spectator.
    Their common loves, a lewd abandon'd. pack,
  The beadle's lash still flagrant on toeir back. Prior.
Be'adroll,  bede'roll. to.  a.  [from  bead
   and roll] A catalogue of those who are
   to  be mentioned at prayers.
    The  king,  for  toe better credit of his espials
  abroad, did  use  to have them cursed by name
  amongst toe beadroll of the king's enemies.
                            Bacon's Henry VII.
Be'adsman, beedz'man. to. s. [from  bead
   and man.]  A man employed in praying,
   generally in praying for another.
                     An holy hospital,
  In which seven beadsmen, that had vowed all
  Their life to service of high heaven's king.
                                 Fairy Queen.
               In thy danger,
  Commend thy grievance to my holy prayer;
  For I will be toy beadsman, Valentine.    Shaksp.
Be'agle, be'gl.33? 40fi to. s.  [bigle, Fr.]  A
   small hound with which hares are hunt-
   ed.
           The rest were various huntings.
  The graceful goddess was array'd in green;
  About  her feet were little beagles seen,
  That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of their
         queen.                 Dryden's Fables.
    To plains with well-bred beagles we repair,
   And trace the mazes of toe circling hare.    Pope.
 BEAK,  beke.*2? to.   s.   [bee,  Fr.   pig,
   Welsh.]
 1. The bill or horny mouth of a bird.
                 His royal bird
   Prunes the immortal wing, and cloys his beak,
   As  when his god is pleas'd.    Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    He  saw the ravens with their horny beajb
   Food to Elijah bringing.       Milton's Par. Reg.
    The magpie, lighting on the stock,
   Stood  chatt'ring with incessant din,
   And with her beak gave many a knock.     Swift.

 2- A piece of brass like a beak,  fixed at
   the  end of the  ancient  gallies,  with
   which they pierced their  enemies.  It
   can now be used only for the  fore part
   of a  ship.
     With boiling pitch, another near at hand,
   From friendly  Sweden brought, the seams instops;
   Which, well laid o'er, the salt sea waves withstand,
   And shakes them from the rising beak in drops.
                                      Dryden.
 3. A beak is a little shoe, at  the toe about
   an inch long, turned up and fastened in
   upon the fore-part of the hoof.
                              Farrier's Diet.
 4. Any thing ending in a point like a beak;
   as, the spout of a cup; a prominence of
   land.
     Cuddenbeak, from a well-advanced promontory,
   which  entitled it beak, taketh a prospect of the river!
                                Carew's Survey.
 Be'aked, be'ked or  bekt.363 adj.  [from
   beak.] Having a beak;  having the  form
   of a  beak.
     And question'd every gust of rugged winds,
  That blows from off each beaked promontory.
                                      MUton.
Be'aker, be'kur.98 to.  a.  [from beak.]  A
   cup with a spout in the form of a bird's
   beak.
    And into pikes and musqueteers
  Stamp beakers, cups, and porringers.    Hudibras.
    With dulcet bev'rage this the beaifcer crown'd
  Fair in the midst, with gilded cups around.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
Beal, bele.327  to. a. [bolla, Ital.]  A whelk
   or pimple.
To Beal, bele. v. a.  [from the noun.] To
   ripen;   to gather matter,  or come to a
   head, as a sore  does.
BEAM,   beme.337 to. a.  [beam, Sax. a
   tree.]
1. The main  piece  of timber  that sup-
   ports the house.
    A beam is the largest piece of wood in a building
  which always lies across the building or the walls'
  serving to. support the principal rafters of the roof
  and into which the feet of the principal rafters are
  framed.   No building has less than two beams,  one
  at each head.  Into these, the girders of toe ganet
  floor are also framed; and, if the building be of
  timber,  the  tezel-tenons of toe posts are framed,
  The proportions of beams, in or near London, are fix-
  ed by act of parliament.  A beam, fifteen feet long,
  must be  seven  inches on one side its square,  and
  five on the other; if it be sixteen feet long, one side
   must be  eight inches, the other six; and so propor-
   tionable to their lengths.           Builder's Diet.
    The building of living creatures is like the build-
  ing of a timber house;  the walls and other parts
  have columns and beams, but the roof is tile, or lead,
   or stone.                              Bacon.
    He heav'd,  with more  than  human force, to
        move
   A weighty stone, the labour of a team,
   And rais'd from thence he reach'd the neighb'ring
        beam.                        Dryden.
 2.  Any large and long  piece of timber: a
   beam   must  have  more  length than
   thickness, by which it is distinguished
   from a block.
             But Lycus, swifter,
   Springs  to the walls, and leaves his foes behind,
   And snatches at the beam he first can find.
                               Dryden's Atoeii.
 3. That  part of a balance,  at the ends of
   which the scales are suspended.
         Poise toe cause in justice' equal scales,
   Whose beam stands sure, whose rightful cause pre-
         vails.                      Shakspeare.
     If the length of the sides in the balance, and the
   weights at the ends, be both equal, toe beam will be
   in a horizontal  situation: but if either the weights
   alone be unequal,  or  the distances alone, the beam
   will accordingly decline.               Wilkins.
 4. The horn of a stag.
     And taught the woods to echo to the stream
   His dreadful challenge, and his clashing beam.
                                      Denham.
 5. The  pole  of  a  chariot;  that  piece of
    wood which runs between the horses.
     Juturna heard, and, seiz'd with mortal fear,
   Forc'd from the beam her brother's charioteer.
                                       Dryden.
 6. Among weavers,  a cylindrical piece of
    wood  belonging to the loom, on which
    the web is  gradually rolled as it is
    wove.
     The staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam.
                                      1 Chron.
 7. Beam of an anchor.  The straight part
    or  shank of an anchor,  to  which  the
    hooks are fastened.
 8. Beam Compaaaea.   A wooden or brass 
BEA                                       BEA                                       BEA
   instrument, with sliding sockets, to car-
   ry  several  shifting  points, in order  to
   draw circles with very long  radii;  and
   useful  in large projections, for drawing
   the furniture on wall dials.      Harris.
 9- [punnebeam,  Sax. a ray of the  sun.]
   The  ray  of light emitted from  some
   luminous body, or received by the eye.
     Pile ten hills on the Tarpeian rock,
   That the precipitation might down stretch
   Below the beam of sight.       Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     Pleasing, yet cold, like Cynthia's silver beam.
                                       Dryden.
     As heav'n's blest beam turns  vinegar more sour.
                                         Pope.
 To  Beam, beme.227 v. n.  [from the noun.]
   To emit rays or beams.
               Each emanation of his fires
   That beams on earth, each virtue he inspires. Pope.
 Beam Tree, beme'tree. A species  of wild
   service.
 Be'amy,  be'me. adj.  [from beam.]
 1. Radiant; shining; emitting beams.
                    All-seeing sun!
   Hide, hide in shameful night, thy beamy head.
                                         Smith.
 2. Having the  weight or  massiness of a
   beam.
     His double-biting axe, and beamy spear;
   Each asking a gigantic force to rear. Dryd.  Fables.
 3. Having horns  or antlers.
     Rouse from their desert dens the bristled rage
   Of boars, and beamy stags in toils engage.
                                 Dryden's Virgil.
 Bean, bene.237 to. s. [faba, Lat.]
     The species are,  1. The common garden bean.
   2. The horse bean.   There are several varieties of
   the garden beans, differing either In colour or size.
   The principal  sorts which are  cultivated in Eng-
   land, are the Mazagan, the small Lisbon, toe Span-
   ish, the Tokay, toe  Sandwich,  and Windsor beans.
   The Mazagan bean .is brought from a settlement of
   toe Portuguese, on  the coast of Africa, of the same
   name;  and is by far the best sort to plant for  an
   early crpp.                             Miller.
     His allowance of  oats and beans for his horse was
   greater than his journey required.          Swift.
 Bean Caper,  bene'ka-pur. [fabago]    A
   plant.
 Bean Tressel, bene'tres'sl.  An herb.
 To BEAR, bare.340 v. a.  pret.  / bore, or
   bare;  part. pass, bore,  or born,  [beo-
   pan, bepan, Sax. bairan, Gothick. It  is
   sounded as bare, as the  are in care  and
   dare.]
 1. This is a word used with such latitude,
   that it is not easily explained.
    We say to bear a burden,  to bear sorrow or re-
  proach, to bear a  name, to bear a grudge,  to bear
  fruit, or  to bear children.  The word bear  is  used
  in very different senses.                   Watts.
 2. To carry  as a burden.
    They bear him upon the shoulder; they carry him
  and set him in his place.                 Isaiah.
    And  Solomon had  threescore and ten  thousand
  that bare burdens.                      1  Kings.
    As an eagle stirreto up her nest, fluttereth over
  her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketo them,
  bearelh them on her  wings.         Deuteronomy.
    We see some, who we think have borne  less of
  the burden, rewarded above ourselves.
                                 .Decay of Piety.
3. To convey or carry.
    My message to the ghost of Priam bear;
  Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there.
                               Dryden's AZntid.
    A guest like him,  a Trojan guest before,
  In shew of friendship, sought the Spartan shore,
  And ravish'd Helen from her husband bore. Garth.
4. To carry as a mark of authority.
             I do commit into your hand
  Th' unstained sword that you have us'd to bare.
                                    Shakspeare.
5. To carry as a mark of distinction.
    He  may not  bear so fair  and so noble an image
  of toe divine glory, as the  universe in its full sys-
  tem.                                   Hale.
    His pious brother, sure the best
  Who ever bore that name.               Dryden.
    The sad spectators stiffen'd with their fears
  She sees, and sudden every limb she smears;
  Then each of savage beasts the figure bears. Garth.
    His supreme spirit of mind will bear its best re-
  semblance, when it represents the supreme infinite.
                                       Cheyue.
   So we say, to bear arms in a coat.
6. To carry, as in show.
    Look like the time;  bear welcome in your eye,
  Your hand, your tongue; look like  the  innocent
        flower,
  But be the serpent under 't.           Shakspeare.
7. To carry, as in trust.
    He was a thief, and had toe bag, and bare  what
  was put therein.                         John.
8. To support;  to keep  from  falling;  fre-
   quently with up.
    Under colour of rooting out popery,  the most ef-
  fectual means  to bear up the state of religion may
  be removed,  and so a  way be made either for pa-
  ganism, or for barbarism, to  enter.        Hooker.
    And Sampson took hold of the two middle pillars,
  upon which the house  stood, and on which it was
  borne up.                              Judges.
    A religious hope does not  only bear up toe mind
  under her sufferings, but makes her rejoice in them.
                                       Addison.
    Some power invisible supports his soul,
  And bears it up in all its wonted greatness.  Addison.
9. To keep afloat;  to keep from sinking:
   sometimes with up.
    The waters increased, and bear up toe ark, and
  it was  lifted up  above toe earth.          Genesis.
10. To support with proportionate strength.
    Animals that use a great deal of labour and ex-
  ercise,  have their solid parts more  elastick and
  strong; they can bear,  and ought to have,  stronger
  food.                   Arbuthnot on Aliments.
11. To carry in the  mind, as love, hate.
    How did the open multitude reveal
  The wond'rous love toey bear him underhand!
                                       Daniel.
    They bare great faith and obedience to the kings.
                                        Bacon.
    Darah, toe eldest, bears a  generous mind,
  But to implacable revenge inclin'd.       Dryden.
    The coward bore the man  immortal spite. Dryd.
    As for  this gentleman, who is fond of  her, she
  beareth him an invincible hatred.           Swift.
    That inviolable love I bear to the land of my na-
  tivity,  prevailed upon  me to engage in so bold  an
  attempt.                               Swift.
12. To endure, as pain,  without  sinking.
    It was not an enemy that reproached me, then I
  could have borne it.                    Psalms.
13. To suffer;  to undergo, as punishment
   or misfortune.
    I have borne chastisements, I will not offend any
  more.                                    Job.
    That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto
  thee, I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou re-
  quire it.                              Genesis.
14. To permit;  to suffer without  resent-
   ment.
    To  reject all orders of  the church which men
  have established, is to think worse of toe laws of
  men, in this respect, than,  either the judgment of
  wise men alloweth, or the law of  God itself will
  bear.                                 Hooker.
                    x2
    Not the gods, nor angry Jove, will bear
  Thy lawless wand'ring walks in upper air. Dryden.

15. To be cupable of; to admit.
    Being  the son of one earl  of Pembroke, and
  younger brother to another, who liberally supplied
  his expence,  beyond what  his annuity from his fa-
  ther could bear.                      Clarendon.
    Give his thought either  the same turn,  if our
  tongue will bear ic, or, if not, vary but the dress.
                                       Dryden.
    Do not charge your coins with more  uses than
  they can bear.  It is the method of such as love any
  science, to discover all others in it.
                             Addison on Medals.
    Had he not been eager to find mistakes, he would
  not have  strained my works to such a sense as tuey
  will not bear.                        Atterbury.
    In all criminal cases, the most favourable  inter-
  pretation  should be put upon words  that they possi-
  bly can bear.                             Swift.
16. To produce, as fruit.
    There be some plants that  bear no flower, and
  yet bear fruit: there be some that bear flowers, and
  no fruit: there be some that bear neither flowers nor
  fruit.                                  Bacon.
    They wing'd their flight aloft; then stooping low,
  Perch'd on the double tree  that bears the  golden
        bough.                         Dryden.
    Say, shepherd, say in what glad soil appears
  A wond'rous tree that sacred monarchs bears. Pope.
17. To bring forth, as a  child.
            The queen that bore thee
  Oftner upon her knees than on her feet,
  Died every day she liv'd.             Shakspeare.
  Ye know that my wife bare two sons.      Genesi*.
    What could the muse herself that Orpheus bore,
  The muse herself, for her enchanting son? Milton,
    The same iEneas, whom fair Venus bore
  To fam.'d  Anchises on to' Idean shore.     Dryden.

18. To  give birth  to;  to  be  the  native
  place of.
    Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore,
  But now self-banish'd from his native shore.  Dryd.
19. To possess, as power  or honour.
    When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
  The post of honour is a private station.
                                Addison's Cato.
20.  To  gain;  to  win:   commonly  with
  away.
    As it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
  So may he with more facile question bear it;
  For that it stands not in such warlike brace.  Shak.
    Because the Greek and Latin have ever borne
  away toe  prerogative from all other tongues, they
  shall serve as touchstones to  make our trials  by.
                                       Camden.
    Some think to bear it by speaking a great word,
  and being peremptory; and go on, and take  by ad-
  mittance that which they cannot make good.  Bacon.
21. To maintain; to keep  up.
    He finds the pleasure and credit of bearing- a part
  in the conversation, and of hearing his reasons ap-
  proved,                      i          Locke.
22. To support any thing  good  or bad.
    I was  carried on  to observe, how they did bear
  their fortunes, and  how they did  employ their
  times.                                  Bacon.
23. To  exhibit.
    Ye Trojan flames, your testimony bear,
  What I perform'd, and what I suffer'd there.
                                       Dryden.
24. To be answerable for.
    If I  bring him not unto thee, let me bear the
  blame.                               Genesis.
    0 more than madmen! you yourselves shall bear,
  The guilt of blood and sacrilegious war.   Dryden.
25. To  supply.
    What have you under your arm? Somewhat that
  will bear your charges in your pilgrimage?    Dryd.
26.  To  be the  object of. This is unusual.
    I'll be  your father and your brother too; 
BEA
BEA
BEA
  Let me but bear your love, I'll bear your cares.
                                         Sliaksp.
27. To  behave; to act in any character.
           Some good instruction give,
  How I  may bear me here.                Shaksp.
    Hath he borne himself penitent in prison? Shaks.
28. To  hold; to restrain: with  off.
    Do you suppose the state of this realm to be now
  so feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow
  than this?                            Hayward.
29. To  impel; to urge; to push: with some
   particle noting the direction of the  im-
   pulse;  as, down, on, back, forward.
    The residue were so disordered  as  they could
  not conveniently fight or fly, and not only justled
  and bore  down one another, but in their confused
  tumbling back, brake a part of toe avant guard.
                               Sir John Hayward.
            Contention, like a horse
  Full of high feeding, madly hath broke loose,
  And bears down all before him.           Shaksp.
    Their  broken oars, and floating planks, withstand
  Their  passage, while they labour to the land;
  And ebbing tides bear back upon th'  uncertain sand.
                                         Dryden.
    Now with a noiseless gentle course
  It keeps within the middle bed;
  Anon it lifts aloft the head,
  And bears down all before it with impetuous force.
                                         Dryden.
    Truth is borne down,  attestations  neglected, toe
  testimony of sober persons despised.        Swift.
    The hopes of enjoying the abbey lands would
  soon bear doion all considerations, and be an effec-
  tual incitement to their perversion.         Swift.
 30. To conduct;  to manage.
                  My hope is
  So  to bear through, and out, the consulship,
  As spite  shall ne'er wound you, though it may me.
                                     JBen Jonson.
 31. To press.
     Caesar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus.
                                         Shaksp.
     Though he bear me hard,
   I yet must do him  right.             Ben Jonson.
     These  men bear hard upon the suspected party,
   pursue her close through all her windings. Addison.
 32. To incite;  to animate.
     But confidence then bore thee on; secure
   Either to meet no danger, or to find
   Matter of glorious trial.                  Milton.
 33.  To bear a  body.   A colour is said  to
    bear a  body  in painting,  when it is ca-
    pable  of being ground so fine, and mix-
    ing with the oil so entirely, as to seem
    only a very  thick  oil  of the  same
    colour.
 34.  To bear date.   To carry  the mark of
    the time when any thing was written.
 35.  To  bear a price. To have  a  certain
    value.
 36.  To bear in  hand.  To amuse with false
    pretences; to deceive.
     Your daughter, whom she bore in hand to love
   With such integrity, she did confess,
  Was as a scorpion to her sight.           Shaksp.
     His sickness, age, and impotence,
  Was falsely borne in hand.               Shaksp.
     He  repaired to Bruges,  desiring  of the states of
  Bruges to enter peaceably into  their town, with a
  retinue fit for his estate; and bearing them in hand,
  that he  was to  communicate with them of matters
  of great importance, for their good.         Bacon.
    It is no wonder,  that some would bear the world
  in hand,  that the apostle's design and meaning is for
  presbytery, though his words are for episcopacy.
                                          South.
 37. To bear off. To carry  away.
    I will respect thee as a father, if
  Thou bear'st my  life off hence.            Shaksp.
    The sun views half the earth on either way,
  And here brings on, and there bears off toe day.
                                        Creech.
    Give but the word, we'll snatch this damsel up,
  And bear her off.                 Addison's Cato.
          My soul grows desperate.
  I'll bear her off.                      A. Philips.
38. To bear out. To  support; to maintain;
  to defend.
    I hope your warrant will bear out the deed.
                                        Shaksp.
    I can once or twice a quarter bear out  a knave
  against an honest man.                   Shaksp.
    Changes are never without danger, unless the
  prince be able to bear out his actions by power.
                                Sir J. Hayward.
    Quoth Sidrophel, I do not doubt,
  To find friends that will bear me out.    Hudibras.
    Company  only  can  bear  a man  out  in an ill
  thing.                                  South.
    I doubted whether that  occasion  could bear me
  owt  in the confidence of giving your ladyship any
  farther trouble.                         Temple.
To Bear, bare.73 v.  to.
1. To suffer pain.
             Stranger, cease thy care;
  Wise is the soul; but man is born to bear;
  Jove weighs affairs of earth in dubious scales,
  And  the good suffers while the bad prevails.  Pope.
    They bore as heroes, but they felt as men.  Pope.
2. To be patient.
    I cannot, cannot bear; 'tis past, 'tis done;
  Perish this impious, this detested son!     Dryden.
3. To be  fruitful or prolifick.
    A  fruit  hee hath been blown up almost by the
  roots, and set up again, and the next year bear ex-
  ceedingly.                              Bacon.
    Betwixt two seasons comes to' auspicious air,
  This age to blossom, and the next to bear.   Dryd.
    Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear,
  And, strangers to the sun, yet ripen here.
                                      Granville.
4. To take effect; to succeed.
    Having pawned a full suit of clothes for a sum of
  money, which my operator assured me was the last
  he should want to bring all our matters to bear.
                                      Guardian.
5. To act in  any character.
                 Instruct me
  How I may formally in person bear
  Like a true friar.  "                    Shaksp.
6. To tend;  to  be directed  to any point;
   with a particle to  determine the mean-
   ing; as, up, away, onward.
    The oily drops,  swimming on the spirit  of wine,
  moved restlessly to and fro, sometimes bearing up
  to one another, as if all  were to  unite  into one
  body; and then falling  off, and continuing to shift
  places.                                 Boyle.
    Never did men more joyfully obey,
  Or sooner understood the sign to fly:
  With such alacrity they bore away.        Dryden.
    Whose navy like a stiff-stretched cord did shew,
  Till he bore in, and bent them into flight.  Dryden.
    On this toe hero fix'd  an oak in sight,
  The  mark to guide the mariners aright:
  To bear with this, the seamen stretch their oars,
  Then round the rock they steer, and seek the for-
        mer shores.                     Dryden.
    In a convex mirrour, we view the  figures and all
  other things which bear out with  more  life and
  strength than nature itself.               Dryden.
7. To act as an impellent, opponent, or as
   a reciprocal power; generally with  the
   particles upon or against.
    We were encounter'd hy a mighty rock,
  Which being violently borne upon,
  Our helpless ship was splitted in the  midst. Shaks.
    Upon the tops of mountains, the air which bears
  against the restagnant quicksilver is less pressed.
                                         Boyle.
    The sides bearing  one  against the other,  they
  could not lie so close at the bottoms.       Burnet.
    As a lion, bounding in his way,
  With force  augmented bears against his prey,
  Sideling to seize.                       Dryden.
    Because  the operations to  be performed by the
  teeth require a considerable strength in the instru-
  ments which move toe lower jaw, nature hath pro-
  vided this with strong muscles, to make it bear for-
  cibly against the upper jaw.                Ray
    The weight of toe body doth bear most upon the
  knee joints in  raising itself up;  and most upon the
  muscles of the thighs, in coming down.    Wilkins.
    The waves  of the sea bear  violently and rapidly
  upon some  shores, the water being pent up by the
  land.                                  Broome.
8. To act upon.
    Spinola, with his shot, did bear upon those within
  who appeared upon  the walls.          Hayward.
9. To be situated with  respect to other
   places; as, this  mountain bears west of
   the promontory.
10. To  bear up.  To  stand  firm without
   falling; not to sink; not to faint or fail.
             So long  as nature
  Will bear up with this exercise, so long
  I daily vow  to use it.                    Shaksp.
    Persons in distress may speak of themselves with
  dignity; it shews a greatness of soul, that they bear
  up against the storms of fortune.          Broome.
    The consciousness of integrity, the sense of a life
  spent in doing  good, will  enable a man to bear up
  under any change of circumstances.     Atterbury.
    When  our  commanders and soldiers were raw
  and unexperienced we lost battles and towns: yet
  we  bore up then, as toe French do now; nor was
  there any thing decisive in their successes.   Swift.
11 • 3^0 bear with.   To endure an unpleas-
   ing thing.
    They are content to bear with my absence and
  folly.                                   Sidney.
    Though I must be content to bear with those that
  say you are  reverend grave men; yet they lie deadly,
  that tell you, you have good faces.        Shaksp.
           Look you lay home  to him;
  Tell him his pranks have been too broad to bear
        with.                           Shaksp.
    Bear with me then, if lawful what I ask.   Milt,
BEAR, bare.73 to.  s. [bepa, Saxon; ursus,
   Lat.]
1. A rough savage animal.
    Some have falsely reported, that bears bring their
  young into the world shapeless, and that their dams
  lick them into form.   The dams go no longer than
  thirty days, and generally produce five young ones.
  In the winter, they lie hid and asleep, the male forty
  days,  and the  female four months; and so  soundly
  for the first fourteen  days, that blows will not wake
  them.  In the sleepy season  they are said to have
  no nourishment but  from  licking their feet.  This
  animal has  naturally an hideous look, but when en-
  raged it is  terrible;  and  as rough and stupid as it
  seems to be, it is capable of  discipline; it leaps,
  dances,  and plays  a thousand little tricks at the
  sound of a trumpet.   They abound in  Poland.  In
  the remote  northern countries the species is white.
                                         Calmet.
    Call hither to the  stake my two brave bears,
  Bid Salisbury and Warwick come to me----
  —Are these thy bears? we'll bait thy bears to death,
  And manacle  the bearward in their chains.  Shaksp.
           Thou'dst shun a bear;
  But if thy flight lay tow'rd the raging sea,
  Thou'dst meet toe bear i' th' mouth.       Shaksp.
2. The name of two constellations, called
   the greater  and lesser bear; in the tail
   of the lesser bear, is the  pole-star.
    E'en then when Troy  was  by the  Greeks o'er-
        thrown,
  The bear opposed to  bright Orion shone.    Creech.
Bear-bind, bare'bind. to. a.  A species of
   bindweed. 
BEA
BEA
BEA
 Bear-fly,  bare'fli. to.  a.  [from bear and
   fly.]  An insect.
     There be of flies,  caterpillars, canker-flies, and
   bearflies.              Bacon's Natural History.
 Bear-garden, bare'gar-dn.  n.  s.  [from
   bear and garden.]
 1. A  place  in  which bears are kept for
   sport.
     Hurrying me from the play-house, and the scenes
   there,  to the bear-garden, to  the apes, and asses,
   and tygers.                       Stillingfleet.
 2. Any place of tumult or misrule.
     I could not forbear going  to a place of renown
   for the gallantry  of Britons, namely,  to  the bear-
   garden.                            Spectator.
 Bear-garden,  bare'gar-dn. adj. A  word
   used in  familiar  or low phrase for rude
   or turbulent; as  a bear-garden fellow;
   that is, a man rude enough to be a pro-
   per frequenter ofthe bear-garden. Bear-
   garden  sport is used for gross inele-
   gant entertainment.
 Bear's-breech, barz'britsh, to. s. [acan-
   thus, Lat  ]  The name of a plant.
     The species are,  1. The smooth-leaved garden
   bear's-breech.   2. The prickly bear's-breech.  3.
   The middle  bear's-breech,  with short spines, &c.
   The first is used in medicine, and is supposed to be
   the mollis acanthus of Virgil.  The leaves of this
   plant are cut upon the capitals of the Corinthian
   pillars, and were  formerly in great esteem with the
   Romans.                             Miller.
 Bear's-ear, or Auricula, barz'eer. [auri-
   cula ursi,  Lat.]  The name of a plant.
 Bear's-ear, or Sanicle, barz'eer. [cortu-
   sa, Lat.] A plant.
 Bear's-foot, barz'ftit. to. s. A  species of
   hellebore.
 Bear's-wort, barz'wilrt.168 to. *. An herb.
 BEARD, beerd.22* to. s. [beapb, Saxon.]
 1. The hair that grows on the lips and
   chin.
    Ere on thy  chin the springing beard began,
   To spread a doubtful down, and promise man.
                                       Prior.
 2. Beard is  used  for the  face;  as, to do
   any thing  to a man's beard,  is to  do it
   in defiance, or to his face.
    Rail'd at their covenant, andjeer'd
  Their rev'rend persons to my beard.     Hudibras.
 3. Beard is used to mark age or virility;
   as, he  has  a long beard, means he is old.
    This  ancient  ruffian, sir, whose life I have
  spared at suit  of his grey beard.           Shaksp.
    Some thin remains of chastity appear'd
  Ev'n under Jove, but Jove without a beard.   Dryd.
    Would it not be insufferable for a professor to
  have his authority, of forty years standing, confirm-
  ed by general tradition and a reverend beard, over-
  turned by an upstart novelist?             Locke.
4. Sharp prickles growing upon  the ears
   of corn.
    The ploughman  lost his sweat, and the green corn
  Hath rotted ere its youth attain'd a beard.   Shaks.
    A certain fanner complained, that toe beards of
  his corn cut the reapers' and threshers' fingers.
                                   L'Estrange.
5. A barb on  an  arrow.
6. The  beard or  chuck of a horse,  is that
   part which bears the curb ofthe bridle.
                            Farrier's Diet.
To Beard, beerd. v. a. [from beard.]
I. To take  or pluck by the  beard, in  con-
   tempt or anger.
    No man so potent breathes upon the ground,
  But I will beard him.                   Shaksp.
 2. To oppose to the face;  to  set at open
    defiance.
     He, whensoever he should  swerve  from  duty,
   may be able to beard him.               Spenser.
     I have been bearded by boys.             More.
     The design of utterly extirpating monarchy and
   episcopacy, the presbyterians alone begun, conti-
   nued, and would have ended, if they had not been
   bearded by that new party,  with whom they could
   not agree about dividing the spoil.          Sioift.

 Be'arded, beerd'£d. adj. [from beard.]
 1. Having a beard.
     Think every bearded fellow, that's but yok'd,
   May draw with you.                    Shaksp.
     Old prophecies foretel our fall at hand,
  When bearded men in floating castles land.  Dryd.
 2. Having sharp prickles, as corn.
          As when a field
   Of Ceres, ripe for harvest, waving bends
   Her  bearded grove of ears, which way the wind
   Sways them.                          Milton.
          The fierce virago
   Flew o'er the field, nor hurt toe bearded  grain.
                                     Dryden.
 3. Barbed or  jagged.
     Thou  should'st have pull'd the secret from my
        breast,
   Torn out the bearded steel to give me rest.   Dryd.
 Be'ardless, beerd'les. adj. [from beard.]
 I. Without a  beard.
     There are some coins of Cunobelin, king of Es-
  sex and  Middlesex, with a beardless image, inscri-
  bed Cunobelin.                       Camden.
   Youthful.
     And, as young striplings whip the top for sport
  On the smooth  pavement of an empty court,
  The  wooden engine flies and whirls about,
  Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout.  Diyd.

 Be'arer, bare'&r.98  to. s. [from To bear.]
 1. A carrier of  any  thing,  who  conveys
   any thing from  one  place or person to
   another.
    He should the bearers put to sudden death,
  Not shriving time allow'd.              Shaksp.
    Forgive the bearer of unhappy news;
  Your alter'd father openly pursues
  Your ruin.                           Dryden.
    No gentleman sends a  servant with a message,
  without endeavouring to put it into terms brought
  down to the capacity of the bearer.         Swift.
2. One employed in  carrying burthens.
    And he set threescore and ten thousand of them
  to be  bearers of burthens.           2 Chronicles.
3. One who wears any thing.
                       0 majesty!
  When thou dost pinch thy bearer, thou dost sit
  Like  a rich armour worn in heat of day,
  That  scalds with safety.                Shaksp.
4. One who carries the body to the grave.
5. A tree that yields its produce.
    This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some
  that are good bearers, will succeed.         Boyle.
    Reprune apricots, saving the  young  shoots; for
  the raw bearers  commonly perish.        Evelyn.
6. [In architecture.]  A post or brick wall
   raised up between the ends of a piece of
  timber, to  shorten  its bearing;  or  to
   prevent  its  bearing   with  the whole
   weight at the ends only.
7. [In  heraldry.] A supporter.

Be'arherd, bare'herd. n.  s. [from  bear
   and  herd, as shepherd from sheep.]   A
  .man that tends bears.
    He that is more than a youth, is not for me; and
  he that is less than a man, I am not for him; therefore
  I will even take sixpence in earnest of the bearherd,
  and lead his apes into hell.             Shaksp.
BE'ARiNG,bare'ing.410  to. s. [from bear]
 1.  The site or place of any thing with res-
    pect to something else.
     But of this frame, the bearing and the ties,
  The strong connections, nice depeudencies,
  Gradations just, has thy pervading soul
  Look'd through ? or can a part contain the whole ?
                                        Pope.
 2.  Gesture; mien; behaviour.
     That is Claudio; I know him by his bearing.
                                      Shakip.
 3.  [In architecture.]  Bearing  of a piece
   of timber, with carpenters, is  the space
   either  between the two fixt  extremes
   thereof; or between one extreme and a
   post or wall trimmed up between the
  ends, to shorten its bearing.
                             Builder's Diet.
 Be'akward, bare'ward. to. s. [from bear
  and ward.] A keeper of bears.
            We'll bait thy bears to death,
  And manacle the bearward in their chains. Shaksp.
    The bear is led after one manner, the multitude
  after another; the bearward leads but one brute,
  and the mountebank leads a thousand.  L'Estrange.
 BEAST, beest.327 to. e.  [beste, Fr.  bestia,
  Lat.]
 1. An animal, distinguished from birds, in-
  sects, fishes, and man.
    The man that once did sell the lion's skin
  While the beast liv'd, was kill'd with hunting him,
                                      Shaksp.
    Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, toe
  martern, and the roe. .Beasts of the forest are the
  hart, the  hind,  the hare, the boar, and toe wolf.
  Beasts of warren are the hare and cony.   Cowell,
 2. An irrational  animal, opposed to man;
  as, man and beast.
    I dare do all that may become a man;
  Who dares do more, is none____
  ----What beast was't then
  That made you break this enterprize to me?  Shaksp.
    Medea's charms were there, Circean feasts,
  With bowls that turn'd enamour'd youths to beasts.
                                     Dryden.
3. A brutal savage man; a man  acting in
  any manner  unworthy of a  reasonable
  creature.
 To  Beast, beest. v. a. A term at cards.
Be'astings, beestings.   See Beestings.
Be'astliness,  beest'le-nes. to.   s.  [from
  beastly] Brutality;  practice of any  kind
  contrary to the rules of humanity.
    They held this land, and with their filthiness
  Polluted this same gentle soil long time;
  That toeir own mother loath'd their beastliness,
  And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime.
                                 Fairy Queen.
Be'astly, beest'le. adj. [from beast]
1. Brutal; contrary to the nature and dig-
  nity of man.   It is  used commonly as a
  term of reproach.
    Wouldst thou have thyself fall in the confusion of
 men, or remain a beast with beasts?—Ay—zbeastly
  ambition.                             Shaksp.
    You beastly knave, know you no reverence?
                            Shaksp. King Lear.
    With lewd, prophane, and beastly phrase,
  To catch the world's loose laughter, or vain gaze.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    It is charged upon the gentlemen of the army, that
  the beastly vice of drinking to excess hath been late-
  ly, from their example, restored among us.   Swift.
2. Having the  nature or form of beasts.
    Beastly divinities, and  droves of gods.    Prior'.
 jTo  BEAT, bete.237 333  VtQm  preter. brat;
  part. pass, beat, or  beaten, [batlre, Fr.]
 I. To strike; to knock;  to lay blows upon.
    So fight I, not as one that beateth the air.   1 Cor 
BEA
BEA
BEA
    He rav'dwito all toe madness of despair;
  He roar'd, he beat his breast, he tore his hair. Dryd.
2. To punish with stripes or blows.
    They've chose a consul that will from them take
  Their liberties; make them of no more voice
  Than dogs, that are often beat for barking.  Shaksp.
     Mistress Ford, good heart, is beaten black and blue,
  that you cannot see a white spot about her.  Shaksp.
     There is but one fault for which children should be
  beaten; and that is obstinacy or rebellion.    Locke.
 3. To strike  an instrument of musick.
           Bid them come forth and hear,
  Or at their chamber door I'll beat the drum,
  Till  it cry, sleep to death.                Shaksp.
 4. To break; to bruise; to spread; to com-
   minute by blows.
     The people gathered manna, and ground it in mills,
   tr beat it in a mortar, and baked it.      Numbers.
     They did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it
   into wires to work it.                   Exodus.
     They save the laborious work of beating of hemp,
   by making toe axletree of the main wheel of toeir
   corn mills longer than ordinary, and placing of pins
   in them, to raise large hammers like those used for
   paper  and fulling mills, with which they beat most
   of their hemp.                       Mortimer.
     Nestor furnished the gold,  and  he beat  it into
   leaves, so that he had occasion to use his anvil and
   hammer.                             Broome.
 5. To strike bushes  or ground, or make a
   motion to rouse game.
     It is  strange how long some men will lie in wait to
   speak,  and how  many other matters they will beat
   over to come near it.                    Bacon.
     When from the cave thou risest with the day
   To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey.
                                          Prior.
     Together let us beat this ample field,
   Try what the open, what the covert yield.   Pope.
 6. To thresh;  to  drive the corn out of the
    husk.
     She  gleaned in the field, and beat out that she had
   gleaned.                          Ruth, ii. 17.
 7. To mix things by long and frequent agi-
    tation.
     By long beating the white of an egg with a lump of
   alum, you may bring it into white curds.     Boyle.
 8. To batter with engines of war.
     And he beat down the tower  of Penuel, and slew
   the men of toe city.              Judges, viii. 17.
 9.  To dash as water, or brush  as wind.
     Beyond this flood a frozen continent
   Lies dark and wild; beat with perpetual storms
   Of whirlwind and dire hail.              Milton.
     With tempests beat, and to the winds a scorn.
                                     Roscommon.
     While winds and storms his lofty  forehead beat,
   The common fate of all that's high or great. Denham.
     As when a lion in the midnight hours,
   Beat by rude blasts, and wet with wintry show'rs,
   Descends terrifick from the mountain's brow.  Pope.
  10. To tread a path.
     While I this unexampled task essay,
   Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way,
   Celestiai dove! divine assistance bring.  Blackmore.
  11. To  make  a  path  by marking  it with
    tracks.
     He that will know the truth of things, must leave
   the common and beaten track.             Locke.
  12. To conquer;  to subdue; to vanquish.
     If Hercules and  Lichas play at dice,
   Which is the better man?  The greater throw
   May turn by fortune from the weaker hand:
   So  is Alcides beaten by his page.         Shaksp.
                      You souls of geese,
   That bear the shapes of men, how have you run
   From slaves that apes would beat!        Shaksp.
                      Five times, Marcius,
   I have fought with thee, so often hast thou beat me.

     I have discern'd  toe foe securely lie,
   Too proud to fear a beaten enemy.
Dryden.
   The common people of Lucca are firmly persuaded
 that one Lucquese can bent five Florentines. Addison.
   Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, joining his ships to those
 of the Syracusans, beat  the Carthaginians at sea.
                                    Arbuthnot.
13. To harass; to  over-labour.
   It is no point of wisdom for a man to beat his brains,
  and spend his spirits, about things impossible.
                                     Hakeivill.
   And as in prisons  mean rogues beat
  Hemp, for the service of the great;
  So  Whackum beat his dirty brains
  T' advance his master's fame and gains. Hudibrat.
   Why any one should waste his time, and beat his ]
  head about the Latin grammai', who does, not intend J
  to be a critick.                          Locke.  '
14. To lay  or  press as  standing corn by
   hard weather.
             Her own shall bless her;
  Her foes shake like  a field of beaten corn,
  And hang their heads with sorrow.     Shakspeare.
15. To depress; to crush by  repeated op-
   position: usually with the particle down.
    Albeit a pardon  was  proclaimed, touching any
  speech tending to treason, yet could not toe boldness
  be beate?i down either with that severity, or with this
  lenity be abated.                      Hayward.
    Our warriours propagating the French language,
  at  the same time they are beating down their power.
                                       Addison.
     Such an unlook'd-for storm of ills falls on me,
  It beats down all my strength.            Addison.
16. To drive by violence:  with a particle.
     Twice have I sally'd, and was twice beat back.
                                       Dryden.
     He that proceeds upon other principles  in his in-
  quiry, does at least post himself in a party,  which he
  will not quit till he be beaten out.           Locke.
     He cannot beat it out of his head, but that  it was
  a cardinal who picked his pocket.        Addison.
     The younger  part of mankind  might be beat off
  from the belief of the most important points even of
  natural religion, by the impudent jests of a profane
  wit.                                    Watts.
 17.  To move with fluttering agitation.
     Thrice have I beat toe wing, and rid with night
   About the world.                       Dryden.
 18.  To beat down. To endeavour by treaty
   to lessen the price demanded.
     Surveys rich moveables with curious eye,
   Beats down the price,  and threatens still to buy.
                                        Dryden.
     She persuaded him  to trust the renegado with toe
   money he had brought over for their ransom; as not
   questioning but he would beat down the terms of it.
                                       Addison.
 19.  To beat down.   To sink  or lessen the
   value.
     Usury beats down the price of land; for the em-
   ployment of money is chiefly either merchandizing
   or purchasing; and  usury waylays both.     Bacon.
 20.   To beat up.  To attack  suddenly;  to
   alarm.
     They lay in that quiet posture, without making
   the least impression upon the enemy by beating up
   his quarters, which might easily have been done.
                                     Clarendon.
     Will fancies he should never have been the man
   he is, had not he knocked down constables, and beat
   up a lewd woman's quarters, when he was a young
   fellow-                               Addison.
 21.  To beat the hoof  To walk; to  go on
   foot.
 To  Beat,  bete. v. to.
 1. To move in a  pulsatory manner.
     I would gladly understand the formation of a soul,
   and see it beat the first conscious pulse.    Collier.
 2. To dash as  a flood or storm.
     Publjc envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers.

     Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know
  Sees rowling tempests vainly beat below.    Dryden.
    One sees many hollow spaces worn in the bottoms
  of the rocks, as they are more or less able to resist
  the impressions of the water that beats against them.
                                       Addison.
3. To knock  at a door.
    The men of the city beset the house round about,
  and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the
  bouse.                                 Judges.
4. To move with frequent repetitions of the
   same act or stroke.
                 No pulse  shall keep
  His nat'ral progress, but surcease to beat.   Shaksp,
    My temp'rate pulse does regularly beat;
  Feel and be satisfy'd.                  Dryden.
    A man's heart  beats, and the blood  circulates,
  which it is not in his power,  by  any thought or
  volition, to stop.                          Locke.
   1 o tiirob;  to be in  agitation, as a sore
   swelling.
                 A torn or two I'll walk,
  To still my beating mind.            Shakspem-e.
   To fluctuate;  to be in agitation.
             The tempest in my mind
  Doth from my senses take all feeling else,
   Save what beats there.              Shakspeare.
7.  To try different ways;  to  search: with
   about.
    I am always beating-about in my thoughts for some-
   thing that may turn to the  benefit of my dear coun-
   trymen.                              Addison.
    To find an honest man,  I beat about,
   And love him, court him, praise him, in or out. Pope,
8.  To act upon  with violence.
    The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he faint-
   ed, and wished in himself to die.          Jonah.
9. To speak  frequently;  to repeat; to en-
   force by repetition: with upon.
    We are drawn on into a larger speech, byreason of
   toeir so great earnestness, who beat more and more
   upon these last alleged words.           Hooker.
     How frequently and fervently doth toe scripture
   beat upon this cause!                 Hakewill.

 LO. To beat  up; as, to beat up for soldiers.
    The word up seems redundant, but en-
    forces the sense; the technical term be-
    ing, to raise soldiers.
 Beat, bete.part.passive, [from the verb.]
     Like a rich vessel beat by storms to shore,
   'Twere madness should I venture out once more.
                                        Dryden,
 Beat, bete.  to.  s. [from the  verb.]
 1. Stroke.
 2. Manner of striking.
     Albeit the base and treble strings of a viol be tuned
   to an unison, yet the former will still make a bigger
   sound than toe latter, as making a broader beat upon
   the air.                                 Grew.
                  He, with a careless beat,
   Struck out the mute creation at a heat.    Dryden,
 3. Manner of being struck; as, the beat of
    the pulse, or a drum.
 Be'aten, be'tn.103  part. adj.  [from  To
    beat]
     What makes you, sir, so late abroad,
   Without a guide, and this no beaten road?  Dryden.
 Be'ater, be'tur.98 to. s. [from beat.]
  I. An instrument with which any thing is
    comminuted or mingled.
     Beat all your  mortar with  a beater three or four
   times over, before you use it; for thereby you incor-
   porate the sand and lime well together.     Moxon.
 2. A person much given to blows.
     The best schoolmaster of our time was the greatest
   beater.                   Ascham's Schoolmaster.
 Beati'fical, be-a-tif'e-kal. > adj. [beatifi-
 Beati'fick, be-a-tif'ik.609   5 cus,\ovihat.
    from beatus,  happy.]   That which has 
BEA
BEA
BEA
   the  power of  making happy,  or com-
   pleting fruition; blissful.  It is used only
   of heavenly fruition after death.
     Admiring the riches of heaven's pavement
   Than aught divine or holy else, enjoy'd
   In vision beatijick.                      Milton.
     It is also their felicity to have no faith; for enjoy-
   ing the beatifical vision in the fruition of the object of
   faith, they have received the full evacuation of it.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     We may  contemplate upon the greatness  and
   strangeness of toe beatifick vision; how a created eye
   should be so fortified, as to bear all those glories that
   stream from the fountain of uncreated light. South.
 Beati'fically,    be-a-tif'e-kal-le.   adv.
   [from  beatifical/]   In such a manner as
   to complete happiness.
     Beatifically to behold the face of God, in the ful-
   ness of wisdom, righteousness, and peace, is blessed-
   ness no way incident unto toe  creatures beneath
   man.                                Hakewill.
 Beatifica'tion,  be-at'e-fe-ka'shun.  to. s.
   [from beatifick.] A term in the Romish
   church, distinguished from canonization.
   Beatifcation   is  an acknowledgment
   made by the pope, that the person bea-
   tified is in heaven, and therefore may be
   reverenced as blessed; but is  not a con-
   cession of the  honours  due  to saints,
   which  are conferred by canonization.
 To BEA'TIFY, be-at'e-fi.183 v. a. [beatip-
   co, Lat.]
 1. To make happy; to bless with the com-
   pletion of celestial enjoyment.
     The use of spiritual conference is unimaginable
   and unspeakable,  especially if free and unrestrain-
   ed, bearing an image of that conversation which is
   among angels and beatified saints.      Hammond.
    We shall know him to be the fullest  good, the
   nearest to us, and the most certain; and, consequent-
   ly, the most beatifying of all others.       Brown.
    I wish I had the wings of an angel, to have as-
   cended into Paradise, and to have beheld the forms
   of those beatified spirits,  from which I might have
   copied my archangel.                   Dryden.
 2. To settle the character of any person, by
   a public acknowledgment that he is re-
   ceived  in heaven,  though he  is  not in-
   vested  with the dignity of a saint.
    Over against this church stands an hospital, erect-
  ed by  a shoemaker, who has been beatified, though
  never sainted.                         Addison.
 Be'ating, bete'ing.410  to.  *.  [from beat]
   Correction; punishment by blows.
    Playwright, convict of public wrongs to men,
  Takes private beatings, and begins again. B. Jonson.
 Bea'titude, be-at'e-tude. to. s. [beatitudo,
   Lat.]
 1. Blessedness;  felicity; happiness: com-
   monly used of the  joys of heaven.
    The end of that government,  and of  all men's
  aims,  is agreed to be beatitude, that is,  his being
  completely well.                         Digby.
    This is  the image and little representation of hea-
  ven ; it is beatitude in picture.             Taylor.
    He  set out the felicity of his heaven, by the  de-
  lights of sense; slightly passing over toe accomplish-
  ment of the soul,  and  the beatitude  of that part
  which  earth and visibilities  too weakly affect.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. A declaration  of blessedness  made  by
   our Saviour to particular virtues.
Beau,  bo.2** to. s. [beau, Fr. It is sounded
   like  bo, and ha:,  often the French plural
   beaux,   sounded as  boes.]   A ma.i ol
   dress; a man  whose great care is to
   deck his person.
    What will not beaux attempt to please the fair?
                                      Dryden.
    The water nymphs are too unkind
  To Vill'roy; are the land  nymphs so?
    And fly toey all, at once combin'd
  To shame a general, and a beau?          Prior.
    You will become the delight of nine ladies in ten,
  and the envy of ninety-nine beaux in a hundred.
                                        Swift.
Be'aver, bee-vur,227 98 to. s.   [bievre,  Fr.
  fiber, Lat.]
1. An animal, otherwise called the castor,
   amphibious, and remarkable  for his art
   in building his habitation; of which many
   wonderful  accounts are  delivered  by
   travellers.  His skin is very valuable on
   account of the fur.
    The beaver being hunted, biteth off his stones,
  knowing that for them only his life is sought.
                                     Hakewill.
    They placed this invention upon the beaver, for the
  sagacity and wisdom of that animal;  indeed from its
  artifice in building.      Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. A hat of the best  kind, so  called from
   being  made of the fur of beaver.
    You see  a  smart  rhetorician  turning his  hat,
  moulding it into different cocks, examining the lin-
  ing and the button during his harangue: a deaf man
  would think he was cheapening a beaver, when he is
  talking of the fate of a nation.           Addison.
    The broker here his spacious beaver wears,
  Upon his brow sit jealousies and cares.       Gay.
3. The part of a helmet that covers  the
   face, [baviere, Fr.]
            His dreadful hideous head,
  Close couched on the beaver, seem'd to throw
  From flaming mouth bright sparkles fiery red.
                                      Spenser.
    Big Mars seems bankrupt in toeir beggar'd host,
  And faintly through a rusty beaver peeps.   Shaksp.
    He  was slain upon a course at tilt, toe splinters of
  the staff going in at his beaver.            Bacon.
Be'avered, bee'vurd.362 adj.  [from bea-
   ver]  Covered with a beaver; wearing
   a beaver.
    His beaver'd brow a birchen garland bears,
  Dropping with infants' blood, and mothers' tears.
                                        Pope.
Beau'ish, bo'ish.246 adj. [from beau.]  Be-
   fitting a beau; foppish.

Beau'teous,   bu'tshe-us.363   adj.   [from
   beauty.]  Fair; elegant in form; pleas-
   ing to the sight; beautiful. This word is
   chiefly poetical.
    I can, Petruchio, help thee to a wife,
  With wealth enough, and young, and beauteous.
                                      Shaksp.
    Alas! not hoping to subdue,
  I only  to the flight aspir'd;
    To keep the beauteous foe in view,
  Was all the glory I desir'd.              Prior.

Beau'teously, bu'tshe-ds-le. adv. [from
   beauteous.]   In a beauteous manner; in
   a manner pleasing to the sight;  beauti-
   fully.
    Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is
  next the  sun, or where they look beauteously; that is,
  as they come towards you to be enjoyed.    Taylor
Beau'teousness,  bu'tshe-fis-n^s.   to.  s.
   [from  beauteous]  The state  or quality
   of being beauteous;  beauty.
    From less virtue, and less beauteousness,
  The geniiles fram'd them  gods and goddesses.
                                       Donne.
Beau'tiful, bu'te-ful. adj.  [from beauty
   and full.]   Fair;  having  the qualities
   that  constitute beauty.
    He stole away and took by strong hand all the
  beautiful women in his time.             Raleigh.
    The most important part of painting, is to know
  what is most beautiful in nature, and most proper for
  that art; that which is the most beautiful, is the most
  noble subject: so, in poetry, tragedy is more beauti-
  ful than comedy,  because the persons are greater
  whom the poet instructs, and  consequently the in-
  structions of more benefit to mankind.     Dryden.
    Beautiful looks are rul'd by fickle minds,
  And summer seas are turn'd by sudden winds. Prior.

Beau'tifullv,  bu'ie-fiil-le. adv.  [from
   beautiful.]  In a beautiful manner.
    No longer shall the boddice, aptly lac'd
  From thy full bosom to thy slender waist,
  That air and harmony of shape express,
  Fine  by degrees, and beautifully less.        Prior.
Beau'tifulness, bu'te-ful-nes. n.s. [from
   beaut ful.]  The quality of being beauti-
   ful; beauty; excellence of form.
To Beau'tify, bu'te-fi.183 v. a. [from beau-
   ty]  To  adorn; to embellish; to deck; to
   grace; to add  beauty to.
    Never was sorrow more sweetly set forth; their
  faces seeming rather to beautify their sorrow, than
  toeir  sorrow to cloud the beauty of their faces.
                                     Hayward.
    Sufficeth not that we are brought to Rome,
  To beautify toy triumphs and return,
  Captive to thee and to thy Roman yoke?    Shaksp.
    These were not created to beautify the earth alone,
  but for toe use of man and beast.         Raleigh.
            How all conspire to grace
  Th' extended earth, and beautify her face.
                                   Blackmore.
    There is  charity and justice; and the one serves
  to heighten  and beautify the other.      Atterbury.
To Beau'tify, bu'te-fi.183  v. to. To grow
   beautiful; to advance in beauty.
    It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to
  see his creation for ever beautifying in his eyes, and
  drawing nearer to him by greater degrees of re-
  semblance.                           Addison.
BEAU'TY, bu'te. to. s. [beaute, Fr.]
1. That assemblage of graces,  or propor-
  tion of parts, which pleases the eye.
    Beauty consists of a certain composition of colour
  and figure, causing delight in the beholder.   Locke.
    Your beauty was the cause of that effect,
  Your  beauty, that did haunt me in my sleep.—
  If I thought that, I tell thee, homicide,
  These nails should rend that beauty from my cheeks.
                                       Shaksp.
    Beauty is best in a body that hath  rather dignity
  of presence than beauty of aspect.  The beautiful
  prove  accomplished, but not  of great spirit, and
  study for toe most part rather behaviour than virtue.
                                       Bacon.
    The best part of beauty is that which a picture
  cannot express.                         Bacon.
    Of toe beauty of the eye I shall say little, leaving
  that to poets and orators: that  it is a very pleasant
  and lovely object to behold, if we consider the figure,
  colours, splendour of it, is the least I can say. Ray.
    He view'd their twining branches with delight,
  And prais'd toe beauty of toe pleasing sight.  Pope.

2. A  particular  grace, feature, or orna-
   ment.
    The ancient pieces are beautiful, because they re-
  semble the  beauties of nature; and nature will ever
  be beautiful, which resembles those beauties of anti-
  quity.                               Dryden.
    Wherever you place a patch, you destroy a beauty.
                                      Addison.
3. Any thing more  eminently excellent
   than  the  rest of that  with which  it is
   united.
    This gave me an occasion of looking backward on
  some beauties of my author in  his former books.
                                      Dryden.
    With incredible pains have I endeavoured to copy 
BED
BEE
BEE
Be'dmaker, bed'ma-kiir. «.  *. [from bed
  and make.]  A person in the universities,
  whose office it is to make the beds,  and
  clean the chambers.
    I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon
  which I was rusticated for ever.         Spectator.
Be'dmate,  bed'mate.  to. s. [from bed and
  mate.]  A bedfellow; one that  partakes
  of the same bed.
    Had I so good occasion to lie long
  As you, prince Paris, nought but heav'nly business
  Should rob my bedmate of my company. Shakspeare.
Be'dmoulding, bed'mold-ing.
Be'dding moulding, bed'ding-mold-ing
   to. a. [from bed  and  mould.]   A term
   used by workmen, to signify those mem-
   bers  in the  cornice, which are placed
   below the coronet.      Builder'a Die.
 Be'dpost,  bed'post. to. s. [from  bed and
   post.]  The post  at  the corner  of the
   bed, which supports the canopy.
     I came the next day prepared, and placed her in a
  clear light, her head leaning to a bedpost, anotner
   standing behind, holding it steady.  Wiseman's Surg.
 Be'dpresser, bed'pres-sur.  to. s. [from
   bed and press.]  A heavy lazy fellow.
     This sanguine coward, this bedpresser, this horse-
   back breaker, this huge hill of flesh.     Shakspeare.
  To Bedra'ggle, be-drag'gl.406 v. a. [from
   be and draggle.]  To soil the clothes, by
   suffering them, in walking, to reach  the
   dirt.
     Poor Patty Blount, no more be seen
   Bedraggled in my walks so green.           Swift.
  To Bedre'nch, be-drensh'. v. a. [from be
    and  drench.] To drench; to soak;  to sa-
    turate with moisture.
      Far off from the mind of Bolingbroke
   It is, such crimson tempest should bedrench
   The fresh green lap of fair king Richard's land.
                                    Shakspeare.
  Be'drid, bed'rid. adj. [from bed and ride]
    Confined to the bed by age or sickness.
      Norway, uncle of young Fontinbras,
   Who, impotent and bedrid, scarcely hears
    Of this his nephew's purpose.         Shakspeare.
      Lies he not bedrid? and, again, does nothing,
    But what he did being childish?       Shakspeare.
                Now, as a myriad
    Of ants durst to' emperor's lov'd snake invade;
    The crawling galleys, seagulls, finny chips,
    Might brave our pinnaces, our bedrid ships.  Donne.
      Hanging old men, who were bedrid, because they
    would not discover where their money was.  Claren.
      Infirm persons, when toey come to  be so weak as
    to be fix'd to their beds,  hold out many years; some
    have lain bedrid twenty years.              Ray.
  Be'drite, bed'rite. to. s. [from  bed and
     rite.] The privilege of the marriage  bed.
      Whose vows are, that no bedrite shall be  paid
    Till Hymen's torch be lighted.        Shakspeare.
  To Bedro'p, be-drop'. v. a. [from be and
     drop.]  To  besprinkle;  to   mark with
     spots or drops; to speckle.
      Not so thick swarm'd once the soil
    Bedrop'd with blood of Gorgon.           Milton.
      Our plenteous streams a various race supply:
    The  silver eel, in shining volumes roll'd;
    The  yellow carp, in scales bedrop'd with gold.  Pope.
   Ie'dstaff, bed'staf.  to. s. [bed and staff]
stead.] The frame on which the bed is |  hive.]  The case, or box, in which  bees
placed.                                     are kePt-
 Chimnies with scorn rejecting smoke;
Bi
  A  wooden  pin  stuck  anciently on the
  sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes
  from slipping on either side.
    Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff.
          Ben Jonson's Every Man in his Humour.
Be'dstead, bed'sted. n. a. [from bed and
  Stools, tables, chairs, and bedsteads broke.   Swift.

Be'dstraw,  b£d'straw.  to. s. [from  bed
  and straw.]  The straw laid under a bed
  to make it soft.
    Fleas breed principally of straw or mats, where
  there hath been a little moisture; or the chamber or
  bedstraw kept close, and not aired.         Bacon.
Bedswe'rver, bed'swer-vfir. to. s. [from
   bed and swerve.]  One that  is false to the
   bed;  one that ranges or swerves from
   one bed to another.
    She's a bedswer-ver, even as bad as those
  That vulgars give the boldest titles to.  Shakspeare.
Be'dtime, bed'time. to. s. [from  bed and
   time.]  The  hour of rest; sleeping time.
    What masks,  what dances shall we have,
  To wear away this long age of three hours,
  Between our after-supper and bedtime?  Shakspeare.
    After evening repasts, till bedtime, their thoughts
  will be best taken up in the easy grounds of religion.
                                      MUton.
    The scouring drunkard if he does not fight
   Before his bedtime, takes no rest that night. Dryden,
 To Bedu'ng,  be-dung'. v. a. [from be and
    dung.]  To  cover, or manure with dung.
 To Bedu'st,  be-dust'. v. a. [from  be and
    dust.]  To sprinkle with dust.
 Be'dward, b£d'ward. adv.  [from bed and
    ward.] Toward bed.
                   In heart
   As merry as when our nuptial day was done,
   And tapers burnt to bedward.         Shakspeare.
 To Bedwa'rf, be-dwarf.  v. a. [from be
    and  dwarf/]  To make little; to hinder
    in  growth; to stunt.
     'Tis shrinking, not close weaving, that hath thus
    In mind and body both bedwarfed us.      Donne.

  Be'dwork, bed'wArk. to. s.  [from bed and
    work] Work done  in bed;  work per-
    formed without toil of the hands.
            The still and mental parts,
    That do contrive how many hands shall strike,
    When fulness call them on, and know, by measure
    Of their observant toil, the enemy's weight:
    Why this hath not a finger's dignity,
    They call this  bedwork, mapp'ry, closet war. Shaks.
  BEE, bee. to. *. [beo,  Saxon.]
  1. The animal that makes honey, remark-
    able for its industry and  art.
              So work the honey bees,
    Creatures that, by a ruling nature, teach
    The art of order to a peopled kingdom. Shakspeare.
              From the Moorish camp
    There has been heard a distant humming noise,
    Like bees disturb'd, and arming in their hives. Dryd.
      A company  of poor insects, whereof some are bees,
    delighted with flowers, and their sweetness; others
    beetles, delighted with other viands.        Locke.
      An  industrious  and careful  person.
    This signification is only used in  fami-
    liar language.

  Bee-eater, bee'e-tftr. to. s. [from bee and
    eat.] A bird that feeds upon  bees.
  Bee-flower, bee'flou-ur.  n.s. [from bee
    and flower] A species of fool-stones.
                                      Miller.
  Bee-garden,  bee'gar-dn.103  to. s.  [from
     bee and garden.]   A  place to set hives
    of bees in.
      A convenient and necessary place ought to be made
    choice of for your apiary, or bee-garden.  Mortimer.
  Bee-hive, bee'hive.  to. a. [from bee and
Bee-master, bee'mas-tur. to. a. [from  bee
  and master.] One that  keeps bees.
    They that are bee-masters, and  have not  care
  enough of them, must not expect to  reap any consi-
  derable advantage by them.           Mortimer
BELCH, beetsh. n.  s. [bece or boc, Sax-
  on; fagus,  Lat.]
    There is but one species of this  tree at present
  known, except two varieties, with striped leaves. It
  will grow to  a  considerable stature, though the soil
  be stoney and barren; as also, upon the declivities of
  mountains. The shade of this tree is very  injurious
  to plants, but is believed to be very salubrious to hu-
  man bodies. The timber is of great use to turners
  and joiners.  The mast is very good to fatten swine
  and deer.                            Miller.
    Black was the forest, thick with beech it stood.
                                      Dryden,
    Nor is that sprightly wildness in their notes,
  Which, clear and vigorous, warbles from the beech.
                                    Thomson.
 Be'echen,  bee'tshn.103 ad/.[bucene,Sax.]
   Consisting of the wood of the   beech;
   belonging to the beech.
     With diligence he'll serve us when we dine,
  And in plain beechen vessels fill our wine.   Dryden.
 BEEF,beef. to.*, [boeuf,French.]
 1.  The flesh of black cattle prepared for
   food.
     What say you to apiece of beef and mustard?
                                   Shakspeare.
     The fat of roasted beef falling on birds, will baste
  them.                                Swift.
 2.  An  ox, bull, or cow, considered as fit
    for food. In this sense it has the plural
    beeves; the singular is seldom found.
              A pound of man's flesh
   Is not so estimable or profitable,
   As flesh of muttons, beeves, or goats.   Shakspeart.
     Alcinous slew twelve sheep, eight white-tooth'd
           swine,
   Two crook-haunch'd beeves.            Chapman.
      There was not  any captain, but had  credit for
   more victuals than we spent  there; and yet they had
   of me fifty beeves among them.  Sir Walt. Raleigh.
      On hides of beeves, before the palace gate,
    Sad spoils of luxury! the suitors sate.       Pope.

   eef, beef. adj.  [from the substantive]
    Consisting of the flesh of black cattle.
      If you are employed in marketing, do  not accept
    of a treat of a beef steak, and a pot of ale, from the
    butcher.                              Swift.
  Beef-eater, beef'e-tur. n.  s. [from beef
    and eat, because  the commons  is  beef
    when on waiting.   Mr.  Steevens  de-
    rives it  thus:  Beef-eater may come from
     beaufetier, one who attends at the side-
    board, which  was anciently placed in a
     beaufet.  The business of the beef-eat-
     ers was, and perhaps is  still, to attend
     the king at  meals.] A yeoman of the
     guard.
  Beef-witted,  beef'wit-ted.  adj. [from
     beef and wit.] Dull; stupid; heavy-head-
     ed.
       Beef-witted lord.                 Shakspeare.
  BE'EMOL,bee'mol. n.s.  This word I have
     found  only in the  example, and know
     nothing of the etymology, unless it be a
      corruption of  by module,  from by  and
     modulus, a note; that is,  a note out of
     the regular order.
       There  be  intervenient  in the rise of eight, in
    tones, two beemols, or half notes; so as, if yon-divide 
BEE
BEF
BEF
  the tones equally, the eight is but seven whole and
  equal notes.                            Uocon.
Been, bin', [beon, Saxon.] The participle
  preterite of To  Be.
    Enough that virtue fill'd the space between,
  Prov'd by the ends of being to have been.    Pope.
Beer, beer.  n. a. [bir> Welsh.]  Liquor
  made of malt and hops.  It is distiguish-
  ed from ale,  either by  being older or
  smaller.
    Here's a pot of good double  beer,  neighbour;
  drink.                             Shakspeare.
    Try clarifying with almonds in new beer.  Bacon.
    Flow, Welsted! flow, like thine inspirer, beer;
  Tho' stale, not ripe; too' thin, yet never clear;
  So sweetly mawkish, and so smoothly dull;
  Heady, not strong; and foaming, too' not full. Pope.
Be'estings,  bees'tingz.27s See Biestings.
Beet, beet. «. a.  [beta, Lat.]  The  name
   of a plant.
    The species are,  1. The common white beef. 2.
  The common  green beef. 3. The common red beet.
  4. The turnip-rooted red beef. 5. The great red beet.
  6. The yellow beet.  7. The Swiss or Chard beet.
                                        Miller.
BE'ETLE,bee'tl.40S n.  a.  [bycel, Saxon.]
1.  An insect distinguished by having hard
   cases  or sheaths, under which he folds
   his wings.
     They are as shards, and he their beetle.   Shaksp.
        The poor beetle, that we tread upon,
  In corporal suff 'ranee finds a pang as great,
  As when a giant dies.                 Shakspeare.
    Others come sharp of sight, and too provident for
  that which concerned their own interest; but as blind
  as beetles in foreseeing this great and common danger.
                    Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
    A grot there was  with hoary moss o'ergrown,
  The clasping ivies up toe ruins creep,
  And there the  bat and drowsy beetle sleep.    Garth.
    The butterflies and beetles are such numerous
 . tribes, that, I  believe, in our own  native country
  alone, the  species of each kind may amount to one
  hundred and fifty, or more.                 Ray.
2. A heavy mallet,  or  wooden  hammer,
   with  which wedges  are  driven, and
   pavements rammed.
    If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle.  Shaksp.
    When, by the help of wedges and beetles, an image
  is cleft out of the trunk of some well-grown tree; yet,
  after all  the skill of artificers to set forth such a di-
  vine block, it cannot one moment secure itself from
  being eaten by worms,  or defiled by birds, or cut in
  pieces by axes.                    Stilling fleet.
To Be'etle, bee'tl.408 v.n. [from the noun.]
   To  jut out; to hang over.
    What if it tempt you tow'rd the flood, my lord?
  Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
  That beetles o'er his base into the sea?  Shakspeare.
               Or where toe hawk
  High in the beetling  cliff his airy builds?  Thomson.
Beetlebro'wed,   beet'tl-bro&d.363   adj.
  [from  beetle  and  brow.]  Having pro-
  minent brows.
    Enquire for  the beetfe-brow'd critic, &tc.     Swift.
Beetlehe'aoed, bee'tl-hed-ed. adj. [from
  beetle and head.] Loggerheaded;  wood-
  en  headed;  having a head  stupid, like
  the  head of a wooden beetle.
    A whoreson, beetleheaded, flap-ear'd knave. Shaks.
Be'etlestock, bee'tl-stok.  to.  s.  [from
  beetle and stock.] The handle of abeetle.
BE;ETRAVE,bea'rave       ?      A   lant
Be'etradish, beet'rad-ish. 3
Beeves, beevz. to. s. [The plural of beef]
  Black cattle; oxen.
    One way, a  band select from forage drives
  A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine,
  From a fat meadow ground.              Milton.
    Others make good the paucity of their breed with
  toe length and duration of toeir days; whereof there
  want not  examples  in animals uniparous,  first in
  bisulcous or cloven-hoofed, as camels; and  beeves,
  whereof there is above a million annually slain in
  England.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Beeves, at his touch, at once to jelly turn,
  And the huge boar is shrunk into an urn.     Pope.
To Befa'll, be-fawl'  v. to. [from fall.   It
   befell, it hath befallen.]
1. To happen to: used generally of ill.
                 Let me know
  The worst that may befall me in this case.  Shaksp.
    Other doubt possesses me, lest harm
  Befall thee, sever'd from  me.            Milton.
    This  venerable person, who probably heard our
  Saviour's prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem,
  drew his congregation out of those unparalleled ca-
  lamities, which befell his countrymen.     Addison.
    This disgrace has befallen them, not because they
  deserved it, but because the people love new faces.
                                      Addison.
2. To happen to, as good or neutral.
    Bion asked an envious man, that was very sad,
  what harm had befallen unto  him, or what good had
  befallen unto another man?                Bacon.
    No man can certainly conclude God's love or ha-
  tred  to any person, from what befalls him in  this
  world.                               Tillotson.
3. To happen; to come to pass.
    But since to' affairs of men are still uncertain,
  Let's reason with the worst that may befall. Shaksp.
                 I have reveal'd
  This discord which befell, and was in heav'n
  Among to1 angelick pow'rs.              Milton.
4. It is  used sometimes  with to before the
   person  to whom any thing happens; this
   is rare.
         Some great mischief hath befall'n
   To that meek man.               Paradise Lost.
5. To befall of.  To become of; to be the
   state  or condition of: a phrase little used.
    Do me the favour to dilate at full
  What hath befall'n of them, and thee, till now.
                                    Shakspeare.
To Befi't, be-flt'. v. a. [from be and fit.]
   To suit; to be suitable to; to become.
    Blind is his love, and best befits the dark. Shaksp.
    Out of my sight, thou serpent!—that name best
  Befits thee, with him leagued; thyself as false.  •
                                 Paradise Lost.
    I will bring you where she  sits,
  Clad in splendour, as befits
  Her deity.                             Milton.
    Thou, what befits the new lord mayor,
  Art anxiously inquisitive to know.        Dryden.
To Befo'ol,  be-f661. v. a. [from be and
  fool.] To infatuate; to fool; to deprive
   of understanding;  to lead into errour.
    Men  befool themselves infinitely, when, by venting
  a few sighs, toey will needs persuade themselves that
  they have repented.                      South.
    Jeroboam thought policy the best piety, though in
  nothing more befooled; toe nature of sin being not
  only to defile, but to infatuate.             South.
Befo're, be-fore', prep,  [birojian, Sax.]
i. Farther onward in place.
    Their common practice was to look no further be-
  fore them than toe next line; whence it will follow
  that toey can drive to no certain point.    Dryden.
2. In front of;  not behind.
                 Who shall go
  Before them, in a cloud and pillar of fire,
  By day  a cloud, by night a pillar of fire,
  To guide them in toeir journey, and remove
  Behind  them, while the obdurate king pursues. Milt.
3. In the presence of: noting authority  or
   conquest.

         y  2
    Great queen of gathering clouds,
  See we fall before thee!
  Prostrate we adore thee!                 Dryden.
    The Alps and Pyrenean sink be/ore him. Addison.
4. In the presence of: noting  respect.
    We see that blushing, and casting down ofthe eyes,
  both are more when we come be/ore many.  Bacon.
    They represent our poet  betwixt a  farmer and a
  courtier, when he drest himself in his  best habit, to
  appear before  his patron.                 Dryden-
5. In sight of.
    Before the  eyes of both our armies here,
  Let us not wrangle.                  Shakspeare.
6. Under the  cognizance of: noting juris-
   diction.
    If a suit be begun before an archdeacon, the ordin-
  ary may license toe suit to an higher court.  Ayliffe.
7. In the  power of: noting  the  right of
   choice.
    The world  was all before them, where to chuse
  Their place of rest, and Providence their guide. Milt.
    Give us this evening; thou hast morn and  night,
  And all the year, before thee for delight.   Dryden.
    He hath put us in the hands of our own counsel.
  Life and death, prosperity and destruction,  are be-
  fore us.                              Tillotson.
8. By the  impulse of something behind.
    Her part, poor soul! seeming as burdened
  With lesser weight, but not with lesser woe,
  Was carried with more speed before the wind.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Hurried by fate, he cries, and borne before
  A furious wind, we leave the faithful shore. Dryden.
9. Preceding in time.
    Particular  advantages it has before  all the books
  which have appeared before it in this kind. Dryden-
10.  In preference to.
    We should  not presume to determine which should
  be toe fittest,  till we see he hath chosen some one;
  which one we may then boldly say to  be the fittest,
  because he hath taken it before the rest.    Hooker.
    We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before
  toe torments of covetousness.              Taylor.

11.  Prior to;  nearer to  any thing; as, the
   eldest son is before the younger in suc-
   cession.
12.  Superior to; as, he  is before his com-
   petitors  both in right and  power.

Befo're, be-fore', adv.
1. Sooner  than; earlier in time.
                Heav'nly born,
  Before the hills appear'd, or fountain flow'd,
  Thou with eternal wisdom didst converse.  Milton.
    Before two  months their orb with light adorn,
  If heav'n allow me life, I will return.     Dryden.
2. In time past.
    Such a plenteous crop they bore,
  Of purest and well winnow'd grain,
  As Britain never knew before.           Dryden.
3. In some time lately past.
    I shall resume somewhat  which hath been before
  said, touching the question beforegoing.      Hale.
4. Previously to; in order to.
    Before this  elaborate treatise can become of use
  to my country, two points are necessary.      Swift.
5. To this time; hitherto.
    The peaceful cities of th' Ausonian  shore,
  Lull'd in her ease, and undisturb'd before,
  Are all on fire.                        Dryden.
6. Already.
    You tell  me, mother, what I knew before,
  The Phrygian fleet is landed on the shore.  Dryd.
7. Farther onward in  place.
            Thou'rt so far before,
  The swiftest  wing of recompence is slow
  To overtake thee.                   Shakspeare.

Befo'rehand,  be-fore'hand. adv.  [from
   before and hand.] 
                  BEG

1.  In a state of anticipation,  or preoccu-
   pation: sometimes with the particle with.
    Quoth Hudibras, I am beforehand
  In that already, icith your command.     Hudibras.
    Your soul has been beforehand with your body,
  And drunk so deep a draught of promis'd bliss,
  She slumbers o'er the cup.              Dryden.
    I  have not room for many reflections; the last
  cited author has been  beforehand with  me, in its
  proper moral.                        Addison.
2.  Previously;  by way of preparation, or
   preliminary.
    His profession is to deliver precepts necessary to
  eloquent speech; yet so, that they which receive them
  may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking.
                                      Hooker.
    When the lawyers brought extravagant bills, Sir
  Roger used to bargain beforehand, to cut off a quar-
  ter of a yard in any part of the bill.    Arbuthnot.
3. Antecedently; aforetime.
    It would be resisted  by such as had  beforehand
  resisted the general proofs of toe gospel.  Atterbury.
4. In a state of accumulation, or so as that
   more has been received than expended.
    Stranger's house is at this time rich, and much
  beforehand; for it hath laid up revenue these thirty-
  seven years.                           Bacon.
5. At first; before any thing is done.
    What is a man's contending with insuperable dif-
  ficulties, but the rolling of Sisyphus's stone up the
  hill, which  is soon beforehand to return upon him
  again?                           L'Estrange.
Befo'retime, be-fore'time. adv.  [from
   before and time.]  Formerly; of old time.
    Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to  inquire
  of God, thus he spake.                1 Samuel.
 To  Befo'rtune, be-for'tshune.481 v.n.
   [from be and fortune.]  To happen to;
   to betide.
    I give consent to go along with you;
   Recking as little what betideth me,
   As much I wish all good befortune you.    Shaksp.
 To Befo'ul,  be-foul', v. a. [from be  and
   foul.] To make foul; to soil; to dirt.
 To Befri'end,  be-frend'. v. a.  [from be
   and friend.]   To  favour; to be kind to;
   to countenance; to shew friendship to;
  * to benefit.
             If  it will please Caesar
   To be so good to Caesar, as  to hear me,
   I shall beseech him to befriend himself.     Shaksp.
    Now, if your plots be ripe, you are befriended
   With opportunity.                    Denham.
             See them embarked,
   And tell me if the winds and seas befriend them.
                                      Addison.
    Be thou the first true merit to befriend;
   His praise is lost, who stays till all commend. Pope.
    Brother-servants must befriend one another. Swift.
 To Befri'nge,  be-frinje'. v. a.  [from be
   and fringe.] To decorate, as with fringes.
       When I flatter, let my dirty leaves
   Clothe spice, line trunks, or, flutt'ring in a row,
   Befringe toe rails of Bedlam and Soho.     Pope.
 To BEG, beg. v. ». [beggeren, Germ.] To
   live upon alms; to live by asking relief
   of others.
    I cannot dig; to beg I am  ashamed.       Luke.
 To Beg, beg. v. a.
 1. To  ask; to  seek by petition.
    He went to Pilate, and beg-ged the body. Matthew.
    See how they beg an alms of flattery.   Young.
 2. To take any thing for granted, without
   evidence or proof.
    We have not begged any principles or suppositions,
   for the proof of this; but taken that common ground,
   which both Moses and all antiquity present.  Burnet.
 To Bege't, be-get'. v. a. begot, or begat; I
                  BE G

  have begotten,orbegot^bcgeticariifsax.
  to obtain.  See To  Get.]
I.  To generate; to procreate; to become
  the  father of, as children.
    But first come the hours, which we begot
  In Jove's sweet paradise, of day and night,
  Which do the seasons of the year allot.    Spenser.
            I talk of dreams,
  Which are the children of an idle brain,
  Begot of nothing but vain phantasy.       Shaksp.
    Who hath begotten me these, seeing I have lost
  my children, and am desolate?            Isaiah.
    'Twas he toe noble Claudian race beg-af.  Dryd.
        Love is begot by fancy, bred
  By ignorance, by expectation fed.      Granville.
2. To  produce, as effects.
    If to have done the thing you gave in charge,
  Beget you happiness, be happy then;
  For it is done.                     Shakspeare.
    My whole intention was to beget, in the minds of
  men, magnificent sentiments of God and his works.
                                      Cheyne.
3. To produce, as accidents.
    Is it a time for story,  when each minute
  Begets a thousand dangers?             Denham.
4. It is sometimes used with on, or upon,
  before the  mother.
                Begot upon
  His mother Martha by his father John.   Spectator.

Bege'tter,be-get'tur.98 n.s. [from beget.]
  He  that procreates, or begets; the father.
    For what toeir prowess gain'd, the law declares
  Is to  themselves alone, and to their heirs:
  No share of that goes back to the begetter,
  But if the son fights well, and plunders better—
                                      Dryden.
    Men continue the race of mankind, commonly
  without the intention, and often against the consent
  and will, of the begetter.                Locke.

Be'ggar, b^g'gfir.418 n.s. [from beg.  It is
  more properly written begger;  but the
  common  orthography  is retained, be-
   cause the derivatives all  preserve the a]
 1. One who lives upon alms; one who has
   nothing but what is given him.
    He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth
  up the beggar from the dunghill, to set them among
  princes.                             Samuel.
    We see the whole equipage of a beggar so drawn
  by Homer, as even to retain a nobleness and dignity.
                                      2?roome.
2. One who  supplicates for any thing;  a
   petitioner; for which, beggar is a harsh
   and contemptuous term.
    What subjects will precarious kings regard?
  A beggar speaks too softly to be heard.    Dryden.
3. One  who assumes what he  does not
   prove.
    These shameful beggars of principles, who give
  this precarious account of the original of things^ as-
  sume to themselves to be men of reason.  Tillotson.

 To Be'ggar, beg'gftr.418  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]
 I. To reduce to beggary;  to impoverish.
     Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
  And beggar'd yours for ever.         Shakspeare.
    They shall  spoil toe clothiers wool, and beggar
  the present  spinners.                   Graunt.
                 The miser
  With heav'n, for twopence, cheaply wipes his score,
  Lifts up his eyes, and hastes to beggar more.  Gay.
2. To deprive.
         Necessity, of matter beggar'd,
  Will nothing stick our persons  to arraign
  In ear and ear.                    Shakspeare.
3. To exhaust.
             For her person,
  It beggar'd all description; she did lie
                  BEG

  In her pavilion, cloth of gold, of tissue,
  O'er-pictoring Venus.               Shakspeare.
BE'GGARHNEss,b£g'giir-le-nes. n.s. [from
  beggarly.] The state of being beggarly;
  meanness; poverty.
Be'ggarlv, b&g'gftr-le\ adj.  [from beg.
  gar.] Mean; poor; indigent; in the con-
  dition of a beggar: used both of persons
  and things.
    I ever will, though he do shake me off
  To beggarly divorcement, love him dearly.  Shaksp.
    A beggarly account of empty boxes.     Shaksp.
    Who, that beheld such a bankrupt beggarly fellow
  as Cromwell entering the parliament house, with a
  thread-bare, torn cloak, and greasy hat, could have
  suspected  that he should, by the murder of one king
  and the banishment of another, ascend the throne?
                                       South.
    The next town has the reputation of being ex-
  tremely poor and beggarly.             Addison.
    Corusodes, by extreme  parsimony, saved thirty-
  Four pounds out of a beggarly fellowship.    Swift.
Be'ggarlv, beg'gur-le. adv. [from beg.
  gar.]  Meanly;  despicably;  indigently.
    Touching God himself, hath he revealed, that it
  is his delight to dwell beggarly? And that he taketh
  no pleasure to be worshipped, saving only in poor
  cottages?                             Hooker.
Be'ggary, b£g'glir-e. to. s. [from beggar]
  Indigence; poverty in  the utmost de-
  gree.
    On he  brought me into so bare a house, that it
  was the picture  of miserable happiness and rich
  beggary.                              Sidney,
    While  I am a  beggar, I will rail,
  And say there is  no sin but to be rich:
  And being rich, my virtue then shall be,
  To say there is no vice but beggary.       Shaksp.
    We must become not only poor for Ae present,
  but reduced, by further mortgages, to a state of beg-
  gary for endless years to come.          Swift.

To BEGI'N, be-gin. v. to. I began,  or be-
  gun; I  have begun, [beginnan, Sax. from
  be, or by to,  .and gangan, jaan, or jan,
  to go.]
1. To enter upon something new: applied
  to persons.
    Begin every day to repent; not that thou  shouldst
  at all defer it; but all that is past ought  to  seem
  little to thee, seeing it is so in itself.  Begin the
  next day  with the same zeal, fear, and humility, as
  if  thou hadst never begun before.         Taylor.
2. To commence any action or state; to do
   the first act, or first part of an act;  to
   make the first  step  from not doing to
   doing.
     They began at the ancient men which were before
  the house.                            Ezekiel.
     By peace we will begin.           Shakspeare,
     I'll sing of heroes and of kings:
  Begin, my muse!                      Cowley.
     Of these no more you hear him speak;
  He now begins upon the Greek:
  These, rang'd and show'd, shall in their turns
  Remain obscure as in their urns.          Prior.
     Beginning from the rural gods, his hand
  Was lib'ral to the pow'rs of high command. Dryd.
     Rapt into future times, the bard begun,
  A virgin  shall  conceive.                   Pope.
3. To enter upon existence; as, the world
   began; the practice  began.
     I am as free as Nature first  made man,
  Ere the base laws of servitude began,
  When wild in woods the noble savage ran. Dryd.
4. To have its  original.
     And thus the hard and stubborn race of man
  From animated rock and flint began.   Blackmore,
     From Nimrod first the savage chace began;
  A mighty hunter, and his game was man.    Pope. 
BE  G
BEG
BEH
5. To take rise; to commence.
    Judgment must begin atthe house of God. 1 Peter.
    The song begun from Jove.           Dryden.
                  All began,
  All ends, in love of God and love of man.   Pope.
6. To come into act.
    Now and then a sigh he stole,
  And tears began to flow.                Dryden.

To Begi'n, be-gin'. v. a.
1. To do the first act of any thing; to pass
   from not doing to doing, by the first act.
    Ye nymphs of Solyma begin the song.     Pope.
    They have  been awaked, by these awful scenes,
  to begin religion; and, afterwards, their virtue has
  improved itself into more refined principles, by di
vine grace.
Watts.
 2. To trace from  any thing,  as the  first
    ground.
     The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures,
   which leads us to the knowledge of God.    Locke.
 3. To begin with.  To enter upon; to fall to
    work upon.
     A lesson which requires so much time  to learn,
   had need be early begun with. Gov. ofthe Tongue.
 BEGi'NNER,be-gln'nur.96 to. *. [from begin.]
 1. He that gives the first cause, or original,
    to any thing.
     Thus heaping crime on crime, and grief on grief,
   To loss of love adjoining loss  of friend,
     I meant to purge both with a third mischief,
   And, in my woe's beginner, it to end.      Spenser.
     Socrates maketh Ignatius, the bishop of Antioch,
   the first beginner thereof, even under the apostles
   themselves.                           Hooker.
 2. An unexperienced attempter; one in his
    rudiments; a young practitioner.
     Palladius, behaving himself nothing like a begin-
   ner, brought toe honour to the Iberian side. Sidney.
     They are, to beginners, an easy and familiar in-
   troduction ; a mighty augmentation of all virtue and
   knowledge in such as are entered before.   Hooker.
     I have taken a list of several hundred words in a
   sermon of a new beginner, which not one hearer
   could possibly understand.                Sioift.
 Begi'nning, be-gin'ning.410 to. s. [from be-
   gin]
 1.  The first original or cause.
     Wherever we place the beginning of motion,
   whether from toe head or the heart, the body moves
   and acts by a consent of all its parts.       Swift.
 2.  The entrance into act,  or being.
     In toe beginning God created the heavens and the
   earth.                               Genesis.
 3.  The state in  which any thing  first is.
     Youth, what man's age is like to be, doth show;
  We may our end by our beginning know.  Denham.
 4.  The rudiments, or first grounds  or  ma-
   terials.
     By viewing nature, nature's handmaid, art,
  Makes mighty things from small beginnings grow:
     Thus fishes first to shipping did impart,
  Their tail the rudder, and their head the prow. Dryd.
     The understanding is passive; and whether or not
  it will have these beginnings, and materials of know-
  ledge, is not in its own power.  _          Locke.
 5. The first part of any thing.
     The causes and designs of an action, are toe be-
  ginning-; toe effects of these causes, and toe  diffi-
  culties that are met with in the execution of these
  designs,  are the middle;  and  the unravelling and
  resolution of these difficulties, are the end. Broome.
 To Begi'rd, be-gerd'.160  v. a. I begirt, or
   begirded;  I have begirt,  [from be and
  gird.]
 1. To bind with a girdle.
2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass.
            Begird to' Almighty throne,
  Beseeching, or besieging.                Milton.
             Or should she, confident
  As sitting queen adorn'd on beauty's throne,
  Descend, with all her winning charms begirt,
  T' enamour.                         MUton.
    At home surrounded by a servile crowd,
  Prompt to abuse, and in detraction loud:
  Abroad begirt with men, and swords, and spears;
  His very state acknowledging his fears.     Prior.
 3. To shut  in with a siege; to  beleaguer;
   to block up.
    It was so closely begirt before the king's march
  into the west, that the  council humbly desired his
  majesty, that he would relieve it.       Clarendon.
 To Begi'rt, be-gert'.160 v. a.  [This is, I
   think, only a corruption of begird; per-
   haps by the printer.]  To begird.   See
   Begird.
    And, Lentulus, begirt you Pompey's house,
  To seize his sons alive; for toey are they
  Must make our peace with him.      Ben Jonson.

 BE'GLERBEG,beg'ler-beg.n.s.[Turk-
   ish.] The chief governour of a province
   among the Turks.
 To Begna'w, be-naw'. v. a. [from be and
   gnaw.] To bite; to eat away; to corrode;
   to nibble.
    His horse is stark spoiled with the staggers, be-
  gnaivn with the bots, waid in the back, and shoulder-
  shotten.                           Shakspeare.
    The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.
                        Shakspeare's Richard III
 Bego'ne, be-gon'. interject, [only a coali-
   tion  of the words be gone]  Go away;
   hence; haste  away.
    Begone! the goddess cries with stern disdain,
  Begone! nor dare the hallow'd stream to stain.
  She fled, for ever banish'd from toe train. Addison.
 Bego't, be-got'.           >  The partici-
 Bego'tten, be-got'tn.103 5   pie passive
   of the verb beget.
    Remember that thou wast begot of them. Ecclus.
    The first he met, Antiphates the brave,
  But base begotten on a Theban slave.     Dryden.
 To Begre'ase, be-greze'. v. a. [from be
  and grease.]  To soil or daub with unc-
  tuous or  fat matter.
 To Begri'me, be-grime'. v.a. [from be
  and grime. See Grime and Grim.]  To
  soil with  dirt deep impressed; to soil in
  such a manner that the natural hue can-
  not easily be  recovered.
          Her name, that was as fresh
  As Dian's visage, is now begrim'd, and black
  As my own face.                    Shakspeare.
 To Begui'le, be-gyile'.160  v. a. [from be
  and guile ]
 1. To impose upon;  to delude;  to cheat.
    This I say, lest any man should beguile you with
  enticing words.                      Colossians.
    The serpent me beguil'd, and I did eat!  Milton.
    Whosoever sees a man, who wouid have beguiled
  and imposed  upon him by making him believe a lie,
  he may truly say, that is the man who would have
  ruined me.                             South.
2. To deceive; to evade.
    Is wretchedness depriv'd that benefit,
  To end itself by death?  'Tis yet some comfort,
  When misery could beguile toe tyrant's rage,
  And frustrate his  proud will.             Shaksp.
 3. To deceive pleasingly; to amuse.
          Sweet, leave me here awhile;
  My spirits grow dull, and fain I would beguile
  The tedious day with sleep.           Shakspeare.
    With these sometimes she doth her time beguile;
  These do by fits her phantasy possess. Sir J. Davies.
 Begu'n, be-giin'.  The participle passive
   of begin.
    But thou, bright morning star, thou rising sun,
  Which in these latter times hast brought to light
    Those mysteries, that since the world begun
  Lay hid in darkness and eternal night. Sir J.  Dav.
Beha'lf,  be-hafV8 403 n# s   [This word
   Skinner derives from half, and interprets
   it,/or my half; as, for my part. It seems
   to  be rather corrupted from behoof, pro-
   fit; the pronunciation degenerating easi-
   ly  to behafe; which, in  imitation of other
   words so sounded, was written, by those
   who knew not the etymology, behalf]
1. Favour; cause favoured: we say in be-
   half, but for the sake.
    He was  in confidence with those who designed
  the  destruction of Strafford;  against whom he had
  contracted  some prejudice, in the behalf of his na-
  tion.                              Clarendon.
    Were but my heart as naked to thy view,
  Marcus would see it bleed in  his behalf.   Addison.
    Never was any nation blessed with more frequent
  interpositions of divine providence in its behalf.
                                    Atterbury.
2. Vindication; support.
    He might, in his presence, defy all Arcadian
  knights, in the behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sidney.
                Lest the fiend,
  Or in behalf oC man, or to invade
  Vacant possession, some new troubles raise. Milton.
    Others believe that, by the two Fortunes, were
  meant prosperity or affliction; and produce, in their
  behalf, an ancient monument.           Addison.
To Beha've, be-have'. v. a. [from be  and
  have.]
1. To carry; to  conduct: used almost al-
  ways  with the reciprocal  pronoun.
    We behaved not ourselves disorderly among you.
                                 Thessalonians.
    Manifest signs came from heaven unto those that
  behaved themselves manfully.         2 Maccabees.
    To their wills wedded, to their errours slaves,
  No man like them, they think, himself behaves.
                                     Denham.
    We so live, and so act, as  if we were secure of
  toe final issue and event of things, however we may
  behave ourselves.                     Atterbury.
2.  It seems formerly to have had the sense
  of, to  govern;  to subdue;  to discipline:
  but this  is not now used.
    But who his limbs with labours, and his mind
  Behaves with cares, cannot so easy miss.  Fairy  Q.
    With such sober and unnoted passion
  He did behave his anger ere 'twas spent,
  As if he had but prov'd an argument.     Shaksp.
To Beha've,  be-have'. v.  n.  To act;  to
  conduct  one's self.  It is taken either  in
  a good or  a bad sense; as, he  behaved
   well or ill.
Beha'viour,  be-have'yiir.394  to. *. [from
  behave.]
1. Manner of behaving one's self, whether
  good  or bad;  manners;  carriage, with
  respect to propriety.
    Mopsa, curious  in any thing but her own good
  behaviour, followed Zelmane.            Sidney.
2.  External appearance with respect  to
  grace.
    He marked, in Dora's dancing, good grace and
  handsome behaviour.                    Sidney
3.  Gesture; manner of action, adapted  to
  particular occasions.
    Well witnessing the most submissive  behaviour
  that a thralled heart could express.        Sidney.
    When we make profession of our faith, we stand*
  when we acknowledge our sins, or seek unto  God
  for favour, we fall down; because the gesture of con-
  stancy becometh us best in the one, in the other the
  behaviour of humility.                  Hooker 
BEH
BEH
BEH
    One man sees how much another man is a fool,
  when he dedicates his behaviour to love.   Shaksp.
    And he changed his behaviour before them, and
  feigned himself mad in their hands.     1 Saniuet.
4. Elegance  of manners; gracefulness.
    The beautiful prove accomplished, but not of great
  spirit; and study, for the most part, rather behaviour
  than virtue.                            Bacon.
    He who adviseth the philosopher, altogether de-
  voted to the Muses,  sometimes to offer sacrifice to
  the altars of the Graces, thought knowledge imper-
  fect without beAainour.                  Wotton.
5. Conduct;  general  practice; course of
   life.
    To him, who hath a prospect of toe state that at-
  tends men after this life, depending on toeir behav-
  iour here, the measures of good and evil are chang-
  ed.                                   Locke.
6. To be upon one's behaviour. A familiar
   phrase, noting such a state as requires
   great caution; a state in which a failure
   in  behaviour will have  bad consequen-
   ces.
    Tyrants themselves are upon their behaviour to a
  superiour power.                   L'Estrange.
To Behe'ad, be-h£d'.  v.  a.  [from be and
   head] To deprive ofthe head; to kill by
   cutting off the head.
    His  beheading he underwent  with  all  christian
  magnanimity.                      Clarendon.
               On each side they fly,
  By chains connext, and, with destructive sweep,
  Behead whole tooops at once.            Philips.
    Mary, queen of Scots, was  beheaded in the reign
  of queen Elizabeth.                    Addison.
BEHE.'LT),be-h&ld'. participle passive, from
   behold; which see.
    AH hail! ye virgin daughters ofthe main!
  Ye streams, beyond my hopes beheld again!  Pope.
Be'hemoth, be'he-moth. «. *. Behemoth,
   in  Hebrew, signifies beasts in general,
   particularly the larger kind, fit for ser-
   vice. But Job speaks of an animal behe-
   moth, and describes  its properties.  Bo-
   chart has taken much care to make  it
   the hippopotamus, or river  horse. Sane-
   tius thinks  it is an  ox.   The Fathers
   suppose  the  devil to  be  meant by it.
   But we agree with the generality of in-
   terpreters, that it is the elephant.
                                     Calmet.
    Behold now behemoth, which I made  with thee; he
  eateth grass as an ox.                      Job.
               Behold! in plaited mail
  Behemoth rears his head.              Thomson.
Be'hen, be'hen. > to.*. Valerian roots. Also
Ben, b£n.       5 a  fr"** resembling  the
   tamarisk, from which perfumers extract
   an oil.                               Diet.
Behe'st, be-hest'. w. s  [from be and hest;
   hsep, Saxon.] Command; precept; man-
   date.
    Her tender youth had obediently lived under her
  ' parents' behests, without framing, out of her own will,
  the fbrechoosing of any thing.            Sidney.
    Such joy he had their stubborn hearts to quell,
  And sturdy courage tame with dreadful awe,
  That his behest toey fear'd as. a proud tyrant's law.
                                      Spenser.
    I, messenger from everlasting Jove,
  In his great name thus his behest do tell.   Fairfax.
         To visit oft those happy tribes,
  On high behests his angels to and fro
  Pass'd frequent.                       Milton.
    In heav'n God ever blest, and his divine
  Behests obey, worthiest to be obey'd!      Milton.
To Behi'ght,  be-hite'. v.a.  pret. behot,
  part, behight. [from hatan to promise,
  Sax.]
I. To promise: this word is obsolete.
    Sir Guyon, mindful of his vow yplight,
  Up rose from drowsy couch, and him addrest
  Unto the journey which he had behight.   Fairy Q.
2. To entrust; to commit.
    That most glorious house that glist'reth bright,
  Whereof the keys are to thy hand behight
  By wise Fidelia.                  Fairy Queen.
3. Perhaps to call; to name:  hight being
  often put, in old authors, for named, or
  was named.
Behi'nd, be-hlnd'. prep, [lunban, Saxon.]
I. At the back of another.
    Acomates hasted with harquebusiers,  which he
  had caused his horsemen to take behind them upon
  their horses.                          Knolles.
2. On the back part; not before.
    She came in the press behind, and touched him.
                                       Mark.
3. Towards the back.
    The Benjamites looked behind them.    Judges.
4. Following another.
    Her husband went with her, weeping behind her.
                                      Samuel.
5. Remaining after the departure of some-
  thing else.
    He left behind him myself and a sister, both born
  in one hour.                       Shakspeare.
    Piety  and virtue are not only delightful for the
  present, but they leave peace and contentment be-
  hind them.                          Tillotson.
6. Remaining after  the death of those to
   whom it belonged.
    What he gave me to publish, was but a small
  part of what he left behind him.             Pope.
7. At a distance from something going be-
   fore.
    Such is toe swiftness of your mind,
  That, like the earth's, it leaves our sense behind,
                                      Dryden.
8. Inferiour to another; having the poste-
   riour place with regard to excellence.
    After the overthrow of this first house  of God,  a
  second was erected; but with so great odds, that they
  wept, which beheld how much this  latter came be-
  hind it.                              Hooker.
9. On the other side of something.
    From light retir'd behind his daughter's bed,
  He, for approaching sleep, compos'd his head.
                                      Dryden.
Behi'nd, be-hind'. adv.
 I. Out of sight; not  yet produced  to view;
   remaining.
    We cannot be sure that we have all the particu-
  lars before us; and that there is no evidence behind,
  and yet unseen, which  may cast the probability on
  the other side.                         Locke.

2. Most of the former senses may become
   adverbial, by suppressing the accusative
   case; as, f left  my money behind or be-
   hind me.
Behindhand, be-hind'hand.  adv.  [from
   behind and hand.]
 I. In a state in which rent or  profit, or any
   advantage, is anticipated, so that less is
   to be received, or  more performed, than
   the natural or just proportion.
     Your trade would suffer, if your being behindhand
  has made the natural use so high,,that your trades-
  man cannot live upon his labour.           Locke.
2. Not  upon equal  terms, with regard to
   forwardness.  In this sense, it is follow-
   ed by with.
     Consider, whether it is not better to be half a year
  behindhand with the fashionable part of the world,
  than to strain beyond his circumstances.  Spectator.
3. Shakspeare  uses it as an adjective, but
   licentiously, for backward; tardy.
              And these thy offices,
  So rarely kind, are as interpreters
  Of my behindliand slackness.          Shakspeare
To BEHO'LD, be-nold'. v. a.  pret.  I be-
   held,  I have beheld, or  beholden,  [be-
   healban, Saxon.] To  view; to  see; to
   look upon; to behold is to see, in an em-
   phatical or intensive sense.
    Son of man, behold with thine eyes, and hear with
  thine ears.                          Ezekiel.
    When Thessalians on horseback were beheld afar
  off, while  their  horses  watered, while their heads
  were depressed, they were conceived by the specta-
  tors to be one animal.     Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Man  looks aloft, and with erected  eyes,
  Beholds his own hereditary skies.        Dryden.
    At this the farmer tale again he told,
  With thund'ring tone, and dreadful to behold. Dryd.
    The Saviour comes, by ancient bards foretold!
  Hear him, ye deaf; and all ye blind, behold!  Pope.
Beho'ld,  be-hold'. interject,  [from  the
   verb.]  See; lo: a word by which atten-
   tion is excited, or admiration  noted.
    Behold! I am with thee, and will keep thee. Gen,
    When out of hope, behold her! not far off,
  Such as I saw her in my  dream, adorn'd
  With what all earth or heaven could  bestow,
  To make her amiable.                  MUton,
Beho'lden,  be-hol'dn.103 particip.  adj,
   [gehouden,  Dutch;  that is, held in obli-
   gation.  It is very corruptly written be-
   holding.]  Obliged; bound in gratitude:
   with the particle  to.
    Horns, which such as you are fain to be beholden
  to your wives for.                   Shakspeare.
    Little are we beholden to your love,
  And little look'd for at your helping  hands. Shaksp,
    I found you next, in respect of bond both of near
   alliance, and particularly of communication in stu-
  dies: wherein I must acknowledge myself beholdento
  you.                                  Bacon.
    I think  myself mightily beholden to you for the
   reprehension you then gave us.         Addison.
    We, who see men under the awe  of justice, can-
  not conceive what  savage creatures toey would be
  without it; and how much beholden we are to that
  wise contrivance.                    Atterbury.
Beho'lder, be-hol'diir. to. s. [from behold]
   Spectator; he that looks upon any thing.
                Was this the face,
   That, like the sun, did make beholders wink? Shaksp.
               These beasts among,
   Beholders rude, and shallow to discern
   Half what in thee is fair, one man except,
   Who sees thee?                       Milton,
    Things of wonder give no less delight
   To the wise Maker's than beholder's  sight. Denham-
    The justling chiefs in rude encounters join,
   Each fair beholder trembling for her knight. Granv.
    The charitable  foundations,  in  the  church of
   Rome, exceed all the demands of charity; and raise
   envy, rather than compassion, in the breasts of "fee-
   holders.                           Atterbury.
 BEHo'LDiNG,be-h6l'ding.410crf/'. [corrupt-
   ed  from beholden.] Obliged.  See Be-
   holden.
 Beho'lding, be-hol'ding. to. s. Obligation.
    Love to virtue, and not to any particular behold-
   ings, hath expressed this my  testimony.    Carew.
 Beho'ldingness,  be-hol'ding-n^s.  to.  s.
   [from beholding, mistaken for beholden]
   The  state of being obliged.
     The king invited us to his court, so as I must ac-
   knowledge a beholdingness unto him.      Sidney
     In this my debt I seem'd loth to confess,
   In that I shunn'd beholdingness.           Donne. 
BE I
BEL
BEL
Beho'of, be-hddf. n. a. [from  behoove.]
   That which behooves; that which is ad-
   vantageous; profit; advantage.
    Her majesty may alter any thing of those laws,
  for her own behoof, and for toe  good of the people.
                                      Spenser.
          No mean recompence it brings
  To your behoof: if I that region lost,
  All usurpation thence expell'd, reduce
  To her original darkness, and your sway.  Milton.
    Wert thou some star, which from the ruin'd roof
  Of shak'd Olympus by mischance didst fall;
  Which careful Jove, in nature's true behoof,
  Took up, and in fit place did reinstate.     Milton
    Because it was for the behoof of toe animal, that,
  upon any sudden accident, it might be awakened,
  there were no shuts or stopples  made for toe ears.
                                         Ray.
    K would be of no behoof, for the settling of govern-
  ment, unless there were a way taught,  how to know
  the person to whom belonged this power and domi-
  nion.                                  Locke.
To BEHO'OVE, be-h66ve\ v.  to. [beho-
   pan, Saxon, it is a duty.]  To be fit; to
   be meet:  either with respect to duty, ne-
   cessity, or convenience. It is  used only
   impersonally with it.
    For better examination of their quality it behoov-
  eth toe very foundation  and root,  the highest well-
  spring and fountain of them, to be discovered.
                                      Hooker.
    He did so prudently temper his passions,  as that
  none of them made him wanting in the offices of life,
  which it behooved or became him to perform.
                                     Atterbury.
    But should you lure the monarch ofthe brook,
  Behooves you then to ply your finest art.  Thomson.
Beho'oveful, be-hoove'ful. adj. [from be-
   hoof] Useful; profitable; advantageous.
   This  word is somewhat antiquated.
    It is very behooveful in this  country of Ireland,
  where there are waste deserts full of grass, that the
  same should be eaten down.            Spenser.
    Laws are many times full of imperfections; and
  that which is supposed behooveful unto men, pro veto
  oftentimes most pernicious.              Hooker.
    Madam, we have cull'd such necessaries
  As are behooveful for our state to-morrow. Shaksp.
    It may be most behooveful for princes  in matters
  of grace, to transact the same publickiy: so it is as
  requisite, in matters of judgment, punishment, and
  censure, that the same be transacted privately.
                                    Clarendon.
Beho'ovefully,   be-hodve'ful-le.  adv.
   [from behooveful.]  Profitably; usefully.
    Tell us of more weighty dislikes than  these, and
  that may more behoovefully import the  reformation.
                                      Spenser.
Beho't, be-hot', [preterite, as it seems, of
   behight, to promise.]
    With sharp intended sting so rude him smote,
  That to the earth him drove as striken  dead,
  Ne living wight would have him life behot. Fairy Q.
Be'ing, be'ing.410 particip. [from  be.]
    Those, who have their hope in another life, look
  upon  themselves as being on their passage through
  this.                               Atterbury.
Be'ing, be'ing. to. a.*10 [from be.]
I. Existence: opposed to nonentity.
    Of him  all things have both received their first
  being, and their continuance to be that which they
  are.                                  Hooker.
    Yet is not God the author of her ill,
  Tho' author of her being, and being there. Davies.
              There is none but he,
  Whose being I do fear: and  under him
  My genius is rebuked.      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    Thee, Father, first they sung, omnipotent,
  Immutable, immortal, infinite,
  Eternal  kiug! Thee, Author of all being,
  Fountain of light!             Milton's Par. Lost.
    Merciful and gracious, thon gavest us being, rais-
  ing us from nothing to be an excellent creation.
                      Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
    Consider every thing as not yet in being; then
  examine, if it must needs have been at all, or what
  other ways it might have been.           Bentley.
2. A particular state or condition.
    Those happy spirits which, ordained by fate,
  For future being and new bodies wait.     Dryden.
    Heav'n from all creatures hides the book of fate;
  From brutes what men, from men what spirits know;
  Or who could suffer being here below?       Pope.
    As now your own, our beings were of old,
  And once inclos'd in woman's beauteous mould.
                                        Pope.
3. The person existing.
    Ah fair, yet false!  ah being form'd to cheat
  By seeming kindness, mixt with deep deceit!  Dryd.
    It is folly to seek the approbation of any  being,
  besides  toe supreme; because no other  being can
  make a right judgment of us, and because we can
  procure no considerable advantage from toe appro-
  bation of any other being.      Addison's Spectator.

Be'ing, be'ing. conjunct, [from be] Since.
                                       Diet.
Be it so, be'it-so.   A phrase of anticipa-
   tion, suppose it  be so; or of permission,
   let it be so.
              My gracious duke,
  Be 't so she will not here, before your grace,
  Consent to marry with Demetrius,
  I beg the ancient privilege of Athens.   Shakspeare.

To Bela'bour, be-la'bur.  v. a. [from be
   and labour.]  To beat; to thump: a word
   in low speech.
    What several madnesses in men appear!
  Orestes runs from fancy'd furies here;
  Ajax belabours there an harmless ox,
  And thinks that Agamemnon feels toe knocks. Dryd.
    He sees virago Nell belabour,
  With his own staff, his peaceful neighbour.   Sivift.
To Bela'ce, be-lace'. v. a. [a sea term.]
   To fasten; as, to belace a rope.    Diet.

Be'lamie, bel'a-me. to. a.  [bel amie, Fr.]
   A friend; an intimate.  This word is out
   of use.
                Wise Socrates
  Pour'd out his life, and last philosophy,
  To the fair Critias, his dearest belamie.   Fairy Q.
Be'lamour, bel'a-m66r.  to. s.  [bel amour,
   Fr.] Gallant; consort;  paramour: obso-
   lete.
    Lo, lo, how brave she decks her bounteous bow'r
  With silken curtains, and gold coverlets,
  Therein to shroud her sumptuous betamonr. Fairy Q.
Bela'ted, be-la'ted. adj. [from be and late]
   Benighted; out of doors late at night.
                Fairy elves,
  Whose midnight revels, by a forest side,
  Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,
  Or dreams he sees.           Milton's Par. Lost.
    Or near Fleetditch's oozy brinks,
  Belated, seems on watch to lie.             Swift.
To Bela'y, be-la'. v. a. [from be and lay;
   as, to waylay, to lie in wait, to lay wait
   for.]
I. To  block up; to stop the passage.
    The speedy horse all passages belay,
  And spur their smoaking steeds to cross their way.
                                      Dryden,
2. To  place in ambush.
    'Gainst such strong castles needeth greater might,
  Than those smalttorces ye were wont belay. Spenser.
To Belay a rope,be-lk'-. [a sea term.] To
   splice; to mend a rope, by laying one
   end over another.
To BELCH, belsh.x;.n. [bealcan, Saxon.]
 1. To eject the wind from the stomach; to
   eruct.
    The symptoms are, a sour smell in their faeces,
  belchings, and distensions of toe bowels.  Arbuthnot.
 2. To issue out, as by eructation.
    The waters boil, and, belching from below,
  Black sands as from a forceful engine throw. Dryd.
    A triple pile of plumes his crest adorn'd,
  On which with belching flames Chimaera burn'd.
                                      Dryden.
 To Belch, belsh'. v. a. To throw out from
   the stomach; to  eject  from any hollow
   place. It is a word implying coarseness,
   hatefulness, or horrour.
    They are all but stomachs, and we all but food;
  They eat us hungerly, and, when they 're full,
  They belch us.                     Shakspeare
    The bitterness of it I now betcft from my heart.
                                   Shakspeare-
            Immediate in a flame,
  But soon obscur'd with smoke, all heav'n appear'd,
  From those deep-throated engines belch'd.   Milton.
            The gates that now
  Stood  open wide, belching outrageous flame
  Far into chaos,since the fiend pass'd through. Milton.
    Rough as their savage lords who ranged the wood,
  And, fat with acorns, belch'd their windy food. Dryd.
    There belch'd the mingled streams of  wind and
          blood,
  And human flesh, his indigested food. Pope's Odyss.
    When I an am'rous kiss design'd,
  I belch'd an hurricane of wind.             Sioift.
Belch, belsh.362  to. s. [from the verb.]
 I. The act of eructation.
2. A  cant term for malt liquor.
    A sudden reformation would follow  among all
  sorts of people; porters would no longer be drunk
  withjbetcft.                            Dennis.
Be'ldam, beFdam.98 to.*, [belle dame, which,
  in old French,  signified probably an old
  woman, as belle age, old age.]
 I. An old woman: generally a term of con-
  tempt, marking  the last degree of old
  age,  with all its faults and miseries.
    Then sing of secret things that came to pass,
  When beldam Nature in her cradle was.    Milton,
2. A  hag.
    Why, how now, Hecat? you look angerly.—
  —Have I not reason, beldams, as you are,
  Saucy  and overbold?        Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    The resty sieve wagg'd ne'er the more;
  I weep for woe. the testy beldam swore.    Dryden.
To BELE'AGUER, be-le'gtir. v. a. [be*
   leggeren, Dutch.]  To besiege; to block
   up a place; to  lie before a town.
    Their business, which they carry on, is the gene-
  ral concernment of the Trojan camp, then beleaguer-
  ed by Turnus and the  Latins.            Dryden.
    Against beleaguer'd heav'n the-giants move:
  Hills pil'd on hills,  on mountains mountains lie,
  To make their mad approaches to toe sky. Dryden.
Bele'agueher,  be-le'gur-fir. n. s.  [from
   beleaguer] One  that besieges a place.
 To Belee', be-lee'. v.a. [a term in naviga-
   tion.] To place in a direction unsuitable
  to  the  wind.
Belemni'tes, be-leWnites.  «. a.  [from
   jSeA©-  a  dart or arrow, because of its re-
   semblance to the point of an arrow.] Ar-
   rowhead, or  finger-stone,  of a  whitish
   and sometimes a gold colour.
Belflo'wer, berflour. n.s. [from *f//and
  flower, because ofthe shape of its flower;
   in  Latin campanula.]  A plant
    There is a vast number of the species of this plant.
  1 The tallest pyramidal belfloirer.  2.  The blue
  peachrleaved&f/fauer. 3, The white peach-leaved 
BEL
BEL
BEL
  belflower.   4. Garden belflower, with oblong leaves
  and flowers;  commonly  called  Canterbury  bells.
  5. Canary belflower, with orrach leaves and a tube-
  rose root.  6. Blue belflower, with edible  roots,
  commonly called rampions.   7. Venus looking glass
  belflower, &cc.                          Miller.

Belfo'under, bel'foun-diir. TO.s.[from bell
   and found.] He whose trade it is to found
   or cast bells.
    Those that make recorders know this, and like-
  wise belfounders in fitting the tune of their bells.
                                       i?acon.
Be'lfry, bel'fre. to. a. [Beffroy, in French,
   is  a tower; which was perhaps  the true
   word, till  those, who knew not its origi-
   nal, corrupted it to belfry, because  bells
   were in it.] The place where the  bells
   are rung.
    Fetch the leathern bucket that hangs in toe bel-
  fry; that is curiously painted before, and will make
   a figure.                                Gay.
Belga'rd, bel'gard.92 to. a.  [belle  egard,
   Fr.] A  soft glance; a kind regard: an old
   word, now wholly disused.
    Upon her eyelids many graces sat,
   Under the shadow of her even brows,
   Working belgards, and amorous retreats.  Fairy  Q,
 To Beli'e, be-li'. v. a.  [from be and lie.]
 1. To counterfeit; to feign; to mimick.
    Which  durst,  with horses' hoofs that beat toe
         ground,
   And martial brass, belie the thunder's sound. Dryd.
    The shape of man, and imitated beast,
   The walk, the words, the gesture could supply,
   The habit mimick, and the mien belie.    Dryden.
2. To give the lie to; to charge with false-
   hood.
     Sure there is none but fears a future state;
   And when the most obdurate swear toey do not,
   Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues.
                                       Dryden.
     Paint,  patches, jewels laid aside,
   At night  astronomers  agree,
     The evening has toe day bely'd
   And Phillis is some forty-three.            Prior.
 3. To calumniate; to  raise false reports
   of any man.
     Thou dost belie him, Piercy, thou beliest him;
   He never did encounter with Glendower.  Shaksp.
 4. To give a  false representation of any
   thing.
     Uncle, for heav'n's sake, comfortable words,—
   —Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak.
     Tuscan Valerus by force o'ercame,
   And not bely'd his mighty father's name.
                                Dryden's AZneid,
     In the dispute whate'er I said,
   My heart was by my tongue bely'd;
     And in my looks you might have read
   How much I argued on your side.          Prior.
 5. To fill with lies.  This seems to be  its
   meaning here.
           'Tis slander, whose breath
   Rides on the posting winds, and doth beKe
   All corners ofthe world.   Shakspeare's Cymbeline.

 Belie'f, be-leef. to. a.  [from  believe]
 1. Credit  given to  something, which we
   know not of ourselves, on  account  of
   the  authority  by which it is delivered.
     Those comforts that shall never cease,
   Future in hope, but present in belief.     Wotton.
     Faith is a firm belief of the whole word of God, of
   his gospel, commands, threats, and promises.
                                         Wake.
 2. The theological virtue of faith, or firm
   confidence of the truths of religion.
     No man can attain  belief by the bare contempla-
   tion of heaven and earth, for that they neither  are
  sufficient to  give us as much as the least spark of
  light concerning the very principal mysteries of our
  faith.                                Hooker.
3. Religion; the body of tenets held by the
   professors of faith.
    In  the heat of general  persecution, whereunto
  christian belief was subject upon the first promulga-
  tion,  it much confirmed the weaker minds, when
  relation was made how  God  had been glorified
  through the sufferings of martyrs.        Hooker.
   Persuasion; opinion.
    He can, I know, but doubt to think he will;
  Yet hope would fain subscribe, and tempts belief.
                                       Milton.
    All treaties are grounded upon the belief, that
  states will be sound in  their honour and obser-
  vance of treaties.                       Temple.
   The thing believed; the object of belief.
    Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of
  fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men.   Bacon.
   Creed; a form containing the  articles of
   faith.
Beli'evable, be-lee'va-bl. adj. [from be-
   lieve.]   Credible; that which may  be
   credited  or  believed.
 To BELl'EVE, be-leev'.-p. a. [jelypan,
   Saxon.]
 I. To  credit  upon the  authority of an-
   other,  or from some  other reason than
   our personal  knowledge.
    Adherence to a proposition which they are per-
   suaded, but do not know, to be true, is not seeing,
   but believing.                           Locke.
    Ten thousand things there are,  which we believe
   merely upon the  authority or credit of those who
   have spoken or written of them.    Watt's Logick.
 2. To put  confidence in  the veracity of
   any one.
    The people  may hear when I  speak with thee,
   and believe thee for ever.                Exodus.
 To Beli'eve, be-leev'.  v. n.
 I. To have a firm persuasion of any thing.
    They may believe that the Lord God  of their
   fathers,  the God of Abraham, toe God of Isaac,
   and the  God of Jacob, hath  appeared unto thee.
                                       Genesis.
 2. To exercise the theological virtue of
   faith.
    Now God be prais'd, that to believing souls
   Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair.  Shaksp.
     For with the heart man believeth unto righteous-
   ness, and with toe mouth confession is made unto
   salvation.                             Romans.
 3. With the  particle in, to hold as an ob-
   ject of faith.
     Believe in the Lord your God, so shall you be es-
   tablished.                           2  Cftron.
 4. With the particle on, to trust; to place
   full confidence in; to rest  upon with
   faith.
     To them gave he  power to become the sons  of
   God, even  to them that believe on his name. John.
 5. / believe,  is  sometimes used as a way
   of slightly noting some want of certain-
   ty or  exactness.
     Though  they  are, J believe, as high  as most
   steeples in England, yet a person, in his drink, fell
   down, without  any other hurt than the breaking  of
   an arm.                      Addison on Italy.
 Beli'ever, be-lee'vfir.98 to. a.  [from be-
   lieve]
 I. He that  believes, or gives credit.
     Discipline  began to enter into  conflict with
   churches, which, in extremity, had been believers  of
   '*•                                    Hooker.
 2. A  professor of Christianity.
     Infidels themselves did discern, in matters of life,
   when believers did well, when otherwise.   Hooker.
    If he which writeth do that which is forcible, how
  should he which readeto be  thought to  do that,
  which, in itself, is of no force to work belief, and to
  save believers?                         Hooker.
    Mysteries held  by us have no power, pomp, or
  wealth, but have been maintained by the universal
  body of true believers, from the days ofthe apostles
  and will be to toe resurrection;  neither will the
  gates of hell prevail against them.          Swift.
Beli'evingly, be-lee'vlng-le. adv. [from
   To believe] After a believing manner.
Beli'ke, be-like', adv.  [from  like, as by
  likelihood.]
1. Probably; likely;  perhaps.
    There came out of the same woods a horrible
  foul bear, which fearing, belike, while the lion wag
  present, came furiously towards  the place where ]
  was.                                  Sidney.
    Lord Angelo, belike, thinking me remiss in my
  office, awakens me with this unwonted putting on.
                                      Shaksp.
    Josephus affirmeth,  that one of them remained
  in his time; meaning, belike, some ruin or founda-
  tion thereof.                          Raleigh.
   It is sometimes used in a sense of irony,
   as it may be auppoacd.
    We think, belike, that he  will accept what the
  meanest of toern would disdain.          Hooker.
    God appointed  the sea to one of them, and the
  land to the other, because they  were so great, that
  the sea could not hold  them both; or else, belike, if
  the sea had been large enough, we might have gone
  a fishing for elephants.  Brerewood on Languages.
Beli've, be-liv'. adv. [bilive, Sax: proba-
   bly from bi and lipe, in the  sense  of vi-
   vacity,  speed,  quickness.]   Speedily;
   quickly; a word out of use.
    By that  same way the direful dames to drive
  Their mournful chariot, fill'd with rusty blood,
  And down  to Pluto's house are come  beitce.
                                  Fairy  Queen,
BELL, bell.  w.  a. [bel,  Sax. supposedly
   Skinner, to come  from pelvia, Lat. a
   basin.   See Ball.]
1. A vessel or hollow body of  cast metal,
   formed  to  make  a noise by  the act of a
   clapper, hammer, or some other instru-
   ment  striking against it.  Bells are  in
   the towers of churches, to call the con-
   gregation  together.
           Your flock, assembled by the bell,
   Encircled  you to hear with reverence.     Shaksp.
     Get thee gone, and  dig my grave thyself,
   And bid the, merry bells ring to toy ear,
   That thou art crowned, not that I am dead.  Shaksp.
     Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing,
   and five bells one hundred and twenty.     Holder.
     He has no  one necessary attention to any thing
   but the bell, which calls to prayers twice a-day.
                              Addison, Spectator.
 2. It is used for any thing  in the form of a
    bell, as  the cups of flowers.
     Where  the bee sucks, there suck I;
   In a cowslip's bell I lie.          Shaksp. Tempest.
     The humming bees, that hunt toe golden dew,
   In summer's heat on tops of lilies feed,
   And creep within their bells to suck toe balmy seed.
                                       Dryden,
 3. A small hollow  globe of metal perfora-
    ted,  and  containing  in  it a solid ball;
    which,  when it is  shaken, by bounding
    against the sides, gives a sound.
     As the  ox hath his yoke,  toe horse his  curb, and
   the faulcon his betfs, so hath man his desires. Shaks.
 4. To bear the bell.   To be the first; from
    the wether,  that  carries  a  bell among
    the sheep, or the first horse of a drove
    that has bells  on  his  collar. 
BEL
BEL
BEL
    The Italians have carried away the beM from all
  other nations, as may appear both  by their books
  and works.                          Hakewill.
5. To shake the bells. A phrase in Shaks-
  peare, taken from  the belli of a  hawk.
    Neither the king, nor he  that loves him best,
  The proudest he that holds up Lancaster,
  Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shakes his bells.
 To Bell, bell. v. to. [from the noun ] To
   grow in buds or flowers, in the form of
   a bell.
    Hops, in the beginning of August, bell, and are
  sometimes ripe.                     Mortimer.
 BELL-FASHiONED,bell'fash-u.nd.arf/.[from
   bell and fashion]   Having the form of
   a bell;  campaniform.
    The thorn-apple rises with a strong round stalk,
  having large bell-fashioned flowers at toe joints.
                                    Mortimer.
 Belle, bill. to. a. [beau, belle, Fr.] A young
   lady.
            What motive could compel
  A well-bred lord t' assault  a gentle belle?
  0 say, what stranger cause, yet unexplor'd,
  Could make a gentle belle reject a lord?     Pope.
 BELLES  LETTRES, bel la'tur.  to. a.
   [Fr.] Polite literature.    It has no sin-
   gular.
    The exactness of the other, is to admit of some-
  thing like discourse, especially in what regards the
  belles-lettres.                           Tatler.
 Be'llihone, bdl'le-bon. to. s. [from bellus
   beautiful, and  bonus  good, Lat.  belle
   et  bonne, Fr.]    A  woman  excelling
   both in  beauty  and goodness.   A  word
   now  out of use.
    Pan may be proud that ever he begot
          Such a bellibone,
    And Syrinx rejoice that ever was her lot
          To bear such a one.           Spenser.
 Belli'gerant, bel-lidje'e-rant.618   }   ,-
 Belli'gerous, bel-lidje'e-rfis.818 31* \   J'
  [belliger, Lat.]   Waging war.     Diet.
 Be'lling, beYiing. to. a.  A hunting term,
   spoke of a roe, when she makes a noise
  in rutting  time.                     Diet.
 Belli'potent, bel-lip'po-teTit.618 adj. [bel-
  lipotens, Lat.] Puissant; mighty in  war.
                                       Diet.
 To Be'llow, bel'lo.32* v. n. [bellan, Sax.]
 1. To make  a noise as  a bull.
    Jupiter became a bull, and bellowed; the green
  Neptune a ram, and bleated.             Shaksp.
    What bull dares bellow, or what sheep dares bleat,
  Within the lion's den.                    Dryd.
    But now the husband of a herd must be
  Thy mate, and bellowing sons thy progeny.   Dryd.
 2. To make any violent outcry.
    He fasten'd on my neck,  and bellmo'd out,
  As he'd burst heav'n.                 _  Shaksp.
 3. To vociferate; to clamour. In this sense
  it is a word of contempt.
    The  dull fat captain, with a hound's deep throat,
  Would bellow out a laugh in a base note.  Dryden.
    This gentleman is accustomed to roar and bellow
  so terribly loud, that he frightens us.       Tatler.
4. To roar  as the sea in a storm, or as the
  wind; to  make any  continued noise, that
  may  cause terrour.
    Till, at the last, he heard a dread sound,
  Which thro' the wood loud bellowing did rebound.
                                     Spenser.
    The  rising rivers float the nether ground;
  And rocks the bellowing voice of boiling seas re-
        bound.                        Dryden.

      VOL.  I.
Be'llows, bel'liis. to. a.  [bihg, Sax. per-
   haps  it  is  corrupted  from  belliea, the
   wind  being  contained  in  the hollow or
   belly. It has no singular;  for we usually
   say, a pair  of bellows;  but Dryden has
   used bellows as  a singular.]
1. The instrument used to blow the fire.
    Since sighs into my inward furnace turn'd,
  For bellows serve to kindle more the fire.   Sidney.
    One, with great bellows, gather'd filling air,
  And with forc'd wind the fuel did enflame.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    The smith prepares his hammer for the stroke,
  While toe lung'd belloios hissing fire provoke. Dryd.
    The lungs,  as bellows, supply a force of breath;
  and the aspera arteria is as the nose of bellows, to
  collect and convey the breath.            Holder.
2. In the following passage it is singular.
    Thou neither  like a bellows, swell'st thy face,
  As if thou wert to blow the burning mass
  Of melting ore.                       Dryden.
Be'lluine, bel'lu-ine.149  adj.  [belluinus,
   Lat.]  Beastly;  belonging to  a  beast;
   savage; brutal.
    If human actions  were  not to be judged, men
  would have no advantage over beasts.   At this rate,
  the animal and belluine life would be toe best.
                                   Atterbury.
BE'LLY, bel'le.183 to. s. [balg, Dutch; bol,
   bola, Welsh.]
I. That part of the  human body which
   reaches from the breast to the thighs,
   containing the bowels.
            The body's members
  Rebell'd against the belly; thus accus'd it;—
  That only like a gulf it did remain,
  Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing
  Like labour with the rest.           Shakspeare.
2. In beasts, it is used, in general, for that
   part ofthe body next the  ground.
    And toe  Lord said unto the serpent,  Upon thy
  belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat, all the
  days of toy life.                       Genesis.
3. The  womb:  in  this  sense,  it is com-
   monly used  ludicrously or familiarly.
    I shall answer that better, than you can the get-
  ting up ofthe negro's belly: the Moor is with child by
  you.                             Shakspeare.
    The secret is grown too big for  toe pretence, like
  Mrs. Primly's big belly.               Congreve.

4. That part of man which requires  food,
  in opposition to the back,  or that which
  demands clothes.
    They were content with a licentious life, where-,
  in they might  fill their bellies by  spoil, rather than
  by labour.                          Hayioard.
    Whose god is their belly.                 Phil.
    He that sows  his grain upon marble, will have
  many a hungry belly before harvest.     Arbuthnot.
5. The  part  of any thing that  swells out
  into a larger capacity.
    Fortune sometimes turneth the  handle ofthe bot-
  tle, which is easy to be taken hold of; and after the
  belly, which is hard to grasp.             Bacon.
    An Irish harp hath the concave,  or belly, not along
  toe strings, but at toe end ofthe strings.    Bacon.
6. Any  place in which something is inclo-
   sed
    Out of toe belly of hell cried I, and thou heardst
  my voice.                             Jonah
To Be'lly, beTle. v.  n. [from  the noun.]
   To swell into a larger capacity; to hang
  out; to bulge out.
    Thus by degrees day wastes, signs cease to rise,
  For bellying earth, still rising up,  denies
  Their light a passage, and confines our eyes.
                            Creech's Manilius.
    The pow'r appeas'd, with winds suffic'd  toe sail,
  The bellying canvas strutted with toe gale.  Dryd.
    Loud rattling shakes toe mountains and the plain,
  Heav'n bellies downwards, and descends in rain.
                                      Dryden.
    'Midst these disports, forget toey not to drench
  Themselves with bellying goblets.         Philips.
Be'llyache,  bel'le-ake.3S8 to.   a.  [from
   belly and  ache.]  Thechohck; or pain
   in the bowels.
BELLYBouND,beTle-b6und. adj. [from bel-
   ly and bound] Diseased, so as to be cos-
   tive, and shrunk in  the belly.
Be'lly-fretting,  beTie-fret'ting.  to.  .?.
   [from belly and fret]
l.[With  farriers.]   The  chafing  of  a
   horse's belly with the foregirt.
2. A great pain in a horse's belly, caused by
   worms.                            Diet.
Be'llyful, beTle-ful. to. s. [from belly and
  full.]
1. As much  food as  fills the belly, or satis-
   fies the appetite.
2. It is often used ludicrously for more
   than enough; thus, King James told his
   son that he  should have his bellyful of
   parliamentary impeachments.
Be'llygod,  bel'le-god. to. a. [from belly
   and god.]  A glutton;  one who makes a
   god of his belly.
    What infinite waste  they made this way, toe only
  story of Apicius, a famous bellygod, may suffice to
  shew.                              Hakewill.
BE'LLY-piNCHED,beTle-pinsh'd. adj. [from
   belly and pinch.]  Starved.
    This night,  wherein the  cubdrawn bear would
        couch,
  The lion and the belly-pinched wolf
  Keep toeir fur dry, unbonnetted he runs.   Shaksp.
Be'llyroll, bel'le-role.406 to.  *.  [from
   belly and roll.]    A roll so called, as it
   seems,  from entering into the hollows.
    They have two small harrows that they clap on
  each side of the ridge,  and so they harrow right up
  and down, and roll it with a bellyroll, that goes be-
  tween the ridges, when they have sown it. Mortimer.
Be'lly-timber,  bel'le-tim'bur.98  to.   a.
   [from belly  and  timber.]   Food; mate-
   rials to support the belly.
    Where belly-timber,  above ground
  Or under, was not to be found.          Hudibras.
    The strength of every other member
  Is founded on your belly-timber.           Prior.
Be'lly-worm, beTle-wurm. «.  *.  [from
   belly and worm.]   A worm that breeds
   in the belly.
Be'lman,  bell'man.88 to. s. [from  bell and
   man.]   He  whose business it is to pro-
   claim any thing  in  towns,  and to gain
   attention by ringing his bell.
    It was the  owl that shriek'd, the fatal belman
  Which gives the stern'st good night.       Shaksp.
    Where Titian's glowing paint the canvas wa^nl'd,
  Now hangs the belman's song, and pasted here
  The colour'd prints of  Overton appear.       Gay.
    The belman of each  parish, as he goes his circuit,
  cries out every night, Past twelve o'clock.    Swift.
Be'lmetal, bell'met-tl.406 n. a. [from bell
   and metal]  The metal of which bells
   are made, being  a mixture of five parts
   copper with one  of pewter.
    Belmetal has copper one thousand pounds, tin from
  three hundred to  two hundred pounds, bra-- one
  hundred and fifty pounds.                Bacon.
    Colours which arise  on belmetal, when melied mi 
BEL
BEM
BEN
  poured on the ground, in open air, like the colours
  of water bubbles, are changed by viewing them at
  divers obliquities.                     Newton.
To Belo'ck, be-16k.'  v.. a. [from  be and
   lock.]  To fasten as with a lock.
    This is the hand, which with a vow'd contract
  Was fast belock'd in thine.              Shaksp.
Be'lomancy, hel'16-man-se.619 to. s. [from
   &ix<& and fjutnlsU.]
    Belomuncy, or divination by arrows, hath been in
  request with Scythians, Alans, Germans, with the
  Africans and Turks of Algier.   jBraen's Vul. Err.
To Belo'ng,  be-long',  v.  to. [belangen,
   Dutch.]
1. To be the property of.
    To light on a part of a field belonging to Boaz.
                                        Ruth.
2. To be the province or business of.
    There is no need of such redress;
   Or if there were, it not belongs to you.     Shaksp.
    The  declaration of these latent philosophers be-
   longs to another paper.                   Boyle.
    To Jove the care of heav'n and earth belongs.
                                      Dryden.
3. To adhere; or be appendant to.
    He went into a desert belonging to Bethsaida.Lwfce.
4. To have relation to.
    To whom belongest thou? whence art thou? 1 Sam.
5. To be the quality or attributes of.
    The faculties belonging to the supreme spirit, are
   unlimited and boundless, fitted and designed  for in-
   finite objects.                         Cheyne.
6. To be referred to; to relate to.
    He careth for things that belong to the Lord. 1 Cor.
Belo'ved, be-luv'ed.36a participle, [from
   belove, derived of love.   It is observa-
   ble, that though the participle be of very
   frequent use, the  verb  is seldom  or
   never admitted;  as  we  say, you  are
   much beloved by me, but  not, I belove
   you.]   Loved; dear.
             I think it is not meet,
   Mark Anthony, so well belov'd of Caesar,
   Should outlive Caesar.              Shakspeare.
             In likeness of a dove
   The spirit descended, while the Father's voice
   From heav'n pronoune'd him his beloved Son. Milton.
Belo'w, be-lo'. prep, [from be and low.]
 1. Under in place: not so high.
    For all below the moon I would not leap. Shaksp.
    He'll beat Aufidius' head below his knee,
   And tread upon his neck.            Shakspeare.
2. Inferiour in dignity.
    The noble Venetians think themselves  equal at
   least to the electors of the empire, and but one de-
   gree below kings.                      Addison.
J. Inferiour in  excellence.
    His Idylliums of Theocritus are as much below his
   Manilius, as the fields are below the stars.  Felton.
4. Unworthy of; unbefitting.
    'Tis much below me on his throne to sit;
   But when I do, you shall petition it.       Dryden.
Belo'w, be-lo'. adv.
1. In the lower place; in the place nearest
   the centre.
    To men standing below on the ground, those that
   be  on the top of Paul's seem much less than they
   are, and cannot be known; but, to men above, those
  below seem nothing so much lessened, and may be
  known.                               Bacon.
    The upper regions of the air perceive the collec-
  tion of the matter of the tempests and winds  before
  the  air here below; and therefore the obscuring of the
  •mailer stars, is a sign of tempest following. Bacon.
             His sultry heat infects the sky,
  The ground befoto is parch'd, the heav'ns above us
        fry.                           Dryden.
    This said, he ted them up the mountain's brow,
  And show'dthein all the shining fields below.  Dryd.
2. On earth; in opposition to heaven.
    And let no tears from erring pity flow,
  For one that's bless'd above, immortaliz'd below.
                                       Smith.
            The fairest child of Jove,
  Below for ever sought, and bless'd above.   Prior.
3. In hell; in  the regions of the dead: op-
   posed  to heaven and earth.
    The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend;
  Delight to hover near, and long to know
  What bus'ness brought him to toe realms betoto. Dry.
    When suff'ring saints aloft in beams shall glow,
  And prosp'rous traitors  gnash toeir teeth betoto.
                                      Tickell.
To  Belo'wt, be-16ut'. v. a. [from be and
   lowt, a word of contempt.] To treat with
   opprobrious language;  to call names.
   Obsolete.
     Sieur  Gaulard,  when he heard a gentleman re-
  port, that at a supper they had not only good cheer,
  but also  savoury epigrams, and fine anagrams, re-
  turning home, rated and belowted his cook, as an
  ignorant scullion,  that never dressed him either
  epigrams or anagrams.                 Camden.
Belswa'gger, bel-swag'gur. to. s. A cant
   word for a whoremaster.
     You are a charitable belswagger; my wife cried
  out fire,  and you cried out for engines.    Dryden.
Belt, belt. to. s. [belt, Sax. baitheus,hat.]
   A girdle; a cincture in  which a sword,
   or some weapon,  is commonly hung.
     He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
  Within the belt of rule.              Shakspeare.
     Ajax slew himself with the sword given  him by
  Hector, and Hector was dragged about the walls of
  Troy by  toe belt given him by Ajax.       South.
     Then snatch'd the shining belt, with gold  inlaid;
  The belt Eurytion's artful hands had made. Dryden.
BELWE'THER,b£H'weTH-ur. to.*, [from bell
   and wether.]  A sheep which leads the
   flock with a bell  on his neck.
     The fox will serve my sheep to gather,
  And drive to follow after their belwether. Spenser.
     To offer to get  your living by the copulation of
  cattle; to be a bawd to a betioefAer.    Shakspeare.
     The flock of sheep and belwether thinking to break
  into another's pasture, and being to pass over  another
  bridge, justled till both fell into the ditch.   Howel.
To  Bely', be-li'. See  Belie.
To  Bema'd, be-mad'. v. a. [from be  and
   mad.]  To make mad; to turn  the  brain.
             Making just report,
  Of how unnatural and bemadding sorrow
  The king hath cause to plain.         Shakspeare.
To  Bemi're, be-mire'. v. a. [from be and
   mire.]  To drag or incumber in the mire;
   to soil by passing through dirty places.
     Away they rode in homely sort,
  Their journey long, toeir money short;
  The loving couple well bemir'd;
  The horse and both the riders tir'd.        Swift.
To  Bemo'an, be-mone'.  v. a. from  [To
   moan.] To lament; to bewail; to express
   sorrow for.
     He falls, he fills the. house with heavy groans,
  Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans. Dryden.
     The gods themselves the ruin'd seats bemoan,
  And blame the mischiefs that themselves have done.
                                     Addison.
Bemo'aner, be-mo'n&r.98  to. *. [from the
   verb.]  A lamenter; the person that la-
   ments.
To  Bemo'ck, be-mok'. v. a. [from mock]
   To treat with mocks.
     Bemock toe modest moon.          Shakspeare.
To  Bemo'il, be-moil'. v. a. [be and moil,
   from  mouiller, Fr.] To bedraggle; to
   bemire; to encumber with dirt and mire.
    Thou shouldst have heard in how miry a place,
  how she was bemoiled, how he left her with the horse
  upon her.                             Shaksp.
To Bemo'nster, be-mons'tvir. v. a. [from
   be and monster.] To make monstrous.
    Thou chang'd and self-converted thing! for shame,
  Bemonster not toy feature.               Shaksp.
Bemu'sed,  be-muzd'.368  adj.  [from To
   muse.] Overcome with musing;  dream-
   ing: a word of contempt.
    Is there a parson much bemus'd in beer,
  A maudlin poetess, a rhiming peer?         pcpt
BENCH, bensh.852 ». *. [bene, Sax. banc
   Fr.]                                     '
 . A seat, distinguished from a stool by its
   greater length.
    The seats and benches shone of ivory,
  An hundred nymphs sat side by side about. Spenser.
    All Rome is pleas'd when Statius will rehearse
  And longing crowds expect the promis'd verse-
  His lofty numbers with so great a gust
  They hear, and swallow with such eager lust:
  But while the common suffrage crown'd his cause
  And broke the benches with their loud applause
  His muse had starv'd, had not a piece unread
  And by a player bought, supply'd her bread. Dryd.
2. A seat of justice; the seat where judges
   sit.
    To pluck down justice from your awful bench;
  To trip toe course of law.               Shaksp.
    Cyriac, whose grandsire on the royal bencfc
  Of British Themis, with no mean applause,
  Pronoune'd, and in his volumes  taught our laws,
  Which  others at their bar so often wrench. Milton.
3. The persons sitting on  a bench: as, the
   whole bench voted the same way.
            Fools to popular praise aspire
  Of publick speeches, which worse fools admire;
  While,  from both benches, with  redoubled sounds,
  Th' applause of lords and commoners abounds. Dryd.
To Bench, bensh.3«a v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with benches.
    'Twas bench'd with turf, and goodly to be seen,
  The thick young grass arose in fresher green. Dryd,
2. To seat upon a bench.
    His cupbearer, whom I from  meaner form
  Have bench'd and rear'd to worship.      Shaksp.
Be'ncher, ben'shur.98 to. s. [from  bench]
   Those gentlemen of the inns of court are
   called benchers, who have  been readers;
   they being admitted to plead within the
   bar, are also called inner barristers. The
   benchera, being the seniors of the house,
   are intrusted with its government and di-
   rection,  and out of them  is a treasurer
   yearly chosen.       Blount. Chambers.
    I was taking a walk in the gardens of Lincoln's
  Inn; a favour that is indulged me by several bench-
  ers, who are grown old with me.          Taller.
To BEND, bend. v. a. pret. bended, or bent;
   part. pass, bended, or bent, [benban, Sax.
   bander, Fr. as Skinner thinks, from pan-
   dare,  Lat.]
1. To make  crooked; to crook; to inflect.
    The rainbow compasseth the heavens with a glo-
  rious circle, and toe hands of  the Most High hath
  bended it.                            £cciw>
    They bend their bows, they whirl their slings
      around:
  Heaps of spent arrows fall, and strew toe ground;
  And helms, and shields,  and rattling arms resound.
                                      Dryden.
2.  lo direct  to a certain point.
            Octavius and Mark Anthony
  Came down upon us with a mighty power,
  Bending their expedition tow'rd Philippi.' Shaksp.
    Why dost thou bend thy eyes  upon the  earth,
  And start so often, when thou sitt'st alone? Shaksp. 
BEN
BEN
BEN
     Your gracious eyes upon this labour bend. Fuirf.
     To that sweet region was our voyage bent,
   When winds and ev'ry warring element,
   Disturb'd our course.                  Dryden.
     Then, with a rushing sound, th' assembly bend
   Diverse their steps; the rival rout ascend
   The royal dome.                        Pope.
 3. To apply to a certain purpose; to  intend
    the mind.
     Men will not bend their wits to examine, whether
   things, wherewith they have been accustomed, be
   good or evil.                          Hooker.
     He is within, with two right reverend fathers,
   Divinely bent to meditation.          Shakspeare.
     When he fell into the gout, he was no longer able
   to bend his miad or thoughts to any publick business.
                                       Temple.
 4. To put any thing in order for use: a me-
    taphor taken from bending the bow.
             I'm settled, and bend up
   Each corporal agent to this terrible feat.    Shaksp.
     As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked
   him what he was doing?             L'Estrange.
 5. To incline.
     But when to mischief mortals bend their  will,
   How soon they find fit instruments of ill!    Pope.
 6. To subdue;  to make  submissive:  as,
    war and famine will bend our enemies.
 7. To bend the brow.  To knit the brow; to
    frown.
     Some have been seen  to bite their pen, scratch
   their head, bend their brows, bite their lips,  beat the
   board, and tear their paper.             Camden.
 To Bend, b£nd. v. to.
 I. To be incurvated.
 2. To lean or jut over.
     There is a cliff, whose  high and bending head
   Looks fearfully on the confined deep.      Shaksp.
 3. To resolve;  to determine: in this sense
   the participle is commonly used.
     Not so, for once, indulg'd they sweep the main,
   Deaf to the call, or, hearing, hear in vain;
   But, bent on mischief, bear the waves before. Dryd.
     While good, and anxious for his friend,
   He's still severely bent against himself;
   Renouncing sleep, and rest, and food, and ease.
                                     Addison.
     A state of slavery, which they are bent upon with
   so much eagerness and obstinacy.       Addison.
     He is every where bent on instruction, and avoids
   all manner of digressions.              Addison.
4.  To be submissive: to bow.
     The sons of them that afflicted thee shall come
   bending unto thee.                      Isaiah,
Bend, bend', to. a. [from  To bend.]
1. Flexure;  incurvation.
             'Tis true, this god did shake;
   His coward lips did from  their colour fly;
   And that same eye, whose bend doth awe the world,
   Did lose its  lustre.                 Shakspeare.
2.  The crooked timbers which  make  the
   ribs or sides  of a ship.        Skinner.
3.  [With heralds.]  One of the eight ho-
   nourable ordinaries,  containing  a fifth
   when uncharged; but, when charged, a
   third part of  the escutcheon. It is made
   by two lines, drawn thwartways from the
   dexter chiefto the sinister base point.
                                     Harris.
Be'ndable, ben'da-bl.4oe adj. [from bend]
   That may be  incurvated; that  may  be
   inclined.
Be'nder, ben'dilr.98 to. *. [from To bend.]
1. The  person  who bends.
2. The instrument with which  any thing
   is bent.
    These bows, being somewhat like the long bows
  in use amongst us, were bent only by a man's  im-
  mediate strength, without the help of any bender, or
  rack, that are used to others. Wiikins's Mat. Mag.
Be'ndwith,bend'with, n.s. An herb. Diet.
BENE'APED,be-nept'.862 adj. [from neap.]
   A ship is said to be beneaped, when the
   water does not flow high enough to bring
   her off the ground, over a bar, or out of
   a dock.                            Diet.
BENE'ATH,be-neTHe'./2n?/i. [beneofc,Sax.
   beneden, Dutch.]
1. Under; lower in place: opposed to above.
    Their woolly fleeces, as the rites requir'd,
  He laid beneath him,  and to rest retir'd.  Dryden,
    Ages to come might Ormond's  picture know;
  And palms for thee beneath his laurels grow. Prior.
2. Under, as overborne or overwhelmed by
   some pressure.
            Our country sinks beneath the yoke;
  It weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash
  Is added to her wounds.                 Shaksp.
    And oft on rocks toeir tender wings toey tear,
  And sink beneath toe burdens which they bear. Dryd.
3. Lower in rank,  excellence, or dignity.
    We have reason to be persuaded, that there are
  far more species of creatures above us, than there
  are beneath.                          Locke.
4. Unworthy of; unbeseeming; not equal to.
    He will do nothing that is beneath his high station,
  nor omit doing any thing which becomes it. Atterb.

Bene'ath, be-neTHe'.467 adv.
1. In a lower place; under.
    I destroyed the Amorite before them; I destroyed
  his fruits from above, and his roots from beneath.
                                      Amos.
    The earth which you take from beneatft, will be
  barren and unfruitful.                Mortimer.
2. Below, as opposed to heaven.
    Any thing that  is in heaven above, or that is in
  toe earth beneath.                     Exodus.
    Trembling I view the dread abyss beneath,
  Hell's horrid mansions, and  the realms of death.
                                      Yalden.
Be'nedict,  ben'e-dlkt.  adj.  [benedictus,
   Lat.] Having mild and salubrious quali-
   ties: an old physical term.
    It is not a small thing won in physick, if you can
  make rhubarb, and other medicines that are  bene-
  dict, as strong purgers as those that are not without
  some malignity.                        Bacon.
Benedi'ction, ben-e-dik'shun. n.a. [bene-
   dictio,  Lat.]
1. Blessing; a decretory pronunciation of
   happiness.
    A sov'reign shame so bows him; his unkindness,
  That stript her from his benediction, turn'd her
  To foreign casualties, gave her dear rights
  To his doghearted daughters.         Shakspeare.
            From him will raise
  A mighty nation; and upon him show'r
  His benediction so, that, in his seed,
  All nations shall be blest.              MUton.
2. The advantage conferred by  blessing.
    Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament;
  adversity is the blessing ofthe New; which carrieth
  the greater benediction, and  the clearer revelation
  of God's favour.                       Bacon.
3. Acknowledgments for blessings receiv-
   ed;  thanks.
            Could he less expect
  Than glory and benediction, that is, thanks? Milton.
    Such ingenious and industrious persons are de-
  lighted in searching out natural rarities; reflecting
  upon the Creator of them his due praises and bene-
  dictions.                                Ray.
4. The form of  instituting an abbot.
    What consecration  is to a bishop, that benediction
  is to an abbot; but in a different way: for a bishop is
  not properly such, till consecration; but ah abbot,
                 z  2
  being elected and confirmed, is properly such be-
  fore benediction.                        Ayliffe,
Benefa'ction, ben-e-fak'shian. n.a.  [from
   benefacio, Lat.]
I. The act of conferring  a benefit.
2. The benefit conferred: which is the more
   usual sense.
    One part of the benefactions, was toe expression
  of a generous and grateful mind.       Atterbury.
Benefa'ctor, ben-e-fak'tvir.168 n.a.  [from
   benefacio, hat] He that confers abenefit;
   frequently he  that contributes to some
   publick charity:  it is  used  with of,  but
   oftener with to, before the person  bene-
   fited.
    Then swell with pride, and must  be titled gods,
  Great benefactors of mankind, deliverers,
  Worship'd with temple, priest, and sacrifice. Milton.
    From that preface he took his hint, though he had
  toe baseness not to acknowledge his benefactor. Dryd.
    I cannot but look upon toe writer as my benefactor,
  if he conveys to me an improvement of my under-
  standing.                            Addison.
    Whoever makes ill returns to his benefactor, must
  needs be a common enemy to mankind.     Stoift.
Benefa'ctress, b£n-6-fak'tres. n.a. [from
   benefactor.] A woman who confers a be-
  nefit.
Be'nefice,  ben'e-fis.142  to. s. [from benefi-
  cium, Lat.J Advantage conferred on ano-
  ther.  This word  is generally taken  for
   all ecclesiastical  livings, be they digni-
  ties or others.                    Cowell.
    And of the priest eftsoons  'gan to  enquire,
  How to a benefice he might aspire.       Spenser.
    Much to himself he thought, but little spoke,
  And, undepriv'd, his benefice forsook.     Dryden.
Be'neficed, ben'e-fist.362 adj. [from bene-
  fice.] Possessed of a benefice, or church
  preferment.
    The usual rate between the beneficed man and
  the religious person, was one moiety of toe benefice.
                                      Ayliffe.
Bene'ficence, be-n£f'e-s£nse. to. a. [from
   beneficent.] The  practice of doing  good;
  active goodness.
    You could not extend your beneficence to so many
  persons; yet you have  lost as few days as  Aurelius.
                                     Dryden.
    Love arid  charity extends our beneficence to the
  miseries of our brethren.                Rogers.
Bene'ficent, b£-nef e-sSnt. adj. [from be-
  nrficus, beneficentior,  Lat.]  Kind;  doing
   good.  It differs from  benign, as the act
  from the  disposition;  beneficence  being
   kindness, or benignity exerted in action.
    Such a creature could not have  his origination
  from  any less than toe most wise and  beneficent^
  being, the great God.                    Hale.
    But Phoebus, thou, to man beneficent,
  Delight'st in building cities.               Prior.
Benefi'cial, ben-e-fish'al. adj.  [from be-
  neficium, Lat.]
1. Advantageous; conferring benefits; pro-
  fitable; useful: with to before the person
  benefited.
    Not any thing is made to be beneficial to him, but
  all things for him, to show beneficence and grace in
  them.                               Hooker.
    This supposition grants the opinion to conduce to
  order in the world, consequently to be very beneficial
  to mankind.                          Tillotson.
    The war, which would have been most beneficial
  to us, and destructive  to  toe  enemy, was neglected-
                                       Swift.
    Are the present revolutions in circular  orbs more
  btnefiM thai) (fee other  would be ?        Bentley. 
BEN
BEN
BEN
2. Helpful; medicinal.
    In the first access of such a disease, any deobstru-
  ent, without much acrimony, is beneficial. Arbuthnot.
Benefi'cial,  ben-e-fish'al.  to. a.  An old
   wo'.d for a benefice.
    For that the groundwork is, and end of all,
  How to obtain a beneficial.              Spenser.
Benefi'ciallv,    ben-e-fish'al-le.    adv.
   [from beneficial.] Advantageously; pro-
   fitably; helpfully.
Benefi'cialness,  ben-e-fish'al-n£s. to. a.
   [from  beneficial.]   Usefulness;  profit;
   helpfulness.
    Though toe knowledge of these objects be com-
   mendable for their contentation and curiosity,  yet
   they do not commend their knowledge to us, upon the
   account of their usefulness and beneficialness. Hale.
Benefi'ciary,   ben-e-fish'a-yre.113  adj.
   [from benefice.]  Holding  something in
   subordination  to another;  having a de-
   pendent and secondary possession, with-
   out sovereign power.
    The duke of Parma was tempted by no less pro-
   mise, than  to be made a feudatory, or  beneficiary
   king of England, under the seignory in chief of the
   pope.                                 Bacon.
Benefi'ciary, ben-e-fish'ya-re.113 to. s. He
   that is in possession of a benefice.
    A benefice is either said to be a benefice with toe
   cure of souls, or otherwise. In toe first case, if it be
   annexed to another benefice, the beneficiary is oblig-
   ed to serve the  parish church in his own  proper per-
   son.                                  Ayliffe.
BE'NEFIT,  ben'e-flt. n.  a.  [beneficium,
   Lat.]
1. A kindness; a favour conferred;  an act
   of love.
    When noble benefits shall prove
   Not well dispos'd, the mind grown once  corrupt,
   They turn to vicious forms.           Shakspeare.
    Bless toe Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his
   benefits.                              Psalms.
                   Offer'd life
   Neglect not, and the  benefit embrace
   By faith, not void of works.               Milton.
2. Advantage; profit; use.
    The creature abated his strength for the benefit of
   such as put their trust in thee.            Wisdom.
 3. In law.
    Benefit of clergy is an ancient liberty of toe church.
   When  a priest, or one within orders, is arraigned of
   felony  before   a  secular  judge, he may  pray his
   clergy; that is, pray to be delivered to his ordinary,
   to purge himself of the offence objected to hii£: and
   this might be done in case of murder. The ancient
   law, in this point of clergy, is much altered; for
   clerks  are  no  more delivered to toeir ordinaries to
   be  purged, but now  every man, though not within
   orders, is put to read  at the bar, being found guilty,
   and convicted  of such felony as this benefit is granted
   for; and so burnt in the hand, and set free for the
   first time, if the ordinary's commissioner, or deputy,
   standing by, do say, Legit ut clericus; or, otherwise,
   suffereth death for his transgression.       Cowell.
To  Be'nefit, beVe-fit. v. a.  [from  the
   noun.] To do good  to; to advantage.
                 What course I mean to hold,
   Shall nothing benefit your knowledge.  Shakspeare.
    He was so far from benefiting hade, that he did
   it a great injury, and brought Rome in danger of a
   famine.                            Arbuthnot.
To Be'nefit, b£n'e-fit. v. to.  To gain  ad-
   vantage; to  make improvement.
    To tell you therefore what I have benefited herein,
   among  old renowned authors, I shall spare. Milton.
Bene'mpt, be-nemt'. adj. [See Nempt.]
   Named; marked out:  an obsolete word.
    Much greater gifts  for guerdon thou shalt gain,
  Than kid or coffer, which I thee benempt;
  Then up, I say.                       Spenser.
To Bkne't, be-neY. v. a. [from net.] To
   ensnare; to surround as with toils.
    Being thus benetted round with villains,
  Ere I could mark the prologue, to my bane
  They had begun toe play.            Shakspeare.
Bene'volence, be-nev'vo-lense. to. s. [be-
   nevolentia, Lat.]
I. Disposition to  do good; kindness; cha-
   rity; good will.
    Grasp the whole worlds of reason, life, and sense,
  In one close system of benevolence.          Pope.
2. The good done; the charity given.
3. A kind of tax.
    This tax, called a benevolence, was devised by
  Edward IV. for which he sustained much envy.  It
  was aholished by Richard III.            Bacon.
Bene'volent, be-neVvo-lent. adj. benevo-
   lens,  benevolentia,  Lat.] Kind;  having
   good will, or kind inclinations.
    Thou good old man benevolent as wise.    Pope.
                   Nature all
   Is blooming and benevolent like thee.     Thomson.
Bene'volentness, be-nev'vo-lent-nes. to.*.
   The same with benevolence.
Benga'l,  ben-gall', to. s. [from Bengal in
   the East  Indies.]  A sort of thin slight
   stuff, made of silk and hair, for women's
   apparel.

Be'njamin, b&n'ja-min. to. s. A plant.
Be'njamin, ben'ja-min. n. a. A gum. See
   Benzoin.
To Beni'ght, be-nite'. v.a. [from night]
1. To  involve in darkness;  to darken;  to
   shrowd  with the shades of night.
     He that has light within his own clear breast
   May sit i'  to' centre, and enjoy bright day;
   But he that hides a dark soul, and foul thoughts,
   Benighted  walks under the mid-day sun;
   Himself is his own dungeon.             Milton.
     Those bright stars that did adorn our hemisphere,
   as those dark shades that did benight it vanish.
                                        Boyle.
     A storm begins, the raging waves run high,
   The clouds look heavy, and benight the sky.  Garth.
     The miserable race of men, that live
   Benighted half toe year,  benumm'd with frosts,
   Under the polar Bear.                  Philips.
2. To surprise with the coming on of night.
     Being  benighted, the  sight of a candle, I saw a
   good way off, directed me to a young shepherd's
   house.                                Sidney.
     Here some benighted angel, in his way,
   Might ease his wings; and, seeing heav'n appear
   In its best work of mercy, think it there.   Dryden.
3. To debar  from  intellectual light; to
   cloud with  ignorance.
     But what so long in vain, and yet unknown
   By poor mankind's benighted wit, is sought,
   Shall in this age to Britain first be shown.  Dryden,
BENI'GN,  be-nine'.386  adj.  [benignus,
   Lat. It is pronounced without theg-, as if
   written  benine; but the g is preserved in
   benignity/]
1. Kind; generous; liberal; actually good.
   See Beneficent.
     This turn hath made amends! Thou hast fulfill'd
   Thy words, Creator, bounteous and benign!
   Giver of all things fair.                 Milton.
                   So shall the world go on,
   To good malignant, to bad men benign.    Milton.
     We owe more to heav'n than to toe sword.
   The wish'd return of so benign a lord.     Waller.
     What heav'n bestows  upon the earth, in kind in-
   fluences and benign aspects, is paid it back in sa-
   crifice and adoration.                    South.
    They who delight in the suffering of inferior cre-
  atures, will not be very compassionate or benign.
                                       Locke.
            Diff'rent are thy names,
  As thy kind hand has founded many cities,
  Or dealt benign toy various gifts to men.    Prior.
   Wholesome; not  malignant.
    These salts are of a benign mild nature, in healthy
  persons; but in others,  retain their original quali-
  ties, which they discover in cachexies.   Arbuthnot.
Benign Disease, be-nine'. is when all the
   usual symptoms  appear  in the small-
   pox, or any acute disease, favourably,
   and without any irregularities, or unex-
   pected  changes.                  Quincy,
Beni'gnitv, be-nig'ne-te. to. *. [from be-
   nign.]
1. Graciousness; goodness.
    It is true, that his mercy will forgive offenders,
  or his benignity co-operate to their conversion.
                                       Brown.
    Although he enjoys the good that is done him, he
  is unconcerned to  value the benignity  of him that
  does it.                               South.
2. Actual kindness.
    He which useth the benefit of any special benign
  nity, may enjoy it with  good conscience.  Hooker.
    The  king was desirous to establish peace  rather
  by benignity than blood.               Hayward.
   Salubrity; wholesome quality;  friendli-
   ness to vital  nature.
     Bones receive a quicker agglutination in san-
  guine than in cholerick bodies, by reason of the 6e-
  nignity of the serum, which sendeth out better mat-
  ter for  a callus.                      Wiseman.
Beni'gnly, be-nine'le.arf-y. [from benign]
   Favourably;  kindly; graciously.
     'Tis  amazement, more than love,
  Which her radiant eyes do move;
  If less splendour wait on thine,
  Yet they so benignly shine,
   I would turn my dazzled sight
   To behold their milder light.             Waller,
     Oh, fruly good, and truly great!
   For glorious as he rose, benignly so he set.  Prior.
Be'nison, ben'ne-zn. 17° 443 to. s. [benir to
   bless; benissons, Fr.] Blessing; benedic-
   tion:  not now  used, unless ludicrously.
     We  have no such daughter, nor shall ever see
   That face of hers again; therefore, begone
   Without our grace, our love, our benison.  Shaksp.
     Unmuffle, ye fair stars, and thou fair moon,
   That wont'st to love the traveller's benison. Milton.
Be'nnet,  ben'net." to. s.  An  herb; the
   same with avens.
Bent, bent. to.  s. [from the verb  To bend]
 1.  The state of being bent; a state of  flex-
   ure;  curvity.
     Sh-ike  gently, and hold  your rod at a bent a
         little.                          Walton.
2.  Degree of flexure.
     There  are divers subtle inquiries concerning the
   strength required to the bending of bows; the force
   toey have in the discharge, according to the several
   bents;  and the strength required to be  in the string
   of them.                             Wilkins.
3. Declivity.
               A mountain stood,
   Threat'ning from high, and overlook'd  toe wood;
   Beneath the low'ring brow, and on a bent,
   The temple stood of Mars armipotent.     Dryden.
4. Utmost power,  as of a  bent bow.
     Then let thy love be younger than thyself,
   Or thy affection  cannot hold the bent.    Shakspeare.
               We both obey,
   And here give up ourselves, in the full  bent,
   To lay our service freely at your feet.   Shakspeare,
5. Application of  the mind; strain of the
   mental powers. 
BEN
BER
BER
    The understanding should  be  brought to the
  knotty parts of knowledge, that try the strength of
  thought, and a full bent of the mind, by insensible
  degrees.                              Locke.
6. Inclination; disposition towards some-
   thing.
    0 who does know the bent of women's fantasy!
                                     Spenser.
    To your own bents dispose you; you'll be found,
  Be you beneath the sky.              Shakspeare.
    He knew the strong bent of the  country towards
  the house of York.                     Bacon.
                Soon inclin'd t' admit delight,
  The bent of nature!                    Milton.
    The golden age was first; when man, yet new,
  No rule but uncorrupted reason knew;
  And, with a native bent, did good pursue.  Dryden.
    Let there be propensity and  bent of will to reli-
  gion, and there will be the same sedulity and inde-
  fatigable industry.                      South.
    'Tis odds but the scale  turns at last on nature's
  side, and  the evidence of one or two senses gives
  way to the united bent and tendency of all the five.
                                    Atterbury.
7. Determination; fixed purpose.
    Their unbelief we may not impute unto insuffici-
  ency in the mean which is used, but to the wilful
  bent of toeir obstinate hearts against it.    Hooker.
    Yet we saw them forced to  give way to toe bent
  and current humour of the people,  in favour of toeir
  ancient and lawful government.         Temple.
8.  Turn  of the  temper, or disposition;
   shape, or fashion, superinduced by art.
                        Not a courtier,
  Although they wear their faces to the bent
  Of the king's look, but hath a heart that is
  Glad of the thing they scowl at.       Shakspeare.
    Two of them have the very bent of honour. Shaksp.
    Then thy straight rule set virtue in my sight,
  The crooked line reforming by the right;
  My reason took the bent of toy command,
  Wasform'd andpolish'd by thy skilful hand.  Dryd.
9. Tendency; flexion; particular direction.
    The exercising the understanding in the several
  ways of reasoning, teacheth the mind suppleness,  to
  apply itself more dexterously to bents and turns  of
  toe matter, in all its researches.          Locke.
10. A stalk of grass, called bent-grass.
    His spear, a bent both stiff and strong,
  And well near of two inches long;
  The pile was of a horse-fly's tongue,
  Whose sharpness nought reversed   Drayt. Nymph.
    Then the flowers of the vines;  it is a little dust,
  like the dust of a bent, which grows upon the clus-
  ter, in the first coming forth.      Bacon's Essays.
    June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass-green,
  upon his head  a  garland of bents, kingcups, and
  maidenhair.                        Peacham.
Be'nting   Time,  ben'ting-time.  [from
   bent.] The time when  pigeons feed on
   bents before peas are ripe.
    Bare benting times, and moulting months, may
        come,
    When, lagging late, toey cannot reach their home.
                                     Dryden.
To Benu'm, be-num'. v. a.  [beaumen,
   Saxon.]
1. To make torpid: to take away the  sen-
   sation and use of any part by cold, or by
   some obstruction.
    So stings a snake that to the fire  is brought,
  Which harmless lay, with cold benumm'd before.
                                     Fairfax.
    The winds blow  moist and keen, which bids  us
          seek
  Some better shroud, some better warmth, to cbensh,
  Our limbs benumm'd.                   Milton.
    My sinews slacken, and an icy stiffness
  Benums my blood.                    Derham.
    It  seizes upon the vitals, and benums the senses;
  and where there is no sense, there can be no pain.
                                       South.
    Will they be the less dangerous, when warmth
  shall bring them to  themselves, because they were
  once frozen and benummed with cold?  L'Estrange.
2. To stupify.
    These accents were her last; the creeping death
  Benumm'd her senses first, then stopped her breath.
                                     Dryden.
Benzo'in,  ben-zoin'. «.  a. A  medicinal
  kind of resin imported from the East In-
  dies, and vulgarly called benjamin.  It is
  procured  by making an incision  in  a
  tree,  whose leaves  resemble those  of
  the  lemon-tree. The best comes from
  Siam, and is called amygdaloides, being
  interspersed with white spots, resem-
  bling broken almonds. Trevoux. Cham.
    The liquor we have distilled from benzoin, is sub-
  ject to frequent vicissitudes of fluidity and firmness.
                                      Boyle.
Benzo'in, Tree, b£n-zd!n'.  to. s. See Ben-
   jamin Tree.
To Bepa'int, be-pant.  v. a. [from paint]
   To cover  with  paint.
    Thou know'st, the mask of night is on my face,
  Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek. Shakp.
To Bepi'nch, be-pinsh'.-i>.a.[fromyn'TOcA.]
   To mark  with  pinches.
    In toeir sides, arms, shoulders, all bepincht,
  Ran  thick the weals, red with blood, ready to start
      out.                           Chapman.
To Bepi'ss,  be-pis'.  v. a. [from  piss.]  To
   wet with urine.
    One caused, at a feast, a bagpipe  to be played,
  which made the knight bepiss himself,  to the  great
  diversion of all then present, as well as confusion of
  himself.                            Derham.
To BEQUE'ATH,  be-kweTHe'.46? v.  a.
   [cpifce, Sax. a  will.] To  leave by will
   to another.
    She had never been disinherited of that goodly
  portion, which nature had so liberally bequeathed  to
  her.                                 Sidney.
    Let's choose executors, and talk of wills;
  And yet not so—for what can we bequeath,
  Save our deposed bodies to toe ground? Shakspeare.
    My father  bequeathed me by will but a poor thou-
  sand crowns.                       Shakspeare.
    Methinks this age seems resolv'd to bequeath pos-
  terity somewhat to remember it.        Glanville.
    For you, whom best I love and value most,
  But to your service I bequeath my ghost.  Dryden.
Beque'athment, be-kweTHe'ment. to.  *.
   [from bequeath] A legacy.        Diet.
Beque'st, be-kw^st'.33**14 to. s. [from be-
   queath.] Something left  by  will; a le-
   gacy.
    He claimed the crown to himself; pretending an
  adoption, or bequest, ofthe kingdom unto him by the
  Confessor.                             Halei
 To Bera'ttle, be-rat'tl. v. a. [from  rat-
   tle] To fill  with noise; to make a noise
   as in contempt.
    These are  now the fashion,  and so berattle the
  common stages, so they call them, that many wear-
  ing rapiers are afraid of goosequills, and dare scarce
  come thither.                     Shakspeare.
Bf/rberry, bar'ber-re.656 to. s.  [berberis,
   sometimes written barberry, which  see.]
   A berry of a sharp  taste, used for pick-
   les.
     Some never ripen to be sweet, as tamarinds, ber-
  berries, crabs, sloes, &c.       Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 To BERE'AVE  be-reve'. v.  «. preter.
   bereaved, or bereft; part.  pass,  bereft.
   [beneopian, Saxon.]
 1. To strip of; to deprive of. It has gene-
  rally  the particle of before  the thing
  taken away.
    Madam, you have bereft me p/all words,
  Only my blood speaks to you in my veins.   Shaksp.
    That when thou com'st to kneel at Henry's feet,
  Thou may'st bereave him of his wits with wonder.
                                  Shakspeare.
    There was never a prince bereaved of his depen-.
  dencies by  his council, except there hath  been an
  overgreatness in one counsellor.    Bacon's Essays.
    The sacred priests with ready knives bereave
  The beasts of life.                     Dryden.
    To deprive us of metals, is to make us mere sa-
  vages; it is to bereave us of all  arts and  sciences,
  of history and letters, nay of revealed religion too,
  that inestimable favour of Heaven. Bentley's Serm.
2. Sometimes it is used without of.
                  Bereave me not,
  Whereon I live! thy gentle looks, thy aid,
  Thy counsel, in this uttermost distress.     Milton.
3. To take  away from.
    All your interest in those territories
  Is utterly bereft you, all is lost.        Shakspeare.
Bere'avement; be-reve'ment. to. s. [from
  bereave.] Deprivation.             Diet.
Bere'ft, be-rift'. part. pass, of bereave.
    The chief of either side bereft of life,
  Or yielded to the foe, concludes the strife. Dryden.
Berg, b£rg. See Burrow.
Be'rgamot, ber'ga-mot. to.  a. [bergamotte,
  Fr.]
1. A  sort of  pear, commonly called bur-
  gamot. See Pear.
2. A  sort of essence, or  perfume,  drawn
  from a fruit produced by ingrafting  a
  lemon-tree on a bergamot pear  stock.
3. A  sort of snuff, which is only clean to-
  bacco, with a little ofthe essence rub-
  bed into  it.
Be'rgmaster,   berg'mas-tur.76 98  to.  a.
  [from  berig,  Sax. and  master.]  The
  bailiff, or chief officer, among the Der-
  byshire miners.
Be'rgmote,  berg'mote. to. s. [of bertg a
  mountain, andmoce  a meeting, Saxon.]
  A  court held  upon  a  hill  for deciding
  controversies   among the  Derbyshire
  miners.                          Blount.
To  Berhy'me,  be-rime'.   v.  a.  [from
  rhyme.]  To mention in rhyme,  or ver-
  ses: a word of contempt.
    Now is he for toe numbers that Petrarch flow'd
  in: Laura to his lady was but a kitchen-wench; mar-
  ry, she had  a better love to berhyme her. Shakspeare.
    I sought  no homage from the  race that write;
  I  kept, like Asian monarchs, from their sight:
  Poems I heeded, now berhym'd so long,
  No more than thou, great George! a birthday song,
                                        Pope.
Berli'n, ber-lln.'  to. s. ["rom Berlin,  the
  city where they were first made.]  A
   coach of a particular form.
    Beware of Latin authors all!
  Nor think your verses sterling,
    Though  with a golden pen you scrawl,
  And scribble in a bertin.                 Swift.
BERME,berm. to. s. [Fr.  in fortification]
   A space of ground  three, four,  or  five
   feet wide, left without, between the foot
   of the rampart and the side of the mote,
   to prevent the earth from  falling down
   into the mote; sometimes palisadoed.
                                      Harria,
 To Bero'b, be-rob'. v. a.  [from rob.] To
   rob; to plunder; to  wrong any, by tak* 
BE  S
BES
BET
      I think it a good argument to say, the infinitely
    wise God hath made it so, and  therefore it is best.
    But it is too much confidence of our own wisdom,
    to say, I think it best, and therefore God hath made
    it so.                                   Locke.
      An evil intention perverts  the best actions, and
    makes them sins.                      Addison.
  2.  The  beat.   The  utmost  power;   the
    strongest  endeavour;   the  most;   the
    highest perfection.
           I profess not talking: only this,
    Let each man do his best.             Shakspeare.
      The duke did his best to come down.     Bacon.
      He does this to the best of his  power.      Locke.
      My friend, said he, our sport is at the best.
                                        Addison.
  3. To make the best.  To carry to its great-
    est  perfection;  to improve  to the ut-
    most.
      Let  there be freedom to cany their commodities
    where they may make the best of them, except there
    be some special cause of caution.         Bacon.
      His father left him an hundred drachmas; Alnas-
    char,  in order to make the best of it, laid it out in
    glasses.                              Addison.
      We set sail, and made the best of our way, till we
    were forced, by contrary winds, into St. Remo.
                                        Addison,
  Best,best. adv. [from well.] In the highest
    degree of goodness.
      We shall dwell in that place where he shall choose,
    in one of thy gates, where it liketh them best.
                           Deuteronomy, xxiii. 16.
  Best, b£st.  is sometimes used in compo-
    sition.
      These latter best-be trust spies had some of them
   further instructions, to draw off the best friends and
   servants of Perkin,  by making remonstrances to
   them,  how weakly his  enterprize and hopes were
   built.                                  Bacon.
      By  this law of loving even  our enemies, the
   christian religion discovers itself to be the most ge-
   nerous and best-natured institution that ever was in
   the world.                           Tillotson.
  To  Besta'in, be-stane'. v. a. [from stain.]
    To mark with stains; to  spot.
      We will not line his thin bestained cloke
   With our pure honours.              Shakspeare.

  To Beste'au, be-st£d'. v. a.  I bested; I
    have  bested,  [from stead.]
  1. To profit.
      Hence, vain deluding joys!
   The brood of folly, without father bred;
      How little you bestead,
   Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys!    Milton.
 2. To treat; to accommodate. This should
    rather be bested.
     They shall pass through it hardly bestead,  and
   hungry.                                Isaiah.
 Be'stial, bes'tshe-al. adj.  [from  beast.]
 1. Belonging to a  beast, or  to the class of
   beasts.
     His wild disorder'd walk, his haggard eyes,
   Did all the bestial citizens surprise.        Dryden.
 2.  Having the  qualities  of beasts; brutal;
   below the dignity of reason or humanity j
   carnal.
     I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what
  remains is bestial.            Shakspeare's Othello.
    Moreover urge his hateful luxury,
  And bestial appetite, in change of lust. Shakspeare.
    For those, the race of Israel  oft forsook
  Their living strength, and unfrequented left
  His righteous altar, bowing lowly down
  To  bestial gods.                         MUton.
    The things promised are not gross and carnal, such
  as may court and gratify the most bestial part of us.
                                 Decay of Piety.
Bestia'lity, bes-tshe-al'e-te. to. a.  [from
    bestial.] The quality of beasts; degene-
    racy from human nature.
     What can be a greater absurdity,  than to affirm
   bestiality to be the essence of humanity, and dark-
   ness the centre of light?      Arbuthnot and Pope.
 BE'sTiALLY,bes'tshe-al-le. adv. [from bes-
    tial.]  Brutally;  in a manner below hu-
    manity.
 To Besti'ck,  be-stik'. v. a.  prefer.  I be-
    stuck, I  have bestuck. [from stick.] To
    stick over with  any thing; to mark any
    thing by  infixing points or  spots  here
    and there.
                  Truth shall retire,
   Bestuck with sland'rous darts; and works of faith
   Rarely to be found.                     Milton.
 To Besti'r, be-stur'.109 v. a,  [from t.tir.]
 I. To put into vigorous action    It  is sel-
    dom used otherwise than with the recip-
    rocal pronoun.
             As when  men wont to watch
   On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread,
   Rouze and bestir themselves ere well awake. Milton.
     Bestirs her then, and from each tender stalk
   Whatever earth, all-bearing mother, yields,
   She gathers.                          Milton.
     But, as a dog that turns the spit
   Bestirs himself, and plies his feet
   To climb the wheel, but all in vain,
   His own weight brings him down again.  Hudibras.
     What aileth them, that  they must needs bestir
   themselves to get in air, to maintain the creature's
   life.                                    Ray.
 2. It is used by Shakspeare with a common
    word.
     I am scarce in breath, my lord.—No marvel you
   have so bestirred your  valour, you cowardly rascal!
                                    Shakspeare.
 To BESTO'W, be-sto'.  v. a.  [besteden,
    Dutch.]
 !. To give; to confer upon: commonly with
    upon.
     All men would willingly have yielded him praise;
   but his nature was such as to bestow it upon himself,
   before any could give  it.                Sidney.
     All the dedicated things ofthe house of the Lord
   did they bestow upon Baalim. 2 Chronicles, xxiv. 7.
 2.  Sometimes with to.
     Sir Julius Cssar had, in his office, the disposition
   of the six clerks' places; which he had bestowed to
   such persons as he thought fit.         Clarendon.
 3. To give as charity or bounty.
     Our Saviour doth plainly witness, that there should
   not be as much as a cup of cold water bestowed for
   his sake,  without reward.               Hooker.
     And though he was  unsatisfied in getting,
   Which was a sin; yet  in bestowing, madam,
   He was most princely.               Shakspeare.
     Spain to your gift alone her Indies owes;
   For what the pow'rful takes not, he bestows. Dryden.
     You always exceed  expectations: as if yours was
   not your own, but to bestow on wanting merit.  Dryd.
 . To give  in marriage.
     Good rev'rend father, make my person yours;
  And tell me how you would bestow yourself. Shaksp.
    I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman,
  who extremely admired her.              Tatler.
   To give as a present.
    Pure oil and incense on the fire they throw,
  And fat of victims which his friends bestow. Dryden.
   To apply.
    The sea was not the duke of Marlborough's ele-
  ment; otherwise the whole force of the war would
  infallibly have been bestowed there.         Swift.
   To layout upon.
    And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever
  thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, sheep,  or for wine.
                                 Dent. xiv. 26.
8.  To lay up; to stow; to place.
     And when he came to the Tower,* he took them
   from their hand, and bestowed them in the house.
                                 2 Kings, v. 24.
 Besto'wer, be-sto'iir.98 to. s. [from bestow]
    Giver; he that confers any  thing;  dispo-
    ser.
     They all agree in making one supreme God; and
   that there are several beings that are to be worship.
   ped under him; some as the bestoxoers of thrones, but
   subordinate to the Supreme.         Stilling fleet.
 Bestra'ught, be-strawt'.  particip.  [Of
    this participle 1 have not found the verb;
    by analogy  we may derive it  from be-
    stract; perhaps it is  corrupted from dis-
    traught.] Distracted; mad; out of one's
    senses; out of one's wits.
     Ask Marian, the fat alewife, if she knew me not.
   What! I am not bestraught.           Shakspeare.
 To BESTRE'w,be-stro'. v. a. particip. pass.
    bestrewed, or bestrown.  [from strew.]
    To sprinkle over.
                 So thick besfroien,
   Abject and lost lay these, covering toe flood. Milton.
 To Bestri'we, be-stride'. v. a. I bestrid; I
    have bestrid, or bestridden, [from stride]
 I. To stride over any  thing; to  have any
   thing between one's  legs.
     Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
   Like a colossus.                     Shakspeare.
     Make him bestride the ocean, and mankind
   Ask his consent to  use the sea and wind.   Waller.
 2. To step over.
                 That I see thee here,
   Thou noble thing! more dances my rapt heart,
   Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
   Bestride my threshold.               Shakspeare.
    It  is often used,  in  the consequential
   sense, for to ride on.
     He bestrides the lazy pacing clouds,
   And sails upon toe bosom of the air.    Shakspeare.
     That horse, that thou so often hast bestrid;
   That horse,  that  I so carefully have dress'd. Shaksp.
     Venetians do not more uncouthly ride,
   Than did their lubber state mankind bestride. Dryd.
     The bounding steed you pompously bestride
   Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride.
                                         Pope.
4. It is used sometimes of a man  standing
   over something which he defends:  the
   present mode of war has put this  sense
   out of use.
                 He bestrid
   An o'erpress'd Roman, and i' to' consul's view
   Slew three opposers: Tarquin's self he met,
   And struck him on his knees.         Shakspeare.
     If thou see me  down in the battle, and bestride me,
   so; 'tis a point of friendship.          Shakspeare.
     He doth bestride a bleeding land,
   Gasping for life under great Bolingbroke.  Shaksp.
To Bestu'd, be-stud'. v. a. [from stud] To
   adorn with studs, or shining prominences.
              Th' unsought diamonds
   Would so emblaze the forehead of the deep,
  And so bestud with stars, that they below
  Would grow inur'd to light.             Milton.
BET, bet' to. s. [pebbian to  wager; peb
   a wager, Sax. from which the  etymolo-
   gists derive bet. I should rather imagine
   it  to  come from be tan, to  mend, in-
   crease, or better, as  a bet increases the
   original wager.]  A  wager; something
   laid to be won  upon certain conditions.
    The hoary fool, who many days
  Has struggled with continued sorrow,
  Renews his hope, and blindly lays
  The desp'rate bet upon to-morrow.         Prior.
                 His pride was in piquette,
  Newmarket fame, and judgment at a bet.    Pope. 
BET
BET
BET
 To Bet, bet', v. a.  [from the noun.] To
    wager; to stake at a wager.
     He drew a good bow: and dead? John of Gaunt
   loved him well, and betted much upon his head.
                                    Shakspeare.
     He flies the court for want of clothes;
   Cries out 'gainst cocking, since he cannot bet.
                                    Ben Jonson.
     The god, unhappily engag'd,
   Complain'd, and sigh'd, and cry'd, and fretted,
   Lost every earthly thing he betted.          Prior.

 Bet, bet. The  old preterit of beat.
     He staid for a  better hour,  till toe hammer had
   wrought and bet toe party more pliant.      Bacon.
 To Beta'ke, be-take'.  v.a. preter.  I'be-
    took; part. pass, betaken, [from take.]
 I. To take; to seize: an obsolete sense.
     Then to his hands that writ he did betake,
   Which he disclosing  read.               Spenser.
 2. To have  recourse to: with the recipro-
    cal pronoun.
     The adverse party betaking itself to such practices
   as men embrace,  when toey behold things brought
   to desperate extremities.                Hooker.
               Thou  tyrant!
   Do not repent these things; for toey are heavier
   Than all toy woes can stir: therefore befafce thee
   To nothing but despair.              Shakspeare.
     The rest, in imitation, to like arms
   Betook them, and toe neighbouring hills up tore.
                                        Jlfitton.
 3. To apply: with  the reciprocal pronoun.
     With ease such fond chimeras we pursue,
   As fancy frames for fancy to subdue:
   But when ourselves to action we betake,
   It shuns toe mint, like gold that chymists make.
                                       Dryden.
     As my observations have been the light  whereby
   I have steered my course, so I betake myself to them
   again.                             Woodward.
 4. To move; to  remove.
     Soft she withdrew; and, like a wood nymph light,
   Oread or Dryad, or of Delia's  brain,
   Betook her to the groves.                 Milton.
           They both betook them several ways;
   Both to destroy.                        Milton.
 To Bete'em, be-teem'. v. a. [from teem.]
    To bring forth;  to bestow; to give.
     So would I, said th' enchanter, glad and fain
   Beteem to you his sword, you to defend;
   But that this weapon's pow'r I well have ken'd,
   To be contrary to the work that ye intend. Fairy Q..
           Rain, which I could well
   Beteem them from  the tempest of mine eyes. Shaksp.
 To BETHi'NK,be-^/iink'.  v.a. I bethought; I
   have bethought,  [from think.] To recal
   to reflection; to bring  back to considera-
   tion, or recollection, it is generally used
   with the reciprocal pronoun, and of be-
   fore the subject of thought.
     They were sooner in  danger than they could al-
   most bethink themselves of change.          Sidney.
     I have bethought me of another fault.  Shakspeare.
     I, better bethinking myself, and misliking his de-
   termination, gave him this order.        Raleigh.
            He himself,
   Insatiable of glory, had lost all:
   Yet of another plea bethought him soon.    Milton.
    The nets were laid, yet the birds could never be-
   think themselves, till hampered, and past recovery.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Cherippus, then in  time yourself bethink,
  And what your rags will yield by auction sink. Dryd.
    A little consideration  may allay his heat, and
  make him bethink himself, whether this attempt be
  worth toe venture.                       Locke.
BE'THLEHEM,  beth'le-hem. ». s.  [See
   Bedlam.]  An hospital for lunaticks.
Be'thlehemite, beth'lem-ite. to. s. [See

       VOL.  I.
   Bedlamite.] A lunatick; an inhabitant
   of a madhouse.
Betho'ught, be-thkwt'.*66particip. [from
   bethink; which see.]
To BETHRA'L,be-£Ara.U'. v.a. [from thrall]
   To enslave; to  conquer; to  bring  into
   subjection.
    Ne let that wicked woman 'scape away,
  For she it is that did my lord bethral.   Shakspeare.
To  Bethu'mp,  be-Mump'. v.  a.  [from
   thump]  To beat; to lay  blows  upon:  a
   ludicrous word.
    I was never so bethumpt with words,
  Since first I call'd my brother's father dad. Shaksp,
To Beti'de, be-tide'. v.n. pret. It betided,
   or betid; part. pass,  betid, [from   tib,
   Sax.  See Tide.]
1. To  happen to; to  befal; to bechance,
   whether good or bad: with the person.
    Said he then to the palmer, reverend sire,
  What great misfortune hath betid this  knight?
                                      Spenser.
    But say, if our deliverer up to heav'n
  Must reascend, what will betide the few,
  His faithful, left among to'  unfaithful herd,
  The enemies of truth?                  Milton.
2. Sometimes it  has to.
                Neither know I
  What is betid to Cloten: but remain
  Perplext in all.                     Shakspeare.
3. To come to pass; to fall out;  to happen:
   without the person.
    She, when her turn was come her tale to tell,
  Told of a strange adventure that  betided
  Betwixt the fox, and th' ape by him misguided.
                                      Spenser.
    In winter's tedious nights, sit by the fire
  With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales
  Of woeful ages, long ago betid.        Shakspeare.
    Let me hear from thee by letters
  Of toy success in love; and what  news else
  Betideth here in absence of toy friend.  Shakspeare.
4. To become; to be the fate: with of
    If he were dead, what would betide of thee?
                                   Shakspeare.
Beti'me, be-time'. >  adv.  [from by  and
Beti'mes,  be-timz'. 5  time; that is, by the
   proper time.]
I. Seasonably; early; before it is late.
    Send succours, lords, and stop  the rage betime.
                                   Shakspeare.
    To measure life learn thou betimes, and know
  Toward solid good what leads the nearest way.
                                      Milton.
2. Soon; before long time has passed.
    Whiles they are weak, betimes with them contend;
  For when they once to perfect strength do grow,
  Strong wars toey make.                 Spenser.
    He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes. Shaks.
    There be some have an over early ripeness in toeir
  years, which fadeth betimes: these are first, such as
  have brittle  wits, toe edge whereof is soon turned.
                                       Bacon.
    Remember thy Creator in toe  days of thy youth;
  that is, enter upon a religious course betimes.
                                     Tillotson-
    Short is the date, alas!  of modern rhymes;
  And 'tis but just to let them live  betimes.    Pope.
3. Early in tie day.
    He that drinks all night, and is hanged betimes in
  the morning, may sleep the sounder next day. Shaks.
    They rose betimes in the morning, and offered
  sacrifice.                       l Mace. iv. 52.
Be'tle, be'tl.     > to. s.  [piper  adulteri-
Be'tre, be'ter.416 5 num.] An Indian plant,
   called water pepper.               Diet.
To Beto'ken, be-t6'kn. v. a. [from token.]
1. To signify; to mark;  to represent.
    We know not wherefore churches should be the
                    Aa
  worse, if, at this time, when they are delivered into
  God's own possession, ceremonies fit to betoken such
  intents, and to accompany such actions, be usual.
                                      Hooker
    A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow
  Conspicuous with three listed colours gay,
  Betokening peace from God.             Milton
2. To foreshow; to presignify.
    The kindling azure, and the mountain's brow
  Illum'd with fluid gold, his near approach
  Betoken glad.                        Thomson.
Be'tony,  bet'to-ne. to.  s.  [betonica, Lat.]
   A plant, greatly esteemed as a vulnera-
   ry herb.                            Miller.
Beto'ok, be-t66k'. [irreg. pret. from be-
   take; which see.]
To Beto'ss, be-tos'. v. a. [from toss/] To
   disturb;  to agitate;  to put  into violent
   motion.
    What said my man, when my betossed soul
  Did not attend him as we rode?       Shakspeare.
To BETRA'Y, be-tra'. v. a.  [trahir, Fr.]
I. To give  into  the hands of enemies by
   treachery, or breach  of trust: with to be-
   fore the  person, otherwise into.
    If ye be come to betray me to mine enemies, see-
  ing there is no wrong in mine hands, toe God of our
  fathers look thereon, and rebuke it.   1 Chronicles.
    Jesus said unto them, The  Son of man shall be
  betrayed into the hands of men.         Matthew.
    For fear  is nothing else but a betraying of the
  succours which reason offereth.          Wisdom.
    He was not to be won,  either by promise or re-
  ward, to betray toe city.                 Knolles.
2. To  discover  that which  has been  en-
   trusted to secresy.
3. To expose to  evil by  revealing some-
   thing entrusted.
    How would'st thou again betray me,
  Bearing my words and doings to toe Lord! Milton.
4. To make known something that  were
   better concealed.
    Be swift to hear, but be cautious of  your tongue,
  lest you betray your ignorance.            Watts.
5. To make  liable to fall into something
   inconvenient.                 ♦
    His abilities created him great  confidence; and
  this was like enough to betray him to great errours.
                                 King Charles.
    The bright genius is ready to be so forward,  as
  often betrays itself into great errours in judgment.
                                        Watts.
6. To show; to discover.
                Ire, envy, and despair,
  Which marr'd his borrow'd visage, and betray'd
  Him counterfeit, if any eye beheld.        Milton.
    The Veian and the Gabian tow'rs shall fall,
  And  one promiscuous ruin cover all;
  Nor, after length of years,  a stone betray
  The place where once the very reins lay.  Addison.
Betra'yer, be-tra'ur.  to. s. [from betray.]
   He that  betrays; a traitor.
    The wise man doth so say of fear, that it is a be-
  trayer of the forces of reasonable understanding.
                                      Hooker.
    You cast down your courage through fear, the be-
  trayer of all succours which reason can afford.
                               Sir J. Hayward.
    They are only a few betrayers  of their country;
   they are to purchase coin, perhaps at half price, and
   vend it among us, to the ruin of the publick.  Swift.
 To BETRi'M,be-trini'.i>.a.[fronwriTOi.] To
   deck;  to dress; to  grace;  to adorn;  to
   embellish; to beautify; to decorate.
    Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims,
   Which spungy April at thy best betrims,
   To make cold nymphs chaste crowns.   Shakspeare.
 To Betro'th, bb-trbth'. v. a. [from troth;
   betrowen, Dutch.] 
BET
BET
BE  W
;.  To contract to any one, in order to mar-
   riage; to affiance: used either of men or
   women.
    He, in the first flower of my freshest age,
  Betrothed me unto the only heir
  Of a mbst mighty king, most rich and sage. Spenser.
                To her, my lord,
  Was I betrothed, ere I Hermia saw.    Shalcspeare.
      By soul's publick promise she
  Was sold then, and betroth'd to Victory.    Cowley.
2. To have, as affianced by promise of mar-
   riage.
    And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife,
  and hath not taken her? let him go and return into
  his house.                        Deuteronomy.
3. To nominate  to a bishoprick, in  order
   to consecration.
     If any person be consecrated a bishop  to that
  church, whereunto he was not before betrothed, he
  shall not receive toe  habit of consecration, as not
  being canonically promoted.              Ayliffe.
To  BETRu'sr,be-trust'.  v.a. [from trust]
   To entrust; to put into the power of an-
   other, in confidence of fidelity.
     Betrust him with all the good which our own ca-
   pacity will allow us, or his sufficiency encourage us,
   to hope for, either in this life, or that to come. Grew.
     Whatsoever you would betrust to your memory,
   let it be disposed in a proper method.      Watts.
Be'tter, bet'tilr.88  adj.  The  comparative
   ofgood. [bet.good,betena better,Sax]
   Having good qualities in a greater de-
   gree than something else. See Good.
     He has a horse better than the Neapolitan's; a bef-
  ter bad habit of frowning than toe count Palatine.
                  Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
     I have seen better faces in my time,
   Than stand on any shoulders that I see
   Before me at this instant.            Shakspeare.
     Having a desire to depart,  and  be with Christ;
   which is far better.                 Philippians.
The Be'tter, bet'tur.^8
1. The superiority; the advantage;  with
   the  particle of before  him, or that, over
   which the advantage is gained.
     The Corinthians that morning, as the day before,
   had the belter.                          Sindey.
     The voyage of Drake and Hawkins was unfortu-
   nate; yet, in such sort, as doth not break our prescrip-
   tion, to have had the better ofthe Spaniards. Bacon.
     Dionysius, his countryman, in an epistle to Pom-
   pey, after an express comparison, affords him the bet-
   ter of Thucydides.       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
                   You think fit
   To get the better of me, and you shall;
   Since you will have it so—I will be yours. Southerne.
     The gentleman had always so much the better of
   the satirist, that the persons touched did not know
   where to fix their resentment.             Prior.
2. Improvement; as, for  the better, so as
   to improve it.
     If I have altered him any where for the better, I
   must at  the same  time acknowledge, that I could
   have done nothing without him.          Dryden.
Be'tter,  bet'tur.98  adv.  [comparative of
   well] Well, in a greater degree.
     Then it was better with me than now.    Hosea.
     Better a mechanick rule were stretched or broken,
   than a great beauty were omitted.        Dryden.
     The better to understand the extent of Our know-
   ledge, one thing is to be observed.         Locke.
     He that would  know the idea  of infinity, cannot
   do better, than by considering to what infinity is at-
  tributed.                               Locke.
To Be'tter, beYtfir. v.a. [from the noun.]
1. To  improve; to  meliorate.
     The cause of his taking upon him our nature, was
  to better the quality, and to advance the condition
   thereof.                               Hooker.
    He is furnished with my opinion, which is bettered
  with his own learning.               Shakspeare.
        Heir to all his lands and goods,
  Which I have better'd, rather than decreas'd. Shaks.
    But Jonathan, to whom both hearts were known,
  With well-tim'd zeal and with an artful care,
  Restor'd and better'd soon the nice affair.  Coioley.
    The church of England, the purest and best re-
  formed church in the world; so well reformed, that
  it will be found easier to alter than better its consti-
  tution.                                South.
    The Romans took  pains to hew out a passage for
  these lakes to discharge themselves, for the bettering
  of the air.                           Addison.
2. To surpass; to exceed.
    The %vorks of nature do always aim at that which
  cannot be bettered.                     Hooker.
    He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his
  age;  he  hath, indeed, better  bettered expectation,
  than you must expect of me to tell you. Shakspeare.
                  What you  do      x
  Still betters what is done; when you speak sweet,
  I'd have you do it ever.             Shakspeare.
3. To advance; to  support.
    The king thought his honour would suffer, during
  a treaty, to better a party.               Bacon.
Be'tter,bet'tiir.TO.s. [from the adjective.]
   Superiour; one to whom precedence is
   to be given.
    Their betters would be hardly found, if they did
  not live among men, but in a wilderness by them-
  selves.                               Hooker.
    The courtesy of nations allows you my better, in
  that you are the first born.           Shakspeare.
    That ye thus hospitably live,
  Is mighty grateful to your betters,
  And makes e'en gods themselves your debtors. Prior.
    I have some gold and silver by me, and shall be
  able to make a shift, when many of my betters are
  starving.                               Sicift.
Be'ttor, bet'ttir.166  to. s. [from  To bet]
   One that lays bets or wagers.
    I observed a stranger among them of a genteeler
  behaviour than ordinary; but, notwithstanding he
  was a very fair bettor, nobody would take him up.
                                      Addison.
Be'tty, Wt'te. to. *. [probably a cant word,
   signifying  an  instrument which  does
   what is too often done by a maid within.]
   An instrument to break open doors.
    Record toe stratagems, the  arduous exploits, and
  the nocturnal scalades of needy heroes, describing
  the powerful betty, or the artful picklock. Arbuthnot.
Betwe'en, be-tween'. prep, [betpeonan,
   becpinan, Sax.  from the original word
   tpa, two.]
I. In the intermediate space.
                   What modes
  Of smell the headlong lioness betioeen,
  And hound sagacious on the tainted green?   Pope.
2. From one t© another: noting intercourse.
     He should think himself unhappy, if things should
  go so between them,  as he should not be able to ac-
  quit himself of ingratitude towards tbemboth. Bacon.
3. Belonging to two in partnership.
     I ask, whether Castor and  Pollux, with only one
  soul  between them, which thinks and perceives  in
  one what  the other is never conscious of, are  not
  two distinct persons?                    Locke.
4. Bearing relation to two.
     If there be any discord or suits between them and
  any of the family, they are compounded and  ap-
  peased.                                Bacon.
     Friendship requires, that it be  betioeen  two  at
  least; and  there can be no friendship where there
  are not two friends.                      South.
5. Noting difference, or distinction of one
   from the other.
     Their natural constitutions put so wide a difference
  between some men, that art would never master.
                                        Locke.
C to. s. In masonry and
I   joinery, a kind of
    Children quickly distinguish between what is re-
  quired of them, and what not.            Locke.
6. Between is  properly  used of  two, and
   among of  more; but perhaps this accu-
   racy is not always preserved.
Betwi'xt,  be-twikst'.   prep   [betpyx
   Sax.  It  has  the same  signification with
   between, and is indifferently used for it.]
1. In the midst of two.
    Hard by, a cottage chimney smokes
  From betwixt two aged oaks.             Milton.
    Methinks, like two black storms, on either hand
  Our Spanish army and your Indians stand;
  This only place betivixt the clouds is clear. Dryden.
    If contradicting interests could be mixt,
  Nature herself has cast a bar betwixt.     Dryden.
2. From one to another.
    Five years since there was some speech of mar-
        riage
  Betivixt myself and her.              Shakspeare.
Be'vel, >  ,  ,  ,,, ..
D  ,    ' >  bev'il."
Be'vil,5
   square,  one  leg of  which is frequently
   crooked, according to the sweep of an
   arch or vault. It  is moveable on a point
   or centre, and so may be set to any an-
   gle. An angle that is not square, is call-
   ed a bevil angle, whether it be  more ob-
   tuse, or more acute, than a right  angle.
                             Builder's Diet.
    Their houses are very ill built, their walls bevil,
   without one right angle in any apartment.   Suift.
 To Be'vel, beVll. v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To cut  to a bevel angle.
    These rabbets are ground square; but toe rabbets
   on the  groundsel are bevelled downwards, that rain
   may the freelier fall off.                 Moxon.
Be'ver, be'vfir. See Beaver.
ISe'verage, beVur-klje.90 dBB to. s.  [from
   bevere, to drink, Ital.]
 1. Drink;  liquor to  be drank in general.
                 I am his cupbearer;
   If from me he have wholesome beverage,
   Account me not  your servant.         Shakspeare.
    Grains, pulses, and all sorts of fruits,  either bread
   or beverage may be made almost of all.    Brown.
    A pleasant beverage he prepar'd before
   Of wine and honey mix'd.               Dryden.
    The coarse lean gravel on the mountain sides
   Scarce dewy bev'rage for the bees provides. Dryd.
 2. Beverage, or water cider, is made by
   putting the mure into a fat, adding water,
   as you desire it stronger or smaller. The
   water should stand forty-eight hours on
   it, before you press it; when it is press-
   ed, tun  it up immediately.   Mortimer.
 3. A treat  upon wearing a new  suit of
   clothes.
 4. A treat at first  coming into  a  prison,
   called also garnish.
 Be'vy, beVe.  to. *. [beva, Ital.]
 I. A flock of birds.
 2. A company; an assembly.
     And in  the midst thereof, upon the floor,
   A lovely bevy of fair ladies sat,
   Courted of many a jolly paramour.  Fairy Queen.
                 They on the plain
   Long had  not walk'd, when, from the  tents, behold
   A bevy of fair women.                  Milton.
             Nor rode the nymph alone;
   Around a bevy of bright damsels shone.     Pope.
 To Bewa'il,  be-wale'. v. a.  [from wail]
    To bemoan; to lament; to express sor-
    row  for.
                   In this city he
   Hath widow'd and unchilded many a one, 
B E W                                    BEY                                     B1  A
  Which to this hour bewail toe injury.  Shakspeare.
    Yet wiser Ennius gave command to all
  His friends, not to bewail his funeral. Sir J. Denham,
    I cannot but beioail, as in their first principles, the
  miseries and calamities of our children.  Addison.
To Bewa'il,  be-wale'. v. n. To express
   grief.
                  Thy ambition,
  Thou scarlet sin, robb'd this bewailing land
  Of noble Buckingham,  my father-in-law.   Shaksp.
To Bewa're, be-ware'. v.n. [from be and
   ware, or wary; that  is,  cautious: thus, in
   an old treatise, I have found be ye ware.
   See  Wary.  Depanian, Saxon; warej;
   Danish.]
1. To regard with caution; to be suspicious
   of danger from:  generally the particle
   of goes  before the thing which excites
   caution.
    You must beware of  drawing or painting clouds,
  winds, and thunder, towards the bottom of your
  piece.                               Dryden.
    Every one ought to be very careful to beiuare what
  he admits for a principle.                Locke.
    Warn'd by the sylph, oh pious maid, beware!
  This to disclose is all thy guardian can;
  Beware of all, but most bexoare  of man.     Pope.
2. It is observable, that it  is only used in
   such forms of speech as  admit the word
   be:  thus we say, he may beware, let him
   beware,  he will beware:  but not, he did
   beware, or he has been ware.
To Bewe'ep, be-weep'. v.  a. [from weep]
   To  weep  over or upon;  to bedew with
   tears.
                  Old fond eyes,
  Beweep this cause again; I'll pluck ye out,
  And cast you, with the  waters that you lose,
  To temper clay.                    Shakspeare.
    Larded all with sweet flowers,
  Which bewept to the grave did go
  With true love showers.             Shakspeare.
To Bewe't, be-wet'. v. a. [from wet] To
   wet; to moisten; to bedew; to water.
    His napkin, with his  true tears all beioet,
  Can do no service on her sorrowful cheeks. Shaksp.
To Bewi'lder, be-wil'dur."1" v. a. [from
   wild]  To lose in  pathless places;  to
   confound for  want  of  a  plain road;  to
   perplex;  to  entangle; to puzzle.
    We parted thus; I homeward sped my way,
  Bewilder'd in the wood  till dawn of day.   Dryden.
    We no solution of our question find;
  Your words bewilder, not direct the mind. Blackmore.
    Our understanding traces 'em in vain,
  Lost and beicilder'd in the fruitless search. Addison.
    It is good sometimes to lose and bewilder ourselves
  in such studies.                         Watts.
yoBEWi'TOHjbe-witsh'. v.a.[from witch.]
1. To  injure by witchcraft, or fascination,
   or charms.
    Look how I am bewitch'd; behold, mine arm
  Is like a blasted sapling wither'd up.   Shakspeare.
    I have forsworn his  company hourly this twenty
  years,  and yet I am bewitched with the rogue's com-
  pany.  If the rascal has not given me medicines to
  make me love him, I'll be hanged!        Shaksp.
    My flocks are free from love, yet look so thin;
  What magick has bewitch'd the  woolly dains,
  And what ill eyes beheld the tender lambs?  Dryd.
2. To  charm; to please to  such  a  degree,
   as to take away the power of resistance.
            Doth even  beauty beautify,
  And most bewitch the wretched eye.       Sidney.
    The charms of poetiy our souls ben-itch;
  The curse of writing is an endless itch.   Dryden.
    I do not  know, by the character that is given of
  her works, whether it is not lor  the benefit of  man-
  kind that they were lost; toey were filled with such
  beieitcfting tenderness and rapture, that it might have
  been dangerous to have given them a reading. Addis.
Bewi'tohehy,  be-witsh'flr-re.66S  to.  s.
  [from  bewitch.]  Fascination;  charm;
  resistless prevalence.
    There is a certain bewitchcry, or fascination, in
  words, which makes them operate  with a force be-
  yond what we can give an account of.       South.
Bewi'tchment,  be-witsh'm£nt.  to.  s.
  [from  bewitch.]  Fascination; power of
  charming.
    I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some popular
  man, and give it bountifully to the desires. Shaksp.
To  BEWRA'Y, be-ra'.42? v. a. [pnejan,
  beppegan, Sax.]
I. To  betray,  to  discover  perfidiously.
    Fair feeling words he wisely 'gan display,
  And,  for her humour fitting purpose, fain
  To tempt the cause itself for to bewray.   Fairy Q.
2. To  show; to make visible: this word is
  now little in use.
    She saw a pretty blush in Philodea's cheeks be-
  wray a modest discontentment.           Sidney.
    Men do sometimes bewray that by deeds, which
  to confess they  are hardly drawn.         Hooker.
    Next look on him that seems for council fit,
  Whose silver locks bewray  his  store of days. Fairf.
Bewra'yer, be-ra'ur. to. s. [from bewray]
  Betrayer; discoverer; divulger.
    When a friend is  turned into an enemy, and a
  bewrayer of secrets, the world  is just enough to ac-
  cuse the perfidiousness of the friend.     Addison.
Beyo'nd, be-yond'. prep, [begeonb,  be-
  geonban, Sax.]
1. Before;  at a distance not yet reached.
    What's fame? a fancy'd  life in others breath,
  A thing beyond us, ev'n before our death:
  Just what you hear, you have.              Pope.
2. On  the further side of.
    Neither is it beyond the sea, that  thou shouldst say,
  Who shall go over the sea  for  us,  and bring it unto
  us?                            Deut. xxx. 13.
    Now we are on  land, we are but between death
  and life; for we are beyond the old world and the
  new.                                 Bacon.
    We cannot think men beyond sea will part with
  their  money for nothing.                 Locke.
3. Farther onward than.
    He that sees a dark and shady grove,
  Stays not, but looks beyond it on the sky.  Herbert.
4. Past; out of the reach  of.
    Beyond the infinite and boundless reach
  Of mercy, if thou didst this deed of death,
  Art thou damn'd, Hubert.            Shakspeare.
                Yet these declare
  Thy goodness beyond thought, and pow'r divine.
                                      Milton.
    The just, wise,  and good God  neither  does nor
  can require of man any thing  that is impossible, or
  naturally beyond his power to do.          South.
    Consider the situation of our earth; it is placed so
  conveniently, that plants flourish, and animals live:
  this is matter of fact, and beyond all dispute. Bentley.
5 Above; proceeding to a greater degree
  than.
    Timotoeus was a man both  in power, riches, pa-
  rentage,  goodness, and  love of his people, beyond
  any of the great men of my country.      Sidney.
    One thing, in this enormous accident, is, I  must
  confess, to me beyond all wonder.         Wotton.
    To his expences, beyond his  income, add de-
  bauchery, idleness, and  quarrels  amongst his  ser-
  vants, whereby his manufactures are disturbed, and
  his business neglected.                   Locke.
    As far as they carry conviction to any man's un-
  derstanding, my labour may be of use: beyond toe
  evidence it carries with it, I advise him not  to fol-
  low any man's interpretation.             Locke.
6. Above in excellence.
                  a a2
    His satires are incomparably beyond Juvenal's, u
  to laugh and rally, is to be preferred to railing and
  declaiming.                          Dryden.
7. Remote from; not within the sphere of.
    With equal mind, what happens, let us bear;
  Nor joy, nor grieve, too much for things beyond our
         care.                          Dryden.
H. To go beyond, is to deceive; to circum-
   vent.
    She made earnest benefit of his jest, forcing him
  to do her such services, as were both cumbersome
  and costly; while he still thought he roent beyond her,
  because his heart did not commit the idolatry. Sidney.
    That no man go beyond, and defraud his brother
  in any matter.                  1  Thess. iv. 6.
Be'zel, ?  ,,, .  C  to. *. That  part of  a
Be'zil,5     Z"  c    rmS ln which  the
•   stone is fixed.
BE'ZOAR, be'zore. n.s. [from pa against,
   and zahar poison,  Persick.]    A  stone,
   formerly in high esteem  as an antidote,
   and brought from the East Indies, where
   it is said to be found in  the dung of an
   animal  called  pazan; the stone  being
   formed in its belly, and  growing  to the
   size of an acorn, and sometimes to  that
   of a pigeon's egg.  Its formation is  now
   supposed  to be fabulous.  The name is
   applied  to several  chymical  composi-
   tions, designed for antidotes; as mineral,
   solar, and jovial bezoars.   Sav. Chamb.
Bezoa'rdick,  bez-6-ar'dik.  adj.  [from
   bezoar]   Medicines compounded with
   bezoar.
    The bezoardicks are necessary to promote sweat,
  and drive forth the putrified particles.      Floyer.
Bia'ngulated,  bi-ang'gu-la-t£d. ?    adj.
Bia'ngulous,  bi-ang'gu-lus.116   y  [from
   binus and angulus, Lat.]  Having two
   corners or angles.                 Diet.
BI'AS, bi'as.88 to. s. [biais, Fr. said to come
   from bihay,  an old  Gaulish  word, sig-
   nifying cross or thwart.]
1.  The weight  lodged  on one  side  of a
   bowl, which  turns  it  from the straight
   line.
    Madam, we'll play at bowls------
  —'Twill make me think the world is full of nibs,
  And that my fortune runs against the bias.  Shaksp.
2. Any  thing which turns a man to  a  par-
   ticular course, or gives  the direction to
   his measures.
            You have been mistook:
  But nature to her bias drew in that.    Shakspeare.
    This is that boasted  bias of thy mind,
  By which one way to dulness 'tis inclin'd. Dryden.
    Morality influences men's lives, and gives  a bias
   to all their actions.                      Locke.
    Wit and humour, that expose vice and folly, fur-
  nish useful diversions.  Raillery, under such regula-
  tions, unbends the mind from severer contemplations,
  without throwing it off from its proper bias. Addison.
    Thus nature gives us, let it check our pride,
   The virtue nearest to our vice  ally'd;
   Reason the bias turns to good or ill.         Pope.
3.  Propension; inclination.
     As for the religion of our poet, he seems to have
   some little bias towards the opinions of Wicklirt'
                                       Dryden.
 To Bi'as, bi'as.ss v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To incline to some side; to balance one
   way; to prejudice.
     Were I in no more  danger to be misled  by igno-
   rance, than I am to be biassed by interest, 1  might
   give a very perfect account.              Locle. 
BIC
BID
BID
    A desire leaning to either side, Masses the judg-
  ment strangely; by indifference for every thing but
  truth, you will be excited to examine.  "    Watts.
Bi'as, bi'as. adv.  It seems to be used  ad-
  verbially in the following passage, con-
  formably to the French mettre une chose
  de biais, to  give any thing a wrong in-
  terpretation.
    Every action that hath gone before,
  Whereof we have record, trial did draw
  Bias and thwart, not answering the aim.   Shaksp.
     In the following passage it  seems to
   be an adjective.  Swelled, as  the bowl
   on the biassed side. This is not used.
    Blow till thy bias cheek
  Outswell the cholic of puft Aquilon.   Shakspeare.
 Bib, bib. to. s. A small piece of  linen  put
   upon the breasts of children over their
   clothes.
     I would fain know, why it should not be as noble
  a task to write upon a bib and hanging-sleeves, as
  on the bulla and prcetexta.             Addison.
 To BIB, bib. v. to. [bibo, Lat.] To  tipple;
   to sip; to drink frequently.
     He playeth with bibbing mother Meroe, as though
  so named, because she would drink mere wine  with-
  out water.                           Camden.
     To appease a froward child, they gave him  drink
  as often as he cried; so that he was constantly bib-
  bing, and drank more in twenty-four hours than I
   did. -                                 Locke.
 Biba'cious,  bi-ba'shus.113  adj.  [bibax,
    Lat.] Addicted to drinking.       Diet.

 Biba'oity,  bi-bas'se-te. to.  s. [bibacitas,
    Lat.] The  quality of drinking much.
 Bi'bber, bib'bur.98 to. s. [from To bib] A
    tippler; a man that drinks often.
 Bi'ble, bi'bl.*05 to. s. [from /3<£a<ov a book;
    called, by way of excellence, The Book]
    The  sacred  volume in which are  con-
    tained the  revelations of God.
     If we pass from toe apostolick to the next ages of
   the church, the primitive christians looked on their
   bibles as their most important treasure.
                       Government of the Tongue.
     We must take  heed how we accustom  ourselves
   to a slight and irreverent use of toe name of God,
    and of the phrases and expressions of toe holy bible,
    which ought not to be applied upon every slight oc-
    casion.                             Tillotson.
     In questions of natural religion, we should con-
   firm and improve, or connect our reasonings by the
   divine assistance of the bible.             Watts.
  Biblio'grapher, bib-le-6g'gra-fur.  to.  s.
    [from  j3/£Ae$,  and ygxpu to write.]   A
    man skilled  in  literary history, and  in
    the knowledge of books; a transcriber.
                                         Diet.
  Bibliothe'cal,   bib-le-o^A'e-kal.   adj.
    [from bibliotheca, Lat.]  Belonging to a
    library.                             Diet.
  Bi'bulous,   bib'u-lus.314  adj.  [bibulus,
    Lat.]  That  which  has  the  quality  of
    drinking moisture; spungy.
     Strow'd bibulous above, I see the sands,
    The pebbly gravel next, and gutter'd rocks. Thorns.
  Bica'psular,   bi-kap'shu-lar.118 BB2  adj.
    [bicapaularia, Lat.]   Having  the  seed
    vessel  divided into two parts.

  Bice,  bise.  ».  a.  The name of a  colour
    used in painting.  It is either green  or
    blue.
     Take green bice, and order it as you do your blue
   bice; you may diaper upon it with toe water of deep
    green.                              Peacham.
Bicipital, bi-sip'e-tal.118 >  adj.  [biceps,
Bici'pitous, bi-sip'e-tiis. £ bicipitia,Lat.]
1. Having two heads.
    While men believe bicipitous conformation in any
  species, they admit a gemination of principal parts.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. It is  applied  to one of  the muscles of
   the arm.
    A piece of flesh it exchanged from  toe bicipital
  muscle, of either party's arm.  proton's Vulg. Err.
To  Bl'CKER, bik'kur."8  v.  to.  [bicre,
   Welsh, a  contest.]
1. To skirmish; to fight without a set bat-
   tle; to  fight off and on.
    They fell to such a bickering, that he got a halt-
   ing, and lost his picture.                 Sidney.
                         In thy face
    I see thy fury; if I longer stay,
   We shall begin our ancient bickerings. Shakspeare.
2. To quiver; to play backward  and for-
   ward.
     And from about him fierce effusion rowl'd
   Of smoke, and bickering flame, and sparkles dire.
                                       Milton.
     An icy gale, oft shifting o'er the pool,
   Breathes a blue film, and, in its mid career,
   Arrests the bickering stream.            Thomson.
Bi'ckerer,  bik'u.r-ur.fi5S to.  <s.  [from the
   verb.]  A skirmisher.
Bi'ckern, bik'kvirn.98 418  w.  a. [apparently
   corrupted from beakiron.] An iron end-
   ing in  a point.
     A blacksmith's anvil is sometimes made with a
   pike, or bickern, or beakiron, at one end.  Moxon.
 Bico'rne, bi'korn.118    >  adj.  [bicornia,
 Bico'rnous, bi-k6r'nus. $  Lat.]   Having
   two horns.
     We should be too critical, to question the letter
   Y, or bicomous element of Pythagoras; that is, the
   making of toe horns equal.    Brown's Vulg. Err.
 Bico'rporal, bi-kor'po-ral.118 adj. [bicor-
   por, Lat.] Having two bodies.
 To BID, bid', v.  a.  pret.  I bid, bad, bade,
   I  have bid, or bidden, [bibban, Saxon.]
 1. To desire; to ask; to call; to invite.
     I am bid forth to supper, Jessica;
   There are my keys.     Shak. Merchant of Venice.
     Go ye into the highways, and, as  many as you
   shall find, bid to the marriage.      Matt. xxii. 9.
     We ought, when we are bidden to great feasts and
   meetings, to be prepared beforehand.    Hakewill.
 2. To command; to order: before things or
    persons.
      Saint Withold footed thrice the wold,
   He met the nightmare, and her nine fold,
   Bid her alight, and her troth plight.     Shakspeare.
              He chid the sisters,
   When first they put the name of king upon me,
   And bade them speak to him.          Shakspeare.
      Haste to the house of sleep, and bid the god,
   Who rules the nightly visions with a nod,
   Prepare a dream.              Dryden's Fables.
      Curse on the tongue that bids this general joy.
   —Can they be friends  of Antony, who revel
   When Antony's in danger?     Dryd. All for Love.
      Thames heard the numbers, as he flow'd along,
   And bade his willows learn the moving song.  Pope.
      Acquire a government over your ideas, that they
   may come when they are called, and depart when
   they are bidden.                         Watts.
    To offer; to propose;  as, to bid a price.
                    Come, and be true.----
   —Thou bidst me to my loss; for true to thee
   Were to prove false.     Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
      When a man is resolute to keep his sins while he
    lives, and yet unwilling to relinquish all hope, he
    will embrace that profession which bids fairest to
    the reconciling those so distant interests.
                                  Decay of Piety.
    As when the goddesses came down of old,
  With gifts their young Dardanian judge they try'd,
  And each bade high to win him to their side. Grant-.
    To give interest a share in friendship, is to sell it
  by inch of candle; he that bids most shall have it:
  and when it is mercenary,  there is no depending
  on it.                    Collier on Friendship.
4. To proclaim; to offer or to make known
  by some  public voice.
    Our bans thrice bid! and for our wedding day
  My kerchief bought! then press'd, then fore'd away.
                                         Gay.
5. To pronounce; to declare.
                    You are retir'd
  As if you were a feasted one, and not
  The hostess of the meeting; pray you bid
  These unknown friends to 's welcome. Shakspeare.
    Divers, as we passed by them, put their arms a
  little abroad; which is their gesture, when they bid
  any welcome.                          Bacon.
    How,  Didius, shall a Roman, sore repuls'd,
  Greet your arrival to this distant isle?
  How bid you welcome to these shatter'd legions?
                                    A. Philips.
  , To denounce.
    Thyself and Oxford, with five thousand men,
  Shall cross the seas, and bid false Edward battle.
                          Shakspeare's Henry VI.
     She bid war to all that durst supply
  The place of those her cruelty made die.   Waller.
     The captive cannibal, opprest with chains,
  Yet braves his foes, reviles, provokes, disdains;
  Of nature fierce, un tameable, and proud,
  He bids  defiance to the gaping crowd,
  And, spent at last and speechless as he lies,
  With  fiery glances mocks toeir rage, and dies.
                                     Granville.
  .  To  pray. See Bead.
     If there come any unto you,  and bring not this
   doctrine, receive him not  into your house, neither
   bid him  God speed.                       John,
     When they desired him to tarry longer with them,
   he consented not, but bade  them farewell.    Acts.
 8.  To bid  beads, is to  distinguish  each
    bead by  a prayer.
     By some haycock, or some shady thorn,
   He bids his beads both even song and morn.  Dryd.
Bi'dale, bid'sll. to.  a. [from  bid and ale]
  An invitation of friends to drink at a poor
  man's house, and there to  contribute
  charity.                             Diet.
Bi'dden, bid'dn.103 part. pass,  [from  To
  bid.]
1. Invited.
    There were two of our company bidden to a feast
  of the family.                          Bacon.
    Madam, the bidden guests are come.  A. Philips.
2. Commanded.
    'Tis these that early taint toe female soul,
  Instruct the eyes of young coquettes to roll,
  Teach infants' cheeks a bidden blush to know,
  And little hearts to flutter at a beau.       Pope.
Bi'dder, bid'dilr.98  to. s. [from To bid]
   One who offers or proposes a price.
    He looked upon several dresses which hung there,
  exposed to the purchase of the best bidder. Addison.
Bi'dding,  bid'ding.410 to. *. [from  bid]
   Command;  order.
    How say'st thou, that Macduff denies his person
  At our great bidding.       Shakspeare's Macbeth..
         At his second bidding, darkness fled,
  Light shone, and order from disorder sprung. Milt.
 To BIDE, bide. v. a. [biban, Saxon.] To
   endure; to suffer: commonly  to abide.
    Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
  That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm!  Shaksp.
    The waiy Dutch this gathering storm foresaw,
  And durst not bide it on the English coast.  Dryden.
 To Bide, bide. v.  to.
 I.  To dwell; to live; to inhabit. 
BIF
BIG
B  IG
    All knees to thee shall bow, of them that bide
  In heav'n or earth, or under earth in hell.  Milton.
2. To remain in a place.
                  Safe in a  ditch he bides,
  With twenty trenched gashes on his head,
  The least a death to nature.   Shakspeare's Macbeth.
3. To continue  in a state.
    And toey also, if they bide not still in unbelief,
  shall be grafted in.             Romans, xi. 23.
4. It  has probably all the significations of
   the word abide; which see: but it being
   grown  somewhat obsolete,  the exam-
   ples of its various meanings are not ea-
   sily found.
Bide'ntal, bi-den'tal.118 adj. [bidens,haU]
   Having two teeth.
    Ill management of forks is not to be helped, when
  toey are only bidental.                   Swift.
Bi'ding,   bi'ding.410 to.  s. [from  bide.]
   Residence; habitation.
    At Antwerp has my constant biding been. Rowe.
Bie'nnial, bi-en'ne-al.118  adj.   [biennis,
   Lat.]  Of the  continuance of two years.
    Then why should some be very long lived, others
  only annual or biennial?     Ray on the Creation.
Bier, beer.276 to. s.  [from To bear, asfere-
   trum, in  Latin, from fero.] A carriage,
   or frame of wood,  on which the dead
   are carried to the grave.
    And now the prey of fowls he lies;
  Nor wail'd of friends,  nor laid on groaning bier.
                                     Spenser.
    They bore him barefaced on the bier,
  And on his grave rain'd many a tear.   Shakspeare.
    He must not float upon his  wat'ry bier
  Unwept.                             Milton.
    Griefs always green, a household still in tears;
  Sad pomps, a threshold throng'd with daily biers,
  And liveries of black.          Dryden's Juvenal.
    Make  as if you hanged yourself, they will con-
  vey your body out of prison in a bier.   Arbuthnot.
Bi'estings, bees'tingz.276 to. s. [byreing,
   Saxon.] The first milk given by a cow
   after calving, which is very thick.
    And twice besides, her biestings never fail
  To store the dairy with a brimming pail.  Dryden.
Bifa'rious,  bi-fa're-ils.   adj.  [bifarius,
   Lat.] Twofold; what may be understood
   two ways.                          Diet.
Bi'ferous,  biffe-rAs."03 adj.  [biferens,
   Lat.]  Bearing fruit twice  a year.
Bi'fid, bi'fid."8                 ? adj.  [bi-
Bi'fidated, bif fe-da-ted.e03 B3S S    fidus,
   Lat. a  botanical  term.] Divided  into
   two; split in two; opening with a cleft.
Bifo'ld, bi'fold. adj.  [from  binus,  Lat.
   and fold.] Twofold; double.
    If beauty have a soul, this is not she;
  If souls guide vows, if vows are sanctimony,
  If sanctimony be toe gods' delight,
  If there be rule in unity itself,
  This is not she: 0 madness of discourse!
  This cause sets up with and against thyself!
  Bifold authority.    Shaksp.  Troilus and Cressrda.
Bi'formed,  bi'formd.382 adj.  [biformis,]
   Lat.] Compounded of two forms, or bo-
   dies.
Bifu'rcated, bi-fur'ka-ted.118 adj. [from
   binus two, and furea a fork,  Lat.] Shoot-
   ing  out, by a  division,  into two heads.
    A  small white piece,  bifurcated,  or branching
  into two, and finely reticulated all over. Woodward.
Bifurcation,  bi-fiir-ka'slmn. to. s. [from
  binus  and furea, Lat.]   Division  into
  two; opening into two  parts.
    The first catachrestical and far derived similitude,
  it holds with man; that is, in a bifurcation,or divi-
  sion of toe root into two parts.  Brown's Vulg. Err.
BIG, big', adj.  [This  word is of uncertain
  or unknown etymology. Junius derives
  it from  pxy*i&j;  Skinner from  bug,
  which, in Danish, signifies the belly.]
1. Having comparative  bulk, greater  or
  less.
    A troubled ocean, to a man who sails in it, is, I
  think, toe biggest object that he can see in motion.
                                    Spectator.
2. Great in bulk; large.
    Both in addition and division, either of space or
  duration, when the idea under consideration becomes
  very big, or very small, its precise bulk becomes ob-
  scure and confused.                     Locke.
3. Teeming; pregnant; great with  young:
  with the particle with.
    A bear big with young hath seldom been seen.
                                      Bacon.
    Lately on yonder swelling bush,
  Big with many a common rose,
    This early bud began to blush.         Waller.
4. Sometimes with of, but rarely.
                  His gentle lady,
  Big of this gentleman, our theme, deceas'd
  As he was born.         Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
5. Full of  something;  and  desirous,  or
  about, to give it vent.
            The great, th' important day,
  Big with the fate of Cato and of Rome.   Addison.
    Now big with knowledge of approaching woes,
  The prince of augurs, Halitoreses,  rose.      Pope.
6. Distended; swoln; ready to burst: used
  often of the effects  of passion, as grief,
  rage.
    Thy heart is big; get thee  apart, and weep.  Shak.
7. Great in air and mien; proud; swelling;
  tumid; haughty; surly.
    How else, said he, but with a good bold face,
  And with big words, and with a stately pace?
                                     Spenser.
    To the meaner man, or  unknown  in the  court,
  seem somewhat solemn, coy, big, and dangerous  of
  look, talk, and answer.                 Ascham.
    If you had look'd big- and spit at him, he'd have
  run.                Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
    In this prosperous season, he fell under the re-
  proach of being a man of big looks, and of a mean
  and abject spirit.                    Clarendon.
    Or does the man i' th' moon look big,
  Or wear a huger periwig
  Than our own native lunaticks?        Hudibras.
    Of governments that once made such a noise, and
  looked so big in the eyes of mankind, as being found-
  ed upon the deepest counsels, and the strongest force;
  nothing remains of them but a name.       South.
    Thou thyself, thus insolent in state,
  Art but perhaps some country magistrate,
  Whose power extends no farther than to speak
  Big on the bench, and scanty weights to break.
                                      Dryden.
    To grant big Thraso valour, Phormio sense,
  Should indignation give, at least offence.     Garth.
8. Great in spirit; lofty;  brave.
            What art thou? have not I
  An arm as big as thine? a  heart as  big?
  Thy words, I grant, are bigger: for I wear not
  My dagger in my mouth.  Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
Bi'gamist, big'ga-mist. n. s. [bigamus,low
  Lat.] One that has  committed bigamy.
  See  Bigamy.
    By the papal canons, a clergyman, that has a wife,
  cannot have an ecclesiastical benefice; much less can
  a bigamist have such a benefice according to that law.
                                      Ayliffe.
Bi'gamy, blg'ga-me."38  803 w. a. [bigamia,
   low Latin.]
 1. The crime of having two wives at once.
    A beauty-n aining and distressed widow
  Seduc'd the pitch and height of all my thoughts
  To base declension, and loath'd bigamy. Shakspeare.
    Randal determined to  commence a suit against
  Martin for bigamy and incest.  Arbuthnot and Pope.
2. [In the canon law.] The marriage of a
   second wife, or of a widow, or a woman
   already debauched; which, in the church
   of  Rome,  were considered as bringing
   a man  under  some incapacities for ec-
   clesiastical offices.
Bigbe'llied, big'bel-lid.382 adj. [from big
   and belly.]  Pregnant; with  child; great
   with young.
    When weEhave laugh'd to see toe sails conceive,
  And grow bigbellied with the wanton wind. Shaksp.
    Children and bigbellied women require antidotes
  somewhat more grateful to the  palate.     Harvey.
    So many well-shaped innocent virgins are block-
  ed up,  and waddle up and down like bigbellied wo-
  men.                               Addison.
    We pursued our march, to the terror of the mar-
  ket people, and the miscarriage of half a dozen big-
  bellied women.                        Addison.
Bi'ggin,  big'gin.  to.  .9. [beguin, Fr.] A
   child's cap.
                    Sleep now!
  Yet  not so sound, and half so deeply sweet,
  As he, whose brow with homely biggin bound,
  Snores out the watch of night.        Shakspeare,
Bight, bite'. TO^,ltis explained by Skin-
  ner, the circumference of a coil of rope.
Bi'glv, big'le. adv. [from big] Tumidly;
   haughtily; with a blustering manner.
    Would'stthou not rather choose a small renown,
  To be the may'r of some poor paltry town;
  Bigly to look, and barb'rously to speak;
  To pound false weights, and scanty measures break?
                                     Dryden.
Bi'gness, blg'n£s. to. a. [from  big.]
I. Bulk; greatness of quantity.
    If panicum be laid below, and  about the bottom
  of a root, it will cause toe root to grow to an exces-
  sive bigness.                          Bacon.
    People were surprised at the bigness and uncouth
  deformity of the camel.       L'Estrange's Fables.
    The brain of man, in respect of his body, is much
  larger than any other animal's; exceeding in bigness
  three oxen's brains.         Ray on the Creation.
2. Size, whether greater or smaller; com-
   parative bulk.
    Several sorts of rays make vibrations of several
  bignesses, which, according to their bignesses, excite
  sensations of several colours; and toe air, according
  to their bignesses, excites sensations of several sounds.
                              Newton's Opticks.
BI'GOT,big'gut.166 «. a. [The etymology
   of  this word is unknown; but it fs sup-
   posed,  by  Camden  and others, to take
   its rise from  some occasional phrase.]
   A  man devoted unreasonably to a cer-
   tain party; or prejudiced in favour of cer-
   tain opinions; a blind zealot. It is used
   often with to before the object of  zeal:
   as, a  bigot to the Cartesian tenets.
    Religious spite and pious spleen bred first
  This quarrel, which so long the bigots nurst.  Tate
    In philosophy and religion, toe bigots of all par-
  ties are generally toe most positive.         Watts
Bi'goted, big'gftt-ed.  adj. [from bigot]
   Blindly prepossessed in favour of some-
   thing;  irrationally zealous: with to.
    Bigotted to this idol, we disclaim
   Rest, health, and ease, for nothing but a name.
                                        Garth
    Presbyterian merit, during the reign of that weak,
   bigotted,  and ill-advised prince, will easily be com-
   puted.                                Swift 
BIL
BIL
BIL
Bi'GOTRY,blg'gfit-tre.8BeTO. s.[from bigot.]
1.  Blind zeal;  prejudice;   unreasonable
   warmth in  favour of  party or  opinions:
   with the particle to.
    Were it not for a bigotry to our own tenets, we
  could hardly imagine, that so many absurd, wicked,
  and bloody principles,  should pretend to support
  themselves by the gospel.                 Watts.
2. The  practice or tenet of a bigot.
    Our silence makes our adversaries think we per-
  sist in  those  bigotries, which all good and sensible
  men despise.                            Pope.
Bi'gswoln, big'swoln. adj.  [from  big and
   swoln.] Turgid; ready to burst.
             Might my bigs:: oln heart
   Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow.
                                      Addison.
Big-uddered, big'ud-dilrd. adj. [from big
   and udder.] Having large udders; hav-
   ing dugs  swelled  with milk.
     Now, driv'n before him through the arching rock,
   Came tumbling heaps on heaps th' unnumber'd flock,
   Big-udder'd ewes, and goats of female kind.  Pope.
 Bi'lander,  bil'an-dux.603 to. s.  [belandre,
   Fr.]   A small vessel of about eighty tons
   burden, used for the  carriage of goods.
   It is a kind of hoy,  manageable by four
   or five men, and has masts and  sails al-
   ter the manner of a  hoy.  They are used
   chiefly in  Holland, as being particularly
   fit for the canals.      Savary. Trevoux.
                  Like bilanders to creep
   Along the coast, and land in view to keep. Dryden.
 Bi'lberry,  bll'ber-re.  to.  s. [from  bilij,
   Sax.  a bladder, and  berry, according to
    Skinner;  vitis idea] A small shrub; and
   a sweet berry of  that shrub;  whortle-
   berry.
     Cricket, to Windsor's chimneys shalt thou leap;
   There pinch the maids as blue as bilberries.  Shaksjy.
 Bi'lbo, bil'bo.  w. s.  [corrupted  from Bil-
    boa, where the best weapons are made.]
    A rapier; a sword.
     To be compassed like a good bilbo, in toe circum-
   ference of a peck, hilt to point, heel to head.  Shak.
  Bi'luoes, bil'boze.a96TO. s. A sort of stocks,
    or wooden shackles for the  feet, used
    for punishing offenders at sea.
                    Methought I lay
   Worse than the mutinies in the bilboes.  Shakspeare.
  BILE, bile. to. a. [bills, Lat.] A thick, yel-
    low, bitter liquor, separated in the liver,
    collected in  the  gall-bladder,  and dis-
    charged   into the lower end of the duo-
    denum, or beginning of the jejunum, by
    the common  duct.  Its use is to sheathe
    or blunt the acids of the chyle,  because
    they, being entangled with its sulphurs,
    thicken it so, that it cannot be sufficient-
    ly diluted by the  succus pancreaticus.
    to enter the  lacteal vessels.     Quincy.
      In its progression, soon the labour'd chyle
   Receives the confluent rills of bitter bite;
   Which, by the liver sever'd from toe blood,
   And striving through the gall pipe, here unload
   Their yellow sh-eams.                Blackmore.
  Bile,  bile.  to. s  [bile, Sax. perhaps from
    bills,  Lat.] This is generally spelt boil;
    but,  I think, less properly.] A sore an-
    gry  swelling.
      But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter:
   Or rather a disease that's in my flesh;
   Thou art a bile in my corrupted blood.    Shaksp.
      Those biles did run—say so—did not toe general
   run? were not that a botchy sore?     Shakspeare.
    A furuncKlus is a painful tubercle, with a broad
  basis, arising in a cone.   It is generally called a
  bile, and is accompanied with inflammation, pulsa-
  tion, and tension.                    Wiseman.
Bilge, bilje.7* to. s. The compass or breadth
  of a ship's bottom.              Skinner.
To  Bilge, bilje.74 v. to.  [from the  noun.]
  To spring a leak;  to let in  water, by
  striking upon a rock; a sea term; now
  bulge.                           Skinner.
Bi'LiARY,b!l'ya-re.llsoc(/'. [from bilis, Lat.]
  Belonging to the bile.
    Voracious animals, and such as do not chew, have
  a great quantity of gall; and some of them have the
  biliary duct inserted  into the pylorus.   Arbuthnot.
Bi'lingsgate, Qil'lingz-gate. to. s. [A cant
  word, borrowed  from  Bilingsgate  in
  London, a place where  there is  always
  a crowd  of  low people,  and  frequent
  brawls  and  foul language.]   Ribaldry;
  foul language.
    There  stript, fair rhetorick languish'd on toe
           ground,
  And shameful bilingsgate her robes adorn.   Pope.
Bi'linguous,  bi-ling'gwiis.118 adj.  [bilin-
  guis, Lat.]   Having, or speaking, two
   tongues.
Bi'lious, bil'yus.113 adj. [from bilis, Lat.]
   Consisting of bile;  partaking of bile.
     Why bitious juice a golden light puts on,
  And floods of chyle in silver currents run.   Garth.
     When  the taste ofthe  mouth is bitter, it is a sign
  of a redundance of a bilious alkali.     Arbuthnot.
 To BILK, bilk. v. a. [derived by Mr. Lye
    from the Gothick bilaican.] To cheat; to
    defraud,  by running  in debt, and avoid-
    ing payment.
     Bilk'd stationers for yeomen stood prepar'd. Dryd.
     What comedy, what farce can more delight,
  Than grinning hunger, and the pleasing sight
  Of your bilk'd hopes?                   Dryden.
 BILL, bill. n.s.  [bile, Sax. See Ball.]
    The beak of a fowl.
     Their bills were  thwarted crossways at the end,
  and with these they would cut an apple in two at
  one snap.                            Carew.
     It may be tried, whether birds may not be made
  to have greater or longer bills,  or greater or longer
  talons.                                Bacon.
                    In his bill
  An olive  leaf he brings, pacifick sign!     Milton.
     No crowing cock does there his wings display,
  Nor with his horny  bill provoke the day.   Dryden.
 BILL, bill. to.  s. [bille, tyibille, Sax. a two
    edged  axe.]
 1.  A kind of hatchet with a hooked point,
    used in country work, as  a hedging bill;
    so called from ils  resemblance  in form
    to the  beak of  a bird of prey.
     Standing troops are servants armed, who use the
   lance and sword, as other servants do toe sickle or
   the bill, at the command of those who entertain them.
                                       Temple.
 2.  A kind of weapon anciently carried by
    the foot; a battle  axe.
     Yea distaff women manage rusty bills;
   Against thy seat both young and old rebel. Shaksp.
 BILL, bill. to. *.  [billet, Fr.]
  I.  A written paper of any kind.
              He does receive
   Particular addition  from the bill
    That writes them all alike.          Shakspeare.
 2.  An account of money.
     Ordinary expence ought to be limited by a man's
   estate, and ordered to toe best, that the bills may be
   less than toe estimation abroad.           Bacon.
  A law presented to the parliament, not
  yet made an act.
    No new laws can be made, nor old laws abrogated
  or altered, but by parliament; where bills are pre-
  pared, and presented to the two houses.     Bacon.
    How now for mitigation of this bill,
  Urg'd by the commons? doth his majesty
  Incline to it, or no?                 Sliakspeare,
4. An act of  parliament.
    There will be no way left for me to tell you that
  I remember you, and  that I love you, but that one,
  which needs no open warrant, or secret conveyance;
  which no bills can preclude, nor no kings prevent.
                                    Atterbury.
5. A  physician's prescription.
    Like him that took  the doctor's Mil,
  And swallow'd it instead o' to' pill.      Hudibras.
    The medicine was prepared according to the bill.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Let them, but under your superiours, kill,
  When doctors first have sign'd the bloody bill. Dryd.
   An advertisement.
    And in despair, their empty pit to fill,
  Set up some foreign monster in a bill.   Dryden.
   [In law.]
    1. An obligation, but without condition,  or for-
  feiture for non-payment.  2.  A declaration  in writ-
  ing, that expresseth either the grief and the wrong
  that the complainant hath suffered by toe party com-
  plained of; or  else some fault  that the party com-
  plained of hath committed against some law.  This
  bill is sometimes offered to justices errants in the
  general assizes; but most to the lord chancellor.  It
  containeth the fact complained of, the damages there-
  by suffered, and petition of process against the de-
  fendant for redress.                    Cowell.
    The fourth thing very maturely to be consulted by
  the jury, is, what influence their finding the bill may
  have upon  the kingdom.                 Swift.
 8. A bill of mortality.  An account  of the
   numbers that have died in any district.
    Most  who took in  the weekly bills of mortality,
  made little other use of them, than  to look at the
  foot, how the burials increased or decreased.  Graunt.
    So liv'd our sires, ere doctors learn'd to kill,
  And multiply'd with theirs the weekly bill. Dryden.
 }. A bill of fare.   An account of the sea-
   son of provisions, or  of the dishes at a
   feast.
    It may seem somewhat difficult to make out the
   bills of fare for some of the forementioned  suppers.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 10. A bill  of exchange.   A note ordering
   the payment of  a sum of money  in one
   place, to  some person assigned  by the
   drawer  or remitter, in  consideration of
   the value  paid to him in  another place.
     The comfortable sentences are Mils of exchange,
   upon toe credit of which we lay our cares down, and
   receive provisions.                      Taylor.
     All that a bill of exchange can do, is to  direct to
   whom money is due, or taken up upon credit, in a
   foreign country, shall be paid.             Locke.
 To Bill, bill. v. to. [from bill, a beak.] To
   caress,  as  doves by joining  bills; to be
   fond.
     Doves, they say, will bill, after their pecking, and
   their murmuring.          Ben Jonson's Cataline.
     Still amorous, and fond, and billing,
   Like Philip and Mary on a shilling.     Hudibras.
     They bill, they tread; Alcyone compress'd
   Seven days sits brooding on her floating nest. Dryd.
     He that bears th' artillery of Jove,
   The strong poune'd eagle, and the billing dove. Dryd.
  To Bill,  bill. v. a. [from bill, a writing.]
    To  publish by an advertisement: a cant
    word.
     His masterpiece was a composition that he billed
   about under the name of a sovereign antidote.
                                    L'Estrange. 
BIN
BIN
BIO
Bi'llet, bil'lit.98 to. a. [billet, French.]
1. A small paper;  a note.
    When he found this little billet, in which was only
  written Remember Cozsar, he was exceedingly con-
  founded.                          Clarendon.
2. A ticket directing soldiers at what house
   to lodge.
3. Billet-doux, or a soft billet; a love-letter.
    'Twas then, Belinda! if report say true,
  Thy eyes first open'd on  a billet-doux.       Pope.
4. [Bitot, Fr.]  A small log of wood for the
   chimney.
    Let us then calculate,  when the bulk of a fagot or
  billet is dilated  and  rarified to toe  degree of fire,
  how vast a place it must take up. Digby on Bodies.
    Their billet at the  fire was found.        Prior.
To Bi'llet, bil'lit. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To direct a soldier by a ticket, or note,
   where he  is to lodge.
    Retire thee; go where thou art billeted:
  Away, I say.                       Shakspeare.
2. To quarter  soldiers.
    They remembered him of charging the kingdom,
  by billeting soldiers.                   Raleigh.
    The counties throughout the kingdom were so in-
  censed, and their affections poisoned, that they re-
  fused to suffer the soldiers to be billeted upon them.
                                    Clarendon.
Bi'lliards, bil'yurdz.113 to.  s. without a
   singular, [billard, Fr. of which that lan-
   guage has no etymology; and therefore
   they probably derived from England both
   the play and the name, which is corrupt-
   ed from halyards,  yards or  sticks with
   which a  ball  is driven along a  table.
   Thus  Spenser:
                Balyards much unfit,
  And shuttlecocks misseeming manly wit. Hubberd.]
   A game at which a ball is forced against
   another on the table.
    Let it alone; let's  to Mlliards.      Shakspeare.
    Even nose and cheek  withal,
  Smooth as is the billiard ball.        Ben Jonson.
    Some  are forced to bound or fly upwards, almost
  like ivoiy balls meeting on a billiard table.  Boyle.
    When toe ball obeys the stroke of a billiard stick,
  it is not any action of the ball, but bare passion.
                                       Locke.
BrLLOW,bil'l6. n. s. [bilge, Germ, bolg,
   Dan. probably ofthe same original with
   bihj. Sax. a bladder.]   A wave swoln
   and hollow.
    From whence the river Dee, as silver cleen,
  His tumbling billows roll  with gentle rore.  Spenser.
    BiUows sink by degrees, even when the wind is
  down that first stirred them.             Wotton.
    Chasing Nereus with his trident throws
  The billows from the bottom.           Denham.
To Bi'llow, bil'lo. v. to. [from the noun.]
   To swell,  or roll, as a wave.
    The billowing snow, and violence of the show'r,
  That from toe hills disperse their dreadful store,
  And o'er the vales collected ruin pour.     Prior.
Bi'llowy, bll'lo-e. adj. [from billow.]
   Swelling; turgid; wavy.
    And whitening down the mossy-tinctur'd stream,
  Descends the billowy  foam.            Thomson.
Bin, bin. to.*, [binne,  Sax] A  place where
   bread, or corn, or wine, is  reposited.
    The most convenient way of picking hops, is into
  a long square frame of wood, called a bin.   Mori.
    As when, from rooting in a bin,
  All powder'd o'er from tail to chin,
  A lively maggot sallies out,
  You know him by his hazel snout.          Swift.
Bi'nary, bi'na-re.118 adj  [from binus,hat.]
   Two; dual;  double.
Bi'nary  Arithmetick, bi'na-re a-rith'me-
  tlk. A method of computation proposed
  by Mr. Leibnitz, in which, in lieu of the
  ten figures in the common arithmetick,
  and the progression from ten to ten, he
  has only two figures, and uses the sim-
  ple progression  from two to two.  This
  method appears to be the same with that
  used by the Chinese four thousand years
  ago.                          Chambers.

To  BIND, bind. v. a. pret.  / bound;  par-
  ticip. pass, bound, or bounden. [binban,
  Sax.]
1. To confine with bonds; to enchain.
    Wilt thou play with him, as with a bird? or wilt
  thou bind him for thy maidens?            Job.
2. To gird;  to enwrap; to involve.
    Who hath bound the waters in a garment. Prov.
3. To fasten to  any thing;  to fix by circum-
  volution.
    Thou shalt  bind this line of scarlet thread in the
  window, which thou didst let us down by.  Joshua.
    Keep my commandments, and live; and my law, as
  the apple of thine eye. Bind them upon thy fingers,
  write them upon the table of thine heart. Proverbs.
4. To fasten  together.
    Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them
  in bundles, to burn them.             Matthew.
5. To cover  a  wound with- dressings and
  bandages:  with ufi.
    When he saw him, he had compassion on him,
  and went to him, and bound up his  wounds. Luke.
    Having filled up the bared cranium with our dres-
  sings, we bound  up the wound.         Wiseman.
6. To oblige by stipulation, or oath.
    If a man vow  a vow, or swear an oath, to Mnd his
  soul with a bond, he shall not break his word. Numb.
    Swear by the  solemn oath that binds the gods.
                                       Pope.
7. To oblige by duty  or law; to compel; to
  constrain.
    Though I am  bound to every act of duty,
  I  am not bound to that all slaves are free to. Shaksp.
    Duties expressly requir'd in the plain language
  of Scripture,  ought to bind our  consciences  more
  than those which are but dubiously inferred. Watts.
8. To oblige by kindness.
9. To confine;  to hinder: with  in, if the
  restraint be  local;  with up, if it relate
  to thought or act.
    Now I'm cabin'd, cribb'd,  confin'd, bound in
  To saucy doubts and fears.              Shaksp.
    You will sooner, by imagination, bind a bird from
  singing, than from eating or flying.        Bacon.
    Though passion be toe most obvious and general,
  yet it is not the only cause that binds up the under-
  standing, and  confines it, for the time, to one object,
  from which it will not be taken off.        Locke.
            In such a dismal  place,
  Where joy ne'er enters, which the sun ne'er cheers,
  Bound in with darkness, overspread with damps.
                                      Dryden.
10.  To hinder the flux of the bowels;  to
  make costive.
    Rhubarb hath manifestly in it parts of  contrary
  operations;parts that purge, and parts that Mnd the
  body.                                Bacon.
    The whey of milk doth loose, the milk doth Mnd.
                                      Herbert.
11. To restrain.
    The more we  are bound up to an exact narration,
  we want more life, and fire, to animate and inform
  the story.                            Felton.
12. To bind a book. To put it in  a cover.
    Was ever book, containing such vile matter,
  So fairly bound?                   Shakspeare.
    Those who  could never read toe grammar,
  When my dear volumes touch the hammer,
  May think books best, as richest bound.     Prior.
13.  To bind to.  To oblige to serve  some
  one.
            If still thou dost retain
  The same ill habits, the same follies too,
  Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave. Dryd.
14. To bind to. To contract with any body.
    Art thou bound to a wife, seek not to be loosed.
                                1 Corinthians.
15. To bind over.  To oblige to make ap-
  pearance.
    Sir Roger was staggered with the reports concern-
  ing this woman, and would have bound her over to
  the county sessions.                   Addison.
To Bind, bind. v. n.
1. To contract  its own parts together; to
  grow stiff and hard.
    If the land rise full of clots, and if it is a Mnding
  land, you must make it fine by harrowiDg of it.
                                   Mortimer.
2. To make costive.
3. To be obligatory.
    Those  canons, or imperial constitutions, which
  have not been received here, do not bind.     Hale.
    The promises and bargains for truck, between a
  Swiss and an Indian, in the woods of America, are
  binding to them, though they are perfectly in a state
  of nature, in reference to one another.      Locke.

Bind, bind. to. s.   A species of hops.
    The two best sorts are the white and the  gray
  bind; the latter is a large square hop, and more har-
  dy.                               Mortimer.
Bi'nder, bind'ur.98 to. *.  [from To bind.]
1. A man whose trade it  is to bind books.
2. A man that binds sheaves.
    Three binders stood, and took the handfuls reapt
  From boys that gather'd quickly up.    Chapman.
    A man, with a binder, may reap an acre of wheat
  in a day, if it stand well.             Mortimer.
3. A fillet; a shred cut to bind with.
    A double cloth, of such length and breadth  as
  might serve to  encompass toe fractured member, I
  cut from each end to the middle, into three binders.
                                    Wiseman.
Bi'nding,  bind'ing.410 «. s.  [from bind]
   A bandage.
    This beloved young woman began to take off toe
  binding of his eyes.                    Taylor,
Bi'ndweed, bind'weed. to. .9. [convolvulus,
   Lat.]   The name of a plant.
    Bindweed is  the larger and the  smaller; the first
  sort flowers in September, and the last in June and
  July.                              Mortimer.
Bi'nocle,  bin'no-kl.40s to. s.  [from  binun
   and oculus.]   A kind of  dioptrick tele-
   scope, fitted  so with two  tubes joining
   together  in one, as that a distant object
  may be seen  with both eyes together.
                                     Harris.
BiNo'cuLAR,bi-n6k'u-h\r.1188898arf/.[from
   binus and oculus.]   Having two eyes.
    Most animals are binocular, spiders for the most
  part octonocular, and some senocular.    Derham.
Bino'mial  Root, bi-no'me-al r66t.  [in al-
   gebra.]   A root composed of only two
   parts, connected with  the  signs plus or
   minus.                            Harris.
Bino'minous, bi-no'mi-niis. adj.  [from bi-
   nus andTO07new,Lat.] Havingtwonames.
Bio'grapher,  bi-6g'gra-tur.116 n. s. [fiict
   and ypu,<pa.] A writer of lives; a relater
   not of the history of nations, but of the
   actions of particular persons.
    Our Grubstreet Mographers watch for the death of
  a great man, like so many undertakers, on purpose
  to make a penny of him.               Addison. 
B1R
BIR
BIR
Bio'graphy, bi-6g'gra-fe.u8518 to. s. [&i<&
  and ypctipa.]
    In writing the lives of men, which is called biog-
  raphy, some authors place every thing in the precise
  order of time when it occurred.           Watts.
Bi'ovao, be-6-vac.    "J  to.  a.  [Fr. from
Bi'hovac, be-ho-vac.  L    wey   wach  a
Bi'vouac, be'vu-ac.   J     double guard,
  German.] A guard at night performed
  by the whole  army;  which  either at a
  siege, or  lying before  an  enemy, every
  evening draws out from its tents or huts,
  and continues  all night in arms.  Not in
  use.                   Trevoux. Harris.
Bi'parous,  bi'pa-rus.603  adj. [from binus
  and pario, Lat.]   Bringing forth two at
  a birth.
Bi'partite, bip'par-tite.165 603 adj.  [from
   binus and partior, Lat.]   Having  two
   correspondent parts; divided into two.
Biparti'tion, bi-par-tish'un.  to. s.  [from
   bipartite/] The act of dividing into two;
   or of making two correspondent parts.
Bi'ped, bi'ped.118 to. s.  [pipes,  Lat.]  An
  animal with two feet.
     No serpent, or fishes oviparous, have any stones
  at all; neither biped nor quadruped oviparous have
  any exteriourly.        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Bi'pedal,  blp'pe-dal.603  adj.  [bipedalis,
   Lat.] Two feet in length; or having two
   feet.
Bipe'nnated, bi-p£n'na-ted.118 adj. [from
   binus  and fienna, Lat.]   Having  two
   wings.
     All Mpennated insects have poises joined to the
  body.                              Derham.
Bipe'talous, bi-pdt'ta-lus. adj.  [of  bis,
   Lat. and  TeraAov.]  A flower consisting
   of two leaves.                     Diet.
Bi'quadrate, bi-qwa'drate.      }  to. s.
Biquadra'tick, bi-qwa-drat'ik.915    [in
   algebra ]  The  fourth  power, arising
   from the multiplication of a square num-
   ber or quantity by itself.        Harris.
BIRCH Tree, biirtsh.108 to. s. [brp,c, Sax.
   betula, Lat.]  The leaves are like those
   of the poplar; the shoots are very slen-
   der and weak; the katkins  are produc-
   ed at remote  distances from  the fruits,
   on the same tree; the  fruit becomes a
   little  squamose  cone;  the seeds  are
   winged, and the tree casts its  outer rind
   every year.                      Miller.
Bi'rchen, bur'tshn.10340* adj. [from birch]
   Made of birch.
     His beaver'd brow a birchen garland bears. Pope.
BIRD, burd.108 to.  s. [binb, or bnib, a
   chicken,  Saxon.]  A general term for
   the feathered kind; a  fowl.  In common
   talk, fowl is used for the  larger, and
   bird for  the smaller  kind of feathered
   animals.
                  The poor wren,
  The most diminutive of birds, will fight,
  Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Shaksp.
     Sh' had all the regal makings of a queen;
  As holy oil,  Edward confessor's crown,
  The rod and bird of peace, and all such emblems,
  Laid nobly on her.      Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
     The bird of Jove stoop'd from his airy tour,
  Two Hrds of gayest plume before him drove. Milt.
     Hence men and beasts the breath of life obtain,
  And birds of air, and monsters of the main.  Dryd.
    There are some Mrds that are inhabitants of the
  water, whose blood is cold as fishes, and their flesh
  is so  like in taste, that the  scrupulous are allowed
  them on fish days.                      Locke.
To Bird, bird. v. to. [from the noun.] To
   catch  birds.
    I do invite you to-morrow morning  to my house
  to breakfast; after we'll a Mr ding together.  Shaksp,

Bi'rdbolt, bdrd'bolt. to. s. [from bird and
   bolt, or arrow.]  An arrow, broad at the
   end, to be shot at birds.
    To be generous and of free disposition, is to take
  those things for birdbolts that you deem cannon bul-
  lets.                                Shaksp.
Bi'RDCAGE,biird'kaje. n.a. [from bird and
   cage.]  An enclosure,  with  interstitial
   spaces, made of wire or wicker, in which
   birds  are kept.
    Birdcages taught him the pulley, and tops the cen-
  trifugal  force.             Arbuthnot and Pope.
Bi'rdcatcher, bftrd'katsh-rir.89TO..s. [from
   bird and catch]   One that  makes it his
   employment to take birds.
    A poor lark entered into a miserable expostulation
   with a birdcatcher, that had  taken her in his net.
                                  L'Estrange.
Bi'rder, bfird'ir.98 «. s. [from bird.]  A
   birdcatcher.
Bi'rding-pieqe,   b&rd'ing-peese.   to.  a.
   [from bird and piece.] A fowling-piece;
   a gun to shoot birds  with.
    I'll creep up  into toe chimney.—There they al-
   ways use to discharge their Mr ding-pieces; creep into
   toe kill  hole.                         Shaksp.
Bi'rdlime, bvird'lime. to. s. [from bird and
   lime.]  A glutinous substance, which is
   spread upon twigs, by which the birds
   that light upon them are entangled.
    Birdlime is made of the bark of holly: they pound
   it into a tough paste, that no fibres of the wood be
   left; then it is washed in a  running stream,  till no
   motes appear, and put up to ferment,  and scummed,
   and then laid up for use; at which time they incor-
   porate with it a third part of nut oil,  over the fire.
   But the bark of ourlantone, or wayfaring shrub, will
   make very good birdlime.              Chambers.
    Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make bird-
   lime of  the bark of it.        Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    With stores of gather'd glue  contrive
   To stop the vents and crannies  of toeir hive;
   Not birdlime, or Idean pitch, produce
   A more tenacious mass of clammy juice.     Dryd.
                  I'm ensnar'd;
   Heav'n's birdlime wraps me round,  and glues my
      wings.                          Dryden.
    The  woodpecker,  and other birds of this kind,
   because they prey upon flies which they catch with
   their tongue, have a couple  of bags filled with a vis-
   cous humour, as if it were a  natural Mrdlime,  or
   liquid glue.                            Grete.
Bi'rdman,  burd'man.88 to. a.  [from bird
   and man.] A birdcatcher; a fowler.
    As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked
   him what he was doing: why, says he, I am laying
   the foundations of a city; and so the birdman drew
   out of sight.                       L'Estrange
Bi'rds-cherry, blirdz'tshe'r-re. to. a.  [pa-
   dua Theophrasti.]   A plant.

Bi'rdseye, burdz'i. to. *. [adonis, Lat.]
   The name of a plant.
Bi'rdsfoot, bdrdz-fut.  to.  s. [ornithopodi-
   um, Lat.]   The name of a plant.

Bi'rdsnest, bdrdz'nest.   to. *.   An herb.
                                      Diet.
Bi'rdstares, burdz'tares.  to. a. [aracus.]
   A  plant.
Bi'rdstongue, bdrdz'ting. w. s. An herb.
                                      Diet.
Bi'rgander, beVgan-dur. to. s.  [chenalo-
  pex.] A fowl ofthe goose kind.  Diet.

Birt, bert.  to. s.  A fish, the same with the
  turbot; which see.
BIRTH, berth, n.s.  [beojifc, Sax.]
1. The act of coming into life.
    But thou art fair, and at thy Mrth, dear boy,
  Nature and fortune join'd to make thee great. Shaksp.
    In Spain, our springs like old men's children be
  Decay'd and  witoer'd from their infancy;
  No kindly showers fall on our barren earth,
  To hatch the seasons in a timely birth.    Dryden.
2. Extraction; lineage.
    Most virtuous virgin, born of heavenly birth.
                                     Spenser,
    All truth I shall relate: nor first can I
  Myself to be of Grecian birth deny.      Denham
3. Rank which is inherited by descent.
    He doth object, I am too great of birth.  Shaksp.
    Be just in all you say, and all you do;
  Whatever be your Mrth you're sure to be
  A peer of the first magnitude to me.      Dryden.
4. The condition or circumstances in which
   any man  is born.
    High in his chariot then Halesus came,
  A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name.    Dryd.
5. Thing born; production: used of vegeta-
   bles, as well as  animals.
    The people fear me; for they do observe
  Unfather'd heirs, and loathly births of nature. Shaks.
    That poets are far rarer Mrths than kings,
  Your noblest father prov'd.          Ben Jonsm.
                  Who of themselves
  Abhor to join; and, by imprudence mix'd,
  Produce prodigious births of body or mind. Milton.
    She, for this many thousand years,
  Seems to have practis'd with much care
  To frame the race of woman fair;
  Yet never could a perfect Mrth              "*
  Produce before, to grace the earth.      Waller.
                His eldest birth
  Flies, mark'd by heav'n, a fugitive o'er earth. Prior.
    The vallies smile, and with their flow'ry face,
  And wealthy Mrths, confess the flood's embrace,
                                   Blackmore.
    Others hatch their eggs, and tend the Mrth, till it
  is able to shift for itself.              Addison.
6. The act  of bringing forth.
    That fair  Syrian shepherdess
  Who, after years of barrenness,
  The highly favour'd Joseph bore
  To him that serv'd for her before;
  And at her next birth, much like thee,
  Through pangs fled to felicity.          MUton.
7. The seamen call a due or proper distance
   between  ships lying at  an anchor, or un-
   der sail,  a birth. Also the proper place
   on board  for the mess to put their chests,
   &c. is  called the birth of that mess. Also
   a convenient  place to moor a ship in, is
   called a birth.                   Harris.
Bi'rthday, berrA'da. to. s. [from birth and
   day.]
 1. The day  on which any one is born.
                Orient light,
  Exhaling first from darkness, they  beheld,
  Birthday of heaven and earth.           Milton.
2. The day  of the year  in which any one
   was born, annually observed.
    This is my birthday; as this very day
  Was Cassius horn.                    Shaksp.
    They tell  me 'tis my Mrthday, and I'll keep it
  With double pomp of sadness:
  'Tis what the day deserves, which gave me breath.
                                     Dryden.
                Your country dames,
  Whose cloaths returning Mrthday claims.    Prior: 
BIS                                      BIS                                     BIT
 Bi'rtrsom, WrM'dum.  to. a. [This is er-
   roneously, I think, printed in Shakapeare,
   birthdoom.   It is derived from birth and
   dom  (see Dom)  as kingdom, dukedom.]
   Privilege of birth.
                   Let us rather
   Hold fast toe mortal sword; and, like good men,
   Bestride our downfaln Mrthdom.         Shaksp.
 Bi'rthnight, ber^A-nite. to. a. [from birth
   and night.]
 1. The night on which any one is born.
     Th' angelick song in Bethlehem  field,
   On toy birthnight, that sung the Saviour born.
                             Paradise Regained.
 2: The night  annually kept in memory of
   any one's birth.
     A youth more glitt'ring than a birthnight beau.
                                        Pope.
 Bi'rthplace, ber^A'plase. n.a. [from birth
   and place.]  Place where any one is born.
     My Mrthplace hate I, and my love's upon
   This enemy's town.                    Shaksp.
     A degree of stupidity beyond even what we have
   been charged with, upon  toe score of our birthplace
   and climate.                          Swift.
 Bi'rthright, ber^A-rite. to. s. [from birth
   and ri^ht.]   The rights and privileges
   to which a man is born; the right of the
   first-born.
                   Thy blood and  virtue
   Contend for empire in thee, and thy goodness
   Shares with thy birthright.              Shaksp.
                   Thou hast been found
   By merit, more than birthright, Son  of God. Milton.
     I lov'd her first, I cannot quit the claim,
   But will preserve the birthright of my passion. Otway.
     While no baseness in this breast I find,
   I have not lost the birthright of my  mind.  Dryden.
     To say that liberty and property are the birthright
   of the English nation, but that, if a prince invades
   them by illegal methods, we must upon no pretence
   resist, is to confound governments.       Addison.
 BiRTHSTRA'NGLED,ber;A-strang-gld.ss9aa/.
   [from birth  and strangle.]  Strangled or
   suffocated in being  born.
     Finger of birlhstrangled babe,
   Ditch-deliver'd by a drab.      Shaksp. Macbeth.
 Bi'rthwort,  ber^A'wurt.166  to. s.  [from
   birth and wort; I suppose from a quali-
   ty of hastening delivery.  Aristolochia,
   Lat.]  The name of a plant.
 BI'SCO TIN,  bis'ko-tln. n.s.  [French.] A
   confection made of flour, sugar, marma-
   lade, eggs, &c.
 Bi'scuit,  bis'kit.341  ». s. [from bis  twice,
   Lat. and cuit baked. Fr.]
 1. A kind of hard dry bread,  made to be
   carried  to sea: it is  baked for long voy-
   ages four times.
    The biscuit also in  the ships, especially in the
  Spanish gallies, was  grown hoary, and unwhole-
  some.                           Knolles' Hist.
    Many have been cured of dropsies by abstinence
  from drinks, eating dry biscuit, which creates no
  thirst, and strong frictions four or five times a-day.
                             Arbuthnot on Diet.
 2  A composition of fine  flour,  almonds,
   and sugar, made  by the confectioners.
 To Bi'seot, bi'sekt.118119 v. a.  [from binus
   and seco to cut, Lat.] To divide into two
   parts.
   The rational horison Msecteth the globe into two
  equal parts.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Bise'otion, bi-sek'shiii].118 ».  s. [from the
  verb.]  A geometrical term, signifying

      VOL.  I.
   the division  of any quantity  into  two
   equal parts.
BI'SHOP, blsh'up. n.a. [From epiacopua,
   Lat. the Saxons formed bipcop, which
   was afterwards softened  into bishop.]
   One of the head order of the clergy.
    A bishop is an overseer, or superintendant, of re-
  ligious matters in the Christian church.    Ayliffe.
    You shall find him well accompany'd
  With reverend fathers, and well learned btsftops.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Their zealous superstition thinks, or pretends,
  toey cannot do  God a greater  service,  than to de-
  stroy toe primitive, apostolical, and anciently univer-
  sal government of the church by bishops.  K. Charles.
    In case a bishop should commit treason and felony,
  and forfeit his estate, with his life, the lands of his
  bishoprick remain still in the church.      South.
    On toe word bishop, in French eveque, I would ob-
  serve, that there is  no  natural connexion between
  the sacred office and toe letters or sound; for eveque,
  and bishop, signify the same office, though there is
  not one letter alike in them.       Watts's Logick.
Bi'shop, bish'up.166 n.s. A cant word for a
   mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar.
                 Fine oranges,
  Well roasted, with sugar and wine in a cup,
  They'll make a sweet bishop, when gentlefolks sup.
                                       Swift.
 To Bi'shop,blsh'Ap.  v.a. [from the noun.]
   To confirm; to admit solemnly into the
   church.
    They are prophane, imperfect,  oh! too bad,
  Except confirm'd and bishoped by  thee.     Donne.
Bi'shoprick,  bish'lip-rik.  n. s.  [bircop-
   pice, Saxon.]  The diocese of a bishop;
   the district over  which the jurisdiction
   of a bishop extends.
    It will be fit, that, by the king's supreme power in
  causes ecclesiastical, they be subordinate under some
  bishop, and bishoprick, of this realm.       Bacon.
    A virtuous woman should reject marriage, as a
  good man  does a bishoprick; but I would advise nei-
  ther to persist in refusing.     Addison's Spectator.
    Those pastors had episcopal ordination, possessed
  preferments in the church, and were sometimes pro-
  moted to bishopricks themselves.           Swift.
Bi'shopsweed, bish'&ps-weed. to. s. [ammi,
   Lat.] The  name of a plant.
Bisk, bisk. re. s. [bisque, Fr] Soup; broth
   made by boiling several sorts of flesh.
    A prince, who in a forest rides  astray,
  And weary, to some cottage finds the way,
  Talks of no pyramids, or fowls,  or bisks of fish,
  But hungry sups his cream serv'd up in earthen dish.
                                       King.
Bi'sket, bis'kit.   See Biscuit.
Bi'smuth, biz'mu^A.  to. s.   The same as
   marcasite; a hard, white, brittle, mineral
   substance, of a metalline nature found at
   Misnia;  supposed  to  be  a recrementi-
  tious matter thrown off in the formation
  of tin.   Some esteem it a metal sui ge-
  neris; though it usually contains  some
  silver.  There  is  an  artificial bismuth
  made, for the shops, of tin.      Quincy.
Bisse'xtile, bis-seks'til.140 to. *. [from bis
  and sextilis, Lat.]   Leap year; the year
  in which the day, arising from  six  odd
   hours in each year, is intercalated.
    The year of toe sun consisteth  of three hundred
  and sixty-five days and  six  hours, wanting eleven
  minutes; which six hours omitted, will, in time, de-
  prave the compute: and this was toe occasion of bis-
  sextile, or leap year.                    Broron.
    Towards the latter end of February is the bissex-
  tile, or intercalar day; called bissextile,  because the
                    Bb
  sixth ofthe calends of March is twice repeated.
                              Holder on Time,
Bi'ssoNjbis'sun.^Sarfy'. [derived by Skinner
  from by and ain.]   Blind.
    But who, oh! who hath seen the mobled queen
  Run barefoot up and down, threat'ning the flames
  With bisson rheum?            Shaksp. Hamlet.
    What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean
  out of his character.         Shaksp. Coriolanus.
BI'STRE, bis-tur. «. s. [French.]  A co-
  lour made of chimney  soot  boiled, and
  then diluted with water;  used by paint-
  ers in washing their designs.  Trevoux.
Bi'sTORT,bis't6rt. to. s. [bistorta, Lat.] The
  name of a plant, called also snakeweed;
  which see.
Bis'toury, bis'tur-e.314 n.s. [bistouri, Fr.]
  A surgeon's instrument; used in making
  incisions, of which there are three sorts;
  the blade ofthe first turns like  that of a
  lancet; but the straight bistoury has the
  blade fixed in the handle;  the  crooked
  bistoury is  shaped like a  half  moon,
  having the edge on the inside.
                                 Chambers.
Bisulcous,   bi-sfil'kis.  adj.   [bisulcua,
  Lat.]  Cloven-footed.
    For toe swine, although multiparous, yet being
  bisulcous, and only cloven-footed, are farrowed with
  open eyes, as other bisulcous animals.      Brown.
Bit, bit. «. a.  [bicol, Saxon.] Signifies the
  whole  machine of  all the iron appurte-
  nances of a bridle, as the bit-mouth, the
  branches, the curb, the sevil  holes, the
  tranchefil,  and  the cross chains; but
  sometimes it is used to signify  only the
  bit mouth in particular.  Farrier's Diet.
    They light from their horses, pulling off their Mt,
  that they might something refresh their mouths upon
  the grass.                             Sidney.
    We have strict statutes, and most biting laws,
  The needful bits and curbs of headstrong steeds.
                                      Shaksp.
    He hath the bit between his  teeth, and away he
  runs.                            Stilling fleet.
                  Unus'd to the restraint
  Of curbs and Mts, and fleeter  than the winds.
                                     Addison.
Bit, bit. to. a. [from bite.]
1. As much meat as is put into the mouth
  at once.
    How many prodigal Mts have slaves and peasants
  This night englutted!                   Shaksp.
    Follow your function, go and  batten on cold bits.
                                      Shaksp.
    The mice found it troublesome to be still climb-
  ing the oak for every Mt they put in their bellies.
                                  L'Estrange.
    John was toe darling;  he had all  the good bits,
  was crammed with good pullet, chicken,  and ca-
  pon.                              Arbuthnot.
2. A  small piece of any thing.
    By this the boiling kettle had  prepar'd,
  And to the table sent the smoaking lard;
  A sav'ry bit, that serv'd to relish wine.    Dryden.
    Then clap four slices of pilaster on't,
  That, lae'd with Mts of rustick, makes a front. Pope.
    He bought at thousands, what with better wit
  You purchase as you want, and bit by bit.   Pope.
    His majesty has power to  grant  a  patent  for
  stamping round bits of copper to every subject he
  hath.                                 Swift.
3. A  Spanish West Indian silver coin, va-
   lued at sevenpence halfpenny.
4. A bit the better or woree. In the smallest
   degree.
|    There are few that know  all the tricks of these 
BIT
BIT
BIT
   lawyers; for aught I can see, your case is not a bit
   clearer than it was seven years ago.     Arbuthnot.
  To Bit, bit.  v. a.  [from the noun.]   To
    put the bridle upon a  horse.
  Bitch, bitsh. to. a. [bitge, Saxon.]
  1. The female of the canine kind; as  the
    wolf, the dog, the fox, the otter.
     And at his feet a Mtch wolf suck did yield
   To two young babes.                   Spenser.
     I have been credibly informed, that a bitch will
   nurse, play with, and  be fond of young foxes, as
   much as, and  in place of, her puppies.     Locke.
  2. A name of reproach for  a woman.
     Him you'll  call a dog, and her a bitch.    Pope.
     John had not run a madding so long, had it not
   been for an extravagant Mtch of a wife. Arbuthnot.
  To BITE, bite. v. a. pret. I bit; part. pass.
    I have bit, or bitten, [bitan, Saxon.]
  1. To crush, or pierce with the teeth.
                  My very enemy's dog,
   Though he had Mt me, should have stood that night
   Against my fire.                     Shakspeare.
             Such smiling rogues as these.
   Like rats,  oft  bite the holy cords in twain,
   Too intricate f unloose.             Shakspeare.
     These are the youths that thunder at a play-house,
   and fight for bitten apples.            Shakspeare.
     He falls; his arms upon his body sound,
   And with his bloody teeth he bites the ground. Dryd.
     There was  lately a young  gentleman bit to the
   bone, who has now indeed recovered.      Tatter.
     Their foul  mouths have  not opened their lips
   without a  falsity; though toey have showed their
   teeth as if they would bite off my nose.
                  Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
 2. To give pain by  cold.
           Here feel we the icy phang,
   And churlish chiding of the winter's wind;
   Which when it bites and blows upon my body,
   Even till I shrink with cold, I smile.       Shaksp.
     Full fifty years, harness'd in rugged steel,
   I have endur'd the biting- winter's blast,
   And the severer heats of parching summer.   Rowe.
 3. To hurt or pain with reproach.
     Each poet with a diff'rent talent writes;
   One praises, one instructs, another bites. Roscommon.
 4. To cut; to wound.
     I've seen the day, with my good biting faulchion
   I would have made them skip.            Shaksp.
 5. To make the mouth smart with an acrid
   taste.
     It may be the  first water will have more of the
   scent, as more fragrant; and toe second more ofthe
   taste, as more  bitter, or biting.            Bacon.
 6. To cheat;  to trick; to defraud: a  low
   phrase.
     Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,
   An honest factor stole a gem away:
   He pledg'd it to the knight; the knight had wit,
   So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit.  Pope.
     If you had allowed half the fine gentlemen to have
   conversed with you, they would have been strangely
   bit, while they  thought only to fall in love with a fair
   lady.                                   Pope.
 Bite, bite. n.a. [from the verb.]
 1. The seizure of any thing  by  the teeth.
    Does he think he can endure the everlasting burn-
   ings, or arm himself against the Mtes of the never-
   dying worm?                            South.
    Nor dogdays parching heat, that splits the rocks,
   Is half so harmful as the greedy flocks;
   Their venom'd bite, and scars indented on the stocks.
                      Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks.
2. The act of a  fish that takes the bait.
    I have known a very good fisher angle diligently
  four or six hours for a river carp, and  not have a
  brie.                                  Walton
3. A cheat; a trick; a fraud: in low and vul-
   gar language.
    Let a man be ne'er so wise,
   He may be caught with sober lies;
   For, take it in its proper light,
   'Tis just what coxcombs call a bite.        Swift.
 4. A sharper; one who commits frauds.
 Bi'ter, bi'tur.98 to. *. [from bite.]
 1. He that bites.
     Great barkers are no biters.           Camden.
 2. A fish  apt to take the bait.
     He is so hold, that he will invade one of his own
   kind; and you may therefore easily believe him to be
   a bold Mter.                           Walton.
 3. A tricker; a deceiver.
     A  biter is one who tells you a thing you have
   no reason to disbelieve in itself, and perhaps has
   given you, before he bit you, no reason to disbelieve
   it for his saying it; and, if you give him credit,
   laughs in your face, and triumphs that he has decei-
   ved you.  He is  one who thinks yon a fool, because
   you do not think him a knave.  "       Spectator.
 Bi'ttacle, bit'ta-kl.405 to. *. A frame of
    timber in  the steerage of a ship, where
    the compass is placed.             Diet.
 Bi'tten, bit'tn. particip. paaa.  [from  To
    bite; which see.]
 BI'TTER, bit'tur.98 adj. [bieep., Saxon.]
 I. Having a hot, acrid, biting  taste, like
    wormwood.
     Bitter things are apt rather to kill than engender
   putrefaction.            Bacon's Natural History.
     Though a man in a fever should, from sugar, have
   a bitter taste, which, at another time, produces a
   sweet one; yet the idea of bitter, in that man's mind,
   would be as distinct from the idea of sweet, as if he
   had tasted only gall.                     Locke.
 2. Sharp; cruel; severe.
           Friends now fast sworn,
   Unseparable,  shall within this hour,
   On a dissension of a doit, break out
   To bitterest enmity.                  Shakspeare.
     Husbands,  love your wives,  and  be not bitter
   against them.                        Colossians.
    The word of God, instead of a b'Uter, teaches us
   a charitable zeal.                        Sprat.
 3. Calamitous; miserable.
    Noble friends and fellows, whom to leave
   Is only bitter to me, only dying;
   Go with me, like good angels, to my end.   Shaksp.
    A dire induction am I witness to;
   And will to France, hoping the consequence
   Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical. Shakspeare.
    And shun the bitter consequence: for know,
   The day thou  eat'st thereof, my sole command
   Transgrest, inevitably thou shalt die.      Milton.
    Tell him, that if I bear my bitter fate,
   'Tis to behold his vengeance for my son.   Dryden.
 4, Painful; inclement.
             The fowl the borders fly,
   And shun the  bitter blast, and wheel about the sky.
                                       Dryden.
 5. Sharp; reproachful; satirical.
                   Go with me,
   And, in the breath of bitter words, let's smother
  My damned son.                    SAafcspeare.
 6. Mournful; afflicted.
    Wherefore is light given unto him that is in mise-
  ry, and life unto toe Mtter in soul?           Job.
 7. In any manner unpleasing or hurtful.
    Bitter is an equivocal word; there is bitter worm-
  wood, there are bitter words,  there are bitter ene-
  mies, and a Mtter  cold morning.    Watts's Logick.
Bi'ttergourd, bit'tilr-g&drd.318  to. * [co-
   locynthis, Lat.] The name of a plant.
Bi'tterly, bit'tAr-le. adv.  [from bitter]
 1.  With  a bitter taste.
2.  In a bitter  manner; sorrowfully; calami-
   tously.
        I so lively acted with my tears,
 That my poor mistress, moved therewithal,
 Wept Utterly,                       Shakspeare.
     Bitterly hast thou paid, and still art paying
   That rigid score.                       Milton.
 3. Sharply; severely.
     His behaviour is not to censure Mtterly the erroun
   of their zeal.                           Sprat.
 Bi'ttern, blt'tfirn.98 to. a. [butour, Fr.] A
    bird with long legs, and a long bill, which
    feeds upon fish; remarkable for the noise
    which he makes, usually called bumping,
    See Bittour.
     The poor fish have enemies enough, besides suck
   unnatural fishermen as otters, the cormorant, and toe
   bittern.                              Walton.
                  So that scarce
   The bittern knows his time, with bill ingulpht,
   To shake toe sounding marsh.          Thomson.
 Bi'ttern, bit'tfirn.98 to. s. [from bitter.] A
    very bitter liquor,  which  drains off in
    making of common salt, and used in the
    preparation of Epsom  salt.     Quincy.
 Bi'TTERNEsSjbit'tflr-nds.TO.*. [from bitter]
 1. A bitter  taste.
     The idea of whiteness, or Mtterness, is in the mind
   exactly answering that power which is in any body
   to produce it there.                     Locke.
 2. Malice; grudge; hatred; implacability.
     The bitterness and animosity between  toe com-
   manders was such, that  a great part of the army
   was marched.                       Clarendon.
 3. Sharpness; severity of temper.
     His sorrows have so overwhelm'd his wits,
   Shall we be thus afflicted in his wreaks,
   His fits, his frenzy, and his bitterness? Shakspeare.
     Pierpoint and  Crew appeared now to have con-
   tracted more Mtterness and sourness than formerly,
   and were more reserved towards the king's commis-
   sioners.                            Clarendm.
 4. Satire; piquancy; keenness of reproach.
     Some think their wits  have been asleep, except
   they dart out somewhat piquant, and to toe quick:
   men ought to find toe difference between saltness
   and Mtterness.                         Bacon.
 5. Sorrow; vexation; affliction.
     There appears much joy in him, even so much,
   that joy could not show itself modest enough, with-
   out a badge of Mtterness.             Shakspeare.
     They shall mourn for him,  as one mouraeth for
   his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one
   that is in bitterness for his first-born.        Zech.
     Most pursue toe pleasures,  as they call them, of
   toeir natures, which begin ki sin, are carried on
   with danger, and  end in Mtterness.         Wake.
     I oft, in Mtterness of soul, deplor'd
   My absent daughter, and my dearer lord.    Pope.
 Bi'ttersweet, blftur-sweet.  «. *. [from
   bitter and aweet.] The name of an apple,
   which has a compound taste of sweet and
   bitter.
    It is but a bittersweet at best, and toe fine colours
   of the serpent do by no means  make amends for the
   smart and poison of his sting.             South.
    When  I express the taste of an apple, which we
   call the bittersweet, none can mistake what I mean.
                                        Watts.
 Bi'ttervetch, blt'tur-vetsh. to. a. [ervum,
   Lat.]  A plant.
Bi'tterwort, bit'tur-wurt.18' to. *. [genii-
   ana, Lat.] An herb.
Bi'ttour, blr'tur. to.  a. [butour, Fr. ardea
   atellaria, Lat.] The name of a bird, com-
   monly called the bittern (see Bittern)
   but perhaps as properly bittour.
    Then to the water's brink she laid her head;
  And, as a bittour bumps within a reed,
  To thee alone, 0 lake, she said,, I tell.   Dryden,
Bitu'me» bi-tume'.484 to. *. [from bitumen.]
   Bitumen.  See Bitumen.
                Mix with these 
BLA
BLA
BLA
Idaemi pitch, <|wck sulphur, silver's spume,
Sea onion, hellebore, and black bitume.
May.
BITU'MEN,bi-tu'men.*08117««TO.«.[Lat.]
  A fat unctuous matter dug  out of the
  earth, or scummed off lakes, as the As-
  phaltis in Judaea, of various kinds: some
  so hard as to be used for coals;  others
  so glutinous as to serve for mortar.
                                   Savary.
    It is reported, that Mtumen mingled with lime,
  and put under water, will make as it were an artifi-
  cial rock, the substance becometh so hard.   Bacon.
    The fabrick seem'd a work of rising ground,
  With sulphur and bitumen cast between.   Dryden.
    Bitumen is a body that readily takes fire, yields
  an oil, and is soluble in water.        Woodward.
Bitu'minous, bi-tu'me-nus. adj. [from bi-
  tumen.] Having the nature and qualities
  of bitumen; compounded of bitumen.
    Naphtha, which was the Mtuminous mortar used
  in the walls of Babylon, grows to an entire and very
  hard matter, like a stone.                Bacon.
    The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew
  Near that bituminous lake,  where Sodom flam'd.
                                      Milton.
Biva'lve, bi'valv.118 adj. [from binus and
  valve, Lat.] Having two valves or shut-
  ters: a term used of those fish that have
  two shells, as oysters; and of those plants
  whose seed pods open their whole length,
  to discharge their seeds, as peas.
    In toe cavity lies loose toe shell of some sort of
  bivalve, larger  than could be introduced in  at those
  boles.                            Woodward.
Biva'lvular, bi-val'vft-lar. adj. [from bi-
  valve ] Having two  valves.       Diet.
Bi'xwort, blks'wurt. to. *.  An herb.

Bi'zantine, blz'dn-tlne.1*9 to. s. [more pro-
  perly spelt byzantine; from Byzantium/]
  A  great piece of gold valued at fifteen
  pound, which the  king  offereth upon
  high festival days;  it  is yet called a bi-
  zantine, which anciently  was a piece of
  gold coined by the emperours of Con-
  stantinople.                    Camden.
To BLAB, blab. v.a. [blabberen, Dutch.]
1. To tell what ought to be kept secret; it
  usually implies rather thoughtlessness
  than treachery; but  may be used in ei-
  ther sense.
    The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day
  Is crept into the bosom of toe sea.    Shakspeare.
    Thy dues be  done, and none left out,
  Ere the Mobbing- eastern scout,
  The nice morn  on the Indian steep,
  From her cabin'd loophole peep.          JtfiJton.
    Nature has made man's breasts no windores,
  To publish what he does within doors;
  Nor what dark  secrets there inhabit,
  Unless his own rash folly blab it.        Hudibras.
    Sorrow nor joy can be disguis'd by art,
  Our foreheads blab the secrets of our heart.  Dryd.
    It is unlawful to give any kind of religious worship
  to a creature; but the very indices of the fathers can-
  not escape the index expurgatorius, for blabMng so
  great a truth.                      Stillingfieet.
    Nor whisper to the tattling reeds
  The blackest of all female deeds;
  Nor btob it on Ae lonely rocks,
  Where echo sits, and list'ning mocks.       Swift.
2. To tell: in  a good sense.  Not used.
    That delightful engine of her  thoughts,
  That blabb'd them with such pleasing eloquence,
  Is torn from forth that pretty hollow cage.   Shaksp.
To Blab, blab. v. ». To tattle; to tell tales.
                Your mute I'll  be;
  When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see.
                                  Shakspeare.
Blab, bl£b. n. a.  [from the verb.]  A tell-
  tale; a thoughtless babbler; a treache-
  rous betrayer of secrets.
    The secret man heareth many confessions; for who
  will open himself to a btob, or babbler?     Bacon.
               To have reveal'd
  Secrets of man, the secrets of a friend,
  Contempt and scorn of all, to be excluded
  AH friendship, and avoided as a btob      Milton.
    Whoever shews me a very inquisitive body, I'll
  shew him a btob, and one that shall make privacy as
  publick as a proclamation.            L'Estrange.
    I should have gone about shewing my letters, un-
  der the charge of secrecy, to every blab of my ac-
  quaintance.                            Sioift.
Bla'bber,  blab'b&r. to. a. [from blab.] A
  tattler, a telltale.
To  Bla'buer, blah'bur. v. to. To whistle to
  a horse.                        Skinner.
Bla'bberlipped, blab'bir-lip'd. Skinner.
  See Blobberlipfed.
BLACK, blak. adj. [blac, Saxon.]
I. Of  the colour  of night.
    In  toe twilight, in toe evening, in the black and
  dark night.                          Proverbs.
    Aristotle has problems which inquire  why the sun
  makes man black, and not toe fire? why it whitens
  wax,  yet blacks the skin?               Brown.
2. Dark.
    The heaven was  black with clouds and wind, and
  there was a great rain.                 1 Kings.
3. Cloudy of countenance; sullen.
    She hath abated me of half my train;
  Look'd black upon me.               Shakspeare.
4. Horrible; wicked; atrocious.
    Either my country never must be freed,
  Or I consenting to so black a deed.        Dryden.
S. Dismal; mournful.
    A dire induction  am I witness to;
  And will to France, hoping the consequence
  Will  prove as bitter, Mack, and tragical. Shakspeare.
6. Black and blue. The colour of a bruise;
  a stripe.
    Mistress  Ford, good heart, is beaten black and
  blue,  that you cannot see a white spot about her.
            Shakspeare's Merry Wives  of Windsor.
    And, wing'd with speed and fury, flew
  To rescue knight from btocfc and blue.    Hudibras.
Blaok-browed, blak'br6vid.31s adj. [from
  black  and  brow.]  Having black  eye-
  brows; gloomy; dismal; threatening.
    Come, gentle night; come, loving,  black-brow'd
          night,
  Give me my Romeo.               Shakspeare.
    Thus when a black-brow'd gust begins to rise,
  White foam at first on the curl'd ocean fries,
  Then roars toe main, the billows mount toe skies.
                                     Dryden.
Black-bryony,  blak-bri'6-ne. to. a. [tam-
  nua, Lat.] The name of a  plant.
Black-cattle,  blak'kat-tl.  to.  a.  Oxen,
   bulls, and cows.
    The  other part  of toe grazier's  business is  what
  we call  block-cattle, produces hides, tallow, and beef,
  for exportation.                       Swift.
Black-earth, blak'eT/A.334 2"  to. a.   It is
   every where obvious  on the surface  of
   the ground, and what we call mould.
                                Woodward.
Black-guard,  blag-gard'.448 adj.  [from
   black and guard.] A cant word amongst
   the vulgar; by which is implied a dirty
   fellow; of the meanest kind.
    Let a black-guard boy be always about the house,
  to send on your errands, and go to market for you on
  rainy days.                            Swift.
                   Bb2
Black-lbad, bldk-led'. «. «• [from black
  and lead.]  A mineral found in the lead-
  mines, much used for pencils; it is not
  fusible, or not without a very great heat.
    You must first get your black-lead sharpened finely,
  and put fast into quills, for your rude and first
  draught.                           Peacham.
Black-mail, blak'male.102 n. a. A certain
  rate of money, corn, cattle, or other con-
  sideration, paid to men allied with  rob-
  bers, to be by them protected from the
  danger of  such as usually rob or steal.
                                    Cowell.

Black-pudding,blak-pud'dlng.TO.*. [from
  black and pudding.] A kind of food made
  of blood and grain.
    Through they were lin'd with many a piece
  Of ammunition, bread and cheese,
  And fat black-puddings, proper food
  For warriours that delight in blood.     Hudibras.
Black-rod, blak-rod'. n. a. [from black
  and rod.]  The usher belonging to the
  order of the garter; so called from the
  black rod he  carries in his hand. He is of
  the king's chamber, and likewise usher
  of the parliament.               Cowell.
Black, blak. to. a. [from the adjective.]
1. A black colour.
              Black is the badge of hell,
  The hue of dungeons, and the scowl of night Shaks.
    For the production of black, toe corpuscles must be
  less than any of those which exhibit colours. Neioton.
2. Mourning.
    Rise, wretched widow, rise; nor, undeplor'd,
  Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford:
  But rise, prepar'd in  black to mourn toy perish'd
      lord.                           Dryden.
3. A blackamoor.
4. That part of the eye which is  black.
    It suffices that it be in every part of the air, which
  is as big as the black or sight of toe eye.    Digby
 To Black,blak. v.a. [from  the noun.] To
   make black; to blacken.
     Blacking over the paper with ink, not only the ink
  would be quickly dried up,  but  the paper, that I
  could not burn before, we quickly set on fire. Boyle.
     Then in his fury black'd the raven o'er,
  And bid him prate in his white plumes no more.
                                     Addison.
Bla'ckamoor, blak'a-more.  to.  a. [from
   black and Moor.] A man  by nature of a
   black complexion^ a negro.
     They are no  more  afraid of a blackamore, or a
  lion, than of a nurse or a cat.             Locke.
 Bla'ckberried Heath, blak'ber-red-heM.
   a3? [empetrum, Lat.] The name of a plant.
 Bla'ckberry  Bush, blak'ber-re-btish.1?3
   to. s. [rubus, Lat.] A species of bramble.
 Bla'ckberry, blak'beT-re. to.  s.  The fruit
   of the bramble.
     The policy of these crafty sneering rascals, that
   stale old mouse-eaten cheese Nestor, and that same
   dog-fox Ulysses, is not proved worth a blackberry.
                                   Shakspeare.
     Then sad he sung the Children in the Wood;
   How blackberries they pluck'd in  deserts wild,
   And fearless at the glittering faulchion smil'd.  Gay.
 Bla'ckbird,  blak'bftrd. to.  *. [from  black
    and bird.] The name of a bird.
     Of singing birds, they have linnets, gold-finches,
   blackbirds, thrushes, and divers others.      Careio.
     A schoolboy ran unto 't, and thought
   The crib was down, the blackbird caught.   Swift.
  7\)BLA'cKEN,blak'kn.103D.a.[fiomA/acA-.i
  I. To make of a black colour. 
BLA
BLA
BLA
     Bless'd by aspiring winds, he finds the strand
   Blackened by crowds.                   Prior.
     While the long fun'rals btacfcen all the way. Pope.
 2. To darken; to cloud.
     That little cloud that appeared at first to Elijah's
   servant no bigger than a man's hand, but presently
   after grew, and spread, and blackened the face of the
   whole heaven.                          South.
 3. To defame, or make infamous.
     Let us blacken him what we can, said that miscre-
   ant Harrison of the blessed king, upon the wording
   and drawing up his charge against  his approaching
   trial.                                 South.
     The  morals blacken'd, when the  writings 'scape,
   The libell'd person, and the pictur'd shape.   Pope.
 To Bla'cken, blak'kn.  v. to.  To  grow
    black, or dark.
               The hollow sound
   Sung in toe leaves, the forest shook around,
   Air blacken'd, roll'd toe thunder, groan'd the ground.
                                       Dryden.
 Bla'ckish,  blak'ish.  adj.   [from black.]
    Somewhat black.
     Part of it all the year continues  in  the form of a
   blackish oil.                            Boyle.
 Bla'ckmoor, blak'more. to. s. [from black
    and Moor.]  A  negro.
     The land of Chus makes no part  of Africa; nor is
   it the habitation of blackmoors;  but the country of
   Arabia, especially the Happy and Stony.  Brown.
                 More to west
   The realm of Bacchus to the blackmoor sea. Milton.
 Bla'ckness, blak'nes. to. s. [from black.]
 1. Black colour.
     Blackness is only a disposition to absorb, or stifle,
   without reflection, most of the rays of every sort that
   fall on the bodies.                      Locke.
     There would emerge onexor more very black spots,
   and, within those, other spots of an intenser black-
   ness.                                Newton.
     His tongue, his prating tongue, had chang'd him
         quite
   To sooty blackness from toe purest white. Addison.
 2. Darkness.
     His faults  in him seem as the spots of heav'n,
   More fiery by night's blackness.        Shakspeare.
 3. Atrociousness; horribleness;   wicked-
    ness.
 Bla'cksmjth, b\aW smith.«. s. [from black
    and smith.] A smith that  works in iron;
    so  called  from being very smutty.
     The blacksmith may forge what he  pleases. Howel.
     Shut up thy doors with bars and bolts; it will be
   impossible for the blacksmith to make them so fast,
   but a cat and a whoremaster will find a way through
   them.                              Spectator.
 Bla'cktail, blak'tale. to.  s.  [from black
   and tail.]  A fish; a  kind of  perch, by
   some  called ruff's, or popes.  See Pope.
                                       Diet.
 BLA'cKTHORN,blak'/A6rn. n.s. [from black
   and thorn.] The same with the sloe. See
   Plum, of which it is a species.
BLA'DDER,'blad'dur.98  to.  s.  [blabbp.e,
   Saxon; blader, Dutch.]
 1. That vessel in the body which contains
   the urine.
    The bladder should be made  of  a membranous
  substance,  and  extremely dilatable, for receiving
  and containing the urine till an opportunity of empty-
  ing it.                                  Ray-
2. It is often filled with wind, to  which al-
   lusions are frequently made.
    That huge great body which the giant bore
  Was  vanquish'd quite, and of that monstrous  mass
  Was nothing left, but like an empty  bladder was.
                                      <Spen5er.
    A bladder but moderately filled  with air, and
   strongly tied, being held near the fire, grew exceed-
   ing turgid and hard; but being brought nearer to the
   fire, it suddenly broke, with so loud a noise as made
   us for a while after almost deaf.           Boyle.
 3. It is usual for those, that learn to swim,
   to support themselves with blown  blad-
   ders.
                 I have ventur'd
   Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders,
   These many summers in a sea of glory,
   But far beyond my depth: my highblown pride
   At lwigth broke under me.           Shakspeare.
 4. A blister; a pustule.
 Bla'dder-nut, blad'dir-nit. to. s. [staphy-
   lodendron, Lat.] A plant.
 Bla'dder-sena,  blad'dur-s£n'a. to. a. [co-
   lutea,  Lat.] The name of a plant.
 BLADE, blade, to. s. [blaeb, bleb, Saxon;
   bled, Fr.] The  spire of grass  before it
   grows to seed; the green shoots of corn
   which rise from the seed.  This seems
   to me the primitive signification of the
   word blade; from  which, I believe, the
   blade of a  sword was first named, be-
   cause  of its similitude  in shape;  and,
   from the  blade of a sword, that of other
   weapons  or tools.
    There is hardly found a plant that yieldeth a red
   juice in the blade or ear, except it be the tree that
   beareth sanguis draconis.                Bacon.
    Send in toe feeding flocks betimes, t' invade
   The rising bulk of the luxuriant btade.     Dryden.
    If we were able to dive into her secret recesses,
   we should find that the smallest blade of grass,or most
   contemptible weed, has its particular use.   Swift.
    Hung on every spray, on every blade
   Of grass, toe myriad dewdrops twinkle round.
                                    Thomson.
 Blade, blade.  «.  s. [blatte, Germ,  blad,
   Dutch.]
 1. The sharp or striking part of a weapon
   or instrument, distinct from the handle.
   It is usually taken for a weapon,  and so
   called probably from the likeness  of a
   sword  blade to a blade  of grass.   It is
   commonly applied to the knife.
    He sought all round about, his thirsty blade
   To bathe in blood of faithless enemy.   Fairy Qu.
    She knew the virtue of her blade, nor would
   Pollute her sabre with ignoble blood.       Dryden.
    Be his this sword, whose blade of brass displays
   A ruddy gleam, whose hilt a silver blaze.    Pope.
2. A brisk man, either fierce or gay, cal-
   led so in  contempt.   So we  say  mettle
   for  courage.
    You'll find yourself mistaken, Sir, if you'll take
   upon you to judge  of these blades by  their garbs,
  looks, and outward appearance.      L'Estrange.
    Then, turning about to the hangman, he said,
  Dispatch me, I pri'thee, this troublesome blade.
                                       Prior.
Blade of the Shoulder, blade. } to. s.  The
Bladebone, blade'bone.      £ bone cal-
   led  by  anatdmists the  scapula or scapu-
   lar bone.
    He fell most furiously on the broiled relicks of
  a shoulder of mutton, commonly called a bladebone.
                                        Pope.
To Blade, blade, v. a.  [from  the noun.]
   To  furnish or fit with a  blade.

Bla'ded, bla'd£d.  adj. [from blade.] Hav-
   ing blades or spires.
  Her silver visage in toe wat'ry glass,
    Decking with liquid pearl the bladedgrass.  Shak.
  As where the lightning runs along the ground,
   Nor bladed grass, nor bearded corn succeeds,
   But scales of scurf and putrefaction breeds.  Dryi.

 Blain, blane. to. s.  [blegene, Sax. bleyne,
   Dutch.] A pustule; a botch; a  blister.
                     Itches, Mains,
   Sow all th'Athenian bosoms, and the crop
   Be general leprosy.                 Shakspeare.
     Botches and Mains must all his flesh imboss
   And all his people.                    Milton.
     When'er I hear a rival nam'd,
   I feel  my body all inflam'd;
   Which breaking out in boils and Mains,
   With  yellow filth my linen stains.          Swift
 Bla'mable,  bla'ma-bl.40s    adj.   [from
   blame.] Culpable; faulty.
     Virtue is placed between two extremes, which are
   on both sides  equally blamable.           Dryden
 Bla'mableness, bla'ma-bl-nea.  to. *. [from
   blamable.] Fault; the state of being lia-
   ble to blame; culpableness; faultiness.
 Bla'mably, bla'ma-ble.  adv. [from bla*
   mable.] Culpably; in a manner liable to
   censure.
     A process may be carried  on against a person
   that is maliciously or blamably absent, even to a de-
   finitive sentence.                      Ayliffe,
 To BLAME, blame,  v.  a.  [blamer, Fr.j
 1. To censure;  to charge with  a fault: it
   generally  implies a slight censure.
                       Our pow'r
   Shall do a court'sy to our wrath, which men
   May blame, but not control.           Shaksp.
    Porphyrius, you too far did tempt your fate;
   'Tis true  your duty, to me it became;
   But, praising that, I must your conduct blame.
                                     Dryden.
                Each finding like a friend,
  Something to blame, and something to commend.
                                       Pope.
2. To blame  has usually  the particle for
   before the fault.
    The reader must not blame me for making use
  here all along of the word sentiment       Locke.
3. Sometimes but rarely, of.
    Tomoreus he blamed of inconsiderate  rashness,
  for that he would busy himself in matters not belong-
  ing to his vocation.     Knolles' Hist,  ofthe Turks.
Blame, blame, to. a. [from the  verb.]
1. Imputation of a fault.
    In arms, the praise of success is shared among
  many; yet toe blame of misadventures is  charged
  upon one.                           Hayward.
    They lay the btame on  the poor little ones, some-
  times  passionately, enough, to divert it from them-
  selves.                                Locke.
2. Crime;'that which produces or deserves
   censure.
    Who would not judge us to be discharged of all
  btame, which are confest to have no great fault, even
  by their very word and testimony, in whose eyes no
  fault of ours hath ever hitherto been accustomed to
  seem small.                           Hooker.
    I unspeak mine own detraction, here abjure
  The taints and blames I laid upon myself,
  For strangers  to my nature.             Shaksp.
3. Hurt.   Not now  in use.
    Therewith upon his crest
  With rigour so outrageous he smit,
  That a large share it hew'd out of the rest,
  And glancing down his shield, from blame him fair-
      ly blest.                     Fairy Queen.
4. There is a peculiar structure of this
   word, in  which it  is not  very evident
   whether it be  a noun  or a verb, but I
   conceive it to be the noun.   To  blame,
   in  French a  tort; culpable;  worthy of
   censure.
    You were to blame, I must be plain with you, 
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    To part so slightly with your wife's first gift.
                                        Shaksp.
      I do not  ask whether they  were mistaken;  but
    whether toey were to blame in the manner.
                                    Stilling fleet.
      Now we should hold them much to blame,
    If they went back before they came.        Prior.
 Bla'meful, blame'fui.  adj.  [from blame
    and full.]  Criminal; guilty;  meriting
    blame.
      Is not the causer of these timeless deaths
    As blameful as the executioner?          Shaksp.
      Bluntwitted lord, ignoble in  demeanour,
    If ever lady wrong'd her lord so much,
    Thy mother took into her blameful bed
    Some stern untutor'd churl.              Shaksp.
 Bla'meless, blame'i£s. adj. [from blame]
  1. Guiltless; innocent;  exempt from cen-
    sure or blame.
      She found out the righteous, and preserved  him
    blameless unto God.                Wisdom, x. 5.
      The flames ascend on either  altar clear,
    While thus toe blameless maid address'd her pray'r.
                                       Dryden.
      Such a lessening of our coin will deprive great
    numbers of blameless men of a  fifth part of their es-
    tates.                                Locke.
 2. Sometimes it is used with  of.
      We will be blameless of this thine oath.
                                  Joshua, ii. 17.
 Bla'melesly, blame-l^s-le.  adv.  [from
    blameless]  Innocently;  without crime.
     It is the wilful opposing explicit articles, and not
   the not believing them when not revealed, or not
   with that conviction, against which he cannot blame-
   lesly, without pertinacy, hold  out,  that will bring
   danger of ruin on any.                Hammond.
 Bla'melesness, blame'l£s-n£s. to. s. [from
    blameless.] Innocence; exemption from
    censure.
     Having resolved, with him in Homer, that all is
   chargeable on Jupiter and fate, they infer, with him,
   the blamelesness of the inferiour  agent.   Hammond.
 Bla'mer, bia'mur.98«.s. [from blame.] One
    that blames or finds fault;  a censurer.
     In me you've hallowed a pagan muse,
   And denizon'd a stranger, who mistaught
   By blamers of the times they marr'd hath sought
   Virtues in corners.                     Donne.

 Blamewo'rthy,  blame'wur-THe.   adj.
   [from  blame and  worthy.]  Culpable;
   blamable; worthy of blame or censure.
    Although the same should be blameworthy,  yet
   this age hath forborn to incur the danger of any such
   blame.                               Hooker.

 To BLANCH, blansh. v. a. [blanchir, Fr.]
 1.  To whiten; to change from some  other
   colour to white.
           - You can behold such sights,
  And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
  When mine is blanch'd with fear.      Shakspeare.
    A way of whiting wax cheaply may  be of use;
  and we have set  down  toe  practice  of tradesmen
  who blanch it.                           Boyle.
    And sin's black dye seems blanch'd by age to vir-
  tue.                                 Dryden.

2. To strip or peel  such things as  have
   husks.
    Their suppers may be biscuit,  raisins of the sun,
  and a few blanched almonds.           Wiseman.

3.  To slur; to balk;  to pass over; to shift
   away.   Not now in use.
    The judges thought it dangerous to admit ifs and
  ands, to qualify treason; whereby ever}' one might
  express his  malice, and blanch his danger.  Bacon.
    You are not transported in  an action that warms
  toe blood, and is appearing holy, to blanch, or take
  for admitted,  toe point of lawfulness.      Bacon.
 To Blanch, blansh.  v. to. To evade;  to
    shift; to speak soft.
 Optimi consiliarii mortui; books will speak plain, when
   counsellors blanch.                      Bacon.
 Bla'ncher,  blan'-shur.98  to.  s.  [from
    blanch] A whitener.              Diet.
 BLAND, bland.adj. [blandus, Lat.] Soft;
    mild; gentle.
                 In her face excuse
   Came prologue, and apology too prompt;
   Which, with bland words at will, she thus address'd.
                                       Milton.
                 And even calm
   Perpetual reign'd, save wha^ the zephyrs btand
   Breato'd o'er the blue expanse.        Thomson.
 To Bla'ndish,  blan'-dish. v.  a. [blandior,
    Lat.]  To  smooth;  to  soften.    I  have
    met with this word in no other  passage.
                   Must'ring all her wiles,
   With blandish'dparleys, feminine assaults,
   Tongue-batteries, she surceas'd not day nor night
   To storm me over-watch'd, and weary'd out. Mill.
 Bla'ndishment,  blan'dish-ment.  to.   s.
    [from blandish; blanditie, Lat.]
 I. Act of fondness; expression of tender-
    ness  by gesture.
     The little babe up in his arms he bent,
   Who, with sweet pleasure and bold blandishment,
   'Gan smile.                         Spenser.
             Each bird and beast, behold
   Approaching two and two; these cow'ring low
   With blandishment.                    Milton.
 2. Soft  words; kind speeches.
     He was both well and fair spoken, and would use
   strange  sweetness and blandishment  of words, where
   he desired  to effect or persuade any thing that he
   took to heart.                         Bacon.
 3. Kind  treatment; caress.
     Him Dido now with blandishment detains;
   But I suspect toe town where Juno reigns.  Dryd.
     In order to bring those infidels within the wide
   circle of whiggish community, neither blandishments
   nor promises are omitted.                 Swift.
 BLANK, blank', adj. [blane,  Fr.  derived
   by Menage from Albianus,  thus:  Albia-
   nus, albianicus,bianicus, biancus, bianco,
   blanicus, biancus, blane; by others, from
   blane, which, in Danish,  signifies shi-
   ning;  in conformity to which, the Ger-
   mans  have blancker to  shine; the Sax-
   ons, blaecan; and the English, bleach to
   whiten.]
 1.  White.
                 To the blank moon
   Her office they prescribed; to to' other five
   Their planetary motions.                 Milton.
  . Without  writing;  unwritten; empty of
   all marks.
    Our substitutes at home shall have blank charters
  Whereto, when they knoWthat  men  are rich,
  They shall subscribe them for large sums of gold.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Upon  the debtor side, I find innumerable  articles;
  but, upon the creditor side, little more than blank
  paper.                              Addison.
   Pale;  confused; crushed; dispirited; sub-
   dued;  depressed.
    There without such boast, or sign of joy,
  Solicitous and blank, he thus began.        Milton.
            Adam, soon as he heard
  The fatal trespass done by Eve, amaz'd,
  Astonied stood, and blank, while horrour chill
  Ran through his veins, and all his joints relax'd.
                                       Milton.
    But now no face divine contentment wears;
  'Tis all  blank sadness, or continual fears.    Pope.
4. Without rhyme; where the rhyme is
   blanched, or missed.
     The lady shall say her mind freely, or toe blank
   verse shall halt for it               Shakspeare.
     Long have your ears  been  filled with tragick
       parts;
   Blood and blank verse, have harden'd all your hearts.
                                       Addison.
     Our blank verse, where there is no rhyme to sup-
   port the expression, is extremely difficult to such as
   are not masters in the tongue.            Addison,
 Blank, blank,  n.  s. [from the adjective.]
 1. A  void space on paper.
     I cannot write a paper full as I used to do; and yet
   I will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you.
                                         Swift.
 2. A lot, by which nothing is gained; which
    has no prize marked upon it.
     If you have heard your general talk of Rome,
   And of his friends there, it is lots to blanks
   My name hath touch'd your ears.         Shaksp.
             In fortune's lottery lies
   A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize.
                                       Dryden.
             The world the coward will despise,
   When life's a blank, who pulls not for a prize.
                                       Dryden.
 3. A paper from which the writing is ef-
   faced.
             She has left him  -
   The blank of what he was;
   I tell thee, eunuch, she has quite unmann'd him.
                                       Dryden
 4. A paper unwritten; any  thing  without
   marks or characters.
     For him, I think not on him; for his thoughts,
   Would they were blanks, rather than filled with me.
                                   Shakspeare.
     Omission to do what is necessary,
   Seals a commission to a blank of danger.   Shaksp,
            For the book of knowledge fair,
  Presented with an universal blank
  Of nature's works, to me expung'd and ras'd. Milton.
     Life may be one great blank,  which, though not
  blotted with sin,  is yet without  any characters of
  grace or virtue.                        Rogers.
 i.  The point to which an  arrow is  direct-
   ed; so called, because,  to be more visi-
   ble, it was  marked with  white.   Now
   disused.
                   Slander,
  Whose whisper o'er the  world's diameter,
  As level as the cannon to his blank,
  Transports its poison'd shot.          Shakspeare.
 5.  Aim; shot.  Not used.
                  The harlot king
  Is quite beyond my aim; out of the blank
  And level of my brain.              Shakspeare.
    I have spoken for you  all my best,
  And stood within the blank of his displeasure
  For my free speech.                 Shalcspeare.
7.  Object to which any thing is directed.
    See better, Lear, and let me still remain
  The true blank of thine eye.          Shakspeare.
To Blank, blank, v. a. [from blank; blan-
   chir, Fr.]
1.  To damp;  to confuse;  to dispirit.
    Each opposite, that blanks the face of jov,
  Meet what I would have well, and it destroy.  Shah.
    Dagon must stoop, and shall ere long receive
  Such a discomfit, as shall quite despoil him
  Of all these boasted trophies won on me,
  And with confusion blank his worshippers.  Milton.
    If the atheist, when he dies, should find  that his
  soul remains,  how will this man be  amazed and
 blanked!                            Tillotson.
   To efface;  to annul.
    All former purposes were blanked, toe  governour
  at a bay, and all that charge lost and cancelled.
                                       Spenser.
Bla'nket, blank'it."  n. a.  [blanehette, Fr.]
I.  A woollen cover, soft,  and loosely wo* 
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2
  ven, spread commonly upon a bed, over
  the linen sheet, for the  procurement of
  warmth.
    Nor heav'n peep through the blanket of the dark,
  To cry, hold! hold!                 Shakspeare.
    The abilities of man must fall short on one  side
  or other, like too  scanty a blanket when you are a-
  bed; if  you pull  it upon  your shoulders, you leave
  your feet bare; if you  thrust it down upon your feet
  your shoulders are uncovered.            Temple.
    Himself among the storied chiefs he spies,
  As from the blanket high in air he flies.      Pope.
2. A kind of pear, sometimes written blan-
   quet.
To Bla'nket,  blank'it.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]
I. To cover with a blanket.
             My face  I'll  grime with filth;
   Blanket my loins; tie  all  my hair in knots.  Shaksp.
2.  To toss in a blanket, by way of penalty
   or contempt.
     Ah, ho!  he  cry'd; what street, what lane, but
        knows
   Our purgings, pumpings, blanketings, and blows?
                                         Pope.
Bla'nkly, blank'le.  adv.  [from  blank.]
    In a blank manner; with whiteness; with
   paleness; with confusion.
 To Blare,  blare,  v. n. [blaren,  Dutch.]
   To bellow;  to roar.
 To BLASPHE'ME,blas-feme'.x;.a. [blaa-
   phemo, low  Lat.]
 I.  To speak in terms of impious irrever-
    ence  of God.
    To speak evil of.
             The truest issue of thy throne
   By his own interdiction stands accurs'd,
   And does blaspheme his breed.        Shakspeare.
     Those who from our labours heap their boards—
   Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord.  Pope.
 To Blasphe'me,bias-feme', v.a. To speak
    blasphemy.
         Liver of blaspheming Jew.     Shakspeare.
     I punished them oft in every synagogue, and com-
   pelled them to blaspheme.                  Acts.
 Blasphe'mer,  blas-fe-mur.  to. a. [from
    blaspheme.]  A  wretch  that speaks of
    God  in impious and irreverent terms.
     Who was before a blasphemer and a  persecutor,
   and injurious.                       1  Timothy.
     Even that blasphemer himself  would inwardly re-
   verence his reprover, as he in his heart really des-
   pises him for his cowardly base silence.     South.
     Deny the curst blasphemer's tongue to rage,
   And turn God's fury from an impious age. Tickell.
     Should each blasphemer quite  escape toe rod,
   Because the insult's not to man, but God?  Pope.
 Bla'sphemous, blas'fe-miis.803 adj. [from
    blaspheme. It is usually spoken with the
    accent on the first syllable, but used by
    Milton with  it on  the  second.]  Impi-
    ously  irreverent with regard to God.
     0 man, take heed how thou the gods do move,
   To cause full wrath, which thou can'st not resist;
   Blasphemous words the speaker vain doth prove.
                                        Sidneyi
     And dar'st thou lo the Son of God propound
   To worship thee accurst; now more accurst
   For this attempt, bolder than that on Eve,
   And more blasphemous.                  Milton.
     A man can hardly pass the streets, without having
   his ears  grated with horrid and blasphemous oaths
   and curses.                          Tillotson,
     That any thing that wears the name of a christian,
   or but of man, should venture  to own such a villain-
   ous, impudent, and blasphemous assertion in the face
   ef top. world, as this!                      South,
Bla'sphemously,   blas'fe-mfts-le.  adv.
  [from blaspheme.] Impiously; with wick-
  ed irreverence.
    Where is the right use of his reason, while he
  would blasphemously  set  up to controul, the com-
  mands of the Almighty?                  Swift.
Bla'sphemy,  blas'fe-mi. n.a. [from blas-
  pheme.]
    Blasphemy, strictly and  properly, is an offering
  of some indignity, or injury, unto God himself,
  either by words or writing.               Ayliffe.
    But that my heart's on future mischief set,
  I would speak blasphemy, ere bid you fly;
  But fly you must.                   Shakspeare.
    Intrinsick goodness consists in accordance, and
  sin in contrariety, to toe secret will of God; or else
  God could not be defined good, so far as his thoughts
  and secrets, but only superficially good, as far as he
  is pleased to reveal himself,  which is perfect blas-
  phemy to imagine.                   Hammond.
BLAST, blast, to.  a.  [from  blaerx, Sax.
   blasen, Germ,  to blow.]
 1. A gust or puff of wind.
    They that stand high have  many blasts to shake
         them;
  And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces.
                                    Shakspeare.
                 Welcome, then,
  Thou unsubstantial air, that I embrace;
  The wretch that thou hast blown unto the worst
  Owes nothing to thy blasts.           Shakspeare.
    Perhaps thy fortune doth control the winds,
  Doth loose or bind their blasts in secret cave. Fairf.
    Three ships were hurry'd by the southern blast,
  And on toe secret shelves with fury cast.   Dryden.
2. The  sound made by blowing any  in-
   strument of wind musick.
    In peace there's nothing so becomes a man,
   As  modest stillness and humility;
   But when toe blast of war blows in our ears,
   Then imitate the action ofthe tyger.      Shaksp.
     He blew his trumpet—the  angelick blast
   Fill'd all the regions.                   Milton.
     The Veline fountains, and  sulphureous Nar,
   Shake at the baleful blast, toe signal of the war.
                                       Dryden.
     Whether there be two different goddesses called
   Fame, or one goddess sounding two different trum-
   pets, it is certain villainy  has as  good  a  title to a
   blast from toe  proper trumpet, as virtue has  from
   toe former.                             Swift.
 3. The  stroke of a malignant planet; the
    infection of any thiug pestilential, [from
    the verb  To blast.]
     By the blast of God they perish.            Job.
 To Blast, blast, v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To strike with  some sudden plague or
    calamity.
     You nimble  lightnings, dart your blinding flames,
   Into her scornful eyes! infect her beauty,
   You fensuck'd  fogs, drawn by the powerful sun,
   To fall and blast her pride.               Shaksp.
     Oh! Portius, is there not some chosen curse,
   Some hidden thunder in the store of heaven,
   Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man
   Who owes his  greatness  to his country's ruin?
                                       Addison.
 2. To make to wither.
     Upon this blasted heath you stop our way. Shaks.
     And behold seven thin ears, and blasted with the
   east wind, sprung up after them.          Genesis.
     She, that like  lightning shin'd, while her face
         lasted,
   The oak now resembles, which lightning had blasted.
                                        Waller.
     To his green years your censures you would suit,
   Not blast that  blossom, but expect toe fruit.   Dryd.
              Agony unmix'd, incessant gall,
   Corroding every thought, and blasting all
   Love's paradise.                     Thomson.
   To injure; to invalidate; to make infa-
  mous.
    He shews himself weak, if he will take my word,
  when he thinks I deserve no credit; or malicious, if
  he knows  I deserve credit, and yet goes about to
  blast it.                           Stillingfleet.
   To cut off; to  hinder from coming to
  maturity.
    This commerce,  Jehoshaphat king of Judea en-
  deavoured to  renew; but his enterprize was blasted
  by the destruction of vessels in the harbour.
                                    Arbuthnot.
5. To confound; to strike with terrour.
                Trumpeters,
  With brazen  din, blast you the city's ears;
  Make mingle with your ratt'ling tabourines.
                                    Shakspeare.
Bla'stment blast'm£nt. to. *.  [from blast]
   Blast; sudden stroke of infection.   Not
   now in use.
    In the morn, and liquid dew of youth,
  Contagious blastments are most imminent.  Shaksp.
Bla'tant, bia'tant. adj. [blattant,Fr.] Bel-
   lowing as a calf.
    You learn'd this language from the blatant beast.
                                      •Dryden.
To Bla'tter, blat'tur. v. to. [from  blatero,
   Lat.]   To  roar; to  make  a  senseless
   noise.   It is a word not now used.
    She rode at peace, through bis only pains and
  excellent endurance, however envy list to blatter
  against him.                          Spenser.
Blattera'tion,   blat'fcur-a'shiin.    to.  «.
   [blatteratio, Lat.] Noise; senseless roar.
Blay, bla to. *.  [alburnua.] A small  white
   river fish; called also a bleak.
BLAZE, blaze, to. a. [blare  a torch, Sax-
   on.]
 I.  A  flame; the light  of the flame;  blaze
   implies more the light than the heat.
    The main  blaze of it is past, but a small thing
   would make  it flame again.    Shaksp. Coriolanus
    Thy throne is darkness in th' abyss of light,
   A Maze of glory that forbids the sight.      Dryden.
    What groans of men shal) fill toe martial field!
   How fierce a blaze his flaming pile shall yield!
   What fun'ral pomp shall floating Tiber see!  Dryd.
 2.  Publication;  wide diffusion of report.
    For what is glory but toe blaze of fame,
   The people's praise, if always praise unmixt?
                                        Milton.
 3. Blaze is  a white mark upon  a  horse,
    descending from the forehead almost to
    the nose.                  Farrier'a Diet.
 To Blaze,  blaze, v.  to. [from the noun.]
 I. To flame; to show the light of a flame.
     Thus you  may long live an happy instrument for
   your king and country; you shall not be a meteor,
   or a blazing star, but stella ftxa; happy here, and
   more happy  hereafter.                   Bacon.
     The third fair morn now blaz'd upon toe main,
   Then glossy  smooth lay all the liquid plain.  Pope.
 2. To be conspicuous.
 To Blaze,  blaze,  v. a.
 1. To publish;  to  make known, to spread
    far and wide.
     The noise of this fight, and issue thereof, being
   blazed by the country people to some noblemen
    thereabouts, they came thither.           Sidney.
     My words, in hopes to blaze a stedfast mind,
    This marble chose, as of like temper known. Sidney.
     Thou shalt live, till we can find a time,
    To blaze your marriage, reconcile your friends,
    Beg pardon  of thy prince; and call thee back.
                                     Shakspeare.
     When beggars die, there are no comets  seen,
   The heav'ns themselves blaze forth  the death of
         pri»ces.                     Shakspeare. 
BLE
BLE
BLE
     But he went out, and began to publish it much,
  and to blaze abroad the matter.            Mark.
     Such musick worthiest were to blaze
  The peerless height of her immortal praise,
  Whose lustre leads us.                  MUton.
                 Far beyond
  The sons of Anak, famous now and btoz'd
  Fearless of danger, like a petty god
  I walk'd  about.                        Milton.
     Whose follies blaz'd about, to all are known,
  And are a secret to himself alone.      Glanville.
     But mortals, know, 'tis still our greatest pride
  To blaze  those virtues which the good would hide.
                                         Pope.
 2. To blazon; to give an account of ensigns
   armorial in proper terms.   This is not
   now used.
     This, in ancient times, was called a fierce; and
  you should then have blazed  it thus: he bears a
  fierce, sable, between two fierces, or.     Peacham.
 Bla'zer, bla'zir.98«.«. [from blaze.] One
   that spreads reports.
     Utterers of secrets he from thence debarr'd,
  Babblers of folly, and blazers of crime,
  His larum-bell might loud and wide be beard,
  When cause requir'd, but never out of time;
  Early and late it rung, at evening and at prime.
                                       Spenser.
 To Bla'zon, bkVzn.170 v. a.  [blaaonner,
   Fr.]
 1. To explain, in proper terms, the figures
   on ensigns armorial.
     King Edward gave to them  the coat of arms,
  which I am not  herald enough to blazon into Eng-
  lish.                                Addison.
 2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn.
     She Mazons in dread smiles her hideous form,
  So lightning gilds toe unrelenting storm.    Garth.
 3. To display; to set to show.
                   O thou goddess,
  Thou divine nature! how thyself thou Mazon?st
  In these two princely boys! they are as  gentle
  As zephyrs blowing below the violet,
  Not wagging bis sweet head.          Shakspeare.
 4. To celebrate; to set out.
     One that excels toe quirk of blazoning pens,
  And in to' essential vesture of creation,
  Does bear all excellency.             Shakspeare.
 5. To blaze about; to make publick.
     What's this but libelling against toe senate,
  And blazoning our injustice every where?  Shaksp.
 Bla'zon, bl£'zn.170 to. a. [from tbe verb.]
 1. The art of drawing or explaining coats
   of arms.
    Proceed unto beasts that are  given in arms, and
  teach me  what I ought to observe in toeir blazon.
                                     Peacham.
 2. Show;  divulgation; publication.
    But this eternal blazon must not be
  To ears of flesh and blood.            Shakspeare.
 3. Celebration;  proclamation of some qua-
  lity.
    \ am a  gentleman.—I'll be sworn thou art;
  Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, action, and spirit;
  Do give thee five-fold blazon.          Shakspeare.
    Men con over their pedigrees, and  obtrude toe
  blazon of toeir exploits upon the company.  Collier.
Bla'zonry, bla'zn-re. to. a. [Irom blazon.]
  The art of  blazoning.
    Give certain rules as to the principles of bla-
  zonry.                    Peacham on Drawing.
 To  Bleach, bleetsh. v. a [bleechen, Ger.]
  To whiten; commonly to whiten by ex-
  posure  to the open air.
    When turtles tread, and rook6 and daws;
  And maidens bleach toeir summer smocks. Shaksp.
                Should I not seek
  The clemency of some more temp'rate clime,
  To purge my gloom; and, by toe sun refin'd,
  Bask in his beams, and bleocA me in toe wind? Dryd.
To Bleach, bleetsh. v. to. To grow white;
   to grow white in the open air.
    The white sheet bleaching in the open field. Shaks.
    For there are various penances enjoin'd;
  And some are hung to bleach upon the wind;
  Some plung'd in waters.                Dryden.
    The deadly winter seizes; shuts up sense;
  Lays him along the snows, a stiffen'd corse,
  Stretch'd out, and bleaching in the northern blast.
                                     Thomson.
BLEAK, bleke. adj. [blac, blaec, Saxon.]
I. Pale.
2. Cold;  chill; cheerless.
                Inn-cat toe North
  To make his bleak winds kiss my parched lips,
  And comfort me with cold.            Shakspeare.
    The goddess that in  rural shrine
  Dwell'st here with Pan, or Sylvan, by blest song
  Forbidding every bteafc unkindly fog
  To touch toe prosperous growth of this toll wood.
                                      Milton.
     Her desolation presents us with nothing but bteafc
  and barren prospects.                  Addison.
     Say, will ye bless toe bleak Atlantick shore,
  Or bid the furious Gaul be rude no more?    Pope.
Bleak, bleke.  n. *. [alburnua,  from his
   white  or bleak colour.]   A small  river
   fish.
     The bleak or fresh water sprat, is ever  in mo-
  tion, and therefore called by some the river swal-
  low. His back is of a pleasant sad sea-water  green;
  his belly white and shining like toe mountain snow.
  Bleaks are excellent meat, and in best season in
  August.                              Walton.
Ble'akness, bleke'ne's. to. a. [from bleak]
   Coldness; chilness.
     The inhabitants  of Nova  Zembla  go  naked,
  without complaining of toe bleakness of the  air; as
  the armies of toe northern nations keep the field all
  winter.                              Addison.
BLE'AKY,ble'ke. adj. [from bleak.] Bleak;
   cold; chill.
     On shrubs they browze, and, on toe bleaky top,
  Of rugged hills, the thorny bramble crop. Dryden.

BLEAR,  bleer.  adj.  [blaer, a  blister,
   Dutch.]

1. Dim with  rheum or water; sore   with
   rheum.
    It is a tradition that btear eyes affect sound eyes.
                                        Bacon.
    It is no more in the power of calumny to blast toe
  dignity of an honest man, than of toe blear eyed owl
  to cast scandal on the sun.           L'Estrange.
    His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin;
  His beard was stubble, and his cheeks were thin.
                                      Dryden.
    When thou shalt see the  blear ey'd fathers teach
  Their sons this harsh and mouldy sort of speech.
                                      Dryden.
2. Dim; obscure in general; or that which
  makes dimness.
                Thus I hurl
  My dazzling spells into toe spungy air,
  Of power to cheat toe eye with blear illusion;
  And give it false presentments.          Jlfitton.
To Blear,  bleer. v. a. [from the adjec-
  tive.]
1. To make the eyes watry,  or sore with
  rheum.
    All tongues speak of him, and the bleared sights
  Are spectacled to see him.            Shakspeare.
              The Dardanian  wives,
  With bleared visages come forth to view
  Th' issue of to' exploit.               Shakspeare,
    When  I was young, I, like a lazy fool,
  Would Wear my eyes with oil,  to stay from school;
  Averse to pains.                       Dryden.
2. To dim  the eyes.
    This may stand for a pretty superficial argument,
  to blear our eyes, and mil us asleep in security.
                                      Raleigh.
Ble'aredness, bleeyred-nes.86e n.a . [from
   bleared.]   The state of being bleared,
   or dimmed with rheum.
    The defluxion falling upon the edges of toe eye-
  lids, makes a blearedness.              Wiseman.
To Bleat, blete. v. to. [blaetan, Sax.] To
   cry as a sheep.
    We were as twinn'd lambs, that did frisk  i'  to'
        sun,
  And bteaf the one at to' other.         Shakspeare.
    You may as well use question with the wolf,
  Why he hath made the ewe bteat for the lamb.
                 Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
    While on sweet grass her bleating charge does lie,
  Our happy lover feeds upon her eye.   Roscommon.
  What bull dares bellow, or what sheep dares  bleat
  Within toe lion's den?                 Dryden.
Bleat, blete. n. s.  [from the verb.]   The
   cry of a sheep or lamb.
    Set in my ship, mine earreach'd, where we rode,
  The bellowing of oxen, and the bleat
  Of fleecy sheep.                      Chapman ■
Bleb, bleb. to. s.  [blaen, to swell, Germ.]
   A blister.
Bled, bled, preterite  and  particip. [from
   To  bleed.]
To Bleed, bleed, v. to. pret. I bled; I have
   bled, [bleban,  Saxon.]
1. To lose blood; to run with blood.
    I bleed inwardly for my lord.           Shaksp.
    Bleed, bleed, poor country!
  Great tyranny, lay thou toy basis sure;
  For goodness dare not check thee!        Shaksp.
    Many, upon toe seeing of others bleed, or strang-
  led, or tortured, themselves are ready to faint, as if
  toey bled.                             Bacon
2. To die a violent death.
    The lamb toy riot dooms to bleed to-day;
  Had he toy reason, would he skip and play?   Pope.
3. To lose blood  medicinally; as he  bled
   for a fever.
4. To drop, as blood.   It is applied  to any
   thing that drops from some body on in-
   cision, as  blood from an animal.
    For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow,
  The coral redden, and the ruby glow.        Pope*
To Bleed, bleed, v. a.  To let  blood; to
   take blood from.
    That from a patriot of distinguish'd note,
  Have bled, and purg'd me to a simple vote.    Pope,
Bleit, blet.    >  adj. Bashful.  It is used
Blate, blate.  5  in Scotland and the bor-
   dering counties.
To  BLE'MISH, blem'lsh. v.  a. [from
   blame, Junius: from bleme, white,  Fr.
   Skinner.]
1. To mark with any deformity.
    Likelier that my outward face might have been
  disguised, than that the face of so excellent a mind
  could have been thus blemished.           Sidney.
2. To  defame; to tarnish, with respect to
   reputation.
    Not that my verse would blemish all the fair,
  But yet if some be had, 'tis wisdom to beware.
                                      Qryden.
    Those, who,  by concerted defamations, endea-
  vour to blemish his character, incur the complicated
  guilt of slander and perjury.            Addison.
Ble'mish, blem'lsh. to. *. [from the verb.]
1. A mark of deformity; a scar;  a diminu-
   tion of beauty.
    As he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it
  be done to him again.                  Leviticus.
    Open it so from toe eyelid,  that you dh ide not
  that;  for, in  so doing, you will leave a  remediless
  blemish.                             Wiseman. 
B L  O
BLO
BL  O
 To Bli'ssom,  blis'stim.  v. to.  To  cater-
   waul: to be  lustful.                 Diet.
BLI'STER,  bl!s'tur.98  to.  *.  [bluyster,
   Dutch.]                        L
 1. A pustule formed  by raising  the cuti-
   cle from the  cutis, and filled with se-
   rous blood.
    In this state she gallops, night by night,
  O'er ladies lips, who strait on kisses dream,
  Which oft the angry Mab with  blisters plagues,
  Because their breaths with sweetmeats  tainted are.
                                    Shakspeare.
    I found a great blister drawn by the garlick, but
  had it cut, which run a good deal of water, but filled
  again by next night.                    Temple.
2. Any swelling made by the separation of
   a film or skin from the  other parts.
    Upon the  leaves there riseth a timour like a
  blister.                               Bacon.
 To Bli'ster, blis'trir. v. n.  [from  the
   noun]   To rise in blisters.
    If I prove honeymouth, let my tongue blister,
  And never to my red-look'd anger be
  The trumpet any more.               Shakspeare.
    Embrace thy knees with loathing hands,
  Which blister when toey touch thee.      Dryden.
 To Bli'ster, blis't&r. v. a.
 1. To raise blisters by some hurt,  as by a
   burn,  or rubbing.
    Look, here comes one, a gentlewoman of mine,
  Who falling in the flaws of her own youth,
  Hath blister'd her report.             Shakspeare.
2. To raise blisters with a medical inten-
   tion.
    I blistered the legs and thighs; but was too late:
  he died howling.                     Wiseman.
BLITHE, bliTHe.4"* adj. [blifce, Saxon ]
   Gay; airy;  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;
   mirthful.
    We have always one  eye fixed upon the counte-
  nance of our enemies; and, according  to the blithe
  or heavy aspect thereof, our other eye sheweto some
  other suitable token either of dislike or approbation.
                                      Hooker.
    Then sigh not so, but let them go,
  And be you blithe and bonny.          Shakspeare.
    For that fair female troop thou saw's t, that seem'd
  Of goddesses, so blithe, so smooth, so gay;
  Yet empty of all good.                   Milton.
    To whom the wily adder, blithe and glad:
  Empress! the way is ready, and  not long.   Milton.
    And the milkmaid singeth blithe,
  And the mower whets his scythe.          Milton.
    Should he return, that troop so blithe  and bold,
  Precipitant in fear, would wing their flight.   Pope.
Bli'thly, bliTH'le. adv. [from blithe.]  In
   a blithe manner.
Bli'thness, bliTH'nds.           ~)
Bli'thsomeness, bliTH'sum-n^s.$
   [from  blithe.]  The quality  of being
   blithe.
Bli'thsome, blrra'sum. adj. [from blithe]
   Gay; cheerful.
              Frosty blasts deface
  The blithsome year: trees of their shrivell'd fruits
  Are widow'd.                         Philips.
To Bloat,  blote.  v. a.   [probably  from
   blow.]   To swell, or make turgid with
   wind: it has up, an intensive particle.
                His rude essays
  Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise,
  That he may get more bulk before he dies. Dryden.
    The strutting petticoat smooths all distinctions,
  levels the mother with the daughter.  I cannot but
  be troubled to see  so many well-shaped  innocent
  virgins bloated up,  and waddling up and down like
  bigbellied  woman.                     Addison.
To Bloat, blote. v. to. To grow turgid.
    If a person of a firm constitution begins to bloat,
  from being warm grows cold, his fibres grow weak.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Bloat, blote.  adj.   Swelled with  intem-
   perance; turgid.
       The bloat king.          Shakspeare's Hamlet.
Bloa'tedness,  blo'ted-nes.   to.  a.  [from
   bloat]  Turgidness;  swelling; tumour.
    Lassitude, laziness,  bloatedness, and  scorbutical
  spots, are symptoms of weak fibres.     Arbuthnot.
Blo'bber, blob'bilr.98  to. s.  [from blob.]
   A  word  used in  some counties  for a
   bubble.
    There swimmeth also in the sea a round slimy
  substance, called a blobber, reputed noisome to the
  fish.                                 Carew.
Blo'bberlip,  bl&b'bur-lip.  to. s.  [from
   blob, or  blobber and lip.]  A thick lip.
    They make a wit of their insipid friend,
  His blobberlips and beetlebrows commend.  Dryden.
Blo'blipped, blob'lipt.         7    .-
Blo'bberlipped, blob'bur-lipt. 5
   Having  swelled or thick lips.
    A  blobber-lipped shell, seemeth  to  be a kind of
  mussel.                                Grew.
    His person deformed to the highest degree; flat-
  nosed, and blobberlipped.            L'Estrange.
BLOCK, blok. n. a. [block,  Dutch;  bloc,
   Fr.]
1. A heavy piece  of timber,  rather thick
   than long.
2. A mass of matter.
    Homer's apotheosis consists of a  groupe of figures;
  cut  in the same block of marble, and rising one
  above another.                       Addison.
3. A massy body.
    Small causes are sufficient to make a man uneasy,
  when great ones  are not in the way; for want of a
  block, he will stumble at a straw.           Swift.
4. A  rude  piece of matter: in contempt.
    When, by the help of wedges and beetles, an im-
  age is cleft out of the trunk of some tree, yet, after
  the skill of artificers to  set forth such a divine block,
  it cannot one moment secure itself from being eaten
  by worms.                        Stilling fleet.
5. The  piece of wood on which  hats are
   formed.  Some old writers use  block for
   the hat itself.
    He wears his faith but as toe fashion  of his hat;
  it ever changes with toe next block.    Shakspeare.
6. The wood on which criminals are be-
   headed.
    Some guard these traitors to the block  of death,
  Treason's true bed, and yielder-up of breath. Shaks.
    At the instant of his  death, having a long beard,
  after his head was upon the block, he gently drew
  his beard aside, and said, This hath not offended the
  king.                                 Bacon.
                I'll drag him thence,
  Even from the holy altar to the block.     Dryden.
7. An obstruction; a  stop.
    Can he ever dream,  that toe suffering for right-
  eousness sake is our felicity, when he  sees us run so
  from it, that no crime is block enough  in our way to
  stop our flight!                  Decay of Piety,
8. A  sea term for  a  pully.
9. A blockhead; a fellow remarkable  for
   stupidity.
    The country is a desert, where the good
  Gain'd inhabits not; born 's not understood;
  There men become beasts, and prone to  all evils;
  In cities, blocks.                       Donne.
    What tongueless blocks were they, would they not
  speak?                 Shakspeare's Richard III.
To Block, blok. v.  to.  [bloquer,  Fr.]
1. To shut up;  to  inclose, so as to  hinder
   egress; to obstruct.
    The states about them should neither bv increase
  of dominion, nor by blocking of trade, have it in
  their power to hurt or annoy.          Clarendon.
    They block the castle kept by Bertram;
  But now they cry, Down with the palace, fire it.
                                      Dryden.
2. It has often up, to note clausure.
    Recommend it to the governor of Abingdon, to
  send some troops to block it up, from infesting the
  great road.                         Clarendon.
    The  abbot raises an army, and blocks up the
  town on the side  that faces his dominions.  Addison.
Block-house, bl6k'house. to.  s.  [from
   block and house.]  A fortress built to ob-
   struct or block up a pass, commonly to
  • defend a harbour.
    His entrance is guarded with block-houses, and that
  on toe town's side fortified with ordnance.   Carew.
    Rochester water reacheth far within the land, and
  is under the protection  of some block-houses.
                                      Raleigh.
Block-tin, blok-tin. to. *. [from block and
   tin.]  So the  tradesmen call that which
   is pure or unmixed, and yet unwrought.
                                      Boyle.
Blocka'de, blok-kade'. to. s. [from block]
   A  siege carried on  by shutting up the
   place.
    The  enemy was  necessitated wholly to abandon
  the blockade of Olivenza.                 Tatler.
            Round  the goddess roll
  Broad hats and hoods, and caps, a sable shoal;
  Thick,  and more thick, the black blockade extendi.
                                        Pope.
To Blocka'de, blok-kade . v. a. [fromthe
   noun.] To shut up by  obstruction.
    Huge bales of British cloth blockade toe door,
  A hundred oxen at your levy  roar.          Pope.
Blo'ckhead, blok'h£d.  to. *. [from block
   and head ]  A  stupid  fellow; a  dolt; a
   man without parts.
    Your wit will not so soon out as another  man's
  will; it  is strongly wedged up in a blockhead. Shaks.
    We idly sit like stupid blockheads,
  Our hands committed to our pockets.    Hudibras.
        A blockhead rubs his thoughtless scull,
  And thanks his stars he was not born a fool.  Pope.
Blo'ckheaded, bl6k-h£d'£d. adj. [from
   blockhead.] Stupid; dull.
    Says a blockheaded boy,  these are  villainous
  creatures.                         L'Estrange.
Blo'ckish, bldk'ish.  adj. [from   block]
   Stupid; dull.
                 Make a lott'ry,
  And, by decree, let blockish Ajax draw
  The sort to fight with Hector.        Shakspeare.
Blo'okishly,   bl6k'ish-le.  adv.  [from
   blockish.] In  a  stupid manner.
Blo'ckishness, bl&k'lsh-n£s. to. a. [from
   blockish.] Stupidity; dullness.
Blo'mary, blom'ma-re.  to.  *.   The  first
   forge in the iron mills, through which
   the metal passes,  after it has  been first
   melted from the  mine.            Diet.
Blo'nket,  blon'-klt." n. s. [I suppose
   for blanket/]
    Our blonket livery's been all too sad
  For thilke same season, when all is yclad
  With pleasance.                       Spenser,
BLOOD, blud. 308 to. *. [blob, Saxon.]
1. The  red  liquor that  circulates in the
   bodies of animals.
    But flesh, with the life thereof, which is the blood
  thereof, shall you not eat.               Genesis.
2. Child; progeny.
    We'll no more meet, no more see one another:
  But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter.
                                   Shakspeare- 
BLO
B  LO
BLO
S. Family; kindred.
    As many and as well born bloods as those
  Stand in his face, to contradict his claim.   Shaksp.
    0! what an happiness is it to find
  A friend of our own blood, a brother kind!  Waller.
    According to the common  law of England, in
  administrations, the whole blood is preferred to the
  half blood.                             Ayliffe.
4. Descent; lineage.
    Epithets of flattery, deserved by few of them; and
  not running in a blood, like toe perpetual gentle-
  ness of toe Ormond family.             Dryden.
5. Blood  royal;  royal lineage.
                They will almost
  Give us a prince o' to' Wood, a son of Priam,
  In change of him.                  Shakspeare.
6.  Birth; high extraction.
    I am a gentleman of blood and breeding  Shaksp.
7. Murder; violent  death.
    It  will have blood; they say, blood  will  have
  blood.                            Shakspeare.
    The voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me
  from toe ground.                   Gen. iv. 10.
8. Life.
    When wicked men have slain a righteous person
  in his own house, upon his bed, shall I not therefore
  now require his blood at your hand? 2 Sam. iv. 11.
9. For blood.  Though his  blood or  life
   was at stake: a low  phrase.
    A crow lay battering upon a muscle, and could not,
  for his blood, break the shell to come at the fish.
                                   L'Estrange.
10. The carnal part  of man.
    Flesh  and blood hath not revealed  it unto thee,
  but my Father which is  in heaven.  Matth. xvi. 17.-
11. Temper of mind; state ofthe passions.
    Will you, great sir, that glory blot,
  In cold blood, which you gain'd in hot?  Hudibras.
12. Hot spark; man  of fire.
    The news  put  divers young  bloods into such a
  fury, as the ambassadors were not, without peril, to
  be outraged.                           Bacon.
13. The juice of any thing.
    He washed his garments in  wine, and his clothes
  in the blood of grapes.            Gen. xlix. 11.
To Blood, bifid, v.  a. [from the noun.]
1. To stain with blood.
    Then all approach the slain with vast surprise,
  And, scarce secure, reach out  their spears afar,
  And blood toeir points,  to  prove their partnership
        in war.                 Dryden's Fables.
    He was blooded up  to  his elbows by a couple of
  Moors,  whom  he butchered with his own imperial
  hands.                               Addison.
2. To enter; to enure to blood; as a hound.
    Fairer than fairest, let none ever say,
  That ye were blooded in a yielded prey.
                              Spenier's Sonnets.
3. To blood, is sometimes to let blood me-
   dically.
4. To heat; to exasperate.
    When the faculties intellectual are in vigour, not
  drenched, or, as it were, blooded by the affections.
                           Bacon's  Apophthegms.
    By this means, matters grew more exasperate;
  the  auxiliary  forces  of French and  English  were
  much blooded one against  another.
                              Bacon's Hen. VII.
Blood-boltered,   blud'bol-turd.    adj.
   [from  blood and  bolter.]  Blood  sprink-
   led.
    The blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles upon me.
                                      Macbeth.
Blood-hot,  blfid'hot.  adj.   [from blood
   and hot.]  Hot in the same degree with
   blood.
    A good piece of bread first to be  eaten, will gain
  time to warm the beer blood-hot, which then he may
  drink safdy.                            Locke.
To  Blood-let,  blfid'let.   v. to.  [from
   blood and let.] To bleed; to open a vein
   medicinally.
    The chyle is not perfectly assimilated into blood,  .
  by its circulation through the lungs, as is known by
  experiments in blood-letting.  Arbuth. on Aliments.
Blood-letter,  blud'-let-tvir. n. s. [from  I
   blood-let.]   A phlebotomist;  one that
   takes away blood medically.
    This mischief, in aneurisms, proceedeth from the
  ignorance of the blood-letter, who, not considering
  the errour committed in  letting blood, binds up toe
  arm carelessly.                       Wiseman.
Blood-stone, blud'-stone. n. s. [hemati-
   tes, from blood and stone.] The name of
   a stone.
    There is a stone, which they call the blood-stone,
  which, worn, is thought to be good for them  that  S
  bleed at the nose;  which, no  doubt, is by astriction
  and cooling of the spirits.                Bacon.
    The blood-stone  is green, spotted  with  a bright
  blood red.                 Woodward on Fossils.
Blood-thirsty, blud'^Afirs-te. adj. [from
   blood and thirst] Desirous to shed blood.  1
    And high advancing his blood-thirsty blade,
  Struck one of those deformed heads.  Fairy Queen.
    The image of God the blood-thirsty have not; for
  God is charity and mercy itself.    Raleigh's Hist.
Blood-vessel,  bifid'ves-sil." to. s. [from  J
   blood and  vessel]  A  vessel  appropria-  1
   ted by nature to the  conveyance  of the
   blood.
    The skins of the forehead were extremely tough
  and thick, n ad had not in them any blood-vessel that
  we were able to discover.     Addison's Spectator.
Blo'odflower, blfid'fldur. to. s. [haman-
   thus, Lat.]  A plant.                      '

Bloodgui'ltiness, blfid'gllt-e-nes. to. *.
   [from blood  and guilty.] Murder;  the
   crime of shedding blood.
    And were there rightful cause of difference,
  Yet were 't not better, fair it to accord,
  Than with bloodguiltiness to heap offence,
  And mortal vengeance join to crime abhorr'd?
                                  Fairy Queen.
Blo'odhound,   blfid'hound. to.  s.  [from
   blood and hound.]  A hound that follows
   by  the  scent, and  seizes  with great  ;
   fierceness.
    Hear this, hear this, thou tribune ofthe people!
  Thou zealous, publick bloodhound, hear and melt.
                                       Dryden.
    Where are those rav'ning bloodhounds, that pursue
  In a full cry, gaping to swallow me?
                          Southerne's Inn. Adult.
    A bloodhound will follow the track of the person
  he pursues, and all hounds the particular game they
  have in chace.            Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    And though the villain 'scape a while, he feels,
   Slow vengeance,  like a bloodhound, at his heels.
                                        Swift.
 Blo'odily, blfid'e-le. adv. [from  bloody.]
   With disposition to shed blood;  cruelly.
             I told the pursuivant,
   As too triumphing, how mine enemies
   To day at Pomfret Bloodily were butcher'd.
                         Shakspeare's Richard III.
     This day toe poet, bloodily inclin'd,
   Has made me die full sore against my mind. Dryd.
 Blo'odiness,   blud'e-nes.  to.  s.  [from
   bloody] The state of being bloody.
     It will manifest itself by its bloodiness: yet some-
   times the scull is so thin as not to admit of any.
                                Sharp's Surgery.
 Blo'odless,  blfid'les  adj.  [from blood]
 1. Without  blood, dead.
     He cheered my sorrows, and, for sums of gold,
   The bloodless carcase of my Hector sold.  Dryden.
 2. Without  slaughter.

                     cc2
    War brings ruin where it should amend.
  But beauty, with a bloodless conquest, finds
  A welcome sovereignty in rudest minds.    If oiler
Rlo'odshed, blfid'shed  to. s. [from  blood
   and shed.]
I. The crime of blood, or murder.
    Full many mischiefs follow cruel wrath;
  Abhorred bloodshed, and tumultuous strife,
  Unmanly murder, and unthrifty scath.    Fairy Q.
    All murders past do stand excus'd in this;
  And this so sole, and so uumatchable,
  Shall prove a deadly bloodshed but a jest,
  Exampled by this heinous spectacle.    Shakspeare
    A man, under toe transports of a vehement rage,
  passes a different  judgment  upon  murder  and
  bloodshed, from what he does when his revenge is
  over.                                  South.
2. Slaughter; waste of life.
    So by him Caesar got the victory,
  Through great bloodshed, and many a sad assay.
                                  Fairy  Queen
    Of wars and bloodshed and of dire events,
  I could with greater certainty foretel.     Dryden.
Blo'odshedder,  blud'shed-dur.   to.   s.
   [from  bloodshed] Murderer.
    He  that  taketh away his neighbour's  living,
  slayeth him; and he that defrauf'eth the labourer of
  his hire, is a bloodshedder.      Ecclus. xxxiv. 22.
Blo'odshot,  blfid'shot.           >   adj.
Bloodsho'tten, bifid'shot-tn.103  5 [from
   blood and shot,] Filled with blood burst-
   ing from its proper vessels.
    And that the winds their bellowing throats would
        try,
  When redd'ning clouds reflect his bloodshot eye.
                                        Garth.
Blo'odsucker,  blfid'sfik-fir. to. s. [from
   blood and suck]
I. A leech; a  fly; any  thing  that  sucks
   blood.
2. A cruel man; a  murderer.
    God keep the prince from all the pack of you;
  A knot you are of damned bloodsuckers.     Shaksp.
    The nobility cried  out upon him,  that he was a
  bloodsucker, a murderer, and a parricide. Hayward.
Blo'odwit, blfid'wlt. to. s. A fine ancient-
   ly paid as  a compensation for blood.

Blo'odwort,  bhld'wfirt. to. s. A  plant.
Blo'ody, blfid'e. adj. [from blood]
1. Stained  with blood.
2.  Cruelj   murderous:  applied  either to
   men or  facts.
    By continual martial exercises, without blood,
   she made them perfect in that bloody art.   Sidney.
    False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand.
                              Shaksp. King Lear-
               I grant him  bloody,
   Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful.   Shakspeare,
               Thou bloodier villain,
   Than terms can give thee out.        Shakspeare.
   .  Alas! why gnaw you so your nether lip?
   Some bloody passion  shakes your very frame;
   These are portents: but yet I hope, I hope,
   They do not point on me.     Shakspeare's Othello.
                 The bloody fact,
   Will be aveng'd; and th' other's faith approv'd
   Lose no reward; though here thou see him die,
   Rolling in dust and gore.      Milton's Par. Lost.
     The bloodiest vengeance which she could pursue,
   Would be a trifle to my loss of you.
                              Dryden's Ind. Emp.
     Proud Nimrod first the bloody chace began,
   A mighty hunter and his prey was man.
                          Popt's Windsor Forest.
  Bloody-flux,  blfid'e-flfiks.  to.  s.  The
   dysertf ry; a disease in  which the  excre-
   ments are mixtd with blood.
     Cold, by retarding the motion of the blood, and
   suppressing perspiration, produces giddiness, sleep- 
BLO
BLO
BLO
  mess, pains in toe bowels, looseness, bloody fluxes.
                              Arbuthnot on Air.
Bloody-minded,   blud'e-mind'ed.   adj.
   [from bloody and mind.] Cruel; inclined
   to blood-shed.
    I think you'll  make me mad: truth has been at
  my tongue's end this half hour,  and I have not the
  power to bring it out, for fear of this  bloody-minded
  colonel.                Diydcn's Spanish Friar.
BLOOM,bl66m.TO. s.[blum, Germ, bloem,
   Dutch.]
1. A blossom; the flower which precedes
   the fruit.
     How nature paints her colours, how the bee
   Sits on her bloom, extracting liquid sweet.  Milton.
     A medlar tree was planted by;
   The spreading branches made a goodly show,
   And full of opening blooms was ev'ry bough.  Dryd.
         Haste to yonder woodbine bow'rs;
   The turf with rural dainties  shall be crown'd
   While opening blooms diffuse their sweets around.
                                         Pope.
2. The state of immaturity; the  state  of
   any  thing improving, and ripening  to
   higher perfection.
     Were I no queen, did you my beauty weigh,
   My youth in bloom, your age in its decay.  Dryden.
3. The blue colour upon plums and grapes
   newly gathered.
4. [In the iron works.]   A piece of  iron
   wrought into a mass,  two feet square.

To  Bloom,  bl66m. v. to. [from  the noun.]
 1. To bring or yield  blossoms.
     The rod of Aaron for  the  house of Levi was
   budded, and brought  forth buds, and bloomed blos-
   soms, and yielded almonds.      Numbers, xvii. 8.
     It is a common experience, that if you do not pull
   off some blossoms the first time a tree bloometh, it
   will blossom itself to death.    Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. To  produce, as blossoms.
     Rites and customs, now  superstitious,  when the
   strength of virtuous,  devout, or charitable affec-
   tion bloomed them, no man  could justly have con-
   demned as evil.                        Hooker.
3. To  be in a state of youth and improve-
   ment.
     Beauty, frail flow'r, that every season fears,
   Blooms in thy colours for a thousand years.   Pope.
     0 greatly bless'd with every blooming grace!
   With equal steps the paths of glory trace.    Pope.
Blo'omy, bldom'me. adj.  [from bloom.]
   Full of blooms; flowery.
     O nightingale! that on yon bloomy spray
   Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still. Milt.
     Departing spring could only stay to shed
   Her bloomy beauties on the  genial bed,
   But left the manly summer  in her stead.   Dryden.
     Hear how the birds, on ev'ry bloomy spray,
   With joyous musick wake the dawning day.   Pope.
Blore, blore.  to.  a. [from  blow.]  Act of
   blowing; blast: an expressive wordx but
   not  used.
         Out rusht, with an unmeasur'd roar,
   Those two winds tumbling  clouds in  heaps; ushers
         to either's blore.          Chapman's Iliad.
BLO'SSOM,  blos'sum. to. a.   [blorme,
   Sax.] The  flower that  grows  on  any
   plant, previous  to the   seed  or  fruit.
   We generally call those flowers  blos-
   soms, which are not  much regarded in
   themselves but as  a token of some  fol-
   lowing production.
                 Cold news for me:
   Thus are my blossoms blasted in toe bud,
   And caterpillars eat my leaves away.  Shakspeare.
     Merrily, merrily, shall I live now,
   Under the blossom that hangs on the bou^h. Shaksp.
    The pulling off many of the blossoms of a fruit
  tree, doth make the fruit fairer.  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    To his green years your censure you would suit,
  Not blast the blossom, but expect the fruit   Dryd.
To   Blo'ssom, blos'sum. v. to. [from the
  noun.] To put forth blossoms.
    This is the state of man: to-day he puts forth
  The tender leaves of hope; to-morrow blossoms,
  And bears his blushing honours thick upon him.
                           Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    Although the fig-tree shall not blossom, neither
  shall fruit be in the vines, yet will I rejoice in the
  Lord.                            Habb. iii. 11-
    The want of rain,  at blossoming time, often occa-
  sions the dropping off of the blossoms, for want of
  sap.                               Mortimer.
To  BLOT, blot. v. a. [from'blottir,Fr. to
  hide.]
1. To obliterate; to make writing invisible
  by covering  it with ink.
                You that are' king
  Have caused him, by new act of parliament,
  To blot out me, and put his own son in. Shakspeare.
    Ev'n copious Dryden wanted, or forgot,
  The last and greatest art, toe art to blot.     Pope.
    A man of the most understanding will find it im-
  possible to make the best use of it, while he writes in
  constraint,  perpetually  softening,  correcting, or
  blotting out expressions.                  Swift.
2. To efface; to erase.
    0 Bertram, oh no  more my foe, but brother!
  One act like this blots out a thousand crimes. Dryd.
    These simple ideas, offered to the mind, the un-
  derstanding can no more refuse, nor alter, nor blot
  out, than a mirrour can refuse, alter, or obliterate,
  toe images which toe objects produce.      Locke.
3. To  make  black spots  on  a paper;  to
  blur.
    Heads overfull of matter, be like pens overfull
  of ink, which will sooner blot, than make any fair
  letter.                               Ascham.
                 0 sweet Portia!
  Here are a few of the unpleasant'st  words,
  That ever blotted paper.              Shakspeare.
4. To disgrace; to disfigure.
     Unknit that threat'ning unkind brow,
  It blots thy beauty, as frost bites the meads,
  Confounds thy fame.                Shakspeare.
     My guilt thy growing virtues did defame;
  My blackness blotted thy unblemish'd name. Dryd.
     For mercy's sake  restrain thy hand,
  Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.  Rowe.
5. To  darken.
     He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane,
  Whilst foolish men beat sounding brass in vain.
                                       Cowley.
Blot, blot. to. *. [from the verb.]
1. An obliteration of something written.
     Let flames on your unlucky papers prey,
  Your wars, your loves, your praises, be forgot,
  And make of all an universal blot.   Dryd. Juvenal.
2. A blur; a spot  upon paper.
3. A  spot in  reputation;  a  stain; a dis-
   grace; a reproach.
                 Make known,
  It is no vicious blot,  murder, or foulness,
  That hath depriv'd me.       Shaksp. King Lear.
     A lie is a foul blot in a man; yet it is  continu-
  ally in the mouth of toe untaught.    Eccl. xx. 24.
     A disappointed hope, a blot of honour, a strain of
  conscience, an unfortunate love,  will serve  the
  turn.                                 Temple.
4. [At backgammon.] When  a single man
   lies  open to be  taken up; whence, to hit
   a blot.
     He  is  too great  a master of his art, to  make a
  blot which may so easily be hit.           Dryden.
Blotch, blotsh. to. a. [from blot.] A spot
   or pustule upon  the skin.
     Spots and blotches of several  colours and figures,
  straggling over the body; some are  red, others yel-
  low, or black.                         Harvey.
To Blote, bl6te. v. a. To smoke, or dry
   by the  smoke; as  bloted  herrings; or
   red herrings.

BLOW, bid. ».  s. [blowe, Dutch.]
I. The act of striking.
2. A stroke.
    A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows,
  Who, by toe art of known and feeling sorrows,
  Am pregnant to good pity.            Shakspeare
               A woman's tongue,
  That gives not half so great a blow to to' ear,
  As will a chestnut. Shaksp. Taming of the Shrew.
    Words of great  contempt commonly finding a re-
  turn of equal scorn, blows were fastened upon the
  most pragmatical of toe crew.         Clarendon.
3. The fatal  stroke; the  stroke of death.
    Assuage your thirst of blood, and strike toe blow.
                                      Dryden.
4. An act of hostility: blows  are used for
   combat or war.
    Be most abated captives to some nation
  That won you without blows.          Shakspeare.
            Unarm'd if I should go,
  What hope of mercy from this dreadful foe,
  But woman-like to fall, and fall without a blow?
                                         Pope.
5. A sudden calamity; an unexpected evil.
    People is broken with a grievous blow,    Jerem.
    To all but thee in fits he seem'd to go,
  And 'twas my ministry to deal toe blow.   Parnel.
6. A single action; a sudden event.
    Every year they gain a victory,  and a town; but
  if they are once defeated, they lose a province at a
  blow.                               Dryden.
7. The  act  of a fly, by  which she lodges
   eggs in  flesh.
    I much fear, lest with the blows of flies
  His brass-inflicted wounds are fill'd.  Chapman's II.
 To Blow, bio.  v. to.  pret. blew; particip.
   pass, blown, [blapan,  Sax.]
 1. To make a current of air.
    At his sight the mountains are shaken, and at his
  will the south wind bloweth.       Ecclus. xliii. 16.
    Fruits, for long keeping,  gather before they we
  full ripe, and in a dry day, towards noon, and when
   the wind bloweth not south; and when  the moon is
   in decrease.            Bacon's Natural History.
    By the fragrant winds that blow
   O'er the Elysian flow'rs.       Pope's St. Cozcilia.
 2. This word is used sometimes imperson-
   ally with  it.
     It blew a terrible tempest at sea once, and there
   was one seaman praying.             L'Estrange.
     If it blows a happy gale, we must set up all our
   sails; though it sometimes happens that our natural
   heat is more powerful than our care and correct-
   ness.                                Dryden.
 3. To pant; to puff; to be breathless.
     Here's Mrs. Page at the door, sweating and
   blowing, and looking  wildly.          Shakspeare.
     Each aking nerve refuse the lance to throw,
   And each spent courser at the charict blow.  Pope.
 4. To breathe.
     Says toe satyr, if you have gotten a trick of blow-
   ing hot and cold out of toe same  mouth, I've e'en
   done with ye.                      L'Estrange.
 5. To sound with being blown.
           Nor with less  dread the loud
   Ethereal trumpet from on high 'gan blow. MUton.
     There let the prating organ blow
   To the full-voic'd quire below.           JMitton,
 6. To sound, or play musically  by wind.
     The priests shall blow with the trumpet.  Joshua.
     When ye blow  an alarm, then the camps that lie
   on the east parts shall go forward.        Numbers.
 7. To blow  over.  To pass  away without
   effect. 
BLO
BLU
BLU
    Storms, though Jtbey Wwe over divers times, yet
  «ay toll at last                 Bacon's Essays.
        When toe storm is blown over,
      How blest is the swain,
        Who begins to discover
      An end of his pain.               Granville.
    But those clouds being now happily blown over,
  and our sun clearly shining out again, I have recov-
  ered the relapse.                      Denham.
8. To blow up.  To fly into the air by the
   force of gunpowder.
    On the next day, some of the enemy's ^magazines
  blew up; and it is thought they- were destroyed on
  purpose by some of toeir men.            Tatler.
To Blow, bio.  v. a.
I. To drive by the force ofthe wind: with
   a particle to fix the meaning.
           Though you untie the winds,
  Though bladed corn be lodg'd and trees Mown down,
  Though castles topple on their warder's heads. Macb.
    Fair daughter blow away those mists and clouds,
  And let thy eyes shine forth ia {their full lustre.
                                      Denham.
    These  primitive heirs  of the christian church
  could not so easily blow off the doctrine of passive
  obedience.                             South.
2. To inflate  with  wind.
    I have created toe smith that bloweth the coals.
                                        Isaiah.
    A fire not blown shall consume him.        Job.
3. To swell; to puff into  size.
    No blown ambition doth our arms incite,
  But love, dear love, and our ag'd father's right.
                                    King Lear.
4. To form into shape by the breath.
    Spherical bubbles, that boys  sometimes blow
  with water, to which soap hath given a tenacity.
                                        Boyle.
5. To sound an instrument of wind musick.
    Blow the trumpet among the nations.  Jeremiah.
    Where the bright seraphim, in burning row,
  Their loud uplifted angel trumpets blow.   Milton.
6. To warm with the breatb.
    When isicles hang by the wall,
  And Dick toe shepherd blows his nail,
    And Tom bears logs into the hall,
  And milk comes frozen home in pail.       Shaksp.
7. To spread by report.
    But never was there a man, of his degree,
  So much esteem'd, so well belov'd, as he:
  So gentle of condition was he known,
  That through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryd.
8. To blow out. To extinguish by wind or
   the breath.
    Your breath first kindled the dead coal  of war,
  And brought in matter that should feed this fire;
  And now 'tis far too huge to be blown out
  With that same weak wind which enkindled it.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Moon, slip behind some cloud, some tempest rise,
  And btoie out all the stars that light the skies. Dryd.
9. To blow up.   To  raise  or  swell  with
   breath.
    A plague of sighing and grief! it blows a man up
  like a bladder.                      Shakspeare.
    Before we had exhausted the receiver, the blad-
  der appeared as full as if btown up with a quill.
      rr                                Boyle.
    It was my breath that blew this tempest up,
  Upon your stubborn usage of toe pope.    Shaksp.
    An empty bladder gravitates no more than when
  blown up, but somewhat less; yet descends more
  easily, becaus e with less resistance.        Grete.
10. To blow up. To inflate with pride.
    Blown up with the conceit of his merit, he did not
  *hink he had received good measure from the king.
                                        Bacon.

11. To blow up.  To kindle.
    His presence soon blows up to' unkindly fight,
  Atod his loud guns speak thick like angry  men.
  w         or                    Dryden,
12. To move ^>y afflatus.
    When toe mind finds herself very much inflamed
  with devotion, she is too much  inclined to think
  that it is blown up with  something divine within
  herself.                             Addison.
13. To  blow up. To burst with  gunpow-
  der; to raise into the  air.
    The captains hoping, by a mine, to gain the city,
  approached with soldiers ready to enter upon blow-
  ing up of toe mine.    Knolles' Hist, ofthe Turks.
    Their chief blown up in air, not waves expir'd,
  To which his pride presum'd to give the law. Dryd.
    Not far from the said well, blowing up a rock,
  he formerly observed some of these.    Woodward.
14. To  infect  with  the  eggs of flies.  I
  know not  how this  sense  belongs to
  the word.
            I would no more endure
  This wooden slavery, than I would suffer
  The flesh-fly bfou> my mouth.         Shakspeare.
             Rather at Nilus' mud
  Lay me stark naked, and let toe  water-flies
  Blow me into abhorring.             Shakspeare.
15. To blow upon. To make stale.
    I am wonderfully pleased, when I meet with any
  passage in an old Greek or Latin author, that is not
  blown upon, and which I have never met with in any
  quotation.                           Addison.
    He will whisper an intrigue that is not yet blown
  upon by common fame.                Addison.
To Blow,.bio. v. n. [blopan, Saxon.]  To
   bloom; to blossom.
    We lose toe prime, to mark how spring
  Our tender plants, how bloios the citron grove
  What drops the myrrh and what toe  balmy reed.
                                      Milton.
                This royal fair
  Shall when the blossom of her beauty's btown,
  See her great brother on the British throne.  Waller.
    Fair is the kingcup that in meadow  blows;
  Fair is the daisy that beside her grows.      Gay.
    For thee Idume's spicy forests blow,
  And seeds of gold in Ophir's mountains glow. Pope.
Blo'wer, blo'ilr. n.s.  [from blow.]   A
   melter of tin.
    Add  his  care and cost  in buying wood, and in
  fetching toe same to toe  blowing-house, together
  with toe bloicers' two or three months  extreme and
  increasing labour.                      Carew.
Blown, blone. The participle passive of
   blow.
    All the sparks of virtue, which nature had kind-
  led in them, were so blown to give forth their utter-
  most heat, that justly it may be affirmed, toey in-
  flamed the affections of all that knew them. Sidney.
    The  trumpets ,sleep, while cheerful horns are
         blown.
  And arms employ'd on .birds and beasts alone. Pope.
Blo'wpoint, bl6'p6int.896 to. s.  A child's
   play, perhaps like pushpin.
           Shortly boys shall not play
  At spancounter or blowpoint, hut shall pay
  Toll to. some courtier.                   Donne.
Blowth, blbiith.n. s. [fromblow.] Bloom,
   or blossom.
    Ambition and covetousness being but green, and
  newly grown up, the seeds, and effects were as yet
  but potential, and in the blowth and bud.  Raleigh.
Blowze,  blouze.323 to. s. A ruddy fat-faced
   wench.
Blo'wzy, blou'ze. adj. [from blowze.] Sun
   burnt; high coloured.
BLU'BBER, blub'bur. to. s. [See Blob.]
   The  part of a whale  that  contains the
   oil.
To Blu'bber, blub'bur. v.  to. [from the
   noun ] To  weep in such a manner as to
   swell the cheeks.
                Even so lies she
  Blubb'ring and weeping, weeping and blubb'rmg.
                   Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliet.
    A thief came to a boy that was btubbering by the
  side of a well, and asked what he cried for.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Soon as Glumdalclitch miss'd her pleasing care,
  She wept, she blubber'd, and she tore her hair. Swift.
To Blu'bber, blilb'bdr. v.  a.  To swell
   the  cheeks with weeping.
    Fair streams represent unto me  my blubbered
  face; let tears procure your stay.          Sidney,
    The wild wood gods, arrived in the place,
  There find the virgin doleful, desolate,
  With ruffled raiment, and fair blubber'd face,
  As her outrageous foe had left her late.  Fairy Q.
    Tir'dwito toe search, not finding what she seeks,
  With cruel blows she pounds her blubber'd cheeks.
                                      Dryden.
Blu'bbered,   bhib'burd.  particip.  adj.
   [from To blubber.] Swelled; big: appli-
   ed commonly to the lip.
    Thou sing with him,  thou booby! never pipe
  Was so profan'd, to touch that blubber'd lip. Dryd.
Blu'dgeon, bhid'jiin.389  to.  *.  A  short
   stick,  with one end  loaded,  used as an
   offensive weapon.
BLUE, blu.336  adj.  [blsep, Sax. bleu, Fr.]
   One of the seven original colours.
             There's gold, and here
  My bluest veins to kiss; a hand  that kings
  Have lipt and trembled kissing.        Shakspeare.
     Where fires thou find'st  unrak'd, and hearths
        unswept,
  There pinch toe maids as btue as bilberry.  Shaksp.
    O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!
  The lights burn blue. Is it not dead midnight?
  Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Why does one climate and one soil endue
  The blushing poppy with a crimson hue,
  Yet. leave toe lily  pale, and tinge the violet  btue?
                                        Prior.
    There  was scarce any other colour sensible be-
  sides red and blue; only toe  btues, and principally
  toe second btue, inclined a little to green. Newton.
Blu'ebottle,  blu'b&t-tl,  «.  a.  [cyanus;
   from blue and bottle.]
1. A flower ofthe bell shape;  a species of
   bottlejiower.
    If you put bluebottles, or other blue flowers, into
  an ant-hill, toey will be stained with red: because
  the ants  thrust toeir stings,  and instil into them
  their stinging liquor.                      Ray.
2. A fly with a large  blue belly.
         Say, sire of insects, mighty Sol,
       A fly upon the chariot pole
       Cries out, What bluebottle alive
       Did  ever with such fury driv£?        Prior.
Blue-eyed, blu'i'de. adj. [from blue and
   eye.] Having  blue eyes.
    Rise, then, fair blue-eyed maid, rise and discover
   Thy silver brow, and meet toy  golden lover.
                                      Crashaw.
    Nor to toe temple was she gone, to move
   With prayers the blue-eyed progeny of Jove.  Dryd.
Blueha'ired, blu'hare-d. adj. [from blue
   and hair.]  Having blue hair.
                   This place,
   The greatest and the best of all toe  main,
   He quarters to his blue-hair'd deities.     Milton.
Blu'ely, blu'le. adv.  [from blue.]  With
   a blue colour.
     This 'squire he  dropp'd his pen full soon,
   While as the light burnt bluely.            Swift.
Blu'eness, blu'nes. to. s. [from blue.] The
   quality of being blue.
     In a moment our liquor may be  deprived of its
   blueness, and restored to it again, by the affusion  of
   a few drops of liquors.          Boyle on Colours
BiiUFF, bluf. adj. Big; surly; blustering. 
                    BLU

     Like those whom stature did to crowns prefer,
   Black-brow'd and bluff like Homer's Jupiter. Dryd.
 Blu'ish, blu'ish.  adj. [from blue]   Blue
    in a  small degree.
     Side sleeves and skirts, round underborne with a
   bluish tinsel.                       Shakspeare.
     At last, as far as I could cast my eyes
   Upon  the sea, somewhat, methought did rise
   Like bluish  mists.                      Dryden.
     Here, in  full light, the russet plains extend;
   There, wrapt in clouds, the bluish hills ascend. Pope.
 Blu'ish ness,  blu'ish.-nes.   n.  «.   [from
    blue.]  A small degree of  blue colour.
     I could make, with crude copper, a solution with-
   out the blu'ishness that  is wont to  accompany its
   vulgar solutions.                         Boyle.
 To BLU'NDER, bldii'dur.** v. n.  [blun-
    deren,  Dutch; perhaps from blind.]
 1. To  mistake  grossly; to err very widely;
    to mistake stupidly.  It is a word imply-
    ing  contempt.
     It is one thing to forget matter of fact,  and ano-
   ther to blunder upon the  reason of it.   L'Estrange.
     The grandees and giants in knowledge, who
   laughed at all besides themselves, as barbarous and
   ,\csignificant, yet blundered,  and stumbled, about
   their principal concern.                   South.
 2. To  flounder; to stumble.
     He who now to sense, now nonsense leaning,
   Means not,  but blunders  round about a meaning.
                                          Pope.
 To  Blu'nder, blun'ddr. v.  a.  To  mix
    foolishly  or blindly.
     He  seems to understand no difference  between
   Sties of respect and acts of  worship; between ex-
   pressions of  esteem and devotion; between  religious
   and civil worship: for he  blunders and confounds all
   these together; and whatever proves one, he thinks,
   proves all the rest.                 Stilling fleet.
 Blu'nder,  blun'dAr. to. a. [from the verb.]
    A gross or shameful mistake.
     It was the advice of Schomberg to  an historian,
   that he should avoid being particular in toe drawing
   up of an army, and other circumstances in the day
   of battle; for that he had observed notorious blun-
   ders and absurdities committed by writers not con-
   versant in the art of war.               Addison.
     It is our  own ignorance that makes us charge
   those works  of toe Almighty as defects or blunders,
   as ill-contrived or ill-made.             Derham.
 Blu'nderbuss, blund'dur-bils. to. a. [from
   blunder.] A  gun that  is  charged with
   many bullets, so that, without any exact
   aim,  there is a chance of hitting  the
   mark.
     There are Wtuuterbusses in  every loop-hole, that
  -go off of their own accord at the squeaking of a fid-
  dle.                                   Dryden.
 Blu'nderer,  blftn'dur-iir.   to.  a.  [from
   blunder.]   A  man  apt to  commit blun-
   ders; a  blockhead.
     Another sort of judges will decide in favour of an
  author, or will pronounce  him a mere blunderer, ac-
  cording to the company they have kept     Watts.
 Blu'nderhead, blun'diir-hed. n. *. [from
   blunder and head.]   A  stupid fellow.
     At  toe  rate of this thick-skulled  blunderhead,
  every plow-jobber shall take upon him  to read upon
  divinity.                           L'Estrange.
 BLUNT, bldnt. adj. [etymology uncer-
   tain.]
 1. Dull on the edge or point; not sharp.
     Thanks  to  that beauty, which can give  an edge
  to the bluntest swords.                   Sidney.
     If t».e iron  be blunt, and he do not whet the edge,
  then must he put to more  strength.        Eccles.
%. Dull in undei-tauding; not  quick.
          Valentine being gone, I'll quickly cross,
                  BLU

  By some sly trick, blunt Thurio's dull proceeding.
                                       Shaksp.
3. Rough; not delicate; not civil.
     Whitehead, a grave divine, was of a blunt stoical
  nature.  One day the queen happened to say, I like
  thee the better, because thou livest unmarried. He
  answered, Madam, I like you the worse.    Bacon.
     The mayor ofthe town came to  seize them in a
  blunt manner, alleging a warrant to stop them.
                                       Wotton.
     Tis not enough your counsel still be true:
  Blunt truths more mischief than nice falsehoods do.
                                         Pope.
4. Abrupt; not elegant.
     To use too many circumstances, ere one come to
  toe matter, is wearisome; to  use none  at  all, is
  blunt.                                 Bacon.
5. Hard to penetrate.  This use is  impro-
   per.
     I find  my heart hardened and blunt to new im-
  pressions; it will scarce receive or retain affections
  of yesterday.                             Pope.

To  Blunt, blint. v. a.  [from the noun.]
I. To dull the  edge or point.
     So sicken waining moons too near toe sun;
  And blunt their crescents on the edge of day. Dryd.
          Earthy limbs  and gross allay
  Blunt not the beams of heav'n, and edge of day.
                                       Dryden.
     He had such things to urge against our marriage,
  As, now declar'd, would blunt my sword in battle,
  And dastardize my courage.             Dryden.
2. To repress or weaken any  appetite, de-
   sire or power of the mind.
              Blunt  not his love;
  Nor lose the good advantage of his grace,
  By seeming cold.                       Shaksp.
Blu'ntly, blAnt'le. adv. [from blunt.]
I. In a blunt manner; without sharpness.
2. Coarsely; plainly; roughly.
    I can keep honest counsels,  man- a curious tale
  in  telling it, and  deliver a plain message bluntly.
                                       Shaksp.
             A man of honest blood,
  Who to his wife,  before the time assign'd
  For childbirth came, thus bluntly spoke his mind.
                                       Dryden.
Blu'ntness, bhint'n&s.  to. *. [from blunt.]
I. Want  of edge or point; dulness; obtuse-
  ness; want of sharpness.
    The crafty boy, that had full oft essay'd
  To pierce my stubborn and resisting breast,
  But still the bluntness of his darts betray'd.
                                     Suckling.
2. Coarseness; roughness of manners; rude
   sincerity.
    His silence grew wit, his bluntness integrity, his
  beastly ignorance virtuous simplicity.      Sidney.
    Manage disputes with civility; whence some rea-
  ders will be assisted to discern  a difference betwixt
  bluntness of speech and strength of reason.  Boyle.
    False friends, his deadliest foes could find no way,
  But shows of honest bluntness to betray.    Dryden.
Blv'ntwitted, bluiit'wit-ted. adj. [from
  blunt and wit]  Dull; stupid
    Blunhoitted lord, ignoble in demeanour.  Shaksp.
BLUR,  blftr. n. a. [borra,  Span,  a blot,
  Skinner.]  A blot, a stain;  a spot.
    Man, once fallen, was nothing but a great blur;
  a total universal pollution.                South.
To  Blur, blur,  v a. [from the noun.]
1.  To blot; to obscure; without quite ef
  facing
                 Such an act,
  That bfwrs toe grace and blush of modesty,
  Calls virtue hypocrite.                  Shaksp.
           Long i- it since I saw him;
  But time  hath nothing bhirr'd those lines of favour,
  Which then he wore.                   Shaksp.
                  BLU

    Concerning innate principles, I desire these men
  to say, whether they can, or cannot, by education
  and custom be blurred and blotted out?     Locke
2. To blot; to slain; to sully.
    Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
  But cannot blur my lost renown.       Hudibras.
To Blurt, blihrt. v.  a. [without etymolo-
   gy ]  To speak inadvertently; to let fly
   without thinking;  commonly with  out
   intensive.
    Others cast out bloody and deadly  speeches at
  random; and cannot hold, but blurt out, those words
  which afterwards toey are forced to eat. Hakewill.
    They had some belief of a Deity,  which they
  upon surprizal, thus blurt out. Govern, ofthe Tongue.
    They blush if they blurt out, ere well aware
  A swan is white, or Queensbury is fair.   Young.

To BLUSH, blush, v. n. [bloaen, Dutch.]
I. To betray shame, or confusion, by a red
   colour in the cheeks or forehead.
            I have mark'd
  A thousand blushing apparitions
  To start into her face; a thousand innocent shames,
  In angel whiteness, bear away these blushes. Shak.
                  I will go wash:
  And, when my face is fair, you shall perceive
  Whether I btwsft or no.                  Shaksp.
    All these things are graceful in a friend's mouth,
  which are blushing in a man's own.       Bacon.
    Shame causeth blushing; blushing is  the  resort of
  toe blood to the face; although blushing will be seen
  in toe whole breast, yet that is but in passage to the
  face.                                 Bacon.
    Blush then, but blush for your destructive silence,
  That tears your soul.                    Smith.
2.  To carry a red  colour, or any soft  and
  bright  colour.
                To-day he puts forth
  The tender leaves of hope; to-morrow blossoms,
  And bears his blushing honours thick upon him.
    But here toe roses blush so rare,
  Here the mornings smile so fair,
  As if neither cloud, nor wind,
  But would be courteous, would be kind.   Crashaw.
    Along those blushing borders, bright with dew.
                                     Thomson.
3. It has at before the cause of shame.
    He whin'd, and roar'd away your victory,
  That pages blush'd at him; and men of heart
  Look'd  wond'ring at each other.          Shaksp.
    You have not yet lost  all  your natural modesty,
  but blush at your vices.         Calamy's Sermons.
To Blush,blush, v. a. To make red. Not
   used.
            Pale and bloodless,
  Being all descended to the lab'ring heart,
  Which with the heart there cools, and ne'er returneth
  To bfusft and beautify the cheek again.    Shaksp.
Blush,  bl&sh. to. s. [from the verb.]
I. The  colour  in  the cheeks,  raised by
   shame or confusion.
    The virgin's wish, without her fears, impart;
  Excuse the blush, and pour out  all toe heart. Pope.
2. A red or purple colour.
3. Sudden  appearance; a signification that
   seems barbarous, yet used by  good writ-
   ers.
    All purely identical propositions, obviously, and
  at first blush, appear to contain no certain instruction
  in them.                               Locfce.
Blus'hy, blfish'e.adj. [from blush.] Hav-
   ing the colour of a blush.
    Blossoms of trees, that are white, are commonly
  inodorate; those of apples, crabs, peaches, are biushy,
  and smell sweet.                        Bacon.
    Stratonica entering, moved a Mushy colour in his
  face; but deserting him, he  relapsed into paleness
  and ianguor.            Harvey on Consumptions. 
BOA
BOA
BOA
  To BLU'STER, blus'tur. v. to. [supposed
    from blast.]
  1. To roar as  a storm;  to be violent and
    loud.
            Earth his uncouth mother was,
   And blust'ring £Solus his boasted sire.    Spenser.
     So now he storms with many a sturdy stoure;
   So now his blust'ring blast each coast doth scour.
                                        Spenser.
  2. To bully; to puff; to swagger; to be tu-
    multuous.
     My heart's too big to bear this, says a Mustering
   fellow; I'll destroy myself. Sir, says the gentleman,
   here's a dagger at your service; so the humour went
   off.                               L'Estrange.
     Either he must sink to a downright confession, or
   must huff and bluster, till perhaps he raise a counter-
   storm.               Government of the  Tongue.
     Virgil  had the majesty of a lawful prince, and
   Statius only the blustering of a tyrant.     Dryden.
     There  let him reign the jailor of the wind;
   With hoarse commands his breathing subjects call,
   And boast and bluster in his empty hall.   Dryden.
  Blu'ster, bms't&r. to. s. [from the verb.]
  1. Roar of  storms;  tempest.
              The skies look grimly,
   And threaten present blusters.        Shakspeare.
              To toe winds  they set
   Their corners; when with  bluster to confound
   Sea, air,  and shore.                    Milton.
  2. Noise; tumult.
     So, by the brazen trumpet's bluster,
   Troops of all tongues and  nations muster.    Swift.
  3. Turbulence; fury.
     Spare thy Athenian cradle, and those kin,
   Which in the bluster of thy wrath must fall
   With those that have offended.        Shakspeare.
  4. Boast; boisterousness.
     A coward makes a great deal more bluster  than a
   man of honour.                      L'Estrange.
 Blu'sterer, blu.s'tdr-4r. to. *. [from  blus-
   ter.]  A swaggerer;  a bully; a tumultu-
   ous noisy fellow.

 Blu'strous, bliSs'trAs. adj. [from bluster.]
   Tumultuous; noisy.
     The ancient heroes were illustrious
   For being benign, and not blustrous.     Hudibras.
 BMI, brae. to. s.   A note in music.
     Gamut  I am, the ground of all accord,
   Bmi, Bianca, take him for thy lord.    Shakspeare.
 Bo, bo.  interj.  A word of terrour; from
   Bo, an  old  northern  captain, of such
   fame, that his name  was used to  terrify
   the enemy.                       Temple.
 BO'AR, bore.298  to. a.  [bap., Saxon; beer,
   Dutch.] The male swine.
    To fly the boar, before the boor pursues,
  Were to incense the boar to follow us.     Shaksp.
             She sped the boar away:
  His eyeballs glare with toe, suffus'd with blood;
  His neck shuts up a thickest thorny wood;
  His bristled back a trench  impal'd appears. Dryd.
 Bo'ar-spear, bore'spere. to. s. [from boar
   and spear.]  A  spear  used in  hunting
   the boar.
    And in her hand a sharp boar-spear she held,
  And  at her back a bow and quiver gay,
  Stuff'd with steel-headed darts.      Fairy Queen.
    Echion threw the first, but miss'd his mark,
  And struck his boar-spear on a maple bark.  Dryd.
BOARD, bord. n. s. [baurd, Goth, bpaed,
  Saxon.]
1. A  piece of wood of more  length  and
  breadth  than thickness.
   With the saw they sundred trees in boards anil
  planks.                               Raleigh.
   Every house has a board  over the door, whereon I
   is written the number, sex, and quality of the per-
   sons living in it.                       Temple,
     Go now, go trust toe wind's uncertain breath,
   Remov'd four fingers from approaching death;
   Or seven at most, when thickest is the board. Dryd.
 2. A table,  [from burdd, Welsh.]
     Soon after which, three hundred lords he slew;
   Of British blood, all sitting at his board.  Fairy Q,
     In bed he  slept not, for my urging it;
   At board he fed not, for my urging it.  Shakspeare.
     I'll follow thee in fun'ral flames; when dead,
   My ghost shall thee attend at board and bed.
                                 Sir J. Denham.
     Cleopatra made Antony  a supper, which was
   sumptuous and royal; howbeit there was  no extra-
   ordinary service upon the board.        Hakewill.
     May ev'ry god his friendly aid afford;
   Pan guard toy flock, and Ceres bless thy board. Prior.
 3. Entertainment;  food.
 4. A table at which a council or court is
    held.
     Both better acquainted with affairs, than any other
   who sat then at that board.           Clarendon.

 5. An assembly seated at a table;  a court
    of jurisdiction.
     I wish toe king would be pleased sometimes to be
   present at that board; it adds a majesty to it.  Bacon,
 6. The deck or floor of  a ship;  on board
    signifies in a ship.
     Now board to board the rival vessels row,
   The billows lave toe skies, and ocean groans below.
                                      Dryden.
     Our captain thought his ship in  so great danger,
   that he confessed himself to a capuchin, who was
   on board.                            Addison.
     He ordered his men to arm long poles with sharp
   hooks, wherewith toey took  hold  of the tackling
   which held the mainyard to the mast of toeir ene-
   my's ship; then, rowing their own ship, they cut toe
   tackling, and brought toe mainyard by the board.
                             Arbuthnot on Coins.
 To Board,  bord. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To enter a  ship by force;  the same as
   to storm,  used of a city.
     I boarded toe king's ship: now on the beak,
   Now in the waste, the deck, in every cabin,
   I flam'd amazement.                    Shaksp.
     He, not inclin'd toe English ship to board,
   More on his guns relies than on his sword,
   From whence a fatal  volley we receiv'd;
   It miss'd the  duke, but his great heart it griev'd.
                                       Waller.
     Arm, arm, she cry'd, and let our Tyrians board
  With ours his fleet, and cany fire and sword. Denh.

2. To attack, or make the  first attempt
   upon a man; aborder quelqu'un,  Fr.
    Whom, thus at gaze, toe palmer 'gan to board
  With goodly reason, and thus fair bespoke.  Fairy Q.
    Away, I do beseech you both, away;
  I'll board him presently.         Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Sure, unless he knew  some strain in me, that I
  knew not  myself, he would never have boarded me
  in this fury.                         Shakspeare.
    They learn what associates and correspondents
  they had, and how far every one is engaged, and
  what new ones toey meant afterwards to try or board.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
3. To lay or pave with boards.
    Having thus boarded the whole room, toe edges of
  some boards lie higher than the next board:  there-
  fore toey peruse  the whole floor;  and, where they
  find any irregularities, plane them off.     Moxon.

To Board,  bord. v. n. To live in a  house,
   where  a certain rate is  paid for eating.
            That we might not part,
  As we at first did board with thee,
  Now thou wouldst taste our misery.       Herbert.
    We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who
  board in the same house; and,  af er dinner, one of
  our company stands up, and reads your paper to us
  all.                                Spectator.
 To Board, bord.  v. a.   To place  as a
    boarder in another's house.
 Board-wages, bord-wa'jiz.89  to. *.  [from
    board and wages ]   Wages allowed to
    servants to keep themselves in victuals.
             What more than madness reigns,
   When one short sitting many hundreds drains;
   And not enough is left him to supply
   Board-wages, or a footman's livery.       Dryden.
 Bo'arder, bor'dur. to. a. [from board.] A
    tabler; one that eats with another at a
    settled rate.
 Bo'arding-school, bord'ing-sk661.3fi3 n.s.
    [from  board and  school.]   A  school
    where the scholars live with the teach-
    er.   It  is commonly used of a school
   for girls.
     A blockhead, with melodious voice,
   In boarding-sclwols can have his choice.     Swift
 Bo'arish, bore'ish. adj. [from boar.] Swin-
   ish; brutal; cruel.
          1 would not see toy cruel nails
   Pluck out his poor old eyes; nor thy fierce sister
   In his anointed flesh stick boorish fangs.   Shaksp.
 To BOAST, bost. v. to. [host, Welsh.]
 I.  To brag; to display one's own worth,or
   actions, in great words.
     Let not him that putte th on his harness, boast him-
   self as he that putteth it off.              Kings,
          The sp'rits beneath,
   Whom I seduc'd, boasting I could subdue
   Th' Omnipotent.                       MUton.
 2.  To talk ostentatiously.
     For  I know the forwardness of your mind, for
   which I boos* of you to them of Macedonia. 1 Cor.
 3.  It is used commonly with of.
     My sentence is for open war; of wiles,
   More inexpert, I bottst not.               Milton.
 4.  Sometimes with in.
    They boast in mortal things, and wondering tell
   Of Babel, and toe works of Memphian kings. Milton.
     Some surgeons I have met, carrying  bones about
   in toeir  pockets, boasting  in that which was their
  shame,                             Wiseman,
 5. To exalt  one's  self.
    Thus with your mouth you have boasted against
  me, and multiplied your words against  me.   Ezek.
 To  Boast,  bost. v. a.
 1. To brag of; to display with ostentatious
   language.
     For if I have  boasted any thing to him of you, I
  am not ashamed.                 2 Cor. vii. 14.
            Neither do the spirits damn'd
  Lose all toeir virtue, lest bad men should boast
  Their specious deeds.                   Milton
     If they vouchsafed to give God toe praise of his
  goodness; yet toey did it only, in order to boast toe
  interest they had in him.              Aiurbuiy,
2. To magnify;  to exalt,
    They that trust in their wealth, and boast  them-
  selves in toe multitude of their riches. Psalm xlix. 6.
    Confounded be all  them that serve graven images,
  that boost themselves of idols.      Psalm xcvii. 7.
Boast, bost. n. s.  [from the verb.]
 I. An expression of  ostentation;   a  proud
   speech.
    Thou, that makest toy boast of the law, through
  breaking the law dishonourest thou God?  Ronwns.
    The world is more apt to find fault than to com-
  mend; the boast will probably be censured, when the
  great action that occasioned it is forgotten. Spectator.
2.  A  cause of  boasting; an occasion of
   pride;  the thing boasted.
    Not Tyro, nor Mycene, match her name,
  Nor great Alcmena, the proud boasts of fame.  Pope
Bo'aster,  bost'ur. n. s.  [from boast]  A
   braggcr;  a man that vaunts any thing
   ostentatiously. 
BOB
BOD
J5 u  u
    Complaints the more candid and judicious of toe
  chymists toemselves are wont to make of those boast- '
  ers, that confidently pretend that they have extracted
  the salt or sulphur of quicksilver, whea they have
  disguised it by additaments, wherewith it resembles
  the concretes.                          Boyle.
    No more delays, vain boaster! but  begin;
  I prophesy beforehand I shall win:
  I'll teach you how to brag another time.  Dryden.
    He toe proud boasters sent, with stem assault,
  Down to the realms of night.            Philips.
Bo'astful, b6st'ful. adj.  [from boaat  and
  full.]  Ostentatious; inclined to brag.
    Boastful, and rough, your first son  is a 'squire;
  The next a tradesman, meek, and much a liar. Pope.
Bo'astingly,   bost'lng-le.   adv.  [from
   boaating.]  Ostentatiously.
    We look on it as a pitch of impiety, boastingly to
  avow our sins; and it deserves to be  considered,
  whether this kinfl of confessing them, have not some
  affinity with it.                 Decay of Piety.
BOAT, b6te.3»« ». *. [bat, Saxon.]
 1.  A  vessel  to pass  the water  in.   It is
   usually distinguished from other ves-
   sels,  by  being  smaller and  uncovered,
   and commonly  moved by rowing.
     I do not think that any one nation, the Syrian ex-
   cepted, to whom the knowledge of toe ark came, did
   find out at once the device of either ship or boat, in
   which they durst venture themselves upon the seas.
                              Raleigh's Essays.
         An effeminate scoundrel multitude!
   Whose utmost daring is to cross the  Nile,
   In painted boats, to fright the crocodile.     Tate.
 2.  A ship of a small size;  as, a passage
   boat,pacquet boat, advice boat,fly boat.
 Boa'tion,  bo-a.'shiin.  to. *.  [from boare,
   Lat.] Roar;  noise; loud sound.
     In Messina insurrection, the guns were heard from
   thence as far as Augusta and Syracuse, about an
   hundred Italian miles, in loud boations.   Derham.
 Bo'atman, bdte'man.     ? n.s. [from  boat
 Bo'atsman, botes'man.88 5     and  man.]
    He that manages a boat.
     Beatsmen through the crystal water show,
   To wond'ring passengers, the walls below. Dryden.
     That booby Phaon only was unkind,
   An ill-bred boatman, rough as waves and wind.Prior.
 Bo'atswain,  bo'sn. to. *. [from boat and
    swain.] An officer on board a  ship, who
    has charge of all her rigging,  ropes, ca-
    bles, anchors, sails, flags, colours, pend-
    ants, &c.  He also takes  care of the
    long-boat, and  its furniture, and steers
    her either by himself  or his mate.   He
    calls out the several gangs and compa-
    nies to the execution of their watches,
    works, and spells; and he is also a  kind
    of provost-marshal, seizes and punishes
    all offenders, that are  sentenced by the
    captain, or  court-martial of the whole
    fleet.                             Harris.
     Sometimes the meanest boatswain  may help to
   preserve the ship from sinking,           Howell.
  To BOB, b6b. v. a. [of uncertain etymo-
    logy:  Skinner  deduces  it from bobo,
    foolish, Span.]
  1. To cut. Junius. Whence  bobtail.
 2. To beat; to drub; to bang.
       Those bastard Britons, whom our fathers
   Have in their own land beaten, bobb'd, and thump'd.
                                    Shakspeare.
 3. To cheat; to gain by fraud.
     1 have bobbed his brain more than he has beat my
   bonea.                            Shakspeare.
              Live Roderigo,
    He calls me to a restitution large
 Of gold aad jewels that I bobb'd from himr
 As gifts to Desdemona.              Shakspeare.
   Here we have been worrying one another, who
 should have the booty, till this cursed fox has bobbed
 us both on 't.                      L'Estrange.

To Bob, bob. v. to. To play backward and
  forwards  to  play  loosely  against  any
  thing.
    And sometimes lurk I in a gossip's bowl,
 In very likeness of a roasted crab;
 And when she drinks against her lips I bob,
 And on her wither'd dewlap pour the ale.   Shaksp.
    They comb, and then toey order every hair;
 A birthday jewel bobMng at their ear.    Dryden.
                 You may tell her,
 I'm rich in jewels, rings, and bobbing- pearls,
 Pluck'd from Moors' ears.              Dryden.
Bob, b&b. to. *.  [from the verb neuter.]
1.  Something that hangs  so as  to play
  loosely;  generally  an ornament  at the
  ear; a pendant; an ear-ring.
    The gaudy gossip, when she's set agog,
  In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob.    Dryden.
   The words  repeated  at the end of a
  stanza.
    To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song.
                                  L'Estrange.
3. A blow.
    I am sharply taunted, yea sometimes with pinches,
  nips, and bobs.           Ascham's Schoolmaster.
4. A mode of ringing.
Bo'bbin,  b&b'bln. to. a.  [bobine, Fr. from
   bombyx,  Lat.]   A  small  pin of wppd,
  with a notch, to wind the thread about
  when women weave  lace.
    The things you follow, and make songs on new,
  should be sent to knit, or  sit down to bobbins, or
  bonelace.                            Tatler.
 Bo'bbinwork, bob'bin-wurk. «. *. [from
   bobbin  and work.]  Work woven  with
   bobbins.
    Not netted nor woven with warp and woof, but
  after the manner of bobbinwork.  Grew's Musceum.
 Bo'BCHERRY,b&b'tshir-re. to. a. [from bob
   and cherry] A play among children, in
   which the cherry  is  hung so as to bob
   against the mouth.
     Bobcherry teaches at once two noble virtues, pa-
  tience and constancy; the  first, in adhering  to toe
  pursuit of one end;  the latter, in  bearing a  disap-
  pointment.                Arbuthnot and Pope.
 Bo'btail, bob'tale. to. a. [from  bob, in the
   sense  of cut.]  Cut tail;  short tail.
             Avaunt, you curs!
  Be thy mouth or black or white,
  Or bobtail tike, or trundle tail,
  Tom will make him weep and wail.   Shakspeare.
 Bo'btailed,  bdb'taled.869 adj.  [from bob-
   tail.]  Having  a tail  cut, or short.
     There was a boblailed cur cried in a gazette, and
   one toat found him brought him home to his master.
                                   L'Estrange.
 Bo'bwig, b&r/wlg'. to. a.  [from  bob and
    wig.]   A short wig.
     A young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with
   a bobwig and a black silken bag tied to it, stopt short
   at toe coach, to ask us how far the judges were be-
   hind.         ^                    Spectator.
 Bo'casine,   bo-cas'slne.  to. a.  A sort of
    limn  cloth; a fine buckram.       Diet.
   This bodes, some strange eruption to our state.
                                     Hamlet.
   You have opposed their false policy with true and
 great wisdom; what they boded would be a mischief
 to us, you are providing shall be one of our principal
 strengths.                    Spratt's Sermons.
   It happen'd once, a boding prodigy L,
 A swarm of bees toat cut the liquid sky,
 Upon the topmast branch in clouds alight.. Dryden.
   If fiery red his glowing  globe descends,
 High winds and furious tempests he portends;
 But if his cheeks are swoln with livid blue',
 He bodes wet weather by bis watry hue.   Dryden.
To Bode, bode. v. to.  To be an omen; to
  foreshew.
    Sir, give me leave to say, whatever now
 The omen prove, it boded well to you.    Dryden.
Bo'dement,  bode'ment. to. *. [from  bode]
   Portent; omen; prognostick.
    This fotlish, dreaming, superstitious girl
  Makes all these bodements.          Shakspeare.
    Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until
  Great Birnam wood to Dunsmane's high hill
  Shall come against him-
Bo'ckelet, b6c'ke-l£t.
Bo'ckeret, bde'ke-ret
  hawk.
To BODE, bode. v. a. [bobian, Sax.] To
   portend; to be the omen of.   It is used
   in a sense of either good or bad.
to. a.  A kind of
   long  winged
           Diet.
                   -That will never be:
  Sweet bodements, good.             Shakspeare.
To  Bodge, bddje. v. to. [a  word in  Shak-
  speare, which is perhaps corrupted from
  boggle ]  To boggle; to stop; to fail.
    With this we charg'd again; but out,.alas!
  We bodg'd again: as I have seen a swan,
  With bootless labour, swim against the tide.  Shaksp.
Bo'dice,  bod'dis.142  to. *.  [from bodies]
  Stays; a waistcoat quilted with whale-
  bone, worn by women.
    Her bodice half way she unlae'd;
  About his arms she slily cast
  The silken band, and held him fast.        Prior.
    This consideration should keep ignorant nurses
  and bodice makers from meddling.         Locke.
Bo'diless, b&d'de-les  adj.  [from body]
  Incorporeal; having no body.
    They bodiless and immaterial are,
  And can be only lodg'd wi thin our minds.    Domes.
    This is toe  very coinage of our brain;
  This bodiless creation ecstasy
  Is very cunning in.                  Shakspeare.
    These are but shadows,
  Phantoms bodiless and vain,
  Empty visions of the brain.               Swift.
Bo'dilv, b&d'de-le. adj. [from body]
1. Corporeal; containing body.
    What resemblance could wood or stone bear to a
  spirit void of  all sensible qualities, and bodily dimen-
  sions?                                South.
2.  Relating to the body,  not the mind.
    Of such as resorted to our Saviour Christ, being
  present on earth, there came not any unto  him with
  better success, for the benefit of their souls' everlast-
  ing  happiness,  than they whose bodily necessities
  gave occasion of seeking relief.          Hooker.
     Virtue atones for bodily defects; beauty is nothing
  worth, without a mind.             L'Estrange.
     As clearness of toe bodily eye doth dispose it for
  a quicker sight; so doth freedom from lust and pas-
  sion dispose us forthe most perfect acts of reason.
                                     Tillotson.
     I would not have children much beaten for theii
  faults, because I would not have them  think bodily
  pain the greatest punishment.            Locke.
 3.  Real; actual.
     Whatever hath been thought on in this state,
  That could be brought to bodily  act, ere Rome
  Had circumvention.                 Shakspeare.
 Bo'dily, bod'de-le. adv. Corporeally; uni-
    ted with matter.
     It is his human nature, in which the godhead dwells
   bodily, that is advanced to these honours, and to this
   empire.                               Watts.
  Bo'DKiN,b6d'kln. to. a. [boddiken,or small
    body, Skinner] 
BOD
BOG
B OI
 I. An instrument with a small blade and '
   sharp point, used to bore holes.
    Each of them had bodkins in their hands, where-
  with continually they pricked bim.        Sidney.
2. An instrument to draw  a thread or rib-
   band  through a loop.
    Or plung'd in lakes of bitter washes lie,
  Or wedg'd whole ages in  a bodkin's eye.    Pope.
3. An instrument to dress the hair.
                 You took constant care
  The bodkin, comb, and essence to prepare:
  For this your locks in paper durance bound.  Pope.

BO'DY, bod'de. to. *.  [00015, Saxon;  it
   originally signified  the height or stature
   of a man.]
 1. The material substance of an animal,
   opposed to the immaterial soul.
    All the valiant men arose,  and went all night,
  Etad took the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons,
  from the wall.                         Samuel.
    Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat,
  or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what
  ye shall put on.                      Matthew.
    By custom, practice, and patience, all difficulties
  and hardships, whether of body or of fortune, are
  made easy.                         L'Estrange.
2. Matter: opposed to spirit.
3. A person: a human being: whence some-
   body and nobody.
    Surely, a wise body's part it were not to put out
  his fire, because his foolish neighbour, from whom
  he borrowed  wherewith  to  kindle it,  might  say,
  were it not for me thou wouldst freeze.    Hooker.
           A deflow'red maid!
  And by an eminent body, that enforc'd
  The law against it.                  Shakspeare.
               'Tis a passing shame,
  That I, unworthy body as I am,
  Should censure thus on lovely gentlemen.  Shaksp.
    No body seeth me; what need I to fear? toe Most
  High will not remember my  sins.         Ecclus.
    All civility and reason obliged every body to sub-
  mit.                               Clarendon.
    Good may be drawn out of evil; and a body's life
  may be saved without having any obligation to his
  preserver.                          L'Estrange.
4. Reality;  opposed  to  representation:  a
   scriptural sense.
    A shadow of things to come; but the body is  of
  Christ.                             Colossians.
5. A collective mass;  a joint power.
    There is in  toe knowledge both of God and man
  this certainty,  that life and death have divided be-
  tween them the whole body of mankind.    Hooker.
    There were so  many disaffected persons of the
  nobility, that  there might a body start up for the
  king.                              Clarendon.
    When pigmies pretend to form themselves into a
  body, it is time for us, who are men of figure, to look
  about us.                  Addison's Guardian.
6. The main army; the battle: distinct from
   the wings, van, and rear.
    The van of the king's army was led by the general
  and Wilmot; in the body was the king and the prince;
  and the rear consisted of one thousand foot, com-
  manded under colonel Thelwell.       Clarendon.
7. A corporation; a number of men united
   by some common tie.
    I shall now mention a particular wherein your
  whole body will be certainly against me,  and the
  laity, almost to a man, on my side.         Swift.
    Nothing was more common, than to hear toat re-
  verend body charged with what is inconsistent; de-
  spised for their poverty, and hated for toeir riches.
                                        Swift.
8. The  main part;  the bulk: as,  the body,
   or hull, of a ship;   the body of a coach,
   the body of a church; the body, or trunk,
  of a man;  the body, or trunk, of a tree.
      VOL. I.
    Thence sent rich merchandizes by boat to Baby-
  lon ; from whence, by the body of Euphrates, as far
  as it bended westward; and, afterward, by a branch
  thereof.                              Raleigh.
    This city has navigable rivers, that run  up into
  the body  of Italy, they might supply many countries
  with fish.                           Addison.
9. A substance; matter,  as distinguished
   from other matter.
    Even a metalline body, and therefore much more
  a vegetable or animal, may, by fire, be turned into
  water.                                 Boyle.
10. [In geometry.]  Any solid figure.
11. A pandect; a general collection: as, a
   body ofthe civil law; a body  of divinity.
12. Strength; as, wine of a good body.
Bo'dy-clothes, bod'de-cloze. to. s.  [from
   body and clothes]   Clothing for horses
   that  are dieted.
    I am informed, toat several asses are kept in body-
  clothes, and sweated every morning upon the heath.
                                     Addison.
To Bo'dy, bod'de.  v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To produce in some form.
            As imagination bodies forth
  The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
  Turns  them to shape.                Shakspeare.

BOG,  bog.  to.  s.  [bog soft, Irish;  bague,
   Fr.]   A marsh; a morass; a ground too
   soft to bear the weight of the body.
    Through fire and through flame, through ford and
  whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire.         Shaksp.
    A gulf profound! as that Serbonian bog,
  Betwixt Damiata and mount Casius old.    MUton.
    He  walks upon bogs and whirlpools; wheresoever
  he treads, he sinks.                      South.
    Learn from so great a wit, a land of bogs
  With ditches fenc'd, a heaven fat with fogs.  Dryd.
    He  is drawn, by a sort of ignis fatuus, into bog-s
  and mire almost every day of his life.       Watts.
Bog-trotter,  bog'trot-tftr.  to. s.   [from
   bog and  trot.] One that lives in a boggy
   country.
To BO'GGLE, bog'gl.*06 v. to. [from bogil,
   Dutch, a spectre, a bugbear, a  phan-
   tom.]
1. To start; to fly back; to fear to come
   forward.
    You boggle shrewdly; every feather starts you.
                                   Shakspeare.
    We start and boggle at every unusual appearance,
  aud cannot endure toe sight of toe bugbear.
                                    Granville.
    Nature, that rude, and in her first essay,
  Stood boggling at the roughness of toe way;
  Us'd to toe road, unknowing to return,
  Goes boldly on, and loves the path when worn. Dryd.
2. To hesitate;  to be in doubt.
    And never boggle to restore
  The members you deliver o'er,
  Upon demand.                      Hudibras.
    The well-shaped changeling is a man toat has a
  rational soul, say you? Make toe ears  a little longer,
  and more pointed, and toe nose a little flatter than
  ordinary, and then you begin to boggle.      Locke.
3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble.
    When summoned to his last end, it was no time
  for him to boggte with the world.           Howel.
Bo'ggler, bog'gbir. to. s.  [from boggle.]
   A  doubter; a timorous man.
    You have been a boggier ever.          Shaksp.
Bo'gg Y,bog'ge.283 adj.[from bog.]Marshy;
   swampy.
    Their country was very narrow,  low, and boggy,
  and, by great industry and expences, defended from
  the sea.                            Arbuthnot,
Bo'GHOusE,b6g'h6use. n.a. [from bog and
   house] A house of office.

                   .D  d
Bohe'a, bo-he', to. s. [an Indian word ]  A
   species of tea, of higher colour, and more
   astringent taste, than green tea.
    Coarse pewter, consisting chiefly of lead, is part
  of the bales in which bohea tea wu* brought tioin
  China.                             Woodward.
    As some frail cup of China's fairest mold
  The tumults of the boiling bohea braves,
  And holds secure the coffee's sable wares.   Tickell.
    She went from opera, park, assembly, |>lay,
  To morning walks, and pray'rs three hours a dav,
  To part her time, 'twixt reading and bohea,
  To muse, and spill her solitary tea.         Pope.
To BOIL, bdil.29yx>. to. [bouiller, Fr. buliio,
   Lat.]
1. To  be agitated by heat; to fluctuate with
   heat.
    He saw there boil the fiery whirlpools. Chapman.
    Suppose the earth removed, and placed nearer to
  the sun,  in the orbit of Mercury, there toe whole
  ocean would b'oil with extremity of heat.   Bentley.

2. To be hot; to be fervent, or effervescent.
    That strength with which my boiling youth was
      fraught,
  When in toe vale of Balasor I fought.    Dryden.
                   Well I knew
  What perils youthful ardour would pursue,
  That boiling blood would carry thee too far. Dryden.
3. To move with an  agitation like that ol
   boiling water.
    Then headlong shoots beneath the dashing tide,
  The trembling fins the boiling waves divide.    Gay.
4. To be in hot liquor, in order to be made
   tender by the heat.
    Fillet of a fenny snake,
  In the cauldron boil and bake.        Shakspeare.
5. To cook by boiling.
    If you live in a rich family, roasting and boiling
  are below toe dignity of your office, and which it be-
  comes you to be ignorant of.               Swift.
6. To  boil over.   To  run over the vessel
   with heat.
    A few Soft words and a kiss, and the good man
  melts; see how nature works and boils over in him.
                                     Congreve.
    This hollow was a vast cauldron, filled with melt-
  ed matter, which as it boiled  over in any part, ran
  down the sides of the mountain.   Addison on Italy.
To Boil, boil.  v.a.  To heat, by putting
   into boiling water; to seeth.
    To try whether seeds be  old  or new, the sense
  cannot inform; but if you boil them  in water, the
  new seeds will sprout sooner.              Bacon.
    In  eggs boiled and roasted, into which the water
  entereto not at all, there is scarce any difference to
  be discerned.                          Bacon.
Boil, boil. to. s.  See Bile.

Bo'ilary, boil'a-re.  to. s.  [from To boil]
   A place at the salt works where the salt
   is boiled.
Bo'iler, boil'ur. to. s. [from boil]
1. The person that boils any thing.
    That such alterations of terrestrial matter are uot
  impossible, seems evident from that notable practice
  of toe bMlers of salt-petre.                Boyle.
2. The vessel in which any  thing is boiled.
    This coffee-room is much frequented; and there
  are generally several pots and boilers before the fire.
                                    Woodward.
BO'ISTEROUS, bois'ter-iis.  adj.  [byster
   furious, Dutch.]
1. Violent; loud; roaring; stormy.
    By a divine instinct, men's minds mistrust
  Ensuing danger; as by proof we see
  The waters swell before a boisterous storm. Shaksi).
    As when loud winds 1 well-grown oak would re uu
  Up by the roots, this way and that they bend
  His reeling trunk, and with a boist'rous sound 
BOL
BOL
BOL
  Scatter his leaves, and strew them on the ground.
                                        Waller.
2. Turbulent; tumultuous; furious.
                   Spirit of peace,
  Wherefore do you so ill translate yourself
  Out ofthe speech of peace, that hears such grace,
  Into the harsh and boist'rous tongue of war?  Shaksp.
             His sweetness won a more regard
  Unto his place, than all the boist'rous moods
  That ignorant greatness practiseth.    Ben Jonson.
    God into the hands of their deliverer
  Puts invincible might,
  To quell the mighty of the earth, th' oppressor
  The brute and boist'rous force of violent men.  Milt.
    Still must I beg thee not to name Sempronius:
  Lucia, I like not that loud boisterous man. Addison.
3. Unwieldy; clumsily violent.
    His boisterous club, so buried in the ground,
  He could not rearen up again so light,
  But that the knight him at advantage found.
                                   Fairy Queen.
4. It is used by Woodward of heat; violent.
    When the sun hath gained a greater strength, the
  heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.
                                Natural History.
Bo'isterously, bois'ter-us-le.  adv. [from
   boisterous.] Violently; tumultuously.
    A sceptre, snatch'd with an unruly hand,
  Must be as boisterously maintain'd as gain'd. Shaksp.
    Those are all remains of the universal deluge,
  when the water ofthe ocean, being boisterously turn-
  ed out upon the earth, bore along with it all moveable
  bodies.                            Woodward.
    Another faculty of the intellect comes boisterously
  in,  and wakes me  from so pleasing a dream. Sioift.
Bo'isterousness,  b6is'ter-iis-nes.   «.  s.
   [from boisterous.]   The state or quality
   of  being  boisterous;   tumultuousness;
   turbulence.
Bo'lary,  bo'la-re. adj.  [from bole.]  Par-
   taking ofthe nature of bole, or clay-
     A weak and inanimate kind of loadstone, with a
  few magnetic lines, but chiefly consisting of a bolary
   and clammy substance.        Brown's Vulg. Err.
BOLD, bold.  adj. [balb, Saxon.]
 1. Daring; brave; stout; courageous; mag-
   nanimous; fearless; intrepid.
     The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the
   righteous  are bold as a lion.             Proverbs.
     I have seen the councils of a noble country grow
   bold or timorous, according to the fits of his good
   or ill health that managed them.         Temple.
 2.  Executed with spirit, and without mean
   caution.
     These,  nervous, bold; those, languid and remiss.
                                    Roscommon.
     The cathedral church is a very bold work, and a
   master-piece of Gothick architecture.    Addison.

 3. Confident; not scrupulous; not timorous.
     We were bold in our God to speak unto you the
   gospel of God with much contention.      1 Thess.
     I can be bold to say, that this age is adorned with
   some men of that judgment, that they could open new
   and undiscovered ways to knowledge.      Locke.
 4.  Impudent;  rude.
     In thy prosperity he will be as thyself, and will be
   bold over thy servants.  If thou be brought low, he
   will be against thee.                     Ecclus.
 5.  Licentious; such as shew great  liberty
   of fiction, or expression.
     The figures are bold even to temerity.   Cowley.
     Which no bold tales of gods or monsters swell,
   But human passions, such as with us dwell.  Waller.
 6.  Standing out to the view; striking to the
   eye.
     Catachreses and hyperboles are to be used judi-
   ciously, and placed in poetry, as ljeightenings and
   shadows in painting, to make the figure bolder, and
   cause it to stand off to sight.              Dryden.
7. Open;  smooth;  even;  level; a  sailor's
   term.
    Her dominions have bold accessible coasts. Howel.
8. To make bold.  To  take freedoms: a
   phrase  not  grammatical, though com-
   mon.   To be bold  is better; as,  / was
   bold to tell  the  house,  that scandalous
   livings make scandalous ministers.
                                   Rudgerd.
    I have made bold to send to your wife;
  My suit is, that she will to Desdemona
  Procure me some access.                Shaksp.
                   Making so bold,
  My fears forgetting manners,  to unseal
  Their grand commission.                Shaksp.
    And were y'  as good as George a Green,
  I shall mafce bold to turn agen.         Hudibras.
    I durst not make thus bold  with Ovid, lest some
  future Milbourn should arise.             Dryden.
    Some men have the fortune to be esteemed wits,
  only for making bold to scoff at these things, which
  the greatest part of mankind reverence.   Tillotson.
 To Bo'lden,  bold'dn.103 v. a. [from bold]
   To make bold; to  give confidence.
    Quick inventers, and  fair ready speakers, being
  boldened with their present abilities to say more, and
  perchance better too, at the sudden for that present,
  than any other can do, use less help of diligence and
  study.                   Ascham's Schoolmaster.
             I am much  too vent'rous
  In tempting of your patience,  but am bolden'd
  Under your promis'd pardon.              Shaksp.
 Bo'ldface, bold'fase. to.  s. [from bold and
  face.]  Impudence; sauciness; a term of
   reproach and reprehension.
    How now, boldface! cries an old trot: sirrah, we
  eat our own hens, I'd have you know; what you eat,
  you steal.                          L'Estrange.
 Bo'ldfaced, bold'faste.  adj.   [from bold
   and face.]   Impudent.
    I have  seen  those silliest of creatures; and, seeing
  their rare works, I have seen  enough to confute all
  the boldfaced atheists of this age.
                         Bramhall against Hobbes.
 Bo'LDLY,b6ld'le. adv. [from bold]
 1. In a bold manner;  with courage; with
   spirit.
     Thus we may boldly  speak, being strengthened
  with the example of so reverend a prelate. Hooker.
     I speak to subjects, and a subject speaks,
   Stirr'd up by heav'n, thus boldly for his king. Shaksp.
 2. It may perhaps  be sometimes used, in a
   bad sense,  for impudently.

 Bo'ldness, bold'nes. to. s.  [from bold.]
 1. Courage;  bravery;  intrepidity j  spirit;
   fortitude; magnanimity; daringness.
     Her horse she rid so,  as  might shew  a fearful
   boldness,  daring to do that which she knew not how
   to do.                                 Sidney.
 2. Exemption from caution and scrupulous
   nicety.
     The boldness of the figures is to be hidden some-
   times by the address ofthe poet, that they may work
   their effect upon the mind.                Dryden.
 3. Freedom;  liberty.
     Great is my boldness of speech toward you; great
   is my glorying in you.              2 Corinthians.
 4. Confident trust in God.
     Our fear excludeth not that boldness which becom-
   eth saints.                             Hooker.
     We have boldness and access with confidence, by
   the faith of him.                     Ephesians.
     Having therefore boldness  to enter into the holiest
   by toe blood of Jesus.                  Hebrews.
 5. Assurance; freedom  from  bashfulness;
   confident mien.
     Wonderful is the case of boldness in civil business:
   what first?  Boldness. What second and third? Bold-
  ness.  And yet boldness  is a child of ignorance and
  baseness, far inferiour  to other parts.       Bacon.
    Sure, if the guilt were theirs, they could not charge
      thee
  With such a gallant boldness; if 'twere thine,
  Thou couldst not hear  't with such a silent scorn.
                                      Denham,
    His distance, though it does not instruct him to
  think wiser than other  princes,  yet it helps  him to
  speak with more boldness what he thinks.   Temple.
    Boldness is the power to speak or do what we in-
  tend, before others, without fear or disorder. Locke.
6. Impudence.
    That moderation, which useth to suppress bold-
  ness, and to make them conquer that suffer. Hooker,
BOLE, bole. to. s.
I. The body or trunk  of a tree.
    All fell upon the high-hair'd oaks, and down their
      curled brows
  Fell hustling to the earth; and up went all the botes
      and boughs.                     Chapman,
    But when the smoother bole from knots is free,
  We make a deep incision in the tree.     Dryden.
    View well this tree,  the queen of all the grove;
  How vast her bole, how wide her arms are spread,
  How high above the rest she shoots her head! Dryden.
2. A kind of earth.
    Bole Armeniack is an astringent earth, which takes
  its name from Armenia, the country from which we
  have it.                            Woodward.
3. A measure of corn, containing six bush-
   els.
    Of good barley put  eight boles, that is,about six
  English quarters, in a  stone trough.     Mortimer.
BO'LIS, bo'lis.  to.  s. [Latin.]
    Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly hurried through
  the air, and generally drawing  a tail after it. Aris-
  totle  calls it capra.   There have, often  been  im-
  mense balls of this kind.          Muscheribroeck.
Boll, bole.406 n. s. A round stalk or stem;
   as,  a boll of flax.
 To Boll,  bole. v. to.  [from the noun.] To
   rise in a  stalk.
    And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the
  barley was in toe ear,  and the  flax was boiled.
                                       Exodus.
BO'LSTER,  bole'stur. to.  s.  [bolj-tpe,
   Sax. bolster,  Dutch.]
 1. Something laid on the bed, to raise and
   support the head; commonly a bag filled
   with down or feathers.
    Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster- now,
  Or 'gainst toe rugged  bark of some broad elm
  Leans her unpillow'd head.               Milton.
     This arm shall be a bolster for thy head;
  I'll fetch clean straw to make a soldier's bed.  Gay.
 2. A pad, or  quilt,  to hinder any pressure,
   or fill up any vacuity.
     Up goes her hand,  and off she slips
  The bolsters that supply her hips.           Sicift.
 3. A pad, or  compress,  to be  laid on a
   wound.
     The bandage is the girt, which hath a botsfer in
   the middle, and the ends tacked firmly together.
                                      Wiseman.
 4. [In horsemanship.]
     The bolsters of a saddle are those parts raised upon
   the bows, to hold the  rider's thigh.  Farrier's Diet.
 To  Bo'lster,  bole'stiir.  v. a. [from  the
   noun.]
  1. To support the  head with a bolster.
 2. To afford  a bed  to.
     Mortal eyes do see  them bolster,
   More than toeir own.         Shakspeare's Othellt.
  3. To hold wounds together with a com-
   press.
     The  practice of bolstering the cheeks  forward,
   does little service to the wound, and is very uneasy
   to toe patient.                           Sharp. 
BOL
BOL
B OM
 4. To support;  to hold  up;  to  maintain.
    This is now  an expression somewhat
    coarse and obsolete.
     We may be made wiser by the  publick  persua-
   sions grafted in men's minds, so they be used to
   further toe truth, not to bolster errour.     Hooker.
     The lawyer sets his tongue to sale for the bolster-
   ing out of unjust causes.             Hakewill
     It was the way of many to bolster up  their crazy
   doating consciences with confidences.      South.

 BOLT, bolt. to. s. [boult, Dutch; /3eA/?.]
 1. An arrow; a dart shot from a crossbow.
     Yet mark'd I where toe bolt of Cupid fell;
   It fell upon a little western flower,
   Before milk-white, now purple with love's wound.
                                   Shakspeare.
     The blunted bolt against toe nymph he drest;
   But with the sharp transfix'd Apollo's breast. Dryd.
 2. Lightning; a thunderbolt.
     Sing'd with the flames, and with the bolts transfix'd,
   With native earth your blood the monsters mix'd.
                                     Dryden.
 3. Bolt upright; that is,  upright  as an ar-
    row.
     Brush iron, native or from  the mine, consisteth of
   long stria,  about the thickness of a small knitting
   needle, botf upright,  like toe bristles of a stiff brush.
                                       Greiv.
     As I stood bolt upright upon one end, one of the
   ladies burst out.                      Addison.
 4. The bar of a  door, so called from being
    straight  like  an arrow. We  now say,
    shoot the bolt, when we speak of fasten-
    ing or  opening  a door.
     'Tis not in thee, to oppose toe boll
   Against my coming in.              Shakspeare.
 5. An iron  to fasten the legs of a  prisoner.
    This is, I think, corrupted from bought,
    or  link.
     Away with him to prison;  lay bolts enough upon
        him.                       Shakspeare.
 To Bolt, bolt. v. a.  [from the noun.]
 1. To shut  or fasten  with a bolt.
    The bolted gates flew open  at the blast;
   The storm rush'd in, and Arcite stood aghast. Dryd.
 2. To blurt  out, or throw out precipitantly.
    I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
   And virtue has no tongue to check her pride. Milt.
 3.  To fasten, as a bolt or  pin; to pin; to
   keep together.
    That I could reach the axle, where the pins are
   Which bolt this frame, that I might pull them out!
                                  Ben Jonson.
 4.  To fetter; to shackle.
                         It is great
   To do that thing that ends all other deeds,
   Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change.
                                   Shakspeare.
 5.  To sift,  or separate  the  parts of  any
   thing with a sieve, [bluter, Fr.]
    He now had bolted all toe flour.        Spenser.
    In the  bolting and sifting  of fourteen years of
  power and favour,  all toat  came out could  not be
  pure meal.                           Wotton.
    I cannot bolt this matter to  the bran,
  As Bradwardin and holy Austin can.     Dryden.
 6. To examine by  sifting; to try out;  to lay
   open.
    It would be well bolted out, whether great refrac-
  tions may not be made upon reflections as upon di-
  rect beams.                           Bacon.
    The judge, or jury, or parties, or the  council, or
  attornies, propounding questions, beats and bolts out
  the truth much better than when toe witness de-
  livers only a formal series.                Hale.
    Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things,
  through all disguises.               L'Estrange.
7. To purify; to  purge.  This  is harsh.
                  The fanned snow,
  That's bolted by the northern blast twice o'er.
                                   Shakspeare.
 To Bolt, bolt. v. n. To spring out with
   speed and suddenness; to start out with
   the quickness of an arrow.
    This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt,
  Still walking like a ragged colt,
  And oft out of a bush doth botf,
  Of purpose to deceive us.              Drayton.
    They erected a fort, and from thence they bolted
  like beasts of the forest, sometimes into the forest,
  sometimes into the woods  and fastnesses, and some-
  times back to their den                 Bacon.
    As the house was all in a flame, out bolts a mouse
  from the ruins to save herself.        L'Estrange.
    I have reflected on those men who, from time to
  time, have shot themselves into the world.  I have
  seen many successions of them:  some bolting out
  upon toe stage with vast applause, and others hissed
  off.                                 Dryden.
          The birds to foreign seats repair'd;
  And beasts, that bolted out, and saw the forest bar'd.
                                     Dryden.
Bolt-rope,  bolt'rope.w. s. [from bolt and
   rope]  The rope  on which the sail  of a
   ship is sewed and fastened.   Sea Diet.

Bo'lter, bolt'ur. to. s. [from the verb.]
 I. A sieve to separate meal from bran or
   husks; or to separate finer from coarser
   parts.
    Dowlas, filthy dowlas:  I have given them away
  to bakers' wives, and they have made bolters of them.
                                  Shakspeare.
    With a good strong chopping knife mince toe
  two capons, bones and all, as small as ordinary min-
  ced meat; put them into a large neat bolter. Bacon.
    When superciliously he sifts
  Through coarsest bolter others gifts.     Hudibras.
2. A kind of net.
    These hakes, and divers others of the forecited,
  are taken with threads, and some of them with the
  bolter, which is a spiller of a bigger size.   Carew.
Bo'lthead, bolt'h£d. to. *. A long straight-
   necked  glass  vessel, for chymical  dis-
   tillations, called  also  a matrass, or re-
   ceiver.
    This spirit abounds in salt, which may be separa-
  ted, by putting toe liquor into a  bollhead with a
  long narrow neck.                      Boyle.
Bo'LTiNG-HOUSE,b6lt'ing-h6iise.TO.*.[from
   bolt and house.]  The place where meal
   is sifted.
    The jade is returned as white, and as powdered,
  as if she had been at work in a bolting-house.
                                     Dennis.
Bo'ltsprit,}  ,..  „u  C  to. «. A mast
n  /           >  bo sprit. <
do wsprit,   S            c running out at
   the head of a ship, not standing upright,
   but aslope. The but end of it is gene-
   rally set against the foot ofthe foremast;
   so  that they  are a  stay to  one another.
   The length without board  is sufficient
   to let its sails  hang  clear of  all incum-
   brances. If the  boltsprit  fail  in  bad
   weather, the foremast cannot  hold long
   after.  Bowsprit  is  perhaps  the  right-
   spelling.                       Sea Diet.
                Sometimes I'd divide,
  And burn in many places;  on the topmast,
  The yards, and boltsprit, would I flame distinctly.
                                  Shakspeare.
Bo'lus, bo'lus.  to. s'. [pixgh]  A form of
   medicine,  in which the ingredients are
   made up into a soft  mass,  larger  than
   pills, to be swallowed at once.
    Keep toeir  bodies soluble the while by clysters,
                  d d  2
   lenitive boluses of cassia and manna, with syrup of
   violet-.                             Wiseman.
    By poets we are well assur'd,
   That love, alas! can ne'er be cur'd;
   A complicated heap of ills,
   Despising boluses and pills.               Sicift-
 BOMB, btim.165 to. s. [bombus, Lat.]
 1  A  loud noise.
    An upper chamber being thought weak, was sup-
  ported by a pillar of iron, of toe bigness of one's
  arm in toe midst;  which, if you had struck, would
  make a little  flat noise in the room,  but a  great
  bomb in the chamber beueath.            Bacon.
 2. A  hollow  iron ball, or shell, filled  with
   gunpowder, and furnished with a  vent
   for a fusee, or wooden tube filled  with
   combustible  matter, to be  thrown  out
   from a mortar, which  had its name from
   the noise it  makes.   The fusee, being
   set on  fire, burns slowly  till  it reaches
   the gunpowder, which goes off at once,
   bursting the shell to pieces with incre-
   dible violence: whence the use of bombs
   in besieging  towns.   The  largest  are
   about eighteen inches in diameter.   By
   whom they were  invented is not known,
   and the time is uncertain; some fixing it
   to  1588, and others to  1495. Chambers.
    The loud cannon missive iron pours,
  And in the slaught'ring bomb Gradivus roars. Rowe
 To Bomb, bum. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   fall upon with bombs; to bombard.
    Our king thus  trembles at Namur,
  Whilst Villeroy, who ne'er afraid is,
    To Bruxelles marches on secure,
  To bomb the monks, and scare toe ladies.   Prior.
 Bomb-chest, bum'tshest. to. s. [from bomb
   and chest] A kind of chest filled usually
   with bombs,  and  sometimes only  with
   gunpowder,   placed  under  ground,  to
   tear and blow  it up in the air, with those
   who stand  on it.              Chambers.
Bomb-ketch, biim'ketsh. } n.  s. A kind
Bomb-vessel,  bum'ves-sel. $      of ship,
   strongly built, to  bear the  shock  of a
   mortar, when bombs are to be fired into
   a town.
    Nor could  an ordinary fleet, with bomb-vessels,
  hope to succeed against a place that has in its arse-
  nal gallies and men of war.       Addison on  Italy.
Bo'mbard, bum'bard. to. s. [bombardus,
   Lat.]
 1. A  g:eat gun;  a cannon: it  is a word  now
   obsolete.
    They planted  in divers places twelve  great  bom-
  bards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the
  air, which, falling  down into toe city, might break
  down the houses.                     Knolles.
2. A barrel.  Obsolete.
 To Bomba'rd, bum-bard', v. a.  [from the
   noun.] To attack with bombs.
    A medal is struck on the English failing in their
  attempts on Dunkirk, when they endeavoured to
  blow up a fort, and bombard the town.     Addison.
Bombardi ER,bilm-bar-deer'.27''n.*.[ii-om
   bombard]  The engineer whose employ-
   ment  is to shoot  bombs.
    The bombardier tosses his ball sometimes into the
  midst of a city, with a design to fill all around him
  with terrour and combustion.             Tatter
 Bomba rdmi.nt, bnin-bard'ment.  to.  s.
   [from bombard.]  An  attack made upon
   any city, by  throwing  bombs into it.
    Genoa is not yet secure  from a bombardment
  though it is not so exposed as formerly,    Addison. 
B0N                                     BON                                     BON
Bombasi'n, bum-bu-zeen'. n. a. [bombasin,
   Fr. from  bombycinu*, silken,  Lat.]  A
   slight silken stuff, for mourning.
Bomba'st, bum'bast. w. s. [A stuff of soft
   loose texture used formerly to swell the
   garment, and  thence  used  to signify
   bulk or show without solidity.] Fustian;
   big words, without meaning.
    Not pedants motley tongue, soldiers bombast,
  Mountebanks drug-tongue, nor the terms of law,
  Are strong enough preparatives to draw
  Me to hear this.                       Donne.
    Are all the flights of heroick poetry to be conclu-
  ded bombast, unnatural, and mere madness, because
  they arc not affected with their excellencies? Dryd.
Bo'mbast, bum-lntst'. adj. [from the sub-
   stantive.] High  sounding; of  big  sound
   without meaning.
    He, as loving his own pride and purpose,
  Evades them with a bombast circumstance,
    Horribly stuff'd with epithets of war.    Shaksp.
Bombila'tion,  bum-bu-la'shun.   to.  *.
   [from  bombus,  Lat.]  Sound; noise; re-
   port.
    How to abate the vigour, or silence the bombila-
  tion of guns, a way is said to be by borax and butter,
  mixt in a due proportion, which will almost take off
  the report, and also the force of the charge. Brown.
Bomby'cinous, bum-bis'sen-u.s. adj. [bom-
   bycinus, Lat.] Silken; made of silk.
BONA ROB A,  bo'na-ro'ba. to.  s. [Ital. a
   fine gown.] A shewy wanton.
    We knew where the bona robas were. Shakspeare.
BONA'SU S,b6-na's&s. to. *. [Lat.] A kind
   of buffalo, or wild bull.
BOJYCHRE'TfEN, bon-kret'tsheen. n.s.
   [French.] A species of pear, so called,
   probably, from the name of a gardener.
BOND, bond. to. *.  [bonb, Sax. bound; it
   is written indifferently, in many of its
   senses, bond, or band. See Band.]
 1. Cords, or chains,  with which any one is
   bound.
    There left me, and my man, both bound together;
  Till, gnawing with my teeth my bonds asunder,
  I gain'd my freedom.               Shakspeare.
2. Ligament that holds any thing together.
    Let any one send his contemplation  to the extre-
  mities of the universe, and see what conceivable
  hoops, what bond be can imagine, to hold this mass
  of matter in so close a pressure together.    Locke.
3. Union; connexion: a workman's term.
    Observe, in working up the walls, that no side of
  the house, or any part  of the walls, be brought up
  three feet above the other, before the next adjoin-
  ing wall be wrought up  to it, so that  they  may be
  all joined together, and make a good bond. Mortimer.
4. [in the  plural.] Chains;  imprisonment;
   captivity.
    Whom I perceived to have nothing laid to his
  charge worthy of death, or of bonds. Acts, xxiii. 29.
5. Cement of  union;   cause of union; link
   of connexion.
    Wedding is great Juno's crown;
  O blessed bond of board and bed!     Shakspeare.
    Love cools,  brothers divide, and  the  bond is
  cracked 'twixt son and father   Shaksp. King Lear.
6. A writing of obligation to pay a sum, or
   perform a contract.
    Go with me to a notary, seal me there
  Your single bond.                  Shakspeare.
    What if I ne'er consent to make you mine;
  My father's promise ties me not to time;
  And bonds without a date, they say, are void. Dryd.
7. Obligation;  law by  which amy  man is
   obliged.
    Unhappy that I am! I cannot heave
  My heart into my mouth: I love your majesty
  According to my bond, no more nor less.    Sliaksp.
    Take which you please, it dissolves the bonds of
  government and obedience.              Locke.
Bond, bond', adj. [from bind, perhaps for
  bound;  from  gebonben, Saxon.] Cap-
  tive;  in a servile state.
    Whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be
  bond or free.             1 Corinthians, xii.  13.
Bo'ndage, bon'dage.90 to. s. [from bond]
I. Captivity;  imprisonment; state  of re-
  straint.
    You only have overthrown me, and in my bon-
  dage consists my glory.                 Sidney.
    Say, gentle princess, would you not suppose
  Your bondage happy, to be made a queen?
  —To be a queen in bondage, is more vile
  Than is a slave in base servility.      Shakspeare.
                  Our cage
  We make a choir, as doth the prison'd bird,
  And sing our bondage freely.    Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    The king, when he design'd you for my guard,
  Resolv'd he would not make my bondage hard.
                                    Dryden.
2. Obligation; tye of duty.
    If she has a struggle for honour, she is in a bon-
  dage to love; which gives the story its turn toat way.
                                       Pope.
    He must resolve by no means to be enslaved, and
  brought under the bondage of observing oaths, which
  ought to vanish  when they stand in competition
  with eating and drinking, or taking money. South.
Bo'ndmaid, bond'made. n. s.  [from bond,
  captive, and  maid] A woman slave.
    Good sister, wrong me not, nor wrong yourself,
  To make a bondmaid and a slave of me. Shakspeare.
Bo'ndman, bond'man.88  to. s. [from bond
  and man.] A man slave.
    Amongst the Romans, in making of a bondman
  free,  was it  not  wondered  wherefore so  great
  ado should be made? the master to present his slave
  in some court, to take him by the hand, and not only
  to say, in toe hearing of the publick magistrate, I
  will that this man become free; but, after those  so-
  lemn words uttered, to strike him on toe cheek, to
  torn him round, the hair of his head to be shaved off,
  the magistrate to touch him thrice with a rod;  in the
  end, a cap and a white garment given him. Hooker.
    O freedom! first delight of human kind;
  Not that which bondmen from their masters find.
                                    Dryden
Bondse'rvant, bond'seT-vant. to. s. [from
  bond and servant.]  A  slave; a  servant
  without the liberty of quitting his mas-
  ter-
    And if thy brother, that dwelleth by thee, be
  waxen poor, and  be sold unto thee, thou shalt  not
  compel him to serve as a bond-servant.   Leviticus.
Bondse'rvice, bond'ser-vis.  to.  s. [from
  bond and service.]  The condition of a
  bondservant;  slavery.
    Upon those  did Solomon levy a tiibute of bond-
  service.                              Kings.
Bo'ndslave, bdnd'slave. to. s.  [from bond
  and slave.]  A  man  in  slavery; one of
  servile condition, who  cannot  change
  his master.
    Love enjoined such diligence, that no apprentice,
  no, no bond-slave, could ever be, by fear, more ready
  at all commands than that young princess was.
                                     Sidney.
    All her ornaments are taken  away; of a free-wo-
  man she is become a bondslave.      1 Mace. ii. 11.
    Commonly the bondslave  is fed by his lord,  but
  here the lord was fed by his bondslave. Sir J. Davies.
Bo'ndsman, bondz'man;38«. a. [from  bond
  and man.]
I. A slave.
    Carnal greedy  people, without such a precept,
  would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen and
  beasts.                             Derham.
2. A person bound, or giving security, for
   another.
Bo'NDswoMAi«,b6ndz'wum-un. «. a. [from
   bond and  woman.] A  woman slave.
           My lords, the senators
  Are sold for slaves, and their wives for bondswomen.
                         Ben Jonson's Cataline.
BONE, bone. to. a. [ban, Saxon.]
I. The solid parts of the body of an ani-
   mal, made up of hard fibres, tied one to
   another by  small transverse  fibres,  as
   those of the muscles.  In a foetus they
   are porous, soft, and easily  discerned.
   As their pores fill  with a substance of
   their own nature, so they increase, har-
   den,  and  grow  close to  one  another.
   They are all spongy, and  full of little
   cells; or are of a considerable firm thick-
   ness, with a  large cavity, except  the
   teeth; and where  they are articulated,
   they are covered with a thin and strong
   membrane, called the periosteum.  Each
   bone is much  bigger at  its  extremity
   than  in the middle, that the articulations
   might be  firm, and the bones not easily
   put out of joint. But, because the middle
   of the bone should be strong, to sustain
   its allotted weight, and resist accidents,
   the  fibres are there more closely com-
   pacted together,  supporting one  an-
   other; and the bone is made hollow, and
   consequently not so easily broken, as it
   must have been  had it  been  solid and
   smaller.                         Quincy.
    Thy bones  are marrowless, thy blood is cold.
                                    Macbeth.
    There was lately a young gentleman bit to  the
        bone.                           Tatler.
2. A  fragment of  meat;  a bone with  as
   much flesh as adheres to it.
    Like ^Esop's hounds contending for the bone,
  Each pleaded right, and would be lord alone. Dryd.
3. To be upon the bones.  To attack.
    Puss had a month's mind to be upon the bones of
  him, but was not willing to pick a quarrel.
                                  L'Estrange.
4. To make  no bones.  To make no scru-
   ple: a metaphor taken from a dog, who
   readily swallows meat that has no bones.
5.. Bones.  A sort of bobbins, made of trot-
   ter bones, for  weaving bonelace.
6. Bones.  Dice.
    But then my study was to cog the dice,
   And dext'rously to throw toe lucky sice:
   To shun ames ace, that  swept my stakes away:
   And watch the box, for  fear they should convey
   False bones,  and put upon me in the play. Dryden.
 To Bone, bone.  v. a. [from the noun.] To
   take out the bones  from the flesh; as, the
   cooks boned the veal.
 Bo'nelace, bone-lase'. to. *. [from bone and
   lace; the bobbins with which lace is wo-
   ven  being frequently made  of bones.]
   Flaxen  lace,  such as women wear on
   their linen.
    The things you follow, and make songs on now,
   should be sent to knit, or sit down to bobbins or bone-
   lace.                                 Tatler.
    We destroy the  symmetry of the human figure,
   and foolishly contrive to call off the eye from great 
BON
BOO
BOO
   and real beauties, to childish gewgaw ribbands and
   bonelace.                           Spectator.
 Bo'neless, bone'les.  adj.  [from  bone.]
    Wanting bones.
     I would, while it was smiling in my face,
   Have pluckt my nipple from his boneless gums,
   And dasht toe brains out.            Shakspeare.
 To Bo'neset,  bone'set. v. to. [from  bone
    and set.]  To restore a bone out of joint
    to its place; or join a bone broken to the
    other part.
     A fractured leg set in the country by one pretend-
   ing to boriesetting.          Wiseman's Surgery.
 Bo'nesetter,  bone'set-tur.  n.  s.  [from
    boneset.] A chirurgeon;  one who parti-
    cularly professes the art of restoring bro-
    ken or luxated bones.
     At present my desire  is to have a good bonesetter.
                                     Denham.
 Bo'nfire, bon'fire.  to. s. [from bon good,
    Fr. and^re.] A fire made for some  pub-
    lick cause of triumph or exultation.
     Ring ye the bells to make it wear away,
   And bonfires make all day.             Spenser.
     How came so many bonfires to be made in  queen
   Mary's days? Why, she had abused and  deceived
   her people.                           South.
     Full soon by bonfire, and by bell,
   We learnt our liege was passing well.        Gay.
 Bo'ngrace, bun'gras.  «. s. [bonne grace,
    Fr.] A forehead-cloth, or  covering  for
    the forehead. Not now used.   Skinner.
     I have seen her beset all over with emeralds and
   pearls, ranged in rows about her cawl, her peruke,
   her bongrace, and chaplet. Hakewill on Providence.
 Bo'nnet, b6n'nit." to. s. [bonet, Fr.] A co-
    vering for the head; a hat;  a cap.
     Go to them with this bonnet in toy hand,
   And thus far having stretch'd it, here be with  them,
   Thy knee bussing the stones; for, in such business,
   Action is eloquence.      Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
     They had not probably  the ceremony of vailing
   toe bonnet in their salutations; for, in medals, they
   still have it on their heads.             Addison.
 Bo'nnet, bon'nit. [In fortification.] A  kind
   of little ravelin, without any ditch,  hav-
   ing a  parapet three feet  high, anciently
   placed before the  points of the  saliant
   angles of the glacis.
 Bo'nnet a  prestre,  bon'nit," or priest's
   cap, is an outwork,  having at the head
   three  saliant angles,  and  two inwards.
 Bo'nnets, bon-nits'.[Inthe sea language.]
   Small  sails set on the courses on  the
   mizzen, mainsail, and foresail of a ship,
   when these are  too narrow  or  shallow
   to clothe the mast, or in order to make
   more way in  calm  weather.  Chambers.
 Bo'nnilv, b6n'ne-le.  adv.  [from  bonny.]
   Gayly;  handsomely; plumply.
 Bo'nniness, bon'ne-nes. to. s. [from bon-
   ny] Gayety; handsomeness; plumpness.
 BO'NNY, bdn'ne. adj.  [from bon, bonne,
   Fr. It is a word now almost confined to
   the Scottish dialect.]
 1. Handsome; beautiful.
    Match to match I have encounter'd him,
  And made a prey for can-ion kites and crows
  Ev'n of the bonny beast he lov'd so well.   Shaksp.
    Thus wail'd the louts in melancholy strain,
  Till bonny Susan sped across the plain.       Gay.
2.  Gay;   merry;  frolicksome;  cheerful;
   blithe.
    Then sigh not so, but let them go,
  And be you blithe and bonny.           Shaksp.
 3. It seems to be generally used in conver-
   sation for plump.
 Bonny-clabber, bon-ne-klab'bur. to. s. A
   word used in Ireland for sour buttermilk.
    We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber
  Of  parties o'er our bonny-clabber;
  Nor are we studious to enquire,
  Who votes for manors, who for hire.       Swift.
 BO'NUM MAGNUM, bo'num-mag'num.
   to. *.  A species of plum.
 Bo'ny, bo'ne.  adj. [from bone]
 1. Consisting  of bones.
    At the end of this hole is a membrane, fastened to
  a round bony limb, and stretched like the head of a
  drum;  and therefore, by anatomists,  called tympa-
  num.                                  Ray.
 2. Full  of bones.
 Bo'oby, bdo'be. to. s. [a word of no certain
   etymology. Henshaw thinks it a corrup-
   tion  of bull-beef, ridiculously;  Skinner
   imagines it  to be derived from bobo fool-
   ish,  Spanish.  Junius finds bowbard to
   be an eld Scottish word for a coward, a
   contemptible fellow; from which he nat-
   urally deduces booby: but the original of
   bowbard is  not known.] A dull, heavy,
   stupid fellow; a lubber.
    But one exception to this fact we find;
  That booby Phaon only was unkind,
  An ill-bred boatman, rough as waves and wind.
                                      Prior.
    Young master next must rise to fill him wine,
  And starve himself to see the booby dine.    King.
 BOOK, b6ok. to. s.  [boc, Sax. supposed
   from  boc a bee»h, because they wrote on
   beechen boards; as  liber, in Latin, from
   the rind of a tree.]
 1. A volume in which we read or write.
      See a boofc of prayer in his hand;
  True ornaments to know a holy man.   Shakspeare.
    Receive the sentence of the law for sins,
  Such as by God's book are adjudg'd to death. Shaks.
    In the coffin that had the books, they were found
  as fresh as if they had been but newly written; being
  written  on parchment, and covered over with watch
  candles of wax.                       Bacon.
    Books are a sort of dumb teachers; they cannot
  answer sudden questions,  or explain present doubts:
  this is properly the work of a living instructor. Watts.
2. A  particular  part of a work.
    The first book we divide into sections; whereof the
  first is these chapters past.      Burnet's Theory,
3. The  register in  which a trader keeps
  an  account of hi> debts.
                 This life
  Is nobler than attending for a bauble;
  Prouder, than rustling in unpaid-for silk;
  Such gain toe cap of him that makes them fine,
  Yet keeps his book uncross'd.          Shakspeare.
4. In books. In  kind  remembrance.
   I was so much in his books, that, at his decease,
  he left me the lamp by which he used to write his
  lucubrations.                        Addison.
5. Without book. By  memory; by repeti-
  tion; without reading.
    Sermons read they abhor in the church; but ser-
  mons without book, sermons which spend their life in
  toeir birth, and may have public audience but once.
                                    Hooker.
To Book, bdok. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
  register in a book.
   I beseech your grace, let it be booked with the rest
  of this day's deeds; or I will have it in a particular
  ballad else, with mine own picture on the top of it.
                                 Shakspeare.
   He made wilful murder high treason; he caused
  the marchers to book toeir men, for whom they should
  make answer.                Davies on Ireland.
 BooK-KEEriNG,bd6k'keep-ing.>;.*. [from
   book and keep.] The art of keeping ac-
   counts, or recording pecuniary transac-
   tions,^ such a manner, that at any time
   a man may thereby know the true state
   of the whole, or any part of his affairs,
   with clearness and expedition.  Harris.
 Bo'okbinder,  b66k'bin-dur.  to. *.  [from
   book and bind.]  A man whose profes-
   sion it is to cover books.
 Bo'okful, b66k'ful.  adj.  [from  book and
  full.] Full of notions gleaned from books;
   crowded with undigested knowledge.
    The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
  With loads of learned lumber in his head,
  With his own tongue still edifies his ears,
  And always list'ning to himself appears.    Pope.
 Bo'okish, book'ish. adj. [from book.] Giv-
   en to books; acquainted only with books.
   It  is generally used contemptuously.
                I'll make him yield the crown,
  Whose bookish rule hath pull'd fair  England down.
                                   Shakspeare.
    I'm not  bookish, yet I can read  waiting-gentle-
  woman in the 'scape.  Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
    Xantippe follows her namesake; being married to
  a bookish man,  who has no knowledge of the world.
                                    Spectator.
 Bo'okishness, bddk'ish-nes. to.  s.  [from
   bookish/]  Much application to  books;
   overstudiousness.
 Bookle'arned, b66k'lern-ed. adj.  [from
   book and learned.]  Versed  in  books or
   literature: a term implying some  slight
   contempt.
    Whate'er these booklearn'd blockheads say,
  Solon 's the veriest fool in all toe play.   Dryden.
    He will quote passages out of Plato and Pindar,'
  at his own  table, to some booklearned companion,
  without blushing.                       Swift.
 Bookle'arning, b66k'lern-ing. to. s. [from
   book and learning.] Skill in literature;
  acquaintance with books: a term of some
  contempt.
    They might talk of bookleaming what they would,
  but  he never saw more unfeaty fellows than great
  clerks.                              Sidney.
    Neither does it so much require bookleaming and
  scholarship, as good natural sense, to distinguish true
  and false, and to discern  what  is  welt proved, and
  what is not.                   Burnet's Theory.
 Bo'okman, bodk'rniin.88  to. s.  [from book
  and man]  A  man whose profession is
  the study of books.
    This civil war of wits were much better us'd
  On Navarre and his bookmen; for here 'tis abus'd.
                                  Shakspeare-
 Bo'okmate, book'mate. to. s. [from book
  and mate.] Schoolfellow.
    This Armado is  a Spaniard that keeps here in
        court,
  A phantasm, a monarch, and one that makes sport
  To the prince and his bookmates.      Shakspeare
Bo'oKSELLER,b66k'sel-lur.TO.«. [from book
  and sell.] He whose profession it is to sell
  books.
    He went  to the bookseller, and told him in anger,
  he had sold a book in which there was false divinity
                                     Walton.
Bo'okworm, book'worm, to. *. [from book
  and worm.]
 1. A worm or mite that eats holes in books,
  chiefly when damp.
    My  lion, like a moth or bookworm, feeds upon
  nothing but paper, and I shall  beg of them to diet
  him with wholesome and substantial food. Guardian. 
BOR
BOS
BOS
    When we are born, we cry, that we are come
  To this great stage of fools."         Shakspeare.
    The new born babe by nurses overlaid.     Dryd.
    Nor nature's law with fruitless sorrow mourn,
  But die, O mortal man! for thou wast born.  Prior.
    All that are born  into the world are surrounded
  with bodies,  that perpetually and diversly affect
  toem-                                  Locke.
2. It is usually spoken  with regard to cir-
   cumstances:  as, he was  born a  prince;
   he was born to empire: he was born for
   greatness: that is, formed at  the birth.
    The stranger,  that dwelleth with you, shall be
  unto you as one born among you, and thou shalt love
  him as thyself.               Leviticus, xix. 34.
    Yet  man is born  unto trouble, as the sparks fly
  upward.                                  Job.
    A friend loveth at all times, and a  brother is
  born for adversity.                     Proverbs.
           Either of you knights may well  deserve
  A princess born; and such is she you serve.  Dryd.
    Two rising crests his  royal head adorn;
  Born from a god, himself to godhead born.   Dryd.
    Both must alike from heav'n derive their light;
  These born to judge, as well as those to write. Pope.
    For all mankind alike require their grace;
  All born to want; a miserable race!         Pope.
    I was  born to a good estate,  although it  now
  turneth to little account.                  Swift.
    Their lands are let to lords, who, never designed
  to be tenants, naturally murmur  at the payment of
  rents, as a subserviency toey were not bor-n to.
                                         Swift.
3. It has usually the particle of before the
   mother.
    Be bloody, hold, and resolute; laugh to scorn
  The pow'r of man; for none of woman born
  Shall harm Macbeth.                Shakspeare.
    I being born of my father's first wife, and she of
  hjs  third,  she converses with  me rather like a
  daughter than a sister.                   Tatler.
Bo'rough,  bftr'r6.318 8£>0 to. a. [borthoe,
   Saxon.]
1. It signified anciently  a surety, or a man
   hound for others.
    A borough,  as I here use it, and as the old laws
  still use, is not & borough town, toat is, a franchised
  town; but a main pledge of an  hundred free per-
  sons, therefore called a free borough, or, as you say
  francplegium.   For berth,  in old Saxon, signifieth
  a pledge or Surety: and yet it is so used with us in
  some speeches, as Chaucer saith,  St. Johnto Boroh;
  that is, for assurance and warranty.      Spenser.
2. A town with a corporation.
    And if a borough chuse him not undone.   Pope.

Bo'rough English, bur'ro.318 39° is a cus-
   tomary  descent of lands or  tenements,
   whereby, in  all places  where this cus-
   tom holds, lands and tenements descend
   to the  youngest  son; or, if  the owner
   have  no issue, to  his youngest brother.
                                      Cowell.
Bo'rrel,  borMl."  to. s. [it  is explained
   by Junius without etymology.] A mean
   fellow.
    Siker thou speak'st like a lewd sorrel,
      Of heaven todeemen so:
    Howbe I am but rude and barrel,
      Yet nearer ways I know.            Spenser.

To BO'RROW,   bor'ro.  v.  a. [borgen,
   Dutch; bortgian, Sax.]

I. To take something from another upon
  credit:  opposed to lend.
    He borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman,
  and swore he would pay him again when he was
  able.                             Shakspeare.
    We have borrowed money for the king's tribute,
  and  that upon our lands and vineyards. Nehemiah.
f
2. To ask of another the use of something
   for a time.
    Then he said, go, borrow thee vessels  abroad of
  all thy neighbours.                    2 Kings.
    Where  darkness and surprise made conquest
         cheap!
  Where virtue borroroed the arms of chance,
  And struck a random blow!                Dryd.
3. To  take  something  belonging to an-
   other.
    A borroic'd title hast thou bought too dear;
  Why didst thou tell me that thou wert a king?
                                       Shaksp.
    They may  borrow  something of instruction even
  from their past guilt.             Decay of Piety.
    I was engaged in toe translation of Virgil,  from
  whom I have borrowed only two months.   Dryden.
    These verbal signs they sometimes borrow from
  others, and sometimes make toemselves;  as  one
  may observe among toe new names children give to
  things.                                Locfce.
    Some persons of bright  parts have  narrow re-
  membrance;  for, having riches of their own, toey
  are not solicitous to borrow.               Watts.
4. To  use as one's own,  though  not be-
   longing to one.
    Unkind and cruel, to deceive your son
  In borrow'd shapes, and his embrace  to shun. Dryd.
Bo'rrow, b6r/ro.  to. *.  [from  the verb.]
   The thing borrowed.
    Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure
  The borrow of a week.              Shakspeare.
Bo'rrower, bor'ro-ur. to. s.[from borrow]
1. He that borrows; he  that takes money
   upon trust; opposed to  tender.
    His talk is of nothing but of his poverty, for fear
  belike lest I should have proved a young  borrower.
                                       Sidney.
    Neither a borrower  nor a lender be;
  For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
  And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
                                   Shakspeare.
            Go not my horse the better,
  I must become a borrower of toe night
  For a dark hour or twain.               Shaksp.
    But you invert the cov'nants of her trust,
  And harshly deal, like an ill borrower,
  With that which you receiv'd on other terms.
                                       Milton.
2. He  that  takes  what is another's,  and
   uses it as  his own.
    Some say,  toat I am a great borrower; however,
  none of my creditors have challenged me for it.
                                         Pope.
Bo'scage, hos'kaje.90 to. s. [boscage, Fr.]
1. Wood, or woodlands.
    We bent our course thither, where we saw the
  appearance of land; and, the  next day,  we might
  plainly discern that it  was  land flat to our sight,
  and full of boscage, which made it shew the more
  dark.                                  Bacon.
2. The  representation of woods.
    Cheerful paintings  in feasting and  banqueting
  rooms; graver stories in galleries; landskips and
  boscage, and such wild works, in open  terraces, or
  summer houses.                        Wotton.

Bo'sky, U6s'ke. adj. [bosque, Fr.] Woody.
    And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown
  My bosky acres, and my unshrubb'd down. Shaksp.
    I know each lane, and every alley green,
  Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood,
  And every bosky bourn from side to side,   Milton.
BO'SOM, b66'zuni. n.s.  [bor-me,  bo-
  pom,  Sax.]
i. The embrace  of the  arms holding any
  thing to the breast.
2. The breast; the  heart.
              Our good old friend,
  Lay comforts  to your bosom; and bestow
  Your needful counsel to our businesses.     Shaksp.
3. The folds ofthe  dress"  that  cover  the
   breast.
    Put now thy hand into thy bosom; and he put his
  hand into his "bosom: and when he took it out, be-
  hold his hand was leprous as snow.  Exodus, iv. 6.
4. Inclosure; compass; embrace.
    Unto laws thus received by a whole  church,  they
  which live within the bosom of toat church, must not
  think it a matter indifferent, either to  yield, or not
  to yield, obedience.                     Hooker.
5. The breast, as the seat of the passions.
    Anger resteth in toe bosoms of fools.     Eccles.
    From jealousy's tormenting strife
  For ever  be thy bosom freed.             Prior.
    Unfortunate  Fallard! 0, who can name
  The pangs of rage, of sorrow, and of shame,
  That with mix'd tumult in toy bosom swell'd,
  When first thou saw'st thy bravest hoops repell'd!
                                      Addison.
    Here acting bosoms wear a visage gay,
  And stifled groans frequent the ball  and play.
                                        Young.
6. The breast, as the seat of tenderness.
    Their soul was poured out into their mother's bo-
  som.                           Lamentations.
    No further seek his virtues to disclose,
  Or draw his frailties from their dread  abode;
  There they alike in trembling hope repose,
  The bosom of his father and his God.       Gray.
7. The breast, as the receptacle  of secrets.
    If I covered my transgression as Adam, by hiding
  my iniquity in my bosom.                   Job.
8. Any receptacle  close or secret; as,  the
   bosom   of the  earth; the  bosom  of  the
   deep.
9. The tender affections; kindness; favour.
    Whose age has  charms in it, whose  title more,
  To pluck the common bosoms on his side.   Shaksp.
    To whom toe great Creator thus reply 'd:
  0 Son, in whom my soul hath chief delight,
  Son of my bosom, Son who art alone
  My word, my wisdom, and effectual might.
                                 Paradise Lost.
10. Inclination; desire.  Not used.
             If you can place your wisdom
  In that good path that I could wish it go,
  You shall have your bosom on this wretch.   Shaksp.
Bo'som, b6o'zum, in composition, implies
   intimacy; confidence;  fondness.
    No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
  Our bosom-interest; go, pronounce his  death. Shak.
                This Antonio,
  Being the bosom-lover of my  lord,
  Must needs be like my lord.           Shakspeare.
    Those domestick traitors, bosom-thieves,
  Whom custom hath call'd wives, the readiest helps
  To betray the heady husbands, rob the easy.
                                   Ben Jonson,.
    He sent for his bosom-friends with whom he most
  confidently consulted,  and  shewed  toe  paper to
  them; the contents whereof he could not conceive.
                                    Clarendon.
    The fourth privilege of friendship is that which is
  here specified in toe text, a communication of se-
  crets.  A bosom-secret and a bosom-friend, are usual-
  ly put together.                          South.
    She, who was a bosom-friend of  her royal  mis-
  tress, he calls an insolent woman, toe worst of her
  sex.                                 Addison.

To Bo'som, b66'zlim.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]
1. To inclose in the bosom.
             Bosom up my counsel;
  You'll find it wholesome.             Sluikspeare,
    I do not think my sister so to seek,
  Or so unprincipled in virtue's book,
  And toe sweet peace that bosoms goodness ever.
                                       Milton
2. To conceal  in privacy.
    The groves, the fountains, and the flow'rs,
  That open now their choicest bosom'd  smells, 
BOT
BOT
BOT
    Reserv'd for night, and kept for thee in store.
                                  Paradise Lost.
      Towers and battlements it sees,
    Bosom'd high in tufted trees,
    Where perhaps some beauty lies,
    The cynosure of neighbouring eyes.       Milton.
      To happy convents, bosom'd deep in vines,
    Where slumber abbots, purple as their wines. Pope.
  Bo'son, bo'sn.170 103 to. a.  [corrupted from
    boatswain]
      The barks upon the billows ride,
    The master will not stay;
    The merry boson from his side
    His whistle takes, to check and chide
    The ling'ring lad's delay.              Dryden.
  Boss, bos. to. s.  [bosse, Fr.]
  1. A stud;  an ornament  raised above the
    rest of the work; a shining prominence.
      What signifies  beauty, strength, youth, fortune,
    embroidered furniture, or gaudy bosses? L'Estrange.
      This ivory, intended for the bosses of a  bridle,
    was laid up for a prince,  and a woman of Caria or
    Ma?onia dyed it.                         Pope.
  2. The part rising in the midst of any thing.
      He  runneth upon  him, even on his neck, upon
    the thick bosses of his bucklers.       Job, xv. 26.
  3. A thick body of any kind.
      A boss made of  wood, with an iron hook, to hang
    on the laths, or on a ladder, in which the labourer
    ptfts the mortar at the britches of the tiles. Moxon.
      If a close appulse be made by the lips, then is
   framed M; if by the boss of the tongue to the palate,
   near toe throat, then K.                Holder.
  Bo'ssage, bos'saje.90 to.  s.  [in architec-
    ture.]
  1. Any stone that  has a projecture, and is
    laid in a place in a  building to be after-
    wards carved.
 2.  Rustic  work,  which consists of stpnes,
    which  seem  to advance  beyond  the
    naked of a  building, by reason of inden-
    tures or channels left in the joinings:
    these are chiefly in the corners of edifi-
    ces, and called rustic quoins.
                             Builder's Diet.
 Bo'svel,  b&z'v£l.448  to.  s.  A species of
    crowfoot.
 Bota'nical, bo-tan'e-kal. ? adj  [from j8o-
 Bota'nick, bo-tan'nik.   y  resvaj an herb.]
    Relating to herbs;  skilled in herbs.
     Some botanical criticks tell us, the poets have not
  rightly followed the traditions of antiquity, in meta-
  morphosing the sisters of Phaeton into poplars.
                                      Addison.
 Bo'tanist, bot'a-nist.  to. s. [from botany.]
   One  skilled in plants; one who studies
   the various species of plants.
    The  uliginous lacteous matter, taken notice of by
  that diligent  botanist, was only a collection of corals.
                                    Woodward.
    Then spring the  living herbs, beyond toe power
  Of botanists to number up  their tribes.   Thomson.
 Botano'logv, bot-an-ol'o-je.818 to.  s. [/S«-
   r«voAoy<«.]  A  discourse upon plants.
                                        Diet.
 BO'TANY, bot'a-ne. to. s. [from /3ar*vj} an
   herb.]  The science of plants;  that part
  of natural history which  relates  to ve-
   getables.
BOT A'H GO,  bo-tar'go.  ».  *.  [botarga,
  Span.] A relishing sort of food, made of
  the roes ofthe mullet fish;  much  used
  on the  coasts of  the Mediterranean, as
  an incentive to drink.         Chambers.
EO TCH,  b6tsh.38a to. s. [bozza, pronounc-
  ed botza,  Ital.]

       VOL. I.
11.  A  swelling or eruptive discoloration of
   the skin.
     Time, which rots all, and makes botches pox,
  And, plodding on, must make a calf an ox,
  Hath made a lawyer.                   Donne.
     Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss,
  And all his people.                     Milton.
     It proves far more incommodious, which, if it
  were propelled in boils, botches, or ulcers, as in toe
  scurvy, would rather conduce to health.   Harvey.
2. A  part of any work ill finished, so as to
   appear worse than the rest.
                   With him,
  To leave no rubs or botches  in the work,
  Fleance, his son, must embrace the fate.  Shaksp.
3. An adscititious, adventitious part, clum-
   sily added.
     If both  those words are  not notorious botches, I
  am deceived, though the French translator thinks
  otherwise.                            Dryden.
            A comma ne'er could claim
  A place in any British name;
  Yet, making here a perfect  botch,
  Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch.    Swift.
To  Botch, botsh.  v. a.  [from the noun.]
I. To mend or patch clothes clumsily.
     Their coats, from botching newly brought,  are
        torn.                          Dryden.
2. To mend any thing awkwardly.
     To botch up what to' had  torn and rent,
  Religion and toe government.          Hudibras.

3. To put  together unsuitably, or unskil-
   fully; to make up of unsuitable pieces.
            Go with me to my house,
  And  hear thou there, how many fruitless pranks
  This ruffian hath botch'd up, that thou thereby
  May smile  at this.                   Shakspeare.
            Her speech is nothing,
  Yet the unshaped use of it doth move
  The hearers to collection; they aim at it,
  And  botch the words up fit to their own thoughts.
                                   Shakspeare
     For treason botch'd in rhime will be thy  bane;
  Rhime is the rock on which  thou art to wreck.
                                      Dryden.
I. To mark with botches.
    Young Hylas, botch'd with stains too foul to name,
  In cradle here renews his youthful frame.   Garth.
Bo'tcher, botsh'ur. to. s. [from  botch] A
  mender  of old  clothes;  the  same to a
  taylor as a cobler to a  shoemaker.
    He was a botcher's prentice in Paris, from whence
  he was whipt for getting the sheriff's fool with child.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Botchers left old clothes in the lurch,
  And fell to turn and patch the church.   Hudibras
Bo'tchy,   bot'tshe.  adj.   [from botch.]
  Marked with botches.
    And those biles  did run—say so—Did  not  the
  general run? Were not that a botchy sore?  Shaksp.
Bote, bote  to. s. [bote, Sax. a word now
  out of use.]
1. A compensation or amends for  a man
  sain, which is bound to another. Cowell.
2. It was used for  any payment.

Both, both.46'1 adj. [batu, bacpa,  Sax.]
  The two; as well the one as the  other
  Et  I'un & I'autre, Fr.  It is used only of
  two.                             Cowell.
    And the  next day, both morning and afternoon,
  he was kept by our party.               Sidney.
    Moses and the prophets, Christ and his apostles,
  were  in their times all  preachers of God's truth;
  some  by word, some by writing, some by both.
                                     Hooker.
            Which of them shall I take?
  Both? one? or neither? neither can be enjoy'd,
  If both remain alive.                 Shakspeare.
                     e e
     Two lovers cannot share a single bed;
   As therefore both pre equal in degree,
   The lot of both he left to destiny.         Dryden
     A Venus and a Helen have been seen
   Both perjur'd wives, the goddess and the queen.
                                     Granville.
 Both, both. conj. [from the adjectn v.] As
   well: it has the conjunction and to cor-
   respond  with it.
     A great  multitude both of toe Jews and also  of
   the Greeks  believed.                      Acts-
     Pow'r to judge both quick and dead.     MUton.
      Both the boy was worthy to be prais'd,
   And. Stimichon has often made me long
   To hear, like him, so sweet a song.       Dryden.
 Bo'tryoid,  bo'troid.  adj.  [polgvoetitiK.]
   Having the form of a bunch of grapes.
     The outside is thick set with botryoid efflorescen-
   cies, or small knobs, yellow, bluish, and purple; all
   of a shining metallick hue.            Woodward.
 Bots,  bols. n. s. [without a singular.]  A
   species of small  worms  in the entrails
   of hovses,  answering,  perhaps, to the
   ascarides in human bodies.
     Pease and beans are as dank here as a dog, and
   toat is the next way to give poor jades toe bots.
                                   Shakspeare.
 BO'TTLE, b6t'tl.406  to.  s.[bouteille, Fr.]
 I. A small Vessel of glass, or other matter,
   with a narrow mouth,  to put liquor in.
             The shepherd's homely curds,
   His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle,
   Is far beyond a prince's delicacies.    Shakspeare.
    Many have a manner, after other men's speech,
   to  shake their heads.  A great officer would say, it
   was as men shake a bottle, to see if there was any
   wit in their heads, or no.                Bacon.
    Then if toy ale in glass thou wouldst confine,
   Let thy clean bottle be entirely dry.         King.
    He threw into the  enemy's ships earthen bottles
   filled with serpents, %vhich put toe crew in disorder.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
 2. A quantity of wine usually  put  into a
   bottle; a quart.
    Sir, you shall stay, and take t'other bottle.  Sped.
 3. A quantity of hay or  grass bundled up.
    Methiriks  I have a great desire to a bottle of hay;
   good hay, sweet hay, hath no fellow.   Shakspeare.
    But I should wither in one day, and pass,
  To a lock of hay, that am a bottle of grass.  Donne.
 To Bo'ttle, bot'tl. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To inclose in bottles.
    You may have it a most excellent cyder royal, to
  drink or to bottle.         Mortimer's Husbandry.
    When wine is to be bottled off,  wash your bottles
  immediately before you  begin; but be" sure not to
  drain them.                            Swift.
 Bo'ttle, bot'tl. is often compounded with
   other words; as,  bottle-friend,  a drink-
   ing-friend; bottle-companion.
    Sam, who is a very good bottle-companion, has
  been the diversion of his friends.         Addison.
 Bo'ttle-flower,  bot'tl-flou-ilr. to. s.[cy-
   anus, Lat.]  A plant.

 Bo'ttlescrew, b&t'tl-skrdd.  to.  s. [from
   bottle and screw ] A screw to pull out
   the cork.
    A good butler always breaks off the point of his
  bottlescrew in two days, by trying which is the hard-
  est, the  point of the screw, or the neck of the bottle.
                                       Su-ift.
 BO'TTO VI, b&t'tum.186 to. *. [bocm, Sax-
   on; bodem. Germ.]
 I. The lowest part  of any thing.
2. The ground under  the water.
            Shallow brooks that flow'd so clear,
  The bottom did the top appear.           Dryden.
3. The  foundaiion;  the ground-work. 
BOT
BOU
BOU
    On this supposition  my reasonings proceed, and
  cannot be affected by objections which are far from
  being built on the same bottom.         Atterbury.
4. A dale; a valley;  a low ground.
             In the purlieus stands a sheep-cote,
  West of this place; down in the neighbour bottom.
                                   Shakspeare.
    On both the shores of that fruitful bottom, are still
  to be seen the marks of ancient edifices.   Addison.
    Equal convexity could never be seen: the inhabi-
  tants of such an earth could have only the prospect
  of a little  circular plain, which would appear to
  have an acclivity on  all sides; so that every man
  would fancy himself the lowest, and that he always
  dwelt and moved in the bottom.           Bently.
5. The  part most remote from the view;
   the deepest part.
     His proposals and arguments should with freedom
  be  examined to  the bottom, that, if there be any
  mistake in them,  no body may be misled by his re-
  putation.                              Locke.
6. Bound; limit.
             But there 'sno bottom, none,
  In my voluptuousness.                Shakspeare.

7.  The  utmost  extent or profundity of any
   man's capacity,  whether deep  or shal-
   low.
     I will fetch off  these justices: I do see the bottom
  of Justice Shallow, how subject we old men are to
  lying!                             Shakspeare.
8. The  last resort; the remotest cause; first
   motion.
     He wrote many things which are not published in
  his name;  and was at the bottom of many excellent
  counsels, in which he did not appear.     Addison.
9.  A ship;  a vessel for navigation.
     A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
  With which such  scathful grapple did he make
  With the most noble bottom of our fleet. Shakspeare.
     My ventures are not in one bottom trusted;
  Nor to one place.                   Shakspeare.
     We  have memory  not of one ship that ever re-
  turned, and but of thirteen persons only, at several
  times, that chose to return in our bottoms.  Bacon.
             He 's a foolish seaman,
  That, when his ship is sinking, will not
  Unlade his hopes into another bottom.     Denham.
     He puts to sea upon his own bottom; holds the
  stern himself; and now, if ever, we may expect new
  discoveries.                           Norris.
     He spreads his canvas, with his pole he steers,
  The freights of flitting ghosts in his thin bottom bears.
                                       Dryden,
 10. A chance;  an  adventure; state of ha-
   zard.
     He began to say, that himself and the prince were
  too much to venture in one bottom.     Clarendon.
     We are embarked with them on the same bottom,
  and must be partakers of their happiness or misery.
                                     Spectator.
 11. A ball  of thread wound  up together.
     This whole argument will be  like bottoms  of
  thread, close wound up.                 Bacon.
     Silkworms finish their bottoms in about fifteen days.
                                     Mortimer.
     Each Christmas they accounts did clear,
  And wound toeir bottom round the year.     Prior.
12. Bottom of a lane. The  lowest end.
13. Bottom of beer.  The grounds or dregs.
To Bo'ttom, bot'tdm.168  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]
1. To build  upon; to fix upon as a support:
  with  on.
    They may have something of obscurity, as being
  bottomed upon, and fetched from, the true nature of
  the things.                               Hale.
    Pride has a very strong foundation in the mind; it
  is bottomed upon self-love.               Collier.
    The grounds upon which vrebottom our reasoning,
  are but a part; something is left out, which should
  go into  the reckoning.                   Locke.
    Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle.
                                    Atterbury.
2. To  wind  upon  something;  to twist
   thread round something.
    Therefore as you unwind your love for him,
  Lest it should ravel, and be good to none,
  You must provide to bottom it on me.   Shakspeare.
To Bo'ttom, bot't&m. v.n. To rest upon,
   as its ultimate support
    Find out upon what foundation  any  proposition
  advanced, bottoms; and observe the intermediate
  ideas, by which it is joined to that foundation upon
  which it is erected.                     Locke.
Bo'ttomed,  b6t'tilmd.369  adj. [from  bot-
   tom.] Having  a  bottom: it is usually
   compounded.
    There being prepared a number of flat-bottomed
  boats, to transport the land-forces,  under  the wing
  and protection of the great navy.          Bacon.
Bo'ttomless, bot'tum-les. adj. [from bot-
   tom.] Without a bottom; fathomless.
    Wickedness may well be compared to a bottomless
  pit, into which it is easier to keep  one's self from
  falling, than, being fallen, to give one's self any stay
  from falling infinitely.                   Sidney.
    Is not my sorrow deep, having no bottom?
  Then be my passions bottomless with them. Shaksp.
             Him the Almighty Pow'r
  Hurl'd headlong flaming from to' etherial sky
  To bottomless perdition.                  Milton.
Bo'ttomry, bot'tiim-re. to. s. [in naviga-
   tion and commerce.] The act of borrow-
   ing  money on a  ship's bottom;  that is,
   by engaging the  vessel for the  repay-
   ment of it, so as that, if the ship miscar-
   ry, the lender loses the money advanced;
   but, if it  arrives  safe  at the  end of the
   voyage, he  is to repay the money lent,
   with  a  certain  premium   or  interest
   agreed on; and this on pain of forfeiting
   the ship.                         Harris.

BO'UCHET, b66'shet.  to. a.  [French.]  A
   sort of pear.
Boud, bbhd. to. a. An insect which breeds
   in malt; called also a weevil.      Diet.
To Bouge, b66dje.8ie v. to.  [bouge,  Fr.]
   To swell out.
Bough, bou.313 to. s. [bog, Sax.  the gh is
   mute.] An arm or large shoot  of a tree,
   bigger than a  branch,  yet  not  always
   distinguished from it.
    A vine-labourer, finding a bough broken, took a
  branch from the same bough, and tied it about the
  place broken.                          Sidney.
    Their lord and patron loud did him proclaim,
   And at his feet their laurel boughs did throw.
                                  Fairy Queen.
             From the bough
   She gave him of that fair enticing fruit.     Milton.
     As the dove's flight did guide iEneas, now
   May thine conduct me to the golden bough.  Denh.
     Under some fav'rite myrtle's shady boughs,
   They speak their passions in repeated vows.
                                   Roscommon.
     See how on every bough, the birds express,
  In their sweet notes, their happiness.      Dryden.
     'Twas all her joy the ripening fruits to tend,
  And see the boughs with happy burdens bend.  Pope.
Bought, baiit.319 preter. and participle of
   To buy;  which see.
    The chief were these who not for empire fought,
   But with their blood their country's safety bought.
                                         Pope.
Bought, baut. to. s. [from To bow.]
1. A twist;  a link; a knot.
    His huge long tail wound  up in hundred folds,
  Whose wreathed boughts whenever he unfolds,
  And thick entangled knots adown does slack.
                                  Fairy Queen.
            Immortal verse,
  Such as the melting soul may pierce,
  In notes, with many a winding bought
  Of linked sweetness, long drawn out.      Milton.
2. A flexure.
    The flexure of the joints is not toe same in ele-
  phants as in other quadrupeds, but nearer unto those
  of a man; the bought of toe fore-legs not directly
  backward, but laterally, and somewhat inward.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
BOU' ILLON,b6oe\-ybne.n.a. [French.]
   Broth; soup;  any thing  made to be sup.
   ped: a term used  in cookery.
Bo'ulder  Walla, bddl'dur.98 [In architec-
   ture.]  Walls  built of  round  flints  or
   pebbles, laid in a  strong mortar; used
   where the sea has  a  beach cast up, or
   where there are plenty of flints.
                      Builder'a Dictionary.
To Boult, v. a. See  To Bolt.

To BOUNCE,  bounse.  v. n. [a word
   formed, says Skinner, from the sound.]
1. To  fall or  fly against any  thing with
   great force, so as  to rebound.
    The fright awaken'd  Arcite with a start,
  Against his bosom bowne'd his heaving heart. Dryd.
2. To spring; to make a sudden leap.
    High nonsense is like beer in a bottle, which has,
  in reality, no strength and spirit, but frets, and flies,
  and bounces, and imitates  toe passions of a much
  nobler liquor.                        Addison.
    They bounce from toeir nest,
  No longer will tarry.                    Swift.
    Out boune'd the mastiff of the triple head;
  Away the hare with double swiftness fled.   Swift.
3. To make a sudden  noise.
    Just as I was putting out my light, another bounces
  as hard as he can knock.                 Swift,
4. To boast; to bully:  a sense only used in
   familiar  speech.
5. To be bold, or strong.
            Forsooth the bouncing Amazon,
  Your buskin'd mistress, and your warriourleve,
  To Theseus must be wedded.         Shakspeare.
Bounce, bounse. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A strong  sudden blow.
    The bounce burst ope the door; the scornful fair
  Relentless look'd.                     Dryden.
2. A sudden crack or noise.
    What cannoneer begot this lusty blood?
  He speaks plain cannon fire, and smoke, and bounce;
  He gives the bastinado with his tongue.  Shakspeare.
    Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame;
  And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name;
  This with the loudest bounce me sore  amaz'd,
  That in a flame of brightest colour blaz'd.     Gay.
3. A boast; a threat: in low language.
Bo'uncer, boun'sur.  to. *. [from bounce.]
   A boaster; a bully;  an empty  threatener:
   in colloquial speech.

BOUND, bound.313 to. *. [from bind]
 I. A limit;  a boundary; that by which any
   thing is terminated.
    Illimitable ocean! without bound,
  Without dimension; where length,  breadth,  and
      height,
   And time, and place, are lost.             Milton.
    Those vast Scythian regions were separated by
   the natural  bounds of  rivers,  lakes,  mountains,
  woods, or marshes.                     Temple.
    Indus and Ganges, our wide empire's bounds,
   Swell their dy'd currents  with their natives wounds.
                                      Dryden.
    Through all to' infernal bounds,
   Which flaming Phlegethon surrounds,
   Sad Orpheus sought his consort lost.        Pope. 
BOU
BOU
BOU
2. A limit by which any excursion is re-
   strained.
    Hath he set bounds between their love and me?
  I am their mother who shall bar me from them?
                                   Sftafcspeare.
    Stronger and fiercer by restraint he roars,
  And knows no bound, but makes his pow'r his shores.
                                      Denham.
    Any  bounds made with body, even adamantine
  walls, are far from putting a stop to toe mind, in its
  progress in space.                      Locke.
3. [from  To bound, v. to.] A leap; a jump;
   a spring.
    Do but note a wild and wanton herd,
  Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
  Fetching mad bounds, bellowing, and neighing loud.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The horses started with a sudden bound,
  And flung the reins and chariot to the ground.
                                      Addison.
    Dext'rous  he  'scapes the  coach with nimble
        bounds,
  Whilst every honest tongue Stop thief resounds.
                                         Gay.
4. A rebound; the leap of something flying
   back  by the force  of the blow.
    These inward  disgusts are but the first bound of
  this ball of contention.           Decay of  Piety.
 To Bouno,  bound, v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To limit;'to terminate.
    A lofty tow'r, and strong on every side
  With treble wails, which Phlegetoon surrounds,
  Whose fiery flood toe burning empire bounds.  Dryd.
2. To restrain; to  confine.
    Take but degree away,
  The bounded waters
  Would  lift toeir bosoms higher than toe shores,
  And make a sop of all this solid globe. Shakspeare.
3. Sometimes with in.
             My mother's blood
  Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
  Bounds in my sire's.                Shakspeare.
To BOUND, boind. v.  to. [bondir, Fr.]
1. To jump; to spring;  to move  forward
   by leaps.
            Torrismond appear'd,
  Gave me his  hand, and led me lightly o'er,
  Leaping and  bounding on the billows heads.  Dryd.
    Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds;
  Panting with hope, he tries toe furrow'd grounds.
                                         Pope.
    When sudden through toe  woods a bounding stag
  Rush'd headlong down, and plung'd amidst toe  river.
                                       Rowe.
    Warbling to the vary'd strain, advance
  Two sprightly youths, to form the bounding dance.
                                         Pope.
2. To rebound; to fly back by repercussion.
    Mark then a bounding valour in our English,
  That being dead, like to toe  bullets grazing,
  Breaks  out into a second course of mischief. Shaks.
To Bound, bound, v. a. To make to bounH.
    If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse
  for her favours, I would lay on like a butcher, and
  sit like  a jackanapes, never off.      Shakspeare.
    If love, ambitious, sought a match of birth,
  Whose veins  bound richer blood than lady Blanch?
                                   Shakspeare.
Bound, bb\ind. preterit and participle  pas-
  sive of bind.
    Nay,  said Pamela, none shall take that office from
  myself, being so much bound as I  am for my educa-
  tion.                                 Sidney.
            This is Antonio,
  To whom I am so infinitely bound.—
  —You should in all sense be much bound to him;
  For, as I hear, he was much bound for you. Shaksp.
    The gentleman is learn'd,  a most rare speaker,
  To nature none more bound.          Shakspeare.
    The bishops of Hungary, being wonderfully rich,
  were bound to keep great numbers  of horsemen,
  which they used to bring into the field.    Knolles.
    They summoned the governor to deliver it to them,
  or else they would not leave one stone upon another.
  To which toe governor made no other reply, than
  toat he was not bound to repair it; but, however, he
  would, by God's help, keep the ground  afterwards.
                                    Clarendon.
Bound, bound, adj. [a word of doubtful
   etymology.]   Destined;   intending   to
   come to any place.
    His be that care, whom most it doth concern,
  Said he; but whither with such hasty  flight
  Art thou now bound? for well might I discern
  Great cause, that carries thee so swift and light.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    To be bound for a port one desires extremely, and
  sail to it with a fair gale, is very pleasant. Temple.
    Willing we sought your shores, and hither bound,
  The port so long desir'd at length we  found.  Dryd.
Bo'uNnARY,b6iin'da-re.TO.s.[fromdottnrf.]
   Limit; bound.
    He suffers the confluence and clamours of the
  people to pass all boundaries of laws, and reverence
  to his authority.                  King Charles.
    Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our
  thoughts; beyond which the mind, whatever efforts
  it would make, is not able to advance.     Locke.
    Great part of our sins consist in the irregularities
  attending the ordinary pursuits of life; so that  our
  reformation must appear, by pursuing them within
  the boundaries of duty.                 Rogers.
Bo'unden, bbixn'den. participle passive of
   bind.    Not now  much in use.
    Hereafter, in a better world than this,
  I shall desire more love and knowledge of you.—
  —I rest much bounden to you: fare you well. Shaksp.
    We also most humbly besought him to accept of
  us as his true servants, by as just a right as ever men
  on earth were bounden.                 Bacon.
    To be careful for a provision of all necessaries for
  ourselves, and those who depend on us, is a bounden
  duty.                                Rogers.
Bo'unding-stone, boun'ding-stone. }
Bound-stone, bound'stone.         £
   A stone to play with.
            I am past a boy;
  A sceptre's but a play-thing, and a globe
  A bigger bounding-stone.               Dryden.
Bo'uNDLESS,bound'les. adj. [from bound.]
   Unlimited;  unconfined; immeasurable;
   illimitable.
    Beyond the infinite and boundless reach
  Of mercy,  if thou didst this deed of death,
  Art thou damn'd, Hubert.            Shakspeare.
    Heav'n has of right all victory design'd;
  Whence boundless power dwells in a will confin'd.
                                      Dryden.
    Man seems as boundless in his desires, as God is
  in his being; and therefore nothing but God himself
  can satisfy him.                         South.
    Though  we make duration boundless as it is, we
  cannot extend it beyond all being.  God fills eternity,
  and it is hard to find  a reason why any one  should
  doubt that  he fills immensity.             Locke.
    Some guide the course of wand'ring orbs on high,
  Or roll the planets through the boundless sky. Pope.
Bo'undlessness, bound'les-n£s. n.s. [from
   boundless.]   Exemption from limits.
    God has corrected the boundlessness of his volup-
  tuous desires, by stinting his capacities.    South.
Bo'unteous, boun'tche-ds.263  adj. [from
   bounty] Liberal; kind; generous; mu-
   nificent; beneficent: a word used chiefly
   in poetry for bountiful.
                Every one,
  According to the gift which bounteous nature
  Hath in him  clos'd.                 Shakspeare.
            Her soul abhorring avarice,
  Bounteous; but almost bounteous to a vice. Dryden.
Bo'unteocsly,   boun'tche-us-le.   adv.

                   e e2
   [from bounteous.] Liberally;  generous-
   ly; largely.
    He bounteously bestow'd unenvy'd good
  On me.                              Dryden.
Bo'unteousness, boun'tche-us-ne's. to. s.
   [from bounteous]   Munificence; libe-
   rality; kindness.
    He filleth all things living with bounteousness.
                                       Ps<ilms
Bo'untiful, boun'te-ful. adj. [from boun-
   ty  and full.]
I. Liberal; generous; munificent.
    As bountiful as mines of India.     Shakspeare.
    If you will be rich, you must live frugal; if you
  will be popular, you must be bountiful.    Taylor.
    I am  obliged to return my thanks to many, who,
  without considering toe man, have been bountiful to
  the poet.                             Dryden.
    God,  the bountiful author of our being.   Locke.
2. It  has of before the thing given, and to
   before the person receiving.
    Our king spares nothing,  to give them the share
  of that felicity,  of which he is so bountiful to  his
  kingdom.                             Dryden.
Bo'untifully, boun'te-ful-le. adv.  [from
   bountiful] Liberally; in a bountiful man-
   ner; largely.
            And now thy alms is given,
  And thy poor starveling bountifully fed.    Donne.
    It is affirmed, that it never raineto in Egypt; the
  river bountifully requiting it in its inundation.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours
Bo'untifulness,  boun'te-ffil-nls.  to.  s.
   [from bountiful.]   The quality of being
   bountiful; generosity.
    Enriched to all bountifulness.     2  Corinthians.
Bo'uNTiHEAD,b6in'te-hed.  ") to. *.  [from
Bo'untihede, bovin'te-hede. I bounty and
Bo'uNTiHOOD,b6un'te-hu.d. J   head,  or
   hood. See Hood.] Goodness;  virtue.  It
   is now wholly out of  use.
        This goodly frame of temperance,
  Formerly grounded, and fast settled
  On firm foundation of true bountihead. Fairy Queen.
    How shall frail pen, with fear disparaged,
  Conceive such sovereign glory, and great bountihood?
                                 Fairy Queen.
BO'UNTY, boiin'te. to.  s. [bonte, Fr.]
I. Generosity; liberality; munificence.
    We do not so far magnify her exceeding bounty,
  as to affirm, that she bringeth into the world the sons
  of men, adorned with gorgeous attire.      Hooker.
    If you knew to whom you shew this honour,
  I know  you would be prouder of the work,
  Than customary bounty can enforce you.   Shaksp.
    Such moderation with thy bounty join,
  That thou may'st nothing give that is not thine.
                                     Denham.
    Those godlike men,  to wanting virtue kind,
  Bounty well plac'd, preferr'd, and well design'd,
  To all toeir titles.                      Dryden.
2. It seems distinguished from  charity, as
   a present from an alms; being  used when
   persons, not absolutely necessitous, re-
   ceive gifts;  or when gifts are given  by
   great persons.
    Tell  a miser of bounty to a friend, or mercy to
   the poor, and he will not understand it.     South.
    Her  majesty did not see this assembly so proper
   to excite charity and compassion; though I question
   not but her royal bounty will extend itself to them.
                                      Addison.
 To Bo'urgeon,  bur'jun.313 2*9 v. n.  [bour-
   geonner, Fr]  To sprout;  to shoot into
   branches; to put forth buds.
     Long may toe dew of heaven distil  upon them, to
   make them bourgeon and propagate  among them-
   selves.                                 Hmd 
BOW
BOW
BOW
    O that I had the fruitful heads of Hydra,
  That one might bou'rgeon where another fell!
  Still would I give thee work.           Dryden.
■Bourn, borne, to. s. [borne, Fr.1
 1. A bound; a limit.
    Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none.
                                   Shakspeare.
    That undiscover'd country, from whose bourn
  No traveller returns.                Shakspeare.
                   False,
  As dice are to be wish'd by one toat fixes
  No bourn 'twixt his and mine.        Shakspeare.
     I know each lane, and every alley green,
   And every bosky bourn from side to side.  Milton.
 2.  [From bunn, Saxon.]   A  brook; a tor-
    rent: whence many towns, seated near
    brooks, have names ending in bourn.  It
    is not now  used in either sense; though
    the second  continues in the Scottish dia-
    lect
     Ne swelling Neptune, ne loud thund'ring Jove,
   Can  change my cheer, or make me ever mourn:
   My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn.
                                      Spenser.
  To BOUSE,  b66ze. v.n. [buysen, Dutch.]
    To drink lavishly; to tope.
      As he rode, he somewhat still did eat,
    And in hand did bear a bousing can,
    Of which he sipt.                 Fairy Q,ueen.
  Bol'sy, b66'ze. adj. [from bouse.] Drunk-
    en.
      With  a long legend of romantick things,
    Which in his cups toe bousy poet sings.    Dryden.
      The guests upon the day appointed came,
    Each bousy farmer with his simp'ring dame. King.
  Bout, bout  to. s. [botta, Ital.]  A turn; as
    much of an action as  is  performed  at
    one time, without interruption; a single
    part of any action  carried on by succes-
    sive intervals.
      The play began: Pas durst not Cosma chace;
    But did intend next bout with her to meet. Sidney.
            Ladies, that have your feet
    Unplagued with corns, we'll have a bout.  Shaksp.
      When in your motion you are hot,
    As make your bouts more violent to that end,
    He  calls for drink.                 Shakspeare.
      If he  chance to 'scape this dismal bont,  '
    The former legatees are blotted out.      Dryden.
      A weasel seized a bat; the bat begged for life:
    says the weasel, I give no quarter to birds: says toe
    bat, I am  a mouse; look on my body: so she got off
    for that bout.                     L'Estrange.
      We'll see when 'tis enough,
    Or if it want the nice concluding bout.      King.
  BOITTEFEU,  boat'fM. to.*.  [French.]
     An incendiary; one who kindles feuds
     and discontents.  Now  disused.
      Animated by a base fellow, called John a Cham-
    ber, a very boutefeu, who bore much sway among the
    vulgar,  they entered into open rebellion.   Bacon.
      Nor could ever any order be obtained impartially
    to punish  toe  known boutefeus, and open incendia-
    ries.                           King Charles.
      Besides the herd of boutefeus,
    We set on work within the house.      Hudibras.
  Bo'utisale, b66'te-sale. to. s.  [I suppose
     from  bouty or booty, and aale.]  A sale
     at  a cheap rate,  as  booty or plunder is
     commonly sold.
      To speak nothing of the great boutisale of colleges
    and chantries.                 Sir J. Hayward.
  BOUTS RIMEZ,  bdd-re'ma.  [French.]
     The last words or rhimes of a number
     of verses  given to be filled up.
  To BOW, bou. v. a. [bujen,  Saxon.]
  1. To bend, or inflect.   It  sounds as now,
    or  how.
   A threepence bote'd would hire me
 Old as I am, to queen it.            Shakspeare.
   Orpheus, with his lute, made trees,
 And the mountain tops that freeze,
 Bow themselves when he did sing.    Shakspeare.
   Some bow the vines, which bury'd in the plain,
 Their tops in distant  arches rise again.    Dryden.
   The mind has not  been made obedient to discip-
 line, when at first it was most tender and most easy
 to be bowed.                         Locke.

2.  To bend the body  in  token of respect
  or submission.
   They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to
 the ground before him.                2 Kings.
   Is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to
 spread sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call
 this a fast, and an acceptable day to the Lord? Isaiah.
}.  To bend, or incline, in condescension.
    Let it not grieve  thee  to boui down thine ear to
  the poor, and give him a friendly answer.  Ecclus.
i.  To depress; to crush.
                Are you so gospell'd,
  To*pray for this good man, and tor his issue,
  Whose  heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
  And beggar'd yours  for ever?        Shakspeare.
    Now wasting years my former strength confound,
  And added woes may bow me to toe ground.  Pope.
To Bow, bou. v.  to.
1. To bend; to suffer flexure.
2. To make  a reverence.
                   Rather let my head
  Stoop to the block,  than these knees bow to any,
  Save to the God of heav'n, and to my king. Shaksp.
    This is toe great  idol to which the world bows; to
  this we pay our devoutest homage. Decay of Piety.
    Admir'd, ador'd,  by all the circling crowd,
   For wheresoe'er she turn'd her face, they bow'd.
                                     Dryden.
3. To stoop.
     The people bowed down upon their knees to drink.
                                     Judges.
4. To sink under pressure.
     They stoop, they bow  down  together; they could
   not deliver the burden.           Isaiah, xlvi. 2.
 Bow, bou. to. s. [from the verb. It is pro-
   nounced, like  the  verb, as now, how.]
   An act of reverence  or submission, by
   bending the body.
     Some clergy too  she would allow,
   Nor quarrell'd at their awkward bow.      Swift.
 Bow, bo. to. s. [pronounced as grow, no, lo,
   without any regard to the w.]
 I. An instrument of war, made by  holding
   wood or metal  bent with a string, which,
   by its spring,  shoots  arrows with  great
   force.
     Take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver, and
   thy boio, and go out to the field, and take me some
   venison.                            Genesis.
     The white faith  of hist'ry cannot show,
   That e'er the musket yet could beat the boio.
                           Alleyne's Henry VII.
 2. A rainbow.
     I do set my bow  in the cloud, and it shall be for a
   token of a covenant between me and the  earth.
                                Genesis, ix. 13.
    The instrument  with which  string-in-
    struments are struck.
     Their instruments were various in their kind;
   Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind:
   The sawtry, pipe,  and hautboy's noisy band,
   And  the soft lute  trembling beneath the touching
       hand.                    Dryden's Fables.
    The doubling of a string in a slip-knot.
    This is  perhaps corruptly  used  for
    bought.
     Make a knot, and let the second knot be with a
   bow.                               Wiseman.
    A yoke.
   As toe ox hath his bow>, Sir, the horse his curb,
 and the faulcon his bells, so man hath his desire.
                                 Shakspeare.
!. Bow of a saddle. The bows of a saddle
  are two pieces of wood laid  archwise,
  to receive  the upper part of a horse's
  back,  to  give the  saddle its due form,
  and to keep it tight.     Farrier's Diet.
'. Bow of a ship.  That  part of her which
  begins at the loof, and  compassing ends
  of the stern, and ends at  the  sternmost
  parts of the forecastle.  If a ship hath
  a broad bow, they call it a bold bew; if
  a narrow thin bow, they say she hath a
  lean bow.   The piece of ordnance that
  lies in this place, is called the bow-piece;
  and the anchors that hang here, are call-
  ed her great and little bowers.
3. Bow is also a mathematical instrument,
  made of wood, formerly used by seamen
  in taking the sun's altitude.
J.  Bow is likewise  a  beam of wood or
  brass, with  three  long screws, that di-
  rect a lath of wood or steel to any arch;
  used  commonly to  draw  draughts  of
  ships, projections  of  the  sphere,  or
  wherever it is requisite to draw  long
  arches.                         Harris,
Bow-bearer, bo'bare-ur. to. *. [from bow
  and bear.] An under-officer ofthe forest.
                                    Cowell.
Bow-bent, bo'bent. adj.  [from bow and
  bent.] Crooked.
    A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age,
  That far events full wisely could presage.  Milton.
Bow-hand, bo'hand. to.  s. [from bow and
  hand] The hand that draws the bow.
    Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand, and very
  far from toe mark.            Spenser's Ireland.
Bow-legged, bo'l£gd.3Sfl  adj.  [from bow
   and leg.] Having crooked legs.
Bow-shot, bo'shot. to. s.  [from bow and
   shot.]  The space which an arrow may
   pass in its flight from the bow.
     Though he were not then a bow-shot off, and made
  haste; yet, by that time he was come, the thing was
  no longer to he seen.                   Boyle.
 BO'WELS, bdu'els. n.s. [boyaux, Fr.]
 1. Intestines; the vessels and organs with-
   in the body.
     He smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed
  out his bowels.                2 Samuel xx. 10.
 2.  The inner parts of  any thing.
     Had we no quarrel else to Rome, hut that
  Thou art thence banish'd, we would muster all
  From twelve to seventy; and pouring war
  Into the bowels of ungrateful Rome,
   Like a bold flood appear.           Shakspeare.
     His soldiers spying his undaunted spirit,
   A Talbot! Talbot! cried out amain,
   And rush'd into the bowels of the battle.    Shaksp.
     As he saw drops of water distilling from the rock,
   by following the veins, he has made himself two or
   three fountains in the bowels of the mountain.
                                     Addison.
 3.  The seat of pity, or  kindness.
     His bowels did yern upon him.         Genesis.
 4.  Tenderness; compassion.
     He had no other consideration of money, than for
   the support of his lustre; and whilst he could do toat,
   he cared not for money; having  no bowels in the
   point of running in debt, or borrowing all he could.
                                   Ctorendon.
 5.  This word  seldom has a singular, ex-
    cept in writers of anatomy. 
BOW
BOX
BOY
 Bo'wer, bou'fir.98  n.s. [from  bough or
   branch,  or from  the  verb  To  bow or
   bend.]
 1. An arbour; a sheltered place covered
   with green trees, twined and  bent.
    But, 0 sad virgin, that thy power
  Might raise Musaeus from his bower.      Milton.
    To gods  appealing, when I reach their bow'rs
  With loud  complaints, they answer me in show'rs.
                                      Waller.
    Refresh'd, they wait them to the bow'r of state,
  Where,  circled with his peers, Atrides sat.  Pope.
 2. It seems to signify, in Spenser, a blow;
   a stroke; bourrer, Fr. to fall upon.
    His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers
  Were wont to rive steel plates, and helmets hew,
  Were clean consum'd, and all his vital powers
  Decay'd.                       Fairy Queen.
 Bo'wer, boi'ur. to.  *. [from the bow of a
   ship.] Anchors so called. See Bow.
 To Bo'wer, boii'ur. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To embower; to inclose.
        Thou didst bower the spirit
  In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh.  Shakspeare.

 Bo'wery,  bo\!i'iir-re. adj.  [from bower]
   Full of  bowers.
    Landskips how gay toe bow'ry grotto yields,
  Which thought creates, and lavish fancy builds!
                                      Tickell.
    Snatch'd through the verdant maze, the hurried
        eye
  Distracted  wanders: now the bow'ry walk
  Of covert close, where scarce a speck of day
  Falls on the lengthen'd gloom, protracted sweeps.
                                     Thomson.
 To Bowge.  See To Bouge.
 BOWL, bole. to. s. [buelin, Welsh; which
   signifies, according to Junius, any thing
   made of horn, as drinking cups •ancient-
   ly  were. It is  pronounced bole/]
 1. A vessel to hold liquids, rathf-r wide
  than deep;  distinguished from  a cup,
   which is rather  deep  than wide.
            Give me a bowl of wine;
  I have not that alacrity of spirit,
  Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have.  Shak.
    If a piece of iron be fastened on the  side of a
  bowl of water, a loadstone, in a boat of cork,  will
  make unto  it.                         Brown.
    The sacred priests, with ready knives, bereave
  The beasts  of life, and in full bowls receive
  The streaming blood.                  Dryden.
    While the bright Sein, t' exalt the soul,
  With sparkling plenty crowns the bowl,
  And wit and social mirth inspires.
                          Fenton to  Lord Gower.
 2. The hollow part  of any thing.
    If you are allowed a large silver spoon for the
  kitchen, let half the bowl of it be worn out with con-
  tinual scraping.                        Swift.
 3. A  basin, or fountain.
    But the main matter is so to convey toe water, as
  it never stay either in the botot or in the cistern.
                                       Bacon.
BOWL, bole. to. s.  [boule, Fr.  It is pro-
  nounced as cow, howl]  A round mass,
  which  may be rolled  along the ground.
    Like to a bowl upon a subtile ground,
  I've  tumbled past the throw.          Shakspeare.
    How finely dost thou  times and seasons spin!
  And make, a twist checker'd with night  and day!
  Which, as it lengthens, winds, and winds us in,
  As bowls go on, but turning all the way.   Herbert.
    Like hi:u, who would lodge abotut upon-a preci-
  pice, either my praise falls back, or stays not on the
  foj   but rowls over.                    Dryden.
    M;-n may make a game at bowk in the summer,"
  an£n. game at whisk in toe winter.   Dennis's Let.
    Though that piece of wood, which is  now a bowl,
  may be made square, yet, if the roundness be taken
  away, it is no longer a bowl.       Watts's Logick.
To Bowl, bole. v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To roll as a bowl.
2. To pelt with any thing rolled.
    Alas! I had rather be set quick i' to' earth,
  And bowl'd to death with turnips.      Shakspeare.

Bo'wlder-stones,  bole'dur-stones.  to.  s.
   Lumps or fragments of stones or mar-
   ble,  broke  from   the  adjacent  cliffs,
   rounded by being tumbled to and again
   by the water;  whence their name.
                                Woodward.
Bo'wler, bo'lur. to. s.  [from boivl.]  He
   that plays at bowls.
Bo'wline, bouTin.  } to.  s. [sea term.] A
Bo'wling, bou'ling. $  rope  fastened  to
   the middle part of the outside of a sail;
   it is fastened in three  or  four parts of
   the sail, called the bowling bridle.  The
   use of the bowling is to make the  sails
   stand sharp or close to  a wind. Harris.

Bo'wling-green,   bo'ling-green.  to.   *.
   [from bowl and green.] A level  piece
   of ground, kept smooth for bowlers.
    A bowl equally poised,  and thrown  upon a plain
  boicling-green, will run necessarily in a direct line.
                                     Bentley.
Bo'wman, bo'man.88 to. s.  [from bow and
   man.] An archer; he that shoots  with a
   bow.
    The whole city shall flee, for the noise of the
  horsemen and bowmen.          Jeremiah, iv. 92.
Bo'wsprit, bo'sprit. to. s. [from  the bow of
   a ship.]  This word is  generally  spelt
   boltsprit; which see.
To Bo'wssen, boiis'sen. v. a. [probably of
   the same original with bouse, but found
   in  no other  passage,]   To drench;  to
   soak.
    The water fell into a close wailed plot; upon this
  wall was the frantick person se*:, and from  thence
  tumbled headlong into the pond; where a strong fel-
  low tossed him up and down, until the patient, by
  foregoing his strength, had somewiiat  forgot his fu-
  ry: but if there appeared small amendment, he was
  bowssened again and again, while there remained in
  him any hope of life, for recoveiy.        Carew.
Bo'wstring, bo'string.  to. s. [from  bow
   and  string]   The string by  which the
   bow is kept bent.
    He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's bowstring,
  and the little hangman dare not shoot at him. Shaks.
    Sound will be conveyed to the  ear, by  striking
  upon a bowstring, if the horn of the bow be held  to
  the ear.                              Bacon.
Bo'wyer, bo'yiir.98 n.s. [from  bow]
1. An archer; one that uses the bow.
    Call for vengeance from the bowyer king. Dryden.
2. One whose trade is to make bows.
BOX,  boks.  «.  s.  [box,  Saxon;  buxus,
   Lat.] A tree.
    The leaves are pennated, and evergreen; it hath
  male flowers, that are produced at remote distances
  from the fruit,  on the same tree; toe fruit is shaped
  like a porridge-pot inverted, and is divided into three
  cells, containing two seeds in each,  which, wheu
  ripe,  are cast forth by the elasticity of the vessels.
  The wood is very useful for engravers, and mathe-
  matical instrument makers;  being so hard, close,
  and ponderous, at to sink in water.        Miller.
    There are two sorts;  the dwarf boa,-, and a taller
 -*ort.  The dwarf box is good  for borders,  and  is
  easily kept in order, with  one clipping in the year.
  It will increase of slips set in March, or about Bar-
  tholomew tide; and will prosper on cold barren hills,
  where nothing else will grow.          Mortimer.
Box, boks. to. s. [box, Sax. buste, Germ.]
I. A case made of wood, or other matter,
   to hold any thing.   It  is distinguished
   from  chest, as the less from the greater.
   It is supposed to have its name from the
   box wood.
    A magnet, though put in  an ivory box,  will,
  through the box, send forth his embracing virtue to
  a beloved needle.                      Sidney.
                  About his shelves
  A beggarly account of empty boxes.    Shakspeare.
    The lion's head is to open a most wide voracious
  mouth, which shall take in letters and papers. There
  will be under it a box, of which the key will be kept
  in my custody, to receive  such papers  as are drop-
  ped into it.                             Steele.
    This casket India's glowing gems unlocks,
  And all Arabia breathes from yonder box.    Pope.
2.  The case  of the mariners compass.
3.  The chest into  which  money given  is
   put.
    So many more, so every one was us'd,
  That to give largely to the box refus'd.    Spenser.
4.  The seats in the playhouse, where the
   ladies are  placed.
    'Tis left to you; the boxes and the pit
  Are sovereign judges of this sort of wit.   Dryden.
    She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring;
  A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing.   Pope.

To Box, boks.  v. a.  [from the  noun]  to
   inclose in  a box.
    Box'd in a chair, the beau impatient sits,
  While spouts  run clatt'ring o'er the roof by fits.
                                       Swift.
BOX, boks.  to. *. [bock, a cheek, Welsh.]
   A blow on the head given with the hand.
    For the boa: o' to' ear that the prince gave you, he
  gave it like a rude prince.            Shakspeare.
    If one should take my hand perforce, and give
  another a boa: on the ear with it, toe law punisheth
  toe other.                           Bramhall.
    There may happen concussions of the brain  from
  a box on the ear.             Wiseman's Surgery.
    Olphis, the  fisherman,  received a box on the ear
  from Thesrylis.              Addison's Spectator.
To Box, boks. v.  to. [from the noun.] To
   fight with the fist.
    The ass very fairly looked on, till they had boxed
  themselves a-weary, and then left them fairly in the
  lurch.                             L'Estrange.
    A leopard is like a cat; he boxes with his fore-feet,
  as a cat doth her kitlins.                  Grew.
    The fighting  with a man's shadow consists  in
  brandishing  two  sticks,  loaden with plugs of lead;
  this gives a man all the pleasure of boxing, without
  the blows.                          Spectator.
    He hath had six duels, and  four-and-twenty box-
  ing matches, in defence of his majesty's title.  Sped.
To Box, boks. v. a. To strike with the fist.
Bo'xen, bok'sn.103 to. s.  [from box.]
1. Made of box.
    The young gentleman learned,  before all other
  things, to design upon tablets of boxen wood.  Dryd.
    As iads and lasses stood around,
  To hear my boxen hautboy sound.            Gay.
2. Resembling box.
    Her faded cheeks are chang'd to boxen hue,
  And in her eyes the tears are ever new.  Dryden.

Bo'xer, boks'rir.  to. s. [from box] A  man
   who fights with his fist.
BOY, boe.482 to. s. [bub,Germ.   The  ety-
   mology is not agreed on.]
i. A male child;  not  a girl.
    The streets of the city shall be full of boys and
  girls playing.                        Zechariah.
2. One in the state of adolescence;  older 
BRA
BRA
BRA
  than an infant, yet not arrived at puber-
  ty or manhood.
            Speak thou, boy;
  Perhaps thy childishness will move him more
  Than can our reasons.    Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    Sometimes forgotten things, long cast behind,
  Rush forward in the brain, and come to mind:
  The nurse's legends are for truths receiv'd,
  And the man dreams but what the boy belieV'd. Dry.
3. A  word of contempt for young men, as
   noting their immaturity.
    Men of worth and parts will not easily admit  the
  familiarity of boys, who yet need toe care of a tutor.
                                       Locke.
    The pale boy senator yet tingling stands,
  And holds his breeches close with both his hands.
                                        Pope.
To Bov, boe.482 v. to. [from the noun.] To
   treat as a boy.
                  Antony
  Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see
  Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness,
  I' to' posture of a whore.             Shakspeare.
Bo'yhood, boe'hud. to. a. [from boy] The
   state of a boy; the part of life in which
   we are boys.   This is perhaps an arbi-
   trary word.
    If you should look at him, in his boyhood, through
  the  magnifying end  of a perspective, and,  in his
  manhood, through the other, it would be impossible
  to spy any difference: the same air, the same shut.
                                       Swift.
Bo'vish, boe'ish. adj. [from  boy.]
1. Belonging to a boy.
    I ran it through, e'en from my boyish days,
  To th' very moment that he bade me tell it. Shaksp.
2. Childish; trifling.
    This unhair'd sauciness, and boyish troops,
  The king doth smile  at, and is well prepar'd
  To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms. Shah.
    Young men take  up some English poet for their
  model, and imitate  him, without  knowing wherein
  he is defective, where he is boyish and trifling. Dryd.
Bo'tishly, boe'lsh-le. adv. [from boyish.]
   Childishly; triflingly.
Bo'yishness, boe'ish-n£s. to. s. [from boy-
   ish]  Childishness; trifling manner.
Bo'yism, boe'izm. to.  s. [from boy.]  Pu-
   erility; childishness.
    He had complained he was farther off, by being
  so near, and a thousand such boyisms, which Chaucer
  rejected as below toe subject.            Dryden.
Bp. An abbreviation of bishop.
BRA'BBLE, brab'bl.40*  to.  s. [brabbelen,
   Dutch.] A clamorous contest; a squab-
   ble; a broil.
    Here in the streets, desperate in shame and state,
   In private brabble did we apprehend him.   Shaksp.
 To Bra'bble, brab'bl. v.  a. [from  the
   noun] To clamour; to contest noisily.
 Bra'bbler, brab'lur. to. s. [from brabble.]
    A clamorous, quarrelsome,noisy fellow.
 To BRACE, brase. v.  a. [embrasser, Fr.]
 1. To bind; to tie close with bandages.
    The women of China,  by bracing and binding
   them from their infancy, have very little feet. Locke.
2. To intend; to make tense;  to strain up.
    The tympanum is not capable of tension that way,
  in such a manner as a drum is braced.     Holder.
    The diminution ofthe force of  the pressure of the
  external air, in bracing the fibres, must create a de-
  bility in muscular motion.      Arbuthnot on Air.
Brace,  brase. to.  s. [from the verb.]
1. Cincture; bandage.
2. That which holds any  thing tight.
    The  little bones of the ear-drum do in straining
  and relaxing it, as the braces of the war-drum do in
  that.                                Derham.
3.  Brace, fjin  architecture] is a piece  of
  timber framed in with bevil joints, used
  to keep the building from swerving ei-
  ther way.                Builder's  Diet.
i.  Braces, [a sea term.] Ropes belonging
  to all the yards, except the mizen. They
  have a pendant to  the  yard-arm, two
  braces to each yard; and, at the end of
  the pendant, a block is seized, through
  which the rope called the brace is  reev-
  ed. The  braces serve to square and tra-
  verse the yards.               Sea  Diet.
5.  Braces of a Coach.   Thick  straps  of
  leather on which it hangs.
6.  Harness.
7.  Brace.  [In printing.]   A crooked line
  inclosing a  passage,  which  ought to be
  taken together, and  not separately; as in
  a triplet.
    Charge Venus to command her son,
  Wherever else  she  lets him rove,      }
  To shun my house, and field, and grove; >
  Peace cannot dwell with hate or love.   )   Prior.
8.  Warlike preparation; from  bracing the
   armour; as  we say, girded for the battle.
    As it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
  So may he  with more facile question bear it;
  For that it stands not in such warlike brace,
  But altogether lacks to' abilities
  That Rhodes is dress'd in.             Shakspeare.
9. Tension; tightness.
    The most frequent cause of deafness is the laxness
  of the  tympanum,  when it has lost its brace or ten-
  sion.                                 Holder.
Brace, brase. to. s. [of uncertain etymolo-
   gy, probably derived from  two braced
   together]
 I. A pair;  a couple.   It is not braces, but
   brace, in the plural.
    Down from a hill the beasts that reign in woods,
  First hunter then, pursued a gentle brace,
  Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind. Par. Lost.
    Ten brace and more of greyhounds, snowy fair,
  And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around his
      chair.                   Dryden's Fables.
2. It is used generally in conversation as a
   sportsman's word.
    He  is said, this summer, to  have shot  with his
  own hands  fifty brace of pheasants.       Addison.
3. It is  applied to men in contempt.
    But you, my brace of lords, were I so minded,
  I here could pluck  his highness' frown upon you.
                                   Shakspeare.
Bra'celet, brase'let.  to. *. [bracelet, Fr.]
 1. An ornament for the arms.
    Both his hands were cut off, being known to have
  worn bracelets of gold about his wrists.   Hayward.
    Tie about our tawny wrists
  Bracelets of toe fairy twists.          Ben Jonson.
    A very ingenious lady used to wear, in rings and
  bracelets, store of those gems.             Boyle.
2. A piece of defensive armour forthe arm.
Bra'cer,  bra'sur.98 to. s. [from brace.]
 1. A cincture; a bandage.
    When they affect the belly, they may be restrain-
  ed by a bracer, without much trouble.    Wiseman.
2. A medicine of constringent power.
 Brach, bratsh.362 to.  s. [braoue, Fr.]   A
   bitch hound.
    Truth 'sa dog must to  kennel; he must be whip-
  ped out, when toe lady brach may stand by  the fire,
  and stink.                         Shakspeare.
 Bra'chial, brak'yal.363 adj. [from brachi-
   um, an arm, Lat.] Belonging to the arm.
 Braohy'graphy, bra-kig'gra-fe.363  to. s.
   [Pe:*%bs short, and yf »<pu to write.] The
  art or practice  of writing in  a short
  compass.
    All the certainty of those high pretenders, bating
  what they have of the first principles, and the word
  of God, may be circumscribed by as small a circle
  as the creed, when brachygraphy had confined it
  within the compass of a penny.          Granville.

Brack, brak'. w. s. [frombreak.] A breach;
  a broken part.
    The place was but weak, and the bracks fair; but
  the defendants, by resolution,  supplied all the de-
  fects.                              Hayward.
    Let them compare my work with what is taught
  in the schools, and if they find in theirs many bracifcj
  and short ends, which cannot be spun into an even
  piece; and,  in mine, a fair  coherence throughout; I
  shall promise myself an acquiescence.      Higby.

Bra'cket, brak'kit." n. s. [a term of car-
  pentry.]  A piece of wood fixed for the
  support of something.
    Let your shelves be laid upon  brackets, being about
  two feet wide, and edged with a small lath. Mortimer.

BRA'CKISH,   brak'ish.    adj.   [brack,
  Dutch.]  Salt; somewhat salt: it is used
  particularly of the water of the sea.
    Pits upon the sea shore turn into fresh  water, bj
  percolation  ofthe salt through the sand: but it is far-
  ther noted,  after a time, the water in such pits will
  become brackish again.                 Bacon.
    When I had gain'd the brow  and top,
  A lake of brackish waters on the ground
  Was all I found.                      Herbert.
    The wise contriver, on his end intent,
  Mix'd them with salt, and season'd all the sea.
  What other cause could this effect produce?
  The brackish tincture through the main diffuse?
                                   Blackmore.
Bra'ckishness, brak'ish-nes. to. *.  [from
  brackish] Saltness in a small degree.
    All the artificial strainings hitherto leave a brack-
  ishness in salt water, that makes  it unfit for animal
  uses.                                Cheyne.
BRA D,  brad,  being an   initial,  signifies
  broad, spacious, from the  Saxon bpab,
  and the  Gothick braid.          Gibson.
Brad, brad.  to. s.  A sort of nail  to floor
  rooms with. They are  about the size of
  a tenpenny nail, but have not their heads
  made  with a  shoulder over their shank,
  as other nails, but are made pretty thick
  towards the  upper  end, that  the very
  top may be driven into,  and buried in,
  the board they  nail  down;  so  that  the
  tops of  these brads  will  not  catch  the
  thrums  of the mops, when  the floor is
   washing.                        Moxon.
 To BRAG, brag. v. to. [braggeren, Dutch.]
 1.  To boast:  to display ostentatiously; to
   tell boastful stories.
    Thou coward! art thou bragging to the stars?
  Telling the bushes that thou look'st for wars,
  And wilt not come?                 Shakspeare.
    Mark me, with what violence she first loved the
  Moor,  but for bragging, and  telling her fantastical
  lies.                             Shakspeare.
    In bragging out some  of their private tenets, as if
  they were  the established  doctrine ofthe church of
  England.                          Sanderson.
    The rebels were grown so strong there, that they
  intended then, as they already bragged, to come
  over and make this the seat of war     Clarendon.
    Mrs. Bull's condition  was  looked upon as despe-
  rate by all the men of art;  but there were those that
  bragged they had an infallible  ointment.  Arbuthnot.
 2.  It has of before the  thing boasted.
    Knowledge being the only thing whereof we poor
  old men can brag, we cannot make it known but by
  utterance.                           Sidney. 
BRA
BRA
BRA
               Verona brags of him,
  To be a virtuous and well-governed youth.  Shaksp.
            Every busy little scribbler now
  Swells with the praises which he gives himself,
 , And taking sanctuary in the crowd,
  Brags of his impudence, and  scorns to mend.
                                   Roscommon-
 3. On is used, but improperly.
    Yet lo! in me what authors have to brag on,
  Reduc'd at last to hiss in my own dragon.    Pope.
 Brag, brag. to. *. [from the verb.]
 1. A boast; a proud expression.
                   A kind of conquest
  Caesar made here; but made not here his brag
  Of came, and saw, and overcame.      Shakspeare.
     It was such a new thing for the Spaniards to receive
  so little hurt, upon dealing with toe English, as
  Avellaneda made great brags of it, for no greater
  matter than toe waiting upon the English afar off.
                                       Bacon.
 2. The thing boasted.
     Beauty is nature's brag, and must be shown
  In courts, at feasts, and high solemnities,
  Where most may wonder.                Milton.
 Braggado'cio,  brag-ga-do'she-6. to.  s.
   [from brag.] A puffing, swelling, boast-
   ing fellow.
     The world abounds in terrible  fanfarons, in the
  masque of men of honour; but these braggadocios
  are easy to be detected.              L'Estrange.
     By the plot, you  may guess much of the charac-
  ters ofthe persons; a braggadocio captain, a  para-
  site, and a lady of pleasure.              Dryden.
 Bra'ggardism, brag'gar-dizm. n s. [from
   brag.] Boastfulness; vain ostentation.
 Bra'ggart, brag'gart.88 adj. [from brag]
   Boastful; vainly ostentatious.
     Shall I, none's slave, of high born or rais'd men
  Fear frowns; and'my mistress,  truth, betray thee
  To to' huffing, braggart, puft nobility?     Donne.
 Bra'ggart, brag'gart. to.  s.  [from brag]
   A boaster.
             Who knows himself a braggart,
  Let him fear this; for it will come to pass,
  That every braggart shall be found an ass.  Shaksp.
 Bra'gger, brag'glir.98 to.  a.  [from brag]
   A boaster; an ostentatious fellow.
     Such as have had opportunity to sound these brag-
  gers thoroughly, by having sometimes endured toe
  penance of their sottish company, have found them,
  in converse, empty and insipid.            South.
 Bra'gless, brag'les.  adj. [from brag.]
   Without a boast; without ostentation.
     The bruit is, Hector's slain, and by Achilles.—
  ----If it is so, bragless let it be,
  Great Hector was as good a  man as he.    Shaksp.
 Bra'glv, brag'le. adv. [from brag] Fine-
  ly; so as it may be bragged.
    Seest not thilk hawthorn stud,
  How bragly it begins to bud,
  And utter his tender head?
  Flora now calleth forth each flower,
  And bids him make ready Maia's bow'r.  Spenser.
 To BRAID, brade. v.n. [bpaedan, Saxon.]
  To weave together.
               Close the serpent sly,
  Insinuating, wove with gordian twine
  His braided train, and of his fatal guile
  Gave proof unheeded.                   Milton.
    Osier wands, lying loosely, may each of them be
  easily dissociated from toe rest; but, when braided
  into a basket, they cohere  strongly.         Boyle.
    A ribband did the braided tresses bind,
  The rest was loose, and wanton'd in the wind. Dryd.
    Since in braided gold her foot is bound,
  And a long trailing manteau sweeps the ground,
  Her shoe disdains the street.               Gay.
Braid, brade. n. s.  [from the verb.]  A
  texture; a knot, or complication of some-
  thing woven together.
    Listen where thou art sitting,
  Under toe glossy, cool, translucent wave,
  In twisted braids of lilies knitting
  The loose train of thy amber-dropping hair. Milton.
    No longer shall toy comely tresses break
  In flowing ringlets on thy snowy neck,
  Or sit behind toy head, an ample round,
  In graceful braids, with various ribbon bound. Prior.
Braid, brade, adj. [To brede,  in Chaucer,
  is to deceive.] An old word, which seems
  to signify deceitful.
            Since Frenchmen are so braid,
  Marry'em that will. I'll live and die a maid. Shaks.

Brails,  bralz. to. s.  [sea term.]  Small
  ropes reeved through  blocks, which are
  seized on either side the ties, a little off
  upon the yard; so that they come down
  before the sails of a ship, and are fasten-
  ed at the skirt of the sail to the crengles.
  Their  use  is,  when  the  sail  is furled
  across, to hale up its  bunt, that it may
  the more readily be taken up or let fall.
                                     Harris.
BRAlN,brane.TO.«.[bp.ae5en,Sax.dreyne,
  Dutch.]
1. That collection of vessels and organs in
  the head, from which  sense and motion
  arise.
    The brain is divided into cerebrum and cerebellum.
  Cerebrum is that part of the  brain which possesses
  all the upper and forepart of the cranium, being sep-
  arated from toe cerebellum by toe second process of
  the dura mater, under which the cerebellum is situa-
  ted.  The  substance of the  brain is distinguished
  into outer and inner; the former is called corticalis,
  cinerea, or glandulosa; toe latter, medullaris, alba,
  or nervea.                          Cheselden.
    If I be served such another trick, I'll  have my
  brains ta'en out,  and  buttered, and give them  to a
  dog for a new year's gift.            Shakspeare.
    That man proportionably hath the largest brain, I
  did, I confess, somewhat doubt,  and conceived it
  might have failed in birds, especially such as having
  little bodies, have yet  large  cranies, and seem to
  contain much brain, as snipes and woodcocks; but,
  upon trial, I find it very true.  Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. That part in which the understanding is
  placed;  therefore taken for the under-
  standing.
    The force they are under is a real  force, and that
  ef  their fate but an imaginary conceived one; toe
  one bHt in their brains, toe other on their shoulders.
                                   Hammond.
    A man is first a geometrician in his brain, before
  he be such in his hand.                   Hale.
3. Sometimes the affections: this is not com-
  mon, nor proper.
    My son Edgar! had he a  hand to write this, a
  heart and brain to breed it in?        Shakspeare.
To Brain, brane.^.a. [from the noun.]  To
  dash out the brains; to kill by beating out
  the brains.
    Why, as I told thee, 'tis a  custom  with him i' to'
  afternoon to sleep; there thou may'st brain him.
                                   Shakspeare.
            Outlaws of nature,
  Fit to be shot and brain'd, without a process,
  To stop infection; that's their proper death.  Dryd.
    Next seiz'd two wretches more, and headlong cast,
  Brain'd on the rock, his second dire repast.  Pope.
Bra'inish,  brane'ish. adj.  [from brain.]
  Hot-headed;  furious;   as  cerebrosus  in
  Latin.
            In his lawless fit,
  Behind the arras hearing something stir,
  He whips his rapier out, and cries, a rat!
  And, in his brainish apprehension, kills
  The unseen good old man.           Shakspeare.
Bra'inless, brane'l^s. adj.  [from brain.]
   Silly; thoughtless; witless.
    Some brainless men have, by great travel and la-
  bour, brought to pass, that the church is now asham-
  ed of nothing more than of saints.        Hooker.
    If the dull brainless Ajax come safe off,
  We'll dress him up in voices.         Shakspeare.
    The brainless stripling, who, expell'd the town,
  Damn'd toe stiff college and pedantick gown,
  Aw'd by thy name, is dumb.             Tickell.

Bra'inpan, brane'pan. to. s. [from brain and
  pan.] The skull containing the brains.
    With those huge bellows in his hands, he blows,
  New fire into my head; my brainpan glows.  Dryd.
Bra'insick, brane'sik.  adj.  [from brain
  and sick.] Diseased in the understand-
  ing:  addle-headed; giddy;  thoughtless.
    Nor once deject the courage of our minds,
  Because Cassandra's mad; her brainsick raptures
  Cannot distaste the goodness of a quarrel. Shaksp.
    They were brainsick men, who could neither en-
  dure the government of their king, nor yet thankful-
  ly receive the authors of their deliverance. Knolles.
Bra'insickly,  brane'slk-le.  adv.  [from
  brainsick]  Weakly; headily.
                Why, worthy Thane,
  You do unbend your noble strength to think
  So brainsickly of things.              Shakspeare.
Bra'insickness, brane'sik-nes. n.s. [from
  brainsick]  Indiscretion; giddiness.
Brait, brate. w. a.  Among jewellers  for
  a rough diamond.                  Diet.
Brake, brake.  The preterit of break.
    He  thought it sufficient to correct the  multitude
  with sharp words, and brake out into this cholerick
  speech.                              Knolles.

BRAKE,brake, n.a. [of uncertain etymo-
  logy.]
1. A thicket of brambles, or of thorns.
    A dog of this town used daily to fetch meat,  and
  to carry the same unto a blind mastiff, that lay in a
  brake without toe town.                  Carew.
    If I'm tradue'd by tongues, which neither know
  My faculties nor person; let me say,
  'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
  That virtue must go through.          Shakspeare.
    In every bush and brake, where hap may find
  The serpent sleeping.                  Milton.
    Full little thought of him the gentle knight,
  Who, flying death, had there conceal'd his flight;
  In  brakes and brambles hid, and shunning mortal
        sight.                   Dryden's Fables.
2. It is said originally to  mean fern.
Brake, brake, to.s.
I. An  instrument  for dressing hemp  or
   flax.
2. The  handle of a ship's pump.
3. A baker's kneading trough.
4. A sharp bit or snaffle  for horses.  Diet,
      A  smith's brake is a machine in which
   horses, unwilling to be shod, are confin-
   ed during that operation.

BRA/KY,bra'ke.arf/.[from brake.] Thorny;
   prickly; rough;
     Redeem arts from their rough and braky seats,
  where toey lie hid and overgrown with thorns, to a
  pure, open light, where they may take the eye, and
  may be taken by the hand.           Ben Jonson.
 BRA'MBLE, bram'bl.408 to. *. [bnemlap,
   Sax. rubus; Lat.]
 1. The  blackberry  bush;  the  raspberry
   bush, or hindberry.               Miller.
     Content with food which nature freely bred,
  On wildings and on strawberries they fed:
  Cornels and bramble berries ?,ave the rest,
   And filling acorns fumish'd out  a feast.    Dnjden, 
BRA
BRA
BRA
2. It is taken, in popular language, for any
   rough prickly shrub.
    The bush my bed, the branwle was my bow'r,
  The woods can witness many a woful store. Spenser.
    There is a man haunts the forest, that abuses our
  young plants with carving Rosalind on their barks;
  hangs odes upon hawthorns, and elegies on brambles;
  all, forsooth, deifying the name of Rosalind.  Shaksp.
    Thy younglings, Cuddy, are but just awake,
  No thrustles shrill the bramble bush forsake.  Gay.
Bra'mbling, bram'bling. to. s. A bird, call-
   ed also a mountain chaffinch.      Diet.
BR AN, bran. n.s.[brenna,\ta\.] The husks
   of corn ground; the refuse ofthe sieve.
     From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
   And leave me but the bran.           Shakspeare.
     The citizens were driven to great distress for want
   of  victuals; bread toey made of the coarsest bran,
   moulded in cloths; for  otherwise it would not cleave
   together.                            Hayward.
     In the sifting of fourteen years of power and fa-
   vour, all that came out could not be pure meal, but
   must have among it a certain mixture of padar and
   bran, in this lower age of human fragility.  Wotton.
     Then water him, and drinking what he can,
   Encourage him to thirst again with bran.   Dryden.
BRANCH,  brantsh.382 ?8 to. s.[branche,
   Fr]
 1. The shoot of a tree from one of the main
   boughs.
     Why grow the branches, when the root is gone?
   Why wither not the leaves that want their sap?
                                     Shakspeare.
2. Any member or  part ofthe  whole; any
   distinct article;  any  section or subdivi-
   sion.
     Your oaths are past, and  now subscribe your
         names,
   That his own hand may strike his honour down,
   That violates the smallest branch herein.  Shaksp.
     The belief of this was of special importance, to
   confirm our hopes of another life, on which so many
   branches of christian piety do immediately depend.
                                     Hammond.
      In the  several  branches of justice and charity,
   comprehended in those general rules, of loving our
   neighbour as ourselves, and of doing to others as we
   would have them do to us, there is nothing but what
   is most fit and reasonable.             Tillotson.
      This precept  will oblige us to perform our duty,
   according to the nature of the various branches of it.
                                        Rogers.
 3. Any part that shoots out from the  rest.
      And six branches shall come  out ofthe sides of it;
   three branches of the candlestick out of the one side,
   and three branches of the candlestick out of the other
   side.                                 Exodus.
      His blood, which disperseth itself by  the branches
   of veins,  may be resembled to waters carried  by
   brooks.                               Raleigh.
 4. A smaller  river running  into, or pro-
   ceeding from, a larger.
      If, from a main river, any branch be separated
   and divided, then, where that branch doth first bound
   itself with new banks, there is that part of the river,
   where the branch forsaketh the main stream, called
   the head of the  river.                   Raleigh.
 5. Any  part of  a  family  descending in a
   collateral line.
      His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock
   planted in Somersetshire,  took to wife  the widow.
                                         Carew.
 6. The offspring; the descendant.
     Great Antony! Spain's well  beseeming pride,
   Thou mighty branch of emperours and  kings!
                                       Crashaw.
 7. The antlers or shoots of a stag's hon:
 8. The branches of a bridle are two pieces
   of bended iron, that  bear the bit-mouth,
  the chains, and the curb, in the interval
  between the one and the other.
                             Farrier's  Diet.
9. [In architecture.] The arches of Goth-
  ick vaults;  which  arches  transversing
  from one angle to another, diagonal wise,
  form a cross between the other arches,
  which make the sides of the square, of
  which the arches are diagonals.  Harris.
To Branch,brantsh.t;.to. [from the noun.]
1. To spread in branches.
    They were trained together in their childhoods,
  and there rooted betwixt them such an affection,
  which cannot choose but branch now.   Shakspeare.
    The cause of scattering the boughs, is the hasty
  breaking forth of toe sap; and therefore those trees
  rise not in a body of any height, but branch near the
  ground.   The cause of  the pyramis, is the keeping
  in of the sap, long before it branch, and the spend-
  ing  of it when it beginneth to branch, by equal de-
  grees.                                 Bacon.
             Plant it round with shade
  Of laurel, evergreen, and branching plane. Milton.
    Straight as a line in beauteous order stood
  Of oaks unshorn a venerable wood;
  Fresh was the grass beneath, and ev'ry tree
  At distance planted, in  a due degree,
  Their branching arms in air, with equal space,
  Stretch'd to their neighbours with a long embrace.
                                       Dryden.
    One sees her thighs transform'd, another views
  Her arms shot out, and branching into boughs.
                                      Addison.
2. To spread into separate and distinct parts
   and subdivisions.
    The Alps  at the one end, and the long range of
  Appenines that passes through the body of it, branch
  out, on all sides, into several different divisions.
                                      Addison.
    If we would weigh, and keep in our minds, wijat
  it is we  are considering, that would best instruct us
  when we should, or should not, branch into farther
  distinctions.                            Locke.
3. To speak diffusively, or with the distinc-
   tion of the parts of a discourse.
    I have known a woman branch out into a long dis-
  sertation upon the edging of a petticoat.  Spectator.
4. To have horns shooting out into antlers.
           The swift stag from under ground
  Bore up his branching head.             Milton.
 To Branch, bransh. v. a.
 1. To divide as into branches.
    The spirits of things  animate are all continued
  within toemselves, and are branched into canals, as
  blood is; and the spirits have not only branches, but
  certain cells or seats, where the principal spirits do
  reside.                                Bacon.
2. To adorn with needlework, represent-
   ing flowers and sprigs.
    In robe of lily white  she was array'd,
  That from her shoulder to her heel down raught.
   The train whereof loose far behind her stray'd,
   Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought.
                                       Spenser.
Bra'ncher, bran'shur. to. s. [from branch ]
 1. One that shoots out into branches.
    If their child be not such a speedy spreader and
   brancher, like the vine, yet he may yield, with a lit-
   tle  longer expectation, as useful and more sober fruit
   than the other.                         Wottcn.
2.  [Branchier, Fr.]   In  falconry, a young
   hawk.
     I enlarge my discourse to the observation of the
   eires, the brancher, and the two sorts of lentners.
                                        Walton.
 Bra'nchiness, bran'she-nes.  n. s.  [trom
    branchy/] Fulness ol branches.
 Bra'nchless,   bransh'les.   adj.   [from
    branch.]
1.  Without shoots or boughs.
2.  Without any valuable  product; naked.
            If I lose mine honour,
  I lose myself; better I were not yours,
  Than yours so branchless.             Shakspeare.
Bra'nchy,  bran'she.  adj. [from branch]
   Full of branches; spreading.
             Trees on trees o'erthrown
  Fall crackling round him, and the forests groan;
  Sudden full twenty on the plain are strow'd,
  And lopp'd and lighten'd of their branchy load. Pope.
    What carriage dan  bear  away all the various,
  rude, and unwieldy loppings of a branchy tree at
  once?                                  Watts.
BRAND, brand, to. s. [bpanb, Saxon.]
1. A stick lighted, or fit  to be lighted, in
   the fire.
             Have I caught thee?
  He that parts us shall bring a brand from heav'n,
  And fire us hence.                   Shakspeare.
    Take it, she said, and when your needs require,
  This little brand will serve to light your fire.  Dryd.
    If, with  double diligence, they labour to retrieve
  the hours they have lost, they shall be saved; though
  this is a service of great difficulty, and like a brand
  plucked out of the fire.                  Rogers.
2. [Brando,  Ital.  brandar,  Runick.]  A
   sword,  in old  language.
    They looking back, all to' eastern side beheld
  Of Paradise, so late their happy seat!
  Wav'd over by that flaming brand; the gate
  With dreadful faces throng'd, and fiery arms. Milt.
3. A thunderbolt.
    The fire omnipotent prepares the brand,
  By Vulcan wrought, and arms his potent hand.
                                     Granville.
4. A mark made by burning a  criminal
   with a hot iron, to note him as infamous;
   a stigma.
    Clerks  convict should be  burned in the hand,
  both because they might taste of some corporal pun-
  ishment, and that they might  carry a brand of infa-
  my.                                   Bacon.
    The rules of good  and evil are  inverted, and a
  brand of infamy passes for a badge of honour.
                                    L'Estrange.
5. Any note of infamy.
     Where did his wit on learning fix a brand,
   And rail at arts he did not understand?   Dryden.
 To  Brand, brand, v. a. [branden, Dutch.]
   To mark with a brand, or note of infamy.
     Have I liv'd thus long a wife, a true one,
   Never yet branded with suspicion?     Shakspeare.
     The king was after branded, by Perkin's procla-
   mation, for an execrable breaker of toe  rights of
   holy church.                           Bacon.
     Brand not toeir actions with so foul a name;
   Pity, at least, what we are fore'd to blame. Dryden.
     Ha! dare not for thy life, I charge thee, dare not
   To brand the spotless virtue of my prince.   Rowe.
             Our Punick faith
   Is infamous, and branded te a proverb.   Addison,
     The spreader of the pardons answered him an
   easier way, by branding him with heresy.  Atterbury,

 Bra'ndgoose, brand'gdos. to. s. A kind of
   wilu  fowl,  less  than  a common goose,
   having its breast and wings of a dark co-
   lour.                                 Diet.
 To Br a'n niSH,bran'dish. v. a. [from brand,
   a sword.]
 1. To  wave, or  shake,  or flourish,  as a
   weapon.
             Brave Macbeth,
   Disdaining fortune, with his  brandish'd steel,
   Like valour's minion, carved out his passage. Shak.
     He said, and brandishing  at once his blade,
   With eager pace pursued the flaming shade.  Dryd.
     Let me march their leader, not toeir prince;
   And at the head of your renown'd Cydonians
   Brandish this sword.                     Smith. 
BRA
BRA
BRA
  2. To play with; to flourish.
     He, who shall employ all the force of his reason
   only in brandishing of syllogisms, will discover very
   little.                                 Locke.
  Bra'ndling, brand'ling. to. a.   The name
    for a particular worm.
     The dew-worm, which  some also call the lob-
   worm, and the brandling, are the chief.   Walton.
  Bra'ndy, bran'de.  n. s. [contracted from
   brandewine,or burnt wine.] A strong li-
    quor distilled from wine.
     If your master lodgeth at inns, every dram of
   brandy extraordinary that you drink, raiseth his cha-
   racter.                      Swift's Footman.
  Bra'ndy-wine, bran'de-wine.   The same
    with brandy.
     It has been a common saying, A hair of the same
   dog; and thought that brandy-wine is a common re-
   lief to  such.                         Wiseman.
 BRA'NGLE,brang'gl.405 to.*, [uncertainly
   derived.]  Squabble; wrangle; litigious
   contest.
     The payment of tythes is subject to many frauds,
   brangles, and other difficulties, not only from papists
   and dissenters,  but even from those who profess
   themselves protestants.                  Swift.
 To Bra'ngle, brang'gl.405 v. to. [from the
   noun.] To  wrangle; to squabble.
     When polite conversing shall be improved, com-
   pany will be no longer pestered with dull story-tel-
   lers, nor brangling disputers.             Swift.
 Bra'ngle'ment, brang'gl-m^nt. to. s. [from
   brangle.]  The same with  brangle.
 Brank, brank. n. s. Buckwheat, or brank,
   is  a grain very useful and advantageous
   in dry  barren lands.           Mortimer.
 Bra'nny, bran'ne. adj. [from bran.] Hav-
   ing the appearance of bran.
    It became serpiginous, and was, when I saw it,
   covered with white branny scales.      Wiseman.
 Bra'sen,  bri'zn.103  adj.   [from  brass.]
   Made of brass.   It is now less properly
   written, according to the pronunciation,
   brazen.
 Bra'sier, bra'zhur.283 «. s.  [from brass]
 1. A manufacturer  that works  in brass.
    There is a fellow somewhat  near the door, he
  should be a brasier by his face.         Shakspeare.
    Brasiers that turn andirons, pots, kettles, Sec. have
  their lathe made different from the common turners
  lathe.                                Moxon.
2. A pan  to hold coal, [probably from em-
   braser, Fr.]
    It  is  thought they  had no chimneys, but were
  warmed with coals on brasiers.         Arbuthnot.
Brasi'l, ) ,  4, ..j   5 n% *• ^n American
Brazi'l, ^     Z   '  c   wood,  commonly
   supposed to have  been thus  denomina-
   ted, because first brought from Brasil:
   though Huet shews it had been known by
   that name many years before  the  disco-
   very of that  country;  and  the best  sort
   comes  from  Fernambuc.  It  is  used
   by   turners,  and   takes  a good  polish;
   but chiefly  in dying,  though  it gives
   but a  spurious red.            Chambers.
BRASS,  bras.  «.  s.  [briar*, Sax. pres,
   Welsh.]
1. A yellow metal  made by mixing cop-
   per with lapis calaminaris. It is used, in
   popular language, for any kind of me-
   tal in  which copper has a  part.
    Brass is made of copper and calaminaris. Bacon.
    Men's evil manners live in brass,  toeir virtues
  We write in water.                    Shaksp.
       VOL. I.
         Let others mould toe running mass
   Of metals, and inform the breathing brass.   Dryd
 2. Impudence.
 Bra'ssiness, bras'se-nes. to. s.  [from  bras-
   sy.]  An appearance like  brass;  some
   quality of brass.

 Bra'ssy, bras'se. adj. [from brass.]
 I.  Partaking of brass.
     The part in  which they lie, is near black, with
   some sparks of a brassy pyrites in it.  Woodward.
 2. Hard as brass.
                           Losses
   Enough to press a royal merchant down,
   And pluck commiseration of his state
   From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint.
                                      Shaksp.
 3.  Impudent.

 Brast, brast. particip.  adj. [from burst.]
   Burst; broken. Obsolete.
            There creature never past,
   That back returned without heavenly grace,
   But dreadful furies which their chains have brast
   And damned sprights sent  forth to  make ill men
         agast.                         Spenser.
 Brat, brat. to. s. [its etymology  is  uncer-
   tain;  briacc, in Saxon, signifies  a  blan
   ket; from which, perhaps,  the  modern
   signification  may have come]
 1.  A  child, so called in contempt.
           He leads them like a thing
  Made by some other deity than nature,
  That shapes man better; and they follow him,
  Against us brats, with no less confidence,
  Than boys pursuing summer butterflies.   Sliaksp.
                 This brat is none of mine:
  Hence  with it, and, together with the dam,
  Commit them to the fire.                Shaksp.
    The friends, that got the brats, were poison'd too;
  In this sad case what could our vermin do?
                                  Roscommon.
    Jupiter summoned all the birds  and beasts  be
  fore him, with their brats and little ones,  to  see
  which of them had the prettiest children.
                                   L'Estrange.
    I shall live to see the invisible  lady, to whom I
  was obliged, and whom I never beheld since she was
  a brat in hanging sleeves.                 Sivift.
    I give command to kill or save,
  Can grant ten thousand pounds a-year
  And make a beggar's brat a peer.           Swift.
2. The  progeny; the offspring.
    The two late conspiracies were the brats and  off-
  spring of two contrary  factions.            South.

Brava'do, bra-va'do. to. s. [from bravada,
   Span.]  A  boast; a brag.
    Spain, to make good toe bravado,
  Names it the invincible Armado.     Anonymous
BRAVE, brave, adj. [brave. Fr.]
1.  Courageous; daring; bold; generous;
   high-spirited.
    An Egyptian  soothsayer made Antonius believe,
  that his genius, which otoerways was brave and con'
  fident, was, in the presence of Octavius Caesar, poor
  and cowardly.                         Bacon
    From armed foes to bring a royal  prize,
  Shows your brace heart victorious as your eyes.
                                      Waller
2.  Gallant; having  a  noble mien;  lofty;
   graceful.
    I'll prove the prettier fellow of the two,
  And wear my dagger with a braver grace.     Shak.
3. Magnificent; grand.
            Rings put upon his fingers,
  And brave attendants near him, when he wakes;
  Would not the beggar then  forget himself?   Shak.
    But whosoe'er it was nature design'd
  First a brave place, and then as brave a mind.
                                     Denham.
                  Ff
 4.  Excellent; noble: it is an indeterminate
   word, used to express  the superabun-
   dance of any  valuable quality in men or
   things.
     Let not old age disgrace my high desire,
  0 heavenly soul, in human shape contain'd!
  Old wood inflam'd doth yield the bravest fire,
  When younger doth in smoke his virtue spend.
                                       Sidney.
     If there be  iron ore and  mills, iron is a  brave
  commodity where wood aboundeto.        Bacon.
     If a statesman has not this science, he  must be
  subject to a braver man than himself, whose  prov-
  ince it is to direct all his actions to this end.
                                       Digby.
 Brave,  brave, to.  s.  [brave, Fr.]
 1. A hector; a man daring beyond decency
   or discretion.
     Hot braves, like thee may fight, but  know not
            well
  To manage this, the last great stake.      Dryden-
     Morat's too insolent, too much a brave,
  His courage to his envy is a slave.        Drydm-
2. A boast; a challenge; a defiance.
     There end thy brave, and turn thy face in peace:
  We grant thou canst outscold us.      Shakspeare.
To Brave, brave, v. a. [from  the noun.]
I. To defy;  to challenge;  to  set at  defi-
  ance.
    He upbraids Iago, that he, made him
  Brave me upon toe watch.            Shakspeare.
    My nobles leave me, and my state is brav'd,
  Ev'n at my gates with ranks of foreign powers.
                                      Shaksp
    The ills of love,  not those of fate, I fear;
  These I can brave,  but those I cannot bear.  Dryd.
    Like a rock unmov'd, a rock that braves
  The Vaging tempest,  and the rising waves.  Diyd.
2. To carry  a boasting appearance of.
    Both particular persons  and factions  are  apt
  enough to flatter toemselves, or, at least, to brave
  that which they believe not.               Bacon.
Bra'vely, brave'le. adv. [from  brave.] In
  a  brave manner; courageously; gallant-
  ly; splendidly.
   Martin Swart, with his Germans, performed brave-
  ly.                                   Bacon.
    No fire, nor foe, nor fate,  nor night,  •
  The Trojan hero did affright,
  Who bravely twice renew'd the fight.     Denham.
    Your valour bravely did to' assault sustain,
  And fill'd the motes and ditches  with the slain.
                                      Dryden,
Bra'very, bra'vur-re.6Se to.  «[from  brave.]
 I. Courage;  magnanimity; generosity;  gal-
  lantry.
     It denotes no great bravery of mind, to do that
  out of a desire of fame, which we could not be
  prompted to by a generous passion  for the glory  of
  him toat made us.                    Spectator.
    Juba, to all  the  bravery of a hero,
  Adds softest love, and more  than female sweetness.
                                      Addison.
2. Splendour; magnificence.
    Where all toe bravery that eye may see,
  And all the happiness that heart desire,
  Is to be found.                        Spenser.
3. Show; ostentation.
    Let  princes choose ministers  more  sensible  of
  duty than of rising, and such as love  business ra-
  ther upon conscience  than upon bravery.     Bacon.
4. Bravado;  boast.
    Never could man,  with more  unmanlike bravery,
  use his tongue to  her disgrace, which lately had
  sung sonnets of her praises               Sidney.
    For a bravery upon tliis occasion of power,  they
  crowned toeir new  king in the cathedral church of
  Dublin.                               Bacon.
    There  are those  that make it  a point of bravery,
  to  bid defiance to  the oracles of divine revelation.
                                   L'Estrange. 
BRA
BRA
BRE
Bra'vo, bra'vo. to. s. [bravo, Ital] A man
   who murders for hire.
    For  boldness, like  the bravoes and  banditti, is
  seldom emploj ed, but upon desperate services.
                      Government of the Tongue.
    No bravoes here profess the bloody trade,
  Nor is  the church the murd'rer's refuge made. Gay.

 To BRAWL, brawl, v.  to. [brouiller, or
   brauler, Fr.]
 1.  To quarrel noisily and indecently.
    She troubled was, alas! that it might be,
  With tedious brawlings of her parents dear. Sidney.
    Here comes  a man of comfort, whose advice
  Hath often still 'd my brawling discontent.   Shak.
    How now? Sir John!  what,  are you brawling
       here?
   Does this become your place, your time, your busi-
         ness?             Shaksj)eare's Henry IV.
    Their batt'ring cannon charged to the mouths,
   Till their soul-fearing clamours have brawl'd down
   The flinty ribs of this  contemptuous city.    Shak.
    In council she gives licence to her tongue,
   Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong.  Dryden.
     Leave all noisy contests,  all immodest clam-
   ours, brawling language, and especially  all personal
   scandal and scurrility, to toe meanest  part of the
   vulgar world.                           Watts.
 2. To  speak  loud and indecently.
           His divisions, as the times do brawl,
   Are in three heads; one pow'r against  the French,
   And one against Glendower.             Shaksp.
 3. To  make  a noise.    This is little used.
                As he lay along
   Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out
   Upon  the brook that brawls along this wood. Shaks.
 Brawl,  brawl,  to.  s.  [from the  verb.]
    Quarrel;  noise; scurrility.
     He findeth,  that controversies thereby are made
   but brawls;  and therefore wisheth, that,  in  some
   lawful assembly of churches, all these strifes may be
   decided.                               Hooker.
     Never since that middle summer's spring
   Met we  on hill, in dale, forest, or mead,
   But with thy brawls thou hast disturb'd  our sport.
                                     Shakspeare.
     That bonum is an  animal,
   Made good with stout polemick brawl.    Hudibras.
 Bra'wler, braw'liir. to. s. [from brawl]
    A wrangler; a quarrelsome,  noisy fel-
    low.
     An advocate may incur the censure of the court,
   for being a brawler in court, on purpose to lengthen
   out the cause.                          Ayliffe.
 BRAWN, brawn, to. s. [of uncertain ety-
    mology.]
  I. The fleshy or  musculous part of the
    body.
     The brawn  of the arm must appear full, shadow-
   ed on one side; then shew the wrist-bone thereof.
                                       Peacftam.
     But most their looks on the black monarch bend,
   His rising muscles and his brawn commend;
   His double biting ax, and beamy spear,
   Each asking a gigan tick force to rear.      Dryden.
 2. The arm, so called for its being muscu-
    lous.      v
     I'll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver,
   And in my vantbrace put this wither'd  brawn.
                                     Shakspeare.
                  I had purpose
   Once more to hew thy target  from  thy brawn.
                                      Shakspeare.
 3. Bulk; muscular strength.
     The boist'rous hands are then of use, when I,
   With this directing head, those hands apply;
   Brawn without brain is thine.           Dryden.
 4. The flesh  of a boar.
     The best age for (he boar is from two to five
   years, at which time it is best to geld  him, or sell
   him for braicn.                      Mortimer,
   A boar.
Bra'wner, braw'niir. n. s. [from  brawn.]
   A boar killed for the table.
    At Christmas time be careful of your fame,
  See the old tenant's table be toe same;
  Then if you would send up the brawner head,
  Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread. King.
Bra'wniness,  braw'ne-ne's.  to. a.  [from
   brawny] Strength; hardness.
    This brawniness and insensibility of mind, is the
  best armour against the common evils and accidents
  oflife.                                 Locke.
Bra'wny,  braw'ne.  adj.  [from  brawn]
   Musculous; fleshy j bulky; of great mus-
   cles and strength.
    The brawny fool, who did his vigour boast,
  In that presuming confidence was lost.      Dryden.
               The native energy
  Turns all into the substance of the tree,
   Starves  and destroys the fruit, is only made -
  For brawny bulk, and for a barren shade.  Dryden.
 To BRAY, bra. iv. a. [bp.acan,Sax. braier,
   Fr.] To pound, or grind small.
    I'll burst him; I will bray
   His bones as in a mortar.               Chapman.
    Except you would bray Christendom in a mortar,
   and mould it into a new paste, there is no possibili-
   ty of a holy war.                       Bacon.
 To Bray,bra. v.n.  [broire, Fr. barrio,Lat.]
 1.  To make a noise as an ass.
                Laugh, and they
   Return it louder than an ass can bray.     Dryden.
    Agad if he should hear the lion roar, he'd cud-
   gel him into an ass, and to his primitive braying.
                                      Congreve
 2. To make an offensive,  harsh,  or  dis-
   agreeable  noise.
     What, shall our feasts be kept with  slaughter'd
           men"1
   Shall braying trumpets, and loud churlish drums,
   Clamours of hell, be measures to our pomp?
                                    Shakspeare.
             Arms on armour clashing, bray'd
   Horrible discord.                       MUton.
 Bray, bra. to.  s. [from the verb.]
 1. Voice of an ass.
 2. Harsh sound.
             Boist'rous untun'd drums,
   And harsh resounding trumpets dreadful bray.
                                     Shakspeare.
 Bra'yer, bra'ur.  to. s. [from bray.]
 1. One that brays like an ass.
     Hold! cried the queen; a cat-call each shall win;
   Equal your merits, equal is your din!
   But, that this well-disputed game may end,
   Sound forth, my brayers! and the welkin rend.
                                          Pope.
 2. [With printers; from To bray, or beat]
    An instrument to temper the ink.
 To  Braze, braze, v. a. [from brass]
 1. To solder with brass.
     If the nut be not to be cast in brass,  but only
   hath a worm brazed into it, this niceness is not so
   absolutely necessary, because that worm is first turn-
   ed up, and bowed into the grooves of the spindle;
   and you may try that before it is brazed in the nut.
                                        Moxon.
 2. To harden to impudence.
     I have so often blushed to acknowledge him, that
   now I am braz'd to it.          Shaksp. King Lear.
     If damned custom hath not braz'd it  so,
   That it is proof and bulwark against sense.  Shaksp.
 Bra'zen, bra'zn.103 adjTfrom brass.]
 1
 Made  of brass.  It was  anciently  and
 properly written brasen.
  Get also a small pair of brazen compasses, and
a fine ruler, for taking the distance.      Peacham.
  A bough his  brazen helmet did sustain;
His heavier arms lay scatter'd on the plain. Dryden.
2.  Proceeding from brass: a poetical use.
                 Trumpeters,
 With brazen din blast you the city's ear,
 Make mingle with your rattling tabourines.  Shak.
3.  Impudent.
To Bra'zen, bra'zn.  v. n.  To be impu-
   dent;  to bully.
    When I  reprimanded him  for  his  tricks, he
 would talk saucily, lye, and brazen it out, as if he
 had done nothing amiss.              Arbuthnot.
BRA'zENFAOE,bra'zn-fase. to. «.[from bra-
   zen and face.] An  impudent wench: in
   low language.
    You do, if you suspect me in any dishonesty.-
  Well said, brazenface; hold it out.     Shakspeare
BRA'zENFACED,bra'zn-faste.359 adj. [from
   brazenface.] Impudent; shameless.
    What a brazenfaced varlet art thou, to deny thou
  knowest me? Is it two days ago, since I tript up thy
  heels, and beat thee before toe king?      Shaksp.
    Quick-witted, brazenfae'd, with fluent tongues,
  Patient of labours, and  dissembling wrongs. Dryden.
Bra'zenness, bra'zn-n£s to. s. [from bra-
   zen.]
1. Appearing like brass.
   Impudence.
Bra'zier, braze'yur.283 to. s. See Brasier.
    The  halfpence and farthings in England, if you
  should sell them to the brazier, you  would not  lose
  above a penny in a shilling.                Swift.
Breach, breetsh. n.s. [frombreak; brechc,
   Fr.]
1. The act of breaking any thing.
                  This tempest
   Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
   The sudden breach on't.              Shakspeare.
2. The state of being broken.
                O you  kind gods!
   Cure this great breach in his abused nature.
                                    Shakspeare.
3.  A gap in a fortification  made by  a  bat-
   tery.
     The wall was blown up in two places;  by which
   breocti  the Turks seeking to  have entered  made
   bloody fight.                          Knolles.
     Till mad with rage upon the breach he fir'd.
   Slew friends and foes, and in the smoke  retir'd.
                                       Dryden,
 4. The violation of a law or contract.
     That oath would sure contain them  greatly, or
   the breach of it bring them to shorter vengeance.
                                       Spenser.
     What are those breaches of the law of nature and
   nations, which do  forfeit all right in  a nation  to
   govern?                               Bacon.
     Breach of duty towards our neighbours, still in-
   volves in it ^.breach of duty towards God.   South.
     The laws ofthe gospel are the only standing rules
   of morality; and the penalties affixed by God to the
   breach of those laws, the only guards that can effec-
   tually restrain men within toe true bounds of decen-
   cy and virtue.                         Rogers.
 5.  The opening  in a  coast.
     But to' heedful boatman strongly forth did stretch'
   His brawny arms, and all his body strain;
     That to' utmost  sandy breach they shortly fetch,
   While the dread danger does behind remain. Spens.
 6.  Difference; quarrel; separation of kind-
    ness.
      It would have been long before the jealousies and
   breaches between the  armies would have been com-
   posed.                             Clarendon.
 7.  Infraction; injury.
      This breach upon kingly power was without pre-
   cedent.                             Clarendon.
 BREAD, bred.  «. s. [bjieob, Saxon.]
 1.  Food made of ground corn.
     Mankind have found the means to make  grain 
BRE
BRE
BRE
  into bread, toe  lightest and  properest aliment for I
  human bodies.                       Arbuthnot.
    Bread, toat decaying man with strength supplies,
  And generous wine, which thoughtful sorrow flies.
                                         Pope.
2. Food in general, such as nature requires;
   to  get  bread, implies, to  get sufficient
   for  support without luxury.
    In the sweat of toy face thou shalt eat bread. Gen.
    If pretenders were not supported by the simplici-
  ty of toe inquisitive fools, toe trade  would not find
  them bread.                        V Estrange.
    This dowager on whom my tale I found,
  A simple sober life in patience led,
  And had but just enough to buy her bread. Dryden.
    When I submit to such indignities,
  Make me a citizen, a senator of Rome;
  To sell my country, with my voice, for bread.
                                       Philips.
    I neither have been bred a  scholar, a soldier, nor
  to any kind of business; this  creates uneasiness in
  my mind, fearing I shall in time want bread. Spectat.
3.  Support of life at large.
    God is pleased to try our patience by the ingrat-
  itude of those who having eaten of our bread, have
  lift up themselves against us.         King Charles.
    But sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed;
  What then? is toe reward of virtue bread?    Pope.
Bread-chipper, bred'tship-ftr.rc.s. [from
   bread and chip] One that chips bread;  a
   baker's servant, an under  butler.
    No abuse, Hal, on my honour; no  abuse.-------
  Not to dispraise me, and eall me pantler, and bread-
  chipper, and I know not what?         Shakspeare
Bread-corn,  brdd'kdrn. n.s. [from bread
   and corn.]Corn of which bread  is made.
    There was not one drop  of beer in the  town;
  toe bread, and bread-corn,  sufficed not for six days.
                                      Hayward.
    When  it is ripe, they gather it, and  bruising  it
  among bread-corn, they put it up into a vessel,  and
  keep it as food for their slaves.            Broome.
Bread-room,  bred'r66m.306  n.  s.  [In  a
   ship.]  A part of the hold separated by  a
   bulk-head from  the   rest,  where  the
   bread  and biscuit for  the men are kept.
Breadth, br&dth. to. s. [from bjiab broad,
   Saxon.]   The measure of  any plain su-
   perficies from side to  side.
    There  is, in Ticinum, a  church that hath win-
  dows only from above; it is  in  length an hundred
  feet, in  breadth twenty, and in height  near fifty;
  having a door in the midst.               Bacon.
    The river  Ganges, according unto later relations,
  if not in length, yet in breadth and depth, may excel
  it.                                    Brown.
    Then all  approach toe s.ain with vast surprize,
  Admire on what a breadth of earth he lies.   Dryd.
    In our Gotoick cathedrals,  the narrowness of toe
  arch makes it rise in height;  the lowness opens it in
  breadth.                               Addison.
To BREAK,brake.2*°2*3 v. a. pret. I broke,
   or brake; part.  pass,  broke, or  broken.
   [brteccan, Saxon.]
1. To part by violence.
    When  I braifce the five loaves  among five thousand,
  how many baskets of fragments took ye up ?   Mark.
    Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away
  toeir cords from us.                     Psalms.
    A bruised  reed shall he not break.       Isaiah.
    See, said toe sire,  how soon 'tis done;
  The sticks he then broke one by one:
  So strong you'll be, in friendship tied;
  So quickly broke, if you divide.           Swift.
2. To burst, or open  by force.
    0 could we breaA; our way by force!      Milton.
    Moses tells us, that the fountains ofthe earth were
  brofce open, or clove asunder.      Burnet's Theory.
    Into my hands he forc'd the tempting gold,
  While I with modest struggling broke his hold.  Gay.
3. To pierce; to  divide, as  light divides
   darkness.
    By a dim winking lamp, which feebly broke
  The gloomy vapour, he lay stretch'd along.   Dryd.
4. To destroy by violence.
    This is the fabrick, which, when  God bredketh
  down, none can build up again.    Burnet's Theory.
5. To batter; to  make breaches or gaps in.
    I'd give bay Curtal, and his furniture,
  My mouth no more were  broken than these boys,
  And writ as little  beard.              Shakspeare.
6. To crush or destroy the strength ofthe
   body.
                   0 father abbot!
  An old man, broken with the storms of state,
  Is come to lay his weary bones among ye;
  Give him a little earth for charity.        Shaksp.
             The breaking of that parliament
  Broke him; as that dishonest victory
  At Chan-onea, fatal to  liberty,
  Kill'd with report that old man eloquent.    Milton.
    Have not some of  his vices weaken'd his body,
  and broke his health? have not others dissipated his
  estate, and reduced him to want?        Tillotson.
7. To sink or appal the spirit.
    The defeat of toat day was much greater than it
  then appeared to be; and it even broke the heart  of
  his army.                           Clarendon.
                 I'll brave her to her face;
  I'll give my anger its free course against her:
  Thou shalt see, Phoenix, how I'll break her pride.
                                        Philips.
8. To crush; to shatter.
    Your hopes without are vanish'd into smoke;
  Your captains taken, and your armies broke.  Dryd.
9. To weaken mental faculties.
                   Opprest nature sleeps;
  This rest might yet have balm'd thy broken senses,
  Which, if conveniency will not allow,
  Stand in hard cure.                 Shakspeare.
    If any dabbler in poetry dares venture upon toe
  experiment, he will  only break his brains.   Felton
10.  To  tame; to train to  obedience; to
   enure to docility.
    What boots it to break a colt, and to let him straight
  run loose at random?                    Spenser.
    Why then thou  can'st not break her to the lute.—
  Why, no; for she hath broke the lute to me. Shaksp.
    So fed before he's broke, he'll bear
  Too great a stomach patiently to feel
  The lashing whip, or chew the curbing steel.  May.
    That hot-mouth'd beast that bears against the curb,
  Hard to be broken even by lawful kings.    Dryden.
    No sports but what belong to  war they know,
  To break toe stubborn colt, to bend the bow.  Dryden.
                   Virtues like these
  Make human nature shine, reform  toe soul,
  And break our fierce barbarians into men.  Addison.
    Behold young Juba, the Numidian prince,
  With how much care he forms himself to glory,
  And breaks the fierceness of his native temper.
                                       Addison.
11. To make bankrupt.
    The king's grown bankrupt, like a broken man.
                                    Shakspeare.
    For this few know toemselves: for merchants broke
   View their estate with discontent and pain.  Davies.
    With arts like  these rich Matho when he speaks,
  Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks.  Dryden.
    A command or call to be liberal, all of a sudden
  impoverishes the rich, breafts the merchant, and shuts
  up every private man's exchequer.         South.
12.  To discard; to dismiss.
    I see a great officer broken.             Swift.
13.  To crack or open the skin, so as  that
   the blood comes.
    She could have run and waddled all about,  even
   the day before she  broke her brow; and  then my
   husband took up the child.               Shaksp.
    Weak soul! and blindly to destruction led:
   She break her heart! she'll sooner break your head.
                                        Dryden
                    Ff 2
14. To  make a swelling  or  imposthume
  open.
15. To violate a contract or promise.
             Lovers break not hours,
  Unless it be to come before their time.     Shaksp.
    Pardon this fault, and by my soul I swear,
  I never more will break an oath with  thee.  Shaksp.
    Did not our worthies of the house,
  Before they broke toe peace, break vows? Hudibras.
16. To infringe  a law.
    Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
  Of nature, pleading in his children's cause. Drydtn.

17. To stop;  to make cease.
    Break their talk, mistress Quickly; my kinsman
  shall speak for himself.                  Shaksp.
18. To intercept.
    Spirit of wine, mingled with common water, yet
  so as if the first fall be broken,  by means of a sop, or
  otherwise, it stayeth above.              Bacon.
    Think not my sense  of virtue is so small;
  I'll rather leap down first, and  break your fall.
                                       Dryden.
    As one condemn'd to leap a  precipice,
  Who sees before his eyes the depth below,
  Stops short, and looks about for some kind shrub
  To break his dreadful fall.               Dryden.
    She held my hand, toe destin'd blow  to break,
  Then from her rosy lips began to speak.  Dryden
19. To interrupt.
    Some solitary cloister will I  choose,
  Coarse my attire,  and short shall be my  sleep,
  Broke by the melancholy midnight bell.   Dryden.
    The father was so moved, that he could only com-
  mand his voice, broke  with sighs and sobbings, so
  far as to bid her proceed.               Addison.
    The  poor shade shiv'ring stands,  and must not
      break
  His painful silence, till the mortal speak.  Tickell.
    Sometimes in broken words he sigh'd  his care,
  Look'd pale, and trembled,  when he view'd toe fair.
                                          Gay.
20. To separate company.
    Did not Paul and Barnabas  dispute with that ve-
  hemence, that they were forced to break company?
                                      Atterbury.
21. To dissolve any union.
    It is great folly, as well  as injustice,  to break off
  so noble a relation                      Collier.
22. To reform:  with of.
    The French were not quite broken of it, until some
  time after they became Christians.  *      Grew.
23. To open  something new; to  propound
   something by an  overture: as   if a  seal
   were opened.
    When  any  new thing shall be  propounded, no
  counsellor should  suddenly deliver  any positive opi-
  nion, but only hear it,  and, at  toe most,  but to break
  it, at first, that it may be  the  better understood at
  the next meeting.                        Bacon.
             I, who much desir'd to know
  Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break
  My mind, adventur'd humbly thus to speak.  Dryden.
24.  To break the back. To strain or dislo-
   cate the vertebrae with too  heavy bur-
   dens.
    I'd rather crack my sinews, break my  back,
  Than you should such dishonour undergo.  Shaksp.
25.  To break the back.  To   disable one's
   fortune.
                      O many
  Have broke their backs with laying manors on 'em,
  For this great journey.               Shakspeare.
26.  To  break a  deer. To  cut  it up at table.
27.  To  breakfast.  To eat the first time in
   the day.
28.  To  break ground.   To plough.
     When the  price  of com falleth,  men generally
  give over surplus tillage, and Weak no  more ground
   than will serve to supply toeir own turn.   Carew. 
BRE
BRE
BRE
    The husbandman must first break the land, before
  it be made capable of good seed.          Davies.
29.  To  break ground.   To open trenches.
30.  To  break the heart.   To destroy with
   grief.
    Good my lord, enter here.-------
  —Will 't break my heart?----
  I'd rather breafc mine own.               Shaksp.
     Should not all  relations bear a part?
  It were enough to breafc a single heart.    Dryden.
31.  To  break  a jest.  To utter a jest unex-
   pected.
32.  To  break  the neck. To lux, or put out
   the neck joints.
     I had as lief thou didst break his neck, as his fingers.
                                      Shakspeare.
33. To break  off. To put a sudden stop; to
   interrupt.
34. To break off. To preclude by some ob-
   stacle suddenly interposed.
     To check the starts and sallies of the soul,
   And break off all its  commerce with the tongue.
                                        Addison.
35. To break up.   To dissolve;  to put a
   sudden end to.
     Who cannot rest till he good fellows find;
   He breaks up house, turns out of doors his mind.
                                        Herbert.
     He  threatened, that toe tradesmen would beat out
   his teeth, if he did not retire, and break up the
   meeting.                            Arbuthnot.
36. To break  up.  To open; to lay open.
     Shells being lodged amongst mineral matter, when
   this comes to be  broke up, it exhibits impressions of
   the shells.                           Woodward.
37. To break  up.  To  separate or disband.
     After taking the strong city of Belgrade, Solyman,
   returning to Constantinople, broke up his army, and
   there lay still the whole year following.    Knolles.
38. To break  upon the wheel.   To punish
   by stretching a  criminal upon the wheel,
   and  breaking his bones with bats.
39. To break wind.   To give vent to wind
   in the body.
 To Break, brake, v.  to.
 1. To part  in two.
     Give sorrow words; the grief that does not speak
   Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and bids it break.
                                      Shakspeare.
2. To burst.
     The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,
   A second deluge o'er our heads may breafc.  Dryden.
              The Roman camp
   Hangs o'er us black and threat'ning, like a storm
   Just breaking on our heads.              Dryden.
3. To spread  by  dashing, as waves on a
   rock.
     At last a falling billow stops his breath,
   Breaks o'er his head, and whelms him underneath.
                                        Dryden.
     He could compare the confusion of a multitude to
   that tumult in the Icarian sea, dashing and breaking
   among its crowd of islands.                Pope.
4.  To  break  as a swelling;  to open,  and
   discharge matter.
     Some hidden abscess in the mesentery, breaking
  some few days after, was discovered to be an apos-
  teme.                                 Harvey.
    Ask one who hath subdued his natural rage, how
  he likes the  change; and undoubtedly he will tell
  you, that it is no  less happy than the ease of a bro-
  ken imposthume, as the painful gathering and filling
  of it.                            Decay of Piety.
5. To open  as the morning.
    The  day breaks not, it is my heart,
  Because that I and you must part.
  Stay, or else my joys will die,
  And perish in their infancy.               Donne.
    When a man thinks of any thing in the darkness
  ofthe night, whatever deep impressions it may make
  in his mind, they are apt to vanish as the day breaks
  about him.                            Addison.
6. To burst forth;  to  exclaim.
                   Every man,
  After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
  A thing inspir'd; and, not consulting,  broke
  Into a general prophecy.                 Shaksp.
7. To become bankrupt.
    I did mean, indeed, to pay you with this; which if,
  like an ill venture, it come unluckily home, I break,
  and you, my gentle creditors, lose.        Shaksp.
    He that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes
  break, and come to poverty.              Bacon.
    Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall,
  For very want he could not build a wall.     Pope.
8. To decline in health and strength.
    Yet thus, methinks, I hear them speak:
  See how the dean  begins to break;
  Poor gentleman! he droops apace.          Swift.
9. To issue out with vehemence.
    Whose wounds, yet fresh, with bloody hands he
       strook,
  While from his breast the dreadful accents brtke.
                                          Pope,
 10. To make way with some kind of  sud-
   denness, impetuosity,  or violence.
    Calamities may be nearest at hand, and readiest
  to breafc in suddenly upon us, which we in regard of
  times or circumstances,  may imagine to be farthest
  off.                                   Hooker.
    The three mighty men broke through the host of
  toe Philistines.                       2 Samuel.
    They came unto Judah, and brake into it.
                                    2  Chronicles.
    Or who shut up the sea within doors, when it brake
  forth, as if it had  issued out  of the womb?     Job.
    This, this is he; softly awhile,
  Let us not breafc in upon him.            Milton.
    He resolved that Balfour  should use  his utmost
  endeavour to break through with his whole body of
  horse.                               Clarendon.
    When  the channel of a river is overcharged with
  water, more than it can deliver, it necessarily breaks
  over the banks to make itself room.         Hale.
    Sometimes his anger breaks through all disguises,
  And spares not Gods nor men.           Denham.
    Till through those clouds the sun of knowledge
       brake,
  And Europe from  her lethargy did wake. Denham.
    0! couldst thou break through fate's severe decree,
  A new Marcellus should arise in thee.   Dryden.
    At length I've acted my severest part!
  I feel the woman breaking in upon me,
  And melt about my heart, my tears will flow.
                                       Addison.
    How does toe lustre of our father's actions,
  Through  the dark  cloud of ills that cover him,
  Break out, and burn with more triumphant blaze!
                                       Addison.
    And yet, methinks, a beam of light breaks in
  On my departing soui.                  Addison.
    There are some who, struck with toe usefulness of
  these charities, break through all the  difficulties and
  obstructions toat now lie in the way towards advan-
  cing them.                           Atterbury.
    Almighty Pow'r, by whose most wise command
  Helpless, forlorn, uncertain here I stand;
  Take this faint glimmering of thyself away,
  Or break into my soul with perfect day!  Arbuthnot.
    See heav'n  its sparkling portals wide display,
  And break upon thee in a flood of day!       Pope.
    I must pay her the last duty  of friendship where-
  ever she is, though I break through the whole plan
  of life which I have formed in my mind.    Swift.
 11. To come to  an explanation.
    But perceiving this great alteration in his friend,
  he thought fit to breafc with him thereof.    Sidney.
             Stay with me awhile;
  I am to break with thee of some affairs
  That touch me near.                    Shaksp.
             Break with them, gentle love,
  About the drawing as many of their husbands
  Into the plot as can.                 Ben Jonson.
12. To fall out; to be friends no longer.
            Be not afraid to break
  With murd'rers and traitors, for the saving
  A life so near and necessary to you,
  As is your country's.                 Ben Jonson.
    To breafc upon toe score of danger or expence, is
  to be mean and narrow-spirited.           Collier.
    Sighing, he says, we must certainly break,
  And my cruel unkindness compels him to speak.
                                         Prior.
13. To break from.  To go away with some
   vehemence.
    How didst thou scorn life's meaner charms,
  Thou who couldst break from Laura's arms!  Rose.
    Thus radiant/rom the circling crowd he broke;
  And thus with manly modesty he spoke.     Dryd.
    This custom makes bigots and scepticks; and those
  that break from it, are  in danger of heresy.  Locfce.
14. To break in. To enter  unexpectedly,
   without proper preparation.
    The doctor is a pedant, that,  with a deep voice,
  and a magisterial air,  breaks in  upon conversation,
  and drives down all before him.          Addison.
15. To break loose.  To escape from capti-
   vity.
    Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell,
  And boldly venture to whatever place
  Farthest from pain?                     Milton,
16. To break loose.  To shake off restraint.
    If we deal falsely  in covenant with God, and
  break loose from  all our engagements  to him, we
  release God from all the promises  he has made to
  us.                                   Tillotson.
17. To break off. To desist  suddenly.
    Do not peremptorily break off, in any business, in
  a fit of anger; but howsoever you  shew bitterness, do
  not act any thing that is not revocable.      Bacon.
    Pius Quintus,  at the very time when that memor-
  able victory was won by  toe Christians at Lepanto,
  being then hearing of causes in consistory, bj-ofce off
  suddenly, and said to those about him, it is now more
  time we should give thanks to God.         Bacon.
    When you begin to consider, whether you may
  safely take one draught more, let that be accounted
  a sign late enough to break off.            Taylor.
18. To break off from.  To part from with
   violence.
    I must from this enchanting queen break off.
                                     Shakspeare.
19. To break out. To discover itself in sud-
   den effects.
    Let not one spark of filthy lustful fire
  Break out, that may her sacred peace molest.
                                        Spenser.
    They smother and keep down the  flame of the
  mischief, so as it may  not break out in  their time of
  government; what comes afterwards they care not.
                                        Spenser.
    Such a deal of wonder has broken out within this
  hour, that ballad makers  cannot be able to express
  it.                                 Shakspeare.
    As fire breaks out of flint by percussion, so wisdom
  and truth issueth out by toe agitation of argument.
                                         Howel.
    Fully ripe, his swelling fate breaks out,
  And hurries him to mighty mischiefs on.      Dryd.
    All turn'd their sides, and to each other spoke;
  I saw their words breafc out in fire and smoke. Dryd.
    Like a ball of fire, the further thrown,
  Still with a greater blaze she shone,
  And her bright soul broke out on  ev'ry side. Milton.
    There can be no greater labour, than to be always
  dissembling; there being so many ways  by which a
  smothered truth is apt to blaze, and break out. South.
    There are men of concealed fire, that doth not
  breafc out in toe ordinary circumstances of life.
                                       Addison.
    A violent fever broke out in the place, which swept
  away great multitudes.                 Addison.
20. To break out.  To have eruptions from
   the body,  as  pustules or sores. 
BRE
BRE
BRE
 21. To break out. To become dissolute.
     He broke not out into his great excesses, while he
   was restrained by toe councils and authority of Se-
   neca.                           I    Dryden.
 22. To break up. To cease; to intermit.
     It is credibly affirmed,  that,  upon toat very day
   when the river first riseth, great plagues in Cairo
   use suddenly to break up.       Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 23. To break up. To dissolve itself.
     These, and the like conceits, when men have
   cleared  their understanding by the light of expe-
   rience, will scatter and break up like mist.  Bacon.
     The speedy depredation of air upon watery moist-
   ure, and version of the same  into air, appeareth in
   nothing more visible than  the sudden discharge or
   vanishing of a little cloud of breath, or vapour, from
   glass, or any polished body; for the mistiness scatter-
   eth, and breaketh up suddenly.             Bacon.
     But, ere he came near it, the pillar and cross of
   light brake up, and cast itself abroad, as it were, into
   a firmament of many stars.               Bacon.
     What we- obtain by conversation, is oftentimes
   lost again, as soon as the company breaks up, or, at
   least, when the day vanishes.             Watts.
 24. To break up. To  begin holidays; to be
    dismissed from business.
             Our army is dispers'd already:
   Like youthful steers unyok'd, they took their course
   East, west, north, south: or,  like a school broke up,
   Each hurries tow'rds his home and sporting-place.
                                    Shakspeare.
 25. To break with. To part friendship with
    any.
     There is a slave, whom we have put in prison,
   Reports, the Volscians, with  two several powers,
   Are enter'd in the Roman territories.—
   —Go see this rumourer whipt.   It cannot be,
   The Volscians dare break with us.      Shakspeare.
     Can there be any thing of friendship in snares,
   hooks, and  trapans?   Whosoever breaks with  his
   friend upon such terms, has  enough to warrant him
   in so doing, both before God and man.      South.
            Invent some apt pretence
   To break with Bertram                Dryden.
 26. It is to be  observed of this  extensive
   and perplexed verb, that in all its signifi-
   cations, whether active or neutral, it has
   some reference to  its primitive mean-
   ing, by implying  either detriment, sud-
   denness, violence, or  separation.   It is
   used often with additional particles, up,
   out, in, off, forth, to modify its  signifi-
   cation.
 Break,  brake, n. s. [from  the verb.]
 1. State  of being broken; opening.
     From the break of day until noon, the roaring of
  the cannon never ceased.                Knolles.
     For now, and since  first break of day, the fiend,
  Mere serpent in appearance, forth was come. Milt.
     They  must be drawn  from  far, and without
  breaks, to avoid the multiplicity of lines.  Dryden.
     The sight of  it would  be quite lost, did it not
  sometimes discover itself through  the breaks  and
  openings of the woods that grow  about it.  Addison.
 2. A pause;  an interruption.
 3. A line  drawn, noting that the  sense is
   suspended.
            All modern fa-ash is
  Set forth with num'rous breaks and dashes.   Swift.
Bre'aker,  bra'kur.  «.  s. [from break]
 1. He that breaks any thing.
    Cardinal, I'll be no breaker ofthe law.  Shaksp.
    If the churches were  not employed to  be  places
  to hear God's law, there would be need of them to
  be prisons for the breakers of the laws of men.
                                        South.
2. A wave broken by rocks or sandbanks:
   a term of navigation.
To BRE'AKFAST,brek'fast.a3*6,s v. to.[from
   break and faat.]  To eat the  first meal
   in the  day.
    As soon as Phoebus' rays inspect us,
  First, Sir, I read, and then I breakfast.     Prior.
 Bre'akfast, brek'fast.88  to.  s. [from the
   verb.]
 1. The first meal in the day.
    The duke was at breakfast, the last of his re-
  pasts in this world.                     Wotton.
 2. The thing eaten at  the  first  meal.
    Hope is a good breakfast, but it is  a bad supper.
                                       Bacon.
    A good piece of bread would be often the best
  breakfast for my young master.            Locke.
 3. A meal,  or food in general.
    Had I been seized by a hungry lion,
  I would have been a breakfast to the beast.   Shak.
    I lay me down to gasp my latest breath,
  The wolves will get a breakfast by my death,
  Yet scarce enough their hunger to supply.  Dryden.
 Bre'akneck, brake'nek. to. s. [from break
   and neck]  A  fall in  which  the neck is
   broken;  a steep place  endangering the
   neck.
                      I must
  Forsake the court; to do 't or no, is certain
  To me a breakneck.                 Shakspeare.
 BRE'AKPROMisE,brake'prom-Is. n.s. [from
   break and promise.] One  that makes a
   practice of breaking his promise.
    I will think you the most atheistical breakpromise,
  and the most hollow lover.           Shakspeare.
 Bre'akvow, brake'vou.. to. s. [from break
   and vow] He thatpractiseth the breach
   of vows.
    That daily breafccoio, he that wins of all,
  Of kings, of beggars, old men,  young men, maids.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
 Bream, breme, to. s. [brame, Fr. cyprinus
   latus,'hat] The name  of  a fish.
    The bream, being at full growth, is a large fish;
  he will breed both  in rivers and  ponds, but loves
  best to live in ponds.  He is, by Gesner, taken to
  be more elegant than wholesome.  He  is long  in
  growing, but breeds exceedingly  in a water that
  pleases him, and in  many ponds so fast as to over-
  stock them, and starve the other fish.  He is very
  broad, with a forked tail, and his scales set in ex-
  cellent order.  He hath large eyes,  and a narrow
  sucking mouth, two sets of teeth, and a lozing bone
  to help his grinders.  The male is observed to have
  two large melts, and the female two large bags of
  eggs or spawn.                 Walton's Angler.
    A broad bream, to please some curious taste,
  While yet alive in boiling water cast,
  Vex'd with unwonted heat, boils, flings about.
                                      Waller.
BREAST, brest. «. s. [brteort,  Saxon.]
 I.  The middle  part of the  human body,
  between  the neck and the belly.
    No, tray tress! angry Love replies,
  She 's hid somewhere about thy breast;
    A place nor God nor man denies,
  For Venus' dove the proper nest.          Prior.

2.  The dugs or teats of women which  con-
  tain the  milk.
    They pluck toe fatherless from the breast.
                                  Job, xxiv. 9.
3.  Breast was anciently taken for the pow-
   er of singing.
        The better breast,
      The lesser rest.      Tusser of Singing Boys.
4.  The part of a beast that   is under  the
   neck, between  the forelegs.
5. The disposition ofthe mind.
    I not by wants, or fears, or age opprest,
  Stem the wild torrent with a dauntless breast.
                                     Dryden.
 6. The heart; the conscience.
    Needless was written law, wLt re none opprest;
  The law of man was written in his breast.    Diyd.
 7. The seat of the  passions.
    Margarita first possess'd,
  If I remember well, my breast.           Cowley.
    Each in his breast the secret sorrow kept,
  And thought it safe to laugh, though Caesar wept.
                                       Rowe.
 To Breast, brest. v. a. [from  the noun.]
   To meet in front; to oppose breast to
   breast.
            The threaden sails
  Draw the huge bottoms through the farrow'd sea,
  Breasting the lofty surge.       Shaksp. Henry V.
            The hardy Swiss
  Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes.  Golds.
 Bre'astbone,  brest'bone. to.  s.  [from
   breast  and  bone.]   The  bone of the
   breast; the sternum.
    The belly shall be eminent, by shadowing toe
  flank,  and under the breast-bone.        Peacham.
 Bre'astcasket, brest'kas-kit."to. s. [from
   breast and casket.]  With mariners, the
   largest and longest  caskets, which  are
   a sort of strings placed in the middle of
   the yard.
 Bre'astfast, brest'fast.  to. s. [from breast
   and fast.]  In a ship, a rope fastened to
   some part of her forward on, to hold her
   head to a warp, or the like.     Harris.
 Bre'asthigh, brest'hi.  adj. [from breast
   and high.]  Up to the breast.
    The river itself gave way unto her, so toat she
  was straight breasthigh.                 Sidney.
    Lay madam Partlet basking in the sun,
  Breasthigh in sand.             Dryden's Fables.
Bre'asthooks,  brest'hdoks. to.  s.  [from
   breast and hook] With shipwrights, the
   compassing timbers before, that help to
   strengthen  the stem,  and all the fore-
   part of the ship.                  Harris.
Bre'astknot, brest'n&t. to. s. [from breast
   and knot.]  A knot or bunch of ribbands
   worn by women  on  the breast.
    Our ladies have still faces, and our men hearts;
  why may we not hope for the same achievements
  from the influence of this breastknot.      Addison.
Bre'astplate, brest'plate.  to. s.  [from
   breast and plate.] Armour for the breast.
    What stronger breastplate than a heart untainted?
  Thrice is he arm'd, that hath his quarrel just. Shak.
    'Gainst shield, helm, breastplate, and, instead of
        those,
  Five sharp smooth stones  from the next  brook he
        chose.                          Cowley.
    This venerable champion will come into the field,
  armed only with a pocket-pistol, before his old rusty
  breastplate could be scoured, and his  cracked head-
  piece mended.                          Swift.
Bre'astplough,  brest'plou.. to.  s.  [from
  breast and plough.]  A plough used for
   paring turf, driven by the  breast.
    The breastplough which  a man shoves before him.
                                    Mortimer.
Bre'astropes, brest'ropes.  to. s.  [from
   breast and rope.] In a ship, those ropes
   which fasten the yards to  the  parrels,
   and,  with  the  parrels, hold  the yards
   fast to the mast.                Harris.
Bre'astwork,  brest'wurk. n.  s.  [from
   breast and work] Works thrown up as
   high as the breast ofthe defendants; the
   same with parapet.
    Sir John Astley cast up breastworks, and made a
  redoubt for the defence of his men.     Clarendon 
BRE
BRE
BRE
BREATH,breth.wn.a. [bjtaKe,Saxon.]

I. The  air drawn in and ejected out of the
   body  by living  animals.
             Whither are they vanish'd?
  Into the air, and what seem'd corporal
  Melted, as breath into the wind.    Sftofcs. Macbeth.
2. Life.
    No man has more contempt than 1 of breath;
  But whence hast thou the pow'r to give me death?
                                       Dryden.
3. The state or power of breathing freely;
   opposed to the condition in which a  man
   is breathless and spent.
    At other times, he casts to sue the chace
  Of swift wild beasts, or run on foot a race,
  T' enlarge his breath, large breath  in arms most
         needful,
  Or else, by wrestling, to wax strong and heedful.
                                       Spenser.
    What is your difference? speak.—
  —I am scarce in breath, my Lord.  Shak. K.  Lear.
    Spaniard, take breath;  some respite I'll afford;
  My cause is more advantage than your sword.
                                       Dryden.
    Our swords so wholly did  the fates employ,
  That they, at  length, grew weaiy to destroy;
  Refus'd the work we brought, and out of breath,
  Made sorrow and despair attend for death.
                               Dryden's Aureng.
4. Respite; pause; relaxation.
    Give me some breath, some little pause, dear lord,
  Before I positively speak.            Shakspeare.
5. Breeze; moving air.
    Vent all toy passion, and I'll stand its shock
  Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea,
  When not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface.
                                 Addison's Cato.
6. A single act; an instant.
    You menace me, and court me, in a breath;
  Your Cupid looks as dreadfully as death.    Dryd.
Bre'athable,  breTHe'a-bl.  adj.  [from
   breath]   That  may  be  breathed;  as,
   breathable air.
To  Breathe,  breTHe.437   v.  to.   [from
   breath.]
1. To draw in and throw out the air by the
   lungs; to inspire and expire.
    He safe return'd, the race of glory past,
  New to his friends embrace, had breath'd his last.
                                          Pope.
2. To live.
    Let him breathe, between  the heav'ns and earth,
  A private man in Athens.            Shakspeare.

3. To take breath;  to  rest.
    He presently followed toe victory so hot upon the
  Scots, that he suffered them  not  to breathe, or
  gather themselves together again.         Spenser.
    Three times they breath'd,  and three times did
        they drink,
  Upon agreement.             Shaksp. Henry IV.
    Rest, that gives all men life, gave him his death,
  And too much breathing put him out of breath.
                                       Milton.
    When France had breath'd  after intestine broils,
  And peace and conquest crown'd her foreign  toils.
                                    Roscommon.
4. To pass as air.
    Shall I not then be stifled  in the vault,
  To whose foul  mouth no healthsome air breathes in,
  And there be strangled ere my Romeo comes?
                                    Shakspeare.
To Breathe, breTHe.437 v. a.

1. To inspire,  or  inhale  into  one's  own
  body, and eject or expire out of it.
                 They wish to live,
  Their pains and poverty desire to bear,
  To view the light of heav'n, and breathe the vital
        air.                            Dryden.
    They here began to breathe a most delicious kind
  of aether, and saw all toe fields about them covered
  with a kind of purple light.                Tatler.

2. To inject by breathing: with into.
    He breathed into us the breath of life, a vital ac-
  tive spirit; whose  motions, he expects, should own
  the dignity of its original.         Decay of Piety,
    I would be young, be handsome, be belov'd,
  Could I but breathe myself into Adrastus.  Dryden.
3. To expire;  to  eject by breathing: with
   out.
    She is called, by ancient authors, the tenth muse;
  and by Plutarch is compared to Caius,  the son of
  Vulcan, who breathed out nothing but flame.
                                      Spectator.
4. To exercise; to keep in breath.
    Thy greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags.
                                   Shakspeare.
5. To inspire; to move or actuate by breath.
    The artful youth proceed to form the quire;
  They breathe the flute, or strike toe vocal wire.
                                        Prior.
6. To exhale; to send out as breath.
                 His altar breathes
  Ambrosial odours, and ambrosial flowers.  Milton.
7. To utterly  privately.
    I have tow'rd heaven breath'd a secret vow,
  To live in pray'r and contemplation.   Shakspeare.
8. To give air or vent to.
    The ready cure to cool toe raging pain,
  Is underneath the foot to breathe a  vein.   Dryden.
Bre'ather, bre'THilr. to. s. [from breathe]
1. One that breathes, or lives.
    She shows a body rather than a life,
  A statue than a breather.  Shaksp. Ant. and Chop.
    I will chide no breather in the world but  myself.
                                   Shakspeare.
2. One that utters any thing.
    No particular scandal once can touch,
  But it confounds the breather.        Shakspeare.
3. Inspirer; one  that  animates or  infuses
   by inspiration.
    The breather of all life does now expire;
  His milder father summons him away.     Norris.
Bre'athing,   bre'THing.  to.   *.   [from
   breathe.]
I. Aspiration; secret prayer.
    While to high heav'n his pious breathings turn'd,
  Weeping he hop'd, and sacrificing mourn'd. Prior.
2. Breathing  place; vent;
    The warmth distends the chinks, and makes
  New breathings, whence new nourishment she takes.
                                      Dryden.
Bre'athless, breth'l&s.adj. [from breath.]
I. Out of breath; spent with labour.
                   Well knew
  The prince, with patience and sufferance  sly,
  So hasty heat soon cooled to subdue;
  Tho' when he breathless wax, that battle 'gan renew.
                                   Fairy Queen.
    I remember, when the fight was  done,
  When I was dry with rage and extreme toil,
  Breathless, and faint, leaning upon my sword,
  Came there a certain lord.      Shaks.  Henry IV.
    Many so strained themselves in their race, that
  they fell down breathless and dead.      Hayward.
    Breathless and tir'd, is all my fury spent?
  Or does my glutted spleen at length relent?  Dryd.
2. Dead.
    Xneeling before this ruin of sweet life,
  And breathing to this breathless excellence
  The incense of a vow, a holy vow.      Shakspeare.
    Yielding to the sentence, breathless thou
  And pale shalt lie, as what thou buriest now. Prior.
Bred, bred,  particip.  pass,   [from  To
   breed.]
    Their malice was bred in them, and their cogita-
  tion would never be changed.      Wisdom,  xii. 10.
Brede, brede. to. s.  See Braid.
    In a curious brede of needle-work, one colour falls
  away by such  just  degrees,  and  another  rises so
  insensibly, toat we see the variety, without being
  able  to distinguish  the total vanishing of the one
  from toe first appearance of the other.    Addison
BREECH,  bieetsh.-2*7 «.  ■».  [supposed
   from brtaecan, Sax.]
1. The lower  part of  the body;  the back
   part.
    When  the king's pardon was offered by a he-
  rauld, a lewd boy turned  towards him his naked
  breech, and used words suitable to that gesture.
                                     Hayward.
    The storks devour  snakes and other serpents;
  which when they begin to creep out at their breeches,
  they will  presently clap  them close  to a wall, to
  keep them in.                 Greio's Musaum
2. Breeches.
    Ah! toat thy father had been so resolv'd—
  —That thou might'st still have worn toe petticoat,
  And ne'er had stol'n toe  breech from Lancaster.
                                       Shaksp,
3. The hinder part of a piece of ordnance.
    So cannons, when they mount vast pitches,
  Are tumbled back upon their breeches. Anonymous.
4. The hinder part  of any thing.
To Breech,  breetsh.247  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]
I. To put into breeches.
2. To fit any thing  with a  breech; as, to
   breech a gun.
Bre'eches,  britch'lz."47 09 to.  *.  [bpaec,
   Sax. from brucca, an  old Gaulish word;
   so that Skinner imagines  the  name of
   the part covered  with  breeches,  to he
   derived from that of the garment.   In
   this  sense it has  no singular.]
1. The  garment  worn  by men over the
   lower part of the body.
    Petruchio is coming  in a new hat and an old jer-
  kin, and a pair of old breeches, thrice turned. Shaks.
    Rough satires, sly remarks, ill-natur'd speeches,
  Are always aim'd at poets that wear breeches. Prior.
    Give him a single coat to make, he'd do 't;
  A vest or  breeches, singly; but the brute
  Could ne'er contrive all three to make a suit. King.
2. To wear the  breeches, is to  usurp the
   authority ofthe husbands.
    The wife of Xanthus was domineering, as  if her
  fortune, and her extraction, had entitled her to the
  breeches.                           L'Estrange.
To BREED, breed, v. a. preter. I bred, I
   have  bred, [byieeban, Sax.]
1. To procreate; to generate; to produce
   more ofthe species.
    None fiercer in Numidia bred,
  With Carthage  were in triumph led.   Roscommon.
2. To produce from one's self.
    Children would breed  toeir teeth with less dan-
  ger.                                   Locke.
3. To occasion;  to cause; to produce.
    Thereat he roared for exceeding pain,
  That to have heard, great horrour would have bred.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Our own hearts we  know, but we are not certain
  what hope the rites and orders  of our church have
  bred in the hearts of others.             Hooker.
    What hurt ill  company, and overmuch liberty,
  breedeth in youth!          Ascham's Schoolmaster.
    Intemperance and lust  breed infirmities and dis-
  eases, which, being propagated, spoil the strain of
  a nation.                             Tillotson.
4. To  contrive; to  hatch; to plot.
    My son Edgar! had he a hand to write this? a
  heart and brain to breed it in ?         Shakspeare,
5. To  give birth to; to  be the native place:
   so, there are  breeding ponds, and feed-
   ing ponds.
    Mr. Harding, and the  worthiest divine Christen-
  dom hath bred for the space of some hundred of 
BRE
BRE
BRE
     years, were brought up together in the same univer-
     sity.                                 Hooker.
                Hail, foreign wonder!
     Whom certain these rough shades did never breed.
                                         Milton.
   6. To educate; to form by  education.
      Whoe'er thou art, whose forward ears are bent
     On state affairs, to guide the government;
     Hear first what Socrates of old has said
     To the lov'd youth whom he at Athens bred. Dryd.
      To breed up the son to common sense,
    Is evermore toe parent's least expence.    Dryden.
      And left their pillagers, to rapine bred,
    Without controul to strip and spoil toe dead. Dryd.
      His farm may not remove  his children too far
    from hkn, or toe trade he breeds them up in. Locke.
  7. To  bring up; to  take care of from  in-
     fancy.
      Ah wretched  me! by fates averse decreed
    To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed.
                                         Dryden.
  8. To conduct  through the first stages of
     life.
     Bred up in grief, can pleasure be our theme?
    Our endless anguish does not nature claim?
    Reason and sorrow are to us the same,      Prior-.
  To Breed, breed, v. to.
  I. To bring young.
     Lucina,  it seems, was breeding, as she did no-
    thing but entertain the company with a discourse
    upon the difficulty of reckoning to a day.  Spectator.
  2. To be increased  by new production.
     But could youth last, and love still breed;
    Had joys no date, and age no need;
    Then these  delights my mind might move
    To live with thee, and be thy love.       Raleigh.
  3. To be produced;  to have birth.
     Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ'd,
    The air is delicate.         Shakspeare's Macbeth.
     There is a worm that breedeth in old snow, and
    dieth soon after it cometh out of the snow.
                         Bacon's Natural History.
     The caterpillar is  one  of the most general  of
   worms,  and  breedeth of dew and leaves.     Bacon.
     It hath been toe general tradition  and belief, that
   maggots and flies breed in putrified carcases.
                                       Bentley.
 4. To raise a breed.
     In toe choice of swine, choose such to breed of as
   are of long large  bodies.              Mortimer.
 Breed, breed,  n- s. [from the verb.]
 1. A cast; a kind; a subdivision of species.
               I bring you witnesses,
   Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The horses were young and handsome, and of the
   best breed in the north.    Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
     Walled towns,  stored arsenals, and ordnance; all
   this is but a sheep in a lion's skin, except the breed
   and disposition of the people be stout and warlike.
                                Bacon's Essays.
     Infectious streams of crowding sins began,
   And thro' the spurious breed the guilty nation ran.
                                   Roscommon.
     Rode fair Ascanius on a fiery steed,
   Queen Dido's gift, and of the Tyrian breed.  Dryden.
2. A family; a generation: in contempt.
    A cousin of his last wife's was proposed; but John
  would have no more of the breed.      Arbuthnot.
3. Progeny;  offspring.
    If thou wilt lend this money, lend  it not
  As to thy friend; for when did friendship take
  A breed of barren metal of his friend? Shakspeare.
4. A number produced at once; a hatch.
    She lays them in the sand, where they lie till they
  are hatched; sometimes above an hundred at a  breed.
                                        Grew.
Bre'edbate, breed'bate. n.s. [from breed
  and bate.]   One that breeds  quarrels;
  an incendiary.
    An honest, willing, kind fellow, as ever servant
    shall come in  house withal; and, I warrant you, no
    telltale, nor no breedbate.            Shakspeare.
  Bre'eder, bree'dur.98 to. s.  [from breed]
  1. That which  produces any thing.
      Time is the nurse and breeder of all good. Shaksp.
  2. The  person  w-nch brings up another.
      Time was, when Italy and Rome have been the
    best breeders and bringers up of toe worthiest men.
                           Ascham's Schoolmaster.
    . A female that is prolifick.
      Get thee to a  nunnery; why would'st  thou be a
    breeder of sinners?                  Shakspeare.
      Here is the babe, as loathsome as a toad,
    Amongst the fairest breeders of our time.   Shaksp.
      Let there be an hundred persons in London, and
    as many in toe country, we say, that if there be sixty
    of  them breeders  in London, there are more than
    sixty in the country.                    Graunt.
      Yet, if a friend a night or two should need her,
    He'd recommend her as a special breeder.   Pope.
  4. One that takes care to raise a breed.
      The breeders of English cattle turned  much to
    dairy, or else kept their cattle to six or seven years
    old.                                 Temple.
  Bre'eding, bree'dlng. n. s. [from breed]
  1. Education; instruction; qualifications.
     She had her breeding at my father's charge,
    A poor physician's daughter.          Shakspeare.
     I am a gentleman of blood and breeding.  Shaksp.
     I hope to see it a piece of none of the meanest
    breeding, to be acquainted with the laws of nature.
                         Glanville's Scepsis, Pref.
 2. Manners; knowledge of ceremony.
     As men of breeding, sometimes men of wit,
    T' avoid great errours, must the less commit. Pope.
     The Graces from the  court did next provide
    Breeding, and wit, and air, and decent pride. Swift.
 3.  Nurture; care to bring up from  the in-
    fant state.
     Why was my breeding order'd and prescrib'd,
   As of a person separate to God,
   Design'd for great exploits?    Milton's Agonistes.
 Breese, breez.  to. s. [bpiora, Saxon.] A
    stinging fly; the gadfly.
                          Cleopatra,
   The breese upon her, like a cow in June,
   Hoists sail, and flies.                Shakspeare.
     The learned write, the insect breese
  Is but the mongrel prince of bees.      Hudibras.
     A fierce loud buzzing breese, their stings draw
         blood,
  And drive toe cattle gadding through the wood.
                                       Dryden.
 BREEZE, breez.  to. s. [brezza, Ital.]  A
    gentle gale;  a  soft wind.
    We find that these hottest regions of toe world,
  seated under the equinoctial line, or near it, are so
  refreshed with a daily gale of easterly wind, which
  the Spaniards call breeze, that doth ever more blow
  stronger in the heat of the day.          Raleigh.
    From land a gentle breeze arose by night,
  Serenely shone the stars, the moon was bright,
  And the sea trembled with her silver light.  Dryd.
                 Gradual sinks the breeze
  Into a perfect calm; that not a breath
  Is heard to quiver through the closing wood.
                                     Thomson,
Bre'ezy, bree'ze. adj. [from breeze] Fan-
  ned with  gales.
    The seer, while zephyrs curl toe swelling deep,
  Basks on the breezy shore, in grateful sleep,
  His oozy limbs.                         Pope

BRF/HON,bre'hon.  n. s. An Irish word.
    In the case of murder, the brehon, that  is, toeir
  judge, will compound between the murderer and the
  party murdered, which prosecute the action,  that
  the malefactor shall give  unto them, or to the child
  or wife of him that is slain, a recompence, which
  they call an eriach.                    Spenser.
Breme,  breme.  adj.  [from  bjiemman,
Sax.  to rage or fume.]   Cruel;  sharp;
      And when the shining sun laugheth once,
    You deemen the spring come at ouce:
    But eft, when you count you freed from fear,
    Comes toe breme winter, with chamfred brows,
    Full of wrinkles, and frosty furrows.      Spenser,
  Brent, brent,   adj.  [from bjiennan, Sr.x.
    to burn.] Burnt. Obsolete.
      What flames, quoth he, when I thee present see
    In danger rather to be drent than brent?  Fairy Q.
  Brest, brest. to.*. [In architecture.]  That
    member of a column,  called  also the
    torus, or  tore.
  Brest Summers,  brest-sim'murs.   The
    pieces  in  the outward parts of  any tim-
    ber building, and in  the middle  floors,
    into which the girders are framed.
                                      Harris.
  Bret, bret  to.  a. A fish of the turbot kind,
    also hurt  or  brut.                   Diet.
  Bre'thren, brern'ren.  to. s. [The plural
    of brother/]  See Brother.
     All these sects are brethren to each other in fac-
   tion, ignorance, iniquity, perverseness, pride. Swift.
  BRE.VE,  breve, to. *. [In  music ] A  note
    or character  of time, equivalent to two
    measures  or  minims.            Harris.
 Bre'viary, breve'ya-re.507 n.a. [breviaire,
    Fr. breviarium, Lat.]
  I. An abridgment; epitome; acompendium.
     Cresconius, an  African bishop, has given  us an
  abridgement, or breviary thereof.         Ayliffe.
 2.  The  book containing the daily service
    of the church of Rome.
 Bre'viat,  breve'yat."3 to. *. [from brevia,
    brevio, Lat.]  A short compendium.
     It is obvious to  the shallowest discourser, that the
  whole counsel of  God, as far as it is incumbent for
  man to know, is comprised in one breviot of evan-
  gelical truth.                   Decay of Piety.
 Bre'viature, breve'ya-tshure.463 "a ra> St
   [from brevio, Lat.]  An abbreviation.
 Brevi'er,  bre-vere'. n.a.   A  particular
   size of letter used in printing;  so call-
   ed, probably,  from being originally used
   in printing a breviary; such is the small-
   est type used  in this work, in which the
   examples appear.
 Bre'vity, brev'e-te.511 n.a. [brevitas, Lat.]
  Conciseness; shortness; contraction  into
  few words.
    Virgil, studying brevity, and having the command
  of his own  language, could bring those words into
  a narrow compass, which a translator cannot render
  without circumlocutions.                Dryden.
 To  BREW,brod.3™v.a.[brouwen, Dutch;
  brawen, German; bjiipan, Saxon.]
 1. To make liquors by mixing  several in-
  gredients.
    We have drinks also brewed with several herbs
  and roots, and spices.                   Bacon.
                   Mercy guard me!
  Hence with thy breio'd enchantments, foul deceiver!
           .                          Milton.
 2. To put into preparation.
    Here 's neither bush nor  shrub to bear off any
  weather  at all, and another storm brewing. Shaksp.
 3. To  mingle.
    Take away these chalices; go, brew me a pottle
  of sack finely.                      Shakspeare.
4. Tope seems to use the word indetermi-
  nately.
    Or brew fierce tempests on the watry main. 
BRI
BRI
BRI
  Or o'er the globe distil the kindly rain.     Pope.
5. To contrive; to plot.
    I found it to be the most malicious and frantick
  surmise, and toe most contrary to his nature, that,
  I think, had ever been brewed from toe beginning of
  the world, howsoever countenanced by a libellous
  pamphlet of a fugitive physician, even in print.
                                      Wotton.
 To Brew, br66. v. to. To perform  the of-
   fice of a brewer.
     I keep his house, and wash, wring, brew, bake,
   scour, dress meat, and  make toe beds, and do all
   myself.                           Shakspeare.
 Brew, broo. n. s. [from the verb.]  Man-
   ner of brewing; or thing  brewed.
     Trial would be made ofthe like brew with potatoe
   roots, or burr roots, or the pith of artichokes, which
   are nourishing meats.                    Bacon.
 B re'wage, brdd'idje.90 to. s. [from brew.]
   Mixture of various things.
     Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely.
   ■    ----With eggs, sir?—
   —Simple of itself: I'll no pullet-sperm in my brew-
         age.                       Shakspeare.
 Bre'wer, brdo'ur. to. s. [from brew]  A
   man whose profession it is to make beer.
     When brewers marr their malt with water. Shaks.
     Men every day eat and drink, though I think no
   man can demonstrate out of Euclid, or Apollonius,
   that his baker, or brewer, or cook, has not conveyed
   poison into his meat or drink.          Tillotson.

 Bre'whouse, brod'hoise. n.s. [from brew
   and house]   A house  appropriated to
   brewing.
     In our brewhouses, bakehouses, and kitchens, are
   made divers drinks, breads,  and meats.     Bacon.
 Bre'wing, broo'ing.410 to. s. [from brew.]
   Quantity of liquor brewed  at once.
     A brewing of new beer, set by old beer,  maketh
   it work again.                          Bacon.
 Bre'wis, brdo'is. to. s.
 1. A piece of bread soaked in  boiling fat
   pottage, made of salted meat.
 2. It seems anciently to  have meant broth.
     What an ocean of brewis shall I swim in!
                   Beaum. and Fletch. Dioclesian.
 Bri'ar, bri'ur.98 418 to. s. See  Brier.
 BRIBE,  bribe, to. s.  [Bribe, in  French,
   originally signifies a piece of bread, and
   is applied to any piece  taken from the
   rest;  it  is therefore likely, that a bribe
   originally signified,  among us, a share
   of any thing unjustly got.]   A reward
   given to pervert the judgment, or cor-
   rupt the  conduct.
     You have condemn'd and noted Lucius Pella,
   For taking brihes here of toe Sardians.     Shaksp.
     Nor less may Jupiter to gold- ascribe,
   When he turn'd himself into a bribe.       Waller.
     If a man be covetous, profits  or bribes may put
   him to the test.                    L'Estrange.
     There's joy when to wild will you  laws prescribe,
   When you bid fortune carry back her bribe.  Dryd.
 To Bribe, bribe, v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To gain by bribes; to  give  bribes, re-
   wards, or hire, to bad purposes.
     The great, 'tis true, can still th'  electing tribe;
   The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe.
                  Prologue  to Good-natured Man.
 2. It is  seldom, and not properly, used in
   a good sense.
     How pow'rful are chaste vows! the wind and tide
   You brib'd to combat on the English side. Dryden.
 Bri'ber, bri'bur.98  to. *.  [from bribe] On;
   that pays for corrupt  practices.
     Affection is still a briber of the judgment; and it
   is hard for a man to admit a reason against the thing
  he loves; or to  confess the force of an argument
  against an interest.                      South.
BRi'BERY,bri'bilr-re.S8e n.s. [from bribe]
  The crime of taking or giving rewards
  for bad  practices.
    There was a  law made by the Romans, against
  the bribery and extortion of the governours of pro-
  vinces: before, says Cicero, the governours did bribe
  and extort as much as was sufficient for themselves;
  but now they bribe and extort as much as may be
  enough not only for themselves, but for judges, ju-
  rors, and magistrates.                    Bacon.
    No br-ibery of courts, or cabals of factions, or ad-
  vantages of fortune, can remove him from the solid
  foundations of honour and fidelity.       Dryden.
BRICK, brlk. n. s. [brick,  Dutch; brique,
  Fr.  according to Menage, from imbrex,
  Lat. whence brica.]
I. A mass of burnt clay, squared for the
   use of builders.
    For whatsoever doth so alter a body, as it retum-
  eth not again to toat it was, may be called alteratio
  major; as  coals  made of wood, or bricks of  earth.
                                       Bacon.
    They generally gain enough  by the rubbish and
  bricks, which the present architects value much be-
  yond those of a  modern make, to defray the charges
  of their search.                       Addison.
    But spread, my sons, your glory thin or thick,
  On passive paper, or on solid brick.        Pope.
2.  A loaf shaped like a brick.
 To Brick, brik. v.a. [from the noun.] To
   lay  with bricks.
     The sexton comes to know where he is to be laid,
  and whether his grave is to be plain or bricked.
                                        Sioift.
Bri'ckbat, brik'bat. to. s. [from brick and
   bat.]   A piece of  brick.
     Earthen bottles, filled with hot water, do provoke
  in bed a sweat more daintily than brickbats hot.
                                       Bacon.
Bri'ckclay,  brik'kla.  to.  s.  [from   brick
    and clay.]  Clay  used for making brick.
     I observed it in pits wrought for tile and brickclay.
                                   Woodward.
Bri'ckdust, brik'dust.  to.  s.  [from  brick
   and  dust.]   Dust made by  pounding
   bricks.
     This ingenious author, being thus sharp  set, got
  together a convenient quantity of brickdust, and dis-
  posed of it into  several papers.          Spectator.
Bri'ckearth, brik'lr;/*.234s" to.*,  [from
   brick and earth.] Earth used in making
   bricks
     They grow very well both on the hazelly brick-
  earths, and on gravel.                Mortimer.
 Bri'ck-kiln, brik'kil.  w. s.  [from brick
    and kiln/] A kiln; a place to burn bricks.
     Like the Israelites  in toe br-ick-kilns, they multi-
  plied the more for their oppression. Decay of Piety.
 Bri'cklayer, brik'la-ur to. s. [from brick
    and lay.] A man whose  trade is to build
    with bricks; a brick-mason.
     The elder of them, being put to nurse,
  And ignorant of his birth and parentage,
  Became a bricklayer when he came to age.  Shaksp.
             If you had liv'd, Sir,
  Time enough to have been interpreter
  To Babel's bricklayers, sure the tow'r had stood.
                                       Donne.
 Bri'ckmaker, brik'ma-kilr.  to.  s.  [from
    brick and make.] One whose trade it is
    to make bricks.
     They are common in  claypits; but  the  brick-
  makers pick them out of toe clay.      Woodward.
 Bri'dal, bri'dal. adj.  [from  bride.]  Be-
    longing to a wedding; nuptial; connubi-
    al.
    Our wedding cheer to a sad funVal  feast,
  Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,
  Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse.  Shaksp.
    Come, I will bring thee to thy bridal chamber.
                                   Shakspeare.
            The amorous bird of night
  Sung spousal, and bid haste the ev'ning star,
  On his hill-top to light the bridal lamp.    Milton.
    Your ill-meaning politician lords,
  Under pretence of bridal friends and guests,
  Appointed to await me thirty spies.       Milton.
    When to my arms thou brought'st thy virgin love
  Fair angels sung, our bridal hymn above.  Dryden.
    With all toe pomp of woe, and sorrow's pride!
  Oh early lost! oh fitter to be led
  In cheaiful splendour to the bridal bed!     Walsh.
    For her the spouse prepares toe bridal ring,
  For her white virgins hymenaeals sing.     Pope.
Bri'dal, bri'dal. to. s. The nuptial festival.
    Nay, we must think men are  not gods;
  Nor of them look for such observance  always,
  As fits the bridal.           Shakspeare's Othello.
    Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so  bright,
  The bridal of the earth and sky,
  Sweet dews shall weep thy fall to-night;
  For thou must die.                    Herbert.
    In death's dark bow'rs our bridals we will keep,
  And his cold hand
  Shall draw the curtain when we go to  sleep. Dryd,
BRIDE, bride, to. s. [hriyb,  Sax. brudur,
  in Runick, signifies a beautiful woman]
  A woman new married.
    Help me mine own love's praises to resound,
  Ne let the fame of any be envy'd;
  So Orpheus did for his own bride.        Spenser,
    The day approach'd, when fortune  should decide
  Th' important enterprize, and give the bride. Dryd.
    These are  tributes due from pious brides,
  From a chaste matron, and a virtuous wife. Smith.
Bri'debed, bi ide'bed.  to. s. [from bride
  and bed] Marriage-bed.
    Now until the break of day,
  Through this house each fairy stray;
  To the best bridebed will we,
  Which by us shall blessed be.         Shakspeare.
    Would David's son, religious, just, and brave,
  To the first bridebed of the world receive
  A foreigner, a heathen,  and a slave?       Prior,
Bri'decake, bride'kake. to. s. [from bride
   and cake.]  A  cake  distributed to the
   guests at the wedding.
    With the phant'sies of hey-troll,
  Troll about the bridal bowl,
  And divide the broad bridecake
  Round about the bridestake.          Ben Jonson.
    The writer, resolved  to try his fortune, fasted all
  day, and, that he might be sure of dreaming upon
  something at night, procured an handsome slice of
  bridecake, which he placed very conveniently under
  his pillow.                          Spectator.
 Bri'degroom, bride'groom. to. s.  [from
   bride  and groom.] A new  married man.
     As are.those dulcet sounds in break of day,
  That creep into the dreaming bridegroom's ear,
  And summon him to marriage.          Shaksp.
                 Why,  happy bridegroom!
  Why dost thou steal so  soon away to  bed?  Dryden.

 Bri'demen, bride'm£n.    j>  to.  s.  The at-
 Bri'demaids, bride'madz. $     tendantson
   the bride and bridegroom.
 Bri'destake, bride'stake. n.s.  [from bride
    and stake.]  It seems to be a post set in
    the ground, to dance round,  like a may-
    pole.
     Round about the br-idestake.        Ben Jonson.
 BRI'DEWELL, bride'wel. n.s. [Thepa-
    lace  built by  St.  Bride's, or Bridget's
    well,  was turned into a  workhouse.] A
    house of correction.
     He would coutribute more to reformation than all 
BRI
BRI
BRI
    the workhouses and Bridewells in Europe.  Sped.
  BRIDGE, brldje. to. s. [bjucj, Sax.]
  I.  A building raised  over water  for  the
    convenience of passage.
      What  need the bridge much broader than  the
          flood?                       Shakspeare.
      And proud Araxes, whom no bridge could bind.
                                       Dryden.
  2. The upper part of the nose.
      The raising gently toe bridge of the nose, doth
   prevent the deformity of a saddle nose.    Bacon.
  3. The supporter of the strings  in string-
    ed instruments of music.
  To  Bridge, brldje. v. a. [from the noun.]^
    To raise a bridge over any place.
      Came to the sea; and over Hellespont
   Bridging his way, Europe with Asia join'd. Milton.

  BRI'DLE, bri'dl.40* to. *. [bride,  Fr.]
  1.  The headstall and reins  by  which a
    horse is restrained and governed.
                  They seiz'd at last
   His courser's bridle, and his feet embrac'd.  Dryd.
  2. A restraint;  a curb;  a check.
      The king resolved to put toat place,  which some
   men fancied to be a bridle upon the city, into  the
   hands of such a man as he might rely upon.  Clar.
      A bright genius often betrays itself into many er-
   rours, without a continual bridle on the tongue.
                                        Watts.
  To Bri'dle, bri'dl. v. a. [from the noun.]
  1. To restrain, or guide  by a bridle.
      I bridle in my struggling muse with pain,
   That longs to launch into a bolder strain.  Addison.
 2. To put a bridle on any thing.
     The queen of beauty stopp'd her bridled doves;
   Approv'd  toe little labour of  toe Loves.    Prior.
 3. To restrain; to govern.
     The disposition of things is committed to them,
   whom  law may at all times  bridle, and superiour
   power controul.                        Hooker.
     With a strong, and yet a gentle hand,
   You bridle faction, and our hearts command. Waiter.
 To Bri'dle, bri'dl.  v. re. To hold up the
   head.
 Bri'dlehand, bri'dl-hand. re. *. [from bri-
   dle and hand.]  The hand  which holds
   the bridle in riding.
     In the turning, one might perceive the bridlehand
   something gently stir; but, indeed, so gently, as it
   did rather distil virtue than use violence.  Sidney.
     The heat of summer put his blood into a ferment,
   which affected his bridlehand  with great pain.
                                     Wiseman.
 BRIEF, breef. adj. [brevis, Lat. brief, Fr.]
 1. Short; concise. It is now seldom used
   but of words.
    A play there is, my lord, some ten words long,
   Which is as brief as I have known a play;
   But by ten words, my lord, it is too long,
   Which makes it tedious.            Shakspeare.
    I will be mild and gentle in my words.—
   —And brief, good mother, for I am  in haste. Shak.
    I must begin with rudiments of art,
   To  teach you gamut in a briefer sort,
   More pleasant, pretty, and effectual.  Shakspeare.
    They nothing doubt prevailing, and to  make  it
        brief wars.                  Shakspeare.
    The brief stile is that which expresseth  much  in
  little.                            Ben Jonson.
    If I had quoted more words, I had  quoted more
  profaneness; and therefore Mr. Congreve has reason
  to thank me for being brief.              Collier.
2. Contracted; narrow.
    The shrine of Venus, or straight pight Minerva,
  Postures beyond brief nature.         Shakspeare.
Brih-f, breef. to. *. [brief,  Dutch, a letter.]
I. A writing of any kind.
    There is a brief, how many  sports are  ripe:
       VOL. I.
   Make choice of which your highness will see first.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The apostolical letters are of a twofold kind and
   difference; viz. some are called briefs, because they
   are comprised in  a short and compendious way of
   writing.                              Ayliffe.
   , A short extract, or epitome.
     But how you must begin this enterprize,
   I will your highness thus in brief advise.  Fairy Q.
     I doubt not but I shall make it plain, as far as a
   sum or brief can make a cause plain.       Bacon.
     The brief of this transaction is, these springs that
   arise here are impregnated with vitriol. Woodward.
    [In law.]
     A. writ whereby a man is Summoned to  answer to
   any action; or it is any precept of the king in writ-
   ing, issuing out of any court, whereby he commands
   any thing to  be done.                  Cowell.
 4. The writing  given the pleaders, con-
   taining  the  case.
     The brief with weighty crimes was charg'd,
   On which the pleader much enlarg'd.       Swift.

    Letters  patent,  giving  licence  to  a
   charitable collection for  any public or
   private  loss.
 6. [fn  music]   A  measure of quantity,
   which  contains  two  strokes  down  in
   beating time,  and  as many up.   Harris.

 Brie'fly,  breef'le.   adv.   [from  brief]
   Concisely; in few  words.
    I will speak in toat manner which the subject re-
   quires; that is, probably, and moderately, and briefly.
                                       Bacon.
    The modest queen awhile, with downcast eyes,
   Ponder'd the speech; then briefly thus replies. Dryd.
 Bri'efness, breef'nes.  to. s.  [from brief]
   Conciseness;  shortness.
    They excel in grandity and gravity, in smoothness
   and propriety, in quickness and briefness.  Camden.
 BRI'ER, bri'ur.93 4« to. *.  [brisen, Sax.]
   A plant.  The sweet and the wild sorts
   are both species of the rose.
                What subtle hole is this,
   Whose mouth is cover'd with rude growing briersl
                                   Shakspeare.
    Then thrice under a brier doth creep,
   Which at both ends was  rooted deep,
   And over it three times doth leap;
   Her magick much availing.   Drayton's Nymphid.
Bri'kry,  bri'ur-re.66s  adj. [from  brier]
   Rough;  thorny; full of  briers.
Brig, brig,  and possibly also Brix, is de-
   rived from the Saxon bjucg, a bridge;
   which, to this day,  in the northern coun-
   ties, is called  a brigg, and not a bridge.
                          Gibson's Camden.
BRl'GADE, bre-gade'.1" to. *. [brigade,
   Fr. It is now generally pronounced with
   the accent on  the last syllable.]   A  di-
   vision of forces; a body of men, consist-
   ing of several  squadrons of horse,   or
   battalions  of foot.
        Or fronted  brigades form.         Milton.
    Here the Bavarian duke his brigades leads,
  Gallant in arms, and gaudy to behold.     Philips.

Bri'gade Major, bre-gade'-ma'jiir.186 An
   officer appointed by the brigadier to as-
   sist him  in the management and  order-
   ing of his brigade; and he there  acts  as
   a major does in an army.       Harris.

Brigadi'er  General,  brig-a-deer'jen-er-
   al.88  An officer who commands a bri-
   gade  of  horse or fool ii, an army;  next
   in order below a major general.
Bri'gand, brig'and.  to. s. [brigand, Fr.]
    A robber; one that belongs to a band of
    robbers.
     There might be a rout of such barbarous thievish
   brigands in some rocks; but it was a degeneration
   from the nature of man, a political creature.
                        Biamhall against Hobbes
 Bri'gandine, brig'an-dine.160 > n.s. [from
 Bri'gantine, brig'an-tine.    £ brigand!
 1.  A light vessel;  such as has been former-
    ly used by corsairs or pirates.
     Like as a warlike brigandine, apply'd
   To fight, lays forth her threatful pikes afore
   The engines, which in them sad death do hide.
                                      Spenser
     In your brigantine you sail'd to see
   The Adriatick wedded.   Otway's Venice Preserved.
     The consul obliged him to deliver up his fleet, and
   restore the ships, reserving only to himself two brig-
  antines.                            Arbuthnot.
 2.  A coat of mail.
     Then  put on all toy gorgeous arms, toy helmet
  And brigandine of brass, thy broad habergeon,
  Vantbrass, and greves. Milton's Samson Agonistes

 BRIGHT, brite.  adj. [beojit, Sax.]
 I. Shining; full of light.
             Through a cloud
  Drawn round about thee like a radiant shrine,
  Dark, with excessive bright, thy skirts appear.  Milt.
    Then shook the sacred shrine, and sudden light
  Sprung through the roof, and made the temple bright.
                                      Dryden.
 2. Shining, as a body reflecting light.
    Bright brass, and brighter domes.    Chapman.
    Thy eyes are seen in diamonds bright.      Gay.
    Bright as toe sun her eyes the gazers strike. Pope,
 3. Clear;  transpicuous.
    From the brightest wines
  He'd turn abhorrent.                Thomson.
    While the bright Seine, t' exalt the soul,
  With sparkling plenty crowns the bowl.   Fenton.
4. Clear;  evident.
    He must not proceed too swiftly, toat he may with
  more ease, with brighter  evidence, and with  surer
  success, draw the learner on.             Watts.
5. Resplendent with charms.
    Thy beauty appears,
  In its graces and airs,
  All bright as an angel new dropp'd from the sky.
                                      Parnef.
    0 Liberty, thou goddess,  heav'nly bright,
  Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight!  Addis.
    Bright as the sun, and like the morning fair,
  Such Chloe is, and common as the air.  Granville.
    To-day black omens threat the brightest fair
  That e'er engag'd a watchful spirit's care.   Pope.
    Thou more dreaded foe, bright beauty, shine.
                                       Young.
6.  Illuminated  with  science;  sparkling
   with wit.
    Gen'rous, gay, and gallant nation,
  Great in  arms, and bright in art.     Anonymous.
    If parts allure thee, think how Bacon shin'd,
  The wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind.   Pope.
7. Illustrious; glorious.
    This is the worst,  if not the only stain,
  I' to' brightest annals of a female reign.

 To  Bhi'ghten,  bri'tn.103  v.  a.
   bright.]
 1. To make bright; to make to shine.
    The purple morning, rising with the year,
  Salutes the spring, as her celestial eyes
  Adorn the world, and brighten up the skies. Dryd.
2. To make luaiinous by light from with-
   out.
    An ecstacy, that mothers only feel,
  Plays round my heart, and brightens all my sorrow
  Like gleams of sunshine in a louring sky.  Philips.
3.  To make t.ay, or cheerful.
            Hope elevates, and joy
  Brightens his crest.       Milton's Paradise  Lost.
Cotton.
[from 
BRI
B  RI
BRI
4. To make illustrious.
    The present queen would brighten her character,
  if she would exert her authority to instil virtues into
  her people.                             Sivift.
    Vet time ennobles or degrades each line;
  It brighten'd Craggs's, and may darken thine. Pope.
5. To make acute, or witty.
To  Bri'ghten,  bri'tn.  v. to.  To grow
   bright; to clear up: as, the sky brightens.
    But let a lord once own the happy lines,
  How the stile brightens, how the sense refines! Pope.
Bri'ghtlv,  brite'le. adv.  [from  bright.]
   Splendidly;  with lustre.
     Safely I slept, till brightly  dawning shone
  The mom, conspicuous on her golden throne. Pope.
Bri'ghtness,  brite'nes. to.*, [from bright]
 1. Lustre; splendour; glitter.
     The blazing brightness of her beauty's beam,
  And glorious light of her sun-shining face,
  To tell, were as to strive against the stream. Fairy Q.
     A sword, by long lying still, will contract a rust,
  which shall deface its brightness.          South.
     The moon put on her veil of light,
  Mysterious veil, of brightness made,
  That's both her  lustre and her shade.    Hudibras.
     Vex'd with the present moment's heavy gloom,
  Why seek we brightness from the years to come?
                                        Prior.
 2.  Acuteness.
     The brightness of his parts, the solidity of his judg-
   ment, and the candour and generosity of his temper,
  distinguish him  in an age of great politeness. Prior.
 Bri'lliancy, bril'yan-se. to. s. [from  bril-
   liant.] Lustre; splendour.
 BRi'LLIANT, bril'yant."3 adj. [brillant,
   Fr.]   Shining; sparkling; splendid; full
   of lustre.
     So have I seen in larder dark,
       Of veal a lucid loin,
   Replete with many a brilliant spark,
   As wise philosophers remark,
     At once both stink and shine.          Dorset.
 Bri'lliant, bril'yant. to. a. A diamond of
   the finest cut, formed  into  angles, so as
   to refract the light, and shine more.
     In deference to his virtues, I forbear
   To show you what the rest in orders were;
   This brilliant is so spotless and so bright,
   He needs not foil, but shines by his own proper light.
                                        Dryden.
 Bri'lliantness, bril'yant-nes. to.  *. [from
   brilliant.] Splendour;  lustre.
 Brills, brilz. to. s.  The hair on  the  eye-
   lids of a horse.                    Diet.
 BRIM, brim.  to. a. [brim, Icelandish.]
 1. The edge of  any thing.
     His hat being in the form of a turban, daintily
   made,  the  locks of his hair came  down about the
  brims of it.                            Bacon.
 2. The upper  edge of any vessel.
     How my head in ointment swims!
   How my cup o'erlooks her brims!        Crashaw.
     So when with crackling flames a cauldron fries,
  The bubbling waters from toe bottom rise,
  Above the brims they force their fiery way.  Dryden.
     Thus in a bason drop a shilling,
  Then fill the vessel to the brim,
     You shall observe, as you are filling,
  The pond'rous metal seems to swim.       Swift.
 3. The top  of any  liquor.
     The feet of the priests, that bare the ark, were
  dipped in the brjm of the water.    Joshua, iii.  15.
4. The  bank of  a fountain.
     It told me it was Cynthia's own,
  Within whose cheerful brims
     That curious nymph had oft been known
  To bathe her snowy limbs.              Drayton.
 To Brim, brirn.  v. a. [from the noun.] To
   fill to the top.
    May thy brimmed waves for this,
  Their full tribute never miss,
  Froin a thousand rills.                  Milton.
    This said, a double wreath Evander twin'd;
  And poplars black and white bis temples bind;
  Then brims his ample bowl; with like design,
  The rest invoke the gods with sprinkled wine. Dryd.
To Brim,  brim.  v. to.   To be full to the
   brim.
                Now horrid frays
  Commence, the brimming glasses now are hurl'd
  With dire intent.                      Philips.
Bri'mful, brirn'fu.1.  adj.  [from brim and
  full.]   Full to the top; overcharged.
    Measure my case, how by thy beauty's filling
  With seed of woes my heart brimful is charg'd.
                                       Sidney.
    We have try'd the utmost of our friends;
  Our legions are brimful, our cause is ripe.  Shaksp.
    Her brimful eyes, that ready stood,
  And only wanted will to weep a flood,
  Releas'd toeir watery store.   •         Dryden.
    The good old king at parting wrung my hand,
  His eyes brimful of tears; then sighing cry'd,
  Prithee, be careful of my son.           Addison.
Bri'mfulness,  brim'ml-n£s. to. a.  [from
   brimful.] Fulness to  the top..
    The Scot on his unfurnish'd kingdom
  Came pouring like a tide into a beach,
  With ample and brimfulness of his force.  Shaksp.
Bri'mmer, brim'mflr.  n.s.  [from  brim.]
   A bowl full to the top.
    When healths go round, and kindly brimmers flow,
  Till the fresh garlands on their foreheads glow.
                                      Dryden.
Bri'mming, brim'ming. adj.  [from brim.]
   Full to the brim.
    And twice besides her beestings never fail,
  To store the dairy with a brimming pail.  Dryden.
Bri'mstone, brim'stone.  to. a. [corrupted
   from brin or  brenstone, that  is, fiery
   stone.] Sulphur. See  Sulphur.
    From his infernal furnace forth he threw
  Huge flames, that dimmed all the heaven's light,
  Enroll'd in duskish smoke and brimstone blue.
                                  Fairy Qjueen.
    The vapour of the grotto del Cane is generally
  supposed to be sulphureous,  though I can see no rea-
  son for such a supposition: I put a whole bundle of
  lighted brimstone matches  to the smoke,  they all
  went out in an instant.                  Addison.
Bri'mstony, brim'st6-ne. adj. [from brim-
   stone.]   Full of brimstone;  containing
   sulphur; sulphureous.
Bri'nded,   brin'd£d.   adj.   [brin,  Fr.  a
   branch.] Streaked; tabby;  marked with
   streaks.
    Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd.   Sliakspeure.
             She tamed the brinded lioness
  And spotted mountain pard.              Milton.
    My brinded heifer to toe stake I lay;
  Two thriving calves  she suckles twice a-day. Dryd.
Bri'ndle, brin'dl.406 359 re. a.  [from  brind-
   ed]  The state  of being  brinded.
    A natural brindle.                   Clarissa.
Bri'ndled, brin'dld.405 adj. [from  brin-
   dle.] Brinded;  streaked.
    The boar, my sisters! aim the fatal dart,
  And strike the brindled monster to the heart. Addis.
BRINE, brine, to. a.
1.  Water impregnated with salt.
     The encreasing of the weight of water will en-
  crease its power of bearing; as we see brine, when
  it is salt enough, will bear an egg.        Bacon.
     Dissolve  sheeps dung  in water, and add to it as
  much salt as will make a strong brine; in this liquor
  steep your corn.                     Mortimer.
2. The sea, as it is salt.
                 All but mariners,
  Plung'd in toe foaming brine, did quit the vessel,
  Then all afire with me.             Shakspeart.
    The air was calm, and on the level brine
  Sleek Panope, with all her sisters, play'd.  Milton.
            As, when two adverse winds
  Engage with horrid shock, the ruffled brine
  Roars stormy.                          Philips.
3. Tears, as they are salt.
                What a deal of brine
  Hath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline! Shaks.
Bri'nepit, brine'pit. n.a. [from brine and
  pit.]  Pit of  salt water.
                Then I lov'd thee,
  And shew'd thee all the qualities o' th' isle,
  The fresh springs, brinepits, barren place, and fer-
        tile.                        Shakspeare.
To BRING, bring.408 *09 v. a.  [brunjan,
   Sax.   preter.   I  brought;   part.  pass.
   brought: bp.ohc,  Sax.]
1. To fetch  from another place:  distin-
   guished from  to carry, or  convey,  to
   another place.
    I was toe chief that  rais'd him to the crown,
  And I'll be chief to bring him down again. Shaksp.
    And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her,
  and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread
  in thy hand.                            Kings.
    A registry of lands may furnish easy securities of
  money, that shall  be brought over by strangers.
                                       Temple.
2. To convey  in  one's own  hand; not to
   send by another.
    And if my wish'd alliance please your king,
  Tell him he should not send the peace, but bring.
                                       Dryden.
3. To produce;  to procure, as a cause.
    There is nothing will bring you more honour, and
  more ease, than to do what right in justice you may.
                                        Bacon.
4. To  reduce; to recal.
    Bring back  gently  their  wandering minds, by
  going before them in toe train they should pursue,
  without any rebuke.                     Locke.
    Nathan's fable  had so good an effect, as to bring
  toe man after God's own heart to a right sense of
  his guilt.                           Spectator.
5. To attract;  to draw along.
    In  distillation, the water ascends difficultly, and
  brings over with it some part of the oil of vitriol.
                              Newton's Opticks,
6. To put into any particular state or  cir-
   cumstances; to make liable to any thing.
    Having got the way of reasoning, which that study
  necessarily brings toe  mind  to, toey might be able
  to transfer it to other parts of knowledge, as they
  shall  have occasion.                     Locke.
    The question for bringing the king to justice was
  immediately put, and earned without any opposition,
  that I can find.                          Swift.
7. To lead by  degrees.
    A  due consideration of the vanities of the world,
  will naturally bring us to the contempt of it; and the
  contempt of the  world will as certainly bring us home
  to ourselves.                       L'Estrange.
    The understanding should be brought to the diffi-
  cult and knotty parts of knowledge by insensible de-
  grees.                                 Locke.
8.  To recall; to summons.
    But those, and  more than I to mind can bring,
  Mcnalcas has not yet forgot to sing.       Dryden.
9. To induce; to prevail upon.
     The nature of the things, contained in those word*,
   would not suffer  him  to think otherwise, how, or
   whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them. Locke.
     It  seems so preposterous a thing to men, to make
   themselves unhappy in order to happiness, that they
   do not easily bring themselves to it.        Locke.
     Profitable employments would be no less a diver-
   sion  than any of  the idle sports in fashion, if men
   could but be brought to delight in them.    Locke.
 10. To  bring  about.  [See About.]   To 
BRI
BRI
BRI
  bring to pass; to effect.
    This he conceives not hard to bring about,
  If all of you would join to help him out    Dryden.
    This turn of mind threw off the oppositions of envy
  and competition; it enabled him to gain the most
  vain and impracticable into his designs, and to bring
  about several  great events, for the advantage of toe
  publick.                               Addison.
11. To  bring forth.  To give birth to; to
  produce.
                  The good queen,
  For she is good, hath brought you forth a daughter:
  Here 'tis; commends it to your blessing.   Shaksp.
                       More wonderful
  Than that which, by creation, first brought forth
  Light out of darkness!             Paradise Lost.
    Bewail thy falsehood, and the pious works
  It hath brought forth, to make thee memorable
  Among illustrious women, faithful wives.  Milton.
    Bellona leads thee to thy lover's hand;
  Another queen brings forth another brand,
  To burn with foreign toes her native land! Dryden.
    Idleness and luxury bring fwth poverty and want;
  and this tempts men  to injustice, and that causeth
  enmity and animosity.                 Tillotson.
    The value  of land is raised, when it is fitted to
  bring forth a greater quantity of any valuable pro-
  duct.                                   Locke.
12.  To bring forth.  To  bring to light.
    The thing  that is hid bringetft he forth to light.
                                Job, xxxviii. 11.
13.  To bring in. To place in any condition.
            He protests he loves you,
  And needs no other suitor, but his liking,
  To bring you in again.              Shakspeare.
14.  To bring in.  To reduce.
    Send over  into that realm such a strong power of
  men, as should perforce bring in all that rebellious
  rout, and loose people.                  Spenser.
15.  To bring in.  To afford gain.
    The sole measure of all his courtesies is, what re-
  torn they will make him, and what revenue  they
  will bring him in.                        South.
    Trade brought us in plenty and riches.    Locke.
16.  To bring in.  To introduce.
    Entertain no long discourse with any; but, if you
  can, bring in something to season it with religion.
                                        Taylor.
    There is but one God who made heaven and earth,
  and sea and  winds; but the  folly and madness of
  mankind brought in the images of gods. Stillingfleet.
    The fruitfulness of Italy, and the like, are not
  brought in by force, but naturally rise out of the ar-
  gument.                               Addison.
    Since he could not have a seat among them him-
  self, he would bring in one who had more merit.
                                         Tatler.
    Quotations are best brought in to confirm some
  opinion controverted.                     Sioift.
17. To bring off.  To clear; to procure to
  be acquitted; to cause to escape.
    I trusted to my head, that has betrayed me; and
  I  found fault with my  legs,  toat would otherwise
  have brought  me off.                 L'Estrange.
    Set  a kite  upon  the bench, and it is forty to one
  he'll bring off a. crow at the bar.      L'Estrange.
    The best way to avoid this imputation,  and to
  bring off the  credit of our understanding, is to be
  truly religious.                        Tillotson.

18. To bring on.  To engage in action.
    If there be any that would reign, and take up all
  the time, let  him find means to take them off, and
  bring others on.                          Bacon.
19. To  bring on.  To produce as an  occa-
  sional cause.
    The fountains ofthe great deep being broke open,
  to  as a  general destruction and devastation was
  brought upon the earth, and all things in it.
                               Burnet's Theory.
    The great question, which in all ages has disturb-
  ed mankind, and brought on them those mischiefs.
                                         Locfce.
20. To bring over.  To convert; to draw to
   a new party.
    This liberty should be made use of upon few oc-
  casions of small importance, and only with a view
  of bringing over his own side, another time, to some-
  thing of greater and more publick moment.   Swift.
    The protestant clergy will  find it, perhaps, no
  difficult matter to  bring great numbers over to the
  church.                                Swift.
21.  To bring out. To exhibit;  to shew.
    If I make not this cheat bring  out another, and
  the shearers prove sheep, let me be unrolled. Shaksp.
    Which he could  bring out, where  he had,
  And what he bought them for, and paid.   Hudibras.
    These shake his soul, and, as they boldly press,
  Bring out his crimes, and force him to confess. Dryd.
    Another way made use of,' to find the weight ofthe
  denarii, was by the weight of Greek coins; but those
  experiments bring out the denarius heavier.  Arbuth.
22.  To bring under. To subdue; to repress.
    That sharp course which you have set down, for
  the bringing under of those rebels of Ulster, and
  preparing away for their perpetual reformation.
                                       Spenser.
    To say, that the more capable, or the better de-
  server, hath such right to govern, as he may com-
  pulsorily bring under the less worthy, is idle. Bacon.
23.  To  bring up.  To educate; to instruct;
   to form.
     The well bringing up of  the people, serves as a
  most sure bond to hold them.             Sidney.
     He that takes upon him toe charge of bringing up
  young men, especially young gentlemen, should have
  something more in him than Latin.         Locke.
     They frequently  conversed with  this lovely virgin,
  who had been brought up by her father in knowledge.
                             Addison's Guardian.
24.  To bring up.  To  introduce to gene-
   ral practice.
     Several obliging deferences, condescensions, and
  submissions, with many outward forms and ceremo-
  nies, were first of  all brought up among  the politer
  part of mankind, who lived in courts and cities.
                                      Spectator.
25. To  bring up.  To cause to advance.
     Bring up your army; but I think you'll find,
  They 've not prepared for us.         Shakspeare.
26. Bring retains, in all  its senses, the idea
   of an agentf or cause, producing a real
   or metaphorical motion of something to-
   wards  something; for it is oft said, that
   he  brought his  companion  out.   The
   meaning is, that he was brought to some-
   thing that was likewise without.
Bri'nger, bring'ur.409 ». s. [from bring]
   The person that brings any thing.
     Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
  Hath but a losing office: and his tongue
  Sounds ever after as a sullen bell,
  Remember'd tolling a dead friend.    Shakspeare.
             Best you see safe the bringer
   Out of the host: I must attend mine  office.  Shaksp.
Bri'nger  up,  bring'ur-up.   Instructor;
   educator.
     Italy and Rome have been breeders and bringers
   up of the worthiest men.    Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Bri'nish, bri'nish. adj. [from brine] Hav-
   ing the taste of brine; salt.
       Nero would be tainted with remorse
   To hear and see her plaints, her brinish tears.
                                     Sftafcspeare.
     For now I stand, as one upon a rock,
   Environ'd with a wilderness of sea,
   Who marks the waxing tide grow wave by wave;
   Expecting ever when some envious surge
   Will, in his brinish bowels, swallow him.  Shaksp.
Bri'nishness, bri'nish-nes. n.  s. [from bri-
   nish.]  Saltness;  tendency to saltness.
BRINK, brink. «. a.'[brink, Danish.]  The
                     Gg2
   edge of any place; as of a precipice or a
   river.
    Th' amazed flames stand gather'd in a heap,
  And from the precipice's brink retire,
  Afraid to venture on so large a leap.      Dryden.
    We stand therefore on the brinks and confines of
  those states at the day of doom.        Atterbury.
    So have I seen, from Severn's  brink,
  A flock of geese jump down together;
  Swim where the bird of Jove would sink,
  And, swimming, never wet a feather.        Swift.
Bri'ny, bri'ne. adj. [from brine.] Salt.
    He, who first the passage try'd,
  In harden'd oak his heart did hide;
  Or his, at least, in hollow wood,
  Who tempted first the briny flood.        Dryden.
    Then, briny seas, and tasteful  springs, farewel,
  Where fountain nymphs,  confus'd with  Nereids,
         dwell.                          Addison.
    A muriatick or briny taste seems to be  produced
  by a mixture of an acid and alkaline salt;  for spirit
  of salt, and salt of tartar, mixed,  produce a salt like
  sea salt.                            Arbuthnot.
Bri'ony, bri'6-ne. See Bryony.

BRISK, brisk, adj. [brusque, French.]
I. Lively; vivacious; gay; sprightly: appli-
   ed to men.
           Pr'ythee, die, and set me free,
    Or else be
    Kind and brisk and gay, like me.      Denham.
    A creeping young fellow, toat had committed
  matrimony with a brisk gamesome lass, was  so al-
  tered in a few days, that he was liker a skeleton than
  a living man.                       L'Estrange.
    Why should  all honour then be ta'en
  From lower parts to load the brain;
  When other limbs we plainly see,
  Each in his way, as brisk as he?            Prior.
2. Powerful; spirituous.
    Our nature here is not unlike our wine:
  Some sorts, when old, continue brisk and fine.
                                       Denham
    Under ground, the rude Riphaean race
  Mimick brisk cyder, with the brake's product wild,
  Sloes pounded, hips, and servis' harshest juice.
                                        Philips.
    It must needs be some exteriour cause, and toe
  brisk acting of some objects without me, whose effi-
  cacy I cannot resist.                      Locke.
3. Vivid; bright.  This is not used.
    Objects appeared much  darker, because my in-
  strument was overcharged;  had  it magnified thirty
  or twenty-five times, it had made the object appear
  more brisk and pleasant.                Newton.
To Brisk up, brisk'up. v. to. To come up
   briskly.
BRi'sKET,bris'kit.9e n.s. [brichet, Fr.] (The
   breast of an animal.
     See that none of toe wool be wanting,  that their
  gums be red, teeth white and even, and the  brisket
  skin red.                            Mortimer.
BRi'sKLY,brisk'le. adv. [from  brisk] Ac-
   tively; vigorously.
     We have seen the air in the bladder suddenly ex-
  pand itself so much, and so briskly, that it manifest-
  ly lifted up some light bodies toat ieaned  upon it.
                                          Boyle.
     I could plainly perceive  the  creature  to suck  in
   many  of the  most minute animalcula,  that were
   swimming briskly about in the water.        Ray.

 Bri'skness, brisk'n£s. to. s. [from  brisk.]
 1. Liveliness; vigour; quickness.
     Some remains of corruption,  though they do not
   conquer and extinguish, yet will slacken and allay
   the vigour and briskness of the renewed principle.
                                          South.
 2. Gayety.
     But the most distinguishing part of his character
   seems to me to be his briskness, his jollity,  and his
   good-humour.                         Drydm. 
BRI
BRO
BRO
BRI'STLE,  bris'sl.** «» n. a.  [bpircl,
   Sax.]  The stiff hair of swuie.
    I will not open my lips so wide as a bristle may
  enter.                             Shakspeare.
    He is covered with hair,  and not, as the boar,
  with bristles,  which probably spend more upon the
  same matter, which, in other creatures, makes the
  horns; for bristles seem to be nothing else but a horn
  split into a multitude of little ones.         Grew.
    Two boars whom love to battle draws,
  With rising bristles, and with frothy jaws,
  Their adverse breasts with tusks oblique they wound.
                                        Dryden.
 To BRi'sTLE,bris'sl. v. a. [from the noun.]
    To erect in bristles.
     Now for the bare pickt bone of majesty,
   Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest,
   And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace. Shakspeare.
     Which makes him plume himself,  and bristle up
   The crest of youth against your dignity. Shakspeare.
 To Bri'stle, bris'sl. v. to.  To  stand erect
    as bristles.
     Be it ounce, or cat, or bear,
   Pard, or boar with bristled hair,
   In  thy eye  that shall appear,
   When thou wak'st, it is thy dear.      Shakspeare.
     Stood Theodore surpriz'd in deadly fright,
   With chatt'ring teeth, and bristling hair upright;
   Yet arm'd  with inborn worth.            Dryden.
     Thy hair so bristles with unmanly fears,
   As fields of corn that rise in bearded ears.  Dryden.
 To Bri'stle a thread. To fix a bristle to it.
 BRi'sTLY,bris'le. adj. [from bristle.] Thick
    set with bristles.
     The  leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat
   bristly, which may help to preserve the dew. Bacon.
     If the eye were so acute as to rival the finest mi-
   croscope, the sight of our own selves would affright
   us; toe smoothest skin would be beset  with rugged
   scales and bristly hairs.                 Bentley.
     Thus mastful beech the bristly chestnut bears,
   And toe wild ash is white with bloomy pears. Dryd.
          The careful master of the swine,
    Forth hasted he to tend his bristled care.      Pope.
 Bri'stol-stone, bris'tol-stone.  A kind of
    soft diamond found in a rock  near the
    city of Bristol.
      Of this kind of  crystal are the better and larger
    sort of Bristol-stones, and the Kerry  Stones of Ire-
    land.                               Woodward.
 Brit, brit. to. a.  The name of a fish.
      The pilchards were wont to pursue the brit, upon
    which they feed, into the havens.         Carew.
To Brite,
To Bright,
brite.
v. to. Barley, wheat,
 or hops, are said to
   brite, when they grow over-ripe.
BRI'TTLE, brit'tl.406 adj. [bjuttan, Sax-
   on.] Fragile; apt to break; not tough.
    The wood of vines is very durable; though no tree
  bath the twigs, while they are green, so brittle, yet
  the wood dried is extremely tough.        Bacon.
    From earth all came, to earth must all return,
  Frail as the cord, and brittle as the urn.     Prior.
    Of airy pomp, and fleeting joys,
  What does the busy world conclude at best,
  But brittle goods, that break like glass?  Granville.
    If the stone is brittle, it will often crumble, and
  pass in the form of gravel.             Arbuthnot.
Bri'ttleness, brit'tl-n£s. n.s. [from brit-
   tle] Aptness to break; fragility.
    A wit quick without  brightness,  sharp  without
  brittleness.               Ascham's Schoolmaster.
    Artificers, in the tempering of steel, by holding it
  but a minute  or two longer or lesser in the flame,
  give  it very  differing tempers, as to brittleness or
  toughness.                               Boyle.
Brize, brize. to. a. The gadfly.
          A brize, a scorned little creature,
  Through his fair hide his angry sting did threaten.
                                       Spensfr.
BROACH, brotsh.285 n. a. [broche, Fr.]
I. A spit.
    He was taken into service to a base office in his
  kitchen; so that he turned a broach, that had worn a
  crown.                      Bacon's Henry VII.
    Whose offered entrails shall his crime reproach,
  And drip their fatness from toe hazle broach. Dryd.
   A musical instrument, the  sounds  of
   which are made by turning round a han-
   dle.                                  Diet.
3. [With hunters.] A start of the head of a
   young stag, growing sharp like the end
   of a spit.                             Diet.

 To Broach, brotsh. v.  a. [from the noun.]
 I. To spit; to pierce as with a spit.
    Were now the general of our gracious empress,
  As in good time he may, from Ireland coming,
  Bringing rebellion broached on his sword.  Shaksp.
     He felled men as one would mow hay, and some-
  times broached a great number of them upon his pike,
  as one would carry little birds spitted upon a  stick.
                                      Hakewill.
 2. To pierce  a vessel in order to draw the
   liquor; to tap.
 3. To open any store.
     I will notably provide, that you shall want neither
  weapons, victuals, nor  aid; I will open the old  ar-
  mouries, I will broach my store, and bring forth my
  stores.                                Knolles.
 i. To let out any  thing.
     And now the field of death, the lists,
  Were enter'd by antagonists,
  And blood was ready to be broach'd,
  When Hudibras in haste approach'd.     Hudibras.
 5. To give out, or utter any  thing.
     This  errour, fhat Pison was Ganges, was first
   broached by Josephus.                  Raleigh.
     Those who were toe chief instruments of raising
   toe noise, made use of those very opinions them-
   selves had broached, for arguments to prove that the
   change of ministers was dangerous.         Swift.

 BRo'ACHER,br6tsh'ur. to. s. [from broach]
 I. A spit.
     The youth approach'*! toe fire, and, as it burn'd,
   On five sharp broachers rank'd, toe roast they turn'd;
   These morsels stay'd toeir stomachs.      Dryden.
 2. An opener, or utterer of any thing; the
   first author.
     There is much pride and vanity in the affectation
   of being the first broacher of an heretical opinion.
                                     L'Estrange.
     Numerous parties denominate themselves,  not
   from the grand Author and Finisher of our faith,
   but from toe first broacher of their idolized opinions.
                                 Decay of Piety.
     This opinion is commonly, but falsely, ascribed to
   Aristotle,  not  as its first broacher, but as its ablest
   patron.                                Cheyne.
 BROAD, brawd.296 adj. [bjiab, Saxon.]
  1. Wide; extended in breadth, distinguish-
   ed from length; not  narrow.
      The weeds that his broad spreading leaves did
         shelter
   Are pull'd up, root and all.            Shakspeare.
      The top may be justly said to grow broader, as the
   bottom narrower.                        Temple.
      Of all your knowledge this vain fruit you have,
   To walk with  eyes broad open to your grave. Dryd.
      So lofty was toe pile, a Parthian bow,
   With vigour drawn, must send the shaft below,
   The bottom was full twenty fathom broad.   Dryden.
      He launch'd the fiery bolt from pole to pole,
   Broad burst the lightnings, deep  the thunders roll.
                                          Pope.
  2. Large.
      To keep him at a distance from  falsehood, and
   cunning which has always a broad mixture  of false-
   hood ; this is the fittest preparation of a child for wis-
   dom.                                   Locke.
3. Clear; open; not sheltered; not affording
  concealment.
    In mean time he, with cunning to conceal
  All thought of this from others, himself bore
  In broad house, with the wooers, us before.   Chap,
    It no longer seeks the shelter of night and dark-
  ness, but appears in the broadest light. Decay of Piety.
    If children were left alone in toe dark, they would
  be no more afraid than in broad sunshine.    Locke.
   Gross; coarse.
    The reeve and the miller are distinguished from
  each other,  as much as the lady prioress and the
  broad-speaking, gap-tooth'd wife of Bath.  Dryden.
    Love made him doubt his broad barbarian sound:
  By love, his want of words and wit he found. Dryde,n.
    If open vice be what you drive at
  A name so broad we'll ne'er connive at.   Dryden.
    The broadest mirth unfeeling folly wears,
  Less pleasing far than virtue's very tears.     Pope.
    Room for my lord! three jockeys in his train:
  Six huntsmen with a shout precede his chair;
  He grins, and looks broad nonsense with a stare.
                                         Pope.
5. Obscene; fulsome; tending to  obscenity.
    As chaste and modest as he is esteemed, it cannot
  be denied, but in some places he is broad, and ful-
  some.                                Dryden.
    Though now arraign'd, he read with some delight;
  Because he  seems to chew the cud again,
  When his broad comment makes the text too plain.
                                       Dryden.
6. Bold; not delicate; not  reserved.
    Who can speak broader than he that has no house
  to put his head in?  Such may rail  against great
  buildings.                          Shakspeare.
      From broad words, and 'cause he  fail'd
  His presence at toe  tyrant's feast, I hear,
  Macduff lives in disgrace.            Shakspeare,
Broad aa long, brawd.   Equal upon the
   whole.
    The mobile are still for levelling; that is to say,
  for advancing themselves: for it is as broad as long,
  whether toey rise to others, or bring others down to
  them.                             L'Estrange.
Broad-cloth,  brawd'clo^A.  ». *.  [from
    broad and cloth.] A fine kind  of cloth.
     Thus, a wise taylor is not pinching,
   But turns at ev'ry seam an inch in:
   Or else, be sure, your broad-cloth breeches
   Will ne'er be smooth, nor hold their stitches. Swiff.
 Broad-eyed, brawd'ide.  adj. [from broad
    and eye.] Having a wide survey.
     In despite of broad-eyed watchful day,
   I would into thy bosom pour my thoughts:
   But, ah! I will not.                   Shakspeare.

 BROAD-LEAVED^rawd'leev'd.^arf/'^from
    broad and leaf] Having broad leaves.
     Narrow and broad-leaved Cyprus grass. Woodward.
 To Bro'aden,  braw'dn.103   v. to.  [from
    broad.]  To  grow  broad.  I  know not
    whether this word occurs, but in the fol-
    lowing passage.
     Low walks the sun, and broadens by degrees,
    Just o'er the verge of day.              Tlwmson.

 Bro'adly, brawd'le. adv. [from broad.] In
    abroad  manner.
 Bro'adness, brawd'nes.TO.s. [from  broad]
  1. Breadth; extent from side to side.
 2. Coarseness; fulsomeness.
      I have used the cleanest metaphor I could find, to
    palliate the broadness of toe meaning.    Dryden.
  Bro'adshouldered,    brawd'shol'dird.
    adj. [from broad and ahoulder.]  Having
    a large  space  between the shoulders.
      Big-bon'd, and large of limbs, with sinews strong;
    Broadshoulder'd, and his arms were round and long.
                                        Dryden.
      I am a tall, broadshouldered, impudent, black fel- 
BRO
BRO
BRO
    low; and, as I thought, every way qualified for a rich
    widow.                            Spectator.
  Bro'adside, brawd'side. to. «. [from broad
     and aide.]
  1. The side  of a ship, distinct from  the
     head or stern.
      From vaster hopes than this he seem'd to fall,
    That durst attempt the British admiral:
    From her broadsides a ruder flame is thrown,
    Than from the fiery chariot of toe sun.     Waller.
  2. The volley of shot fired at once from the
    side of a ship.
  3. [In printing.] A sheet of paper contain-
    ing one large page.
  Bro'adsword, brawd'sord. to. a. [from
    broad and aword.] A cutting sword, with
    a broad blade.
     He, in fighting a duel,  was run  through the thigh
    with a broadsword.                  Wiseman.
  Bro'adwise, brawd'wize.140 adv. [from
    broad and wise.]  According to the di-
    rection of the breadth.
     If one should, with his hand, thrust apiece of iron
    broadwise against the flat ceiling of his chamber, the
    iron would not fall as long as the force of the hand
    perseveres to press against it.             Boyle.
  BROCA'DE,  bro'kade.  to.  s.  [brocado,
    Span.]  A silken stuff, variegated with
    colours of gold and silver
     I have the conveniency  of buying and importing
   rich brocades.                       Spectator.
     Or stain her honour, or her new brocade;
   Forget her pray'rs, or miss a masquerade.   Pope.
 Brooa'ded, bro-ka'ded. adj. [from bro-
    cade.]
 1.  Drest in brocade.
 2.  Woven in the manner of a brocade.
     Should you the rich brocaded suit unfold,
  Where rising flow'rs grow  stiff with frosted gold.
                                         Gay.
 Bro'cage, bro'kidje.90 to. *. [from broke.]
 1.  The gain gotten by promoting bargains.
              Yet sure his honesty
  Got him small gains, but shameless flattery,
  And filthy brocage, and unseemly shifts,
  And borrow base,  and some good ladies gifts.
                                     Spenser.
2. The hire given for any unlawful office.
     As for the politick and wholesome laws, they were
  interpreted to be but brocage of an  usurer, thereby
  to woo and win the hearts of the people.   Bacon.
3.  The trade of  dealing in old things; the
  trade of a  broker.
    Poor poet ape, that would be thought our chief,
  Whose works are e'en the frippery of wit,
  From brocage is become so  bold a thief,
  As we, the robb'd, leave rage, and pity it. B. Jons.
4. The transaction of business for other
    men.
     So much as the quantity of money is lessened, so
   much must the share of every one that has a right to
   this money*be the less; whether he be landholder,
   for his goods; or labourer, for his hire; or merchant,
   for his brocage.                        Locke.
 BRO'CCOLI, br6k'ko-le.  n. s. [Italian.]
   A species of cabbage.
     Content with little, I can piddle  here
   On broccoli and mutton round the year;
   But ancient friends,  tho' poor or out of pay,
   That touch my bell,  I cannot turn away.     Pope.
 To  Broche, brotsh. See To  Broach.
     So Geoffry of Boullion, at one draught of his bow,
   shooting against David's tower in Jerusalem, broach-
   ed three feet ess birds.                Camden.

Brock,br6k.TO.*.[brioc,Saxon.] A badger.
B-ro'cket, br6k'kit." ». s. A red  deer,  two
   years old.
   Brogue, brog.83' to. s. [brog, Irish.]
   1. A kind of shoe.
             I thought he slept; and put
    My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness
    Answer'd my steps too loud.          Shakspeare.
      Sometimes it is given out, that we must either
    take these halfpence, or eat our brogues.    Swift.
   2. A cant word for a corrupt dialect, or
     manner of pronunciation.
      His brogue will detect mine.        Farquhar
   To BRO'IDER,  brde'dur. v. a. [brodir,
     Fr.] To adorn with figures of needle-
     work.
      A robe, and a broidered coat, and a girdle.  Ex.
                 Infant Albion lay
    In mantles broider'd o'er with gorgeous pride. Tick.
  BRo'iDERY,broe'dur-re.6fi* n.s. [frombroi-
    der.] Embroidery;   flower-work; addi-
    tional ornaments wrought upon cloth.
      The golden broidery tender Milkah wove,
    The breast to Kenna sacred, and to love,
    Lie rent and mangled.                 Tkkell.
  BROIL,  broil, to. a. [brouiller, Fr.] A tu-
    mult; a quarrel.
      Say to  the king thy knowledge of the broil,
    As thou didst leave it               Shakspeare.
      He has sent the sword both of civil broils, and
    public war, amongst us.                  Wake.
      Rude were their revels, and obscene their joys;
    The broils of drunkards and toe lust of boys. Granv.
  To BROIL, broil, v. a. [bruler, Fr.]  To
    dress or cook by laying on the coals, or
    before the fire.
     Some strip the skin, some portion out the spoil,
   Some on the fire toe reeking entrails broil. Dryden.
  To Broil, broil, v. to.  To  be in the heat.
             Where have you been broiling?
   -—Among the crowd i' th' abbey, where a finger
   Could not be wedg'd in more.        Shakspeare.
     Long ere now all the planets and comets had
   been broiling in toe sun, had the  world lasted from
  _al1 eternity.                         Cheyne,
  Jo BROKE, broke,  v. to.  fjof  uncertain
    etymology. Skinner  seems inclined to
   derive it from  To break, because broken
   men turn factors or brokers.  Casaubon^
   from  zs-pecrltiv. Skinner thinks,  again,
   that it may be contracted from procurer.
   Mr. Lye more probably deduces it from
   bjiuccan,Sax. to be busy] To  transact
   business for others, or by others.   It is
   used generally in reproach.
                He does, indeed,
   And brokes with all that can, in such a suit,
   Corrupt toe tender honour of a maid.  Shakspeare.
    The gains of bargains are of a more doubtful na-
   ture, when  men should  wait upon others necessity;
   broke by servants and instruments to draw them on.
 n  /       i  ./i *                    Bacon.
 Bro king,  bro'king. particip.  adj. Prac-
   tised by  brokers.
    Redeem  from broking pawn the blemish'd crown
  Wipe off the dust that hides our sceptre's gilt.    '
 r»   /       ,i„       r-          Shakspeare.
 Bro ken,  bro'kn.t03  [particip. pass,  of
   break.]
    Preserve  men's wits from being broken with the
  very bent of so long attention.           Hooker
Bro'ken-meat,   bro'kn-inete.348   Frag-
   ments; meat that has been cut.  ■
    Get three or four chairwomen to attend you con-
  stantly in the kitchen,  whom you pay  at small
  charges; only with the broken meat, a few coals, and
  all the cinders.                         ^fi.
Brokenhearted,  bro'kn-har'ted.  adj.
   [from broken  and heart.] Having the
  spirits crushed by grief or fear.
  I     He hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted.
                                         Isaiah.
  BRo'KENLY,bro'kn-le. adv. [from broken.]
     Without any regular series.
       Sir Richard Hopkins, hath done somewhat of this
    kind, but brokenly and glancingly; intending chiefly
    a discourse of his own voyage.         Hakewill.
  Bro'ker, bro'kfir. to. s. [from To broke.]
  '.. A factor; one that does business for an-
     other; one that makes bargains for an-
     other.
      Brokers, who, having no stock of their own, set
    up and trade with that of other men; buying here,
    and selling there, and commonly abusing both sides,
    to make out a little paultry gain.         Temple.
      Some South-sea broker, from the city,
    Will purchase me, the more's the pity;
    Lay all  my fine plantations waste,
    To fit them to his vulgar taste.            Swift.
   . One who deals  in  old  household goods.
   . A pimp; a match-maker.
                A goodly broker!
    Dare you presume to harbour wanton lines;
    To whisper and conspire against my youth? Shaksp.
     In chusing for yourself, you shew'd your judgment;
    Which being shallow, you shall give me leave
    To  play the broker in mine own behalf. Shakspeare.

  Bro'kerage, bro'kfir-idje.90 to.  s. [from
    broker.] The pay or reward of a broker.
    See Brocage.
  Bro'nchial, br6n'ke-al. > adj. [/3^«yx®-.]
  Bro'nchick, bron'kik.  5   Belonging  to
    the throat.
     Inflammation of the lungs may happen either in
   toe  bronchial or pulmonary vessels, and may soon be
   communicated from one to the other, when the in-
   flammation affects both toe lobes.      Arbuthnot.
 Bro'nchocele, br6n'ko-sele. to. s. [(Zpoy-
    koxh'Ajj.] A tumour of that  part ofthe as-
    pera arteria, called the bronchua.
                                     Quincy.
 Broncho'tomy,  bron-kot'to-me.818 to.  a.
    [0?«V*@° and refvtu.]  That operation
    which opens the  windpipe by incision, to
   prevent suffocation in a quinsey. Quincy.
     The operation of bronchotomy is an incision into
  the aspera arteria, to make way for the air into the
  lungs, when respiration is obstructed by any tumour
  compressing the larynx.         Sharp's Surgery.
 Brond, brond. to. s. See Brand. A sword.
     Foolish old man, said then the pagan wroth,
  That weenest words or charms may force withstand;
  Soon shalt thou see, and then believe for troth,
  That I can carve with this enchanted brond. Spenser.
 Bronto'logy,  bron-tol'16-je.S18   to.    s.
   [/3f«vTji  and Xayix.]  A dissertation upon
   thunder.                            jjictt
 Bronze,  bronze, to. s. [bronze, Fr.]
 1. Brass.
    Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo! Henley stands,
  Tuning his voice, and  balancing his hands.  Pope.
 2. Relief, or statue, cast in brass.
    I view with anger and disdain,
  How little gives thee joy or pain;
  A print, a bronze, a flower, a root,
  A shell, a butterfly can do 't.              Prior
 BROOCH, br66tsh. n.s.  [broke,  Dutch.]
 I. A jewel; an ornament of jewels.
    Ay, marry, our chains and our jewels.—
  Your brooches, pearls, and owches.    Shakspeare.
    Richly  suited, but  unseasonable; just like the
  brooch and the toothpick, which we wear not now.
                                  Shakspeare.
    I know  him well; he is the brooch, indeed,
  And gem of all the nation.          Shakspeare.
2. [With  painters.]  A painting all of one
  colour.                              fjict 
BRO
BRO
BRO
To  Brooch,  brootsh. v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.] To adorn with jewels.
            Not th' imperious show
  Ofthe full-fortun'd Caesar, ever shall
  Be brooch'd with me.                Shakspeare.

To BROOD, brodd. v. n. [bpgedan, Sax.]
1. To sit as on eggs; to hatch them.
              Thou from the first
  Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread,
  Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss,
  And mad'st it pregnant.                Milton.
    Here nature spreads her fruitful sweetness round,
   Breathes on the air, and broods upon the ground.
                                       Dryden.
2. To cover chickens under the wing.
    Exalted hence, and drunk with secret joy,
   Their young  succession all toeir cares employ;
   They breed,  they brood, instruct, and educate;
   And make provision for the future state.   Dryden.
    Find out some uncouth cell,
   Where brooding darkness spreads his jealous wings,
   And the night raven sings.              Milton.
 3. To remain long in anxiety, or solicitous
   thought.
     Defraud their clients, and, to lucre sold,
   Sit brooding on unprofitable gold.         Dryden.
                       As rejoicing misers
   Brood o'er their precious stores of secret gold. Smith.
 4. To mature any thing by care.
     It was the opinion of Clinias, as if there were ever
   amongst nations a brooding of^ war, and that there
   is no sure league but impuissance to do hurt. Bacon.
 To  Brood, brdod. v. a.  To cherish by
   care.
     Of crowds afraid, yet anxious when alone,
   You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryd.
 Brood, br66d. to. *. [from the verb.]
 1. Offspring;  progeny.   It is now hardly
   used of human beings, but in contempt.
     The heavenly father keep his brood
   From foul infection of so great a vice.     Fairfax.
     With terrours and with clamours compass'd round,
   Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed.   Milt.
     Or any other of that heavenly brood,
   Let down in cloudy throne to  do  the world  some
       good.                            Milton.
     iElian discourses of storks, and their affection to-
   ward their brood, whom they instruct to fly. Brown.
 2. Thing bred; species generated.
     Have you forgotten Lybia's burning wastes,
   Its barren rocks, parch'd earth, and hills of sand,
   Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison? Addison.
 3. A hatch; the number hatched at once.
     I was  wonderfully pleased to see  the different
   workings of instinct in a hen followed by a brood of
   ducks.                              Spectator.
 4. Something brought forth; a production.
     Such things  become the hatch and brood of time.
                                    Shakspeare.
 5. The act of covering the eggs.
                  Something 's in his soul,
   O'er which his melancholy sits on brood;
   And I doubt the hatch and the disclose
   Will be some danger.               Shakspeare.
 Bro'ody, br66'de. adj [from brood]  In  a
   state of sitting on the eggs; inclined  to
   sit.
     The common hen, all the while she is broody, sits,
   and leads her chickens, and uses a voice which we
   call clocking.                            Ray-
 Brook,  brook, to. s.  [bpoc, or bpoca,
   Sax.] A running water, less than a river.
     A substitute  shines brightly as a king,
   Until a king be by; and then his state
   Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
   Into the main of waters.             Shakspeare.
     Or many grateful altars I would rear
   Of grassy turf; and pile up every stone
   Of lustre from the brook; in memory,
   Of monument to ages.                  MUton.
    And to Cephisus' brook their way pursue:
  The stream was troubled, but the ford they knew.
                                      Dryden.
    Springs make little rivulets; those united, make
  brooks; and those  coming together, make rivers,
  which empty themselves into the sea.      Locke.
To BROOK, br66k. v. a. [bpucan, Sax.]
   To bear; to endure; to  support.
    Even they, which brook it worst that men should
  tell them of their duties, when they are told the same
  by a law, think very well and reasonably of it. Hook.
    A thousand more mischances than this one
  Have learned me to brook this patiently.   Shaksp.
    How use doth breed a habit in a man!
  This shadowy desart, unfrequented woods,
  I better brook than flourishing peopled towns.  Shak.
            Heav'n, the seat of bliss,
  Brooks not the works of violence and war.  Milton.
    Most men can much rather brook their being re-
  puted knaves, than for  their honesty be accounted
  fools.                                 South.
    Restraint thou wilt not brook; but think it hard,
  Your prudence is not trusted as your guard.  Dryd.
To Brook, br66k. v. to. To endure; to be
   content.
    He, in these wars, had flatly refused his aid; be-
  cause  he could not brook that the worthy prince
  Plangus was, by his chosen Tiridates, preferred be-
  fore him.                         •   Sidney.
Bro'oklime, brdok'lime. to. s. [becabunga,
   Lat.] A sort of water speedwell,  very
   common in ditches.
BROOM,  broom,  to. s. [genista;  bnom,
   Saxon.]
I. A small tree.
    Ev'n humble broom and osiers have their use,
  And shade for sheep, and food for flocks, produce.
                                      Dryden.
2. A besom; so called  from the matter of
   which it is sometimes made.
                 Not a mouse
   Shall disturb this hallow'd house;
   I am sent with broom before,
   To sweep the dust behind the door.    Shakspeare.
    If they came into the best apartment, to set any
   thing in order, they were saluted with a broom.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Bro'omland, br66m'land. to.  a.  [broom
   and land.] Land  that bears broom.
    I have known'sneep  cured of the  rot, when they
  have not been far gone with it, by being put  into
  broomlands.                        Mortimer.
Bro'omstaff,   brodm'staf.  to.  s.  [from
   broom and staff.] The staff to which the
   broom is bound;  the handle of a besom.
    They fell on; I made good my place:  at length
   they came to the broomstaff with me: I defied 'em
   still.                             Shakspeare.
                 From the age
   The children tread this worldly stage,
   Broomstaff or poker they bestride,
   And round toe parlour love to ride.        Prior.
    Sir Roger pointed at something behind  the door,
   which I found to be an old broomstaff.   Spectator.
Bro'omstick,  br66m'stik.400  to.  s.  The
   same as broomstaff.
    When I beheld this,  I sighed, and said within my-
   self, Surely mortal  Man is  a Broomstick.
                Swift's Meditation on a Broomstick.
Bro'omy, brdd'me.  adj.  [from  broom.]
   Full  of broom.
    If land grow mossy  or broomy, then break it up
   again.                             Mortimer.
    The youth with broomy stumps began to trace
   The kennel edge, where wheels had worn the place.
                                        Swift.
Broth, broM. ra. s. [bpob, Sax.]  Liquor
   in which flesh is  boiled.
    You may make the broth for two days, and take
   the one half every day.                   Bacon.
    Instead of light deserts and luscious froth,
  Our author treats to-night with Spartan broth.
                                    Southerne.
    If a nurse, after being sucked dry, eats broth, the
  infant will suck the broth, almost unaltered. Arbuth.
Bro'thel, broTH'el.               ?  to.  a.
Bro'thelhouse, broTH'el-house. £ [bor-
  dcl, Fr.]  A house of lewd entertainment;
  a bawdyhouse.
                  Perchance
  I saw him enter such a house of sale,
  Videlicet, a brothel.                 Shakspeare.
    Then courts  of kings were held in high renown,
  Ere made the common brothels ofthe town:
  There virgins honourable vows receiv'd,
  But chaste as maids in monasteries liv'd.  Dryden,
    From its old  ruins brothelhouses rise,
  Scenes of lewd loves and of polluted joys.  Dryden.
    The libertine retires to the stews and to the bro-
  thel.                                Rogers.
BRO'THER, briiTH'ur.98  to. *. [bjiofcen,
  bn.o$oji, Sax.]  Plural, brothers, or bre-
  thren.
1. One  born  ofthe same  father and mo-
  ther.
             Be sad, good brothers;
  Sorrow so royally in you appears,
  That I will deeply put the fashion on.  Shakspeare
    Whilst kin their kin, brother the brother foils,
  Like ensigns all against like ensigns bend.  Daniel.
    These two are brethren, Adam, and to come
  Out of thy loins.                        Milton.
    Comparing two men, in reference to one common
  parent, it is very easy to form toe ideas of brothers.
                                        Locke.
2. Any one closely united; associate.
    We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
  For he to-day that sheds his blood with me,
  Shall be my brother.                 Shakspeare.
3. Any one resembling another in manner,
  form, or profession.
    He also that is slothful in his work, is brother to
  him that is a great waster.              Proverbs.
    I will eat no meat while the world standeth, lest
  I  make my brother to offend.          Corinthians.
4. Brother is used, in theological language,
  for man in  general.
Bro'therhood, bruTH'ur-hud.  to. s. [from
   brother and hood.]
 I. The state  or quality of being a brother.
          This deep disgrace of brotherhood
  Touches me deeper than you can imagine.  Shaksp.
    Finds brotherhood in thee no sharper spur? Shaks.
    So it be a right to govern, whether you call it su-
  preme fatherhood, or supreme brotherhood, will be
  all  one, provided we know who has it.      Locke.
2. An association of men for any purpose;
   a fraternity.
    There was a fraternity of men at arms, called the
  brotherhood of St. George, erected by parliament,
  consisting of thirteen the most noble and worthy per-
  sons.                                  Davies.
 3. A class of men of the same kind
    He was sometimes so engaged among the wheels,
  that not above half the poet appeared; at other
  times, he became as conspicuous as any of the bro-
  therhood.                            Addison.

 Bro'therly, brfrrH'ur-le. adj. [from bro-
   ther.] Natural;  such as becomes  or be-
   seems a brother.
     He was a priest, and looked for a priest's reward;
  which was our brotherly love,  and the good of our
  souls and bodies.                        Bacon.
     Though more our money than our cause
  Their brotherly assistance draws.        Denham.
     They would not go before  the laws but follow
  them;  obeying their superiours, and embracing one
  another in brotherly piety and concord.   Addison,

 Bro'therly, brdTHAur-le. adv. After the 
BRO
BRU                                    BRU
   manner of a brother;  with kindness and
   affection.
    I speak but brotherly of him; but should I anato-
  mize him to thee as he is, I must blush and weep.
                                   Shakspeare.
Brought, brawt.893 [participle passive of
   bring]
    The Turks forsook  the walls, and could not be
  brought again to the assault.            Knolles.
    The instances brought by our author are but slen-
  der proofs.                            Locke.

BROW, brdft. to. s. [bnopa, Saxon.]
I. The arch of hair over the  eye.
    'Tis now the hour which all to rest allow,
  And sleep sits  heavy upon every brew.     Dryden.
2. The forehead.
    She could have run, and waddled about;
  For even toe day before she broke her brow. Shaks.
    So we some antique hero's strength
  Learn by his launch's weight and length;
  As these vast beams express the beast
  Whose shady brows alive they drest.       Waller,
3. The general :iir of the countenance.
    Then  call them to our presence,  face to face,
  And frowning broic to brow.          Shalcspeare.
    Though all  things foul would bear the brows of
        grace,
  Yet grace must look still so.         Shakspeare.
4. The edge  of any high place.
    The earl, nothing dismayed,  came forwards  that
  day unto a little village, calle<i  Stoke, and there en-
  camped  toat night, upon the brow  or hanging of a
  hill.                                 Bacon.
    On the brow of the hill, beyond that city,  they
  were somewhat perplexed  by espying the  French
  embassador, with the king's coach, and others at-
  tending  him.                         Wotton.
           Them, with fire, and hostile arms,
  Fearless assault; and to the brow of heav'n
  Pursuing, drive them out from God and bliss. Milt.

To Brow, brou. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   bound; to limit; to be at the edge of.
    Tending my flocks hard by, i' th' hilly crofts
  That brow this bottom glade.            Milton.

To  Bro'wbeat, brou'bete.   v.  a.  [from
   brow and beat] To depress with severe
   brows, and stern or lofty looks.
    It is  not  for a magistrate to frown upon,  and
  browbeat, those who are hearty and exact  in their
  ministry; and,  with a grave nod, to call a resolved
  zeal want of prudence.                  South.
    What man will voluntarily expose himself to the
  imperious browbealings and  scorns of great men?
                                   L'Estrange.
    Count Tariff endeavoured to browbeat the plain-
  tiff, while he was speaking; but though he was not
  so impudent as  the  count, he was  every whit as
  sturdy.                              Addison.
    I will  not be browbeaten by the supercilious looks
  of my adversaries.          Arbuthnot and Pope.

Bro'wbound, broii'boind. adj. [from brow
  and bound.]  Crowned; having the head
   encircled as with a diadem.
                   In that day's feats,
  He prov'd the best man i' th' field; and for his meed,
  Was brow-bound with the oak.        Shakspeare.
Bro'wsiok, bro&'sik.  adj. [from brow and
  sick] Dejected; hanging the head.
    But yet a  gracious influence from you
  May alter nature in our browsick crew.   Suckling
BROWN, bromi. adj.  [bjiun, Sax.] The
  name of a colour, compounded of black
  and any other colour.
    Brown, in high Dutch, is called braun; in the
  Netherlands, bruyun; in French, coleur  brune; in
  Italian, bruno.                        Peacham.
    I like  the  new tire within excellently, if the  hair
  were a little browner.               Shakspeare.
    From whence high Ithaca o'erlooks toe floods,
  Brown with o'ercharging shades and pendent woods.
                                        Pope.
              Long untravell'd heaths,
  With desolation brown, he wanders waste. Thomson.
Bro'wnbill, broun'bil. to. *. [from  brown
  and bill.]  The  ancient  weapon  of the
  English foot; why it is called brown,  I
  have not discovered; but  we  now say
  brown  musket from  it.
    And brownbills, levied in toe  city,
  Made bills to pass the grand committee.   Hudibras.
Bro'wnish, br6un'ish. adj. [from brown]
  Somewhat brown.
    A brownish grey iron-stone, lying in thin strata, is
  poor, but runs freely.                Woodward.
BRo'wNNEss,br6lin'ne,s. to.*, [from brown]
  A brown colour.
    She would confess the contention in her own mind,
  between toat lovely, indeed most lovely,  brownness
  of Musidorus's face, and this colour of mine. Sidney.
Bro'wnstudy, broun-stiid'de. to. s. [from
  brown  and study] Gloomy meditations;
  study in which we direct  our thoughts
  to no certain point.
    They live retired, and then they doze  away their
  time in drowsiness and brownstudies; or, if brisk and
  active, they lay themselves out wholly  in  making
  common places.                       Norris.
To BROWSE, brouze. v. a. [brouser,¥r]
  To eat  branches, or shrubs.
    And being down, is trod in the dirt^
  Of cattle, and browsed, and sorely hurt.     Spenser.
          Thy palate then did deign
  The roughest berry on the rudest hedge:
  Yea, like toe stag, when snow the pasture sheets,
  The barks of trees thou brousedst.    Shakspeare.
To Browse, brouze.  v. «. To feed; it is
  used with the particle on.
    They have scared  away two of my best sheep; if
  any where I have them, 'tis by the sea-side, browsing
  on ivy.                            Shakspeare.
    A goat, hard pressed,  took sanctuary in a vine-
  yard; so soon as he thought the  danger over, he fell
  presently a browsing upon the leaves. L'Estrange.
    Could  eat the tender plant, and, by degrees,
  Browse on the shrubs, and crop the budding trees.
                                   Blackmore.
    The Greeks were the descendants of savages, ig-
  norant of agriculture, and browsing on herbage, like
  cattle.                             Arbuthnot.
Browse,  brouze.  to. s. [from the  verb.]
  Branches, or shrubs, fit for the food of
  goats,  or other animals.
    The greedy lioness the wolf pursues,
  The wolf the kid, the wanton kid  the browse.  Dryden.
              On that cloud-piercing hill,
  Plinlimmon, from afar, the traveller kens,
  Astonish'd, how the goats their shrubby browse
  Gnaw pendent.                        Philips.
To BRUISE, br66ze.343 v. a. [briser, Fr.]
   To crush or mangle with the heavy blow
  of something not edged  or  pointed; to
  crush by any weight; to  beat into gross
  powder; to beat  together coarsely.
    Fellows in arms, and my most loving  friends,
  Bruis'd underneath the yoke of tyranny. Shakspeare.
    And fix far deeper in his head their stings,
  Than temporal death shall bruise the victor's Heel,
  Or theirs whom he redeems.             Milton.
    As in old chaos heav'n with earth  confus'd,
  And stars with rocks together crush'd and bruis'd.
                                       Ir'aller
    They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow,
  Till they turn livid, and corrupt the snow.  Dryden.
Bruise,  br66ze. n. s.  [from the verb.] A
  hurt with something blunt and heavy.
    One arm'd with metal, to' other with  wood,
  This fit for bruise, and that for blood.    Hudibras.
                I since have labour'd
  To bind the bruises of a civil war,
  And stop the issues of their wasting blood.  Dryden.
Bru'isewort, brddze'wArt. n.s. An herb;
  the  same with Comfrey.
BRUIT,  brdot.343  to. *. [bruit, Fr.] Ru-
  mour; noise; report.
    A bruit ran from one to the  other that the king
  was slain.                            Sidney.
    Upon some bruits he apprehended a fear,  which
  moved him to send to Sir William Herbert to re-
  main  his friend.                     Hayward.
                  I am not
  One that rejoices in the common wreck,
  As common bruit doth put it.         Shakspeare.
To  Bruit, br66t.343 v.a. [from the noun.]
  To  report; to  noise abroad; to rumour.
  Neither the verb nor  the noun are now
  much in use.
                  His death,
  Being bruited once, took fire and heat away
  From the best temper'd courage  in his troops. Slutk.
    It was bruited, that I meant nothing less than to go
  to Guiana.                          Raleigh.
Bru'mal, broo'mal. adj. [brumalia, Lat.]
  Belonging^to the winter.
    About the brumal solstice, it hath been observed,
  even unto  a proverb, toat  the sea  is calm, and the
  winds do cease, till the young  ones are excluded,
  and forsake their nests.                  Brown.
Brun, Bran, Born, Bourn, Burn, brun,
  bran, born, borne, burn,  are all derived
  from the Saxon, bop.n, boujin, bjiunna,
  bujina;  all signifying a river or brook.
                                    Gibaon.
Brune'tt, br6-net'. «.  a.  [brunette, Fr.]
  A woman  with a brown  complexion.
    Your fair women therefore thought of this fashion,
  to insult the olives and toe brunettes.     Addison.
Bru'nion, brdo'ne-yone. n.s .[brugnon, Fr.]
  A sort  of fruit between a plum and a
  peach.                          Trevoux.
Brunt, brunt, to. s. [brunst, Dutch.]
I. Shock;  violence.
    Erona  chose rather to bide the brunt of war than
  venture him.                          Sidney.
    God, who caus'd a fountain, at thy pray'r,
  From the  dry ground to spring,  thy thirst t' allay
  After toe brunt of battle.                Milton.
    Faithful ministers are to stand  and endure the
  brunt: a common soldier may fly, when it is toe duty
  of him that holds the standard to die upon toe place.
                                       South.
2. Blow;  stroke.
    A wicked ambush, which lay  hidden long,
  In the close covert of her guileful eyen,
  Thence breaking forth, did thick about me throng,
  Too feeble 11' abide toe brunt  so strong.   Spenser.
    The friendly rug preserv'd toe ground,
  And headlong knight, from bruise or wound,
  Like  featherbed betwixt a wall,
  And heavy brunt of cannon-ball.       Hudibras.
BRUSH,  brush, to. s.  [broaae, Fr.  from
  bruscus, Lat.]
1. An  instrument to clean any  thing,  by
  rubbing off the dirt or soil.  It is gene-
  rally made of bristles set in wood.
2. It is used  for the larger and stronger
  pencils used by painters.
    Whence comes all this rage  of wit? this arming
  all the pencils and brushes of the town against me ?
                                   Stillingfteet.
    With a small brush you must  smear the glue well
  upon the joint of each piece.             Moxon.
3. A rude assault; a shock;  rough  treat-
  ment; which, by the same metaphor, we
  call a scouring. 
BRU                                      BRU
BUB
    Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
  And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.  Shaksp.
    It could not be possible, that upon so little a brush
  as Waller had sustained, he could not be able  to
  follow and disturb the king.           Clarendon.
    Else, when we put it to the push,
  They had not given us such a brush.     Hudibras.

To Brush, brush, v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To sweep or rub  with a brush.
    If he be not in love with some woman, there is no
  believing old signs:  he brushes his hat o' morning;
  what should that bode?               Shakspeare.
3» To strike with quickness, as in  brush-
   ing.
    The wrathful beast about him turned light,
  And him so rudely passing by, did brush
  With his long tail, that horse and man to ground did
       rush.                Spenser's Fairy Queen.
    Has Somnus  brush'd thy eyelids with his rod?
                                       Dryden.
    His son Cupavo brush'd toe briny flood,
  Upon his stern a brawny centaur stood.    Dryden.
    High o'er the billows flew the massy load,
  And near the ship came thund'ring on the flood,
  It almost brush'd the helm.                 Pope.
3. To paint  with a brush.
    You have  commissioned  me to paint your shop,
  and  I have done my best to brush you up like your
  neighbours.                             Pope.
4. To carry away, by an act  like that of
   brushing; to sweep.
    And from the boughs brush off the evil dew,
  And heal the  harms of thwarting thunder blew. Milt.
    The receptacle of waters, into which  the mouths
  of all rivers must empty themselves, ought to have so
  spacious a surface, toat as much water may be con-
  tinually brushed off by the winds, and exhaled by the
  sun,  as,  besides what falls again, is  brought into it
  by all the rivers.                       Bentley.
5. To move  as the brush.
    A thousand nights have brush'd toeir balmy wings
  Over these eyes.                       Dryden.
To Brush,  brush, v. to.
1. To move with haste: a ludicrous word,
   applied to men.
    Nor wept his fate, nor cast a pitying eye,
  Nor took him down, but brush'd regardless by. Dryd.
    The French had gather'd all their force,
  And William met them in their way;
  Yet off they brush'd, both foot and horse.    Prior.
2. To fly over; to skim lightly.
    Nor love is always of a vicious kind;
  But oft to virtuous acts  inflames toe mind,
  Awakes the sleepy vigour ofthe soul,
  And, brushing o'er, adds motion to the pool. Dryden.
Bru'sher,  bnlsh'ur. to.  s. [from bruah.]
   He that uses a brush.
    Sir Henry Wotton used to say, that criticks were
  like brushers  of noblemen's cloaths.        Bacon.
Bru'shwood, brush'wddd.  to.  a.  [from
   brwh and wood.  I know not whether it
   may   not  be  corrupted  from browse-
   wood]   Rough,  low,  close,  shrubby
   thickets;  small wood  fit for  fire.
    It smokes, and then with trembling  breath she
        blows,
  Till in a cheerful blaze the flames arose.
    With brushwood, and with chips, she strengthens
        these,
  And adds at last the boughs of rotten trees. Dryden.
BRu'sHY,brtish'e.arf/.[from<5rws/r.] Rough
   or shaggy, like a brush.
    I suspected, that it might have proceeded from
  some small unheeded drop of blood, wiped off by the
  brushy substance of the nerve, from the knife where-
  with it was cut.                          Boyle.
To Bru'stle, bnls'sl.472 v. to.  [briar*than,
  Sax.] To crackle; to make a small noise.
                                     Skinner.
BRu'TAL,brdd'tal.348a#. [brutal, French;
   from brute.]
1. That which  belongs  to  a brute; that
   which we have in common with brutes.
    There is no opposing brutal force to the strata-
  gems of human reason.              L'Estrange.
2. Savage; cruel: inhuman.
          The brufat bus'ness of the war,
   s manag'd by thy dreadful servants care.   Dryden.
Bruta'lity, br66-tal'e-te. to. s. [brutalite,
   Fr.]  Savageness;  churlishness;  inhu-
   manity.
    Courage, in an ill-bred man, has the air, and es-
  capes not the opinion, of brutality.         Locke.
To Bru'talize, broo'ta-lize. v.n. [bruta-
   liser, Fr.]  To  grow brutal or savage.
    Upon being carried to the  Cape of Good Hope,
  he mixed,  in a kind of transport, with his country-
  men, brutalized with them in their habit  and man-
  ners, and would never again return to his foreign ac-
  quaintance.                          Addison.
To Bru'talize,br6o'ta-lize. v.a. To make
   brutal or savage.
BRu'TALLY,br66'tal-le. adv.[from  brutal]
   Churlishly; inhumanly; cruelly.
    Mrs. Bull  aimed a knife  at John, though John
   threw a bottle at her head, very brutally  indeed
                                    Arbuthnat.
BRUTE, brodt.33^ adj. [brutus, Latin.]
I. Senseless; unconscious.
    Nor yet are we so low and base as their atheism
   would depress us; not walking statues of clay, not
   toe sons of brute earth, whose final inheritance is
   death and corruption.                   Bentley.
2. Savage; irrational; ferine.
    Even brufe animals make use of this artificial way,
   of making divers motions to  have several significa-
   tions, to call, warn, chide, cherish, threaten. Holder.
    In  the promulgation of toe Mosaick law,  if so
   much as a brute beast touched the mountain, it was
  to be struck through with a dart.           South.
3. Bestial; in common with beasts.
    Then to subdue, and quell, through all the earth,
   Brute violence, and proud tyrannick pow'r. Milton.
4. Rough; ferocious;  uncivilized.
    The brute philosopher, who ne'er has prov'd
   The joy of loving, or of being lov'd.         Pope.
Brute, brddt. to. s. [from the adjective.]
   An irrational creature; a creature with-
   out  reason; a savage.
    What may this mean? Language of man pro-
         noune'd
   By tongue of brute, and human sense express'd!
                                       MUton.
    To those three present impulses, of sense, memo-
  ry,  and instinct, most, if not all,  toe sagacities of
   brutes may be reduced.                    Hale.
    Brutes may be considered as either aerial, terres-
  trial, aquatick, or amphibious. I call those aerial
  which have wings, wherewith they can support them-
   selves in the  air; terrestrial  are those, whose only
   place of rest is upon the earth; aquatick are those,
  whose constant abode is upon the water; and amphi-
  bious are those, which live freely in the air, upon the
   earth,  and yet are  observed to live long upon the
  water.                                Locke.
    Heav'n from all creatures hides the book of fatej
   All but the page prescrib'd,  this present state;
   From brutes what men, from men what spirits know;
  Or who could suffer being here below?       Pope.
To Brute, br66t.343  v.  a. [written ill for
   bruit.] To report.
    This, once brnfed through the army, filled them all
  with heaviness.                        Knolles.
Bru'teness, brdot'nes.«. *. [from brute.]
   Brutality:  a word not now used.
               Thou dotard vile,
  That with thy bruteness shend'stthy comely age.
                                       Spenser.
To BRv'ri¥\,br66t'te-f I v.n.[from brute.]
   To make a man a brute.
    O thou fallacious woman! am I then brutified? Ay;
  I feel it here; I sprout, I bud, I am ripe horn mad.
                                     Congreve.
Bru'tish, br66'tish. adj. [from brute]
I. Bestial; resembling a beast.
    Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train,
  With monstrous shapes and sorceries abus'd
  Fanatick Egypt, and her priests, to seek
  Their wand'ring gods disguis'd in brutish forms.
                                       Milton.
2. Having the qualities of a brute;  rough;
   savage; ferocious.
    Brutes, and brutish men, are commonly more able
  to bear pain than others.                 Grew.
3. Gross;  carnal.
    For thou thyself hast been a libertine,
  As sensual as the brutish sting itself.    Shakspeare.
    After he has slept himself into some use of him-
  self, by much ado he staggers to his table again, and
  there acts over the same brutish scene.      South.
4. Ignorant;  untaught; uncivilized.
    They were not so brutish,  that they could be ig-
  norant to call upon the name of God.       Hooker.

Bru'tishly, br66'tlsh-le. adv.  [from  bru-
   tish.] In the manner of a brute; savage-
   ly; irrationally;  grossly.
    I am not so diffident of myself, as brutishly to sub-
  mit to any man's dictates.          King Charles.
    For a man to found a confident practice upon a
  disputable principle, is brutishly to outrun his reason.
                                        South.
Bru'tishness,  br66'tish-n£s. to. a. [from
   brutish.] Brutality; savageness
    All other courage, besides that, is not true valour,
  but brutishness.                        Spratt.
Bry'ony, bri'6-ne. to. *. [bryonia, Lat.] A
   plant.
Bub, bub. to. a. [a cant word.] Strong malt
   liquor.
    Or if it be his fate to meet
  With folks who have more wealth than wit,
  He loves cheap port, and double bub,
  And settles in the humdrum club.          Prior.
BU'BBLE, bub'bl.^ to. *. [bobbel, Dutch.]
1. A small bladder of water; a film of water
   filled with wind.
    Bubbles are in the form of a hemisphere; air with-
  in, and a little skin of water without: and it seemeth
  somewhat strange, that the air should rise so swiftly,
  while it is in the water, and when it cometh to the
  top, should be stayed by so weak a cover as that of
  the bubble is,                           Bacon.
    The colours of bubbles, with which children play,
  are various, and change toeir situation variously,
  without any respect to confine or shadow.  JsTewton.
2. Any thing which wants solidity and firm-
   ness; any thing that  is more specious
   than real.
    The earl of Lincoln was induced to participate,
  not lightly upon toe strength ofthe proceedings there,
  which was but a bubble, but upon letters  from the
  lady Margaret.                         £m.
                Then a soldier,
  Seeking the bubble reputation,
  Even in the cannon's mouth.          Shakspeare.
    War, he sung, is toil and trouble,
  Honour but an empty bubble,
  Fighting still, and still destroying.        Dryden.
3. A cheat; a false show.
    The nation then too late will find,
  Directors promises but wind,
  South-sea at best a mighty bubble.         Swift.
4. The person cheated.
    Cease, dearest mother, cease to chide-
  Gany 's a cheat, and I'm a bubble;
  Yet why this great excess of trouble?       Prior.
    He has been my bubble these twenty years, and to 
BUC                                      BUC                                     BUC
  my certain knowledge, understands no more of his
  own affairs, than a child in swaddling clothes.
                                    Arbuthnot
To Bu'BBLE,biib'bl.T;. to. [from the noun.]
1. To rise in bubbles.
    Alas! a crimson river of warm blood,
  Like to a bubbling fountain stirr'd with wind,
  Doth rise and fall.                  Shukspeare.
    Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,
  Lizard's leg,  and owlet's wing:
  For a charm of pow'rful trouble,
  Like a hellbroth boil and bubble.      Shakspeare.
    Still bubble on, and pour forth blood and tears.
                                      Dryden.
    The  same spring suffers at some times a very
  manifest remission of its heat; at others, as manifest
  an increase of it; yea, sometimes to that excess, as
  to make it boil and bubble with extreme heat.
                                    Woodward.
2. To run with a gentle noise.
    For thee the bubbling springs appear'd to mourn,
  And whispering pines made vows for thy return.
                                      Dryden.
    Not bubbling fountains to the thirsty swain,
  Not show'rs to larks, or sunshine to the bee,
  Are half so charming as thy sight to me.    Pope.
To Bu'bble, bub'bl. v. a. To cheat: a cant
   word.
    He tells me, with great passion, that she has bub-
  bled him out of his youth; and has drilled him on to
  five and fifty.                         Addison.
    Charles Mather could  not bubble  a  young beau
  better with a toy.                    Arbuthnot.
Bu'BBLER,bub'bltir.406TO.«. [from bubble.]
   A  cheat.
    What words can suffice to express, how infinitely
  I esteem you, above all the great ones in this part of
  toe world; above all toe Jews, jobbers, and bubblers!
                                Digby to Pope.
Bu'bby, bAb'be. to. s.  A  woman's breast.
    Foh! say toey, to see a handsome,  brisk, genteel
  young fellow, so much governed by a doating old
  woman; why don't you go and suck the bubby?
                                    Arbuthnot.
Bu'bo, bu'bo. to. *. [Lat. from /3«£a>v  the
   groin.] That part ofthe groin  from  the
   bending ofthe thigh to the scrotum; and
   therefore  all tumours in  that  part  are
   called buboes.                    Quincy.
    I suppurated it after the manner of a bubo, opened
  it, and endeavoured detersion.          Wiseman.
Bubonoce'le, bti'bo-no-sele'.  to.  s. [Lat.
   from  fixGm the  groin, and  jmjAj? a rup-
   ture.]  A  particular  kind  of rupture,
   when the intestines break down into  the
   groin.                            Quincy.
    When the intestine, or omentum, falls through the
  rings of toe abdominal muscles into "the groin,  it is
  called hernia inguinalis, or if into the scrotum, scro-
  talis: these two, though the first only is  properly so
  called, are known by toe name of bubonocele.
                                       Sharp.
Bu'bukle, biVbiik-kl.405 to. *.  A red pim-
   ple.
    His face is all bvbukles, and whelks, and knobs,
  and flames of fire.                      Shaksp.

Buoani'ers,  btik-a-neerz'. n.  s.  A cant
   word  for  the  privateers, or pirates of
   America.
Buccella'tion,  b&k-sel-la'shun.  to.   s.
  [buccella,  a mouthful,  Lat.]   In some
  chymical authors, signifies dividing into
  large  pieces.                     Harris.
BUCK,  biik. to. s. [bauche, Germ, suds,
  or  lye.]
1. The liquor in which clothes are  washed.
    Buck! I would I could wash myself of the buck;
       VOL. I.
  I warrant you,  buck,  and of the season too it shall
  appear.                          Shakspeare.
2. The clothes washed  in the liquor.
    Of late not able to  travel with her furred pack,
  she washes bucks here at home.           Shaksp.

BUCK,  bilk,  to. s.  [bwch, Welsh;  bock,
  Dutch; bouc, Fr]  The male ofthe fal-
  low deer; the  male of rabbits, and other
  animals.
    Bucks, goats, and the like, are said to be tripping
  or saliant, that is, going or  leaping.     Peacham.
To  Buck, bilk.  v.  a.  [from  the noun.]
  To wash  clothes.
    Here  is a basket;  he may creep in here, and
  throw foul linen upon  him, as if  it were  going to
  bucking.                         Shakspeare.
To Buck, buk. v. to. [from the noun.] To
  copulate as bucks and does.
    The chief time of setting traps,  is in toeir buck-
  ing time.                          Mortimer.
Bu'ckbasket, bu.k'bas-ket. to. s. The bas-
  ket in which clothes are carried to the
  wash.
    They conveyed  me into a buckbasket;  rammed
  me in with  foul shirts, foul stockings, and greasy
  napkins.                          Shakspeare.
Bu'ckbean, buk'bene. to. s. [bocksboonen,
  Dutch.]  A plant; a  sort of trefoil.
    The bitter, nauseous plants,  as centaury,  buck-
  bane, gentian, of which tea may be made, or wines
  by infusion.                           Floyer.
Bu'ckrt, bo.k'kit." to. s. [baquet, Fr.]
1. The vessel  in  which water is drawn out
  of a well.
    Now is this golden crown like a deep well
  That owes two buckets, filling one another;
  The emptier ever dancing in the air,
  The other down unseen and full of water.   Shaksp.
    Is the sea ever likely to be evaporated by the sun,
  or to be emptied with buckets?           Bentley.
2. The vessel in which  water is carried,
  particularly to quench a fire.
    Now streets grow throng'd, and, busy as by day,
  Some run for buckets to the hallow'd quire;
  Some cut the pipes, and some the  engines play;
  And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire.
                                      Dryden.
    The porringers, that in a row
  Hung high, and made a glitt'ring show,
  To a less noble substance chang'd,
  Were, now but leathern buckets rang'd.     Sioift.
BU'CKLE, buk'kl.40* n.s. [bwccl, Welsh,
  and the same  in the  Armorick; boucle,
  French.]
1. A link of metal,  with a tongue or catch,
  made to fasten one thing to another.
    Fair lined slippers for the cold,
  With buckles of the purest gold.       Shakspeare.
    The chlamys was a sort of short cloak tied with a
  buckle, commonly to the right shoulder.    Arbuth.
    Three seal-rings; which  after, melted down,
  Form'd a vast buckle for his widow's gown.   Pope.
2. The state ofthe hair  crisped and curled,
  by being  kept long in the  same  state.
    The greatest beau was dressed in a flaxen peri-
  wig; toe wearer of it goes  in his own hair at home,
  and lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year.
                                    Spectator.
    That live-long wig, which Gorgon's  self  might
        own,
  Eternal bucfcte takes in Parian stone.        Pope.
To  Bu'okle, bilk'kl.  v.  a.  [from  the
  noun.]
1. To fasten with a buckle.
    Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery,
  Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee.
                                  Shakspeare.
   ■ France, whose armour conscience btickled on,
                    Hh
  Whom zeal and charity brought to the field.   S/wA
    Thus ever, when I buckle on my helmet,
  Thy fears afflict thee.                   Philips.
    When you carry your master';, riding coat, wrap
  your own in  it,  and buckle them up  close with a
  strap                                 Sicift.
2. To prepare to do any thing: the meta-
  phor is taken from  buckling on the ar-
  mour.
    The Saracen, this hearing, rose amain,
  And catching up in haste his three-square shield,
  And shining helmet, soon him buckled to the field.
                                      Spenser
3. To join in battle.
    The lord Gray, captain of the men at arms, was
  forbidden to charge,  until  the foot of the avant-
  guard were buckled with them in front.   Hayward.
4. To confine.
      How brief the life of man
    Runs his erring pilgrimage!
      That the stretching of a span
    Buckles in his sum of age.          Shakspeare,
To  Bu'okle,  bilk'kl.  v.  to.   [bucken,
  Germ.]
1. To bend; to bow.
    The wretch, whose fever-weaken'd joints,
  Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life,
  Impatient of his fit, breaks like a fire
  Out of his keeper's arms.             Shakspeare.
2. To buckle  to.  To apply to;  to attend.
  See the active, 2d sense.
    Now a covetous old crafty knave,
  At dead of night, shall raise his son, and cry,
  Turn out, you rogue! how like a beast you lie!
  Go, buckle to the law.                  Dryden.
    This  is to be done in children, by trying them,
  when they are by laziness unbent,  or by avocation
  bent another way, and endeavouring to make them
  buckle to the thing proposed.              Locke.
3. To buckle with.  To  engage with; to en-
  counter;  to  join  in   a close fight, like
  men locked or buckled together.
    For single combat thou  shalt bucfcte with me.
                                   Shakspeare,
    Yet thou, toey say, for marriage dost provide;
  Is this an age to buckle with a bride?      Dryden.
BU'CKLER,  buk'l&r.  to. *.   [bwccled,
  Welsh; bouclier, Fr.]  A shield;  a de-
  fensive weapon buckled on the arm.
    He took my arms, and while I forc'd my way
  Through troops of foes, which did our passage stay;
  My buckler o'er my aged father cast,
  Still fighting, still defending, as I past.     Dryden.
    This medal compliments the emperor as the Ro-
  mans did dictator Fabius,  when they called him toe
  buckler of Rome.                     Addison.
To  Bu'ckler, buk'l&r.  v. a.  [from the
  noun.] To support; to defend.
    Fear not, sweet wench, toey shall not touch thee,
        Kate;
  I'll buckler thee against a million.     Shakspeare.
    Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
  Now buckler falshood with a pedigree?  Shakspeare.
Buckler-thorn,  buk'lur-thom,  to.  «.
  Christ's thorn.
Bu'ckmast, btik'mast.  to. s.  The fruit  or
  mast  of the  beech tree.
Bu'ckram,  buk'riim  to. s.  [bougran, Fr.]
  A  sort of strong linen cloth, stiffened
  with  gum,  used by taylors  and  stay-
  makers.
    I have peppered two of them;  two, I am sure, I
  have paid, two rogues in buckram suits.     Shaks.
Bu'ckrams, bilk'rilmz.  n.  s.  The same
  with wild garlick.
Bu'ckshorn Plantain, bilks'h6m-plan'-
  tin. to. s. [coronopus, Lat. from the form
  of the leaf.] A plant.             Miller. 
                  BUD

Bu'ckthorn, buk'Morn. to. a.  [rhamnus,
   Lat.  supposed  to  be  so  called from
   bucc, Sax. the belly.] A tree that bears
   a purging berry.
Bu'ckwheat, biik'hwete.22?. to. s.  [buck-
   weitz, Germ, fagopyrum^at] A plant.
                                      Miller.
Buco'lick, bu-kol'ick.  adj. [p>ovx.oXix.ct,
   from /3at»*«A®-, a cowherd.] Pastoral.

BUD, bud', to. s. [bouton, Fr.]  The first
   shoot of a plant;  a gem.
         Be as thou was wont to be,
       See as thou was wont to see;
       Dian's bud o'er Cupid's flower
       Hath such force and blessed power.   Shaksp.
     Writer's say, as the most forward bud
   Is eaten by the canker ere it blow,
   Even so by love the young and tender wit
   Is turn'd to folly, blasting in the bud,
   Losing his verdure even in the prime.  Shakspeare.
     When you the flow'rs for Chloe twine,
   Why do you to her garland join
   The meanest bud that falls from mine?     Prior.
     Insects wound the tender buds, with a  long hol-
   low trunk, and deposit an egg in the hole, with a
   sharp corroding liquor,  that causeth  a swelling in
   the leaf, and closeth the orifice.          Bentley.
 To  Bud, bud. v. to. [from the noun.]
 1. To put forth young shoots, or gems.
     Bud forth as a rose growing by the brook of the
   field.                                 Eccl.
2. To rise as a gem from the stalk.
     There the fruit, that was to  be gathered from
   such a conflux, quickly budded out.     Clarendon.
     Heav'n gave him all at once, then snatch'd away,
   Ere mortals all his beauties could survey:
  Just like that flower that buds and withers  in a day.
                                      Dryden.
     Tho' lab'ring yokes  on their own necks toey
         fear'd,
   And felt for budding horns on their smooth fore-
         heads rear'd.           Dryden's Silenus.
3. To be  in the bloom, or growing.
     Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet,
   Whither away, or where is thy abode?    Shaksp.
 To Bud,  b&d. v. a.  To inoculate; tograff
   by  inserting a bud into the rind of ano-
   ther tree.
     Of apricocks,  the largest is  much improved by
   budding- upon a peach stock.             Temple.
 To  BUDGE, budje. v. to. [bouger, Fr.]
   To stir;  to move off  the  place; a low
   word.
                 All your prisoners are
  In the lime grove, which weatoerfends your cell,
  They cannot budge till your release.   Shakspeare.
    The mouse ne'er shunn'd toe cat, as  they  did
         budge
  From rascals worse than they.        Shakspeare.
    I thought to' hadst scorn'd to budge
  For fear.                           Hudibras.
Budge, bddje. adj. [of uncertain  etymo-
   logy.]  Surly; stiff;  formal.
    6  foolishness of men ! that lend their ears
  To those budge doctors of the stoick fur.   Milton.
Budge, bvidje. to. s.  The dressed skin or
   fur of lambs.                       Diet.
Bu'dger, bud'jdr. to. s.  [from  the  verb.]
   One that moves er  stirs from his place.
    Let the first budger die the other's slave,
  And the gods doom him after. .           Shaksp.
Bu'dget, bud'jet. w. s. [bogette, Fr.]
1. A bag,  such as may be easily carried.
      If tiukers may have leave to live,
        And bear the sowskin budget;
      Then my account I well may give,
        And in the stocks avouch it.    Shakspeare.
    Sir Robert Clifford, in whose bosom, or budg-et,
                  BUF

  most of Perkin's secrets were laid up, was come in-
  to England.                           Bacon.
    His budget with corruptions cramm'd,
  The contributions ofthe damn'd.           Swift.
2. It is used for a store, or stock.
    It was nature, in fine, that brought  off the cat,
  when the  fox's  whole budget  of inventions failed
  him.                            L'Estrange.
Buff, biif. to. s. [from buffalo.]
1. A sort  of leather prepared from  the
   skin of  the buffalo; used for  waist belts,
   pouches, and military accoutrements.
    A ropy  chain of rheums, a visage rough,
  Deform'd, unfeatur'd, and a skin of buff.  Dryden.
2. The skins of elks and  oxen dressed in
   oil, and prepared after the same manner
   as that  of the buffalo.
3. A military coat made of thick leather,
   so that  a blow cannot easily pierce it.
    A fiend, a fairy, pitiless and rough,
  A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff.    Shaksp.
To BUFF, buf. v. a. [buffe, Fr.] To strike;
   it is  a word not in use.
            There was a shock,
          To have buff'd out the blood
          From aught but a block.    Ben Jonson.
BUFFALO, buf'fa-16. to. *. [Ital.] A kind
   of wild  ox.
        Become the unworthy browse
  Of buffaloes, salt goats, and hungry cows. Dryden.
Bu'ffet,  buf fit." to.  s. [buffeto, Ital.] A
   blow with the fist; a box on the ear.
    0, I could divide myself, and go  to  buffets,  for
  moving such a dish of skimmed milk with  so ho-
  nourable an action.                  Shakspeare.
    A man  toat fortune's buffets and rewards
  Has ta'en  with equal  thanks.          Shakspeare.
    Go, baffled coward, lest I run upon thee,
  And with  one buffet lay thy structure  low.  Milton.
    Round his hollow temples, and his  ears,
  His buckler beats; toe son of Neptune,  stunn'd
  With these repeated buffets, quits the ground.
                                     Dryden.
Buffe't,  bdf-fet'.  to. s. [buffette, Fr.]  A
   kind  of cupboard;  or  set  of shelves,
   where plate is set out to show, in a room
   of entertainment.
    The rich buffet well-colour'd serpents grace,
  And gaping Tritons spew to wash your face.  Pope.
Zb Bu'ffet, buf'fit."i>. a. [from the noun.]
   To strike with  the  hand;  to  box;  to
   beat;
    Why, woman, your husband is in  his old lunes
  again; he  so buffets himself on the forehead, crying,
  Peer out,  peer out! that any madness,  I ever yet
  beheld, seemed but tameness.         Shakspeare.
    Our ears are cudgell'd; not a word of his
  But buffets better than a fist of France.    Shaksp.
    The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
  With lusty sinews; throwing it aside.      Shaksp.
    Instantly I plung'd into  the sea,
  And buffeting the billows to her rescue,
  Redeem'd her life with half the loss of mine.
                                      Otioay,
To Bu'ffet, buf fit. v.n. To play a box-
   ing-match.
    If I might buffet for my love, I could lay on like
  a butcher.               Shakspeare's Henry V.
Bu'ffeter, btif'fit-tur. to. s. [from buffet.]
   A boxer; one that buffets.
Buf'fle,  buffi.405  to. s. [beuffle,Yr.]   The
   same with buffalo, a wild ox.
To Bu'ffle, b&f'fl. v. to. [from the noun.]
   To puzzle; to be at a loss.
    This was the utter  ruin of toat poor,  angry, buf-
  fling, well-meaning  mortal, Pistorides, who lies
  equally under the contempt of both parties.  Sioift.
Bu'ffleheaded,    buf'fl-hed-ed.    adj.
                 BUG

  [from  buffe and head.]  A man with a
  large head, like a buffalo; dull;  stupid;
  foolish.
BUFFO'ON, buf-f66n'. to.  *. [buffon, Fr.]
I.  A  man  whose profession  is to make
  sport,  by low jests and antick postures;
  a jack-pudding.
    No prince would think himself greatly honoured
  to have  his proclamation  canvassed on a publick
  stage, and become the sport of buffoons.     Watts.
2. A man that practises indecent raillery.
    It is the nature of drolls and buffoons, to be inso-
  lent to those that will bear it, and slavish to others.
                                  L'Estrange.
    The bold buffoon, whene'er they tread the green,
  Their motion mimicks, but with jest obscene.
                                       Garth.
Buffo'onery,  buf-foon'ur-re. to. «. [from
  buffoon.]
1. The practice or art of a  buffoon.
    Courage, in an ill-bred man,  has the air, and es-
  capes not the opinion, of brutality; learning becomes
  pedantry, and wit buffoonery.             Locke.
2. Low jests; ridiculous pranks; scurrile
  mirth.   Dryden places  the accent im-
  properly, on the first syllable.
    Where public ministers encourage buffoonery, it
  is no wonder if buffoons set up for public ministers.
                                  L'Estrange,
    And whilst it lasts, let buffoonery succeed,
  To make us laugh, for never was more need.
                                     Dryden.
BUG, blig. to. s. A stinking insect  bred in
  old  household stuff.   In  the following
  passage, wings are erroneously ascribed
  to it.
    Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
  This painted child of dirt, which stinks and stings.
                                       Pope.
Bug, bAg.            > to. s. [It is derived
Bu'gbear, b&g'bare. 5  by some from big,
  by others from pug; bug; in Welsh, has
  the  same meaning.]  A frightful object;
  a walking spectre, imagined to be seen:
  generally now used for a false terror to
  frighten babes.
    Each  trembling leaf and  whistling wind they
        hear,
  As ghastly bug their hair on end does rear,
  Yet both do strive their fearfulness to feign.
                                 Fairy Queen.
            Sir, spare your threats;
  The bug which you would fright me with,  I seek.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Hast not slept to-night?  would  he not, naughty
  man, let it sleep? a.bugbear take him.     Shaksp.
    We have a horrour  for uncouth monsters; but,
  upon experience,  all these bugs grow familiar and
  easy to us.                        L'Estrange.
    Such bugbear thoughts, once got into toe  tender
  minds of children, sink deep,  so as not easily, if
  ever, to be got out again.     »            Locke.
    To the world, no bugbear is so great,
  As want  of figure, and a small estate.      Pope.
Bu'gginess,  bug'ge-nes.   to.  s.   [from
  buggy*]  The state  of  being infected
  with bugs.
Bu'ggy,  bug'ge.288 adj.   [from   bug]
  Abounding with bugs.
Bu'gle,  bu'gl.406            ) n-  s- [from
Bu'glehorn, bu'gl-horn'.   3 bujen, Sax.
  to  bend,   Skinner;  from  bucula,  Lat.
  a heifer, Junius; from bugle, the bona-
  sus, Lye] A  hunting horn.
    Then took that squire an horny bugle small,
  Which hung adown his side in twisted gold,
  And tassels gay.                  Fairy Queen. 
                    BUI

     I it ill have a recheate winded in my forehead, or
   hang my bug-te in an invisible baldrick.    Shaksp.
              He gave his bugle horn a blast,
   That through toe woodland echo'd far and wide.
                                        Tkkell.
 Bu'gle, bu'gl. to. s. A shining bead of black
    glass.
     Bugle bracelets, necklace amber,
   Perfum'd for a lady's chamber.       Shakspeare.
     'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
   Your bugle eye-balls, nor your cheek of cream,
   That can entame my spirits to your worship. Shaks.

 Bu'gle, bu'gl.  to. s.  [from bugula, Lat.]
    A  plant.  ""                         Miller.
 Bu'gle, bu'gl. to. *.  A sort of wild ox.
                 Phillips's  World of Words.
 Bu'gloss, bu'gl6s. to.*, [from buglossum,
    Lat.] The herb ox-tongue.
 To BUILD, bild.341  v. a. preter. I built,  I
    have built, [bilden,  Dutch.]
 1.  To raise from the ground;  to make  a
   fabrick, or an edifice.
     Thou shalt not buUd an house unto my name.
          *                          Chronicles.
     When usurers tell their  gold in the field,
  And whores and bawds do  churches build.  , Shaksp.
 2.  To raise m any laboured form.
     When the head-dress was built up in a couple of
  cones and spires, which  stood so excessively high on
  the side of the head, toat a woman, who was  but  a
  pigmy without her head-dress,  appeared like a Co-
  lossus upon putting it on.              Spectator.
 3.  To raise  any thing on a support or foun-
   dation.
     Love buUt on beauty, soon as beauty, dies;
  Choose this face, chang'd by no deformities. Donne.
     I would endeavour to destroy those curious, but
  groundless structures, that  men have built up of opi-
  nions alone.                             Boyle.
 To Build, bild.  v. «.
 1. To play  the architect.
     To build, to plant, whatever you intend,
  To rear toe column, or toe arch to*bend.     Pope.
 2. To depend on; to rest on.
     By a man's authority,  we  here understand the
  force which his word hath  for  the assurance of an-
  other's mind, that buildeth  upon it.        Hooker.
     Some build rather upon the abusing of others, and
  putting hicks upon  them,  than upon soundness of
  their own proceedings.                   Bacon.
     Even those who had not tasted of your  favours,
  yet built so much on the fame of your beneficence,
  toat they bemoaned toe loss of their expectations.
                                        Dryden.
     This is certainly a much surer way, than to build
  on the interpretations of an  author, who does not con-
  sider how the ancients used to think.      Addison.
 Bui'LDER,bild'iir.9s to.  s. [from build.] He
  that builds; an  architect.
     But fore-accounting oft makes builders miss;
  They found, they felt, toey had no lease of bliss.
                                        Sidney,
    When they, which had seen the beauty ofthe first
  temple built by Solomon, beheld how far it excelled
  the second, which had not builders of like abilities,
  the tears of  their grieved eyes the prophets endea-
  voured, with comforts, to wipe away.       Hooker.
    Mai-k'd out for such an use,  as if 'twere meant
  T' invite toe builder, and his choice prevent.
                                      Denham.
    Her wings with lengtoen'd honour let her spread,
  And, by her greatness", shew her builder's fame.
                                         Prior.
Bui'lding, bild'ing.410  n.  s.  [from build.]
  A fabrick; an edifice.
    Thy sumptuous buildings, and thy wife's  attire,
  Have cost a mass of publick treasury.   Shakspeare.
    View not this spire by measure giv'n
  To buildings rais'd by common hands:
                   BUL

   That fabrick rises high as heav'n,
   Whose basis on devotion stands.           Prior:
     Among the great variety of ancient coins which I
   saw at Rome, I could not but take particular notice
   of such as relate  to any of toe buildings or statues
   that are still extant.                    Addison.
 Built, bilt.  to.  s. [from build.]
 1. The form; the structure.
     As is  the built, so different is the fight;
   Their mountain shot is on our sails design'd;
     Deep in their hulls  our deadly bullets light,
   And through the yielding planks a passage find.
                                       Dryden.
 2. Species  of building.
     There is  hardly any country,  which has so little
   shipping as Ireland; the reason must be, the scarcity
   of timber proper for this buitf.           Temple.
 BULB,  billb. to. s.  [from bulbus, Lat.]  A
   round  body, or root.
     Take  up your early autumnal tulips, and bulbs, if
  you will remove them.        Evelyn's Kalendar.
     If we consider the bulb,  or ball ofthe eye, the ex-
  terior membrane, or  coat thereof, is made thick,
  tough, or strong, that it is  a very hard matter  to
  make a rupture in it.                      Ray.

 BuLBA'cEOUS,bu.l-ba'shfts.arf/. [bulbaceus,
   Lat.]  The same  with bulbous.    Diet.
 Bul'bous,  bui'bus.314  adj.  [from bulb]
   Containing bulbs; consisting of bulbs;
   having round or roundish  knobs.
    There  are of roots, bulbous roots,  fibrous roots,
  and hirsute roots.  And I take it, in the butbows, the
  sap hasteneto most to the air and sun.      Bacon.
    Set up your traps for vermin, especially amongst
  your bulbous roots.           Evelyn's  Kalendar.
    Their leaves, after they are  swelled out, like a
  bulbous root, to make the bottle, bend inward, or come
  again close to the stalk.      Ray on the Creation.
 To Bulge, bialje.  v. a.  [It was originally
   written bilge: bilge w as the lower part of
   the ship, where it swelled out; from bihj,
   Sax. a bladder.]
 1. To take  in water; to founder.
             Thrice round toe ship was tost,
  Then bulg'd at once, and in the deep was lo3t.  Dryd.
 2. To jut out.
    The side, or part of the side of a wall, or any tim-
  ber that bulges from its bottom or foundation, is said
  to batter,  or hang over  the  foundation.      Moxon.
Bul'imy, bul'e-me.  n. s. [/Zti*.if*.ix, from /3««
   an ox, and  Xtfux; hunger.]  An enormous
   appetite,  attended  with  fainting,   and
   coldness  of the extremities.       Diet.
BULK,  bilk.  to. s. [bulcke, Dutch, the
   breast, or largest part  of a man.]
 1. Magnitude of material substance; mass.
    Against these forces there were prepared near
  one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but
  of a more nimble motion, and more serviceable.
                        Bacon's War with Spain.
    The Spaniards and Portuguese have ships of great
  bulk; but fitter for  the merchant than the man of
  war, for burden than for battle.          Raleigh.
    Though an  animal arrives at its full growth at a
  certain age, perhaps it never comes to its full bulk
  till toe last period of life.             Arbuthnot.
2. Size; quantity.
    Things, or objects, cannot enter into the mind as
  they subsist  in toemselves,  and by their own natural
  bulk pass into the apprehension; but toey are taken
  in by their ideas.                        South.
3. The gross; the majority;  the main mass.
    Those  very points,  in which these wise men dis-
  agreed from toe  bulk of  toe people, are points in
  which toey agreed with the received doctrines of our
  nature.                     Addison's Freeholder.
    Change in property, through toe bulk of a nation,
  makes slow  marches, and its due power always at-
  tends it.                                Swift.
                   nh2
                   BUL

     The bulk of the debt must be lessened gradually.
                                          Swift.
 4.  Main fabrick.
     He r&is'd a sigh so piteous and profound,
  That it did seem to shatter all his bulk,
  And end his being.                   Shakspeare.
 5.  The main part of a  ship's  cargo;  as to
   break bulk, is to open the cargo.
 Bulk, biilk. n. s. [from bielcke, Danish, a
   beam.]   A part of  a building  jutting
   out.
     Here stand  behind this bulk.   Straight will he
         come:
  Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.  Shak.
     The keeper coming up, found Jack with no life in
  him; he took down the body, and laid it on a bulk,
  and brought out the rope to the company. Arbuthnot.
 Bu'lkhead, buik-hed'.  to.  s.   A partition
  made across a ship, with boards,  where-
  by one part is divided from another.
                                      Harris.
 Bu'LKiNESs,b&f'ke-nes. n.s. [from  bulky]
  Greatness of stature, or size.
     Wheat,  or any other grain, cannot serve instead
  of money, because of its bulkiness, and change of its
  quantity.                               Lscke.
 Bu'lky, bill'ke adj. [from bulk.] Of great
  size or stature.
     Latreus, the bulkiest of the double race,
  Whom the spoil'd arms of slain Halesus grace.
                                       Dryden.
     Huge Telephus, a formidable page,
  Cries vengeance; and Orestes' bulky rage,
  Unsatisfy'd with margins closely writ,
  Foams o'er the covers.                  Dryden.
     The manner of sea engagements, which was to
  bore and sink  the enemy's ships  with the rostra,
  gave bulky and high ships a great advantage.
                                     Arbuthnot-
BULL, bul.173 to. s. [bulle, Dutch.]
 1. The male of black cattle; the male to a
  cow.
    A  gentlewoman, Sir,  and a kinswoman of my
  master's.—Even such kin as the parish heifers are
  to the town bull.                    Shakspeare.
    Bulls are more crisp upon toe forehead than cows.
                                        Bacon.
    Best age to go to butt, or calve, we  hold,
  Begins at four,  and ends at ten years old.     May.
2. In the scriptural sense, an enemy power-
  ful, fierce, and violent.
    Many bulls have  compassed  me: strong bulls of
  Bashan have beset me round.            Psalms.
3. One ofthe twelve signs ofthe zodiack.
    At last from Aries rolls toe bounteous sun,
  And the bright Bull receives him.      Thomson.
4. A letter published by the pope.
    A bull is letters called apostolick by  the canonists,
  strengthened with a leaden seal, and  containing in
  them toe decrees and commandments of the pope or
  bishop of Rome.                       Ayliffe.
    There was another sort of ornament wore by  the
  young nobility, called bulla; round, or of the figure
  of a heart hung about their necks like  diamond cros-
  ses. Those buUce came afterwards to be hung to the
  diplomas of the emperors and popes, from whence
  they had toe name of bulls.            Arbuthnot.
    It was not till after a fresh butt of Leo's had de-
  clared how inflexible  the court of Rome was in the
  point of abuses.                      Atterbury.
5. A blunder; a contradiction.
    I confess it is what the English call abut/, in the
  expression, though the senst be manifest enough.
                                  Pope's Letters.
Bull,bul. In composition, generally notes
  the large size of any thing,  as bull-head,
  bulrush, bull-trout; and is therefore only
  an augmentative syllable, without much
  reference  to its original signification. 
BUR
BUR
BUR
  The u is mute in both.]  To keep afloat;
  to bear  up.
    All art  is used to sink episcopacy, and launch
  presbytery, in England; which was lately buoyed up
  in Scotland, by the like artifice of a covenant.
                                King Charles.
    The water which rises out of toe abyss, for the
  supply of springs and rivers, would not have stopped
  at the surface of the  earth, but marched directly
  up into  the atmosphere,  wherever there was heat
  enough in the air to continue its ascent, and buoy it
  «p.                     Woodward's Nat. Hist.
To Buoy, bu.de. v.  to. To float; to rise by
  specifick lightness.
    Rising merit will buoy up at last.        Pope.
Buo'yancy, buoe'an-s6. to. s. [from buoy-
  ant.] The quality of floating.
    All the winged tribes  owe their flight and buoy-
  ancy to it.           Derham's Physko-Theology.
Buo'yant,  buoe'ant.  adj.  [from  buoy]
  Floating; light; that which will not sink.
  Dryden uses the word, perhaps impro-
  perly, for  something  that has density
  enough  to hinder  a floating  body from
  sinking.
    I  sworn with the tide, and the water under me
  was buoyant.                         Dryden.
          His once so vivid nerves,
  So full  of buoyant spirit, now no more
  Inspire the course.           Thomson's Autumn.
Bur, Bour, Bor,  bilr', bour, bor', come
  from  the Sax. bup_, an  inner chamber,
  or  place of shade and retirement.
                         Gibson's Camden.
Bur, bur. to.   a. [lappa:  bourre, Fr.  is
  down; the bur  being filled  with a soft
  tomentum, or down.]  A  rough head of
  a plant,  called a  burdock, which sticks
  to  the hair or clothes.
                Nothing teems
  But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs,
  Losing both beauty and utility.        Shakspeare.
    Hang off, thou cat, thou bur; vile thing, let loose;
  Or I will shake thee from me like a serpent. Shaks.
    Dependents and suitors are always the burs, and
  sometimes the briers, of favourites.        Wotton.
              Whither betake her
  From the chill dew, amongst rude burs and thistles.
                                      Milton.
    And where the vales with violets  once were
         crown'd,
  Now knotty burs and thorns disgrace the ground.
                                     Dryden.
    A fellow stuck like a bur, that there was no sha-
  king him off.      Arbufhnot's Hist, of John Bull.
Bu'rbot,  bur'but.166 ». *.  A fish full of
  prickles.                           Diet.
Bu'rdelais, b&r-de-la'. to. a.   A sort of
  grape.
BU'RDEN, bur'dn.103 to. *. [byp.$en, Sax.
  and therefore properly written burthen.
  It  is supposed to come from  burdo, Lat.
  a mule.]
1. A  load; something to be  carried.
         Camels have their provender
  Only for bearing burdens, and sore blows
  For  sinking under them.             Shakspeare.
    It is  of  use in lading of ships, and may help to
  shew what burden, in  the several kinds, they will
  bear.                 Bacon's Physical Remains.
2. Something grievous or wearisome.
                Couldst thou support
  That burden, heavier than the earth to bear'  Milt.
    None of the things that are to learn, should ever
  be made a burden to them, or imposed on  them as
  a task.                               Locke.
    Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone,
  To all my friends a burden grown.         Swift,
3. A birth: now obsolete.
    Thou hadst a wife once, called JEmilia,
  That bore thee at a burden two fair sons.   Shaks.
4. The verse repeated in a song; the bob;
   the chorus.
    At every close she made, to' attending throng
  Reply'd, and bore toe burden of the song.    Dryd.
5. The quantity  that a  ship will  carry, or
   the capacity of a ship:  as, a ship  of a
   hundred tons burden.
To  Bu'rden,  bdr'dn.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To load:  to incumber.
    Burden not thyself above thy power.
                               Ecclus. xiii. 2.
    I mean not that other men be eased, and you
  burdened.                 Corinthians, viii. 13,
    With meats and drinks toey had suffie'd
  Not burdened nature.                   Milton.
Bu'rdener, bur'dn-ur.98 ». a.  [from bur-
   den] A loader;  an oppressor.
Bu'rdenous,  bur'dn-us. adj.  [from bur-
   den.]
1. Grievous; oppressive; wearisome.
    Make no jest  of that which hath so earnestly
  pierced me through,  nor let  toat be light to thee
  which to me is so burdenous.            Sidney.
2. Useless; cumbersome.
    To what can I be useful,  wherein serve,
  But to sit idle on the household hearth,
  A burd'nous drone, to visitants a gaze.    Milton.
Bu'rdensome,  bdr'dn-sum.  adj. [from
   burden]  Grievous; troublesome  to be
   born.
    His leisure told him that his time was come,
  And lack of load made his life burdensome. Milton.
    Could I but live till burdensome they prove,
  My life would be immortal  as my love.    Dryden.
    Assistances always attending us,  upon the easy
  condition  of our prayers, and  by which the most
  burdensome duty will become light and easy. Rogers.
Bu'rdensomeness, bur'dn-siim-nes.  to.  a.
   [from burdensome.] Weight; heaviness;
   uneasiness to be born.
Bu'rdock, l>ur'dok. to.  a.  [peraolata.]  A
   plant.
Bureau', bu-ro'. n.s. [bureau, Fr.] A chest
   of drawers with  a writing-board.   It is
   pronounced as if it were spelt  buro.
    For not the desk with silver nails,
      Nor bureau of expence,
    Nor standish well japann'd, avails
      To writing of good sense.             Swift.
Burg, burg. to. s. See  Burrow.
Bu'rgage, bflr'gadje.90  to. s. [from burg,
   or burrow.]   A tenure  proper to cities
   and  towns,  whereby  men of  cities  or
   burrows hold  their lands  or tenements
   of the king,  or other lord, for a certain
   yearly rent.                       Cowell.
    The gross of the borough is surveyed together in
   the beginning of  the county;  but there are some
  other particular  burgages thereof, mentioned under
  the titles of particular men's possessions.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Bu'RGAMOT,bur-ga-m6t'. to.*, [bergamotte,
   Fr.]
I. A species of pear.
2. A kind of perfume.
Bu'rganet, }       .       C to   .. [from
Bu'rgonet, 5>      °        I  burginote,
   Fr.] A kind oT helmet.
    Upon his head his glistering burganet,
  The which was wrought by wonderous device,
  And curiously engraven, he did fit.       Spenser.
    This day I'll wear aloft my burgonet,
  Ev'n to affright thee with the view thereof. Shaksp.
    I was page to a footman, carrying after him his
  pike and burganet.        Hakewill on Providence.
BURGEO'IS, b66r'shw6r.  to. s.  [bur-
  geois, Fr.]
1. A  citizen; a burgess.
    It is a republick itself under the protection ofthe
  eight ancient cantons.   There are in it an hundred
  burgeois, and about a thousand souls.    Addison.
2. A  type  of a particular  sort, probably
   called so from him who first used it; as,
    Laugh where  we  must, be candid  where
         we can,
  But vindicate the ways of God'toman. Pope.
Bu'rgess, biir'jes. to.  s. [bourgeois, Fr.]
1. A  citizen; a freeman of a city or corpo-
   rate town.
2. A  representative of a town  corporate.
    The whole case was dispersed by the knights of
  shires, and burgesses of towns, through all the veins
  of the lands.                         Wotton.
BURGH, burg.392  to.  s. [See Burrow.]
   A  corporate town or burrow.
    Many towns in Cornwal, when toey were first al-
  lowed to send burgesses to the parliament, bore an-
  other proportion to London than now; for several of
  these burgfts send two burgesses, whereas London
  itself sends but four.                   Gfrawnt.
Bu'rgher, bilr'gur. to. s. [from  burgh]
   One who has a right  to certain privile-
   ges in this or that place.         Locke.
        It irks me, toe poor dappled fools,
  Being native burghers of this desart city.
  Should  in  their own confines, with forked heads,
  Have their round haunches gor'd.    Shakspeare.
    After the multitude of the common people was
  dismissed,  and the chief of the burghers sent for,
  the imperious letter was read before the better sort
  of citizens.                          Knolles.
Bu'rghership,  bu.r'g6r-ship. to. s.  [from
   burgher.]  The  privilege of a burgher.
Bu'rgmaster, b&r'go-mas-tur. See Bur-
   gomaster.
Bu'rglar, biir'gliir. to. a.   One  guilty of
   the crime of house-breaking.

BU'RGLARY,  bflr'gla-re. to.  s.  [from
   burg, a house, and larron, a thief.]
    In the natural signification, is nothing but the rob-
  bing of a house; but, as it is a term of art, our com-
  mon lawyers restrain it to robbing a house by night,
  or breaking in with an  intent to  rob, or do some
  other felony.   The like offence, committed by day,
  they call house-robbing, by a peculiar name.
                                      Cowell.
    What say you, father? Burglary is but a venial
  sin among soldiers.        Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Bu'rgomaster,   bur'go-mas-tflr.  n.  s.
   [from burg and master.]  One  employ-
   ed in the government of a city.
    They chose  their  councils and burgomasters out
  of the  burgeois, as  in the other  governments of
   Switzerland.                         Addison.
Burh,  bur, is a tower; and,  from that, a
   defence or protection: so  Cwenburh is a
   woman ready to assist;  Cuthbur, emi-
   nent for assistance.   Gibson's Camden.
Bu'rial,  ber're-al. n. s. [from To bury]
 1. The act of burying; sepulture; interment.
    Nor would we deign  him burial of his men. Shak.
    See  my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
   Vailing her high top  lower than her ribs,
   To  kiss her burial.     Shakspeare's Mer. of Venice.
    Your body 1 sought, and, had I found,
   Design'd for burial in your native ground.   Dryd.
2. The act of placing any thing under earth
   or  water.
    We have great lakes, both salt and fresh; we use
   them for burials of some natural bodies: for we find 
BUR
BtJR
BUR
  a difference of things buried in earth, and things
  buried in water.                       Bacon.
3. The church service for funerals.
    The  office of the church is performed by the
  parish priest, at the time of interment, if not pro-
  hibited unto  persons  excommunicated, and laying
  violent  hands on toemselves,  by  a rubrick of the
  burial service.              Ayliffe's Parergon.
Bu'rier, ber're-ur. to. s. [from bury.] He
  that buries; he that performs the act of
  interment.
    Let one spirit of the first-born Cain
  Reign in all bosoms, that, each heart being set
  On bloody courses, the rude scene may end,
  And darkness be the burier of toe dead.    Shaksp.
BU'RIJYE, bu'rln. to. *.[French.] A grav-
  ing tool; a graver.
    Wit is like the graver's burine upon copper, or the
  coirodings of aqua-fortis, which engrave and indent
  the characters, that they can never be defaced.
                      Government of the Tongue.
To Burl, burl.  v. a.  To dress cloth as
  fullers do.                          Diet.
Bu'rlace, bur'lase. to. s. [corruptly writ-
  ten for burdelais.]  A sort of grape.
BURLE'SQUE,  bur-lesk'.416  adj.  [Fr.
  from burlare,  Ital. to  jest.]   Jocular;
  tending to raise laughter  by unnatural
  or unsuitable language  or  images.
    Homer, in his character of Vulcan  and Ther-
  sites, in his story of Mars and Venus, in his behaviour
  of Irus, and  in other passages, has been observed
  to have lapsed into the burfesoue character, and to
  have  departed from that serious air, essential to
  toe magnificence of an epick poem.      Addison.
Burle'shue, biir-lesk'. n. s. Ludicrous
  language or ideas;  ridicule.
    When a man lays out a twelvemonth on toe spots
  in the sun, however noble his speculations may be,
  they are very apt to fall into burlesque.    Addison.
To  Burle'sque,  b&r-lesk'.  v.  a. [from
  the  adjective.]  To turn to ridicule.
    Would Homer  apply the  epithet  divine to a
  modern swine-herd? if not, it  is an evidence  that
  Eumeus  was a man of consequence;  otherwise
  Homer would burlesque his own poetry.    Broome.
Bu'rliness, bir'le-nes. to. *. [from burly.]
  Bulk; bluster.
BU'RLY, bur'le. adj.  [Junius has no ety-
  mology;  Skinner  imagines it  to come
  from  boorlike, clownish.]  Great of sta-
  ture;  great of size; bulky;  tumid.
    Steel, if thou turn thine edge, or cut not out the
  burly boned clown in chines of beef, ere thou sleep
  in toy sheath, 1 beseech  Jove,  that thou may'st be
  turn'd into hobnails.                    Shaksp.
    It was the orator's own burly way of nonsense.
                                      Cowley.
    Away with all your Carthaginian state,
  Let vanquish'd Hannibal without doors wait,
  Too burly and too big to pass my narrow gate.
                                     Dryden.
    Her husband being a very burly man, she thought
  it would be less trouble for her  to bring away little
  Cupid.                              Addison.
To  BURN, burn.  v. a. preterit  and  par-
  ticiple burned or burnt,  [berinan, Sax.]
1. To  consume with fire.
    They burnt Jericho with fire.          Joshua.
    The fire burnelh the wood.             Psalms.
    Altar of Syrian mode, whereon to burn
  His odious offerings.                    Milton,
    That where she fed his amorous desires
  With soft complaints, and felt his hottest fires,
  There other flames might waste his earthly part,
  And  burn his limbs where love had  burn'd his
    heart.                            Dryden.
    A fleshy excrescence, becoming exceeding hard, is
  supposed to demand  extirpation, by burning away
  the induration, 6r amputating.    Sharp's Surgery.
2. To wound or hurt with fire or heat.
    Hand for hand, foot  for foot, burning for burn-
  ing, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
                              Exodus, xxi. 25.
3. To exert the qualities of heat, as by dry-
   ing or scorching.
    0 that I could but weep, to vent my passion!
  But this dry sorrow burns up all my tears.   Dryd.
To Burn, bdrn.  v. to.
I. To be on fire; to be kindled.
    A fire devoureto before them, and behind them a
  flame burneth; the land is as the garden of Eden be-
  fore them, and behind  them a desolate wilderness.
                                        Joel.
    The mount burned with fire.          Exodus.
    O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!
  The light burns blue.   Is it not dead midnight?
  Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
                                   Shakspeare.
2. To shine; to sparkle.
    The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne,
  Burnt on  the water.                   Shaksp.
    Oh prince! oh wherefore burn your eyes? and why
  Is your sweet temper turn'd to fury?        Rowe.
3. To be  inflamed with passion or desire.
    When 1 burnt in desire to question them farther,
  toey made toemselves air, into which toey vanished.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio,
  If I achieve not this young modest girl! Shakspeare.
    In Raleigh mark their ev'ry glory mix'd;
  Raleigh, the scourge of Spain, whose breast with all
  The sage, the patriot, and toe hero burn'd. Thorns.
4. To act with destructive violence: used
   of the passions.
    Shall thy wrath burn like fire?          Psalms.
5. To be in a state of destructive commo-
   tion.
    The nations bleed where'er her steps she turns,
  The groan still deepens, and the combat burns. Pope.
6. It is used particularly of love.
    She burns, she raves, she dies,  'tis true;
  But burns, and raves, and dies, for you.   Addison.
Burn, burn. to. s. [from the verb.] A hurt
   caused by fire.
    We see the  phlegm of vitriol  is a very effectual
-  remedy against burns.                   Boyle.
Bu'rner, bur'nur. n.s. [from burn] A per-
   son that burns any thing.
Bu'rnet, bur'nit." n.s. [pimpinella, Lat.]
   The name  of a plant.
    The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth
  The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover.
                                   Shakspeare.
Bu'rning, bur'ning.410 to. s. [from burn.]
   Fire;  flame; state  of inflammation.
    The  mind surely, of itself, can feel none of the
  burnings of a fever.                    South.
    In liquid burnings, or on dry, to dwell,
  Is all toe sad variety of hell.            Dryden.
Bu'rning, bur'ning.410 adj. [from the par-
   ticiple.] Vehement; powerful.
                  These things sting him
  So venomously, that burning shame detains him
  From his Cordelia.                  Shakspeare.
    I had a glimpse of him; but he shot by me
  Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden.

Bu'uning-glass, bflr'ning-glas. to. s. [from
   burning and glass.]  A glass which col-
   lects  the rays of the sun  into a narrow
   compass, and  so increases their force.
    The  appetite of her eye did  seem to scorch me
  up like  a burning-glass.              Shakspeare.
    Love is of the nature of a bur-ning-glass, which,
  kept still in one place, fireth; changed often, it doth
  nothing.                            Suckling.
    O diadem, thou centre of ambition,
  Where all its different lines are reconcil'd,
  As if thou wert the burning-glass of glory!  Dryden.
 roBU'RNISHjbur'nish.-y.c [burnir,Fr.]
   To polish;  to give a gloss to.
    Mislike me not for my complexion,
  The shadow'd livery of the burnish'd sun,
  To whom I am a neighbour, and near bred. Shaksp.
    Make a plate of them,  and burnish it as toey do
        iron                            Bacon.
  The frame of burnish'd steel, that cast a glare
  From far, and seem'd to thaw toe freezing air.
                                     Dryden.
 To Bu'rnish, bur'nish.f. to.To grow bright
   or glossy.
      I've seen a snake in human form,
    All stain'd with infamy and vice,
    Leap from a dunghill in a trice,
    Burnish, and make a gaudy show,
    Become a gen'ral, peer, and beau.        Swift.
 To Bu'rnish,bilr'nish. v.n. [ofuncertain
   etymology.] To grow; to spread out.
    This they could do, while Saturn fill'd toe throne,
  Ere Juno burnish'd, or young Jove was grown.
                                     Dryden.
    To shoot, and spread, and burnish into man.
                                     Dryden.
    Mrs. Primley's great belly she may lace down be-
  fore, but it burnishes on her hips.       Congreve.
Bu'rnisher, btir'nish-ur. to. s.  [from bur-
   nish.]
 1. The person that burnishes or polishes.
2. The tool with which bookbinders give a
   gloss  to the  leaves of books:  it is com-
   monly a dog's tooth set in a  stick.

Burnt,  burnt, particip. pass, of burn:  ap-
   plied  to liquors, it means made hot.
    I find it very difficult to  know,
  Who, to refresh to' attendants to a grave,
  Burnt claret first, or Naples biscuit, gave.   King.
Burr, bur. to. s. The lobe or lap of the ear.
                                       Diet.
Burr Pump, bdr.   [In a ship.]  A pump
   by the side of a  ship, into which a staff
   seven or eight feet long is put, having a
   burr or knob of wood at  the  end,  which
   is drawn up by a rope fastened to  the
   middle of it; called also a bilge pump.
                                    Harris.
Bu'rras Pipe, bur'ras. [With surgeons.]
   An  instrument or vessel  used to  keep
   corroding powders in, as vitriol,  preci-
   pitate.                           Harris.
Bu'rrel, bu-r'ril."  to. s.  A sort of  pear,
   otherwise  called the  red butter  pear,
   from its smooth,  delicious, and soft pulp.
                                   Phillips.
Bu'rrel Fly, bur'ril. [from bourreler,  Fr.
   to execute, to torture.] An insect, called
   also oxfly, gadbee, or breese.       Diet.
Bu'rrel Shot,  blir'ril. [from bourreler, to
   execute, and shot.]   In gunnery, small
   bullets, nails, stones, pieces of old iron,
   &c. put info cases, to be  discharged  out
   of the  ordnance; a sort of caseshot.
                                    Harris.
Bu'rrock, bir'rok. to. a. A small wear or
   dam, where wheels are laid in a river for
   catching of fish.                Phillips.
 Bu'rrow, Berg,  Burg, Burgh,  bdr'ro,
   burg, bfir'ro, biir'ro. n. s. [derived from
   the Saxon bupig, bypg, a city, tower,
   or castle.            Gibson's Camden.]
 1. A corporate  town, that is not a cilv, but
   such  as sends burgesses to the p'uriia- 
BUR
BUR
BUS
   ment.  All places that, in former days,
   were called boroughs, were such as were
   fenced  or fortified.               Cowell.
    King of England shalt thou be proclaim'd
  In ev'ry burrow, as we pass along.    Shakspeare.
    Possession of land was the original right of elec-
  tion  among the commons; and burrows were en-
  titled to sit, as they were possessed of certain h-acts.
                                       Temple
2. The holes made in the ground by conies.
    When  they shall see his crest up again, and the
  man in blood, they will out of their burrows, like
  conies after rain, and revel all with him.    Shaksp.
 To Bu'RRow,bur'r6.x>.TO. [from the noun.]
   To make holes in the ground; to mine,
   as conies or rabbits.
    Some strew sand among their corn, which, toey
  say prevents mice and rats burrowing in it; because
  of its falling into their ears.            Mortimer.
    Little sinuses would form, and burrow underneath.
                                        Sharp.
 Bu'rsar, bur'sir.88 to. s. [bursarius, Lat.]
 1. The treasurer of a college.
 2. Students sent as exhibitioners to the uni-
   versities in Scotland by each presbytery,
   from whom they have a small yearly al-
   lowance  for four years.
 Burse, b&rse.  to. *.  [bourse, Fr.   bursa,
   Lat.  a  purse;  or from  byrsa, Lat.  the
   exchange of Carthage.]   An exchange
   where  merchants meet,  and shops  are
   kept; so called, because the sign ofthe
   purse was  anciently set over  such  a
   place.  The exchange in the Strand was
   termed Britain's Burse by James I.
                                    Phillips.
 To BURST, burst, v. to.  I burst;  I have
   burst, or bursten. [bujirtan, Saxon.]
 1. To break, or fly open;  to suffer a vio-
   lent disruption.
    So shall thy barns be filled with plenty,  and toy
  presses shall burst out with new wine. Prov. iii. 10.
    It is ready to burst like new bottles.         Job.
                   Th' egg, that soon
  Bursting- with kindly rupture, forth disclos'd
  The callow young.                     Milton.
 2. To fly asunder.
    Yet am I thankful; if my heart were great,
  'Twould burst at this.               Shakspeare.
 3. To break away; to spring.
    You burst, ah cruel! from my arms,
  And swiftly shoot along the Mall,
  Or softly glide by the Canal.              Pope.
4. To come suddenly.
                 A resolved villain,
  Whose bowels suddenly burst out; toe king
  Yet speaks, and peradventure may recover.  Shaksp.
                 If the worlds
  In worlds inclos'd should on his senses burst,
  He would abhorrent turn.             Thomson.
5. To come with violence.
    Well didst thou, Richard, to suppress thy voice;
  For had the passions of thy heart burst out,
  I fear we should have seen decypher'd there
  More ranc'rous spite.                Shakspeare
    Where is the notable passage over the river Eu-
  phrates, bursting out by the vallies of the mountain
  Antitaurus; from whence the plains of Mesopotamia,
  then  part of toe Persian  kingdom, begin  to open
  themselves.                           Knolles.
    Young spring protrudes the bursting gems. Thorns.
6. To begin an action violently or suddenly.
    She burst into tears, and wrung her hands.
                                   Arbuthnot.
To Burst,  burst,  v. a. To break sudden-
  ly;  to make a quick and violent disrup-
  tion.
    My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage,
  And from my shoulders crack my arms asunder,
  But I will chastise this high-minded strumpet. Shak.
    He fasten'd on my neck, and bellow'd out,
  As if he would burst heav'n.          Shakspeare.
    I will  break his yoke from off thy neck, and will
  burst thy bonds.               Jeremiah, xxx. 8.
    Moses saith also, the fountains of the great abyss
  were burst asunder, to make the  deluge; and what
  means this abyss, and the bursting of it, if restrain-
  ed to Judea? what appearance is there of this dis-
  ruption there?                 Burnet's  Theory.
    If the juices of an animal body were, so as by the
  mixture ofthe opposites, to cause an ebullition, they
  would burst the vessels.               Arbuthnot.
 Burst, burst, to. a.  [from the verb.]   A
   sudden disruption; a sudden and violent
   action of any kind.
                Since I was man,
  Such sheets of fire, such burst of horrid thunder,
  Such groans of roaring wind and rain, I never
  Remember to have heard.            Shakspeare.
            Down they came, and drew
  The whole roof after them, with burst of thunder,
  Upon toe heads of all.                   Milton.
    lmprison'd fires, in the close dungeons pent,
  Roar to get loose, and struggle for a vent;
  Eating their way, and undermining all,
  Till with a mighty burst whole mountains fall. Addis.
 Burst, burst.         } particip. adj. [from
 Bu'rsten, bur'stn.472 £ burst.]   Diseased
   with a hernia, or rupture.
 Bu'rstenness,  bur'stn-nes.  to. a.   [from
   burst.] A rupture, or hernia.
 Bu'rstwort, burst'wurt. to. s. [from burst
   and  wort; herniaria, Latin.]   An herb
   good against ruptures.             Diet.
 Burt, b&rt.  to. s.  A flat fish ofthe turbot
   kind.
 To Bu'RTHEN,i/.a. ? bur'THn. C See Bur-
 Bu'rthen, n.s.    5  46s       c  den.
    Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,
  And the sad burthen of some merry song.     Pope.
 Bu'rton, bur'tn. to. s. [In a ship.] A small
   tackle to be fastened any where at plea-
   sure, consisting of two  single  pullies,
   for hoisting  small  things in or out.
                                   Phillips.
 Bu'ry, ber're.178  to. s.  [from  bupg, Sax.]
   A dwelling-place:  a  termination still
   added  to  the names of several places;
   as Aldermanbury,  St. Edmond's Bury;
   sometimes written bcry.       Phillips.
 Bu'ry, ber're.178 to. s. [corrupted  from bo-
  rough/]
    It is his nature to dig himself buries, as the coney
  doth; which he doth with very great celerity. Grew
 To BU'RY,  ber're.17*  x.. a.  [byniSean,
  Saxon.]
 1. To  inter; to put  into a grave.
                When he lies along,
  After your way his tale pronoune'd, shall bury
  His reasons with his body.           Shakspeare.
2. To  inter, with the riles and  ceremonies
  of sepulture.
            Slave, thou hast slain me!
  If ever thou wilt thrive, bury my body. Shakspeare.
    If you have kindness left, there see me laid;
  To bury decently the injur'd maid,
  Is all the favour.                       Waller.
3. To  conceal; to hide.
    This is toe way to make the city flat,
  And bury all,  which yet distinctly ranges
  In heaps and piles of ruin.            Shakspeare.
4. 1 o  place one tning within another.
        A tearing groan did break
  The name of Antony; it was divided
  Between her heart and lips; she render'd life,
  Thy name so bury'd in her.          Shakspeare.

 Bu'rying-place,  ber're-ing-plise.  to. s.
   A place appointed for  the sepulture of
   dead bodies.
     The place was formerly a church-yard, and has
  still several marks in it of graves and burying-places
                                     Spectator.
 BUSH, bush.173 to. *. [bois, French.]
 1. A thick shrub.
     Eft through the thick they heard one rudely rush
  With noise whereof, he from his lofty steed
  Down fell to ground, and crept into a bush,
  To hide his coward head from dying dread.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     The poller,  and exacter of fees, justifies the re-
  semblance ofthe courts of justice to the bush, where-
  unto while the sheep flies for defence from toe wea-
  ther, he is sure to lose part of the fleece.   Bacon.
     Her heart was that strange bush, whose sacred fire
  Religion did not consume,  but inspire
  Such piety, so chaste use of God's day
  That what we turn'd to feast, she turn'd to pray.
                                       Donne.
            With such a care,
  As roses from their stalks we tear,
  When we would still prefer them  new,
  And fresh as on the bush they grew       Waller.
             The sacred ground
  Shall weeds and pois'nous plants refuse to bear;
  Each common bush shall Syrian roses wear. Drydtn.
 2. A bough of a tree fixed up ai a door, to
   shew that liquors are sold there.
     If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 'tis true
  that a good play needs no epilogue.       Shaksp.
 To Bush, bush.173 v. to. [from the noun.]
   To grow thick.
            The roses bushing round
  About her glow'd, half stooping to support
  Each flower of tender stalk.             Milton.
         A gushing fountain broke
  Around it, and above, for ever green,
  The bushing alders form'd a shady scene.    Pope.
 Bu'shel, btish'il.173 to. s.   [boisseau, Fr.
   bussellus, low Lat.]
 1. A measure containing eight gallons;  a
   strike.
     His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two
  bushels of chaff; you shall  seek all day ere you find
  them; and when you have  them, they are not worth
  the search.   ^                    Shakspeare.
 2. It is  used, in common language, indefi-
   nitely for a large  quantity.
    The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pic-
  tures with bushels of gold, without counting toe weight
  or the number of pieces.                Dryden.
 3. Bushels of a cart-wheel. Irons within the
   hole of the  nave, to preserve it from
   wearing,  [from bouche, Fr. a mouth.]
                                       Diet.
 Bu'shiness, bush'e-n£s. to. s. [from bushy]
  The quality of being bushy.
 Bu'shment, bvish'ment. to. s. [from bush]
  A thicket; a cluster  of bushes.
    Princes thought how they might discharge the
  earth of woods, briars, bushments, and waters to make
  it more habitable and fertile.           Raleigh.
 Bu'shy, bush'e.  adj. [from bush.]
   Thick; full of small  branches, not high.
    The gentle shepherd sat  beside a spring,
  All in the shadow of a bushy brier.       Spenser.
    Generally the cutting away of boughs and suck-
  ers, at the root and body, doth make trees grow
  high; and, contrariwise, the polling and cutting of
  toe top, make them spread and grow bushy.  Bacon.
   Tnick like  a bush.
    Statues of this god, with  a thick bushy beard, are
  still many of them extant in Rome.      Addison.
3. Full of bushes. 
BUS
BUS
BUT
    The kids with pleasure browse the bus/it/ plain;
  The show'rs are grateful to the swelling grain.
                                       Dryden.
Bu'siless, biz'ze-les.178 adj.  [from busy.]
   At leisure; without business; unemploy-
   ed.
    The sweet thoughts do even refresh my labour,
  Most busiless when I do it.            Shakspeare.

Bu'sily, biz'ze'le. adv. [from busy.]
I. With  an air of importance; with an air
   of hurry.
2. Curiously;  importunately.
    Or if too busily they will enquire
  Into a victory, which we disdain,
    Then let them know, the Belgians did retire
  Before the patron saint of injur'd Spain.  Dryden.
Bu'siness, biz'n£s.178 a. s.  [from busy]
1. Employment;  nultiplicity of affairs.
    Must  business thee from hence remove?
  Oh! that's the worst disease of love.       Donne.
2. An affair. In this sense it has the plural.
                        Bestow
  Your needful counsel to our businesses,
  Which crave the instant use.         Shakspeare.
3. The subject of business; the affair or ob-
   ject  that engages  the care.
    You are so much the business of our souls, that
  while you are in sight we can neither look nor think
  on any else; there are no eyes for other beauties.
                                       Dryden.
    The great business of the senses being to take no-
  tice of what hurts or advantages the body.   Locke.
4. Serious engagement:  in  opposition to
   trivial transactions.
    I never knew one, who made it his business to lash
  the faults of other writers, toat was not guilty of
  greater himself.                        Addison.
    He  had business enough upon his hands, and was
  only a poet by accident.                  Prior.
    When diversion is made  toe business and study of
  life, though toe actions chosen be in themselves in-
  nocent, the excess will render them criminal. Rogers.
5. Right of action.
    What business has a tortoise among the clouds?
                                    L'Estrange.
6. A point; a matter of question; something
   to  be examined or considered.
    Fitness to  govern,  is a perplexed business; some
  men, some nations, excel in the one ability, some in
  the other.                              Bacon.
7. Something to be transacted.
    They  were far from the Zidonians, and had no
  business  with any one.                   Judges.
8. Something required to be  done.
    To those people that dwell under or near the equa-
  tor, this  spring would be most pestilent: as for those
  countries toat are nearer the poles, in which number
  are our own,  and the most considerable nations of
  the world, a perpetual spring will not do their busi-
  ness; they must have longer days, a nearer approach
  of the  sun.                            Bentley.
9. To do one's  business.   To kill, destroy,
   or ruin him.
Busk,  busk. to. s. [busque, Fr.]   A piece
   of steel or whalebone, worn by women
  to  strengthen their stays.
    Off with that happy busk, which I envy,
  That still can be and still can stand so nigh. Donne.
Bu'skin, b&s'kin. to. s. [broseken, Dutch.]
1. A kind of half boot; a shoe which comes
  to the  midleg.
    The foot was dressed in a short pair of  velvet
  buskins; in some places open, to shew the fairness of
  the skin.                              Sidney.
    Sometimes Diana he ber takes to be,
  But misseth bow, and shafts, and buskins to her knee.
                                       Spenser.
    There is a kind of rusticity in all  those pompous
      VOL.  I.
  verses; somewhat of a holiday shepherd strutting in
  his country buskins.                     Dryden.
   A kind of high shoe worn by the ancient
   actors of tragedy,  to  raise  their stature.
    Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
  No greater Jonson dares in  socks appear.  Dryden.
    In her best light the comic muse appears,
  When she with borrow'd pride the buskin wears.
                                        Smith.
Bu'skined, bus'kind.369 adj.  [from  bus-
   kin.] Dressed in buskins.
    Or what,  though rare, of later age,
  Ennobled hath the buskin'd stage?        Milton.
    Here, arm'd with silver bows, in early dawn,
  Her buskin'd virgins trac'd the dewy lawn.    Pope.
Bu'sky, bus'ke.  adj.  [written more  pro-
   perly  by Milton,  bosky.   See  Bosky.]
   Woody;  shaded  with woods; overgrown
   with trees.
    How bloodily the sun begins to peer
  Above yon busky hill!                Shakspeare.
BUSS, bu.s. to. s.  [bus, the  mouth, Irish;
   bouche, Fr.]
1. A kiss; a salute with the lips.
    Thou dost give me flattering busses.—By my troth,
  I kiss thee with a most constant heart.      Shaksp.
    Some squire perhaps  you take delight to rack,
  Who visits with a gun, presents with birds,
  Then gives  a smacking buss.                Pope.
2. A boat for fishing, [busse, German.]
    If the king would enter towards building such a
  number of boats and  busses, as each company could
  easily manage, it would be an encouragement both
  of honour and advantage.                Temple.
To Buss, bis.  v. a.  [from the noun.]  To
   kiss; to salute with the lips.
    Yonder walls, that partly front your town,
  Yond towers, whose wanton tops do buss the clouds,
  Must kiss their feet.                    Shaksp.
    Go  to them with this bonnet in toy hand,
  Thy knee bussing the stones; for in such business,
  Action is eloquence.                    Shaksp.
Bust,  brist. to. s.   [busto, Ital.]   A statue
   representing a man to his breast.
    Agrippa, or Caligula, is a common coin, but a very
  extraordinary bust; and a Tiberius a rare coin, but a
  common bust.                   Addison on Italy.
    Ambition sigh'd: she found it vain to trust
  The faithless column, and the crumbling bust.  Pope.
Bu'stard,  bus'turd.88  to. s. [bistarde,  Fr.]
   A wild turkey.
    His sacrifices were phenicopters, peacocks, bus-
  tards,  turkeys, pheasants; and all  these were daily
  offered.                              Hakewill.
To Bu'stle, bAs'sl.473 v. to. [of uncertain
   etymology; perhaps from  busy.] To be
   busy, to  stir; to  be active.
    Come, bustle, bustle: caparison my horse. Shaksp.
    God take King Edward to his mercy,
  And leave the world for me to bustle in.    Shaksp.
    Sir Henry Vane was a  busy and bustling man,
  who had credit enough to do his business in all pla-
  ces.                                Clarendon.
             A poor abject worm,
  That crawl'd a while upon a bustling world,
  And now am trampled to my dust again. Southerne.
    Ye sov'reign lords, who sit like gods in state,
  Awing the world, and bustling to be great!
                                      Granville.
Bu'stle, biis'sl. to. s.  [from the verb.] A
   tumult; a hurry; a combustion.
                 Wisdom's self
   Oft seeks to sweet retired solitude:
   She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings,
  That in toe various bustle of resort
  Were all too ruffled.                    Milton.
    This is the creature  that pretends to knowledge,
  and that makes such a noise and bustle for opinions.
                                      Glanville.
                       i  i
     Such a doctrine made a strange bustle and distur-
  bance in toe world, which then sate warm and easy
  in a free enjoyment of their lusts.          South.
     If the count had given them a pot of ale after it.
  all would have been well, without any of this bus
  tie.                                 Spectator.
Bu'stler,  bus'liir.88 to.  s. [from  bustle.]
   An active stirring  man.

BU'SY, biz'ze.178 adj. [byr-pan, Sax.  It
   is pronounced as bissy, or bizzy.]
1. Employed with earnestness.
     My mistress sends you word that she is busy, and
  cannot  come.                           Shaks.
2. Bustling; active;  meddling.
     The  next thing which she waking looks upon,
  On meddling monkey, or on busy ape,
  She shall pursue it with the soul of love. Shakspeare.
     Thus busy pow'r is working day and night;
  For when the outward senses rest do take,
  A thousand dreams, fantastical and light,
  With flutt'ring wings, do keep her still awake.
                                        Davies.
    The  coming spring would  first appear,
  And all this place with roses strow,
  If busy  feet would let them grow.          Waller.
     All written since that time, seem to have little
  more than events we are glad to know, or the con-
  troversy of  opinions, wherein the  busy world has
  been so much employed.                 Temple.
    Religious motives and instincts are so busy in the
  heart of every reasonable  creature, that no man
  would hope to govern a  society, without regard to
  those principles.                      Addison.
3. Troublesome;  vexatiously importunate
   or intensive.
     The  christians, sometimes valiantly receiving the
  enemy, and  sometimes charging them again, repul-
  sed the proud enemy, still busy with them. Knolles.
To Bu'sy,  biz'ze. v. a.  [from  the noun.]
   To employ; to engage: to make or keep
   busy.
     He in great passion all this while did dwell,
  More busying his quick eyes her face to view,
  Than his dull ears to hear what she did tell.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     The  pleasure  which  I took at my friend's plea-
  sure herein, idly busied me thus to express the same.
                                 Carew's Survey.
     Be it thy course to busy giddy minds
  With foreign quarrels.                   Shaksp.
     While they were busied to lay toe foundations,
  their buildings were overthrown  by an earthquake,
  and many thousands of toe Jews were overwhelmed.
                                       Raleigh.
     The points which busied the devotion of toe first
  ages, and the curiosity of the latter. Decay of Piety.
     The ideas it is busied about, should be natural and
  congenial ones, which it had in itself.       Locke.
     The  learning and disputes of toe schools have
  been much busied about genus and species.  Locke.
     For the rest, it must be owned, he does not busy
  himself by entering deep into any party, but rather
  spends  his time in acts of hospitality.        Swift.

Bu'sybody, biz'ze-bod-de. to. *  [from busy
   and body.] A vain, meddling, fantastical
   person.
     Going from house to house, tatlers and busybodies
  are the canker and rust of idleness, as idleness is
  the rust of time.                        Taylor.
     Busybodies  and intermeddlers are a danp< rous
  sort of people to have to do  withal.    L'Estrange.
     She  is well acquainted with all the favourite ser-
  vants,  busybodies, dependants, and poor relations, of
  all persons of condition in toe whole town.
                                      Spectator.
BUT, but. conjunct, [bute, butan, Sax.]
1.  Except.
     An emission of immateriate virtues we are a lit-
  tle doubtful to propound, it is so prodigious: t-uj that
  it is so constantly avouched  by many.       Bacon.
     Who can it be, ye gods! but perjur'd Lycon? 
BUT
BUT
BUT
   Who can inspire such storms of rage, but Lycon?
   Where has my sword left one so black, but Lycon?
                                         Smith.
     1 our poem hath been printed,  and we have no
   objection but the obscurity of several passages, by
   our ignorance in facts and persons.          Swift.
 2. Except that;  unless;  had  it  not  been
   that:  in this  sense  we  now write but
   that.  See sense 11.
                And but infirmity,
   Which waits  upon  worn  times, hath something
         seiz'd
   His wish'd ability, he had himself
   The lands and waters measur'd.       Shakspeare.

 3. Yet; nevertheless.   It sometimes only
    enforces yet.
     Then  let bim speak, and any that  shall stand
   without shall hear his voice plainly; but yet made
   extreme sharp and exile, like the voice of puppets:
   and yet the articulate sounds of the words will not
   be confounded.                         Bacon.
     Our wants are many, and grievous to be born,
   but quite of another kind.                  Swift.
 4.  The  particle   which introduces  the
    minor of a syllogism; now.
     If there be a liberty  and possibility for a man to
   kill himself to-day,  then it is not absolutely neces-
   sary that he shall live till to-morrow; but there is
   such a liberty, therefore no such necessity.
                         Bramhall against Hobbes.
     God will one time or  another make a difference
   between the good and the evil.   But there is little
   or no difference made in this world; therefore there
   must be another world, wherein this difference shall
   be made.                       Watts's Logick.
 5. Only; nothing more than.
     If my offence be of mortal kind,
   That not my service past, or present sorrows,
   Can ransom me into his love again;
   But to know so, must be my benefit.       Shaksp.
     What nymph soe'er his voice but hears,
   Will be my rival, though she have buf ears.
                                    Ben Jonson.
     No, Aurengzebe,  you merit all my heart,
   And I'm too noble but to give a part.      Dryden.
     Did but men consider toe true notion  of God, he
   would appear to be full of goodness.      Tillotson.
     If we do but put virtue and vice in equal circum-
   stances, toe advantages of ease and pleasure will be
   found to be on the side of religion.       Tillotson.
     The mischiefs or  harms that come by play, inad-
   vertency, or ignorance,  are not at all, or but very
   gently, to be taken notice of.  Locke on  Education,.
     If a reader examines Horace's Art of Poetry, he
   will find bufvery few precepts in it, which he may
   not meet with in Aristotle.              Addison.
     Prepar'd I stand:  he was buf born to try
   The lot of man, to suffer and to die.         Pepe.
 6. Than.
     The full moon was no sooner up,  and shining in
   all its brightness, but he opened the gate of Para-
   dise.                               Guardian.
 7. But that; without this consequence that.
         Frosts that constrain the ground
   Do seldom their usurping power withdraw,
   But raging floods pursue their hasty hand.    Dryd.
 8. Otherwise than that.
     It cannot be buf nature hath some director, of in-
   finite power, to guide her in all her ways.  Hooker.
                  Who shall believe,
   l?uf you misuse the reverence of your place? Shaks.
 9. Not more than; even.
     A genius so elevated and unconfined as Mr. Cow-
   ley's, was buf necessary to make Pindar speak Eng-
   lish.                                  Dryden.
     Beroe but now I left; whom, pin'd with pain,
   Her age and anguish from these rites detain.
                                       Dryden.
     It is evident, in the instance I gave buf now, the
   consciousness went along.                 Locke.
JO  By any other means than.
    Out of that will I cause those of Cyprus to muti-
  ny: whose qualification shall come into no true taste
  again, buf by transplanting of Cassio.      Shaksp.
 II.  If it were not for this; that; if it were
   not that.   Obsolete.
     Believe me, I'd rather have lost my purse
  Full of cruzades.   And buf my noble Moor
  Is true of mind, and made of no such baseness
  As jealous creatures are, it were enough
  To put him to ill-thinking.           Shakspeare.
     1 here do give thee that with all my heart,
  Which, buf thou hast already, with all my heart
  I would keep from thee.                 Shaksp.
 12. However; howbeit; a word of indeter-
   minate  connexion.
     I do not doubt but I have been to blame;
  Buf, to pursue the end for which I came,
  Unite your subjects fust, then let us go
  And pour their common rage upon the foe.   Dryd.
 13. It is used after too doubt, no question,
   and such words, and signifies the same
   with  that.  It  sometimes is joined with
   that.
     They made no  account, buf that the navy should
  be absolutely master of the seas.          Bacon.
     I fancied to myself a kind  of ease in the change
  of the  paroxysm; never suspecting buf that the hu-
  mour would have wasted itself.          Dryden.
     There is no question but the king of Spain will
  reform most of the abuses.               Addison.
 14. That.  This  seems no proper  sense in
   this place.
     It is not therefore impossible buf I may alter the
  complexion of my play, to restore  myself into the
  good graces of my fair criticks.          Dryden.
 15.  Otherwise than. Obsolete.
                 I should sin
  To think buf nobly of my grandmother. Shakspeare.
 16.  A particle  by which the  meaning of
   the foregoing  sentence  is bounded  or
   restrained;  only.
     Thus fights Ulysses, thus his fame extends;
  A formidable man, buf to his friends.       Dryd.
 17.  A particle of objection; yet it  may be
   objected: It has sometimes yet with it.
     But yet, Madam----
  I do not like buf yet; it does allay
  The good precedence; fie upon but yet!
  But yet is as a jaylour, to bring forth
  Some monstrous malefactor.          Shakspeare.
    Must the heart then have been formed and constitu-
  ted, before the blood was in being? Buf here again,
  the substance  of  the heart itself is  most certainly
  made and nourished by the blood, which is convey-
  ed to it by the coronary arteries.         Bentley.
 18.  But for; without; had not this been.
     Rash man, forbear! but for some unbelief,
  My joy had been as fatal as my grief.      Waller.
               Her head was  bare,
  But for her native ornament of hair,
  Which in a simple knot was tied above.     Dryd.
     When the fair boy receiv'd the gift of right,
  And, but for mischief, you had died for spite. Dryd.
 BUT, but. to. s. [bout,  French.] A boun-
   dary.
     But, if I ask you what I mean by that  word, you
  will answer, I mean this or that thing, you cannot
  tell which; but if I join it with the words in  con-
  struction and sense, as, buf I will not, a but of wine,
  but and boundary, the ram will but, shoot at but, the
  meaning of it will be as  ready to you  as any other
  word.                                 Holder.
 But,  but. to.  s.  [In sea  language.]  The
   end of any plank which joins to another
  on the outside of a ship, under water.
                                      Harris.
But-end, but-end'.   to. s.  [from  but and
  end]    The blunt end  of any thing;  the
  end upon which it rests.
    The reserve of foot galled their foot with several
  vollies, and then fell on them with the but-ends of
  their muskets.                       Clarendon.
    Thy weapon was a good one when I wielded it,
  but the but-end remains in my hands.    Arbuthnot.
    Some of the soldiers accordingly pushed them
  forwards, with the but-ends of their pikes, into my
  reach.                                  Sioift.
BU'TCHER, biU'tshur.173 n. s. [boucher,
   Fr.]
1. One  that kills animals to sell their flesh.
    The shepherd and the butcher both may look up-
  on one sheep with pleasing conceits.       Sidney.
    Hence he learnt the butcher's guile,
  How to cut your throat, and smile;
  Like a butcher doom'd for life
  In his mouth to wear his knife.             Swift,
2. One  that is d iighted  with blood.
    Honour and renown are bestowed on conquerors,
  who, for the most part,  are but the great butchers of
  mankind.                               Locke.
To Butcher,  but'tshur.  v. a. [from the
   noun ]  To  kill; to murder.
    In suffering thus thy brother to be slaughter'd,
  Thou shew'st the naked pathway to thy life,
  Teaching stern murder how to butcher thee.  Shaks.
    Uncharitably with me have you dealt,
  And shamefully by you my hopes are butcher'd. Shak.
    The poison and the dagger are at hand to butcher
  a hero, when the poet wants brains to save him.
                                       Dryden.
Bu'tchers-broom, but'tshurz-br66m, or
   Kneeholly. to.*,  [ruscus.  Lat.] A  tree.
    The roots are  sometimes used in  medicine, and
  the green  shoots  are cut and bound into bundles,
  and sold  to the butchers, who use it as besoms to
  sweep their blocks; from whence it had the name of
  butcher's-broom.                        Miller.
Bu'tcherliness, but'tshilr-le-nes.  to.  s.
   [from butcherly] A brutal, cruel, savage,
   butcherly manner.
Bu'tcherly, but'tshvir-le.  adj. [from but-
   cher] Cruel;  bloody; grossly and clum-
   sily barbarous.
    There  is a  way which, brought  into  schools,
  would  take away this butcherly fear in  making
  of Latin.                              Ascham.
    What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly,
  This deadly quarrel daily doth beget!   Shakspeare.
Bu'tchery, but'tshur-re. to. s. [from but-
   cher.]
1. The trade of a butcher.
    Yet this man, so ignorant in modern butchery, has
  cut up half an hundred heroes, and quartered five
  or six  miserable lovers,  in every tragedy he has
  written.                                 Pope.
2. Murder; cruelty;  slaughter.
    If thou delight to view thy heinous  deeds,
  Behold this patron of thy butcheries.       Shaksp.
    The butchery and the breach of hospitality, is re-
  presented  in this fable under  the mask of friend-
  ship.                              L'Estrange.
    Can he a son to soft remorse incite,
  Whom gaols, and blood, and butchery delight?
                                       Dryden.
3. The  place where  animals  are  killed;
   where  blood is shed.
    There is no place, this house is but a butchery;
  Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it.          Shaksp.
BU'TLER, but'lur »8 to. ,s,  [bouteiller, Fr.
   boteler,  or  botiller,  old  English,  from
   bottle;  he that is  employed in  the  care
   of bottling liquors.]  A servant in a fa-
   mily employed  in  furnishing  the table.
    Butlers forget to bring up their beer time enough.
                                        Swift.
Bu'tlerage,  but'lur-idje.90  to. s. [from
  butler.]   The duty upon wines import-
  ed, claimed by  the king's butler.
    Those ordinary finances are casual  or uncertain, 
BUT
BUT
BUT
   as be the escheats, the customs, butlerage, and im-
   post.                                Bacon.
 Bu'tlership, but'lur-ship.166 to. s. [from
   butler] The  office of a butler.

 Bu'tment, but'ment. to.  s.  [aboutement,
   Fr.]  That part of the arch which joins
   it to the upright  pier.
    The supporters or butments of the said arch can-
   not suffer so much violence, as in the precedent flat
   posture.                              Wotton.
 Bu'tshaft, bit'shaft.  to. s. [from but and
   shaft] An arrow.
    The blind boy's butslwft.              Shaks.
 BUTT,  but. to. *. [but, Fr.]
 1. The place on which the mark to be shot
   at is placed.
    He calls on Bacchus and propounds the prize;
   The groom his fellow groom at buffs defies,
   And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes. Dryd.
 2. The point  at which  the  endeavour is
   directed.
    Be not afraid though you do see me weapon'd;
  Here is my journey's end, here is my buff,
  The very sea-mark of my journey's end.    Shaksp.
 3. The object  of  aim; the thing against
   which  any attack is directed.
    The papists were the most common-place, and the
  butt against whom all the arrows were directed.
                                   Clarendon.
 4. A man upon whom the company break
   their jests.
    I played a sentence or two at my bnff,  which I
  thought very smart, when my ill  genius suggested to
  him such a reply, as got all the laughter on his side.
                                    Spectator.
5. A blow given by  a  horned animal.
6. A stroke given in fencing.
                If disputes arise
  Among the champions  for toe prize;
  To prove who gave the fairer buff,
  John shews the chalk on Robert's coat.     Prior.
Butt, but. to. s. [bucc, Saxon.]  A vessel;
   a  barrel  containing one  hundred  and
   twenty-six gallons of wine; a  butt con-
   tains one  hundred and eight gallons of
   beer; and from  fifteen  to twenty-two
   hundred weight is a butt of currants.
   I escaped upon a buft of sack, which the sailors
  heaved overboard.                 Shakspeare.
To Butt, biit. v. a. [botten, Dutch.]  To
   strike  with the head.
   Come,   leave  your  tears:  a  brief farewell: the
        beast
  With many heads buffs me away.     Shakspeare.
        Nor wars are seen,
        Unless, upon the  green,
  Two harmless lambs are butting one the other.
                                      Wotton.
   A snow-white steer,  before thy altar led,
  Butts with his threatening brows, and bellowing
        stands.                 Dryden's AZneid.
    A ram wiil buff with his head though he be
  brought up tame,  and never saw that manner of
  fighting.                                RaH-
 BU'TTER,  bilt'tur.98  to.  s. [buteene,
   Sax. butyrum, Lat.]
 .. An unctuous  substance made  by agita-
   ting the cream of milk till the oil sepa-
   rates from  the whey.
    And he took butter and milk,  and the calf which
   he had dressed, and set before them.  Gen. xviii. 8.
 2. Butter of antimony.  A chymical  pre-
   paration, made by uniting the acid spirits
   of sublimate corrosive  with regulus of
   antimony. It is a great caustick. Harris.
 3. Butter of tin, is made with tin and  sub-
   limate corrosive. This preparation con-
   tinually emits fumes.           Harris.
 To Bu'tter, but'tilr.-y.a.[fromthenoun.]
 1. To smear, or oil, with  butter.
    'Twas her brother, that, in pure kindness to his
  horse, buttered his hay.                  Shaksp.
    Words butter no parsnips.         L'Estrange.
 2. To increase the stakes every throw, or
   every game:  a cant word among game-
   sters.
    It is a fine simile in one of Mr. Congreve's pro-
  logues,  which compares  a  writer to a btttfering
  gamester, that stakes all his winning upon one cast;
  so that  if he loses the last throw, he is sure to be
  undone.                            Addison.
 Bu'tterbump, but'tfir-bump. to.*. A fowl;
   the same with bittern.
 Bu'tterbur, bit'tfir-btlr. to. s. [petasites,
   Lat.]   A  plant used in medicine, and
   grows wild in great plenty by the sides
   of ditches.                       Miller.
 Bu'tterflower, but'tur-flou'ur.  to. *. A
   yellow  flower,  with  which the  fields
   abound in the month of May.
    Let weeds, instead of butterflow'rs, appear;
  And meads, instead of daisies, hemlock bear. Gay.
 Bu'tterfly, but'tiir-fli. to.  a. [buctep.-
   pleje,  Saxon.]  A beautiful insect, so
   named because it first appears in the be-
   ginning of the season for butter.
    Eftsoons that damsel, by her heav'nly might,
  She turned into a winged butterfly,
  In the wide air to make her wand'ring flight.
                                    Spenser.
            Tell old tales, and laugh
  At gilded butterflies; and hear poor rogues
  Talk of court news.                 Shakspeare.
    And so befel, that as he cast his eye
  Among the colworts on a butterfly,
  He saw false Reynard.                Dryden.
    That which seems to be a powder upon the wings
  of a butterfly, is an innumerable company of ex-
  treme small feathers, not to be discerned without a
  microscope.                           Grew.
Bu'tteris, but'tur-ris. to. s.  An instrument
   of steel set in a wooden handle, used in
   paring the foot, or cutting the hoof, of
   a horse.                  Farrier's Diet.

 Bu'ttermilk,  but'tvir-milk. to. s.  [from
   butter and milk.]  The whey that is se-
   parated from  the cream when butter is
   made.
    A young man, fallen into  an  ulcerous consump-
  tion, devoted himself to buttermilk, by which sole
  diet he recovered.                     Harvey.
    The scurvy of mariners is cured by acids, as fruits,
  lemons, oranges, buttermilk; and  alkaline spirits
  hurt them.                        Arbuthnot.
 Bu'tterprint, bilt'tur-print.  to. s.  [from
   butter and print]   A piece of carved
   wood, used to mark butter.
    A butterprint, in which were engraven figures of
  all sorts and sizes, applied to the lump of butter,
  left on it the figure.                    Locke.
 Bu'ttertooth, biit't&r-tddth. to. s.  [from
   butter and tooth.] The great broad fore-
   tooth.
 Bu'tterwoman,  btit'tur-wum'iin.  to.  s.
   [from  butter  and woman.]   A woman
   that sells butter.
    Tongue, I must put you into  a buffencontan's
   mouth, and buy myself another of Bajazet's mute,
   if you prattle me into these perils.    Shakspeare.
 Bu'ttebwort, bftt'tllr-wllrt. n.s. A plant:
   the same with sanicle.
                    i  i 2
 Bu'ttery, bilt'tiir-re. adj. [from butter.^
   Having  the appearance or  qualities of
   butter.
    Nothing  more convertible into hot cholerick hu-
  mours than its buttery parts.             Harvey.
    The best oils, thickened by cold, have a white co-
  lour; and milk itself has its whiteness from toe ca-
  seous fibres, and its buttery oil.           Floyer-.
 Bu'ttery, but'tur-re. n. s.  [from butter;
   or,  according  to Skinner, from  bouter,
   Fr. to place  or  lay  up.]   The room
   where provisions are laid up.
    Go, sirrah, take them  to the buttery,
  And give them friendly welcome every one. Shaksp.
    All toat need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars,
  pantries, and butteries, to the north.      Wotton.
    My guts  ne'er suffer'd from a college-cook,
  My name ne'er enter'd in a buttery book.  Bramston

Bu'ttock, bfit'tlik.166 to. s. [supposed, by
   Skinner, to come from aboutir, Fr.; in-
   serted by Junius without etymology.]
   The rump; the part near the tail.
    It is like  a barber's chair, toat fits all buttocks.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Such as were not able to stay toemselves, should
  be holden up by others of more strength, riding be-
  hind them upon the buttocks of the horse.  Knolles.
    The tail of a fox was never made for the buttocks
  of an ape.                        L'Estrange.
BU'TTON, but'tn.103 w  to.  s.  [bottwn,
   Welsh; bouton, Fr.]
I. A catch,  or  small ball, by which  the
   dress of  man is fastened.
    Pray you, undo this button.         Shakspeare.
    I  mention those  ornaments, because of the sim-
  plicity of toe shape,  want of ornaments, buttons,
  loops,  gold  and silver lace,  they must have  been
  cheaper than ours.                   Arbuthnot.
2. Any knob or ball fastened to a smaller
   body.
    We fastened to the marble certain wires, and a
  button.                               Boyle.
    Fair from its humble bed I rear'd this flow'r,
  Suckled, and cheer'd  with air, and sun, and shotv'r;
  Soft on toe  paper ruff its leaves I spread,
  Bright with toe gilded button tipt its head.   Pope.
3. The bud of a  plant.
    The canker galls the infants of the spring,
  Too oft before their buttons be disclos'd.  Shaksp.
Bu'tton, b&t'tn. to. s. [echinus marinus.]
   The sea  urchin,  which is a kind of crab-
   fish that has prickles instead of feet.
                                . iinsworth.
 To Bu'tton, biit'tn. v.a. [from the noun]
 1. To dress; to clothe.
    One whose hard heart is button'd  up with steel.
                                  Shakspeare.
    He gave  his legs, arms, and breast, to his ordina-
  ry servants, to button and dress him.      Wotton.
2. To fasten with  buttons; as, he buttons
   his coat.
 Bu'ttonhole,  bfit'tn-hole.  to. s. [from
   button and hole.]   The loop in which
   the button of the clothes is caught.
    Let me take you a buttonhole lower.    Shaksp.
    I'll please the maids of honour, if I can:
  Without black velvet breeches, what is man ?
  I will my skill in buttonholes display,
  And brag, how oft I shift me ev'ry day.  Bramston.

 BU'TTRESS, but'tris.99 n.s. [from abou-
   tir, Fr.]
 I. A prop; a wall built to support another
   wall, and standing  out.
                  No jutting frize,
   Buttress, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
   Hath made his pendant bed, and procreant cradle.
                                   Shaksjyeart 
BUY
BUZ
BY
     Fruit trees, set upon a wall against the sun, be-
  tween elbows or buttresses of stone, ripen more than
  upon a plain wall.                       Bacon.
     But we inhabit a weak city here,
  Which buttresses and props but scarcely bear. Dryd.
2. A prop; a support.
     It will concern  us to examine the force of this
  plea,  which our adversaries are still  setting up
  against us, as the ground pillar and buttress of the
  good old cause of nonconformity.           South.
 To  Bu'ttress,  biit'tris. v. a.  [from the
   noun.] To prop; to  support.
Bu'twink, but'wingk. to. *. The  name of
   a bird.                               Diet.
Butyra'oeous,  bu-te-ra'shils.  adj. [buty-
   rum, Lat. butter.] Having the qualities
   of butter.
     Chyle has the same principles as milk; a viscidity
  from  the caseous  parts, and an oiliness from the
  butyraceous parts.                       Floyer.
Bu'tyrous,   bu'te-riis.  adj.    [butyrum,
   Lat.] Having the properties of butter.
     Its oily red part is from the butyrous parts of chyle.
                                        Floyer.
BU'XOM, bilk'stim.166  adj.   [bucrum,
   Sax. from bugan, to bend. It originally
   signified obedient; as John de  Trevisa,
   a clergyman, tells his patron, that he is
   obedient and  buxom to  all his  com-
   mands.   In an  old  form  of  marriage,
   used before the  reformation, the bride
   promised to be  obedient and buxom in
   bed and  at board; from  which  expres-
   sion, not well  understood,  its  present
   meaning seems to be derived.]
 1. Obedient; obsequious.
     He did tread down and disgrace all the English,
  .and set up and countenance the Irish; thinking there-
  by to  make them more tractable and buxom  to his
  government.                          Spenser.
             He, with broad sails,
  Winnow'd the buxom air.                Milton.
2. Gay; lively; brisk.
                          I'm born
  Again a fresh child of the buxom morn,
  Heir of the sun's first beams.           Crasnate.
     Zephyr, with Aurora playing,
  As he met her once a maying,
  Fill'd her with thee, a daughter fair,
  So buxom, blithe, and debonnair.         Milton.
                   Sturdy swains,
  In clean array, for rustick dance prepare,
  Mixt with the buxom damsels hand in hand. Philips.
3. Wanton; jolly.
     Almighty Jove descends, and pours
  Into his buxom bride his fruitful show'rs.  Dryden.
     She feign'd the rites of Bacchus! cry'd aloud,
  And to the buxom god the virgin vowM.   Dryden.
Bu'xomly, buk's&m-le.  adv. [from bux-
   om.] Wantonly; amorously.
Bu'xomness,  bux'sum-n£s. to. s.  [from
   buxom.] Wantonness; amorousness.
To BUY, bi. v.a. preter. I bought; I have
   bought,  [bicgean, Sax.]
1. To  purchase;  to  acquire by paying a
   price; to obtain for money, or something
   equivalent; to procure by sale, not gift
   or theft.
    They must buy up no corn growing within twelve
  miles of Geneva, that so toe filling of their  maga-
  zines may not prejudice their market.    Addison
2. To procure  some advantage by some-
  thing that deserves it, or at some  price.
                 I have bought
  Golden opinions from all sorts of people.   Shaksp.
                 Pent to linger
  But with a grain a day, I would not buy
  Their mercy at the price of one fair word. Shaksp.
    Pleasure with praise, and danger toey would buy,
  And with a foe that would not only fly.   Denham.
3. To  regulate by  money:  in this sense it
   has  particles  annexed.
    You, and all the kings of Christendom,
  Are led so grossly by this meddling priest,
  Dreading the curse that money may buy out. Shaks.
    What pitiful things are power, rhetorick, or rich-
  es, when they would terrify, dissuade, or buy off con-
  science!                               South.
To Buy,  bi.  x;.  to.   To treat about a pur-
   chase.
    I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you,
  walk with you, and so following.         Shaksp.
Buy'er, bi'iir. to. a.  [from To buy.]  tie
   that buys;  a purchaser.
    When a piece of art is set  before us, let the first
  caution be, not to ask who made it, lest the fame of
  toe author do captivate the fancy of the buyer.
                                       Wotton.
To  BUZZ,  bdz.  v. to. [bizzen, Teut. to
   growl.  Junius.]
I. To  hum;  to  make  a  noise  like bees,
   flies, or wasps.
    And all toe chamber filled was with  flies,
  Which buzzed all  about, and made such sound,
  That toey encumber'd all men's ears and eyes,
  Like many swarms of bees assembled round. Spens.
    There be  more rasps, that  buzz about his nose,
  Will make this stirif the sooner.      Shakspeare.
    For still the flowers ready stand,
  One buzzes round about,
  One lights, one tastes, gets in, gets out.  Suckling.
    What though no bees around your cradle flew,
  Nor on your lips distill'd their golden dew;
  Yet have we oft discover'd, in their stead,
  A swarm of drones that buzz'd about your head. Pope.
    We join, like flies and wasps, in buzzing about
        wit.                             Swift.
2. To whisper; to prate to.
    There is such confusion in my pow'rs,
  As, after some oration fairly spoke
  By a beloved prince,  there doth appear
  Among the buzzing multitude.         Shakspeare.
3. To  sound  heavy and low.
    Herewith arose a buzzing noise among  them, as
  if it had been  the rustling sound ofthe sea afar off.
                                     Hayward.
To  Buzz,  buz.  v. a.   To  whisper;  to
   spread  secretly.
    Where doth toe world thrust  forth a vanity,
  That is not quickly buzz'd into his  ears?   Shaksp.
    I will buzz abroad such prophecies,
  That Edward shall be fearful  of his life.   Shaksp.
            Did you not hear
  A buzzing of a separation
  Between the king  and Catherine?      Shakspeare.
    They might buzz and whisper it one to another,
  and, tacitly withdrawing from the  presence of the
  apostles, they then lift their voices, and noise it about
  the city.                              Bentley.
Buzz,  biiz.  to. s. [from the verb.] A hum;
  a whisper;  a talk.
    The hive of a city or kingdom is in best condition
  when there is least noise or buzz in it.      Bacon.
    Where  I found the whole outward room in a buzz
  of politicks.                           Addison.
Bu'zzard, btiz'ztird.88 to. s. [busard, Fr.]
1. A  degenerate or mean  species of hawk.
    More pity toat the  eagle should be mawl'd,
  While kites and buzzards prey at liberty.  Shaksp.
    The noble buzzard  ever pleas'd me best;
  Of small renown, 'tis  true: for, not to lye,
  We call him but a hawk by courtesy.      Dryden.
2. A blockhead; a  dunce.
    Those blind buzzards, who, in late years, of wilful
  maliciousness, would  neither  learn themselves, nor
  could teach others, any thing at all.       Ascharn.
Bu'zzer, buz'ziir.98 to. a.  [from  buzz.]  A
   secret whisperer.
    Her brother Is in secret come from France,
  And wants not buzzers to infest his ear
  With petulant speeches of his father's death.  Shak.
BY, bi, be. prep, [bi,  bij, Saxon.]
1. It notes the agent.
    The Moor is with child by you, Launcelot. Shak.
    The grammar of a language is sometimes to be
  carefully studied by a grown man.          Locke.
    Death 's what the guilty fear, the pious crave
  Sought by toe wretch, and vanquish'd by the brave.
                                        Garth.
2. It  notes the instrument,  and  is  com-
   monly used after a verb neuter, where
   with would be put after an active: as, he
   killed  her  with a sword; she died by a
   sword.
    But by Pelides' arms when Hector fell,
  He chose iEneas, and he chose as well.   Dryden.
3. It notes the cause of any effect.
    I view, by no presumption led,
  Your revels of the night.                 Parnel.
    By woe the soul to daring action steals,
  By woe in plaintless patience it excels.    Savage.
4. It notes the means  by which any thing
   is performed, or obtained.
    You must think, if we give you any thing, we hope
  to gain by you.                     Shakspeare.
    Happier! had it suffic'd him to have known
  Good by itself, and evil not at all.         Milton.
    The heart knows that by itself, which nothing in
  the world besides can give it any knowledge of.
                                        South.
    We obtain the knowledge of a multitude of pro-
  positions by sensation and reflection.        Watts.
5. It shews the manner of  an  action.
    I have not patience: she consumes the  time
  In idle talk, and owns het false belief:
  Seize her by force, and bear her hence unheard.
                                      Dryden.
    This sight had more weight with him,  as by good
  luck not above two of that venerable body were fal-
  len asleep.                            Addison.
    By chance, within a neighbouring brook,
  He saw his branching horns, and alter'd look. Addis.
6. It has a signification, noting the method
   in which any successive action is per-
   formed with regard to time or quantity.
    The best for you, is to re-examine the cause, and
  to try it even point by point, argument by argument,
  with all the exactness you can.          Hooker.
    We  are not to stay all together, but to come by
  him where he stands, by ones, by twos, and by threes.
                                   Shakspeare.
    He calleth them forth by one, and  by one, by the
  name, as he pleaseth, though seldom toe order be
  inverted.                              Bacon.
    The captains were obliged to break that piece of
  ordnance, and so by pieces to carry it away, that the
  enemy should not get so great a spoil.    Knolles.
    Common prudence would direct me to take them
  all out, and examine them one by one.     Boyle.
    Others will soon take pattern and encouragement
  by your building; and so house  by house, street by
  street, there will at last be finished  a magnificent
  city.                                  Spratt.
    Explor'd her limb by limb, and fear'd to find
  So rude a gripe had left a livid mark  behind. Dryd.
    Thus year by year they pass, and day by day,
  Till once, 'twas on the morn of chearful May,
  The young iEmilia-------------        Dryden.
    I'll gaze  for ever on thy godlike father,
  Transplanting one by one into my life
  His bright perfections, till I shine like him. Addison.
    Let the blows be by pauses laid on.      Locke
7. It notes the quantity had at  one time.
    Bullion will sell by the ounce for six shillings and
  five pence undipped money.              Locke.
    What we take  daily by pounds, is at least of as
  much importance as what we take seldom, and only
  by grains and spoonfuls.              Arbuthnot.
    The North by myriads  poursjfcer mighty sons;
  Great nurse of Goths, of Alans, and of Huns. Pope. 
BY
BY
B Y
  8. At, or in;  noting place:  it  is  now per-
    haps only  used before the words sea, or
    water, and land. This seems a remnant
    of a meaning now little known. By once
    expressed situation;  as  by  west,  west-
    ward.
     We see the great effects of battles by sea; the bat-
   tle of Actium decided the empire ofthe world. Bacon.
     Arms, and the man, I sing; who, fore'd by fate,
   Expell'd and exil'd, left the Trojan shore;
   Long labours both by sea and land he bore. Dryden.
     I would have fought by land, where I was stronger:
   You hinder'd  it; yet, when I fought at sea,
   Forsook me fighting.                   Dryden.
     By land, by water, they renew toeir charge. Pope.

  9. According to;  noting permission.
     It is lawful, both by toe laws of nature and nations,
   and by the law divine, which is toe perfection of toe
   other two.                             Bacon.
  10. According to; noting proof.
     The present, or like, system of the world  cannot
   possibly  have  been  eternal, by the first proposition;
   and, without God, it could not naturally, nor fortui-
   tously, emerge out of chaos, by toe third proposition.
                                        Bentley.
     The faculty, or desire, being infinite,  by the  pre-
   ceding proposition, may contain or receive both
   these.                                Cheyne.
  11. After; according to; noting imitation
   or conformity.
     The gospel gives us such laws, as every man, that
   understands himself, would chuse to live by.  Tillot.
     In the divisions I have made, I have endeavoured,
   the best I could, to  govern myself by the diversity
   of matter.                              Locke.
     This ship, by good luck, fell into their hands  at last,
   and served as a model to build others by.  Arbuthnot.
 12. From; noting  ground of judgment, or
   comparison.
    Thus,  by the musick, we may know,
   When noble wits a hunting go
   Through groves that on Parnassus grow.    Waller.
    By what he has done, before the war in which he
   was engaged, we may expect what he will do after
   a peace.                              Dryden.
    The son of Hercules he justly seems,
  ■By his broad shoulders andgigantick limbs. Dryden.
    Who 's that stranger? By his warlike port,
   His fierce demeanour, and erected look,
   He 's of no vulgar note.                 Dryden.
                 Judge the event
   By what has pass'd.                     Dryden.
    The punishment  is not to be measured by  the
   greatness or smallness of  the matter, but by the op-
   position it carries, and stands in, to that respect and
   submission toat is due to toe father.        Locke.
    By your description of  the town, I imagine it to
   lie under some great enchantment.          Pope.
    By what I have always  heard and read, I take the
   strength of a nation-----                   Swift.
 13. It notes the sum of the difference be-
   tween two things compared.
    Meantime she stands provided of a Laius,
  More young and vigorous too by twenty springs.  Dryd.
                 Her brother Rivers,
  Ere this, lies shorter by the head at Pomfret. Rowe.
    By giving the denomination to less quantities of
  silver by  one twentieth, you take from them their
  due.                                    Locke.
14. It notes co-operation.
    By her he had two children at one birth. Shaksp.
15. For: noting continuance of time. This
   sense is not now in use.
    Ferdinand and Isabella recovered the kingdom of
  Grenada from the floors; having been in possession
  thereof by the space of seven hundred years. Bacon
16. As soon as; not later than: noting time.
    By this, the sons of Constantine which  fled,
  Ambrise and Ut'ier, did ripe years attain. Fairy Q.
    Hector, by the fifth hour of the sun,
  Will with a trumpet, 'twixt our tents and Troy,
   To-morrow morning call some knight to arms. Shak.
     He err'd not; for, by this, the heav'nly bands
   Down from a sky of jasper lighted now
   In Paradise.                           Milton.
     These have their course to finish round the earth
   By morrow ev'ning.                     Milton.
     The angelic guards ascended, mute and sad
   For man: for of his state by this they knew. Milton.
     By that time a  siege is carried on two or three
   days, I am altogether lost and bewildered in it.
                                       Addison.
     By this time, the very foundation was removed.
                                         Swift.
     By the beginning of toe fourth century from the
   building of Rome, the tribunes  proceeded so far, as
   to accuse and fine  the consuls.             Swift.
 17. Beside: noting  passage.
     Many  beautiful places, standing along the sea
   shore, make the town appear longer  than it is to
   those that sail by it.                    Addison.

 18. Beside; near to;  in presence: noting
   proximity of place.
     So thou may'st say, the king lies by a beggar, if
   a beggar  dwell near him; or the church stands by thy
   tabour, if thy tabour stands by the church.  Shaksp.
             Here he comes himself,
   If he be worth any man's good voice,
   That good man sit down by him.      Ben Jonson.
             A spacious plain, whereon
   Were tents  of various hue: by some were herds
   Of cattle grazing.                       Milton.
     Stay by me; thou art resolute and faithful;
   I have employment worthy of toy arm.    Dryden.
 19. Before  himself, herself, or themselves,
   it notes the absence of all others.
     Sitting in some place, by himself,  let him translate
   into English his former lesson.   '        Ascham.
     Solyman resolved to assault the breach, after he
   had, by himself, in a melancholy mood, walked up
   and down in his tent.  Knolles's Hist, ofthe Turks.
    I know not whether he will annex his discourse to
   his appendix, or publish it by itself,  or at all. Boyle.
    He will imagine, that  the king and his ministers
   sat down and made them by themselves, and then
   sent them to their allies to sign.           Swift.
    More pleas'd to keep it till  toeir  friends could
        come,
   Than eat the sweetest by themselves at home. Pope.
20.  At hand.
    He kept then some of the spirit by him, to verify
  what he believes.                        Boyle.
    The merchant is not forced to keep so much money
  by him, as in  other places,  where  toey have  not
  such a supply.                          Locke.
21.  It is  the  solemn form of swearing.
    His godhead I invoke, by him I swear. Dryden.
22.  It is used in  forms of adjuring, or ob-
   testing.
    Which, O! avert by yon etherial light,
  Which I have lost for this eternal night;
  Or, if by dearer ties you may be won,
  By your dead sire, and by your living son.  Dryden.
    Now by your joys on earth, your hopes in heav'n,
  0 spare this  great, this good, this aged king! Dryd.
               O cruel youth!
  By all the pain that wrings my tortur'd soul,
  By all the dear deceitful hopes you gave me,
  0 cease! at least once more delude my sorrows.
                                        Smith.
23.  It signifies specification  and particu-
   larity.
     Upbraiding heav'n, from whence  his lineage
        came,
   And cruel calls toe gods, and cruel thee, by name.
                                       Dryden.
24.  By proxy of: noting substitution.
    The gods were said to feast with Ethiopians; that
  is, they were present with them by their statues.
                                       Broome.
■25. In the same direction with.
    They are also striated, or fun-owed, by the length,
  and the sides curiously punched, or pricked. Grew.
 By, bi. adv.
 1. Near;  at a small distance.
       And  in it lies the god of sleep;
         And, snorting by,
         We may descry
       The monsters ofthe deep.           Dryden.
 2. Beside;  passing,
                    I did hear
   The galloping of horse.   Who was 't came by?
                                     Shakspeare
 3. In presence.
     The same words in my lady Philoclea's mouth, as
   from one woman to another, so as there was no other
   body by, might have  had a better grace.    Sidney
     I'll not he by the while; my liege, farewell:
   What will become hereof, there 's none can  tell.
                                     Shakspeare:
     There while I sing, if gentle youth be by,
   That tunes my lute,  and winds toe strings so high.
                                        Waller.
     Pris'ners and witnesses were waiting by;
   These had been taught to swear, and those to die.
                                    Roscommon.
     You have put a principle into him, which will in-
   fluence his actions when you are not by.    Locke.
 By and  by, bi'and-bi.   In a short time.
     He overtook Amphialus, who had been staid here,
   and by and by called  him to fight with him. Sidney.
     The noble knight alighted by and by
   From lofty steed, and bad the lady stay,
   To see what end of fight should him befal  that
       day.                             Spenser.
     In the temple, by and by, with us,
   These couples shall eternally  be knit.      Shaksp.
     O how this spring  of love resembleth
   The uncertain glory of an April day;
   Which now shews all toe beauty of the sun,
   And by and by a cloud takes all away.      Shaksp.
     Now a sensible man, by and by a fool,  and pres-
   ently a beast.                  Shaksp. Othello.
 By, bi. ra. s. [from  the preposition.] Some-
   thing not  the direct and  immediate ob-
   ject of regard.
    In this instance, there is, upon toe by, to be noted,
   the percolation of the verjuice through the wood.
                                        Bacon.
     This wolf was forced to  make bold,  ever and
   anon, with a  sheep in private, by the  by.
                                    L'Estrange.
    Hence we  may understand, to add that upon the
   by, that it is not necessary.                Boyle.
    So while my  lov'd revenge is full and high,
  I'll give you back your kingdom by the by. Dryden.
By, bi. in composition, implies  something
   out ofthe direct way,  and consequently
   some obscurity,  as a by-road; something
   irregular, as a by-end; or something col-
   lateral, as a by-concernment; ©r private,
   as a by-law.  This composition is used
   at pleasure, and will be  understood by
   the examples following.

By-coffeehouse, bi'kof'fe-house. to.  s. A
   coffee-house, in  aD  obscure place.
    I afterwards entered a by-coffeehouse, that stood at
  the upper end of a narrow  lane, where I met with
  a nonjuror.                            Addison.
By-concernment, bi'kon-sern'ment. //. s.
   An affair  which is  not the main busi-
   ness.
    Our plays, besides the main design, have under-
  plots, or bj/-concemmenfs,or less considerable per-
  sons and intrigues, which are carried on with the
  motion of toe main plot.                 Dryden.
By-dependence, bi'de-pen'dense.  n. s. An
   appendage;  something accidentally  de-
   pending on another.
                         These,
  And your three motives to the battle with
  I know not how much more, should be demanded; 
B Y
BY
B YZ
  And all toe other by-dependencies.       (
  From chance to chance.                 Shaksp.
By-design, bi'de-sine'. n. s. An incidental
   purpose.
    And if she miss the mouse trap lines,
  They'll serve for other by-designs,
  And make an artist understand
  To copy out her seal or hand;
  Or find void places in the paper,
  To steal in something to entrap her.     Hudibras.
 By-enij, bi'end'. to. a. Private interest; se-
   cret advantage.
    All people that worship for fear, profit, or some
   other by-end, fall within the intendment of this fable.
                                   L' Estrange.
 By-gone, bi'gon'.  adj.  [a  Scotch word.]
   Past.
             Tell him, you're sure
   All in Bohemia's well: this satisfaction
   The by-gone day proclaim'd.             Shaksp.
     As we have a conceit of motion coming, as well
   as  by-gone; so have we  of time which dependeth
   thereupon.                              Grew.
 By-interest, bi' In'ter-£st. to.  s.  Interest
   distinct from that of the  publick.
     Various factions and parties, all aiming at by4n-
   terest,  without any sincere regard to the publick
   good.                              Atterbury.
 By-law, bi'law. to. s.
     Bij-laws  are orders made in court-leets, or court-
   barons, by common assent; for the good of those that
   make them, farther than the publick law binds.
                                        Cowell.
      There was also a law, to restrain the by-laws and
   ordinances of corporations.               Bacon.
     In the beginning of this record is inserted the law
   or institution; to which  are added two by-laws, as
   a comment upon toe general law.       Addison.
 By-matter, bi'mat'tiir.95 to.*.  Something
    incidental.
      I knew one that, when he wrote a letter would
   put that which was most material into the postscript,
   as if it had been a by-matter.             Bacon.
 By-name, bi'name'.  to. s.   A  nick-name;
    name of reproach, or accidental appel-
    lation.
      Robert, eldest son to the Conqueror, used short
   hose, and  thereupon was by-named Court-hose, and
    shewed first the use of them to the English.
                                        Camden.
  By-past, bi'past. adj. Past: a term of the
    Scotch  dialect.
      Wars, pestilences, and diseases, have not been
    fewer for these  three hundred  years by-past, than
    ever they had been since we have had records.
                                         Cheyne.
By-path, bi'paM.7S *6? to. s.  A private  or
   obscure path.
              Heav'n knows, my son,
  By what by-paths, and indirect crook'd ways,
  I got this crown.                    Shakspeare.
By-respect, bi're-spekt'. to. s. Private end
   or view.
    It may be that some, upon by-respects, find some-
  what friendly usage in usance, at some of their hands.
                                        Care w.
    The archbishops and bishops, next under toe king,
   have the government of the church: be not you  toe
  mean to prefer any to those places, for any by-respects,
  but only for their learning, gravity, and worth. Bacon.
    Augustus, who was not altogether so good as he
   was wise, had some by-respects in the enacting of this
   law; for to do  any  thing  for nothing,  was not his
   maxim.                              Dryden.
 By-road,  bi'rode.296 to. s. Anobscureun-
   frequented  path.
     Through slipp'ry by-roads, dark and deep,
   They often climb, and often creep.         Sicift.
 By-room, bi'room'. to. s.  A private room
   within another.
     I pr'ythee, do thou stand in some by-room, while I
   question my puny drawer to what end he gave the
   sugar.                                Shaksp.
 By-speech, bi'speetsh'. «. s.  An inciden-
   tal  or casual speech, not directly rela-
   ting to the  point.
     When they  come to allege  what word and what
   law they meant, their common ordinary  practice
   is to quote by-speeches, in some historical narration
   or other, and to use them as if toey were written in
   most exact form of law.                 Hooker,
 By-stAnder, bi'stan'dur. to. s.   A  looker
    on:one unconcerned.
      She broke her feathers, and falling to the ground,
   was taken up by the bystanders.       L'Estrange.
      The bystanders asked bim, why  he ran away,
   his bread being weight?                  Locke.
  By-street,  bi'street',  to. s.  An obscure
    street.
      The broker here his spacious beaver wears,
   Upon his brow sit jealousies and cares;
   Bent on some mortgage, to avoid reproach,
   He seeks bystreets, and saves to' expensive coach.
                                           Gay.
  By-view', bi'vu'. «. ^.Private self-interest-
    ed purpose.
      No by-views of  his own shall  mislead  him.
                                      Atterbury.
  By-walk, bi'wawk'.  «. s. A private walk;
    not the main road.
      He moves  afterwards in by-walks, or underplots,
  as diversions to the main design, lest it should grow
  tedious; though they are still naturally joined.
                                      Dryden.
    The chief avenue ought to be the most ample and
  noble; but there should be by-icalks, to retire into
  sometimes, for ease and refreshment.     Broome.
By-way,  bi'wa'. to.  s.  A private and ob-
  scure way.

    Night stealths are commonly driven in by-ways,
  and by blind fords, unused of any but such like.
                            Spenser on Ireland.
        Other by-ways he himself betook,
  Where never foot of living wight did tread.
                                      Spenser,
    Wholly abstain, or wed: toy bounteous Lord
  Allows thee choice of paths; take no by-ways,
    But gladly welcome what he doth afford;
  Nor  grudging that toy lust hath bounds and stays.
                                      Herbert.
    A servant, or a favourite, if he be in want, and no
  other apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought
  but a by-way to close corruption.           Bacon.
    This is wonderfully diverting to the understanding,
  thus  to receive a precept, as it were,  through a
  by-way, and to apprehend an idea that draws a whole
  train after it.                        Addison.
 By-west, be-west', to. s. Westward;  to the
   west of.
     Whereupon grew that by-word, used by the Irish,
  that they dwelt by-west the law, which dwelt beyond
  the river of the Barrow.       Davies on Ireland

 By-word, bi'wilrd'. to. s. A saying;  a pro-
   verb.
     Bashful Henry be depos'd; whose cowardice
  Hath made us by-words to our enemies.     Shaksp.
     I  knew a wise man, that  had it for a by-word,
  when he saw men hasten to a conclusion, Stay a
   little,  that we may  make an end the  sooner.
                                         Bacon.
     We are become a by-word among the nations for
   our ridiculous feuds  and animosities.     Addison.
     It will be his lot often to  look singular,  in loose
   and licentious  times, and to  become a by-word and
   a reproach among the men of wit and pleasure.
                                      •fltferbttri/.
 By'ass, bi'as.  to. s. See  Bias.
     Every inordinate  lust is a false byass upon men's
   understandings, which naturally draws towards athe-
   ism.                               Tillotson.

 Bye, bi. or Bee, comes  immediately from
    the Saxon by, byrng,  i.  e. a dwelling.
                                      Gibson.
 By'zantine,  biz'an-tine.1*9   See  Bizan-
    tine. Byzantine is the true orthogra-
    phy.
c.
       CTHE third letter,  of the alphabet,
    J  has two sounds; one  like k, as call,
   clock,  craft,  coal, companion,  cunei-
  form; the other as *, as Cesar, cessation,
   cinder. It sounds like k before a, o, u, or
   a consonant;  and  like * before e, i, and y.
Cab,  kab. to.  a. [3p] A Hebrew measure,
   containing  about  three  pints English,
   or  the  eighteenth  part of the ephah.
CAB A'L, ka-baT. n. s. [cabale, Fr. TTWp,
   tradition.]
1.  The secret science of the Hebrew rab-
  bins.
2. A body of men united in some close de-
  sign.   A cabal differs from  a party,  as
  few from many.
    She often interposed her royal authority to break
  the  cabals  which  were forming against her first
  ministers.                           Addison.
3. Intrigue;  some thing less than conspi-
  racy.
    When each, by curs'd cab Is of women strove,
  To draw th' indulgent king to partial love. Dryden.
To Caba'l, ka-baT. v. n. [cabaler,Fr.] To
   form  close  intrigues; to  intrigue;  to
   unite in small parties.
    His mournful friends, summon'd to take  their
        leaves,
  Are throng'd about his couch, and sit in council;
  What those caballing captains may design,
  I must prevent, by being first in action.    Dryden.
Ca'balist, kab'a-list.  to. a.   [from cabal.]
   One skilled in  the traditions of the He-
   brews.
     Then Jove thus spake: with care and pain 
CAB
CAB
CAC
   We form'd this name, renown'd in rhime,
     Not thine, immortal Neufgermain!
   Cost studious cabalist more time.          Swift.
Caballi'stical, kab-a-lis'te-kal. )   ,.
Caballi'stick, kab-a-lis'tik.     5
   [from cabal.] Something that has an oc-
   cult meaning.
    The letters  are caballistical,  and carry more in
  them than it is proper for the world to be acquain-
  ted with.                             Addison.
    He taught him to repeat two caballistick words in
  pronouncing of which the whole secret consisted.
                                     Spectator.
Caba'ller, ka-b&l'ltir. to. *. [from cabal.]
   He that  engages  with  others  in close
   designs; an intriguer.
    Factious and rich, bold at the council  board;
  But, cautious in the field, he shunn'd the sword;
  A closecaballer, and tongue-valiant lord.   Dryden.
Ca'balline,   ka-bal'lin. adj.  [eaballinus,
   Lat.] Belonging to a horse; as, caballine
   aloes, or horse aloes.
CA'BARET, ka-bar'ra. n. s. [French.] A
   tavern.
    Suppose this servant, passing by some cabaret or
  tennis-court where his comrades were drinking or
  playing, should stay with them, and drink or play
  away his money.         Bramhall against Hobbes.
CA BBAGE, kab-bidjge.90 to. a. [cabus, Fr.
   brassica, Lat.] A plant.
    The leaves are large, fleshy, and of a  glaucous
  colour; the flowers consist of four leaves, which are
  succeeded by long taper  pods, containing several
  round  acrid seeds.   The species  are,  cabbage.
  Savoy cabbage. Broccoli.  The cauliflower.  The
  musk cabbage.  Branching tree cabbage, from the
  sea coast.  Colewort. Perennial  Alpine colewort.
  Perfoliated wild cabbage, &c.              Miller.
    Cole cabbage, and coleworts, are soft and demul-
  cent, without any acidity; the jelly or juice of red
  cabbage, baked in  an oven, and mixed with honey,
  is an excellent pectoral.         Arbuthnot onAlim.
To Ca'bbage, kab'bidje. v. n.  To form a
   head; as, the plants begin to cabbage.
To Ca'bbage, kab'bid;e. v. a. [a cant word
   among  taylors.]  To steal  in  cutting
   clothes.
    Your taylor, instead of shreads, cabbages whole
  yards of cloth.                       Arbuthnot.
Ca'ubage-tree, kab'bidje-tree.  to. s.  A
   species ofpalmtree.

    It is very common in the Caribbee islands, where
  it grows to a prodigious height.  The leaves of this
  tree envelope each other,  so that those  which  are
  inclosed, being deprived  of the air, are blanched;
  which is the part the inhabitants cut for plaits for
  hats, and the young shoots are pickled: but when-
  ever this part is cut out, the trees are destroyed; nor
  do  toey rise again from toe old roots; so that there
  are very few trees left remaining near plantations.
                                       Miller.
Ca'bbage-worm, kab'bije-wtirm. to. s. An
  insect.
CA'BIN,  kab'bin. to. s. [cabane, Fr.  cha-
  bin,  Welsh, a cottage.]
1. A small  room.
  So long in secret cabin there he held
    Her captive to his sensual desire,
  Till that with  timely fruit her belly swell'd,
    And bore a boy unto a savage sire.       Spenser.
2. A small  chamber in a ship.
    Give thanks you  have  lived so long, and make
  yourself ready, in your  cabin, for the mischance of
  toe hour,  if it so happen.             Shakspeare.
    Men may not expect the use of many cabins, and
  safety at once, in the sea service.        Raleigh.
    The chessboard, we say, is in the same place it
  was, if it remain in the same part ofthe cabin though
  the ship sails all the while.                Locke.
3. A cottage, or small house.
    Come from marble bow'rs, many times the gay
         harbour of anguish,
  Unto a silly cabin, though weak, yet stronger against
        woes.                           Sidney.
    Neither should that odious custom be allowed of
  flaying off toe green surface of the ground, to cover
  their cabins, or make up their ditches.      Swift.
4. A tent, or temporary habitation.
    Some of green boughs their slender cabins frame,
  Some lodged were Tortosa's streets about. Fairfax.
To Ca'bin, kab'bin. v. n. [from the noun.]
   To live in a cabin.
    I'll make you feed on berries and on roots,
  And feed on curds and  whey, and suck the goat,
  And cabin in a cave.                 Shakspeare.
To Ca'bin, kab'bin. v. a.  To confine  in a
   cabin.
    Fleance is 'scap'd; I had else been perfect,
  As broad and general as toe casing air;
  But now I'm cobin'o", cribb'd, confin'd, bound in,
  To saucy doubts and fear.            Shakspeare.
Ca'bined, kab'bind.382 adj. [from cabin.]
   Belonging to a cabin.
     The nice morn, on the Indian steep,
  From her cabin'd loophole peep.         Milton.
CA'BINET, kab'in-et. to. a. [cabinet, Fr.]
1. A closet;  a small room.
     At both corners of the farther side, let there be
  two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly
  hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cu-
  pola in the midst, and all  other elegancy that  may
  be thought on.                         Bacon,
2. A hut or small house.
     Hearken awhile in thy green cabinet,
  The laurel song of careful  Colinet.        Spenser.
3. A private room in which consultations
   are held.
    You began  in the cabinet what you afterwards
  practised in the camp.                  Dryden.
4. A set of boxes or drawers for curiosi-
   ties; a private box.
    Who sees a soul in such a body set,
  Might love the treasure for the cabinet. Ben Jonson.
    In vain the workman shew'd his wit,
  With rings and hinges  counterfeit,
  To make it seem, in this disguise,
  A cabinet  to vulgar eyes.                Swift.
5. Any place in which things  of value  are
   hidden.
    Thy breast hath ever been the cabinet,
  Where I have lock'd my secrets.        Denham.
    We cannot discourse ofthe secret, but by describ-
  ing our duty; but so  much duty must needs open a
  cabinet of mysteries.                    Taylor.
Ca'binet-cjouncil, kab'in-et-koun'sil. n.s.
1. A council held in a private manner, with
   unusual privacy and confidence.
    The doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in
  some kings times, hath introduced cabinet-councils.
                                       Bacon.
2. A select  number of privy  counsellors
   supposed to be  particularly trusted.
    From the highest to the lowest it is universally
  read; from the cabinet-council to the nursery. Gay.
Ca'binet-makeu, kab'in-et-ma'kur.  to. s.
   [from  cabinet  and  make.]   One that
   makes small nice drawers or boxes.
    The root of an old white thorn will make very fine
  boxes and combs; so that they would be of great use
  for the  cobinef-wiafcers, as well as toe  turners, and
  others.                             Mortimer.
Ca'ble, ka'bl.406 to. s. [cabl, Welsh; cabel,
   Dutch.]   The  great rope  of a ship to
   which the anchor is fastened.
    What though the mast be now blown overboard,
  The cabfe  broke, the holding anchor lost,
  And half our sailors swallow'd in the flood,
  Yet lives our pilot still ?             Shakspeare.
    The length of the cable is the life of the ship in
  all extremities; and the reason is, because it makes
  so many bendings and waves, as the ship, riding at
  that  length, is not able to stretch it; and nothing
  breaks that is not stretched.             Raleigh.
    The cables crack; the sailors fearful cries
  Ascend; and sable night involves the skies. Dryden
Ca'burxs, ka'burnz.  to. s.   Small ropes
   used in  ships.                       Diet.
Ca'cao, See Chocolate nut.
Cache'ctical, ka-kek'te-kal. } adj. [from
Cache'ctick, ka-kek'tik.     $ cachexy.]
   Having  an  ill habit  of body; showing an
   ill  habit.
    Young and florid blood, rather than vapid and ca-
  chectical.                    Arbuthnot on Air.
    The crude chyle swims in the blood, and appears
  as milk in  the blood, of some persons who are ca-
  chectic.                               Floyer.
CACHE'XY, kak'kek-se."7 to. s. [*»#«$-
   /«.]  A general word to express a great
   variety of symptoms:  most  commonly
   it denotes such a  distemperature ofthe
   humours,   as  hinders  nutrition,  and
   weakens the vital and animal functions;
   proceeding from weakness of the fibres,
   and  an  abuse of  the nonnaturals,  and
   often from  severe acute distempers.
                        Arbuthnot on Diet.
Cachinna'tion,  kak-kin-na'shiln.353 n. s.
   [cachinnatio,  Lat.]   A  loud laughter.
                                       Diet.
Ca'ckerel,  kak'ur-il.66fi 89  to. s.  A fish,
   said to make those  who eat it laxative.
To CA'CKLE, kak'kl.405 v. to. [kaeckelen,
   Dutch.]
1. To make a noise  as a goose.
    The nightingale, if she  should sing by day,
  When every goose is cackling, would be thought
  No better a musician than the wren.   Shakspeare.
    Or rob the Roman geese of all their glories,
  And save the state, by cackling to the tories. Pope.
2. Sometimes it is used for the noise of a
   hen.
    The trembling widow,  and her daughters twain,
  This woeful cackling cry with horrour heard
  Of those distracted damsels in the yard.   Dryden.
3. To laugh;  to giggle.
    Nic grinned, cackled, and laughed, till he was like
  to kill himself,  and fell a frisking and dancing about
  toe room.                         Arbuthnot.
4. To talk idly; to prattle.
Ca'ckle, kak'kl. to. «.  [from the verb.]
I. The voice  of a goose or fowl.
    The silver goose before the shining gate
  There flew, and by her cacfefe sav'd the state. Dryd.
2. Idle talk; prattle.
Ca'ckler, kak'lur.98  to. s.  [from cackle]
1. A fowl that cackles.
2. A telltale;  a tatler.
Cacochy'mical, kak-ko-kim'e-kal.  >   ..
CAcocHY'MicK,kak-k6-kim'ik.363609 £ a J'
   [from cacochymy.]   Having the  hu-
   mours corrupted.
    It will prove very advantageous, if only cacochy-
  mick, to clarify his blood with a laxative.   Harvey.
    If  the body be cacochymical, the tumours are apt
  to degenerate into very venomous and malignant ab-
  scesses.                            Wiseman.
    The ancient writers distinguished putrid fevers,
  by putrefaction of blood,  choler,  melancholy,  and
  phlegm; and this is to be  explained by an  efferves-
  cence  happening in a particular cacochymical blood.
                                       Floyer.
CACOCHY'MY, kak'ko-kim-me.  n. a.
   [kxko%vim*.]  A depravation of the hu« 
CAD
C AG
C AK
  mours from a sound state,  to what the
  physicians call by a general name of a
  cacochymy.  Spots, and discolorations of
  the skin, are signs of weak  fibres;  for
, the lateral vessels, which lie out of the
  road of  circulation,  let  gross humours
  pass, which could not, if the vessels had
  their due degree of stricture. Arbuthnot.
    Strong beer, a liquor that attributes  the half of
  its ill qualities to the hops, consisting of an acrimo-
  nious fiery nature, sets toe blood, upon the least ca-
  cochymy, into an orgasmus.             Harvey.
Caco'phony,  ka-kof'o-ne.618 to. s.  [x,xxo<p-
  Mta,.] A bad sound of words.
    These things shall lie by, till you come to carp at
  them, and alter rhimes, grammar, hiplets, and ca-
  cophonies of all kinds.             Pope to Swift.
To  Cacu'minate,  ka-ku'me-nate. v.  a.
   [cacumino, Lat.]  To  make  sharp or
   pyramidal.                          Diet.
Cada'verous,  ka-dav'e-rus.  adj.  [cada-
   ver,  Lat.] Having the appearance of  a
   dead carcass;  having the qualities of  a
   dead carcass.
    In vain do they scruple to approach the dead, who
  livingly are cadaverous, for fear of any outward pol-
  lution, whose temper pollutes themselves.  Brown.
    The urine, long detained  in the bladder, as  well
  as glass, will grow red, foetid, cadaverous, and al-
  kaline.  The case is the same with the stagnant
  waters of hydropical persons.         Arbuthnot.
Ca'ddis,  kad'dis. to. s. [This word is used
   in  Erse for the  variegated clothes of
   the Highlanders.]
1. A kind of  tape or ribbon.
    He hath ribbons of all the colours of the rainbow;
  inkles, caddises, cambricks, lawns; why, he sings
  them over as if they were gods and goddesses. Shak.
2.  A  kind of worm  or grub  found in  a
   case of straw.
    He loves toe mayfly, which is bred ofthe codworm,
  or caddis; and these make the trout bold and lusty.
                              IFaffon's Angler.
Cade, kade. adj. [It is deduced, by  Skin-
   ner,  from  cadeler, Fr. an old  word,
   which  signifies  to breed up tenderly.]
   Tame; soft; delicate;  as, a cade  lamb, a
   lamb bred  at home.
 To Cade, kade. v.a. [from the noun.] To
   breed up in softness.
Cade, kade.  to. s.  [cadus, Lat.] A barrel.
    We John Cade, so termed of our supposed father.
  ----Or rather of stealing a cade of herrings. Shaksp.
    Soon as thy liquor from the narrow cells
  Of close press'd husks is freed, thou must refrain
  Thy thirsty soul; let none persuade to broach
  Thy thick, unwholesome, undigested cades. Philips.
Cade-worm, kade'w&rm. to. s. The same
   with caddis.
Ca'dence,  ka'dense. >     r   ,      ^  -.
„  ,         , ,,J2    , >  to.*. \ cadence, Fr. 1
Ca'dency,  ka'den-se.)     L             J
 1. Fall; state  of sinking; decline.
    Now was  the sun in western cadence  low
  From noon;  and gentle airs, due at their hours,
  To fan the earth, now wak'd.            Milton.
2. The  fall of the  voice; sometimes  the
   general modulation of the  voice.
    The sliding, in the close or cadence, hath an agree-
  ment with the figure in  rhetorick, which they call
  prozter expectatum; for there is a pleasure even  in
  being deceived.                        Bacon.
    There be words not made with lungs,
  Sententious show'rs! 0 let them fall!
  Their cadence is rhetorical.             Crashaw.
3. The flow of  verses, or periods.
    The words, the versification, and all the other ele-
  gancies of sound, as cadences, and torns of words
  upon the toought, perform exactly the same office
  both in dramatick and epick poetry.      Dryden.
    The cadency of one line must be a rule to that of
  the next; as the sound ofthe former must slide gently
  into that which follows.                 Dryden.
4. The tone or sound.
            Hollow rocks retain
  The sound of blust'ring winds, which all night long
  Had rous'd the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
  Sea-faring men, o'erwatch'd.            Milton.
    He hath a confus'd remembrance of words since
  he left the university; he  hath lost half their mean-
  ing, and puts them together with no regard, except
  to their cadence.                        Swift.
5. In horsemanship.
    Cadence is an equal measure or proportion which
  a horse observes in all his motions, when he is tho-
  roughly managed.               Famer's Diet.
Ca'dent, ka'dent. adj. [cadens, Lat.] Fall-
   ing down.
Cade't, ka-d£t'. to.  s.  [cadet, Fr.  pro-
   nounced cade.]
1. The younger brother.
2. The youngest brother.
    Joseph was the youngest of the twelve, and David
  the eleventh son, and the cadet of Jesse.   Brown.
3. A volunteer  in  the army, who serves
   in  expectation of a commission.
Ca'dew, ka-du'. to. s. A  straw worm.  See
   Caddis.                           Diet.
Ca'dger,  kad'jur.  to. s.  [from  cadge, or
   cage, a panier.]  A huckster;  one who
   brings butter, eggs, and poultry, from
   the country to market.
CA'DI, ka'de. to. s.  A magistrate  among
   the Turks, whose  office seems nearly to
   answer to  that of a justice of  peace.
Cadi'llack, ka-dil'lak.TO. s. A sort of pear.
CM'CIAS, se'se-az.  to. a. [Lat.] A  wind
   from the north-east.
                Now from the north,
   Boreas and Cozcias, and  Argestes loud,
   And Thracias, rend toe woods, and seas upturn.
                                     Milton.
Cesa'rean,  se-za're-an. See Cesarian.
CMSU'HA, se-zu'ra.479 4S0 to. s. [Lat.]  A
   figure in poetry, by which a short sylla-
   ble after a complete foot is made long.
CA'FTAJST, kaftan, n.s.  [Persick.] A Per-
   sian or Turkish vest or garment.
Cag, kag. to. s. A barrel  or wooden vessel,
   containing four or  five gallons.  Some-
   times keg.
CAGE, kaje. to. s. [cage, Fr. from cavea,
   Lat.]
 1. An  inclosure of twigs or wire, in which
   birds are kept.
    See whether a cage can please a bird? or whether
   a dog grow not fiercer with tying?        Sidney.
    He taught me how to know a man in love;  in
   which cage of rushes, I am sure you are not a pri-
   soner.                            Shakspeare.
    Though slaves, like birds that sing not in a cage,
   They lost toeir genius, and poetick rage;
   Homers again and Pindars may be found,
   And his great actions with toeir numbers crown'd.
                                      Waller.
     And pareots, imitating human tongue,
   And singing birds in silver cages hung;
   And ev'ry fragrant flow'r, and od'rous green,
   Were sorted well, with lumps of amber laid betwe.-
                                     Dryd.
     A man recurs to our  fancy, by remembori.ir
   garment; a beast, bird, or fish, Iry the cage, or u nr
   yard,  or cistern, wherein it was kept.       V, ,.< •
     The reason why so few marriages are happy, is,
  because young ladies spend their time in making
  nets, not in making cages.                Swift.
2. A place for  wild beasts, inclosed with
  pallisadoes.
3. A prison for petty malefactors.
To  Cage, kaje. v. a. [from the noun.] To
  inclose in a cage.
    He swoln, and pamper'd, with high fare,
  Sits down, and snorts, cag'd in his basket chair.
                                     Donne.
CAT MAN, ka'man.88 to. *.  The American
  name of a  crocodile.
To  CAJO'LE, ka-jole'. v. a.  [cageoller,
  Fr.]  To flatter; to sooth; to  coax:  a low
  word.
    Thought he 'tis no mean part of civil,
  State prudence, to cajole the devil.      Hudibras.
    The one affronts him, while the other cajoles and
  pities him: takes up his quarrel, shakes his head  at
  it, claps his hand upon his breast, and then protests
  and protests.                      L'Estrange.
    My  tongue that wanted to cajole
  I try'd, but not a word would troll.       Rymer.
CAjo'LER,ka-j6'lur. to. s. [from cajole]  A
  flatterer; a  wheedler.
Cajo'lery, ka-jo'lur-re.5ss to. s. [cajolerie,
  Fr.]  Flattery.
CA'ISSOJY, ka-sone\ to. s. [French.]
1. A chest of bombs or powder, laid in the
  enemy's way, to be  fired at their ap-
  proach.
2. A wooden  case  in which the  piers  of
  bridges are built within the water.
Cai'tiff, ka'tif. to. *. [cattivo, Ital. a slave;
  whence it  came to signify  a bad  man,
  with   some implication of meanness;  as
  knave in English, and fur in Latin;  so
  certainly does slavery destroy virtue.
   ' H/u.ta-v t»c aefiTtie eurtatvulm Shkoiov  »y.a.g.
                                    Homer.
  A slave and a scoundrel are signified by
  the same words in many languages.]  A
  mean villain; a despicable knave;it often
  implies a mixture of wickedness and
  misery.
    Vile caitiff!  vassal of dread and despair,
  Unworthy ofthe common breathed air!
  Why livest thou, dead dog,  a longer day,
  And dost not unto death thyself prepare?  Spenser.
                'Tis not impossible
  But one, the wicked'st caitiff on the ground,
  May seem as shy, as grave, as just, as absolute,
  As Angelo.                       Shakspeare.
    The wretched caitiff, all  alone,
  As he  believ'd, began to moan,
  And tell his story to himself.           Hudibras.
CAKE, kake. to. s. [cuch, Teutonick.]
 1. A kind of delicate bread.
    You must be seeing christenings!  do you look  for
  ale and cakes here, you rude rascals?  Shakspeare.
    My cake is dough, but I'll in among the rest,
  Out of hope of all but my share of the feast.  Shaksp.
    The dismal day was come; the priests  prepare.
  Their leaven'dcafces, and fillets for my hair. Dryden.
 2.  Any thing of a form  rather flat than
   high; by which it is sometimes distin-
   guished from a loaf.
    There is a cake that groweth upon the side of a
  dead tree, that hath gotten no name, but  it is large,
  and of a chestnut colour, and hard and pithy. Bacon.
  . Concreted matter; coagulated matter.
     Then when the fleecy skies new cloath the wood,
  And cakes of rustling ice come rolling down toe flood.
                                     Dryden.
  '"o Cake, kake v. re. [from the noun.] To
   harden, as dough in the  oven. 
CAL
CAL
CAL
    This burning matter, as it sunk very leisurely, had
   time to caifce together, and form the bottom, which
   covers toe mouth of that dreadful vault that lies un-
   derneath it.                         Addison.
            This is that very Mab,
   That plats the  manes of horses in the night,
   And cakes toe elflocks in foul sluttish hairs. Shaksp.
            He rins'd the wound,
   And wash'd away the strings and clotted blood,
   That cak'd within.                    Addison.
Calaba'sh Tree, kal'a-bash-tree.
    It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, divided at
   the brim into several parts; from whose cup rises the
   pointal, in the  hinder part of the flower; which af-
   terwards becomes a fleshy fruit, having an hard shell.
   They rise to toe height of twerfty-five or thirty feet
   in the West-Indies, where toey grow naturally.  The
   shells are used by the negroes for cups, as also for
   making instruments of music, by making a hole in
   the  shell, and putting in small stones, with which
   toey make a sort of rattle.               Miller.
Calama'nco,  kal-a-mang'ko. re.*,  [a word
   derived, probably by some accident, from
   calamancus, Lat. which, in the  middle
   ages, signified a hat.] A kind of woollen
   stuff.
    He was of a bulk and stature larger than ordina-
   ry, had a red coat, flung  open to show a calamanco
   waistcoat.                             Tatler.

Ca'lamine, or  Lapis  Calaminaris, kal'a-
   mine.148 to.  a.  A kind of fossile bitumi-
   nous  earth, which,  being  mixed with
   copper, changes it into brass.
    We must not omit those, which, though not of so
  much beauty, yet are of greater use, viz. loadstones,
  whetstones of all kinds, limestones, calamine, or fa-
  pis calaminaris.                        Locke.
Ca'lamint, kal'a-mint. to. a.  [calamintha,
   Lat.] The  name of a plant.
Cala'mitous, ka-lam'e-tus. adj. [calami-
   tosus, Lat.]
1. Miserable;  involved in distress; oppres-
   sed with infelicity; unhappy; wretched:
   applied to men.
    This is a gracious  provision God Almighty hath
  made in favour of toe necessitous and calamitous;
  the state of some, in this  life, being so  extremely
  wretched and deplorable, if compared with others.
                                     Calamy.
2. Full of  misery; distressful: applied to
   external circumstances.
    What calamitous effects toe air of this city wrought
  upon us the last year, you may read in my discourse
  of the plague.          Harvey on Consumptions.
            Strict necessity
  Subdues me, and calamitous constraint!
  Lest on my head both sin and punishment,
  However insupportable, be all
  Devolv'd.                            Milton.
          Much rather I shall chuse
  To live the poorest in my tribe, than richest,
  And be in that calamitous prison left.     MUton.
    In this sad and calamitous condition, deliverance
  from an oppressour would have even revived them.
                                       South.
Cala'mitousness,  ka-lam'e-tils-n£s.  to. *.
   [from calamitous.]  Misery; distress.
CALA'MITY,ka-lam'e-te.re.s. [ca/amttas,
   Lat.]
1. Misfortune; cause of misery; distress.
    Another ill accident is drought, and the spindling
  of the corn, which with us is rare, but in hotter coun-
  tries common;  insomuch as  the  word calamUy was
  first derived from calamus, when the corn could not
  get out of the stalk.                    Bacon.
2. Mis<-'y; distress.
    This infinite  calamity shall cause
  To human life,  and household peace confound. Milt.
    From adverse shores in safety let her hear
      VOL. I.
  Foreign calamity, and distant war;
  Of which, great heav'n, let her no portion bear.
                                       Prior.
CA'LAM(IS,kiYa-mtiiS. to. a. [Lat.] A sort
   of reed or sweet-scented wood, mention-
   ed in scripture with the other ingredi-
   ents of  the sacred perfumes.  It is  a
   knotty root, reddish without, and white
   within, which  puts  forth long and nar-
   row leaves, and brought from the Indies.
   The prophets speak of  it as a  foreign
   commodity of great value. These sweet
   reeds have no smell when they are green,
   but when they are  dry only.  Their form
   differs not  from other reeds, and  their
   smell  is perceived upon entering the
   marshes.                        Calmet.
    Take thou also unto thee principal spices of pure
  myrrh, of sweet cinnamon, and of sweet calamus.
                              Exodus, xxx. 23.
Cala'sh, ka-lash'. to. a. [caleche, Fr.]  A
   small carriage of pleasure.
    Daniel, a sprightly swain, toat us'd to slash
  The vig'rous steeds, that drew his lord's calash. King.
    The ancients used calashes, toe figures of several
  of them being to be seen on ancient monuments.
  They are very simple, light, and drove by the trav-
  eller himself.               Arbuthnot on Coins.
Ca'lceated, kal'she-a-ted.480 adj. [calcea-
  tus, Lat.]  Shod; fitted  with  shoes.
CALCEDO'JVIUS,  kal-se-do'ne-us. to. s.
   [Lat.]  A kind  of precious stone.
    Calcedonius is of toe agate kind,  and of a misty
  grey, clouded with blue, or with purple.  Woodward.
To Ca'loinate,  kal'se-nate. See To Cal-
   cine.
    In hardening, by baking without melting, toe heat
  hath these degrees; first, it indurate th, then maketh
  fragile, and lastly it doth calcinate.          Bacon.
Calcina'tion, kal-se-na'shvin. «. s. [from
   calcine;  calcination, Fr.]  Such a ma-
  nagement  of bodies by fire, as renders
   them reducible to  powder; wherefore it
  is called chymical pulverization.   This
  is the next  degree  of the power of fire
  beyond that of fusion; for when fusion is
   longer continued,  not only the more
   subtile particles of the body itself fly off,
   but the particles of fire likewise insinu-
  ate themselves in such multitudes, and
   are so blended  through its whole sub-
   stance, that the fluidity, first caused by
   the fire, can no longer subsist.   From
   this union arises a third  kind  of body,
   which, being very porous and brittle, is
   easily reduced to powder; for, the fire
   having  penetrated  every where into the
   pores of the body,  the particles are both
   hindered from mutual  contact,  and  di-
   vided into  minute  atoms.       Quincy.
    Divers residences of  bodies are thrown away, as
  soon as the distillation or calcination of the body that
  yieldeth them  is ended.                   Boyle.
    This may be effected, but not without a calcination,
  or reducing it by art into a subtile powder. Brown.
Calci'natory,  kal-sin'a-tiir-e.812   to.   a.
   [from  calcinate.] A vessel used  in cal-
   cination.
To CALCI'NE, kal-sine'. v. a.  [calciner,
   Fr. from calx, Lat.]
I.  To burn in the fire to  a  calx,or friable
   substance.  See Calcination.
    The solids seem  to be earth, bound together with
                   Kk
  some oil; for if a bone be calcined, so as the lea«t
  force will crumble it, being immersed in oil, it will
  grow firm again.          Arbuthnot on Aliments
 2.  To burn up.
    Fiery disputes that union have calcin'd,
  Almost as many minds as men we find.    Denham
 To Calci'ne, kal-sine'. v. to. To become
  a calx by heat.
    This chrystal is a pellucid fissile stone, clear as
  water,  and without colour, enduring a red heat
  without losing its transparency, and, in a very strong
  heat, calcining without fusion.  Neioton's Opticks.
 To CA'LCULATE,  kal'ku-late.  v.  a.
  [calculer, Fr. from calculus, Lat. a little
  stone or bead, used in operations of num-
  bers.]
 I. To compute; to reckon: as, he calcu-
  lates  his expences.
2. To compute the situation ofthe planets
  at any certain time.
    A cunning man did calculate my birth
  And told me, toat by water I should die. Shakspeare.
    Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts,
  Why old men, fools, and children calculate,
  Why all those things change from their ordinance?
                                  Shakspeare.
    Who were there then in toe world, to observe toe
  births of those first men, and calculate their nativities,
  as toey sprawled out of ditches.          Bentley.
3, To adjust; to project for any certain end.
    The reasonableness of religion clearly appears, as
  it tends so directly to toe happiness of men, and is,
  upon all accounts, calculated for our benefit. Tillots.
To  Ca'lculate,  kal'ku-late. v.  to. To
  make a computation.
Calculation, kal-ku-la'sh&n. to. a. [from
  calculate.]
I. A practice, or  manner  of reckoning;
  the art of numbering.
    Cypher, that great friend to calculation; or rather,
  which changeth calculation into easy computation.
                              Holder on Time.
2. A reckoning; the  result of arithmeti-
  cal operation.
    If then their calculation he true,  for so they rec-
  kon.                                Hooker.
    Being different from catcufafions of toe ancients,
  toeir observations confirm not ours.       Brown.
Calcula'tor, kal'kvi-la-tdr.621 to. s. [from
  calculate] A computer;  a reckoner.
Ca'lculatory,   karku-li-tur-e.*13   adj.
  [from calculate.] Belonging to calcula-
  tion.
Ca'lcule, kal'kule. to. a. [calculus,  Lat.]
  Reckoning; compute: obsolete.
    The general calcule, which was made in the last
  perambulation, exceeded eight millions.    Howel.
Ca'lculose, kal-ku-lose'. } adj. [fromcal-
Ca'lculous, kal'ku-lus.  5   cuius,  Lat.]
  Stony; gritty.
    The volatile salt of urine will  coagulate spirits of
  wine; and thus, perhaps, the stones, or cafcnfose con-
  cretions in the kidneys or bladder, may be produced.
                       Broivn's Vulgar Errours.
    I have found, by opening the kidneys  of a calcu-
  lous person, that the stone is formed earlier  than I
  have suggested.                        Sharp.
 CA'LCULUS,  kal'ku-lus. re. a.  [Latin.]
  The stone in the bladder.
Ca'ldron, kawl'drum.168 re. *. [chauldron,
  Fr. from  calidus, Lat.] A  pot; a boiler;
  a kettle.
                In the midst of all
  There placed was a caldron wide and tall,
  Upon a mighty furnace, burning  hot. Fairy  Queen.
    Some strip toe skin; some portion out the spoil-
  The limbs, yet trembling, in the caldrons boil; 
CAL
CAL
CAL
  Some on the fire the reeking entrails broil. Dryden.
    In toe late eruptions, this great hollow was like a
  vast caldron, filled with glowing and melted matter,
  which, as it boiled over in any part, ran down the
  sides of the mountain.                 Addison.
Cale'che, ka-letsh'.  The same  with Ca-
   lash.
Calefa'ction, kal-e-fak'shiin. n. s. [from
   calefacio, Lat.]
 1.  The act of heating any  thing.
2.  The state of being heated.
Calefa'ctive, kal-e-fak'tiv.  adj.  [from
   calefacio, Lat.]  That  which makes any
   thing hot; heating.
Calefa'ctory, kal-e-fak'tftr-e. adj. [from
   calefacio, Lat.]  That which heats.
 To CA'LEFY,  kal-e-fi.183 v. re.  [calefo,
   Lat.] To grow hot; to be heated.
     Crystal will calefy  unto electricity;  that is,  a
   power to  attract straws, or light bodies,  and convert
   the needle, freely placed  Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 To Ca'lefy, kal'e-f i.183 v. a. To make hot.

 Ca'lendar,  kal'en-dur.88  n.s. [calendari-
   um,L>at.] A registerof the year, in which
   the months, and stated times, are  mark-
   ed; as  festivals and holydays.
    What hath this day deserv'd.'what hath it done,
   That it in golden letter should be set
   Among the high tides, in  toe calendar.  Shakspeare.
    We  compute from calendars differing from one
   another; the compute ofthe one anticipating that of
   the other.                            Brown.
    Curs'd be the day when first I did appear;
   Let it be blotted from toe calendar,
   Lest it pollute the month!       Dryden's Fables.
 To CA'LENDER, kal'en-dur.88 v. a. [cal-
   endrer, Fr.  Skinner.]  To dress cloth; to
   lay the nap  of cloth smooth.
Ca'lender, kal'en-dur.88 to. *. [from  the
   verb.]  A hot press; a press in  which
   clothiers smooth their cloth.

Ca'lendrer, kal'en-drdr.  to.  a. [from ca-
   lender.] The person who calenders.
Ca'lends, kal'endz.  re.  a.  [calendar, Lat.
   It has  no  singular.] The first  day  of
   every month among the  Romans.
Ca'lenture, kal'en-tshure.461 n. s. [from
   caleo,  Lat.] A distemper  peculiar to
   sailors  in  hot climates; wherein they
   imagine the sea to  be  green fields, and
   will throw themselves into it.   Quincy.
    And for that lethargy was there no cure,
   But to be cast into a calenture.          Denham.
    So, by  a calenture misled,
   The mariner with rapture sees,
    On the smooth ocean's azure bed,
  Enamell'd fields, and verdant trees:
    With eager haste he longs  to rove
  In that fantastic scene, and thinks
    It must be some enchanted grove;
  And in he leaps, and down he sinks.         Swift.
Calf, kaf.40178 to. a. calves in  the plural.
   [cealp, Saxon; kalf, Dutch.]
I. The young of a cow.
    The colt hath about four years of growth; and so
  the fawn,  and so the calf.  Bacon's Mdural History.
    Acosta  tells us of a fowl in Peru, called condore,
  which will kill and eat up a whole calf at a time.  •
                                     Wilkins.
    Ah, Blouzelind! I love  thee more by half
  Than does their fawns, or cows the new-fall'n calf.
                                         Gay.
2. Calves ofthe lips, mentioned by Hosea,
   signify  sacrifices of praise and prayers,
   which the captives of Babylon address-
   ed to God, being no longer in a  condi-
   tion to offer sacrifices in his tempie.
                                    Calmet.
    Turn to the Lord, and say unto him, Take away
  all iniquity, and receive  us graciously: so will we
  render the calves of our lips.        Hosea, xiv. 2.
3. By way of contempt and reproach, ap-
   plied to a human being; a dolt; a  stupid
   wretch.
      When a child haps to be got,
    That after proves an ideot;
    When folk perceive, it thriveth not,
    Some silly doating brainless calf,
    That understands things by the half
    Says, that the fairy left toe oaf,
    And took away the other.   Drayton's Jfymphid
4. The thick, plump,  bulbous part of the
   leg.  [kalf Dutch.]
    Into her legs I'd have love's issues fall,
  And all her cat/into a gouty small.     Suckling.
    The calf of that leg blistered.    Wiseman's Surg.
Ca'liber,  kal'e-bur. to. s.  [calibre,  Fr.]
   The bore;  the diameter of the barrel of
   a gun; the diameter of a  bullet.

Ca'lice, kal'is. to. *. [calix, Lat.]  A cup;
   a  chalice.
    There is a natural analogy between the ablution
  ofthe body and the purification of the soul: between
  eating the holy bread and drinking the sacred calice,
  and a participation ofthe body and blood of Christ.
                                       Taylor.
Ca'lico, kal'e-ko. to. s. [from  Calecut in
   India.] An Indian stuff made of cotton;
   sometimes  stained with gay and beauti-
   ful colours.
    I wear the hoop petticoat, and am all in calicoes,
  when the finest are in silks.    Addison's Spectator.
Ca'lid,  kal'id.  adj.  [calidus, Lat.] Hot;
   burning; fervent.
Cali'dity, ka-lid'de-te.6" re. s. [from ca-
   lid.] Heat.
    Ice  will dissolve in any way  of heat; for it will
  dissolve  with fire,  it will colliquate in  water, or
  warm oil; nor doth it only submit into an actual heat,
  but not endure the potential calidity of many waters.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Ca'lif,   C , ,,,,p 2 n.a.   [khalifa,  Arab.
Ca'liph, I       ' 5 an heir or successor.]
   A title assumed  by the  successors of
   Mahomet  among  the   Saracens,  who
   were vested  with absolute power, in af-
   fairs both religious and  civil.

Caliga'tiow,  kal-le-ga'shun.  to. s. [from
   caligo,  Lat.  to be   dark.]   Darkness;
   cloudiness.
    Instead of a diminution, or imperfect vision, in
  the mole, we affirm an abolition, or total privation;
  instead of caligation, or dimness, we conclude a ce-
  city, or blindness.                      Brown.

Cali'ginous, ka-lldge'e-nus. adj.  [caligi-
   nosus, Lat.] Obscure; dim; full of dark-
   ness.
Cali'ginousness, ka-lidje'e-nus-nes. to. s.
   [from caliginous.] Darkness; obscurity.
Ca'ligraphy, ka-lig'graf-e, to. s. [xxXiyp*-
   <pla.]  Beautiful  writing.
    This language is incapable of caligraphy.
                                    Prideaux.
Ca'lipers, kal'le-purz.98 See Callipers.
Ca'liver,  kal'e-vur.  n. s.  [from caliber]
   A handgun; a harquebuse; an old mus-
   ket.
      Come, manage me your caliver.   Shakspeare.
CA'LIX, ka'iiks. to.  a. [Latin.]  A cup: a
   word used  in  botany; as, the calix of a
   flower.
 To CALK, kawk. v. a. [from calage, Fr.
   hemp, with which  leaks are stopped;
   or from caele, Sax. the keel. Skinner]
   To stop the leaks of a ship.
    There is a great errour committed in the manner
  of calking  his majesty's  ships; which being done
  with rotten oakum, is the cause that they are leaky.
                              Raleigh's Essays.
    So here some pick out bullets from the side-
  Some drive old oakum through each seam and rift
    Their left hand does the calking iron guide
  The rattling mallet with the right they lift. Dryden
Ca'lker, kaw'kur. to.  s. [from calk]  The
   workman that stops the leaks of a ship.
    The ancients of Gebal, and the wise men thereof
  were in thee thy calkers; all the ships of the sea
  with their mariners, were in thee to occupy thy mer-
  chandize.                     Ezekiel, xxvii. 9,

Ca'lking, kaw'king. to. a.   A term in
   painting, used where  the  backside is
   covered with black lead, or  red chalk,
   and the lines traced through  on  a wax-
   ed plate, wall, or  other matter, by pas-
   sing lightly over each stroke of the de-
   sign with  a point, which leaves an im-
   pression of the colour on  the plate or
   wall.                          Chambers.

 To CALL, kawl.77 v. a. [calo, Lat. kalder,
   Danish.]
 I.  To name, to denominate.
    And God called toe light day, and the darkness he
  called night.                     - Genesis, i. 5.
 2.  To summon,  or invite, to or from any
   place, thing, or person.   It is often used
   with local particles, as up, down, in, out,

   off-
    Be not amazed; call all your senses to you; defend
  my reputation, or bid farewell to your good life for
  ever.                             Shakspeare.
    Why came not the slave back to me when I cott-
  ed him?                 Shakspeare's King Lear.
     Are you call'd forth from out  a world of men,
  To slay the innocent?    Shakspeare's Richard HI.
    Lodronius, that famous captain, was called up,
  and told by his servants that the general was fled.
                              Knolles's History.
        Or caff up him that left half told
      The story of Cambuscan bold.        Milton.
    Drunkenness caffs off the watchmen from their
  towers; and then evils proceed from a loose heart, and
  an untied tongue.           Taylor's Holy Living.
    The soul makes use of her memory, to call to
  mind what she is to treat of.       Duppa's Rules.
     Such fine employments our whole days divide;
  The salutations ofthe morning tide
   Call up the sun; those ended, to toe hall
  We wait the patron, hear toe lawyers bawl. Dryd.
    Then by consent abstain from further toils,
   Caff off the dogs, and gather up the spoils, Addison.
     By toe  pleasures of the imagination or fancy, I
  mean such as arise from visible objects, when we
  caff up their ideas into our minds by paintings, sta-
  tues, or descriptions.         Addison's Spectator.
    Why dost thou catt my sorrows up afresh?
  My father's name brings tears into my eyes. Addison.
    I am called o/Ffrom public dissertations, by a do-
  mestic affair of great importance.         Tatler.
    jEschylus has a tragedy intitled Persa,  in which
  the shade of Darius is called up. Broome on the Odijs.
    The passions caff away the thoughts, with inces-
  sant importunity,  toward toe object that excited
  them.                                Watts.
 3.  To convoke;  to summon together.
    Now call we our high court of parliament. Shak.
    The king being informed of much that had passed
  that night, sent to toe lord mayor to call a common
  council immediately.                 Clarendon. 
CAL
CAL
CAL
4.  To summon judicially.
    The king had sent for the earl  to return home,
  where he should be called to account for all his mis-
  carriages.                           Clarendon.
    Once a day, especially in the early years of life
  and study, caff yourselves to an account, what new
  ideas, what new proposition or truth, you have gain-
  ed.                                     Watts.
5. To summon by command.
    In that day did the lord God of hosts caff to weep-
  ing, and to mourning, and to baldness, and to gird-
  ing with sackcloth.               Isaiah, xxii. 12.
6. In  the theological sense, to inspire with
  ardours of piety, or to summon into the
  church.  •
    Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an
  apostle, separated unto the gospel of God. Romans.
7.  To invoke;  to appeal to.
    I caff God for a record upon my soul, that, to
  spare you, I came not as yet unto Corinth.  2 Cor.
8. To appeal to.
    When that lord perplexed their counsels and de-
  signs with inconvenient  objections in law, toe au-
  thority of the  lord Manchester, who had trod the
  same paths, was still called upon.       Clarendon.
9. To proclaim; to publish.
    Nor ballad-singer, plac'd above the crowd,
  Sings with a note so shrilling, sweet, and loud,
  Nor parish clerk, who caffs the psalm so clear. Gay.
10. To  excite; to put in  action; to bring
  into view.
             He swells with angry pride,
  And calls forth all his spots on every side. Cowley.
    See Dionysius Homer's thoughts refine,
  And call new beauties forth from ev'ry line.  Pope.
11. To stigmatize with some opprobrious
  denomination.
    Deafness  unqualifies me for all company, except
  friends; whom I  can caff names,  if toey do not speak
  loud enough.                     Swift to Pope.
12.  To  callback.  To revoke; to retract.
    He also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not
  call back his words; but will arise against toe house
  ofthe evil doers; and against the help of them that
  work iniquity.                   Isaiah, xxxi. 2.
13.  To call for. To demand; to require; to
  claim.
    Madam, his majesty doth call for you,
  And for your grace, and you, my noble lord.  Shaks.
    You see how men of merit are sought after; the
  undeserver may sleep, when a man of action is catf-
  edfor.                             Shakspeare.
    Among them he a spirit of phrensy sent,
  Who hurt their minds,
  And urg'd you on, with mad desire,
  To caff in haste for toeir destroyer.        Milton.
    For master, or for servant here to caff,
  Was all alike; where only two were all.   Dryden.
    He  commits  every sin that his appetite calls for,
  or perhaps his constitution or fortune can bear.
                                        Rogers.
 14.  To call in. To resume money at inte-
   rest.
    Horace  describes  an  old usurer, as so charmed
  with the pleasures of a country life, that, in order to
  make a purchase, he called in all his  money;  but
  what was the event of it? why, in a very few days
  after, he put it out again.      Addison's Spectator.
15.  To call in. To resume any thing that
  is in other hands.
    If clipped money be  coffecf in all at once, and
  stopped from passing by weight, I fear  it will stop
  trade.                                  Locke.
    Neither is any thing more cruel and oppressive in
  the French government,  than the practice of calling
  in toeir money, after they have sunk  it very low,
  and then coining it anew, at a higher value.   Swift.

16.  To call in.  To  summon together; to
  invite.
    The heat is past, follow me no farther now;
  Caff in the pow'rs, good cousin Westmoreland.
                                    Shakspeare.
    He fears my subjects loyalty,
  And now must caff in strangers.   Denham's Sophy.

17.  To call over.  To read aloud a list or
  muster-roll.
18.  To call out.   To  challenge;  to sum-
  mon to fight.
    When their sov'reign's quarrel caffs 'em out,
  His foes to mortal combat they defy.      Dryden.
To  Call, kawl. v. to.
1. To  stop  without intention of staying.
  This meaning probably rose from  the
  custom of denoting  one's  presence at
  the door  by  a call; but it is now  used
  with great latitude.   This sense is well
  enough preserved by the particles on or
  at; but is  forgotten,  and   the  expres-
  sion made  barbarous, by in.
2. To make a short visit.
    And, as you go, caff on my brother Quintus,
  And pray him, with the tribunes, to come to me.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    He ordered her to caff af his house once a week,
  which she did for some time after, when he heard
  no more of her.                        Temple.
    That I might begin as near the fountain-head as
  possible, I first of all calledin at St. James's. Addis.
    We caffed in at Morge, where there is an artifi-
  cial port.                      Addison on Italy.

    To call on.  To  solicit for a favour, or
  a debt.
    I would be loth to pay him before his day; what
  need I be so forward with him, that caffs not on me?
                          Shakspeare's Henry IV.
4.  To call on. To repeat solemnly.
    Thrice caff upon my name, thrice beat your breast,
  And hail me thrice to everlasting rest.     Dryden.
    The  Athenians, when  they lost  any men at  sea,
  went to the shore, and, calling thrice on their names,
  raised a cenotaph, or empty monument, to their me-
  mories.                   Broome on the Odyssey.

5.  To call upon.  To implore; to pray to.
     Caff upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver
  thee, and thou shalt glorify me.       Psalm i. 15.
Call, kawl. to. s.  [from the verb.]
1. A vocal address of summons or invita-
   tion.
     But death comes not at caff, justice divine
  Mends  not her slowest pace for pray'rs or cries.
                                       JVfiffon.
     But would you sing, and rival Orpheus' strain,
  The wond'ring forests soon should dance again;
  The moving mountains hear the powerful caff,
  And headlong streams hang list'ning in their fall.
                                         Pope.
2.  Requisition authoritative and public.
     It may be feared, whether our  nobility would
  contentedly suffer themselves to be always  at the
  caff, and to stand to the sentence,  of a number of
  mean persons.                 Hooker's Preface.
3.  Divine vocation;  summons to  true re-
   ligion.
     Yet he at length, time to himself best known,
  Rememb'ring Abraham, by some wond'rous caff,
  May bring them back repentant and sincere. Milton.
4.  A summons from  heaven; an impulse.
     How justly then will impious mortals fall,
  Whose pride would soar to heav'n without a caff.'
                                    Roscommon.
     Those who to empire by dark paths aspire,
  Still plead a caff to what they most  desire. Dryden.
     St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that
  he had a caff to  it, when he persecuted the chris-
  tians, whom he confidently  thought in the wrong;
  but yet it was he, and not they, who were mistaken.
                                         Locke.
5.  Authority; command.
                    Kk2
     Oh, Sir! I wish he were within my call, or yours.
                                       Denliam.
6. A demand; a claim.
     Dependence is a perpetual caff upon  humanity,
  and a greater incitement to tenderness and pity,
  than any other motive whatsoever.        Addison.
7. An instrument to call birds.
     For those birds  or beasts were made from such
  pipes or caffs,  as may express the several tones of
  those creatures, which are represented.    Wilkins.

8. Calling;  vocation;  employment.
    Now through the land his cure of souls he stretch 'd
  And like a primitive apostle preach'd:
  Still cheerful,  ever constant to his caff,
  By many follow'd, lov'd by most, admir'd by all.
                                       Dryden,
9. A nomination.
    Upon the sixteenth was held the serjeants feast at
  Ely place, there being nine serjeants of that caff.
                                        Bacon.

Ca'llat,  7kaVlh  Sn^  A trull.
Ca'i-let,  ^         I
    He call'd her whore: a beggar, in his drink,
  Could not have laid such terms upon his collet.
                                    Shakspeare.
Ca'lling, kawl'ling.  «.  s. [from call.]
I. Vocation;  profession; trade.
    If God  has  interwoven  such a pleasure with our
  ordinary calling, how much superiour must that be,
  which arises from the survey of a pious life? Surely,
  as much as Christianity is nobler than a trade.
                                        South.
    We find ourselves obliged to go on in honest  in-
  dustry in our callings.                   Rogers.
    I cannot forbear  warning you against endeavour-
  ing at wit in your sermons; because many of your
  calling have made themselves  ridiculous by  at-
  tempting it.                             Sw\ft.
    I left no calling for this idle trade,
  No duty broke, no father disobey'd.         Pope.
2. Proper station, or  employment.
    The Gauls found the Roman senators ready to die
  with honour in their callings.              Swift-
3. Class of persons united by the same em-
   ployment or profession.
    It may be a caution  to all christian churches and
  magistrates, not to impose  celibacy on whole catf-
  ings, and great multitudes of men or women, who
  cannot be supposable to have the gift of continence.
                                    Hammond.
4. Divine vocation;  invitation  or  impulse
   to the true religion.
     Give all diligence, to make your calling and elec-
  tion sure.                        2 Peter, i.  10.
     St. Peter was ignorant of the calling of the Gen-
  tiles.                   Hakewill on Providence.

Ca'llipers,  kal'le'purz.98  to.  *. [Of  this
   word  I  know not  the  etymology; nor
   does  any  thing  more  probable occur,
   than that,  perhaps,  the word is corrupt-
   ed from clippers, instruments with which
   any thing  is  clipped, enclosed, or em-
   braced ] Compasses with bowed shanks.
     Calippers measure the  distance of any round, cy-
  lyndrick, conical body, so that when workmen  use
  them, they open the two  points to their  described
  width, and  turn so much stuff off the intended place,
  till the two points  of the  callipers fit just over their
  work.             Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
Callo'sity,  kal-l6s'se-te. to. s. [callosite,
    Fr.]   A kind of swelling without pain,
    like that of the skin by hard labour; and
   therefore  when  wounds, or the edges
    of ulcers, grow  so, they are  said to be
    callous.                           Quincy.
     The surgeon ought to vary the diet of his patient,
   as he finds  the fibres  loosen too much, are too flac-
  cid, and produce funguses; or as they harden, and 
b AL
CAL
CAL
  produce callosities; in the first case, wine and spi-
  rituous liquors are useful, in the last, hurtful.
                            Arbuthnot on Diet.
Ca'llous, kal'lus. adj. [callus, Lat.]
1. Indurated; hardened;  having the pores
   shut up.
    In progress of time,  the ulcers became sinuous
  and callous, with induration of the glands.  Wiseman.
2. Hardened; insensibie.
    Licentiousness has so long passed for sharpness
  of wit, and greatness of mind, that the conscience is
  grown callous.                     L'Estrange.
    The wretch is drench'd too deep;
  His soul is stupid, and his heart asleep;
  Fatten'd in vice, so callous and so gross,
   He sins, and sees not, senseless of his loss. Dryden.

Ca'llousness, kal'lus-nes. n. a. [from cal-
   lous.]
 1. Hardness; induration  ofthe fibres.
    The oftener  we use  toe organs of touching, the
   more of these scales are formed, and the skin be-
   comes toe thicker, and so a  callousness grows upon
   it.                                  Cheyne.
2. Insensibility.
    If they let go toeir hope of everlasting life with
   willingness, and entertain final perdition with ex-
   ultation,  ought they not to be esteemed destitute of
   common sense,  and abandoned to a caffonsness and
   numbness of soul.                     Bentley.
 Ca'llow, kal'16. adj.  Unfledged; naked;
   without feathers
     Bursting with kindly rapture, forth disclos'd
   Their callow young.                    Milton.
     Then as an eagle, who with pious care
   Was beating widely on  the wing for prey,
     To her now silent airy does repair,
   And finds her callow infants forced away.   Dryd.
     How in small flights they know to try their young,
   And teach the callow child her parent's song. Prior.
 CA'LLUS, kal'lus. to. *. [Latin.]
 I. An induration of the fibres.
 2. The hard  substance by which broken
   bones are united.
 CALM,  kam.80  adj.  [calme,  Fr. kalm,
   Dutch.]
 1. Quiet; serene; not stormy; not tempes-
   tuous: applied to the  elements.
     Calm was the day, and through the trembling air
   Sweet breathing Zephyrus did softly play
   A gentle spirit, that lightly did allay
   Hot Titan's beams, which then did glister fair.
                                      Spenser.
     So shall the sea be calm unto us.       Jonah.
 2. Undisturbed;  unruffled: applied to the
   passions.
     It is no ways congruous, that God should be fright-
   ening men into truth, who were made to be wrought
   upon by cofm evidence, and gentle methods of per-
   suasion.                            Atterbury.
     The queen her speech with cafm attention hears,
   Her eyes restrain the silver-streaming tears. Pope.
 Calm, kam. to. s.
 1. Serenity; stillness; freedom from violent
   motion: used of the elements.
     It seemeto most agreeable to reason, that  the
   waters rather stood in a quiet cafm, than that they
   moved with any raging or overbearing violence.
                                      Raleigh.
                   Every pilot
   Can steer the ship in calms; but he performs
   The skilful part, can manage it in storms. Denham.
     Nor God alone in the still calm we find,
   He mounts the storm, and walks upon the wind.
                                        Pope.
 2. Freedom from  disturbance;  quiet; re-
   pose;  applied to the passions.
     Great and strange calms usually portend the most
   violent storms; and therefore, since storms and calms
   <to always follow one another, certainly, of the two,
 it is much more eligible to have the storm  first, and
 the cafm afterwards: since a calm before a storm is
 commonly a peace of a man's own making; but a
 cafm after a storm, a peace of God's.        South.
To Calm, kam. v. a.  [from the noun.]
I.  To still; lo quiet.
    Neptune we  find busy, in the beginning  of the
  .SSneis, to cafm the tempest raised by  iEolus. Dryd.
2.  To pacify;  to appease.
    Jesus, whose bare word checked the sea, as much
  exerts himself in silencing the tempests, and calm-
  ing the intestine storms, within our breasts.
                               Decay of Piety.
    Those passions, which seem somewhat calmed,
  may be entirely laid asleep, and never more awak-
  ened.                              Atterbury.
               He will'd to stay,
  The sacred rites and hecatombs to pay,
  And calm Minerva's wrath.               Pope.
Ca'lmer,  kam'ur.403  to. s.  [from  calm]
   The person or thing which has the pow-
   er of giving quiet.
    Angling  was,  after tedious study, a rest to his
  mind, a cheerer of his spirits, a diverter of sadness,
  a calmer of unquiet thoughts, a  moderator of pas-
  sions, a procurer of contentedness.        Walton.
Ca'lmly, kam'le. adv. [from calm.]
1. Without storms, or violence; serenely.
    In nature, things move violently to  their place,
  and calmly in their place; so virtue in ambition is
  violent, in authority settled and calm.      Bacon.
                His curled brows
  Frown on toe gentle stream, which calmly flows.
                                     Denham.
2. Without passions; quietly.
    The nymph did like the scene appear,
   Serenely pleasant, calmly fair;
   Soft fell her words, as flew the air.         Prior.
Ca'lmness, kam'nes. to.  a. [from calm.]
 1. Tranquillity;  serenity; not storminess.
    While toe steep horrid roughness  of the wood
   Strives with the gentle calmness of toe flood.  Den.
2. Mildness; freedom from passion.
                  Sir, 'tis fit
   You have strong party, or defend yourself
   By calmness, or by absence: all 's in anger.  Shak.
                I beg the grace,
   You would lay by those terrours of your face;
   Till calmness to your eyes you first restore,
   I am afraid, and I can beg no more.       Dryden.
Ca'lmy, kam'e. adj.  [from  calm.]  Calm;
   peaceful.   Not  used.
    And  now they nigh approached to  the sted
   Where as those mermaides dwelt: it was a still
   And calmy bay, on one side sheltered
   With the broad shadow of an hoary  hill.  Fairy Q.
Ca'lomel,  kal'6-mel. to. a.  [calomelaa, a
   chymical  word.]  Mercury six  times
   sublimed.
    He repeated  lenient purgatives, with calomel,
   once in three or four days.    Wiseman's Surgery.
Calori'fick, kal-6-rif'ik. adj. [calorifcua,
   Lat.] That which has the quality of pro-
   ducing heat;  heating.
    A calorifick principle is either excited within the
   heated  body, or transferred to it, through any medi-
   um, from some other. Silver will grow hotter than
   the liquor it contains.                    Grew.
 CALO'TTE, ka-lot'. to. a. [French.]
 1. A cap or coif, worn as an ecclesiastical
   ornament in France.
 2. [In architecture.]   A round  cavity or
   depressure,  in  form  of  a  cap or  cup,
   lathed and  plaistered, used to diminish
   the rise or elevation of a chapel, cabinet,
   alcove,  tsfc.                      Harria.
 CALO'YERS, ka-16i'tirz.  to.  a.  [w»a®-.]
   Monks  ofthe Greek church.
    Temp'rate as cdloyers in their secret cells.
                           Madden on Boulter.
Ca'ltrops, kal'trops. to. a. [coltriaeppe,
   Saxon.]
I.  An instrument made with three spikes,
   so that which way soever it falls to the
   ground,  one of  them points  upright to
   wound horses feet.
    The ground about was thick sown with caltrops,
  which very much incommoded toe shoeless Moors.
               Dr. Addison's Account of Tangiers.
2. A plant common in  France,  Spain, and
   Italy,  where it grows among corn, and
   is very troublesome; for the  fruit being
   armed with strong prickles, run into the
   feet of the  cattle.  This is  certainly the
   plant  mentioned in  Virgil's  Georgick,
   under the  name of tribulua.      Miller.

 To Calve, kav.78 v. to. [from calf]
 I. To bring a calf: spoken of a cow.
     When she has calv'd, then set the  dam aside,
   And for the tender progeny provide.        Dryd.
 2. It is used  metaphorically for any act of
   bringing forth:  and sometimes of men,
   by way  of reproach.
     I would they were barbarians, as they are,
   Though in Rome litter'd;  not Romans, as toey are
        not,
   Though  calved in the porch o' th' capitol.   Shaksp.
     The grassy clods now calv'd; now half appear'd
   The tawny lion, pawing to get free
   His hinder parts.                      Milton.
 Calves-snout, kavz'snout.313  [antirrhi-
   num.]    A plant.  Snapdragon.
 CALVI'LLE, kSrl'vele. to. *. [French.] A
   sort of apple.
 To  Calu'mniate, ka-ltim'ne-ate.91  v.  to.
   [calumnior, Lat.]  To accuse falsely; to
   charge  without just ground.
     Beauty, wit, high birth, desert in service,
   Love, friendship, charity, are subject all
   To envious and calumniating time.   Shakspeare.
     He mixes truth with falsehood, and has not for-
   gotten toe rule of calumniating strongly, that some-
   thing may remain.              Dryden's Fables.
     Do I calumniate? thou ungrateful Vanoc!—
   Perfidious  prince!—Is it a calumny
   To say that Gwendolen, betroth'd to Yver,
   Was by her father first assur'd to Valens? A. Philips,
 To  Calu'mniate, ka-ltim'ne-ate.91-p. e.To
   slander.
     One trade or art, even those that should be the
   most liberal, make it their business to disdain and
   calumniate another.                     Spratt.
 Calumnia'tion, ka-lum-ne-a'shfin.  to.  s.
   [from calumniate.]  That which  we call
   calumniation,  is a malicious and  false
   representation of an enemy's words or
   actions, to an offensive purpose. Ayliffe.
 Galumnia'tor, ka-lum'ne-a-tur.eai  to.   *.
   [from calumniate.]  A forger of accusa-
   tion; a  slanderer.
     He that would live clear of the envy and hatred
   of potent calumniators,  must lay his finger upon his
   mouth, and keep his hand out of the  ink-pot.
                                   L'JEsfrange.
     At the same time that Virgil was celebrated by
   Gallus, we know that Bavius and  Moevius were his
   declared foes and calumniators.         Addison.
 Calu'mnious,  ka-lum'ne-us.  adj. [from
    calumny.] Slanderous; falsely reproach-
    ful.
     Virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious strokes.
                                    Shakspeare.
               With calumnious art
   Of counterfeited truth, thus h^ld their ears,   Milt. 
CAM
CAL
CAM
 CA'LUMNY, kal'um-ne. to. s. [calumnia,
    Lat.]  Slander;  false  charge;  ground-
    less accusation:  with against, or some-
    times upon, before the person accused.
     Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow,
   Thou shalt not escape calumny.       Shakspeare.
     It is a very hard calumny upon our soil or cli-
   mate, to affirm, that so excellent a fruit  will not
   grow here.                          Temple.
 CALX, kalks. to. s.  [Latin.]  Any thing
    that is rendered reducible to powder by
    burning.
     Gold,  toat is more dense than lead, resists pe-
   remptorily all the dividing powder of fire; and will
   not be reduced into acalx, or lime, by such opera-
   tion as reduces lead into it.             Digby.
 Ca'lycle,  kal'e-kl.40ff to.  s.   [calyculua,
    Lat.]  A small bud of a plant.     Diet.
 Cama'ieu,  ka-ma'yod. to. a. [from  cama-
    chuia; which name is given by the ori-
    entals to the onyx,  when, in preparing
    it, they find another colour.]
 1. A stone with  various figures  and re-
    presentations of landskips, formed by na-
   ture.
 2. [In painting.]  A term used where there
   is only one colour, and where the lights
   and shadows are of gold, wrought on a
    golden or azure ground.   This kind of
   work is chiefly used to represent basso
   relievos.                     Chambera.
 Ca'mber, kam'bAr.  to. a. [See  Camber-
   ing.]  A term  among workmen.
     Camber, a piece of timber cut arching,  so as, a
   weight considerable being set upon it, it  may in
   length of time be induced to a straight.
                  Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
 Ca'mbering, kam'biir-ing. to. a.  A word
   mentioned  by  Skinner, as peculiar to
   ship-builders,  who say that a place is
   cambering,  when  they  mean  arched.
   [from chambre, French.]
 Ca'mbrick, kame'brik. to. *. [from  Cam-
   bray, a city in  Flanders  where it was
   principally made.] A kind of fine  linen,
   used for ruffles,  women's sleeves  and
   caps.
    He hath ribbons of all the colours of the rain-
  bow; inkles, caddises,  cambricks, and lawns. Shak.
    Rebecca had, by the use of a looking glass, and
  by the further use of a certain attire,  made of cam-
  brick, upon her head, attained to an evil art. Tatfer.
    Confed'rate in toe cheat, they draw the throng,
  And cambrick handkerchiefs reward the song. Gay.
Came, kkme. The  preterit of To come.
    Till all toe pack came  up, and ev'ry hound
  Tore the sad huntsman, grov'ling on the ground.
                                   Addison.
Ca'mel, kam'el."TO. .9. [camelus, Lat.] An
  animal very common in  Arabia, Judea,
  and the neighbouring countries.  One
  sort are large, and full of flesh, and fit to
  carry  burdens  of  a thousand  pounds
  weight, having  one bunch upon  their
  backs. Another have two bunches upon
  their backs, like a natural saddle, and are
  fit either for burdens, or men to ride on.
  A third kind are leaner, and of a smaller
  size,  called dromedaries,  because   of
  their  swiftness;  which  are  generally
  used for riding by men of quality.
    Camels have large solid feet, but not hard. Camet,
 will continue ten or  twelve days without eating or
   drinking, and keep water a long time in toeir stom-
   achs, for toeir refreshment.             Calmet.
            Patient of thirst and toil,
   Son ofthe desart! even the camel feels,
   Shot through his wither'd heart, the fiery blast.
                                   Thomson.
 Came'lopard, ka-mel'lo-pard. to. a. [from
   camelus  and pardus, Lat.]  An Abyssi-
   nian animal, taller than an elephant, but
   not so thick.   He  is so named, because
   he  has a neck  and head like a camel;
   he is spotted  like  a pard,  but his spots
   are white upon a red ground.   The Ita-
   lians  call him giaraffa.        Trevoux.
 Ca'melot,) kam/i£t99 \ n. s. [from  ca-
 Ca'mlet,   3           C mel-]
 I. A kind  of stuff originally made  by a
   mixture of silk  and camels hair;  it is
   now made with wool and silk.
    This habit was not of camels skin, nor any coarse
  texture of its hair, but rather some finer weave' of
  camelot, grograin, or the like; inasmuch as  these
  stuffs are supposed to be made of the hair of that
  animal.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 2. Hair cloth.
    Meantime the pastor shears their hoary beards,
  And eases of their hair the loaden herds:
  Their camelots warm in tents the soldier hold,
  And shield the shiv'ring  mariner from cold.  Dryd.
 CA'MERA   OBSCURA,  kam'e-ra-6b-
   sku'ra.  [Latin.]   An   optical  machine
   used  in  a darkened chamber, so that
   the light coming only through  a double
   convex  glass, objects exposed to day-
   light, and  opposite to the glass, are re-
   presented inverted upon any white mat-
   ter placed in the focus of the glass.
                                  Martin.
 Ca'merabe, kim'rade.186 to. a. [from  ca-
   mera, a chamber, Lat] One that lodges
   in  the same  chamber; a  bosom com-
   panion.  By corruption we now use com-
   rade.
    Camerades with him, and confederates in his de-
  sign.                               Rymer.
 Ca'merated, kam'er-a-ted. adj. [camera-
   tus, Lat.] Arched; roofed slopewise.
 Camera'tion, kam-er-a'shun. to. a. [came-
  ratio,  Lat.] A  vaulting  or arching.
 Camisa'do,  kam-e-sa'do.  to. *. [camisa, a
  shirt, Ital. camisium, low Lat.]   An at-
  tack  made  by soldiers in the dark; on
  which occasion they put their shirts out-
  ward, to be seen by each other.
    They had appointed the same night, whose dark-
  ness would have encreased the fear, to have given
  a camisado upon the English.          Hayward.
Ca'misated, kam'e-sa-ted. adj. [from ca-
  misa, a shirt.]   Dressed  with the shirt
  outward.
Ca'mlet, kam'let. See Camelot.
    He had on him  a gown with wide sleeves,  of a
  kind of water camlet, of an excellent azure colour.
                                    Bacon.
Ca'mmock,  kam'mfik.168  to. s. [cammoc,
  Sax. ononis.]   An  herb; the same with
  petty whin, or restharrow.
Ca'momile, kam'mo-mile. to. s. [anthe-
  mis]  A flower.
Camo'ys, kam'oiz. adj. [camus, Fr.] Flat;
  level;  depressed. It is  only used of the
  nose.
    Many Spaniards, of the race of Barbary Moors,
   though after frequent commixture, have not woir
   out the camoys nose unto this day.  Brotcn's V. Err.
 CAMP, kamp. n.s. [camp, Fr. camp, Sax.
   from campus, Lat.] The order of tents,
   placed  by armies  when they keep the
   field.  We use  the phrase to pitch  a
   camp, to encamp.
     From camp to camp, through the foul womb  of
        night,
   The hum of either army stilly sounds.  Shakspeare.
     Next, to secure our camp and naval pow'rs,
   Raise an embattled wall with lofty tow'rs.   Pope.
 To Camp, kamp. v. a. [from  the noun.]
 1. To encamp;  to lodge in tents, for hos-
   tile purposes.
     Had our great palace the  capacity
  To camp this host, we would all sup together. Shak.
 2. To camp; to pitch a camp; to fix tents.
 Camp-fight, kamp'fite. to. s. An old word
   for combat.
    For their trial by camp-fight, the accuser was, with
  the peril of his own body, to prove toe accused guilty;
  and, by offering him his glove  or gantlet, to challenge
  him to this trial.                    Hakewill.
 Campa'ign,  kam-pane'.386     > to. s. [cam-
 CAMFA'JVIA, kam-pa'ne-a. 3 paigne,Yr.
   campania, Ital.]
 1. A large, open,  level tract of ground,
   without hills.
    In countries thinly inhabited, and especially in vast
  campanias, there are few cities besides what grow by
  the residence of kings.                 Tempfe.
    Those grateful groves toat shade toe plain,
  Where Tiber rolls majestic to the main,
  And fattens, as he runs, the fair campaign.  Garth.
 2. The time for which any army keeps the
   field, without entering  into quarters.
    This might have hastened his march, which would
  have made a fair conclusion of the campaign.
                                 Clarendon.
    An Iliad rising out of one campaign.    Addison.
 Campa'niform, kam-pan'ne-f6rm.ae(/. [of
  campana, a bell, and forma, Lat.] A term
   used of flowers, which are in the shape
   of a bell.                       Harris.
 Campa'nulate, kam-pan'u-late. adj. The
   same with campaniform.
 Campe'stral, kam-pes'tral. adj. [campes-
  tris, Lat] Growing in fields.
    The mountain beech is the whitest; but the cam-
  pestral, or wild beech, is blacker and more durable.
                                 Mortimer.
Ca'mphire,  kam'fir.140  to. s.  A  kind of
  resin produced  by a chemical  process
  from the camphire tree.
Ca'mphire tree,kam'fir-tre6.to.*, [cam-
  phora, Lat.]
    There are two sorts of this tree; one is a native
  of the isle of Borneo, from which the best camphire
  is taken, which is supposed to be a natural exsuda-
  tion from the tree, produced  in such places where
  the bark of the tree has been  wounded or cut.  The
  other sort is a native of Japan, which Dr. Kempfer
  describes to be a kind of bay, bearing black or pur-
  ple berries, from whence  toe inhabitants prepare
  toeir camphire, by making a simple decoction ofthe
  root and wood of this tree, cut into small pieces; but
  this sort of camphire is, in value, eighty or an hun-
  dred times less than the true Bornean camphire.
                                    Miller.
  It is oftener used for the gum of this tree.
 ^a'mfhorate,  kam'fo-rate.91 adj.  [from
   camphora, Lat.] Impregnated with cam-
  phire.
    By shaking the saline and camphorate liquors to-
  gether, we easily confounded them into one high-
  coloured liquor.                        Boule 
CAN
CAN
CAN
Ca'mpion, kam'pe-iin.166  to. s.  [lychnis,
  Lat.] A plain.
Ca'mus, ka'm&s.  to. a. [probably from  ea-
  rn isa, Lat.]  A thin dress mentioned by
  Spenser.
    And was yclad, for heat of scorching air,
  All in silken camus, lilly white,
  Purfled upon with many a folded plight. Fairy Qween.
Can, kan. to.  s. [canne, Sax.] A cup; gene-
  rally a cup made of metal, or some other
  matter than earth.
    I hate it as an unfill'd can.         Shakspeare.
    One tree,  the coco,  affordeth stuff for housing,
  clothing, shipping, meat, drink, and can.    Grew.
    His empty can, with ears half worn away,
  Was hung on high, to boast the triumph of the day.
                                      Dryden.
 To Can,  kan.  v.  n. [konnen, Dutch.  It is
   sometimes,  though rarely, used alone;
   but is in constant  use as an expression
   of the potential mood: as, I can do, thou
   canst do, I could do, thou couldest do. It
   has no other terminations.]
 1. To be able; to have power.
    In  place there  is licence to  do good and  evil,
  whereof the latter is a curse: for, in evil, the best
  condition is not to will; toe second, not to can.
                                       Bacon.
             0,  there's the wonder!
  Mecaenas and Agrippa, who can most
  With Cassar, are his foes.              Dryden.
    He can away with no company, whose discourse
  goes beyond  what claret and dissoluteness inspire.
                                       Locke.
 2. It  expresses  the  potential mood;  as, I
   can do it.
    If she can  make me blest! she only can:
  Empire and wealth, and all she brings  beside,
  Are but toe train and trappings of her love. Dryden.
 3. It is distinguished from  may, as power
   from permission;  I can do it, it is in my
   power;  I  may do  it, it is  allowed  me:
   but in  poetry they are confounded.
 4.  Can is used ofthe person with the verb
   active, where  may is used ofthe thing,
   with the verb passive; as, I can do  it, it
  . may or can be done.
 CAJVA'ILLE,  ka-nale'.  to. s.  [French.]
   The lowest people; the dregs; the lees;
   the offscouring ofthe people: a French
   term  of reproach.
 Cana'l, ka-nal'. to. s. [canalis, Lat.]
 1. A bason of water in a garden.
     The walks and long canals reply.         Pope.
 2.  Any tract  or course of water made by
   art, as the canals  in Holland.
 3. [In anatomy.] A conduit  or passage
   through which any of the juices of the
   body flow.
 Ca'nal-coal, ker/nil-kole. to.  s.   A  fine
   kind of coal, dug up in  England.
     Even our canal^coal nearly equals the foreign jet.
                                   Woodward.
 Canali'culated,  kan-a-lik'u-Ia-ied.  adj.
   [from  canaliculars, Lat.] Channelled;
   made like a pipe or gutter.       Diet.
 Cana'ry, ka-na're. to. s.  [from the Canary
   islands.]
 I. Wine  brought from the Canaries,  now
   called  sack.
     I will to my honest knight Falstaff, and drink ca-
  nary with him.----1 think I shall drink in pipe wine
  first with him; I'll make him dance,   Shakspeare.
 2. An old dance.
To Cana'ry, ka-na're. v. a.  A  cant word,
  which seems to signify to dance; to fro-
  lick.
    Master, will you win your love with a French
  brawl?—How mean'st thou, brawling in French?—
  No, my compleat master; but to jigg off a tune at the
  tongue's end, canary to it with your feet, humour it
  with turning up your eyelids.         Shakspeare.
Cana'ry bird, ka-na're-burd.  An excel-
  lent singing bird,  formerly bred in the
  Canaries, and no where  else;  but now
  bred in several parts of Europe, parti-
  cularly Germany.
    Of singing birds, they have  linnets, goldfinches,
  ruddocks, canary birds, blackbirds, thrushes, and di-
  vers other.                            Carew.
 To CA'NCEL, kan'sil." v. a.  [canceller,
  Fr. from cancellis notare, to mark with
  cross lines.]
 1. To cross a writing.
 2. To efface; to obliterate  in general.
    Now welcome night, thou night so long expected,
  That long day's labour doth at last defray,
  And all my cares which cruel love collected
  Has summ'd in one, and cancelled for aye. Spenser.
    Know then, I here forget all former griefs,
  Cancel all grudge; repeal thee home again. Shaksp.
    Thou, whom avenging pow'rs obey,
  Cancel my debt, too great to pay,
  Before the sad accounting day.       Roscomnwn.
    I pass the bills, my lords,
  For cancelling your debts.            Southerne.
 Cancellated,  kan'sel-la-t£d.  particip.
   adj. [from cancel.] Crossbarred; marked
   with lines crossing each other.
     The tail of the castor is almost bald, though the
  beast is very hairy; and cancellated,  with some re-
  semblance to toe scales of fishes.          Grew.
 Cancellation, kan-sel-la'shun. to.s. [from
   cancel.] According to Bartolus, is an ex-
   punging or  wiping out ofthe contents of
   an instrument, by two lines drawn in the
   manner of a cross.               Ayliffe.
 CA'NCER, kan'sur.08 to.  s. [cancer,  Lat.]
 1. A crabfish.
 2. The sign of the  summer solstice.
     When now no more th' alternate Twins are fir'd,
  And Cancer reddens with  the solar blaze,
  Short is the doubtful empire of toe night. Thomson.
 3. A virulent  swelling, or sore, not to be
   cured.
     Any of these three may degenerate into a schirrus,
  and that schirrus into a cancer.          Wiseman.
     As when a cancer on the body feeds,
  And gradual death from limb to limb proceeds;
  So does the chilness to each vital part,
  Spread by degrees, and creeps into the heart.
                                     Addison.
 To CA'NCERATE,kan'sur-rate.91 v.n. [from
   cancer.] To grow cancerous; to become
   a  cancer.
     But striking his fist upon the point of a nail in the
  wall, his hand cancerated, he fell into a fever, and
  soon after died on't.                L'Estrange.
 Cancera'tion, kan-sur-ra'shiln. n.s. [from
   cancerate.]  A growing cancerous.
 Ca'ncerous, kan'siar-rils. adj. [from can-
   cer.] Having the virulence and qualities
   of a cancer.
     How they are to be treated when they are stru-
  mous, schirrous, or cancerous, you may see in their
  proper places.                      Wiseman.
 Ca'ncerousness,  kan'sftr-nis-n^s.  to.  s.
   [from cancerous.]  The state  of being
   cancerous.
 Ca'norine,  kang'krin. 14° 4°s  a(jj. [from
  cancer.]  Having the qualities of a crab.
Ca'ndent, kan'dent.  adj.  [candens, Lat]
  Hot; in the highest degree of heat, next
  to fusion.
    If a wire be heated only at one end, according as
  toat end is cooled upward  or downward, it respect-
  ively acquires a verticity, as we have declared in
  wires totally candent.                  Brown
Ca'ndicant, kan'de-kant. adj. [candicans
  Lat.] Growing white; whitish.     Diet.
CA'NDID, kan'did. adj.  [candidus, Lat.]
1. White.  This  sense is very  rare.
    The box receives all  black; but, pour'd from
        thence,
  The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence.
                                     Dryden.
2. Free from malice; not desirous to find
   faults; fair; open;  ingenuous.
    The import of the discourse will, for the most
  part, if there be no designed fallacy, sufficiently lead
  candid and intelligent readers into the true meaning
  of it.                                Locke.
    A candid judge  will read each piece of wit
  With the same spirit that its author writ.    Pope.
Ca'ndidate, kan'de-date.  to.  s. [candida-
   tes, Lat.]
I. A competitor; one that solicits, or pro-
   poses himself for  something of advance-
   ment.
    So many candidates there stand for wit,
  A place at court is scarce so hard to get. Anonymous,
    One would be surprised to see so many candidates
  for glory.                            Addison.
2. It has  generally  for before the thing
   sought.
    What could thus high toy rash ambition raise?
  Art thou, fond youth, a candidate for praise?  Pope.
3. Sometimes of.
    Thy first fruits of poesy were giv'n
  To make thyself a welcome inmate there,
  While yet a young probationer,
  And candidate of heav'n.              Dryden.
Ca'ndidly, kan'did-le. adv. [from candid]
   Fairly;   without trick; without malice;
   ingenuously.
    We have often  desired they would deal candidly
  with us; for if the  matter stuck only there, we wouW
  propose that every man should swear, toat he is a
  member ofthe church of Ireland.          Swift.
Ca'ndidness, kan'did-nes. to. s. [from can-
   did.] Ingenuity; openness of temper; pu-
   rity of mind.
    It presently sees the guilt of a sinful action; and,
  on the other side, observes the candidness of a man's
  very principles, and the sincerity of his intentions.
                                       South.
 To Ca'ndify, kan'de-fi.  v. a. [candifico,
   Lat.] To make white; to whiten.  Diet.
CA'NDLE, kan'dl.406 n. s. [eandela, Lat.]
 1. A light  made of wax or  tallow,  sur-
   rounding a wick of flax or  cotton.
    Here burns my cano"fe out,  ay, here it dies,
  Which, while it lasted, gave king Henry light.
                                  Shakspeare.
    We see that wax candles last longer than tallow
  candles, because wax is more firm and hard. Bacon.
    Take a child, and, setting a candle before him,
  you shall find his pupil to contract very much, to ex-
  clude the light, with the brightness whereof it would
  otherwise  be dazzled.                    Ray.
2. Light, or luminary.
    By these bless'd candles of the night,
  Had you been there, I think you would have begg'd
  The ring of me, to give the worthy doctor. Shaksp.
Ca'ndleberry  tree,  kan'dl-ber-re-tree.
   See Sweetwillow; of which it is a spe-
   cies, 
CAN
CAN
CAN
Ca'ndleho'lder,  kan'dl-hold'ur.  n.  s.
   [from candle and hold.]
1. He that holds the candle.
2. He that remotely assists.
          Let wantons, light of heart,
  Tickle the senseless rushes with her heels;
  For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase,
  To be a candleholder,  and look on.     Shakspeare.
Ca'ndlelight, ka.n'dl-lite.  to.  s.  [from
   candle and light.]
I. The light of a candle.
    In darkness candlelight may serve to guide men's
  steps, which to use in the day, were madness.
                                      Hooker.
    Before the day was done, her work she sped,
  And never went by candlelight to bed.  Dryd. Fab.
               The boding owl,
  Steals from  her private cell by night,
  And flies about the candlelight.            Swift.
    Such as are adapted to meals, will indifferently
  serve for dinners or suppers, only distinguishing be-
  tween daylight and candlelight.            Swift-
2. The necessary candles for use.
    I shall find him coals and candlelight.
                            Molineux to Locke.
Ca'ndlemas,  kan'dl-mfis.88  to. s.  [from
   candle and mass.]  The feast of the Pu-
   rification of the  Blessed Virgin,  which
   was  formerly celebrated  with  many
   lights in  churches.
    The harvest dinners are held  by every  wealthy
  man, or,  as we  term it, by every good liver, be-
  tween Michaelmas and Candlemas.
                     Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
    There is a general  tradition in most parts of Eu-
  rope, toat inferreth toe coldness  of  the succeed-
  ing winter, upon shining of the sun upon  Candlemas
  day.                   Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Come Candlemas nine years ago she died,
  And now lies bury'd by the yew-tree side.    Gay.
Ca'ndlestick, kan'dl-stik. to  s. [from can-
   dle and stick.] The instrument that holds
   candles.
    The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks,
  With torch-staves in their hands; and  their  poor
        jades
  Lob down their heads.              Shakspeare.
    These countries were once christian, and mem-
  bers of the church, and where the golden candle-
  sticks did stand.                        Bacon.
    I know a friend, who has converted the essays of
  a man of quality into  a kind of fringe for his candle-
  sticks.                               Addison.
CA'NDLESTUFF,kan'dl-stuf.TO. s. [from can-
   dle and stuff] Any thing of which can-
   dles may  be made; kitchen-stuff; grease;
   tallow.
    By the help of oil, and wax, and other candlestuff,
  the flame may continue, and toe wick not burn.
                                        Bacon.
CANDLEWA'sTER,kan'dl-wa.s-tftr.TO.*.[from
   candle and waste.]  One that consumes
   candles;  a spendthrift.
    Patch grief with proverbs, make misfortune drunk
  With candlewasters.                 Shakspeare.
Ca'ndock,  kan'dok. to.  s.   A  weed  that
   grows in  rivers.
    Let toe pond lie dry six or twelve months, both to
  kill the water-weeds, as water-lilies, candocks, reate,
  and bulrushes; and also, that as these die  for want
  of water, so grass may grow on the pond's bottom.
                                       Walton.
Ca'ndour, kan'dftr.314 to. *. [candor, Lat.]
   Sweetness of temper; purity of mind;
   openness; ingenuity;  kindness.
     He should have so much of natural candour and
   sweetness, mixed with all the improvement of learn-
   ing, as might convey  knowledge with a sort of gentle
   insinuation.                             Watts.
To Ca'ndy,  kan'de. v. a. [probably from
   candare, a word used  in later times for
   to whiten.]
I. To conserve with sugar, in such a man-
   ner as that the sugar  lies in flakes,  or
   breaks into spangles.
            Should the poor be fjatter'd?
  No, let the candy'd tongue lick absurd pomp,
  And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee,
  Where thrift may follow fawning.     Shakspeare.
    They have in Turkey confections like to candied
  conserves, made of sugar and lemons, or sugar and
  citrons, or sugar and violets, and some other flowers,
  and mixture of amber.                  Bacon.
    With candy'd plantanes, and the juicy pine,
  On choicest melons and sweet grapes they dine.
                                       Waller.
2. To form into congelations.
              Will the cold brook,
  Candied with ice, cawdle thy morning toast,
  To cure thy o'er-night's surfeit.       Shakspeare.
3. To incrust with congelations.
    Since when those frosts that winter brings,
      Which candy every green,
    Renew us like the teeming springs,
      And we thus fresh are seen.        Drayton.
To Ca'ndy,  kan'de. v. n.  To grow con-
   gealed.
Ca'ndy Lion's foat,  kan'de.  [catanance,
   Lat.] A plant.                    Miller.
CANE, kane. «. s.  [canna,  Lat]
I. A kind of strong reed, of which walk-
   ing staffs are made; a  walking staff.
    Shall I to please another wine sprung mind
  Lose all mine own? God hath given me  a measure
  Short of his cane and body: must I find
  A pain in that wherein he finds a pleasure? Herbert.
    The king thrust toe captain from him with  his
  cane; whereupon he took his leave, and went home.
                                       Harvey.
    If toe poker be out of the way, or broken, stir the
  fire with your master's cane.               Swift.
2. The plant which yields the sugar.
    This cane or reed grows plentifully both in  the
  East and West Indies. Other reeds have their skin
  hard and dry, and their pulp void of juice; but  the
  skin of the sugar cane  is soft.  It usually  grows four
  or five feet high, and about half an inch in diameter.
  The stem or stalk is divided by knots a foot and a
  half apart. At the top it puts forth long  green tuft-
  ed leaves, from the middle of which arise the flower
  and the seed. They usually plant them in pieces cut
  a foot and a half below toe top of the flower;  and
  they are ordinarily ripe in ten months, at which time
  they are found quite full of a white succulent marrow,
  whence is expressed the liquor  of  which  sugar is
  made.                              Chambers.
    And the sweet liquor on the cane bestow,
  From which prepar'd the luscious sugars flow.
                                    Blackmore.
3.  A lance; a  dart made of cane:  whence
   the Spanish inego  de cannas.
    Abenamar, thy youth these sports has known,
   Of which thy age is now spectator grown;
  Judge-like thou sitt'st, to praise or to arraign
   The flying skirmish of the darted cane.     Dryden.
4.  A  reed.
     Food may be afforded to bees, by small canes or
   troughs conveyed into their hives.       Mortimer.
 To Cane, kane. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
    beat with  a walking staff.
Cani'cular, ka-nik u-lar.  adj.  [canicula-
    ris, Lat]  Belonging to the  dog-star;  as,
    canicular, or dog days.
     In regard to  different  latitudes, unto some the
   canicular days are in the winter, as unto such as are
   under toe equinoctial line; for unto them toe  dog-
   star ariseth, when the sun  is about toe tropick of
   Cancer, which season unto them is winter.   Brown.
 Cani'ne, ka-nine'. adj.  [caninus, Lat.]
 1. Having the properties of a dog.
    A kind of women are made up of canine particles:
  these are scolds, who imitate the animals out of which
  they were taken, always busy and barking, aud snarl
  at every one that comes in their way.     Addison.
2. Canine hunger, in medicine, is an appe-
   tite which cannot be  satisfied.
    It may occasion an exorbitant  appetite of usual
  things,  which they will  take in such quantities, till
  toey vomit them up like dogs; from whence it is call-
  ed canine.                          Arbuthnot.
Ca'nister, kan'is-tur.3* to. s.  [canistrum,
   Lat.]
1. A  small basket.
    White lilies in full canisters they bring,
  With all me glories of the purple spring.  Dryden.
2. A  small vessel in which any thing, such
   as  tea or coffee, is laid up.
CA'NKER, kang'kur.409 to. s. [cancer, Lat.
   It  seems to have the  same meaning and
   original  with cancer, but to  be accident-
   ally written with a k, when it denotes bad
   qualities in a less  degree;  or canker
   might come from chancre, Fr. and can-
   cer from the Latin.]
1. A  worm that  preys upon  and destroys
   fruits.
    And loathful idleness he doth detest,
  The canker worm of every gentle breast.   Spenser.
    That which the  locust hath left, hath the canker
  worm eaten.                         Joel, i. 4.
    Yet writers say, as in the sweetest bud
  The eating canker dwells; so eating love
  Inhabits in the finest wits of all.       Shakspeare.
    A huffing, shining, flatt'ring, cringing coward,
  A canfcer worm of peace, was rais'd above him.
                                       Otway.
2. A  fly that preys  upon fruits.
    There be of  flies, caterpillars, canker- flies, and
  bear flies.                     FTatfon's Angler.
3. Any  thing that corrupts or consumes.
    It is the canker  and ruin of many men's estates,
  which, in process of time, breeds a publick poverty.
                                       Bacon.
    Sacrilege may prove an eating canker, and a con-
  suming moth, in toe estate toat we leave them.
                                     Atterbury.
    No longer live the cankers of my court;
  All  to your several states with speed resort;
  Waste in wild riot what your land allows,
  There ply the early feast, and late carouse.  Pope.
4. A  kind of wild worthless rose; the dog-
   rose.
    To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose,
  And plant this thorn, this canker,  Bolingbroke.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Draw a cherry with the leaf, toe shaft of a steeple,
  a single or canker rose.                Peacham.
5. An eating or  corroding humour.
    I am not glad, that such a sore of time
   Should seek a plaister by a contemn'd revolt,
   And heal th' inveterate canker of one wound
   By  making many.                      Shaksp.
 5. Corrosion; virulence.
    As with age his body uglier grows,
   So his mind with  cankers.               Shaksp.
 7. A disease  in  trees.                 Diet.

 To Ca'nker, kang'kur.  v. to.  [from the
   noun.]
 i. To grow corrupt:  implying something
   venomous and malignant.
     That cunning architect of canker'd guile,
   Whom princes late displeasure left in bands,
   Forfalsed letters, and suborned wile.  Fairy Queen.
     I will lift the down-trod Mortimer
   As high i' th' air as this unthankful king,
   As this ingrate and canker'd Bolingbroke.   Shaksp.
     Or what toe cross dire looking planet smite,
   Or hurtful worm with canker'd venom bite. Milton 
CAN
CAN
CAN
   To some new clime, or to thy native sky,
  Oh friendless and forsaken virtue! fly:
  The Indian air is deadly to thee grown;
  Deceit and canker'd malice rule thy throne. Dryden.
    Let envious jealousy and canker'd spite
  Produce my actions to severest light,
  And tax my open day or secret night.       Prior.
2. To decay by some corrosive  or destruc-
   tive principle.
    Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding;
  which,  if it might be corrected with a little mix-
  ture of gold, will be profitable.            Bacon.
 To Ca'nker,  kang'kur. v. a.
 I. To corrupt; to corrode.
    Restore to God his due in tithe and time:
  A tithe purloin'd cankers the whole estate. Herbert.
 2. To infect; to pollute.
    An honest man will enjoy himself better in a mo-
  derate  fortune, that is gained with honour and repu-
  tation,  than in an overgrown estate, that is cankered
  with the acquisitions  of rapine and exaction.
                                      Addison.
 Ca'nkerbit,  kang'kiar-blt.  particip. adj.
   [from canker and bit.]   Bitten with an
   envenomed tooth.
             Know, thy name is lost,
  By treason's tooth baregnawn and confcerbif. Shaksp.
 Ca'nnabine,  kan'na-bine.149  adj. [canna-
   binus, Lat.]  Hempen.             Diet.
 Ca'nnibal, kan'ne-ba.1. to. s. An anthropo-
   phagite; a man-eater.
    The cannibals themselves eat no  man's  flesh of
   those that die of themselves, but of such as are slain.
                                        Bacon.
    They were little better than canni&afs, who do
  hunt one another; and he that hath most strength
  and swiftness, doth eat and devour all his fellows.
                               Davies on Ireland.
           It was my hint to speak
  Of the  cannibals that each other eat;
  The anthropophagi.                 Shakspeare.
    The captive cannibal, opprest with chains,
  Vet braves his foes, reviles, provokes, disdains;
  Of nature fierce, untameable, and proud,
  He bids defiance to the gaping crowd;
  And spent at last, and speechless as he lies,
   With fiery glances mocks their rage,  and dies.
                                     Granville.
    If an eleventh commandment had been given,
  Thou shalt not eat human flesh; would not these
  cannibals have esteemed it more difficult than all
  the rest?                            Bentley.
 Ca'nnibally,  kan'ne-bal-le.  adv.  [from
   cannibal.]  In the manner of a cannibal.
    Before Corioli, he scotcht him and notcht him
  like a carbonado.—Had he been cannibally given,
  he might have broiled and eaten him too.  Shaksp.
 Ca'nnipers, kan'ne-pdrz. n. s. [corrupted
   from callipers; which see.]
    The square is taken by a pair of cannipers, or two
  rulers,  clapped to the side of a tree,  measuring the
  distance between them.    Mortimer's Husbandry.
 CA'NNON, kan'niin.168 to. s. [cannon, Fr.
   from canna, Lat. a pipe, meaning a large
   tube.]
 1. A great  gun for battery.
 2. A gun larger than can  be managed  by
   the hand.   They are of so  many  sizes,
   that they decrease  in the bore from a
   ball of forty-eight pounds to a ball of five
   ounces.
    As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks,
  So they redoubled strokes upon the foe.    Shaksp.
    He had left all the cannon he had taken; and now
  he sent  all bis great cannon to a garrison. Clarendon.
    The making, or price, of these gunpowder instru-
  ments,  is  extremely  expensive, as may be easily
  judged  by the weight of their materials; a whole
  cannon weighing commonly eight thousand pounds;
  a half cannon, five thousand; a culverin, four thou- |
  sand five hundred; a demi-culverin, three thousand;
  which, whether it be in iron or brass, must needs be
  very costly.                          Wilkins.
Cannon-ball, kan-nAn-bawl'.     "|  to. a.
Cannon-bullet, kan-nun-bull'lit.  \-  [from
Cannon-shot, kan-nun-shot'.      J   can-
   non, ball, bullet, and shot.]   The balls
   which  are shot from great guns.
    He reckons those for wounds that are made by
  bullets, although it be a cannon-shot.      Wiseman.
    Let a cannon-bullet pass through a room, it must
  strike successively the two sides of the room. Locke.
To  Cannona'de,  kan-niin-nade'.  v.  a.
   [from cannon.] To play the great guns;
   to batter or attack with great  guns.
    Both armies cannonaded all toe ensuing day.
                                       Tatler.
To Cannona'de, kan-niin-nade'. v.  a.  To
•  fire upon with cannon.
Cannoni'er, kan-nun-neer.27*  to. a.  [from
   cannon] The engineer that manages the
   cannon.
             Give me toe cup;
   And let toe kettle to toe trumpets speak,
   The trumpets to the cannonier without,
   The cannons to toe heav'ns, tot hcav'ns to  earth.
                                   Shakspeare.
    A third was a most excellent cannonier, whose
   good skill did much endamage the forces of the
   king.                               Hayward.
Ca'nnot, kan'n6t. A word compounded of
   can and not;  noting inability.
    I cannot but believe many a child can tell twenty,
   long before he has any idea of infinity at all.   Locke.
Cano'a,> , »    ,,,  C «. *. A boat made by
Canoe', 5     "       £  cutting the trunk of
   a tree into a  hollow  vessel.
    Others made rafts of wood; others devised the boat
   of one tree, called toe canoa, which the Gauls, upon
   the Rhone,  used in assisting the transportation of
   Hannibal's army.                     Raleigh.
    In a war against Semiramis, they had four thou-
   sand monoxyla, or canoes of one piece of timber.
                             Arbuthnot on Coins.
CA'NON, kan'un.166 to. a. [««»•».]
I. A rule; a law.
    The truth is, they are rules  and canons of that
   law, which is written in all men's hearts; the church
   had for ever, no less than now, stood  bound to ob-
   serve them, whether the apostle had mentioned them,
   or no.                                Hooker.
    His books are almost the very canon to judge both
   doctrine  and discipline by.               Hooker.
    Religious canons, civil laws, are cruel;
   Then what should war be?                Shaksp.
    Canons in logick are such as these: every part of
   a division, singly taken, must contain less than the
   whole; and a definition must be peculiar and proper
   to toe thing defined.                     Watts.
2. The laws made  by ecclesiastical  coun-
   cils.
    Canon law is that law, which is made and ordain-
   ed in a general council, or provincial synod, of the
   church.                               Ayliffe.
    These were looked on as lapsed persons, and great
   severities of penance were prescribed them by the
  canons of Ancyra.                  Stilling fleet.
3. The books of Holy Scripture; or  the
   great rule.
    Canon also denotes those books of Scripture, which
  are received as inspired and canonical, to distinguish
  them from either profane,  apocryphal, or disputed
  books.  Thus we say, toat Genesis is part of the sa-
  cred canon of the Scripture.              Ayliffe.
   A dignitary in cathedral churches.
    For deans and  canons, or prebends,  of cathedral
  churches, they were of great use in the church: they
  were to be of counsel with the bishop for his revenue,
  and for his government, in  causes ecclesiastical.
                                       JBacon.
    Swift much admires the place and air,
  And longs to be a canon there.
  A canon! that's a place too mean:
  No, doctor, you shall be a dean;
  Two dozen canons round your stall,
  And you the tyrant o'er them all.           Swift.
5. Canona Regular. Such as are placed in
   monasteries.                     -Ayliffe.
6. Canona Secular. Lay  canons, who have
   been, as a mark of honour, admitted into
   some chapters.
7. [Among chirurgeons.]  An instrument
   used in sewing  up wounds.         Diet.
8. A large sort of printing letter,  probably
   so called from being first used in printing
   a book of canons;  or  perhaps from its
   size, and therefore properly  written can-
   non.
Ca'non bit, kan'un-bit.  to. a.  That part of
   the  bit let into the horse's mouth.
    A goodly person, and could manage fair
  His stubborn steed with canon bit,
  Who under him did trample as the air.    Spenser.
Ca'noness,  kan'An-nes.  «. a.  [canonissa,
   low Lat.]
    There are, in popish countries, women they call
  secular canonesses, living after the example of secu-
  lar canons.                            Ayliffe.
Cano'nical, ka-non'e-kal. adj. [canonicus,
   low Lat.]
1. According to the canon.
2. Constituting the canon.
    Public readings there are of books and writings,
  not canonical, whereby the church'doth also preach,
  or openly make known, the doctrine  of virtuous con-
  versation.                            Hooker.
    No such book was found amongst  those canonical
  scriptures.                           Raleigh.
3. Regular; stated; fixed by ecclesiastical
   laws.
    Seven times in a day do I praise thee, said David:
  from  this definite number some ages of the  church
  took their pattern for their canonical hours.  Taylor.
4. Spiritual; ecclesiastical; relating to the
   church.
    York anciently had a metropolitan  jurisdiction
  over  all the bishops of Scotland, from whom they
  had their consecration, and to whom toey swore ca-
  nonical obedience.                      Ayliffe.
Cano'nioally, ka-non'e-kal-le. adv. [from
   canonical.] In a manner agreeable to the
   canon.
    It is a known story of the friar, who, on a fasting
  day, bid his capon be carp, and then very canonically
  eat it.               Government ofthe Tongue.
Cano'nicalness,  ka-non'e-kal-nes.  «. *.
   [from canonical/] The quality of being
   canonical.
Ca'nonist, kan'nun-nist.166 to.  a. [from ca-
   non.] A man versed in the ecclesiastical
   laws'; a professor ofthe canon law.
    John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, when the king
  would have translated him from that poor bishop-
  rick,  he refused, saying, he would  not forsake his
  poor little old wife; thinking  of toe  fifteenth canon
  of the Nicene council, and  that of the canonists,
  Matrimonium infer episcopum Sf ecclesiam esse con-
  tractum, Sec                 Camden's Remains.
    Of whose strange crimes no canonist can tell
  In what commandment's large contents they dwell.
                                        Pope.
Canoniza'tion,  kan-n6-ne-za'shun.  to. a.
   [from canonize.]  The act of declaring
   any man a  saint.
    It is very suspicious, that the interests of particu-
  lar families, or churches, have too great a sway in
  canonizations.                        Addison. 
CAN
CAN
CAN
 To Ca'nonize,  kan'no-nize.  v. a.  [from
   canon, to put into the canon, or rule for
   observing festivals.] To declare any man
   a saint.
    The king, desirous to bring into the house of Lan-
  caster celestial honour, became suitor to pope Julius,
  to canonize king Henry VI. for a saint.     Bacon.
    By those hymns all shall approve
  Us canoniz'd for love.                  Donne.
    They have a pope too, who hath the chief care of
  religion, and of canonizing whom he thinks fit, and
  thence have the honour of saints.     Stilling fleet.
Ca'nonry, kan'un-re.    ? n. a. [from ca-
Ca'nonship, kan'iin-ship. £  now.]   An ec-
   clesiastical benefice  in  some cathedral
   or  collegiate  church, which has a pre-
   bend,  or a stated allowance out  of  the
   revenues of such church, commonly an-
   nexed to it.                      Ayliffe.
CA'NOPiED,kan'6-pid'.883 adj. [from cano-
  py.] Covered with a canopy.
    I sat me down to watch upon a bank,
  With ivy canopy'd, and interwove
  With flaunting honeysuckle.              Milton.
CA'NOPY, kan'o-pe. to. s. [canopeum,\ow
   Lat.]  A covering of state over a throne
   or bed; a covering spread over the head.
    She is there brought into a paled green,
  And placed under a stately canopy,
  The warlike feats of both those knights to see.
                                  Fairy Qween.
    Now spread the night her spangled canopy,
  And summon'd every restless eye to sleep.   Fairfax.
    Nor will the raging fever's fire abate
  With golden canopies, and beds of state.   Dryden.
To Ca'nopy,  kan'6-pe.  v. a.  [from  the
  noun.]  To cover with a canopy.
    The birch, toe myrtle, and the bay,
       Like friends did all embrace;
    And their large branches did display
      To canopy toe place.               Dryden.
Ca'norous,  ka-no'rus.613  adj. [canorus,
  Lat.] Musical; tuneful.
    Birds that are most canorous, and whose notes we
  most commend, are of little throats, and short.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
CANT,  kant. to. s.  [probably from cantus,
  Lat. implying the odd tone of voice used
  by vagrants; but imagined by some to be
  corrupted from quaint]
1. A  corrupt  dialect used by beggars and
  vagabonds.
2. A  particular form of speaking, peculiar
  to some certain class or body of men.
    I  write not always in the proper terms of naviga-
  tion, land service, or in the cant of any profession.
                                      Diyden.
    If we would trace out the original of that flagrant
  and avowed impiety, which has prevailed among us
  for some years, we should find, that it owes its rise
  to that cant and hypocrisy, which had taken posses-
  sion of the people's minds in the time of the great
  rebellion.                 Addison's Freeholder.
    Astrologers,  with an old paltry cunt, and a few
  pot-hooks for planets, to amuse the vulgar,  have
  too long been suffered to abuse the world.  Sioifl.
    A few general rules, with a certain cant of words,
  lias sometimes set up an illiterate heavy writer for a
  most judicious and formidable critick.    Addison.
3. A  whining pretension  to goodness, in
  formal and  affected terms.
    Of promise prodigal, while power you want,
  And preaching in the self-denying cant.      Dryd.
4. Barbarous jargon.
    The affectation of some late authors, to introduce
  and  multiply cant words, is the most ruinous corrup-
  tion in any language.                    Swijl.
5. Auction.
       VOL.  I.
    Numbers of these tenants, or their descendants,
  are now offering to  sell their leases by  cant,  even
  those which were for lives.               Swift.
To Cant, kant. v. to. [from  the noun.] To
   talk in the  jargon of particular profes-
   sions; or in any kind of formal, affected
   language; or with a peculiar and studied
   tone of voice.
    Men cant about materia and/orma; hunt chimeras
  by rules of art, or dress up ignorance  in words of
  bulk or sound, which may stop up the mouth of en-
  quiry.                             Gfanuiffe.
    That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting-
  language rather, if I may so call it, which they have
  of late taken up, is toe signal distinction and charac-
  teristical note of that, which, in toat toeir new lan-
  guage, they call toe godly party.        Sanderson.
    The busy, subtile serpents of the law
  Did first my mind from true obedience draw;
  While I did limits to the king prescribe,
  And took for oracle that canting tribe. Roscommon.
    Unskill'd in schemes by planets to foreshow,
  Like  canting rascals, how toe wars will go.  Dryd.
CAjYTA'TA,  kan-ta'ta.  to.*. [Ital.]   A
   song.
Canta'tion, kan-ta'shdn. to. s. [from can-
   to, Lat.]  The act of singing.
Ca'nter, kan'tur.98 to.  s. [from cant.]   A
   term of reproach for  hypocrites,  who
   talk formally of religion,  without obey-
   ing  it.
Canterbury bells, kan'tur-ber-re-bells.
   See Belflower.
Canterbury gallop,  kan'tur-bcr-re-gal-
   hlp. [In horsemanship.]  The hand gal-
   lop  of an ambling horse, commonly call-
   ed a canter; said to  be derived from the
   monks riding to Canterbury on easy  am-
   bling horses.
CANTHARIDES, kan-Mar'e-dez. to. s.
   [Latin.]  Spanish  flies,  used  to  raise
   blisters.
    The flies, cantharides, are bred of a worm, or ca-
  terpillar, but peculiar to certain fruit bees;  as are
  the fig-tree, toe pine-tree, and the wild brier; all
  which bear sweet fruit, and fruit that hath a kind of
  secret biting or sharpness: for the fig hath a milk in
  it that is sweet and corrosive; the pine apple hath a
  kernel toat is strong and abstersive.       Bacon.
CA'JYTHUS, kanVAus. to. s. [Latin.]  The
   corner of the eye.  The internal is cal led
   the  greater, the external  the lesser can-
   thus.                            Quincy.
    A gentlewoman was seized with an inflammation
  and tumour in the great canthus, or angle of her eye.
                                    Wiseman.
Ca'nticle, kan'te-kl.405 to. s. [from canto,
   Lat.] A song: used generally for a song
   in scripture.
    This right of estate, in some nations, is yet more
  significantly expressed by Moses  in his canticles, in
  toe person of God to the Jews. Bacon's Holy War.
Canti'livers, kan-te-liv'urz. to.  *. Pieces
   of wood framed into the  front or  other
   sides of a house, to sustain the mould-
   ing  and eaves over  it.           Moxon.
Ca'ntion, kan'shun.   to. s.  [cantio, Lat.]
   Song; verses.   Not now in use.
    In the eighth eclogue the same person was brought
  in singing a cantion of Collin's making.    Spenser.
CA'NTLE, kan'tl.405 to. *. [kant,  Dutch, a
   corner;  eachantillon, Fr. a  piece.]  A
   piece with corners.              Skinner.
    See how this river comes, mc crankling in,
  And cuts me from the best of all my land
  A huge halfmoon, a monstrous cantle out.  Shaksp.
                     l1
 To Ca'ntle, kan'tl.405 v. a.[from the noun.
   To cut in pieces.
    For four times talking, if one piece thou take,
  That must be cantled, and the judge go snack.
                                      Dryden.
Ca'ntlet, kant'let.93 ra.  *.  [from cantle]
   A piece; a fragment.
    Nor shield nor armour can their force oppose;
  Huge cantlets of his buckler strew the ground.
  And no defence in his bor'd arms is found.  Dryden

CA'JVTO, kan'to.  n. a.  [Ital.]  A book, or
   section, of a poem.
    Why, what would you do?----
  —Make a willow cabin at your gate,
  And call upon my soul within the house;
  Write loyal cantos of contemned  love.  Shakspeare-
CA'NTON, kan'tun*66 n.  a.
1. A small parcel  or  division of land.
    Only that little canton of land, called the English
  pale, containing four small shires, did maintain a
  bordering war with the Irish,  and retain the form of
  English government.                   Davies.
2. A small community, or clan.
    The same is the case of  rovers by land; such, as
  yet, are some cantons in Arabia, and some petty
  kings of the mountains adjacent to straits and ways.
                            Bacon's Holy War.
To Ca'nton,  kan'tiln.166 v. a.  [from the
  noun.] To divide into  little parts.
    Families shall quit all  subjection to him, and
  canton his empire into  less governments for them-
  selves.                                Locke-
    It would certainly be for the good of mankind, to
  have all the mighty empires and monarchies of toe
  world cantoned out into petty states and principali-
  ties.                         Addison on Italy.
    The late king of Spain, reckoning it an indignity
  to have his territories cantoned out into parcels by
  other princes, during his own life, and without his
  consent, rather chose to bequeath the monarchy en-
  tire to a younger son  of France.            Swift.
    They canton out to themselves  a little province in
  the intellectual  world, where they fancy the light
  shines, and all the rest is in darkness.      Watts.

To Ca'ntonize, kan'ttin-ize. v. a. [from
  canton.] To parcel out into small divi-
  sions.
    Thus was all Ireland  cantonized among ten per-
  sons of the English nation.       Davies on Ireland.
    The  whole  forest was  m a manner cantonized
  amongst a very few in number,  of whom some had
  regal rights.                           Howel.
Ca'ntred,  kan'trid.  n.  a.   The  same in
   Wales as an hundred in England.   For
  cantre, in the British  language, signifi-
  eth  aa hundred.                   Cowell.
    The king regrants to him  all that province, re-
  serving only the city of Dublin, and  the cantreds
  next adjoining, with the maritime towns.   Davies.
CA'NVASS,  kan'vas. to. s. [canevas, Fr.
  cannabis, Lat. hemp.
1. A kind of linen  cloth woven for several
  uses, as sails, painting cloths, tents.
    The  master commanded forthwith to set on all
  toe canvass they could, and fly homeward.  Sidney,
    And eke the pens, that did his pinions bind,
  Were like main yards with flying canvass lin'd.
                                      Spenser.
    Their canvass castles up toey quickly rear,
  And build a city in an hour's space.       Fairfax.
    Where'er thy navy spreads her canvass wings,
  Homage to thee, and peace to all, she brings.
                                      Waller.
    With such kind passion hastes toe prince to fight,
  And spreads his flying canvass to the sound;
  Him whom no danger, were lie there, could fright,
  Now  absent, every little  noise cau wound. Dryden
    Thou, Kneller, long with noble pride,
  The foremost of thy art,  hast Tied 
CAP
CAP
CAP
  With nature in a generous strife,
  And touch'd toe canvass into life.        Addison.
2. The act of sifting voices, or trying them
   previously to the decisive act of voting.
   [lrom canvass, as it signifies a sieve.]
    There be  that can pack cards, and yet cannot
  play well:  so there are some that are good  in can-
  vasses and factions, that are otherwise weak men.
                                        Bacon.
To Ca'nvass, kan'vas. v. a.  [Skinner de-
   rives it from  cannabasser, Fr. to beat
   hemp; which being  a  very  laborious
   employment, it  is  used to  signify,  to
   search diligently into.]
1. To  sift; to examine,  [from  canvass, a
   straining cloth.]
    I have made careful search on  all hands, and
  canvassed toe matter with all possible diligence.
                                    Woodward.
2. To debate; to discuss.
    The  curs discovered a raw hide at the bottom  of
  a river, and laid their heads together how to come
  at it: they canvassed the matter one way and t'other,
  and concluded, that the way to get it, was to drink
  their way to it.                     L'Estrange.
To Ca'nvass,  kan'vas. v.  n.   To solicit;
   to try votes  previously  to the decisive
   act.
    Elizabeth being to resolve upon an officer, and
  being, by some that convassed for others, put in some
  doubt of that person she meant to advance, said, she
  was like one with a lanthorn seeking a man. Bacon.
    This crime of canvassing, or soliciting for church
  preferment, is, by the canon law, called simony.
                              Ayliffe's Parergon.
Ca'ny, ka'ne. adj.  [from cane.]
1. Full  of  canes.
2. Consisting of canes.
    But in his way lights on the barren plains
  Of Sericana, where  Chineses drive,
  With sails and wind, their cany waggons light.
                                       Milton.
Ca'nzonet, kan-zo-net'. to. s. [canzonetta,
   Ital.]  A  little song.
    Vecchi was most  pleasing of all others, for  his
  conceit  and variety,  as well his madrigals as can-
  zonets.                               Peacham.
CAP, kap.  to. s. [cap, Welsh; cseppe, Sax.
   cappe, Germ,  cappe,  Fr. cappa, Ital.
   capa, Span,  kappe,  Dan.   and  Dutch;
   caput a head, Latin.]
1. The  garment that covers the head.
    Here is the cap your worship did bespeak.—
  —Why, this was moulded on a porringer,
  A velvet dish.       Shaksp. Taming of the Shrew.
    I have ever held my cap off to thy fortune.—
  —Thou hast serv'd me with much faith.   Shaksp.
    First, lolling sloth in woollen cap,
  Taking her after-dinner nap.              Swift.
    The  cap, the whip, the masculine attire,
  For which they roughen to toe sense.     Thomson.
2. The  ensign of the cardinalate.
    Henry the Fifth did sometimes prophesy,
  If once he came to be a cardinal,
  He'd make his cap coequal with the crown.
                          Shakspeare's Henry VI.
3. The  topmost; the highest.
    Thou art the cap of all the fools alive.   Shaksp.
4. A reverence  made  by uncovering the
   head.
    They more and less came in with cap and knee,
  Met him in boroughs, cities, villages.      Shaksp.
    Should toe want of a cap  or a cringe so mortally
  discompose him, as we fi.id afterwards it did.
                                    L'Estrange.
5. A vessel made  like a cap.
    It is observed, that a barrel or cap, whose cavity
  will contain eight cubical  feet of air, will not serve
  a diver above a quarter of an hour.      Wilkins.
6. Cap of a great gun. A piece of lead laid
   over  the  touch-hole, lo preserve  the
   prime.
7. Cap of maintenance. One of the  regalia
   carried before the king at the coronation.
To Cap, kap. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To cover on the top.
    The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth
  cartilaginous  substance, serving both to strength
  and motion.                           Derham.
2. To deprive of the cap.
    If one, by another occasion,  take any thing from
  another, as boys  sometimes use to cap one another
  toe  same is straight felony.     Spenser on Ireland.
3. To cap  verses.   To  name alternately
   verses beginning with a particular letter;
   to  name in opposition or emulation;  to
   name alternately in contest.
    Where Henderson, and th' other masses,
  Were sent to cap texts, and put cases.    Hudibras.
    Sure it is a pitiful pretence to ingenuity that can
  be thus kept up, there being little need of any other
  faculty but memory, to be able  to cap texts.
                      Government of the Tongue.
    There is an author  of ours, whom I would desire
  him to read, before he ventures at capping charac-
  ters.                              Atterbury.

cAZ d *?   $ kap-a-pe'. I  [fafl d £*'/';]
\^ap a pie,   I    *   v   5  rrom  head  to
   foot; all over.
            A figure like your father,
  Arm'd at all points exactly, cap d pe,
  Appears before them, and, with solemn march,
  Goes slow and Btately  by them.    Shaksp. Hamlet.
    There for the two contending knights he sent;
  Arm'd cap d pie, with rev'rence low toey bent.
                                      Dryden.
                 A woodlouse,
  That folds up itself in itself for a house,
  As round as a ball, without head, without tail,
  Inclos'd cap d pe in a  strong coat of mail.    Swift
Cap-paper,  kap'pa-pilr. A sort of coarse
   brownish paper.   So called from being
   formed into a kind of  cap to hold com-
   modities.
    Having, for triaksake, filtered it through cap-pa-
  per, there remained in the filtre a powder.   Boyle.
Capability,  ka-pd-bil'e-te.  to. s.  [from
   capable.] Capacity; the  quality of being
   capable.
    Sure he that made  us with such large discourse,
  Looking before and after, gave us not
  That capability and godlike reason
  To rust in us  unus'd.                Shakspeare.
CAT A BLE, ka'pa-bl. adj. [capable, Fr.]
1. Sufficient to  contain;  sufficiently capa-
   cious.
    When we  consider so much of  that space, as is
  equal to, or capable to receive a body of any assign-
  ed dimensions.                          Locke.
2. Endued  with powers equal to any pai-
   ticular thing.
    To say, that  the more capable, or the better de-
  server, hath such right to govern,  as he  may com-
  pulsorily bring under the less worthy, is idle. Bacon.
    When you hear any person  give his  judgment,
  consider with yourself  whether he be  a capable
  judge.                                 Watts.
3. Intelligent;  able to understand.
          Look you, how pale he glares;
  His form and cause conjoin'd,  preaching to stones,
  Would make  them capable.        Shaksp. Hamlet.
4. Intellectually capacious; able to receive.
    I am much bound  to God, that he hath endued
  you with one capable of the best instructions. Digby.
5. Susceptible.
    The soul, immortal substance, to remain
  Conscious of joy, and  capable of pain.       Prior.
6. Qualified for; without any natural im-
   pediment.
    There is no man that  believes  the goodness of
  God, but must be inclined to  think, that he hath
  made some things for as long a duration as they are
  capable of.                           Ttffofson.
7.  Qualified  for; without  legal  impedi-
   ment.
                  Of my  land,
  Loyal and natural boy! I'll work the means
  To make thee capable.         Shaksp. King Lear.

8. It  has the particle  of before a noun.
    What secret springs  their eager passions move,
  How capable of death for  injur'd love!    Dryden.
9. Hollow.  This sense is not now in use.
             Lean but  upon a rush,
  The cicatrice, and capable impressure,
  Thy palm some moments keeps.       Shakspeare.

Ca'pableness, ka'pa-bl-nes. to.s. [from ca-
  pable.]  The quality  or  state of  being
   capable;   knowledge;   understanding;
   power of mind.

CAPA'CIOUS,  ka-pa'shus.  adj. [capax,
   Lat.]
1. Wide; large; able to hold much.
    Beneath th' incessant weeping of those drains
  I^see the rocky siphons stretch'd immense,
  The mighty reservoirs of  harden'd chalk
  Or stiff compacted clay, capacious found. Thomson.

2. Extensive; equal to  much knowledge,
   or  great design.
    There are some persons of a good genius, and a
  capacious mind, who write and speak vciy obscurely.
                                       Watts.
CAPA'ciousNEss,ka-pa'shus-nes.w.*.[from
   capacious.]  The  power  of holding or
   receiving; largeness.
    A concave measure, of known  and denominate
  capacity, serves to measure the capaciousness of any
  other vessel. In like manner to a given weight the
  weight of all  other bodies may be reduced  and so
  found out.                     Holder on Time.

To CAPA'ciTATE,ka-pas'e-tate. -u.o.[from
   capacity] To make capable; to enable;
   to  qualify.
    By this instruction we  may be capacitated to ob-
  serve those eirours.                    Dryden.
    These sort of men  were sycophants  only,  and
  were endued with arts of  life, to  capacitate them for
  the  conversation of the rich and great.     Tatler.

Capa'oity, ka-pas'e-te.611 to. *. [capacite,
   Fr.]
I.  The  power  of holding  or containing
   any thing.
           Had our palace the capacity
  To  camp this host, we  would all sup together.
                                    Shakspeare.
          Notwithstanding thy capacity
  Receiveth as the sea, nought enters there,
  Of what validity and pitch soe'er,
  But falls into abatement  and low price.    Shaksp.
    For they toat most and greatest things embrace,
  Enlarge thereby their mind's capacity,
  As  streams enlarg'd, enlarge the channel's space.
                                       Davies.
    Space, considered in length,  breadth, and thick-
  ness, I think, may be called capacity.       Locke.
2.  Room; space.
    There remained, in  the capacity ofthe exhausted
  cylinder, store of little rooms, or  spaces, empty or
  devoid of air.                           Boyle.
3.  The  force or power of the  mind.
    No intellectual creature is able, by capacity, to do
   toat which nature doth without capacity and know-
   ledge.                               Hooker.
    In spiritual natures, so  much  as there is of desire,
   so much there is also of capacity  to receive.  I do not 
CAP                                      CAP                                        CAP
  say, there is always a capacity  to receive the-very
  thin" they desire, for that may be impossible  South.
    An heroic poem requires  the accomplishment of
  some extraordinary undertaking; which requires the
  duty of a soldier, and toe capacity and prudence of a
  general.           Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
4. Power; ability.
    Since the world's wide frame does not include
  A cause with such capacities endued,
  Some other cause o'er nature must preside. Blackm.
5. State; condition;  character.
    A miraculous revolution,  reducing many from the
  head of a triumphant  rebellion to toeir old condi-
  tion of masons, smiths, and  carpenters; toat, in this
  capacity, they might repair what, as  colonels  and
  captains, they had ruined and defaced.     South.
    Yon desire my thoughts as a friend, and not as a
  member of parliament; toey are toe same in both
  capacities.                              Swift.
CAP A'RISON,ki-nar'e-&un.^°**i n.s.[ca-
  parazon, a great cloke,  Span.] A horse-
   cloth,  or a sort  of cover  for  a  horse,
   which is  spread over his furniture.
                              Farrier's Diet.
    Tilting furniture, emblazon'd shields,
  Impresses quaint, caparisons, and steeds,
  Bases, and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights,
  At joust and tournament.           Paradise Lost.
    Some wore  a breastplate, and a light juppon;
  Their horses cloath'd with  rich caparison.  Dryden.
To Capa'rison,  ka-par'e-stin. v. a. [from
   the noun.]
1. To dress in caparisons.
    The steeds caparison'd with purple stand,
  With golden trappings, glorious to behold,
  And champ betwixt their teeth the foaming gold.
                                       Dryden.
2. To  dress  pompously:  in  a  ludicrous
   sense.
    Don't you think, though  I am caparisoned like a
  man, I have a doublet and  hose in my disposition.
                           Shaksp. As you like it.
Cape,  kipe.  to. s. [cape, Fr.]
1. Headland; promontory.
    What from  toe cape can you discern at sea?—
  —Nothing at all; it is  a high wrought flood.  Shak.
                The parting sun,
  Beyond toe earth's green cape and verdant isles,
  Hesperean sets; my signal to depart.    Par. Lost.
    The Romans made war upon the  Tarentines, and
  obliged them by treaty not to sail beyond toe cape.
                                     Arbuthnot.
2. The neck-piece  of a cloke.
    He was  cloathed in a robe of fine black cloth,
  with wide sleeves and cape.               Bacon.
CA'PER, ka'pur.9" n. s. [from  caper, Lat.
   a goat.]  A  leap; a jump; a  skip.
    We, that are true lovers, run into strange capers;
  but as all is mortal in nature, so  is all nature in
  love mortal in folly.    Shakspeare. As you like it.
    Flimnap, the treasurer, is allowed to cut a caper,
  on the strait rope, at least an  inch  higher than any
  other lord in the whole empire. Swift's Gul. Trav.
Ca'per,  ka'pur. n. s. [capparis, Lat.]  An
   acid pickle.  See  Caper-bush.
    We invent new sauces and pickles, which resem-
  ble the animal ferment in taste and virtue, as  man-
  goes, olives, and capers.    Floyer on the Humours.

To Ca'per, ka'pfir. v.  to. [from the noun.]
1. To dance frolicksomely.
    The truth is, I am only old in judgment; and he
  toat will caper with me for a  thousand marks, let
  him lend me the money, and have at him.
                          Shakspeare's Henry IV.
2. To skip  for merriment.
                   Our master
  Cap'ring to eye her.           Shakesp.  Tempest.
    His nimble  hand's instinct then taught each string
  A cap'ring cheerfulness, and made them sing
  To their own dance.                   Crashaw.
    The family tript it about,  and capered like hail-
  stones bounding from a marble floor.    Arbuthnot.
3. To dance: spoken in contempt.
    The stage would need  no force, nor song, nor
      dance,
  Nor capering monsieur from active France.  Rowe.
Ca'perer,  ka'pur-rur.6"   n. s. [from ca-
   per.]  A dancer: in contempt.
    The tumbler's gambols some  delight affird;
  No less the nimble caperer on toe cord:
  But these are still insipid stuff to thee,
  Coop'd in a ship, and toss'd upon toe sea.  Drydm.
CA'pERBUsH,ka.'piir-busri.  to. s. [cap/ aria,
   Lat.]
    The fruit is fleshy, and  shaped like a pear. This
  plant grows in the South of Fiance, in Spain, and
  in Italy, upon old walls  and buildings; and the buds
  of the flowers, before they are open are pickled for
   eati  g.                                Miller.
CA'PIAS, ka'pe-us.88 n. s. [Lat.]   A writ
   of  two  sorts:   One before judgment,
   called  capias  ad  respondendum, in  an
   action personal, if the sheriff, upon the
   first writ of distress, return that he has
   no  effects in his jurisdiction.  The other
   is a writ of execution after judgment.
                                      Cowell.
Capilla'ceous, kap-pil-la'shils.  adj. The
   same with capillary.
Ca'pillaire,  kap-pil-lare'. «. s. Syrup of
   maidenhead.

Capi'i.lament, ka-pil'la-ment.  to. s. [ca-
   pillamentum, Lat.] Those small thieads
   or  hairs which  grow up in the  middle
   of a flower, and adorned with little knobs
   at the top, are called capillaments.
                                     Quincy.
Ca'pillary,  kap-pil'la-re. adj. [from ca-
   pillus, hair,  Lat.]
 I. Resembling  hairs;  small; minute: ap-
   plied to plants.
     Capillary or capillaceous plants, are such as have
   no main stalk or  stem, but grow to the ground, as
   hairs on the  head; and which  bear their seeds in
   little tufts or protuberances on toe backside of their
   leaves.                                Quincy.
    Our common  hyssop is not the least of vegeta-
   bles, nor observed  to grow upon walls; but rather,
   some kind of capillaries, which are very small plants,
   and  only grow upon walls  and stony places.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Applied to vessels of the body: small; as
   the ramifications of the arteries. Quincy.
    Ten capillary arteries in some parts of toe body,
   as in the brain, are not equal to one hair; and the
   smallest lymphatick vessels are  an hundred times
   smaller than the smallest  capillary artery.  Arbuth.
 Capilla'tion, kap-pil-la'shun. to. s. [from
   capillus, Lat.]   A  vessel like a hair; a
   small ramification of vessels.  Not used.
     Nor is the humour contained in smaller veins, or
   obscurer capillations, but  in a vesicle.      Brown.
 CA'PITAL,   kap'e-tal.s8  adj.  [capitalis,
    Lat.]
  I. Relating to the head.
     Needs must toe serpent now his capital bruise
   Expect with mortal pain.            Paradise Lost.
 2. Criminal in the highest degree, so as to
    touch  life.
              Edmund, I arrest  thee
   On  capifaf treason.            Shaksp. King Lear.
     Several  cases deserve greater  punishment than
   many crimes that are capital among us.     Swift.
 3. That which affects life.
     In capifaf causes, wherein but one man's life is
   in question, the evidence ought to be clear; much
                     l\2
  more in a judgment upon a war, which is capital to
  thousands.                              Bacon.
4. Chief; principal.
    I will, out of toat infinite number, reckon  but
  some that are most c«»>t'i!,   id commonly occurrent
  both in toe  life and conditions . f private men.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
    As to swerve in the least points, is errour, so the
  capital enemies  thereof  God hateth,  as his deadly
  foes,  aliens,  and, without repentance, children of
  endless perdition.                      Hooker.
    They do, in themselves, tend to confirm toe truth
  of a capital article in religion.          Atterbury
5. Chief; metropolitan.
            This had been
  Perhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread
  All generations; and had hither come,
  From all the ends of th' earth, to celebrate
  And reverence thee, toeir great progenitor.
                                 Pwradise Lost.
6. Applied to letters; large;  such as are
   written at the beginnings  or heads  of
   books.
    Our most considerable actions are  always pre-
  sent, like capital letters to an aged and dim eye.
                           Taylor's Holy Living.
    The  first is written  in capital letters, without
  chapters or verses.       Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
7. Cupital  stock. The principal or original
   stock of a trader or company.
Ca'pital,  kap'e-tal. n. s. [from  the adjec-
   tive.]
1. The upper  part of  a pillar.
    You  see the volute of toe Ionick, the foliage of
  the Corinthian, and  the uovali of the  Dorick, mix-
  ed without  any regularity on the same capital.
                               Addison on Italy.
2. The chief city of a nation or kingdom.
Ca'pitally, kap'e-tal-le. adv.  [from  ca-
   pital] In a capital  manner.
Capita'tion,  kap-e-ti'shun.  to. s.  [from
   caput, the head,  Lat.] Numeration by
   heads.
     He suffered for not   performing the command-
   ment of God concerning capitation;  that, when the
   people were numbered, for  every head they should
   pay unto God a shekel.                   Brown.
 CA'PITE,  kap'e-te'. to. s. [from  caput,
   capitis,  Lat.]
     A tenure which holdeth immediately of the king,
   as of his crown, be it by knight's service  or socage,
   and  not as of any honour,  castle, or manour: and
   therefore it is otherwise  called a tenure,  that hold-
   eth merely ofthe king;  because, as the  crown is a
   corporation and seigniory in gross,  as toe common
   lawyers term  it, so the king that possesseth  the
   crown is, in account of law, perpetually king, and
   never in his minority, nor ever dieth.      Cowell.
 Capi'tular, ka-pitsh'u-liir.88  to. s. [from
    capitulum, Lat. an ecclesiastical chap-
    ter.]
  1. A  body of statutes,  divided  into chap-
    ters.
     That this practice continued to the time of Char-
   lemain, appeal^ by a constitution in his capitular.
                                        Taylor.
  2. A  member of a chapter.
     Canonists do agree, that the chapter  makes de-
   crees and statutes, which  shall bind  the chaptti
   itself, and all its members  or capitulars.
                              Ayliffe's Parergon.
  To  CAPITULATE,    ka-pitsh'u-lite."
    v.n. [from capitulum, Lat.]
  1.  To draw  up  any thing in heads or ar-
    ticles.
              Percy, Nurtluimberland,
   The archbishop of York, Douglas", and Mortimer,
    Capitulate against  us, and are up.
            u.                 Shaksp. Henry IV, 
cAP                                     CAP                                    CAP
2. To yield, or  surrender up,  on certain
   stipulations.
    The king took  it for a great  indignity, that
  thieves should offer to capitulate with him  as ene-
  mies-                              Hayward.
    I still pursued, and about two o'clock this after-
  noon she thought fit to capitulate.        Spectator.
Capitula'tion, ka-pltsh-u-la'shun.  to.  s.
   [from  capitulate.]   Stipulation; terms;
   conditions.
    It was not a complete conquest,  but rather a de-
  dition upon terms and capitulations, agreed between
  the conquerour and the conquered; wherein,  usually,
  the yielding party secured to themselves their  law
  and religion.                           Hale.
Capi'vi-tree, ka-pe've-tree.  n.s. [copaiba,
   Lat.]
    This tree grows near a village called Ayapel, in
  the province of Antiochi, in the Spanish West In-
  dies, about ten days journey from  Carthagena.
  Some of them do not yield any of the balsam; those
  that do, are distinguished by a ridge  which runs
  along toeir trunks.   These trees  are wounded in
  their centre, and they apply vessels to the wounded
  part to receive the balsam.  One of these trees will
  yield five or six gallons of balsam.         Miller.
 To Capo'ch, ka-p66tsh'. v. a.  I  know  not
   distinctly  what this word  means; per-
   haps, to strip  off the hood.
     Capoch'd your rabins of the Synod,
  And snapt the canons with a why not.    Hudibras.
Ca'pon,  ka'pn.40S 17°  «. s. [capo, Lat.]  A
   castrated cock.
    In good roast beef my landlord sticks his  knife;
  The capon fat delights his dainty wife.  Gay's Past.
CAPOJYJVIE'RE, kap-pon-neer'.  to.  *.
   [Fr. A term in fortification.] A cover-
   ed lodgment, of about four or five feet
   broad, encompassed with  a  little para-
   pet of about two feet high,  serving  to
   support planks laden with earth.   This
   lodgment contains fifteen or twenty sol-
   diers,  and is  usually placed at the ex-
   tremity  of the counterscarp, having  lit-
   tle embrasures made in them, through
   which they fire.                 Harris.
 CAPO'T,  ka-p6t'.  n. s. [French.] Is when
   one party wins all the tricks of cards at
   the game of picquet.
 To Capo't, ka-pot'. v. a.  [from the noun.]
   When one party has won  all the  tricks
   of cards at picquet,  he is said to have
   capotted his antagonist.
Capo'uch, ka-p66tsh'. to. s. [capuce, Fr.]
   A monk's hood.                    Diet.
Ca'pper, kap'pur.  to. s. [from cap.] One
   who makes  or sells caps.
Capre'olate,  ka-pre'6-late. adj.  [from
   capreolus. a tendril of a vine, Lat.]
     Such plants as turn, wind, and  creep along the
  ground by means  of their tendrils, as gourds,  me-
  lons, and cucumbers, are termed, in botany, capre-
  ofafe plants.                          Harris.
CAPRI'CE,ka-preese',orkap'reese. ~>
CAPRI'CHIO, ka-preetsh'6.       \ n'*m
   [caprice, Fr.  capricho,  Span.] Freak;
   fancy; whim; sudden change of humour.
    It is a pleasant spectacle to  behold the shifts,
  windings, and unexpected caprichios of distressed
  nature, when pursued by a close and well-managed
  experiment.          Glanville's Scepsis,  Preface.
    We are not  to be guided  in  the sense of that
  book, either by the misreports of some ancients, or
  the caprichios of one or two neoterics.      Grete.
    Heav'n's great view is one, and that the  whole;
  That counterworks each folly and caprice,
  That disappoints th' effects of ev'ry vice.     Pope.
    If there be a single spot more barren, or more dis-
  tant from the church, there the rector or vicar may
  be obliged, by the caprice or pique of the bishop, to
  build.                                Sivift.
        Their passions move in lower spheres,
  Where'er caprice or folly steers.           Swift.
    All the various machines and utensils would now
  and then play odd pranks and caprices, quite contra-
  ry to their proper structures, and design ofthe arti-
  ficers.                               Bentley.
CAPRi'cious,ka.-prish'tis. adj. [capricieux,
  Fr.]  Whimsical; fanciful; humoursome.
Capri'ciously, ka-prish'us-le. actv. [from
  capricious.]  Whimsically;  in  a manner
  depending wholly upon fancy.
Capri'oiousness,   ka-prish'us-nes. n.  s.
  [from capricious.] The quality of being
  led by  caprice, humour, whimsicalness.
    A subject ought to suppose that there are reasons,
  although he be not apprised of them; otherwise, he
  must tax his prince of capaciousness, inconstancy, or
  ill design.                            Swift.
Ca'phicorn, kap'pre-korn. to. s. [capricor-
  nus,  Lat.]  One ofthe signs ofthe zodi-
  ack;  the  winter solstice.
    Let  the longest night in Capricorn be  of fifteen
  hours,  the day consequently must be of nine.
                     Notes to Creech's Manilius.
CAPRIO'LE, kap're-ole'. to. *. [French.
  In horsemanship.]  Caprioles are leaps,
  such as a horse makes  in  one and  the
  same place, without advancing forwards,
  and in  such a manner, that when he is in
  the air, and height of his leap, he yerks
  or strikes out with his hinder legs, even
  and near.  A capriole is the most diffi-
  cult  of all the high manage,  or raised
  airs.   It  is different from the croupade
  in this, that the horse does not show his
  shoes; and from  a balotade, in that he
  does not yerk out in a balotade. F. Diet.
Ca'pstan, kap'stan. to. s. [corruptly called
  caps tern; cabestan,Fr.] A cylinder, with
  levers, to wind up any great weight, par-
  ticularly to raise the anchors.
    The weighing of anchors by the capstan is also
  new.                       Raleigh's Essays.
    No more behold thee turn my watch's key,
  As seamen at a capstan anchors weigh.      Swift.
CA'psuLAR,kap'shu-lar.4sa  ") adj.[capsula,
CA'rsuLARY,kap'shu-lar-e. } Lat.J Hollow
  like  a chest.
    It ascendeth not directly unto toe throat, but as-
  cending first into a capsulury reception of the breast-
  bone, it ascendeth again into the neck.    Brown.
CA'psuLATE,kap'shu-late.     ~) adj. [cap-
Ca'psulateo, kap'shu-la-ted. 3 sula,L,at.]
  Inclosed, or  in a box.
    Seeds, such as are corrupted and stale, will swim;
  and this agrceth  unto the seeds of plants locked up
  and capsuloted in toeir husks.   J3roien's Vulg. Err.
    The heart lies immured, or eapsufafed, in a carti-
  lage, which includes the heart as the skull doth the
  brain.                               Derham.
CA'PTAIN, kap'tin.208 to. s. [capitain, Fr.
  in Latin, capitaneus: being one of those
  who, by tenure  in capite, were  obliged
  to bring soldiers to the war.]
1. A chief commander.
              Dismay'd not this
  Our captains, Macbeth and Banquo? Shaksp. Macb.
2. The chief of any number or body of men.
    Nashan shall be captain of Judah.     Jfumbers.
    He sent unto him a captain of fifty.      Kings.
    The captain ofthe guard gave him victuals.
                                    Jeremiah.
3. A man skilled in war; as, Marlborough
   was a  great captain.
4. The commander of a company in a re-
   giment.
    A captain! these villains will make the name of
  captain as odious as the word occupy; therefore cap-
  tains had need look to it.    Shakspeare's Henry IV
            The grim captain, in a surly tone,
  Cries out, Pack up, ye rascals, and be gone! Dryd.
5. The chief commander of a ship.
    The Rhodian captain, relying on his knowledge
  and the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day'
  through all the guards.       ^r6wf/wioton Coins'.
6. It was antiently written capitain.
    And evermore their cruel capitain
  Sought with his rascal routs t' enclose them round.
                                 Fairy Queen.
7. Captain General. The general or com-
   mander in chief of an army.
8. Captain Lieutenant. The commanding
   officer  of the  colonel's troop or compa-
   ny, in every regiment.  He commands
   as youngest captain.
Ca'ptainry,  kap'tin-re. to. s. [from cap-
   tain.] The power over a certain district;
   the chieftainship.
    There  should be no rewards taken for captainries
  of counties, no shares of bishopricks for nominating
  of bishops.                           Spenser.
Ca'ptainship, kap'tin-ship. to. a. [from cap-
   tain.]
1. The condition or post of a chief com-
   mander.
    Therefore so  please thee to return with us,
  And of our Athens, thine and ours, to take
  The captainship.           Shakspeare's Timon.
2. The rank, quality, or post of a  captain.
    The lieutenant of the colonel's  company  might
  well pretend to the next vacant captainship  in the
  same regiment.                        Wotton.
3. The chieftainship of a clan, or  govern-
   ment of a certain district.
    To diminish  the Irish lords, he did abolish their
  pretended and usurped captainships.  Davies on Irel.
4. Skill in the  military trade.
Capta'tion, kap-ta'shun. n. s. [from capto,
   Lat.] The practice of catching favour or
   applause; courtship; flattery.
    I am content my heart should be discovered, with-
  out any of those dresses, or popular captations, which
  some men use in their  speeches.    King Charles.
Ca'ption, kap'shin. ». s. [from capio, Lat.
   to take.]  The act of taking any person
   by a judicial  process.
CA'PTIOUS, kap'shus.s" adj. [captieux,
   Fr.  captiosus, Lat.l
1. Given  to cavils; eager to object.
    If he shew a forwardness to be reasoning about
  things, take care that nobody check this inclination,
  or mislead it by captious or fallacious ways of talk-
  ing with him.                          /,ocfa.
2. Insidious; ensnaring.
    She taught him likewise how to avoid sundry cap-
  tious and tempting questions, which were like to be
  asked of  him.                         Bacon.
Ca'ptiously, kap'sh&s-le.  adv. [from cap-
   tious/]  In a  captious manner; with an in-
   clination to object.
    Use your words as captiously as you can, in your
   arguing  on one side, and apply distinctions on the
  other.            ^                   Locfce.
Ca'ptiousness,  kap'shus-nes. to.  *. [from
   captious.] Inclination to find fault; incli-
   nation  to object; peevishness. 
CAP
CAR
CAR
     Capttottsness is a fault opposite to civility; it often
   produces misbecoming and provoking expressions
   and carriage.                          Locke.
  To Ca'ptivate, kap'te-vate. -v. a. [caftti-
    ver, Fr. captivo,  Lat.]
  1. To take prisoner; to bring into bondage.
     How ill beseeming is it in toy sex,
   To triumph, like an Amazonian trull,
   Upon their woes whom fortune captivates!  Shaksp.
     Thou hast by tyranny these many years
   Wasted our country, slain our citizens,
   And sent our sons and husbands captivate.   Shaksp.
     He deserves to be a slave, that is content to have
   the rational sovereignty of his soul, and toe liberty o
   his will, so captivated.             King Charles.
     They stand firm, keep out the enemy,  truth, that
   would captivate or disturb them.           Locke.
  2. To  charm; to overpower with  excel-
    lence; to subdue.
     Wisdom enters the last, and so captivates him with
   her appearance, that he gives himself up to her.
                            Addison,  Guardian.
 3. To  enslave: with to.
     They lay a trap for themselves, and captivate their
   understandings to mistake, falsehood, and errour.
                                       Locke.
 Captiva'tion, kap-te-va'shiln.  n. s. [from
   captivate.]  The  act of taking one cap-
   tive.
 CA'PTIVE,  kap'tiv.140  n. s. [captif, Fr.
   captivus, Lat.]
 1. One taken in war; a prisoner to an enemy.
                 You have the captives,
   Who  were the opposites of this day's strife. Shaksp.
     This is no other than that forced respect a captive
   pays to his conqueror, a slave to his lord.    Rogers.
               Free from shame
   Thy captives: I ensure the penal claim.     Pope.
 2. It is used with to before the  captor.
     If thou say Antony lives, 'tis well,
   Or friends with Caesar, or not captive to him. Shaks.
     My mother, who toe royal sceptre sway'd,
   Was captive to the cruel victor made.     Dryden.
 3. One charmed or ensnared by beauty or
   excellence.
               My woman's heart
   Grossly grew captive to his honey words. Shakspeare.
 Ca'ptive, kap'tiv.140 adj. [captivus, Lat.]
   Made prisoner in war; kept in bondage
   or confinement, by whatever means.
    But fate forbids; the Stygian floods  oppose,
  And with nine circling streams the captive souls in-
      close.                           Dryden,
 To Ca'ptive, kap'tiv. v. a. [from the noun.
   It was used formerly with the accent on
   the  last syllable, but  now it is on the
   first.] To take prisoner;  to bring into a
   condition  of servitude.
    But being all defeated save a few,
  Rather than.fly, or be captiv'd, herself she slew.
                                      Spenser.
    Thou leavest them to hostile sword
  Of heathen and profane, their carcasses
  To dogs and fowls a prey, or else captiv'd.  MUton.
    What further fear of danger can there be?
  Beauty, which captives all things, sets me free.
                                      Dryden.
    Still lay the god: the nymph surpris'd,
  Yet mistress of herself, devis'4
  How she the vagrant might enthral,
  And captive him who captives all.           Prior.
Capti'vity, kap-tiv'e-te. to.  s.  [captivite,
  Fr. captivitas,  low Lat.]
1. Subjection by the fate  of war; bondage;
  servitude to enemies.
              This is the serjeant,
  Who, like a good and hardy soldier, fought
  'Gainst my captivity.                Shakspeare.
    There in captivity he lets them dwell
   The space of seventy years; then brings them back;
   Rememb'ring mercy.                  Milton.
     The name of Ormond will be more celebrated in
  " his captivity, than in his greatest triumphs. Dryden.
 2. Slavery; servitude.
     For men to be tied, and led by authority, as it
   were with  a  kind of captivity  of judgment; and
   though there be reason to the contrary, not to listen
   unto it.                              Hooker.
     The apostle tells us there is a way of bringing
   every thought into  captivity to  the  obedience  of
   Christ.                        Decay of Piety.
     When love 's  well tim'd, 'tis not a fault to love;
   The strong, the brave, the virtuous, and the wise,
   Sink in the soft captivity together.       Addison.
 Ca'ptor, kap'tur.166 to. *. [from capio, to
   take, Lat.] He  that takes a prisoner, or
   a prize.
 Ca'pture, kap'tshiire.461  to. s.  [capture,
   Fr. captura, Lat.]
 1. The act or practice of taking any thing.
     The great sagacity,  and many artifices, used by
   birds, in the investigation and capture of their prey.
                                     Derham,
 2. The thing taken; a prize.
 Capu'cheo,  ka-p66tsh'd. adj.  [from  ca-
   puce, Fr. a hood.] Covered over as with
   a hood.
     They are differently cucullated and capuched upon
   the head and back; and, in the cicada, toe eyes are
  more prominent.        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 CAPUCHi'N,ka.p-u-sheen'.113 n. s. A female
   garment, consisting of a cloak and hood,
   made in imitation ofthe dress of capu-
   chin monks; whence its name is derived.
 Car, Char, kar.78 tshar, in the names of
   places,  seem to  have  relation  to the
   British caer,  a city.  Gibson's Camden.
 Car, kar.78 n.s. [car, Welsh; karre, Dutch;
   criaee, Saxon; carrus, Latin.]
 I. A small carriage of burden,  usually
   drawn by one horse or two.
     When a lady comes in a coach to  our shops, it
  must be followed by a car loaded with  Wood's mo-
  ney.                                 Swift.
 2. In poetical language, any vehicle of dig-
   nity or splendour; a chariot of war, or
   triumph.
    Henry is dead, and never shall  revive:
  Upon a wooden coffin we attend,
  And death's dishonourable  victory
  We with our stately presence glorify,
  Like captives bound to a triumphant car. Shakspeare.
    Wilt thou aspire to guide the heav'nly car,
  And with toy daring folly burn the world?  Shaksp.
    And toe gilded car of day,
  His glowing axle doth allay
  In the steep Atlantick stream.            Milton.
    See where he comes, the darling ofthe war!
  See millions crowding round toe gilded car! Prior.
 3. The Charles's wain, or Bear;  a constel-
   lation.
    Ev'ry fixt, and ev'ry wand'ring star,
  The Pleiads, Hyads, and toe Northern Car. Dryd.

Ca'rabine,? k,r_bine, 140 ^.[carabine
Ca'rbine,  5              ^  Fr-] A small
   sort of fire arm, shorter than a fusil, and
   carrying  a ball of twenty-four  in the
   pound, hung  by the light horse at a belt
   over the left shoulder.  It is  a kind of
   medium  between  the pistol  and  the
   musket,  haying its barrel two feet and
  a  half long.
Carabini'er, kar-be-neer'. «. *. [from ca-
  rabine.]  A sort of light horse carrying
   longer carabines than the rest, and used
   sometimes on foot.            Chambers.
 Ca'rack, kar'ak. to. s. [caraca, Spanish.]
   A large ship of burden; the  same with
   those  which are now called galleons.
     In which river, the greatest caraek of Portugal
   may ride afloat ten miles within the forts. Raleigh.
     The bigger whale like some huge caraek lay,
   Which wanteth sea-room with her foes to play.
                                      Waller.
 CA'RACOLE,kar-a-k6le'.to.*, [caracole,Fr.
   from caracol, Span, a snail.]  An oblique
   tread,  traced out in semi-rounds, chang-
   ing  from one hand to  another, without
   observing a regular ground.
     When toe horse advance to charge in battle, toey
   ride sometimes in caracoles, to amuse the enemy, and
   put them in doubt whether they are about to charge
   them in  the front or in the flank.   Farrier's Diet.
 To Ca'raoole, ka.r-a-k6le'. v. to. [from the
   noun.] To  move in caracoles.
 Ca'rat,   ]  .  * ,*   C      r     t „  -,
 n ,       {■  karat.  < to. s. \ carat, rr. 1
 La'ract, 3  .        c
 I. A weight of four grains, with which dia-
   monds are  weighed.
 2. A manner of expressing the fineness of
   gold.
    A mark, being  an ounce Troy, is divided into
  twenty-four equal parts, called caracts, and each ca-
  ract into  four grains: by this weight is  distinguished
  the different fineness of their gold; for if to the finest
  of  gold be put  two caracts of alloy, both making,
  when cold, but an ounce, or twenty-four caracts, then
  this gold is said to be twenty-two caracts fine. Cocker.
    Thou best of gold, art worst of gold;
  Other, less fine in carat, is more precious. Shaksp.
CARAVA'N, kar'a-van.634  to.  a,  [cara-
   vanne, Fr.  fronvthe Arabick.] A troop
   or body of merchants or pilgrims, as they
   travel  in the East.
                They set forth
  Their airy caravan, high over seas
  Flying, and over lands, with mutual wing
  Easing their flight.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
    When Joseph, and the Blessed Virgin Mother,
  had lost their most holy Son, they sought him in toe
  retinues of their kindred, and the caravans of the
  Galilean  pilgrims.                      Taylor.
Carava'nsary, kar-a-van'sa-re. to. a. [from
   caravan.] A house built in the Eastern
   countries for the reception of travellers.
    The inns which receive the  caravans in Persia,
  and the Eastern countries, are called by the name
  of caravansaries.                     Spectator.
    The spacious mansion, like a Turkish caravansa-
  ry, entertains the vagabond with only bare lodging.
                                Pope's Letters.
Ca'ravel, kar'a-vel.  >  w.  s.  [caravela,
Ca'rvel, kar'vel.     5  Span.]  A  light,
   round, old-fashioned ship, with a square
   poop, formerly used in Spain and Por-
   tugal.
Ca'raway,  kar'a-wa. to. a. [carum, Lat.]
   A plant; sometimes found  wild in  rich
   moist  pastures, especially  in Holland
   and Lincolnshire.  The seeds are  used
   in medicine and confectionary.  Miller.
CARBONA'DO,  kar-b6-na'd6.»a  n.  a.
   [carbonnade,  Fr.  from carbo, a  coal,,
   Lat.]  Meat cut across,  to be broiled
   upon the  coals.
   If I come  in his  way willingly, let him make a
  carbonado of me.                   Shakspeare.
To Carbonado, kar-bo-na'do. v. a. [from
  the noun.]  To cut or hack. 
CAR                                    CAR                                     CAR
    Draw, you rogue, or I'll so carbonado
  Your shanks.                       Shakspeare.
CARBUNCLE,   kar'bunk-kl.4"6  to.  s.
   [carbunculus, Lat. a  little  coal.]
I. A jewel  shining  in  the  dark,  like a
   lighted coal or ca,:dle.
    A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art,
  Were  not so rich a jewel.            Shakspeare.
                   His head
  Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes,
  With burnish'd neck of verdant gold.     Milton.
    It is believed that a carbuncle  does shine in the
  dark like a burning coal; from whence it hath its
  name.                               Wilkins.
     Carbuncle is a stone of toe  ruby kind, of a rich
  blood-red colour.                   Woodward.
2.  Red spots or  pimples   breaking our
   upon the  face or body.
     It was a pestilent fever, but there followed no car-
   buncle, no purple or livid spots, or the like, toe mass
   of the blood not being tainted.            Bacon.
     Red blisters rising on their paps appear,
   And flaming carbuncles, and noisome, sweat.  Dryd,
Ca'rbunclkd, kar'bo.nk-kld.s62 adj. [from
   carbuncle.]
 I. Set  with carbuncles.
     An armour all of gold; it was a king's.—
   —He has deserv'd it, were it carbuncled
   Like holy Phoebus' car.             Shakspeare.
 2. Spotted; deformed with carbuncles.
 Carbu'ncular,   kar-bung'ku-lur.   adj.
   [from  carbuncle.] Belonging to a  car-
   buncle; red  like a carbuncle.
 Carbuncula'tion,  kar-b&ng-kii-la'shun.
   n. s. [carbunculatio,  Lat.] The blasting
   of the  young buds of  trees or  plants,
   either  by   excessive  heat or excessive
   cold.                             Harris.
 Ca'rcanet,  kar'ka-net. to. s. [carcan, Fr.]
   A chain or collar of jewels.
     Say that I linger'd with you at your shop,
   To see the making of her carcanet.   Shakspeare.
     I have seen her beset and  bedeckt all over with
   emeralds and pearls, and a carcanet about her neck.
                          Hakewill on Providence.
"Ca'rcass, kar'kas.93 to. s. [carquasse, Fr.]
  1. A dead body of any  animal.
     To blot the honour of the dead,
   And with foul cowardice his carcass shame,
   Whose living hands immortaliz'd his name.  Spens.
      Where cattle pastur'd late, now scatter'd lies,
   With carcasses and arms, the  insanguin'd field,
   Deserted.                            Milton.
     If a man visits his sick friend in hope of legacy, he
   is a vulture,  and only waits for the carcass. Taylor.
     The scaly nations of the sea profound,
   Like shipwreck'd carcasses, are driven aground.
                                      Dryden.
  2. Body: in  a ludicrous sense.
     To-day how many would have given their honours
   To 've sav'd  their carcasses!          Shakspeare.
      He that finJs himself in any distress, either of
   carcass or of fortune, should deliberate  upon the
   matter before he prays for a change.  L'Estrange.
  3.  The  decayed parts of any thing; the
    ruins; the remains."
      A  rotten carcass of a boat,  not rigg'd,
   Nor tackle, sail, nor mast.           Shakspeare.
  4. The main parts,  naked,  without com-
    pletion or ornament; as,  the walls of a
    house.
     What could be thought a sufficient motive to have
   had an eternal carcass of an  universe, wherein the
   materials and positions of it were eternally laid to-
   gether?              Hale's Origin of Mankind.
  5. [In gunnery.]  A kind  of  bomb,  usually
    oblong,  consisting  of  a  shell or case,
    sometimes oi'  iron   with holes,  more
  commonly  of  a  coarse  strong  stuff,
  pitched over  and girt with iron hoops,
  filled  with  combustibles,  and  thrown
  from a mortar.                   Harris.

Ca'rcelage, kar'se-lidjc.90  to. s.  [from
  career, Lat.]  Prison fees.         Diet.
CARCINO'MA,  kar-se-no'ma. to.s. [from
  x.xpx.h&', a  crab.]  A particular  ulcer,
  called a cancer, very difficult  to cure.
  A disorder likewise in the horny coat of
  the  eye, is thus called.          Quincy.
Carcinomatous, kar-se-nom'a-tijs.  adj.
  [from carcinoma.]   Cancerous; tending
  to a cancer.
CARD, kard.92 to. s. [carte,  Fr. charta,
  Lat.]
1. A  paper painted  with figures, used in
  games of chance or skill.
    A  vengeance on your crafty wither'd hide!
  Yet I have fae'd  it with a card of ten.  Slwkspeare.
    Soon as she spreads her hand, to' serial guard
  Descend, and sit on each important card;
  First, Ariel perch'd upon a matadore.       Pope.
 I.  The paper  on  which  the  winds are
   marked under  the mariner's needle.
    Upon his cards and compass firms his eye,
  The  masters of his long experiment.       Spenser.
    The very points they blow;
  All the quarters that they know,
  I' th' shipman's card.                Shakspeare.
    How absolute the knave is! we must speak  by the
  card, or equivocation will undo us.    Shakspeare.
    On life's vast ocean diversely we sail,
  Reason the card, but passion is the gale.     Pope.
 3. [Kaarde, Dutch.] The instrument  with
   which wool is  combed, or comminuted,
   or  broken for spinning.
 To Card,  kard.  v.  a. [from the  noun.]
   To comb,  or  comminute  wool  with a
   piece of wood, thick set  with crooked
   wires.
    The while their wives do sit
  Beside them, carding wool.        May's  Virgil.
               Go,  card and spin,
  And leave the business of the war to men. Dryden.
 To Card, kard.  v. n.  To game;  to play
    much at cards: as, a carding wife.
 CAR DA MO'MUM,   kar'da-mfim.  to. s.
    [Latin.]  A medicinal seed, of the aro-
    matick  kind,  contained  in pods, and
   brought from the East Indies. Chambers.
 Ca'rder, kar'ddr.98 to.  s. [from  card.]
 1.  One that cards wool.
     The clothiers  all have put off
   The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shakspeare.
 2.  One that plays much at cards.
 Cardi'acal, kar-di'a-kal. >   adj.\jM$i*,
 Ca'rdiaok, kaVde-ak.     )    the  heart.]
    Cordial; having the quality of invigorat-
    ing the spirits.
 Ca'rdialgy, kar'de-al-je. to. «. [from xxf-
    S'tx, the heart, and  aAy^, pain.]
     The heart-bum; a pain supposed to beTelt in the
   heart, but more properly in the stomach, which some-
   times rises all along from thence  up to  the oesopha-
   gus, occasioned  by some acrimonious matter.
                                       Quincy.
 CA'RDINAL,  kar'de-nal.88 adj. [cardm-
    alis, Lat.] Principal; chief.
     The divisions of the year in frequent use with as-
   tronomers, according to the cardinal intersections of
   the  zodiack; that is, the two equinoctials, and both
   the  solstitial points.                     Brown.
     His cardinal perfection was indush-y- Clarendon.
Ca'rdinal,  kar'de-nal. «. a. One  of the
   chief governors of the Romish church,
   by whom the pope is elected out of their
   own number,  which contains  six bish-
   ops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons,
   who constitute the  sacred college, and
   are  chesen by  the pope.
    A cardinal  is  so stiled, because serviceable to the
  apostolick see, as an axle or hinge on which the whole
  government of the church  turns; or as they  have,
  from  the pope's  grant, the hinge and government of
  the Romish church.                    Ayliffe.
          You hold a fair assembly;
  You are a churchman, or I'll tell you, cardinal,
  I should judge now unhappily.         Shakspeare.
Ca'rdinal's  flower, kar'de-nals-fl6iir.
   «. s. [rapuntium, hat.] A flower.
    The species  are,  1. Greater rampions, with a
  crimson spiked flower, commonly called the scarlet
  cardinal's flower. 2. The blue cardinal's flower.
                                      Miller.
Ca'rdinalate, kar'de-na-late.  }    to. s.
Ca'rdinalship, kar'de-nal-ship. $   [from
   cardinal.] The office and rank of a car-
   dinal.
     An ingenious cavalier, hearing that an old friend
   of his was  advanced to a cardinafafe, went to con-
   gratulate his  eminence upon his new honour.  L'£sf.
Ca'rdmaker, kard'ma-kilr.  to.  s. [from
   card and maker] A  maker of cards.
     Am not  I Christophcro Sly, by occupation a card-
   maker?        Shakspeare's Taming ofthe Shrew.
Ca'rdmatch,  kanl'matSh. to. s. [from card
   and match.] A match made by dipping
   pieces ol  card in melted sulphur.
     Take care, that those  may  not make the most
   noise who have the least to sell;  which is very ob-
   servable in the venders of cardmatches.    Addison.
 CA'RDUUS,  kaKdu-us. See Thistle.
CARE, kare.  to. s. [cajie, Saxon.]
 1. Solicitude;  anxiety;  perturbation  of
   mind;concern.
     Or, if I  would take care, that care should be
   For wit that scorn'd the world, and liv'd like me.
                                      Dryden.
     Nor sullen discontent, nor anxious care,
   Ev'n though  brought thither, could inhabit there.
                                      Dryden.
     Raise in your soul the  greatest care of fulfilling
   the divine will.     Wake's Preparation for Death.
 2. Caution;  often in the phrase, to  have a
   care.
     Well, sweet Jack, have a care of thyself. Shaksp.
     The foolish virgins had taken no care for a further
   supply, after the oil, which was at first put into their
   lamps, was spent, as the wise had done.   Tiffotson.
     Begone! the priest expects you at the altar.—
   But, tyrant,  have a care I come not thither.
                                    A. Philips.
 3. Regard;  charge; heed  in  order to pro-
    tection and preservation.
     If we believe that there is a God, that takes care
   of us, and we  be careful to please him, this cannot
   but be a mighty comfort to us.          Tillotson.
 4. It is a  loose  and vague word, implying
    attention  or  inclination, in any degree
    more or  less: it  is  commonly  used in
    the phrase, to take care.
              You come in such a time,
   As if propitious fortune took a care
   To swell my tide of joys to their full height. Dryden.
     We fafee care to flatter ourselves with  imaginary
   scenes and prospects of future  happiness. Atterbury.
  5.  The object of care,  of caution, or of
    love.
     0 my poor kingdom, sick with civil blows!
    When that  my care could not  withhold thy riots,
   What wilt thou do when riot is thy care?   Shaksp. 
CAR
CAR
CAR
      Flush'd were his cheeks, and  glowing were his
          eyes:
    Is she thy care? is she thy care? he cries.  Dryden.
      Your safety, more than mine, was then my care:
    Lest, of the guide bereft, toe rudder lost,
    Vour ship should run against the rocky coast. Dryd.
                  The wily fox,
    Who lately filch'd the turkey's callow care.   Gay.
      None taught the trees a nobler race to bear,
    Or more improv'd the vegetable care.       Pope.
  To Care, kare. v. to. [from the  noun.]
  I. To be anxious or solicitous; to be  in
    concern about any thing.
      She cared not what pain she put her body to, since
    the better part, her mind, was  laid under so much
    agony.                                Sidney.
      As the Germans, both in language and manners,
    differed from the Hungarians, so were toey always at
    variance with them;  and therefore much cared not,
    though they were by him subdued.        Knolles.
     Well, on my terms thou wilt not be my heir;
    If thou car'st little, less shall be my care.  Dryden.
  2. To be inclined;  to  be disposed: with/or
    before nouns, or to before verbs.
     Not caring lo observe  the wind,
   Or the new sea explore.                  Waller.
     The remarks are introduced by a compliment to
   the works of an author, who, I am sure, would not
   care for being praised at toe expence  of another's
   reputation.                            Addison.
     Having been now  acquainted, the two sexes did
   not care to part.                        Addison.
     Great masters in painting never care for drawing
   people in the fashion.                  Spectator.
  3. To be  affected with; to have regard to:
    with for.
     You doat on her that cares not/or your love.
                                     Shakspeare.
     There  was an  ape that had twins;  she doated
   upon one of them, and did not much care for V other.
                                    L'Estrange.
     Where few are rich, few care for it; where many
   are so, many desire it.                  Temple.
 Ca'recrazed,  kare'krazd.359  adj.  [from
   care and craze]  Broken  with  care and
    solicitude.
     These  both put off,  a poor petitioner,
   A carecraz'd mother of many children. Shakspeare.

  To Care'en, ka-reen'. v. a.  [cariner, Fr.
   from carina, Lat. A term in the sea lan-
   guage.] To  lay a vessel on one side, to
   calk, stop up  leaks, refit,  or trim the
   other side.                     Chambers.
 To Care'en, ka-reen'. v. to. To be in the
   state of careening.

 CARE'ER, ka-reer'. to. *. [carriere, Fr.]
 1. The  ground on which a race is  run; the
   length  of a course.
    They had run  toemselves too  far out of breath,
  to go back again the same career.          Sidney.
 2. A course; a race.
    What rein can hold licentious wickedness,
  When down the hill he holds his fierce career?
                                    Shakspeare.
 3. Height of speed;  swift motion.
    It is related of certain Indians, that they are able,
  when a horse is running in his full  career, to stand
  upright on his back. Witkins's Mathematical Magick.
    Practise them now to curb the turning steed,
  Mocking the foe; now to his rapid speed
  To give the rein, and, in the full  career,
  To draw toe certain sword, or send the pointed
      spear.                             Prior.
4. Course of action;  uninterrupted proce-
   dure.
    Shall quips and  sentences, and  these paper bul-
  let* of the brain,  awe a man from the career of his
  humour?                          Shakspeare.
    The heir of a blasted family bas rose up, and prp-
    mised fair, and yet at length  a cross event has cer-
    tainly met and stopt him in toe career of his fortune.
                                         South.
     Knights in knightly deeds should persevere,
    And still continue what  at first they were;
    Continue and proceed in honour's fair career. Dryd.
  To  Care'er,  ka-reer'. v.  n.  [from   the
    noun.] Running with swift motion.
              With eyes, the wheels
    Of beryl, and careering fires between.     Milton.
  Ca'reful, kare'ful.  adj.  [from  care  and
    full.]
  I. Anxious; solicitous; full of concern.
     The piteous maiden, careful, comfortless,
    Does throw out thrilling shrieks and shrieking cries.
                                       Spenser.
     Martha, thou art careful, and troubled about ma-
    ny things.                         Luke,x. 41.
     Welcome, thou pleasing slumber;
    Awhile embrace me in toy leaden arms,
    And charm my careful thoughts.  Denham's Sophy.
  2. Provident, diligent: with of or for.
     Behold, thou hast been careful for us with all this
    care; w  at is lo be done for thee?        2 Kings.
     To cure their mad ambition, they were  sent
    To rule  a distant province, each alone:
    What could  a careful father more have done? Dryd.
  3. Waichlui; cautious: with of.
     It concerns us to be careful o/our conversations.
                                          Ray.
  i. Subject  to  perturbations; exposed to
    troubles;  full  of anxiety; full of solici-
    tude.
     By him that rais'd me to this careful height,
   From toat contented hap which I enjoy'd.  Shaksp.
 Carefully, kare'ful-le.  adv. [from  care-
   ful.]
  I. In a manner  that shews care.
     Envy,  how carefully does it look! how meagre and
   ill-complexioned!                      Collier
 2. Heedfully;  watchfully;  vigilantly;  at-
    tentively.
     You come  most carefully upon your hour. Shaksp.
     By considering him so carefully  as I did  before
   my attempt,  I have made some faint resemblance of
   bim.                                 Dryden.
    All of them, therefore, studiously cherished  the
   memory of their honourable extraction, and care-
  fully preserved the evidences of it.      Atterbury.
 3.  Providently.
    Cautiously.

 Ca'refulness,  kare'lul-nes.  n. s. [from
   careful.]  Vigilance; needfulness;  cau-
   tion.
    The death  of Selymus was with all  carefulness,
  concealed by Ferhates. Knolles's Hist, of the Turks,
Ca'relessly, kare'les-le. adv. [fiom.ear<?-
   less.] Negligently;  inattentively;  with-
   out care; heedlessly.
    There he him found all cardesly display'd,
  In secret shadow from the sunny ray. Fairy Queen,
              Not content to see
  That others write as carelesly as he.       Waller.

Ca'relessness,  kare'les-nes. to. s.  [from
   careless.]  Heedlessness;  inattention; ne-
   gligence;  absence of care; manner void
   of care.
    For Coriolanus, neither to care whether they love
  or hate him, manifests the n-ue knowledge he has in
  their disposition, and out  of his noble carelesnfss,
  lets them plainly see it.    Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    Who, in the other extreme, only doth
  Call a rough carelesness good fashion;
  Whose cloak his spurs tear, or whom he spits on,
  He cares not.                           Donne.
    It makes us to walk warily, and  tread sure,  for
  fear of our enemies; and  that is better  than to be
  flattered into pride and curalesness.         Taylor.
      The ignorance or carelesness of toe servants can
    hardly leave the master disappointed.      Temple.
      I who at some times sp'nd, at others fpare,
    Divided between cavefesniss and care.       Pope.
  Careless, kare'les. adj. [from cure ]
  I. Having  no care; feeling no solicitude;
    unconcerned;   negligent;   inattentive;
    heedless;  regardless; thoughtless; ne-
    glectful;  unheeding;  unthinking;  un-
    mindful: with  of or  about.
      Knowing that if the worst befal them, they shall
   lose nothing but themselves; whereof they seem verj
   careless.                              Spenser.
      Nor lose the good advantage of his grac^,
   By seeming cold, or careless o/his will. Shaksjieare.
      A woman, the more curious she is  about hei '^acc,
   is  commonly the more careless about her house.
                                     Ben Jbns?ti.
      A father, unnaturally careless of his child, sells or
   gives him to another man.                Locke.
 2. Cheerful; undisturbed.
      Thns wisely careless, innocently gay,
   Cheerful he play'd.                       Pope.
            In my cheerful morn of life,
   When nurs'd by careless solitude  I liv'd,
   And sung of nature with unceasing joy,
   Pleas'd have I wander'd, through  your roujh domain.
                                      Thomson.
    Unheeded;  thoughtless;  unconsidered.
     The freedom of saying as many careless things a.s
   other people, without being  so severely remarked
   upon.                                   Pipe.
 4. Unmoved by; unconcerned at.
     Careless of thunder from toe clouds toat break,
   My only omens from your looks I take.  Granville.
 To CARE'SS, ka-res'. v. a. [caresser, Fr.
   from carus, Lat,] To endear; to fondle;
    to treat with kindness.
    If I can feast, and  please, and caress my mind
   with the pleasures of worthy  speculations,  or vir-
   tuous practices, let greatness and malice vex and
   abridge me, if they can.                  South.
 Care'ss, ka-res'.  n. s. [from the verb.] An
   act of endearment; an expression of ten-
   derness.
          He, she knew, would intermix
   Grateful digressions, and solve high dispute
   With conjugal caresses.                 Milton
    There are  some  men who seem *j, naye  Drutaj
   minds wrapt up in human shar>/\s. their very caresses
   are crude and importune.             L'Estrange.
    After his successo,;-  bad publickiy owned himself
   a Roman catholic, he began with his first caresses
   to the churcii party.                      Suift.

 CA'R.ET, ka'ret. n. s. [caret, Lat. there is
   wanting.]  A note which   shews  where
   something interlined should be read.
 CA'RGASOJY, kar'ga-sone. n. s. [carga-
   gon, Spanish.]  A cargo. Not  used.
    My body is a cargason of ill humours.   Howel.
 Ca'rgo, kar'go.  n. s.   [charge, Fr.]  The
   lading of a  ship; the  merchandise or
   wares contained and  conveyed in a ship.
    In the hurry of the shipwreck,  Simonides was the
   only man that appeared unconcerned,  notwithstand-
   ing  that his whole fortune was at  stake in the cargo.
                                    L'Estrange.
    A ship,  whose cargo was no  less than a  whole
   world, that carried the fortune and hopes of all pos-
   terity.                         Burnet's Theory.
    This gentleman was then a \uung adventurer in
  the republic of letters, and just fitted out for toe uni-
  versity with a good cargo of Latin and  Greek. Add.
Ca'ricous  Tumour, kar'lk-us.  [from ca-
   rica, a fig, Lal.~j A swelling in the form
   of  a fig.

Carioaturk',  kar-lk-a-tshure'.481  «. *,
   Exaggerated resemblance in drawings 
CAR
CAR
CAR
 CA'RIES, ka're-iz." to. s.  [Latin.]  That
   rottenness which is peculiar to a bone.
                                      Quincy.
     Fistulas of a long continuance, are, for the most
   part, accompanied with ulcerations of the  gland,
   and caries in the bone.       . Wiseman's Surgery.

 Cario'sity,  ka-re-6s'e-te.  to. s. [from ca-
   rious.]  Rottenness.
     This is too general, taking in all cariosity and ul-
   cers of the bones.            Wiseman's Surgery.
 Ca'rious, ka're-is.314 adj. [cariosus,  Lat.]
   Rotten.
     I discovered the blood to arise  by a carious tooth.
                                      Wiseman.
 Cark, kark.  to. *. [ceapx, Saxon.] Care;
   anxiety; solicitude;   concern;  heedful-
   ness.  This  word is now obsolete.
     And Klaius taking for his younglings cark,
   Lest greedy eyes to them might challenge lay,
   Busy with oker did toeir shoulders mark.   Sidney.
                   He down did lay
   His heavy head, devoid of careful cark.   Spenser.
 To  Cark, kark. v. to.  [ceartcan,  Saxon.]
   To be careful; to  be  solicitous; to be
   anxious.  It is now very little used, and
   always  in an ill sense.
     I do find what a blessing is chanced to my life,
   from such muddy abundance of carking agonies,  to
   states which still be adherent.            Sidney.
     What  can be vainer, than to lavish out our lives
   in the search of trifles, and to lie carking for the un-
   profitable goods of this world?        L'Estrange,
     Nothing can  supersede  our own carkings and
   contrivances for  ourselves, but the assurance that
   God cares for us.                Decay of Piety.
 Carle, karl. ». a. [ceopl, Saxon.]
 1. A mean, rude, rough, brutal man.   We
   now use churl.
     The carle beheld, and saw his guest
   Would safe depart, for all his subtile sleight.  Spens.
     Answer, thou carle, and judge this riddle right,
   I'll frankly own thee for a cunning wight.     Gay.
     The editor was a covetous carle, and would have
   his pearls of the highest price.          Bentley.
 2. A kind of hemp.
     The finable to spin and the carl for her seed.
                                       Tusser.
 Ca'rline thistle, kar-line-^Ms'sl.  [car-
   Una, Lat.]  A plant.              Miller.
 Ca'rlings, kar'lings.  «. s.  [In  a ship.]
   Timbers lying fore awd aft, along  from
   one beam to another; on thc*e the ledges
   rest, on which the planks ol  the  deck
   are made fast.                    Harris.
 Ca'rman, kar'man.88 «. a.  [from car and
   man.]  A man whose employment is to
   drive cars.
     If toe strong cane support thy walking hand,
   Chairmen no longer shall the wall command;
   E'en sturdy carmen shall toy nod  obey,
   And rattling coaches stop to make thee way.   Gay.
 Ca'rmelite,  kar'me-lite.166 to. s.  [carme-
   lite. Fr.]  A sort of pear.
 Carmi'native, kar-min'a-tiv.1*7 adj. [sup-
   posed to be so called, as having vim car-
   minis, the power of a charm.]
     Carminatives are such things as dilute and relax
  at  the same time, because wind occasions a spasm,
  or  convulsion, in some parts.  Whatever promotes
  insensible  perspiration, is  carminative; for wind is:
  perspirable matter retained  in the  body. Arbuthnot.
    Carminative and diuretick
  Will damp all passion sympathetick.         Swift.
Ca'rmine, kar-mine'. to. *.  A bright red
   or crimson colour, bordering on  purple,
   used by painters in miniature.  It is the
   most valuable product of the cochineal
   mastick, and of an excessive price.
                                  Chambers.

Ca'rnage, kar'nidje.90 to. a.  [carnage, Fr.
   from caro, carnis, Lat.]
I. Slaughter; havock; massacre.
    He brought the king's forces upon them rather as
  to  carnage than to fight, insomuch as, without any
  great loss or danger to toemselves, the greatest part
  of toe seditious were slain.             Hayward.
2. Heaps of flesh.
             Such a scent I draw
  Of carnage, prey innumerable! and taste
  The savour of death from all things there that live.
                                       Milton.
    His ample maw with human carnage fill'd,
  A milky deluge next the giant swill'd.      Pope.

CA'RNAL,  kar'nal.88  adj.  [carnal,  Fr.
   carnalis, low Lat.]
I. Fleshly; not spiritual.
    Thou dost justly require us to submit our under-
  standings to thine, and deny our carnal reason, in
  order to thy sacred mysteries and commands.
                                 King) Charles.
            From that pretence
  Spiritual laws by carnaf pow'r shall force
  On every conscience.                    MUton.
    Not such in carnal pleasure -. for which cause,
  Among the beasts no mate for thee was found.
                                       Milton.
    A glorious apparition! had not doubt,
  And carnal fear, that day dimm'd Adam's eye.
                                       Milton.
    He perceives plainly, that his appetite to spiritual
  things abates, in proportion as bis sensual appetite is
  indulged and  encouraged; and that carnal desires
  kill npt only the desire, but even the power, of tast-
  ing purer delights.                   Atterbury.
2. Lustful; lecherous; libidinous.
                This carnal cur
  Preys on the issue of his mother's body. Shakspeare.
Carna'lity, kar-nal'e-te. to. s. [from car-
   nal.]
1. Fleshly  lust;  compliance with carnal
   desires.
    If godly, why do they wallow and sleep in all the
  carnalities  of the world, under  pretence of chris-
  tian liberty?                           South.
2. Grossness of mind.
    He did not institute this way of worship, but be-
  cause of toe carnality of toeir hearts, and the prone-
  ness of that people to idolatry.          Tiffofson.
Ca'rnally, kar'nal-le. adv. [from carnal]
   According to the flesh; not spiritually.
    Where toey found men in diet, attire, furniture of
  house, or any other way observers of civility and de-
  cent order,  such they  reproved, as being carnally
  and earthly minded.                   Hooker.
    In toe sacrament we do not receive Christ carnal-
  ly, but we receive him spiritually; and that of itself
  is a conjugation of blessings and spiritual graces.
                   Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Ca'rnalness, kar'nal-nes. to. a. The same
   with carnality.                     Diet.
Carna'tion, kar-na-shvin.  to.  s. [carnes,
   Lat.] The name of the natural flesh co-
   lour, from whence perhaps  the flower
   is named; the name of a flower.
    And lo the wretch! whose vile, whose insect lust
  Laid this gay daughter ofthe spring in dust:
  O punish him! or to the Elysian shades
  Dismiss my soul, where no carnation fades.  Pope.

Carne'lion, kar-nele'yun.113 to. s. A pre-
  cious stone.
    The  common carnelion has  its name from  its
  flesh  colour: which is, in some of these stones, paler,
  when'.it is called'the female carnelion; in others deep-
  er, called the male.                  Woodward.
Ca'rneous, kar'ne-is. adj. [carncus, Lat.]
   Fleshy.
    In a calf, toe umbilical vessels  terminate in cer-
  tain bodies, divided into a multitude of corneous pa-
  pillae.                                  Ray.
To Ca'rnify, kar'ne-fi. v. to. [from caro,
   carnis, Lat.]  To  breed  flesh;  to  turn
   nutriment into flesh.
    At the same time I think, I deliberate, I purpose,
  I command: in inferiour  faculties, I walk, I see, I
  hear, I digest, I sanguify, I carnify.         Hale.
Ca'rnival, kar'ne-val.  to.  s.   [camaval,
   Fr.] The feast held in popish countries
   before Lent; a time  of luxury.
    The whole year is but one mad carnival, and we
  are voluptuous not so much upon desire or appetite,
  as by way of exploit and bravery.  Decay of Piety.
Carni'vorous,   kar-niv'vo-rus.618   adf.
   [from  carnis  and  voro.]  Flesh-eating;
   that of which flesh is the proper food.
    In birds there is no mastication or  comminution
  of toe meat in  the mouth; but in such as are not
  carnivorous, it is immediately swallowed into the
  crop or craw.              Ray on  the Creation.
    Man is by his frame, as well  as his appetite, a
  carnivorous animal.       Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Carno'sity, kar-n6s'se-te. to. s. [carnosi-
   te, Fr.]  Fleshy excrescence.
    By this method, and by this course of diet, with
  sudorificks, the ulcers are healed, and that carnosity
  resolved.                            Wiseman.
Ca'rnous,  kar'mis.314 adj. [from caro, car-
  nis, Lat.] Fleshy.
    The first or outward part is a thick and carnous
  covering, like that of a walnut;  toe second,  a dry
  and flosculous coat commonly called mace. Brown.
    The muscle whereby he is enabled to draw him-
  self together, the  academists describe to be a dis-
  tinct carnous muscle, extended to the ear.     Ray.
Ca'rob,  or St. John's Bread, ka'rob. [so-
  liqua,  Lat.]
    A tree very common in Spain, and hi some part)
  of Italy, where it produces a great quantity of long,
  flat, brown-coloured pods, which are thick, mealy,
  and of a sweetish taste.   These pods are eaten by
  the poorer inhabitants.                  Miller.

Caro'ohe, ka-rotsh'. to. s. [from carosse,
  Fr.]   A coach;, a carriage of pleasure:
  It is used in the comedy of Albumazar,
  but now  it is obsolete.

CA'ROL,  kar'rfil.166 «.  s.  [carola,  Ital.
  from choreola, Lat.]
1. A song  of joy or exultation.
    And let the Graces dance unto the rest,
  For they can do it best:
  The whiles the maidens do their caret sing,
  To which  the woods shall answer, and their echo
        ring.             Spenser's £pif/iafamiwm.
    Even  in  the Old Testament, if you  listen to Da-
  vid's harp,  you shall hear  as many hearse-like airs
  as carols.                             Bacon-
    Oppos'd  to her, on t'other side advance
  The costly feast, the carol, and the dance,
  Minstrels and musick, poetry and play,
  And balls by night, and tournaments by day.  Dryd.
2. A song  of devotion.
    No night is now with hymn or carol blest. Shaksp.
    They gladly thither haste; and, by a  choir
  Of squadron'd angels, hear his carol sung.  MUton.
3. A song  in general.
      The carol they began that hour,
    How that a life was but a flower.    Shakspeare.
To Ca'rol, kar'rul.168  v.  to.   [carolare,
  Ital.] To sing; to warble;  to sing in joy
  and festivity.
    Hark, how the cheerful birds dp chant their lays,
  And carol of love's praise.               Spenser. 
CAR
CAR
CAR
     This done, she sung, and caroll'd out so clear,
   That men and angels might rejoice to hear.  D>yd.
     Hov'ring swans, their throats releas'd
   From native silence, carol sounds harmonious.
                                         Prior.
 To Ca'rol, kar'rul.  v. a. To praise;  to
    celebrate in song.
     She with precious vial'd liquors heals,
   For which the shepherds at their festivals
   Carol her goodness loud in rustick lays.     Milton.
 Ca'rotid,  ka-rot'id. adj. [carotides,  Lat.]
    Two arteries  which  arise out of the as-
    cending  trunk of the aorta, near where
    the  subclavian arteries arise.
     The carotid, vertebral, and splenetick arteries, are
   not only variously contorted, but also here and there
   dilated, to moderate the motion of the blood. Ray.
 Caro'usal,  ka-rou'zal.88  to.  s. [from  ca-
    rouse. It seems more properly pronoun-
    ced with the  accent upon the second
    syllable; but  Dryden accents  it on the
    first.] A festival.
     This game, these carousals Ascanius taught,
   And building Alba to the Latins brought.  Dryden.

 To CARO'USE, ka-rouz'. v. n.  [carous-
    ser, Fr. from  gar ausz, all out, Germ.]
    To drink; to quaff; to drink largely.
     He calls for wine: a health, quoth he, as if
   H' ad been aboard carousing to his mates
   After a storm.                      Shakspeare.
     Learn with how little life may be preserv'd,
   In gold and myrrh they need not to carottse. Raleigh.
     Now hats fly off, and youths carouse,
   Healths first go round, and then the house,
   The brides came thick and thick.        Suckling.
     Under the shadow of friendly boughs
   They sit carousing, where their liquor grows.
                                        Waller.
 To Caro'use,  ka-rduz'. v. a. To drink up
   lavishly.
             Now my sick fool,  Roderigo,
   Whom love hath turn'd almost the wrong side out,
   To Desdemona hath to-night carous'd
   Potations pottle deep.                Shakspeare.
    Our cheerful guests carouse the sparkling tears
   Of toe rich grape, whilst musick charms their ears.
                                      Denham.
Caro'use,  ka-rouz'. to.  s. [from the verb.]
 1.  A drinking match.
    Waste in wild riot what your land allows,
   There ply the early feast, and late carouse.  Pope.
2.  A Hearty dose of liquor.
    He had so many eyes watching over him, as he
   could  not drink a full carouse of sack, but the state
   was advertised thereof within few a hours after.
                              Davies on Ireland.
    Please you, we may contrive this afternoon,
  And quaff carouses to our mistress' health.  Shaksp.

Caro'user, ka-rou'zur.98  «.  s. [from  ca-
   rouse.] A drinker; a toper.
    The bold  carouser, and advent'ring dame,
  Nor fear the fever, nor refuse the flame;
  Safe in his skill,  from all constraint set free,
  But conscious shame, remorse, and  piety.  Granville.
Carp, karp. n. s. [carpe, Fr.}  A pond fish.
    A friend of mine stored a pond of three  or four
  acres with carps and tench.                 Hale.

To CARP,  karp. v. to.  [carpo, Lat.]   To
   censure;  to cavil; to  find fault:  with at
   before the thing or person  censured.
    Tertullian even  often,  through discontentment,
 carpeth injuriously at them, as though they did it even
 when they were free from such  meaning.   Hooker.
            This your all-licens'd fool
 Does hourly  carp and quarrei, breaking forth
 In rank aud  not to be endured riots.    Shakspeare.
    No, not a tooth or nail to scratch
 And at my actions ca?p or catch.          Herbert.
      VOL.  I.
              When I spoke,
  My honest homely words were carp'a" and censur'd,
  For want of courtly style.                Dryden,
Ca'rpenter, kar'pen-tur.98 to. s. [churpen-
   tier, Fr.]  An  artificer in wood; a build-
   er of  houses  and ships.   He is  distin-
   guished  from a joiner, as the carpenter
   performs larger and stronger work.
    This work performed with advisement good,
  Godfrey  his carpenters, and men of skill
  In all the camp, sent to an aged wood.     Fairfax.
    In  building Hiero's great ship, there were three
  hundred  carpenters employed for a year together.
                                      Wilkins.
    In burden'd vessels first with speedy care,
  His plenteous stores  do season'd timbers send;
    Thither the brawny carpenters repair,
  And,  as the surgeons of maim'd ships, attend. Dry.
Ca'rpentry, kar'pen-tre.  to. s. [from car-
  penter.]  The trade or art of a carpenter.
    It had been more  proper for me to have  introdu-
  ced caipentty before joinery, because necessity did
  doubtless compel  our forefathers to use the conve-
  niency of the first, rather  than the extravagancy of
  the last.            Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
Ca'rper, kar'pAr.08 to  s. [from To  carp.]
   A caviller; a censorious man.
              I have not these weeds,
  By putting on the cunning of a carper.  Shakspeare.
CA'RPET,kar'pit.«aTO.s.[A-ar/2^, Dutch.]
1.  A  covering of various colours, spread
   upon floors or tables.
     Be  the Jacks  fair within, toe Jills fair  without,
  carpets laid, and every thing in order?  Shakspeare.
     Against the wall,  in the middle of the half pace,
  is a chair placed before him, with a table and carpet
  before it.                              Bacon,
2.  Ground  variegated  with flowers, and
   level and smooth.
     Go, signify as much, while here we march
  Upon the grassy carpet of this plain.   Shakspeare.
    The car-pet ground shall be  with leaves o'erspread,
  And boughs shall weave a covering for your head.
                                       Dryden.
3.  Any thing variegated.
    The whole dry land is, for the most part, covered
  over with a lovely carpet of green grass, and other
  herbs.                                  Ray.
4.  Carpet is used, proverbially,  for  a state
   of ease and luxury; as, a carpet knight,
   a knight that  has never  known the field,
   and  has  recommended  himself only at
   table.
     He  is  knight, dubbed with unbacked rapier,  and
  on carpet consideration.              Shakspeare.
5.  To  be  on the carpet  [sur le tapis, Fr.]
   is to be the subject of consideration;  an
   affair in hand.
To Ca'rpet, kar'pit. v. a. [from the  noun.]
   To  spread with carpets.
     We found him in a fair chamber, richly hanged
  aud carpeted under foot, without any degrees to the
  state; he was set upon a low throne, richly adorned,
  and a rich cloth of state over his head, of blue  sat-
  tin embroidered.                        Bacon.
     The dry land we find every  where naturally  car-
  peted over with grass,  and other agreeable whole-
  some plants.                          Derham.
Ca'rping, kar'ping.410particip. adj. [from
    To  carp] Captious; censorious.
     No carping critick interrupts-his praise,
  Nu ri\al strives but for a second place.  Granville.
     Lay aside therefore a carping  spirit,  and  read
  even an  adversary with an honest design to find out
  his true  meaning; do not snatch at little lapses, and
  appearances of mistake.                   Watts.
Ca'rpingly, kar'ping-le. adv. [from carp-
   ing.]  Captiously; censoriously.

                     m m
    We derive out of the Latin, at second hand by the
  French, and make good E'.-ii.h, as in these adverbs,
  carpingly, currently, act; .  , colourably.  C<mden.
Ca'rpmicals, karp'n.c^s.287  n.s.  , _ K,nd
   of coarse  clotn  rr, >-,l. in  the  Nor"   of
   England.   Phil, fa'3 World of  IV.rds.

CA'RPUS,  kar'piis.  to. s. [Latin.]   The
   wrist, so  nair.    by anatomists,  which
   is  made up of eig-it little bones,  of dif-
   ferent figures and thickness, placed in
   two ranks, four in each  rank.  They are
   strongly tied together by the ligaments
   which come from the radius, and by the
   annulary  ligament.               Quincy.
    I found one ofthe bones ofthe carpus lying loose
  in the wound.               Wiseman's Surgery.

Ca'rrack, kar'ak.   See Carack.
Ca'rrat, kar'at.   See  Carat.
Ca'rraway, kar'a-wa.   See Caraway.
    Nay, you shall see mine orchard, where, in an ar-
  bour, we will eat a  last year's pippin of my own
  grafting, with a dish of carraways, and so forth;
  come, cousin, silence, and then to bed.  Shakspeare.
Ca'rriage,  karVidje.90 to. s [cariage,  Fr.
   baggage; from carry]
I. The act of carrying,  or  transporting, or
   bearing any thing.
    The unequal agitation of the winds, though mate-
  rial to the carriage of sounds farther or less way, yet
  do not confound the articulation. Bacon's JVaf. Hist.
    If it seem so strange to move this obelisk for so
  little space, what may we think ofthe carnage of it
  out of Egypt?                          Wilkins.
2. Conquest; acquisition.
    Solyman resolved to besiege Vienna, in good hope
  that, by the carnage  away  of that, the other cities
  would, without resistance be yielded.       Knolles,
3. A vehicle;  that in  which any thing is
   carried.
    What horse or carriage can take  up and bear
  away all the loppings of a branchy tree at once?
                                        Wafts.
4. The  frame upon which cannon  is car-
   ried.
    He commanded the great ordnance to be laid upon
  carriog-es, which before lay  bound in great unwieldy
  timber, with rings fastened thereto, and could not
  handsomely be removed to or fro.         Knolles.
5. Behaviour; personal manners.
    Before his eyes he did  cast a mist, by his own
  insinuation,  and  by the carriage of his youth, that
  expressed a natural princely behaviour.     Bacon.
    Though in  my face there 's no affected frown,
  Nor in  my carriage a  feign'd niceness shown,
  I keep my honour still without a stain.     Dryden.
    Let them have ever so learned lectures of breed-
  ing, that which  will  most influence their carriage
  will be the  company they comerse with, aud the
  fashion of those about them.              Locke.
6. Conduct; measures; practices.
    You  may hurt yourself; nay, utterly
   Grow from the king's acquaintance, by this carriage.
                                    Shakspeare.
    He advised the new governour to have so much
   discretion in his carriage,  that there  might be no
   notice taken  in the exercise of his religion.  Clarend.
7.  Management;  manner  of transacting.
   Not used.
    The manner of carriage  ofthe business, was as if
   there had been secret inquisition upon  him. Bacon.

Ca'rrier, kaYre-ur. n. s. [from To carry]
 1. One who carries something.
     You must distinguish between toe motion of the
   air, which is but a vehiculum causce, a carrier of the
   sounds, and  the sounds conveyed. Bacon's A at. Hist.
     For winds, when homeward they return, will drive
   The loaded  carriers from their evening hive. D>yd, 
CAR
CAR
CA  R
2. One  whose profession or trade is to car- ICa'rrows, kar'rose to. s. [an Irish word.] I
   ry goods tor  others.                            The carrows are a kind of people that wander up
   1 have rather made it my choice to transcribe all,
 than to venture the loss of my originals by post or
 carrier.                         Pierce's Letters.
   The roads are crowded with carriers, laden with
 rich manufactures.                       Swiff.
5.  A messenger; one who carries  a mes-
   sage.
    The welcome news is in the letter found;
  The carrier's not commission'd to expound;
  It speaks itself.            Diyden's Religio Laid.
4. The  name of a  species of pigeons,  so
   called  from  the reported practice  of
   some nations, who send them with let-
   ters tied to their necks, which they car-
   ry to the  place  where  they were bred,
   however  remote.
     There  are tame and wild pigeons; and of tame
   there are croppers, carriers, runts.  Walton's Angler.
CA'RRION, kar're-ian.166 to. s.  [charogne,
   Fr.]
 1. The carcass of something not proper for
   food.
     They did  eat the dead carrions, and one another
   soon after; insomuch  that the very carcasses they
   scraped out of their graves.    Spenser on Ireland.
                     It is I,
   That, lying by the violet in the sun,
   Do as the carrion does, not as the flower.  Shaksp.
     This foul  deed shall smell above the earth,
   With carrion men groaning for burial. Shakspeare.
     You'll ask me why I rather choose to have
   A weight of carrion  flesh, than to receive
   Three thousand ducats.  Shaksp. Merch. of  Venice.
     Ravens are seen in flocks where a carrion lies,
   and wolves in herds to run down a deer.   Temple.
     Sheep, oxen, horses fall; and heap'd on high,
   The differing species in confusion lie;
   Till, warn'd by frequent ills,  the way they found
   To lodge their loathsome carrion under ground.
                                        Dryden.
     Criticks, as  they  are birds of prey, have ever a
   natural inclination to carrion.               Pope.
 2. Any flesh so corrupted  as not to  be fit
    for food.
     Not all toat pride that makes thee swell,
   As big as thou dost blown-up veal;
   Nor all thy tricks and slights to cheat,
   Sell all thy carrion for good meat.      Hudibras.
     The wolves will get a breakfast by my death,
   Yet scarce enough their hunger to supply,
   For love has made me carrion ere I die.  Dryden.
 3. A  name  of  reproach for a worthless
   woman.
     Shall we send that foolish carrion,  Mrs. Quickly,
   to him, and excuse his throwing into  the water?
                                      Shakspeare.
 Ca'rrion,  kar-re-iin.  adj. [from the  sub-
   stantive.]  Relating to  carcasses;  feed-
   ing upon carcasses.
     Match to match I have encounter'd him,
   And made a prey for carrion  kites and crows,
   Ev'n of the bonny beasts he lov'd so well.  Shaksp.
     The charity of our death-bed visits from one an-
   other, is much at a rate with  that of a carrion crow
   to a sheep; we smell a carcass.        L'Estrange.
 CA'RROT,  kar'rut.166 to. s. [carote, Fr.
   claucus, Lat.] An esculent root.
     Carrots, though garden roots, yet they do well in
   the fields for feed.                     Mortimer.
   '  His spouse orders the sack to be immediately
   opened, and greedily pulls out of it half a dozen
   bunches of carrots.                       Dennis.
Ca'rrotiness, kar'rut-e-nes. n. *. [from
-   carroty.]  Redness of hair.

Ca'rrotty, kdr'ut-e.  adj. [from carrot.]
   Spoken of red hair, on  account of its  re-
   semblance in colour to carrots.
 and down to gentlemen's houses,  living  only upon
 cards and dice; who,  though they  have little or no-
 thing of their own, yet will they play for  much mo-
 ney.                        Spenser on Ireland.

To CA'RRY, kar're. v.  a.  [charier, Fr.
   from currus, Lat ]
1.  To convey from  a  place:  opposed  to
   bring, or convey to a place: often with a
   particle, signifying departure, as away,

   off-
    When he dicth, he shall carry nothing away.
                                 Psalm, xlix.  18.
    And devout men carried Stephen to his burial.
                                    Acts, viii. 2.
    I mean to carry her away this evening by toe help
  of these two soldiers.       Dryden's Spanish Friar.
    As in a hive's vimineous dome,
   Ten thousand bees enjoy their home;
   Each does her studious  action vary,
   To go and come, to fetch and carry.       Prior.
    They exposed their goods with  toe price marked,
   then retired;  the merchants came, left the price
   which toey would give upon the goods, and retired;
   the Seres returning, carried off either their goods or
   money, as toey liked best.              Arbuthnot.

2. To transport.
    They began to carry about in beds those toat were
   sick.                            Mark, vi. 55.
    The species of audibles seem to be carried more
   manifestly through the  air, than the species of visi-
   bles.                                  Bacon.
    Where many great ordnance are shot off together,
   the sound will be carried, at the least, twenty miles
   upon the land.                          Bacon.
   To bear; to have about one.
    Do not take out bones like surgeons  I have met
   with, who car-ry them about in their pockets.
                              Wiseman's Surgery.
4. To take; to  have  with one.
    If the ideas of liberty and volition were carried-
   along with us in our minds, a great part of the diffi-
   culties that perplex men's  thoughts would be easier
   resolved.                               Locke.
     I  have listened with  my utmost attention for half
   an  hour  to an orator,  without being able to carry
   away one single sentence out of a whole sermon.
                                          Sioift.
5. To convey by force.
     Go, carry Sir John Falstaffto  the Fleet;
   Take all  his company along with  him.  Shakspeare.

6. To effect any thing.
     There are some  vain persons,  that  whatsoever
   goeth alone, or moveth upon greater means, if they
   have never so little hand in it, they think it is they
   that carry it.                            Bacon.
     Oft-times we lose  the occasion of carrying a busi-
   ness well thoroughly  by our too much haste.
                          Ben Jonson's Discovery.
     These  advantages will be of no effect, unless we
   improve them to words, in the carrying of our main
   point.                                 Addison.

7. To gain in competition.
     And hardly shall I carry out my side,
   Her husband being alive.  Shakspeare's  King Lear.
     How many stand for consulships?----Three, they
   say; but it is thought of every one  Coriolanus  will
   cany it.                             Shakspeare.
     I  see not yet how  any of these  six reasons can be
   fairly avoided; and yet if any of them hold good, it
   is enough to carry the cause.         Saunderson.
     The latter still enjoying his place, and continuing
   a joint commissioner of the  treasury, still opposed,
   and commonly carried away every thing against him.
                                      Clarendon.
8. To gain after resistance.                {
     The count woos your daughter,
   Lays down his wanton  siege  before her beauty;
   Resolves to carry her;  let her consent,
   As we'll direct her now, 'tis bes* to bear it Shaksp.
   What a fortune docs the thick lips owe,
 If he can carry her thus?      Shaksfyeare's Othello.
   The town was distressed, and ready for an assault,
 which, if it had been given, would  have  cost much
 blood: but yet the town would have been carried in
 the end.                     Bacon's Henry VII.
». To gain:  with it; that  is, to prevail, [le
 porter, Fr.]
    Are you all rcsolv'd to give your voices?
 But that 's no matter; the greater part carries it.
                                    Shakspeare.
    By these, and the like arts, they promised them-
 selves that  they should easily carry it; so that they
 entertained the house all the morning with other de-
 bates.                             Clarendon.
    If the numerousness of a train must  cany it, vir-
 tue may go follow Astraea, and vice  only will be
 worth the courting.                    Glanville.
    Children, who live together, often strive for mast-
 ery, whose wills shall carry it over the  rest.  Locke.
    In pleasures and pains, the  present is apt to carry
 it, and those at a distance have  the disadvantage in
 the comparison.                          Locke.
10. To bear  out; to face  through:  with it.
    If a  man  carries it off, there is so much  money
 saved; and if he be detected, there will be something
 pleasant in toe frolick.               L'Estrange.
11. To continue external appearance.
    My niece is already in the  belief that he's mad;
 we may carry it thus for our  pleasure  and his pe-
 nance.                             Shakspeare.
12. To  manage;  to transact.
    The  senate is generally as  numerous as our house
 of commons;  and yet carries its resolutions so pri-
 vately,  that they are seldom known. Addis, on Italy.
13. To  behave; to conduct: with the reci-
  procal pronoun.
    Neglect not also the examples of those that have
 carried  themselves ill in the same place.    Bacon.
    He attended the king into Scotland, where he did
 carry ftimsef/with much singular sweetness and tem-
 per.                                  Wotton.
    He carried himself so insolently in the house, and
 out of the house, to all persons,  that he became odi-
 ous.                                Clarendon.
14. Sometimes with  it;  as, she  carries it
   high.
15.  To  bring  forward; to  advance in  any
   progress.
    It is  not  to be imagined how far constancy will
  carry a man; however, it is better walking slowly in
  a rugged way, than to break  a leg and be a cripple.
                                         Locke.
    This plain natural way, without grammar, can
  carry them to great elegancy  and politeness in toeir
  language.                               Locke.
    There is no  vice which mankind carries  to such
  wild extremes, as that of avarice.           Swijt.

16. To  urge; to  bear forward with  some
   kind  of external impulse.   '
     Men are strongly carried out to, and hardly took
  off from, the practice of vice.             South.
     He that toe world,  or flesh, or devil, can carry
  away from the profession of an  obedience to Christ,
  is no son of the faithful Abraham.     Hammond.
     Ill nature, passion, and revenge, will carry them
  too far in punishing others; and therefore God hath
  certainly appointed government to restrain toe par-
  tiality and  violence of men.               Locke-
17. To  bear; to  have; to obtain.
    In some  vegetables, we see something that carries
  a kind of analogy to sense; they  contract their leaves
  against the cold; they open them to the  favourable
  heat.                Hale's  Origin of Mankind.

18. To  exhibit  to show;  to display on  the
   outside; to set to view.
     The aspect of every  one in the family carries so
" much satisfaction, that it appears he knows his hap-
  py lot.                                Addison.

 19. To imply; to import. 
CAR
CAR
C AR
    It carries too  great an imputation of ignorance,
  lightness, or folly, for men to quit and renounce their
  former tenets, presently, upon the offer of an argu-
  ment which they cannot immediately answer. Locke.
20. To contain; to comprise.
    He thought it carried something of argument in
  it, to prove that  doctrine.       Watts on the Mind.
21. To have  annexed; to  have any  thing
  joined:  with  the particle with.
    There was a righteous and a searching law, di-
  rectly forbidding such practices; and they knew that
  it carried with it the divine stamp.         South.
    There are  many  expressions, which carry with
  them to my mind no clear ideas.          Locke.
    The obvious portions of extension, that affect our
  senses, carry with them into  the mind the idea of
  finite.                                 Locke.
22. To convey or bear any thing united or
  adhering, by communication  of motion.
    We see also manifestly, that sounds are  carried
  with wind: and  therefore sounds will  be heard fur-
  ther with the wind than against the wind.   Bacon.
23. To move or continue  any  thing in a
  certain  direction.
    His chimney is carried up through the whole rock,
  so that you see toe  sky through it, notwithstanding
  the rooms lie very deep.        Addison on Italy.
24. To push on ideas, arguments, or any
   thing successive in a train.
    Manethes, that wrote of the Egyptians, hath car-
  ried up toeir government to an  incredible distance.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind
25. To receive; to endure; not in use.
    Some have in  readiness so many odd stories, as
  there is nothing but they  can wrap it  into a tale, to
  make others carry it with more pleasure.    Bacon.
26. To convey  by means of something sup-
  porting
    Carry camomile,  or wild thyme,  or  the green
  strawberry, upon sticks, as you do hops upon poles.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
27. To bear, as trees.
    Set them a reasonable depth, and they will carry
  more shoots upon the stem.     Bacon's Nat. Hist.
28. To fetch and bring, as dogs.
    Young whelps learn easily to carry; young popin-
  jays learn quickly to speak. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
29. To carry off. To kill.
    Old Parr lived to one hundred and  fifty-three
  years of age, and might have gone  further, if the
  change of air had not carried him off.     Temple.
30. To carry on. To promote; to help for-
   ward.
    It carries on the same design that is promoted by
  authors of a graver torn, and only does it in another
  manner.                            Addison.
31. To carry on. To continue;  to put for-
  ward from one stage to another.
    By  toe administration of grace, begun by our
  blessed Saviour, carried on by his disciples, and to
  be completed by their successours to the world's end,
  all types that darkened this faith are enlightened.
                                       Spratt.
    ^Eneas's stttlement in Italy was carried on through
  all the oppositions in his way to it, both by sea and
  land.                               Addison.
32. To carry on.  To  prosecute; not to let
   cease.
    France will not consent to furnish us with money
  sufficient to carry on the war.            Temple.
33. To carry through. To support; to keep
  from failing, or being  conquered.
    That grace will carry us if we do not wilfully be-
  tray our succours, victoriously through all difficul-
  ties.                               Hammond.
To Ca'rry, kar're. v. to.
I. A hare is said by hunters to carry, when
  she runs on rotten  ground, or on frost,
  and it sticks to  her feet.
2. A horse is said to ctrry well, when his
   neck is arched, and he holds his head
   high; but when his neck  is  short, and
   ill-shaped, and he lowers his head, he is
   said to carry low.
Ca'rry-tale, kar're-tale. to. a. [from carry
   and tale.]  A talebearer.
    Some carry-tale, some pleaseman, some  slight
        zany,
  Told our intents before. Shaks. Love's Labour Lost-
CART,  kart.02  n. s. See  Car.  [criaec,
   crtat, Sax.]
1. A carriage in general.
    The Scythians  are described by Herodotus  to
  lodge always in carts, and to feed upon the milk of
  mares.                               Temple.
    Triptolemus, so sung the Nine,        «,
  Strew'd plenty from his cart divine.       Dryden.
2. A wheel-carriage, used commonly for
   luggage.
    Now while my friend, just ready to depart,
  Was packing all his goods in one poor cart,
  He stopp'd a little-----        Dryden's Juvenal.
   A small carriage with two wheels, used
   by  husbandmen;  distinguished from a
   wagon, which has four wheels.
    Alas! what weights are these that load my heart!
  I am as dull as winter starved sheep,
  Tir'd as a jade in overloaden cart.        Sidney.
4. The vehicle in which criminals are car-
   ried to execution.
    The squire, whose good  grace was to open the
        scene,
  Now fitted the halter, now travers'd toe cart,
  And often took leave, but was loth to depart. Prior.
 To Cart, kart. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   expose in a  cart, by way of punishment.
    Democritus ne'er laugh'd so loud,
  To see bawds carfeif through toe crowd.  Hudibras.
    No woman led a better life:
  She to intrigues was e'en hard-hearted;
    She chuckled when a bawd was carted;
  And thought the nation ne'er would thrive,
  Till all the whores were burnt alive.       Prior,
 To Cart, kart.  v. to. To use Carts for car-
   riage.
    Oxen are not so good for draught, where you have
  occasion to cart much, but for winter ploughing.
                                    Mortimer.
Cart-horse, kart'horse.  to. *. [from cart
   and horae.] A coarse unwieldy horse, fit
   only for the cart.
    It was determined, that these sick and wounded
  soldiers should be carried upon the cart-horses.
                                      Knolles.
Cart-jaoe, kart'jade.  «.  a.  [from cart
   and jade.] A  vile horse, fit only for the
   cart.
     He came out  with all his  clowns,  horsed upon
  such cart-jades,  so furnished, I thought if that were
  thrift, I wished none of my friends or subjects ever
  to thrive.                             Sidney.
Cart-loao, kart-lode'.  to. s. [from cart
   and load.]
 I.  A quantity of any thing piled on a cart.
     A cart-load of carrots appeared of darker colour,
  when  looked upon where the points were obverted
  to the eye,  than where the sides were so.     Boyle.
     Let Wood and his  accomplices travel about a
  counti-y with cart-loads of toeir ware, and see who
  will take it.                            Swift.

2. A quantity sufficient  to load a cart.
Cart-rope, kart'rope  to. *. [from cart and
   rope.]  A strong cord used to fasten the
   load on  the carriage: proverbially any
   thick cord.
                 m  m 2
Cart-way, kart'wa. n. s. [from carl  and
   way.] A way through which  a carriage
   may conveniently travel.
    Where your woods are large, it is best to have a
  cart-way along the middle of them.   Mort. Husb.
CARTE BLAACHU, kkrt-b\an±h'. [Fr.]
   A blank paper; a paper to be filled up
   with  such  conditions as  the person to
   whom it is  sent thinks proper.
Ca'rtel, kar-tei'. to. s. [cartel, Fr. cartello,
   Ital.]
1. A writing containing, for the most part,
   stipulations between enemies.
    As this discord among the sisterhood is likely to
  engage them in a long and lingering war, it is the
  more necessary toat there should be a carfef settled
  among them.              Addison's Freeholder
2. Anciently any pubiick paper.
             They flatly disavouch
  To yield him more obedience, or support;
  And as to perjur'd duke of Lancaster,
  Their carfef of defiance, they prefer.
                            Daniel's Civil War.
Ca'rter, kart'iir.98 «. s. [from cart.] The
   man who drives a cart, or whose trade
   it is to drive a cart.
    Let me be no assistant for a  state,
  But keep a  farm, and carters.  Shakspeare's Hamlet-
    The Divine  goodness never fails, provided  that,
  according to the advice of Hercules to the carter, we
  put our own shoulders to the work.    L'Estrange.
    Carter and host confronted face to face.  Dryden.
    It is toe prudence of a carter to put bells upon his
  horses, to make them carry their burdens cheerfully.
                           Diyden's Dufresnoy,
CA'RTILAGE,  kar'te-lidje."0 to.  s. [car-
   tilago, Lat.] A smooth  and  solid body,
   softer than  a bone, but harder than a li-
   gament.  In  it are no cavities, or cells for
   containing of marrow; nor  is it covered
   over with any membrane to make it sen-
   sible, as the bones are.  The cartilages
   have  a natural elasticity,  by  which, if
   they are forced from their natural figure
   or situation, they  return to it of them-
   selves, as soon  as that force is  taken
   away.                            Quincy.
    Canals,  by  degrees, are abolished, and grow so-
  lid; several of them united grow a membrane;  these
  membranes further consolidated become cartilages,
  and cartilages bones.                Arbuthnot.
Cartilagi'neous, kar-te-la-jin'yfis.113  )
Cartila'ginous, kar-te-ladje'e-nfls.314  £
   adj. [from  cartilage.] Consisting of  car-
   tilages.
    By what artifice  the cartilagineous kind of fishes
  poise toemselves, ascend  and  descend at pleasure,
  and continue in what depth of water they list, is as
  yet unknown.                            Ray.
    The larynx gives  passage to the breath, and, as
  the breath  passeth through the rimula, makes a vi-
  bration of those carfitog-inous  bodies, which forms
  that breath into a vocal sound or voice.     Holder.
Carto on, kar-t66n'. to. s. [cartone, Ital.]
   A painting or drawing upon large paper.
    It  is with a vulgar idea that  toe world beholds the
   cartoons of Raphael, and every one feels his share of
   pleasure and entertainment.       Watts's Logick.
Carto'uoh, kar-t66tsh'. «. s. [cartouche,
   Fr.]
 I. A case of wood three inches thick at the
   bottom, girt round with marlin, and hold-
   ing forty-eight musket  balls, and six or
   eight iron balls of a pound weight.  It is
   fired out of a hobit or small mortar, and
   is proper for defending a pass. Harris. 
CAR
CAS
CAS
2. A portable box for charges.
n.  s.  [car-
touche, Fr.]
Ca'rtrage,  < kii/trW.
Ca'rtridge. £         J
   A case of paper or parchment filled with
   gun-powder,  used forthe greater expe-
   dition in charging guns.
       Our monarch stands in person by,
   His new-cast cannons firmness to explore;
     The strength of big-corn'd powder loves to try,
   And ball and cartrage sorts for every bore.  Dryden.
 Ca'rtrut, kart'rut. to.  s.  [from cart and
   rut; route, a way. ]The track made by a
   cart wheel.
 Ca'rtulary, kar'tshu-la-re.461 to. s. [from
   charta, paper, Liit.] A  place where pa-
    pers  or records are kept.
 Ca'rtwright,  kart'rite.  to. s. [from cart
    and wright ]  A maker of carts.
     Aftrr local names, the most names have been de-
   rived from occupations  or professions; as, Taylor,
   Potter, Smith, Cartwright.     Camden's  Remains.
  To CARVE, karv. v. a.  [ceojipan, Sax.
     kerven, Dutch ]
  1.  To cut wood, or stone, or other  matter,
     into elegant forms.
      Taking the very refuse, he hath carved it diligent-
   ly when he had nothing else to do. Wisdom, xiii. 13.
      Had Democrates really can-eo" mount Athos into
   a statue of Alexander  the Great, and had the me-
   mory of the fact been obliterated by some accident,
   who could afterwards have proved it impossible, but
   toat it might casually have been?         Bentley.
  2.  To cut meat at the table.
  3.  To make any thing by  carving or  cut-
     ting.
      Yet fearing idleness, the nurse of ill,
    In sculpture exercis'd his happy skill;
   And carv'd in ivory such a maid so fair,
    As nature could not with his art compare,
    Were she to work.                     Dryden.
  4.  To engrave.
      0 Rosalind, these trees shall be my books,
     And in their barks my thoughts I'll  character;
      That every eye, which in this forest looks,
     Shall  see thy virtue witness'd every where.
      Run, run, Orlando, carve on every tree
      The fair, the chaste, the unexpressive she. Shaks,
   5. To distribute; to  apportion;  to provide
     at will.
       He had been a keeper of his flocks both from the
     violence of robbers and his own soldiers, who could
     easily have carved themselves toeir own food. Soufft.
       How dares sinful dust and ashes invade the pre-
     rogative of Providence, and carve out to himself the
     seasons and issues of life and death?        South.
       The labourers' share, being  seldom more than a
     bare subsistence, never allows that body of men op-
     portunity to struggle with toe richer, unless when
     some common and'great distress emboldens them to
     carve  to their wants.                      Locke.
   6. To,cut; to hew.
       Or  they will buy his sheep forth  of the cote,
     Or they will carve the shepherd's throat.    Spenser.
       Brave Macbeth, with his brandish'd steel,
     Like valour's minion, carved out his passage. Shaks.
   To  Carve,  karv. v. to.
   1. To  exercise the trade of a sculptor.
   2. To perform at table the office of supply-
     ing  the company  from the dishes.
      I do mean to make love  to Ford's wife; I spy en-
     tertainment in her; she discourses, she carves,  she
     gives the leer of invitation.          Shakspeare.
      Well then, things handsomely were serv'd;
     My mistress for the strangers carv'd.        Prior.

  Ca'rvel, kar'vel. n.s. A  small ship.
      I gave them order, if they found any Indians there,
     to send in the little fly-boat, or the carvel, into the
  river; for, with our great ships, we durst  not ap-
  proach the coast.                      Raleigh.
Ca'rver, kar'vur.98 «. a. [from carve.]
 .. A sculptor.
    All aits and artists Theseus could command,
  Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame;
  The master painters and the carvers came. Dryden.
 I. He that  cuts up the meat atthe table.
    Meanwhile thy indignation yet to raise,
  The carver, dancing round each dish, surveys
  With flying knife, and, as his art directs,
  With proper gestures ev'ry fowl dissects.  Dryden,
 3. He that apportions or distributes at will.
     In this kind, to come in braving arms,
  Be his own carver, and cut out his way,
  To find out right with wrongs it may not be.
                          Shakspeare's Richard II.
     We are not  the carvers of our own fortunes.
                                    L'Estrange.
 Cavrving, kar'ving.410 to. a. [from carve.]
    Sculpture; figures carved.
     They can no more last like the ancients, than ex-
   cellent carvings in wood like those in marble and
   brass.                                Temple.
     The lids are ivy, grapes in clusters lurk
   Beneath the carving of the curious work.   Dryden.
 Caru'ncle, kar'unk-kl.40s 81 to. s. [carun-
    cula,  Lat.]   A  small protuberance  of
    flesh, either natural or morbid.
      Caruncles are a sort of loose flesh arising in the
   urethra by the erosion made by virulent acid matter.
                                      Wiseman.
  CARYA'TES, ka-re-k'tes.       ?
  CARYA'TIDES,ka-re-at'i-d\s.$    "'  *'
    [from Carya, a city taken by the Greeks,
    who led away the women  captives; and,
    to perpetuate their slavery, represented
    them in buildings as charged with bur-
    dens.] An  order of columns or pilasters,
    under the  figures of  women dressed in
    long robes, serving to support entabla-
    tures.                          Chambera.

  Casca'de, kas-kade'. n.  a.  [cascade,  Fr.
    cascata, Ital. from cascare, to fall.]  A
    cataract; a water-fall.
      Rivers diverted from their native course,
    And bound with chains of artificial force,
    From large cascades in pleasing tumult roll'd,
    Or rose through figur'd stone, or breathing gold.
                                          Prior.
      The river Teverone throws itself down  a preci-
    pice, and falls by several cascades from one rock to
    another, till it gains the bottom of toe valley.
                                        Addison.
  CASE, kase. to. s. [caisse, Fr. a box.]
  1. Something that covers or contains any
     thing else; a covering; a  box; a sheath.
                   O cleave, my sides!
    Heart, once be stronger than thy continent,
    Crack thy frail case.                 Shakspeare.
      Each thought was visible that roll'd within,
    As through a crystal case the figur'd hours are seen.
                                         Dryden.
      Other caterpillars produced maggots, that imme-
    diately made themselves up^in cases.         Ray.
      The body is but a case to this vehicle.   Broome.
      Just then Clarissa drew, with tempting grace,
    A two edg'd weapon from her shining case.  Pope.
  2. The outer part of a house or building.
      The case of the holy house is nobly designed, and
    executed by great masters.      Addison on Italy.
  3. A building unfurnished.
      He had a purpose likewise to raise, in the  uni-
    versity, a fair case for books,  and to furnish it with
    choice collections from all parts, at his own charge.
                                          Wotton.
  Case-knife,  kase'nife. to.  s.  [from  case
     and knife.] A large  kitchen knife.
    The king always acts with a  great case-knife
  stuck in his girdle, which the lady snatches from
  him in toe struggle, and so defends herself. Addison.
Case-shot, kase'shot. n. s. [from case and
   shot.]  Bullets enclosed in a case.
    In each seven small brass and leather guns, charg-
  ed with case-shot.                    Clarendon-
CASE, kase. n.s. [casus, Lat.]
1. Condition  with regard to outward cir-
   cumstances.
    Unworthy wretch, quoth he, of so great grace,
  How dare I think such glory to attain?
    These that have it attain'd were in like cose,
   Quoth he, as wretched, and  liv'd in like pain.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     Question your royal thoughts, make the case yours;
   Be now a father, and propose a son.    Shakspeare.
                  Some knew the face,
   And all had heard toe much lamented case. Dryden.
     These  were the circumstances under which the
   Corinthians then were; and the argument which the
   apostle advances, is intended to reach their particu-
   lar case.                            Atterbury.
     My youth may be made, as it never fails in exe-
   cutions, a case of compassion.              Pope.
 I.  State of things.
     He saith, that if there can be found such an ine-
   quality between man and man, as between man and
   beast, or between soul and body, it investeth a right
   of government; which seemeth rather an impossible
   case, than an untrue sentence.             Bacon.
     Here was the case; an army of English, wasted
   and tired with  a long winter's siege,  engaged an
   army of  a greater number than themselves, fresh
   and in vigour.                          Bacon.
     I can but be a slave wherever I am; so that taken
   or not taken, 'tis all a case to me.      L'Estrange.
     They are excellent in order to certain ends; he
   hath no need to use them, as the case  now stands,
   being provided for with toe  provision of an angel.
                            Taylor's Holy Living.
     Your parents did  not produce  you much into the
   world, whereby you have fewer ill impressions; but
   they  failed, as  is generally the  case, in  too  much
   neglecting to cultivate your mind.          Swift.
 3. [In physick.] State of the body; state of
    the disease.
      It was well; for  we had rather met with calms
   and contrary winds, than any tempests; for our sick
   were many, and in very ill  case.           Bacon.
      Chalybeate water seems to be a proper remedy in
   hypochondriacal cases.     Arbuthnot  on Aliments.
  4. History of a disease.
  5. The state of facts juridically consider-
    ed:  as, the lawyers cited many cases in
    their pleas.
      If he be not apt to beat  over matters, and to call
    up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him
    study the lawyers cases: so  every defect of the mind
    may have a special receipt.       Bacon's Essays.
  6.  In ludicrous language,  condition  with
     regard to  leanness or fat.  In case, is
     lusty  or fat.
      Thou lyest,  most ignorant monster, I am in case
    to justle a constable.        Sluikipeare's Tempest.
      Pray have but patience till then, and when I am
    in little better  case, I'll throw myself in the very
    mouth of you.                       L'Estrange,
      Quoth Ralph, I should not, if I were
    In case  for action, now be here.         Hudibras.
      For if the sire be faint, or out of case,
    He will be copy'd in his famish'd race.    Drydm.
      The priest was pretty well in case,
    And shew'd some humour in his face;
    Look'd with an easy careless mien,
    A perfect stranger to the spleen.           Swift.
  7. Contingence;  possible event.
      The atheist, in case things should fall out contrary
     to his belief or expectation, hath made no provision
     for this case; if, contrary to his confidence, it should
     prove in the issue that there is a God,  the man is
     lost and undone for ever.               Tillotson. 
CAS
CAS
CAS
 8. Question relating to particular persons
    or things.
     Well do I  find each man most wise in his own
   case.                                Sidney.
     It is strange, that the ancient fathers  should not
   appeal to this judge, in all cases, it being so short
   and expedite a way for the ending of controversies.
                                      Tiffofson.
 9. Representation of any fact or question.
 10. The variation of nouns.
     The several changes which toe noun undergoes in
   the  Latin and Greek tongues, in the several num-
   bers, are called cases, and are designed to express
   the  several views or relations under which toe mind
   considers things with regard to one another; and the
   variation of the noun for this purpose is called de-
   clension.               Clark's Latin Grammar.
 11. In case,   [in caso,  Ital.]  If it should
    happen; upon the supposition  that:  a
    form of speech now  little used.
     For in case it be certain, hard it cannot be for
   them to shew us where we shall find it; that we may
   say  these were toe orders of the apostles.  Hooker.
     A sure retreat to his forces, in case they  should
   have an ill day, or unlucky chance in the field. Bacon.
     This would be the accomplishment of their com-
   mon felicity, in case, either by their evil destiny or
   advice, they suffered not the occasion to be lost.
                                      Hayward.
 To Case, kase.  v. a. [from  the noun.]
 1. To put  in a case or cover.
     Case ye, case ye; on  with  your vizours; there's
   money of the king's coming down the hill. Shaksp.
             The cry went once for thee,
   And still it might, and yet it may again,
   If thou would'st not entomb thyself alive,
   And case thy reputation in a tent.     Shakspeare,
     Like a fall'n cedar, far difFus'd his train,
   Cas'd in green scales, the crocodile extends. Thorns.
 2. To cover as a case.
     Then comes my fit again; I had else been perfect,
   As broad and general as the casing air. Shakspeare.
 3. To cover on the  outside with materials
    different from the inside.
     Then toey began to case their houses with marble.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 4. To strip off the covering; to take off the
    skin.
     We'll make you some sport with the fox ere we
   case  him.     Shakspeare's All's well that ends well.
 To Case, kase. v. to. To put cases; to con-
   trive representations of facts: a ludicrous
    use.
    They fell presently to reasoning and casing upon
   the matter with him, and laying distinctions before
   him.                              L'Estrange.
 To Caseha'rden, kase'har-dn. v. a. [from
   case and  harden.] To  harden on the out-
   side.
    The manner of casehardening is thus: Take cow
   horn or hoof, dry it thoroughly in an oven, then beat
   it to  powder; put about the same quantity of bay salt
  to it, and mingle them  together with stale  chamber-
   lye, or else white wine vinegar.  Lay some of this
   mixture upon loam, and cover your iron all over with
  it; then wrap the loam about all, and lay it upon the
  hearth of the forge to dry and harden.  Put it into the
  fire, and blow up the coals to it, till the whole lump
  have just a blood-red heat.              Moxon.
Ca'semate, kase'mate. n.s. [from ca*a ar-
   mata, Ital.  casamata, Span,  a vault for-
   merly made to separate the platforms of
   the  lower and  upper batteries]
I.  [In  fortification.]   A kind  of vault or
   arch of stone-work, in that part of the
   flank of a  bastion  next the  curtin,
   somewhat  retired or  drawn  back  to-
   wards the capital of the baston, serving |
   as a battery  to defend  the face of the
   opposite bastion, and the moat or ditch.
                                  Chambers.
2. The well, with its  several  subterrane-
   ous branches, dug in the passage ofthe
   bastion, till the miner is heard at work,
   and air given to the mine.       Harris.
Ca'sement, kaze'ment.  to. *.  [casamento,
   Ital.]  A window opening upon hinges.
    Why, then may you have a casement of the great
  chamber window, where we play, open, and the
  moon may  shine  in at the casement.   Shakspeare.
    Here  in  this world they do much knowledge read,
  And are the casements which admit most light.
                                       Davies.
    They, waken'd with the noise, did fly
  From inward room to window eye,
  And gently op'ning lid, the casement,
  Look'd out, but yet with some amazement.
                                     Hudibras.
    There is as much difference between the clear
  representations of the understanding then,  and the
  obscure  discoveries that  it makes now, as there is
  between the prospect of a casement and a keyhole.
                                        South.
Ca'seous, ka'ze-fis. adj. [caseus, Lat.] Re-
   sembling cheese; cheesy.
    Its fibrous parts are from the caseous parts of the
  chyle.                     Floyer on Humours.
Ca'sern, ka'zern. to.  s. [caserne,  Fr.]  A
   little  room   or lodgment  erected  be-
   tween the  rampart and the houses of
   fortified towns, to serve as apartments
   or lodgings for the soldiers of the  garri-
   son,  with beds.                   Harris.
Ca'seworm, kase'wurm. to.  s.  [from case
   and worm,]   A grub that makes itself a
   case.
    Cadises, or caseworms,  are to be found in this na-
  tion, in several distinct counties, and in several lit-
  tle brooks.                            Floyer.
CASH, kash.  to. s.  [caisse,  Fr. a chest.]
   Money;  properly ready  money; money
   in  the chest,  or at hand.
          A thief, bent to unhoard the cash
  Of some rich burgher.              Paradise Lost.
    He is  at an end of all his cash, he has both his law
  and his daily bread now upon trust.     Arbuthnot.
    He sent  the thief, that  stole the cash, away,
  And punish'd him that put it in  his way.     Pope.
Ca'sh-keeper, kash'keep-ilr. n. s. [from
   cash and keep.] A  man entrusted with
   the money.
    Dispensator was properly a cash-keeper, or privy-
  purse.                     Arbuthnot on  Coins.
Ca'shewnut,  ka'shoo-nut. to.  ■?.  A tree
  that  bears nuts, not  with  shells, but
  husks.                            Miller.
Cashi'er,  ka-sheer'.275 to.  s.  [from cash]
  He that  has charge of the money.
    If a steward or cashier be suffered to run on with-
  out bringing him  to a reckoning, such a sottish for-
  bearance will teach him to shuffle.         South.
    A Venetian, finding his son's  expences grow very
  high, ordered his cashier  to let him have no more
  money than what he should count when he received
  '*•   _                                 Locke.
    Flight of cashiers, or mobs, he'll never mind;
  And knows no losses, while the  muse is kind. Pope.
To  Cashi'er, ka-sheer'.  v. a. [casser, Fr.
  cassare,  Lat.]
I. To discard; to dismiss from a post, or  a
  society, with  reproach.
    Does 't not go well? Cassio hath beaten thee,
  And thou by that  small hurt hast cashier'J Cassio.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Seconds in factions many times prove principals;
   but many times also  they prove cyphers, and are
   cashiered.                              Bacon.
     If I had omitted what he said, his thoughts and
   words being thus cashiered in my hands, he had no
   longer been Lucretius.                  Dryden.
     They have already cashiered several of their fol-
   lowers as mutineers.        Addison's Freeholder.
     The ruling rogue, who dreads to be cashicr'd,
   Contrives, as he is hated, to be feared.      Swift.
 2. It seems,  in the  following passages,  to
    signify the  same  as to annul: to vacate:
    which is sufficiently agreeable  to the
    derivation.
     If we  should find a father corrupting his son, or a
   mother  her daughter, we must charge this upon a
   peculiar anomaly and baseness of nature; if the name
   of nature may be allowed to that which seems to be
   utter cashiering of it, and deviation from, and a con-
   tradiction to, the common principles of humanity.
                                        South.
     Some cashier, or at least endeavour to invalidate
   all other arguments, and forbid  us to hearken  to
   those proofs, as weak or fallacious.         Locke.
 Cask, ka.sk. to. s. [casque, Fr. cadus, Lat ]
 1.  A barrel; a wooden vessel to slop up li-
   quor or provisions.
    The patient  turning himself abed,  it makes a
   fluctuating kind of noise, like the rumbling of water
   in a cask.                            Harvey.
    Perhaps to-morrow he may change his wine,
   And  drink old sparkling Alban, or Setine,
   Whose title, and whose age, with mould o'ergrown,
   The good old cask for ever keeps unknown. Dryden.
 2. It has cask  in a kind of plural sense, to
   signify the  commodity  or provision of
   casks.
    Great inconveniences grow by toe bad cask being
   commonly so ill seasoned and conditioned, as that a
  great part of the beer is ever lost and cast away.
                                      Raleigh.
 Cask,   } kask. C to. s. [casque, Fr. cassis,
 Casque, 3  416  I  Latin.] A helmet; ar-
   mour  for the head: a poetical word.
    Let thy blows, doubly redoubled,
  Fall  like amazing thunder on toe cosoue
  Of thy pernicious enemy.             Shakspeare.
                  And these
  Sling weighty stones, when from afar they fight;
  Their casques are cork, a covering thick and light.
                                      Dryden.
          Why does he load with darts
  His trembling hands, and crush beneath a cask
  His wrinkled brows?                  Addison.
 Ca'sket, kas'kit." to.  s [a diminutive of
   caisse, a chest, Fr. casse, cassette.]  A
   small  box or chest for jewels, or things
   of particular value.
    They found him dead, and cast into the streets,
  An empty casket, where the jewel, life,
  By some damn'd hand was robb'd and ta'en away.
                                    Shakspeare.
    0 ignorant poor man1! whnt dost thou bear
  Lock'd up within the casket of thy breast'
  What jewels and what  riches hast thou there?
  What heav'nly treasure in so weak a chest? Darie$.
    Mine  eye hath found that sad sepulchral  rock,
  That was the casfcef of heav'n's richest store.  Milton,
    That had by chance pack'd up his choicest treasure
  In one dear casket, and  sav'd only that.     Otway.
    This casftef India's glowing gems unlocks,
  And all Arabia breathes from yonder box.    Pope.
 To Ca'sket,  kas'kit."  v.  a. [from  the
   noun.]  To put in  a casket.
    I have writ my letters, casketed my treasure, and
  given order for our horses.              Shaksp.
Cassaahjna'ir, kas-sa-mu nare'.   to. s.  An
   aromatick vegetable  being a species of
  galangali brought from the East,  a ner-
   vous and stomachick  simple    Quincy,
 To Ca'ssatk, kaYsate.91 v. a. [casser, Fr! 
CAS
CAS
CAS
  cassare, low Lat.]   To vacate;  to inva-
  lidate; to make void; to nullify.
    This opinion supersedes and cassates the best me-
  dium we have.              .Rayon the Creation.
Cassa'tion, kas-sa'shun.  n. a. [cassatio,
  Lat.]  A making null or void.      Diet.
CA'ssAvi,kas'sa-ve.  ) to. *.  A plant.  It is
Ca'ssaoa, kas'sa-da.  $  cultivated in all the
  warm  parts of America, where the root,
  after being divested of its milky  juice,
  is ground to flour, and then made into
  cakes  of bread.  Of  this  there are two
   sorts.  The most common has purplish
  stalks, with  the veins and leaves of a
  purplish colour; but  the  stalks  of the
  other  are  green,  and the leaves of a
   lighter green.   The last sort is not ve-
  nomous, even when  the roots are fresh
   and full of juice; which the negroes fre-
   quently dig up, roast, and eat, like pota-
  toes, without any ill effects.      Miller.
Ca'ssaware, kas'sa-ware.  to. s.  See Cas-
   siowary.
Ca'ssia, kash'she-a.  to. s.  A sweet spice
   mentioned by Moses, Ex. xxx. 24. as an
   ingredient in the composition ofthe holy
   oil,  which was to  be  made use of  in the
   consecration ofthe sacred vessels ofthe
   tabernacle.   This aromatick is said  to
   be the bark of a tree very like cinnamon,
   and grows in the  Indies without  being
   cultivated.                        Calmet.
    All thy garments smell of myrrh, aloes, and cas-
  sia.                              PsalmxU. 8.
Ca'ssia, kash'she-a. to. s. The name of a
   tree.
    It hath a cylindrical, long, taper, or flat pod, di-
  vided into many cells by transverse diaphragms; in
  each of  which is contained  one  hard  seed, lodged,
  for the  most  part,  in  a clammy black substance,
  which is purgative.   The flowers have five leaves,
  disposed orbicularly.                    Miller.
Ca'ssioony, or Stickadore,   kas'sld-d6-ne.
   to. s.  [stoechas, Lat.]  The name of a
   plant.
Ca'ssiowarv,  kash'she-6-wa-re.   to. a.  A
   large  bird of prey in  the East Indies.
     I have a clear idea ofthe relation of dam and chick,
  between the two cassiowaries in St James's Park.
                                        Locke.
Ca'ssock, kas'sik.186 to. s.  [casaque, Fr.]
   A  close garment; now  generally that
   which  clergymen  wear   under their
   gowns.
    Half dare not shake the snow from off their cassocks,
  lest they shake themselves to pieces.        Shaksp.
     His scanty salary compelled him to run deep in
  debt for a new gown and cassock, and now and then
  forced him to write some paper of wit or humour, or
  preach a sermon for ten shillings,  to supply his ne-
  cessities.                              Swift.
Ca'ssweeo,  kas'weed.  to. s.  A common
   weed, otherwise called shepherd's pouch.
To CAST, kast.79 v. a. preter. cast; parti-
  cip. pass. cast, [kaater, Danish.] This is
   a  word of multifarious  and  indefinite
  use.
1. To  throw with the hand.
    I rather chuse to endure the wounds of those darts
  which envy casteth at novelty, than to go on safely
  and sleepily in the easy ways of ancient mistakings.
                                       Raleigh.
    They  had compassed  in his host, and cast darts at
  the people from  morning till evening.      1 Mace.
            Then cast thy sword away,
  And yield thee to my mercy, or I strike.
                               Dryden and Lee.
2. To  throw  away, as useless or noxious.
    If thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast
  it from thee.                         Matthew.
3. To throw, as from an engine.
    Slings to cost stones.               Cferonicfcs.
4. To scatter by the hand: as, to cast seed.
    Cast the dust into the brook.       Deuteronomy.
5. To  force by violence.
    Cast them into the Red Sea.           Exodus.
    Cast them into another land.       Deuteronomy.
6. To shed.
    Nor shall your vine cast her fruit.      Malachy.
7■ To throw from a high place.
    Bear him to the rock Tarpeian, and from thence
  Into destruction cast him.      Shaksp. Coriolanus.
8. To throw as a net or snare.
    I speak for your own profit, not toat I may cast a
  snare upon you.                   1 Cor. vii. 36.
9. To drop; to let fall.
    They let down the boat  into too sea, as though
  they would have cast anchor.      Acts, xxvii. 30.
10. To throw dice, or lots.
    And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh. Joshua.
11. To throw,  in wrestling.
    And I think, being too strong for him, though he
  took my legs sometimes, yet I made shift to cast him.
                                   Shakspeare.
12. To throw, as worthless or hateful.
    His carcase was cast in the way.     Chronicles.
    His friends contend to embalm his  body; his ene-
  mies, that they may cast it to toe dogs.      Pope.
13. To drive by violence of weather.
    Howbeit we must be cost upon a certain island.
                                         Acts.
    What length of lands, what ocean have you pass'd,
  What storms sustain'd, and on what shore been cost?
                                      Dryden.
14. To emit.
    This fumes off in the calcination of the stone, and
  casts a sulphureous smell.             Woodward.
15. To bring suddenly or unexpectedly.
    Content toemselves with that which was toe irre-
  mediable error of former time,  or the necessity of
  the present hath cast upon them.         Hooker.
16. To build by throwing up earth; to raise.
    And shooting in the earth, casts up a mount of clay.
                           Spenser's Fairy Queen.
    Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee.
                                        Luke.
    The king of Assyria shall not come into this city,
  nor shoot an arrow there, nor come  before  it with
  shield, nor cost a bank against it.  2 Kings, xix. 32.
    At length Barbarossa having cast up his trenches,
  landed fifty-four pieces of artillery for battery.
                              Knolles's History.
    Earth-worms will come forth, and  moles will cost
  up more, and fleas bite more, against rain.  Bacon.
17. To put into or out of any certain state,
   with the notion of descent, or  depression:
   as,  the king was caat from his throne.
    Jesus had heard that John was cost into prison.
                                      Mattheio.
    At toy rebuke both toe chariot and horse are cast
  into a dead sleep.                 Psalm lxxvi. 6.
18. To condemn in a criminal trial.
    But oh, that treacherous breast! to whom weak you
  Did  trust our counsels, and we both may rue,
  Having his falsehood found too late,  'twas he
  That made me cost you guilty, and you me. Donne.
    We take up with the most incompetent witnesses,
  nay, often suborn our own surmises and jealousies,
  toat  we may be sure to cast the unhappy criminal.
                       Government of the Tongue.
    He could not, in this forlorn case,  have made use
  ofthe very last plea of a cast criminal; nor so much
  as have cried Mercy! Lord, mercy         South.
    There then we met; both tried, and both were casts
  And this irrevocable sentence past.      Dryden.
19. To overcome  or  defeat in a law suit.
   [from caster, French.]
    The northern men were agreed, and in effect all
  the other, to cost our London escheatour.  Camden.
    Were  the case referred to any competent judge
  they would inevitably be cost.       Decay of Piety,
20. To defeat.
      No martial project to surprise,
    Can ever be attempted twice;
    Nor cast design serve afterwards,
    As gamesters tear their losing cards.  Hudibras.
21. To casmer.
    You are but now cast in his mood, a punishment
  more in policy than in malice; even so as one would
  beat  his offenceless  dog,  to affright an imperious
  lion.                               Shakspeare.
22. To leave behind in a race.
    In short, so swift your judgments turn and wind
  You cost our fleetest wits a mile behind.   Dryden
23. To shed;  lo  let fall; to lay aside;  to
   moult;  to change for new.
    Our chariot lost her wheels, their points our spears
  The bird of conquest her chief feather cast. lairfax.
    Of plants some are  green all winter, others cast
  their leaves.            Bacon's Natural history.
    The casting of toe skin is, by the ancients, com-
  pared to  the breaking of the secundine, or cawl
  but not rightly; for that were to make every casting
  ofthe skin a new birth: and besides, the secundine
  is but a general cover,  not shaped according to the
  parts,  but the skin is shaped according to the parts.
  The creatures  that cast the skin, are the snake the
  viper, the grasshopper, the lizard, the silkworm' ^e.
                                        Bacon.
      O fertale head, which ev'ry year
    Could  such a crop of wonders bear!
    VV hich might it never have been cast,
    Each year's growth added to the last,
    The lofty branches had supply 'd
    The earth's bold sons prodigious pride.  Waller
    The waving harvest bends beneath his blast,
  The forest shakes, the groves toeir honours cast.
    *,    .                            Dryden.
    From hence, my lord, and love, I thus conclude,
  That though my homely ancestors were rude,
  Mean as I am, yet may I have the grace
  To make  you father  of a generous race:
  And noble then am I, when 1 begin,
  In virtue cloth'd, to cast the rags of sin.     Dryden.
    The ladies have been in a kind of moulting sea-
  son, having cast great quantities of ribbon and cam-
  brick, and reduced the human figure to the beautiful
  globular form.                        Addison

24. To lay aside, as fit to be used or worn
   no  longer.
    So may cast poets write; there's no pretension
  To argue loss of wit, from loss of pension.   Dryden.
    He has ever been of opinion, that giving cost clothes
  to be worn by valets, has* a very ill effect upon little
  minds-                               Addison.
25. To have abortions; to bring forth before
   the time.
    Thy ewes  and  toy she-goats have not cost their
  y°unS-                                Genesis.
26. To make to preponderate; to decide by
   overbalancing;  to give overweight.
    Which being inclined, not constrained,  contain
  within themselves the casting act,  ana a power to
  command toe conclusion.      Brown's Vulg. Err
    How much interest casts the balance in cases du-
  bious-                                 South.
    Life and death are equal in themselves
  That which could cast the balance, is thy falshood.
    ».t  .                                Dryden.
    Not many years ago, it so happened, that a cobler
  had the casting vote for the life of a criminal, which
  he very graciously gave on toe merciful side.
                               Addison on Italy.
    Suppose your eyes sent equal rays
  Upon two distant pots of ale;
  In this sad state, your doubtful choice
   Would never have the casting voice.       Prior 
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27. To compute; to reckon; to  calculate.
     Hearts, tongues, figures, scribes, bards, poets, can-
       not
   Think, speak, cost, write, sing, number, ho!
   His love to Antony.                   Shakspeare.
     Here  is now  the smith's  note  for shoeing and
   plow-irons.—Let it be cast and paid.       Shaksp.
     You cast th' event of war, my noble Lord,
   And summ'd th' account of chance, before you said,
   Let us make head.                   Shakspeare.
     The best way to represent to life the manifold use
   of friendship,  is to cost and see how many things
   there arc, which a man cannot do himself.   Bacon.
     I have lately been casting in my thoughts the se-
   veral unhappinesses of life, and comparing the in-
   felicities of old age to those of infancy.    Addison.
28. To contrive; to plan  out.
     The  cloister facing the South is  covered with
   vines, and would have been proper for an orange-
   house; and had, I doubt not, been cast for that pur-
   pose, if this piece of gardening had been then in as
   much vogue as it is now.                Temple.
29. To judge; to consider in order to judg-
   ment.
            If thou couldst, doctor, cast
   The water of my land,  find her disease,
   And purge it to a sound and  pristine health,
   I would applaud thee.                Shakspeare.
     Peace, brother, be not over exquisite
   To cast the fashion of uncertain evils.     Milton.
30. To fix the  parts in a play.
     Our parts in the other world will be new cost, and
   mankind will  be there ranged in different stations
   of superiority.                          Addison.
31. To glance;  to  direct:  applied to the
   eye or mind.
          A losel wandering by the way,
   One that to bounty never cost his mind;
    Ne thought of heaven  ever did assay,
   His baser breast.                       Spenser.
    Zelmanes's languishing countenance, with crossed
   arms, and sometimes cost up eyes, she thought to
   have an excellent grace.                  Sidney.
                As he past along,
   How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me!   Shaksp.
    Begin, auspicious boy, to cast about
   Thy infant eyes, and, with a smile, toy mother sin-
         gle out.                 Dryden's  Virgil.
    Far eastward cost thine eye,  from whence the
         sun,
   And orient science, at a birth begun.   Pope's Dun.
    He then led me to  the rock,  and, placing me on
   toe top of it, Cast thy eyes  eastward, said he, and
   tell me what thou seest.                 Addison.
32. To   found;  to  form  by running  in a
   mould.
    When any such curious  work of silver is to be
   fast, as requires that the impression of hairs, or very
   slender  lines,  be taken off  by the metal, it is not
   enough that the silver be barely melted, but it must
   be kept a considerable while in a strong fusion.
                                          Boyle.
    How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
   Instruct the artist-                       Waffer.
    The father's grief restrain'd his art;
   He twice essay'd to cast his son in gold,
   Twice from his hands he dropp'd the forming mould.
                                        Dryden.
33. To melt metal into figures.
    Yon' crowd, he might reflect, yon' joyful crowd
  With restless rage would pull my statue down,
  And cast  the brass anew to his renown.      Prior.
    This was but as a refiner's fire, to  purge out the
  dross, and  then  cast the mass again  into  a new
  mould.                          Burnet's Theory.
34. To model; to form by rule.
    We may take a quarter of a mile forthe common
  measure ul' the  depth ofthe sea, if it  were cast into
  a channel of an equal depth every where.  Burnet.
    Under this influence, derived from  mathematical
  studies,  some  have been tempted to cast all their
  logical,  their metaphysical,  and  their theological
  and moral learning into this method.        Watts.
35.  To  communicate  by  reflection  or
   emanation.
    So bright a splendour, so divine a grace,
  The glorious Daphnis casts on his illustrious race.
                                        Dryden.
    We  may happen  to find a fairer light cost over
  the same scriptures, and see reason to alter our sen-
  timents even in some points of moment.      Watts.
36. To yield, or give  up, without  reserve
   or condition.
    The  reason of mankind cannot suggest any solid
  ground or satisfaction, but in making God our
  friend,  and in carrying a conscience so clear, as
  may  encourage us, with confidence,  to cast ourselves
  upon him.                               South.
37. To  inflict.
    The  world is apt  to  cast great blame on those
  who have an indifferency for opinions, especially in
  religion.                                 Locke.
38. To cast aside.   To dismiss as useless
   or inconvenient.
                  I have bought
  Golden opinions from all sort of people,
  Which would be worn now in their newest gloss,
  Not cost aside so soon.               Shakspeare.
39. To cast away.  To shipwreck.
    Sir Francis Drake, and John  Thomas, meeting
  with a storm,  it thrust  John Thomas, upon the
  islands to toe South, where he was cast  away.
                                Raleigh's Essays.
    His father  Philip had, by  like mishap, been like
  to have been cost away upon toe coast of England.
                    Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
    With pity mov'd for others cost away
  On rocks of hope and fears.          Roscommon.
    But now our fears tempestuous grow,
       And cast our hopes away;
    Whilst you, regardless of our woe,
       Sit careless at a  play.               Dorset.
40. To cast away.  To lavish; to  waste  in
   profusion;  to turn to no use.
    They that want  means  to nourish children, will
  abstain from marriage; or,  which  is all one, they
  cast away their bodies upon rich old women.
                                Raleigh's Essays.
    France, hast thou yet more blood to cast away?
  Say,  shall the current of our  right run on? Shaksp.
    He might be silent, and not cast aivay
  His sentences in vain.               Ben Jonson.
    O  Marcia, O my sister! still there's hope,
  Our father will not cost away a life
  So needful to us  all, and to his country.   Addison.
41. To cast away.  To ruin.
    It is  no impossible  thing, for states, by an over-
  sight in  some one  act  or  treaty  between  them
  and  toeir potent  opposites, utterly to  cast aivay
  themselves for ever.                     Hooker.
42. To cast by. To reject or dismiss, with
   neglect or hate.
           Old Capulet, and Montagu,
  Have made Verona's ancient citizens
  Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments.  Shaksp.
    When men, presuming themselves to be  the only
  masters of right reason, cost by toe  votes and opin-
  ions of the rest of mankind, as not worthy of reckon-
  ing.                                     Locke.
43. To cast  down.  To deject; to  depress
   the mind.
               We're not the first,
  Who, with best meaning, have incurr'd the worst:
  For thee, oppressed king, 1 am cost down;
  Myself could else outfrown false fortune's frown.
                                     Shakspeare.
    The  best  way will be to let him see you are
;  much cost down, and afflicted, for the ill opinion he
1  entertains of you.                      Addison.
44. To cast forth.  To emit.
    He shall grow as the lily,  and cast forth his roots
  as Lebanon.                              Hosea.
45. To  cast forth.  To  eject.
    I cast forth all the household stuff.    Nehemiah.
    They cost me forth into the sea.          Jonah.
46. To can off.  To discard; to put away.
     The prince will, in the perfectoess of time,
   Cast off his followers.                Shakspeare.
     Cast me not off in the time of old age.    PsaUms.
       He led me on to mightiest deeds,
   But now hath cast me off, as never known.  Milton.
     How! not call him father? I see preferment alters
   a man strangely; this may  serve me  for an use of
   instruction, to cast off my father, when I am great.
                                        Dryden.
         I long to clasp that haughty maid,
   And bend  her stubborn virtue to my passion:
   When I have gone thus far, I'd cost her off.  Addis.
47. To cast off.  To  reject.
     It is not to be imagined,  that  a whole society of
   men should publickiy and  professedly disown and
   cost off a  rule, which they could not but be infill i-
   bly certain was a law.                     Locke.
48. To cast off. To disburden one's self of.
     All conspired in one to cast off their subjection to
   toe crown  of England.   Spenser's State of Ireland.
     This maketh them, through an unweariable desire
   of receiving instruction, to cast off toe care of those
   very affairs, which do most concern  toeir estate.
                                 Hooker, Preface.
     The true reason why any man is an atheist, is be-
   cause he is a wicked man: religion would curb him
   in his lusts; and therefore he casts it off, and puts all
   the scorn upon it he can.               Tillotson.
     Company, in any action, gives  credit  and coun-
   tenance to the agent; and so much as the sinner gets
   of this, so  much he casts off of shame.       South.
     We see  they never fail to exert toemselves, and
   to cast off the oppression, when they feel the weight
   of it.                                 Addison.
49. To  cast off. To leave behind.
     Away he scours cross toe fields, casts off the dogs,
   and gains  a wood: but pressing  through a thicket,
   the bushes held  him by  the horns, till the  hounds
   came in, and plucked him down.       L'Estrange,
50.  To  cast off.  [a hunting term.]  To let
   go, or set free: as, to cast off the dogs.

51.  To  cast  out. To reject;  to turn  out of
   doors.
    Thy brat hath been cast  out, like to itself, no fa-
  ther owning it.                      Shakspeare.
52.  To cast out.  To vent; to speak: with
   some intimation of negligence or  vehe-
   mence.
    Why dost thou cost owf such ungenerous terms
  Against toe lords and sovereigns  of the world?
                                       Addison,
53. To  cast up. To compute; to calculate.
     Some writers, in casting up toe goods  most desi-
   rable in life,  have given  them this rank,  health,
   beauty, and riches.                     Temple.
     A man who designs to build, is very exact, as he
   supposes,  in.costing- up  the cost beforehand;  but
   generally speaking, he is mistaken in his account.
                                        Dryden.
54. To  cast up.  To vomit.
     Thou, beastly feeder, art so full of him,
   That thou  provok'st thyself to cast him up.  Shaks.
     Their villainy goes against my weak stomach,
   and therefore I must cast it  up.           Shaksp.
     0, that in time Rome did not cast
   Her errours up, this fortune to prevent!  Ben John.
             Thy foolish errour find;
   Cost up toe poison that infects thy mind.    Dryd.
55. To  cast upon.  To refer to; to resign to.
     If things  were cost upon this issue, toat  God
   should never prevent sin till man deserved it, toe best
   would sin  and sin for ever.                South.
To Cast, kast.92 v. to.
1. To contrive; to turn the thoughts.
     Then, closely as he might, he cast to leave
   The court, not asking any pass or leave. Spenser.
     From that day forth,  I cast in careful mind,
   To seek her out with labour and long time. Spells.
     We have three that bend themselves, looking into
   the experiments of their fellows, and cast about bow 
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  to draw out of them things of use and practice for
  man s life aud knowledge. Bacon's New Atalantis
  wrl11!   ■   he casts t0 chan§e his ProPer s»ape;
  Vv hich else might work him danger or delay.  MU
     As a fox, with hot pursuit
  Chas'd thro' a warren, cost about
  To save his credit.                   Hudibras.
     All events called casual among inanimate bodies,
  are mechanically produced according to the deter-
  minate figures, textures, and motions of those bo-
  dies, which are not conscious of their  own opera-
  tions, nor contrive and  cast about how to brine:such
  events to pass.                         Bentky
     This way and that I  cast to savc my friendS;
  Till one resolve my varying counsel ends.     Pope.
2. To admit of a form, by casting or melt-
   ing.
     It comes at the first fusion  into a mass that is im-
  mediately malleable, and will not run thin, so as to
  cast and mould,  unless mixed with  poorer ore  or
  cinders.                   Woodward on Fossils.
3.  To warp; to grow out of form.
     Stuff is said to ca-t  or warp, when, by its own
  drought,  or moisture of toe air, or other accident,
  it alters its flatness  and straightness.
                    Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
4.  To cast about. To contrive; to look for
   means.
     Inanimate bodies are not conscious of their own
  operations, nor contrive and cast about to bring such
  events to pass.                Bentley's Sermons.
Cast, kast.  n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw.
     So when a sort of lusty shepherds throw
  The bar by turns, and  none the rest outgo
  So far, but that the rest are measuring casts,
  Their emulation and toeir pastime lasts.   Waller.
2,  The thing thrown.
     Yet all these dreadful deeds,  this deadly fray,
  A cast of dreadful dust  will soon allay. Diyd. Virg.
3.  State of any thing cast or thrown.
     In his own instance of casting ambs-ace, though
  it partake more of contingency than of freedom;
  supposing  the positure  of the party's hand, who did
  throw the  dice; supposing toe figure of the table,
  and of the dice themselves; supposing toe  measure
  of force applied,  and  supposing all  other things
  which did concur to the production of that cast, to
  be the very same they were,  there is no doubt but,
  in this case, the cast is necessary.
                     Bramhall's Answer to Hobbes.
     Plato compares life to a game at tables; there
  what cast we shall have is not in our power; but to
  manage it well, toat is.                 Norris.
4.  Manner of throwing.
     Some harrow their ground over, and sow wheat
  or rye  on it with a broad cast; some only with a
  single cast, and some with a double.    .Worfimer.
5.  The space through which any thing  is
   thrown.
    And he  was withdrawn from them about a stone's
  cast, and kneeled down and prayed.         Luke.
6.  A  stroke; a  touch.
    We have them all with one voice for giving him
  a cast of their court prophecy.             South.
    Another cast of their politicks, was  that of en-
  deavouring to impeach an  innocent lady, for her
  faithful and diligent service of toe queen.   Swift.
    This was a cast of Wood's politicks; for his in-
  formation was wholly false and groundless.  Swift.
7.  Motion ofthe eye; direction of the eye
    Pity causeth sometimes tears, and a flexion  or
  cast ofthe eye aside; for pity is but grief in  another's
  behalf; the cast of tV.e  eye is a gesture of  aversion,
  or lothness, to behold the object of pity.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
    A man shall be sure to  have a cost of their eye
  to wain him,  before they give him a cost  of their
  nature to betray him.                     South.
    If any man desires to look on this doctrine of gra-
  vity, let him turn the first coif of his eyes ou what
  we have said of toe.           Digby on the Soul.
     There, held in holy passion still
   Forget thyself to marble, till
   With a sad leaden, downward cost,
   Thou fix them on  the earth as fast.       MUton.
     They are the best epitomes in the world, and let
   you  see, wito one cost of an eye, the substance  of
   above an hundred pages. Addison on Ancient Medals.

 8. He that squints is said popularly to have
   a cast with his eye.
 9.  The throw of dice.
               Were it good,
   To set the exact wealth of all our states
   All at one cast; to set so rich a main
   On toe nice hazard of some doubtful hour. Shaks.
 10. Venture  from throwing dice; chance
   from the fall of dice.
     When you have brought  them  to toe very last
   cast, they  will  offer to  come  to you, and submit
   themselves.                  Spenser on Ireland.
     With better grace an  ancient chief may yield
   The long contended honours of the field,
   Than venture all his fortune at a cast,
   And fight, like  Hannibal, to lose at last.  Diyden.
     Will you turn recreant at the last cast? Dryden.
     In the last war, has it not sometimes been an even
   cost, whether the  army should march this way or
   that  way?                              South.
 11. A mould; a  form.
     The whole would have been an heroick poem, but
   in another cast and figure than any that ever had
   been written before.                    Prior.
 12. A shade; or tendency to  any colour.
     A  flaky mass, grey,  with a cast of green, in
   which the  talky matter makes the greatest part of
   the mass.                           Woodioard.
     The qualities of blood in  a healthy state are to
   be florid, the  red  part congealing, and  the serum
   ought to be without any greenish cost.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 13. Exterior appearance.
             The native hue of resolution
  Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shaks.
    New names, new dressings, and the mddern east,
  Some scenes, some persons alter'd,  and outfae'd
  The world.                      Sir J. Denham.
 14. Manner;  air; mien.
     Pretty conceptions, fine  metaphors,  glittering
   expressions, and something of a neat cast of verse,
   are properly the dress, gems, or loose ornaments of
   poetry.                          Pope's Letters.
    Neglect not the little  figures and turns on the
  words, nor sometimes the very cost of the periods;
  neither omit or confound any  rites or customs of
  antiquity.                      Pope on Homer.
 15. A  flight; a number of hawks dismissed
   from the fist.
    A  cost of merlins there was  besides, which, fly-
  ing of a gallant height,  would beat the birds that
  rose down unto the  bushes,  as falcons will do wild
  fowl over a river.                      Sidney.
 :6.  [Casta, Spanish.] A breed; a race;  a
   species.
Ca'stanet, kas'ta-net. n. s.[easlaneta,Sr>.]
   A small  shell  of ivory, or  hard wood,
   which dancers rattle in tb.^ir hands.
    If  there had been words enow b *ween them, to
  have  expressed provocation, they iiad gone toge-
  ther by the ears  like a pair of castanets.
                    Congreve's Way :>j the World.
Ca'staway, kast'a-wa. to.*, [hum cast and
   away] A  person lost or abandoned, by
   Providence; any thing thrown awny.
    Neither given any leave  to search in particular
  who are the heirs ofthe kingdom of God, who car-
  aways.                                Hooker
    Lest that by any means, when I have preached w
  others, I myself should be a castaicay.     1 Cor.

Ca'staway,  kast'a wa.   adj.   [from  tht
   noun.]  Useless; ol no value.
     We only prize, pamper, and exalt this vassal and
   slave of death;  or only remember, at our castaicay
   leisure, the imprisoned immortal soul.
                               Raleigh's History.
 Ca'sted, kast'ed.   The participle preterit
   of cast, but  improperly, and found per-
   haps only in the following passage.
     When  the mind is quicken'd, out of doubt,
   The organs, too' defunct and dead before,
   Bresk up their drowsy grave,  and newly move
   With casted slough and fresh legerity.     Shaksp.

 Ca'stellaix, kas-tei'lln.  n. s. [castellano,
   Span.] The  captain, governour, or con-
   stable of a castle.
 Ca'stellany,  kas'tel-la-ne.  n.  s.  [from
   castel.]  The lordship  belonging to  a
   castle;  the extent of its land and juris-
   diction.                          Phillips.
 Ca'stellateo, kas-tel'la-ted.  adj.  [from
   castle.] Inclosed within a  building, as a
   fountain or cistern castellated.     Diet.
 Ca'ster, kas'tdr.  to. *.  [from To  cast]
 1. A thrower;  he that casts.
     If with this throw  the strongest caster vie,
   Still,  further still, I bid the discus fly.       Pope.
 2. A calculator; a  man that calculates for-
   tunes.
     Did any of them set up  for a caster of fortunate
   figures, what might he not get by his predictions'
                                      Addison,
 To  CA'STIGATE,  kas'te-gate w  v.  a.
   [castigo, Lat.] To chastise; to chasten;
   to correct; to punish.
     If thou didst put this sour cold habit on,
  To castigate tby pride, 'twere well.    Shakspeare'
Castiga'tion,  kas-te-ga'slnin. to. s.  [from
   To  castigate.]
 1. Penance; discipline.
           This hand of yours requires
  A  sequester from liberty; fasting and prayer,
  With  castigafion, exercise devout.     Shakspeare.
2. Punishment; correction.
     Their casfig-ations were accompanied with encou-
  ragements; which care was taken  to keep me from
  looking upon as mere compliments.         Boyle.
3. Emendation; repressive remedy.
     The ancients had these conjectures touching these
  floods and  conflagrations, so as to  frame them into
  an hypothesis for the  castigation of the excesses of
  generation.                              Hale.
Cas'iigatory,  kas'te-ga-ttir-e.6ia   adj.
   [from castigate.]  Punitive, in  order  to
   amendment.
     There were other ends of penalties  inflicted, ei-
  ther probatory, castigatory, or exemplary.
                        Bramliall against Hobbes.
Ca'sting-net,  kas'ting-net  to.  s.  [from
   casting  and  net.]  A net  to be thrown
   into the water, not placed  and left.
     Casting-nets did rivers bottoms  sweep.
                                  May's Virgil.
CA'STLE,kas'sl.*72n.*.[ca^//w?H,Lat.]
 I. A  strong house, fortified against as-
   saults.
     The casffe of Macduff I will surprise.   Shaksp.
2. Ca'stles in  the  air,  kas'sls-in-THe-are.
   [chateaux  d'Espugne, Fr.]   Piojects
   without reality.
     These were but like castles in the air, and in
  men's fancies vainly imagined.
                  Raleigh's History ofthe World.
Ca'stle-soap,  kaVteei-sope  n.  s. [I sup-
   pose corrupted  from  Castile   soap.]  A
   kind of  soap.
     I have  a lcttev from a  soap-boiler, desiring me 
CAS
CAT
CAT
    to write upon  toe present duties on Castle-soap.
                                      Addison.
  Ca'stled, kas'sld.405 472 adj. [from castle.]
    Furnished  with  castles.
      The horses neighing by the wind is blown,
    And castled elephants o'erlook toe town.  Dryden.
  Ca'stleward, kas'sl-ward.  n.  s.  [from
    castle and ward.]
      An  imposition laid upon such of the king's sub-
   jects,  as dwell within a certain  compass of any
   castle, toward  the  maintenance of such as watch
   and ward the easfte.                    Coioell.
  Ca'stling, kast'ling. to.  s.  [from  cast.]
    An  abortive.
      We should rather rely upon the urine of a cast-
   ling's  bladder, a resolution of crabs eyes, or a se-
   cond  distillation of urine, as  Helmont hath com-
   mended.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
  Ca'stor, or Chester, kas'tur, are derived
    from the  Sax.   cearcep, a city,  town,
    or castle; and that  from the  Latin cas-
    trum: the   Saxons chusing  to fix in
    such places of strength and  figure,  as
    the Romans had  before built or fortified
                          Gibson's  Camden.
 Ca'stor, kas'tur. to. s.98 [castor, Lat.]
  1. A beaver.   See Beaver.
     Like hunted castors conscious of their store,
   Their  waylaid wealth to Norway's coast they bring.
                                      Dryden.
 2. A fine hat made ofthe fur of a beaver.
 CA'STOR  and POLLUX,  kas'tur-and-
    pol-lukz. [In meteorology.]  A fiery
   meteor, which appears sometimes stick-
   ing to a part ofthe  ship, in form of one,
   two,  or even three or four balls.  When
   one is seen  alone, it is called  Helena,
   which portend the  severest part of the
   storm to be yet  behind; two  are deno-
   minated Castor and Pollux, and  some-
   times  Tyndarides,   which  portends   a
   cessation of the storm.       Chambers.
 CAS TO'RE UM,kas-to're-um.to. s. [from
   castor.  In  pharmacy.]  A liquid mat-
   ter inclosed in bags or purses, near the
   anus  of  the  castor, falsely  taken for
   his testicles.                 Chambers.
 Castrameta'tion,  kas-tra-me-ta'shun. to.
   s.  [from castrametor, Lat.] The  art or
   practice of  encamping.
 To CA'STRATE, kas'trate. v.  a.  [cas-
   tro, Lat.]
 1. To geld.
 2. To take away the  obscene parts of a
   writing.
 Castra'tion,  kas-tra'shAn.  to.  s.  [from
   castrate.]  The act of gelding.
    The largest needle should be used,  in taking up
  the spermatick vessels in castration. Sharp's Surg.
Ca'steril,? kfa/tr!L>.  5  Ya'wkkind °f
Ca'sirel, $            C    hawk.
Castre'nsian, kas-tren'she-an.  adj. [cas-
   trensis, Lat.] Belonging to a camp.
                                      Diet.
CASUAL,  kazh'u-al.461 463 adj. [casuel,
   Fr.from casus, Lat.] Accidental;arising
   from chance; depending upon chance;
   not certain.
    The revenue of Ireland, both certain and casual,
  did not rise unto ten thousand pounds.
                            Davies on Ireland
    That  which seemeto  most casual and subject to
      VOL.  I.
   fortune, is yet disposed by the ordinance of God.
                              Raleigh's Histoiy.
     Whether found where casual fire
   Had wasted woods, on mountain, or in vale,
   Down to the veins of earth.             Milton.
     The  commissioners entertained themselves by
   the fire-side in general and caswaf discourses.
                                    Clarendon.
     Most of our rarities have been found out by ca-
   sual emergency, and have been the works of  time
   and chance, rather than of philosophy.  Glanville.
     The  expences  of some of them always exceed
   their certain annual income; but seldom their ca-
   sual supplies.  I  call them casual in  compliance
   with the common form.              Atterbury.
 Ca'sually,  kazh'u-al-ie.  adv. [from  ca-
   sual.]  Accidentally; without design or
   set purpose.
                Go, bid my woman
   Search for a jewel, that too casually
   Hath left mine arm.              Shakspeare.
     Wool  new shorn, laid casually upon a vessel of
   verjuice, had drunk up toe verjuice, though the ves-
   sel was without any flaw.                Bacon
     I should have  acquainted my judge with one
   advantage, and which I now casually remember.
                                     Dryden.
 Ca'sualness, k&zh'u-al-nes. to.  s.  [from
   casual]  Accidentalness.
 Ca'sualty, kazh'u-al-te. to. s. [from  ca-
   aual.]
 1. Accident; a thing happening by chance,
   not design.
     With more patience men endure the  losses toat
   befal  them by mere casualty, than the damages
   which they sustain by injustice.   Raleigh's Essays.
     That Octavius Caesar should shift his camp  that
   night that it happened to be took by the enemy, was
   a mere casualty;  yet  it preserved a person,  who
   lived to establish a total alteration of government
   in the imperial city of the world.          South.
 2. Chance that produces unnatural death.
    Builds in toe weather on the outward wall,
   Ev'n in the force and road of casualty.    Shaksp.
    It is observed in particular nations, that, within
   the space of  two or three hundred years, notwith-
   standing all caswaffies, toe number of men  dou-
   bles.                        Burnet's Theory.
    We find one casualty in our bills, of which, though
   there be daily talk, there is little effect.
                     Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
 Ca'suist, kazh'u-lst.  to.  a.  [casuiste  Fr.
   from casus, Lat.] One that studies,  and
   settles cases of  conscience.
    The judgment of any casuist or learned divine,
  concerning the state of a man's soul, is not suffici-
  ent to give him confidence.              South.
    You can scarce see a bench of porters without
   two or  three casuists in it, that will settle you  the
  rights of princes.                    Addison.
    Who shall decide when doctors disagree,
  And soundest casuists doubt, like you and me? Pope.
Casui'stical, kazh-u-is'te-kal. adj. [from
   casuist.] Relating  to cases of consci-
   ence;  containing the doctrine  relating
   to cases.
    What arguments they have to beguile poor, sim-
  ple, unstable souls with, I know not; but surely the
  practical, casuistical, that is, toe principal, vital
  part of their religion savours very little of spiritu-
  ality.                                South.
Ca'suistry,  kazh'u-is-tre. to. s. [from ca-
   suist.]  The science  of a  casuist; the
   doctrine of cases of conscience.
    This concession would not pass for good casuistry
  in these ages.           Pope's Odyssey, Notes.
    Morality, by her false guardians drawn,
  Chicane in furs, and casuistry in lawn.
                              Pope's  Dunciad.
CAT, kat. to. a. [katz, Teuton, chat, Fr.]
                   N n
   A domestic animal that catches mice,
   commonly reckoned by naturalists the
   lowest order of the leonine species.
         'Twas you  incensed toe rabble:
   Cats, that can judge as fitly of his worth,
   As I can of those  mysteries which heav'n
   Will not have earth to know.  Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd.
                              Shaksp. Macbeth.
     A cat, as she beholds the light, draws the ball of
   her eye small and  long, being covered over with a
   green skin, and dilates it at pleasure.
                          Peacham on Drawing.
 Cat, kat. to.  s.  A sort of snip.
 Cat in the pan, kat'in-THe-pan. [Imagined
   by some to  be rightly written  Catipan,
   coming from Catipania.   An unknown
   correspondent imagines, very naturally,
   that it is corrupted from  Cate  in  the
   pan.]
    There is a cunning which we, in England, call
   the turning of toe  cat in the pan; which is, when
   that which a  man  says to another,  he lays it as if
   another had said it to him.               Bacon.
 Cat  o'  nine tails,  kat-a-nine'talz.88   A
   whip with nine lashes, used for the pu-
   nishment of crimes.
    You dread  reformers of an impious age,
   You awful cat o' nine tails to the stage,
   This once be  just,  and in our cause engage.
            Prologue to  Varibrugh's False Friend.
 CATACHRE'SIS, kat-a-kre'sls.82o n.  s.
   [xctTtcxgqns, abuse.] It is, in rhetorick,
   the  abuse of a trope,  when the  words
   are  too far wrested from  their  native
   signification;   or  when  one  word  is
   abusively put for another, for want  of
   the  proper word;  as, a voice beautiful
   to the ear.           Smith's Rhetorick.
Catachre'stical, kat-a-kres'te-kal. adj.
   [from catachresis.]  Contrary to proper
   use; forced;  far fetched.
    A  catachrestical  and  far  derived similitude  it
  holds with men, toat is, in a bifurcation.
                      Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Ca'taclysm, kat-a-klizm. to. s. [kxtxkXut-
   ft©*.]  A deluge;   an inundation: used
   generally for the universal  deluge.
    The  opinion that held these cataclysms and em-
  pyroses universal,  was such as held that it put a
  total consummation unto things in this lower world.
                    Hale's Origin of Mankind.
CA'TAcoMBs^at'a-komz. to. s. [from**T«,
   and xfl/ttf^, a  hollow or cavity.]  Sub-
   terraneous cavities for the  burial ofthe
   dead; of  which there are a great  num-
   ber  about three miles from Rome, sup-
   posed to  be  the caves and cells where
   the primitive Christians  hid and assem-
   bled themselves, and where they  inter-
   red  the martyrs, which are accordingly
   visited with  devotion.   But anciently,
   the  word  catacomb was  only  under-
   stood  of the tombs  of  St. Peter and St.
   Paul.                         Chambers.
    On the side of Naples are toe catacombs, which
  must have been full of stench,  if the dead bodies
  that lay in them were left to rot in open nitches.
                                   Addison.
Catagma'tick,  kat-ag-mat'tlk. adj. [*.*-
   Tttyp*, a fracture.]  That which has the
   quality of consolidating the parts.
    I put on a cafagmaficjfc emplaster, and, by the use 
CAT
CAT
CAT
  of a laced glove, scattered the pituitous  swelling,
  and strengthened it.         Wiseman's Surgery.
Catale'vsis, kat-a-lep'sls.  n.s. [kxtxx^-
   ««.]  A lighter species ofthe apoplexy,
   or epilepsy.
    There is a disease called a cafafepsis, wherein the
  patient is suddenly seized without sense or motion,
  and remains in the same  posture in which toe dis-
  ease seizeth him.                   Arbuthnot.
Ca'talogue, kat'a-16g.338  to. s. [kxtxXo-
   y®-.] An enumeration of particulars; a
   list; a register of things one by one.
          In the catalogue ye go for men,
   Showghes, water rugs, and demy wolves, are cleped
   All by the name of dogs.     Shakspeare's Macbeth.
     Make a cafafogwe of prosperous sacrilegious per-
   sons, and  I  believe they  will  be  repeated sooner
   than the alphabet.                      South.
     In the library  of manuscripts belonging to  St.
   Laurence, of which there is a printed catalogue, I
   looked into the Virgil, which disputes its antiquity
   with toat of the Vatican.                Addison,
     The bright Taygete, and the  shining Bears,
   With all the sailors catalogue of stars.    Addison.
 Catamo'untain,   kat-a-moun'tin.  to.  s.
   [from cat and mountain.]  A  fierce ani-
   mal, resembling a cat.
     The black prince of Monomotapa, by whose side
   were seen the glaring  cafamounfain, and the quill-
   darting porcupine.          Arbuthnot and Pope.
 Ca'taphract,  kat'a-fr&kt.  to.  s.    [cata-
   phracta, Lat.] A  horse-man in complete
   armour.
             On each side went  armed guards,
   Both horse and foot; before him and behind,
   Archers and slingers, cataphracts and spears. Milton.
 Ca'taplasm, kat'a-plazm. to. a. [x.xrx7rXxo--
   ,«.«.] A poultice;  a soft and moist appli-
   cation.
     I bought an unction of a mountebank,
   So mortal, toat but dip a knife  in it,
   Where it draws blood, no cataplasm so rare,
   Collected from all simples toat  have virtue
   Under the moon, can save.  Shakspeare's Hamlet.
     Warm cataplasms discuss,  but scalding hot may
   confirm the tumour.       Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Ca'tapult, kat'a-pult.489 to. s.  [catapulta,
   Lat.] An engine used anciently to throw
    stones.
     The balista violently shot great stones and quar-
   ries, as also the catapults.      Camden's Remains.
 Ca'taract, kat'a-r&kt. to.  s.  [x.xTxgxx.Tti]
   A fall of water from on  high; a shoot of
   water; a cascade.
     Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks; rage,  blow!
   You cataracts and hurricanes, spout
   Till you have drench'd our steeples.       Shaksp.
                          What if all
   Her stores were open'd, and the firmament
   Of hell should spout her cataracts of fire?
   Impendent horrours!        Milton's Paradise Lost.
     No sooner he,  with them of man and beast
   Select for life,  shall in the ark  be lodg'd,
   And shelter'd round; but all the cataracts
   Of heav'n set open, on the earth shall pour
   Rain, day and night.       Milton's Paradise Lost.
     Torrents and loud impetuous cataracts
   Through roads abrupt, and rude unfashion'd tracts,
   Run down the lofty mountain's  channel'd sides,
   And to the vale convey their foaming tides.
                                     Blackmore.
 Ca'taract, kat'a-rakt.  [In medicine.] A
   suffusion of the eye, when  little clouds,
   motes, and flies  seem to float  about in
   the  air;  when confirmed, the pupil of
   the eye is either  wholly, or in part, co-
   vered,  and  shut  up with  a little thin
   skin, so that the light has no admittance.
                                      Quincy.
    Saladine hath a yellow milk, which hath like-
  wise much acrimony; for it cleanseththe eyes: it is
  good also for cataracts.   Bacon's Natural History,
CATA'RHH, ka-tar'. to.  s.  [Kxrxppca,de-
  fiuo'.] A defluxion of a sharp serum from
   the glands about the head  and throat,
   generally occasioned by a diminution of
   insensible perspiration, or cold, wherein
   what should pass by the skin, oozes out
   upon those glands,  and occasions  irrita-
   tions.  The causes  are, whatsoever oc-
   casions  too  great  a quantity of serum;
   whatsoever  hinders the  discharge  by
   urine, and the pores ofthe skin. Quincy.
                     All fev'rous kinds,
   Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs. Parad. Lost.
     Neither was  the  body then  subject  to die by
   piecemeal, and languish  under coughs, catarrhs, or
   consumptions.                           South.
 Cata'rrhal,   ka-tar'ral. 7 adj.    [from
 Cata'rrhous, ka-tar'rus, 5 catarrh] Re-
   lating to a catarrh; proceeding from  a
   catarrh.
     The catarrhal fever requires evacuations. Floyer.
     Old age attended with a glutinous, cold,  catarrh-
   ous, leucophlegmatickconstitution.     Arbuthnot.
 Cata'strophe, ka-tas'tro-fe. to. *. [xxtxt-
   1go<P*).]
 1. The change, or  revolution, which pro-
   duces the conclusion or final event of a
   dramatic piece.
     Pat!—He comes like  the catastrophe of the old
   comedy.                           Shakspeare.
     That philosopher declares for tragedies, whose
   catastrophes are  unhappy, with relation to the prin-
   cipal  characters.                       Dennis.
 2. A final event;  a conclusion,  generally
   unhappy.
     Here was a mighty revolution, the most  horrible
   and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw;
   an elegant and habitable earth quite shattered.
                     Woodward's Natural  History.
 Ca'toal, kat'kall.406   to.  s.  [from cat and
   call]  A squeaking instrument, used in
   the  playhouse to condemn plays.
     A young lady, at toe theatre, conceived a passion
   for a notorious rake that headed a party of catcals.
                                      Spectator.
                 Three catcals be the bribe
   Of him, whose chatt'ring shames the monkey n-ibe.
                                         Pope.
 To  CATCH, katsh.8^. a. preter. I catch-
   ed or caught: I have catched or caug,<
   [ketsen, Dutch.]
 1. To  lay hold on with the  hand:  intimat-
   ing the suddenness of the action.
     And when  he rose against me, I caught him by
   his beard, and smote him, and slew him.
                                1 Sam.  xvii. 35.
 2. To  stop any thing  flying; to receive any
 '  thing in the  passage.
     Others, to catch the breeze of breathing air,
   To Tusculum  or Algido  repair.  Addison  on Italy.
 3. To  seize any thing by pursuit.
     I saw him run after a gilded butterfly, and when
   he caught it, he let it go again; and after it again;
   and over and  over he comes, and  up  again; and
   caught it again.         Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
 4. To stop any thing falling; to  intercept
   falling.
     A shepherd diverted himself with tossing  up eggs,
   and catching them again.              Spectator.
 5. To ensnare; to entangle in a snare; to
   take or hold in a trap.
     And they sent unto him certain of the Pharisees
   and of the Herodians, to catch him in his words.
                                  Mark, xii. 13.
    These artificial methods of reasoning  are more
  adapted to catch and entangle the mind, than to in-
  struct and inform the understanding.        Locke.
6. To receive suddenly.
    The curling smoke mounts heavy from the fires,
  At length it catches flame, and in a blaze expires.
                                      Dtyden.
    But stopp'd for fear, thus violently driv'n,
  The sparks should cafcft his axletree of heav'n.
                                      Dryden.
7. To fasten suddenly upon; to seize.
    The mule went under the thick boughs of a great
  oak, and his head caught hold of the oak.
                               2 Sam. xviii. 19.
    Would they, like Benhadad's ambassadours, cafcft
  hold of every amicable expression? Decay of Piety.
8. To seize  unexpectedly.
    To  catch something  out of  his mouth, that they
  might accuse him.                  Luke xi.  54.
9. To seize eagerly.
    They have caught up every thing greedily, with
  that busy minute curiosity, and unsatisfactory inqui-
  sitiveness, which  Seneca calls  the disease of the
   Greeks.                                Pope.
               I've perus'd her well;
  Beauty and honour in her are so mingled,
  That they have caught the fang.
                         Shakspeare's Henrj/JVIII.
 10.  To please; to seize the affections; to
   charm.
     For I am young, a novice in the trade,
   The fool of love, unpractis'd to persuade,
   And want the soothing arts that cafcft the fair,
   But, caught myself, lie struggling in the snare.
                                       Dryden.
 11.  To receive any  contagion or  disease.
     I cannot name the disease, and it is caught
  Of you that yet are well.    Shaksp.  Winter's Tale.
                 Those measles,
  Which we disdain should tetter us, yet seek
  The very way to cafcft them.  Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     In sooth I know not why I am so sad:
  It wearies me;  you say it wearies you;
  But how I caught it, found it, or came by it,
  I am to learn.    Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
     The softest  of our  British ladies expose their
  necks and arms to the open air; which toe men
  could not do without catching cold, for want of be-
  ing accustomed to it.         Addison's Guardian.
     Or call the winds thro' long arcades to roar,
  Proud to cafcft cold at a Venetian door.      Pope.
 12.  To  catch at. To  endeavour suddenly
   to lay hold on.
                          Saucy lictors
   Will cafcft af us like strumpets, and scald rhimers
   Ballad us out of tune. Shak. Antony and Cleopatra.
     Make them cafcft at all opportunities of subverting
   the state.             Addison's State ofthe War.

 To  Catch, katsh. v. to.
 I. To  be  contagious;  to spread infection,
   or mischief.
     'Tis time to give them physick, their diseases
   Are grown so catching.   Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
     Sickness is catching; oh, were favour so!
   Yours would I cafcft, fair Hermia, ere I go.  Shak.
     Considering it with all its malignity and catching
   nature, it may be enumerated with the worst of epi-
   demicks.                             Harvey.
     The palace of Deiphobus ascends
   In smoky flames, and catches on his friends.  Dryd.
     Does the sedition cafcft from man to man,
   And run among toe ranks?        Addison's Cato.
 2.  To  lay  hold suddenly:  as,  the  hook
   catches.
     When the yellow hair in flame should fall,
   The catching fire might burn the golden  cawl.
                                       Dryden.
 Catch, katsh. to. *. [from the  verb.]
  1. Seizure;  the  act  of seizing any thing
   that flies or hides.
                    Taught by his open  eye, 
CAT
CAT
CAT
   His eye, toat ev'n did mark her trodden grass,
   That she would fain toe  cafcft of Strephon fly.
                                       Sidney.
 2.  Watch; the posture of seizing.
     Both of them lay upon the cafcft for a great action;
  it is no wonder, therefore, that they were often en-
  gaged on one subject.                  Addison.

 3. An advantage taken; hold  laid on, as in
   haste.
     All which  notions are but ignorant catches of a
  few things, which are most obvious to men's obser-
  vations.                              Bacon.
     The motion is but a cafcft of the wit upon a few
  instances; as the manner is in  the philosophy receiv-
  ed .                                  Bacon.
     Fate of empires, and toe fall of kings,
  Should turn on flying hours, and cafcft of moments.
                                      Dryden.
 4. The act of taking   quickly  from ano-
   ther.
     Several quires, placed one  over against another,
  and taking the voice by  catches anthemwise,  give
  great pleasure.                        Bacon.

 5. A song sung  in  succession,  where one
   catches it from  another.
     This is the tune of our cafcft, play'd by the pic-
  ture of nobody.            Shakspeare's Tempest.
     Far be from thence the glutton parasite,
  Singing his drunken catches all the night.  Dryden.
     The meat was serv'd, the bowls were crown'd,
   Catches were sung, and healths went round.  Prior.
 6. The tiling  caught;  profit; advantage.
     Hector shall have a great cafcft, if he knock out
  your brains; he were as good crack a fusty nut with
  no kernel.          Shaksp. Troilus and Cressida.
 7. A snatch; a short interval of action.
     It has been writ by cafcftes,  with many intervals.
                                        Locke.
 8. A taint; a slight contagion.
     We retain a cafcft of those pretty stories, and our
  awakened imagination smiles in the recollection.
                             Granville's Scepsis.
 9. Any thing  that  catches and  holds, as a
   hook.
 10.  A small swift-sailing  ship:  often writ-
   ten ketch.

 Ca'tcher, katsh'tir. to. s.  [from catch.]
 1. He that catches.
 2. That in which any thing is caught.
     Scallops will move so  strongly, as oftentimes to
  leap out of the catcher wherein toey are caught.
                              Grew's Musoeum.

Ca'tchfly, katsh'fli. to. a. [from catch and
  fly.]  A  plant;  a  species of campion;
  which see.

Ca'tchpoll, katsh'pole.  to. s. [from catch
  and poll]  A  serjeant; a bumbailiff.
    Catchpoll, though now  it be used as a word of
  contempt, yet,  in  ancient  times, it seems to have
  been used without reproach, for such as we now call
  serjeants of the mace, or  any other that uses to ar-
  rest men upon  any cause.                 Cowell.
    They call all temporal businesses undersheriffnes,
  as if they  were but  matters for undersheriffs and
  catchpolls: though many times those undersheriffries
  do more good than their high speculations.  Bacon.
               Another monster.
  Sullen of aspect, by the vulgar call'd
  A catchpoll, whose polluted hands the gods
  With force incredible and magic  charms
  Erst have endued, if he his ample palm
  Should haply on ill-fated shoulder lay
  Of debtor.                            Philips.

Ca'tchword,  katsh'wurd. to.  s.  [from
  catch and word.  With  printers.]   The
   word at the corner of the page unde1'
   the last line,  which is repeated  at  the
   top of the next page.
Cate, kate. to. s.   Food; something to be
   eaten.  This is scarcely read in the  sin-
   gular.  See Cates.
          We'll see what cafes you have,
  For soldiers stomachs always serve them well. Shak.
Catebhe'tioal, kat-e-ket'e-kai.atfy. [from
   xxrtixea.]   Consisting of questions and
   answers.
    Socrates introduced a catechetical method of ar-
  guing; he  would ask his adversary question  upon
  question, till he convinced him, out of his own mouth,
  toat his opinions were wrong.  Addison's Spectator.
Cateohe'tically, kat-e-ket'e-kal-le. adv
   [from catechetical.] In the way of ques-
   tion and answer.
To CATECHISE, kat'e-keize. v. a. [kx-
   rrtxiu.]
1. To instruct by  asking questions,  and
   correcting the  answers.
    I will catechise toe world  for him;  that is, make
  questions, and bid them answer.  Shaksp.  Othello.
    Had  those three thousand fools been catechised by
  our modern casuists, we had seen a wide difference.
                                Decay of Piety.
%. To question; to interrogate; to examine;
   to try by interrogatories.
    Why then I suck my teeth, and catechise
  My piked man of countries.    Shaksp. King John.
    There flies about a strange report,
  Of some express arriv'd at court;
  I'm stopp'd by all the fools I meet,
  And catechis'd in every street.             Sivift.
Ca'teohiser, kat'e-kei-zur.160 to. s. [from
   To catechise.]  One who catechises.
Ca'teohism, kat'e-kizm. to. sr[from kxIv-
   X'^°>]   A form of instruction by  means
   of questions  and answers,  concerning
   religion.
    Ways of teaching there have been sundry always
  usual in God's church; for the first introduction  of
  youth to toe knowledge of God,  the Jews  even till
  this day have toeir catechisms.           Hooker.
    He had no catechism but toe creation, needed no
  study but  reflection,  and read no book but toe vo-
  lume of the world.                      South.
Ca'teohist, kat'e-kist.   «.  s.  [y-xIw? s]
   One  whose charge  is to  instruct by
   questions, or to question the uninstruct-
   ed concerning  religion.
    None of years and knowledge was admitted, who
  had not been instructed by the catechist in this foun-
  dation, which the catechist received from the bishop.
                      Hammond's Fundamentals.
Catechu'men,  kat-e-ku'm^n.603 to. s. [kx-
  IriXVfLev®*.] One who is yet  in the first
   rudiments  of  Christianity;   the  lowest
   order  of Christians   in the   primitive
   church.
    The  prayers of the church did not begin in St.
  Austin's time, till the  catechumens were dismissed.
                                  Stilling fleet.
Catechume'nical, kat-e-ku-men'e-kal.609
  adj. [from  catechumen/]  Belonging to
   the catechumens.                  Diet.
Catego'rical, kat-e-gor'e-kal. adj. [from
   category.]   Absolute;  adequate;  po-
   sitive;  equal to the thing  to be  ex-
   pressed.
    The king's commissioners desired to know, wheth-
  er the parliament's  commissioners did believe that
  bishops  were  unlawful?  They could never obtain a
  categorical answer.                   Clarendon
    A  single proposition, which is also categorical,
  may be divided again into simple and complex.
                                Watts's Logick.
                   n n  2
Catego'rically,  kat-e-g&r'ik-al-e. adv.
   [from categorical.]
1. Directly; expressly.
2. Positively; plainly
    I dare affirm, and that categorically,  in all parts
  wherever trade is great, and continues so, that trade
  must be nationally profitable. Child's Die. of Trade-
CATEGORY,  kat'e-gor-e. to s.  [*x,w>-
   f/*.]  A class; a rank;  an order qf ideas;
   a  predicament.
    The  absolute  infinitude,  in a manner,  quite
  changes the nature of beings, and exalts them into a
  different category.                      Cheyne.
Catena'rian, kat-e-na're-an. adj. [from
   catena, Lat.]   Relating to a chain; re-
   sembling a chain.
    In  geometry, toe catenarian curve is formed by a
  rope or chain hanging freely between two points of
  suspension.                           Harris.
    The back is bent after the  manner of the catena-
  rian curve, by which it obtains toat curvature that is
  safest for the included marrow.           Cheyne.
To CATENATE, kat'e-nate. v.  a. [from
   catena, Lat.] To chain.            Diet.
Catena'tion,  kat-e-na'shun.  to. s. [from
   catena, Lat.]  Link; regular connexion.
    This  catenation,  or conserving union, whenever
  his pleasure shall  divide, let go, or separate, they
  shall fall from their existence. Brown's Vulg. Err.
To Ca'ter, ka'tux.98 v.n. [from cates.] To
   provide food; to buy in victuals.
          He toat doth the ravens feed,
  Yea providently caters for the sparrow,
  Be comfort to my age.     Shaksp. As you like it.
Ca'ter, ka'tilr. to. s. [from the verb.] Pro-
   vider; collector of provisions, or victu-
   als: misprinted perhaps  for caterer.
    The  oysters dredged in this  Lyner, find a wel-
  comer acceptance,  where the taste is cater for toe
  stomach, than those of toe Tamar.        Carew.
Ca'ter, ka'tur. to. s. [ quatre, Fr.]   The
   four of cards and dice.
Ca'ter-cousin,   ka'tur-kilz-zn. to.  s.   A
   corruption of  quatre-cousin,  from  the
   ridiculousness of calling cousin  or rela-
   tion to so remote  a degree.
    His master and  he, saving your worship's reve-
  rence, are scarce cater-cousins.       Shakspeare.
    Poetry and reason, how come these to be cater-cou-
  sins?           Rymer's Tragedies ofthe last Age.
Ca'terer, ka'tur-ur.  to. s. [from cater.]
   One employed to select and buy in pro-
   visions for  the  family; the provider  or
   purveyor.
    Let no scent offensive the  chamber infest;
  Let fancy, not cost, prepare  all our dishes.
    Let the caterer mind toe taste of each guest,
  And the cook  in  his dressing  comply  with  their
        wishes.      Ben Jonson's Tavern Academy.
    He made the greedy ravens to be Elias's caterers,
  and bring him food.               King Charles.
    Seldom shall one see in cities or courts that ath-
  letick vigour, which is seen  in poor houses, where
  nature is their cook, and necessity their caterer.
                                       South.
Ca'teress, ka'tor-res. n. s.  [from cater.]
   A woman employed to cater, or provide
   victuals.
    Impostor! do not charge innocent nature,
  As if she would her children  should be riotous
  With her abundance: she, good caferess,
  Means her provision only to  toe good.     Milton.
Ca'terpillar, kat'tur-pil-lur. n. *. [This
   word  Skinner and Minshew are inclined
   to derive from chatte  peluse, a weasel
   It seems  easily  deducible  from  cates. 
CAT
CAT
CAT
  food, and piller, Fr. to rob; the  animal
  that eats up the fruits of the earth.]
1. A worm  which,  when it gets  wings, is
  sustained by leaves and  fruits.
    The caterpillar  breedeth of dew and leaves; for
 we see infinite caterpillars breed  upon  trees and
 hedges, by which  the leaves ofthe trees or hedges
 are consumed.                        Bacon.
    Auster is  drawn  with a pot pouring forth wa-
 ter, with which descend  grasshoppers, caferpiftars,
 and creatures bred by moisture.        Peacham.
2.  Any thing voracious and useless
Ca'terpillar,  kat'tiar-pil-lur. to. s. [scor-
  pioidea, Lat.]  The name of a plant.
                                    Miller.
To  Caterwa'ul,  kat'tiuir-wawl.  v.  to.
   [from cat.]
1.  To make a noise as cats in rutting time.
2.  To make any offensive or odious noise.
    What  a  caterwauling do you keep here! If my
  lady has  not  called up her  steward Malvolio, and
  bid him turn you out of doors, never trust me.
                     Shakspeare's Twelfth Night.
      Was no dispute between
    The caterwauling brethren?         Hudibras.
CATES, kates. to. a. [of uncertain etymo-
   logy: Skinner imagines it may be cor-
   rupted from delicate; which is not like-
   ly,  because  Juniua  observes, that the
   Dutch have kater in the same sense with
   our cater.  It has no singular/] Viands;
   food; dish of meat; generally employed
   to  signify nice and luxurious food.
    The fair acceptance, Sir, creates
  The entertainment perfect, not the cafes. B. Jonson.
    O wasteful riot, never well content
   With low priz'd fare; hunger ambitious
  Of cafes by land and sea far fetcht and sent.  Raleigh.
    Alas, how simple to these cates,
   Was that crude apple that diverted Eve.   P. Lost.
    They, by to' alluring odour drawn, in haste
   Fly to toe dulcet cafes, and crowding sip
   Their palatable bane.                 Philips.
    With costly cafes she stain'd her frugal board,
  Then with ill-gotten wealth she bought a lord.
                                   Arbuthnot.
 Ca'tfish,  kat'fish.  n.  s. The  name of a
   sea-fish  in the  West Indies;  so  called
   from its round head and large glaring
   eyes, by which they are discovered in
   hollow rocks.                  Phillips.
 Ca'tharpings, ka-Mar'pings.  to. a. Small
   ropes in a ship, running in little  blocks
   from one side ofthe shrouds to the other,
   near the deck:  they belong  only to the
   main shrouds; and their use is to  force
   the shrouds tight, for the ease and safe-
   ty of the masts, when the ship rolls.
                                    Harris.
 Catha'rtioal, ka-^Mr'te-kai. ? adj. [*«-
 Catha'rtick, ka-Mar'tik.609   J &«gTix«s.]
   Purging medicines.  The vermicular or
   peristaltick motion of the guts continu-
   ally helps on their  contents, from the
   pylorus to the rectum; and every irrita-
   tion either quickens that motion in its
   natural  order,  or  occasions some little
   inversions in it. In both, what but slight-
   ly  adheres to the coats will be loosened,
   and they will be more agitated, and thus
   rendered more  fluid. By this only it is
   manifest, how  a cathartic hastens and
   increases  the discharges  by  stool; but
  where the force ofthe stimulus is great,
  all the appendages of the  bowels,  and
  all  the viscera in the abdomen, will be
  twiched;  by which a great deal will be
  drained  back  into the  intestines,  and
  made a part of what they discharge.
                                  Quincy.
    Quicksilver precipitated either with gold, or with-
  out addition, into a powder, is wont to  be strongly
  enough catftarficaf, though the chymists have not
  proved,  that either gold or mercury hath any salt,
  much less any that is purgative.           Boyle.
    Lustrations and catharticks  of the mind were
  sought  for,  and all endeavour used to calm and re-
  gulate the fury of the passions.     Decay of Piety.
    The piercing causticks pry their spiteful pow'r,
  Emeticks ranch, and keen catharticks scour.  Garth.
    Plato has called mathematical demonstrations the
  catharticks or purgatives of the soul.     Addison.
CATHA'RTiCALNESs,ka-£Aar'te-kal-n£s.«.s.
  [from cathartical.] Purging quality.
Ca'thead, kat'h£d. to. *.  A kind of fossil.
    The  nodules with leaves in them, called catheads,
  seem to consist of a sort of iron stone, not unlike
  toat  which is found in the rocks near Whitehaven in
  Cumberland, where they call them catscaups.
                         Woodward on Fossils.
Ca'theao, kat'hed. to. s.  [in a  ship.]  A
  piece of timber with two shivers at one
  end, having a rope and a block, to which
  is fastened  a great iron hook, to trice up
  the anchor  from the hawse  to the top
  of the forecastle.             Sea Diet.
Cathe'dral, ka-Me'dnil.88 adj. [from ca-
  thedra,  Lat. a  chair of authority;  an
  episcopal see.]
I. Episcopal; containing  the see of a bi-
  shop.
    A cathedral church is that wherein there are two
  or more persons, with a bishop at toe head of them,
  toat do make as it were one body politick. Ayliffe.
    Methought I sat in seat of majesty,
  In the cathedral church of Westminster.  Shakspeare.
2. Belonging to an episcopal  church.
    His  constant and regular assisting at the cathedral
  service was never interrupted by the sharpness of
  weather.                            Locke.
3. In low phrase, antique; venerable; old.
  This seems to be the meaning in the fol-
  lowing lines.
    Here aged trees cathedral walks compose,
  And mount the hill in venerable rows;
  There  toe green infants in their beds are laid. Pope.
Cathe'oral, ka-Me'dral.88   to.  a.   The
  head church of a diocese.
    There is nothing in Leghorn so extraordinary as
  the cathedral, which a man may view with pleasure,
  after he has seen St. Peter's.    Addison on Italy.
Ca'therine  pear, ka^A-dr-rin-pare'.  See
  Pear.
    For streaks  of red were mingled there,
  Such as are on a Catherine pear,
  The side that 's next the sun.          Suckling.
Ca'theter,  kaf7j'e-tllr.98  to.  a.  [x.xS-eT»g]
  A  hollow  and   somewhat  crooked in-
  strument, to thrust into the bladder, to
  assist in bringing away the urine, when
  the passage is  stopped by a  stone or
  gravel.
    A large clyster suddenly injected, hath frequently
  forced the urine out  of the bladder; but if it fail, a
  catheter must help you.       Wiseman's Surgery.
Ca'tholes,  kat'holz.  to  a.  [In a  ship.]
  Two little  holes astern above the gun-
  room ports, to bring in a cable or haw-
  ser through them to the capstan, when
  there  is occasion  to  heave the ship
  astern.                        Sea Diet.
Catho'licism, ka-thbl'e-sizm. to. *. [from
  catholick.]   Adherence  to the catholick
  church.
CATHOLICK, kafA'6-lik. adj. [catholi-
  que, Fr. kxS-o*ik(&, universal or general.]
I. The  church of  Jesus Christ is called
  catholick, because  it extends through-
  out the  world, and is not limited by time.
2. Some  truths  are  said to be catholick,
  because they  are  received by all the
  faithful.
3. Catholick  is often set in opposition to
  heretick or sectary, and to schismatick.
4. Catholick  or canonical epistles, are se-
  ven in number;  that  of St.  James, two
  of St. Peter, three of St.  John, and that
  of St. Jude. They  are  called catholick,
  because they are directed  to  all  the
  faithful,and notto any particular church;
  and canonical, because they contain ex-
  cellent rules of faith and morality.
                                   Calmet.
    Doubtless the success of those your great and ca-
  tholick endeavours will promote the empire of man
  over nature, and bring  plentiful accession  of glory
  to your nation.               Glanville's Scepsis.
    Those systems undertake to give  an account of
  the formation of the universe, by mechanical hypo-
  theses of matter, moved either uncertainly or accor-
  ding to some catholick laws.               Ray.
Catho'licon, ka-Mol'e-kon.  to. a. [from
  catholick; xxS-obixov \xf*,x/] An universal
  medicine.
    Preservation against that sin,  is  the contempla-
  tion of the last judgment.  This is indeed a catholicon
  against all; but we find it particularly applied by St.
  Paul to judging and despising our brethren.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Ca'tkins, kat'klnz.  to.  s.   [kattekens,
  Dutch.  In botany.]  An  assemblage of
  imperfect  flowers hanging  from trees,
  in manner of a  rope  or cat's tail; ser-
   ving  as male  blossoms, or flowers of
  the trees, by which they  are produced.
                                 Chambers.
Ca'tlike, kat'like. adj. [from  cat and
  like.] Like a cat.
     A lioness, with udders all drawn dry,
  Lay couching head on ground, with catlike watch.
                                  Shakspeare.
 Ca'tling, kat'ling. to. s.
 1.  A dismembering  knife  used  by  sur-
   geons.                           Harris.
 2.  It seems to be used by  Shakspeare for
   catgut; the materials of fiddle strings.
     What musick there will be in him after Hector
  has knocked out his brains, 1 know not. But, I am
  sure, none; unless toe fidler Apollo get his sinews
  to make catlings of.                Shakspeare.
 3.  The  down or moss growing about wal-
   nut trees,  resembling the hair of a cat.
                                     Harris.
 Ca'tmint, kat'mlnt.  «.  *.  [cataria, Lat.]
   The name  of a plant.             Miller.
 Cato'ptrioal, kat-op'tre-kal adj. [from
   catoptricks.] Relating to catoptricks, or
   vision by reflection.
     A catoptrical or dioptrical heat is superior to any
  vitrifying  the hardest substances. Arbuthnot on Air.
 Cato'ptricks, kat-op'triks.  to. *. [xxroit-
   yov, a looking glass.] That part of op- 
C A V
C A V
C A V
    ticks  which treats  of vision by reflec-
    tion.
  Ca'tpipe, kat'pipe.  to. s.  [from  cat and
    pipe.] The  same with catcal; an instru-
    ment that makes a squeaking noise.
     Some songsters can no more sing in any chamber
   but their own, than some clerks can read in any book
   but their own; put them out of their road once, and
   they are mere catpipes and dunces.    L'Estrange.
  Cat's-eye, kats'i. «. s.  A stone.
     Cat's-eye is of a glistering grey, interchanged with
   a straw colour.             Woodward on Fossils.
  Cat's-foot, kats'fut. to. s.   An  herb; the
    same with alehoof, or ground-ivy; which
    see.
  Cat's-head, kats'hed. to.  s.   A  kind  of
    apple.
     Cat's-head, by some  called  the go-no-further, is
   a very large apple, and a good bearer.  Mortimer.
  Ca'tsilver, kat'sil-vtir.98  to. s. A kind  of
    fossil.
     Catsilver is composed of plates toat are generally
   plain and parallel, and that are flexible and elastick;
   and is of three sorts, the yellow or golden, the white
   or silvery, and the black.      Woodward on Fossils.
  Cats-tail, kats'tale.  to. s.
  1. A long round  substance, that grows  in
    winter upon nut-trees, pines, tire.
  2. A kind of  reed which bears a  spike
    like the tail  of a cat.           Phillips.
 Ca'tsup,  katsh'up. n.s. A kind of Indian
   pickle, imitated by pickled mushrooms.
     And, for our home-bred British cheer,
   Botargo, catsup,  and cavier.               Swift.
 Ca'ttle, kat'tl.405 to. s. [A word of very
   common  use,  but  of doubtful or un-
   known  etymology.   It  is derived  by
   Skinner, Menage, and Spelman, from ca-
   pitalia, qua. ad caput pertinent; personal
   goods: in  which sense chattels  is yet
   used in our law.  Mandeville uses catele
   for price]
 1.  Beasts of pasture, not wild nor domes-
   tick.
    Make poor men's^caffte break their necks.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
    And God made the beast ofthe earth after his kind,
  and caffte after  their kind, and every thing that
  creepeth upon the earth after his kind.     Genesis.
 2.  It is used  in reproach of human beings
    Boys and women are for the  most part caffte  of
  this colour.           Shakspeare's As you like it.
 Cavalca'oe,  kav'al-kade'.fi2* to.  s.  [Fr.
   from  cavallo, a horse, Ital.] A proces-
   sion on horseback.
    Your cavalcade toe fair spectators view,
  From their high standings, yet look up to you:
  From your brave  train each singles out a ray,
  And longs to date a conquest from your day.   Dryd.
    How must the  heart ofthe old man rejoice, when
  he saw such a numerous cavalcade of his own raising!
                                     Addison.
CAVALI'ER,  kav-a-leer'.3''8 to. s. [cava-
  lier, Fr.]
 1. A horseman; a  knight.
2. A gay, sprightly military man.
    For who is he,  whose chin is but enrich'd
  With one appearing hair, that will not follow
  These cull'd and choice drawn cavaliers to France.
                       Sliakspeare's Henry VIII.
3. The  appellation of the  party  of king
  Charles the First.
    Each party grows proud of that appellation, which
  toeir adversaries at first  intend as a reproach:  of
  this sort were toe Guelfs and Gibelines, Huguenots,
  and Cavaliers.                         Swift.
 Cavali'er, kav-d-leer7. adj. [from the sub-
   stantive.]
 I. Gay; sprightly; warlike.
 2. Generous; brave.
     The people are naturally not valiant,  and  not
   much cavalier.  Now it is the nature of cowards to
   hurt, where toey can receive none.      Suckling.
 3. Disdainful; haughty.
 Cavali'erly,  kav-a-leer'le.  adv.  [from
   cavalier] Haughtily; arrogantly; dis-
   dainfully.
 Ca'valry, kav'al-re.  to.  s.  [cavalerie, Fr.]
   Horse troops; bodies  of  men furnished
   with horses for war.
     If a state run ;most to gentlemen, and the hus-
   bandmen and plowmen be but  as their workfolks,
   you may have a good cavalry, but never good stable
   bands of foot.                Bacon's Henry VII.
     Their cavalry, in the battle of Blenheim, could
   not sustain the shock of the British  horse. Addison.
 To  Ca'vate, ka/vate.v.a. [cavo, Lat.] To
   hollow out;  to dig into a hollow.
 Cava'zion, ka-va/zhfin.  to. s. [from cavo,
   Lat.  In architecture.]   The hollowing
   or underdigging of the earth for cellar-
   age; allowed to be the sixth part ofthe
   height of the whole building.  Phillips.

 CA'unEBEeK,  kaw'de-bek. to. s.  A sort
   of light hats, so called  from a town in
   France where they  were first made.
                                   Phillips.
 CA'UDLE, kaw'dl.40* to. s. [chadeau, Fr.]
   A mixture of wine and  other ingredi-
   ents, given  to  women in childbed, and
   sick persons.
     Ye shall have  a hempen caudle then, and the help
   of a hatchet.             Shakspeare's Henry VI.
     He had good broths, caudle, and  such like; and I
   believe he did drink some wine.   Wiseman's Surg.
 To  Ca'uole,  kaw'dl.  v.   a.  [from the
   noun.]  To make caudle; to mix as cau-
   dle.
                Will the  cold brook,
   Candied with ice, caudle thy morning toast,
   To cure thy o'er night's surfeit?   Shaksp.  Timon.
CAVE, kave.  to. s. [cave, Fr.  cavea, Lat.]
 I. A cavern; a den; a hole entering hori-
   zontally  under the ground;  a habitation
   in the earth.
                The wrathful skies
  Gullow the very wand'rers of the dark,
  And make them keep their caves.  Shaks. K. Lear.
            Bid him bring his power
  Before sun-rising, lest his son George fall
  Into the blind cave of eternal night.    Shakspeare.
    They did square  and carve, and polish toeir stone
  and marble works, even in toe very cave ofthe quar-
  ry.                                 Wotton.
    Through this a cave was dug with vast expence;
  The work it seem'd of some suspicious prince.
                                     Dryden.
2. A hollow; any hollow place.  Not used.
    The object of  sight doth strike upon the pupil of
  the eye directly; whereas toe cave of the ear doth
  hold off the sound a little.    Bacon's Nat. History.
 To Cave,  kave.  v. to. [from  the  noun.]
   To dweii in a cave.
                  Such as we
   Cave here, haunt here, are outlaws.    Shakspeare.
Ca'veat,  ka've-at.  to. s.  [caveat, Lat.  let
   him beware.]   Intimation of caution.
    A caveat is an  intimation given to 'some ordinary
  or  ecclesiastical judge by the act of man, notifying
  to him, that he ought to beware how he acts in such
  or such an affair.                       Ayliffe.
     The chiefest careaf in reformation must be to
   keep out the Scots.           Spenser on Ireland.
     I am in danger of commencing poet, perhaps lau-
   reat; pray desire Mr. Rowe to enter a caveat.
                              Trumbull to Pope.
 Ca'vern, kav'tirn.556  «. *. [caverna, Lat.]
   A hollow  place in the ground.
     Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough
   To mask thy monstrous visage. Shak. Julius Caesar.
            Monsters of the foaming deep,
   From the deep ooze and gelid cavern rous'd,
   They flounce and tremble in unwieldy joy. Thomson.
 Ca'verneo,  kav'urnd.363 adj.  [from  ca-
   vern/]
 1. Full of caverns; hollow excavated.
     Embattled troops, with flowing banners, pass
   Through flow'ry meads, delighted; nor distrust
   The smiling surface; whilst  the cavern'd ground
   Bursts fatal, and involves  the hopes of war
   In fiery whirles.                       Philips.
     High at his head from out the cavern'd rock,
   In living rills, a gushing fountain broke.      Pope
 2. Inhabiting a cavern.
     No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride,
   No cavern'd hermit, rests self-satisfy'd.      Pope.

 Ca'vernous, kav'o.r-ntis.s67 adj. [from ca-
   vern.]  Full of caverns.
     No great  damages are done by earthquakes, ex-
   cept only in those countries which are mountainous,
   and consequently stony and cavernous underneath.
                    Woodward's Natural History.
 CAVE'SSOJY,  kav'es-sun.98 to. s  [Fr.  In
   horsemanship.]   A  sort of noseband,
   sometimes made of iron, and sometimes
   of leather  or  wood;  sometimes  flat, and
   sometimes hollow or twisted; which is
   put upon the nose of a horse, to forward
   the suppling  and breaking of him.
    An  iron cavesson saves and spares the mouths of
  young horses when they are broken; for by the help
  of it, they are accustomed to obey the hand, and to
  bend the neck and  shoulders, without hurting toeir
  mouths, or spoiling their bars with the bit.
                                Farrier's Diet.
 Cauf,  kawf. to. s.  A chest with holes in
   the top, to keep  fish alive in the  water.
               Phillips's  World of Words.
 Caught, kawt.213 393 particip. pass, [from
   To catch;  which  see.]
Cavia're, ka-veer'. to.  s. [the etymology
   uncertain,  unless it come from garum,
   Lat.  sauce, or pickle, made of fish salt-
   ed.]
    The eggs of a sturgeon, being salted and made up
  into a mass, were first brought from Constantinople
  by the Italians, and called caviare. Grew's Musozum.
Cavi'er,  ka-veer'.  to.  s.  A corruption  of
   caviare. See Catsup.

 7,oCA'VIL,kav'il.169x'.TO.[caT;i//er,Fr.ca-
  villari, Lat.]   To raise captious and fri-
   volous objections.
            I'll give thrice so much land
  To any well-deserving friend;
  But, in the way of bargain,*mark ye me,
  I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair.    Shakspeare.
    My lord, you do not well, in obstinacy
  To cavil in the course of this contract. Shakspeare.
    He cavifs first at the poet's insisting so much upon
  the effects of Achilles's rage.              Pope.
 To  Ca'vil,  kav'il. v. a. To  receive or
   treat with  objections.
    Thou didst accept them: wilt thou enjoy the good,
  Then cavil toe conditions.          Paradise Lost.
Ca'vil, kav'il. to. s [from the verb.] False
   or frivolous objections.
    Wiser men consider how subject the best thugs 
C AU
C AU
C AU
   bave been unto c«wf, when wits, possessed with dis-
   dain, have set them up as their mark to shoot at.
     _     ,  ,. .     .                   Hooker.
     Several divines, in order to answer the cavils of
   those adversaries to truth and morality, began to find
   out farther explanations.                  Swift.
 Cavilla'tion, kav-il-la'shun. to. *. [from
   cavil.] The disposition to make captious
   objection; the practice of objecting.
     I  might add so much concerning the large odds
   between toe case of the eldest churches in regard of
   heathens, and ours in respect of the church of Rome,
   that very cavillation itself should be satisfied.
                4                       Hooker.
 Ca viller,  kav'vil-ur.  to. s.  [cavillator,
   Lat.] A man fond of making objections;
   an unfair adversary;  a captious dispu-
   tant.
     The  candour which Horace shews, is that which
   distinguishes a  critick from a caviller; he declares,
   that be is not offended at little faults, which may be
   imputed to inadvertency.      Addison's Guardian.
     There is, I grant, room still left for a caviller to
   misrepresent my meaning.             Atterbury.
 Ca'villingly, kav'il-ling-le. adv. [from
   cavilling.]  In a cavilling manner.
 Ca'villous, kav'vil-lfis. adj. [from cavil]
   Unfair in argument; full of objections.
     Those persons  are said to be cavillous and un-
   faithful advocates, by whose fraud and  iniquity jus-
   tice is destroyed.                       Ayliffe.
 CA'VIJY, kav'in. to. s.  [French.  In the
   military art.]  A  natural  hollow,  fit to
   cover a body of troops, and consequent-
   ly facilitate their approach to a place.
                                         Diet.
 Ca'vity, kav'e-te.e11 w. s. [eavitas, Latin.]
   Hollowness; hollow; hollow place.
     The vowels are made by a free passage of breath,
   vocalized through the cavity ofthe mouth; the said
   cavity being differently  shaped by the postures  of
   the throat, tongue, and lips.              Holder.
     There is nothing to be left void in a firm building;
   even the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish,
   which is of a perishing kind.             Dryden.
     Materials packed  together with wonderful  art in
   the several cavities of the skull. Addison's Spectator.
     An instrument with a small  cavity, like a  small
   spoon, dipt in oil, may fetch out the stone.
                              Arbuthnot on Diet.
     If toe atmosphere was reduced into water, it  would
   not make an orb above thirty-two feet deep,  which
   would soon be swallowed up by the cavity of the sea,
   and  the depressed parts of toe earth.      Bentley.
 Cauk,  kawk. «. *. A coarse talky spar.
                                  Woodward.
 CA'uKY,kawk'e. adj. [from cauk.] A white,
   opaque, cauky, spar, shot or pointed.
                      Woodward on Fossils.
 Caul, kawl.  to.  s.  [of uncertain etymo-
   logy.]
 1. The  net in which women  enclose their
   hair; the  hinder part of  a  woman's  cap.
     Ne spared they to strip her naked all;
  Then when toey had despoil'd her tire and caul,
  Such as she was, their eyes might her behold.
                                       Spenser
     Her head with ringlets of her hair is crown'd;
  And in a golden caul the curls are bound.  Dryden.
2. Any  kind of small net.
    An Indian mantle of feathers,  and the feathers
  wrought into a caul of packthread.    Grew's  Mus.
3. The omentum; the integument in which
   the guts are  enclosed.
    The caul serves for the warming toe lower belly,
  like an apron, or piece of woollen cloth. Hence a
  certain gladiator, whose caul Galen cut  out, was so
  liable to suffer cold, Jthat he kept his belly constantly
  covered with wool.                        ■Raj/.
     The beast they then divide, and disunite
   The ribs and limbs, observant of the rite:
   On these, in double cauls involv'd with art,
   The choicest morsels lay.         Pope's Odyssey.
 Cauli'ferous, kaw-lif'fe-nls.  adj. [from
   caulia, a stalk, and fero, to bear, Lat.] A
   term in botany for such plants as have
   a true  stalk, which a  great many have
   not.
 Ca'uliflower, kol'le-floft-ilr.  to. a. [from
   caulis, Lat. the stalk of a plant.]  A spe-
   cies of cabbage.
     Towards the  end of toe month,  earth up your
   winter plants and sallad herbs, and plant forth your
   cauliflowers and cabbage, which were sown, in Au-
   gust.                        Evelyn's Kalendar.
 To  Caulk, kawk.  See  To Calk.
 To  Ca'uponate,  kaw'po-nate. v. to. [cau-
   pono, Lat.] To keep a victualling-house;
   to sell wine  or victuals.            Diet.
 Ca'usable, kaw'za-bl.406 adj.  [from causo,
   low Lat.] That which  may be caused,
   or effected by a cause.
     That may be  miraculously effected in one, which
   is naturally causable in another. Brown's Vul. Err.
 Ca'usal, kaw'zal. adj. [causalis, low Lat.]
   Relating to causes; implying or contain-
   ing causes.
     Every motion owning a dependence on pre-requir-
   ed motors, we can have no true knowledge of any,
   except we would distinctly pry into the whole  me-
   thod of causal concatenation.           Glanville,
     Causal propositions are, where two propositions
   are joined by causal particles; as, houses  were not
   built, fftaf they might be destroyed; Rehoboam was
   unhappy, because he followed evil counsel.    Watts.
 Causa'lity, kaw-zal'e-te. to. s. [causalitas,
   low Lat.] The agency of a  cause; the
   quality of causing.
     As he created all things, so is he beyond  and in
   them all, in his  very essence,  as being the  soul of
   their causalities, and the essential cause of their ex-
   istences.               Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
     By an unadvised  transiliency from the  effect to
   toe remotest cause, we observe not the connection,
   through toe interposal of more immediate causali-
   ties.                         Glanville's Scepsis.
 Ca'usally, kaw'zal-le.  adv.  [from cau-
   sal.]  According  to the order or series
   of causes.
    Thus may it more be causally made out, what
   Hippocrates affirmeth.   Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
 Causa'tion, kaw'za'shun. to. s. [from cau-
   so, low Lat.] The act or power of caus-
   ing.
    Thus doth he sometimes delude us in the conceits
   of stars and  meteors, besides their allowable  ac-
   tions, ascribing effects thereunto of independent cau-
  sation.                 Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
 Ca'usative, kaw'za-tiv.157 adj. [a term in
   grammar.]  That expresses a cause or
   reason.
 Causa'tor,  kaw-za'ti&r.831 °* to.  s.  [from
   causo, low Lat.] A causer;  an author of
   any effect.
    Demonstratively understanding the simplicity of
  perfection, and the  invisible  condition of  the first
  causator, it was  out of the power of earth, or the
  areopagy of hell, to work them from it.    Brown.
CAUSE, kawz. to. *.  [causa, Lat.]
 I. That  which produces or  effects any
   thing; the efficient.
    The wise  and learned, amongst the very heathens
  themselves, have all acknowledged some first cause,
  whereupon originally the being of all things de-
  pended) : neither have they otherwise spoken of that
  cause, than as an agent,  which knowing what and
   why it worketh, observeth, in working, a most exact
   order or law.                          Hooker.
     Butterflies, and other flies, revive easily when
   they seem dead, being brought to the sun or fire;
   the cause whereof is the diffusion of the vital spirit,
   and the dilating of it by a little heat.       Bacon.
     Cause is a substance exerting its power into act
   to make one thing begin to be.            Locfce!
 2. The reason; motive to any thing.
     The rest shall bear some other fight,
   As canse will be obey'd.             Shakspeare.
     So great, so constant, and so general a practice,
   must needs have  not only a cause, but also a great
   a constant, and a general canse, every  way com-
   mensurate to such an effect.               Soufft,
     Thus, royal Sir! to see you landed here,
   Was canse enough of triumph for a year.  Dryden.
     jEneas wond'ring stood: then ask'd the cause,
   Which to the stream the crowding people draws.
                                       Dryden.
                   Even he,
   Lamenting that there had been canse of enmity,
   Will often wish fate had ordain'd you friends. Rowe.

 3. Reason of debate; subject of litigation.
             O madness of discourse,
   That cause sets up with and against thyself!
   Bifold authority.                    Shakspeare.
     Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge
   righteously between every man and his brother, and
   the stranger that is with him.            Deuter.

 4. Side; party; ground  or principle of ac-
   tion or opposition.
     Ere to thy cause, and thee, my heart inclin'd,
   Or love to party had seduc'd my mind.    Tickell.
 To Cause, kawz. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To effect as an agent; to produce.
    Never was man whose apprehensions are sober,
   and by pensive inspection advised, but hath found
   by an irresistible necessity one everlasting being all
   for ever causing, and all for ever sustaining.
                                       Raleigh.
    It is necessary in such a chain of causes to ascend
   to and terminate in some first, which should be the
   original of motion, and the cause of all other things;
   but itself be caused by none.              South.
    She weeping ask'd, in these her blooming years,
   What unforeseen misfortune caus'd\ her care,
   To loath her life, and languish in despair? Dryden.
    Things that move so swift as  not to affect  the
   senses distinctly, and so cause not any train of ideas
   in the mind, are not perceived to move.     Locke.

Ca'uselesly,   kawz'les-le.  adv.  [from
   causeless.] Without cause; without rea-
   son.
    Human laws are not to be broken with scandal,
   nor at all without reason; for he that does it couse-
   lesly, is a despiser of the law, and undervalues its
   authority.                 Taylor's Holy Living.
Ca'useless, kawz'les.  adj. [from cause]
 1. Having no cause; original in itself.
          Reach to' Almighty's sacred throne,
   And make his causeless pow'r, the cause of all things,
      known.  ^             Blackmore's Creation.
2. Wanting just ground or motive.
             Yet is my truth yplight,
   And love avow'd to other lady late,
   That, to remove the same, I have no might:
   To change love causeless,  is reproach to warlike
        knight.            Spenser's Fairy Qjueen.
    And me and mine threats not with war but death;
   Thus causeless hatred endless is uneato.    Fairfax.
    The cawsefess dislike, which others have conceiv-
   ed, is  no sufficient reason for us to forbear in any
   place.                                Hooker.
    As women yet who apprehend
   Some  sudden cause of causeless fear,
   Although that seeming cause take end,
   A shaking through their limbs they find.    Waffer.
    Alas! my fears are causeless and ungrounded,
  Fantastick dreams, and melancholy fumes. Denham.
Ca'user, kaw'zur.98 to. s. [from cause] He 
C AU
C AU
CE  A
   that causes; the agent by which an effect
   is produced.
    His whole oration stood upon  a short narration,
  what was toe causer of this metamorphosis. Sidney.
    Is not toe causer of these timeless deaths
  As blameful as the executioner?      Shakspeare.
    Abstinence, the apostle determines, is of no other
  real value  in religion, than as a  ministerial causer
  of moral effects.                        .Rogers.
Ca'usey,    )  kaw'ze.  C n. a. [chaussee,
Causeway, $ kawz'wa. { Fr.  This word,
   by a  false  notion of its etymology, has
   been  lately  written causeway.]  A  way
   raised and paved; a way raised above the
   rest of the ground.
    To Shuppim the lot came  forth westward by the
  causey.                     1 Chron. xxvi. 16.
          The other way Satan went down,
  The causeway to hell-gate.               Milton.
    But that broad causeway will direct your way,
  And you may reach toe town by noon of day. Dryd.
    Whose causeway parts the vale with shady rows;
  Whose seats the weary traveller repose.      Pope.
Ca'ustioal, kaws'te-kal. ) adj.[x.xvenu>s/]
Ca'ustick, k&ws'tlk.     5   Epithets of
   medicaments which destroy  the texture
   of the parts to which they are  applied,
   and eat  it away, or burn  it  into an es-
   char,  which they  do  by extreme mi-
   nuteness,  asperity^ and quantity of mo-
   tion, that, like those of fire itself, destroy
   the texture  of the solids, and  change
   what they  are  applied to into a  sub-
   stance like burnt flesh; which, in a little
   time, with detergent dressing, falls quite
   off, and  leaves a vacuity in the part.
                                     Quincy.
    If extirpation be safe, the best way will be by
  caustical medicines, or escaroticks. Wiseman's Surg.
    1 proposed  eradicating by escaroticks, and began
  with a caustick stone.   '    Wiseman's Surgery.
    Air too hot, cold, and moist,  abounding perhaps
  with causficfc, astringent, and coagulating particles.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Ca'ustick, kaws'tik. to. a. A burning ap-
   plication.
    It was a tenderness to mankind, that introduced
  corrosives and causticks, which are indeed but arti-
  ficial fires.                             Temple.
    The piercing cawsficfcs ply their spiteful pow'r,
  Emeticks ranch, and keen catharticks scour. Garfft.
CA'UTEL, kaw'tel. to.  s. [cautela, Lat.]
   Caution; scruple:  a word  disused.
         Perhaps he loves you now;
  And now no soil of cautel doth besmirch
  The virtue of his will.               Shakspeare.
Ca'utelous, kaw'te-lus. adj. [cauteleux,
   Fr.]
1. Cautious; wary; provident. Not in use.
    Palladio doth wish, like a cawfetons artisan, that
  the inward walls might bear some good share in the
  burden.                               Wotton.
3. Wily; cunning; treacherous.
    Of themselves, for toe most part, toey are so cau-
  telous and  wily headed, especially being men of so
  small experience and practice in law matters, that
  you would wonder whence toey borrow such subtil-
  ties and sly shifts.            Spenser on Ireland.
            Your son
  Will  or exceed the common, or be caught
  With cautelous baits and practice.     Shakspeare.
Ca'utelously, kaw'te-lus-le.  adv. [from
   cautelous.]
1. Cunningly; slily; treacherously. Not in
   use.
    All pretorian courts, if any of the parties be laid
  asleep, under pretence of a retirement, and the
  other party doth cautelously get the start and advan-
  tage; yet they will set back all things in statu quo
  prius.                 Bacon's War with Spain.
2. Cautiously; warily.
    The Jews, not resolved of the sciatica side of Ja-
  cob, do cautelously, in their diet, abstain from both.
                                       Brown.
Cauteriza'tion, kaw-ttir-re-za'shun. to.*.
   [from  cauterize.] The  act of  burning
   flesh with hot irons, or caustic  medica-
   ments.
    They require,  after  cauterization, no such ban-
  dage, as that thereby you need to fear interception
  of the spirits.                        Wiseman.
To Ca'uterize, kaw'tfir-ize. v. a. [caute-
   riser, Fr.] To burn with the cautery.
    For each true word a blister, and each false
  Be cauterizing to the root o' th' tongue,
  Consuming it with speaking.          Shakspeare.
    No marvel though cantharides have such a cor-
  rosive and cauterizing quality; for there is not one
  other of the insecta, but is bred of a duller matter.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
    The design of the cautery is to prevent the canal
  from closing; but the operators confess, that, in per-
  sons cauterized, the tears trickle down ever after.
                               Sharp's Surgery.
CA'UTERY, kaw'tur-re.66S to.  s.  [*«<«,
   uro.]
    Cautery is either actual or potential; the first is
  burning by a hot iron, and the latter with caustick
  medicines. The  actual cautery is generally used to
  stop mortification, by burning the dead parts to the
  quick; or to stop the effusion of blood, by searing up
  the vessels.                           Quincy.
    In the heat of fight it will be necessary to have your
  actual cautery always ready;  for that will secure the
  bleeding arteries in a moment.  Wiseman's Surgery.
CA'UTION, kaw'shftn. to. s. [caution, Fr.
   cautio, Lat.]
1. Prudence, as  it respects danger; fore-
   sight;  provident care;  wariness against
   evil.
2. Security for.
    Such conditions, and cautions of the condition, as
  might assure with as much  assurance as  worldly
  matters bear.                          Sidney.
    The  Cedar, upon  this new acquest, gave him
  part  of Baccharia for canfion for his disbursements.
                                       Howel.
    The parliament would yet give his majesty suffi-
  cient caution that the war should be prosecuted.
                                    Cfarentfon.
    He that objects any crime, ought to give caution,
  by the means of sureties, that he will persevere  in
  the prosecution of such crimes. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. Provision or security  against.
    In despite of all the rules and cautions of govern-
  ment, the most dangerous and mortal of vices will
  come off.                         L'Estrange.
4. Provisionary precept.
    Attention to the forementioned symptoms affords
  the best cautions and rules of diet, by way of preven-
  tion.                              Arbuthnot.
5. Warning.
 To Ca'ution, kaw'sluln.  v.  a. [from the
   noun.] To warn; to give notice of a dan-
   ger.
    How shall our thought avoid toe various  snare?
  Or wisdom to our caution'd soul declare
  The difl'rent shapes thou pleasest to employ,
  When bent to hurt, and certain to destroy? Prior.
    You caufion'd me against  their charms,
   But never gave me equal arms.            Swift.
Ca'utionary,  kaw'shun-a-re. adj. [from
   caution.] Given as a pledge, or in secu-
   rity.
    I am made toe cautionary  pledge,
  The gage and hostage of your keeping it. Southerne.
    Is there no security for the island of Britain? Has
  toe enemy no cautionary towns and sea-ports to give
  us for securing trade?                    Swift.
CA'uTious,kaw'shus.292 adj. [from cautus,
   Lat.] Wary; watchful.
    Be cautious of him; for he is sometimes an incon-
  stant lover, because he hath a great advantage.
                                        Sicift.
Ca'utiously,  kaw'shis-le.  adv.  [from
   cautious.] In an attentive, wary  manner;
   warily.
    They know how fickle common lovers are:
  Their oaths and vows are cautiously believ'd;
  For few there are but have been once deceiv'd.
                                      Dryden.
Ca'utiousness, kaw'slnls-nes. to. s. [from
   cautious.] Watchfulness; vigilance; cir-
   cumspection; provident care; prudence
   with respect to danger.
    I could not but approve their  generous constancy
  aud cautiousness.                  King Charles.
    We should always act with great cautiousness and
  circumspection, in points where it is  not impossible
  that we may be deceived.               Addison.
To Caw, kaw. v. to. [taken from the sound.]
   To  cry as the rook, raven, or crow.
    Russet-pated choughs, many in sort,
  Rising and cawing at toe gun's report.  Shakspeare.
    A walk of aged elms, so very high, that toe rooks
  and crows upon toe tops  seem to be  cawing in an-
  other region.                         Addison.
    The rook, who high amid the boughs,
  In early spring, his airy city builds,
  And ceaseless caies.            Thomson's Spring.
To CEASE, sese. v. n. [cesser, Fr. cesso,
   Lat.]
1. To leave off; to  stop; to give  over; to
   desist: with from before a noun.
    The lives of all, who cease from combat, spare,
  My brother's be your most peculiar care. Dryden.
2. To fail; to be extinct; to pass away.
    The poor man shall never cease out of the land.
                                  Deuteronomy.
    The soul being removed, the faculties and opera-
  tions of life, sense, and intellection, cease from that
  moles corporea, and are no longer in it.       Hale.
3. To be  at an end.
     But now the wonder ceases, since I see
   She kept them only, Tityrus, for thee.     Dryden.
4. To rest.
     The ministers of Chirst have ceased  from  their
   labours.                               Spratt.
To Cease, sese. v. a. To put a stop to; to
   put an end to.
     Importune him for monies: be not ceas'd
   With slight denial.                   Shakspeare.
     You may sooner, by imagination, quicken or slack
   a motion, than raise or cease it, as  it is  easier to
   make a dog go slower, than to make him stand still.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
         Cease then this impious rage.      Milton.
           But he, her fears to cease,
       Sent down the meek-eyed peace.     Jtfiffon.
     The discord is complete, nor can they cease
   The dire debate, nor yet command the peace. Dryd.
Cease, sese. to. s, [from the  verb.]  Ex-
   tinction; failure: perhaps for decease.
              The cease of majesty
   Dies not alone, but, like a gulph, withdraws
   What's near it with it.               Shakspeare.
Ce'aseless, s£se'l£s. adj. [from cease.] In-
   cessant;  perpetual; continual;  without
   pause; without stop; without end.
     My guiltless blood must quench the ceaseless fire,
   On which my endless tears were bootless spent.
                                       Fairfax.
     All these with ceaseless praise his works behold,
   Both day and night.                    MUton,
                  Like an oak
   That stands secure, though all the winds employ
   Their ceaseless roar; and only sheds its leaves, 
CEL
CEL
CEL.
  Or mast, which the revolving spring restores.
                                        Philips.
Ce'city,  ses'e-te.803124 611 to.  a.  [cacitas,
   Lat.] Blindness; privation of sight.
    They are not blind,  nor yet distinctly see; there
  is in them no cecity, yet more than a cecutiency; they
  have sight enough to discern the light, though not
  perhaps to distinguish objects or colours.   Brown.

Cecu'tiency,  6e-ku'she-en-se. to.  s.  [ca-
   cutio, Lat.] Tendency to blindness; clou-
   diness of sight.
     There is in them no cecity, yet more than  a ce-
  cutiency.                Brown's Vulgar Errours.
CE'DAR, se'dur.88 to. s. [cedrus, Lat.] A
   tree.
     It is evergreen; the leaves are much narrower
   than those ofthe pine tree, and many of them pro-
   duced out  of one tubercle resembling a painter's
   pencil; it hath male flowers, or katkins, produced at
   remote distances from the fruit on the same tree.
   The  seeds are  produced in large cones, squamose
   and turbinated.   The extension of the branches is
   very regular in  cedar trees;  the ends ofthe shoots
   declining, and thereby shewing their upper surface,
   which is constantly cloathed with green leaves, so
   regularly, as to appeal* at a distance  like a green
   carpet, and, in waving about, make an  agreeable
   prospect. It is surprising that  this tree has not been
   more cultivated in England; for it would be a great
   ornament to barren bleak mountains, even in Scot-
   land, where few other trees would grow; it being a
   native of Mount Libanus, where the snow continues
   most part of the year.   Maundrel, in his Travels,
   says, he measured one ofthe largest cedars on Mount
   Libanus, and found it to  be twelve yards six inches
   in circumference, and sound. At about five or six
   yards from the ground, it was divided into five limbs,
   each of which was equal  to a great tree.  The wood
   of this famous  tree is accounted proof against the
   putrefaction of  animal  bodies.  The saw-dust is
   though to be one of the secrets used by toe mounte-
   banks, who pretend to have the embalming mystery.
   This wood is also said to yield an oil, which is fa-
   mous for  preserving books  and  writings;  and the
   wood is thought by Bacon to continue above a thou-
   sand years sound.                       Miller.
     I must yield my body to the earth:
   Thus yields the cedar to  the axe's edge,
   Whose arms gave shelter to the princely eagle;
   Under whose shade the ramping lion slept;
   Whose top-branch overpeer'd Jove's spreading tree,
   And kept low shrubs from winter's pow'rful wind.
                                     Shakspeare.
 Ce'drine, sed'drin.140 adj. [cedrinus, Lat.]
    Of or  belonging to the cedar  tree.
 To  CEIL, sele.  v.  a.  [calo, Lat.]  To
    overlay, or  cover,  the inner  roof of a
    building.
     And toe greater  house he ceifed with  fir-tree,
   which he over-laid with fine gold.   2 Chronicles.
     How will he,  from his house ceifed with cedar,
   be content with his Saviour's lot, not to have where
   to lay his head?                  Decay of Piety.
 Ce'iling,  se'ling. n.  s- [from ceil.]  The
    inner roof.
     Varnish makes ceilings not only shine, but last.
                                         Bacon.
            And now the thicken'd sky
   Like a dark ceiling stood;  down rushed  the rain
   Impetuous.               MUton's Paradise Lost.
     So when the sun by day, or moon by night,
   Strike on the polished glass toeir trembling light,
   The glitt'ring species here and there divide,
   And cast their dubious beams from side to side:
   Now on the walls, now on the pavement play,
   And to the ceiling flash the glaring day.    Dryden.

 Ce'landinb, sel'an-dine.149 to. s. [chelido-
   neum, Lat.]  A plant.
     The swallows use celandine,  the linnet euphra-
   gia.                                    More.
Ce'lature, sel-avtshure.*61  n.  s.  [cala-
  tura,  Lat.]  The  art of engraving, or
  cutting in figures.

To   CE'LEBRATE,  sel'le-brate."  v. a.
  [celebro, Lat.]
1.  To praise;  to commend; to give praise
  to; to make famous.
    The songs of Sion were psalms and pieces of poe-
  try, that adored or celebrated the Supreme Being.
                                      Addison.
    I would have him read over the celebrated works
  of antiquity,  which have stood the test of so many
  different ages.                        Addison.
2.  To distinguish by solemn rites; to per-
  form  solemnly.
    He  slew all them that were gone to celebrate the
  sabbath.                          2 Maccabees.
    On  the feast day, the father cometh forth, after
  divine service, into a large room, where the feast is
  celebrated.                              Bacon.
3.  To mention in  a set or solemn manner,
  whether of joy  or sorrow.
    This pause of pow'r 'tis Ireland's hour to mourn;
  While England celebrates your safe return,  Dryden.

Celebra'tion,  sel-e-bra'shiin. to. s.  [from
  celebrate.]
   Solemn  performance; solemn remem-
  brance.
    He labour'd to drive sorrow from her, and to has-
  ten toe celebration of their marriage.       Sidney.
            He shall conceal it,
  While you are willing it shall come to note;
  What time we will our celebration keep,
  According to my birth.               Shakspeare.
    During the celebration of this holy sacrament, you
  attend earnestly to what is done by the priest.
                                        Taylor.
2.  Praise; renown;  memorial.
    No more shall be added in  this place, his memory
  deserving a  particular celebration, than  that his
  learning,  piety, and virtue,  have been attained by
  few.                                Clarendon.
     Some of the ancients may be thought sometimes
  to have used a less number of letters,  by the  cefe-
  bration of those who have added to their alphabet.
                      Holder's Elements of Speech.
Cele'brious, se-le'bre-us.60s adj. [celeber,
   Lat.] Famous; renowned; noted.  Not in
   use.
     The Jews, Jerusalem,  and the Temple, having
  been always  so cefe&riows; yet when, after their cap-
  tivities, they were dispoiled of their glory, even then
  the Assyrians, Greeks, and Romans, honoured with
  sacrifices the Most High God,  whom that nation
  worshipped.                             Grew.
Cele'briously,    se-le'bre-us-le.     adv.
   [from celebrious.]  In  a famous manner

Cele'briousness, se-le'bre-us-n£s.  to.  s.
   [from celebrious.]  Renown; fame.
Cele'brity, se-leb'bre-te.611 to. *. [celebri-
   tas, Lat.]  Public and splendid transac-
   tion.
     The manner of her receiving, and the celebrity
  of toe marriage, were performed  with great magni-
  ficence.                                Bacon.
Cele'riack, se-le're-ak.  to. a.   A  spcies
   of parsley: it is also called turnep rooted
   celery.
Cele'rity,  se-ler're-te. to. a.  [celeritas,
   Lat.] Swiftness; speed; velocity.
     We very  well see in  them,  who  thus  plead, a
  wonderful celerity  of discourse; for, perceiving at
  toe first but only some cause of  suspicion  and fear
  lest it should be evil, they are presently, in one and
  the self-same breath, resolved, that what beginning
  soever it had, there is no possibility it should be good.
                                        Hooker.
     His former custom and practice was ever full of
  forwardness and celerity to make head against them.
                                        Bacon.
    Thus with imagin'd wings, our swift scene flies,
  In motion with no less celerity
  Than that of thought.                Shakspeare.
    Three things concur to make a percussion great;
  the bigness, the density, and the celerity of the body
  moved.                                Digby.
    Whatever  encreaseth  the density of the blood,
  even without  encreasing  its celerity, heats,  because
  a denser body is hotter than a rarer.    Arbuthnot.
Ce'lery, sel'e-re. «. s. A species  of pars-
   ley; which see.
CELE'STIAL, se-les'tshal.2?3 adj. [celes-
   tis, Lat.]

1.  Heavenly;  relating to the superiour re-
   gions.
    There stay, until the twelve celestial signs
  Have brought about their annual reckoning. Shaks.
    The  ancients commonly applied celestial descrip-
  tions of other climes to toeir own.         Brown.
2.  Heavenly;  relating to the blessed state.
                   Play that sad note
  I nam'd my knell, whilst I sit meditating
  On that cefesfiat harmony I go to.      Shakspeare.
3.  Heavenly, with  respect to excellence.
    Canst thou pretend  desire, whom zeal  inflam'd
  To worship, and a pow'r cefesfiat nam'd?    Dryden.
            Telemachus his bloomy face
  Glowing celestial sweet, with godlike grace.  Pope.
Cele'stial, se-les'tshal.464 to. s. [from  the
   adj.] An  inhabitant of heaven.
    Thus affable and mild the prince precedes,
  And to the dome to' unknown celestial  leads. Pope.
Cele'stially, se-les'tshal-le. adv. [from
   celestial.]  In a heavenly manner.
To Cele'stify,  se-les'te-fi. v. a.  [from
   celestis, Lat.]   To  give something of
   heavenly nature to any thing.  Not used.
    We should affirm that all things were in all things,
  that heaven were but earth terrestrified;  and earth
  but  heaven celeslified, or that each part above had
  influence upon its affinity below.          Brown.

Ce'liack, se'le-ak. adj. [koikIx the  belly.]
   Relating to the lower belly.
    The blood moving slowly through the celiack and
   mesenterick arteries, produces complaints.  Arbuth.
Ce'libacy,  sel'e-ba-se. to. s. [from celebs;
   Lat.] Single life; unmarried  state.
    I can attribute their numbers to nothing but their
   frequent marriages; for they look on celibacy as  an


   accursed state, and generally are married before
   twenty.                             Spectator.
    By  teaching them  how to  carry themselves in
   their relations of husbands and wives, parents and
   children, they  have, without question, adorned the
   gospel, glorified God, and benefitted man, much
   more than they could have done in the  devoutest and
   strictest celibacy.                     Atterbury.
Ce'libate,  sel'e-bat.91  to.  s.   [calibatus,
    Lai.] Single life
     The males oblige themselves to celibate,  and then
   multiplication is hindered.               Graunt.
 CELL, sell. to. a. [cella, Lat.]
 1. A small  cavity or hollow  place.
     The brain contains  ten thousand ceffs;
   In each some active fancy dwells.          Prior.
     How bees for ever, though a monarch reign.
   Their sep'rate ceffs and properties maintain.  Pope.
 2. Trie cave or little habitation  of a  reli-
    ous person.
     Besides she did intend confession
   At Patrick's ceff this ev'n; and there she was not.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Then did religion in a lazy ceff,
   In empty, airy contemplations dwell.      Denham. 
CEM
CE   N
C EN
3. A small and close apartment in a pri-
  son.
4. Any small place of residence; a cottage.
    Mine eyes he clos'd, but open left the ceff
  Of fancy, my internal sight. Milton's Paradise Lost.
    For ever in this humble cett
  Let thee and I together dwell.             Prior.
    In cottages and lowly ceffs
  True piety neglected dwells;
  Till call'd to heav'n, its native seat,
  Where the good man alone is great.    Somerville.
5. Little  bags  or bladders,  where fluids,
  or matter of different sorts, are lodged;
  common both to animals and plants.
                                    Quincy.
Ce'llarv sel'lur.88 ».  s. [cella, Lat.]  A
  place  under  ground, where stores and
  liquors are reposited.
    If this fellow had lived in the  time of Cato, he
  would, for his punishment, have been confined to the
  bottom of a ceffar during his life.       Peacham.
Ce'llarage,  sel'lilr-idje.90  to.  s.  [from
  cellar.] The  part of the building which
  makes the cellars.
    Come on, you hear this fellow in the cellarage.
                                   Shakspeare.
    A  good ascent makes a house wholesome, and
  gives opportunity for cellarage.   Mortimer's Husb.
Ce'llarist,  sel'lur-ist.688 to. s. [cellariua,
  Lat.] The butler in  a religious house.
                                       Diet.
Ce'llular, seTlu-ktr. adj. [cellula, Lat.]
  consisting of little cell* or cavities.
    The urine, insinuating itself amongst the neigh-
  bouring muscles, and cellular membranes, destroyed
  four.                         Sharp's Surgery.
Ce'lsitude,  sel'se-tude. a.  re.  [celsitudo,
  Lat.] Height.                      Diet.
CE'MENT,  sem'ment.492  re.  a.  [camen-
  tum, Lat.]
1. The matter with which two bodies are
  made to cohere, as mortar or glue.
    Your temples  burned in their  cement, and your
  franchises confined into an augre's bore.   Shaksp.
    There is a cement compounded of flour, whites of
  eggs, and stones powdered, toat becometh hard as
  marble                               Bacon.
    You may see divers pebbles, and a crust of cement
  or stone between them, as hard as  the pebbles them-
  selves.                                Bacon.
    The foundation was made of rough stone, joined
  together with  a  most firm cement; upon  this was
  laid another layer consisting of small stones and ce-
  ment.                     Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Bond of union in friendship.
    Let not the peace of virtue, which is set
  Betwixt us as the cement of our love,
  To keep it builded, be toe ram to batter.   Shaksp.
    What cement should unite heaven and earth, light
  and darkness?                       Glanville.
    Look over the whole creation, and you shall see,
  toat  toe band or cement, toat holds together all the
  parts of this great and glorious fabrick, is gratitude.
                                       South.

To  Ceme'nt,  se-ment'.  v. a.  [from  the
  noun.] To unite by means of something
  interposed.
            But how the fear of us
  May cement their divisions, and bind up.
  The petty difference, we yet not know. Shakspeare.
    Liquid bodies have nothing to cement them; they
  are all loose and incoherent, and in a perpetual flux:
  even an heap of sand, or fine powder, will suffer no
  hollowness within them, though  toey  be diy sub-
  stances.            Bwrnefs Theory of the Earth.
    Love with white lead cements bis wings;
  White lead was sent us to repair
    Two brightest, brittlest,  o-.'.rthly things,
  A lady's face, and china ware.            Swift.
      VOL.  I.
To Ceme'nt, se-ment'. v. n. To come into
   conjunction; to cohere.
    When a wound is recent, and the parts of it are
  divided by a sharp instrument, they will, if held in
  close contact for some time, reunite by inosculation,
  and cement like one branch of a tree ingrafted on
  another,                     Sharp's Surgery.
Ceme'nter,  se-ment'iir. to.  *.  [from  ce-
   ment]  A person or thing that unites in
   society.
    God having designed man for a sociable creature,
  furnished him with language, which was to be  the
  great instrument and cementer of society.    Locke.
Cementa'tion, sem'en-ta'shun. n.a. [from
   cement] The act of cementing, or uni-
   ting with cement.
Ce'metery,  sem'me-ter-e. to. s.  [koi^*-
   f iev]  A place where the dead are repo-
   sited.
    The  souls of the dead appear frequently in ceme-
  teries, and hover  about toe places where their bo-
  dies are buried, as still  hankering about their old
  brutal pleasures, and desiring again to enter the bo-
  dy.                                 Addison.
Cen, and  Cin, sen. denote  kinsfolk: so  Ci-
   nulph;  is a  help  to his kindred; Cine-
   helm, a protector to his  kinsfolk;  Cin-
   burg, the defence of his kindred;  Cinric,
   powerful in kindred.             Gibson.
Ce'natory, sen'na-tilr-e.506 adj. [from  ce-
   no to sup, Lat.] relating to  supper.
    The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a
  cenatory garment; and the same was practised by
  the Jews.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cenobi'tical,   sen-no-bit'e-kal.503  adj.
   [x.olv&- and /3/c^.] Living in community.
    They have multitudes  of religious orders, black
  and grey, eremitical and cenobitical, and nuns.
                                  Sfitfing/feef.
Ce'notaph,  sen'6-taf. w.  s. [xev®-  and rx-
   <p<&>.] A monument for one buried  else-
   where.
    Priam,  to whom the story was unknown,
  As deaddeplor'd his metamorphos'd son;
  A cenotaph his na:ae and title kept,
  And Hector round toe tomb with all his brothers
      wept.                     Dryden's Fables.
    The Athenians, when they lost  any mea at sea,
  raised a cenotaph, or empty monument.
                           Notes on the Odyssey.
Cense, sense, to. s. [census, Lat.] Publick
   rate.
    We see what floods of treasure have flowed  into
  Europe by that action; so that the cense, or rates of
  Christendom, are raised since ten times, yea twenty
  times told.                           Bacon.
To CENSE,  sense,  v. a. [encenser,  Fr.]
   To  perfume with  odours: contracted
   from incense.
    The Salii sing, and cense his altars round
  With Saban smoke, toeir heads with poplar bound.
                                      Dryden.
    Grineus was near and cast a furious look
  On the side altar, cens'd with sacred smoke,
  And bright with flaming fires.           Dryden.
Ce'nser, sen'sur.98  to. s. [encensoir,  Fr.]
I.  The pan or vessel in which incense is
   burned.
    Antoninus  gave Piety, in his money, like  a lady
   with a censer before an altar. Peacham on Drawing.
                   Of incense clouds,
   Fuming from golden censers, hid the mount. Milton.
2.  A pan in which  any  thing is  burned;
   fire pan.
    Here 's snip, and nip, and cut, and slish, and
         slush,
   Like to a censer in a barber's shop.    Shakspeare.
                    O O
Ce'nsion, sen'sht'in. to. s. [censio, Lat] A
   rate, an assessment.
    God  intended  this cension only  for the blessed
  Virgin and her son, thatChirst might be born where
  he should.                        Joseph Hall-
Ce'nsor, sen'sor.168 to. *. [censor, Lat.]
1.  An officer of Rome,  who had the pow-
   er  of  correcting manners.
2.  One  who is given to censure and ex-
   probation.
    Ill nature'd censors of the present age,
  And fond of all the follies of the past. Roscommon.
    The  most severe censor cannot  but be pleased
  with the prodigality of his wit, though, at the same
  time, he could have wished, that  the master of it
  had been a better manager.             Dryden.
Censo'rian, sen-so're-an. adj. [from cen-
   sor]  Relating to the  censor.
    As the chancery had thepretorian power for equi-
  ty, so the starchamber had the censorian power for
  offences under toe degree of capital.      Bacon.
Censo'rious, s£n-so're-us. adj. [from cen-
   sor]
1.  Addicted  to censure; severe; full of in-
   vectives.
    Do not too many believe no religion to be pure,
  but what is intemperately rigid? no zeal to be spi-
  ritual, but what is censor-ious, or vindictive? Spratt
    O let thy presence make my travels light!
  And potent Venus shall exalt my name
  Above toe rumours of censorious fame.      Prior.
2.  Sometimes  it has  of before the object
   of reproach.
    A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be censori-
  ous of his neigbours.          Watts on ffte Mind.
3.  Sometimes ore.
    He treated all his inferiours of the clergy with a
  most sanctified pride; was rigorously and universally
  censorious upon all his brethren of toe gown. Swift.
Censo'riously,   sen-so're-is-le.    adv.
   [from censorius.] In a severe reflecting
   manner.

Censo'riousness, sen-so're-tis-nes. to.  $.
   [from censorious.] Disposition  to re-
   proach; habit of reproaching.
    Sourness of disposition, and rudeness of behaviour,
  censoriousness and sinister interpretation  of things,
  all cross and distasteful humours, render the con-
  versation of men grievous and uneasy to one ano-
  ther.                               Tillotson,
Ce'nsorship,  sen'sor-shlp.188 to. s. [from
   censor.]
1. The  office of a  censor.
2. The  time when the office of censor is
   born.
    It was brought to Rome in the censorship of Clau-
  dius.                 Broum's Vulgar Errours.
Ce'nsurable,  sen'shu-ra-bl.  adj. [from
   censure.]  Worthy of censure; blame-
   able;  culpable.
    A small mistake may leave upon the mind the
  lasting memory of having been taunted for som c toing
  censuraofe.                             Locke.
Ce'nsurableness, sen'shu-ra-bl-nes  to. *,
   [from censurable.] Blameableness;  fit-
   ness to be censured

CE'NSURE, sen'shure.*63 «. s. [censura,
   Latin.]
 1.  Blame; reprimand; reproach.
    Enough for half the greatest of these days
   To  'scape my censure, not expect my praise.  Pope.
 2. Judgment; opinion.
    Madam, you and my sister, will you go
   To give your censures in this weighty businesss?
                                   Slmkpseare, 
CEN
CEN
CER*
3. Judicial sentence.
        To you, lord governour,
  Remains the censure of this hellish villain.  Shaksp.
4. Spiritual punishment inflicted by some
   ecclesiastical judge.  Ayliffe's Parergon.
    Upon the unsuccessfulness of milder medicaments,
  Use that stronger physick, the censures of the church.
                                   Hammond.
To Ce'nsure, sen'shure. v. a. [censurer,
   Fr.]
1. To blame, to brand publickiy.
    The like censurings and despisings have embitter-
  ed the spirits, and whetted both the tongues and
  pens of learned men one against another. Sanderson.
2. To condemn by a judicial sentence.
Ce'nsurer, sen'shur-ur. n. s. [from cen-
   sure.] He that blames; he that reproach-
   es.
            We must not stint
  Our necessary actions, in the fear
  To cope malicious censurers.  Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    A statesman, who is possessed of real merit, should
  look  upon his political censurers with the same ne-
  glect that a good writer regards his criticks.  Addis.
Cent, sent. to. s. [centum, Lat. a hundred.]
   A hundred;  as,  five per cent,  that is,
   five in the hundred.
Ce'ntaur, sen'tawr. re.s. [centaurus, Lat.]
   1. A  poetical being,  supposed  to be
   compounded of a man and a horse.
    Down from the waist they are centaurs, though
  women all above.                  Shakspeare.
    The  idea of a centaur has no more falsehood in
  it than the name centaur.                Locke.
2. The archer in the zodiack.
      The cheerless empire of the sky
  To Capricorn the Centaur archer yields.  Thomson.
Ce'ntaury, greater and less, sen'taw-re.
   [centaurium.] Two plants.
      Add pounded galls, and roses dry,
  And with Cecropian thyme strong scented centaury.
                                      Dryden.
Ce'ntenary, sen'te-na-re.  re. s. [centena-
   rius, Lat.] The number of a hundred.
    In every  centenary of years  from the creation,
  some small abatement should have been made.
                         Hakewill on Providence.
Cente'simal, sen-tes'e-mal.88 to. s. [cente-
   simus,  Lat.]  Hundreth; the next step
   of progression   after decimal  in  the
   arithmetick of fractions.
    The neglect of a few centesimals in the side of the
  cube, would bring it to an equality with the cube of
  a foot.                    Arbuthnot on Coins.
Centifo'lious, sen-te-fo'le-iis. adj. [from
   centum  and folium, Lat.]  Having  a
   hundred leaves.

Ce'ntipede, sen'te-pede.  re. s. [from cen-
   tum and pes.]   A  poisonous insect in
   the West Indies, commonly called by
   the English forty legs.

CE'NTO, sen'to.  w. a.  [cento,  Lat.] A
   composition  formed by  joining  scraps
   from  other authors.
    It  is quilted, as it were, out of shreds of divers
  poets, such as scholars call a cento.  Camden's Rem.
    If any man think the poem a cento, our poet will
  but have done the same  in jest which Boileau did
  in earnest.       Advertisement to Pope's Dunciad.
Ce'ntral, sen'tral.88 adj.  [from  centre]
   Relating to the  centre;  containing  the
   centre; placed in the centre, or middle.
    There is now, and was then, a space or cavity in
  the eentral parts of it; so large as to give reception
  to that mighty mass of water.         Woodward.
    Umbriel, a dusky melancholy sprite,
  Down to the central earth, his proper scene,
  Repairs.                Pope's Rape ofthe Lock.
Ce'ntrally, seVtral-le. adv.  [from cen-
  tral.] With regard to the centre.
    Though one of the feet most  commonly bears the
  weight, yet the whole weight rests centrally upon it.
                                     Dryden.
CE'NTRE,  sen'tiir.416 to.  s. [centrum,
  Lat.] The middle; that which is equally
  distant from all extremities.
    The heav'ns themselves, the planets,  and  this
        centre,
  Observe degree, priority, and place.    Shakspeare.
    If we frame an image of a round body all of fire,
  the flame proceeding  from it  would diffuse itself
  every way; so that the source, serving for toe centre
  there, would be round  about an huge sphere of fire
  and light.                     Digby on Bodies.
To  Ce'ntre, sen'tiir. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To  place  on a centre;  to fix as on a
  centre.
    One foot he centred, and the  other turn'd
  Round through toe vast profundity obscure. Milton.
2. To collect to a  point.
    By thy  each look, and thought,  and  care,  'tis
        shown,
  Thy joys are centred all in me alone,       Prior.
    He may take a range all the world over, and draw
  in all that wide air and circumference of sin and
  vice, and centre it in his own breast.        South.
    0 impudent, regardful of thy own,
  Whose thoughts are centred on thyself alone! Dryd.
To  Ce'ntre, sen'tiir.  v. to.
I. To  rest on; to repose on; as bodies when
  they gain an equilibrium.
    Where there is no visible truth wherein to centre,
  errour is as wide as men's fancies, and may wander
  to eternity.                    Decay of Piety.
2. To  be placed in the middle  or centre.
              As God in heav'n
  Is centre, yet extends to all; so  thou,
  Centring, receiv'st from all those orbs.    Milton.
3. To be collected to  a point.
    What hopes you had in Diomede,  lay down;
  Our hopes must centre on ourselves alone.  Dryden.
    The common  acknowledgments of the body will
  at length centre  in him, who  appears sincerely to
  aim at the common benefit.           Atterbury.
    It was attested by the visible centring of all the
  old prophecies in the person of Christ, and by the
  completion of these prophecies since, which he him-
  self uttered.                        Atterbury.
Ce'ntrick, sen'trik  adj.  [from  centre]
  Placed in the centre.
    Some, toat have deeper digg'd in  mine than I,
  Say where his centrick happiness doth lie.   Donne.
Centrifu'gal, sen-trif'u-gal.  adj.  [from
  centrum and fugio, Lat.]   Having the
  quality  acquired by bodies in motion, of
  receding from the centre.
    They described  an  hyperbola, by changing the
  centripetal into a centrifugal force.       Cheyne.
Centripe'tal,  sen-trip'e-tal. adj.  [from
  centrum and peto, Lat.]  Having a ten-
  dency to the centre; having gravity.
    The direction of the force, whereby the planets
  revolve in their orbits, is towards their centres; and
  this force may be very properly called attractive, in
  respect ofthe central body; and centripetal, in res-
  pect of the revolving body.             Cheyne.
Ce'ntry,  sen'tre. See  Sentry.
    The thoughtless wits shall frequent forfeits pay,
  Who 'gainst the centry's box discharge their tea.
                                        Gay.
Ce'ntuple,  sen'tu-pl.406  adj.  [centuplex,
  Lat] A hundred  fold.
To Centu'plicate, sen-tu'ple-kate. ■». a.
  [centuplicatum,  of centum  and plico,
  Lat.]  To make a  hundred  fold;  t« re-
  peat a hundred times.             Diet.
To  Centu'riate, sen-tu're-ate. v. n. [cen-
  turio, Lat.] To divide into hundreds.
Centuria'tor,  sen-tu-re-a'tur.621  n.   a.
  from century.] A name given to histori-
  ans, who distinguish times by centuries;
  which is generally the method of eccle-
  siastical history.
    The  centuriators of Magdeburg were the first
  that discovered this grand imposture.      Ayliffe.
Centu'rion, sen-tu're-un. n.  a. [centurio,
  Lat.] A military officer among the Ro-
  mans, who commanded a hundred men.
    Have an army ready, say you!—A most royal one.
  The centurions, and toeir charges, distinctly billet-
  ed in the entertainment, and to  be on foot at an
  hour's warning.                    Shakspeare
CE'NTURY, sen'tshu-re.461 to. a. [centu-
  ria, Lat.]
I. A hundred: usually employed to specify
  time; as, the second century.
    The nature of eternity is such, that, though  our
  joys, after some centuries of years, may seem to have
  grown older by having been enjoyed so many ages,
  yet will they really still  continue new.      Boyle.
    And now time's whiter series is begun,
  Which in soft centuries shall smoothly run.   Dryd.
    The lists of bishops are filled with greater num-
  bers than one would expect; but the succession was
  quick in the three first centuries, because the bishop
  often ended in the martyr.              Addison.
2. It is sometimes  used simply for a hun-
  dred.
    Romulus, as yoH may read, did divide the Romans
  into tribes, and the tribes into centuries or hundreds.
                                     Spenser.
    When with wood leaves and weeds I've strew'd
        his grave,
  And on it said a century of pray'rs,
  Such as I can, twice o'er, I'll weep and sigh.
                                  Shakspeare.
CEOL, se'ol. An initial in  the  names of
  men,  which signifies a ship or vessel,
  such as those that the Saxons landed in.
                                    Gibson.
Ce'phalalgy, sef'a-lal-je. to.  *. [xttpxXxh-
  yix.] The headach.                 Diet.
Cepha'lick,  se-fal'tik.609  adj.  [>tt<pxKi]
  That which is medicinal  to the head.
    Cephalick medicines are all such as attenuate the
  blood, so as to make it circulate easily through toe
  capillary vessels of the  brain.          .^roufftnof.
    I  dressed him up with soft folded linen, dipped in
  a cephalick balsam.                  Wiseman
CEEA'STES, se-ras'tez. to.  s.  [xtpx?m.]
  A  serpent having horns, or supposed to
  have them.
    Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbena dire,
  Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear.   Milton.
Ce'rate, se'rat.91 to. s.  [cera, Lat. wax.] A
  medicine made  of wax, which, with oil,
  or some softer substance, makes a con-
  sistence softer than a plaster.   Quincy.

Ce'rateo,  se'ra-ted.  adj. [ceratus, Lat.]
  Waxed; covered with  wax.
To CERE,  sere.  v. a.  [from cera,  Lat.
   wax.] To wax.
    You ought to pierce the  skin with a needle, and
  strong brown thread cered,  about half an inch from
  the edges of the lips.                 Wiseman.
Ce'rebel, ser'e-bel.S03 w. a. [cerebellum,
   Lat.]   Part of the brain.
    In the head of man,  the base  of the brain and
  cerebel, yea,  ofthe whole skull, is set parallel to the
  horizon.                             Derham. 
GER
CER
CER
 Ce'recloth, sere'cl6th. n. a. [from cere
    and  cloth.]   Cloth smeared over with
    glutinous  matter,  used  to wounds and
    bruises.
     The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded
   in a number of folds of linen, besmeared with gums,
   in manner of cerecloth,                 Bacon.
 Ce'rement, sere'ment.  to. a. [from cera,
    Lat. wax.]   Cloths  dipped in  melted
    wax,  with which  dead bodies were in-
    folded when they were embalmed.
     Let me  not burst in ignorance, but tell
   Why canonized bones, hearsed in earth,
   Have burst their cerements?          Shakspeare.-
 Ceremo'nial,  ser-e-mo'ne-al.  adj. [from
    ceremony.]
 1. Relating to ceremony, or outward rite;
    ritual.
             What mockery will it be,
   To want the bridegroom, when the priest attends
   To speak toe ceremonial rites of marriage!  Shaks.
     We are to carry it from the hand to the heart, to
   improve a ceremonial nicety into a substantial duty,
   and the modes of civility into the realities of reli-
   gion.                                Soutft.
     Christ did take away that external ceremonial
   worship that was among the Jews.    Stillingfieet.
 2. Formal; observant  of old  forms.
     Oh monstrous, superstitious puritan,
   Of refin'd manners, yet ceremonial man,
   That when thou meet'st one, with enquiring eyes
   Dost search, and, like a needy broker, prize
   The silk and gold he wears.             Donne.
     With dumb pride, and a set formal face,
   He moves in the dull ceremonial track,
   With Jove's embroider'd  coat upon his back. Dryd.
 Ceremo'nial,  ser-e-mo'ne-al. to. a. [from
   ceremony.]
 1. Outward form; external  rite; perscrip-
   tive formality.
     The only condition  toat  could make it prudent
  lor the clergy to alter the  ceremonial, or any indif-
  ferent part, would be a resolution in the legislature
  to prevent new sects.                    Swift.
 2. The order  for rites  and forms in  the
   Romish  church.
 Ceremo'nialness, ser-e-mo'ne-al-nes. to. a.
   [from ceremonial.] The quality of being
   ceremonial, over-much use of ceremo-
   ny.

 Ceremo'nious, ser-e-mo'ne-tis. adj. [from
   ceremony.]
 1. Consisting of outward rites.
     Under a different oeconomy of religion, God was
  more tender ofthe shell and ceremonious part of his
  worship.                              South,
 2. Full of ceremony; awful.
               0, the sacrifice,
  How ceremonious, solemn, and unearthly
  It was i' th' offering!                Shakspeare.

 3. Attentive to outward rites, or prescrip-
   tive formalities.
    You are too senseless obstinate, my lord;
  Too ceremonious and traditional.       Shakspearei
4.  Civil;  according  to the strict rules  of
   civility; formally respectful.
    They have a set of ceremonious phrases, that run
  through all ranks and degrees among them.  Addis.
5.  Observant ofthe rules of civility.
    Then let us take a ceremonious leave,
  And loving farewell, of our several friends. Shaksp.
7.  Civil and formal to  a fault.
    The old caitiff was grown  so ceremonious, as he
  would needs accompany me some miles in my way.
                                      Sidney,
Ceremo'niously, ser-e-mo'ne-tis-le. adv.
   [from  ceremonioua.]  In a ceremonious
   manner; formally; respectfully.
     Ceremoniously let us prepare
   Some welcome for the mistress ofthe house.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
 Ceremo'niousness,  se>-e-m6'ne-tis-n£s.
   to. *. [from ceremonious.]  Addictedness
   to ceremony; the use of too much cere-
   mony.
 CE'REMONY, s^r'e-mo-ne.4^  to. a. [ce-
   remonia, Lat.]
 1. Outward rite; external form in religion.
     Bring her up to the high altar, that she may
   The sacred ceremonies partake.         Spenser.
         He is superstitious grown of late,
   Quite from the main opinion he held once
   Of fantasy, of dreams, and ceremonies.     Shaksp.
               Disrobe the images,
   If you find them deck'd with ceremony.    Shaksp.
 2. Forms of civility.
         The sauce to  meat is ceremony;
   Meeting were  bare without it.           Shaksp.
     Not to  use  ceremonies at all, is to teach others
  not to use them again, and so diminish respect to
  himself.                              Bacon.
 3. Outward forms of state.
        What art thou,  thou idle ceremony?
  What kind of god art thou, that suffer'st more
  Of mortal grief, than do thy worshippers?
  Art thou aught else but place, degree; and form?
                                   Shakspeare.
               A coarser place,
  Where pomp and ceremonies enterM not,
  Where greatness was shut out, and highness well
        forgot.                  Dryden's Fables.
Ce'rote, se'rat.91 to. a. The same with ce-
   rate; which see.
    In those which are critical, a cerofe of oil of olives,
  with white  wax, hath hitherto served my purpose.
                                    Wiseman.
CE'RTAIN, ser'tin.308 adj. [certua, Lat.]
 1. Sure; indubitable;  unquestionable; un-
   doubted; that which cannot be question-
   ed, or  denied.
    Those things are certain among  men, which can-
  not be denied without obstinacy and folly. Tillotson.
    This the mind is equally certain of, whether these
  ideas be more or less general.           Locke.
2. Resolved; determined.
    However I with thee have fix'd my lot,
  Certain to undergo like doom  of death,
  Consort with thee.        Milton's Paradise  Lost.
3. Undoubting; put  past doubt.
    This form before Alcyone present,
  To make her certain of the sad event.     Dryden.
4. Unfailing;  which always produces the
   expected effect.
    I have often  wished  that I  knew as certain a re-
  medy for any other distemper.            Mead.
5. Constant; never failingto be; not casual;
          Virtue, that  directs our ways
  Through certain dangers to uncertain praise. Dryd.
6. Regular; settled; stated.
    You shall gather a certain rate.        Exodus.
    Who calls the council, states a cej-fain day,
  Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way.
                                       Pope.
    The preparation  for your supper shews your cer-
  tain hours.                            Cotton.
7. In an indefinite sense,  some;  as, a cer-
   tain man told me this.
    How bad soever this  fashion may justly be ac-
  counted, certain ofthe same countrymen do pass far
  beyond it.                      Carew's Survey.
    Some certain of your  brethren roar'd, and ran
  From noise of our own drums.         Shakspeare.
    Let there be certain leather bags made of several
  bignesses, which, for the  matter of them, should be
  tractable.                            Wilkins.
                 o  o   2
 Ce'rtainly,  ser'tln-le.  adv.  [from  cer-
   tain.]
 i. Indubitably; without  question; without
   doubt.
     Certainly he  toat, by those legal  means, cannot
  be secured, can be much less so by any private at-
  tempt.                        Decay of Piety.
    What precise collection of simple  ideas modesty
  or frugality stand for,  in another's  use,  is not so
  certainly known.                       Locke.
 I. Without fail.

Ce'rtainness, ser'tin-nes. «. a. [from  cer-
  tain.] The same with  certainty.

Ce'rtainty,  seYtin-te. to.   a.  [from cer-
  tain.]
 I. Exemption  from doubt.
    Certainty is the perception of the agreement or
  disagreement of our ideas.                Locke.
2. Exemption  from failure; as the certain-
  ty of an event, or of a  remedy.
3. That which is real and fixed.
    Doubting things go ill, often hurts more
  Than to be sure  toey do; for certainties
  Or are past remedies, or timely knowing
  The remedy then born.                  Shaksp.
4. Regularity;  settled state.
Ce'rtes,  seYtez. adv. [certea, Fr.] Cer-
  tainly; in truth; in sooth:  an  old word.
     Certes,  Sir Knight, you've been too much to
        blame,
  Thus for to blot  toe honour of the dead,
  And with foul cowardice his carcase shame,
  Whose living hands immortaliz'd  his name.   Spens.
    For, certes, these are people ofthe island.
                                  Sftafcspeare.
    Certes, our authors are to blame.     Hudibras.
Certificate,  ser-tlf'e-ket.91 to.  a. [certi-
  ficat, low Lat. he certifies.]
I. A writing made in any court  to give  no-
  tice to another court of any  thing done
  therein.                          Cowell.
2. Any testimony.
    A certificate of poverty is as good as a protection.
                                  L'Estrange.
    I can bring certificates that I behave myself sober-
  ly before company.                   Addison.
To Ce'rtify, ser'te-f i. v. a.  [certifier, Fr.]
I. To give certain information  of.
    The English ambassadours returned out of Flan-
  ders from Maximilian, and certified  the king  that
  he was not to hope for any aid from him.   Bacon.
    This is designed to certify those things  that are
  confirmed of God's favour    Hammond's Fundam.
2. It has of before the thing told, after the
  person  told; as, I certified you  of  the
  fact.

CERTIORARI,  ser-she-6-ra'ri.  to.  a.
  [Latin.]  A writ issuing  out  of  the
  chancery,  to call  up  the records  of a
  cause therein depending, that justice
  may be  done; upon  complaint made by
  bill, that the party, who  seeks the said
  writ, hath  received hard  dealing in  the
  said court.                       Cowell.
Ce'rtitude, seVte-tude. to. a.  [certitudo,
  Lat.]  Certainty; freedom  from  doubt;
  infallibility of proof.
    They thought  at first they dream'd: for 'twas of-
        fence
  With them, to question certitude of sense.  Dryden.
    There can be  no majus and minus in the certitude
  we have of things, whether by mathematick demon-
  stration, or any other way of consequence.   Chew.

Ck'rvical,  ser've-kal.   adj.   [cervicalis
  Lat.] Belonging to the neck. 
CE  S
CHA
CH A
    The aorta, bending  a little upwards, sends forth
  the cervical and axillary arteries;  the rest, turning
  down again, forms the descending trunk.   Cheyne.
Ceru'lean,   se-ru'le-an. > adj.  [carule-
Ceru'leous, se-ru'le us. $     us,  Lat.]
   Blue;  sky-coloured.
    It afforded a solution with  now and then a light
  touch of sky colour, but nothing near so high as the
  cerufeeus tincture of silver.                Boyle.
    From thee the saphire solid ether takes
  Its hue cerulean.             Thomson's Summer.
Ceruli'fick, ser-u-lifik. adj. [from ceru-
   leous.] Having the power to produce a
   blue  colour.
    The several species of rays, as the rubifick, ceru-
  hfick, and others, are separated one from another.
                                         Grew.
 CERU'MEJV,se-r\i'men.n. s. [Lat.]  The
   wax or excrement ofthe ear.
Ce'ruse, se-ruse.629 to. s.  [cerussa,  Lat.]
   White lead.
     A preparation  of lead with vinegar, which is of
  a white colour; \vhence many other things, resem-
  bling it in toat particular,  are by chymists called
  ceruse; as the ceruse of antimony, and the like.
                                        Quincy.
Cesa'rean, se-za're-an. adj.  [from Ca-
   aur.]
     The Cesarian section is cutting a child out of the
  womb, either dead or alive, when it cannot other-
  wise be delivered.  Which circumstance, it is said,
  first gave the name of Caesar to the Roman family so
  called.                                Quincy.
CESS, s£s. to. s. [probably corrupted from
   cense; see  Cense; though imagined by
   Junius  to  be  derived  from  saisire to
   seize.]
 1. A levy made upon the inhabitants of a
   place, rated according to their property.
   .  The like cess is also  charged  upon  toe country
   sometimes for victualling the soldiers, when they lie
   in garrison.                           Spenser.
2. The act of laying rates.
 3. [from cesse,  Fr.] It seems to have been
   used by Shakspeare for bounds or limits,
   though it stand for rate, reckoning.
     I pr'y thee, Tom, beat Cutts's  saddle, put a few
   flocks in the point; the poor jade is wrung in the
   withers out of all cess      Shakspeare's Henry IV.
 To  Cess, s£s. v. a.  [from the noun.]  To
   rate; to lay charge on.
     We are to consider how  much land there is in
   all Ulster, that according to the quantity thereof, we
  may cess the said  rent, and allowance issuing there-
   out.                         Spenser on Ireland.
 To  Cess, s£s. v. to. To omit a  legal duty.
   See Cessor.

 Cessa'tion,  ses-sa'shiin.  to. a.  [cessatio,
   Lat.]
 1. A stop; a rest.
     The day was  yearly observed for a festival, by
  cessation from  labour, and by resorting  to church.
                                       Hayward.
     True piety, without cessation tost
   By theories, the practick part is lost.     Denham.
 2. Vacation; suspension.
     There had been a mighty  confusion of things, an
  interruption and perturbation of the ordinary course,
  and a cessation and suspension of the laws of nature.
                      Woodward's Natural History.
    The rising of a parliament is a kind of cessation
  from politicks.              Addison's Freeholder.
3. End of action; the state of  ceasing to
   act.
    The serum, which is mixed with an alkali, being
  poured out to  that which is mixed with an acid,
  raiseth an effervescence; at the cessation  of which.
  the salts, of which the acid was  composed, will be
  regenerated.              Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. A  pause of hostility, without peace.
    When the succours of the poor protestants in Ire-
  land were diverted, I was intreated to get them some
  respite, by a cessation.             King Charles.
CESSA'VIT, ses-sa'vit. to. a.  [Latin.]
    A writ that lies upon this general ground, that the
  person, against whom it is  brought, hath, for two
  years, omitted to perform such service,  or pay such
  rent, as he is obliged by his tenure; and hath not,
  upon his land or tenement, sufficient goods or chat-
  tels to be distrained.                    Coicell.
Cessibi'lity,  ses-se-bil'e-te.  to. s. [from
   cedo, cessum, Latin.] The quality of re-
   ceding, or giving  way,  without resist-
   ance.
    If the subject  strucken be of a proportionate ces-
  sibility,  it seems to dull  and deaden the  stroke;
  whereas, if the thing strucken be hard, the  stroke
  seems to lose no force, but to work  a greater effect.
                              Digby on the Soul.
Ce'ssible,  ses'se-bl.40s  adj.   [from  cedo,
   cessum, Latin.]  Easy to  give  way.
    If the parts of the strucken body  be so easily ces-
  sible, as without difficulty the stroke  can divide them
  then it enters  into such a body, till  it  has spent its
  force.                       Digby on the Soul.
Ce'ssion, sesh'shun. to. a. [cession, Fr. ces-
   sio,  Lat.]
2. Retreat; the act of giving way.
    Sound is not produced without some resistance,
  either in the air or the body percussed; for if there
  be a mere yielding, or cession, it produceth no sound.
                         Bacon's Natural History.
2. Resignation; the  act of yielding  up  or
   quitting to another.
    A parity in  toeir council would make and secure
  the best peace they can with France, by a cession of
  Flanders to that crown, in exchange for other pro-
  vinces.                               Temple.
Cessionary, sesh'she-6-na.-re. adj. [from
   cession.] As, a cessionary bankrupt, one
   who has delivered up all his effects.
                                     Martin.
Ce'ssment, ses'ment. to. s. [from cess.] An
   assessment or tax.                  Diet.
Ce'ssor,  seVsur.98166 to.  s.  [from  cesso,
   Lat.]
    In law, he that ceaseth or  neglecteth so long to
  perform  a duty  belonging to him, as that by  his
  cess, or cessing, he incurreth the danger of law, and
  hath, or may have, the writ cessavit brought against
  him.  Where  it  is said the tenant cesseth, such
  phrase is to be understood as if it were said,  the te-
  nant cesseth to do toat which he ought, or  is bound
   to do by his land or tenement.            Coioell.
 CE'STUS,'s&s't&s. w. s. [Latin.] The gir-
   dle of Venus.
    Venus, without any ornament but her own beau-
   ties, not so much as her own cestus.     Addison.
 Ceta'ceous,  se'ta-shus. adj. [from cete
   whales, Lat.] Of the whale kind.
     Such fishes as have  lungs or respiration are  not
   without the wezzon, as whales and cetaceous ani-
   mals.                  Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
     He hath created variety of these cetaceous fishes,
   which converse chiefly  in the northern seas, whose
   whole body being encompassed round with a copi-
   ous fat or blubber, it is enabled to  abide the great-
   est cold of the sea water.    Ray on the Creation.

 C faut, fate. A note in  the scale of mu-
   sick.
     Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
   A re, to plead Hortensio's passion;
    B mi Bianca, take him for thy lord,
   Cfaut, that loves with all affection.    Shakspeare.

CH  has, in  words purely English, or fully
  naturalized, the sound of tsh; a peculiar
  pronunciation, which it  is  hard  to de-
  scribe in words.  In some words derived
  from  the French, it has the sound of sh,
  as chaise; and, in some derived from the
  Greek, the sound of A:, as cholerick.

Chace, tshase. See Chase.
Chad, shad. to. s. A  sort of fish.
    Of round fish there are brit, sprat, whiting, chad,
  eels, congar, millet.      Careio's Surv. of Cornw.
To CHAFE, tshafe. v.  a. [echauffer, Fr.]
I To warm with rubbing.
    They laid him upon some of their garments, and
  fell to rub and chafe him, till they brought him to re-
  cover both breath, the  servant, and warmth, the
  companion of living.                    Sidney,
    At last, recovering heart, he does begin
  To rub her temples, and to  chafe her skin. Fairy Q.
    Soft, and more soft, at ev'ry touch it grew;
  Like pliant wax, when chafing hands reduce
  The former mass to form, and frame to use.  Dryd.
2. To heat by rage or hurry.
    Have I not heard the sea, puffd  up with winds,
  Rage like an angry boar chafed with sweat? Shaksp,
3. To perfume.
           Lilies more white than snow
  New fall'n from heav'n, with violets mix'd, did grow;
  Whose scent so chaf'd toe neighbour air, that you
  Would surely  swear Arabick spices grew. Suckling.
4. To make angry; to inflame passion.
    Her intercession chaf'd him so,
  When she for  thy repeal was suppliant,
  That to close prison he commanded her. Shakspeare.
    An offer of pardon more chafed the rage of those,
  who were resolved to live or die together.
                              Sir John Hayward.
    For all that he was inwardly chafed with the heat
  of youth and indignation, against his own people as
  well  as the Rhodians, he moderated himself betwixt
  his own rage,  and the offence of his soldiers.
                     Knolles's History of the Turks.
     This chaf'd the boar; his nostrils flames expire,
  And  his red eyeballs  roll with living fire.  Dryden.

 To Chafe, tshafe. v. to.
 1. To rage; to fret; to fume; to rave; to boil.
     Therewith he 'gan full terribly to roar,
  And  chaf'd at that indignity right sore.    Spenser.
     He will not rejoice so much at the abuse of Fal-
  staff, as he will chafe at the doctor's  marrying my
  daughter.                         Shakspeare,
     Be lion mettled, proud, and take no care
  Who chafes, who frets,  or where conspirers are.
                                    Shakspeare.
     How did they fume, and stamp, and roar, and
         chafe.
  And swear!—not Addison himself was safe.   Pope.
 2. To fret against  any thing.
     Once upon  a raw and gusty day,
  The troubled  Tyber chafing with his shores.
                        Shakspeare's Julius Ccesar
              The murmuring surge,
  That on to' unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes,
   Cannot be heard so high.  Shakspeare's King Lear.

 Chafe, tshafe. to.  s. [from   the verb.] A
   heat; a rage; a fury;  a passion; a fume;
   a pet;  a fret; a storm.
     When Sir Thomas More was speaker of the par-
   liament, with his wisdom and eloquence he so cross-
   ed a purpose of cardinal Wolsey's that the cardinal,
   in a chafe, sent for him to Whitehall.     Camden-
     At this the knight grew high in chafe,
   And staring furiously on Ralph,
   He trembled.                        Hudibras.

 Chafe-wax, tshafe'waks.  «. s. An officer
   belonging to the  lord  chancellor, who
   fits the wax for the  sealing of writs.
                                       Harris.

 Cha'fer, tshafe'Ar.98 n. s. [ceapoji, Sax. 
CHA
CHA
CHA
    kever, Dutch.] An insect; a sort of yel-
    low beetle.
 Cha'fery,  tshafe'ftr-re. ra.  *.  A forge in
    an iron mill, where the iron is wrought
    into complete  bars, and brought to per-
    fection.                          Philips.
 CHAFF, tshaf.   to.  *.  [ceap,  Sax.  kaf
    Dutch.]
 1. The husks of corn that are separated by
    threshing and winnowing.
     We shall be winnow'd with so rough a wind,
   That ev'n our corn shall seem as light as chaff,
   And good from bad find no partition.   Shakpeare.
     Pleasure with instruction should be join'd;
   So take the corn, and leave the chaff behind. Dryd.
     He set before him a sack of wheat, as it had been
   just threshed out of the  sheaf; he  then bid him pick
   out toe chaff from among toe corn, and lay it aside
   by itself.                           Spectator.
 2. It is used for any  thing worthless.
 To CHA'FFER, tshaf fur. v. n. [kauffen,
    Germ, to buy.] To treat about a bar-
    gain; to haggle; to bargain.
     Nor rode himself to Paul's, the publick fair,
   To chaffer for preferments with his gold,
   Where bishopricks and sinecures  are sold. Dryden.
     The chaffering with dissenters,  and dodging about
   this or t' other ceremony, is but like opening a few
   wickets, and leaving them a-jar.           Swift.
     In  disputes with chairmen, when your master
   sends you to chaffer with them,  take pity, and tell
   your master that they will not take a farthing less.
                                        Swift.
 To Cha'ffer,  tshaf'filr.  v. a.  [The active
    sense  is obsolete.]
 1. To  buy.
     He chaffer'd chairs in which churchmen were set,
   And breach of laws to privy farm  did let.  Spenser.
 2. To exchange.
     Approaching nigh, he never staid to greet,
   Ne chaffer words, proud courage to provoke.
                                  Fairy Queen.
 Cha'fferer,  tshaffur-rur.  to.  s.  [from
   chaffer] A buyer; bargainer; purchaser.

 Cha'ffern, tshaf'fern. to. s. [from eschauf-
   fer, Fr. to heat.] A vessel for heating
   water.                              Diet.

 Cha'ifery, tshaf fur-e. to.s. [from chaffer]
   Traffick;  the  practice  of  buying  and
   selling.
     The third  is,  merchandize and chaffery; that is,
   buying and selling.       Spenser's State of Ireland.
 Cha'ffinch, tshaf'finsh.  to.  s. [from chaff
   and finch] A bird  so  called,  because it
   delights in chaff, and  is by some much
   admired for its song.           Philips.
    The chaffinch,  and other small  birds, are injuri-
   ous to some fruits.        Mortimer's Husbandly.
 Cha'ffless, tshaf'l£s. adj.  [from  chaff.]
   without chaff.
              The love I bear him,
   Made me to fan you thus; but the gods made you,
   Unlike all others, chaffless. Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
Cha'ffweed, tshaf weed. to.  s. [gnaphali-
   um, Lat.]  An herb, the same with cud-
   weed;  which see.

Cha'ffy, tshaffe. adj. [from chaff.] Like
   chaff; full of chaff; light.
    If the straws be light  and  chaffy, and held at a
  reasonable distance, they will not rise unto the mid-
  dle.                   Brown's Vulgar  Errours
    The most slight and chaffy opinion, if at a great
  remove from the  present age,  contracts a venera-
  tion.                               Glanville.
Cha'fingdish, tsha'fing-dish. to. s. [from
   chafe and  dish.] A vessel to make any
   thing hot in; a portable grate for coals.
    Make proof of the incorporation of silver and tin
  in equal quantities, whether  it will endure the or-
  dinary fire which belongeth to chafingdishes, posnets,
  and such other silver vessels.              Bacon.
Chagrin, sha-green'. to.  s. [chagrine, Fr.]
   Ill  humour; vexation; fretfulness; pee-
   vishness.
    Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin;
  That single act gives half the world the spleen. Pope.
    I grieve with the old, for so many additional in-
  conveniences and chagrins, more than their small re-
  main of life seemed destined to undergo.     Pope.
To Chagri'n, sha-green'. v. a. [chagriner,
   Fr.] To vex; to put out of temper; to
   teaze; to make uneasy.
CHAIN, tshane. n. s. [chaine, Fr.]
1. A  series of links fastened one within an-
   other.
    And  Pharaoh took off his  ring, and put it upon
  Joseph's hand, and put a gold chain about his neck.
                               Genesis, xli. 42.
2. A bond; a manacle; a fetter; something
   with which  prisoners are  bound.
    Still in constraint your suff'ring sex remains,
  Or bound in formal, or in real chains.        Pope.
3. A line of links with which land is mea-
   sured.
    A surveyor may as soon, with his chain,  measure
  out infinite space, as a philosopher, by the  quickest
  flight of mind, reach it; or by thinking, comprehend
  it.                                   Locke.
4. A  series linked together, as of causes or
   thoughts; a  succession; a subordination.
    Those so mistake the  Christian religion, as to
  think it is only a chain of fatal decrees,  to deny all
  liberty of man's choice toward good or evil.
                                   Hammond.
    As there is pleasure in the  right  exercise of any
  faculty, so especially in  that of right  reasoning;
  which is still  the greater, by  how much the conse-
  quences are more clear, and the chains of them more
  long.              Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
To Chain, tshane. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To fasten or bind with a chain.
    They repeal daily any wholesome act established
  against the rich, and provide more piercing statutes
  daily to cftain up and restrain the poor.  Shakspeare.
    The mariners he chained in his own galleys for
  slaves.                               Knolles.
    Or march'd I chain'd behind the hostile car,
  The victor's pastime, and the sport of war!  Prior.
    They, with  joint force oppression  chaining, set
  Imperial justice at the helm.           Thomson.
2. To enslave; to keep  in slavery.
    The monarch was ador'd, the people chain'd.
                                       Prior-.
             This world, 'tis true,
  Was made for Cssar, but for Titus too:
  And which more blest? who chain'd his country, say,
  Or he whose virtue sigh'd to lose a day?     Pope.
3. To keep by a chain.
    The  admiral seeing the mouth of the haven
  chained, and the castles full of ordnance, and strong-
  ly manned, durst not attempt to enter.      Knolles.
4. To unite.
    0 Warwick, I do bend my knee with thine,
  And in this vow do chain my soul with thine. Shak.
Chv'inpump,  tshane'punip.  to.  s.  [from
   chain and pump.] A pump used in large
   English vessels, which is double, so that
   one rises as the other  falls. It  yields  a
   great  quantity of  water,  works  easily.
   and is  easily  mended; but takes up a
   great deal  of  room, and makes  a disa-
   greeable noise.               Chambers.
    It is not long  since the striking ofthe top-mast, a
  wonderful great ease to great ships, both at sea and
  in harbour, hath  been  devised;  together with the
  chainpump, which takes up twice as much water as
  toe ordinary did; and we have lately added toe bon-
  net and drabble.               Raleigh's Essays.

Cha'inshot, tshane'shot. to. s. [from chain
   and shot.] Two  bullets or half bullets,
   fastened together by  a  chain,  which,
   when they fly open, cut away whatever
   is before them.
     In sea fights, oftentimes,  a buttock, toe brawn of
  the thigh, and the calf of the leg, are torn off by
  toe chainshot, and splinters.    Wiseman's "Surgery.
Cha'inwork,  tshane'wurk.   to. s.  [from
   chain and work] Work withopen spaces
   like the links  of a chain.
    Nets of chequerwork, and wreaths of chain work,
  for the chapiters which were upon the tops of toe
  pillars.                               1 Kings.
CHAIR, tshare.6* to.  *. [chair, Fr.]
1. A moveable seat.
    Whether thou choose Cervantes' serious air,
  Or laugh and shake in Rabelais' easy chair,
  Or praise the court, or magnify mankind,
  Or thy griev'd country's copper chains unbind. Pope.
    If a cftair be  defined a seat for a single person,
  with a back belonging to  it, then  a stool is a seat
  for a single person, without a back. Waffs's Logick.
2 A seat of justice, or of authority.
    He makes for England, here to  claim the crown.
  —Is the chair empty? Is the sword unsway'd?
  Is the king dead?        Shakspeare's Richard III.
      If thou be that princely  eagle's bird,
  Show thy descent by gazing  'gainst the sun;
  For chair and dukedom, throne and kingdom, say;
  Either toat's thine, or else thou wert not his.
                                   Shakspeare.
              The honour'd gods
  Keep Rome in safety, and the chairs of justice
  Supply with worthy men.  Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
      Her grace sat down to rest awhile,
  In a rich chair of state.   Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
    The  committe of the Commons appointed Mr.
  Pym to take the chair.               Clarendon.
    In this high temple, on a chair of state,
  The seat of audience, old Latinus sate. Dryd. ALn.
3. A vehicle born by men; a sedan.
    Think what an equipage thou hast in air
  And view with scorn two pages and a chair.  Pope.
Cha'irman, tshare'man.88 to.  s. [from chair
   and man.]
I. The president of an assembly.
    In assemblies generally one person is chosen chair-
  man or moderator,  to keep  the several speakers to
  toe rules of order.                      Waffs.
2. One whose  trade is to carry a chair.
    One elbows him, one justles in the shole;
  A rafter breaks  his head, or chairman's pole. Dryd.
      Troy chairmen bore the wooden steed,
  Pregnant with Greeks, impatient to be freed;
  Those bully Greeks, who, as the moderns do,
  Instead of paying chairmen,  run them through.
                                       Swift.
Chaise, shaze. to. s. [chaise, Fr.] a  car-
   riage of pleasure drawn by one horse.
    Instead of the chariot  he might have  said the
  cftaise of government; for a  cftaise is  driven by the
  person that sits in it.                  Addison.

Chalco'grapher, kal-kog'gra-fnr.353 to.*.
   [%xXKoygx<p<&- of xxXx.®* brass, and ygx-
   (f>u to write  or engrave.]  An engraver
   in brass.

Chalco'graphy,  kal-kog'gra-ft-.   to.  s.
   [xxX%oy^u<plx] Engraving in brass.
Cha'lder,  "j               f  n. s.  A dry
Cha'ldron, Vtshafdrun.417^  English
Cha'udron.J               [  measure of
   coals, consisting  of  thirty-six bushels 
CHA
CHA
CHA
   heaped  up,  according  to  the  sealed
   bushel kept at Guildhall, London. _The
   chaldron should  weigh  two thousand
   pounds.                        Chambers.

Cha'lice, tshal'is.142 «. s.  [calic, Saxon.
   calice, Fr. calix, Lat]
1. A  cup; a bowl.
    When in your motion you are hot,
  And, that he calls for drink, I'll have prepar'd him
  A chalice for the nonce.              Shakspeare.
2. It is  generally used for a cup used  in
   acts of worship.
    All the church at that time did not think emble-
  matical figures unlawful ornaments of cups or cha-
   lices.            .                Stillingfket.
Cha'liceo, tshal'llst.369 adj.  [from  calix,
   Lat.] the cup of a  flower. Having a cell
   or cup: applied by Shakspeare to a flow-
   er, but now obsolete.
    Hark, hark! the lark  at heav'n's gate sings,
       And Phoebus 'gins arise,
    His steeds to water at these springs,
       On chalic'd flowers that lies.      Shakspeare,
CHALK,  tshawk.402 to. *. [cealc, cealcr-
   tan, Sax.  calck^ Welsh.]
     Cftaffc is a white fossile, Usually reckoned a stone,
   but by some ranked among the boles.  It is used in
   medicine as an absorbent, and is celebrated for cur-
   ing the heartburn.                  Chambers.
    He maketh all the stones of the altar as cftaffc
   stones, that are beaten in sunder.          Isaiah,
     Chalk is of two sorts; the hard, dry, strong cftaffc^
   which is best for lime; and a. soft, unctuous chalk,
   which is best for lands, because it easily dissolves
   withxain and frost                 Mortimer.
    With.cftaffc I first describe a circle here,
   Where these ethereal spirits must appear.  Dryden.
 To Chalk, tshawk.  v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To rub with chalk.
    The beastly rabble then came down
   From all the garrets in the town,.
   And stalls and shopboards in vast swarms,
   With new.cftaffc'd bills and rusty arms.  Hudibras.
 2, To manure with chalk.
     Land that is chalked, if it is not well dunged, will
   receive but little benefit from a second chalking.
                                    Mortimer.
 3. To mark or trace out as with chalk.
     Being not propt by ancestry, whose grace
   Chalks successours their way.         Shakspeare.
     His own mind chalked out to him the just propor-
   tions and measures of behaviour to his fellow-crea-
   tures.                                 South.
     With these  helps I  might at least have  chalked
   out a way for others, to amend my errours in a like
   design.                               Dryden.
     The time falls within the compass here chalked out
   by nature, very punctually. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
 Chalk-cutter,   tshawk'klit-tu.r.   to.  s.
    [from chalk and cut.] A  man that digs
    chalk.
     Shells, by the seamen called chalk eggs, are  dug
   up commonly in the chalk-pits, where the chalk-cut-
   ters drive a great trade with them.     Wbocftyard.
 Chalk-pit, tshawk'plt.  to.  a. [from chalk
    and pit.] A pit in which  chalk  is dug.
    See Chalk-cutter.
 Cha'lky,  tshawk'ke. adj. [from chalk]
 1. Consisting of chalk; white with  chalk.
     As far as I could ken the chalky cliffs,
   When from thy shore the tempest beat us back,
   I stood upon the hatches in the storm.  Shakspeare.
     That bellowing beats on Dover's chalky cliff.
                                        Rowe.
 2. Impregnated with chalk.
     Chalky  water towards the top of the earth is  too
   fretting.                               Bacon.
To CHA'LLENGE, tshal'lenje. v.a. [cha-
  lenger, Fr.]
I.  To call another to answer for an offence
  by combat.
    The prince of Wales stept forth before the  king,
  And, nephew, challeng'd you to single fight. Shaks.
2.  To call to a contest.
    Thus form'd for speed, he challenges the wind,
  And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind. Dryden.
    I challenge any man to make any pretence to
  power by  right of fatherhood, either intelligible or
  possible.                              Locke.
   To accuse.
    Many of them be such losels and scatterlings, as
  that they  cannot  easily by any sheriff be gotten,
  when they are challenged for any such fact. Spenser.
    Were the  grac'd person of our Banquo present,
  Whom I may rather challenge for unkindness.
                                  Shakspeare.
4. [In law.] To object to the impartiality
   of any  one.  [See the noun.]
    Though only twelve are sworn, yet twenty-four
  are to be returned, to supply the defects or want of
  appearance of those that are challenged off, or make
  default.                                Hale.
5. To claim as due.
    That divine order, whereby the pre-eminence of
  chiefest acceptation is  by the best things worthily
  challenged.                          Hooker.
    Which of you, shall we say, doth love us most?
  That we our largest bounty may extend
  Where nature doth with merit challenge.   Shaksp.
    And so much duty as my mother shew'd
  To you, preferring you before her father;
  So much I challenge, that I may profess
  Due to the Moor, my lord.           Shakspeare.
    Had you not been their father, these white flakes
  Did challenge pity of them.           Shakspeare.
    So when a tyger sucks the bullock's blood,
  A famish'd lion, issuing from the wood,
  Roars loudly fierce, and challenges the food. Dryden,
      Hast thou yet drawn o'er young Juba?
  That still would recommend thee more to Caesar,
  And challenge better terms.             Addison.
 6. To call any one  to the performance of
   conditions.
     I will now challenge you of your promise, to give
  me certain rules as to the  principles of blazonry.
                          Peacham on Drawing,
 Cha'llenge, tshal'lenje. to. s. [from the
   verb.]
 1. A summons to combat.
                  I never in my life
  Did hear a challenge urg'd more modestly. Shaksp.
 2.  A demand of something as due.
           Taking for his younglings cark,
   Lest greedy eyes  to them  might challenge lay,
   Busy with oker did their shoulders mark.   Sidney.
     There  must be no  challenge  of superiority,  or
  discountenancing of freedom. Collier of Friendship.
 3.  [In law.]  An exception  taken either
   against persons or things; persons, as  in
   assize to  the jurours, or any one or more
   of  them, by  the prisoner at  the bar.
   Challenge made to the jurours, is either
   made to  the array or to the polls:  chal-
   lenge made to the  array,  is when the
   whole number is excepted against,  as
   partially  empannelled:  challenge  to  or
   by the  poll,  is when some one or more
   are  excepted  against,  as  not  indiffer-
   ent: challenge to the jurours is divided
   into challenge principal,  and  challenge
   for  cause: challenge  principal  is that
   which the law allows without cause al-
   leged,   or  farther examination;  as  a
   prisoner  at the  bar, arraigned upon fe-
   lony, may peremptorily challenge to the
  number of twenty, one  after  another,
  of the jury empannelled upon  him, al-
  leging no cause.                 Cowell.
  You are mine enemy,  I make my challerige.
You shall not be my judge.             Shakspeare,
Cha'llenger, tshal'len-jur.   to. #. [from
  challenge.
I. One that  defies  or summons another
  to combat.
    Young  man,  have  you  challenged Charles the
        wrestler?—
  Ne, fair princess; he  is the general challenger.
                                   Shakspeare.
              Death was denounc'd;
  He took the summons, void of fear,
  And unconcernedly cast his eyes around,
  As if to find and dare the griesly challenger.
                                      Dryden.
2. One that claims superiority.
                    Whose worth
  Stood challenger on mount of all the age,
  For her perfections.                 Shakspeare.
3. A claimant; one  that  requires  some-
  thing as of right.
    Earnest challengers there are of trial, by some
  publick disputation.                    Hooker.
Chaly'beate, ka-llb'be-et.91  adj.  [from
  chalyba, Lat. steel.] Impregnated with
  iron or steel; having the qualities of steel.
    The diet ought to  strengthen the solids, allow-
  ing spices and wine, and the use of chalybeate car-
  ters.                      Arbuthnot on Diet.
CHAMA'DE, sha-made. to. a. [French]
  The beat of the  drum which declares;a
  surrender.
     Several French battalions made a shew of resist-
  ance;  but upon our preparing to fill up a little fosse,
  in order to attack them, they beat the chamade, and
  sent us charte blanche.                Addison.
CHA'MBER, tshame'bur, to. s. [cham-
 . bre,  Fr. camera, Lat. siambr, Welsh.]
1.  An  apartment  in  a house;  generally
   used for those appropriated to lodging.
         Bid them come forth, and hear me,
  Or at  their chamber door I'll beat the drum,
  Till it cry, sleep to death.            Shakspeare.
     When we  have mark'd with blood those sleepy
         two,
  Of his own chamber.                 Shakspeare.
     A natural  cave in a rock may have something
  not much unlike to parlours or chambers.  Bentley.
2.  Any retired room.
     The dark caves of death, and chambers  of the
         grave.                          Prior
3.  Any cavity or hollow.
     Petit has,  from an examination of the figure of
  the eye, argued against  the  possibility of a film's
  existence in the posteriour chamber.        Sharp.
4.  A court of justice.
     In the Imperial chamber this vulgar answer is not
  admitted, viz. I do not believe it, as the matter is
  propounded and alleged.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
 5.  The lower part  of a gun  where the
   charge is lodged.
 6.  A species  of great gun.
     Names given them, as cannons, demi-cannons,
   chambers, arquebuse, musket, fyc.
                             Camden's Remains.
 7.  The cavity where the powder is lodged
   in a mine.
 To  Cha'mber, tshame'biir.  v.  to. [from
   the  noun.]
 1.   To be wanton;  to intrigue.
     Let us walk honestly as in the day, not  in rioting
   and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness.
                                      Romans.
 2.   To reside as in the chamber. 
CHA
CHA
CHA
      The best blood chamber'd in his bosom.  Shaksp.
  Cha'mberer, tshame'bilr-ur. to. s. [from
    chamber.]  A  man of intrigue.
      I have not those soft parts of-conversation,
    That chamberers have.              Shakspeare.
  CHA'MBERFELLow,tshame'bur-fel-l6. re. a.
    [from chamber  and fellow.]  One that
    lies in the same chamber.
      It is my fortune  to have a chamberfeUow, with
    whom I agree very well in many sentiments.
                                      Spectator.
  Cha'mberlain,   tshame'bfir-lin.308   re. s.
    [from chamber.]
  1.  Lord great chamberlain  of England is
    the sixth officer of the crown;  a consi-
    derable part of his function is at a co-
    ronation; to  him belongs the provision
    of every thing in the house of lords;  he
    disposes of the sword  of state; under
    him  are the  gentleman  usher  of the
    black  rod,  yeomen  ushers, and  door-
    keepers.  To  this office  the duke of
    Ancaster makes  an hereditary claim.
                                  Chambers.
 2. Lord chamberlain of the household has
    the oversight of all officers belonging
    to the king's chambers, except the pre-
    cinct of the bedchamber.    Chambers.
     Humbly complaining to her deity,
   Got my lord chamberlain his liberty.       Shaksp.
     He  was made  lord steward, that the staff of
   chamberlain might be put into toe hands of his bro-
   ther.                             Clarendon.
     A patriot is a fool in every age,
   Whom all lord chamberlains allow the stage.  Pope.
 3.  A servant  who  has  the  care of the
    chambers.
                    Think'st thou
   That the bleak air, thy boisterous chamberlain,
   Will put thy shirt on warm?         Shakspeare.
     When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains
   We will with wine and wassel convince.    Shaks.
     He serv'd at first ^Emilia's chamberlain.
                               Dryden's Fables.
 4. A receiver of  rents and revenues;  as,
   chamberlain ofthe exchequer, of Ches-
   ter, of the city of London.    Chambers.
 Cha'mberlainship,  tshame'bur-lin-ship.
   to. s.  [from chamberlain.]   The office
   of a chamberlain.
 Cha'mbermaid, tshame'bur-made.  to. s.
   [from  chamber  and maid.]  A  maid
   whose  business is to dress a lady, and
   wait in her chamber.
                  Men will not hiss,
   The chambermaid was named Ciss.     Ben Jonson.
    Some coarse country wench, almost decay'd,
   Trudges to town, and first turns chambermaid. Pope.
    When he doubted whether a  word were intelligi-
   ble or no, he used to consult one of his lady's cftam-
   bermaids.                               Sicift.
    If these nurses ever presume to entertain the girls
   with the common follies  practised by chambermaids
   among us, they are publicly whipped.      Swift.
 To Ch'amblet, kam'l£t. v. a. [from ca-
   melot.   See  Camelot.]   To  vary;  to
   variegate.
    Some have the veins more varied  and chamblet-
  ed; as oak, whereof wainscot is made.
                             Bacon's Nat.  Hist.
Cha'mbrel of a  horse,  kam'ril.   The
   joint or bending  of the  upper  part  of
   the hinder leg.           Farrier*a Diet.
Chame'leon, ka-me-le-un.   to. s. [xxftxt-
XtM.]
     The chameleon has four feet,  and on  each  foot
   three claws.  Its tail is long;  with this,  as well as
   with  its  feet, it fastens itself to toe  branches of
   trees.  Its  tail  is flat, its nose long,  ending in an
   obtuse point; its back is sharp, its skin plaited, and
   jagged like a saw from the neck to the last joint of
   toe tail, and upon its head it  has something like a
   comb; like a fish,  it has no neck.  Some have as-
   serted, that it lives  only upon air; but it has been
   observed to feed on flies, catched with its tongue,
   which  is about  ten inches long, and  three thick;
   made of white flesh, round, but flat at the end; or
   hollow and open,  resembling an elephant's trunk.
   It also shrinks, and grows longer.  This animal is
   said to assume the colour of  those things to which
   it is applied; but our modern ohservers assure us,
   that its natural colour, when  at rest and in toe
   shade, is a bluish grey; though  some  are  yellow,
   and others green, but both of a smaller kind. When
   it is exposed to toe  sun, the grey changes into a
   darker grey, inclining to a dun colour; and its parts,
   which have least of the light upon them, are changed
   into  spots  of different colours.   The grain of its
   skin, when the light doth not shine upon  it, is  like
   cloth mixed with many colours.   Sometimes, when
   it is handled, it seems speckled with dark spots, in-
   clining to green.   If it be put upon a black hat, it
   appears to be of a violet colour;  and sometimes, if
   it be wrapped  up  in  linen, ft is white; but it
   changes colour only in some parts of the body-
                                      Calmet.
     A chameleon is a creature about the bigness of an
   ordinary lizard; his head unproportionably big,  and
   his eyes great; he moveth his head without writhing
   of his  neck, which is inflexible, as a hog doth; his
   back crooked, his skin spotted with little tumours,
   less eminent nearer the belly;  his tail  slender  and
   long; on each foot he hath five fingers, three on toe
   outside, and two on the inside; his tongue of a mar-
   vellous length in  respect of his body, and hollow at
   toe end, which he will launch out to prey upon flies,
   of colour green, and of a dusky yellow,  brighter and
   whiter  towards the belly; yet spotted with blue,
   white, and red.               Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    I can add colours ev'n to the chameleon;
   Change shapes with Proteus, for advantage. Sftafcs.
    One part devours the other, and leaves not so
   much as a mouthful of that popular air, which the
   chameleons gasp after.            Decay of Piety.
    The thin chameleon, fed with air, receives
   The colour ofthe thing to which he cleaves. Dryd.
    As the chameleon, which is known
   To have no  colours of his own,
   But borrows from his neighbour's hue,
   His white or black, his green or blue.       Prior-.

 To Cha'mfer, tsham'fur.  v. a. [chambrer,
   Fr.]  To channel; to make furrows or
   gutters upon a column.
Cha'mfer, tsham'fftr,  } to. a. [from   To
Cha'mfret, tsham'fret, 5    chamfer.]   A
   small furrow or gutter on a column.

CHA'MLET,ka.m'let. n.a.  [See Camelot.]
   Stuff made originally of camel's hair.
    To make a chamlet, draw five  lines, waved over-
   thwart, if your diapering consist of a double line.
                          Peacham on Drawing
Cha'mois,  sha-moe. to. a. [chamois, Fr.]
   An  animal of the goat kind, whose skin
   is made  into soft leather, called among
   us shammy.
    These are the beasts which you shall  eat ;  the
  ox, the sheep, and wild ox, and the chamois.
                                Deuteronomy.
Cha'momile, kam-6-mile.363 to. «.[#£,«,«/-
   twXov.]  An odoriferous plant.
    Cool violets, and orpine growing still,
  Embathed balm, and cheerful galingale,
    Fresh costmary, and breathful chamomile,
  Dull poppy, and drink quick'ning  setuale.
                                     Spenser.
    For though the  chamomile, the more it is trodden
   on toe faster it grows; yet youth, the more it is wast-
   ed, the sooner it wears.               Shakspeare.
     Posset drink with chamomile flowers.
                          Floyer on the Humours.
 To ChaMp,  tshamp.  v. a.  [champayer,
    Fr.]
 I. To  bite with a frequent action  of  the
    teeth.
     Coffee and opium are taken down, tobacco but in
   smoke, and betel is but champed in the mouth with a
   little lime.                            Bacon.
     The fiend reply'd not, overcome with rage;
   But, like a proud steed reign'd, went haughty on,
   Champing his iron curb.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
             At his command
   The steeds caparison'd with purple stand,
   And champ between their teeth the foaming gold.
                                      Dryden.
 2. To devour, with violent action  of  the
   teeth.
    A tobacco pipe happened to break in my mouth, and
   the pieces left such a delicious roughness on my
   tongue, that I champed up the remaining part.
                                     Spectator.
 To Champ, tshamp. v. re. To perform  fre-
   quently the action of biting.
    Muttering and champing, as though his cud had
   troubled him, he gave occasion to Musidorus to come
   near him.                             Sidney.
    They began to repent of that they had done, and
   irefully to champ upon the bit toey had taken into
   their mouths.                          Hooker.
    His jaws did not answer equally to one another;
   but, by his frequent motion and champing with them;
   it was evident they wereneither luxated nor fractured.
                                    Wiseman.
 Cha'mpaign,  tsMm-pane'.  to.  a.  [cam-
   pagne, Fr.]  A flat open country.
    In toe abuses of the customs, meseems, you have
   a fair champaign laid open to you, in which you may
   at large stretch out your discourse.
                       Spenser's State of Ireland.
              Of all these bounds,
   With shadowy forests and with champaigns rich'd,
   We make thee lady.                Shakspeare.
    If two bordering princes have their territory meet-
   ing on an open champaign,  the more  mighty  will
   continually seek occasion to extend his limits unto
   the further borders thereof.             Raleigh,
    Sir John Norris maintained a retreat without dis-
   array, by the space of some miles, part of the way
   champaign, unto the city of Gaunt, with less loss of
   men than toe enemy.                    Bacon.
        From his side two rivers flow'd,
   Th' one winding,  th'  other straight, and left be-
        tween
   Fair champaign, with less rivers interven'd. Milton.
Cha'mpertors, sham'-per-ttirz.re. s.[from
   champerty.   In law.]   Such  as  move
   suits; or cause them to be moved, either
   by  their  own  or others  procurement,
   and  pursue, at their proper   costs, to
   have part of the land in contest, or part
   of the gains.                      Cowell.

Cha'mperty, sham'per-te.  re. a.  [cham-
   part, Fr.  In  law.]   A maintenance of
   any man in his suit,  while depending,
   upon condition to have part of the  thing
   when it is recovered.           Cowell.
Champi'gnon, sham-pin'yiln.  re. a. [cham-
   pignon, Fr.]  A kind of mushroom.
    He viler friends with doubtful mushrooms treats,
  Secure for you, himself champignons eats. Dryden.
    It has the resemblance of a large cftampig-non be-
  fore it is opened,  branching out into a large round
  knob.                             Woodxoard.
CHA'MPION,  tsham'pe-un, to.  *. [cham-
  pion, Fr. camfiio,  low Lat.] 
CHA
CHA
CHA
1.  A man who undertakes a cause  in sin-
   gle combat.
    In many armies, the matter should be  tried by
 duel between two champions.              Bacon.
    For  hot, cold,  moist,  and dry,  four champions
        fierce,
 Strive here for mast'ry, and to battle bring
 Their embryon atoms.     Milton's Paradise Lost.
    0 light of Trojans, and support of Troy,
 Thy father's champion, and thy country's joy !
                                      Dryden.
    At length the adverse admirals appear,
  The two bold champions of each country's right.
                                      Dryden.
2.   A hero ;  a stout warriour; one bold in
   contest.
    A stouter champion never handled sword. Shaksp.
    This  makes you  incapable of conviction; and
   they applaud themselves as zealous champions for
   truth,  when indeed they are contending for errour.
                                       Locke.
3.  In law.
    In our common law, champion is  taken no less for
   him that trieth the combat in his  own ease, than
   for him that fighteth in the case of another. Cowell.
 To Cha'mpion,  tsham'pe-iin. v. a.  [from
   the noun.] To challenge to the combat.
               The seed of Banquo kings!
 '  Rather than so, come, Fate, into the list,
   And champion me to the utterance.    Shakspeare.
CHANCEjtshanse.''8?8 n.s. [chance, Fr.]
 1. Fortune;  the  cause of fortuitous  events.
    As to' unthought accident is guilty
   Of what we wildly do, so we profess
   Ourselves to be the slaves of chance, and flies
   Of every wind that blows.            Shakspeare.
    The only man, of all that chance  could bring
   To meet my arms, was worth the conquering.
                                      Dryden.
    Chance is but  a  mere name, and really nothing
   in itself; a  conception of our minds, and only a
   compendious way of speaking, whereby we would
   express that such effects as are commonly attributed
   to chance, were verily produced by their true and
   proper causes, but without their  design to  produce
   them.                               Bentley.
 2. Fortune;  the act of fortune; what for-
    tune may bring: applied to persons.
    These things are  commonly  not observed, but
   left to take their chance.          Bacon's Essays.
 3. Accident;  casual  occurrence;  fortui-
    tous event.
    To say a thing is chance or casualty, as it relates
   to second causes, is not profaneness, but a great
   truth; as signifying no more,  than that there are
   some events besides the knowledge and power  of
   second agents*                          South.
    The. beauty I beheld has struck me dead;
   Unknowingly she strikes, and kills by chance;
   Poison is in her eyes, and death in ev'ry glance.
                                      Dryden.
    All nature is but art, unknown to  thee;
   All chance direction, which thou canst not see. Pope.
4.  Event; success; luck:  applied to things
    Now we'll together, and the chance of goodness
   Be like our warranted quarrel!        Shakspeare.
5.  Misfortune; unlucky accident.
                 You were us'd
   To say extremity was the trier of spirits,
   That common chances common men could bear.
                                   Shakspeare.
6.  Possibility of any occurrence.
    A chance, but cftance may lead where I may meet
   Some wand'ring spirit of heav'n, by fountain side,
  Or in thick shade retir'd.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Then  your ladyship might have a chance  to
  escape this address.                      Swift.
Chance, tshanse.  adj.  [It is  seldom used
   but in composition.]   Happening by
   chance.
    Now  should they part, malicious tongues would I
        say,
  They met like chance companions on the way.
                                     Dryden.
            I would not take the gift,
  Which, like a  toy, dropt from the hands of for-
        tune,
  Lay for the next chance comer.          Dryden.
To  Chance,  tshanse. v.  to.  [from  the
   noun.]
   To happen; to fall out;  to fortune.
    Think what  a  chance thou  chancest  on; but
        think;----
  Thou hast thy mistress still.          Shakspeare.
    How chance thou art not with the prince thy bro-
  ther?                            Shakspeare.
    Ay, Casca, tell us what hath chanc'd to-day,
  That Cssar looks so sad.            Shakspeare.
    He chanced upon divers of the Turks' victuallers,
  whom he easily took. Knolles's  History of the Turks.
    I chose the safer sea, and chanc'd to find
  A river's mouth impervious to the wind.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
Cha'nceful, tshanse'ful.arf/'.  [chance and
  full.]  Hazardous.   Out of use.
    Myself would offer you  t' accompany
  In this advent'rous chanceful jeopardy.   Spenser.
Chance-medley,  tshanse-med'le.   to. s.
   [from chance and  medley]   In law.
    The  casual slaughter of a man, not altogether
  without the fault of the slayer, when ignorance or
  negligence is joined with the chance; as  if a man
  lop trees by an highway-side, by which many usual-
  ly travel,  and cast down a bough, not giving warn-
  ing to take heed thereof, by which bough one pass-
  ing by is slain: in this  case he  offends, because he
  gave no warning,  that the party might have  taken
  heed to himself.                       Cowell.
    If such an one should have  the ill  hap, at any
  time, to strike a man  dead with a smart saying,  it
  ought, in  all reason and conscience,  to be judged
  but a chance-medley.                    South.
Cha'nceable, tshan'sa-bl.   adj.   [from
chance.]  Accidental.
    The trial thereof was cut off by the  cftanceaofe
  coming thither of the king of Iberia.      Sidney.
CHA'NCEL, tshan'seT re. s. [from  can-
   celli, Lat. lattices, with which the chan-
   cel was enclosed.]  The eastern part of
   the church, in which the altar is placed.
    Whether it be allowable or no, that the minister
  should say service in the chancel.        Hooker.
    The chancel of this church is vaulted with a sin-
  gle stone of  four feet in thickness, and an hundred
  and fourteen in circumference.  Addison on  Italy.
Cha'ncellor, tshan'sel-liir.  to. s.  [can-
   cellarius, Lat. chancellier, Fr.  from  can-
   cellare  literas, vel   scriptum  lined per
   medium ductd damnare; and seemeth of
   itself to be derived d cancellis,  which
   signify all one  with x/yxPu&s a lattice;
   that is, a thing  made  of wood or iron
   bars, laid crossways one over another,
   so that a man  may see through them in
   and out.  It may be thought  that judg-
   ment seats were compassed in with bars,
   to defend the judges and other officers
   from  the  press  of  the   multitude,  and
   yet not to hinder  any man's  view.
   Qucesitis regni tibi cancellarius Angli,
     Primus solliciti mente petendus erit.
 Hie est, qui regni leges cancellat iniquas,
    Et mandata pii  principis &quafacit.
       Verses of Nigel de  Wetekre  to the
          bishop  of Ely,   chancellor  to
          Richard I.
1. The highest judge ofthe law.
    CanceWariws, at the first, signified the registers
  or actuaries in court;  grapharios, scil, qui conscri-
  bendis &r excipiendis judicum actis dant operam.  But
  this name  is greatly advanced, and, not only in
  other kingdoms but in this, is given to him that is
  the chief judge in causes of property; for toe chan-
  cellor hath power to moderate and temper the writ-
  ten law, and subjecteth himself only to the law of
  nature and conscience.                  Coiceff
    Turn out, you rogue! how like a beast you lie!
  Go, buckle to the law.  Is this an hour.
  To stretch your limbs? you'll ne'er be chancellor.
                                 Dryden, juti.
    Ansbdes was a person of the strictest justice  and
  best acquainted with the laws, as well as forms  of
  their government; so that  he was, in  a manner
  chancellor of Athens.                   Swift.
2. Chancellor in the Ecclesiastical Court.
   A bishop's lawyer; a man trained up in
   the civil  and canon law, to direct the
   bishops in matters of judgment, relating
   as well to criminal as to  civil affairs in
   the church.           Ayliffe's Parergon,
3. Chancellor of a  Cathedral.   A  digni-
   tary whose office it is to superintend the
   regular exercise of devotion.
4. Chancellor of the Exchequer. Anofficer
   who sits in that court, and in the exche-
   quer  chamber.   He has  power,  with
   others,  to compound for forfeitures on
   penal statutes, bonds and recognizances
   entered into by the king. He has great
   authority in managing the royal revenue,
   and in matters of first fruits.  The court
   of equity is in the exchequer chamber,
   and is held before  the  lord treasurer,
   chancellor, and  barons, as that of com-
   mon law before  the barons only.
                         Cowell.  Chambers.
5.  Chancellor  of an   University.   The
   principal magistrate,  who  at  Oxford
   holds his office during life, but  at Cam-
   bridge he may  be  elected every three
   years.
6. Chancellor of the Order of the Garter,
   and other military  orders, is an officer
   who  seals  the  commissions and man-
   dates of the chapter and assembly of the
   knights, keeps the register of their de-
   liberations, and delivers their acts under
   the seal  of their order.       Chambers.
Chancellorship, tshan'sel-ltir-ship. n. s.
   The office of chancellor.
    The Sunday after More gave up  his chancellor-
  ship of England, he came himself to his wife's pew,
  and used the usual words of his gentleman-usher,
  Madam, my lord  is gone.               Camden.
Cha'ncery, tshan'sur-e. to. *. [from chan-
   cellor; probably chancellery, then short-
   ened.] The court of equity  and consci-
   ence, moderating the rigour of other
   courts* that are  tied to the letter ofthe
   law;  whereof the lord chancellor  of
   England is the chief judge,  or  the  lord
   keeper ofthe great seal.         Cowell.
    The contumacy and contempt of the party must
  be  signified in the court of chancery, by the bishop's
  letters under the seal  episcopal. Ayliffe's Parergon.
CHANCRE, shank'tir. 418to. * [chancre,
  tV.] An ulcer usually arising from vene-
  real maladies.
    I* is possible he was not well cured, and would
  have relapsed with a chancre.          Wiseman.
Cha'norous,  shank'rus. adj. [from chan- 
CHA
CHA
CHA
   ere.] Having the qualities of a chancre^
   ulcerous.
    You may think I am too strict in giving so many
  internals in the cure of so small an ulcer as a chan-
  cre, or rather a chancrous callus.        Wiseman.

Chandeli'er,  shan-de-leer'. n.  s. [chan-
   delier, Fr.]   A branch for candles.
Cha'noler,  tshand'lur. to. *. [chandelier,
   Fr.]   An  artisan whose trade  it is to
   make candles, or a person who sells
   them.
    The sack toat thou hast drunken me,  would have
  bought me lights as good cheap at toe dearest chand-
  lers in Europe.                        Shaksp.
    But whether black or lighter dyes are worn,
  The chandler's basket, on his shoulder born,
  With tallow spots thy coat.                 Gay.

 CHA'JVFRW,   shan'fren. to. *.  [old Fr.]
   The fore part  of the head of  a  horse,
   which  extends from  under  the ears,
   along the interval between the eyebrows,
   down to his nose.        Farrier's  Diet.
 To CHANGE,  tshanje.74 v. a. [changer,
   Fr. cambia, Lat]
 1. To put one thing in the place of another.
    He that cannot look into his own estate, had need
  choose well whom he employeth, and change them
  often; for new are more timorous, and less subtile.
                                Bacon's Essays.
2.  To quit any thing for the sake of ano-
   ther: with for before the thing taken or
   received.
    Persons  grown op in the belief of any religion,
  cannot change that for another, without applying
  their  understanding duly  to consider and compare
  both.                                  South.
    The French and we still change; but here's the
        curse,
  They change for better, and we change for worse.
                                      Dryden.
3. To give and take reciprocally: with the
   particle  with before the person to  whom
   we give, and from whom we  take.
    To secure thy content, look upon those thousands,
  wifft whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change
  thy fortune and condition.
                    Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
4. To alter ; to make other than it was.
               Thou shalt not see me blush,
  Nor change my countenance for this arrest;
  A heart unspotted is not easily daunted.     Shaksp.
    Whatsoever is brought upon thee, take cheerfully,
  and be patient when thou art changed to a low estate.
                                       -Eccfns.
    For the elements were changed in themselves by
  a kind ofhannony;  like as in a psaltery notes change
  toe name of the tone, and yet are always sounds.
                                     Wisdom.
5. To mend the disposition or mind.
    I would she were in heaven, so she could
  Intreat some pow'r to cftange this currish Jew.
                                       Shaksp.
6. To  discount a large piece  of  money
  into several smaller.
    A shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea,
  or a moidore, when a customer comes for a crown's
  worth of goods.                          Swift.
7. To change a horse, or  to change hand,
  is to turn or bear  the horse's head from
  one hand to the other,  from the left to
  the-right,  or from the right to the left.
                             Farrier's Diet.

To Change, tshanje.  v.  to.
1. To  undergo  change; to suffer  altera-
  tion: as, his fortune may  soon change,
  though he is now so secure.

       VOL. I.
    One Julia, \hat his changing thought forgot,
  Would better fit his chamber.            Shaksp.
2. To change, as the  moon;  to  begin a
   new monthly revolution.
    I am weary of this moon; would he would change.
                                      Shaksp.
Change, tshanje. to. s. [from  the verb.]
I. An alteration ofthe  state of any  thing.
              Since I saw you last,
      There is a change upon you.         Shaksp.
2. A succession of one thing in the place
   of another.
    0 wond'rous changes of a fatal scene,
  Still varying to the last!                Dryden.
    Nothing  can cure this part of ill-breeding,  but
  change and variety of company, and that of persons
  above us.                              Locke.
    Empires  by various turns shall rise and set;
  While toy abandon'd tribes shall only know
  A diff'rent  master, and a change of time.    Prior.
    Hear how Timotheus' various lays surprise,
  And bid alternate passions fall and rise!
  While at each change, the son of Libyan Jove
  Now burns with glory, and then melts with love.
                                        Pope.
3. The time of the moon in which it be-
   gins a new monthly revolution.
    Take seeds or  roots, and set some of them imme-
  diately after the change, and others of the same
  kind immediately after the full.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
4. Novelty; a  state  different  from  the
   former.
                 The hearts
  Of all his people  shall revolt from him,
  And kiss the lips  of unacquainted cftange.  Shaksp.
    Our fathers did, for change, to France repair;
  And toey, for change, will try our English air.
                                      Dryden.
5. [In ringing.] An alteration of the order
   in which a set of bells is sounded.
    Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing,
  and five bells one hundred and twenty.
                     Holder's Elements of Speech.
    Easy it may be to contrive new postures, and ring
  other changes upon toe same bells.        Norris.

6. That which makes a variety; that which
   may be used  for another of the same
   kind.
    I will now put  forth a riddle unto you; if you can
  find it out,  then I will give you thirty sheets,  and
  thirty change of garments.               Judges.
7. Small money, which may be given  for
   larger pieces.
    Wood buys up  our old halfpence, and from thence
  me present want of change arises; but supposing
  not one farthing of change in the nation, five-and-
  twenty thousand  pounds would be sufficient. Swift.
8.  Change for exchange ;  a  place where
   persons  meet to traffick and  transact
   mercantile affairs.
    The bar, the bench, the change, the schools and
  pulpits, are full of quacks, jugglers, and plagiaries.
                                  L'-Esfrang-e.
Cha'ngeable,  tshanje'a-bl.  adj.  [from
   change]
1. Subject to change ;  fickle; inconstant.
    A steady mind will admit steady  methods  and
  counsels;  there  is no measure to  be taken of a
  changeable humour.                L'Estrange.
    As I am  a man, I must be cliangeable; and some-
  times toe gravest  of us all are so, even upon ridicu-
  lous accidents.                        Dryden.
2. Possible to be changed.
    The fibrous or  vascular parts of vegetables seem
  scarce changeable in toe alimentary duct.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Having  the quality  of exhibiting differ-
   ent appearances.
    Now Ae taylor make toy doublet of changeable
  taffeta; for thy mind is a very opal.       Shaksp.
Cha'ngeable ness, tshanje'a-bl-nes.  «. *.
   [from changeable.]
1. Inconstancy;  fickleness.
    At length he  betrothed himself to one worthy to
  be liked, if any worthiness might excuse so unworthy
  a changeableness.                      Sidney.
    There is no temper of mind more unmanly than
  that cliangeableness, with which we are too justly
  branded by all our neighbours.
                          Addison's Freeholder.
2. Susceptibility  of change.
    If how long toey are to continue in  force, be no
  where expressed,  then have  we no light to direct
  our judgment concerning toe changeableness or im-
  mutability of them,  but considering the nature  and
  quality of such laws.                   Hooker.
Cha'ngeably, tshanje'a-ble. adv. [from
   changeable]   Inconstantly
CHA'NGEFUL,tshanje'ful.arf/.[fromcAare£-<r
   and full.]   Full  of change;  inconstant;
   uncertain;  mutable;  subject to varia-
   tion;  fickle.
    Unsound plots, and changeful orders,  are daily
  devised for her good,  yet never effectually prose-
  cuted.                               Spenser.
      Britain, changeful as a child at play.
  Now calls in princes, and now turns away.   Pope
Cha'ngeling,  tshanje'ling. to. s.  [from
   change;  the word  arises  from an odd
   superstitious  opinion,  that  the  fairies
   steal away children, and put others that
   are  ugly and stupid in  their places.]
I. A child taken  or left in the place of
   another.
    And her base elfin breed there for thee left:
  Such men do changelings call, so chang'd  by  faries
        theft.              Spenser's Fairy Q,ueen.
          She, as her attendant, hath
  A lovely boy stol'n from an Indian king;
  She never had so sweet a changeling.      Shak$}>.
2. An idiot; a  fool; a natural.
    Changelings and fools of heav'n, and thence shut
        out,
  Wildly we  roam in discontent about.       Dryden.
    Would any one be a changeling, because he is
  less determined by wise considerations than a wise
  man?                                 Locfce.
3. One apt to  change;  a waverer.
    Of fickle changelings and poor discontents,
  That gape and rub the elbow at the news
  Of hurly-burly innovation.               Shaksp.
                   'Twas not long
  Before from world to world they swung;
  As they had turn'd from side to side,
  And as they changelings liv'd, they died. Hudibras.
4. Any thing changed  and put in the place
   of  another:  in  ludicrous speech.
    I folded the writ up in the form of the other,
  Subscrib'd it, gave  the impression, plac'd it safely,
  The changeling never known.         Shakspeare.
Cha'nger, tshane'jur. to. .9. [from change.]
  One that is employed in changing or dis-
   counting money;  money-changer.
CHA'NNEL, tshan'nel.99 to. s.  [canal, Fr.
   canalis, Lat.]
1. The hollow bed of running waters.
    It is not so easy,  now toat things are grown  into
  an habit, and have  toeir certain course, to change
  the channel, and turn their streams another way.
                       Spenser's State of Ireland.
    Draw them to Tyber's bank, and weep your tears
  Into the cftannel, till the lowest stream
  Do kiss the most exalted shores of all.     Shaksp.
    So th' injur'd sea, which from her wonted course,
  To gain some acres, avarice did force;
  If the new  banks, neglected once, decay,
  No longer will from her old channel stay.  Waller 
CHA
CHA
CHA
    Had not the said strata  been dislocated, some of
  them elevated,  and others depressed, there would
  have been no cavity or channel to give reception to
  the water of the sea.                 Woodward.
    The tops of mountains and hills will be continu-
  ally washed down by the rains, and the channels of
  rivers abraded by the streams.            Bentley.
2. Any cavity drawn longwise.
    Complaint and hot desires, the lover's hell,
  And scalding tears, that wore a channel where they
           fell.                  Dryden's Fables.
3. A strait or narrow sea,  between  two
   countries:  as the British  Channel,  be-
   tween Britain and France;  St. George's
   Channel, between Britain and Ireland.
4.  A gutter or furrow of a pillar.
 To Cha'nnel, tshan'nel.  u.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]   To cut any thing in channels.
     No more shall trenching war channel her fields,
   Nor bruise her flowrets with the armed hoofs
   Of hostile paces.                       Shaksp.
     The body of this column is perpetually channelled,
   like a thick plaited gown.    Wotton's Architecture.
     Torrents, and loud impetuous cataracts,
   Roll down the lofty mountain's channell'd sides,
   And to the  vale convey their foaming tides.
                                    J?facfcmore.
 To CHANT, tshant.™ v, a.[chanter,  Fr.]
 I. To sing.
     Wherein the chearful birds of sundry kind
   Do cftanf sweet musick.            Fairy Queen.
 2. To  celebrate  by song.
      The poets chant it' in the theatres, the shepherds
   in the mountains.                     Bramhall.
 3. To  sing in the cathedral  service.
  To Chant,  tshant.78  v.  to.   To  sing;   to
    make melody  with the voice.
      They cftanf to the sound ofthe viol, and invent to
   themselves instruments of musick.     Amos,\i. 7.
      Heav'n heard his song, and hasten'd his relief;
   And chang'd to snowy plumes his hoary hair,
   And wing'd his flight, to cftanf aloft in air.   Dryd.
  Chant, tshant. n.a. [from the verb.] Song;
    melody.
                     A pleasant grove,
    With chant of tuneful birds resounding loud.  Milt.
  Cha'nter, tshan'tiir. to. a. [from chant.]
     A  singer;  a  songster.
      You curious chanters of the wood,
    That warble forth dame Nature's lays.    Wotton.
      Jove's ethereal  lays, resistless fire,
    The clutnter's soul and raptur'd song inspire,
    Instinct divine ! nor blame severe his choice,
    Warbling toe Grecian woes with harp and voice.
                                          Pope.

  Cha'nticleer, tshan'te-kleer. to. a. [from
     chanter and clair, Fr.] The name  given
     to the  cock,  from the  clearness  and
     loudness of his crow.
      And chearful chanticleer, with his note shrill,
    Had warned once, that Phoebus' fiery car
    In haste was climbing up the eastern hill. Spenser.
                 Hark, hark, I hear
    The  strain of strutting chanticleer.        Shaksp.
      Stay, the chearful chanticleer
    Tells you that the time is near.       Ben Jonson.
      These verses were mentioned by Chaucer, in the
    description  of the  sudden stir, and panical fear,
    when  Chanticleer the  cock was carried away by
    Reynard the fox.              Camden's Remains.
      Within this homestead liv'd without  a peer,
    For crowing loud, the noble chanticleer.
                                  Dryden's Fables.

   Cha'ntress, tshan'tres. to. a. [from chant]
     A woman singer.
       Sweet bird, that shunn'st the noise of folly,
    Most musical, most melancholy!
    Thee, chantress of toe woods among,
    I woo to hear thy even-song.
Milton.
Cha'ntry, tshan'tre. ». *. [from chant]
    Chantry is  a church  or chapel endowed with
  lands, or other yearly revenue, for the maintainance
  of one or  more priests, daily  to sing mass for the
  souls of the donors, and such others as toey appoint.
                                       Cowell.
    Now go with me, and with this holy man,
  Into the chantry by;
  And, underneath that consecrated roof,
  Plight me the full assurance of thy faith.    Shak.
CHA'OS, ka'os.3" n. a. [chaos,Lat. x«®-]
    The mass of matter supposed to be in
   confusion  before it was divided by  the
   creation into its proper classes and ele-
   ments.
    The whole universe would have been  a confused
  chaos, without beauty or order.           Bentley.
    Confusion; irregular mixture.
    Had I followed the worst, I could not have brought
  church and state to such a chaos  of confusion, as
  some have done.                    K. Charles,
    Their reason sleeps, but mimick fancy wakes,
  Supplies her parts, and wild ideas takes
  From words and things, ill sorted, and misjoin'd;
  The anarchy of thought, and cftaos ofthe mind.
                                      Dryden.
 3.  Any thing where  the parts are undis-
   tinguished.
     We shall have nothing but darkness and a chaos
   within, whatever order and light there be in things
   without us.                            Locke
     Pleas'd with a work, where nothing's just or fit,
   One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit.     Pope.
 Chao'tick, ka-6t'tik.  adj. [from chaos.]
    Resembling chaos; confused
     When the terraqueous globe was  in a chaotick
   state, and the earthly particles subsided, then  those
   several beds were, in all probability, reposited in the
   earth.                               Derham.
  To CHAP, tshop.  v.  a. [kappen, Dutch,
    to cut. This word seems originally the
    same with   chop;  nor  were   they  pro-
    bably  distinguished at  first,  otherwise
    than by accident; but they have now  a
    meaning  something different, though
    referable to  the same  original sense.]
    To break into hiatus, or gapings.
      It weakened more and more the arch of the earth,
    drying it immoderately, and chapping it in sundry
    places.                               Burnet
      Then would unbalanc'd heat licentious reign,
    Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain.
                                     Blackmore.
  Chap,  tshop.  to. *. [from the verb.]   A
    cleft; an aperture;  an opening; a  gap-
    ing;  a chink.
      What moisture the heat of the summer sucks out
    ofthe earth, it is repaid in the rains^ of the next win-
    ter; and what chaps  are  made in it, are filled  up
    again.                       Burnet's Theory.
  Chap, tshop. to. s.  [This is not often used.]
    except by anatomists, in the singular.]
    The upper or under  part of a  beast's
    mouth.
      Froth fills his cftaps, he sends a grunting sound.
    And part he churns, and part befoams the ground.
                                        Dryden.
      The nether chap in the male skeleton is half an
    inch broader than in the female. Grew's Musceum.
  CHAPE, tshape. n.s. [chappe, Fr.]
   I. The catch of any  thing by  which it is
     held in its place;  as the hook of a  scab-
     bard by  which it  sticks in the belt; the
     point by which a buckle is held to the
     back strap.
       This is Monsieur Parolles, that had the whole
    theory of the war in the knot of his scarf, and the
    practice in the chape of his dagger.        Shaksp.
    A brass or. silver  tip  or  case,  that
  strengthens  the end of the scabbard  of
  a sword.     Phillips's  World of Words.
CHA'PEL,tshap'el.  to. *. [cupella, Lat.]
    A cftapef is of two  sorts; either adjoining to  a
  church, as a parcel ofthe same, which men of worth
  build; or else separate from the  mother  church,
  where the parish is wide, and is commonly called a
  cftapef of ease, because it is built for the ease of one
  or more parishioners, toat  dwell  too far from the
  church, and is served by some inferiour curate, pro-
  vided for at the charge of the rector, or of  such as
  have benefit by it, as the composition or custom is.
                                       Cowell.
    She went in among those few trees, so closed in
  the tops together, as they might seem a little chapel.
                                       Sidney.
    Will you dispatch us here under this tree, or shall
  we go with  you to your chapel?           Shaks.
    Where truth erecteth her church, he helps errour
  to rear up a cftapef hard by.              Howell.
    A cftapef will I build with large endowment.
                                       Dryden.
    A free cftapef is such as is founded by toe king of
,  England.                    Ayliffe's  Parergon.
Cha'peless, tshape'les. adj.  [from chape.]
   Wanting a  chape.
    An old  rusty sword,  with a broken hilt, and
  chapeless, with two broken points.         Shaksp.
Chape'llany,   tshap'pei-l£n-ne.   «.   s.
   [from chapel.]
    A chapellany is usually said to be that which does
  not subsist of itself, but is built and founded within
  some other church, and  is dependent thereon.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
Cha'pelry, tshap'pel-re. to. s. [from cha-
   pel.]  The jurisdiction or bounds  of a
   chapel.
 CHA'PERON, shap'ron.  n.a.[French.]
    A  kind  of hood  or cap  worn  by the
    knights of the garter in their habits.
     I will omit the honourable habiliments,  as robes
   of  state, parliament  robes, chaperons, and caps of
   state.                                Camden,
 Cha'pfaln, tshop'faln.  adj.  [from  chap
    and/afro.]   Having the mouth shrunk.
     A chapfaln beaver loosely hanging by
   The cloven helm.                      Dryden
 Cha'piter, tshap'-e-tur. to. s. [chapiteau,
    Fr.]   The upper part or capital of a
    pillar.
      He overlaid toeir  chapiters and their fillets with
    gold.                                Exodus.
 Cha'plain, tshap-lln.208 to. s. [capellanus,
    Lat]
  I. He that performs divine service in a chap-
    el, and  attends the king, or other  person,
    for the  instruction of him and his family,
    to read prayers, and preach.     Cowell.
                Wishing me to permit
    John de la Court, my chaplain, a choice hour,
    To hear from him a matter of some moment. Shak.
      Chaplain, away!  toy priesthood saves thy life.
                                         Shaksp.

     One that officiates in domestic worship.
      A chief governor can never fail of some worthless
    illiterate chaplain, fond of a title and precedence.
                                          Swift.
  Cha'plainship, tshap'lln-ship. to. *.  [from
     chaplain.]
  I. The office or business of a chaplain.
  2. The possession or revenue of a chapel.
  Cha'pless,  tsh6p'les. adj. [from chap.]
     Without any flesh about the  mouth.
      Now chapless, and knocked  about the mazzard
    with a sexton's spade.                   Shaksp, 
CHA
CHA
CHA
    Shut me nightly in a charnel-house,
  With reeky shanks and yellow chapless bones.
                                     Shaksp.
Cha'plet, tshap'let. to. s.  [chapelet, Fr.]
1. A garland or wreath  to be worn about
  the head.
    Upon old Hyems' chin, and icy crown,
  An od'rous chaplet of sweet summer's buds,
  Is, as in mockery, set.                   Shaksp
            I strangely long to  know,
  Whether they nobler chaplets wear,
  Those that their mistress' scorn did bear,
  Or those that were us'd kindly.         Suckling.
                All the quire was grac'd,
  With chaplets green, upon their foreheads plac'd.
                                     Dryden.
    The winding ivy cftapfef to invade,
  And folded fern, toat your fair forehead shade.
                                     Dryden.
    They made an humble chaplet for toe king.
                                       Swift.
2.  A string of beads used in the Romish
  church for keeping an account of  the
  number rehearsed  of paternosters  and
  avemarias.   A different sort of chaplets
  is  also used by the  Mahometans.
3.  [In architecture.]  A  little  moulding
  carved into  round  beads,  pearls,   or
   olives.
4. [In horsemanship.] A couple of stirrup
   leathers, mounted each of them with a
   stirrup, and  joining at  top in  a  sort of
  leather buckle, which is called the head
  of the chaplet, by which they are fasten-
  ed to the pummel of a saddle, after they
  have  been  adjusted to  the length  and
  bearing of the rider .    Farrier's Diet.
5. A tuft of feathers on the peacock's head.
Cha'pman,  tshap'man.88 to.  s. [ceapman.
  Sax.]   A cheapner ; one that offers as
  a purchaser.
    Fair Diomede, you  do as chapmen do,
  Dispraise the thing that you intend to buy.   Shak.
    Yet have they seen the maps, and bought 'em too,
  And understand 'em as most chapmen do.
                                  Ben Jonson.
    There was a collection of certain rare manuscripts,
  exquisitely written  in Arabick ;  these  were  upon
  sale to toe Jesuits at Antwerp,  liquorish chapmen of
  such wares.                           Wotton.
    He dressed two, and carried them to  Samos, as
  the likeliest place for a chapman.      L'Estrange.
                Their chapmen they betray,
  Their shops are dens, the buyer is their prey.
                                     Dryden,
Chaps,  tshops. to. *.  [from  chap]
1. The mouth of a  beast of prey.
                So on toe downs we  see
  A hasten'd hare from  greedy greyhound go,
  And past all hope, his chaps to frustrate so.  Sidney.
    Open your mouth;  you cannot tell who's  your
  friend;  open your chaps again.           Shaksp.
    Their whelps at home expect toe promis'd  food,
  And long to temper their dry chaps in blood.
                                      Dryden
2. It  is used in contempt for the mouth of
  a man.
■HAfr»    I  tshP6t.
ha'pped, )
                           particip.  pass.
                         _ [of To chap.]
    Like a table upon which you may run your finger
  without rubs, and your nail cannot find a joint; not
  horrid, rough, wrinkled, gaping, or chapt.
                                   Ben Jonson.
                Cooling ointment made,
  Which on their sun-burnt cheeks and their cftapf
        skins they laid.          Dryden's Fables.
C.ha'pter, tshap'-tur. to.  a.   [chapitre, Fr.
   from capitulum,  Lat.
1. A division of a book.
    The first  book we  divide into three sections;
 whereof the first is these three chapters.
                              Burnet's  Theory,
    If these mighty men at chapter and verse, can
 produce then no scripture to overthrow our church
 ceremonies,  I will undertake to produce scripture
 enough to warrant them                South.
    From   this   comes  the   proverbial
  phrase,  to  the end  of  the  chapter;
  throughout; to  the end.
    Money does all things ; for it gives and it  takes
 away, it makes honest men and knaves, fools and
 philosophers ; and so forward, mutatis mutandis to
 the end of the chapter                L'Estrange.
3.  Chapter, from  capitulum,  signifieth, in
  our common  law,  as in the canon  law,
  whence it is borrowed,  an assembly of
  the clergy of a cathedral  or  collegiate
  church.         ,                Cowell.
    The abbot takes the advice and consent of his
  chapter, before he enters on any matters of impor-
  tance.                        Addison on  Italy.
4.   The place where delinquents receive
  discipline and correction.  Ayliffe's Par.
5. A decretal epistle.  Ayliffe's P&rergon.
6. Chapter-house;  the place in which as-
  semblies of the clergy are held.
    Though toe canonical constitution  does strictly
  require it to be made in the cathedral, yet it mat-
  ters not  where it be made,  either in the choir or
  chapter-house.                 Ayliffe's Par erg.
Cha'ptrel,  tshap'-trel. to.  s.   [probably
   from chapiter.]   The capitals of pillars,
   or pilasters, which support arches, com-
   monly called imposts.
    Let toe  keystone  break without  toe  arch, so
  much as  you project over toe jaums with the  chap-
  trels.                                Moxon.
Char, tshar. n.s. [of uncertain derivation.]
   A fish found only in  Winander  meer,
   in Lancashire.

To Char,   tshar.  v. a.  [See Charcoal.]
  To burn  wood to a black cinder.
  Spraywood,  in charring, parts into various cracks.
                                   Woodward.
Char, tshare. to. s.  [cynne work,  Sax.
  Lye.   It is derived  by Skinner, either
  from charge, Fr. business ; or carte, Sax.
  care;  or  keeren, Dutch,  to  sweep.]
   Work done by the day;  a single job or
  task.
    A meer woman, and commanded
  By such  poor passion, as the maid that milks,
  And does the meanest chars.             Shaksp.
    She, harvest done, to cftar work did aspire;
  Meat, drink, and twopence, were her daily hire.
                                     Dryden.
To Char,  tshare. v. to.  [from the noun.]
   To  work at others'  houses  by the day,
   without  being a hired servant.
Cha'r-woman,   tshare'-wum-un.  to.   s.
   [from  char and woman]   A woman hi-
   red accidentally for odd work, or single
   days.
     Get three or four char^women to attend you con-
  stantly in the kitchen, whom you pay only with the
  broken meat, a few coals, and all the cinders.  Swift.
CHA'RACTER, kar'-ak-tur.363TO.^.[cha-
  racter. Lat. xxgxKTqg.]
1. A mark;  a stamp; a representation.
    In outward also her resembling less
  His image, who made both;  and less expressing
  The character of that dominion giv'n
  O'er other creatures.               ParadiseLost.
                   pp2
2. A letter used in writing or printing
        But his neat cookery!-------
  He cut our roots in characters            Shaksp.
    The purpose is perspicuous, even as substance
  Whose grossness little characters sum up.   Shak.
    It  were  much  to be wished, that there were
  throughout  the world but one sort of character for
  each letter, to express it to the eye;  and that exact-
  ly proportioned to toe  natural  alphabet formed iu
  the mouth.          Holder's Elements of Speech.
3. The hand or manner of writing.
    I found toe  letter thrown in at  the casement of
  my closet.—You  know the character to be your
  brother's.                             Shaltsp.
4. A representation of any man as to his
  personal qualities.
    Each drew fair characters, yet none
  Of these they feign'd excels their own.    Denham
   Homer has excelled all the heroick poets toat ever
  wrote, in the multitude and variety of his characters;
  every god that is admitted into his poem,  acts a part
  which would have been suitable to no other deity.
                                     Addison.
5. An account of any thing  as good or bad.
    This subterraneous passage is much mended since
  Seneca gave so bad a character of it  Add. on Italy.
6. The person with his assemblage of qua-
  lities; a personage.
    In a tragedy, or epick poem, the hero ofthe piece
  must be advanced foremost to the view of the reader
  or spectator; he must outshine the rest of all toecfto-
  racters; he must appear the prince of them, like the
  sun in the  Copernican  system,  encompassed with
  the less noble planets.                  Dryden.
7. Personal qualities; particular constitu-
  tion of the mind.
    Nothing so true as what you once let fall,
  Most women have no cltaracters  at all.      Pope.
8. Adventitious qualities impressed by  a
  post or office.
    The chief honour of the magistrate consists in
  maintaining the dignity of his character by suitable
  actions.                            Atterbury
To Cha'racter,  kar'-ak-tiir. v. a.  [from
   the  noun.]  To  inscribe;  to  engrave.  It
   seems to have  had  the accent formerly
   on the second syllable.
    These few precepts in thy memoi-y
  See thou character.                     Shaksp.
    Shew me one scar charactcr'd on thy skin. Shak.
    O Rosalind! these trees shall  be my books,
  And in their barks my thoughts I'll character. Shak.
                The pleasing poison
  The visage quite transforms of him that drinks,
  And the inglorious likeness of a beast
  Fixes instead, unmoulding reason's mintage,
  Character'd in toe face.                 Milton.

Charaoteri'stical,  kar-ak-te-ris'-te-kal.
   adj.  [from characterize]   That which
   constitutes the character,  or marks the
   peculiar properties, of any person or
   thing.
    There are several others that I take to have been
  likewise such, to which yet I have not ventured to pre-
  fix toat characteristick distinction.
                           Woodward on Fossils.
     The shining quality of an epick hero, his magna-
  nimity, his constancy, his patience, his piety,  or
  whatever cftaracferisficat virtue his poet gives him,
  raises our admiration.                  Drydtn.
Characteristic alness,   kar-ak-te-ris'-
   te-kal-nes. to. s. [from characterutical]
   The quality of being peculiar to a cha-
   racter; marking a character.
Characteristick, kar-ak-te-ris'-tlk.809TO.
   s. That  which constitutes the character;
   that  whicn distinguishes  any  thing  or
   person from others. 
                    CHA

      This vast invention exerts itself in Homer  in a
    manner superiour to that of any poet; it s toe J-eat

    froiTXert^^" ^ di Wuishefhim

  Characteri'stick of a Logarithm, k?r-
    *k-te-ns'-tik. The same with the index
    or exponent.

  To'Characterize, kaV-ak-te-rize.  v. a.
    [from character.]
  1- To give a character or an  account of
    the personal qualities of any  man.
      It is  some commendation, that we  have avoided
    publickiy to characterize any person without long ex-
    perience.                               Swiff
  *■ 1 o engrave, or imprint
      They may be called anticipations, prenotions, or
    sentiments  characterized and engraven in the soul
    born with it, and growing up with it.
    _                   Hale's Origin of Mankind.
  3. 1 o mark with a particular stamp  or to-
    ken.
      There are faces not only individual, but gentili-
    tious and national; European,  Asiatick, Chinese,
    African, and Giecian faces are characterized.
  „   .                         Arbuthnot on Air.
  tuH\ RActerless, kar'ak-tiir-l£s.atf/. [from
    character.]   Without a character.
      When water-drops have worn the stones of Troy,
    And blind oblivion swallow'd cities up,
    And mighty states characterless  are grated
    To dusty nothing.                   Shakspeare.
  Cha'ractery, kar'ak-tur-re. to. s.  [from
    character.] impression;  mark;  distinc-
    tion:  accented anciently on the second
    syllable.
     Fairies use flowers for their characlery. Shaksp.
     All my engagements I will construe  to thee,
   All the characlery of my sad brews.       Shaksp.
  Cha'rooal, tshar'kole.  to. *. [imagined by
    Skinner to be  derived from char  busi-
    ness; but, by  Mr.  Lye,   from  To chark,
    to burn.]  Coal made by burning wood
    under  turf.   It is  used  in  preparing
    metals.
     Seacoal lasts longer than charcoal; and charcoal
   of roots, being coaled into great pieces, lasts longer
   than ordinary charcoal         Bacon's Nat. Hist.
     Love is a fire which burns and sparkles
   In men as nat'rally r.s in charcoals,
   Which sooty chymists stop in holes,
   When out of wood they extract coals.    Hudibras.
     Is  there who, Ipck'd from ink  and paper, scrawls
   With desp'rate diarcoal round his darken'd walls?
                                          Pope.
 Chard, tshard. to. a. [charde, French.]
 1.  Chards of artichokes, are the  leaves  of
    fair artichoke plants, tied  and wrapped
    up all over but the  top, in straw, during
   the autumn and winter; this makes them
   grow white, and lose  some of their bit-
   terness.                       Chambers,
 3.  Chards of beet, are plants of white  beet
   transplanted,  producing  great  tops,
   which, in the midst, have a large, white,
   thick,   downy;  and  cotton-like main
   shoot, which is the true chard.
                                   Mortimer.
To CHARGE, tsharje. v. a. [charger, Fr.]
  caricare, Ital. from currus,  Lat.]
1. To  entrust; to  commission  for a cer-
  tain purpose; it has with before the thing
  entrusted.
    And the captain of the guard charged Joseph with
  them, and he  served them.               Genesis.
    What you have charged me with, that I have done
                                       Shaksp.
                    CHA

  2.  To impute as  a debt: with on before
    the debtor.
      My father's, mother's, brother's death I pardon:
   That's somewhat sure; a mighty sum of murder,
   Of innocent and kindred blood struck off:
   My prayers and penance shall discount for these,
   And beg of Heav'n to charge the bill on me.
     -    .                               Dryden.
   .  To  impute: with on before the person
    to whom any thing is imputed.
     No  more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime
   On native sloth, and negligence of time.   Dryden.
     It is easy to account for toe difficulties he cftarges
   on the peripatetick doctrine.              Locke.
     It is not barely toe ploughman's pains; the reap-
   er's and thresher's toil, and the baker's sweat, is to
   be counted into the bread we eat;  the plough, mill,
   oven, or any other utensils, must  all be charged on
   the account of labour.                    Locke.
     Perverse mankind! whose wills, created free,
   Charge all their woes on absolute decree;
   All to  the dooming gods their guilt translate,
   And follies are miscall'd the crimes of fate.   Pope.
     We charge toat ttpon necessity, which was really
   desired and chosen.               Waffs's Logick.
    To impute to, as  cost  or hazard.
     He was so great an encourager of commerce, that
   he charged himself with all toe sea risk of such ves-
   sels as carried corn to Rome in winter.
                             Arbuthnot on Coins,
 5. To impose  as a task; it  has with before
   the thing imposed.
     The gospel chargeth  us with piety towards God,
   and justice and charity to men, and temperance and
   chastity in reference to ourselves.        Tillotson.
 6. To accuse;  to  censure.
     Speaking thus to you, I am so far from charging
   you as guilty in this matter, that I can sincerely say,
   I believe the exhortation wholly needless.
                    Wake's Preparation for Death.
  . To accuse:  it  has  with  before  the
   crime.
    And his angels he cftarged with folly.       Job*
  . To chal.tnge.
    The priest shall charge her by an oath. Numbers,
    Thou canst not, cardinal, devise a name
   So slight, unworthy, and ridiculous,
  To charge me to  an answer as the pope.    Shaksp,
  . To command;  to enjoin.
    I may not suffer you to visit them;
  The king hath strictjy cftarg-'d the contrary.  Shak
    Why dost thou turn thy face?  I charge thee
          answer
  To what I shall enquire.                Dryden.
                 I charge thee, stand,
  And tell thy name, ajid business in toe land. Dryd.
10. To fall upon;  to attack.
    With his prepared sword he charges home
  My unprovided body, lanc'd my arm.   Shakspeare
    The Grecians rally, and toeir powers  unite;
  With fury charge us, and renew the fight.    Dryd.
11. To burden; to load.
CHA
  Here  is toe smell of blood still; all the perfumes
  of Arabia  will not sweeten this little hand.  Oh'
  oh! oh!----What a sigh is there! toe heart is sore-
  ly cftarg-ed.                            Shaksp.
    When often urg'd, unwilling to be great,
  Your country calls you from your lov'd retreat,
  And sends to senates, cftarg-'d with common care,
  Which none more shuns, and none can better bear.
    »T  *    ..    ,  ,                   Dryden,
    Meat swallowed  down for pleasure and  greedi-
  ness, only cftarg-es the stomach, or fumes into the

    A fault in the ordinary method of education, is
  the charging of children's memories with rules and
  PrecePts-                               Locke
    The brief with weighty crimes was cftars-'d
  On which the pleader much enlarg'd.    '  Swift.

12.  To  cover with something adventitious.
    It is pity the obelisks in Rome had not been
    charged with several parts ofthe Egyptian histories
    instead of hieroglyphicks.        Addison on Italy.
  13.  To fix, as for fight.   Obsolete.
      He rode up and  down,  gallantly  mounted, and
    charged and discharged his lance.
                        Knolles's Hist, ofthe Turks.
  14.  lo load a gun  with  powder and bul-
    lets.

  To Charge, tsarje. v. to.   To  make an
    onset.
      Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron
    and seems to despise all  ornament  but intrinsick
    merit                              Granville.
  Charge, tsarje. to. s. [from the verb.]
  1.  Care;  custody; trust to defend.
      A hard division, when toe harmless sheep
    Must leave their lambs to hungry wolves in charge.
      ¥T      .   r                        Fairfax.
      He enquired many things, as well concerning the
    princes which had the charge  of the  city, whether
    toey were in hope to defend the same.
                     Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
  2.  Precept; mandate; command.
      Saul might even lawfully have offered to God
   those reserved spoils, had not the Lord, in that par-
   ticular case, given special charge to the contrary.
      i. •   * i.     , .                    Hooker.
      It is not for nothing, that St. Paul  giveth charge
   to beware of philosophy; that is to say, such know-
   ledge as men by natural reason attain  unto. Hooker
      One ofthe Turks laid down  letters  upon a stone
   saying, that in them was contained that they had in
   charSe-                               Knolles.
     The leaders having charge from you to stand,
   Will not go off until they hear you speak.   Shak.
                 He, who requires
   From us no other service than to keep
   This one, this easy charge; of all the trees
   In  Paradise, that bear delicious fruit
   So various, not to taste that only tree
   Of knowledge, planted by the tree of life.  Milton.
 3.  Commission;  trust conferred; office.
     If large possessions, pompous titles, honourable
  charges, and profitable commissions, could have made
  this proud man happy, there would have been noth-
  ingwanting                        L'£sfran£e.
     Go first the master of thy herds to find,
  True to his cftar^e, a loyal swain and kind.   Pope.
 4.  It had anciently sometimes over before
   the thing committed to trust.
     I gave my brother charge over Jerusalem; for he
  was a faithful man, and feared  God above many.
 c t* u    x- l r     .               Nehemiah.
 5. It has of before the subject of command
   or trust
          Hast thou eaten of the tree,
   Whereof \ gave thee charge thou should'st not eat?
                                       Milton.
 6. It has upon before  the person charged.
    He loves God with all his heart, that is, with that
  degree of love, which is the highest  point of our
  duty, and of  God's cftarge upon us.       Taylor.
 7. Accusation; imputation.
    We need not lay new matter  to his. cftarg-e:
  Beating your officers, cursing yourselves.   Shaksp.
    1 nese very men  are continually reproaching the
  clergy, and  laying to their charge the pride, the
  avarice the luxury,  the ignorance, and superstition
  of popish times.                       r Swift.
8. The  person or  thing entrusted to the
  care or management of another.
    Why hast  thou,  Satan,  broke the  bounds pre-
        scribe                           r
  To thy transgressions, and disturb'd the charge
    ™her!? , L    •,       Mtorta Parodite Lost.
    More had he said, but, fearful of her  stay
  The starry gaardian drove his charge away  '
  To some fresh pasture.                 Dryden.
    Our guardian angel saw them where they sate
  Above the palace of our slumb'ring king;
  He sigh'd, abandoning his charge to fate.'  Dryden. 
CHA
CHA
C HA
     This part should  be the governours principal
   care; that an habitual gracefulness and politeness,
   in all his carriage, may be settled in his charge, as
   much as may be, before he goes out of his hands.
                                         Locke,
 9. An exhortation of a judge to a jury, or
    bishop to his clergy.
     The bishop  has recommended this author in his
   charge to the clergy.                    Dryden.
 10. Expense;  cost.
     Being long  since made weary  with the huge
   charge which  you have laid upon us, and with the
   strong endurance of so many complaints.   Spenser.
     Their charge was always born by the queen, and
   duly paid out of the exchequer.           Bacon.
     Witness this army of such mass and charge,
   Led by a delicate and tender prince.       Shaksp.
     He liv'd as kings retire, though more at large,
   From publick business, yet of equal charge.  Dryd.
 11. It is, in later times, commonly used in
   the plural,  charges.
     A man ought warily to begin charges, which, once
   begun, will continue              Bacon's Essays.
     Ne'er put yourself to charges, to complain
   Of wrong which heretofore you did sustain.  Dryd.
     The last pope was at considerable charges to make
   a little kind of harbour in this place.     Addison.
 12. Onset.
     And giving  a charge upon toeir enemies, like
   lions, they slew eleven  thousand footmen, and six-
   teen hundred  horsemen and  put all the others to
   flight.                            2 Maccabees.
     Honourable  retreats are no  ways  inferiour  to
   brave charges; as having less of fortune,  more of
   discipline, and  as much of valour.         Bacon.
 13. The signal to fall upon  enemies.
     Our author  seems to sound a charge, and begins
   like the clangour of a trumpet.           Dryden.
 14. The posture of a weapon fitted for the
   attack  or combat.
    Their neighing coursers daring ofthe spur,
   Their armed staves in charge, their beavers down.
                                    Shakspeare.
 15. A l»ad,  or burthen.
    Asses of great charge.              Shakspeare.
 16. What any thing can bear.
    Take of aqua-fortis  two  ounces, of quick-silver
  two drachms, for that  charge toe aqua-fortis  will
  bear, the dissolution will not bear a flint as big as a
  nutmeg.                               Bacon.
 17. The quantity of  powder and  ball put
   into a gun.
18. Among farriers.
    Charge is a  preparation, or a sort of ointment of
  the consistence  of a thick decoction, which is appli-
  ed to the shoulder-splaits, inflammation, and sprains
  of horses.
    A charge is of a middle nature,  between an oint-
  ment and a plaster, or between a plaster and a ca-
  taplasm.                        Farrier's Diet.
 19. In heraldry.
    The charge is that which is born upon  the colour
  except it be a coat divided only by partition.
                                      Peacham.

Cha'rgeable,   tshar'ja-bl.   adj.  [from
   charge.]

1.  Expensive;   costly.
    Divers bulwarks were demolished upon the sea-
  coasts, in peace chargeable, and little serviceable in
  wai\                                Hayward.
    Neither did wc eat any man's  bread for nought,
  but wrought with labour and  travel nigbt and day,
  that we might not be chargeable to any of you.
                               2  Thessalonians.
    There was another accident of the same nature
 on the Sicilian side, much more  pleasant, but less
 chargeable; for it cost nothing but wit.      Wotton.
    Considering the chargeable methods of their edu-
 cation, their  numerous issue, and small income, it
 is next to a miracle, that no more of toeir children
 should want.                        Atterbury.
 2. Imputable, as a debt or crime: with on.
     Nothing can be a reasonable ground of despising
  a man, but some fault or other chargeable upon him.
                                         Soufft.
 3. Subject to charge or accusation; accu-
   sable: followed by with.
     Your papers would be chargeable with something
  worse than indelicacy;  they would be immoral.
                                      Spectator.
 Cha'rgeableness, tshar'ja-bl-nes.  to. s.
   [from chargeable.] Expense; cost; cost-
   liness.
     That which  most deters me  from  such trials, is
  not toeir chargeableness, but their unsatisfactoriness,
  though they should succeed.               Boyle.
 Cha'rgeably,  tshar'ja-ble.  adv.  [from
   chargeable] Expensively; at great cost.
     He procured it not with his money, but by his wis-
  dom; not  chargeably bought by him, but liberally
  given by others by his means.            Ascham.
 Cha'rgeful, tsharje'iul, adj. [charge and
  full.] Expensive; costly. Not in  use.
                Here's the note
  How much your chain weighs to the utmost carat,
  The fineness of the gold, the chargeful fashion.
                                     Shakspeare.
 CHA'RGER,tshar'jiir.98 to. s. [from charge]
   A large dish.
        All the tributes land and sea affords,
  Heap'd in   great chargers,  load our  sumptuous
         boards.                       Denham.
     This golden charger, snatch'd from burning Troy,
  Anchises did in sacrifice employ.    Dryd.  AEneid.
     Ev'n Lamb himself, at the most solemn feast,
  Might have some chargers not exactly dress'd. King.
              Nor dare they close their  eyes,
  Void of a bulky charger near toeir lips,
  With which, in often interrupted sleep,
  Their frying  blood compels to irrigate
  Their dry furr'd tongues.                Philips.
 Cha'rily,   tsha're-le.  adv. [from chary.]
   Warily; frugally.
     What paper do you take up so charily?   Shaksp.
 CHA'RiNESS,tshi're-nes. n.s. [from chary.]
   Caution; nicety; scrupulousness.
     I will consent to act any villany against him, toat
  may not sully the chariness of our honesty.  Shaksp.
 CH A'RlOT,tshar/re-ut.«« to. s. [car-rhod,
   Welsh, a  wheeled car, for it  is known
  tbe Britons fought in such; chariot, Fr.
   carretta, Ital.
 1. A wheel  carriage of pleasure, or state;
  a vehicle  for men rather than wares.
           Thy grand captain Antony
  Shall set thee on triumphant chariots, and
  Put garlands  on thy head.             Shakspeare.
 2. A car in   which men  of arms were an-
   ciently placed.
           He skims the liquid plains,
  High on his chariot, and with loosen'd reins
  Majestick moves along.         Dryden's Mneid.
 3. A lighter kind of coach  with only front
  -seats.

 To Cha'riot, tshar're-iit. v.  a.  [from the
  noun.]   To convey in a  chariot  This
  word is  rarely used.
    An angel all in flames ascended,
  As in a fiery  column charioting
  His godlike presence.                   Milton.
Chariote'er, tshar-re-ut-teer. n. s.  [from
  chariot.] He that drives  the chariot. It
  is used only in speaking of military cha-
  riots, and those  in  the ancient public
  games.

    The grasping charioteer beneath the wheel
  Of his own car.                Dryden's Fables.
    The burning chariot, and the  charioteer,
   In bright Bootes and his wane appear.    Addison.
     Show us the youthful handsome charioteer,
   Firm in his seat, and running his career.    Prior.
   hariot  race,  tshar're-iit-rase.  to.  a.
   [from  chariot  and race.]  A sport an-
   ciently used, where  chariots were driv-
   en  for  the prize, as now horses run.
     There  is a wonderful vigour and spirit in toe de-
   scription  of toe horse and chariot-race.     Addison.
Cha'ritable, tsaar'e-ta-bl. adj [charitable,
   Fr. from charity.]
 1. Kind in giving alms; liberal to the poor.
    He that hinders a charitable person from giving
   alms to a poor  man, is tied to restitution, if he hin-
   dered him by fraud or violence.           Taylor.
    Shortly thou wilt behold me poor, and kneeling
   Before thy charitable door for bread.        Rowe.
    How shall we then wish, that it might be allow-
   ed us to live  over  our lives again, in order  to fill
   every minute of them with charitable offices.
                                      Atterbury,
    Health to himself, and to his infants bread,
   The  lab'rer bears: what his hard heart denies,
   His charitable vanity supplies.              Pope.
2. Kind in judging of  others;  disposed to
   tenderness; benevolent.
    How had you been my friend else?  Why have
   you toat charitable  title from thousands, did you not
   chiefly belong to my heart?       Shaksp. Timon.
    Of a politick sermon  that had no divinity, the
   king  said  to bishop Andrews, Call you  this a ser-
   mon? The bishop answered,  By a charitable  con-
   struction it may be a sermon.              Bacon.
Cha'ritably, tshar'e-ta-ble. adv. [from
   charity]
I.  Kindly;  liberally;   with  inclination  to
   help the poor.
2. Benevolently;  without  malignity.
    Nothing will more enable us to bear our cross
   patiently, injuries charitably, and toe labour of re-
   ligion comfortably.                     Taylor.
    'Tis best sometimes your censure to restrain,
  And  charitably let the dull be vain.         Pope
CHA'RITY,  tshar'e-te. to. *.  [charite  Fr!
   charitas, Lat.]
I. Tenderness; kindness;  love.
                                By thee,
  Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure.
  Relations dear, and all toe charities
  Of father, son, and brother, first were known.
                                       Milton.
2. Goodwill; benevolence;  disposition  to
   think well of others.
    My errours, I hope, are only those of charity to
  mankind;  and such as my own  charity has caused
  me to commit,  that of others may more easily ex-
  cuse.                                 Dryden.
3. The theological virtue of universal love.
    Concerning charity, the final object whereof  is
  that  incomprehensible beauty which shineth in the
  countenance of Christ, the Son of the living God.
                                       Hooker.
    Peace,  peace, for shame, if not for charity.—
  —Urge neither charity nor shame to me;
  Uncharitably with me have you dealt.     Shaksp.
                           Only add
  Deeds to thy knowledge answerable; add faith,
  Add virtue, patience, temperance; add love
  By name to come call'd charity, toe soul
  Of all Ae rest.                         Milton.
    Faith believes the revelations of God; hope ex-
  pects his  promises; charity loves his excellencies
  and mercies.                           Taylor.
    But lasting charity's more ample sway,
  Nor bound by time, nor subject to decay,
  In happy triumph shall for ever live.        Prior.
    Charity, or a love of God, which works by a love
  of our neighbour, is greater than faith or hope.
                                    Atterbury,
4. Liberality to the poor.
    Tbe heathen  poet,  in commending the chafitv  of 
CHA
CHA
CHA
  Dido to the Trojans, spoke like a christian.  Dryd.
5. Alms; relief given to the poor.
    We must incline to the king; 1 will look for him,
  and privily relieve him; go you and maintain talk
  with the duke, that  my charity  be not of him per-
  ceir!,«d-                            Shakspeare.
    The ant did well to reprove the grasshopper for
  her slothfulness; but she did ill then to refuse her a
  charity in her distress.              L'Estrange.
    I never had the confidence to beg a charity.
                                      Dryden..
To  Chark, tshark. v.  a.  To  burn to a
   black cinder, as wood is burned to make
   charcoal.
    Excess either with an apoplexy knocks a man on
  the head, or with a fever, like fire in a strong-water
  shop, burns him down to the ground; or, if it flames
  not out, cliarks him to a coal.             Grew.
CHA'RLATAN,  shar'la-tan. to. s. [char-
   latan, Fr. ciarlatano, Ital. from  ciarlare
   to chatter.]   A quack;  a mountebank;
   an empirick.
     Saltimbanchoes, quacksalvers, and charlatans, de-
  ceive  them in lower degrees   Brown's Vulg.  Err.
           For charlatans can do no good,
  Until  they're mounted in a crowd.       Hudibras.
Charlata'nical,   shar-la-tan'e-kul.  adj.
   [from charlatan] Quackish; ignorant.
     A cowardly soldier, and a charlatanical doctor are
  the principal subjects of comedy.         Cowley.
Cha'rlatanry, shar'la-tan-re. n. s. [from
   charlatan.] Wheedling; deceit;  cheat-
   ing  with fair words.
Charles's-wain,   tsharlz'iz-wane.  to. s.
   The northern  constellation, called the
   Bear.
     There are seven  stars  in Ursa minor,  and in
   Charles's-wain, or Plaustrum of Ursa major, seven.
                        Br men's Vulgar Errours.
Cha'rlock, tshar'l&k.  to. s. A weed grow-
   ing  among the corn with a yellow flow-
   er.   It is a species of Mithridate mus-
   tard.
 CHARM, tsharm. to. s. [charme Fr. car-
   men, Latin.]
 1. Words, or philtres, or characters, ima
   gined to have some  occult or unintelli-
   gible power.
     I never  knew a woman  so dote upon a man;
   surely I think you have charms.----Not I, I assure
   thee; setting the attraction of my good parts aside,
   I have no other charms.              Shakspeare.
     There have been used, either barbarous words,
   of no sense, lest they should disturb the imagination;
   or words of similitude, that may second and feed the
   imagination: and this was ever as  well in heathen
   char-ms, as in charms of later times.       Bacon.
     Alcyone he names amidst his pray'rs,
   Names as a charm against the waves and wind,
   Most in his mouth, and ever in his mind.  Dryden.
     Antaeus could, by magick chai-ms,
   Recover strength whene'er he fell.         Swift.
 2. Something of power to  subdue opposi-
   tion, and gain the affections; something
   that can please irresistibly.
     Well soundihg verses are the cftarms  we use,
   Heroick thoughts and virtue to infuse.  Roscommon.
     Nor ever hope the queen of love
   Will  e'er toy fav'rite's charms improve.    Prior.
     To l'am'd Apelles when young Amnon brought
   The darling idol of his captive heart;
   And the pleas'd nymph with kind attention sat,
   To have her charms recorded by his" art.   Waller.
     But what avail her unexhausted stores,
   Her bloomy mountains, and her sunny shores,
   With all the gifts that heaven and earth impart,
   The smiles of nature,  and the charms of art,
   While proud oppression in her vallies reigns,
  And tyranny usurps her happy plains?     Addison.
To Charm, tsharm. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To fortify with charms against evil.
    Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests;
  I bear a charmed life, which must not yield
  To one of woman born.              Shakspeare.
2. To fortify with charms  against evil.
3. To summon by incantation.
                      Upon my knees
  I charm you by my once commended beauty,
  By all your vows of love, and that great vow
  VVhich did incorporate and make us one.   Shaksp.
4. To subdue  by some  secret  power;  to
   amaze; to overpower.
           I, in mine own woe charm'd,
  Could not find death, where I did hear him groan;
  Nor feel him where he struck.            Shaksp.
      Musick toe fiercest grief can charm.     Pope.
5. To subdue  the mind by pleasure.
               'Tis your graces
  That from my mutest conscience to my  tongue
  Charms this report out.              Shakspeare.
      Amoret! my lovely foe,
    Tell me where thy strength doth lie:
    Where the pow'r that charms us so,
    In thy  soul, or in thy eye?             Waller
    Charm by accepting, by submitting sway.   Pope.
              Chloe thus the soul alarm'd,
  Aw'd without sense, and without beauty charm'd.
                                        Pope.
Cha'rmed, tsharm'd. adj. Enchanted.
    Arcadia was the charmed  circle, where  all his
  spirits for ever should be enchanted.       Sidney.
       We implore thy powerful hand,
    To undo toe charmed band
  Of true virgin here distressed.            JHiffon.
Cha'rmer, tshar'miir. to. s. [from charm.]
I. One that has the power of charms or
   enchantments
              That handkerchief
  Did an Egyptian to my mother give;
  She was a charmer, and could almost read
  The thoughts of people.                Shaksp.
    The passion you pretended,
       Was only to obtain;
    But when the charm is ended,
       The charmer you disdain.           Dryden.
2. Word  of endearment among lovers.

Cha'rming,   tshar'ming.  particip.  adj.
   [from  charm] Pleasing in the  highest
   degree.
    For ever all  goodness will be charming, for ever
  all wickedness will be most odious.        Spratt.
    0 charming youth! in the first op'ning page,
   So many graces in so green an age.       Dryden.
Cha'rmingly, tshar'ming-le.  adv. [from
   charming.]   In  such  a manner  as to
   please  exceedingly.
    She smiled very cftarming-fu, and discovered as
   fine a set of teeth as ever eye beheld.    Addison.
Cha'rmingness,  tshar'ming-nes.  to.   s.
   [from  charming.]  The  power of pleas-
   ing.

Cha'rnel, tshar'nel. adj.  [eharnel, Fr.]
   Containing flesh, or carcasses
    Such are those thick and gloomy shadows damp,
   Oft found in eharnel vaults and sepulchres
   Ling'ring, and sitting by a new made grave. Milton.
Cha'rnkl-house,   tshar'nel-house.  to. s
   [charnier, Fr. from caro, carnis, Latin.]
   The place  under  churches where the
   bones  of the dead are repesited.
    If charnel-houses and our graves must send
   Those that we  bury, back, our monuments
   Shall be the maws of kites.              Shaksp.
    When toey were in those charnel-houses, every
  one was placed in order, and a black pillar or colii;
  set by him.                            Taylo,
CHART, tshart. to.  s. [charta, Lat.]  A
  delineation or map of coasts, for the use
  of  sailors.   It  is distinguished  from a
  map, by representing only the coasts.
    The Portuguese, when  toey  had  doubled  the
  Cape of Good Hope, found skilful pilots, using as-
  tronomical instruments,  geographical charts, and
  compasses.                        Arbuthnot.
Cha'rter, tshar'tur. [«.  s. charta, Lat.]
I. A charter is  a written evidence of things
  done between man and man.  Charters
  are divided  into  charters  of the  king,
  and charters of private persons.  Char-
  ters of the king are those, whereby the
  king passeth any grant to any person or
  more, or to any body politick: as a char-
  ter of exemption, that no man  shall  be
  empannelled on a jury;  charter of par-
  don, whereby a man is forgiven a felo-
  ny, or other offence.             Cowell.
2. Any writing  bestowing  privileges  or
  rights.
    If you deny it, let the danger light
  Upon your charter, and your city's freedom. Shaksp.
    It is not to be wondered, that the great cliarter
  whereby God bestowed the whole earth upon Adam,
  and confirmed it unto the sons of Noah, being as
  brief in word  as large in  effect, hath bred much
  quarrel of interpretation.        Raleigh's  Essays.
    Here was that charter seal'd, wherein the crown
  All marks of arbitrary power  lays dowB.  Denham.
    She shakes the rubbish from her mounting brow,
  And seems to have renew'd her charter's date,
  Which heav'n will to the death of time allow.
                                     Dryden.
    God renewed  this  charter of  man's sovereignty
        over the creatures.                South.
3. Privilege; immunity; exemption.
              I must have liberty,
  Withal as large a charter as the wind,
  To blow on whom I please; for so fools have;
  And they toat are most galled with my folly,
  They most must laugh.              Shakspeare,
                 My mother,
  Who has a charter to extol her blood,
  When she does  praise me, grieves me. Shakspeare,
Charter-party,  tshar'tiir-par-te.  n.  s.
   [chartre partie, Fr.]   A  paper relating
   to a contract, of  which each  party has
   a copy.
    Charter-parties, or contracts, made even upon the
  high sea,  touching things that are not in their own
  nature maritime, belong not  to the admiral's juris-
  diction.                             '   Hale.
Cha'rtered,  tshar't^rd.389  adj.   [from
   charter.]  Invested  with  privileges by
   charter; privileged.
                 When he speaks
  The air, a charter'd libertine, is still.      Shaksp-
Cha'ry,  tslia're. adj. [from care]  Care-
   ful;  cautious; wary; frugal.
    Over his kindred he held a wary and chary cart,
  which bountifully was expressed, when occasion so
  required.           Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
    The chariest  maid is prodigal enough
  If she unmask her beauty to  the moon.     Shaksp.
 To CHASE, tsha.se. v.  a. [chasser, Fr.]
 I. To hunt.
    It shall be as the chased roe.            Isaiah.
    Mine enemies chased me sore like a bird.  Lam.
 2. To pursue  as an enemy.
    And Abimelech chased him, and  he  fled before
  him.                                 Judges.
    One of you shall cftose a thousand.  Deuteronomy,
 3. To drive away.
    He that chaseth away his mother, is a  son that
  causeth shame.                       Proverbs.
 4. To fulow as a thing desirable.
 5. To drive. 
CHA
CHA
CHA
     Thus chased by toeir  brother's  endless malice
   from prince to prince, and from place to place, they,
   for toeir safety, fled at last to the city of Bisennis.
                     Knolles's History of the Turks.
     When toe following morn had chas'd away
   The flying stars,  and light restor'd the day.
                                        Dryden.
 To chase Metals.   See To Enchase.
 Chase, tshase.  to. *.  [from the verb.]
 1. Hunting;  as the pleasures of the chase.
 2. Pursuit of any thing as game.
     Whilst he was hast'ning in the chase, it seems,
   Of this fair couple, meets he on the way
   The father of this seeming lady.        Shakspeare.
     There is no chase more pleasant, methinks, than
   to drive a thought, by good conduct, from one end
   of the world to the other,  and never to lose sight of
   it till it fall into eternity.
                      ifwrnef's Theory ofthe Earth.
 3. Fitness to be hunted;  appropriation to
    chase or sport.
     Concerning toe beasts  of cftase, whereof toe buck
   is toe first, he is called the first year a fawn.
                                     Shakspeare.
     A maid I am, and of toy virgin train;
   Oh! let me still that  spotless  name retain,
   Frequent toe forests, thy chaste will obey,
   And only make toe beasts of cftase my prey.
                                        Dryden.
 4. Pursuit of an enemy,  or of something
    noxious.
     The admiral, with such ships only as could sud-
   denly be put in  readiness, made forth with them,
   and such as  came daily in, we set upon  them,  and
   gave them cftase.                        Bacon.
     He sgHied out upon them with certain troops of
   horsemen, with such violence, that he overthrew
   them, and, having them in cftase, did speedy execu-
   tion.              Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
     They seek that joy, which  us'd to glow
   Expanded on toe hero's face,
     When the thick squadrons  prest the foe,
   And William led the glorious chase.        Prior.
 5. Pursuit of something  as desirable.
     Yet this mad chase of fame, by few pursued,
   Has drawn destruction on  the multitude.   Dryden.
 6. The game hunted,
     She, seeing the  towering of her pursued chase
   went circling about, rising so with the less sense ef
   rising.                                 Sidney
     Hold, Warwick! seek thee out some other chase,
   For I myself must put this deer to death.   Shaksp
     Honour's toe noblest chase, pursue that game,
   And recompense the loss of love with fame.
                                      Granville.
 7. Open ground stored with such beasts as
   are hunted.
    A receptacle for deer and game, of a middle na-
   ture between a forest and a park;  being commonly
   less than a forest,  and not endued with so many li-
   berties; and yet of a larger  compass,  and  stored
   with a greater diversity of game than a park  A
   cftase differs from a forest in this, because it may
   be in the hands of a subject, which a forest, in its
  proper nature, cannot; and from a park, in that it is
   not inclosed, and hath not only a larger  compass,
   and more store of game, but likewise more keep-
   ers and overseers.                       Cowell.
    He and his lady both are at the lodge,
   Upon the north side of this pleasant chase.  Shaksp.
 8.  The Chase of a gun, is the whole  bore
   or length of a piece, taken withinside.
                                   Chambers.
Chase-gun, tshase'gun.  to. *.  [from chase
   and gun.]   Guns in the forepart of the
   ship, fired upon  those  that are pursued.
    Mean time the Belgians tack upon our rear,
  And raking chase.guns through our stern they send.
                                        Dryden.
Cha'ser, tsha'silr.  to.  s. [from chase]
 1. Hunter;  pursuer; driver.
                     Then began
  A stop i' the chaser, a retire; anon
  A rout, confusion thick.              Shakspeare.
    So fast he flies, toat his reviewing eye
  Hast lost the cftosers, and his ear toe cry.  Denham.
    Stretch'd on the lawn, his second hope survey,
  At once the chaser, and at once the prey!
  Lo, Rufus, tugging at the deadly dart,
  Bleeds in toe forest like a wounded hart!     Pope,
2.  An enchaser.
Chasm, kazm.363 to. s.  [xxtrfix]
1. A breach unclosed;  a cleft;  a gap;  an
   opening.
    In all that visible corporeal world, we  see  no
  chasms or gaps.                         I/>cke.
    The water of this orb communicates with that of
  the  ocean, by means of certain hiatuses or chasms
  passing betwixt it and the bottom of the ocean.
                                    Woodward,
    The ground adust her riv'n mouth disparts,
  Horrible chasm! profound.               Philips-
2. A place unfilled; a vacuity.
      Some lazy ages, lost in ease,
  No action leave to busy chronicles;
  Such, whose supine felicity but makes
  In story cftosms, in epochas mistakes.       Dryden.
CHA'SSELAS, shas'se-ias. to. a. [French.]
   A son of grape.
CHASTE,  tshaste. adj. [chaste, Fr. cas-
   tus,  Lat.]
1. Pure from all commerce of  sexes; as, a
   chaste virgin.
        Diana chaste, and Hebe fair.        Prior.
2. With  respect to  language;  pure;  un-
   corrupt;   not  mixed  with   barbarous
   phrases.
3. Free from obscenity.
    Among words which signify the same principal
  ideas, some are clean and decent, others unclean;
  some chaste, others obscene.       Watts's Logick.
4. True to the  marriage bed.
    Love your children; be discreet, cftasfe, keepers
  at home.                               Tifns.
Chaste-tree,  tshaste'tree. to.  *.  [vitex,
   Lat.]
    This tree will grow to be eight or ten feet high,
  and produce spikes of flowers at the extremity of
  every strong shoot in autumn.            Miller.
Cha'stely, tshaste'le. adv.  [from chaste]
   Without incontinence; purely; without
   contan iiation.
    You should not pass here; no, though it were as
  virtuous to lie as to live chastely.       Shakspeare.
    Make first a song of joy and love,
  Which chastely flame in royal eyes.        Wotton.
    Succession of a long descent,
  Which chastely in the channels ran,
  And from our demi-gods began           Dryden.
To Cha'sten, tsiiase'tn.*05 v. a.  [chastier,
  Fr. castigo, Lat.]  To correct; to punish;
  to mortify.
    Chasten thy son while there is hope,  and let not
  thy soul spare for his crying.             Proverbs.
    I follow thee, safe guide! the path
  Thou lead'stme; and to the hand of heav'n submit,
  However chast'ning.       Milton's Paradise Lost.
               Some feel  the rod,
  And own, like us, the father's cftosf'ninghand.2?ot«e.
    From our lost pursuit she wills to hide
  Her close decrees, and chasten human pride. Prior.
To CHASTI'SE, tshas-tize'. v.  a. [casti-
  go,  Lat.  anciently accented  on the first
   syllable, now on the last.]
1. To punish;  to correct  by punishment;
  to afflict for faults.
    My  breast I'll  burst with straining  of mv cou-
        rage,
  But I will chastise this high-minded strumpet.
                                    Shakspeare.
     I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting
   chymists thus discovered and chastised.       Boyle.
     Seldom is the world affrighted or cftasftsed with
   signs or prodigies, earthquakes  or inundations,  fa-
   mines or plagues.       Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
     Like you, commission'd to chastise and bless,
   He must avenge toe world, and give it peace.
                                         Prior.
2. To  reduce to order, or  obedience;  to
   repress; to restrain;  to awe.
                 Hie thee hither,
  That I may pour my spirit  in thine ear,
  And chastise, with the valour of my tongue,
  All toat impedes thee.                Shakspeare.
                 Know, Sir, that I
  Will not wait pinion'd at your master's court,
  Nor once be chaslis'd with the sober eye
  Of dull Octavia.                    Shakspeare.
                 The gay social sense
  By decency chastis'd.                  Thcmson.
Chasti'sement, tshas'tiz-ment.TO.*. [chas-
   timent,  Fr.]  Correction;  punishment;
   commonly, though not always used  of
   domesiick or parental punishment.
     Shall  I so much dishonour my fair stars,
   On equal terms to give him chastisement?  Shaksp.
     He held the chastisement of one, which molested
  the see of Rome, pleasing to God. Raleigh's Essays.
     For seven years  what can a child be guilty of,
  but lying, or ill-natured tricks?  the repeated com-
  mission of which shall bring him to toe chastisement
  of the rod.                               Locke.
     He receives a fit of sickness  as  the  kind ciias-
  fisemenf  and discipline of  his heavenly  Father, to
  wean his affections from the world.        Bentley.
Chasti'ser, tshas-ti'zm-. to. s.  [from  chas-
   tise.]  The person that chastises; a pu-
   nisher; a corrector.

Ch'astity, tshas'te-te.611 n. s. [caatitaa,
   Lat.]
I  Purity of the  body.
    Who can be bound by any solemn vow
  To force a spotless virgin's  chastity?   Shakspeare.
    Chastity is either abstinence or continence: absti-
  nence is toat of virgins  or wido%vs;  continence of
  married  persons:  chaste  marriages are honourable
  and pleasing to God.                    Taylor.
    Ev'n here, where frozen chastity retires,
  Love finds an altar for forbidden fires.       Pope.
2. Freedom from obscenity.
    There is not chastity enough in language,
  Without offence to utter them.    Shak. Much Ado.
3. Freedom from bad mixture of any  kind;
   purity of  language opposed to  barba-
   risms.

Cha'stness,   tshaste'n£s.   to.  a.  [from
   chaste]  Chastity; purity.
To  Chat,  tshat.  v.  to.  [from caquetur,
   Fr.  Skinner; perhaps from  achat,  pur-
   chase  or cheapening,  on account of the
   prate  naturally  produced in a  bargain;
   or only,  as it  is most  likely, contracted
   from chatter.]  To prate;  to talk  idly;
   to prattle; to cackle;  to chatter; to con-
   verse at ease.
    Thus chatten the people in their steads,
  Ylike as a monster of many heads       Spenser.
    Because that I familiarly sometimes
  Do use you for my fool, and cftaf  with you,
  Your sauciness will jest upon my love.  Shakspeare.
            The shepherds  on the lawn
Sat simply chatting in a rustick row.        M Hon.
     With much good-will  the motion was eni'v - 'd,
  To cftaf a wliile on their adventures pass'd. Dryden,
To Chat, tshat. v. a.   To talk of. .\u»  in
   use, unless ludicrously.
     All tongues speak of him, and the bleared  si°kts
  Are spectacled to see him.  Your prattling nurse 
CHA                                      CHE                                      CHE
  Into a rapture lets her baby cry,
  While she chats him.                Shakspeare.
Chat, tshat. ra. s.  [from the verb.]   Idle
   talk; prate; slight or negligent tattle.
              Lords, that can prate
  As amply and unnecessarily
  As this Gonzalo, I myself would make
  A chough of as deep cftaf.            Shakspeare.
    The time between before the fire they sat,
  And shorten'd the delay by pleasing cftaf.  Dryden.
    The least  is good, far greater than the tickling
  of his palate with a glass of wine, or  the idle cftaf,
  of a soaking club.                        Locke.
    Snuff, or the fan, supplies each pause of chat,
  With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that.
                                         Pope.

Chat, tshat.  ».  s. The keys  of trees  are
   called  chats; as, ash chats.
Cha'tellany,  shat'tel-len-e. «.  a.  [cha-
   tellenie, Fr.]   The  district  under  the
   dominion of a castle.
     Here are about twenty towns and forts of great
   importance, with their chatellanies and dependen-
   cies.                                 Dryden.
Cha'ttel, tshat'tl.406 n. s. [See Cattle.]
   Any moveable possession: a term now
   tcarce used but in forms of law.
     Nay look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor  fret;
   I will be master of what is mine own;
   *She is my goods, my chattels.          Shakspeare
     Honour's a lease for lives to come,
   And cannot be extended from
   The legal tenant; 'tis a chattle
   Not to be forfeited in battle.            Hudibras.
 To CHA'TTER, tshat'tur. v.  to. [caque-
ter; Fr.]
 1. To make a noise as a pie; or other  un-
   harmonious bird.
     Nightingales seldom sing, the pie still chattereth.
                                        Sidney.
     So doth the cuckow, when the mavis  sings,
   Begin his witless note apace to chatter.    Spenser.
     There was a crow sat chattering upon the back of
   a sheep: Well, sirrah, says the sheep, you durst not
   have done this to  a dog.             L'Estrange.
     Your birds of knowledge, that in dusky air
   Chatter futurity.                       Dryden.
 2. To make  a  noise  by  collision of  the
   teeth.
     Stood Theodore surpris'd in deadly fright,
   With cftaff 'ring teeth, and bristling hair.upright.
                                       Dryden.
     Dip but your toes into cold  water,
   Their correspondent teeth will chatter.      Prior.
 3. To talk idly  or carelessly.
     Suffer no hour  to pass away in  a lazy idleness,
   an impertinent chattering, or useless trifles.
           ,                %    JFaffs's Logick.
 Cha'tter, tshat'tur. to. a. [from the verb.]
 1. Noise like that of a pie or monkey.
     The mimic ape began his chatter,
   How evil tongues his life bespatter.         Swift.
 2. Idle prate.
 Cha'tterer,  tshat'tur-nir.  to.  a.  [from
   chatter.]  An idle  talker;  a prattler.
 Cha'twood,  tshat'wud.307  to.  a.  Little
   sticks; fuel.
Cha'vender,  tshav'in-diir.   to.  a.  [che-
  vesne, Fr.] The chub: a fish.
     These are a choice bait for the chub, or chaven-
   der, or indeed any great fish.     Walton's Angler.
 CHAUMONTE'LLE, sho-mon-tel'. «. a.
   [French.] A  sort  of pear.
 To CHAW, tshawjv. a.  [kaiven, Germ.]
   To champ between  the teeth;  to masti-
   cate; to chew.
    I home returning, fraught with foul despight,
  And chawing vengeance all  the way I went.
                          Spenser's Fairy Queen.
    They come to us; but us love draws;
  He swallows us, and never chaws;
  He is the tyrant pike, and we toe fry.     Donne.
    Whether  he  found any  use  of chawing little
  sponges, dipt in oil, in his mouth, when he was per-
  fectly under water,  and at  a distance from his en-
  gine.                                  Boyle.
    The man who laught but once to see an ass
  Mumbling to make the cross-grain'd thistles pass,
  Might laugh again,  to see a  jury chaw
  The prickles of unpalatable law.         Dryden.
Chaw, tshaw.   to. «. [from the verb.]  The
   chap; the upper or  under  part of   a
   beast's mouth.
    I  will turn thee  back, and put hooks into thy
  cftatos,  and  will  bring thee  forth and all  thine
  army.                               Ezekiel.
Cha'wdron, tshaw'dr&n. to. s. Entrails.
    Add thereto a tyger's chawdron,
  For the ingredients of our cauldron.   Shakspeare.
CHEAP, tshepe.  adj.  [ceapan, Sax. koo-
   pen, Dutch, to buy.]

I. To be had at a low rate; purchased for
   a small price.
    Where there are a great  many sellers to a few
  buyers, there the thing to be sold will be  cheap. On
  the  other side, raise up a great many buyers for a
  few sellers, and the same thing will immediately
  turn dear.                              Locke.

2. Of small value; easy to be had; not re-
   spected.
    The  goodness, that is cheap in beauty,  makes
  beauty brief in goodness.             Shakspeare.
    Had I so lavish of my presence been,
   So common  hackney'd in the eyes of men,
   So stale and cheap to vulgar company.  Shakspeare.
    He that is too much in any thing,  so that he giv-
   eth  another occasion of society,  maketh himself
  cheap.                                 Bacon.
    May your sick fame still  languish till it die,
  And you grow cfteap in every subject's eye. Dryden.
    The titles of distinction,  which belong to us, are
  turned  into  terms  of derision,  and every way  is
  taken, by profane men, towards rendering us cfteap
  and contemptible.                    Atterbury.

Cheap, tshepe.  to. a. [cheping is an old
   word for market;  whence  Eaatcheap,
Cheapside.] Market;  purchase;  bargain;
as good cheap; d bon  marche, Fr.
    The  same wine which we pay so dear for now-a-
   days, in toat good world  was very good  cheap.
                                       Sidney.
    It is  many a man's case to tire himself out with
  hunting, after that abroad, which he carries about
  him all the  while, and may have it  better cfteap at
  home.                            L'Estrange.
    Some few insulting cowards, who love to vapour
  good cheap, may trample on those who give the least
  resistance.                      Decay of Piety.

To Che'apen, tshe'pn.103  v.  a.  [ceapan,
   Sax. to buy.]
I. To attempt to purchase;  to bid for any
   thing; to ask the price of any commo-
   dity.

    Rich she shall be, that's certain; wise, or I'll none;
   virtuous, or I'll never cheapen her.        Shaksp.
    The first he  cheapened was a Jupiter,  which
   would have  come at a very  easy rate.  L'Estrange.
    She  slipt  sometimes to Mrs. Thody's,
   To  cheapen  tea.                          Prior.
    To shops in crowds the daggled females fly,
   Pretend to cfteapen goods, but nothing buy.   Swift.
2. To lessen value.
    My hopes pursue a brighter diadem,
   Can any brighter than the Roman be?
   I find my proffer'd love has  cfteopen-'d me.  Dryden.
Che'avlv, tshepe'le.  adv.  [from chcafi]
   At a small price; at a low rate.
                    By these I see
  So great a day as this is cheaply bought.    Shaksp.
    Blood, rapine, massacres, were cheaply bought,
  So mighty recompence your heauty brought.
                                      Dryden,
CHE'APNESs,tshepe'nds. TO.s.[from cAea/i.l
   Lowness of price.
     Ancient statutes incite merchant-strangers to
  bring in  commodities; having for end cheapness.
                                       Bacon.
     The discredit which has grown upon Ireland, has
  been the great discouragement to other nations to
  transplant themselves hither, and prevailed farther
  than all  the invitations  which the cfteapness and
  plenty ofthe country has made  them.      Temple.

CHEAR,tsheer.   See Cheer.
To CHEAT, tshete.  v. a,  [of uncertain
   derivation, probably  from acheter,  Fr.
   to purchase, alluding  to the tricks used
   in making bargains.   Seethe noun.]
1. To defraud;  to impose upon;  te trick.
   It is used commonly of  low cunning.
     It is  a dangerous commerce,  where an honest
  man is sure at first of being cheated; and he reco-
  vers not  his losses, but by learning to cfteaf others.
                                       Dryden,
     There are people who find that the most effectual
  way to cfteaf the people,  is always to pretend to in-
  fallible cures.                        Tiffofson.
2. It has of before the thing taken away
   by fraud.
     I that am curtail'd of man's fair proportion,
   Cheated  of feature by dissembling nature,
  Deform'd, unfinish'd.                Shakspeare.
Cheat,   tshete.   «.  a.  [from  the verb.
   Some   think abbreviated  from eacheat,
   because many fraudulent measures be-
   ing taken by the lords of manours in pro-
   curing escheats, cheat,  the abridgment,
   was brought to convey  a bad meaning]
 1. A fraud; a trick; an imposture
     The  pretence of publick  good, is a cfteaf that
  will ever pass, though so abused by ill men, that  I
  wonder the good do not grow ashamed to use it.
                                       Temple.
     Empirick politicians use deceit,
   Hide what they give, and cure but by a cfteaf.
                                       Dryden.
     When I consider life, 'tis  all a cfteaf;
   Yet, fool'd with hope, men favour the deceit:
   Trust on, and think to-morrow will repay;
   To-morrow's falser than the former day;
   Lyes worse; and while it says we shall be blest
   With some new joy, cuts off what we possest.  Dryd.
 2. A person  guilty of fraud.
     Dissimulation can be  no further useful than it is
   concealed; for as much as no man will trust a known
   cfteaf.                                 South.
     Like  that notorious cheat, vast sums I give,
   Only that you may keep me while I live.   Dryden.
 Che'ater, Isli^'tiar.05 «.  a.  [from cheat]
   One that practises fraud.
     I will be cheater to them both,  and toey shall be
   exchequers to me. [It is here for escfteafer.] Shaksp.
     They say this town is full of couzenage,
   As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye;
     Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks,
   And many such like libertines of sin.    Shakspeare.
     He  is no  swaggerer, hostess; a tame cheater
   i' faith.— Cheater, call you him? I will bar no honest
   man my house, nor no cheater.         Shakspeare.
     All sorts of in urious persons, the sacrilegious, the
   detainers of tithes, cheaters of men's inheritances,
   false witnesses and accusers.             Taylor.
 To  CHECK, tshek. v a. [from  the French
   echeca chess;  from whence   we  use, at
   that game, the term checkmate, when 
CHE
CHE
CHE
   we stop our adversary from carrying on
   his play any further.]
 1. To repress; to curb.
    Reserve thy state; with better judgment check
  This hideous rashness.               Shakspeare.
    Fames may be sown  and  raised,  they may be
  spread and multiplied, they maybe checked and laid
  dead.                                 Bacon.
    I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
  And virtue has no tongue to check her pride. Milton.
    He who sat at a table, richly and deliciously fur-
  nished, but with a sword hanging over his head by
  one single thread or hair, surely had enough to cftecA:
  his appetite.                            Sowfft.

 2. To reprove; to chide.
    Richard, with his eye brimful of tears,
  Then check'd and rated by Northumberland,
  Did speak these words, now prov'd a prophecy.
                                    Shakspeare.
    His fault is much, and the good king his master
  Will check him for't.                 Shakspeare.

 3. To compare a bank  note, or  other  bill,
   with the correspondent paper.
 4. To control by a  counter-reckoning.
 To Check, tshek.  v.  to.
 1. To stop; to make a stop: with at.
    With what wing the stanyel cftecfes at it. Shaksp.
    He must observe toeir mood on whom he  jests,
  The quality of the persons,  and the time;
  And, like the haggard, check at every feather
  That comes before his eye.            Shakspeare.
    The  mind, once jaded by an attempt above its
  power,  either is disabled for the future, or else checks
  at any vigorous undertaking ever after.     Locke.

 2. To clash; to interfere.
    If love cftecA: with business, it troubleth men's for-
  tunes.                                 Bacon.

 3. To strike with repression.
             I'll avoid his presence;
  It checks too strong upon  me.            Dryden.

 Check,  tshek. to. a. [from the verb.]
 1.  Repressure; stop;  rebuff;  sudden  re-
   straint.
    Rebellion in this land shall lose his  sway,
  Meeting the check of such another day. Shakspeare.
    We see also, that kings toat have been fortunate
  conquerors in their first years, must have some check
  or arrest in their fortunes.         Bacon's  Essays.
    God hath of late years manifested  himself in a
  very dreadful manner, as if it were on purpose to
  give a check to this insolent impiety.     Tillotson.
    It was this viceroy's zeal, which gave a remarka-
  ble  check to the first progress of Christianity.
                            Addison's Freeholder.
    God put it into the  heart  of one of our princes, to
  give a check to that sacrilege which had been but
  too much winked at.                  Atterbury.
    The  great struggle with passions is in the first
  cftecfc.                                 Rogers.

 2. Restraint; curb;  government; continued
   restraint.
    They who come to maintain their own breach of
  faith, the check of their consciences much breaketh
  their spirit.                         Hayward.
    The impetuosity of the new officer's nature need-
  ed some restraint and cftecA:, for some time, to his
  immoderate pretences and appetite  of power.
                                    Clarendon.
    Some free from rhyme or reason, rule or  check,
  Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck.   Pope.
    While such men are in trust, who have no check
  from within, nor any views but towards toeir inter-
  est.                                    Swift.

3. A  reproof; a slight.
                 Oh! this life
  Is nobler than attending for a cheek.   Shakspeare.
              I do know, the state,
  However this may gall him  with some  check,
  Cannot with safety cast him.          Shakspeare.
       VOL. I.
4. A dislike; a sudden disgust; something
   that stops the progress.
    Say I should wed her, would not my wise subjects
  Take check, and think it strange? perhaps revolt?
                                      Dryden.
5. In falconry, when a hawk forsakes  her
   proper  game to follow  rooks,  pies, or
   other birds that cross her flight.
                                  Chambers.
    A young woman is a hawk upon her wings; and if
  she be handsome, she is the more subject to go out
  on check.                            Suckling.
           When whistled from tbe fist
  Some falcon stoops at what her eye design'd,
  And with  her eagerness, the quarry miss'd,
  Straight flies at check, and clips it down the wind.
                                      Dryden.

6. The person  checking;  the cause of re-
   straint;  a stop.
    He was unhappily too much used as a check upon
  the lord Coventry.                   Clarendon.
    A satirical poet is  the check of the laymen on bad
  priests.                Dryden's Fables, Preface.
7. Any stop or interruption.
    The letters have the natural production by seve-
  ral checks or stops, or, as they are usually called, ar-
  ticulations of the breath or voice.        Holder.
8. The correspondent cipher of a bank-bill.
9. A term used in the game of chess, when
   one  party obliges the other either to
   move or guard  his king.
10. Clerk  ofthe Check, in the king's house-
   hold, has the  check  and controlment
   of the yeomen of the guard, and all  the
   ushers  belonging to the royal family.
11.  Clerk of the Check, in the king's navy
   at Plymouth, is also the  name of an offi-
   cer invested with like powers.
                                  Chambers.
To Che'oker,?   .  ,,,,    C v. a. [from
To Che'quer, ^         l '  I echecs chess,
   Fr.] To  variegate or diversify, in  the
   manner of a chess-board, with alternate
   colours,  or  with  darker and  brighter
   parts.
    The grey-ey'd morn smiles on the frowing night,
   Check'ring  the eastern clouds with streaks of light.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The green leaves  quiver with the cooling wind,
  And make a checker'd shadow on the ground. Shak.
    As the  snake, rolled in the flow'ry bank,
  With shining checker'd slough, doth sting a child,
  That for toe beauty thinks it excellent. Shakspeare.
    The wealthy spring yet never bore
      That sweet nor dainty flower,
    That damask'd not the checker'd floor
      Of Cynthia's summer bower.       Drayton.
    Many a youth and many a maid
  Dancing in the checker'd shade.          Milton.
    In the  chess-board, the use of each chess-man is
  determined only within that chequered piece of wood.
                                       Locke.
    In our present condition, which is a middle state,
  our minds are, as it were, chequered with  truth and
  falsehood.                           Addison.
    The ocean  intermixing with the land, so as to
  checker it into earth and water.        Woodward.
    Here waving groves a checker'd scene display,
  And part  admit, and part exclude the day.   Pope.
Che'cker, tshek'ur.              >
Che'cker-work, tshek'ur-wurk. 5  n'  s'
   Work  varied alternately as to  its  co-
   lours or  materials.
    Nets of checker-work  and wreaths of chain-work
  for the chapiters which were upon the top of the
  pillars.                              i Kings.

Che'okmate, tshek'mate. to.  a. [echec et

                   Qq
   mat, Fr.] The movement on the chebs-
   board  that kills the opposite men, or
   hinders  them from moving.
    Love they him call'd, that gave me the checkmate.
  But better might they have behote him hate.  Spens.

Che'ckroll,  tshek'role.406  to. *.  [from
   check and roll.] A  roll or book, contain-
   ing the names of such as are attendants
   on, and in pay to,  great  personages, as
   their household  servants.  It is other-
   wise called the chequer-roll.    Cowell.
    Not daring to extend this law further than to the
  king's servants in checkrolI, lest it should have'been
  too harsh to the gentlemen of the kingdom.  Bacon.
CHEEK, tsheek. to.  s. [ceac, Saxon.]
1. The side of the face below the  eye.
    And now and then an  ample tear trill'd down
  Her delicate cheek.                 Shakspeare.
    Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night,
  Like a rich jewel in an iEthiop's ear.  Shakspeare.
             I shall survey, and spy
  Death in thy cheeks, and darkness in thy eye. Donne.
    Daughter of the rose,  whose cheeks unite
  The differing titles of tire red and white;
  Who heaven's alternate beauty well display,
  The blush of morning and the milky way.  Dryden.
2. A  general name among  mechanicks for
   almost all those pieces of their machines
   and instruments that are  double,  and
   perfectly alike.               Chambers.
Che'ekbone,  tsheek'bone.  to.  s.  [from
   cheek and  bone.] The jaw.
    I cut the tumour  and felt the slug: it lay partly
  under toe os jugale, or cheekbone.       Wiseman.

Che'ektooth,  tsheek't66M. to. s.  [from
   cheek and  tooth.]  The   hinder-tooth or
   tusk.
    He hath the cheektooth of a great lion.      Jbef.
Cheer, tsheer. to. s.  [chere, Fr. entertain-
   ment;  cara,  Sp. the countenance.   It
   seems to have, in  English, some rela-
   tion to both these  senses.]

I. Entertainment; provisions  served at a
   feast.

    But though my cates be mean, take them in good
        part;
  Better cfteer you may have, but not with better heart.
                                   Shakspeare.
    His will was never determined to any pursuit of
  good cheer, poignant sauces, and delicious wines.
                                        Locke.
2. Invitation to gayety.
    You do not give the cheer; the feast is sold.
  That is not often vouched, while 'tis making,
  'Tis given with welcome.            Shakspeare.
3.'Gayety; jollity.
    I have not that alacrity of spirit,
  Nor cheer of mind, that  I was wont to have. Shaksp.
4. Air of the countenance.
    Right faithful true he was in deed and word,
  But of his cheer did seem too solemn sad:
  Nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad. Spenser.
    Which publick death, receiv'd with such a cheer,
  As not a sigh, a look, a  shrink bewrays
    The least felt touch of a degen'rous fear,
  Gave life to envy, to his courage praise    Daniel.
    He ended; and his words their drooping cheer
  Enlighten'd, and their languish'd hope reviv'd.
                                       MUton.
               At length appear
  Her grisly brethren stretch'd upon the bier:
  Pale at the sudden sight, she changM her clieer.
                                       Dryden.
5. Perhaps temper of mind in general; for
   we read of heavy  cheer.
    Then were they all of good cheer, and they also
  took some meat.                           *,,.. 
CHE
CHE
CHE
 To Cheer, tsheer. v. a. [from the noun.]
 I.  To incite; to encourage; to inspirit.
     He complained that he was betrayed; yet, for all
  that, was  nothing discouraged, but cheered up the
  footmen.                             Knolles.
     He cheer'd the dogs to follow her who fled,
  And vow'd revenge on her devoted head.  Dryden.
 2.  To comfort; to console.
         I died, ere I could lend thee aid;
  But cheer  thy heart, and be thou not dismay'd.
                                     SftoAispeare.
     Displeas'd at what, not suffering, they had seen,
  They went to cheer the faction of the green.  Dryd.
 3.  To gladden.
     Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers:
  Prepare the way; a god, a god appears! Pope's Mess.
     The sacred sun, above the waters rais'd,
  Thro' heaven's eternal brazen portals blaz'd,
  And wide  o'er earth diffus'd his cheering ray. Pope-.
 To Cheer, tsheer. v. to. To grow  gay or
    gladsome.
     At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up;
  My hopes  revive, and gladness dawns within me.
                                     A. Philips.
 C he'erer, tshee'rur. to. s. [from To cheer.]
   Gladner; giver of gayety.
           To thee alone be praise,
         From whom our joy descends,
           Thou clieerer of our days.       Wotton.
     Angling was, after tedious study, a rest to his
  mind, a cheerer of his spirits, a diverter of sadness,
  a calmer of unquiet thoughts.     Waffon's Angler.
     Saffron  is the safest and most simple  cordial, the
  greatest reviver of the heart, and cheerer of the spi-
  rits.                                 Temple.
              Prime cheerer, light,
  Of all material beings first and best.     Thomson.
 Che'erful, tsheer'ful  or  Isher'ful.24124a
   adj. [from cheer and full.]
 1.  Gay;  full of life; full of mirth.
       The cheerful birds of sundry kind
  Do chaunt sweet musick to delight his mind.
                                   Fairy Qjueen.
 2.  Having an appearance of gayety.
     A merry heart maketh  a cheerful countenance;
  but by sorrow of the heart toe spirit is broken.
                                      Proverbs.
 Che'erfully,  tsheer'fiil-le. adv. [from
    cheerful.] Without dejection; with wil-
   lingness; with gayety.
     Pluck up thy spirits, look cheerfully upon me
                                     Shakspeare.
     To their known stations cheerfully they go. Dryd.
     Doctrine is that which must prepare men for dis-
  cipline; and men never go on so cheerfully, as when
  they see where they go.                  South.
                    May the man,
  That cheerfully recounts toe female's praise,
  Find equal love, and love's untainted sweets
  Enjoy with honour.                     Philips.
 Che'erfulness, tsheer'ful-nes. to.*, [from
   cheerful.]
 1. Freedom from dejection; alacrity.
     Barbarossa, using this exceeding cheerfulness and
  forwardness of his soldiers, weighed up the fourteen
  sallies he had sunk. Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
     With what resolution and cheerfulness, with what
  courage and patience, did vast numbers of all sorts
  of people, in the first ages of Christianity, encounter
  all the rage and malice ofthe world, and  embrace
  torments and death!                  Tillotson.
2. Freedom from  gloominess.
     I marvelled to see her receive my commandments
  with sighs, and yet do them with cheerfulness. Sidn.

Che'erless, tsheer'l£s. adj. [from  cheer]
  Without gayety, comfort, or gladness.
     For since mine eye your joyous sight did miss,
  My cheerful day is turn'd to clieerless night. Fairy Q.
        On  a bank, beside a willow, -
      Heav'n her cov'ring, earth her pillow,
       Sad Amynta sigh'd alone,
       From the cheerless dawn of morning
       Till the dews of night returning.      Dryden.
 Che'erly, tsheer'le. adj. [from cheer.]
 I. Gay; cheerful.
     They are useful to  mankind, in affording them
  convenient situations of houses and villages, reflect-
  ing the  benign and cherishing sun-beams, and so
  rendering their habitations both more  comfortable
  and more cheerly in winter.   Ray on the Creation.
 2. Not gloomy; not dejected.
 Che'erly, tsheer'le.  adv. [from cheer.]
   Cheerfully.
     Under heavy arms the youth of Rome
  Their long laborious marches overcome;
  Cheerly their tedious travels undergo. Dryd. Virgil.
     In God's name, cheerly on, courageous friends,
  To reap the harvest of perpetual peace,
  By this, one bloody trial of sharp war.  Shakspeare.
     Oft listening how the hounds and horn
  Cheerly rouse the slumb'ring morn.        Milton.
 Che'ery, tshee're. adj. [from  cheer.] Gay;
   sprightly;  having the  power  to  make
   gay: a ludicrous word.
     Come, let us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl;
  Let cyder new wash sorrow from thy soul.    Gay.
 CHEESE, tsheeze.  to.   s. [caseus,  Lat.
   cy-pe, Saxon.]  A kind of food made by
   pressing the  curd of coagulated  milk,
   and suffering the mass to dry.
     I will rather trust a Fleming with my butter, the
  Welshman with my cheese, than my wife with her-
  self.                              Shakspeare.
 Che'esecake, tsheeze'kake.347 to.*, [from
   cheese and  cake.] A cake made of soft
   curds, sugar and  butter.
          Effeminate he sat, and quiet;
  Strange product of a cheesecake diet.       Prior.
     Where many a man, at variance  with his wife,
  With soft'ning mead and cheesecake ends the strife.
                                        King.
 Che'esemonger, tsheeze'mung-gur. n.s.
   [from cheese and monger.]   One who
   deals in cheese.
        A true  owr of London,
       That gives out he's undone,
       Being a cfteesenwng-er,
       By trusting.                  Ben Jonson.
 Che'esepress, tsheeze'pr£s.  to.  s.  [from
   cheese and press.] The press in which
   the curds are pressed.
     The cleanly cheesepress she could  never turn,
  Her aukward fist did ne'er employ the churn. Gay.
 Che'esevat,  tsheeze'vat.  to.   s.  [from
   cheese and  vat.]  The  wooden case in
   which the curds are  confined when they
   are pressed into  cheese.
    His sense occasions the careless rustic to judge
  the sun no bigger than a cheesevat.       Glanville.
Che'esy, tshee'ze.   adj.  [from  cheese]
   Having the nature or form  of cheese.
    Acids mixed with them  precipitate a tophaceous
  chalky matter, but not a cheesy substance.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Che'ly, ke'le.TO. *.  [chela, Lat.] The claw
  of a shell fish.
    It happeneth often, I confess, that a  lobster hath
  toe chely, or great claw, of one side  longer than the
  other.                                Brown.
Che'mistry.  See Chymistry.
Che'quer. See Checker.
 To CHE'HISH, tsheYrish.  v. a.  [cherir,
   Fr.] To support and  forward with en-
   couragement, help, and protection; to
   shelter;  to  nurse  up.
     Whenever Buckingham doth turn his hate
  Upon your grace, and not with duteous love
  Doth cherish you and yours, God punish me
  With hate in those where I expect most love. Shak.
               I would I were thy bird------
  -------------Sweet, so  would I;
  But I should kill thee with too much cherishing.
                                    Shakspeare.
    What doth cherish weeds but gentle air? Shaksp.
    Magistrates have  always thought themselves con-
  cerned to cherish religion, and to maintain  in  the
  minds of men the belief of a  God and another life.
                                      Tillotson.
    But old god Saturn, which doth all devour,
  Doth cherish her, and still augments her might.
                                       Davies.
    He that knowingly commits an ill,  has the up-
  braidings of his own conscience; those who act by
  errour, have its cherishings and encouragements to
  animate them.                   Decay of Piety,
Che'risher, tsher'rish-vir. n.s. [from che-
  rish.] An  encourager;  a supporter.
    One of their greatest praises it is to be the main*
  tainers and cherishers of a regular devotion, a rever-
  end worship, a true and decent piety.      Spratt.

Che'rishment, tsheVrish-ment. ».s. [from
  cherish] Encouragement;  support; com-
  fort. It is now obsolete.
          The one lives her age's ornament,
  That with rich bounty, and dear cherishment,
  Supports the praise of noble poesie.      Spenser.
CHE'RRY, tsher're.           P  to. s. [ce-
Che'rry-tree, tsheVre-tree. y  rise, Fr.
  cerasus, Lat.]
    The species are,  1.  The common  red or garden
  cherry. 2. Large Spanish cherry. 3. The  red heart
  cherry. 4. The white heart cherry. 5. The bleeding
  heart cherry. 6. The black heart cherry/7. The
  May  cherry. 8. The black  cherry,  or mkzard. 9.
  The archduke cherry. 10. The yellow Spanish cher-
  ry. 11. The Flanders cluster cherry. 12. The carna-
  tion cherry. 13. The large black cherry  14. The
  bird cherry. 15.  The red bird or Cornish, cherry.
  16. The largest double flowered cherry. 11, The
  double flowered cherry. 18. The common wild cher-
  ry. 19. The wild northern English cherry, with late
  ripe fruit.  20. The shock or perfumed cherry. 21.
  The  cherrytree  with striped leaves.  And  many
  other sorts of cherries; as the amber cherry, luke-
  ward, corone, Gascoigne, and the niorello, which is
  chiefly planted for preserving.
    This fruit was brought out of Pontus at the time
  of the Mithridatic victory by Lucullus, in the year
  of Rome 680; and was brought into Britian about
  120 years afterwards, which was  Ann. Dom 55;
  and was soon after spread through most parts of Eu-
  rope.                                 JWitfer.
    Some ask but a pin, a nut, a  cherry stone; but
  ihe, more covetous, would have a chain.   Shaksp.
    July I would have drawn in a jacket of light-yel-
  low, eating cherries, with his face and bosom sun-
  burnt.                               Peacham.
    A little spark of life, which, in its first appear-
  ance, might be inclosed  in the hollow of a cherry
  stone.                                  Hale.

Che'rry, tsher're. adj. [from the substan-
  tive.] Resembling a cherry in colour.
        Shore's wife  hath a pretty foot.
  A cherry lip, a passing pleasing tongue. Shakspeare.

Che'kry-bay, tsheVre-ba.  See Laurel.

Che'rrycheeked,  tsheVre-tshekd.  adj.
  [from  cherry and  cheek.] Having ruddy
  cheeks.
    I warrant them cherrycheek'd country girls.
                                     Congreve.
Che'rrypit, tsher're-pit. to. s. [from cher-
  ry and pit.] A child's play, in which they
  throw  cherry stones into a small hoie.
    What, man! 'tis not for gravity to play  at cherry-
  pit.                               Shakpseare. 
                 CHE

CHERSONE'sE,ker's6-nese.363 to. a. [%t$vo- \
Faces.] A  peninsula; a tract  of land  al-
  most  surrounded by the sea but joined
  to  the continent by  a narrow neck or
  isthmus
Chert, kert. to. a. [from quartz, Germ ]
  A kind of flint.
    Flint is most commonly found inform of nodules;
  but  'tis sometimes found in thin strata when 'tis
  called chert.                      Woodward.
CHE'RUB, tsher'ub. n. a. [TVplur. doid
  It  is  sometimes  written  in the plural,
  improperly,  cherubims.]   A celestial
  spirit; which, in the hierarchy, is placed
  next in order  to the seraphim. All the
  several  descriptions  which  the Scrip-
  ture gives us  of cherubim, differ from
  one  another; as  they are described in
  the shapes of men,  eagles, oxen, lions,
  and in a composition of all these figures
  put together.   The  hieroglyphical re-
  presentations inthe'embroidery upon the
  curtains of the tabernacle, were called
  by  Moses, Exod. xxvi.  I. cherubim of
   cunning work.                  Calmet.
         The roof o'to' chamber
  With gold cherubims is fretted.       Shakspeare.
         Heav'n's cfteruoim, hors'd
  Upon the sightless coursers of toe air,
  Shall blow the horrid deed in ev'ry eye,
  That tears shall drown the wind.      Shakspeare.
    Some cfterub finishes what you begun,
  And to a miracle improves the tune.        Prior.
 Cheru'bick, tshe-rubik. adj.  [from che-
   rub.]  Angelick; relating to the cheru-
   bim.
                Thy words
  Attentive, and with more delighted ear,
  Divine instructor! I have heard, than when
  Cherubick songs by night from neighb'ring hills
  Aerial musick send.      Milton's Paradise Lost.
    And on the east side of the garden place
     Cherubick watch.      Milton's Paradise Lost.
 Che'rubin, tsher'u-bim. adj. [from  che-
   rub.]  Angelical.
                   This fell whore of thine
  Hath in her more destruction than toy sword,
  For all her cherubin look.           Shakspeare.
 Che'rvil, tsher'vil.  to. s. [charophyllum,
   Lat.] An umbelliferous plant.   Miller.
 To Che'ruf, tsher'up. v. to. [from  cheer;
   perhaps from cheer  up, corrupted  to
   cherup.]  To  chirp;  to  use a cheerful
   voice.
                   The birds
  Frame to thy song their cheerful cheruping;
   Or hold their peace for shame of thy sweet lays.
                                     Spenser.
 Che'slip, tshes'sllp. to. s.  A  small  ver-
   min, that  lies under stones or tiles.
                                   Skinner.
 CHESS, tshes, to. a. [echecs, Fr.]  A nice
   and abtruse game, in which two sets of
   men  are  moved in opposition to each
   other.
     This game the Persian magi did invent,
   The force of Eastern wisdom to express:
     From thence to busy Europeans sent,
   And styl'd by modern Lombards pensive chess.
CHE
  So have I seen a king on chess
(His rooks and knights withdrawn,
His queen and bishops in distress)
Shifting about, grow less and less,
With here and there a pawn.
Denham.
Dryden.
Che'ss-apple, tshes ap-pl. n.a. A species
  of Wild Service.
Che'ss-board,  tshes'bord.  n.  a.   [from
  chess and board.]  The board or table on
  which the game of chess is played.
    And cards are dealt, and chess-boards brought,
  To «ase toe pain of coward toought.       Prior.
Che'ss-man, tshes'man.88 to. s. [from chess
  and man.] A puppet for chess.
    A company of chess-men standing on the same
  squares of the chess-board where we left them, we
  say they are all in the same place, or unmoved.
                                     Locke.
Che'ss-player, tshes'pla'ur.98 re. s. [from
  chess and player] A gamester at chess.
    Thus, like a skilful chess-player, he draws out his
  men, and makes his pawns of use to his greater per-
  sons.                              Dryden.
CHE'ssoM,tshes'sum.166 to. s. Mellow earth.
    The tender chessom and mellow earth is toe best,
  being mere mould,  between toe  two extremes of
  clay and sand; especially if it be not loomy and bind-
  ing.                 Bacon's Natural  History.
CHEST, tsh£st.  to. s.  [cyrt, Sax, cista,
   Lat.]
 1.  A  box  of  wood, or other materials in
   which  thinge are laid up.
    He will  seek there, on  my word: neither press,
  chest, trunk, well, vault, but he hath an abstract for
  the remembrance of all such  places.   Shakspeare.
    But more have been by avarice opprest,
  And heaps of money crowded in the chest.   Dryden.
 2.  A chest of drawers. A case with move-
   able boxes or drawers.
 3.  The trunk of 'the body, or cavity from
   the shoulders to the belly.
    Such  as  have round faces, or broad  chests, or
  shoulders, have seldom or never long necks. Brown.
    He describes another by toe largeness of his chest,
  and breadth of his shoulders.              Pope.
 To Chest, tshest. v. a. [from the noun.]
    To reposite in a chest; to hoard.
 CHEST-FouNnERiNG,    tshest'foun-drlng.
    to. s. A disease in horses.  It comes near
    to  a pleurisy, or peripneumony, in a
    human body.     Farriers's Dictionary.
 Che'steo, tshest'ed.  adj. [from  chest]
    Having a chest;  as, broad-chested, nar-
    row-chested.
 Che'ster. See Castor.
 Che'stnut, tshes'nut.
 Che'stnut-tree, tshes'niit-tree
    [chastaigne, Fr.  castanea, Lat.]
 1.  The tree hath katkins, which are pla-
    ced at remote distances from the fruit,
    on the  same tree.   The outer  coat of
    the fruit is very rough, and has  two or
    three  nuts included  in each husk or co-
    vering.  This tree was formerly in great-
    er plenty, as may be  proved by the old
    buildings in London, which were, for the
    most part, of this timber; which is equal
    in  value to the  best  oak, and for many
    purposes,  far exceeds it,  particularly
    for making vessels for liquors; it having
    a property, when once thoroughly sea-
    soned,  to maintain  its  bulk constantly,
    and is  not  suoject to shrink or swell,
    like other timber.               Miller.
   . The  fruit ofthe chestnut tree.
                 A woman's tongue,
    That gives not half so great a blow to th' ear,
    As will a cftesfnut in a fanner's fire.   Shakspeare.
                     Q(j2
                 CHE

    October has a basket of services, medlars, and
  chestnuts, and fruits that ripen at the latter time.
                         Peacham on Drawing.
3. The name of a brown colour.
      His hair is of a good colour.----
  ----An excellent colour: your cftesfnut was ever the
        only colour.                 Shakspeare.
    Merab's long hair was glossy chestnut brown.
                                    Cowley.
Che'ston, tsheVtn.«. s. A species of plum.
CHEVALIER, shev-a-leer.3fia to. s. [che-
  valier,  Fr.]  A  knight; a gallant strong
  man.
    Renowned Talbot doth expect my aid;
  And 1 am lowted by a traitor villain,
  And cannot help the noble chevalier.    Shakpeare-
CHE' VA UX de Prise, shev- 6-de-freeze.382
  n. s.  [Fr. The singular Cheval dc Frise
  is seldom used.]  The Friesland horse,
  which  is a piece of  timber,  larger or
  smaller, and  traversed   with  woouen
  spikes,  pointed with iron, five or six
  feet long; used  in defending a passage,
  stopping  a  breach,  or  making  a re-
  trenchment to stop  the  cavalry.   It  is
  also, called a turnpike, or tourniquet.
                                Chambers.
Che'ven, tshev'vn.103 «. s. [chevesne, Fr.]
  A  river  fish, the same with chub.
Che'veril, tshev'er-il. to.  s.  [cheverau,
  Fr.]  A kid; kidleather. Obsolete.
    A sentence is but a cheveril glove to a good wit:
  how quickly toe wrong side may  be turned outward.
                                  Shakspeare.
            Which gifts the capacity
  Of your soft cftecerii consicience would receive,
  If you  might please to stretch it.       Shakspeare.
    O, here's a wit of cfteuerif,  that stretches from
  an inch narrow to an ell broad.        Shakspeare.
 CHE'VISAJVCE, shev'e-zanse.  n. s. [che-
   visance, Fr.] Enterprise; achievement.
   A word now not in use,
    Fortune toe foe of famous chevisance,
  Seldom, said Guyon, yields to virtue aid. Spenser.
 CHE'VROM shev'ron.  to. s.  [French.]
   One of the honourable ordinaries in he-
   raldry.  It represents two rafters of a
   house set up as they ought to stand.
                                    Harris.
 To CHEW, tsh66. v. a.  [ceopyan, Sax.
   kauwen, Dutch.  It is  very frequently
   pronounced chaw, and perh. ps proper-
   ■y-]
 l.  To grind with the teeth; to masticate.
     If little faults, proceeding on distemper,
   Shall not be wink'd at, how snail we stretch our eye,
   When capital crimes  chew'd, swallow'd,  and di-
      gested,
   Appeal-before us?                   Shakspeare,
           Pacing through the forest,
   Chewing the food of sweet and  bitter fancy. Shaksp.
     This pious cheat, that never suck'd the blooU,
   Nor chew'd the flesh, of lambs.    Dryden's Fables.
                   The vales
   Descending gently, where the lowing herd
   Chews veru'rous pasture.                Philips.
     By viewing, solid  aliment  is divided into small
   parts: in a human body, there is no oilier instrument
   to perform tins action but  the teeth.  By the action
   of chewing, the spittle  and mucus   are  squeezed
   from the glands,  and mixed  with  toe  aliment;
   whicu action, ii it be long  continued, will turn the
   aliment into a sort of ehyie. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
  2. To  meditate; to ruminate in the thou- als.
      While the fierce monk  does at his trial stand,
   He cliews revenge, abjuring his oiTence:
    Guile in bis tongue, and murder in his hand,
    He stabs lus judge, to prove his innocence.  Prw. 
CHI
CHI
CHI
3. To taste without swallowing.
    Heaven 's in my mouth,
  As if I did but only chew its name     Shakspeare.
    Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallow-
  ed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is,
  some books are to be read only in parts; others to be
  read, but not curiously; and some few to be read
  wholly, with attention.                  Bacon.
To Chew, tshoo. v. to. To champ upon; to
   ruminate.
    I will with patience hear, and find a time;
  Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this.  Shaksp.
    Inculcate the  doctrine of disobedience, and then
  leave the multitude to chew upon 't.   L'Estrange.
    Old politicians chew on wisdom past,
  And blunder on in business to the last.       Pope.
CHiCA'NE, she-kane'.352 to. s.  [chicane,
   Fr. derived by Menage  from the  Spa-
   nish word chico  little.]
1.  The art of protracting a contest by pet-
   ty objection  and artifice.
    The general  part  of the  civil law concerns not
  the chicane of private cases,  but the affairs and in-
  tercourse of civilized nations, grounded  upon the
  principles of reason.                     Locke.
    His attornies have  hardly one trick left; they are
  at the end of all their chicane.        Arbuthnot.
2.  Artifice  in general. This sense is only
   in familiar language.
    Unwilling then in arms to meet,
   He strove  to lengthen the campaign,
  And save his forces by chicane.            Prior.
 To  Chica'ne, she-kane'. v.  to. [chicaner,
   Fr.]  To prolong a contest by tricks.
Chica'ner, she-ka'nur.  re. s.  [chicaneur,
   Fr.]  A  petty sophister; a trifling dispu-
   tant; a wrangler.
    This is the way to distinguish the two most differ-
  ent things I know, a logical chicaner from a man of
  reason.                                Locke.
Chica'nery, she-ka'nur-e. to. s.  [chicane-
   rie, Fr.]  Sophistry; mean arts of wran-
   gle.
     His anger caused him to destroy toe greatest part
   of these reports; and only to preserve such as disco-
   vered most of the chicanery and futility ofthe prac-
   tice.                              Arbuthnot.
 Chiches, tshitsh'es. w. *.  See Chickpeas.
 Chi'chling  Vetch,   tshitsh'ling-vetsh.
    n.  s. [lathyrus,  Lat.]  In Germany they
    are cultivated and eaten as peas, though
    neither so tender nor well tasted  Miller.
re. s. [cicen, Sax.
  kiecken, Dutch
CHICK, tshik.
Chi'cken, thik'in.104
   Chicken is, I believe, the  old plural of
   chick,  though  now used as a singular
   noun.]
1. The young of a bird, particularly of a
   hen, or small bird.        *
                   All my pretty ones!
  What, al! my pretty chickens, and  their dam,
  At one fell swoop!                  Shakspeare.
    For when the shell is broke, out comes a cfticA;.
                                       Davies.
    While it is a cfticA:, and hath no spurs,  nor  can-
  not hurt,  nor hath seen the motion, yet he readily
  practiseth it.                             Hale.
    Even since she was a se'en-night old, they say,
  Was chaste and humble to her dying day;
  Nor chick, nor hen, was known to disobey. Dryden.
    Having the notion that one laid the egg out of
  which the other was hatched, I have a clear idea of
  the relation of dam and chick.            Locke.
    On rainy days alone I dine,
  Upon a chick and pint of wine:
  On rainy days I dine alone,
  And pick my chicken to the bone.          Swift.
2. A word of tenderness.
                My Ariel, chick,
  This is thy charge.                  Shakspeare.
   A term for a young girl.
    Then, Chloe, still go on to prate
  Of thirty-six and thirty-eight;
  Pursue your trade of scandal-picking,
  Your hints that Stella is no chicken.         Sioift.
Chi'ckenhearted, tshik'in-haMed.  adj.
   [from chicken and heart]  Cowardly; ti-
   morous; fearful.
    Now we set up for tilting in the pit,
  Where 'tis agreed by bullies, chickenheorrted,
  To fright the ladies first, and then be parted.
                      Prologue to Spanish Friar.
Chi'ckenpox, tshlk'in-poks. re. s.  An ex-
   anthematous distemper, so called from
   its being of no very great danger.
Chi'ckling,  tshik'ling. n.s. [from chick.]
   A small chicken.
Chi'ckpeas,  tshik'peze. «. s. [from chick
   and pea]  A kind of degenerate pea.
                                      Miller.
CHi'cKWEED,tshik'weed. to. s. [from chick
   and weed.]  The name of a plant.
    Green mint, or  chickioeed, are of good use in all
   the hard swellings of the breast, occasioned by milk.
                                     Wiseman,
To  CHIDE,  tshide.  v.a. preter. chid or
   chode, part, chid or chidden, [ciban Sax.]
I.  To reprove;  to check; to correct with
   words: applied to persons.
     Cfticte him for faults, and do it reverently,
   When you perceive his blood inclin'd to mirth.
                                    SAaAspeare.
     And fly like chidden Mercury from Jove. Shaksp.
             Those, that do teach your babes,
   Do it with gentle means,  and easy tasks;
   He might have chid me so: for, in good faith,
   I am a child to chiding.              Shakspeare.
                   Scylla wept,
   And chid her barking waves into attention. MiUon.
     Above the waves as Neptune shew'd his face,
   To chide the winds, and save the Trojan race.
                                        Waller.
     You look, as if yon stern philosopher
   Had just now chidyou.                 Addison,
     If any woman of better fashion in the parish hap-
   pened to be absent from  church, they were sure of a
   visit from him, to chide and to dine with her. Swift.
 2. To d>ive  with reproof.
     Margaret my queen, and Clifford too,
   Have chid me from the battle.        Shakspeare.
 3.  To  blame;   to  reproach:  applied  to
   things.
     Winds murmur'd through the leaves your long de-
          lay,
   And fountains, o'er the pebbles, chid your stay.
                                       Diyden.
     I chid the folly of my thoughtless haste;
   For the work perfected, the joy was past.    Prior.
  To Chide, tshide. v. to.
  1. To  clamour; to scold.
     What had he to do to chide at me?  Shakspeare.
   Next morn, betimes, toe bride was missing:
   The mother scream'd, the father cftut,
   Where can this idle wench be hid?         Swift.
  2.  To  quarrel with.
      The business of the state does him offence,
   And he does cfticfe with you.           Shakspeare.
  3.  To make a noise.
                    My  duty.
   As doth a rock against the chiding flood,
   Should the approach of this wild river break,
   And stand unshaken yours.            Shakspeare.
  Chi'der, tshi'diir.98  to. s. [from chide.] A
    rebuker; a reprover.
      Not her that chides, Sir, at thy hand I pray —
   I love no chiders, Sir.                Shakspeare.
  CHIEF, tsheef. adj. [chef the head, Fr.]
I.  Principal; most eminent; above the rest
  in any  respect.
    These  were the chief of the officers that were over
  Solomon's works.                      1 Kings.
    The hand of the princes and  rulers hath been
  chief in this tresspass.                     Ezra,
    Your country, chief in aims, abroad defend;
  At home, with morals, arts, and laws amend.  Pope.
2.  Eminent; extraordinary.
    A froward man soweto strife, and a whisperer se-
  parateth  chief friends.                 Proverbs.
3.  Capital; of the first order; that to which
  other parts are inferiour, or subordinate.
    I came to have a good general view of the apos-
  tle's main purpose in writing the epistle, and the
  chief branches of his discourse wherein he prosecu-
  ted it.                                 Locke.
 t. It is  used  by some writers  with a su-
  perlative termination; but, 1  think, im-
  properly:   the  comparative  chief er is
  never  found.
    We beseech you, bend you to remain
  Here in  the cheer and comfort of our eye,
  Our chiefest courtier, cousin, and our son.    Shaksp.
    Doeg  an Edomite, toe chiefest of the herdsmen.
                                     1. Samuel.
    He sometimes denied admission to the chiefest of-
  ficers of the army.                   Clarendon.
Chief,tsheef.27" n.s. [from the adjective.]
 1.  A  military commander; a leader of
   armies; a captain.
                   Is pain to them
  Less pain, less to be fled? or thou than they
  Less hardy to endure? courageous chief!
  The first in flight from pain.   Milton's Par. Lost.
     After or before were never known
  Such chiefs; as each an army seem'd alone. Dryim.
     A wit's a feather, and a chief a. rod;
  An honest man's the noblest work of God.   Pope.
     A prudent chief not always must display
  His pow'rs in equal ranks, and fair array;
  But with th' occasion and the place comply,
  Conceal his force, nay seem sometimes to fly. Pope.
 2.  In Chief, in law.  In capite, by person-
   al service.
     All sums demandable, either for licence of alie-
  nation to be made of lands holden in chief, or for the
  pardon of any such alienation already made without
  licence, have been stayed in the way to the hanaper.
                                        Bacon.
     I shall be proud to hold my dependence on you in
   chief, as I do part of my small fortune in Wiltshire.
                                       Dryden.
 3.  In  Spenser  it seems to  signify  some-
    what  like achievement; a mark  of dis-
    tinction.
     Where be the nosegays that she dight for toee?
   The coloured chaplets wrought with a chief,
   The knottish rush-rings, and gilt rosemary?  Spens.
 4.  In heraldry.
     The  chief is so called from the French word chef,
   the head or upper part: this possesses the upper third
   part of the escutcheon.      Peacham on Drawing.
 CHi'EFnoM, tsheef'diim. to.  s. [from chief]
    Sovereignty. Not in use.
     Zephyrus being in love with Chloris, and covet-
   ing her  to wife, gave her for a dowry tbe chief dom
    and sovereignty of all flowers and green herbs.
                             Spenser's Kal. Gloss.
 Chie'fless, tsheef'les. adj. [from  chief]
    Wanting a head; being without a leader.
     And chiefless armies doz'd out the campaign,
    And navies yawn'd for orders on the main.    Pope.
 Chi'efly,  tsheef'le.  adv.  [from  chief]
    Principally; eminently:  more than com-
    mon.
      Any man who will consider the nature of an epic
    poem,  what  actions it describes, and what persons
    they are chiefly whom it informs, will find it a work
    full of difficulty.                       Dryden. 
CHI
CHI
CHI
    Those parts of the kingdom, where the number
  and estates of the dissenters chiefly lay.      Swift.

Chi'efrie, tsheef're.  re.  a. [from  chief]
   A small rent paid to the lord paramount.
    They shall be well able to live upon those lands,
  to yield her majesty reasonable chiefrie, and also give
  a competent maintenance unto the garrrisons.
                              Spenser's Ireland.
    Would the reserved rent at this day be any more
  than a small chiefrie?                     Swift.
Chi'eftain, tsheef'tin.208 to. *. [from chief
   captain.]
1. A leader; a commander.
    That forc'd their cliieftain, for his safety's sake,
  (Their chieftain Humber named was aright)
  Unto the mighty stream him to betake,
  Where he an end of battle and of life did make.
                                  Fairy Queen.
2. The head of a clan.
    It broke and absolutely subdued all the lords and
  chieftains of toe Irishry.         Davies on Ireland.
Chie'vanoe, tshee'vanse.  to.  a.  [probably
   from achevance, Fr. purchase.]  Traf-
   fick, in which money is extorted; as dis-
   count.  Now obsolete.
    There were good laws against usury, the bastard
  use of money; and against unlawful chievances and
  exchanges, which is bastard usury.         Bacon.
Chi'lblain, tshil'blane.  re. s.  [from chill
   cold, and blain; so that  Temple  seems
   mistaken in his etymology, or has writ-
   ten it  wrong to serve a purpose.] Sores
   made  by frost.
    I remembered the cure of chilblains when I was a
  boy (which may be called toe children's gout), by
  burning at the fire.                      Temple,
CHILD, tshild.  re. s. in the plural Chil-
   dren, [cilb, Sax.]
 1. An infant, or very young person.
    In age, to wish for youth is full as vain,
  As for a youth to turn a child again.       Denham.
    We should no more be kinder to one child than to
  another, than we are tender of one eye more than
  of the other.                       L'Estrange.
    The young lad must not be ventured  abroad  at
  eight or ten, for fear of what may happen to the ten-
  der child; though he then runs ten times less risque
  than at sixteen.                          Locke.
    The stroke of death is nothing: children endure
  it, and the greatest cowards find it no pain.  Wake.
2. One  in  the line of filiation, opposed  to
   the parent.
    Where children  have been  exposed, or taken
  away young, and afterwards have approached to
  their parents' presence, the parents,  though they
  have not known them,  have had a secret joy, or
  other alteration, thereupon.     Bacon's Nat. Hist.
                   I shall see
  The winged vengeance overtake such children.
                                    Shakspeare.
    So unexhausted her perfections were,
  That for more children she had more to spare. Dryd.
    He, in a fruitful wife's embraces old,
  A long increase  of children's children told.  Addison.
3. The descendants of a man, how remote
   soever, are called  children; as  the chil-
   dren of Edom, the children of Israel.
4. In the language of  scripture.
    One weak in  knowledge.  Isaiah. 1 Corinthians.
    Such as are young in  grace.             1 John.
    Such as are humble and docile.       Matthew.
    The  children of light, the children of darkness:
  who follow light, who remain in darkness.
    The elect, the blessed, are also called the children
  of God.                      ,
    How is he numbered  among the children of God
  and his lot is among the saints.           Wisdom
    In the New Testament, believers are commonly
  called the children of God.
    Ye are all the children of God, by faith in Jesus
  Christ.  Gal. iii. 26.                    Calmet.
5. A girl child.  Not in use.
    Mercy on's! a bearne, a very pretty bearne!
  A boy, or child, I wonder?             Shakspeare.
6. Any thing the product or effect of ano-
   ther.
        Macduff, this noble passion,
  Child of integrity, hath from my soul
  Wip'd the black scruples.             Shakspeare.
7. lo be with Child.  To be pregnant.
      If it must stand still, let wives with child
  Pray that their burthen may not fall this day,
  Lest toat their hopes prodigiously be crost. Shaksp.
To Child, tshild.  v. re. [from the noun.]
   To bring children.
                 The spring, the summer,
  The ehilding autumn, angry winter, change
  Their wonted liveries.               Shakspeare.
    As to ehilding women,  young vigorous  people,
  after irregularities of diet, in such it begins with
  haemorrhages.                      Arbuthnot.
Chi'ld bearing,  tshild'b&-ring. particip.
   substantive, [from child and bear.] The
   act of  bearing children.
                   To thee
  Pains only in cftiWftearing were foretold,
  And bringing forth, soon recompens'd with joy,
  Fruit of thy womb.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
    The timorous and irresolute Sylvia has  demurred
  till she is past childbearing.              Addison.
Chi'ldbed,  tshild'bed.  re. s. [from child
   and bed.] The state of a woman bring-
   ing a child, or being in labour.
    The funerals of prince Arthur, and of queen Eli-
  zabeth, who died in childbed in the Tower.  Bacon.
    Pure, as when wash'd from spot of childbed stain.
                              Paradise Regained.
    Yet these, tho' poor, the pain of childbed bear.
                                       Dryden.
    Let no one be actually married, till she hath the
  childbed pillows.                      Spectator.
    Women in  childbed  are in the  case  of persons
  wounded.                    Arbuthnot on Diet.
Chi'lbbirth, tshild'berfA. to.  s.  [from
   child and birth.]  Travail;  labour;  the
   time of bringing forth; the act of bring-
   ing forth.
     The mother of Pyrocles, after her childbirth, died.
                                        Sidney.
     A kernel void of any taste, but not so  of virtue,
  especially for women travailing in childbirth. Carew.
     In the whole sex of women, God hath decreed the
  sharpest pains of childbirth; to show, that  there is no
  state exempt from sorrow.                Taylor,
     He to his wife, before the time assign'd
  For childbirth came, thus bluntly spoke his mind.
                                       Dryden.

CHi'LDEn, tshil'ded.  adj.  [from  child]
   Furnished with  a child.
     How light and portable my pain seems now,
  When that which makes me bend, makes the  king
           bow;
   He childed as I father'd.             Shakspeare.

Chi'ldermas DAY,tshil'der-mas-da'. [from
   child and mass]  The day of the week,
   throughout  the  year, answering to the
   day on which the feast of the Holy In-
   nocents is solemnized, which weak  and
   superstitious  persons think an  unlucky
   day.
     To talk of hares,  or such uncouth things, proves
   as ominous to the fisherman, as the beginning of a
   a voyage on the day when childennas day fell, doth
   to  the mariner.                         Carew.
 Chi'ldhood, tshild'hud. to.*..[from child;
   cilbhab, Sax.]
 1. The  state of children;  or,  the  time in
  which we are children: it includes  in-
  fancy, but is continued to puberty.
    Now have I stain'd the childhood of our joy.
  With blood removed but little from our own.  Shak.
    The sons of lords and gentlemen should be trained
  up in learning from their childhoods.       Spenser.
         Seldom have I ceas'd to eye,
  Thy infancy, thy childhood, and thy youth.  Milton.
    The same authority that  the  actions of a man
  have with us in our childhood, the same, in every
  period of life, has the practice of all whom we re-
  gard as our superiours.                  Rogers.
2. The time of life  between  infancy and
  puberty.
    Infancy and childhood demand thin, copious, nou-
  rishing aliment.           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The properties  of a  child.
    Their love in early infancy began,
  And rose as childhood ripen'd into man.   Dryden.
Chi'ld is h, tshild'ish. adj. [from child]
I. Having the qualities of a child;  trifling;
   ignorant; simple.
    Learning hath its infancy, when it is but begin-
  ning and almost childish; then its youth, when it is
  luxuriant and juvenile.           Bacon's Essays.
2, Becoming only children;  trifling;  pue-
   rile.
    Musidorus being  elder by three or four  years,
  there was taken away the occasion of  childish con-
  tentions.                              Sidney.
    The lion's whelps she saw how he did bear,
  And lull in rugged arms withouten childish fear.
                                       Spenser.
    When I was yet a child, no childish play
  To me was pleasing; all my mind was set
  Serious to learn and know.     Paradise Regained.
    The fathers  looked oh the worship of images as
  the most silly and childish thing in the world.
                                    Stillingfleel.
    One that has newly learn'd to speak and go
  Loves childish plays.                 Roscommon.
    They have spoiled the walls with childish senten-
  ces, that consist often in a jingle of words. Addison.
    By conversation  the childish  humours of their
  younger days might be worn out,       Arbuthnot-
Chi'ldishly,  tshild'ish-le.  adv.  [from
   childish.]    In a childish  trifling  way;
   like a child.
    Together with his fame their infamy was spread,
  who had so rashly and childishly ejected him.
                                       Hooker.
     Some men are of excellent judgment in their own
  professions, but childishly unskilful in any thing be-
  sides.                               Hayward,
Chi'ldishness, tshild^sh-nes. to. s. [from
   childish.]
 1. Puerility; triflingness.
     The actions  of childishness, and unfashionable
  carriage, time  and  age will of itself be sure to re-
  form.                                  Locke.
     Nothing in the world could give a  truer idea of
  the superstition,  credulity,  and childishness of the
  Roman catholick religion.       Addison on Italy.
2. Harmlessness.
             Speak thou, boy;
  Perhaps thy childishness will move him more
  Than can our reasons.               Shakspeare.
Chi'ldless, tshild'les.  adj. [from child]
   Without children; without offspring.
     As thy sword hath made women childless, so shall
  thy mother be. childless among women.    1 Samuel.
     A man shall see the  noblest works and founda-
  tions have proceeded from childless men; which have
   sought to express toe images of toeir minds, where
   those of their bodies have failed; so toe care of pos-
   terity is most in them that have no posterity. Bacon.
     Childless thou art, childless remain: so death
   Shall be deceiv'd his glut.  Milton's Paradise Lost.
     She can give the  reason why one died childless.
                                       Spectator.
Chi'ldlike,  tshild'like. adj. [from child 
CHI
CHI
CHI
  and like.]   Becoming or beseeming a
  child.
    Who can owe no less than a childlike obedience to
  her that hath more than motherly care.    Hooker.
        I thought the remnant of mine age
  Should have been cherish'd by her childlike duty.
                                   SftoA:speare.
Chi'liad, kil-e-ad. to. s. [from #<A«*f.]  A
  thousand;  a collection or sum contain-
  ing u thousand.
    We make cycles and periods of years, as decads,
  centuries, chiliads, for the use of  computation in
  history.                              Holder.
Chilia'edron,  kil-e-a-ed'dron. n.s. [from
  %iXix.]  A figure of a thousand sides.
    In a man, who speaks of a chiliaedron, or a body
  of a thousand sides, the idea of the figure may be
  very confused, though that of the number be very
  distinct.                              Locke.
Chilifa'ctive, kil-e-fak'tiv.  adj.  [from
  chile.]   That which makes chile.
    Whether this be not effected by some way of cor-
  rosion, rather than any proper digestion, chilifactive
  mutation, or alimental conversion.        Broion.
Chilifa'ctory, kil-e-fak'to-re. adj. [from
  chile.]   That which  has the quality of
  making  cnile.
    We should  rather rely  upon a chilifactory men-
  struum, or digestive  preparation drawn from spe
  eies  or individuals, whose stomachs peculiarly dis-
  solve lapideous bodies.                  Brown.
Chilifica'tion, kil-e-fe-ka'shun.   to.  *.
'  [from chile.]  The act of making chile.
    Nor will we affirm that iron is indigested in the
  stomach of the ostriche; but we suspect this effect
  to proceed not from any liquid reduction, or tendence
  Xochilifkation, by the power of natural heat. Brown.
CHILL, tshil. adj. [ceie, Sax.]
1. Cold; that which is cold to  the touch.
    And all my plants I save from nightly ill,
  Of noisome winds, and blasting vapours chill.
                                      Milton.
2.  Cold;  having  the  sensation of  cold;
   shivering with cold.
    My heart and my chill veins freeze with despair.
                                        Rowe.
3. Dull; not warm; not forward: as, a chill
   reception.
4. Depressed; dejected; discouraged.
5. Unaffectionate; cold of temper.
Chill, tshil. to. s.  [from the adjective.]
   Chilness;  cold.
    I very well know one to have a sort of cftiff about
  his praecordia and head. Derham's Physico-Theology.
To Chill, tshil. v.a. [from the adjective.]
I. To make cold.
                 Age has not yet
  So shrunk my sinews, or so chill'd my veins,
  But  conscious  virtue in my breast remains. Dryden.
    Heat burns his rise, frost chills his setting beams,
  And vex toe world with opposite extremes. Creech.
    Each changing season does its poison bring;
  Rheums cftiff the winter, agues blast the spring.
                                        Prior.
                   Now no more the drum
  Provokes to arms; or trumpet's clangor shrill
  Affrights the wives, or chills the virgin's blood.
                                      Philips.
2. To depress; to deject; to discourage.
    Every thought on God chills the gaiety of his
  spirits, and awakens terrors which he cannot bear.
                                      Rogers.
3. To blast with cold.
            The fruits perish on the ground,
  Or soon decay, by snows immod'rate chill'd,
  JBy winds are blasted, or by lightning kill'd.
                                   Blackmore.
Chi'luness, tshil'le-nes. to. *.  [from chil-
  ly.] A sensation of shivering cold.  •
    If the patient survives three days, the acuteness of
  the pain abates, and a chilliness or shivering affects
  toe body.                          Arbuthnot.
Chi'lly, tshll'le. adj. [from chill.] Some-
  what  cold.
                  A cftiffy sweat bedews
  My  shudd'ring limbs.                   Philips.
Chi'lness,  tshil'nes.  to. a. [from  chill.]
  Coldness; want of warmth.
    If you come out of the sun suddenly into a shade,
  there followeth a chillness or shivering in all the body.
                                      Bacon.
    This while he thinks, he lifts aloft his dart,
  A generous chillness seizes ev'ry part,
  The veins pour back the blood, and fortify the heart.
                                     Dryden.
Chime, tshim. re. s. [kime, Dutch.]   The
  end ol a barrel or tub.
CHIME, tshime.  re. s.   [The original of
  this word is doubtful.  Junius and Min-
  ahew suppose it corrupted from cimbal;
  Skinner from gamme, or gamut; Hen-
  ahaw from  chiamare,  to call,  because
  the chime calls to church.   Perhaps it
  is  only softened from chirme, or churme,
  an  old word for  the  sound  of many
  voices, or instruments making a noise
  together.]
1. The consonant or harmonick sound of
  many correspondent instruments.
    Hang our shaggy thighs with bells;
  That, as we do strike a tone,
  In our dance shall make a chime.     Ben Jonson.
                      The sound
  Of instruments, that made melodious chime,
  Was heard, of harp and organ. JMiffon's Par. Lost.
    Love virtue, she alone is free;
  She can teach you how to climb
  Higher than the sphery chime.           Milton.
2. The  correspondence  of sound.
    Love first invented verse, and form'd the rhime,
  The motion measur'd, harmoniz'd the chime. Dryd.
3. The sound of bells, not rung by  ropes,
  but struck with hammers. In this sense
  it is always  used in the plural,  chimea.
    We have heard the chimes at midnight.  Shaksp.
4. The correspondence  of proportion  or
  relation.
    The conceptions of things are placed in their seve-
  ral  degress of similitude; as in several proportions,
  one to  another;  in which harmonious chimes, the
  voice of reason is often drowned.          Grew.
 To Chime, tshime. v. to. [from the noun.]
 I. To sound in harmony or consonance.
    To make the rough recital aptly chime,
  Or  bring the sum of Gallia's loss to rhime,
  'Tis mighty hard.                      Prior.
 2.  To  correspond in relation or propor-
   tion.
    Father and son, husband and wife, and such other
  correlative terms, do  belong one to another; and,
  through custom, do readily cftime, and answer  one
  another, in people's memories.            Locke.
 3. To agree; to fall in with.
    He not only sat quietly and heard his father railed
  at,  but often chimed in with the discoure.  Arbuthnot.
 4.  To  suit with; to agree.
    Any sect, whose reasonings, interpretation,  and
  language, I have been used to, will, of course, make
  all  chime that way; and make another, and perhaps
  the genuine meaning of the author,  seem harsh,
  strange, and uncouth to me.               Locke.
 5.  To jingie;  to clatter.
    But with the meaner tribe I'm fore'd to chime,
  And, wanting strength to rise, descend to rhime.
                                       Smith.
To Chime, tshime. v. a.
I. To move, or strike, or cause to sound
   harmonically, or with just consonancy.
    With lifted arms they order every blow,
  And chime their sounding hammers in a row;
  With labour'd anvils iEtoa groans below. Dryden.
2. To strike a be!l with a hammer.
CHIME'RA,  ke-me'ra. to.  a. [chimara,
   Lat.]  A vain and wild fancy, as remote
   from reality as the existence of the poe-
   tical  Chimera,  a  monster feigned  to
   have  the  head  of a  lion, the belly of a
   goat, and the  tail of a dragon.
    In short, the force of dreams is of a piece,
  Chimeras all, and more absurd, or less.    Dryden.
    No body joins toe voice of a sheep with the shape
  of a horse to be the complex ideas of any real sub-
  stances, unless he has a mind to fill his head with
  chimeras, and his discourse with unintelligible words.
                                      Locke.
Chime'rical,  ke-mer're-kal. adj.  [from
   chimera.]  Imaginary; fanciful; wildly,
   vainly,  or fantastically conceited;  fan-
   tastick.
    Notwithstanding the fineness of this allegory may
  atone for it in some measure, I  cannot  think that
  persons of such chimerical existence are proper ac-
  tors in an epic poem.                 Spectator.
Chime'rically,   ke-mer're-kal-le.   adv.
   [from chimerical.] Vainly; wildly; fan-
   tastically.
Chi'minage, kim'mln-aje. «. a. [from chi-
   min, an old law  word  for a road.] A toll
   for passage through  a forest.    Cowell,
CHTMNEY,  tshim'ne.  to. a.  [cheminee,
   Fr.]
1. The passage through which the smoke
   ascends from the fire in  the house.
    Chimnies which scorn rejecting  smoke.   Swift.
2. The turret raised above the roof of the
   house, for conveyance of the smoke.
    The night has been unruly: where we lay,
  Our chimnies were blown down.        Shakspeare.
3. The  fire-place.
                  The chimney
    Is south the chamber, and the chimneypiece,
  Chaste Dian bathing.               Shakspeare.
    The fire  which the Chaldeans worshipped for a
  god, is crept into every man's chimney.    Raleigh.
    Low  offices, which some  neighbours hardly think
  it worth stirring from their chimney sides to obtain.
                      Swift on Sacred Testimony.
Chi'mney-corner, tshim'ne-kor'nur. to. a.
   [from chimney  and  corner.]  The fire-
   side;  the  seat on  each end of the fire-
   grate: usually noted  in  proverbial lan-
   guage for being the place of idlers.
                 Yet some old men
   Tell stories of you in their chimney-corner. Denham.
CHi'MNEYPiECE,tshim'ne-peese.TO.s.[from
   chimney  and piece.]   The ornamental
   piece of wood, or stone, that is set round
   the fire-place
    Polish and brighten the marble hearths and chime
   neypieces with a clout dipt in grease.        Swift.
Chi'mneysweeper,    thsim'ne-swee-pur.
   to. a. [from chimney and  sweeper.]
 I. One whose  trade  it  is  to clean foul
   chimnies of soot.
     To look like her, are chimneysweepers black;
   And since her time are colliers counted bright.
                                    Shakspeare,
     The little chimneysweeper skulks along,
   And marks with  sooty stains the heedless throng.
I                                        Gay, 
CHI
CHI
CHI
    Even lying Ned, the cftimnet/sweepar of Savoy,
  and Tom the Portugal dustman, put in their claims.
                                   Arbuthnot.
2. It is used  proverbially  for one of a
   mean and  vile occupation.
    Golden lads and girls, all must,
  As cftimnet/siceepers, come to dust.    Shakspeare.
CHIN, tshin. re.  a.   [cmne,  Sax. kinn,
   Germ.]  The part of the face beneath
   the under lip.
    But all the words I could get of her, was wrying
  her waist, and thrusting out her chin.      Sidney.
      With his Amazonian  chin he drove
  The bristled lips before him.         Shakspeare.
    He  rais'd his hardy head, which sunk again,
  And, sinking on his bosom, knock'd his chin. Dryd.
Chi'na, tsha'ne. to.  a. [from  China,  the
   country where it is made.] China ware;
   porcelain;  a species of vessels made in
   China, dimly transparent, partaking of
   the qualities of  earth and glass.  They
   are   made by mingling   two  kinds of
   earth,  of which one easily vitrifies; the
   other resists a very  strong  heat: when
   the vitrifiable earth  is melted into glass,
   they are completely burnt.
    Spleen, vapours, or small-pox, above them all;
  And mistress of herself, too' china fall.      Pope.
    After supper, carry your plate and  cftina together
  in the  same basket.                    Swift.
Chi'na-Orange,  tsha'ne-or'inje.   «.   a.
   [from China and orange]   The sweet
   orange:  brought originally from China.
    Not many years has the China-orange been pro-
  pagated in Portugal and Spain.   Mortimer's Husb.
Chi'na-Root,  tshl'na-root.  to. a.  [from
   China  and  root.]    A  medicinal root,
   brought originally from China.
Chi'ncouoh, tshin'kof. to. *.[perhapsmore
   properly kinkough, from kinchin to pant,
   Dut. and cough.] A violent and convul-
   sive  cough, to which children are sub-
   ject.
    I have  observed a chincough, complicated with
  an intermitting fever.        Floyer on Humours.
CHINE,  tshine.  n.  a. [eschine, Fr. achi-
   ena,  Ital. apina, Lat, cein, Arm.]
1. The part  of the  back   in  which  the
   spine or back bone is found.
    She  strake him such a blow upon his cftine, that
  she opened all his body.                  Sidney.
     He presents her with  the tusky head,
  And chine with rising bristles roughly spread. Dryd.
2. A piece of the back of an animal.
    Cut  out the burly boned clown in  chines of beef
  ere thou sleep.                     Shakspeare.
    He had killed eight fat hogs for this season,  and
  he had dealt about his chines very liberally amongst
  his neighbours.                      Spectator.
To Chine, tshine. v. a. [from  the noun.]
   To cut into chines.
    He that in his line did chine the long ribb'd Apen-
        nine.                         Dryden.
CHINK, tshink. to. s. [cman to gape, Sax.]
   A small aperture  longwise;  an opening
   or gap between  the  parts of  any  thing.
    Pyramus and  Thisbe did talk through  the cftinA;
  of a wall.     Shaksp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
    Plagues also have  been raised by anointing the
  chinks  of doors, and the like.    Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Though birds  have no epiglottis, yet they so con-
  tract the chink of their larinx, as to prevent the ad-
  mission of wet or dry indigested.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Other inventions, false  and absurd, that are like
  so many chinks and holes to discover the rottenness
  0f the  whole fabrick.                   Soufft.
    In vain she search'd each cranny of the house,
  Each gaping cftinA; impervious to a mouse.  Swift.
To Chink, tshink. v. a. [derived by  Skin-
   ner from the  sound.]   To shake  so as
   to make a sound.
    He ch inks his purse, and takes  his seat of state:
  With ready quills toe dedicators wait.
                              Pope's Dunciad.
To Chink, tshink.v.  to. To sound by strik-
   ing each other.
    Lord Strutt*s-money shines as bright, and chinks
  as well, as 'squire South4*..
                Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
    When not a guinea chinck'd on  Martin's boards,
  And Atwell's self was drain'd of all his hoards. Swift.
Chi'nky, tshlnk'e. adj. [from chink] Full
   of holes; gaping;  opening into narrow
   clefts.
    But plaister thou the chincky hives with clay.
                              Dryden's Virgil.
    Grimalkin, to domestick vermin sworn
  An everlasting foe, with watchful eye
  Lies nightly brooding o'er a chinky gap,
  Protending her fell claws, to thoughtless mice
  Sure ruin.                    Philips's Poems.
Chints, tshints. to. s. Cloth of cotton made
   in India, and printed with  colours.
    Let a charming chints, and Brussels lace,
  Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face.
                                       Pope.
Chi'oppine,  tshop-pene'.112 to. s. [from
   chapin, Span.]   A high shoe, formerly
   worn by ladies.
    Your ladyship is nearer heaven than when I saw
  you last, by the altitude of a chioppine.    Shaksp.
    The woman  was  a giantess, and yet walked al-
  ways in chioppines.                    Coioley.
CHIP, Cheap, Chipping, tship,  tshepe,
   tship'ping. in the names of places, im-
   ply a market; from the Saxon cyppan
   ceapan, to buy.                  Gibson.
To Chip, tship. v. a. [probably corrupted
   from chop.]  To cut into small pieces;
   to diminish by cutting away a little at a
   time.
            His mangled Mermidons,
  Noseless, handless, hackt and chipt, come to him,
  Crying on Hector.   Shaksp. Troilus and Cressida.
    To return to our statue in toe  block of marble,
  we see it sometimes  only begun to be chipped; some-
  times rough hewn, and just sketched into an human
  figure.                     Addison's Spectator.
    The critick strikes out all that is not just;
  And 'tis ev'n so the butler chips his crust.    King.
                        Industry
  Taught him to chip the wood, and  hew the stone.
                                    Thomson.
Chip, tship. n. s. [from the verb.]
I. A  small piece taken off by a cutting in-
   strument.
    Cucumbers do extremely affect moisture, and
  over-drink toemselves,  which chaff or chips forbid-
  deto.                                Bacon.
    That chip made iron swim, not by natural power.
                                      Taylor.
            The straw was laid below;
   Of chips and serewood was the second row.
                               Dryden's Fables.
2.  A small piece, however made.
    The manganese lies in the vein in lumps wreck
   ed, in an  irregular  manner, among clay, spar, and
   chips of stone.                      Woodioard.
Chi'pping, tship'ping. to. s. [from To chip.]
   A  fragment cut off.
    They dung toeir land with toe chippings of a sort
   of soft stone.             Mortimer's Husbandry.
    The chippings and filings of these jewels,  could
   they be preserved, are of more value than the  whole
   mass of ordinary authors.  Felton on the Classicks.
Chira'grical, ki-rag'gre-kal.120 363  adj.
   [from chiragra, Lat.]  Having the gout
   in the hand;  subject to the gout in the
   hand.
    Chiragrical persons do suffer in the finger as well
  as in the rest, and sometimes first of all.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Chiro'grapher, ki-rog'grafur. to. *.[#</£
   the hand, and ypx<pu to write.] He  that
   exercises or  professes  the art or busi-
   ness  of writing.
    Thus passeth  it from  this office to the chirogra-
  pher's, to be engrossed. Bacon's Office of Alienation.
Chiro'graphist,  ki-rog'gra-fist.  to.  s.
   [See Chirographer ]   This word  is
   used  in the  following  passage, I think
   improperly,  for one that tells fortunes
   by examining the  hand: the  true word
   is chirosophist or chiromancer.
    Let  the  phisiognomists examine his features; let
  the chirographists behold  his palm;  but, above all,
  let us consult for the calculation of his nativity.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
Chiro'graphy, ki-rog'gra-fe.sls to. *. [See
   Chirographer.]  The art of writing.
Chi'romancer, kir'6-man-sur.  re. s. [See
   Chiromancy.]   One  that foretels fu-
   ture  events by inspecting the hand.
    The middle sort, who have not much to spare,
  To chiromancers' cheaper art repair,
  Who clap the pretty  palm, to make toe lines more
        fair.                  Dryden's Juvenal.
Chi'romancy,   kir'ro-man-se.358 619 re.  s.
   [#eif the  hand, and  /w.*v7'« a prophet.]
   The  art of foretelling the events of  life,
   by inspecting the hand.
    There is not much considerable in  toat doctrine
  of chiromancy, that spots in the top of toe nails do
  signify things past; in toe middle, things present;
  and at toe bottom, things to come.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To CHIRP, tsh£rp.  v.  re. [perhaps  con-
   tracted  from cheer up. The  Dutch have
   circken.] To make a cheerful noise; as
   birds, when  they call without singing.
    She chirping ran, he peeping flew away,
  Till hard bytoem both he and she did stray. Sidney.
    Came he right now to sing a raven's note:
  And thinks he that the chirping of a wren
  Can chase away toe first conceived sound?    Sftofc.
    No chirping lark toe welkin sheen invokes.
                               Gay's Pastorals.
                  The careful hen
  Calls all her chirping family around.
                             Thomson's Spring.
To Chirp, thserp. v. a. [Tnis  seems ap-
   parently corrupted from cheer up.] To
   make cheerful.
    Let no sober bigot here think it a sin
  To push on the chirping and moderate bottle.
                                     Johnson.
    Sir Balaam now, he lives like other folks;
  He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes.
                                        Pope.
Chirp, tsherp. to. s. [from the verb.]  The
   voice of birds and insects.
    Winds over us whisper'd, flocks by us did bleat,
   And cfttrpwent  the grasshopper under our feet.
                                    Spectator.
CHi'RPER,tsherp'pur.89 n. s. [from chirp.]
   One that chirps; one  that is cheerful.
 To Chirre, tshur  v. n. [ceoruan, Sax.]
   See Churme.   To coo as a  pigeon.
                                    Junius.
 CHIRU'RGEON, ki-ru.r'je-un.s« n.  a.
   [^.-ifot^y®-', from x,(l?  the  hand, and 
CHI
Cli  0
C HO
  e^yov, work.]  One that cures ailments,
  not by internal medicines,  but outward
  applications.  It is  now generally pro-
  nounced, and by many written, surgeon.
    When a man's wounds cease to smart,  only be-
  cause he has lost his feelings, they are nevertheless
  mortal, for his not seeing his need of a chirurgeon.
                               South's Sermons.
Chiru'rgery, ki-rur'je-re. re. a. [from chi-
  rurgeon] The art of curing by external
  applications.  This is called aurgery.
    Gynecia having skill in cftirurgeri/, an art in those
  days much esteemed.                    Sidney.
    Nature could do nothing in her case without the
  help of chirurgery, in drying up  the luxurious flesh,
  and making way to pull out the rotten bones.
                                      Wiseman.
Chiru'rgical, ki-rur'je-kal. >  adj.  See
Chiru'rgick, ki-riir'jik.363  }    Chirur-
   geon.
 1.  Having qualities useful  in outward ap-
   plications to hurts.
    As to the chwurgical or physical virtues of wax,
  it is reckoned a mean between hot and cold.
                                     Mortimer.
 2.  Relating to the manual  part of healing.
 3.  Manual in  general, consisting in opera-
   tions of  the hand.   This sense, though
   the first according to etymology, is now
   scarce found.
    The chirurgical or manual part doth refer to the
  making instruments, and exercising  particular ex-
  periments.                            Wilkins.
 CHl'SEL,tshiz'zil.10a99 n.s.[ciseau,Fr. of
   scissum,  Lat.]   An  instrument  with
   which wood or stone is pared away.
                      What fine chisel
  Could ever yet cut breath? Let no man mock me,
  For 1 will kiss her.                     Shaksp.
    There is such a seeming softness in the limbs, as
  if not a eftisef had hewed them  out of stone, but a
  pencil had drawn and streaked  them in oil.
                            Jfoffon's Architecture.
    Imperfect shapes: in marble  such are seen,
  When the rude eftisef  does the man begin. Dryden.
 To  Chi'sel, tshiz'zil.102 v. a.  [from  the
    noun.]  To cut with a chisel.
 CHIT,  tshit.  to.   s.   [according  to  Dr.
    Hickes,  from kind,  Germ,  child; per-
    haps from chico,  little, Span.]
 1.  A child;  a baby.   Generally used of
    young persons in contempt.
     These will appear such cftifs  in story,
   'Twill turn all politicks to jest.        Anonymous.
 2.  The shoot  of corn from the end of the
    grain.   A  cant term with malsters.
     Barley, couched four days, will begin to shew the
   chit or sprit at the root-end. Mortimer's Husbandry.
 3.  A freckle,   [from  chick-pease.]    In
    this  sense  it is seldom used.
 To Chit, tshit. v. to. [from the noun.] To
    sprout; to shoot  at the end of the grain;
    cant.
     I have known barley chit in seven hours after it
   had been thrown forth.     Mortimer's Husbandry.
 Chi'tchat, tshit'tshat. to. s. [corrupted by
    reduplication from chat.].  Prattle; idle
    prate; idle talk.   A  word only used in
    ludicrous conversation.
     I am a member of a female society, who call our-
  selves the chitchat club.                Spectator.
 Chi'tterlings,  tsbit'tur-lingz.665  to.  s.
    without  singular,  [from achyterlingh,
    Dut.  Minshew;  from  kutteln, Germ.
    Skinner.] The guts; the bowels.  Skinner.
Chatty, tshir/te. adj. [from chit.]  Child-
  ish;  like a baby.
Chi'valrous, tshiv'al-rus. adj.  [from chi-
  valry/]  Relating to  chivalry, or errant
  knighthood;  knightly;  warlike;  adven-
  turous; daring. A  word now  out of use.
    And noble minds of yore allied were
  In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.   Fairy Q.
CHI'VALRY, tshiv'al-re. re.  a.  [cheva-
  lerie,  Fr. knighthood,  from cheval,  a
   horse; as eques, in Latin.]
 1. Knighthood;  a military dignity.
    There be now, for martial encouragement, some
  degrees and orders of chivalry; which, nevertheless,
  are conferred promiscuously upon soldiers and no
  soldiers.                       Bacon's Essays.
 2.  The qualifications of a knight;  as,  va-
   lour, dexterity in arms.
                   Thou hast slain
  The flow'r of Europe for his chivalry.       Shaksp*
        I may speak it to my shame,
  I have a truant been to  chivahy.           Shaks,
    The general system of knighthood.
                   Solemnly he swore,
  That by the faith which knights to knighthood bore,
  And whate'er else to chivalry belongs,
  He would not cease till he reveng'd their wrongs.
                                      Dryden.
 4. An adventure; an exploit. Not now in use.
     They four doing acts  more dangerous, though less
  famous, because they were but private chivalries.
                                       Sidney.
 5.  The body or order  of knights.
                   And by his light
  Did all the chivalry of England move
  To do brave acts.                   Shakspeare.
    In law.
     Servitiummilitare, ofthe French chevalier; a ten-
  ure of land by knight's service.  There is no land
  but is holden mediately or immediately of the crown,
  by some service or other; and therefore are  all our
  freeholds, that are to us and our heirs, called feuda,
  fees, as proceeding from the benefit of the king. As
   the king g lve to the nobles large possessions for this
   or  that rent and service, so they parcelled out their
   lands, so received for  rents and services, as they
   thought good; and those services are by Littleton
   divided  into chivalry and socage.  The one is mar-
   tial and military; the  other, clownish and rustick.
   Chivalry,  therefore, is  a tenure of service, whereby
   the tenant is bound to  perform some noble or mili-
   tary office unto his lord; and is of two sorts;  either
   regal, that is, such as may hold only of the king; or
   such as  may also hold of a common person as well as
   of the king.  That which may hold only of the king,
   is  properly called sergeantry; and is again  divided
   into grand or petit, i. e. great or small.  Chivalry
   that may hold of a common person, as well as of
   the king, is called scutagium.             CoioeU.
    It ought properly to be written chevalry.
    It is a word not  much used, but  in old
    poems or  romances.
 Chi'ves, tshivz. re.  s. [cive, Fr. Skinner]
 ■1.   The  threads  or  filaments  rising  in
    flowers with seeds at the end.
     The  masculine or prolific seed contained in the
   cftives or apices of the stamina. Ray on the Creation
 2.  A species of small  onion.      Skinner.
 Chloro'sis,   klo-ro'sls.3fi3 re.   s.   [from
    #A««f &>> green.] The green sickness.
 To Choar, tshoke.   See Choke.
 CHO'COLATE,  tshok'o-late.*1  re.  a.
    [chocolate, Span.]
 1.  The  nut ofthe cacao tree.
      The tree hath a rose flower, of a great number of
   petals, from whose impalement arises the pointal,
   being a tube cut  into many parts, which becomes a
   fruit shaped somewhat like a cucumber, and deeply
   furrowed, in which are contained several seeds, col-
  lected into an oblong heap,  and  slit down, some-
  what like almonds.  It is a native of America, and
  is found in great plenty in several places between
  the tropicks, and grows wild.  See Cocoa. Miller.
   The cake or mass,  made by grinding
  the kernel of cacao  nut with other sub-
  stances, to be dissolved in  hot water.
    The Spaniards were the first who brought choco-
  late into use in Europe, to promote the consumption
  of their cacao-nuts,  achiot, and other drugs, which
  their West Indies, furnish, and which enter the com-
  position of chocolate.                   Chambers.
3. The liquor made by a solution  of  cho-
  colate in hot water.
    Chocolate is certainly much the best of these three
  exotick liquors: its oil seems to be both rich, ali-
  mentary, and anodyne.          Arbuth. on AUm.
    In fumes of burning chocolate shall grow,
  And tremble at the sea that froths below!    Pope,

Cho'colate-house,tshok-o'late-hoflise n.
  a. [chocolate and houae.] A house where
   company is entertained with chocolate.
    Ever since that time, Lisander has been twice  a
  day at the chocolate-house.               Tatler.
Chode,   tshode.   [the old  preterite from
   chide]   See Chide.
    And Jacob was wroth,  and chode with Laban.
                                      Genesis.
Choice, tshoise. re. a. [choix, French.]
1.  The act of choosing;  determination be-
   tween  different things proposed;  elec-
   tion.
    If you oblige me suddenly  to choose,
  The choice is made, for I must both refuse.   Dnjd.
    Soft elocution doth thy  style renown,
  Gentle or sharp, according to thy choice,
    To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice.
                                 Dryd. Persius.,
2.  The power of  choosing;  election.
     Choice  there is not, unless the thing which we
  take  be  so in our  power, that we might have re-
  fused it.   if fire consume the stable, it chooseth not
  so to do, because the nature thereof is such that it
  can do no other.                      Hooker,
    There's no liberty like  the freedom of having it
  at my own choice, whether Twill live to toe world,
  or to myself.                       L'Estrange.
     To talk of compelling a man to be good, is a con-
  tradiction ; for where there is force, there can be no
  choice.   Whereas, all moral goodness consisteth in
  the elective act of the understanding will.
                        Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
    Whether he will remove his  contemplation from
  one idea to another, is many times in his choice.
                                       Locke.
3.  Care in choosing;  curiosity  of distinc-
   tion.
     Julius Caesar did write a collection of apophthe-
  gms, it  is pity his book is lost; for I imagine they
  were collected with judgment and choice.
                           Bacon's Apophthegms.
4.  The thing chosen;  the thing taken, or
   approved,  in preference to others.
     Your cftoice is not so rich in birth as beauty;
  That you might well enjoy her.            Shahf.
     Take to thee, from among toe cherubim,
  Thy cftoice of flaming warriours.
                           Milton's Paradise Lost.
     Now, Mars, she said, let fame exalt her voice;
  Nor let thy conquests only be her choice.    Prior.
5.  The  best  part of any  thing, that is
    more properly  the  object of choice-
     The choice and flower  of  all things profitable  in
  other books, the Psalms  do  both more briefly con-
  tain, and more movingly  also express.    Hooker.
     Thou  art  a mighty prince:  in the cftoice of our
  sepulchres bury thy dead.               Genesis.
        Their riders, the flow'r and choice
'  Of many provinces, from  bound to bound. Milton. 
CHO
CHO
CHO
6. Several things proposed at once, as ob-
   jects of judgment and election.
        A braver choice of dauntless spirits
  Did never float upon toe swelling tide.  Shakspeare.
7. To make choice of.  To choose; to take
   from several things proposed.
    Wisdom of what herself approves makes choice,
  Nor is led captive by the common  voice.  Denham.
Choice, tshoise. adj. [choisi, French.]
1. Select; of extraordinary value.
    After having  set before the king the choicest of
  wines and fruits, he told him toe best part of his en-
  tertainment was to come.             Guardian.
        Thus, in a sea of folly toss'd,
      My choicest hours of life are lost.       Swift.
2. Chary; frugal; careful.   Used of per-
   sons.
    He that is choice of his time, will also be cftoice of
  his company, and cftoice of his actions.
                           Taylor's Holy Living.
Cho'iceless,   tsh61se'l£s.  adj.    [from
   choice.]  Without the power of choos-
   ing; without right of choice;  not free.
    Neither the weight of the matter of which  the
  cylinder is made, nor the round voluble form of it,
  are any more imputable to that dead choiceless crea-
  ture; than the first motion of it; and,  therefore, it
  cannot be a fit  resemblance to shew  the reconcile-
  ableness of fate with choice.           Hammond.
Cho'icely, tshoise'le. adv. [from choice]
1. Curiously;  with  exact choice.
                   A band of men,
  Collected choicely from each county some.    Shaks.

2. Valuably;  excellently.
    It is certain it is choicely good.  Walton's Angler.
Cho'iceness,  tshoise-nes.  re.   s.  [from
   choice.]  Nicety; particular value.
    Carry into the shade such auriculas, seedlings, or
  plants, as are for their choiceness reserved in pots.
                             Evelyn's Kalendar.

CHOIR, kwire.3°° 3s6 re. s. [chorus, Lat.]
1. An assembly or band of singers.
          They  now assist the choir
  Of angels, who  their songs admire.        Waller.
2. The  singers in divine worship.
                   The choir
  With all the choicest musick of the kingdom,
  Together sung Te Deum.                  Shaks.
3. The part of the church where the cho-
   risters or singers are placed.
    The lords and ladies, having brought toe queen
  To a prepar'd place in the choir, fell off
  At distance from her.           *     Shakspeare.
 To CHOKE,  tshoke. v. a. [aceocan, Sax.
   from ceoca  the cheek or mouth. Accord-
   ing to Minshew, from 2T\; from whence,
   probably, the Spanish ahogar.]
1. To suffocate; to  kill  by  stopping  the
   passage of respiration.
    But when to my good lord I prove untrue,
  I'll cftoAe myself.                        Shaks.
    While you thunder'd, clouds of dust did choke
  Contending troops.                     Waller.

2. To stop up;  to obstruct; to block up a
   passage.
    Men troop'd up to the king's capacious court,
  Whose porticos were cftoA;'cf with the resort.
                                     Cftapman.
    They are at a continual expence to cleanse  toe
  ports, and  keep  them from being cftoAea" up, by
  the help of several engines.      Addison on Italy.
    While pray'rs and tears his destin'd progress stay,
  And crowds of mourners choke their sov'reign's way.
                                       Ticfteff.
3. To hinder by obstruction or confinement.
    As two spent swimmers, that do cling together,
   And choke their art.                    Shaksp.
       VOL. 1.
    She cannot lose her perfect power to see,
  Tho' mists and clouds do cftoA* her window-light.
                                      Davies.
    It seemeth the fire is so choked, as not to be able
  to remove the stone.           Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    You must make the mould big enough to contain
  the whole fruit, when it is grown to the greatest; for
  else you will choke the spreading of the fruit.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    The fire, which chok'd in ashes lay,
  A load too heavy for his soul to move,
  Was upward blown below, and brush'd away by love.
                                      Dryden.
4. To suppress.
    And yet we vcntur'd; for the gain propos'd
  Clwk'd the respect of likely peril fear'd.    Shaks.
    Confess thee freely of thy sin;
  For to deny each article with oath,
  Cannot remove nor cftoA;e toe strong conception
  That I do groan withal.                 Shaksp.
5. To overpower.
    And toat which fell among thorns are they, which,
  when they have heard, go forth, and are choked with
  cares, and riches, and pleasures of this life, and
  bring no fruit to perfection.               Luke.
    No fruitful crop the sickly fields return;
  But oats and darnel cftofce toe rising corn.
                                 Dryden's Past.
Choke, tshoke. re. s. [from the verb.] The
   filamentous or  capillary part of an arti-
   choke.  A cant word.
Choke-pear,  tshoke'pare.  re.  s.  [from
   choke and pear.]
1. A rough, harsh, unpalatable pear.
2. Any aspersion  or sarcasm, by which an-
   other is put to  silence.  A low term.
    Pardon me for going so low as to talk of giving
  choke-pears.                          Clarissa.
Cho'ker, tsho'kur. re. s. [from choke]
1. One that chokes or suffocates  another.
2. One that puts  another to silence.
3. Any thing that cannot be answered.
Cho'ke-weed, tshoke'weed. re. s. [ervan-
   gina]  A plant.
Cho'ky, tsho'ke. adj. [from choke] That
   which has the  power of suffocation.
Cho'lagogues,  kol'a-gogz. to. s. [^oA©-
   bile.]  Medicines which have the power
   of purging bile or choler.
CHO'LER,  kol'lur.  to. s.  [cholera,  Lat.
   from xtXy>']
1. The bile.
    Marcilius Ficimus increases these proportions, ad-
  ding two more of pure choler.    Wotton on Educa.
    There would be  a main defect if such a feeding
  animal,  and so subject unto diseases from bilious
  causes, should want a proper conveyance for choler.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. The humour which, by its  super-abun-
   dance is supposed to produce irascibility.
    It engenders choler; planteth anger;
  And better 'twere that both of us did fast,
  Since, of ourselves,  ourselves are cholerick,
  Than feed it with such over-roasted flesh.  Shaks.
3. Anger; rage.
    Put him to choler straight: he hath been used
  Ever to  conquer, and to have his word
  Of contradiction.                       Shaksp.
    He, methinks, is no great scholar,
  Who can mistake desire for choler.        Prior.
Cho'lerick, kdl'lur-rik. adj. [cholericus,
   Latin.]
 1. Abounding with choler.
     Our two great poets  being so  different in their
   tempers, the one cholerick and sanguine, the other
   phlegmatick and melancholick.           Dryden.
2. Angry; irascible:  of persons.
     Bull in the main, was an honest plain-de.aling fel-
                     r r
  tow, cholerick, bold,  and of a very unconstant teni»
  per.                               Arbuthnot.
3. Angry; offensive; of words or actions.
    There came in cholerick haste towards me about
  seven or eight knights.                   Sidney.
    Becanus threateneth all that read him, using his
  confident, or rather cholerick, speech.
                  Raleigh's History ofthe World.
Cho'leriokness,  koi'lur-rik-nes.   to.  *.
   [from  cholerick]  Anger;  irascibility;
   peevishness.
To CHOOSE, tshooze. v.  a.  I chose,  I
   have   chosen, or  chose,  [choisir,   Fr.
   ceopan, Sax. kicsen, Germ/]
1. To take by  way of preference of seve-
   ral things  offered;  not to reject.
    Did I choose him to out of all the tribes of Israel
  to be my priest.                   1 Sam. ii. 28.
    I may neither choose whom I would, nor refuse
  whom 1 dislike.                         Shaksp.
    If he should  offer to choose, and choose the right
  casket, you should refuse to perform your  father's
  will, if you should refuse to accept him.     Shaksp.
2. To take; not to  refuse.
    Let us choose  to us judgment; let us know among
  ourselves what is good.                     Job.
    The will has  still so much freedom left as to ena-
  ble  it to choose  any act in its kind good; as also to
  refuse any act in its kind evil.     South's Sermons.
3. To select; to pick out of a number.
    How much less shall  I answer him,  and choose
  out my words to reason with him?            Job.
4. To elect for eternal   happiness; to pre-
   destinate to  life. A term of theologians.
To Choose, tsh66ze. v. to.   To have   the
   power of choice between different things.
   It is  generally joined with a negative,
   and signifies must  necessarily be.
    Without the  influence of the  Deity supporting
  things,  their  utter annihilation could not choose but
  follow.                               Hooker.
                 Knaves abroad,
  Who having by their own importunate suit
   Convinced or supplied them, they cannot choose
  But they must blab.                     Shaksp,
  When a favorite shall be raised  upon the  founda-
   tion of merit, then can he not choose but prosper.
                                       Bac'tn.
    Threw down  a golden apple in her way;
  For all her haste, she could not choose but  stay.
                                       Dryden.
    Those who are persuaded that they shall  continue
  for ever, cannot choose but aspire after a happiness
   commensurate to their duration.        Tillotson.
Cho'oser, tshoo'zur. to. s. [from choose.]
   He  that  has the power or  office  of
   choosing, elector.
     Come all into this nut, quoth she;
   Come closely in, be rul'd by me;
   Each one may here a clwoser be,
   For room you need not wrestle.          Drayton.
     In all things  to deal with other  men, as if I  might
   be my own chooser. Hammond's Practical Catechism.
     This generality is not sufficient to make a  good
   chooser, without a more particular contraction of his
  judgment.                            Wotton.
 To CHOP,  tshop. v. a.  [kappen, Dutch;
   couper, French.]
 i. To cut with a quick blow.
         What shall we do, if we perceive
   Lord Hastings  will not yield to our complots?
   --------Chop off his head, man.        Shaksp,
     Within these three days his head is to be clwpt
   off.                                  Shaksp.
     And where the cleaver chops the heifer's spoil,
   Thy breathing  nostril hold.         Gay's Trivia.
 2. To devour eagerly: with u/i.
     You are for  making a hasty meal, and for chop-
   ping up your entertainment like an hungry clown.
                                       Drydev 
CHO
CHO
CHO
    Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his break-
  fast, which the fox presently choppedup. L'Estrange.
 3. To mince; to cut into small pieces.
    They break their bones, and cftop them in pieces,
  as for the pot.                         Micah.
    Some granaries are made with clay,  mixed with
  hair,' chopped straw, mulch, and such like.
                        Mortimer's Husbandry.
    By dividing of them into chapters and verses, they
   are so chopped and minced, and stand so broken and
   divided, that the common people take the verses usu-
   ally for different aphorisms.              Locke.
 4.  To break into chinks.
     I remember the cow's dugs, that her pretty cftopf
   hands had milked.                     Shaksp.
  To Chop,  tshop. v. to.
  1. To do any thing with a quick and unex-
    pected motion, like  that of a blow: as
    we say,  the wind  chops about,  that is,
    changes suddenly.
      If the body repercussing  be near, and yet not so
    near as to make a concurrent echo, it choppeth with
    you upon the sudden.         Bacon's Nat. Hist.
  2. To catch with the mouth.
      Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the sha-
    dow, and loses the. substance.        L'Estrange.
'  3. To  light or happen upon a thing sud-
    denly: with  upon.
  To  Chop, tshop.v. a. [ceapan, Sax. koopen,
    Dut. to buy.]
  1. To purchase, generally by way of truck;
    to give one thing  for another.
      The chopping of bargains, when a man buys not
    to hold but to sell again, grindeth upon the seller
    and the buyer.                        Bacon.
  2. To put one thing in the place of another.
      Sets up  communities and senses,
    To chop and change intelligences.       Hudibras.
      Affirm the Trigons chopp'd and chang'd,
    The watry with the fiery rang'd.       Hudibras.
      We go on chopping and  changing our friends, as
    well as our horses.                L'Estrange.
  3. To  bandy;  to altercate;  to return one
    thing or word for another.
      Let not the council at the bar chop with toe judge,
    nor wind himself into the handling of the cause a-new,
    after the judge hath declared his sentence. Bacon.
      You'll never leave off your chopping of logick, till
    your skin is turned over your ears for prating.
                                    L'Estrange.
  Chop, tshop. re. a. [from the verb.]
   1. A piece chopped off.  See Chip.
      Sir William Capel compounded  for sixteen hun-
    dred pounds; yet Empson would have  cut another
    cftop out of him, if the  king had not died.   Bacon.
  2.  A  small piece  of meat, commonly of
     mutton.
      Old Cross condemns all persons to he fops,
    That can't regale themselves with mutton chops.
                                   King's Cook.
   4.  A crack or cleft.
       Water will make wood to swell; as we see in the
    filling of the chops of bowls, by laying them in water.
                                        Bacon.
   Chop-house, tshop'hovise. re.*, [from chop
      and house.] A mean house of entertain-
      ment,  where provision ready dressed is
      sold.
       I lost my place at the chop-house, where every man
     eats in publick a mess of broth, or chop of meat in
     silence.                           Spectator.
    CHO'PIN, tsho-peen'. «. s. [French.]
    \.  A French liquid measure,  containing
      nearly a pint of  Winchester.
    2. A term used in Scotland  for  a quart of
      wine measure.
    Cho'pping, tshop'picg- participial adj. [In
  this sense, of uncertain etymology.] An
  epithet frequently applied to infants, by
  way of ludicrous commendation: imagi-
  ned by  Skinner  to  signify lusty, from
  car, Sax.; by others to mean a child that
  would bring money at a market. Perhaps
  a greedy, hungry child, likely to live.
    Both Jack Freeman and Ned Wild
  Would own the fair and chopping child.   JFenfon.
Cho'pping-block,  tshop'ping-blok. re. s.
  [chop and block.] A log of wood, on which
  any thing is laid to be cut in pieces.
    The straight smooth elms  are good for axletrees,
  boards, chopping-blocks.     Mortimer's Husbandry.
Cho'pping-knife, tshop'ping-nife.  re. s.
   [chop  and knife.]  A knife with which
   cooks mince their meat.
    Here comes Dametas, with a sword by his side, a
  forest-bill on his neck, and  a chopping-knife under
  his  girdle.                          Sidney.

Cho'ppy, tshop'pe. adj. [from chop.]  Full
   of holes, clefts, or cracks.
            You seem to understand me,
  By  each at once her choppy finger laying
  Upon her skinny lips.                  Shaksp.
Chops,  tshops.  re. s. without a singular.
   [corrupted probably from Chaps, which
   see.]
 1. The mouth of a beast.
    So soon as my cftops begin to walk, yours must be
  walking too, for company.           L'Estrange.
2. The mouth of a man, used in contempt.
    He ne'er shook hands, nor bid farewel to him,
  Till he unseam'd him from  the nape to to' chops.
                                  Shakspeare.
   The mouth of any  thing  in familiar lan-
   guage; as of a river,  of a smith's vice.

 Cho'ral, ko'ral.353 adj. [from chorua, Lat.]
 1.  Belonging to or composing a choir or
   concert.
     All sounds on fret by string or golden wire
   Temper'd soft tunings intermix'd with voice,
   Choral or unison.                     Milton.
     Choral symphonies.                 Milton.
 2.  Singing in a choir.
     And choral seraphs sung the second day. Amhurst.
 CHORD, kord. re. a. [chorda, Lat.] When
   it signifies a rope  or string in  general,
    it is written cord: when its primitive sig-
    nification is preserved, the h is retained.
  t. The string of a musical instrument.
                       Who mov'd
   Their stops and chords, was seen; his volant touch
   Instinct thro' all proportions, low and high,
   Fled and pursued transverse the resonant fugue.
                                      Milton.
  2. [In geometry.] A  right line, which joins
    the two ends of any  arch of a circle.
  To  Chord, kord.363  v. a. [from the noun.]
    To furnish with strings or chords; to
    string.
      What passion cannot musick raise and quell?
    When Jubal struck the chorded shell,
    His list'ning brethren stood around.      Dryden.
  Chorde'e, kor-dee'. re. s.  [from chorda,
    Lat.]  A contraction of the frcenum.
  Cho'rion, ko're-6n. re. s. [x*>§eh to con-
     tain.] The outward membrane that en-
     wraps the foetus.
  Cho'rister, kwir'ris-tur.300 36B re. a. [from
     chorus.]
  1. A singer in cathedrals, usually a singer
     ofthe lower order; a singing boy.
  A singer in a concert. This sense is, for
  the most part, confined to poetry.
   And let the roaring organs loudly play
  The praises ofthe Lord in lively notes;
  The whiles, with hollow throats,
  The choristers the joyous anthem sing.    Spenser.
   The new-born phoenix takes his way;
  Of airy choristers a numerous train
  Attend his progress.                   Dryden.
    The musical voices and accents of toe  aerial
  choristers.                 Ray on the Creation.
Choro'grafher,  ko-r&g'gra-tur.  re. s.
  [x,*>t* a region, and y$x<pa to describe.]
  He  that  describes particular region or
  countries.
Chorogra'phical, kor-ro-graf'e-kal. adj.
  [See ChoroGrapher]  Descriptive of
  particular regions or countries; laying
  down the boundaries of countries.
    I have added a chorographical description  of this
  terrestrial paradise. Raleigh's History ofthe  World.
GHOROGRA'pHicALLY,k6r-r6-graf'e-kal-le.
  adv. [from chorographical] In a choro-
  graphical manner; according to the rule
  of chorography;  in a manner descriptive
  of particular regions.
Choro'graphy, ko-rog'gra'-fe. re. a. [See
   Chorographer.]  The art  or  practice
   of describing particular regions, or lay-
   ing down the limits  and  boundaries of
   particular provinces. It is less in its ob-
   ject than geography,  and greater than,
   topography.
 Cho'rus, ko'rus.353 w. s. [chorus, Latin.]
 1. A number of singers; a concert.
     The Grecian  tragedy was at  first nothing but a
  chorus of singers; afterwards one actor was introdu-
  ced.                               Dryden.
     Never did a more full and unspotted chorus of hu-
  man creatures join together in a hymn of devotion.
                                    Addison.
     In praise so just let every voice be join'd,
  And fill toe general chorus of mankind!      Pope.
  2.  The persons who are supposed to be-
   hold what passes in the acts of a tragedy,
    and  sing  their  sentiments  between the
    acts.
                       For supply,
   Admit me cftoms to  this history.         Shaksp.
  3. The song between the acts of a tragedy.
  4. Verses of a song in which the company
    join the singer.
  Chose, tshose.   [the prefer tense, and
    sometimes the participle passive,  of
     To choose.]
      Our sovereign here above the rest might stand,
    And here be chose again to rule the land.   Dryden.
  Cho'sen,  tsho'zn.103  [the participle pas-
     sive of To  choose]
      If king Lewis vouchsafe to fumish us.
    With some few bands of chosen soldiers,
    I'll undertake to land them on our coast.    Shak.
  Chough, tshuf.391«. s. [ceo, Sax. choucas,
     Fr.]  A bird which frequents  the rocks
     by the sea side, like a jackdaw, but big-
     ger.                            Hanmer.
      In birds, kites and kestrels have a resemblance
    with hawks, crows with ravens, daws and choughs.
                              Bacon's Nat. Hist.
      To crows the like impartial grace affords,
     And clioughs and daws, and such republick birds.
                                      Dryden.
  Choule, tshoul. to.  s.  [commonly pro-
     nounced and written jowl.]  The crop
     of a bird. 
CHR                                   CHR                                   CHR
      The choule or crop, adhering unto the lower side
    of toe bill, and so descending by toe throat, is a
    bag or satchel.         JBrown's  Vulgar Errours.
  To Chouse, tshouse.  v.a. [The original
    of this word is much doubted  by Skin-
    ner, who tries to deduce it  from  the
    French gosser, to laugh at; or joucher
    to wheedle; and from  the Teutonick
    kosen to prattle.   It is  perhaps a fortu-
    itous  and  cant   word,  without  ety-
    mology.]
  1. To cheat; to trick;  to impose upon.
     Freedom and zeal have chous'd you o'er and o'er;
   Pray give us leave to bubble you once more. Dryd.
     From London they came, silly people to chouse,
   Their lands and their faces unknown.      Swift.
 2. It has  of before the  thing  taken away
    by fraud.
     When geese and pullen are  seduc'd,
   And sows of sucking pigs are cftons'ef.   Hudibras.
 Chouse,  tshouse. re. *.   [from the  verb.
    This word is derived by Henshaw from
    kiaus, or chiaus,  a  messenger  of  the
    Turkish court; who, says he, is little
    better than a fool.]
 1. A bubble; a tool; a man fit to be cheat-
    ed.
                   A sottish chouse,
   Who, when a thief has robb'd his house,
   Applies himself to cunning men.       Hudibras.
 2. A trick or sham.

 To Cho'wter, tshou'tiir. v. to. To  grum-
    ble or mutter like a froward child.
                                    Philips.
 Chrism,  krizm.853 re. *.  [xgi%/Mt an oint-
   ment.]  Unguent, or unction; it is only
   applied to sacred  ceremonies.
     One act,  never to be repeated,  is not the thing
   that Christ's eternal priesthood, denoted especially
   by his unction or chrism, refers to.
                 Hammond's  Practical Catechism.
 Chri'som, kriz'm. to. s. [See Chrism.] A
   child that dies  within a month after its
   birth.  So  called  from  the  chrisom-
   cloth, a cloth  anointed  with  holy un-
   guent,  which   the  children anciently
   wore till they were christened.
    When the convulsions were but few,  the number
   of chrisoms and infants was greater.
                      Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

 To Chri'sten, krls'sn.472^.  a. [chriifC-
   nian, Saxon.]
 1.  To baptize; to initiate  into Christianity
   by water.
 2.  To name;  to denominate.
    Where  such evils as these  reign, christen the
  thing what you will, it can be no better than a mock
  millenium.                           Burnet.
 Chri'stenoom,  krls'sn-dum. w.  a.  [from
   Christ and dom.]  The  collective body
   of Christianity;  the  regions of  which
   the inhabitants  profess the christian  re-
   ligion.
   - What hath been done, the parts  of Christendom
  most afflicted best can testify.           Hooker.
    An older and a better soldier, none
  That Christendom gives out.              Shaksp.
    His computation is universally received  over all
  Christendom.                  Holder on Time.
Chri'stening, kris'sn-ing. to. s. [from the
   verb.] The ceremony ofthe first  initia-
   tion into Christianity.
    The queen was with great solemnity crowned at
  Westminster, about two years after the marriage;
   like an old christening that had staid long for god-
   fathers.                              Bacon.
     We shall insert the causes why the account of
   cftrisfening-s hath been neglected more than that of
   burials.                             Graunt.
     The day of the christening being come, the house
   was filled with gossips.       Arbuthnot and Pope.
 uHRI'STiAN,krbt'yiin.291re. s. [christia-
   ns, Lat.]  A piofessor of the religion
   of Christ.
    We christians have certainly the best and the ho-
   liest, the wiset and most reasonable, religion in the
   world.                             Tillotson.
 Christian, krist'y&n.113 adj. Professing
   the religion of Christ.
    I'll not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool,
   To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
   To cftrisfian intercessors.               Shaksp.
 Chri'stian-name,  krist'ytjin-name.  re. a.
   The name given at the  font,  distinct
   from the gentilitious name, or surname.
 Chri'stianism, krist'yun-izm. n.s. [chris-
   tianismus, Lat.]
 1. The christian religion.
 2. The nations professing  Christianity.
 Christia'nity,  kris-tshe-an'e-te.  re.  *.
   [ehretiente,  French.]   The religion of
   Christians.
    God doth will that couples, which are married,
   both infidels, if either party be converted into Chris-
   tianity, this should not make separation.   Hooker.
    Every one, who lives in  the habitual practice of
   any voluntary sin, cuts himself off from Christianity.
                                     Addison.
 To  Chri'stianize,  krist'yfin-ize. v. a.
   [from  christian.]  To make  christian;
   to convert to  Christianity.
    The principles of Platonjck philosophy, as it is
  now christianized.                     Dryden.

 Chri'stianly,  krist'yun-le. adv.  [from
   christian.] Like a christian; as becomes
   one who  professes the holy religion of
   Christ.
 Chri'stmas,  kris'mas.88 *»  to.  s. [from
   Christ  and  mass]   The day on  which
   the nativity of our blessed Saviour is
   celebrated, by the particular service of
   the church.

Christmas-box, kris'mas-boks. re.*, [from
   Christmas and box.]   The box in which
   little presents are  collected at  Christ-
   mas.
    When time comes round, a Christmas-box they
        bear,
  And one day makes them rich for all toe year.  Gay.
 Christmas-flower, kris'mas-flou'ur. re.*.
   Hellebore.
 Christ's-thorn, krists'*A6rn.  re. *.   [So
   called, as Skinner fancies, because the
   thorns  have some likeness to a cross.]
   A plant.
    It hath long sharp  spines: toe flower  has five
  leaves, in form of a  rose: out of the flower-cup,
  which is  divided  into several segments, rises  the
  pointal, which becomes a fruit, shaped like a bon-
  net, having a shell almost globular, which is divided
  into three cells, in each of which is contained a
  roundish seed.  This  is by many persons supposed
  to be the plant from which our Saviour's  crown of
  thorns was composed.                   Miller.
Chroma'tick,  kro-mat'ik.  adj. [x^Sfcx
   colour.]
 1. Relating to colour.
    I am now come to the third part of painting which
  is called the chromatick, or colouring.       Dryd.
                  Rf2
 2. Relating to a certain  species of ancient
   musick, now unknown.
    It was observed, he never touched his lyre in such
  a truly chromatick and enharmonick manner.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
 Chro'nical, kron'e kal. ) adj. [from %%<>•
 Chro'nick, kron'lk.609   5 Vfls time.]
    A  chronical distemper is of length; as dropsies,
  asthmas, and toe like.                 Quincy.
    Of diseases some are chronical, and of long dura-
  tion; as quartane agues, scurvy, wherein we defer
  the cure unto more advantageous seasons.  Brown.
    The lady's use of  these excellencies is to divert
  the old man when he is out of toe pangs of a chroni-
  cal distemper.                       Spectator.
 CHRO'NICLE,  kron'e-kl.353  n.s.[chro-
  nique, Fr. from  #f ov©- time.]
 1. A register  or account of events in order
  of time.
                No more yet of this;
  For 'tis a chronicle of day by day,
  Not a relation for a breakfast.           Shaksp.
 2. A history.
    You lean too  confidently on those Irish chronicles,
  which are most fabulous and forged.     Spenser.
    If from the field I should return once more,
  I and my sword will earn my chronicle.    Shaksp.
    I am traduc'd by tongues, which neither know
  My faculties nor person, yet will be
  The chronicles of my doing.           Shakspeare.
    I give up to historians the generals and heroes
  which croud their annals, together with those which
  you are to produce for the British chronicle. Dryd.
 To Chro'nicle, kr6n'e-k 1. v. a. [fromthe
  noun].
 1. To record in chronicle, or history.
    This to rehearse,  should rather be to chronicle
  times than to search  into reformation of abuses in
  that realm.                         Spenser.
2. To register; to record.
    For now the Devil, toat told me I did well,
  Says that this deed is chronicled in hell.    Shaksp.
    Love is your master, for he masters you:
  And he  that is so yoked by a fool,
  Methinks, should not be chronicled for wise. Shaksp.
    I shall be the jest  of the town; nay, in two days
  I expect to be chronicled in ditty, and sung in woe-
  ful ballad.                         Congreve.
Chro'nicler, kr&n'e-khir.98 re.  s. [from
  chronicle.]
 1. A writer of chronicles;  a recorder of
  events in order of time.
    Here gathering chroniclers, and by  them stand
  Giddy fantastiek poets of each land.       Donne.
2. A historian; one that keeps up the me-
  mory  of things  past.
    I do herein rely upon these bards, or Irish chroni-
  clers.                                Spenser.
    This custom was held by the Druids and bards of
  our ancient Britons, and of latter times by the Irish
  chroniclers, called rimers.              Raleigh.
Chro'nogram, kron'6-gram. re. s.  [%£&v(&*
  time,  and y%x<p» to write.] An inscrip-
  tion including the date of any action.
     Of this kind  the following is an  ex-
       ample:
    GlorialausqueDeo, saeCLorFJtfin  saecHasunto.
  A chronogrammaticalverse, which includes not only
  this year,  1660, but numerical  letters enough to
  reach above a thousand years further, until  the
  year 2867.                         ^ Howel.
Chronogramma'tical,    kron-no-gram-
  mat'e-kal. adj. [from chronogram.] Be-
  longing to a chronogram.   See the last
  example.
Chronogra'mmatist, kron-no-gram-ma-
  tist. re. s.  [from chronogram/] A writer
  of chronograms.
    There are foreign universities, where,  as you 
CHI
CHtr
CHU
  praise a man in England  for being  an  excellent
  philosopher or poet, it is an ordinary character to be
  a great chronogrammatist.              Addison.
Chrono'loger, kro-nol'lo-jur.  re.  s. [%%o-
   v®- time, and Aay®-  doctrine.] He that
   studies or explains the science  of com-
   puting  past time,  or of ranging  past
   events according to  their  proper years.
    Chronologers differ among themselves about most
  great epochas.                 Holder on Time.
CHRONOLo'GicAL,kr6n-n6-16dje'e-kal.arf/'.
   [from chronology.] Relating  to the doc-
   trine  of time.
    Thus much touching the chronological  account of
  some times and things past, without confining myself
  to the exactness of years.   Hale's Origin of Mank.
Chronolo'gically, kron-no-lodje'e-kal-
   le. adv. [from chronologica.] In a chro-
   nological manner; according to  the laws
   or rules of chronology; according to the
   exact series of time.
Chrono'logist, kro-nol'o-jist. to.  s. [See
   Chronologer.]  One  that studies or
   explains  time;  one that  ranges  past
   events according to the order of time; a
   chronologer.
    According to these chronologists, the prophecy of
   the Rabin, that the world should last but six thou-
   sand years, has been long  disproved.       Brown.
    All that learned noise and dust of the chronologist
  'is wholly to be avoided.      Locke on Education.
 Chrono'logy,  kro-nol'6-je. to. s. [^fev®-
   time, and Aey®- doctrine.] The science
   of computing and adjusting the periods
   of time; as  the revolution ofthe sun and
   moon; and  of computing  time past, and
   referrihg each event to the proper year.
    And the measure of the year not being so per-
   fectly known to the ancients, rendered it very diffi-
   cult for them to transmit  a true  chronology to suc-
   ceeding ages.                 Holder on Time.
    Where I allude to the  customs of the Greeks, I
   believe I may be justified  by the strictest chronology;
   though a poet is not obliged to the rules that confine
   an  historian.                          Prior,
 Chrono'meter,  kr6-nom'me-ti\r.  to.  s.
   [from ^fev®- and pergov.]   An instru-
   ment for the exact  mensuration of time.
     According to observation made with a pendulum
   chronometer, a bullet, at its first discharge, flies five
   hundred and ten yards in  five half seconds. Derham.
 Chry'salis,  kris'sa-lis.503 to. s. [from #f u-
   e-®- gold, because of the  golden colour
   in the nymphae of some  insects.] A term
   used by some naturalists for aurelia, or
   the first apparent change ofthe maggot
   of any species of insects.   Chambers.
 Chry'solite, kris'so-lite.156 to. s. [^guV©-
   gold, and A/3-®- a stone.]  A   precious
   stone of a dusky  green,  with  a cast of
   yellow.                      Woodward.
                 Such another world,
   Of one intire and perfect  chrysolite,
   I'd not have sold her for.            Shakspeare.
     If metal, part seem'd gold, part silver clear:
   If stone, carbuncle most,  or chrysolite.     Milton.
 Chryso'prasus,  kri-sop'pra-sus.  re.   s.
   %2uo-®* gold,  and  prasinus green.]  A
   precious stone of  a yellow colour, ap-
   proaching  to  green.
    The ninth a topaz, the  tenth a chrysoprasus. Rev.
 CHUB,  tshub.  to.  a. [from  cop a great
   head, Skinner.] A river fish. The che-
   vin.
    The chub is in prime from  Midmay  to  Candle-
  mas, but best in winter.  He is full of small bones:
  he eats waterish; not firm, but limp and tasteless:
  nevertheless he may be so dressed as to make him
  very good meat.               Walton's Angler.
Chu'bbed, tshub'bid.98 adj. [from chub.]
  Big-headed like a chub.
To  CHUCK, tshuk.-y. to. [A word proba-
  bly  formed  in imitation  of  the sound
  that it expresses; or perhaps  corrupted
  from chick.]    To make a noise  like a
  hen when she  calls her chickens.
To  Chuck,  tshiik. v. a.
I. To call as a hen calls her young.
    Then crowing clapp'd his wings, to' appointed
        call
  To chuck his wives  together in the hall. Dryd. Fab.
2. To give a gentle blow under the chin,
  so as to make the mouth strike together.
    Come, chuck the infant under the  chin, force a
  smile, and cry, Ah, the boy takes after his mother's
  relations.                          Congreve.
Chuck, tshuk. to. s. [from the verb.]
1. The voice of  a hen.
    He made the chuck four or five times, that peo-
  ple use to make to  chickens when they call them.
                                     Tempfe.
2. A word of endearment, corrupted from
  chicken or chick.
    Come, your promise.----What promise, chuck.
                                  Shakspeare.
3.  A sudden small noise.
Chuck-farthing, tshuk'far-THing to. a.
   [chuck  and farthing.]  A  play, at which
   the money falls with a chuck into the
   hole beneath.
     He lost his money at chuck-farthing, shuffle-cap,
  and all-fours.   Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
 7oCHu'cKLE,tshuk'kl.406t>.to. [schaecken,
   Dutch.] To laugh vehemently, to laugh
   convulsively
     What tale shall  I to my old father tell ?
  'Twill make him chuckle thou 'rt bestow'd so well.
                                     Dryden.
     She to intrigues  was e'en hard-hearted;
  She chuckled when a bawd was carted.     Prior.
 To Chu'ckle, tshuk'kl.i/.a. [from chuck.]
 I.  To call as a hen.
     I am not far from the women's  apartment, I am
  sure; and if these  birds are within distance, here's
  that will chuckle 'em together.           Dryden.
 2.  To cocker;  to fondle.
     Your confessor,  that parcel of holy guts and gar-
  bidge; he must chuckle you, and moan you. Dryden.
 Chu'et,  tshoo'it.90  to. a. [probably from
   To chew.]  An old word, as it seems, for
   forced  meat.
    As for chuets, which are likewise minced meat,
  instead of butter and fat, it were good to moisten
  them partly with cream, or  almond  or pistachio
  milk.                Bacon's Natural History.
CHUFF, tshiif. to. s.  [A word of uncer-
   tain derivation; perhaps corrupted from
   chub; or derived from  kwf  Welsh, a
   stock.]   A  coarse,  fat-headed,  blunt
   clown.
    Hang ye, gorbellied knaves, are you undone?
  No, ye fat chuffs, I would your store were here.
                                 Shakspeare.
    A less generous chuff than this in the fable, would
  have hugged his bags to the last.      L'Estrange.
Chu'ffily, tshiif'fe-le.  adv.  [from chuf-
  fu ]  Surlily; stomachfully
    John answered chuffily.              Clarissa.
Chu'ffiness,  tshuffe-n£s.  to.  a.  [from
   chuffy.] Clownishnessj surliness.
CHu'FFY,tshrif'fe. adj. [from chuff/] Blunt;
  surly; fat.
Chum, tshum. to. s.  [chom, Armorick, to
  live together]   A  chamber  fellow; a
  term used in the universities.
Chump, tshump to. a. A thick heavy piece
  of wood, less than a block.
    When one is battered,  they can quickly, of a
  cftwmpof wood, accommodate themselves with ano-
  ther.                               Moxon.
CHURCH, tshurtsh. to. a.  [cip.ce,  Sax.
  X,VglXX,}l.]
1. The collective body of christians, usu-
  ally termed the catholick church.
    The church, being a supernatural society, doth
  differ from natural societies in this; that the per-
  sons unto whom we associate ourselves in the one,
  are men, simply considered as men;  but they to
  whom we be joined in the other, are God, angels
  and holy men.                       Hooker.
2. The  body of christians adhering to one
  particular opinion, or-form  of worship.
    The church is a religious assembly,  or the large
  fair building where they meet; and  sometimes the
  same word means a synod of bishops, or of presby-
  ters; and in some places it is the pope  and a gene-
  ral council.                    Watts's Logick,
   The place  which christians consecrate
  to the worship of God.
    It comprehends the whole church,  viz. the name
  or body of the church, together  with the chancel,
  which is even included under the word church.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
    That churches were consecrated  unto none but
  the Lord only, the very general name chiefly doth
  sufficiently shew: church doth signify no other thing
  than  the Lord's house.                Hooker.
    Tho' you unty the winds, and let them fight
  Against the  churclies.               Shakspeare.
4.  It  is used frequently  in  conjunction
   with other words; as church-member, the
   member  of  a  church;  church-power,
   spiritual  or ecclesiastical  authority.
 To  Church, tshurtsh.  v.  a. [from the
   noun]   To perform with  any one the
   office of returning thanks  in the church
   after any signal deliverance, as from the
   danger of childbirth.
 Church-ale, tshurtsh'ale.  «.   s. [from
   church and ale.] A wake, or feast, com-
   memoratory of the  dedication of the
   church.
    For the church-ale, two young men of the parish
  are yearly chosen to be wardens, who  make collec-
  tion  among the parishioners of what provision it
  pleaseth them to bestow.                Carew.
 Church-attire,   tshurtsh-at-tire'.   to.  s.
   The  habit in which men  officiate at  di-
   vine  service.
     These and such like were their discourses, touch-
  ing that church-attire, which with us, for the most
  part, is used in publick prayer.          Hooker.
 Church-authority, tshrjrtsh-aw-fAor'e-
   te.  to. s.  Ecclesiastical power; spiritual
   jurisdiction.
     In this point of church-authority, I have sifted all
   the little  scraps alleged.              Atterbury.
 Church-burial, tshurtsh-beVie-al. n.s.
    Burial  according  to the rites of the
    church.
     The bishop has the care of seeing that all chris-
   tians, after their deaths, be not denied church-buri-
   al, according to the usuage and custom of the place.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
 CHURCH-FOUNnER, tshurtsh-fbund'fir.». s.
    He that builds or endows a church. 
CHU
CHU
CHY
      Whether emperors or  bishops in those days were
    church-founders, toe solemn dedication of churches
    toey thought not to be a work in itself either vain or
    superstitious.                          Hooker.
  Churchman,tshurtsh'man.38 to.  a. [church
     and man.]
  1. An  ecclesiastick; a clergyman;  one
     that ministers in  sacred things.
      If any thing be offered to you touching toe church
    and  churchmen, or church-government, rely  not
    only upon yourself.                     Bacon.
      A very difficult work to do, to reform and reduce
    a church into order, that had been so long neglected
    and that was so ill filled by many weak and more
    wilful churchmen.                   Clarendon.
      Patience in want, aud  poverty of mind,
    These marks of church and churchmen he design'd,
    And living taught, and dying left behind.  Diyden.
  2. An adherent to the church of England.
  Church-wardens,   tshdrtsh-war'dnz.103
    to. s. [See  Warden.]  Officers  yearly
    chosen,  by the consent ofthe minister and
    parishioners,  according to the custom of
    each  place,  to  look  to  the  church,
    church-yard,  and such things as belong
    to both:  and  to observe  the  behaviour
    of the parishioners,  for  such faults  as
    appertain to the jurisdiction or censure
    of the ecclesiastical court.  They are a
    kind of corporation, enabled  by  law  to
    sue  for any  thing belonging to their
    church, or poor of  their parish. Cowell.
     There should likewise  church-wardens of the
    gravest men in the parish, be appointed, as they be
    here in England.                      Spenser.
               Our churclirwardens
    Feast on the silver, and give us the farthings.  Gay.
  Chu'rchyard,  tshurtsh'yard. to.  s. The
    ground adjoining to the church, in  which
    the dead are  buried;  a cemetery.
     I am almost afraid to stand alone
    Here in the churchyard, yet I will advertture.
                                    Shakspeare.
     In churchyards where they bury much, the earth
   will consume the corps in far shorter time than other
   earth will.                             Bacon
     No place so sacred from such fops is  barr'd;
   Nor is Paul's church more safe than Paul's  church-
         yard.                           Pope.
 CHURL, tshurl. to. s. [ceortl, Sax. carl, in
    German, is  strong,  rusticks being al-
    ways observed to be strong bodied.]
 1.  A rustick; a countryman; a labourer.
     He holdeth himself a gentleman, and scorneth to
  work or use  any hard labour,  which he saith is the
  life of a peasant or cfturf. Spenser's State of Ireland.
    One of the baser sort, which they call churls, being
  reproved for his oath, answered confidently that his
  lord commanded him.   Spenser's Stale of Ireland.
     Churl, upon thy  eyes I throw
  All the pow'r this charm doth owe.        Shaksp.
    From this light cause th' infernal maid prepares
  The country cftwrfs to mischief, hate, and wars.
                                      Dryden.
2. A rude, surly, ill-bred man.
    A churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for
  gain or falsehood.   '                   Sidney.
3. A miser; a niggard; a selfish or greedy
  wretch.
    Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end!
  0 cftwrf, drink all, and leave  no friendly drop
  To help me after!                      Shaksp.
Chu'rlish, tshur'lish. adj. [from churl]
I.  Rude; brutal; harsh; austere;  sour;
  merciless; unkind; uncivil.
    A sea of melting pearl, which some call tears,
  Those at her father's cfturfisft feet she tender'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
      The interruption of their churlish drums
    Cuts off more circumstance; they are at hand
    To parly, or to fight.                    Shaksp.
      A lion in love with a lass, desired her  father's
    consent.  The answer  was churlish enough: He'd
    never many his daughter to a brute.   L'Estrange.
      He the pursuit of churlish beasts
    Preferr'd to sleeping on her breasts.       Waller.
   . Selfish; avaricious.
      The man was churlish and evil in his doings.
                                     1 Samuel.
             This sullen churlish thief
    Had all his mind plac'd upon Mully's beef.   King.
   . [Of things.]   Unpliant;  cross-grained;
    unmanageable; harsh;  not yielding.
      If there be emission of spirit, the body of the me-
    tal will be hard and churlish. Bacon's Nat. History.
      The Cornish were become, like metal often fired
    and quenched, churlish, and that would sooner break
    than bow.                  Bacon's Henry VII.
      In the hundreds of Essex they have a very chur-
    lish blue clay.            Mortimer's Husbandry.
    Vexatious: obstructive.
              Will you again unknit
    This churlish knot of all abhorred war?    Shaksp.
      Spain found the war so churlish and longsome, as
    they found  they should consume themselves in an
    endless war.                          Bacon.
      Spreads a path clear as the day,
   Where no churlish rub says nay.        Crashaw.
 Chu'rlishly,  tshurTish-le.  adv.  [from
    churlish.] Rudely; brutally.
     To the oak now regnant, the olive did churlishly
   put over the son  for a reward of the service of his
   sire.                                Howell.

 Chu'rlishness, tsh&r'lish-nes. to. s. [from
    churlish; cyntirxnerpe,  Saxon.]  Bru-
    tality; ruggedness of manner.
     Better is  the churlishness of a man than a cour-
   teous woman.                 Ecclus. xlii. 14.
     In the churlishness of fortune,  a poor honest man
   suffers in this world.                L'Estrange.
 Churme, tshurm.  to.  s.  [more properly
    chirm, from the Saxon  cyjime, a cla-
    mour or noise; as to  chirre is to coo as
    a  turtle.]   A confused sound; a noise.
     He was conveyed to the Tower, with toe churme
   of a thousand taunts and reproaches.       Bacon.
 CHURN, tshurn.   to. *. [properly chern,
   from kern, Dutch;  cener.e, Sax.]  The
   vessel in which the buifer is,  by  long
   and  violent agitation,  coagulated  and
   separated from the serous parts  of the
   milk.
    Her awkward fist did ne'er employ the churn.
                               Gay's Pastorals.
 To Churn, tshurn.  v. a. [kernen, Dutch.]
 1. To agitate or shake any thing by a vio-
   lent motion
        Perchance he spoke not; but
  Like a full-acorn'd boar, a churning on,
  Cried Oh.                         Shakspeare.
    Froth fills his chaps;  he sends a grunting sound,
  And part he churns, and part befoams the ground.
                                     Dryden.
    Chum'd in his teeth the foamy venom rose.
                                     Addison.
    The mechanism  of nature, in converting our ali-
  ment, consists in mixing with it animal  juices, and
  in the action of the solid parts,  churning them to-
  gether.                 Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2.  To make butter by agitating the milk.
    The cuming of milk  bringeth forth butter.
                                    Proverbs.
    You may try the force of imagination,  upon stay-
  ing the coming of butter after the churning.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.

Chu'rrworm, tshur'wurm. to.  s.  [from
  I   cypjian, Sax.]  An insect  that turns
     about nimbly; called also a fancricket.
                           Skinner.  Phillips.
  To Chuse, tshooze.  See To Choose.
  Chyla'ceous,  ki-la'shus.186  adj.  [from
     chyle.]  Belonging to chyle;  consisting
     of chyle.
      When the spirits of the chyle have half fermented
    toe chylaceous mass, it has the state  of drink not
    ripened by fermentation.   Floyer on the Humours.
  CHYLE,  kile.  3«  „.  s,  [^'a®-.]   The
    white juice  formed in the  stomach by
    digestion of the aliment, and afterwards
    changed into blood.
     This powerful ferment, mingling with the parts,
   The leven'd mass to milky chyle converts.
                                    Blackmore.
     The chyle  cannot pass through the smallest ves-
   sels.                              Arbuthnot-
 Chylifa'ction, kil-le-fak'shun. n.a. [from
    chyle]  The act or  process of making
    chyle in the body.
     Drinking excessively during the time of chylefac-
   Hon, stops perspiration.    Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Chylifa'ctive, kil-le-fak'tiv. adj.  [from
    chylus,  and facio to  make, Lat.]   Hav-
   ing the power of making chyle.
 Chylopoe'tick,     kil-la-po-et'tik.    adj.
    [^'a®-and ?*•«»£&>.] Having the power, or
   the office, of forming chyle.
     According to the force of toe chylopoetick organs,
  more or less chyle may be extracted from the same
  food.                              Arbuthnot.
 Chy'lous,  ki'lus.160  adj.   [from chyle.]
   Consisting of chyle; partaking of chyle.
     Milk is the chylous part of an animal, already
  prepared.                         Arbuthnot.
 Chy'mical,  kim'e-kal. ~)  adj.   [chymicus,
 Chy'mick, kim'mik.   5    Lat.]
 1. Made by chymistry.
     I'm tir'd with waiting for this chymick gold,
  Which fools us young, and beggars us when old.
                                     Dryden.
     The medicines are ranged in boxes, according to
  their natures,  whether chymical or Galenical pre-
  parations.                             Watts-
 2. Relating to chymistry.
     Methinks already, from this chymick flame,
  I see a city of more precious mold.       Dryden.
     With chymick art exalts the min'ral pow'rs,
  And draws the aromatick souls of flow'rs.     Pope.
Chy'mic, kim'mik. to. s.  A chymist.  Ob-
   solete.
    The ancients observing in that material a kind of
  metallical nature, seem to have  resolved it into no-
  bler use; an ait now utterly lost, or perchance kept
  up by a few chymies.                  Wotton.
Chy'mically, kim'me-kal-le. adv. [from
  chymical.]   In a  chymical manner.

CHY'MIST, kim'mist. to. s.   [See Chy*
  mistry.]  A professor  of chymistry;  a
  philosopher by fire.
    The starving chymist in his golden views
  Supremely blest.           Pope's Essay on Man.
Chy'mistry, kim'mis-tre. to.  a.  [derived
  by some from &[*.<&• juice, or xvu  to
  melt; by others  from an oriental word,
  kema  black.  According to the suppos-
  ed etymology, it is written with y  or e.
    An art whereby sensible  bodies contained in ves-
  sels, or capable of being contained therein,  are so
  changed  by means of certain  instruments, and
  principally fire, that their seveial powers and virtues
  are thereby discovered, with a view to philosophy or
  medicine.                          Boerhaavt. 
                    C IC

      Operations of chymistry fall short of vital force-
    no chymist can make milk or blood of grass.
                           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
  Ciba rious, si-ba're-us.^1 adj. [cibarius,
     Lat. from cibus food.]  Relating to food;
     useful for food;  edible.
  Ci'bol, sib'bl. to. a. [eiboule, Fr.]  A small
     sort of onion used in sallads. This word
     is common  in the Scotch dialect; but the
     I is not pronounced.
      Ciboules, or  scallions,  are a kind of degenerate
    onions.                            Mortimer.
  Cl'CATRICE, I  ,.,A  . 143 ( „. , [cica-
  CI'CATRIX,  ^ika-tris- ^,Lat.]
  1. The scar remaining after a wound.
      One captain Spurio, with his cicatrice, an  emblem
    of war, here on his sinister cheek.     Shakspeare.
  2. A  mark;  an impression;  so used by
     Shakspeare less properly.
                Lean but upon a rush,
    The cicatrice and capable impressure
    Thy palm some moments keeps.       Shakspeare.
  Cicatri'sant,  sik-a-tri'zant.  to. a.  [from
     cicatrice.] An application that induces a
     cicatrice.
  Cicatri'sive,  sik-a-tri'siv.168 428    adj.
     [from cicatrice.] Having the  qualities
     proper to induce a  cicatrice.
  Cicatriza'tion,  sik-a-tre-za'shiln.  to. a.
     [from cicatrice.]
  I. The act of  healing the wound.
      A vein bursted, or corroded in the lungs,  is look-
    ed upon to be for the most part incurable, because
    of the motion and coughing of the lungs tearing the
    gap wider, and  hindering the conglutination  and ci-
    catrization of the vein.                 Harvey.
  2.The state of being healed, or skinned over.
      The first stage of healing, or the discharge of
    matter, is called digestion; the second, or the filling
    up with flesh, incarnation;  and the last, or skinning
    over, cicatrization.             Sharp's Surgery.
  To Ci'catrize, sik'a-trize. v. a.  [from ci-
    catrix.]
  1.  To apply such  medicines  to wounds,
    or ulcers, as heal and skin them over.
                                     Quincy.
  2.  To heal  and induce the skin  over a
    sore.
     We incarned, and in a few days cicatrized  it with
   a smooth cicatrix.          Wiseman on Tumours.
 Ci'cely, sis'le. to. s. [myrrhis.] A sort of
    herb.
 Cichora'ceous, sik-6-ra'shus. adj. [from
    cichorium, Lat.]  Having the qualities of
    succory.
     Diureticks  evacuate the salt serum; as all acid
   diureticks, and the testaceous and bitter cichoraceous
   plants.                              Floyer.
 Cich'-pease, shik'peze. to. s.  [cicer.] A
    plant.
 To CI'CURATE,  sik'u-rate." *™  v. a.
   [cicuro,  Lat.]  To   tame;  to reclaim
   from wildness; to make tame and tract-
   able.
    Poisons may yet retain some portion of their na-
  tures; yet are  so refracted, cicurated, and subdued,
  as not to make good their destructive malignities.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cicura'tion,  sik-vi-ra'shun. to. a. [from ci-
  curate.] The act of taming or reclaim-
  ing from wildness.
    Tbis  holds  not only  in domestick and mansuete
  birds, for then it might be  the effect of cicuration
 or institution, but in the wild. Ray on the Creation,
                  CIN

CI'DER, si'dilr. to. s.  [cidre, Fr.  sidra,
  Ital. sicera, Lat.  o-)ki§x, ~\2W.]
1. All kind of strong liquors, except wine.
  This sense is now  wholly obsolete.
2. Liquor made ofthe juice of fruit press-
  ed.
    We had also drink, wholesome and good wine of
  the grape, a kind of cider made of a fruit of that
  country; a wonderful pleasing and refreshing drink
C IN
                                       Bacon.
  3. The juice of apples expressed and fer-
    mented.   This is now the sense.
          To the utmost bounds of this
    Wide universe Silurian cider born,
    Shall please all tastes, and triumph o'er the vine.
                                       Philips.
  Ci'oerist,  si'dur-ist.98 to. s. [from cider.]
    A maker of cider.
      When the ciderists have taken care for the best
    fruit, and ordered them after the best manner they
    could,  yet hath their cider  generally proved pale,
    sharp, and ill tasted.                 Mortimer.
  Ci'derkin, si'ddr-kln. to. s.  [from cider]
      A low word used for the liquor made of the murk
    or gross matter of apples, after the cider is  pressed
    out, and a convenient quantity of boiled water added
    to  it; the whole infusing for about forty-eight hours.
                       Phillips's World of Words.
      Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and sup-
    plies the place of small beer.          Mortimer.
  Cieling, se'ling. to. s. See Ceiling.
  CIERGE, se-arje'. to. s. [French.] A can-
    dle carried in  processions.
  Ci'liary,  sil'ya-re.113 adj.  [cilium, Lat.]
    Belonging to  the eyelids.
     The ciliary processes, or rather the  ligaments,
    observed in the inside  of the sclerotick tunicles of
    the eye, do serve instead of a muscle, by the con-
    traction, to alter the figure of the eye.
                           Ray on the Creation.
  Cili'cious, se-lish'us314 adj.  [from  cilici-
   um haircloth, Lat.] Made of hair.
     A garment of camel's hair, that is, made of some
   texture of that hair; a coarse garment,  a cilicious
   or  sackcloth habit, suitable to the austerity of his
   life.                  Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Cima'r, se-mar.  See Simar.
 Cime'liarch,  si-me'le-ark. «.  s.  [from
    xutMiXix^j^i]  The chief keeper of plate,
    vestments, and things of value,  belong-
    ing to a church; a church-warden.  Diet.
 Ci'meter, sim'e-tilr.98 n. s.  [cimitarra,
    Span,   and  Portug.  from  chimeteir,
    Turkish.  JBluteau'a Portuguese DictS
   A sort  of  sword  used  by the Turks'^
   short, heavy,  and  recurvated,  or  bent
   backward.  This word is sometimes er-
   roneously spelt scimitar,  and scymiter;
   as  in the following examples.
              By this scimitar,
  That slew the sophy and a Persian prince,
  That won three fields of sultan Solyman.   Shaksp.
    Our armours now may rust, our idle scymiters
  Hang by our sides for ornament, not use.   Dryden.
Ci'ncture, sink'tshure.461 to. *. fcinctura,
   Lat.]                          L
 I. Something worn round the body.
    Now happy he, whose cloak and cincture
  Hold out this tempest.               Shakspeare.
    Columbus found to' American so girt
  With feather'd cincture, naked else, and wild.
                                     Milton.
    He binds the sacred cincture round his breast.
                                       Pope.
2. Aninclosure.
      The court and prison being within toe cincture of
    one wall.                  Bacon's Henry VII.
  3. [In architecture.]  A ring or list at the
    top and bottom ofthe shaft of a column;
    separating the shaft at one end from the
    base, at the other from the ^capital.   It
    is supposed to  be in imitation of the
    girths  or  ferrils   anciently  used   to
    strengthen and preserve the primitive
    wood  columns.              Chambers.
  CI'NDER, sin'dur."8  to. *.  [ceindre, Fr.
    from cineres, Lat.]
  1. A mass  ignited  and quenched, without
    being reduced to ashes.
     I should make very forges of my cheeks,
   That would to cinders burn up modesty,
    Did I but speak toy deeds!          Shakspeare.
     There is in smith's cinders,  by some adhesion of
   iron,  sometimes to be found a magnetical operation.
                                      Brown.
     So snow on JEtaa does unmelted lie,
   Whose rolling flames and scatter'd cinders fly.
                                      Waller.
  I. A hot coal that has ceas'd to flame.
     If from adown the hopeful chops
   The fat upon a cinder drops,
   To stinking smoke it turns the flame.       Swift.
 Cinder-wench, sin'dur-wensh.   £
 Cinder-woman, sln'dur-w6.m-un. 3 n' *'
    [cinder and woman.] A woman whose
    trade  is to rake in heaps of ashes for
    cinders.
     'Tis under so much nasty rubbish laid,
   To find it out's the cinderwoman's trade.
                               Essay on Satire.
     She had about five hundred suits of fine cloaths,
   and yet went abroad like a cinder-wench.
                 Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
    In the black form of cinder-wench she came,
   When love, the hour, the place had banish'd shame.
                                        Gay.
 CINERA'TION,   sin-e-ra'shun.   to.  jr.
   [from  cineres, Lat.] The  reduction of
   any thing  by fire to ashes.  A  term of
   chymistry.
 Cineri'tious, sin-e-rish'fis.  adj.  [cineri-
   cius, Lat.]   Having the form or state of
   ashes.
    The nerves arise from the glands  of the cineri-
   tious part of the brain, and are terminated in all
   parts of the body.                     Cheyne.
 Cine'rulent,  se-ner'u-lent.121 adj. [from
   cineres, Lat.] full of ashes.       Diet.
 Ci'ngle,  sing'gl.408 to.  *. [from cingulum,
   Lat.] A girth for a horse.         Diet.
 Ci'nnabar, sin'na-bar.166 to. *. [cinnabaris,
   Lat.]  Cinnabar is native  or factitious:
   the factitious cinnabar is called vermil-
   lion.
    Cinnabar is the ore out of which quicksilver is
  drawn,  and consists partly of a  mercurial, and
  partly of a sulphureo-ochreous matter.
                       Woodward's Met. Fossils.
    The particles of mercury uniting with the parti-
  ticles of sulphur, compose cinnabar. Newton's Opt.
Cinnabar of Antimony, sin'na-bar.166 is
   made of mercury, sulphur,  and crude
   antimony.
Ci'nnamon, sin'na-miin.166 to.  s.  [cinnamo-
   mum. Lat.]  The fragrant bark of a low
   tree in the  island of Ceylon.   Its leaves
   resemble those of the olive, both as to
   substance and colour. The fruit resem-
   bles an acorn or olive, and has neither
   the smell nor taste of the bark.   When 
CIP
C IR
CIR
   boiled in  water; it yields an oil,  which,
   as it cools and hardens, becomes as firm
   and white as tallow;  the smell of which
   is agreeable in candles.  The cinnamon
   ofthe ancients was different from  ours.
                                  Chambers.
    Let Arahy extol her happy coast,
  Her cinnamon and sweet amomum boast.
                               Dryden's Fables.
Cinnamon  Water, sln'na-mun. is made by
   distilling   the bark,  first infused in bar-
   ley water, in spirit of wine or white wine.
                                  Chambers.
CINQUE,  sink.416 «. *. [French.]  A five.
   It is used in games alone;  but is  often
   compounded with  other words.
Cinque-foil, sink'foil. to.s.[cinquefeuille,
   Fr.] A kind of five-leaved clover.
Cinque-pace, sink'pase. to. s. [cinque pas,
   Fr.] A kind of grave dance.
    Wooing, wedding, and repenting, is a Scotch jig,
  a measure,  and  a cinque-pacc.  The  first  suit is
  hot and hasty, like a Scotch jig, and full as fantas-
  tical ;  the wedding, mannerly and modest, as a mea-
  sure full of  state and gravity; and then  comes re-
  pentance; and, with his bad legs, falls into  the
  cinque-pace faster and faster, till he sinks into the
   grave.                           Shakspeare.
Cinque-ports, sink'ports. to. s.   [cinque
  ports,  Fr.]
    Those havens that lie  towards France, and there-
  fore have been toought by our kings to be such  as
  ought  most  vigilantly to be observed against inva-
  sion.  In which respect, the places where they are
  have  a  special governour or keeper, called by his
  office Lord Warden of the cinque ports; and divers
  privileges granted to them, as a particular jurisdic-
  tion; their warden having the authority of an admi-
  ral among them, and sending out writs in his own
   name.  The cinque ports are  Dover,  Sandwich,
   Rye, Hastings, Winchelsea, Rumney,  andHithe;
   some of which, as the number exceeds  five, must
   either be added to the first institution by some later
   grant, or accounted as appendants to some of  the
   rest.                                 Cowell.
                 They,  that bear,
   The cloth of state above her, are four barons of the
   cinque ports.                       Shakspeare.
Cinque-spotted, sink'spot-ted.afl?/. Hav-
   ing five spots.
                 On her left breast
   A mole, cinotte spotted, like the crimson drops
   1' th' bottom of a cowslip.           Shakspeare.
Ci'on, si'iln.166 «. s.  [sion, or scion, Fr.]
1.  A sprout; a shoot from a plant.
    We have reason to cool our raging motions, our
   carnal stings, our unhitted  lusts; whereof  I take
  this, that you call love, to be a sect or scion. Shaksp.
    The stately Caledonian  oak, newly settled in his
  triumphant  throne,  begirt with cions  of his own
  royal stem.                            Howel.
2.  The shoot engrafted  or inserted  on a
   stock.
    The cion over-ruleth  the stock; and the stock is
  but passive,  and giveth aliment, but no motion, to
  the graft.                              Bacon.
CITHER,  si'fur.98 to. s.  [chifre, Fr.  zifra,
   Ital.  cifra, low  Lat.  from an  oriental
   root]
1.  An  arithmetical  character,  by which
   some number is noted; a figure.
2. An arithmetical mark,  which standing
   for nothing itself, increases the value  of
   the other figures.
    Mine were the very cipher of a function,
  To find the faults, whose fine stands in record,
  And let go by the actor.                 Shaksp.
    If the  people be somewhat in the election, you
-  cannot make them nulls or ciphers in  the privation
  or translation.                          Bacon.
    As, in accounts, ciphers and figures pass for real
  sums, so names pass for things.            South.
3. An intermixture of letters engraved usu-
  ally on boxes  or plate.
    Troy flam'd  in burnished gold;  and o'er the
      throne,
  Arms and  the Man in golden ciphers shone. Pope.
    Some mingling stir toe melted tar, and some
  Deep on the new-shorn vagrant's heaving side
  To stamp the master's cipfter ready stand. Thomson.
4. A character in  general.
    In  succeeding times this  wisdom  began to  be
  written in ciphers and characters,  and letters bear-
  ing the form of creatures.
                   Raleigh's History of the World.
5. A secret or occult manner of writing,
  or the key  to  it.
    This book, as long liv'd as the elements,
  In cipher writ,  or new-made idioms.       Donne.
    He was pleased to command  me to stay at  Lon-
  don, to send and receive all his letters; and I was
  furnished with  mine several ciphers, in order to it.
                                     Denham.
7\>Ci'pHER,si'fur.98 v.n. [from the noun.]
  To practise arithmetick.
    You have been  bred to business; you can cipher:
  I wonder you never used your pen and ink.
                                    Arbuthnot.
To Ci'pher, si'fdr.  v. a.  To write in oc-
  cult characters.
     He frequented  sermons;  and penned notes: his
  notes he ciphered with Greek characters. Hayward.
To Ci'rcinate, ser'se-nate. v.  a. [circino,
  Lat.]  To  make  a circle; to  compass
  round, or turn round.            Bailey.
Circina'tion, ser-se-na'shin. «. s.  [circi-
  natio, Lat.]  An orbicular  motion;  a
   turning  round;  a measuring  with the
  compasses.                      Bailey
CI'RCLE,ser'kl.10840STO.«.[nrcTO/TOs,Lat.]
1. A  line continued till it  ends where it
  begun,  having all its  parts  equidistant
  from a common centre.
     Any thing  toat moves round about in a circle,
  in less time than our ideas are wont to succeed one
  another in  our minds, is not perceived to move; but
  seems to be a perfect intire circle of that matter, or
  colour, and not a part of a circle in motion.   Locke.
     By a circle I understand not here perfect geome-
  trical circfe, but an orbicular figure, whose length is
  equal to its breadth; and  which, as  to sense, may
  seem circular.                 Newton's Optics.
            Then a deeper still,
  In circle following circfe, gathers round
  To close the face of things.     Thomson's Summer.
2. The space included in a circular line.
3. A round body; an orb.
     It is he that  sitteth upon the circle of the earth.
                                       Isaiali,
4. Compass; enclosure.
                 A great magician,
  Obscured in the circle  of toe forest.    Shakspeare.
5. All assembly surrounding the principal
   person.
     To have a box where eunuchs sing,
  And, foremost in the circle, eye a king.
                                Pope's Horace.
6.  A company;  an assembly.
     I will call  over to him the whole circfe of beau-
  ties that are disposed among the boxes.   Addison.
     Ever since that time, Lisander visits in every cir-
  cle.                                  Tatler.
7. Any  series ending as it begins, and per-
   petually repeated.
     There be fruit  trees in hot countries, which have
  blossoms and young fruit, and young fruit  and ripe
  fruit, almost all the  year, succeeding one  another;
  but this circle of ripening cannot be but in succulent
  plants, and hot countries.                Bacon,
    Thus in a circle runs toe peasant's pain,
  And the year rolls within itself again.  Diyd. Vug.
8. An inconclusive form of argument, in
   which the foregoing proposition is prov-
   ed by the following, and  the  following
   proposition inferred from the foregoing.
    That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and again,
  that gravity is a quality whereby an heavy body de-
  scends, is  an impertinent circle,  and teacheth no-
  thing.                       Glanville's Scepsis.
    That fallacy called a circle, is when one of the
  premises in a syllogism is questioned and opposed,
  and we  intend to prove it by the conclusion.  Watts.
9. Circumlocution; indirect form of words.
             Has he given the lye
  In circle or oblique, or semicircle,
  Or direct parallel ? You must challenge him.
                     Fletcher's Queen of Corinth.
10. Circles of the  German  Empire. Such
   provinces and principalities as  have  a
   right  to be present at diets. They  are
   in number ten.                 Trevoux.
To Ci'rcle, ser'kl. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To move round  any thing.
    The lords, that  were appointed to circfe the hill,
  had some days before planted  themselves in places
  convenient.                            Bacon.
    Another Cynthia her new journey runs,
  And other planets circle other suns. Pope's Dunciad.
2. To enclose; to surround.
            What stern ungentle hands
  Have lopp'd and hew'd,  and made the body bare
  Of her two branches, those sweet ornaments,
  Whose circling shadows kings have sought to sleep
      in?                           Shakspeare.
    While these fond arms, thus  circling  you,  may
        prove
  More heavy chains than those of hopeless love.
                                        Prior.
    Unseen, he glided thro' the joyous crowd,
  With darkness circled and an ambient cloud.  Pope.
3. To Ci'role in. To confine; to keep to-
   gether.
    We term those  things dry which  have a consist-
  tence within themselves, and which, to enjoy a de-
  terminate figure,  do  not require the stop or hin-
  drance of another body  to limit and circfe them in.
                               Digby on Bodies.
 To Ci'rcle, ser'kl. v. to.  To move circu-
   larly; to end where it begins.
             The well fraught bowl
   Circles incessant; whilst the humble cell
   With quavering iaugh and rural jests resounds.
                                       Philips.
     Now the circling years disclose
   The day predestin'd to reward his woes.      Pope.
Ci'rcled,  ser'kld.359 adj.  [from  circle.]
   Having the form of a circle; round.
              Th' inconstant moon,
   That monthly changes in her circled orb.   Shaksp.
Ci'rclet, ser'klit. to. s.  [from  circle.] A
   circle;  an orb: properly a little  circle.
     Then take repast, till Hesperus display'd
   His golden circlet in the western shade.      Pepe.
Ci'rcling, ser'kling. participial adj. [from
   To circle]  Having the  form of a circle;
   circular; round.
     Round he surveys, and well might, where he stood
   So high above the circling canopy
   Of night's extended shade.     Milton's Par. Lost.

CI'RCUIT,  ser'kit.*41 108 to. «. [circuit, Fr.
   circuitus, Lat.]
 1. The  act of moving round any t'nng.
     There are  four moons also perpetually  rolling
   round the planet Jupiter, and carried along" with him
   in his periodical circuit round the sun.       Wulti
 2. The  space enclosed in a  circle. 
CI'R
CIR
C IR
                  He led me up
  A woody mountain, whose high top was plain,
  A circuit wide inclos'd.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Space; extent, measured by  travelling
   round.
    He attributeth unto it smallness, in respect of cir-
  cuit.                                Hooker.
    The lake of Bolsena is reckoned one-and-twenty
  miles in circuit.                Addison on Italy.
4. A ring;  a diadem; that by  which any
   thing is encircled.
    And this fell tempest shall not cease to rage,
  Until the golden circuit on my head
  Do calm the fury of this mad-brain'd flaw.   Shaks.
5. The visitations of  the judges for  hold-
   ing assises.
    The circuits,  in former times, went but  round
  about the pale; as the circuit of the cynosure about
   the pole.                              Davies.
6.  The  tract  of country  visited by  the
   judges.
7. Long deduction of reason.
           Up into the watch  tower get,
   And see all things despoil'd  of fallacies;
   Thou shalt not peep thro' lattices of eyes,
   Nor hear thro' labyrinths of ears, nor learn
   By circuit or collections to discern.        Donne.
Circuit, of action, ser'kit.  [In law.] Is a
   longer course of proceeding to recover
   the thing sued for than is needful.
                                      Cowell.
 To Ci'rcuit, ser'kit. v. to. [from the noun.]
   To move circularly.
     Pining with equinoctial heat,  unless
   The cordial cup perpetual motion keep,
   Quick circuiting.                      Philips.
 Circuite'er, ser'kit-teT.  to. s. [from cir-
   cuit.] One that travels a circuit.
     Like your fellow circwifeer, the sun, you travel the
   round of the earth, and behold all the iniquities un-
   der the heavens.                        Pope.
 Circui'tion, ser-kii-ish'un. n.  a. [circuitio,
   Lat.]
 1. The act of going round any thing.
 2. Compass; maze  of argument.
     To apprehend by what degrees they lean to things
   in show, though not in deed, repugnant one to an-
   other, requireth more sharpness of wit, more intri-
   cate circuition of discourse,  and depth of judgment,
   than common ability doth yield.          Hooker.
 Ci'rcular,  ser'ku-liir.88 418 adj. [circula-
   ria, Lat.]
 1. Round, like a circle;  circumscribed by
   a circle.
     The frame thereof seem'd partly circular,
   And part triangular.                Fair-y Qjueen.
     He first inclos'd for lists a level ground;
   The form was circular.          Dryden's Fables.
      Nero's port, composed of huge  moles running
   round it in a kind of circular  figure. Addison on Italy.
 2. Successive  in order;  always returning.
     From  whence to' innumerable race of things
   By circular successive order springs.   Roscommon.
 3. Vulgar; mean;  circumforaneous.
     Had Virgil been a circular poet,  and closely ad-
   hered  to history, how could the Romans have had
   Dido?                               Dennis.
 \. Ending in itself: used of a  paralogism,
   where  the second  proposition  at once
   proves the first,  and  is proved by  it.
     One of Cartes's first principles of reasoning, after
   he had doubted  of every thing seems to be too cir-
   cular to safely build upon; for he is  for proving the
   being of God from the truth  of our faculties, and the
   truth of our faculties from the being of a God.
                     Baker's Reflect, on Learning.
 5. Circular Letter.  A letter directed to se-
   veral persons, who have  the same in-
  terest in some common affair; as in the
  convocation of assemblies.
6. Circular Lines. Such  straight lines as
  are divided from the divisions made in
  the arch of a circle; as the lines of sines,
  tangents, and secants, on the plain scale
  and sector.
7. Circular Sailing,  is that  performed on
  the arch of a great circle.
Circula'rity,  ser-ku-lar'e-te. to. s. [from
  circular.]  A circular form.
    The heavens have no diversity or difference, but
  a simplicity of parts,  and equifbrmity in motion,
  continually succeeding each other; so  that,  from
  what point soever we compute, the account will be
  common unto the whole circularity.       Brown.
Ci'rcularly,  ser'ku-lar-le.  adv.  [from
  circular.]
1. In form of a  circle.
    The internal form of it consists of several regions,
  involving one another like orbs about the same cen-
  tre; or of the several elements cast circularly about
  each other.                           Bur-net.
2 With a circular motion.
    Trade, which, like blood, should circularly flow,
  Stopp'd in their channels, found its freedom lost.
                                      Dryden.
    Every body, moved  circularly about any centre,
  recedes, or endeavours, to recede, from that centre
  of its motion.                            Ray.
To Cir'culate, ser'ku-late. v. to. [from
   circulus.]
1. To move  in a circle; to run round; to
   return to the  place whence it departed
   in a constant course.
    If our lives' motions theirs must imitate,
  Our knowledge like our blood must circwfafe.
                                     Denham.
    Nature is a perpetual motion; and the work of
  the universe circulates without any interval or repose.
                                   L'Estrange.
2. To be dispersed.
    As the mints of calumny are perpetually at work,
  a great number of curious inventions, issued out
  from time to time, grow current among the party,
  and circulate through the whole kingdom. Addison.
 To Ci'rculate, ser'ku-late. v. a. To put
   about.
     In the civil wars, the money spent on both sides
  was circntafed at home; no publick debts contracted.
                                        Swift.
Circulation, ser-ku-la'shiin. to. s. [from
   circulate.]
 1.  Motion in a circle; a  course  in which
   the motion  tends to  the point  from
   which it began.
     What more obvious, one would think, than the
   circulation ofthe blood, unknown till the last age?
                               Burnet's Theory.
     As much  blood passeth through  the lungs as
   through all the rest of toe body: the drcnfaf ion is
   quicker,  and heat greater, and their  texture ex-
   tremely delicate.         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 2.  A series in which the same  order is al-
   ways observed, and  things  always re-
   turn to the same state.
     As for the sins of peace, thou hast brought upon
   us the miseries of war; so for the sins of war, thou
   seest fit to deny us the blessing of peace, and to keep
   us in a circulation of miseries.      King Charles.
     God, by the ordinary rule of nature, permits this
   continual circulation of" human things.       Sivift.
 3.  A reciprocal interchange  of meaning.
     When the apostle saith of the Jews, that they
   crucified the Lord of glory;  and when the Son of
   man, being on earth,  amrmeth that the son of man
   was in heaven at tbe same instant, there is in these
  two speeches that mutual circwfafion before men-
  tioned.                               Hooker.
Ci'rculatory, ser'ku-la-tilr-e. to. s. [from
  circulate.] A chymical vessel, in which
  that which rises from the  vessel on the
  fire is collected and cooled  in  another
  fixed upon it, and falls down  again.
Ci'rculatory, ser'ku-la-tiir-e. adj. [from
  circulate.] Circulatory Letters  are  the
  same with  Circular Letters.
Circuma'mbiency,  ser-kum-am'be-en-se.
  to. s. [from circumambient.] The act of
  encompassing.
    Ice receiveth its figure according unto the surface
  it concreteth or the  circumambiency which conform-
  eth it.                               Brown.
CIRCUMA'MBIENT,  ser-kum-am'be-
  ent. adj. [circum and ambio, Lat.] Sur-
  rounding; encompassing; enclosing.
    The  circumambient coldness towards the sides of
  the vessel, like the  second region, cooling and con-
  densing of it.                         Wilkins.
 To  Circuma'mbulate, ser-kum-am'bu-
  late.91 v. to. [from circum  and  ambulo,
  Lat.] To walk round about.       Diet.
 To CI'RCUMCISE, ser'kum-size v.  a.
   circumcido, Latin.] To cut the prepuce
  or foreskin, according to the law given
  to the Jews.
     They came to circumcise the child.      Luke,
     One is  alarmed at the industry of the whigs, in
  aiming to strengthen toeir routed party by a rein-
  forcement from the circumcised.     Swift's Exam.
Cirgumoi'sion,  ser-kum-sizh'An. to.  s.
   [from  circumcise.] The  rite or act of
   cutting off the foreskin.
             They left a race behind
  Like to themselves, distinguishable scarce
  From Gentiles, but by circumcision vain.  Milton.
 To CIRCUMDU'CT, ser-kum-dukt'.™.
   [circumduco,  Lat.]  To contravene;  to
   nullify: a term of civil law.
     Acts of judicature may be cancelled and circum-
  ducted by the will and direction of the judge; as also
  by the consent of  the  parties litigant,  before the
  judge has pronounced and given sentence.  Ayliffe.
 Circumduction, ser-kum-diik'shun.  to. s.
   [from circumduct]
 I. Nullification; cancellation.
     The citation may be circumducted, though the de-
  fendant should not  appear; and the defendant must
  be cited, as a circumduction requires.     Ayliffe.
 2. A  leading about.
     By long circumduction perhaps any truth may be
  derived from any other truth.           Hooker.
 CIRCU'MFERENCE, ser-kum'fe'rense.
   to.  s. [circumferentia, Lat.]
 1. The periphery; the line  including and
   surrounding any  thing.
            Extend thus far thy bounds,
   This be thy just circumference, O world!   Milton.
     Because the hero is the centre ofthe main action,
   all the lines from the circumference tend to him
   alone.                               Dryden.
     Fire, moved nimbly in  the circumference of a cir-
   cle, makes the  whole  circumference appear  like a
   circle of fire.                         Newton.
 2.  The space enclosed in a  circle.
  ,                 So was his will
   Pronoune'd among the gods,, and by an oath,
   That shook heav'n's whole circumference, confirm'd.
                                       MUton.
     He  first inclos'd for lists a level ground,
   The whole circumference  a mile around.  Dryden.
 3. The external  part of an orbicular body.
     The bubble, being  looked on  by the light of toe
   clouds reflected from it, seemed red at its apparent 
CIR
CIR
CIR
  circumference. If the clouds were viewed through it,
  (he colour at its circumference would be blue.
                            Newton's Opticks.
 4. An orb; a circle; any thing circular or
   orbicular.
    His pond'rous shield, large and round,
  Behind him cast; the broad circumference
  Hung on his shoulders like the moon.      JMiffon.
 To  Circu'mferenoe,  ser-kum'fe-rense.
  v. a. [from the noun.]  To include in a
  circular space. Not proper.
    Nor is the vigour of this great body included only
  in itself, or circumference by its surface; but diffused
  at indeterminate distances. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
 Circumfere'ntor, ser-kfim-fe-ren'rjur.166
  to. *. [from  circumfero,  Lat. to  carry
  about.] An instrument used in survey-
  ing, for measuring angles, consisting of
  a brass circle, an  index with sights, and
  a compass, and mounted on a staff, with
  a ball and socket.            Chambers.
 Ci'rcumflex,  ser'kfim-fleks. to.  s, [cir-
  cumflexus, Lat.]  An accent used to re-
  gulate the pronunciation of syllables, in-
  cluding  or participating the acute and
   grave.
    The circumflex keeps the voice in a middle tune,
  and therefore in  the Latin is compounded of both
  the other.                           Holder.
 Circu'mfluence, ser-kum'flu-£nse. to. s.
  [from  circumfluent.] An  enclosure of

 CIRCU'MFLUENT,   ser-kum'flu-ent
  adj. [circumfiuens, Lat.] Flowing round
  any  thing.
            I rule the Paphian race,
  Whose bounds the deep circumfluent waves em-
     brace;
  A duteous people, and industrious isle.      Pope.
 Circu'mfluous, ser-kfim'flu-us. adj.[cir-
  cumfluus, Lat.] Environing with waters.
                He the world
  Built on circumfluous waters calm, in wide
  Crystalline ocean.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Laertes' son, girt with circumfluous tides.  Pope.
 Circumfora'neous, seTrkuni-fo-ra/ne-iis.
  adj. [circumforaneus, Lat.] Wandering
  from house to house: as, a  circumfora-
  neous fiddler, one that plays at doors.
 To CIRCUMFU'SE, ser-kum-fuze'. v.a.
  [circumfusus, Lat.] To  pour round; to
  spread every way.
   Men see better, when toeir eyes are against the
  sun, or candle, if they put their hand before their
  eye  The glaring sun, or candle, weakens the eye;
  whereas toe light circumfused is enough for the per-
  ception.               Bacon's Natural History.
   His army, circumfus'd on either wing.    Milton.
   Earth, with her nether ocean circumfus'd,
  Their pleasant dwelling house.            Milton.
   This nymph the God Cephisus had abus'd,
  With all his winding waters circumfus'd. Addison.
 Circumfu'sile,  ser-kum-fu'sil. adj. [cir-
  cum andfusilis, Lat.] That which may be
  poured or spread  round any thing.
   Artist divine, whose skilful hands infold
  The victim's horn with  circumfusile gold.    Pope.
Circumfu'sion,  ser-ktim-fu'zhun.  to.  s.
  [from circumfuse.] The act of spreading
  round;  the state of being poured round.
 To   CIRCU'MGYRATE,   ser-kum'je-
  rate. v. a. [circum and gyrus, Lat.] To
  roll  rnund.
   AH the glands of toe body be congeries of various
      VOL.  I.
  sorts of vessels curled, circwmgt/rated, and compli-
  cated together.            Ray on the Creation.
 Circumgyra'tion,    ser-kum-je-ra'shun.
   to.  s.  [from  circumgyrate.]  The act of
   running round.
    The sun turns round his own axis in twenty-five
  days, from his first being  put into such a circumgy-
  ration.                              Cheyne.
 Circumja'cent, ser-kilm-ja'sent. adj.[cir-
   cumjacens, Lat.] Lying round any  thing;
   bordering on every  side.
 Circumi'tion, ser-kum-ish'un. n.s.  [from
   circumeo, circumitum, Lat.] The  act of
   going round.                     Diet.
 Circumliga'tion,   ser-kum-le-ga'shun.
   n. s. [circumligo, Latin.]
 I. The act of binding  round.
 2. The bond with  which any thing  is en-
   compassed.
 Circumlocu'tion,  seT-kum-16-ku'shiin.
   to. s. [circumlocutio, Lat.]
 I. A  circuit  or compass of words; peri-
   phrasis.
    Virgil, studying brevity, could bring these words
  into a narrow  compass, which a translator cannot
  render without circumlocution.          Dryden.
    I much prefer the plain Billingsgate way to cal-
  ling names, because it would  save  abundance of
  time, lost by circumlocution.             Swift.
 2. The  use of indirect expressions.
    These people are not to be dealt withal, but by a
  train of mystery and  circumlocution.   L'Estrange.
 Circummu'red,  ser-kum-murd'.369 adj.
   [circum and murus, Lat.] Walled round;
   encompassed with a wall.
    He hath a garden circummured with bricks.
                                 Sftafcspeare.
 Circumna'vigable, ser-kum-nav'e-ga-bl.
  adj. [from circumnavigate] That which
   may be sailed round.
    The being of Antipodes, the habitableness of the
  torrid zone, and the rendering the whole terraqueous
  globe circumnavigable.       Ray on the Creation.
 To  Circumna'vigate,  ser-kvim-nav'e-
   gate. v. a. [circum and navigo, Lat.] To
   sail round.
 Circumnaviga'tion,  ser-kum-nav-e-ga'-
   shiin.  to. s.  [from circumnavigate.] The
  act of sailing round.
    What he says concerning toe circumnavigation of
  Africa, from the straits of Gibraltar to toe Red Sea,
  is veiy remarkable.         Arbuthnot on Coins.
Circum na'vigator,   ser-ktim-nav'e-ga-
  tur. to. s.  One that sails round.
Circumplica'tion, ser-kum-ple-ka'shun.
  to. s. [circumplico, Lat.]
 1. The act of enwrapping on every  side.
 2. The  state of being enwrapped.
 Circumpo'lar,  ser-k&m-po'lar.418 adj.
   [from circum and polar.] Stars near the
   North pole, which move round it,  and
   never set in the Northern latitudes, are
   said to be circumpolar stars.
 Circumposi'tion,  seT-kum-po-zish-iin.
   to. s. [from  circum  and position.] The
   act of placing any thing circularly.
    Now is your season for  circumposition, by tiles or
  baskets of earth.             Evelyn's Kalendar.
 Circumra'sion, ser-ktim-ra'zhun.  to. a.
   [circumrasio, Latin.] The act of shaving
   or  paring round.                  Diet.
 Ciroumrota'tion,    ser-kiim-ro-ta'shfin.
   n. a. [circum and roto, Lat.]
                    S  S
 1. The act of whirling round with  a mo-
   tion like  that of  a wheel; circumvolu-
   tion; circumgyration.
 2. The state of being whirled round.
 To CIRCUMSCRI'BE, ser-kum-skribe'.
   v. a. [circum and scribo, Lat.]
 1. To enclose in certain lines or boundaries.
 2. To bound; to limit; to confine.
              The good Andronicus
  With honour and with  fortune is returned;
  From whence he circumscribed with his sword,
  And brought to yoke, the enemies of Rome.
                                 Shakspeare.
    Therefore must his choice be circumscrib'd
  Unto the voice and yielding of that body
  Whereof he's head.                Shakspeare
       He form'd the pow'rs of heav'n
  Such as he pleas'd; and circumscrib'd their being!
                                    Milton.
    The action great, yet circumscrib'd by time;
  The words not fore'd but sliding into rhime.  Dryd.
    The external circumstances which do accompa-
  ny men's acts, are those which do circumscribe and
  limit them.                      Stilling fleet-
                     You are above
  The little forms which circumscribe your sex.
                                   Southern.
Circumscription,   seT-kiim-skiip'shun.
  to. s. [circumscriptio, Lat.]
 I. Determination  of particular form  or
  magnitude.
    In the  circumscription of many leaves, flowers,
  fruits, and seeds, nature affects a regular figure.
                          Ray on the Creation.
2. Limitation; boundary;  contraction; con-
   finement.              '
    I.'.vould not my unhoused free  condition
  Put into circumscription and confine.      Shaksp.
Circumscriptive,   ser-kum-skrip'tive.
  adj. [from circumscribe.] Enclosing the
  superficies; marking the form or limits
  on the outside.
    Stones regular, are distinguished by their exter-
  nal forms: such as is circumscriptive, or depending
  upon the whole stone, as in the eagle-stone, is pro-
  perly called the figure.                  Grew.
CIRCUMSPE'CT,  ser'kum-spekt. adj.
  [circumspectus, Lat.]  Cautious; atten-
  tive to every thing; watchful on all sides.
                 None are for me,
  That look into me with consid'rate eyes:
  High reaching Buckingham grows circumspect.
                                 Shakspeare.
    Men of their own nature circumspect and slow;
  but at the time discountenanced and discontent.
                                   Haywood.
    The judicious doctor had been very watchful and
  circumspect,  to keep  himself from being imposed
  upon.                               Boyle.
Circumspe'ction,   ser-kum-spek'sLan.
  to. s. [from circumspect.] Watchfulness
  on every side;  caution;  general  atten-
  tion.
    Observe  the sudden growth of wickedness, from
  want of care and circumspection in the first impres-
  sions.                            Clarendon.
    So saying, his proud step he scornful turn'd,
  But with sly circumspection.    Milton's Par. Lost.
 Circumspe'ctive, ser-ktim-spek'tlv. adj.
   [circumspicio,   circumspectum,   Lat.]
   Looking  round  every  way;  attentive;
   vigilant; cautious.
    No less alike the politick and wise,
  All sly slow things, with circumspective eyes. Pope.
 CiRcuMSPE'cTivELY,ser-kilni-spek-tiv-le.
   adv. [from circumspective.] Cautiously;
   vigilantly; attentively;  with  watchful-
   ness every way; watchfully. 
CIR                                      CIR                                      CIS
Ci'rcumspectly, ser'kum-spekt-le. adv.
   [from circumspect.] With watchfulness
   every way; cautiously; watchfully; vigi-
   lantly.
    Their authority  weighs more with me than the
   concurrent suffrages of a thousand eyes,  who never
   examined the thing so carefully and circumspectly.
                            Ray on the Creation.
Ci'rcumspectness,    ser'kuai-spekt-nes.
   to. s.  [from circumspect.]  Caution; vigi-
   lance; watchfulness on  every side.
     Travel forces circumspeclness on those abroad,
   who at home are nursed in security.       Wotton.
CI'RCUMSTANCE,     ser'kum-stance.
   to.  s.  [circumstantia, Lat.]
 1. Something appendant  or relative to a
   fact: the same to  a moral action as ac-
   cident to a natural substance.
     When men are ingenious in picking out circum-
   Stances  of contempt,  toey do kindle  their anger
   much.                        Bacon's Essays.
     Our  confessing or concealing persecuted truths,
   vary and change their very nature, according to dif-
   ferent circumstances of time, place, and persons.
                                        Soufft.
 3. The adjuncts of a fact, which make it
   more or less criminal; or make an accu-
   sation more or less probable.
     Of these supposed crimes give me leave,
   By circumstance, but to acquit myself.      Shaksp.
 3. Accident; something adventitious, which
   may be taken away without the annihi-
   lation of the principal thing considered.
     Sense outside  knows, the  soul  thro' all things
          sees;
   •ense, circumstance; she doth  the substance view.
                                        Davies.
 4. Incident;  event:  generally of a minute
   or subordinate kind.
     He defended Carlisle with  very remarkable cir-
   vwnstances of courage,  industry, and patience.
                                     Clarendon.
     The sculptor had in his thoughts the Conqueror's
   weeping for new worlds, or the like  circumstance in
   history.                             Addison.
     The poet has gathered those circumstances which
   most terrify the imagination, and which really hap-
   pen in the raging of a tempest. Addison's Spectator.
 5. Condition; state  of affairs.   It  is  fre-
   quently used with respect to wealth or
    poverty; as, good  or ill circumstances.
     None but a virtuous  man  can hope well  in all
   tircumstances.                          Bacon,
     We ought not to conclude, toat if there be ration-
   al inhabitants in any of the planets, they must there-
   fore have human nature, or be involved in the cir-
   tumstances of our world.                Bentley.
     When men are easy in their circumstances, toey
   are naturally enemies to innovations.
                            Addison's Freeholder.

 To  Ci'rcumstance, ser'kiim-stanse. v. a.
   [from the noun.]   To  place in particu-
   lar situations, or relation to the things.
                 To worthiest things,
   Virtue, art, beauty, fortune, now I see,
   Rareness or use, not nature, value brings;
   And such as they are circumstane'd, they be. Donne.
 Ci'rcumstant,  ser'kum-stant. adj. [cir-
   cumstans, Lat.] Surrounding;  environ-

   ing.
     Its beams  fly to  visit toe remotest parts of the
   world, and it gives motion to all circMffisfanf bodies.
                              Digby on the Soul.

Circumsta'ntial, ser-kum-stan'shal. adj.
   [circumstantialis, low Lat.]
 1. Accidental; not essential.
             This fierce abridgment
  Hath to it circtMnsfanfiaf branches, which
  Distinction would be rich in.             Shaksp.
    This jurisdiction in the essentials of it, is as old
  as Christianity; and those circumstantial additions of
  secular  encouragement, christian  princes  thought
  necessary.                             South.
    Who would not prefer a religion that differs from
  c*ir own in the circumstantials, before one that dif-
  fers  from it in the essentials?  Addison's Freeholder.
2. Incidental; happening by chance; casual.
    Virtue's but anguish, when 'tis several,
  By occasion wak'd,  and circumstantial.    Donne.
3. Full of small events;  particular; detail-
  ed.
    He had been provoked by men's tedious and cir-
  cumstantial recitals of their affairs, or by their  mul-
  tiplied questions about his own. Prior's Dedication.
Circumstantia'lity,  ser-k&m-stan-she-
  al'e-te. to. *. [from circumstantial] The
  appendage of circumstances;  the state
  of  any thing as modified by circumstan-
  ces.
Circumsta'ntially,   ser-k&m-stan'shal-
  le. adv. [from  circumstantial.]
I. According to circumstance;  not essen-
  tially; accidently.
    Of  the fancy and intellect, toe  powers are only
  circumstantially different.       Glanville's Scepsis.
2.  Minutely; exactly;  in every  circum-
   stance or particular.
    Lucian agrees with Homer in every point circum-
  stantially.                            Broome.
To   Circumsta'ntiate,  ser-kum-stan'-
   she-ate.91 v. a.  [from circumstance]
1. To  place in particular circumstances;
   to  invest  with particular  accidents or
   adjuncts.
    If the  act were otherwise circumstantiated,  it
  might will that freely, which now it wills freely.
                                    Bramhall.
2. To place in particular condition, as with
   regard to  power or wealth.
    A number  infinitely superiour, and  the best cir-
  cumstantiated imaginable, are for the succession of
  Hanover.                             Swift.
To CIRCUMVA'LLATE, ser-kum-val'-
   late.91 v. a. [circumvallo,  Lat.]  To en-
   close  round with trenches, or fortifica-
   tions.
Circumvalla'tion, ser-kum-val-la'shun.
   to.  s. [from circumvallate.]
1. The art  or act  of casting up fortifica-
   tions round a place.
    When the czar first acquainted himself with ma-
  thematical learning, he  practised all the rules of
  circumvallation and contravallation at the siege of a
  town in Livonia.                       Waffs.
2. The fortification  or trench  thrown up
   round a place  besieged.
    This gave  respite to finish those stupendous cir-
  cumvallations and barricadoes, reared up by sea and
  land.                                 Howel.
Circumvention, ser-kum-vek'shiln.  to. s.
   [circumvectio,  Lat ]
1. The act of carrying round.
2. The  state of being  carried round.
To CIRCUMVE'NT, ser-kum-vent'. v.a.
   [circumvenio,hat.] To deceive; to cheat;
  to  impose upon; to delude.
    He,  fearing  to  be  betrayed or circumvented by
  his cruel brother, fled to Barbarossa.
                   Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
    As his malice is vigilant, he resteth not to cir-
  cumvent the sons of the first deceived.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
                Should man
  Fall circumvented thug by fraud.    Milt. Par.  Lost.
              Obstinately bent
  To die undaunted, and to circumuenf.     Dryd**.
Circumvention, ser-kvim-ven'shun. to. *.
  [from circumvent.]
1. Fraud;  imposture; cheat; delusion.
    The inequality of the match between him and
  toe subtlest of us, would quickly appear by  a fatal
  circumvention: there must be a wisdom from abovg
  to over-reach this hellish wisdom.         South.
    If he is in  the city, he  must  avoid haranguing
  against circumvention in commerce.       Collier.
2. Prevention; pre-occupation. This sense
  is now  out of use.
    Whatever hath been toought on in this state,
  That could be brought to bodily act, ere Rome
  Had circumvention.                 Shakspeare.
To  Circumve'st, ser-kim-vest'. v. a. [cir-
  cumvestio, Lat.]  To cover round  with
  a garment.
    Who on this base the earth did'st firmly found,
  And mad'st the deep to circttmvesf it round. Wotton.
Circpmvola'tion,   ser-kum-vo-la'shiin.
  n. s, [from circumvolo, Lat.] The act of
  flying  round.
To Circumvo'lve,  ser-kum-vdlv.  v.  a.
  [circumvolvo.  Lat.]   To roll round; to
  put into a circular motion.
    Could solid orbs be accommodated to phenome-
  na, yet to ascribe each sphere an intelligence to
  circumvolve it, were unphilosophical.     Glanville.
Circum volu'tion,  ser-kfim-vo-lu'shun.
   n. s. [circumvolutus, Lat.]
 1. The act of rolling round.
2. The state of being rolled round.
    The twisting of the guts is really either a cireum-
  voluiion,  or  insertion of one part of the gut withii
  the other.                         Arbuthnot.
 3. The thing rolled round another.
     Consider the  obliquity or closeness of these cir-
  cumvolutions ;the nearer they are, toe higher may
  be the instrument.                     Wilkins.
 CTRCUS, ser'kris.  ? n. s. [circus, Lat.]
 Ci'RquE, serk.337 41s £ An open space or
   area for spert, with  seats round for the
   spectators.
     A pleasant valley, like one of those circuses which
  in great cities  somewhere  doth  give a pleasant
  spectacle of running horses.              Sidney.
     The one was about the cirque of Flora, the other
  upon  the Tarpeian mountain.        Stilling fleet.
     See toe cirque falls! th' unpillar'd temple nods;
  Streets pav'd with heroes, Tyber choak'd with godi.
                                        Pope,
 CIST, sist.  to.  s. [cista,  Lat.]   A case;  a
   tegument: commonly  used in medicinal
   language  for the coat or enclosure of a
   tumour.
 Ci'sted, sis'ted, adj. [from ciat.] Enclosed
   in a cist,  or bag.
 Ci'stern, sis'turn.98 to. *. [cisturna, Lat.]
 1.  A  receptacle  of water for  domestick
   uses.
     'Tis not the rain that waters the whole earth, but
  that which falls into its own cistern,  that  must re-
  lieve  him.                             Sowfft.
 2.  A reservoir; an enclosed fountain.
     Had no part as kindly staid behind
  In the wide cisterns of the lakes confin'd,
  Did not the springs and rivers drench the land,
  Our globe would grow a wilderness of sand.
                                    Blackmort.
 3.  Any receptacle or repository of water.
     So half my Egypt were submerg'd, and made
  A cistern for scal'd snakes.           Shakspeare.
                But there's no bottom, none,
  In my voluptuousness:  your wives, your daughters,
  Your matrons, and your maids, could not fill up
  The cistern of my lust.               Shakspeare. 
CIT
CIT
CIV
 CTSTUS, sis'tiis. to. *.  [Lat.] The name
   of a plant.  The  same with rockrose.
 Cit, sit. to. s. [contracted from citizen.] An
   inhabitant of the city, in an ill  sense; a
   pert  low townsman;  a pragmatical tra-
   der.
     We bring you now to show what different things
   The cits or clowns are from the courts of kings.
                                       Johnson.
     Study  your race, or the  soil of your family will
   dwindle into cits or squires, or.run up into wits or
   madmen.                              Tatler.
     Barnard, thou art a cit, with all thy worth;
   But Bug and D—1, their honours, and so forth.
                                         Pope.
 Ci'tadel, sit'a-del.  to.  *.  [citadelle, Fr.]
   A fortress; a castle, or place of arms, in
   a city.
     As he came to the crown by unjust means, as un-
  justly  he kept it; by force of stranger  soldiers in
  eitadels, the nests of tyranny  and murderers of liber-
  ty.                                   Sidney.
    I'll to my charge, tb  ..-ifacfef, repair.    Dryden.
Ci'tal, si'tal. to. s. Lfrom cite.]
 1. Reproof; impeachment.
    He made a blushing cifaf of himself,
  And chid his truant youth.           Shakspeare.
2. Summons; citation; call  into a court.
3. Quotation; citation.
Cita'tion, si-ta'shiln. to. *.  [citatio, Lat]
 1. The calling a person before the judge,
   for the sake of trying the cause of ac-
   tion commenced against him.    Ayliffe.
2. Quotation; the adduction of any passage
   from another author; or of another man's
   words.
8. The passage or words quoted; a quota-
   tion.
    The letter-writer cannot read these citations with-
  out blushing, after the  charge he hath advanced.
                                    Atterbury.
    View the principles in their own authors, and not
  in the cifaf ions of those who would confute them.
                                        Watts.
4. Enumeration; mention.
    These causes  effect a consumption  endemick to
  this island: there remains a citation of such as may
  produce it in any country. Harvey on Consumptions.
Ci'tatory,  si'ta-ro-re.«12  adj.  [from To
   cite]  Having the  power or form of ci-
   tation.
    If a judge cite one to a place, to which he cannot
  eome with  safety, he may freely  appeal, though an
  appeal be inhibited in the letters citatory.   Ayliffe.
To CITE, site. v. a. [cito, Latin.]
1. To summon to answer in a court.
            He held a  late court, to which
  She oftwas cited by them, but appear'd not. Shaks.
              Forthwith the cited dead,
  Of all past ages, to the general doom
  Shall hasten.                          Jlfitton.
    This power of citing, and dragging the defendant
  into court, was taken away.    Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. To enjoin; to call  upon  another autho-
   ritatively; to  direct; to summon.
            I speak to you, Sir Thurio;
  For Valentine, I need not cite him to it..   Shaksp.
    This sad experience  cites me to reveal,
  And what I dictate is from what I feel.     Prior.
3. To quote.
    Demonstrations in scripture  may not  otherwise
  be shewed than by citing them out of the scripture.
                                       Hooker.
    That passage of Plato, which I cited before.
                                        Bacon.
    In banishment he wrote those verses, which I cite
  from his letter.                         Dryden.
Ci'ter,  si'tur.  «. «. [from cite.]
 1. One who cites into a court.
 2. One who quotes; a quoter.
     I must desire toe cifer henceforward to inform us
  of his editions too.                    Atterbury.
 Cite'ss, sit-tes'.  to. <s. [from cit.]   A  city
   woman.  A word peculiar to Dryden.
     Cits and citesses raise a joyful strain;
  'Tis a good omen to begin a reign.        Dryden.
 Ci'thern,  slth'&rn.9* to.  s. [cithara, Lat.]
   A kind of harp; a musical instrument.
    At what time toe heathen had  profaned it,  even
  in toat was it dedicated with songs and citherns, and
  harps and cymbals.                       Mace.
Ci'tizen, sit'e-zn.103  to. s. [civis, Lat. cito-
  yen, Fr.]
 1. A freeman of a city;  not  a  foreigner;
  not a slave.
    All  inhabitants within these walls are not proper-
  ly citizens, but only such as are called freemen.
                              Raleigh's History.
2. A  townsman;  a man of trade; not  a
  gentleman.
            When he speaks not like a citizen,
  You find him like a soldier.           Shakspeare.
3. An inhabitant;  a dweller in any  place.
    Far from noisy Rome  secure he lives,
  And one more citizen to Sibyl gives.      Dryden.
Ci'tizen,  sit'e-zn.103 adj.   [This  is only
  in Shakspeare] Having the qualities of
  a  citizen; as cowardice, meanness.
    So sick I am not, yet I am not well;
  But not so citizen a  wanton, as
  To seem to die ere  sick.             Shakspeare.
Ci'trine, sit'rin.140  adj.  [citrinus,  Lat.]
  Lemon coloured: of a dark yellow.
    The butterfly, papillio major, has its wings paint-
  ed  with citrine and black, both in long streaks and
  spots.                                  Grew.
    By citrine urine of a thicker consistence, the  salt-
  ness of phlegm is known.  Floyer on the Humours-
Ci'trine,  sit'trin.  to. s.  [from  citrinus,
  Latin.]
    A species  of crystal of an extremely pure, clear,
  and fine texture, generally  free  from flaws  and
  blemishes.   It is ever found in a long and slender
  column,  irregularly hexangular, and terminated by
  an  hexangular pyramid.  It is from one to four, or
  five inches in length.  This  stone is  very plentiful
  in the  West  Indies.   Our jewellers have learned to
  call it citrine; and cut stones for rings out of it,
  which are mistaken for topazes.    Hill on Fossils.

Citron-tree,  sit-triin-tree. to.  s. [from
  citrus, Lat.]
    It hath broad stiff leaves, like those ofthe laurel.
  The flower  consists of many leaves,  expanded like
  a rose. The pistil becomes an oblong, thick, fleshy,
  fruit, very full of juice.  Genoa. is  the great  nur-
  sery for these trees.  One  sort,  with  a pointed
  fruit, is  in so great esteem, that toe single fruits
  are sold at Florence for two shillings each. Miller.
                 May toe sun
  With citron groves  adorn a distant soil.   Addison.
Citron-water,   slt'trfin-wa'tiir.   to.   s.
   Aqua vitae, distilled  with the  rind of
   citrons.
    Like citron-waters matrons cheeks inflame. Pope.
 Ci'trul, sit'tr&l.  n. s.   The same with
  pumpion, so named from its yellow co-
   lour.

 CI'TY, sit'te. w.  s. [cite, French;  civitas,
   Lat.]
 I. A large  collection of houses and inhab-
   itants.
     Men seek safety from number better united, and
  from walls  and fortifications, toe use whereof is to
  make toe  few a match for  toe  many:  this is the
  original of cities.                       Temple.
                    S S 2
     City, in a strict sense, means the houses Inclosed
   within the walls: in a larger sense, it reaches to all
   the suburbs.                            Watts-
 2. [In the English law.] A town corporate,
   that hathabishop and a cathedral church.
                                      Cowell.
 3. The  inhabitants  of a certain  city,  as
   distinguished from  other subjects.
    What is the city but the people?----
  ----True, the people are the city.     Shakspeare ■
    I do suspect I  have done some offence,
  That seems disgracious in the city's eye.   Shaksp.
City, sit'te. adj.
 I. Relating to the city.
    His enforcement of toe city wives.       Shaksp,
                  He I accuse,
  The  city ports by this hath enter'd.        Shaksp.
2. Resembling  the manners of the citizens.
    Make not a city feast of it, to let the meat cool
  ere we can agree upon the first cut.    Shakspeare.
Ci'vet, siv'it "  to.  s. [civette, Fr. zibetta,
   Arabic, signifying scent] A perfume
   from  the civet-cat.
    The civet, or civet cat, is a  little animal not un-
  like our cat.  It  is a native of the Indies, Peru,
  Brasil,  Guinea.  The perfume is formed like a kind
  of grease, in a bag under its tail, between the anu«
  and  pudendum.  It is gathered from time to time,
  and abounds in proportion as the animal is fed.
                                     Trevoux.
    Civet is  of a baser birth than tar; the very un-
  cleanly flux of a cat.                    Shaksp.
    Some putrefactions and excrements do yield ex-
  cellent  odours; as civet and musk, and,  as  some
  think, ambergris.              Bacon's Nat.  Hist.
Ci'vicKj siv'ik.  adj.  [civicus, Lat.]   Re-
   lating to civil honours or practices;  not
   military.
    With equal rays immortal Tully shone:
  Behind, Rome's genius waits with civick crowns,
  And the great father of his country owns.    Pope.

CI'VIL, siv'il.  adj. [civilis, Latin.]
[.Relating to  the community; political;
   relating to the city or government.
    God gave them laws of civil regimen, and would
  not permit their commonweal to be governed by any
  other laws than his own.                Hooker.
              Part such as appertain
  To civil justice; part, religious rites
  Of sacrifice.              Milton's Paradise Lost.
    But there is another unity, which would be most
  advantageous to our country; and that is, your en-
  deavour after a civil, a political  union in the whole
  nation.                               Spratt.
2. Relating to  any man as a member of a
   community.
    Break not your promise, unless it be unlawful  or
  impossible; either out of your  natural, or out  of
  your civil power.                       Taylor.
3. Not in anarchy; not wild; not without
   rule or government.
    For rudest minds with harmony were caught,
  And civil life was by toe muses taught. Roscommon.
 4. Not foreign; intestine.
    From a cMt war God of his mercy defend us,  as
   toat which is most desperate of all others.
                               Bacon to Villiers.
 5. Not  ecclesiastical;  as the ecclesiastical
   courts are controlled by the  civil.
 6. Not  natural; as,  a person banished or
   outlawed, is said to suffer civil,  though
   not natural death.
 7. Not military; as, the civil magistrate's
   authority is  obstructed  by war.
 8. Not criminal; as,  this is a civil process,
   not a criminal prosecution.
 9. Civilized; not barbarous. 
C IV
CLA
CL A
    England was very rude and barbarous; for it is
  but even the other day since England grew ci»if.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
10. Complaisant;  civilized;  gentle; well
  bred; elegant of manners; not rude; not
  brutal; not coarse.
    I heard a mermaid, on a dolphin's back,
  Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath,
  That toe rude sea grew civil at her song.   Shaksp.
    He was ciuif and  well-natured, never refusing to
  teach another.              Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    And fall these sayings from that gentle tongue,
  Where civil speech and soft  persuasion hung? Prior.
11. Grave; sober; not gay or shewy.
    Thus night oft see me in  thy pale career,
  Till ciuif suited morn appear.     Milton's Poems.
12. Relating to the ancient consular or im-
   perial government; as, civil law.
    No woman had it, but a civil doctor.     Shaksp.

Civi'lian, se-vil'yan.113 to. s.  [civilis, Lat.]
   One that professes the knowledge of the
   old Roman  law, and  of general equity.
    The professors of that law, called civilians,  be-
   cause the civil law  is their guide, should not be
   discountenanced nor discouraged.
                        Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
    A depending kingdom is  a term of  art unknown
   to all ancient civilians,  and writers upon govern-
   ment.                                 Swift.
Civilisa'tion, siv-il-i-za'shun. to. s. [from
   civil.]  A law.  act of justice,  or judg-
   ment, which renders a criminal process
   civil; which is  performed by turning an
   information  into an inquest, or the con-
   trary                              Harris.
Civi'lity, se-vil'e-te.611 ». s. [from civil.]
 1. Freedom  from barbarity;  the state of
   being civilized.
     The English  were at first as stout and warlike a
   people as  ever  the Irish; and yet are  now brought
   unto that civility, toat  no  nation excelleth them in
   all goodly conversation, and all the studies of know-
   ledge and humanity.                   Spenser.
     Divers great monarchies have risen  from barba-
   rism to civility,  and fallen again to ruin.
                              Davies on Ireland.
     Wheresoe'er her conquering eagles  fled,
   Arts, learning, and civifify were spread.
                                Denham's Poems.
 2. Politeness;  complaisance; elegance  of
    behaviour.
     Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy  distress?
   Or else a rude despiser of good manners,
   That in civility thou seem'st so empty?    Shaksp.
     He, by his great civility and affability, wrought
   very much upon the people.           Clarendon.
     I should be  kept from  a publication,  did not,
   what your  civility calls a  request, your greatness
   command.                             South.
     We, in point of civility, yield to others in our
   own houses.                            Swift.
 3. Rule of decency; practice of politeness.
     Love taught him shame; and shame, with love  at
         strife,
   Soon taught the sweet civilities of life.     Dryden.
 To Ci'vilize,  siv'il-ize. v. a. [from civil]
   To reclaim  from  savageness and bruta-
   lity;  to  instruct  in the arts of regular
   life.
     We send the  graces and the muses forth
   To civilize and to instruct toe North.       Waller.
     Musaeus first, then Orpheus, civilize
   Mankind, and give  the world their deities. Denham.
     Amongst those who are counted the  civilized part
   of mankind, this original law of nature still  takes
   place.                                 Locke.
     Osiris, or Bacchus,  is reported to have civilized
   toe  Indians, and reigned  amongst them fifty-two
   jears.                              Arbuthnot.
Ci'vilizer, slv'il-li-zfir.  n. a. [from civil-
  ize.]  He  that reclaims  others from a
  wild and savage life; he that teaches the
  rules and customs of civility.
    The civilizers!—the disturbers say;
  The robbers, the corrupters of mankind!
                               Philrps's Briton.

Ci'villy, siv'il-le. adv.  [from civil]
1. In a manner relating to government, or
  to the rights or character of a member
  of a community; not naturally.
    Men that are civil lead toeir lives after one com-
  mon law; for that a multitude should, without har-
  mony, concur in the doing of one thing (for this is
  civilly to live), or should manage community of life,
  it is not possible.                     - Hooker.
2.  Not criminally.
     That accusation, which is publick, is either civil-
  ly commenced for the private  satisfaction of the party
  injured; or else criminally, that is, for some publick
  punishment.                           Ayliffe.
3.  Politely;  complaisantly;  gently;  with-
   out rudeness;  without brutality.
     I will deal civilly with his poems: nothing  ill  is
  to be spoken of toe dead. Dryden's Pref. to his Fab.
     I would have had Almeria and Osmyn parted ci-
  villy; as if it was not proper for lovers  to do so.
                              Collier of the Stage.
     He thought them folks that lost their way,
  And ask'd them civilly to stay.             Prior.
 4.  Without gay or  gaudy  colours.
     The chambers were handsome and cheerful, and
  furnished civilly.           Bacon's New Atlantis.
 Cize,  size. to.  a.  [perhaps from  incisa,
    Lat.  shaped or cut to a certain  magni-
    tude.] The quantity of  any thing,  with
    regard to its external form:  often writ-
    ten  size.
     If no motion can alter bodies, that is,  reduce
  them to some other cize or figure, then there is none
  of itself to give them the  cize and  figure  which
  they have.                  Grew's Cosmologia.
 CLACK,klak. to. s. [klatchen, Germ, to rat-
    tle, to make a noise.]
 1.  Any  thing  that  maketh  a  lasting and
    importunate  noise;  generally used in
    contempt for the tongue.
     But still his tongue ran on,
   And with its everlasting clack,
   Set all men's ears upon toe  rack.      Hudibras.
     Fancy flows in, and muse flies high;
   He knows not when my cfacfc will lie.      Prior.
 2.  The clack of a Mill.  A bell that rings
    when more corn is required to be put in.
     Says John, just atthe hopper will I stand,
   And mark toe cfacfc how justly it will sound.
                                     2?etferfon
 To Clack, klak. v. to. [from the noun.]
 1. To make a chinking noise.
 2.  To let the tongue  run.
 To Clack, klak. v. a. As to clack  wool, is
    to  cut off the  sheep's mark,  which
    makes it to weigh less, and so yield the
    less custom to the king.         Cowell.

 Clad, klad. part. pret.  [This  participle,
    which is now referred to clothe,  seems
    originally to have beiongedto cloden,or
    some such word, like kleeden, Dutch.]
    Clothed; invested; garbed.
     So oft in feasts with costly changes cfao*,
   To crammed maws a spratt new stomach brings.
                                        Sidney.
     He hath elad himself with a new garment.
                                       1  Kings.
                           Beyond
    The flow'ry dale of Sibma, clad with vine.   Milton.
                Their prayers clad
 With incense, where the golden altar fum'd
 By their great intercessor.               Milton.
    But virtue too, as well as vice; is clad
    In flesh and blood.                    Waller.
    To her toe weeping heav'ns become serene;
 For her the ground is ctao" in cheerful green. Dryd.
    The courtiers were almost magnificently cfa<f.
                                       Swift.
To  CLAIM,  klame.202 v. a. [clamer, Fr.]
  To demand of  right; to require autho-
  ritatively;  not to beg or accept as fa-
  vour, but to exact as due.
    If only one man hath a divine right to obedience,
 no body can claim that  obedience but  he  that can
 shew his right.                         Locke.
    We must know how the first ruler,  from whom
 any one claims, came by  his  authority, before we
 can know who has a right to succeed him in it.
                                       Locke.
    Poets have undoubted right to claim,
 If not the greatest, toe most lasting name. Congrevc.
Claim, klame. to. s. [from the verb.]
I.  A  demand of any thing, as due.
    You, in toe right of lady Blanch your wife,
  May then make all the claim  that Arthur did.
                                   Shakspeare
    Forsworn thyself!  The traitor's odious name
  I first return, and then disprove thy cfaim.   Dryd.
    Will he  not, therefore, of toe two evils chuse the
  least, by submitting to a master who hath no imme-
  diate claim upon him,  rather  than to  another who
  hath already revived several claims upon him? Swift.
2.  A title  to  any privilege or  possession
   in  the hands of  another.
    Either there must have been but one  sovereign
  over them  all, or else every father of a family  had
  been as good a prince, and had as good a claim to
  royalty, as  these.                       Locke.
3.  In law.
    A demand of any thing that is in the possession
  of another, or at toe least out of his own; as claim
  by charter, cfaim by descent.             Cowell.
4.  The phrases are  commonly to make
   claim, or to lay claim.
    The king of Prussia lays in his cfaim for Neuf-
  Chatel, as he did for the principality of Orange.
                               Addison on Italy.
    If God,  by positive grant, gave dominion to any
  man, primogeniture  can  lay no claim to  it, unless
  God ordain'd.                          Locke.
Clai'mable, kla'ma-bl. adj. [from claim]
   That which may be demanded  as due.
Clai'mant,  kla'mant. to. s.  [from claim]
   He that demands any thing, as unjustly
   detained by another.
Clai'mer, kla'mur.98 to.  *.  [from claim]
   He that makes a  demand; he  that re*
   quires any thing, as unjustly withheld
   from him.
Clair-obscure, klare-6b-skure. to. *. See
   Clare-obscure.
 To Cla'mber, klam'bur.  v. to.  [probably
   corrupted from climb; as climber, clam-
   ber.]  To  climb with difficulty, as with
   both hands and  feet.
                 The kitchen malkin pins
   Her richest lockram 'bout her reechy neck,
   Clamb'ring the walls to eye him.      Shakspeare.
                 When you hear toe drum,
   Clamber not you up to the casements then.  Shaks,
    The men there do, not without some difficulty,
   clamber up the acclivities, dragging their kine with
   them.                                  Ray.
     They were forced to clamber over so many rocks,
   and to tread upon the brinks of so many precipices,
   that they were very  often in danger of their lives.
                            Addison's Freeholder.
 To CLAMM, klam.  v.  a.  [in  some pro- 
CLA                                      CLA                                      CLA
   vinces,  to cleam;  from claemian,  Sax.
   to glue  together.] To clog  with any
   glutinous matter.
    A swarm of wasps got into a honey-pot, and there
  they cloyed and clammed themselves till there was
  no getting out again.                 L'Estrange.
    The sprigs were all daubed with lime, and the
  birds clammed and taken.            L'Estrange.
.Cla'mminess,  kiam'me-n^s. to.  s.  [from
   clammy.] Viscosity; viscidity;  tenacity;
   ropiness.
    A greasy pipkin will spoil toe cfawwniness of the
  glue.                                 Moxon.
Cla'mmy,  klam'me.  adj.  [from clamm.]
   Viscous; glutinous; tenacious; adhesive;
   ropy.
    Bodies clammy and cleaving, have an appetite, at
  once, to follow another body, and to hold to toem-
  selves.                                 Bacon.
    Neither  the brain nor spirits can conserve mo-
  tion: the former is of such a clammy consistence, it
  can no more retain it than a quagmire.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
    Aghast he wak'd, and starting from his bed,
  Cold sweat, in clammy drops, his limbs o'erspread.
                                       Dryden.
                Joyful, thou'lt see
  The clammy surface all o'er-strown with tribes
  Of greedy insects.                       Philips.
    There is an unctuous clammy vapour that arises
  from the stum of grapes, when toey lie mashed to-
  gether in toe vat,  which puts out a light when dip-
  ped into it.                    Addison on Italy.
    The continuance of the fever, clammy sweats,
  paleness, and at last a total cessation of pain, are
  signs of a gangrene and approaching death.
                             Arbuthnot on Diet.
Cla'morous, klam'mur-us.556 adj. [from
  clamour.]  Vociferous;  noisy;   turbu-
  lent; loud.
    It is no sufficient argument to say, that, in urging
  these ceremonies, none are  so clamorous as papists,
  and toey whom papists suborn.            Hooker.
                     He kiss'd her lips
  With such a clamorous smack,  that at the parting
  All  toe church echo'd.               Shakspeare.
                   At my birth
  The goats ran from toe mountains, and toe herds
  Were strangely clam'rous in toe frighted fields.
                                    Shakspeare.
    With the clamorous report of war
  Thus will I drown your exclamations.   Shakspeare.
    Then various elements against thee join'd,
  In one more various animal combin'd,
  And fram'd the clam'rous race  of busy human kind.
                                         Pope.
    A pamphlet that will settle the wavering, instruct
  the ignorant, and inflame toe clamorous.     Swift.
CLA'MOUR, klam'mur.418 to. s. [clamor,
  Lat.]
1. Outcry;  noise;  exclamation;  vocifera-
  tion.
                   Revoke thy doom,
  Or whilst I can vent clamour from my throat,
  I'll tell thee, thou do'st evil.          Shakspeare.
    The people grew then exorbitant in their clamours
  for justice.                        King Charles.
                       The maid
  Shall weep the fury of my love decay'd;
  And weeping follow me,  as thou do'st now,
  With idle clamours of a broken vow.        Prior.
2. it  is used sometimes,  but  less fitly,  of
  inanimate things.
    Here toe loud Arno's boist'rous clamours cease,
  That with submissive murmurs glides in peace.
                                       Addison.
To Cla'mour, klam'mur. v. n. [from the
  noun.]
j. To make outcries; to exclaim; to  voci-
  ferate; to roar in turbulence.
    The obscure bird clamour'd the live long night.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribuni-
  tious manner; for that is to clamour counsels, not to
  inform them.                   Bacon's Essays.
2. In  Shakspeare it seems to mean, active-
   ly, to stop from noise.
    Clamour your tongues, and not a word more.
                                    Shakspeare.
CLAMP, klamp. w. s. [clamp, French.]
1. A piece of wood joined  to another,  as
   an addition of strength.
2. A quantity of bricks.
    To burn a clamp of bricks of sixteen thousand,
  they allow seven tons of coals.   Mortimer's Husb.
To Clamp, kiamp.  v. a. [from the noun.]
    When a piece of board is fitted with toe grain to
  the end of another piece of board cross toe grain,
  the first board is clamped.  Thus the ends of tables
  are commonly clamped to preserve them from warp-
  ing.              Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
Clan, klan.  to. s. [probably of Scottish ori-
   ginal;  klaan, in the Highlands, signifies
   children.]
1. A family; a race.
           They around the flag
  Of each his faction, in  their several clans,
  Swarm populous, unnumber'd.           Milton.
    Milton  was the poetical son of Spenser, and Mr.
  Waller of Fairfax; for we have our lineal descents
  and clans as well as other families.        Dryden.
2. A body or sect of persons, in a sense of
   contempt.
    Partridge and the rest of his cfan may hoot me
  for a cheat, if I fail in any single particular.  Sioift.
Clan'oular, klang'ku-Mr.83  adj.  [elan-
   cularius, Lat.] Clandestine; secret;  pri-
   vate; concealed; obscure; hidden.
    Let us withdraw all supplies from our lusts,  and
  not by any secret reserved affection give them cfan-
  cwfar aids to maintain their rebellion.
                                Decay of Piety.
CLANDESTINE,  klan-des'tin.1*0  adj.
   [clandestinus, Lat.] Secret; hidden; pri-
   vate: in an ill sense.
    Tho' nitrous tempests, and clandestine death,
  FilPd the  deep caves and num'rous vaults beneath.
                                    Blackmore
Clandestinely,   klan-des'fin-le.   adv.
   [from  clandestine.]  Secretly;  privately;
   in private; in  secret.
    There have been two printed papers clandestinely
  spread about, whereof no man is able  to trace  the
  original.                               Swift.
CLANG, klang. to. s. [clangor, Lat.]   A
   sharp,  shrill noise.
    With such a horrid clang
  As on mount Sinai rang,
  While the red fire and smould'ring clouds outbreak.
                                       Milton.
                 An island salt and bare,
  The haunt of seals and ores, and sea-mews clang.
                                       Milton.
    What clangs were heard in German skies afar,
  Of arms and armies rushing to the war!   Dryden.
    Guns, and trumpets  ctang, and solemn sound
  Of drums, o'ercame their groans.         Philips.
To Clang,  kla<ig.  v.  n.  [clango, Lat.]
   To clatter; to  make  a  loud shrill noise.
    Have I not in a pitched battle heard
  Loud 'larums, neighing steeds, and trumpets clangl
                                     Shakspeare.
     The Libyans, clad in armour, lead
   The dance; and elanging swords and shields  they
   beat.                                  Prior.
 To Clang,  klang.  v. a.  To  strike toge-
   ther with a n  ise.
     The fierce Curetes trod tumultuous
|  Their mystic dance,  and clang'd their  sounding
       aims;
  Industrious with the warlike din to quell
  Thy infant cries.                         Prior.

Cla'ngour, kiang'gur.314  to. s.  [clangor,
   Lat.]  A loud snriil sound.
                 In death he cried,
  Like to a dismal clangour heard from far,
  Warwick, revenge my death.         Hiiakspeare.
    With joy toey view toe waving ensigns fly,
  And hear the trumpets clangour pierce toe sky. Dryd.
Cla'ngous, klang'gils. adj.  [from  clang]
   Making a clang.
    We do not observe the cranes,  and birds of long
  necks, have any musical, but harsh and clangous
  throats.                                Uroicn.

Clank, klank. to. s. [from clang]  Aloud,
   shrill,  sharp noise,  made by ihe collision
   of hard and sonorous bodies.
    They were joined by the melodious cfanfc of mar-
  row-bone and cleuver.                  Spectator.
To CLAP-  klap. v.a. [clappan, Sax. Hap-
  pen, Dutch.]
1. To strike  together with a quick  mo-
   tion, so as to make a noise by  the colli-
   sion.
                   Following the fliers,
  With them he enters; who, upon the sudden,
  Cfapf to  their gates.                 Shakspeare.
    Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss
  him out of his place.                       Job.
    Have  you never seen a citizen, in a cold morn-
  ing,  clapping his  sides,  and  walking before bis
  shop?                                Dryden.
    He crowing clapp'd his wings, to' appointed call
  To chuck his wives together in the hall.
                                Dryden's Fables,
    Each poet of the air her glory sings
  And round him  toe pleas'd  audience ctap  their
      wings.                            Dryden.
    He had just time to get in and ctap to the  door,
  to avoid  the blow.           Locfce on Education.
    In flowery wreathes toe royal virgin drest,
  His bending horns, and kindly clapt his breast.
                                       Addison.
    Glad of a quarrel, straight I cfop the door,
  Sir, let me see your works and you no more.  Pope.

2. To add one thing  to another,  implying
   the idea  of something hasty, unexpect-
   ed, or sudden.
    They clap mouth to mouth, wing to wing, and leg
  to leg; and so, after a sweet singing, fall down into
  lakes.                                 Carew.
    The pink is one of Cupid's carriers: cfop on more
  sails; pursue.                          Shaksp.
    Smooth temptations, like the sun, make a maiden
  lay by her veil and robe; which persecution, like
  the northern wind, made  her hold fast, and clap close
  about her.                             Taylor,
    If a man be highly commended, we think him
  sufficiently lessened, if we cfop sin, or folly, or infir-
  mity into his account.       Taylor's Living  Holy.
    Razor-makers generally clap a small bar of Ve-
  nice steel between two small bars of Flemish Steel.
                    Moxon's Mechanical Exercises,
    The man clapt his fingers one day to his mouth,
  and blew upon  them.                VEstrange.
    His shield thrown by, to mitigate the smart,
  He clapp'd his hand upon the wounded part. Drxjd.
    If you leave some space empty for the air, then
   clap your hand upon the mouth of the vessel, and the
  fishes will contend to get uppermost in the water.
                             Ray on the Creation.
     It would be as absurd  as to say, he  clapped spurs
   to his horse  at St. James's, and galloped away  to
   the Hague.                           Addison.
     By having their minds yet in  their  perfect free-
   dom and inditfereney, they pursue truth the better
   having no bias yet clapped on to mislead them.
                                         Locke.
     I have observed a certain cheerfulness in as bad a 
                     CLA

     system  of features as ever was clapped together,
     which hath appeared lovely.      Addison'!Sped.
       Let all her ways be unconfin'd,
     And cfop your padlock on her mind.         Prior
       Socrates or Alexander might have a fool's coat
     efapf  upon them, and perhaps neither wisdom nor
     majesty would secure them from a sneer.
                                 Watts on the Mind.
   3. To do any  thing  with a sudden  hasty
     motion, or unexpectedly.
                    We were dead asleep,
     And,  how we know not, all clapt under hatches.
                                       Shakspeare.
       He was no sooner entered into the town, but a
     scambling soldier cfopf hold of his bridle, which  he
     thought was in a begging or in a  drunken fashion.
                              Wotton's Life of Buck,
       So  much from the rest of his countrymen,  and in-
     deed  from his whole species, that his friends would
     have  clapped him into bedlam, and have  begged his
     ^tate-                              Spectator.
       Have you observ'd a sitting hare,
     List'ning, and fearful of the storm
     Of horns and hounds, cfop back her ear?     Prior.
       We will take our remedy at law, and ctap an ac-
     tion upon you for old debts.
                    Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
   4. To  celebrate or praise by clapping the
     hands; to applaud.
       I have often heard the stationer wishing for those
     hands to take off his melancholy bargain, which
     clapped its performance on the stage.
                Dedication to Dryden's Spanish Friar.
   5. To  infect  with a venereal  poison.  [See
     the noun.]
       If the patient hath been cfapf, it will be the more
    difficult to cure him a second time, and worse toe
    toird-                                Wiseman.
      Let men and manners ev'ry dish adapt;
    Who'd force his pepper where his guests are clapt?
                                           King.
  6. To  clap up.   To  complete  suddenly,
     without much precaution.
      No  longer than we well  could wash our hands, to
    clap this royal bargain up of peace.     Shakspeare.
      Was ever match cfappeet up so suddenly? Shaksp.
      A peace may be clapped up with that suddenness,
    that toe forces, which  are now in motion, may un-
    expectedly fall upon his skirts.  Howel's Vocal Forest.
  7. To  clap  up.   To  imprison with  little
     formality or delay.
     Being  presented to toe emperor for his admirable
    beauty, he was known, and toe prince cfapf him up
    as his inveigler.                        Sandys.
  To Clap, klap.  v. to.
  1.  To move nimbly  with  a noise.
                Every door flew open
   T' admit my entrance;  and then cfopf behind me,
   To bar my going back.                  Dryden.
     A whirlwind rose, toat with a violent blast
   Shook  all toe dome: the doors around me cfopf.
                                        Dryden.
 2.  To enter with  alacrity and  briskness
    upon any  thing.
                    Come, a song.----
 -  —Shall we clap into 't roundly, without saying we
          are hoarse?                  Shakspeare.
 3.  To  strike  the  hands  together in  ap-
   plause.
     All the  best men are ours; for 'tis ill hap
   If they hold, when their ladies  bid  'em clap. Shak.
 Clap, klap. to. s. [from  the verb.]
 1.  A  loud noise  made by  sudden collision.
     Give  the door such a clap as you go out, as will
   shake the whole room, and make every thing rattle
  »»it.                                   Swift.
2. A sudden or unexpected act or motion.
    It  is monstrous to me, that the south-sea should
  pay half  their debts at one clap.     Swift's Letters.
3. An explosion  of thunder.
CLA
CLA
      There shall be horrible claps of thunder, and
    flashes of lightning, voices and earthquakes.
                           Hakewill on Providence.
      The cfop is past, and now toe skies are clear.
                                    Dryden's Juv.
  4. An act of applause.
      The actors, in the midst of an innocent old play,
    are often startled in the midst of unexpected cfaps
    or hisses.                             Addison.
  5. A  sudden  or  unexpected misfortune.
     Obsolete.
  6. A  venereal infection,  [from clapoir,
     Fr.]
      Time, that at last matures a clap to pox.  Pope.
  7. [With falconers.]  The nether part of
    the beak of a hawk.

  Cla'pper, klap'pur.98 to. *. [from clap.]
  1. One who claps with  his hands;  an  ap-
    plauder.
  2. The tongue of a bell.
     He hath  an  heart as sound as a bell, and his
    tongue is the clapper; for what his heart thinks, his
    tongue speaks.                        SAafcsp.
     I saw a young  lady fall down the  other day, and
    she much resembled an over-turned  bell without a
    dapper.                              Addison.
  3. Clapper  of  a  Mill.   A piece of wood
    shaking the hopper.

  To Cla'pperclaw,  klap'pAr-klaw. v.  a.
    [from clap and claw.]   To tonguebeat;
    to  scold.
     They are clapperclawing one another, I'll look on.
                                        SAafcsp.
     They 've always been at daggers-drawing,
   And one another clapperclawing.       Hudibras.
 Cla'renceux, or  CLA'RENdEux,klar'en-
    shu. n. s.  The second king at arms: so
    named from the duchy  of Clarence.
 Clare-obsoure,   klare-6b-skure'.  to.   s.
    [from clarus, bright, and obscurus, Lat-]
    Light and shade in painting.
     As masters in the clare-obscure
   With various light your eyes allure;
   A flaming yellow here they spread,
   Draw off in blue, or charge in red;
   Yet from these colours, oddly mix'd,
   Your sight upon the whole is fix'd.          Prior.
 Cla'ret, klar'et. to. s.[c/afm, Fr.] French
    wine, of a  clear  pale red eolour.
     Red and white wine are in a trice confounded
   into cfaref.                              B  ;£>
     The claret smooth, red as toe lips we press
   In sparkling fancy, while we drain the bowl.
                                      Thomson.
 Cla'richord, klar'e-kord. to. *.[from cla-
   rus and chorda,  Latin.]
     A musical instrument in form of a spinette, but
  more ancient.   It has forty-nine or fifty keys, and
  seventy strings.                      Cftamfters.

Clarification, klar-e-fe-ka'shun. w.  s.
   [from clarify.]  The act of making any
   thing clear  from impurities.
    Liquors are, many of them, at toe first, thick and
  troubled; as muste, and wort: to know the means of
  accelerating clarification, we must know the causes
  of clarification.                         Bacon_

To CLA'RIFY,klar'e-fi.*»x,. a. [elarifi-
  er, French.]
1. To purify  or clear any liquor; to sepa-
  rate from feculencies  or impurities.
    The apothecaries clarify their syrups ty whites of
  eggs, beaten with the juices which they would clari-
 fy; which  whites of eggs gather all the dregs and
  grosser parts of the juice  to them;  and after  the
  syrup being seton the fire, the whites of eggs them-
  selves harden, and are  taken forth.        j?aCOn
  2.  To brighten;  to illuminate. This sense
     is rare.
       The will was  then ductile and pliant to all the
    motions of right reason: it met the dictates of a clari-
    fied understanding half way.              South
       The Christian religion is toe only means that God
    has sanctified, to set fallen  man upon his legs again
    to clarify his reason, and to rectify his will.  South'
  To  Cla'rify, klar'e-fi. v. to.  To clear up-
     to grow bright.                          '
       Whosoever  hath his  mind fraught with many
    thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and
    break up in the discoursing with another; he mar-
    shalleth his thoughts more  orderly, he seeth how
    they look when they are turned into words. Bacon
  Cla'rion,  klare'yiln.113 *34 to. *. [clarin
     Spa. from clarus, loud, Lat.]  A trump-
     et;  a wind instrument of war.
      And after to his palace he them  brings,
    With shams, and trumpets, and with clarions sweet-
    And all the way the joyous people sings.     Spens'
      Then  straight  commands, that at the warlike
          sound
    Of trumpets loud, and clarions, be uprear'd
    The mighty standard.      Milton's Paradise Lost
      Let fuller notes th' applauding world amaze
    And the loud clarion labour in your praise.   Pope.
  Cla'rity,  klar'e-te.611  to.  s.  [ciarte, Fr!
    claritas, Latin.]  Brightness; splendour.
      A light by abundant clarity invisible;  an under-
    standing which itself can only comprehend.
                              Sir Walter Raleigh,
      Man was  only deceivable in  his integrity, but
    the angels of light in all their clarity.
                         Brown's  Vulgar Errours,
  Cla'ry,  kla're.  to. *.  [herminium, Lat.]
    An herb.
      Plants that have circled leaves do all abound with
    moisture.  The weakest kind of curling is rough-
    ness ;  as in clary and burr.      Bacon's Nat. Hist.
  To  CLASH, klash. v.n. [kletsen, Dut.to
    make  a noise.]
  I. To make  a noise by mutual collision;
    to strike one against another.
     Three times, as of the clashing sound
    Of arms, we heard.                   Denham.
     Those few that should happen to  cfosft, might re-
   bound after the collision.               Bentley.
     How many candles may send out toeir light, with-
   out clashing upon  one another!  which argues the
   smallness of the parts of light, and the largeness of
   the interstices between particles of air and  other
   bo^ies-     .                         Cheyne.
  I.  To act with opposite power,  or con-
    trary direction.
     Neither was there any queen-mother who might
   cfosft with his counsellors for authority.     Bacon.
     Those that are not convinced what help this is to
  magistracy, would find it,  if they should chance to
  d™h-                                 South.
 3.  To contradict; to oppose.
     Wherever there are  men,  there will be clashing
  some time or other; and  a  knock, or a contest,
  sPoils a11-                          L'Estrange.
     The absurdity in this instance is obvious; and yet
  every time toat clashing metaphors are put together,
  this fault is committed.                Spectator.

 To  Clash,  klash. v.  a.  To strike  one
   thing against another,  so as  to produce
  a noise.
         The nodding statue clash'd his arms,
  And with a sullen sound, and  feeble  cry,
  Half sunk, and half pronoune'd the word of victory.
                                       Dryden.
Clash, klash. to.  s. [from  tbe verb.]
 1.  A noisy collision of two bodies.
    The cfosft of arms and voice of men we hear.
                                      Denham.
    He nobly seiz'd thee in the dire alarms
  Of war and slaughter, and the clash of aims. Pope. 
C LA
CLA
CLA
2. Opposition;  contradiction.
    Then from toe clashes between popes and kings,
  Debate, like sparks from flint's collision, springs.
                                     Denham.
    In toe very  next line he reconciles the fathers
  and scripture, and shews there is no cfosft betwixt
  them.                              Atterbury.
CLASP, klasp. n. s. [cheape, Dutch.]
1. A hook to  hold  any  thing  close;  as a
  book, a garment.
    The scorpion's claws here grasp a wide extent,
  And here toe crab's in lesser cfasps are bent.
                                     Addison.
    He took me aside, opening toe clasps of the parch-
  ment cover.               Arbuthnot and Pope.
3. An embrace, in  contempt.
              Your fair daughter,
  Transported with no worse nor better guard,
  But with a knave of hire, a gondalier,
  To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor.   Shaksp.
To Clasp, klasp. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut with a clasp.
    Sermons are the keys of the kingdom of heaven,
  and do open the scriptures; which being but read,
  remain, in  comparison, still clasped.      Hooker.
    There Caxton slept, with Wynken at his side;
  One clasp'd in wood, and one in strong cow hide.
                                        Pope.
2. To catch and hold by twining.
                  Direct
  The clasping ivy where to climb.  Jlfift. Par. Lost.
3. To hold with the hands extended; to
   inclose between the hands.
    Occasion turneth the handle of the bottle first to
  be received; and after the belly, which is hard to
  clasp.                                 Bacon.
4. To embrace.
    Thou art a slave, whom fortune's tender arm
  With favour never cfaspf, but bred a dog.   Shaksp.
                Thy  suppliant,
  I beg, and cfosp thy knees.      Milton's Par. Lost.
                  He stoop'd below
  The flying spear, and shunn'd toe promis'd blow;
  Then creeping, cfasp'd the hero's knees, and pray'd.
                                      Dryden.
    Now, now he clasps  her to his panting breast;
  Now he devours her with his eager eyes.    Smifft.
S. To enclose.
            Boys, with women's voices,
  Strive to speak big, and clasp their female joints
  In stiff unwieldly arms against thy crown.  Shaksp.
Cla'sper,  klas'pur.  to. a.  [from   clasp.]
   The tendrils or threads of  creeping
   plants,  by  which they  cling to other
   things for support.
    The tendrels or claspers of plants are given only
  to such species as have weak and infirm stalks.
                           Ray on the Creation.
Cla'spknife, klasp'nife. to.  s. [from clasp
  and knife.]  A knife which folds into the
   handle.
CLASS, klas. n. s.  [from  classis, Latin.]
1. A rank or order of persons.
    Segrais has distinguished  the readers of poetry,
  according to their capacity of judging, into three
  cfosses.                               Dryden.
3. A number of boys learning  the same
  lesson at the school.
    We shall be seized away from this lower class in
  toe school of knowledge, and our conversation shall
  be with angels and illuminated spirits.
                             Watts on the Mind.
3. A set of beings or  things;  a number
  ranged in distribution, under some com-
  mon denomination.
    Among this herd of politicians, any one set make
  a very considerable cfass of men.
                           Addison's Freeholder.
    Whate'er of mongrel, no one class admits
  A wit with  dunces, and a dunce with wits.    Pope.
To Class, klas. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   range according to some stated method
   of distribution;  to  range according  to
   different ranks.
    I considered that, by toe classing and methodizing
  such passages, I might instruct the reader.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
Cla'ssioal, klas'se-kal. >   adj. [classicus,
Cla'ssick, klas'sik.    $      Latin.]
1. Relating to  antique  authors;  relating
   to literature.
    Poetick fields encompass me around,
  And still I seem to tread on classick ground. Addis.
    With them the genius of classick learning dwell-
  eth, and from them it is derived.
                         Felton on the Classicks.
2. Of the  first order or rank.
    From  this  standard toe  value  of the Roman
  weights and coins are deduced: in the settling of
  which  I have followed  Mr. Greaves, who may be
  justly reckoned a classical author on this subject.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
Cla'ssick, klas'sik. to. s. [classicus,  Lat.]
   An author of the  first  rank: usually
   taken for ancient authors.
    The classicks of an age that heard of none. Pope.
CLA'SSIS, klas'sis. n. s.  [Latin.] Order;
   sort; body.
    He had declared his opinion of that classis of men,
  and did all he could to hinder toeir growth.
                                    Clarendon.
7'o CLA'TTER, kiat'tur.-y .to. [clatjiunje,
   a rattle, Saxon.]
I. To make  a noise by  knocking two so-
   norous  bodies frequently together.
        Now the sprightly trumpet from afar
  Had rous'd the neighing steeds to scour the fields,
  While the fierce riders clatter'd on their shields.
                                     Dryden.
2. To utter  a  noise by being  struck to-
   gether.
    All that night was  heard an unwonted clattering
  of weapons, and of men running to and fro.
                              Knolles's History.
    Down sunk the monster-bulk, and press'd the
          ground;
  His arms and cfaffering shield on the vast body sound.
                                      Dryden.
    Their clattering arms with  the fierce shocks re-
          sound ;
  Helmets and broken launces spread the ground.
                                    Grawnffe.
3. To talk fast and idly.
    Here is a great deal of good matter
        Lost for lack  of telling;
    Now, siker, I see thou do'st but clatter;
        Herm may come of melling.       Spenser.
    All those airy speculations,  which bettered not
  men's manners, were only a noise and clattering of
  words.                         Decay of Piety.
To Cla'tter, klat'tuT.  v. a.
I.  To strike  any  thing  so as to  make it
   sound and rattle.
     I only with an oaken staff will meet thee,
   And raise such outcries on thy clatter'd iron,
   That thou oft shalt wish thyself at Gath.   Milton.
     When all the bees are gone to settle,
   You cfatfer still your brazen kettle.        Swift.
2.  To  dispute,  jar,  or  clamour:  a  low
   word.                           Martin.
Cla'tter, klat'tilr. «. *. [from the verb.]
1.  A rattling noise made by  the  frequent
   and quick collision of sonorous bodies.
   A clatter is a clash often repeated with
   great quickness,  and seems to convey
   the idea of a  sound sharper and shriller
   than rattle.   [See the verb.]
     I have seen a  monkey overthrow all the dishes
  and plates in a. kitchen, merely for the pleasure of
  seeing them tumble,  and hearing toe cfatfer toey
  made in their fall.                      Swift.
2. It is used for any  tumultuous or  con-
  fused noise.
    By this great clatter, one of the greatest note
  Seems bruited.                     Shakspeare.
            Grow to be short,
        Throw by your clatter,
        And handle the matter.       Ben Jonson.
            O Rourk's jolly boys
          Ne'er dreamt of the matter,
            Till rous'd by toe noise
          And musical clatter.             Swift.
    The jumbling particles of matter
  In chaos  make not such a clatter.          Swift.
Cla'vated,  klav'a-ted.   adj.  [clavatus,
  Lat.J  Knobbed; set with knobs.
    These appear plainly to have been clavated spikes
  of some kind of echinus ovarius.
                          Woodward on Fossils.
Cla'udent,  klaw'dent.   adj.  [claudens,
  Lat.] Shutting; inclosing; confining.
                                       Diet.
To  CLA'UDICATE, klaw'de-kate. v. n.
  [claudico, Lat.]  To halt; to limp. Diet.
Clauoica'tion,  klaw-de-ka'shiin.  to.  s.
  [from claudicate.]   The act or habit of
  halting.                             Diet.
Clave, klave.  [the preterite  of cleave.]
  See Cleave.
Cla'vellated, klaVel-la-ted.  adj. [cla-
  vellatus, low Lat.]   Made  with burnt
  tartar: a chymical term.      Chambers.
    Air, transmitted through clavellated ashes into an
  exhausted receiver, loses weight as it passes through
  them.                             Arbuthnot.
Cla'ver, kla'vur.   to. s.  [clsepep.  pynx>
  Sax.]   This  is now universally written
  clover, though  not  so  properly.   See
  Clover.

Cla'vicle,  klav'e-kl.406 to.  *. [clavicula,
  Lat.]  The collar bone.
    Some  quadrupeds can bring their fore feet unto
  their mouths; as  most that have clavicles, or collar
  bones.                               Brown.
    A girl was brought with angry wheals down her
  neck, towards toe clavicle.     Wiseman's Surgery.
Clause, klawz. to.  s. [clausula, Lat.]
I.  A sentence; a  single  part  of a  dis-
  course; a subdivision  of  a larger  sen-
  tence; so much of a sentence as is to be
   construed together.
     God may be glorified by obedience, and obeyed
  by  performance  of his will,  although no special
  cfanse or sentence of scripture be in every such ac-
  tion set before men's eyes to warrant it.   Hooker,
2.  An  article, or particular stipulation.
     The clause is untrue concerning toe bishop.
                                      Hooker.
    When, after his death,  toey were sent both to
  Jews and Gentiles, we find not this cfanse in their
  commission.                           South.

Cla'ustral, klaw'stral. adj. [from claus-
   trum,  Lat.]  Relating  to a cloister, or
    religious  house.
     Clauslral priors are such as preside over monas-
  teries, next to the abbot or chief governour in such
  religious houses.                        Ayliffe.
Cla'usure, klaw'zhure.45* n. s. [clausura,
    Lat.]  Confinement; the act of shutting;
   the state of being shut.
     In some monasteries toe severity of the cfauswe,
  is hard  to be born.                     Geddes.
 CLAW, klaw. to. *. [clayan, Sax.]
 1.  The foot of  a beast or bird, armed with 
CLE
Tte mte, that mmg aboot my rmnd, dears up.
                                  Addison,
 3.   I o be disengaged from encumbranc
   distress, or entanglements.
    . ,,fclpthatt c^« »t once, will relapse; for, finding
  \Z    out of straits, he will revert to his cus*
  orni  but he that cWfft by degr,.es, induceth a
  Dibit of frugality, and gaineth as well upon his mind
  at upon his estate.               Bac0B,, £
 Cle akanck, kleVanse. to. *. [from c/ew.l
   A certificate that a ship has  been clear-
   ed  at  the custom  house.
 Cle'arer,  klere'iir.  «. s. [from clear.]
   Brightener; purifier; enlightener.
     Gold  is a wonderful clearer of the understanding
  it dissipates every doubt and scruple in an instant?
                                      Addison.
 Cle'arlv, klere'le.  adv. [from clear.]
 1.  Brightly;  luminously.
     Mysteries of grace and salvation, which were but
  darkly disclosed  unto  them,  have  unto us  more
  clearly shined.                         Hooker.
 2. Plainly; evidently; without obscurity or
   ambiguity.
     Christianity first clearly proved this  noble and
  important truth to the world.              Rogers.
 3.  With discernment;   acutely;  without
   embarrassment  or perplexity of mind.
     There is  almost no  man but sees clear Her and
  sharper  the vices in a speaker than the virtues.
                                    Ben Jonson.
 4. Without entanglement or distraction of
   affairs.
     He that doth  not  divide, will  never  enter into
  business; and he that divideth too much, will never
  come out of it clearly.            Bacon's Essays.
 5.   Without  by-ends;   without  sinister
   views; honestly.
    When you  are examining these matters, do not
  take into consideration any  sensual or worldly in-
  terest; but deal clearly and impartially with  your-
  selves.                              Tillotson.
6. Without deduction or cost.
 7. Without  reserve;   without   evasion;
  without subterfuge.
    By a  certain day they should clearly relinquish
  unto the king all their lands and possessions.
                              Davies on Ireland.
Cle'arness, klere'nes. to. a.  [from clear.]
 \. Transparency; brightness.
    It may be, percolation doth not only cause cfeor-
  ness and splendour, but sweetness of savour.
                              Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Glass in  the furnace grows to  a greater magni-
  tude, and refines to a greater clearness, only as the
  breath within is more powerful, and the heat more
  intense.                                Bacon-
 2. Splendour; lustre.
    Love, more clear than yourself, with the cfear-
  ness, lays a night of sorrow upon me.      Sidney.
 3. Distinctness; perspicuity.
    If he chances to think right, he does not know how
  to  convey his thoughts to another with clearness and
  pcr^icuity.                 Addison's Spectator.
 i. Sincerity; honesty;  plain dealing.
     When the case required dissimulation,  if  they
  used u,  the  former opinion spread abroad, of their
  rood faith ami cUarnas of dealing, made them al-
  Kiuiiocible.                        Bacon-
 s  Freedom from imputation.
 "'  1 uoumra clearness.     Shakspeare's Macbeth.
rxvvKsiV.«TFJ>,  klere-si'ted.  adj.  [clear
  and sig   .]  Perspicuous; discerning; ju-

   dicious.
                  CLE

    Clearsighted reason wisdom's judgment leads;
  Ana sense, her vassal, in her footsteps treads.
                                     Denham.
'^ Cle'arstarch,   klere'startsh.  v.  a.
   [from  clear and starch.] To stiffen with
   starch.
    He took his present lodging  at the mansion-house
  of a taylor's widow, who washes, and can clear-
  starch his bands.                       Addison.

To CLEAVE, kleve.22?  v. to.  pret.  I
   clave,  [cleopan, Sax. kleven, Dutch.]
I. To adhere;  to stick, to hold to.
    The clarifying of liquors by adhesion,  is effected
  when some cleaving body is mixed with the liquors,
  whereby the grosser parts stick to that  cleaving
  body.                 Bacon's Natural History.
    Water, in small  quantity,  cleaveth to any thing
  that is solid.                  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    When the dust groweth  into hardness, and  the
  clods cleave fast together.                   Job.
    The thin chameleon, fed with air, receives
  The colour ofthe thing to which he cteaues.
                                       Dryden.
2. To unite aptly;  to  fit.
    New honours came upon him,
  Like our strange garments, cfeave not to their mould,
  But with the aid of use.              Shakspeare.
3. To unite in  concord and interest; to ad-
   here.
    The apostles did conform the christians according
  to the pattern of the Jews, and made them cleave
  the better.                            Hooker.
    The men of Judah clave unto their king.   Sam.
    If you shall cleave to my consent, when 'tis,
  It shall make honour for you.             Shaksp.
    The people would revolt, if toey saw any of the
  French nation to cleave unto.
                    Knolles's History of the Turks.
4.  To  be  concomitant to; to be  united
   with.
    We cannot imagine, that,  in breeding or beget-
  ting faith, his grace  doth cleave to the one,  and for-
  sake the other.                         Hooker.
To CLEAVE, kleve. v. a. preter. I clove,
   I clave,  I  cleft;  part. pass, cloven,  or
   cleft, [cleojran, Sax. kloven,  Dutch.]
I. To divide with violence; to split; to part
   forcibly into  pieces.
    And at their passing cleave  to' Assyrian flood.
                                       Milton.
    The fountains of it are said to have been cloven,
  or burst open.       Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
    The blessed minister his wings display'd,
  And, like a shooting star, he cleft the night. Dryden.
    Rais'd on her dusky wings, she cleaves the skies.
                                       Dryden.
    Whom with such force he  struck,  he fell'd him
      down,
  And cleft toe circle of his golden crown.    Dryden.
                    Or had  the sun
  Elected to toe earth a nearer seat,
  His beams had cleft the hill, toe valley dry'd.
                                    Blackmore.
    Where whole brigades one champion's arms
        o'erthrow,
  And cleave a giant at a random blow.      Tickell.
    Not half so swift toe trembling doves can fly,
  When the fierce eagle cfeaves the liquid sky.  Pope.

2. To divide; to part naturally.
    And every beast toat parteth the hoof, and cleav-
  eth the cleft into  two claws.         Deuteronomy.

To Cleave, kleve. v. to.
I. To part  asunder.
    Wars, 'twixt you twain,  would be
  As if the world should cfeare,  and that slain men
  Should solder up toe rift.
                    Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
    The around clave asunder that was under them.
        0                            Nuimbers.
                  CLE

              He cut toe cleaving sky,
  And in a moment vanish'd from her eye.
                                 Pope's Odyssey.
2. To suffer division.
    It cleaves with a glossy polite substance, not plane,
  but with some little unevenness.   Neicton's Opticks,
Cle'aver, kle'vur.98 to. s. [from cleave.]
1. A butcher's instrument to  cut animals
   into joints.
    You gentlemen keep a parcel of roaring bullies
  about me day and  night, with huzzas and hunting
  horns, and ringing the changes on  butcher's clea-
  vers.                              Arbuthnot.
    Tho' arm'd with all thy cleavers, knives,
  And axes made to hew down lives.      Hudibras.
2. A weed. Improperly written Cliver.
Clees, cleze.  to. s. The two  parts of the
   foot of beasts which  are  cloven-footed.
   Skinner. It is a country word, and pro-
   bably  corrupted from claws.
Clef,  klif. to.  s.  [from clef, key, Fr.]  In
   musick, a mark at the beginning of the
   lines of a song, which shews the tone  or
   key  in which the piece is to begin.
                                   Chambert.
Cleft,  kleft. part.  paas.   [from cleave.]
   Divided; parted asunder.
     Fat with incense strew'd
   On the cleft wood.            Milton's Par. Lust,
     I never did on cleft Parnassus dream,
   Nor taste the sacred Heliconian stream.   Drydeiu
Cleft,  kleft. to. s. [from cleave.]
1. A space made bythe separation of parts;
   a crack; a crevice.
     The cascades seem to break through the clefts
   and cracks of rocks.         Addison's Guardian.
     The extremity of this cape has a long cleft in  it,
  which was enlarged and cut into.shape by Agrippa,
  who made this the great port for the Roman fleet.
                               Addison on Italy.
     The rest of it,  being more gross and ponderous,
  does not move far; but lodges in  the clefts, craggs,
  and sides of the rocks, near the bottoms of them.
                                    Woodward.
2.  In farriery.
     Clefts appear on the bought of the pasterns, and
  are caused  by  a  sharp  and malignant humour,
  which frets the  skin; and it  is accompanied with
  pain, and a noisome stench.       Farrier's Diet,
     His horse it is the herald's weft,
  No, 'tis a mare, and hath a cleft.       Ben Jonson.
To Cle'ftgraft,  klefYgraft. v. a. [cleft
   and graft.]  To engraft by cleaving the
   stock  of a tree, and inserting a branch.
     Filberts may be clef tgraf ted on the common nut.
                                     .Mortimer.
Cle'mency, kl£m'men-se. to. a. [clemence,
   Fr dementia, Lat.]
I.Mercy; remission of severity; willing-
   ness to spare; tenderness in punishing.
     I have stated the true notion of clemency, mercy,
   compassion, good-nature, humanity,  or  whatevei
  else it may be called, so far as is  consistent with
  wisdom.                             Addison,
2. Mildness; softness.
    Then in the clemency of upward air
  We'll  scour our spots, and toe dire thunder scar.
                                      Dryden.
CLE'MENT,  klem'ment. adj.   [clemens,
   Lat.]  Mild; gentle; merciful; kind; ten-
   der;  compassionate.
    You are more clement than vile men,
  Who of their broken debtors take  a third,
  Letting them thrive again on the abatement. Shaksp,
Clench, klinsh.   See Clinch.
To Clepe, klepe. v.  a. [clypian, Sax.] To
   call.  Obsolete. 
CLE
CLI
CL1
    Three crabbed months had sowr'd themselves to
      death,
  Ere I could make thee open thy white hand,
  And clepe thyself my love.            Shakspeare.
 CLE'RGY,kler/je. to. *. [clerg?, Fr. clerua,
   Lat. rcXqfis, Greek.]   The body of men
   set apart by due ordination for the ser-
   vice of God.
    We hold that God's clergy are a state which hath
  been, and will be as long as  there is a church upon
  earth, necessary, by the plain word of God himself;
  a state whereunto the rest of God's people must be
  subject, as  touching things that  appertain to their
  soul's health.                         Hooker.
    The convocation give a greater sum
  Than ever, at one time, the clergy yet
  Did to his predecessors part withal.    Shakspeare.
 Cle'rgyman, kler'j£-man.88 to. s. [clergy
   and  man]   A man in  holy  orders; a
   man  set apart for ministration of  holy
   things; not a laick.
    How I have sped among the clergymen,
  The sums I have collected shall express.  Shaksp.
    It seems to be in the power of a reasonable cfer-
  gyman to make the most ignorant man comprehend
  his duty.                               Swift.
 Cle'rical, kler'e-kal.  adj. [clericus, Lat.]
   Relating to  the clergy: as, a clerical man,
   a man in orders.
    In cfericafs the keys are lined;  and  in colleges
  they use to line the table-men.  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 Unless we  may more properly read  clari-
   chords.
 CLERK,  klark.100 to. s.  [cleruc, Sax. cle-
   ricus, Latin.]
 1. A clergyman.
    All persons were stiled  cferfcs,  that served in the
  church of Christ, whether they were bishops, priests,
  or deacons.                           Ayliffe.
 2.  A scholar; a man of letters.
    They might  talk of book-learning  what toey
  would; but, for his part, he never saw more unfeaty
  fellows than great cferfcs were.           Sidney.
    The greatest cferfcs being not always the honestest,
  any more than the wisest, men.             South.
 3. A  man employed under another as a
   writer.
    My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
  Unto toe judge;  and then the boy, his cferfc,
  That took some pains in writing, he begg'd mine.
                                    Shakspeare.
    My friend was in doubt whether he could not ex-
  ert the justice upon such a vagrant; but not  having
  his cferfc with him, who is a necessary counsellor, he
  let the thought drop.                  Addison.
 4. A petty writer in public offices; an offi-
   cer of various  kinds.
    Take a just view, how many may remark,
  Who's now a lord, his grandsire was a clerk.
                                    Granville.
    It may seem difficult to make out the bills of fare
  for the suppers of Vitellius.  I question not but  an
  expert clerk of a kitchen can do it.     Arbuthnot.

 5. The layman who reads the responses to
  the congregation in  the church,  to di-
  rect the rest.
Cle'rkship, klark'ship. to. s. [from clerk.]
 1. Scholarship.
2. The office of a clerk of any kind.
    He sold the clerkship of  his parish, when  it be-
  came vacant.                Swift's Miscellanies.
Cleve, kleve."] In  composition, at the be-
Clif, klif.     \-  ginning or  end of the
Clive,  kiiv.  J  proper name of a place,
  denotes it to  be situated on the side of
  a rock  or hill; as Cleveland^ Clifton,
  Stancliff.
CLE'VER,  klev'ur.98 adj. [of no certain
  etymology.]
I. Dexterous; skilful.
    It was toe cleverer mockery of the two.
                                  L'Estrange.
    I read Dyer's letter more for the stile than the
  news.   The man has a clever pen, it must be own-
  ed.                      Addison's Freeholder.
2. Just;  fit; proper; commodious.
    I can't but think't  would sound more clever,
  To me,  and to my heirs for ever.           Pope.
3. Well-shaped; handsome.
    She called  him gundy-guts, and he  called her
  lousy Peg, though the girl was a tight clever wench
  as any was.                        Arbuthnot.
4. This is a  low word, scarcely ever used
  but in burlesque or  conversation;  and
  applied to any thing a man likes,  with-
  out a  settled meaning.
Cle'verly,  klev'ilr-le. adv. [from clever,]
  Dexterously; fitly; handsomely.
    These would inveigle rats with th' scent,
  And sometimes catch them with a snap,
  As cleverly as to' ablest trap.           Hudibras.
    A rogue upon the highway may have as strong an
  arm, and take off a man's head as cleverly,  as the
  executioner.                          South.
Cle'verness,  klev'ilr-nes.  to. a.  [from
  clever.]   Dexterity; skill;  accomplish-
  ment.
CLEW, klu. w. a.  [clype, Sax. klouwen,
  Dutch.]
 1. Thread  wound upon a bottom;  a ball of
  thread.
    Eftsoons  untwisting his deceitful clew,
  He 'gan to weave a web of wicked  guile.  Spenser.
    While, guided by some clew of heav'nly thread,
  The perplex'd labyrinth we backward tread.
                                  Roscommon.
    They see small cfeios draw vastest weights along,
  Not in their bulk, but in their order, strong.  Dryd.
2. A  guide; a direction: because  men di-
  rect themselves by a clew of thread in a
  labyrinth.
    This  alphabet must be your own clew to guide
        you.                           Holder.
    Is there no way, no thought, no beam  of light?
  No cfeto to guide me thro' this gloomy maze,
  To clear my honour,  yet preserve my faith? Smith.
    The  reader knows not how to  transport  his
  thoughts over to the next particular, for want  of
  some clew, or connecting idea, to lay hold of.
                               Watts's Logick,
3. Clew ofthe sail of a ship, is the lower
  corner of it, which reaches down to that
  earing where the tackles and sheets are
  fastened.                         Harris.
 'To  Clew,  klu. v. a. [from  clew, a sea
  term.]   To  clew the  sails,  is  to  raise
  them, in order  to  be furled; which   is
  done  by  a  rope fastened to the clew of a
  sail, called the clew-garnet.     Harris.
 To  CLICK, klik.  v.  w. [cliken, Dutch;
  cliqueter, French; or perhaps the dimi-
  nutive of clack]  To make a sharp, small,
  successive noise.
    The  solemn death-watch click'd, the hour she
        died;
  And shrilling cric&efs  in the chimney cried.    Gay.
Cli'cker,  klik'ir. to. s. [from click.]   A
  low word  for the servant of a salesman,
  who stands at the door to invite custom-
  ers.
Cli'cket, klik'it. n. a.  [from click]  The
  knocker of a door.              Skinner.
CLI'ENT, kli'ent. to. a. [cliens, Lat.]

                   T tZ
1. One  who applies to  an  advocate for
   counsel and defence.
    There is due from the  judge  to the advocate
  some commendation, where causes are  well hand-
  led ; for that upholds in the client the reputation of
  his counsel.                    Bacon's Essays.
    Advocates must deal plainly with their clients,
  and tell the true state of their case.
                    Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
2. It may be perhaps sometimes used for
   a dependant in a  more general sense,
   as  it was used among the Romans.
    I  do think they are your friends and clients,
  And fearlul to disturb you.          Ben Jonson,
GLi'ENTEn, kli'en-ted. particip. adj. [from
   client.]  Supplied with clients.
    This due occasion of discouragement, the worst
  conditioned and least cliented petivoguers  do yet,
  under the sweet bait of revenge, convert to a more
  plentiful prosecution of actions.
                     Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Cliente'le, kli-en-tele'.  «. a. [clientela,
   Lat.] The condition or office of a client.
   A word scarcely used.
    There's Varus holds good quarters with him;
  And, under the pretext of cfienfefe,
  Will be admitted.                Ben Jonson.
Cli'entship, kli'£nt-ship.  to. *. [from  cli-
   ent.]  The condition of  a client.
    Patronage and clienlship  among the Romans al-
  ways descended;  the plebeian houses had recourse
  to the patrician line which had formerly protected
  them.                               Dryden.
Cliff, klif. to. s. [clivus, Lat. clip, chop,
   Sax.]
I. A steep rock;  a rock, according to
   Skinner, broken and craggy, [rupes.]
    The Leucadians did use to precipitate a  man
  from a high cliff into the sea.    Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Mountaineers, that from  Severus came,
  And from the craggy cliffs of Tetrica.     Dryden.
    Wherever 'tis so found scattered upon the shores,
  there is it as constantly found lodged in the   cliffs
  thereabouts.                       Woodward.
2. The  name of  a character in musick.
   Properly Clef.

Clift, klift. n.  s. The same with Cliff.
   Now disused.
    Down he tumbled, like an aged tree,
  High growing on the top of rocky clift.    Spenser.
CLIMA'CTER,   kli-mak'tur.12*   «.  s.
   [k^i^xkt^]  A certain space of time, or
   progression of years, which is  supposed
   to  end in a critical and dangerous time.
    Elder times, settling their conceits upon cfimac-
  fers, differ from one another.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Climact'erick, kllm-ak-ter'rik.630 ~)   ..
CLiMACTE'RicAL,klim-ak-ter're-kal. }   J'
   from climacter.]  Containing  a  certain
   number of  years, at the end  of which
   some great change is supposed to befal
   the body.
    Certain observable years are supposed to be at-
  tended with some considerable changes  in the body;
  as toe seventh year; the twenty-first,  made up of
  three times seven; the forty-ninth, made up of seven
  times seven; the sixty-third, being nine  times seven;
  and the eighty-first, which is nine times nine: which
  two last are called toe grand climactcricks.
    The numbers  seven and  nine,  multiplied into
  themselves,  do  make up sixty-three, commouly
  esteemed the great climacterical of our lives.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Your lordship being now  arrived at your great
  efimacferigue, yet give no proof  of the  least dec  y
  of your excellent judgment and comprehension.
                                     Dryden. 
CLI
C LI
C LI
    My mother is something better, though  at her
  advanced age, every day is a climacterick.    Pope.
CLI'MATE, kli'mate." to. *. [**/,«.«.]
I • A space  upon the surface of the earth,
   measured from the equator to the polar
   circles;  in each of which spaces  the
   longest day is half an hour longer than
   in  that  nearer  to the  equator.   From
   the polar circles  to the  poles,  climates
   are measured by  the increase of a month.
2. In the common  and  popular  sense, a
   region, or tract  of land,  differing from
   another by the temperature of the air.
    Betwixt to' extremes, two happier climates hold
  The temper that partakes of hot and cold    Dryd.
    On what new happy climate are we thrown?
                                      Dryden.
    This talent of moving the passions cannot be of
  any great use in the northern climates.       Swift.
To Cli'mate, kli'met.  v.  to. To  inhabit.
   A word only in Shakspeare.
                   The blessed gods
  Purge all infection from our air, whilst you
  Do climate here.                    Shakspeare.
Cli'mature, kli'ma-tshure.463  to. a. The
   same with Climate.  Not in  use.
    Such harbingers preceding still the fates,
  Have heav'n and earth together demonstrated
  Unto our cfimafwres and countrymen.   Shakspeare.
Cli'max, kli'maks. to. s. [*A<V*f.] Grada-
   tion;  ascent: a figure in rhetorick,  by
   which the sentence rises gradually;  as
   Cicero says to Catiline.  Thou do'st no-
   thing, movest nothing, thinkest nothing;
   but I hear it,  I see it, and perfectly un-
   derstand it.
    Choice between  one excellency and another is
  difficult; and yet the conclusion, by a due climax, is
  evermore toe best.      Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
    Some radiant Richmond eveiy age has grac'd,
  Still rising in a climax, till the last,
  Surpassing all, is not to be surpast.     Granville.
To CLIMB, klime. v.  to.  pret. clomb or
   climbed;  part, clomb or climbed, [climan,
   Sax. klimmen,  Dut.] To ascend up any
   place; to mount  by means of some hold
   or footing.  It  implies labour and diffi-
   culty, and successive efforts.
    You tempt the fury of my three attendants,
   Lean famine, quartering steel, and cfinioing- fire.
                                   Shakspeare.
    When shall I come to to' top of that same hill ?—
  __You do climb up it now. Look, how we labour.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his
  feet.                                 l Sam-
                   As a thief
  Into the window climbs, or o'er the tiles,
  So clomb the first grand thief into  God's fold. Milt.
    Thou sun! of this great world both eye and soul,
  Acknowledge him thy  greater; sound his praise
  In thy eternal course,  both when thou climb'st,
  And when high  noon hast gain'd, and when thou
        fall'st.            Milton's Paradise Lost.
    No rebel Titan's sacrilegious crime,
  By heaping hills on hills, can thither climb.
                                  Roscommon.
    Black vapours climb aloft, and cloud the day.
                                      Dryden.
            What controuling cause
  Makes waters, in contempt of nature's laws,
' Climb up, and gain th' aspiring mountain's height?
                                   Blackmore.
To Climb, klime.  v.  a.  To ascend; to
  mount.
    Is 't not enough to break into my garden,
  Climbing my walls, in spite of me the owner? Shak.
                  Thy arms pursue
  Paths of renown, and climb ascents of fame.  Prior.
    Forlorn he must and persecuted fly;
  Clirnb the steep mountain, in the cavern lie.  Prior.
Cli'mber, kli'mur. w. s. [from climb.]
1. One that mounts or scales any place or
   thing;  a mounter;  a riser.
    I wait not at the lawyer's gates,
  Ne shoulder climbers down the stairs. Carew's Surv.
    Lowliness is young ambition's ladder,
  Whereto the climber upward turns his face. Shaksp,
2. A plant that creeps upon other supports.
    Ivy, briony, honey-suckles,  and other climbers,
  must be dug up.                    Mortimer.
3. The name of a particular herb.
    The seeds are gathered into a little head, ending
  in a kind of rough plume; whence it is called by the
  country people old man's beard.           Miller.
To Cli'mber, kli'mur. v. to. [from  clam-
   ber.] To mount with effort; to climb.
    In scaling the youngest to pluck off his becke,
  Beware how ye climber for breaking your neck.
                                      Tusser.
Clime, klime, to. s.  [contracted  from cli-
   mate, and therefore  properly  poetical.
   Climate; region; tract of earth.
    He can spread  thy name o'er land and seas,
  Whatever clime the sun's bright circle warms.
                                      Milton.
    They apply the celestial description of other cfimes
  unto toeir own.         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Of beauty, sing, her shining progress view,
  From clime to clime the dazzling light pursue.
                                   Granville.
                We shall meet
  In happier climes, and on a safer shore.   Addison.
    Health to vigorous bodies, or fruitful seasons in
  temperate climes, are common and familiar bless-
  ings.                              Atterbury,
To CLINCH, klinsh. v. a. [clynija, Sax.
   to knock, Junius;  clingo, in Festus, to
   encompass, Minshew]
1. To hold in the hand with' the  fingers
   bent over it.
    Simois rowls the bodies and the shields
  Of heroes, whose  dismember'd hands yet bear
  The dart aloft, and clinch the pointed spear. Dryd.
2. To contract or double the fingers.
    Their tallest trees are about seven feet high, the
  tops whereof I could but just  reach with my fist
  clinch'd.                               Sioift.
3. To bend the point of a nail on the  other
   side.
4. To confirm;  to fix: as, to clinch an ar-
   gument.

Clinch,  klinsh. to. s. [from the  verb.]
I. A word used in a  double meaning; a
   pun; an ambiguity; a duplicity of mean-
   ing, with an identity of expression. How
   it  obtains  this meaning is difficult to
   find. A nail  caught  on the other side,
   and doubled,  is a  nail clinched:  a word
   taken in a different meaning, and dou-
   bled in sense, is likewise a  clinch.
    Such as they are, I hope they will prove, without
  a ettneft, luciferous; searching after the nature of
  light.                                 Boyle.
    Pure clinches toe suburbian muse affords,
  And Panton waging harmless war with words. Dryd.
    Here one poor word a hundred clinches makes.
                                        Pope.
2. That part of  the cable which is fastened
   to the ring of the  anchor.
Cli'ncher, klinsh'ur.98 to. s. [from clinch.]
   A cramp; a  holdfast; a  piece of iron
   bent down to  fasten planks.
    The wimbles for the work Calypso found;
  With those he piere'd 'em, and with efmefters bound.
                                        Pope.
To CLING, 'kling. v.  to.  pret. J clung;
   part. / have clung, [klynger, Danish.]
I. To hang upon by twining round; to stick
   to; to hold fast upon.
            The broil long doubtful stood;
  As two spent swimmers that do cling together,
  And choak their art.                Shakspeare.
    The fontanel in his neck was described by the
  clinging of his hair to the plaster. Wiseman's Surg.
    When they united and together clung,
  When undistinguish'd in one heap they hung.
                                   Blackmore.
    See in the circle next Eliza plac'd,
  Two babes of love close clinging to her waist. Pope.
    That they may the closer cling,
  Take your blue ribbon for a string.        Swift
2. To adhere, as followers or friends.
    Most popular consul he is grown, methinks:
  How the rout cling to him!   BenJonson's Cataline.
3. To dry up;  to  consume; to waste; to
   pine away.  [Declunjen tjieop a  wi-
   thered tree.]
             If thou speak'st false,
  Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
  Till famine* cling thee.      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
Cli'ngy, kling'e. adj. [from cling] Apt to
   cling;  adhesive.
Cli'nical, klin'e-ka.1.  >  adj.  [xa/v» to lie
Cli'nick, klin'ik.     5    down.] Those
   that keep their beds; those that are sick,
   past  hopes of recovery.  A  clinical  lec-
   ture is a discourse upon a disease, made
   by the bed of the patient.
     A clinical  convert, one that is con-
   verted on his death-bed.  This word oc-
   curs often in  the works  of Taylor.
To CLINK, kllnk. v. a.  [perhaps soften-
   ed from clank, or corrupted from click]
   To strike so as to  make a small  sharp
   noise.
    Five years! a long lease for the clinking of  pew-
  ter.                             Shakspeare.
To Clink, klink.  v.  to.  To utter a small,
   sharp,  interrupted noise.
                  The sever'd  bars
  Submissive clink against your brazen portals. Prior.
        Underneath th' umbrella's oily shed,
  Safe thro' toe wet on clinking pattens tread.  Gay.
Clink, kiink. to. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sharp successive noise; a knocking.
    I heard the ctinA; and fall of swords. Shakspeare.
2. It seems in  Spenser to  have some un-
   usual sense.  I believe the knocker  of a
   door.
    Tho' creeping close, behind the wicket's clink,
  Privily he peeped out thro' a chink.      Spenser.
CLI'JYQUAJYT,  kllnk'ant.    adj.  [Fr.]
   Dressed in   embroidery, in spangles,
   false glitter, tinsel  finery.
            To-day the French,
  All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods, .
  Shone down the English.            Shakspeare.
To CLIP, klip. v. a.  [chppan, Sax.]
1.  To  embrace, by  throwing  the arms
   round; to hug; to enfold  in the  arms.
    He that before shunn'd her, to shun such harms,
  Now runs and takes her in his doping arms. Sidney.
                      Here I clip
  The anvil of my sword, and do contest
  Hotly and nobly with thy love.       Shakspeare.
        O nation, that thou couldst remove
  That Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about.
                                  > .■'..   peart.
    Enter the city; cfip your wive?, your friends;
  Tell them your feats.               Shakspeart.
                 The jades
  That drag the tragick melancholy night, 
CLO
C LO
CLO
  Who with their drowsy, slow, and flagging wings,
  Clip dead men's graves.              Shakspeare.
    The male resteth on the back of the female, cfip-
  ping and  embracing her with his legs about the neck
  and body.                               Ray.
 2. To cut;with sheers, [klipper, Danish;
   klip pen,  Dutch;  apparently  from  the
   same radical sense, since sheers cut by
   inclosing and embracing.]
    Your  sheers come too  late to  clip toe  bird's
  wings, toat already is flown away.        Sidney.
    Then let him, that my love shall blame,
  Or clip love's wings, or quench love's flame.
                                     Suckling.
    He clips hope's wings, whose airy bliss
  Much higher than fruition is.           Denham.
    But love had clipp'd his wings and cut him short,
  Confin'd within the purlieus of his court.   Dryden.
    If mankind  had had wings, as  perhaps some ex-
  travagant atheists may think us deficient in that, all
  the world must have consented to cfip them. Bentley.
    By this lock, this sacred lock, I swear,
  Which never more shall join its parted hair,
  Clipp'd from the lovely head where  late it grew.
                                         Pope.
    He  spent every day ten hours dozing, clipping pa-
  pers, or darning his stockings.             Swift.
 3. Sometimes with off.
    We should then have as much feeling upon the
  clipping off a hair, as the cutting of a nerve.
                              Bentley's Sermons.
 4. It  is particularly used of those who di-
   minish coin, by  paring the  edges.
    This design of new coinage, is just of the nature
  of clipping.                             Locke.
 5. To curtail; to cut short.
    All  my reports go with the modest truth;
  Nor more, nor dipt, but so.           Shakspeare.
    Mrs. Mayoress clipped the king's English. Addis.
    Even in London, they clip their words after one
  manner about the court, another in the city,  and  a
  third in the  suburbs.                      Swift.
 6. To confine; to  hold; to contain.
    Where is he living, dipt in with the sea,
  Who calls me pupil?                 Shakspeare.
 To Clip, kiip. v. n. A phrase in falconry.
    Some falcon stoops at what her eye design'd,
  And with her eagerness the quarry miss'd,
  Straight flies at check, and clips it down the wind.
                                       Dryden.
 Cli'pper, klip'piir. to. s. [from clip.] One
   that debases coin by cutting.
         It is no English treason to cut
  French crowns, and to-morrow toe king
  Himself will be a clipper.            Shakspeare.
    No coins pleased some medallists more than those
  which had passed through the hands of an o'd Ro-
  man clipper.                          Addison.
 Cli'pping,  kfip'ping. to.*, [from clip.] The
   part cut or clipped off.
    Beings purely material, without sense or thought,
  as the clippings of our beards, and pairings of our
  nails.                                  Locke.
 Cli'ver,  kli'vftr. to. s. An herb. More pro-
   perly written cleaver.
    It grows wild, the seeds sticking to toe clothes of
  such as pass by them.  It is sometimes used in me-
  dicine.                                Jtftffcr.
CLOAK, kloke. «. *. [lach, Saxon.]
 I. The outer garment, with which the rest
   are covered.
                You may bear it
  Under a cloke that is of any length.     Shakspeare.
    Their clokes were cloth of silver, mixed with gold.
                                       Dryden.
    All arguments will be as little able to prevail, as
  the wind did with the traveller to part with his cloak,
  which  he  held only the faster.             Locke.
    Nimbly lie rose, and cast his garment down;
  That instant in his cloak I wrapt me round.   Pope.
2. A  concealment; a cover.
    Not using your liberty for a cloak of malicious-
  ness.                                  Peter.
To Cloak, kloke. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To cover with a cloak.
2. To hide; to conceal.
    Most heavenly fair, in deed and view,
  She by creation was, till she did fall;
  Thenceforth she sought for helps to doak her crimes
      withal.                          Spenser.
Clo'akbag, kloke'bag. to. a.  [from  cloak
   and  bag.]  A  portmanteau;  a  bag in
   which  clothes are carried.
    Why do'st thou converse with  that trunk of hu-
  mours, that stuffed cloakbag of guts?    Shakspeare.
               I have already fit
  ('Tis in my cloakbag) doublet, hat, hose, all
  That answer to them.                Shakspeare.
CLOCK, klok. to. s.  [clocc,  Welsh, from
   cloch  a  bell,  Welsh  and  Armorick;
   cloche, Fr.]
I. The instrument  which, by  a  series of
   mechanical movements, tells  the hour
   by a stroke upon a bell.
    If a man be in sickness or pain, the time will seem
  longer without a cfecA; or hour-glass than with it.
                                       Bacon.
    The picture of Jerome  usually described at his
  study, is  with a cfocA: hanging by.   Brown's V. Err.
    I told" the clocks, and watch'd. toe wasting light.
                                      Dryden.
2. It is ah  usual expression  to say,  What
   is  it of  the clock, for  What hour  is it?
   Or ten o'clock, for the tenth hour.
             What is 't o'clock?----
  ----Upon  the stroke of four.          Shakspeare.
    Macicaus set forward about ten o'clock in the
  night.                          *    Knolles.
    About nine of the clock at night the king march-
  ed out of the North-port.             Clarendon.
3. The clock of a stocking; the flowers or
   inverted work  about the ankle.
    His stockings with silver clocks were ravished
  from him.                              Swift.
4. An insect; a sort of beetle.         Diet.
Clo'ckmaker, klok'ma-kAr. to. s. [clock
   and maker]  An artificer whose profes-
   sion is to make clocks.
    This inequality has been diligently observed by
  several of our ingenious clockmakers, and equations
  been made and used by them.           Derham.

Clo'ckwork, klok'wfirk.TO. s. [from clock
   and worjc]  Movements by weights or
   springs, like those of a  clock.
    So if unprejudie'd you scan
  The goings of this clockwork, man;
  You find a hundred movements made
  By fine devices in his head:
  But 'tis the stomach's solid stroke,
  That tells this being what's o'clock.       Prior.
    Within this hollow was Vulcan's shop, full of fire
  and clockwork.                        Addison.
    You look like a puppet moved by clockwork.
                                    Arbuthnot.
CLOD, klod. to. s. [club, Sax. a little hil-
   lock; klotte,  Dutch.]
I. A lump of earth or clay;  such a body
   of earth as cleaves or hangs together.
    The earth that casteto up from the plough  a great
  cfod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smal-
  ler cfod.                                jBocon.
              I'll cut up, as plows
  Do barren lands, and strike together flints
  And clods,  to'  ungrateful senate and the people.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    Who smooths with  harrows, or who  pounds with
        rakes,
  The crumbling clods.                   Dryden.
2. A turf;  the ground.
    Byzantians boast, toat on the clod,
  Where once their sultan's horse has trod,
  Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree.    Swift.
3. Any thing concreted together in a clus-
   ter.
    Fishermen who make holes in the ice to dip up
  fish with their nets, light on swallows congealed in
  clods of a slimy substance; and carrying them home
  to their stoves, the warmth restoreth them to life and
  flight.                                 Carew.
4. A lump; a mass of metal.
               One at the forge
  Labouring, two massy cfods of iron  and brass
  Had melted.                          Milton.
5. Any thing vile, base, and earthy; as the
   body of man, compared to his soul.
    And ye high heavens, the temple of the gods,
  In which a thousand torches, flaming bright,
  Do burn, that to us, wretched earthly clods,
  In dreadful darkness lend desired light.   Spenser,
              The spirit of man,
  Which God  inspir'd, cannot together perish
  With this corporeal clod.  Milton's Paradise Lost.
    How 'the  purer spirit is united  to this cfod, is a
  knot too hard for our degraded intellects to unite.
                                     Glanville.
    In moral reflections there must be heat, as well
  as dry reason, to  inspire this cold cfod of clay which
  we carry about with us.          Itotrnef's Theory.
6. A dull, gross,  stupid fellow; a dolt.
    The vulgar! a scarce animated clod,
  Ne'er pleas'd with aught above 'em.     Dryden.
To Clod, klod. v. to. [from the noun.] To
   gather into concretions; to coagulate:
   for this we sometimes use clot.
    Let us go  find the body, and from the stream,
  With lavers  pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off
  The clodded  gore.                       Milton,
To Clod, klod. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   pelt with clods.
Clo'ddy, klod'de. adj. [from clod.]
1. Consisting  of earth or  clods; earthy;
   muddy; miry;  mean; gross; base.
               The glorious sun,
  Turning with splendour of his precious eye
  The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold.  Shaksp.
2. Full of clods unbroken.
    These lands they sow always under furrow about
  Michaelmas, and leave it as cloddy as they can.
   -..-■*,                    Mortimer's Husbandry.
Clo'bpate, klod'pate. to. s. [clodand pate.]
   A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thickskull.
Clo'dpated, klod'pa-ted. adj. [from clod-
  pate.]  Stupid; dull; doltish; thoughtless.
    My clodpated relations spoiled the greatest genius
  in the world, when they bred me a mechanick.
                                •    Arbuthnot.
Clo'dpoll, klod'pole. to. s. [from clod and
  poll.] A  thickskull;  a dolt; a blockhead.
    This letter being so excellently ignorant, he will
  find that it comes from a clodpoll.      Shakspeare.
To CLOG, kiog. v. a. [It  is  imagined by
   Skinner to come from log; by  Casaubon
   derived from kKoi^, a dog's collar, be-
   ing thought to be first hung upon fierce
   dogs.]
1. To load with something that may hinder
   motion; to encumber with  shackles; to
   impede,  by fastening to the neck or leg
   a he:<vy piece  of wood or iron.
    If you find so much blood in his liver as will clog
  the foot of a flea, I'll eat the rest of the anatomy.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Let a man wean himself from these worldly im-
  pediments, that here clog his soul's flight.   Digby.
    The wings of birds were clogg'd with ice  and
  snow.                                 Dryden.
    Fleshly lusts do debase men's minds,  and clog 
CLE
CLE
CLE
    The mist, that hung about my mind, cfears up.
                                      Addison.
    Take heart, nor of the laws of fate complain;
  Tho' now 'tis cloudy, t'will cfear up again.  Norris.
    Advise  him to stay till the weather clears up, for
  you are afraid there will be rain.           Swift.
3. To be disengaged from encumbrances,
   distress, or entanglements.
    He  that cfears at once, will relapse; for, finding
  himself out of straits,  he will revert to  his cust-
  oms: but he  that cleareth by degrees, induceth a
  habit of frugality, and gaineth as well upon his mind
  as upon his estate.                Bacon's Essays.
Cle'arance, kle'ranse. to. s. [from clear]
   A certificate that a  ship has been clear-
   ed at the custom  house.
Cle'arer,  klere'iir.  to.  s.  [from  clear.]
   Brightener;  purifier; enlightener.
     Gold is a wonderful clearer ofthe understanding:
   it dissipates every doubt and scruple in an instant.
                                       Addison.
Cle'arly, klere'le.  adv. [from  clear.]
 I.  Brightly; luminously.
     Mysteries of grace and salvation, which were but
   darkly disclosed unto them, have unto  us more
   clearly shined.                         Hooker.
2.  Plainly; evidently;  without obscurity or
   ambiguity.
     Christianity first clearly proved this noble and
   important truth  to the world.             Rogers.
 3.  With  discernment;  acutely;  without
   embarrassment or perplexity of mind.
     There is almost  no  man but sees clearlier and
   sharper the vices in a speaker than the virtues.
                                    Ben Jonson.
4. Without entanglement or  distraction of
   affairs.
     He that doth not divide,  will never enter into
   business; and he that divideth too  much, will never
   come out of it clearly.            Bacon's Essays.
 5.  Without  by-ends;    without   sinister
   views; honestly.
     When you are examining these matters,  do not
   take  into consideration any  sensual or worldly in-
   terest; but deal clearly and impartially with your-
   selves.                               Tiffofson.
 6. W'ithout deduction or cost.
 7. Without   reserve;    without  evasion;
    without subterfuge.
     By a certain day they should clearly  relinquish
   unto the king all their lands and possessions.
                               Davies on Ireland.
 Cle'arness, klere'ne's. to. *.  [from clear.]
  1. Transparency; brightness.
     It may be, percolation doth not  only cause clear-
   ness and splendour, but sweetness of savour.
                               Bacon's Nat. Hist.
     Glass  in the furnace grows to a greater magni-
   tude, and refines to a greater clearness, only as the
   breath within is more powerful, and the  heat more
   intense.                                Bacon.
  2. Splendour; lustre.
     Love, more clear than yourself, with  the cfear-
   ness, lays a night of sorrow upon me.      Sidney.
  3. Distinctness; perspicuity.
     If he chances to think right, he does not know how
   to convey his thoughts to another with clearness and
   perspicuity.                 Addison's  Spectator.
 4. Sincerity; honesty;  plain dealing.
     When the case required dissimulation, if they
   used it, the former opinion spread abroad, of their
   good faith and clearness of dealing, made them al-
   most invincible.             m            Bacon.
 5. Freedom  from imputation.
     I require a clearness.      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
 Clearsi'ghted,  klere-si'ted.  adj.  [clear
    and sight.] Perspicuous; discerning; ju-
    dicious.
    Clearsighted reason wisdom's judgment leads;
  And sense, her vassal, in her footsteps treads.
                                      Denliam.
To  Cle'arstarch,   klere'startsh.  v.  a.
  [from clear and starch.] To stiffen with
  starch.
    He took his present lodging at toe mansion-house
  of a taylor's widow, who washes, and can cfear-
  starch his bands.                       Addison.

To   CLEAVE, kleve"?  v. to.  pret.  I
  clave,  [cleopan, Sax.  kleven, Dutch.]
1. To adhere; to stick, to hold to.
    The clarifying of liquors by adhesion,  is effected
  when some cleaving body is mixed with the liquors,
  whereby  the grosser parts  stick to that cleaving
  body.                  Bacon's Natural History.
    Water, in small quantity, cleaveth to any thing
  that is solid.                  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    When the dust groweth into  hardness, and the
  clods cleave fast together.                   Job.
    The thin chameleon, fed with air,  receives
  The colour ofthe thing to which he cfeaties.
                                       Dryden.

  . To unite aptly; to fit.
     New honours came upon him,
  Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
  But with the aid of use.              Shakspeare.
3. To unite  in  concord and interest; to ad-
   here.
     The apostles did conform  the christians according
  to the pattern of the Jews, and made them cleave
  the better.                             Hooker
              He cut the cleaving sky,
  And in a moment vanish'd from her eye.
                                 Pope's Odj/ssej/,
2. To suffer division.
    It cleaves with a glossy polite substance, not plane,
  but with some little unevenness.  Newton's Opticks,
Cle'aver, kle\ur.a8 to. s. [from cleave.]
I. A butcher's instrument to cut animals
   into joints.
    You gentlemen keep a parcel  of roaring bullies
  about me day and night, with huzzas and hunting
  horns, and ringing the changes on butcher's  clea-
  vers.                               Arbuthnot.
    Tho' arm'd with all thy cfeauers, knives,
  And axes made to hew down lives.     Hudibras.
2. A weed.  Improperly written Cliver.
IClees, cleze.  to. *. The  two parts of the
   foot of beasts which are cloven-footed.
   Skinner.  It is a country word, and pro-
   bably corrupted  from claws.
Clef, klif. to. s. [from clef, key, Fr.]  In
   musick, a mark  at the  beginning of the
   lines of a  song, which shews  the tone or
   key in which the piece is to  begin.
                                   Chambers.
Cleft, kleft. part. pasa.  [from cleave]
   Divided;  parted  asunder.
     Fat with incense strew'd
   On the cleft wood.             Milton's Par. Lost.
     I never did on  cleft Parnassus dream,
   Nor taste the sacred Heliconian stream.   Drydm
The men of Judah clave unto their king.   Sam.  Cleft, kleft. n. s. [from cleave.]
   If you shall cleave to my consent, when 'tis,
 It shall make honour for you.             Shaksp.
   The people would revolt, if they saw any of the
 French nation to cleave unto.
                    Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
I.  To be  concomitant to;  to be  united
  with.
   We cannot imagine, that, in breeding or beget-
 ting faith, his grace doth cfeaw to the one, and for-
 sake the other.                         Hooker.
To CLEAVE, kleve. v. a.  preter. I clove,
  I  clave, 1  cleft;  part.  pass, cloven,  or
  cleft,  [cleopan, Sax.  kloven, Dutch.]
I. To  divide with violence; to split; to part
  forcibly into pieces.
    And at their passing cleave th' Assyrian flood.
                                       Jlfitfon.
    The fountains of it are said to have been cloven,
 or burst open.       Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
    The blessed minister his wings display'd,
 And, like a shooting star, he cleft the night. Dryden.
    Rais'd on her dusky wings, she cleaves  the skies.
                                       Dryden.
    Whom with such  force he struck, he fell'd him
      down,
 And cleft the circle of his golden crown.    Dryden.
                     Or had the sun
 Elected to toe earth a nearer seat,
 His beams had cleft the hill, the valley dry'd.
                                    Blackmore.
    Where whole brigades one champion's arms
        o'erthrow,
 And cleave a giant at a random blow.      Tickell.
    Not half so swift toe trembling doves can fly,
 When the fierce eagle cfeaves the liquid sky.  Pope.

2. To divide; to  part naturally.
    And every beast that parteth the hoof,  and cleav-
  eth the cleft into two claws.         Deuteronomy.

To Cleave, kleve. v. to.
1.  To part asunder.
     Wars, 'twixt you twain, would be
  As if the world should cfeave, and that slain men
  Should solder up the rift.
                    Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
     The ground clave asunder that was under them.
                                      Numbers.
1. A space made by the separation of parts;
  a crack;  a crevice.
    The cascades seem to break through the clefts
  and cracks of rocks.          Addison's Guardian,
    The extremity of this  cape has a long cleft in it,
  which was enlarged and cut intoNshape by  Agrippa,
  who made this the great port for the Roman fleet.
                               Addison on Itdy,
    The rest of it, being  more gross and ponderous,
  does not move far; but lodges in the clefts, craggs,
  and  sides  ofthe rocks, near the bottoms of them.
                                    Woodward.
2.  In farriery.
    Clefts appear on  the bought of toe pasterns,  and
  are' caused by  a   sharp and  malignant humour,
  which frets the skin;  and it is accompanied with
  pain, and  a noisome stench.        Farrier's Diet.
    His horse it is the herald's weft,
  No,  'tis a  mare, and hath a cleft.       Ben Jonson,
To  Cle'ftgraft,  klefl'graft. v. a. [cleft
  and graft.]  To engraft  by cleaving  the
  stock of a tree, and inserting a branch.
    Filberts may be cleftgrafted on the common nut.
                                     Mortimer,
Cle'mency, klem'men-se. to. s. [clemence,
  Fr  dementia, Lat.]
1. Mercy; remission of severity; willing-
  ness to spare; tenderness in punishing.
    I have  stated the true notion of clemency, mercy,
  compassion,  good-nature, humanity,  or  whatever
  else it may be called, so far  as is consistent  with
  wisdom.                              .Addison,
2. Mildness; softness.
    Then in the clemency  of upward air
  We'll scour our spots, and the  dire thunder scar.
                                       Dryden.
CLE'MENT,  klem'ment. adj.  [clemens,
  Lat.] Mild; gentle; merciful;  kind;  ten-
  der; compassionate.
    You are more cfemenf than vile men,
  Who of their broken debtors take a third,
  Letting them thrive again on the abatement. Shaksp,
Clench,  klinsh.   See Clinch.
To Clepe, klepe. v. a. [clypian, Sax.] To
   call.  Obsolete. 
CLE
CLI
CLI
     Three crabbed months had sowr'd themselves to
      death,
   Ere I could make thee open thy white hand,
   And clepe thyself my love.            Shakspeare..
 CLE'RGY,kler/je. to. a. [clerge, Fr. clerus,
   Lat. *Aj^»«, Greek.]  The body of men
   set apart by  due ordination for the ser-
   vice of God.
     We hold that God's clergy are a state which hath
   been, and will be as long as there is a church upon
   earth, necessary, by the plain word of God himself;
   a  state whereunto toe rest of God's people must be
   subject, as touching things that  appertain to toeir
   bouI's health.                          Hooker.
     The  convocation give a greater sum
   Than ever, at one time, the clergy yet
   Did to  his predecessors part withal.    Shakspeare.
 Cle'rgyman, kler'j£-man.88 to.  s. [clergy
   and  man.]   A  man in  holy  orders; a
   man  set  apart for ministration of holy
   things; not a laick.
     How I have sped among the clergymen,
   The sums I have collected shall express.   Shaksp.
     It seems to be in the power of a reasonable cfer-
   gyman  to make the most ignorant man comprehend
   his duty.                               Swift.
 Cle'rical, kler'e-kal. adj. [clericus, Lat.]
   Relating to the clergy: as, a clerical man,
   a man in orders.
     In clericals the keys are lined;  and  in colleges
   they use to line toe table-men.  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 Unless  we may more properly read clari-
   chords.
 CLERK, klark.100 to. s. [clenic, Sax. cle-
   ricus, Latin.]
 1. A clergyman.
     All persons were stiled clerks, that served in the
   church of Christ, whether they were bishops, priests,
   or deacons.                            Ayliffe.
 2. A scholar; a man  of letters.
     They might  talk of book-learning what they
   would; but, for his part, he never saw more unfeaty
   fellows than great cferfcs were.            Sidney.
     The  greatest clerks being not always the honestest,
   any more than the wisest, men.            South.
 3. A  man employed  under  another as a
   writer.
     My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
   Unto the judge;  and then the boy, his cferfc,
   That took some pains in writing, he begg'd mine.
                                    Shakspeare.
     My friend was in doubt whether he could not ex-
   ert the justice upon such a vagrant; but not having
   his clerk with him, who is a necessary counsellor, he
   let the thought drop.                   Addison.
 4. A petty writer in public offices;  an offi-
   cer of various kinds.
     Take a just view, how many may remark,
   Who's  now a lord, his grandsire was a clerk.
                                     Granville.
    It may seem difficult to make out the bills of fare
   for toe  suppers of Vitellius.   I question not but an
   expert clerk of a kitchen can do it.     Arbuthnot.

 5. The layman  who reads the responses to
   the congregation in the  church, to  di-
   rect the rest.
Cle'rkship, klark'ship. to. s. [from clerk.]
 1. Scholarship.
2. The  office of a clerk of any kind.
    He sold the clerkship of his parish, when  it  be-
  came vacant.                Swift's Miscellanies.
Cleve,  kleve."! In composition, at the be-
Clif, klif-      >  ginning  or  end of the
Clive,  kliv.   J  proper name of a place,
   denotes it to be situated on the side of
   a  rock or hill;  as  Clevelandy  Clifton,
   Stancliff.
CLE'VER,  klev'ur.88 adj.  [of no certain
  etymology.]
1. Dexterous; skilful.
    It was the cleverer mockery of the two.
                                  L'Estrange.
    I read Dyer's letter more for the stile than the
  news.   The man has  a clever pen, it must be own-
  ed.                       Addison's Freeholder.
2. Just; fit; proper; commodious.
    I can't but think't would sound more cieuer,
  To me, and to my heirs for ever.           Pope.
3. Well-shaped;  handsome.
    She called  him gundy-guts, and he  called her
  lousy Peg, though the girl was a tight cfeuer wench
  as any was.                        Arbuthnot.
4. This is a  low word, scarcely ever used
  but in burlesque or conversation; and
  applied to any  thing a man likes,  with-
  out a settled meaning.
Cle'verly, klev'ur-le. adv. [from clever/]
   Dexterously; fitly; handsomely.
    These would inveigle rats with to' scent,
  And sometimes catch them with a snap,
  As cleverly as to' ablest trap.           Hudibras.
    A rogue upon the highway may have as strong an
  arm, and take off a man's head as cleverly, as the
  executioner.                           Soufft.
Cle'verness,  klev'ur-nes.  to. s.  [from
   clever.]  Dexterity; skill; accomplish-
   ment.
CLEW, klu. n. s.  [clype, Sax. klouwen,
   Dutch.]
 1. Thread wound upon a bottom;  a ball of
   thread.
    Eftsoons untwisting his deceitful clew,
  He 'gan to weave a web  of wicked guile.  Spenser.
    While, guided by somecfeic of heav'nly thread,
  The perplex'd labyrinth  we backward tread.
                                  Roscommon.
    They see small cfews draw vastest weights along,
  Not in their bulk, but in  their order, strong. Dryd.
2. A guide; a direction: because  men di-
   rect themselves by a clew of thread in a
   labyrinth.
    This alphabet must be your own cfew to guide
        you.                          Holder.
    Is there no way,  no thought, no beam  of light?
  No clew to guide me thro' this gloomy maze,
  To clear my honour, yet preserve my faith? Smith.
    The reader knows not how  to  transport  his
  thoughts over to the next particular, for want  of
  some clew, or connecting idea, to  lay hold of.
                                Watts's Logick.
3.  Clew ofthe sail of a ship, is the lower
   corner  of it, which reaches down to that
   earing where the tackles  and sheets are
   fastened.                         Harris.
 To Clew, klu. v. a.  [from  clew,  a  sea
   term.]   To  clew the sails,  is  to raise
   them, in order to be furled; which  is
   done by a  rope fastened to the clew of a
   sail, called the  clew-garnet.      Harris.
 To CLICK, klik.  v. n.[cliken,  Dutch;
   cliqueter, French;  or perhaps the dimi-
  nutive of clack] To make a sharp, small,
   successive noise.
    The solemn death-watch click'd, the hour she
        died;
  And shrilling crickets in the chimney cried.   Gay.
Cli'cker, klik'ur.  to. a. [from click.]   A
   low  word  for the servant of a salesman,
  who stands at the door to invite custom-
  ers.
Cli'cket, kllk'it. to. a. [from click] The
  knocker of a door.              Skinner.
CLI'ENT, kli'ent. to. s. [cliens, Lat.]

                   Tt2
 1. One  who  applies  to an  advocate  for
   counsel and defence.
    There is  due from  the judge to the  advocate
  some commendation, where causes are well hand-
  led; for that upholds in the cfienf the reputation of
  his counsel.                    Bacon's Essays.
    Advocates must deal plainly with their clients,
  and tell the  true state of their case.
                    Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
 2. It may be  perhaps sometimes used  for
   a dependant in a  more general  sense,
   as  it was  used among the Romans.
    I  do think they are your friends and clients,
  And feartul  to  disturb you.          Ben Jonson.
 Gli'enteo. kli'en-ted. particip. adj. [from
   client.]  Supplied  with clients.
    This due occasion of discouragement, the worst
  conditioned and least cfienfed petivoguers do yet,
  under the sweet bait of revenge,  convert to a more
  plentiful prosecution of actions.
                     Careio'a Survey of Cornioall.
 Cliente'le,  kli-en-tele'. n. a. [clientela,
   Lat.] The condition or office of a client.
   A word scarcely used.
    There's Varus holds good quarters  with  him;
  And, under the pretext of ctienfefe,
  Will be admitted.                 Ben Jonson-
 Cli'entship,  kli'ent-shlp. to. a. [from cli-
   ent]  The condition of a client.
    Patronage and clienlship among the Romans al-
  ways descended; the plebeian houses had recourse
  to the patrician line which had formerly  protected
  them.                                Dryden.
 Cliff, klif. «. *. [clivus, Lat.  clip, chop,
   Sax.]
 1. A steep rock;  a rock, according to
   Skinner, broken and craggy,  [rupes.]
    The Leucadians did use  to precipitate a man
  from a high  cliff into the sea    Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Mountaineers, that from Severus came,
  And from the craggy cliffs of Tetrica.     Dryden.
    Wherever 'tis so found scattered upon the shores,
  there is it as constantly found lodged in  the cliffs
  thereabouts.                       Woodward.
 2. The  name of  a  character  in musick.
   Properly Clef.

 Clift, klift. n. s. The same with  Cliff.
   Now disused.
    Down he  tumbled, like an aged tree,
  High growing on the top of rocky clift.    Spenser.
 CLIMA'CTER,   kli-mak'tur.12*   to.   *.
   [xA<^,«xT?)f.] A certain space of time, or
   progression of years, which is supposed
   to  end in a  critical and dangerous time.
    Elder times,  settling toeir conceits upon climac-
  ters, differ from one another.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Climact'erick, klim-ak-ter'rik.630 )   ..
 CLiMACTE'RicALjklim-ak-ter're-kal. 5
   from climacter.]  Containing  a   certain
   number  of years, at  the end of which
   some great change is supposed to befal
   the body.
    Certain observable  years are supposed to be at-
  tended with some considerable changes in the body;
  as the seventh  year; the twenty-first, made up of
  three times seven; the forty-ninth, made up of seven
  times seven; the sixty-third, being nine times seven;
  and toe eighty-first, which is nine times nine: which
  two last are called the grand climactcricks.
    The numbers seven and  nine,  multiplied into
  themselves,  do  make up sixty-three,  commonly
  esteemed the great climacterical of our lives.
                       Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
    Your lordship being now arrived at your great
  climacterique, yet give no proof of the least dec y
  of your excellent judgment and comprehension.
I"                                     Dryden. 
                   CLI

     My mother  is something better,  though at her
   advanced age, every day is a climacterick.   Pope.
 CLI'MATE, kli'mate."  to.  s. [**/,«,«.]
 I • A space upon the surface of the earth,
   measured from the equator to the polar
   circles;  in each  of which  spaces  the
   longest day  is half an hour longer than
   in that nearer to  the  equator.   From
   the polar circles to the  poles, climates
   are measured by the increase of a month.
 2. In the common  and popular sense,  a
   region, or  tract of land, differing from
   another by the temperature of the air.
     Betwixt  to' extremes, two  happier climates hold
   The temper that partakes of hot and cold    Dryd.
     On what new happy climate are we thrown?
                                      Dryden.
     This talent of moving the passions cannot be  of
   any great use  in the northern climates.      Swift.
 To Cli'mate, kli'm£t. v. to.  To inhabit.
   A word  only in Shakspeare.
                   The blessed gods
   Purge all infection from our air, whilst you
   Do climate here.                   Shakspeare.
 Cli'mature, kli'ma-tshure.463  to. a. The
   same  with Climate. Not in  use.
     Such  harbingers preceding still the fates,
   Have heav'n and earth  together demonstrated
   Unto our cfiniafwres and countrymen.  Shakspeare.
 Cli'max, kli'maks. to. s. [y.Xi(jlci\/] Grada-
   tion; ascent:  a figure in  rhetorick, by
   which the  sentence rises  gradually; as
   Cicero says to Catiline. Thou do'st no-
   thing, movest nothing, thinkest nothing;
   but  I  hear it, I see it, and perfectly un-
   derstand it.
     Choice between one excellency and another  is
   difficult; and yet the conclusion, by a due climax,  is
   evermore the best.      Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
     Some radiant Richmond every age has grac'd,
   Still rising in a climax,  till the last,
   Surpassing all, is not to be surpast.     Granville.
 To CLIMB, klime.  v. to. pret. clomb or
   climbed; part, clomb or climbed, [climan,
   Sax. klimmen, Dut.] To ascend up any
   place; to mount by means of some hold
   or footing.  It implies  labour and diffi-
   culty, and  successive efforts.
     You tempt the fury of my three attendants,
   Lean famine,  quartering steel, and cfim6i?ig fire.
                                   Shakspeare.
     When shall I come to th' top of that same hill ?—
   —You do climb up it now. Look,  how we labour.
                                   Shakspeare.
     Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his
   feet.                                 1 Sam.
                  As a thief
   Into the window climbs, or o'er the tiles,
   So clomb the first grand thief into God's fold. Milt.
     Thou  sun! of this great world both eye and soul,
   Acknowledge him thy greater; sound his praise
   In thy eternal course, both when thou climb'st,
   And when high  noon hast gain'd, and when  thou
        fall'st.            Milton's Paradise Lost.
    No rebel Titan's sacrilegious crime,
  By heaping hills on hills, can thither climb.
                                   Roscommon.
    Black  vapours climb aloft, and cloud the day.
                                     Dryden.
            What controuling cause
  Makes waters,  in contempt of nature's laws,
 * Climb  up, and gain th' aspiring mountain's height?
                                   Blackmore.
To Climb,  klime.  v.  a.   To ascend;  to
   mount.
    Is 't not enough to break into my garden,
  Climbing my walls, in spite of me the owner? Shak.
                  Thy arms pursue
 Paths of renown, and climb ascents  of fame.  Prior.
                     C  LI

     Forlorn he must and persecuted fly;
   Climb the steep mountain, in the cavern lie.  Prior.
 Cli'mber, kli'mur. w. *. [from climb.]
 I. One  that mounts or scales any  place or
   thing; a mounter; a riser.
     I wait not at. the lawyer's gates,
   Ne shoulder climbers down the stairs. Carew's Surv.
     Lowliness is young ambition's ladder,
   Whereto  the climber upward turns his face. Shaksp.
 2. A plant that creeps upon other supports.
     Ivy,  briony, honey-suckles,  and  other climbers,
   must be dug up.                      Mortimer.
 3. The  name of a particular herb.
     The seeds are gathered into a little head, ending
   in a kind  of rough plume; whence it is called by the
   country people ofd man's  beard.           Miller.
 To  Cli'mber,  kli'mur. v. to. [from clam-
   ber.] To mount with effort; to climb.
     In scaling toe youngest to pluck off his becke,
   Beware how ye climber for breaking your neck.
                                      Tusser,
 Clime, klime,  to.  s. [contracted from cli-
   mate, and therefore properly  poetical.
   Climate; region; tract of earth.
     He can spread thy name o'er land and seas,
  Whatever clime the sun's bright circle warms.
                                      Milton,
     They apply the celestial description of other climes
  unto their own.         Brown's Vulgar Errours,
     Of beauty, sing, her shining progress view,
  From cfime to clime the dazzling light pursue.
                                     Granircffe.
                 We shall meet
  In happier climes, and on  a safer shore.   Addison,
     Health  to vigorous bodies, or fruitful seasons in
  temperate climes,  are common and  familiar bless-
  ings.                              Atterbury.
 To CLINCH, klinsh. v. a. [clymga, Sax.
   to knock, Junius; clingo,  in Festus, to
   encompass, Minshew]
 1. To hold  in the  hand  with' the  fingers
   bent over it.
     Simois rowls the bodies and the shields
  Of heroes, whose dismember'd hands yet bear
  The dart aloft, and clinch the pointed spear. Dryd.
 2. To contract or double the fingers.
    Their tallest trees  are about seven feet high, the
  tops whereof I could  but just reach  with my fist
  clinch'd.                              Swift.
 3. To bend  the point of a nail on the other
   side.
 4. To confirm;  to fix: as, to  clinch an ar-
   gument.

 Clinch, klinsh. to.  s. [from the verb.]
 I. A word used in a  double meaning; a
   pun; an ambiguity;  a duplicity of mean-
   ing, with  an identity of expression. How
   it  obtains this meaning  is  difficult to
   find.  A nail  caught on  the other  side,
   and doubled,  is a nail clinched:  a word
   taken in  a different meaning, and  dou-
   bled in  sense, is likewise a clinch.
    Such as they are, I hope they will prove, without
  a clinch, luciferous; searching after the  nature  of
  light.                                 Boyle.
    Pure  clinches toe suburbian muse affords,
  And Panton waging harmless war with words. Dryd.
    Here one poor word a hundred clinches makes.
                                        Pope.
2. That  part of the cable which is fastened
  to the ring of the anchor.
Cli'ncher, klinsh'tir.98 w. *. [from clinch.]
  A cramp;  a  holdfast; a  piece  of  iron
  bent down to fasten  planks.
    The wimbles for the work Calypso found;
  With those he piere'd 'em, and with clinchers bound.
                                       Pope.
                     C LI

 To  CLING, 'kling. v.  to.  pret. i" clung;
   part. I have clung, [klynger, Danish.]
 1. To hang upon by twining round; to stick
   to; to hold fast upon.
             The broil long doubtful stood;
   As two spent swimmers that do ding together,
   And choak their art.                Shakspeare.
     The fontanel in his neck was described by the
   clinging of his hair to the plaster. Wiseman's Surg.
     When they united and together clung,
   When undistinguish'd in one heap toey hun»-.
                                   Blackmore.
     See in the circle next Eliza plac'd,
   Two babes of love close clinging to her waist. Pope.
     That they may the closer cling,
   Take your blue ribbon for a string.        Swift
 2. To adhere, as followers  or friends.
     Most popular consul he is grown, methinks:
   How the rout cling to him!  BenJonson's Catdine.
   To dry  up;  to  consume; to waste; to
   pine away.  [Declungen tjieop a  wi-
   thered tree.]
             If thou speak'st false,
  Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
  Till famine* cfing- thee.      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
Cli'ngy, kling'e. adj. [from cling] Apt to
   cling; adhesive.
Cli'nical, klin'e-kal.  ~) adj. [xa/v« to lie
Cli'nick,  klin'ik.       5   down.] Those
   that keep their beds; those that are sick,
   past hopes  of recovery.  A clinical lec-
   ture is a discourse upon a disease, made
   by the bed of the patient.
     A  clinical convert,  one  that  is con-
   verted on his death-bed.  This word oc-
   curs often in the works  of Taylor.
To  CLINK, klink. v. a. [perhaps soften-
   ed from  clank, or corrupted from click]
   To strike so as to make  a small sharp
   noise.
    Five years! a long lease for the clinking of pew-
  ter.                             Shakspeare.
To Clink,  klink. v.  to. To utter a small,
   sharp, interrupted  noise.
                  The sever'd bars
  Submissive clink against your brazen portals. Prior.
        Underneath th' umbrella's oily shed,
  Safe thro' the wet on clinking pattens tread.  Gay.
Clink, kink. to. a. [from the  verb.]
1. A sharp successive noise; a knocking.
    I heard the cfinfe and fall of swords. Shakspeare.
   It seems in  Spenser to have some un-
   usual sense.  I believe the knocker of a
   door.
    Tho' creeping close, behind the wicket's clink,
  Privily he peeped out thro' a chink.      Spenser.
CLINQUANT,  klink'ant.  adj.   [Fr.]
   Dressed  in embroidery,  in  spangles,
   false glitter, tinsel  finery.
            To-day the French,
  All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods, .
  Shone down the English.            Shakspeare.
To CLIP,  klip. v.  a. [chppan, Sax.]
I. To  embrace, by  throwing  the arms
   round; to hu^; to enfold  in  the arms.
    He that before sbunn'd her, to shun such harms,
  Now runs and takes her in his ci taring arms. Sidney.
                      Here I cfip
  The anvil of my sword, and do contest
  Hotly and nobly with thy love.       Shakspeare.
        O nation, that thou couldst remove
  That Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about.
                                  >■    mart.
    Enter toe city; clip your wive?, your friends;
  Tell them your feats.                Shakspeart.
                 The jades
  That drag toe tragick melancholy night, 
CLO
CLO
CLO
  Who with their drowsy, slow, and flagging wings,
  Cfip dead men's graves.              Shakspeare.
    The male resteth on the back of the female, clip-
  ping and embracing her with his legs about the neck
  and body.                               Ray.
3. To cut with sheers,  [klipper,  Danish;
   klifipcn,  Dutch;  apparently  from  the
   same radical sense, since  sheers cut by
   inclosing and  embracing.]
    Your sheers  come  too late to cfip  the  bird's
  wings, toat already is flown away.        Sidney.
    Then let him, that my love shall blame,
  Or clip love's wings, or quench love's flame.
                                     Suckling.
    He clips hope's  wings,  whose airy bliss
  Much higher than fruition is.           Denham.
    But love had  clipp'd his wings and cut him short,
  Confin'd within  the purlieus of his court.  Dryden.
    If mankind had had  wings, as  perhaps some ex-
  travagant atheists may think  us deficient in that, all
  toe world must have consented to cfip them. Bentley.
    By this lock,  this sacred lock, I swear,
  Which never more shall join its parted hair,
  Clipp'd from the lovely head where late it grew.
                                         Pope.
    He spent every day ten hours dozing, clipping pa-
  pers, or darning his stockings.             Swift.
3. Sometimes with  off.
    We should then have  as much feeling upon the
  cfipping- off a hair, as the cutting of a nerve.
                              Bentley's Sermons.
4. It is particularly used of those who  di-
   minish coin, by paring the edges.
    This design of new coinage, is just of the nature
  of clipping.                            Locke.
5. To curtail;  to cut short.
    All my reports go with the modest  truth;
  Nor more, nor dipt, but so.           Shakspeare.
    Mrs. Mayoress clipped  the king's English. Addis.
    Even in London, they  cfip their words after one
  manner about toe court,  another in the city, and  a
  third in the suburbs.                      Swift.
6. To confine; to hold; to  contain.
    Where is he living, ctipf in with the sea,
  Who calls me pupil?                 Shakspeare.
To Clip, klip. v. n. A  phrase in falconry.
    Some falcon  stoops at what her eye design'd,
  And with her eagerness the quarry miss'd,
  Straight flies at check, and clips it down toe wind.
                                       Dryden.
Cli'pper, kllp'pur. n. s. [from clip.] One
   that debases coin by  cutting.
         It is no English treason to cut
  French crowns, and to-morrow the king
  Himseif will be a clipper.            Shakspeare.
    No coins pleased some medallists more than those
  which had passed through the hands of an old  Ro-
  man clipper.                          Addison.
Cli'pping, kPip'ping.  to. s. [from clip.] The
   part cut or  clipped off.
    Beings purely material, without sense or thought,
  as the clippings of our beards, and pairings of our
  nails.                                  Locke.
Cli'ver,  kli'vur. to. s. An herb. More pro-
   perly written  cleaver.
    It grows wild, the seeds sticking to the clothes of
  such as pass by them.  It  is  sometimes used in me-
  dicine.                                 Jlfiffcr.
CLOAK,  kloke. to. *. [lach, Saxon.]
I. The outer garment, with  which the rest
   are covered.
                You may bear it
  Under a cfofce that is of any  length.    Shakspeare.
    Their cfofces were cloth of silver, mixed with gold.
                                       Dryden.
    All arguments will be  as little able to prevail, as
  toe wind did with tbe traveller to part with his cfoaA;,
  which he. held only the faster.             Locke.
    Nimbly  lie rose, and cast his garment down;
  That instant in  his cfoafc  I wrapt me round.  Pope.
2. A concealment; a cover.
    Not using your liberty for a cloak of malicious-
  ness.                                  Peter.
To Cloak, kloke. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with a cloak.
2. To hide; to conceal.
    Most heavenly fair, in deed and view,
  She by creation was, till she did fall;
  Thenceforth she sought for helps to cfoafc her crimes
      withal.                          Spenser.
Clo'akbag, kloke'bstg. to.  a.  [from  cloak
   and  bag.]  A  portmanteau;  a  bag in
   which clothes are carried.
    Why do'st thou converse with that trunk of hu-
  mours, that stuffed cloakbag of guts?    Shakspeare.
               I have already fit
  ('Tis in my cloakbag) doublet, hat, hose, all
  That answer to them.                Shakspeare.
CLOCK, klok. n. a. [clocc, Welsh, from
   cloch  a  bell,  Welsh  and  Armorick;
   cloche, Fr.]
1. The instrument  which, by  a series of
   mechanical movements, tells the hour
   by a stroke upon a bell.
    If a man be in sickness or pain, the time will seem
  longer without a cfecA: or hour-glass than with it.
                                       Bacon.
    The picture of Jerome  usually described at his
  study, is with a clock hanging by.  Brown's V. Err.
    I told" the clocks, and watch'd. toe wasting light.
                                      Dryden.
2. It is ah usual expression to say,  What
   is  it of the clock, for  What  hour  is it?
   Or ten o'clock, for the tenth hour.
             What is 't o'clock?----
  ----Upon the stroke of four.          Shakspeare.
    Macicaus set forward about fen o'clock in the
  night.                           *    Knolles.
    About nine of the clock at night the king march-
  ed out of the North-port.              Clarendon.
3.  The clock of a stocking; the flowers or
   inverted work about the ankle.
    His stockings with  silver cfocfts  were ravished
  from him.                             Swiff.
4. An insect; a sort of beetle.         Diet.
Clo'ckmaker, klok'ma-kur.  to.  s. [clock
   and  maker]  An  artificer  whose profes-
   sion is to make clocks.
    This inequality has been diligently observed by
  several of our ingenious clockmakers, and equations
  been made and used by them.           Derham.

Clo'ckwork,  klok'wtirk.TO. s. [from clock
   and  work]  Movements  by  weights or
   springs, like those of a clock.
    So  if unprejudie'd you scan
  The goings of this clockwork, man;
  You find a hundred movements madfe
  By  fine devices in his head:
  But 'tis the stomach's solid stroke,
  That tells (his being what's o'clock.       Prior.
    Within this hollow was Vulcan's shop, full of fire
  and clockwork.                       Addison.
    You look like a puppet moved by clockwork.
                                     Arbuthnot.
CLOD, klod. to. s. [club, Sax. a  little hil-
   lock; klotte, Dutch.]
 I. A lump of earth or clay;  such a body
   of earth as cleaves or hangs together.
    The earth toat casteto up from the plough a great
  cfod, is not so good as that which casteth up  a smal-
  ler cfod.                               Bacon.
               I'll cut up, as plows
   Do barren lands, and strike together flints
  And clods, to' ungrateful senate and the people.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    Who smooths with harrows, or who pounds with
         rakes,
  The crumbling clods.                   Dryden.
2. A turf; the ground.
    Byzantians boast, toat on the clod,
  Where once their sultan's horse has trod,
  Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree.    Swift.
3. Any thing concreted together in a clus-
   ter.
    Fishermen who make holes  in the ice  to dip up
  fish with their nets, light on swallows congealed in
  clods of a slimy substance; and carrying them home
  to their stoves, the warmth restoreth them to life and
  flight.                                 Carew.
4. A lump; a mass of metal.
               One at the forge
  Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass
  Had melted.                          Milton.
5. Any thing vile, base, and earthy; as the
   body of man, compared to his soul.
    And ye high heavens, the temple of the gods,
  In which a thousand torches, flaming bright,
  Do burn, that to us, wretched earthly clods,
  In dreadful darkness lend desired light.   Spenser:
              The spirit of man,
  Which God  inspir'd, cannot together perish
  With this corporeal cfod.  Milton's Paradise Lost.
    How 'the  purer spirit is united  to this cfod, is a
  knot too hard for our degraded intellects to unite.
                                     Glanville.
    In moral reflections there must be  heat, as well
  as dry reason, to  inspire this cold cfod of clay which
  we carry about with us.          Burnet's Theory.
6. A dull, gross,  stupid fellow; a dolt.
    The vulgar! a scarce animated cfod,
  Ne'er pleas'd with aught above 'em.      Dryden.
To Clod, klod. v. to. [from the noun.] To
   gather into  concretions;  to  coagulate:
   for this we sometimes use clot.
    Let us go  find the body, and from the stream,
  With lavers  pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off
  The clodded  gore.                       Milton.
To Clod, klod. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   pelt with clods.
Clo'ddy, klod'de. adj. [from clod.]
1. Consisting  of earth or  clods;  earthy;
   muddy; miry;  mean; gross; base.
               The glorious sun,
  Turning with splendour of his precious eye
  The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold. Shaksp.
2. Full of clods unbroken.
    These lands they sow always under furrow about
  Michaelmas, and leave it as cloddy as toey can.
   ,;".                    Mortimer's Husbandry.
ClO'upate, klod'pate. to. s. [clod and pate.]
   A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thickskull.
Clo'dpated, klod'pa-ted. adj. [from clod-
   pate.] Stupid; dull; doltish; thoughtless.
    My clodpated relations spoiled the greatest genius
  in the world, when they bred me a mechanick.
                                •    Arbuthnot.
Clo'dpoll, klod'pole. to. a. [from clod and
   poll.] A  thickskull; a dolt; a blockhead.
    This letter being so  excellently ignorant, he will
  find that it comes from a clodpoll.      Shakspeare.
To CLOG, klog. v. a. [It is imagined by
   Skinner to come from log; by Casaubon
   derived from x.\ot<&', a dog's collar, be-
   ing thought to be first hung upon fierce
   dogs.]
1. To load with something that may hinder
   motion;  to encumber with  shackles; to
   impede,  by fastening to the neck or leg
   a he;»vy piece  of wood or iron.
    If you find so much blood in  his liver as will clog
   the foot of a flea, I'll eat the rest ofthe anatomy.
                                    Shakspeart.
    Let a man wean himself from these worldly im-
   pediments,  that here clog his soul's flight.   Digby.
    The wings of birds were clogg'd with ice and
   snow.                                Dryden.
     Fleshly lusts  do debase men's minds, and clog 
CLO
GLO
CLO
  their spirits, make them gross and foul, listless and
  unactive.                             Tillotson.
    Gums and pomatums shall his flight restrain,
  While clogg'd he beats his silken wings in vain.
                                         Pope.
2. To hinder; to obstruct.
    The gutter'd rocks and congregated sands,
  Traitors ensteep'd to cfog- the guiltless keel.  Shaks.
    His majesty's ships were over-pestered and clog-
  ged with great ordnance, whereof there is a super-
  fluity.                                 Raleigh.
3i To load; to burthen; to embarrass.
    Since thou hast far to go, bear not along
  The clogging burthen of a guilty soul.  Shakspeare.
              You '11 rue  the time
  That cfogs me with  this answer.       Shakspeare.
    They lanc'd a vein, and watch'd returning breath;
  It came, but clogg'd with symptoms of his death.
                                       Dryden.
     All the commodities are clogg'd with impositions.
                                       Addison.
4. In the following passage  it is improper,
   for its meaning  always  includes  hind-
   rance.
     Clocks  and jacks, though  the screws and  teeth
   of the wheels and nuts be never so smooth, yet, if
   they be not oiled,  will hardly  move; though you
   clog them with never so much weight.        Ray.
 To Clog,  klog.  v. to.
 1. To coalesce; to adhere.   In this sense,
   perhaps, only corruptly used for clod or
   clot.
     Move it sometimes with a broom, that the  seeds
   cfog- not together.                       Evelyn.
 2. To  be encumbered or impeded by some
   extrinsick matter.
     In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw
   will begin to clog.               Sharp's Surgery.
 Clog, kl6g. to. *. [from the verb.]
 1. A load; a weight; any  encumbrance
   hung upon any animal or thing to hinder
   motion.
     I 'm glad at soul I have no other child;
   For thy escape would teach me  tyranny,
   To hang cfogs on them.              Shakspeare.
     I did but prompt the age to quit their clogs,
   By the known rules of ancient liberty.     Milton.
              As a dog, committed close
   For some offence, by chance breaks loose,
   And  quits his clog; but all in vain,
   He still draws after him  his chain.     Hudibras.
 2. An  encumbrance; a hindrance;  an ob-
    struction; an  impediment.
      Weariness of the flesh is an  heavy  cfog to the
         will.                            Hooker.
     They're our cfogs, not their own; if a man be
   Chain'd to a galley, yet toe  galley's free.   Donne.
     Their prince made no other step than rejecting
   the pope's supremacy, as a clog upon his own power
   and passions.                            Swift.
      Slavery is, of  all things, the greatest clog and
   obstacle to speculation.                   Swift.
 3. A kind of additional shoe, worn by wo-
    men to  keep  them from wet.
 4. A wooden shoe.
      In France the  peasantry goes barefoot; and the
   middle sort, throughout  all  that kingdom, makes
   use of wooden clogs.     Harvey on Consumptions.
 Clo'gginess,  klog'ge-nes.  «.  s.  [from
    cloggy.] The state of being clogged.
 Clo'ggy,  klog'ge\a83 adj.  [from  clog]
    That which hasthe powerofcloggingup.
      By additaments  of some such nature, some gros-
   ser and cloggy  parts are retained; or else  much
   subtilized, and otherwise altered.           Boyle.
 CLO'ISTER, klois'tur. n.s. [clas, Welsh;
    claupcep, Sax. closter, Germ, klooster,
    Dut.  claustro, Ital. cloistre, Fr. claus-
    trum, Lat.]
I. A religious retirement; a monastery; a
  nunnery.
    Nor in a secret cloister doth he keep
  These virgin spirits until their marriage-day.
                                       Davies.
    Some solitary cloister will I choose,
  And there with holy virgins live immur'd.  Dryden.
    How could he have toe leisure and retiredness of
  the cloister, to perform those acts of devotion.
                                     Atterbury.
2.  A peristyle; a  piazza.
To Clo'ister,  kldis'ttir. v. a.  [from the
  noun.]  To shut up in a religious house;
  to  confine; to immure; to shut up from
   the world.
    Cloister thee in some religious house.   Shaksp.
    They have by commandment,  though in form of
  courtesy, cloistered us within these  walls for three
  days.                                  Bacon.
    It was of the king's first acts to cloister the queen
  dowager in the nunnery of Bermondsey.    Bacon.
    Nature affords plenty of beauties, toat no man
  need complain if toe deformed are cloistered up.
                             Rymer's Tragedies.
Clo'isteral,  klois'tiir-al.88   adj.  [from
   cloister.]   Solitary;  retired; religiously
   recluse.
    Upon this  ground many cfoisfe?'af men, of great
  learning and devotion, prefer contemplation before
  action.                       Walton's Angler.
Clo'istered,  klois'ttird.  particip.   adj.
   [from cloister.]
 I. Solitary; inhabiting cloisters.
              Ere the bat hath flown
  His cloister'd flight, there shall be done
  A deed of dreadful note.        Shaksp. Macbeth.
2. Built  with peristyles or piazzas.
    The Greeks and  Romans had  commonly two
  cloistered open courts, one serving for the women's
  side, and the other for the men. Wotton's Architect.
Clo'istress, klois'tres. to. s.  [from  clois-
   ter.] A nun; a lady who  has vowed re-
   ligious retirement.
        Like a cloistress she will veiled walk,
   And water once a day her chamber round
   With eye-offending brine.            Shakspeare.
 Cloke,  kloke. to. *. See Cloak.
 Clomb, klom. [pret. of To climb.]
     Ask to what end they clomb toat tedious height.
                                       Spenser.
     So clomb this first grand thief into God's fold.
                           Milton's Paradise Lost.
 To Cloom, kloom. v.  a.  [corrupted from
    cleam, clsemian, Sax. which is still used
   in some  provinces.]  To close or shut
    with glutinous or viscous matter.
     Rear the  hive  enough to let them in,  and cloom
   up the skirts, all but the door.          Mortimer.
 To CLOSE, kloze.43? v.  a. [closa,  Ar-
    morick; kluys, Dutch; clos, Fr. clausus,
    Lat.]
 1. To shut; to lay together.
     Sleep instantly fell on me, call'd
   By nature as in aid, and clos'd mine eyes.  Milton.
     When the sad wife has clos'd her husband's eyes;
   Lies the pale corps, not yet entirely dead?  Prior.
     I soon shall visit Hector, and the shades
   Of my great ancestors. Cephisa, thou
   A^ilt lend a hand to cfose thy mistress' eyes. Philips.
 2. To conclude; to end; to finish.
     One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden.
     I close this with my earnest desires that you will
   seriously consider your estate.             Wake.
     Edward and Henry, now the  boast of fame;
   And virtuous Alfred, a more sacred name;
   After a life  of generous toils endur'd,
   Clos'd their long glories with a sigh, to find
|  Th' unwilling gratitude of base mankind.   Pope.
3. To inclose; to confine; to reposite.
                        Every one
  According to the gift which bounteous nature
  Hath in him clos'd.                     Shaksp.
4. To join;  to unite  fractures; to  consoli-
   date fissures.
    The armourers accomplishing the knights,
  With busy hammers closing rivets up.  Shakspeare.
    There  being  no winter yet to cfose up and unite
  its parts,  and restore the earth to its former com-
  pactness.                              Burnet,
    As soon as any publick rupture happens, it is im-
  mediately closed up by moderation  and good offices.
                                Addison on Italy,
    All the traces drawn there are immediately closed
  up, as though you wrote them with your finger on
  the surface of a river.         Jfaffs on the Mind.
 To Close,  kloze. v. to.
 I. To coalesce; to join its own parts  toge-
   ther.
    They,  and all that  appertained to  them, went
  down  alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon
  them.                       Numbers, xvi. 33.
     In plants,  you may try the force of imagination
  upon the  lighter motions, as upon  their closing and
  opening.                                Bacon.
 2.  To close upon. To agree  upon; to join
   in.
     The jealousy of such a design in us would induce
  France and Holland to cfose upon some measure*
  between  them to our disadvantage.        Tenipfe,
    To close with.    )  To  come  to   an
    To close in with. $ agreement  with; to
   comply with; to unite  with.
     Intire  cowardice makes thee wrong this virtuous
  gentlewoman, to close ivith us.        Shakspeare.
     It would become me better, than to cfose
  In terms  of friendship icifft thine enemies.    Shak.
     There  was no such defect in man's understanding,
  but that it would cfose with the evidence.    South.
     He took the time when Richard was depos'd,
  And high and low icifft happy Harry clos'd. Dryden.
     Pride  is  so unsociable a  vice, that  there is no
  closing with it.             Collier on  Friendship,
     This  spirit, poured upon iron, lets go the water;
   the acid spirit is more attracted by the fixed body;
   and lets go the water, to cfose roifft the fixed body.
                               Newton's Opticks.
     Such a proof as would have been closed with cer-
   tainly at  the  first, shall  be  set aside easily after-
   wards.                              Atterbury.
     These governors bent all  their thoughts  and ap-
   plications to cfose in icith the people, now the stron-
   ger party.                               Swift.
    To close with.   To  grapple  with in
    wrestling.
 Close, klose.437 4"   to. a. [from the  verb.]
  I. Any thing shut; without outlet.
      The admirable effects of this distillation  in close,
   which is like  the  wombs  and matrices  of living
   creatures.                              Bacon.
 2. A small field inclosed.
      I have a tree, which grows here in my close,
   That mine own use invites me to cut down,
   And shortly  must I fell it.                Shaksp-
      Certain  hedgers dividing a close, chanced upon
   a great chest.       Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
 3. The manner of shutting:  in this and the
    following sense it is pronounced as cloze.
      The doors of plank were; their cfose exquisite,
   Kept with a double key.               Chapman.
    Time of shutting  up.
                  In the close of night,
    Philomel begins her heav'nly lay.         Dryden.
   .  A  grapple in wrestling.
      The king  went of purpose into the north; laying
    an open side unto Perkin to make him come to the
    cfose, and so to trip up his heels,  having made sure
    in Kent beforehand.                      Bacon.
      Both  fill'd with  dust, but  starting up,  the third
          ttose they had made,
4. 
CLO
CLO
CLO
  Had not AchiHes' self stood up.         Chapman.
6. Pause; cessation,  rest.
    The air, such pleasure loth to lose,
  With thousand echoes still prolongs  each heav'nly
         cfose.                          Milton.
    At ev'ry cfose she made, th' attending throng
  Replied, and bore the burden of the song.  Dryden.
7. A conclusion or end.
                 Speedy death,
  The cfose of all my miseries  and the balm. Milton.
    Thro' Syria, Persia, Greece she goes;
  And takes the Romans in the cfose.        Prior.

Close, klose.437 439  adj.  [from the verb.]
1. Shut fast, so as to leave no  part  open;
   as,a close box, a close house.
    We suppose  this bag to be tied cfose about, to-
  wards the window.                    Wilkins.
2. Having no  vent;  without inlet; secret;
   private; not to be  seen through.
    Nor could his acts too cfose a vizard wear,
  To 'scape their eyes whom guilt had taught to fear.
                                       Dryden.
3. Confined; stagnant;  without ventilation.
    If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and
  doors; toe one maketh toe air cfose, and  not fresh;
  and the other maketh it exceeding unequal.
                         Bacon's Natural History.
4.  Compact;  solid;  dense;  witnout  inter-
   stices or  vacuities.
    The inward substance of the earth is of itself an
  uniform mass, cfose and compact. Burr%et's Theory.
    The golden globe being  put into a press which
  was driven  by the extreme force of screws, the
  water made itself way thro' the pores of that very
  cfose metal.                            Locke.
5. Viscous; glutinous; not  volatile.
    This oil,  which nourishes the lamp, is supposed
  of so close and  tenacious a  substance, that it may
  slowly evaporate.                      Wilkins.
6.  Concise; brief;  compressed;  without
   exuberance or  digression.
    You lay your thoughts so cfose together, that were
  toey closer, they would be crowded, and even a due
  eonnection would  be wanting.   Diyden's Juvenal,
    Where the original is close, no version can reach
  it in the same compass.                  Diyden.
    Read these instructive leaves, in which conspire
  Fresnoy's cfose art, and  Dryden's native fire. Pope.
7. Joined without any intervening distance
   or space, whether of time  or place.
    Was I a man bred great as Rome herself,
  Equal to all her titles! that could^stand
  Close up with Atlas, and sustain  her name
  As strong as he doth heav'n!          Ben Jonson.
    We must  lay aside that  lazy and fallacious me-
  thod of censuring by the  lump,  and must bring
  things cfose to the test of true or false.      Burnet.
    Plant  the spring crocuses cfose to a wall.
                                     Mortimer.
                Where'er my name I find,
  Some dire misfortune follows cfose behind.    Pope.
g. Approaching  nearly;  joined  one to an-
  other.
    Now sit we close about this taper here,
  And call in question our necessities.       Shaksp.
9. Narrow; as, a close alley.
10. Admitting small distance.
    Short crooked swords in closer fight they wear.
                                       Dryden.
11. Undiscovered; without any token by
  which one may  be found.
    Close observe him for the sake of mockery.
  Close, in the name of jesting! lie you there.
                                    Shakspeare.

12. Hidden; secret; not revealed.
    A cfose intent at last to shew me grace.   Spens.
    Some spagyrists, that keep their best things close,
  will do more  to vindicate toeir art, or oppose their
  antagonists, than to gratify the curious, or benefit
  mankind.                              Boyle.
 13. Having the quality of secrecy; trusty.
               Constant you are,
  But yet a woman; and for secresy,
  No lady closer.                      Shakspeare.
 14. Having an appearance of concealment;
   cloudy; sly.
            That  close aspect of his
  Does shew the mood of a much troubled breast.
                                    Shakspeare.
 15. Without wandering; without deviation;
   attentive.
    I discovered no way to keep our thoughts cfose to
  their business, but, by frequent attention, getting
  the habit of attention.                    Locke.
 16. Full to the point, home.
    I am engaging in a large dispute, where  the ar-
  guments are not like to reach cfose on either side.
                                      Dryden.
 17. Retired;  solitary.
    He kept himself cfose because of Saul. Chronicles.
 18. Secluded from communication; as, a
   close prisoner.
 19. Applied to the weather, dark; cloudy;
   not clear.
 Close, klose. adv. It has the same mean-
   ings  with  closely, and  is  not  always
   easily distinguished from the adjective.
 I. Nearly; densely; secretly.
                  He his sleep
  Disturb'd not, waiting cfose th' approach of morn.
                                       Milton.
                Behind her death
  Cfose following pace for pace, not mounted yet
  On his purple horse.                    Milton.
 2. It  is used  sometimes adverbially  by it-
   self, but  more  frequently  in  composi-
   tion. As,
 Close-banoed,  klose-ban'ded.  adj.   In
   close order; thick  ranged; or secretly
   leagued, which seems rather the mean-
   ing in this  passage.
    Nor in the house, which chamber ambushes
  Close-banded,  dursts attack me.           Milton.
 Close-bodied, klose-bod'id.09 adj. Made
   to fit the body exactly.
    If any  clergy shall appear in any  close-bodied
  coat, they shall be suspended.   Ayliffe's Parergon.
Clo'se-handed, klose-han'ded. adj.  Co-
   vetous.
    Galba was  very close-handed: I have not read
  much of his liberalities.       Arbuthnot on Coins.
Close-pent, klose-pent'. adj. Shut close;
   without vent.
    Then in some close-pent room it crept along,
  And, smould'ring as it went, in silence fed.  Dryd.
Clo'sely, klose'le. adv. [from  close]
 1. Without inlet or outlet.
    Putting the mixture into a crucible closely luted.
                                        Boyle.
 2. Without much space intervening; near-

    Follow Fluellen closely at toe heels.     Shaksp.
 3. Attentively.
    If we look more closely, we shall find
  Most have the seeds of judgment in their mind.
                                         Pope
 4. Secretly;  slily.
    A Spaniard, riding on the bay, sent some closely
  into the village, in the dark of the night.    Carew.
 5.Without deviation.
    I hope I have translated closely enough, and given
  them the  same turn of verse which they had in the
  original.                             Dryden.
 Clo'seness, kl6se'nes. n. s  [from close.]
 I. The state  of being shut; or, the quality
   of admitting to be shut without inlet or
   outlet.
    In drums, toe closeness rcur.d about that preserv-
  eth the sound, maketh  the noise come forth of the
  drum-hole more loud than if you should strike upon
  the like skin extended in the open air.      Bacon.
 2. Narrowness; straitness.
 3. Want of air, or ventilation.
    I took my leave, being half-stifled by the  cfose-
  ness of the room.                        Swift.
 4. Compactness; solidity.
    How could particles,  so widely dispersed combine
  into toat closeness of texture?            Bentley.
    The haste of toe spirit to  put forth and the close-
  ness ofthe bark, cause  prickles in boughs.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
 5. Recluseness; solitude; retirement.
    I thus neglecting worldly ends, all  dedicated
  To closeness, and the bettering of my mind. Shaksp.
 6. Secrecy; privacy.
    To his confederates he was constant and just, but
  not open.  Such was his  enquiry, and such his close-
  ness, as they stood  in the light towards him, and
  he stood in the dark towards them.        Bacon.
    A journey of much adventure  had  been not com-
  municated with any of his majesty's counsellors, be-
  ing carried with great closeness, liker a business of
  love than state.                        Wotton.
    We  rise not  against toe piercing judgment of
  Augustus, nor the  extreme  caution or closeness of
  Tiberius.                       Bacon's Essays.
    This prince was so very reserved,  that he would
  impart  his secrets to no body: whereupon this close-
  ness did a little perish his understanding.   Collier.
 7. Covetousness; sly  avarice.
    Irus judged, that while he  could keep his poverty
  a secret, he should not feel it:  he improved this
  thought into  an affectation of closeness and covet-
  ousness.                   Addison's Spectator.
 8. Connection;  dependance.
    The  actions and proceedings of wise men run in
  greater closeness and coherence  with one another,
  than thus to drive at a  casual issue,  brought under
  no forecast or design.                    South.
 Clo'ser, klo'zur. to.  s. [from close.] A fin-
  isher; a  concluder.
Clo'sestool, klose'st661. to. a. [close  and
  stool.]  A chamber implement.
    A pestle for his truncheon, led the  van;
  And his high helmet was a close-stool pan.  Garf^.
 Clo'set,  kloz'it." to. s.  [from  close.]
 1. A small room  of privacy and  retire-
   ment.
    The taper burnetii in your closet.       Shaksp.
    He would make a step into his closet, and after a
  short prayer he was gone.               Wotton.
 2. A private  repository of curiosities and
   valuable things.
    He should have made himself a key, wherewith
  to open the cfosef of Minerva, where those fair trea»
  sures are to be found in all abundance.    Dryden.
    He furnishes her cfosef first, and fills
  The crowded shelves with rarities of shells. Diyden.
 'To Clo'set, kldz'it. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1, To shut up, or  conceal, in a closet.
                   The heat
  Of thy great love once spread, as in  an urn,
  Doth cfosef up itself.                    Herbert.
 2. To take into a closet  for a secret inter-
   view.
    About this time began  the project of doseting,
  where  the principal gentlemen of toe kingdom were
  privately catechised by  his Majesty.         Swift.
 Closh, klosh. to. s. A  distemper in the
   feet of cattle;  called also the founder.
                                        Diet,
 Clo'sure, kl6'zhure.*53 n. &. [from close]
 1. The act of shutting up.
    The chink was carefully closed up: upt.-u which
  dosure there appealed not any change.      Boyle.
 Z. That by which  any  thing is closed  oy
   shu*. 
CLO
CLO
CLO
    l admire your sending your last to me quite open,
  without a seal, wafer, or any cfoswre whatever.
                                 Pope to Swift.
3. The parts inclosing; jnclosure.
             0 thou bloody prison!
  Within thetguilty cfosure of  thy walls
  Richard the Second here was hack'd to death.
                                    Shakspeare.
4. Conclusion;  end. Not in use.
    We'll hand in hand all headlong cast us down,
  And make a mutual closure of our house.   Shaksp.
CLOT, klot  to. s.  [probably, at first, the
   same  with clod, but now always applied
   to different uses; or rather klotte, Dutch,
   a  mass.]     Concretion;   coagulation;
   grume.
     The  white of an egg, with spirit of wine, doth
  bake the egg into cfofs, as if it began to poch.
                                        Bacon.
     The opening itself was stopt with a cfof of gru-
  mous blood.                 Wiseman's Surgery.
 To  Clot, klot. v.  to.  [from  the noun; or
   from klotteren, Dutch.]
 1. To form clots, or  clods;  to hang toge-
   ther.
     Huge unwieldy bones, lasting remains
   Of that gigantick race; which, as he breaks
   The clotted glebe, the plowman haply finds. Philips.
 2.  To  concrete; to  coagulate;  to  gather
   into concretions: as, clotted milk, clotted
   blood.
     Here mangled limbs,  here brains and gore,
   Lie clotted.                           Philips.
 3. To become  gross.
 CLOTH,  kl6th.*w „. s,  plural cloths or
   clothes. [cla$, Saxon.]
 I. Any  thing woven for dress or covering,
   whether of  animal  or  vegetable sub-
   stance.
         A costly  cloth of gold.           Drayton.
     The Spaniards buy their linen cfotfts in that king-
   dom.                                   Swift.
 2. The piece of linen spread upon a table.
     Nor let, like Nsevius,  every error pass;
   The musty wine, foul cloth,  or greasy glass.  Pope.
 3. The canvass on which pictures are  de-
   lineated.
     I answer you right  painted cfofft, from whence
   you have studied your questions.      Shakspeare.
     Who fears a sentence, or an old man's saw,
   Shall by a painted cfofft be kept in awe. Shakspeare.
     This idea, which we may call toe goddess  of
   painting and of sculpture, descends upon toe marble
   and the cloth, and becomes the original of these arts.
                                       Dryden.
 4. Any texture put to a particular use.
     The king stood  up under his cfofft of state,  took
   the sword from the protector, and dubbed  the Lord
   Mayor of London knight.      Sir John Hayward.
     I'll make tbe  very green cfofft to look blue.
                                    Ben Jonson.
 5. Dress;  raiment.
     I'll ne'er distrust my God  for cfofft and bread,
   While lilies flourish, and the raven 's fed. Q,uarles.
 6.-  Cloth,   taken   absolutely,  commonly
   means a texture of wool.
 7. In the  plural. Dress;  habit;  garment;
   vesture; vestments: including whatever
   covering is  worn  on  the  bedy. In this
   sense always clothes, pronounced clo's.
     He with him brought Pryene, rich array'd
  In Claribellae's  cfofftes.                 Spenser.
     Take up these clothes here quickly: cany them  to
  the laundress in  Datchet-mead.       Shakspeare.
     Strength grows  more  from the warmth of exer-
  cises than ofcloaths.                    Temple.
8. The  covering of a bed.
     Gazing on her midnight foes,
  She turn'd each way her frighted head,
  Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes.      Prior.
To Clothe, kloTHE.467T>.a. pret. I clothed,
  or clad; particip. clothed, or clad, [from
  cloth.]
1. To  invest with garments; to cover with
  dress, from cold and injuries.
    An inhabitant of  Nova Zembla  having lived in
  Denmark, where he  was clothed, took the first op-
  portunity of making his escape into nakedness.
                           Addison's Freeholder.
    The Britons, in Caesar's time, painted their bo-
  dies,  and clothed themselves with the skins of beasts.
                                        Swift.
    With superior boon may your rich soil
  Exuberant nature's better blessings pour
  O'er  every land, the naked nations clothe,
  And be to' exhaustless granary of a world. Thomson.
2. To adorn  with  dress.
    We cfoffte and adorn our bodies; indeed, too much
  time  we bestow upon that. Our souls also are to be
  clothed with holy habits, and  adorned with good
  works.                       Ray on Creation.
    Embroider'd purple clothes the golden beds. Pope.
3. To invest, as with clothes.
    I put on righteousness, and it clothed me.   Job.
    Hast thou clothed his neck with thunder?   Job.
    I will also cfoffte her priests with  salvation.  Psaf.
    If thou beest he;  but 0 how fall'n! how chang'd
  From him, who in the happy realms of light,
  Cloth'd with transcendent brightness, did'st out shine
  Myriads though bright!                  Milton.
       They leave the shady realms of night,
  And, cloth'd in bodies, breathe  your upper light.
                                      Dryden.
    Let both use the clearest language in which they
  can cfoffte their thoughts.      Waffs on the Mind.
4. To furnish or provide with clothes
    Drowsiness shall  cfoffte a man with rags.  Prov.
To  Clothe, kloi he. v. n To  wear clothes.
    Care no more to cfoffte and eat. Shak. Cymbeline.
Clo'thier, kloTHE'yer.113  w.   a.  [from
  cloth] A maker of cloth.
    The clothiers all, not able  to maintain
  The many to them 'longing, have put off
  The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers.  Shakspeare.
    His commissioners should  cause clothiers to take
  wool, paying only two parts of the price. Hayward.
    They shall only spoil the clothier's wool, and beg-
  gar the present spinners, at best.          Graunt.
Clo'thing,  kloTHE'ing.410 to. a. [from To
  clothe.] Dress;  vesture; garments.
    Thy bosom might receive my yielded spright,
  And thine with it, in heav'n's pure clothing drest,
  Through clearest skies might take united flight.
                                      Fairfax.
    Your bread and clothing, and every necessary of
  life, entirely depend upon it.               Sioift.
Clothshe'arer, klo^A'sheer-ur. TO.*.[from
  cloth and ahear.]    One who trims  the
  cloth, and levels the nap.
    My father  is a poor man, and by his occupation
  a clothshearer.           Hakewill on Providence.
Clo'tpoll,  klot'pole'. to. a. [from clot and
  poll.]
2. Thickskull; blockhead.
    What says the fellow, there?  call  the clotpoll
  back.                            Shakspeare.
2. Head, in scorn.
    I have sent Cloten's clotpoll down the  stream,
  In embassy to his mother.  Shakspeare's  Cymbeline.
To  Clo'tter, klot'tur.  v. n. [klotteren,
  Dutch.] To  concrete; to coagulate;  to
  gather into lumps.
            He dragg'd the trembling sire,
  Slidd'ring thro' clotter'd blood and  holy mire.
                               Dryden's AEneid.
Clo'tty, klot'te. adj. [from clot] Full of
  clods;  concreted; full of concretions.
    The matter expectorated is  thin, and mixt with
  thick, cfof,'!/, bluish streaks. Harvey on Consumptions*
    Where land is cfofty, and a shower of rain soaks
  through, you may make use of a roll to break it.
                                    Mortimer.
CLOUD, kloud. to. *. [The  derivation is
   not  known. Minshew  derives it  from
   claudo, to shut; Somner from clod;  Ca-
   saubon from et^Xbg, darkness;  Skinner
   from kladde, Dutch, a spot]
1. The dark collection of vapours in the air.
    Now are the cfowds, that lower'd upon our house,
  In toe deep bosom of the ocean buried. Shakspeare.
    As  a mist is a multitude of small but solid glo-
  bules, which therefore descend; so a vapour, and
  therefore a watery cloud, is nothing else but a con-
  geries of very  small and concave globules, which
  therefore ascend, to that height in which they are of
  equal  weight with the air, where  they remain sus-
  pended, till, by some  motion in the air, being bro-
  ken, they descend in solid drops; either small, as in
  a mist; or bigger, when many of them run together,
  as in rain.                  Grew's Cosmologia.
    Clouds are the greatest and most considerable of
  all the meteors, as furnishing water and plenty to
  the  earth. They consist of very small drops of water,
  and are elevated a good distance above the surface
  of the earth; for a cfond is nothing but a mist flying
  high in the air, as a mist is nothing but a cloud here
  below                                 Locke.
    How vapours, turn'd to clouds, obscure the sky;
  And clouds, dissolv'd, the thirsty ground supply.
                                   Roscommon.
    The dawn is overcast, the morning low'rs,
  And heavily in clouds brings on the day.  Addison.
2. The veins, i narks, or stains, in stones or
   other  bodies.
3. Any state of obscurity or darkness.
    Tho' poets may of inspiration boast,
  Their rage, ill govern'd, in the clouds is lost.
                                       Waller,
    How can I see the brave and young
  Fall in the cloud of war, and fall unsung?  Addison.
4. Any thing that spreads wide; as a crowd,
   a multitude.
    The objection comes to no more than  this, that,
   amongst  a cloud of witnesses, there was one of no
  very good reputation.                 Atterbury.
 To Cloud, kloud. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To  darken with  clouds,  to cover with
   clouds; to obscure.
2. To  make of sullen and gloomy  appear-
   ance.
    Be  not dishearten'd then, nor cloud those  looks,
   That wont to be more cheerful and serene. Milton.
    What sullen fury clouds his scornful brow! Pope.
3. To obscure; to make  less  evident.
    If men would not exhale  vapours to  cloud and
   darken the clearest truths, no man could miss his way
   to heaven for want of light.        Decay of Piety.
4. To variegate with dark veins.
           The handle smooth and plain,
   Made of the clouded olive's easy grain.      Pope.

 To Cloud, kloud.  v. to. To  grow cloudy;
   to grow dark with  clouds.

Clo'udberry, klo&d'ber-re. to. a.  [from
   cloud and  berry; chamemorus]   The
   name of a  plant,  called also knotberry.
                                      Miller.

Clo'udcapt, kl6&d'kapt. adj. [from cloud
   and  cap.] Topped with clouds; touch-
   ing  the clouds.
    The cloudcapt towers, the gorgeous palaces,
   The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
   Yea, all which it inherits, shall dissolve.   Shaksp.

Cloudcompe'lling, kl6ud'k6m-p£l-ling.
   410 adj. [A word  formed in imitation of
   ¥(Pitoyi{£Ttii,il\ understood.] An epithet 
CLO
CLO
CLO
   of Jupiter, by  whom clouds  were sup-
   posed to be collected.
    Health to both kings, attended with a roar
  Of cannons, echo'd from th' affrighted shore;
  With loud resemblance of his thunder, prove
  Bacchus the seed of cloudcompelling Jove.  Waller,
                 Supplicating move
  Thy just complaint to cloudcompelling Jove. Dryd.
Clo'udily, kloud'de-le. adv. [from clou-
   dy.]
 1. With clouds; darkly.
2. Obscurely; not perspicuously.
    Some had rather have  good discipline delivered
  plainly, by way of precepts, than cloudily enwrapped
  in allegories.                         Spenser.
    He was commanded to write so cloudily by Cor-
  nutus.                               Diyden.
Clo'udiness, klou'de-nes. to. s. [from clou-
   dy]
 I. The  state of being covered with clouds;
   darkness.
    You have such a February face,
  So full of frost, of storm, and cloudiness.   Shaksp.
    The situation of this island exposes it to a contin-
  ual cloudiness, which in the summer renders the air
  colder, and in the winter warm.          Harvey.
2, Want of brightness.
    I saw a cloudy Hungarian diamond  made clearer
  by  lying in a  cold liquor; wherein,  he affirmed,
  that upon  keeping it  longer, the stone would lose
  more of its cloudiness.                    Boyle.
Clo'udless, kloud'les. adj. [from cloud.]
   Without   clouds;   clear;  unclouded;
   bright;  luminous; lightsome; pure; un-
   darkened.
    This Partridge soon shall view in cloudless skies,
  When next he looks through Galileo's eyes.  Pope.
    How many such there must be in the vast extent
  of space, a naked eye  in a cloudless night may give
  us some faint glimpse.                  Cheyne.
Clo'udy,  kloud'de. adj. [from cloud]
 1. Covered  with  clouds;  obscured  with
   clouds;  consisting of clouds.
    As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy
  pillar descended, and stood at the door.    Exodus.
2. Dark; obscure; not intelligible.
    If you content yourself frequently with words in-
  stead of ideas,  or with cloudy and confused notions
  of things, how impenetrable will that darkness be!
                             Watts on the Mind.
3. Gloomy of look; not open, not cheerful.
    So my storm-beaten heart likewise is cheer'd
  With that sun-shine, when cloudy looks are clear'd.
                                       Spe»iser
    Witness my son, now in the shade of death,
  Whose bright outshining beams thy cloudy wrath
  Hath in eternal darkness folded up.    Shakspeare.
4. Marked with spots  or  veins.
5. Not bright, wanting lustre.
          I saw a cloudy diamond.          Boyle.

Clove, klove. [the preterite of To cleave.]
   See To  Cleave.
    Gyon's angry blade so fierce did play
  On th' other's helmet, which as Titan  shone,
  That quite it clove his plumed crest in tway.
                                  Fairy Queen.

CLO V E, klove. to. *. [clou, Fr. a nail, from
  the similitude  of a clove to a nail.]
1. A   valuable spice bi ought from Ter-
  nate in the East Indies. It is the fruit or
  seed of a very  large  tree.
    Clove seems to be the rudiment or beginning of a
  fruit growing upon clove-trees.            Brown.
2. Some of the parts into which garlick se-
  par.'t es, when the outer skin  is torn off.
  [In i'.iis sense it  is derived from clove,
  the preterite of cleave]

    VOL. I.
    'Tis mortal sin an onion to devour;
  Each cfore of garlick is a sacred power.  Tate's Juv.
Clove-gillyflower,  klove-jil'le-ffour.
  to. s. [from its smelling like cloves]
    This genus may be divided into three classes; 1.
  The clove-gillyflower, or carnation. 2. The pink. 3.
  The sweet William. The carnation, or clove-gilly-
  flower, are distinguished into four classes. The first,
  called flakes, having two colours only,  and  toeir
  stripes large, going quite  through the leaves.  The
  second, called bizars, have flowers striped or varie-
  gated with three or four different colours. The third
  are piquettes: these  flowers have always a white
  ground, and  are spotted with scarlet, red, purple, or
  other colours. The fourth are called painted ladies:
  these have their petals of a red or purple colour on
  the upper side, and are white underneath. Of each
  of these classes there are numerous varieties.  The
  true clove-gillyflower has been long in use for mak-
  ing a cordial syrup.  There are two or three varie-
  ties commonly brought  to the markets, which differ
  greatly in gooduess; some having very little scent,
  when compared with the true sort.        Miller.
Clo'ven,  klo'vn.103   part.  pret.  [from
  cleave.] See  To CLEAVE.
    There is Aufidius, list you what work he makes
  Among your cloven army.            Shakspeare.
               Now heap'd  high
  The cloven oaks and lofty pines do lie.     Waller
    A chap-fallen beaver, loosely hanging by
  The ctoven helm, and arch of victoiy.     Diyden.
Clo'ven-footed, klo'vn-fut-ed.}    adj.
Clo'ven-hoofed, klo'vn-hooft. ) [cloven
  and foot,  or hoof]  Having the foot  di-
  vided into two parts; not a round hoof;
  bisulcous.
    There are the bisulcous  or cloven-hoofed; as ca-
  mels and beavers.       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    The cloven-footed fiend is banish'd from us. Dryd.
    Great variety of water-fowl, both whole and cfo-
  ven-footed, frequent the waters. Ray on the Creation.
CLO'VER, klo'vur.              >  to. s.
Clo'ver-grass, klo'vtir-gras.78 79 $ [more
  properly  claver; claepep.,  Sax.]
1. A  species of trefoil.
    The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth
  The freckled cowslip, burnet,  and green cfover.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
              Nature shall provide
  Green grass and fatt'ning clover for their fare. Dry.
    Clover improves land, by the great  quantity of
  cattle it maintains.         Mortimer's Husbandry.
    My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass,
  Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass.   Gay.
2. To live in Clover, is to live luxuriously;
  clover  being extremely delicious  and
  fattening to cattle.
    Well, Laureat, was the night in clover spent? Ogle.
Clo'vebed, klo'vurd.369  adj. [from  clo-
  ver] Covered with clover.
    Flocks thick-nibbling thro' the clover'd vale.
                                     Thomson.
Clough, kldf.  to. s.  [clough, Saxon.] The
  cleft of a hill; a cliff.  In composition, a
  hilly place.
Clough, kliif.  n. s.  [In commerce.]   An
  allowance of two  pounds in every hun-
  dred weight for  the turn ofthe scale,
  that the commodity may hold out weight
  when sold by retail.
CLOUT, klovit. to. s. [clue, Saxon.]
1. A  cloth for any mean use.
    His garment nought  but many ragged cfowfs,
  With thorns together pinn'd, and patched was.
                                      Spenser.
             A cfouf upon that head,
  Where late  the diadem stood.         Shakspeare.
    In pow'r of spittle and a cfouf.
  Whene'er he please, to blot it out.          Swift.
                    U 11
2. A patch on a shoe or coat.
3. Anciently, the mark of white cloth  at
   which archers shot.
    He drew a good bow; he shot a fine  shoot;  he
  would have clapt in the cfouf at twelve score.
                                   Shakspeare.
4. An iron plate to keep an axle-tree from
   wearing.
To Clout, klout. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To patch; to mend coarsely.
           I thought he slept, and put
  My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness
  Answer'd my steps too loud.          Shakspeare.
                The dull swain
  Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon.   Milton.
2. To cover with a cloth.
            Milk some unhappy ewe,
  Whose clouted leg her hurt doth shew.     Spenser.
3. To join awkwardly or coarsely together.
    Many sentences of one meaning clouted up toge-
  ther.                                 Ascham.
Clo'uted,  klovi'ted.  participial adj. Con-
   gealed; coagulated:  corruptly used for
   clotted.
      I've seen her skin the clouted cream,
  And press from spongy curds the milky stream. Gay.
Clo'uterly,  kiou/tiir-le.  adj.  [probably
   by  corruption  from louterly] Clumsy;
   awkward: as, a clouterly fellow.
    The single wheel plough is a very clouterly sort.
                         Mortimer's Husbandry,
CLOWN, kloin. to. *. [Imagined by Skin-
   ner and Junius  to be contracted from
   colonus. It seems rather a Saxon word,
   corrupted from lown; loen, Dut. a word
   nearly ofthe same import.]
1. A  rustick; a country fellow;  a churl.
    He came with all his cfoiens, horsed upon cart-
    fes.                                 Sidney.
    The clowns, a boist'rous, rude, ungovern'd crew,
  With furious haste to the loud summons flew. Dryd.
2. A  coarse, ill-bred  man.
    In youth a coxcomb, and in age a cfcun.  Sped.
    A country squire, represented with no other vice
  but that of being a clown, and having the provincial
  accent.                                 Su-ift.
Clo'wnery,   kloun'ur-re.   to.  s.  [from
   clown] Ill-breeding;churlishness; rude-
   ness;  brutality.
    The  fool's conceit had both clownery and ill-na-
  ture.                             L'Es'range.
Clo'wnish, kldun'ish. adj. [from  clown/]
1. Consisting of rusticks or  clowns.
    Young Silvia beats her breast, and cries aloud
   For succour from the clownish neighbourhood  Hry.
2. Coarse;  rough; rugged.
    But with his clownish hands their tender wings
   He brushes oft.           Spenser's Fairy (^ueen.
3. Uncivil; ill-bred; ill-mai>.i.t red.
           What if we essay'd to steal
   The clownish fool out of your father's court?
                                   Shakspeare
4. Clumsy; ungainly.
    With a grave look, in this odd equipage,
   The clownish mimick traverses the stage.  Prior.
Clo'wnishly, kl6un'isl)-le.  adv.  [lY<>m
   clownish.] Coarsely; rudely; brutally.
Clo'wxishness, kloun'ish-nes. n.  s. [from
   clownish.]
1. Rusticity; coarseness; unpolished rude-
   ness.
    Even his Dorick dialect has in incomparable
   sweetness in its clownishness.             ih i  \u.
    If the boy should not make legs very p;race:' :.\  a
   dancing master will cure that dffeet, and wip^ofl
   that plainness which the a-la-mode people call clvwn-
   ishness.                                lMck(. 
CLU
CLU
CLU
2. Incivility; brutality.
Clown's Mustard, kldunz-mus'terd. n.s.
   An herb.                           Dict
To CLOY,  klde. v.  a.  [enclouer,  Fr. to
   nail up; to stop up.]
1. To satiate; to sate; to fill beyond desire;
   to surfeit; to fill to loathing.
    The length of those speeches had not cloyed Py-
  rocles, though he were very impatient of long deli-
  berations.                             Sidney.
    The very creed of Athanasius, and toat sacred
  hymn of glory, are reckoned as superfluities, which
  we must in any case pare away, lest we cloy God
  with too much service.                  Hooker.
    Who can cloy the hungry edge of appetite
  By bare imagination of a feast?       Shakspeare.
    Continually varying the same sense, and taking
  up what he had more than enough inculcated before,
  he sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying
  them.                               Dryden.
  Whose little store her well taught mind does please,
  Nor pinch'd with want, nor cloy'd with wanton ease.
                                  Roscommon.
    Intemperance in eating and drinking, instead of
  delighting and satisfying nature, doth but load and
  cloy it.                             Tillotson.
     Settle, cloy'd with custard and with praise,
  Is gather'd to the dull of ancient days.      Pope.
2. It seems to have, in  the following pas-
   sage, another sensej  perhaps to  strike
   the beak together.
                   His royal bird
   Prunes the immortal wing, and cloys his beak,
   As when his god is pleas'd.               Shaksp.
3.  To nail up guns,  by striking  a  spike
   into the touch-hole.

Cloy'less, klde'les. adj. [from  cloy.] That
   of which too much cannot  be had;  that
   which cannot cause satiety.
                 Epicurean cooks
  Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.    Shaksp.

Clo'yment, kl6e'ment. to. a. [from  cloy]
   Satiety; repletion beyond appetite.
    Alas! their love may be call'd appetite:
  No motion of the liver, but the palate,
  That suffers surfeit, cloyment, and revolt.  Shaksp,

CLUB, klub.  to.  a. [from clwppa, Welsh:
   kluppel, Dutch.]
 1.  A heavy  stick; a staff intended for of-
   fence.
           He strove his combred club to quit
  Out of the earth.         Spenser's Fairy Queen.
    As he pulled  off his helmet, a butcher slew him
  with the stroke of a club.              Hayward.
    Arm'd with a knotty ctwft another came.   Dryd.
2. The name of one of the suits of cards.
    The clubs black tyrant first her victim died,
  Spite of his haughty mien and barb'rous pride.
                                        Pope.
3. [From cleopan, to divide. Skinner] The
   3hot or dividend of a reckoning, paid by
   the company in just proportions.
    A fuddling couple sold ale: their humour was to
  drink drunk, upon their own liquor: toey laid down
  their club,  and this  they called forcing a trade.
                                  L'Estrange.
4. An assembly of good fellows, meeting
   under certain conditions.
    What right has any man to meet in  factious clubs
  to vilify the government?      Dryd. Medal. Ded.
$. Concurrence; contribution; joint charge.
    He's bound to vouch them for his own,
  Tho' got b' implicite generation,
  And general cfuft of all the nation.      Hudibras.
To Club,  klcib. v. n. [from the noun.]
J. To contribute to a common expence in
  settled proportions.
2. To join to one effect;  to contribute se-
   parate powers to one end.
    Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream
  Of fancy, madly met, and cfwf>6'd into a dream.
                                     Dryden.
    Every part of the body seems to cfuf> and contri-
  bute  to the seed; else why  should parents, born
  blind or deaf, sometimes generate children with the
  same imperfections?                      Ray.
    Let sugar, wine, and cream together club,
  To make that gentle viand, syllabub.       King.
    The owl, the raven, and the bat,
  Clubb'd for a feather to his hat.            Swift.
To Club, klub.  v. a.  To  pay  to  a com-
   mon reckoning.
    Plums and directors, Shylock and his wife,
  Will club their testers now to take your life.  Pope.
    Fibres being distinct, and impregnated by distinct
  spirits, how should they club  their particular infor-
  mations into a common idea?   Collier on  Thought.
Clubhea'ded, klllb'hed-ed. adj. [club and
  ' head.]   Having  a thick head.
    Small clubheaded antennas.           Derham.
Clubla'w, klub'law. to. *. [club and law]
   Regulation by force; the law of arms.
    The enemies of our happy establishment seem to
  have recourse to the laudable method of clublaw,
  when they find all other means for enforcing the ab-
  surdity of their opinions to be ineffectual.
                           Addison's Freeholder.
Clu'broom, klub'r66m.  «.  s.  [club and
   room.]   The room  in which  a  club or
   company assembles.
    These ladies resolved to give the pictures of their
  deceased husbands to the clubroom. Addison's Sped.
To Cluck, kluk. v. to. [cloccian, Welsh;
   clochat, Armorick; cloccan; Sax.; klock-
   en,  Dut.] To call chickens, as a hen.
    She poor hen, fond of no second brood,
  Has cluck'd thee to the wars.    Shak. Coriolanus.
    Ducklings, though hatched  by a hen, if she brings
  them to a river, in they go, though the hen clucks
  and calls to keep them out.   Ray on the  Creation.
Clump, klump. n. s. [formed from lump.]
1.  A  shapeless  piece of wood, or  other
   matter, nearly equal in its dimensions.
2. A cluster of trees; a  tuft of trees or
   shrubs: anciently a plump.
Clumps, khlmps. n. a.  A numskull.
                                   Skinner.
Clu'msily, klum'ze-le. adv. [from clum-
   ay]   Awkwardly;  without  readiness;
   without nimbleness; without grace.
    He walks very clumsily and ridiculously.
                           Ray on the  Creation.
    This lofty humour is dumsily and inartificial ly
  managed, when affected.         Collier  on Pride.
Clu'msiness,  klum'ze-nes.  to. s.  [from
   clumsy.]   Awkwardness;  ungainliness;
   want of  readiness,  nimbleness or dex-
   terity.
    The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clum-
  siness and  ignorance, which either  wants proper
  tools, or skill to use them.        Collier on Fame.

CLU'MSY,  klum'ze. adj.   [This word,
   omitted  in the  other  etymologists, is
   rightly derived by Bailey from lompsch,
   Dutch, stupid. In English, lump, clump,
   lumpish, clumpinh, clumpishly, clumsily,
   clumsy/]   Awkward;  heavy;   artless;
   unhandy; without dexterity,  readiness,
   or grace.   It is  used either of persons,
   or actions, or things.
    The  matter ductile and sequacious, apt to be
  moulded into such shapes, and machines, even by
  clumsy fingers.                           Ray.
    But thou in dumsy verse, unlick'd, unpointed,
  Hast shamefully defy'd.                Dryden.
    That clumsy outside of a porter,
  How could it thus conceal a courtier?       Swift.

Clung, kliing.  The  preterite and parti-
   ciple of cling.
Clung, khlng. adj. [clungu, Sax.] Wasted
   with leanness; shrunk  up with  cold.
To Clung,  kliing. v. n.  [clingan,  Sax.]
   To dry as  wood docs, when it is laid up
   after it  is cut.  See To Cling.

CLU'STER,  klus'tur."8 n. s. [clypcep,
   Sax. kliater, Dutch.]
I.  A bunch; a number of things of the
   same kind growing or  joined together.
    Grapes will continue fresh and moist all winter,
  if you hang them cluster by cluster in the roof of a
  warm room.                           Bacon.
        A  swelling knot is rais'd;
  Whence in short space, itself the cfusfer shows,
  And from earth's moisture, mixt with sun-beams,
        grows.                       Denham.
    The saline  corpuscles of one liquor do variously
  act upon  the tinging corpuscles of another, so as to
  make many of them associate into a cluster, where-
  by two transparent liquors may compose a coloured
  one.                                Newton.
    An elm was near, to whose embraces led,
  The curling vine her swelling clusters spread. Pope.
2.  A  number  of animals  gathered  to-
   gether.
                  As bees
  Pour forth their populous youth about the hive
  In cfusfers.              Milton's Paradise Lost.
    There  with their clasping feet together clung,
  And a long cluster from the laurel hung.   Dryden,
3.  A  body of persons collected:  used in
   contempt.
            We lov'd him; but like beasts,
  And coward nobles, gave way to your cf usfers,
  Who did hoot him out 0' th' city.         Shaksp.
    My friend took his station among a cluster of mob,
  who were making themselves  merry with their bet-
  ters.                                Addison.
To Clu'ster,  klus'tur.  v. to.  [from the
   noun.]   To grow in bunches; to gather
   into bunches;  to  congregate.
    Forth flourish'd thick the clustering vine. Milton.
    Great father Bacchus,  to my song repair;
  For clustering grapes are thy  peculiar care.  Dryd.
    Or from the forest falls tbe cfusfer'd snow,
  Myriads of gems.           Thompson's Winter.

To Clu'ster, klfts'tur. v. a.   To collect
   any thing into bodies.
Cluster-grape, klu.s'tiir-grape.w.*. [from
   cluster  and grape.]
    The small black grape is by some called the cur-
  rant, or clustergrape; which I  reckon toe forwardest
  of the black sort.        Mortimer's Husbandry.

Clu'stery,  klris'tur-re.  adj.  [from clust-
   er] Growing in  clusters.

To CLUTCH, kldtsh. v.  a.  [of uncer-
   tain etymology.]
1. To hold in the hand; to gripe; to grasp.
           Is this a dagger I see before me,
  The handle tow'rd my hand? Come let me cfufeft
       thee.                            Shaksp.
                           They,
  Like moles within us, heave and cast about;
  And, till they foot and cfufeft their prey,
  They never cool.                     Herbert.
2.  To comprize; to grasp.
    A man may set the poles  together in his head,
  and clutch toe whole globe atone intellectual grasp.
                            Collier on Thought.
3. To contract; to double the hand, so as
   to  seize and hold fast. 
CO A
COA
C 0 A
    Not that I have the power to cfufeft my hand,
  When his fair angels would salute my palm.
                             Shaksp. King John.
Clutch, khltsh.  n. s. [from the verb.]
1.  The gripe;  grasp; seizure.
2.  Generally, in ihe plural, the  paws, the
   talons.
    It was toe hard fortune of a cock to  fall into the
  clufeftes of  a cat.                   L'Estrange.
3.  Hands,  in   a  sense   of  rapacity  and
   cruelty.
    Your greedy slav'ring to devour,
  Before 'twas"in your clutches pow'r.     Hudibras.
    Set up the covenant on crutches,
  'Gainst those who have us in toeir clutches. Hudib.
    I must have great leisure, and little  care of my-
  self, if I ever more come near toe clutches of such a
  giant.                            Stillingfleet.
CLUTTER, klut'tur.9*  n. *. [See Clat-
   ter.] A noise; a bustle; a busy tumult;
   a hurry; a clamour. A low word.
    He saw what a clutter there was with huge, over-
  grown pots, pans, and spits.           L'Estrange.
    The fav'rite child, that just begins to prattle,
  Is very humoursome, and makes great clutter,
  Till he has windows on his bread and butter.  King.
    Prithee,  Tim, why all this clutter?
  Why ever in these raging fits?             Swift
To Clu'tter,  Kidt'lur.  v.  to. [from the
   noun.]   To  make a noise, or  bustle.
Cly'ster, glis'iiir. to. s. [%*-v?ie]   An in-
   jection into the anus.
    If nature relieves by a diarrhoea, without sinking
  the strength of the patient, it is not to  be stopt, but
  promoted gently by  emollient clysters.     Arbuth.
To COACE'KVATE,vk6-a-ser'vate.9l  v.
   a. [coacervo, Lat.]   To  heap up  to-
   gether.
    The collocation of toe spirits in bodies, whether
  the spirits be coacervate or diffused.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
Coacerva'tion,  ko-as-ser-va'shtin.  to.  s.
   [from  coacervate.]   The act of heap-
   ing, or state of being  heaped,  together.
    The fixing of it is the equal spreading ofthe tangi-
  ble parts, and the close coacervation of them.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
COACH,  kotsh. to.  s. [cache, Fr.  kotczy,
   among the  Hungarians, by  whom  this
   vehicle is said  to  have been  invented.
   Minahew]   A carriage of pleasure, or
   state, distinguished from a chariot  by
   having seats  fronting each other.
    Basilius  attended for her in a coach, to carry her
  abroad to see some sports.               Sidney.
                  A better would you fix?
  Then give humility a coach and six.         Pope.
    Suppose  toat last week my coach was within  an
  inch of overturning in a smooth even way, and drawn
  by very gentle horses.                    Swift.
To Coach, kotsh.  v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To  carry in a coach.
    The needy poet sticks to all he meets,
   Coach'd, carted, trod upon; now loose,  now fast,
   And carry'd off in some dog's tail at last.    Pope.

Coach-box, kotsh'boks.  «.  *. [coach and
   box/]   The  seat on which the driver of
   the coach  sits.
    Her father had two coachmen: when one was in
   toe coachbox, if toe coach swung but in toe least to
  one side, she used to shriek.
                 Arbuthnot's History  of John Bull.

Coach-hire, kotsh'hire. to. *.  Money paid
   for  the use of  a hired coach.
    You exclaim as loud as those that praise,
   For scraps and coach-hire, a young noble's plays.
                                      Dryden.
    My expenses in coach-hire make no small article.
                                    Spectator.
Coach-house, kotsh'h6use.313 n. *.  [coach
   and house.]   The  house  in which  the
   coach is kept from the weather.
    Let him  lie in the stable or the coach-house.
                                       Swift.
Coac H-MAKER,k6tsh'vna-kur.88 to. s. [coach
   and maker.]   The  artificer whose trade
   is to make corxhes.
    Her chariot is an empty hazel-nut,
  Made by the joyner Squirrel,  or old Grub,
  Time out of mind the fairies' coach-makers.  Shak.
    Take care of your wheels:  get a new set bought,
  and probably the coach-maker will consider you.
                                       Swift.
Coaoh-man, kotsh'man.88 to. s. [coach  and
   man]   The driver of a coach.
        Thy nags, the leanest things alive,
  So very hard thou lov'st to drive;
  I heard thy anxious coachman say,
  It cost thee more in whips than hay.         Prior.
    She commanded her trembling coachman to drive
  her chariot near the body of her king.      South.
To COA'CT, ko-akt' v.  n. [from con  and
   act.]   To act together; to  act in con-
   cert.   Not used.
    But if I tell how these two did coacf,
  Shall I not  lye in publishing a truth.       Shaksp.
Coa'ction, ko-ak'shun. to. s. [coactus, Lat.]
   Compulsion; force,  either restraining
   or impelling.
    It had  the passions in perfect subjection;  and
  though its command over them was persuasive and
  political, yet it had the force  of coaction, and des-
  potical.                               South.
Coa'otive, ko-ak'tiv.107 adj. [from  coact]
1. Having the force of restraining  or  im-
   pelling;  compulsory; restrictive.
    The Levitical priests, in the old law, never arro-
  gated unto themselves any temporal or coactive pow-
  er.                                  Raleigh.
2. Acting  in concurrence.  Obsolete.
                Imagination,
  With what's unreal thou coactive art.      Shaksp.
Coadju'ment, ko-ad'ju-ment. to. s.  [from
   con  and adjumentum, Lat.]   Mutual
   assistance.                         Diet.
Coadju'tant, ko-ad'ju-tant. to. s. [from con
   and adjuto, Lat.] Helping; cooperating.
          Thracius coadjutant, and the roar
    Of fierce Euroclydon.                 Philips.

Coadju'tor, ko-ad-ju'tur.168 to. s.  [from
   con and  adjutor, Lat.]
1. A fellow-helper;  an assistant; an asso-
   ciate; one engaged in the assistance of
   another.
    I should  not succeed in a project, whereof I  have
  had no hint from my predecessors the poets, or toeir
  seconds or coadjutors toe criticks.         Dryden.
    Away the friendly coadjutor flies.  Garth's Disp.
      A gownman of a different make,
    Whom Pallas, once Vanessa's tutor,
    Had fix'd on for her coadjutor.          Bicift.
2. [In the canon law.]   One  who  is  im-
   powered or  appointed to perform  the
   duties of another.
     A bishop that is unprofitable to his diocese ought
   to be deposed and no coadjutor assigned him.  Ayl.
CoADJu'vANCY,ko-ad'ju-van-se. to. s.[from
   con and adjuvo,  Lat.]   Help;  concur-
   rent  help;  contribution   of help;  co-
   operation.
     Crystal  is  a mineral body, in the difference of
   stones, made of a lentous percolation of earth, drawn
   from the most pure and limpid juice thereof; owing
   to the coldness of the  earth some concurrence and
                 u  u 2
  coadjuvancy, but not immediate determination and
  efficiency.             JJrotcn's Vulgar Errourx.
Coaduni'tion, ko-ad-u-nish'un. n. s. [from
   con, ad, unitio,Lat.]   The conjunction
   of different substances into one mass.
    Bodies seem to have an intrinsick principle of,  or
  corruption from, the coadunifion of particles endued
  with contrary qualities. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
To COAGME'NT,   ko-ag-ment'. v.   a.
   [from con and agmen, Lat.]   To  con-
   gregate or heap together.   I have only
   found the participle in use.
    Had the world been coagmented from that sup-
  posed  fortuitous jumble, this hypothesis had been
  tolerable.                           Glanville.
Coagmenta'tion, ko-ag-men-ta'shin. to.  *.
   [from  coagment]   Collection, or  co-
   acervation, into one  mass;  union; con-
  junction.
    The third part rests in the well joining, cement-
  ing, and coagmentalicn of words, when it is smooth,
  gentle, and sweet.                 Ben Jonson.
Coa'gulable,  ko-ag'u-'a-bl.  adj.  [from
   coagulate]   That which is  capable of
   concretion.
    Stones th:it are rich in vitriol, being often drench-
  ed with rain  water, the liquor will then extract a
  fine and transparent substance, coagulable  into
  vitriol.                                Boyle.
To COA'GULATE, ko-Sg'u-lale.s1  v. a.
   [coagulo,  Lat.]  To  force into concre-
   tions; as, by the affusion of some other
   substance, to turn milk.
                Roasted in wrath and fire,
  And thus o'ersized with coagulate gore.    Shaksp.
    Vivification ever consisteth in spirits attenuate,
  which the cold doth congeal and coagulate.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
    Bitumen is found in lumps, or coagulated masses,
  in some springs.     Woodward's Natural History.
    The milk in the stomach  of calves, which is co-
  agulated by the runnet, is again dissolved and ren-
  dered fluid by the gall in the duodenum. Arbuthnot.
To Coa'gulate, ko-ag'u-late. v. to.   To
   run into concretions,  or congelations.
    Spirit of wine commixed  with milk, a third part
  spirit of wine, and two parts milk, coagulateth little,
  but mingleth; and the spirit swims not above.
                                       Bacon.
    About the third part of the  oil olive, which was
  driven over into the receiver, did there coagulate
  into a whitish body, almost like butter.      Boyle.
Coagula'tion, k6-ag-u-la'shiin.!TO. s. [from
   coagulate.]
1.  Concretion;  congelation; the  act of co-
   agulating; the state of being coagulated.
2.  The body formed by coagulation.
    As  the substance  of coagulations  is not  merely
  saline, nothing dissolves them but what penetrates
  and relaxes at the same time.         Arbuthnot.
Coa'gulative,  ko-ag'u-la-tiv. adj. [from
   coagulate.]  That which has the power
   of causing concretion, or coagulation.
    To manifest the coag-wfafive power, we have some-
  times  in a minute arrested the fluidity of new milk,
  and turned it into a curdled substance, only by dex-
  terously mingling with it a few drops of good oil  of
  vitriol.                               Boyle.
CoAGULA'TOR,k6-ag'u-la-ti1r.821 «.*.[from
   coagulate.]   That which causes coagu-
   lation.
     Coagulators of the humours, are those things
   which expel toe most fluid parts, as  in the  case of
   incrassating,  or  thickening; and  by those things
   which suck up some of the fluid parts, as absorb-
   ents.                              ArbiUhnot.
COAL, kole.a9fl«. *.[col, Sax. kol, Germ.
   kole, Dut. kul, Danish.] 
C 0  A
COA
COA
1.  The common fossile fewel.
    Coal is a black, sulphureous, inflammatory matter,
  dug out ofthe earth, serving for fewel, common in
  Europe, though the English coaf is of most repute.
  One species of pit coal is called cannel,  or  canole
  coal, which is found in the northern counties; hard,
  glossy, and light, apt to cleave into thin flakes, and,
  when kindled, yields a continual blaze till it be burnt
  out.                                 Chambers.
     Coals are solid, diy,  opake, inflammable sub-
  stances, found in large strata, splitting horizontally
  more easily than in any other direction; of a glossy
  hue, soft, and friable, not fusible, but easily inflam-
  mable, and leaving a large residuum of ashes.
                                  Hill on Fossils.
     But age, enforc'd, falls by her own consent:
  As coals to ashes, when the spirit's spent.  Denham.
     We shall meet with the same mineral lodged in
  coals, that elsewhere we found in marie.
                     Woodward's Natural History.
 2. The cinder  of scorched wood; charcoal.
     Whatsoever doth so alter a body, as it returneto
  not again to that it was, may be called alteratio ma-
  jor; as when cheese  is made of curds, or coals of
  wood, or bricks  of earth.                  Bacon.
 3.  Fire; any tning inflamed or ignited.
              You are no surer, no,
   Than is the coal of fire upon the ice,
   Or hailstones in the sun.                 Shaksp.
     You have blown this coal betwixt my lord and me.
                                        Sftafcsp.
     The rage uf jealousy then fir'd his soul,
   And his face kindled like a burning coat.  Dryden.
 To Coal, koie. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1.  To bu' n wood  to charcoal.
     Add the tinner's care and cost in buying the wood
   for this service; felling, framing, and piling it to be
   burnt;  in fetching the  same,  when it is  coaled,
   through such far,foul, and cumbersome ways.
                      Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
     Charcoal of roots, coaled into great pieces, lasts
   longer than ordinary charcoal.             Bacon.
 2.  To delin. ate witii  a coal.
     Marvailing, he coaled out rhimes upon the wall,
   near to the picture.                    Camden.
 Coal-blaok,   kole'blak.   adj. [coal  and
    black.]  Biack in the highest degree; of
    the colour of a  coal.
      As burning Mtn&, from his boiling stew,
   Doth belch out flames, and rocks in pieces broke,
      And ragged ribs of mountains molten new,
   Enrapt in coal-black clouds and filthy smoke.
                                    Fairy Queen.
      Ethiopians and negroes become coal-black from
   fuliginous efflorescencies, and complexional  tinc-
   tures.                                 Brown.
      Coal-black his colour, but like jet it shone;
   His legs and flowing tail were white alone.  Dryd.
 Coal-box, koie'b&ks. to. s. [coal and box.]
    A box to carry coals to the fire.
      Leave a pail of dirty water, a coal-box,  a bottle,
   a broom, and such other unsightly things.    Swift.
 Coal-fish, kole'fish.  to s. [asellus niger]
    A  species of beardless gadus.
 Coal-mine,  kole'mine.  to. s.  [coal  and
    mine.]  A mine in which coals are dug;
    a  coal pit.
      Springs injure land,  that flow from coal-mines.
                                       Mor-timer.
 Coal-pit,  kole'pit.  to. s.  [from  coal and
    pit.]  A  pit made in the earth, general-
    ly  to a great depth, for digging coals.
      A leaf of the  polypody kind, found  in the sink-
    ing of a coal-pit.                    Woodward.
 Coal-stone, kole'stone.  to.  s.  [coal and
    stone.]  A sort  of cannel  coal.  See
    Coal.
      Coal-stone flames easily,  and bums freely; but
    holds and endures the fire much longer than coal.
                                      Woodward.
Coal-work, kole'wuxk.  to. a. [coal  and
   work] A coalery;  a place where coals
   are found.
    There is a vast treasure in the old English, from
  whence authors may draw constant supplies; as our
  officers make their surest remits from the coal-works
  and the mines.                          Felton.

Co'alehy,  ko'ler-e. to. s.   [from coal] A
   place  where coals are dug.
    Two fine stalactits were found hanging from  a
  black stone, at a deserted vault in Benwell coalery.
                                    Woodward.
 To COALE'SCE,ko-a-\es'.v.n.[coalesco,
   Lat.]
 1. To unite in  masses  by  a  spontaneous
   approximation to each other.
    When vapours are raised, they hinder not the
   transparency of the air, being divided into parts too
   small to cause  any reflection in their superficies;
   but when they begin to coalesce, and constitute glo-
   bules, those globules become of a  convenient size
   to reflect some colours.                Newton.
 2. To grow together;  to  join.
 Coale'scence, ko-a-les'sense. n. s. [from
   coalesce]  The act of  coalescing;  con-
   cretion;  union.
 Coali'tion, ko-a-lish'nn.  to.  s.  [from co-
   alesco,  coalitum, Lat.]  Union in  one
   mass  or  body;  conjunction  of separate
   parts  in  one whole.
    The world's a mass of heterogeneous consisten-
   cies, and every  part thereof a coalition of  distin-
   guishable varieties.                   Glanville.
     In the first coalition of a people, their prospect
   is not great: they provide laws for their present exi-
   gence.                                  Hale.
     'Tis necessary that these squandered atoms should
   convene and unite into great masses:  without such
   a coalition the chaos must have reigned to all eter-
   nity.                                Bentley.
 Co'aly, ko'l.  adj. [from coal.]  Contain-
   ing coal.
     Or coaly Tine, or ancient hallow'd Dee. Milton.
 Coapta'tion,  ko-ap-ta'shun. to. s.  [from
   con and apto, Lat.]  The adjustment of
   parts to  each other.
     In a clock, the hand is moved upon the dial, the
   bell is  struck,  and  the other actions belonging  to
   the engine  are performed, by virtue of the  size,
   shape,  bigness, and coaptation of the several parts.
                                          Boyle.
     The  same method  makes  both prose and verse
   beautiful, which consists in the judicious coaptation
   and ranging of the words.                Broome.
  To COA'RCT, ko-arkt'.           5  v.  a.
  To COA'RCT ATE, ko-ark-tate'. 5   [co-
    arcto, Lat.]
  1. To straiten;  to confine into a  narrow
    compass.
     The wind finding the room in the form of a trunk,
   and coarctated therein, forced the stones of the win-
   dow, like pellets, clean through it.         Bacon.
  2. To contract power; to restrain.
      If a  man coarcts himself to  the extremity of  an
   act, he must blame and impute it to himself that
   he  has thus coarcted or straitened himself so far.
                                         Ayliffe.
  Coarctation, ko-ark-ta'shiin. to. s. [from
    coarct.]
  1.  Confinement;   restraint  to  a  narrow
    space.
      The greatest winds,  if they have no  coarctation,
   or blow not hollow, give an interiour sound.  Bacon.
  2. Contraction of  any space.
      Straighten the artery never so  much, provided
    the sides of it do not meet,  the vessel will continue
    to beat, below or beyond the coarctation.     Ray.
3. Restraint of liberty.
    Election is opposed not only to coaction, but
  also to coarcfafion, or determination to one.
                                     Bramhall.
COARSE, korse. adj
I. Noi icfined: not separated from impu-
   rities or baser parts.
                       I feel
  Of what coarse metal ye are moulded.      Shaksp.
2. Not soft or  fine: used of cloth, of which
   the threads  are large.
3. Rude;  uncivil;  rough  of manners.
4. Gross; not  delicate.
    'Tis not the coarser tye of human law
    That binds their peace.              Tftomsoji
5. Inelegant;  rude; unpolished.
    Praise of Virgil is against myself,  for presuming
  to copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful expres-
  sions.                                Dryden.
6. Not  nicely  expert;  unfinished by art
   or education.
    Practical rules may be useful to such as are re-
  mote from advice, and to coarse practitioners which
  they are obliged to make use  of.      Arbuthnot.
7  Mean; not  nice;  not elegant; vile.
    Ill consort, and a coarse perfume,
  Disgrace toe delicacy of a feast.     Roscommon.
    A coarse and useless dunghill weed,
  Fix'd to one spot, to rot just as it grows.    Otway.
    From this coarse mixture of terrestrial parts,
  Desire and fear by turns possess toeir hearts.
                                       Dryden.
Co'arsely, korse'le. adv. [from coarse]
 1.  Without fineness;  without refinement.
2. Meanly;  not elegantly.
     John came neither eating  nor drinking, but fa-
  red coarsely and poorly, according to the apparel
  he wore.                              Brown.
3.  Rudely; not civilly.
     The good cannot be too much honoured, nor the
  bad too coarsely used.                   Dryden.
4.  Inelegantly.
     Be pleased to accept the  rudiments  of Virgil's
   poetry, coarsely translated, but which yet retains
   some beauties of the author.             Dryden.
Co'arseness, korse'nes.  TO.«.[from coarse]
 1.  Impurity;  unrefined state.
     First know  the materials  whereof the  glass is
   made; then consider what  the reason is  of the
   coarseness or dearness.            Bacon's Essays.
 2.  Roughness; want  of fineness.
 3. Grossness; want  of delicacy.
     Friends (pardon the coarseness of the illustration)
   as dogs in couples,  should be of the same size.
                                    L'Estrange.
 4. Roughness;  rudeness of manners.
              A base wild olive he remains;
   The shrub the coarseness of the clown retains.
                                         Garth.
 5. Meanness;  want  of nicety.
     Consider the penuriousness of the  Hollanders,
   the coarseness of their food and raiment, and their
   little indulgences of pleasure. Addison on the War.
 COAST,  koste. n. *.   [coste,  Fr.  casta,
    Latin.]
  I. The edge  or margin of  the land next
    the sea;  the shore.  It  is not  used for
    the banks  of less  waters.
      He sees in English ships the Holland coast.
                                        Dryden.

    , It seems  to be taken  by Newton for
    side,  like  the French  coste.  It  was
    likewise so used  by Bacon.
      The south-east is found to be better for ripening
    of trees than the south-west; though tbe south-wesi
    be the hottest coast.                     Bacon,
      Some kind  of virtue, lodged in some sides  ol
 I  the crystal, inclines and bends the rays  toward 
GO A
COB
COC
   the coast, of unusual refraction; otherwise the rays
   would not be refracted towards  that coust rat.:
   than any other coast, both at their inuaeut. and ;■*.
   their emergence, so as to  emerge  by a contra; \
   situation of toe coast.           ,,'eicion's Oplicks.
 3. The Coast is clear.  [A proverbial ex-
   pression.] The danger is  over; the en-
   emies have marched off.
     Going out, and seeing that the coast was clear,
   Zelmane dismissed Musidorus.           Sidney.
     The royal spy, when now ffte coast was dear,
   Sought not the garden, but retir'd unseen.  Dryd.
 To Coast, koste. v. to.  [from the noun.]
   To sail c-lose by the coast; to sail with-
   in sight  of land.
     But steer my vessel with a steady hand,
   And coast  along the shore in sight of land.
                                Dryden's Virgil.
     The ancients coasted only in  their navigation,
   seldom taking the open sea.   Arbuthnot on Coins.
 To Coast,  koste. v. a.  To sail by; to sail
   near  to.
     Nearchus, the admiral of Alexander, not know-
   ing the compass, was fain to coast that shore.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     The greatest entertainment we found in coasting
   it, were the several prospects of  woods, vineyards,
   meadows, and corn-fields which  lie  on toe borders
   of it.                        Addison on Italy.
 Co'aster,  kos'tur.  to. s. [from coast.] He
  - that sails timorously  near the shore.
     In our small skiff we must not launch too far;
   We here but coasters, not discov'rers are. Dryden.
 COAT, k6te. to.  s. [cotte, Fr. cotta, Ital.]
 1. The upper garment.
     He was  armed with a coat of mail,  and toe
   weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of
   brass.                             1  Samuel.
     The coat of many colours they brought  to their
   father, and  said, this  have  we found: know now
   whether it be toy son's coat or no.       Genesis.
 2.  Petticoat;  the  habit  of a  boy in  his
   infancy;  the  lower part of  a  woman's
   dress.
     A  friend's younger  son, a child  in coats,  was
   not easily brought to his book.             Locke.
 3. The habit or vesture, as demonstrative
   of  the office.
     For his intermeddling with arms,  he is the more
   excuseable,  because many of his  coat,  in those
   times, are not only martial directors, but comman-
   ders.                      Howel's Vocal Forest-
     Men of his coat should be minding toeir pray'rs,
   And not among ladies,  to give themselves airs.
                                         Swift.
 4. The hair or fur of a  beast;  the cover-
   ing of any animal.
                         He clad
   Their nakedness with skins of beasts; or slain,
   Or, as the snake, with  youthful coat repaid;
   And thought not much  to clothe his enemies.
                                        Jlfitton.
     Give your horse  some powder of brimstoue  in
   his oats, and it will make his coat lie fine.
                          Mortimer's Husbandry.
                 You have given us milk
  In luscious streams, and lent us your own coat
   Against the winter's cold.      Thomson's Spring.
5. Any tegunienN tunick, or covering.
     The eye is defended with  four coaf6 or skins.
                                      Peacham.
     The optick nerves have  toeir medullary parts
  terminating  in the brain, their teguments termina-
  ting  in the coats of the eye.
                       De.hx.n's Physico-Theology.
     Amber is  a nodule,  invested wit: a coat, called
  rock-amber.                Woodward on Fossils.
6.  That  on  which  the  ensigns  armorial
   are portrayed.
        The herald of love's mighty king,
  In whose coat armour richly are display'd
  All sorts of flowers the which on earth do spring.
                                      Spenser.
    Cropp'd are the flower-de-luces in your arms;
  Of England's coat one half is cut away.
                             Sliaksp. Henry VI.
      At each trumpet was a banner bound,
  Which, waving in the wind, display'd at large
  Their master's coat of arms and knightly charge.
                                      Diyden.
To Coat, kote, v. a. [from the noun.] To
   cover;  lo invest;  to  overspread: as,  to
   coat a  retort;  to coat a ceiling.
To COAX,  koks. v. a.   To wheedle;  to
   flatter, to humour.  A  low word.
    The nurse had changed  her note; she was  muz-
  zling and coaxing the child;  that's a good dear
  says she.                          L'Estrange.
    I coax! I wheedle! I'm  far above it.
                    Farquhar's  Recruiting Officer.
Co'axer, koks'ur. to. s.  [from the verb.]
   A  w heedler; a  flatterer.
Cob,  kob.   A word  often  used  in the
   composition  of low  terms;  corrupted
   from  cop, Sax.  kopf,  Germ,  the  head
   or top.
Cob, kob. to. s.
I. A sort of sea-fowl; called also sea-cob.
                                   Phillips.
2. In some provinces,  and  probably  in
   old language, a'spider; whence cobwrb.
Co'balt, kob'alt. to. s. A marcasite  fre-
   quent  in Saxony.
    Cobalt is plentifully impregnated with arsenick;
  contains copper and  some silver.  Being sublimed,
  the flores are of a blue colour:  these,  German mi-
  neralists call zaffir.                  Woodward.
    Cobalt is a dense, compact,  and ponderous mi-
  neral, very bright and shining, and much resem-
  bling some of the antimonial ores.  It is  found  in
  Germany,  Saxony, Bohemia, and  England; but
  ours is a poor kind.  From cobalt are produced the
  three sorts of arsenick, white, yellow, and red;  as
  also zaffre and smalt.            Hill on Fossils.
To CO'BBLE, k6b'bl.*°»  v.  a. [koblt-r,
   Dan.]
1. To mend any thing  coarsely:  used ge-
   nerally of shoes.
    If you be out,  Sir, I can mend you.—Why, Sir,
  cobble you?                Shaksp. Julius Caesar.
    They'll sit by to' fire, and presume to know
  What's done i' th' capitol; making parties strong,
  And feeble such as stand not in their liking
  Below their cobbled shoes.     Shaksp. Coriolanus.
    Many underlayers,  when they could  not live
  upon their trade, have raised themselves from cob-
  bling to fluxing.                    L'Estrange.
2. To do or make any thing clumsily,  or
   unhandi'y.
      Reject the nauseous praises of the times;
    Give toy base poets back their cobbled rhimes.
                                      Dryden.
    Believe  not that the whole universe is mere
  bungling and blundering,  nothing effected for any
  purpose or design, but all ill-favouredly cobbled and
  jumbled together.                     Bentley.
Co bbler, kob'lui.93 to. s. [from cobble.]
1. A mendei of  old  shoes.
    Not many years  ago it happened that  a cobbler
  had the casting vote for the life of a criminal.
                              Addison on Italy.
2. A  clumsy workman in genera).
                    What trade are you?—
    Truly,  Sir, in respect of a fine workman, I  am
  but, as you woul I say,  a cobbler.
                           Shaksp. Julius Ccesar.
3. In a  k'nd of  proverbial  sense,  any
   mean person.
    Think you the great prerogative t' enjoy
  Of doing ill, by virtue of that race?
  As if what we esteem in cobblers base
  Would the high family of Brutus grace.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
Co'birons,  k6b'i-urnz. to. s.[cob and iron.]
   Irons with a knob atthe upper end.
    The implements of the kitchen; as spits, ranges,
  cobirons and pots.       Bacon's Physical Remains.
Cobi'shop,   ko-hish'up.  to  s.  [con  and
   bishop ]  A  coadjutant bishop.
    Valerius, advanced in years, and a Grecian by
  birth, not qualified to preach in the Latin tongue,
  made use of Austin as a cobishop, for the benefit of
  the church of Hippo.                    Ayliffe.
Co'bnut, kob'nik.  n. s. [cob and nut.]  A
   boy's game;  the  conquering nut.
Co'bswan,  kob'swon.   n. s.   [cob,  head,
   and swan.]  The head or leading swan.
                         I am not taken
  With a cobswan, or a high-mounting bull,
  As foolish Leda and Europa were.
                          Ben Jonson's Cataline.
Co'bweb, kob'web. n.  s. [kopweb, Dut.]
I. The web or net of  a spider: from cob,
   a spider.
                  The luckless Clarion,
  With violent swift flight, forth carried
  Into the curied  cobweb, which his foe
  Had framed for his final overthrow.     Spenser.
    Is  supper  ready,  toe  house trimmed,  rushes
  strewed,  and cobicebs swept.
                   Shaksp. Taming of the Shreio.
    The spider,  in the house of a burgher, fell  pre-
  sently to  her network of drawing cobwebs  up  and
  down.                            L'Estrange.
2. Any snare,  or trap:  implying  insidi-
   ousness or  weakness.
    For he a rope of sand could twist
  As tough as learned Sorbonist;
  And weave fine cobwebs fit for scull
  That's empty when the moon is full.   Hudibras.
    Chronology at best is but a cobweb law,  and he
  broke through  it with his weight.        Dryden.
    Laws are  like cobwebs,  which  may catch small
  flies, but let wasps and  hornets break through.
                                        Swift.
Co'coa, ko'k6. n. s. See Cacao.
Cocci'ferous, kok-sif'fer-rus. adj. [from
   *axxo's,  and fero, Lat]   All  plants or
   trees are  so called  that  have berries.
                                     Quincy.
Co'chineal,  kiatch'in-eel.180 to. s.   [coch-
   inilla,  Span, a  woodlouse.]
    An insect gathered upon the opuntia, and dried:
  from which  a beautiful  red colour is extracted.
                                         Hill.
Co'chleary,   k6k'le-a-re.3a3  adj.  [from
   cochlea, Lat. a  screw.] Screwform; in
   the form  of a screw.
    That  at St. Dennis, near Paris, hath  wreathy
   spires, and cochleary turnings about if, which agree th
  with the description of the unicorn's horn in iEiian.
                             Brown's Vulg. Err.
Co'chleated, k6k'le-a-ted.  adj.   [from
   cochlea, Lat.]    Of  a screwed or  tur-
   binated form.
    Two pieces of stone, struck forth of the cavity of
  the umbilici of shells,  of toe same sort with the
  foregoing: they are of a coehleaUd figure.
                           W „dward on Fossils.
COCK,  kok.  n. s.  [cbcc, Saxon, coa, Fr.]
 1. The male to the hen;  a  domestick fowl
   remarkable for his gal.antry, pride, and
   courage.
     Cocks have great combs and spurs; hens,  little
  or none.               Bacon's .Vafuraf Hisloiy.
             True cocks o'  th' game,
   That never ask for what, or wh.m, they fight; 
coc
coc
coc
  But turn 'em out, and shew 'em but a foe,
  Cry liberty, and that's a cause of quarrel.   Dryd.
                   The careful hen
  Calls all her chirping family around,
  Fed and defended by the fearless cock.
                             Thomson's Spring.
2. The male of any small birds.
    Calves and philosophers, tygers and statesmen,
  cocfc sparrows and coquets, exactly resemble one
  another in  the formation of the pineal gland.
                            Arbuthnot and Pope.
3. The weathercock, that shews the direc-
   tion of the wind by turning.
    You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout
  Till you have drench'd our steeples,  drown'd the
          'cocks!                       Shaksp.
4. A spout  to  let  out water  at  will, by
   turning  the  stop:  the  handle had  pro-
   bably  a  cock on  the  top.  Things  that
   were  contrived  to turn, seem ancient-
   ly to  have   had  that   form  whatever
   was the reason.
                   When every room
   Hath blaz'd with lights, and bray'd with min-
        strelsy,
   I have retir'd me to a wasteful coc
   And set mine eyes to flow.              Shaksp.
     It were good there were a little cock made in the
  'belly of the upper glass.  Bacon's Natural History.
     Thus  the small jett, which hasty hands unlock,
   Spirts in the gard'ner's eyes who turns the  cock.
                                        Pope.
5. The notch of an arrow.

6. The  part of  the lock  of  a  gun that
   strikes with the flint, [from  cocca, Ital.
   the notch of an  arrow.  Skinner.   Per-
   haps  from  the  action,  like   that  of a
   cock  pecking;  but it  was,  I  think,
   so called when it had not its present
   form.]
     With hasty rage he snatch'd
   His gunshot, that in holsters  watch'd;
   And bending cock, he  levell'd full
   Against th'  outside of Talgol's skull.   Hudibras.
     A seven-shot  gun carries powder and bullets for
   seven charges and discharges.  Under the  breech
   of the  barrel is one box for the powder;  a little
   before the lock another for the bullets; behind the
   cock a charger, which  carries the powder from the
   box to a funnel at the further end of the  lock.
                                         Grew.
 7.  A conqueror;  a leader;  a  governing
    man.
      Sir Andrew is the cock of  the club since he left
   us.                                Addison.
     My schoolmaster call'd me a dunce and a fool;
   But at cuffs I was always the cock of the school.
                                         Swift.
 8. Cockcrowing; a note of time in a mor-
    ning.
      We were carousing  till the second cock.   Shak.
      He begins at curfew, and goes till toe first cock.
                                    Shakspeare.
 9. A cockboat; a  small  boat.
      They take view of all sized cocks, barges, and
   fisherboats hovering on the coast.
                      Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
      The  fishermen, that  walk upon the  beach,
   Appear like mice; and yon tall anchoring bark,
   Diminish'd to her cock; her cock a buoy,
   Almost too small for sight.               SAafcsp.
 10. A small heap of hay. [properly  cop.]
      As soon as the dew is off the ground, spread the
   hay again,  and turn it,  that it may wither on the
   other side:  then handle  it,  and if you find it dry,
   make it up into cocfcs.                 Mortimer.
 11. The form of  a  hat.   [from  the comb
    of the cock.]
      You see many a  smart rhetorician turning his
 hat in his hands, moulding it into several different
 cocfcs.                               Addison.
12. The style or gnomon of a dial.
                                 Chambers.
13. The needle of a balance.
14. Cock on the Hoop.  Triumphant; ex-
   ulting.
    Now 1 am afrisker,  all men on me look;
 What should I do but set cock on the hoop.
                            Camden's Remains.
    You'll make a mutiny among my  guests,
 You will set cock a hoop!            Shakspeare.
    For Hudibras, who thought h' had won
 The field, as certain as a gun,
 And having routed toe whole troop,
 With victory was cock a hoop.           Hudibras.
To Cock, kok. v. a. [from the noun.]
I.  To set erect;  to  hold bolt upright as a
   cock holds his head.
    This is that muscle which performs  the motion so
 often mentioned by the Latin poets,  when they talk
 of a man's cocking his  nose,  or playing the rhino-
 ceros.                               Addison.
    Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears;
 O'er yonder stile see Lubberkin appears.
                               Gay's Pastorals.
    Dick would cock his nose in scorn,
 But Tom was kind and loving.            Sivift.
2.  To set up the hat with an air of  petu-
   lance  and pertness.
    Dick, who thus long had passive sat,
 Here strok'd his chin and cock'd his hat.    Prior.
    An alert young fellow cocked his hat upon a friend
  of his who entered.           Addison's Spectator.
3.  To mould the form of the hat.
4.  To fix the cock of a gun ready for a dis-
   charge.
    Some of toem holding  up  their  pistols,  cocked,
  near the door of the house, which they kept open.
                    Dryden's Dedication,  Almeid.
5.  To raise hay in small  heaps.
    Sike mirth in May is meetest for to make,
   Or summer shade, under the cocked hay.
                             Spenser's Pastorals.
To Cock,  k6k. v. to.
I. To strut; to hold up the head,  and look
   big, or menacing, or pert.
    Sir Fopling is a fool so nicely writ;
   The ladies would mistake him for a wit;
   And when he sings, talks loud, and cocks, would cry,
   I vow, methinks, he's pretty company.    Dryden.
    Every one cocfcs and struts upon  it, and pretends
   to overlook us.              Addison's Guardian.
2. To train or  use fighting cocks.
    Cries out 'gainst cocking, since he  cannot bet.
                                    Ben Jonson.
Cock, kok in  composition, signifies small
   or little.
Cocka'de,  kok-kade . to.  *. [from  cock.]
   A ribband worn in the hat.
Co'ckatrice, kok'a-trise.142  «. a.  [from
   cock, and accep, Sax. a serpent!]   A
    serpent supposed to rise from a  cock's
   egg-
     They will kill one another by the look, like cocfc-
   alrices.                            Shakspeare.
     This was the end of this little cockatrice  of a
   king, that was able to destroy those that did not espy
   him first.                              Bacon.
     This cockatrice is soonest crushed in the shell;
   but, if it grows, it turns to a serpent  and a  dragon.
                                        Taylor.
     My wife! 'tis she, toe very cockatrice! Congreve.
 Co'ckboat, kok'bote. to. *. [cock and boat.]
    A small boat belonging to a ship.
     That invincible armada, which having not fired a
   cottage of ours at land, nor taken a cockboat of ours
   at  sea, wandered through  the wilderness of the
   northern seas.                          Bacon
    Did they think it less dishonour to God to be like
  a brute, or a plant, or a cockboat, than to be like a
  man?                            Stillingjleet.
Co'ckbroth, kok'brofA. to. a.  Broth made
   by boiling a cock.
    Diet upon spoon-meats; as veal or cockbroths pre-
  pared with French bailey.    Harvey on Consump.
Cockcro'wing, kok'kro-ing.  to. s. [cock
   and crow.]  The time  at  which  cocks
   crow; the morning.
    Ye know not when the master of the house com-
  eth; at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing,
  or in the morning.                      Mark.
To Co'cker, kok'kilr. v. a.  [coqueliner,
   Fr.]  To  cade; to fondle; to indulge.
    Most children's constitutions are spoiled by cocfc-
  ering and tenderness.       Locke on Education.
    He  that  will give his sons sugar plumbs to make
  him learn,  does but authorise his love of pleasure,
  and cocker  up  that propensity  which he ought to
  subdue.                   Locke on Education,
    Bred a fondling and an heiress,
  Dress'd like any Lady May'ress,
  Cocker'd by the servants round,
  Was too good to touch the ground.         Swift.
Co'cker,   k6k'kur.98 to. s.  [from  cock.]
   One  who  follows  the  sport  of cock-
   fighting.
Co'ckerel,  kok'kflr-ll.6fi6  to.  s.  [from
   cock.]   A young cock.
    Which of them first begins to crow?—
  The old cock?—The  cockerel.         Shakspeare.
    What wilt thou be,  young cockerel,  when thy
        spurs
  Are grown to sharpness?                Dryden.
Co'cket, k6k'kil.a9 to. a. [of uncertain de-
   rivation.]
    A seal belonging to the king's customhouse: like-
  wise a scroll of parchment, sealed and delivered by
  the officers  of the customhouse to merchants, as a
  warrant that their merchandise is entered.  Cowell.
    The greatest profit did  arise  by toe cocket of
  hides; for wool and woolfells were ever of little va-
  lue in this kingdom.                     Davies.
Co'ckfight,  kok'fite.  to.  a.   [cock and
  fight]   A battle or match of cocks.
    In cockfights, to make one cock more hardy, and
   the other more cowardly.       Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    At  the seasons of football and  cockfighting, these
   little  republics reassume their  national hatred to
   each other.                        -   Addison.
Co'ckhorse,  kok'h6rse. adj.  [cock and
   horse.]   On  horseback;   triumphant;
   exulting.
     Alma, they strenuously maintain,
   Sits cockhorse on her throne the brain.      Prior.
CO'CKLE, kok'kl.40* to. s. [coquille, Fr.]
 1. A small testaceous fish.
     It  is a cocfcfe or a walnut shell.         Shaksp.
     We may, I think, from the make of an oyster,
   or cockle,  reasonably  conclude, that it has not so
   many, nor so quick, senses as a man.       Locke.
     Three common cocfcfe shells, out of gravel pits.
                                     Woodward.
    A little or young cock.  Obsolete.
     They bearen toe  crag so stiff and so state,
   As cockle on his dunghill crowing crank.
                              Spenser's Pastorals,
 Co'ckle-stairs,     kok'kl-slares.   to.  s.
    Winding or spiral stairs.     Chambera.
 Co'ckle,  kok'kl. to. a. [coccel,  Sax. loli-
    um, zizania, Lat.]  A  weed that grows
    in corn, the same with cornrcse; a spe-
    cies of poppy.
     In soothing toem, we nourish 'gainst our senate
   The  cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shaksp.
      Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys
   The  soil's disease, and into cocfcfe strays.    Donne.
  To  Co'ckle, kok'kl. v. a. [from cockle.] 
COC                                    COC                                     COE
  To contract into wrinkles, like the shell
  of a cockle.
    Show'rs soon drench toe camblet's cockled grain.
                                        Gay.
Co'ckleo, kok'kld.269 adj. [from cockle]
  Shelled; or perhaps cochleate, turbinat-
  ed.
    Love's feeling is more soft and sensible
  Than are the tender horns of cockled snails. Shaksp.
Co'ckloft, kok'. oft. n.a. [cock and loft.]
  The   room over the garret,  in which
  fowls are supposed to roost; unless it be
  rather corrupted from coploft, the cop
  or top of the  house.
    If the lowest floors already burn,
    Cocklofts and garrets wiil soon take toeir turn.
                             Dryden's Juvenal.
    My  garrets, or rather my cocklofts indeed, are
  very indifferently furnished;  but they are rooms to
  lay lumber in.                         Swift.
Co'ckmaster,  kok'mas-tur.  «. s.  [cock
   and  maater.]  One  that  breeds  game
   cocks.
    A cockmoster bought a partridge, and turned it
  among the righting cocks.            L'Estrange.
Co'ckmaich, kok'matsh. to.*,  [cock and
   match.] Cockfight for a prize.
    At  the same time that the heads of parties pre-
  serve  towards one another an outward shew of good
  breeding, their tools will not so much as mingle at
  a cockmatch.                         Addison.
    Though quail-fighting is what is most taken notice
  of, toey had doubtless cockmatches also.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
Co'ckney,   kok'ne.^70  to. s.  [A  word  of
   which  the original is much controvert-
   ed.   The  French  use an expression,
  pais de cocaigne, for a  country  of dain-
  ties:
     Paria eat pour un riche un pai'a de co-
  caigne.                          Boileau.
     Of this word they are not able to set-
  tle the  original.   It appears,  whatever
  was  its first ground, to be very ancient,
  being mentioned in an old Normanno-
  Saxon poem:
        Far in see by west Spayng,
        Is a lond yhote  cocayng.
  On which Dr.  Hickes has this  remark:
     Nunc coquin, coquine: quae olim apud
  Gallos, otio, gulae et ventri  deditos, ig-
  navum, ignavam, desidiosum,  desidio-
  sam,  segnem,  significabant.   Hine ur-
  banos, utpote a rusticis laboribus  ad vi-
  tam  sedentariam  et desidiosam avoca-
  tos, pagani nostri olim  cokaignes, quod
  nunc scribitur cockneys, vocabant. Et
  poeta hie noster in  monachos et moni-
  ales,  ut segne genus hominum qui, de-
  sidiae dediti, ventri indulgebant, et co-
  quinae  amatores erant,  malevolentissi-
  me invehitur; monasteriaet monasticam
  vitam inde scriptione  terras cockainea
  parabolice  perstringens.]
I. A  native  of London,  by way of con-
  tempt.
   So toe cockney  did to toe  eels, when she put
 them i' th' pasty alive.         Sftafc. King Lear.
   For who is such a cockney in his heart,
 Proud of the plenty of the southern part,
 To scorn that union, by which we may
 Boast 'twas his countryman toat writ this play?
                                     Dorset.
   The  cotkney, travelling into the country,  is sur-
  prized at many common practices of rural affairs.
                                      Watts.
2. Any effeminate,  ignorant, low, mean,
  despicable citizen.
    I am afraid this great lubber the world will prove
  a cockney.               Shaksp. Twelfth'Night.
Co'ckpit, kok'plt.  to. s. [cock andpit.]
I. The area where cocks fight.
                 Can this cockpit hold
  The vasty field of France?              Shaksp.
    And now have I gained the cockpit of the western
  world, and academy of arms, for many years.
                         Howel's  Vocal Forest.
2. A place on the lower deck of a man of
   war, where are subdivisions forthe pur-
   ser, the surgeon, and his mutes.  Harris.
Co'ck's-comb,  koks'kome.   n. s.  [cock
   and comb.]   A plant.
Co'ck's-head, koks'hed.  to. s.   A plant,
   named also sainfoin.             Miller.
Co'ckshut, kok'shut. n.s. [from cock and
   shut] The  close  of  the  evening, at
   which time poultry go to roost.
              Surrey  and himself,
  Much about cockshut time, from troop to troop
  Went through toe army.             Shakspeare.
Co'ckspur,  kok'spur.   «. s.  [cock  and
   spur] Virginia hawthorn. A species of
   medlar.                         Miller.
Co'cksure, kok'sh66r. adv. [from  cock
   and sure]   Confidently certain;  with-
   out fear or diffidence.   A  word of  con-
   tempt.
    We steal, as in a castle, cocksure.      Shaksp.
    I thought myself cocksure of  his horse, which he
  readily promised me.             Pope's Letters.
Co'ckswain, kok'sn. to. *. [cojgppaine,
   Sax.]   The officer who has  the  com-
   mand  of  the cock-boat.   Corruptly
   Coxon.
Co'ckweeo, kok'weed.  to. s. [from cock
   and weed.] The  name of a plant, called
   also Dittander, or Pepperwort.
Co'coa, k6'ko. to. s. [cacaotal,  Span, and
  therefore  more properly written cacao]
    A species of palm tree, cultivated in the East and
  West Indies.  The bark of the  nut is made into
  cordage, and the shell into drinking bowls.  The
  kernel affords them a wholesome food, and toe milk
  contained in the  shell a cooling liquor.  The leaves
  are used for thatching toeir houses, and are wrought
  into baskets.                          Miller.
    The cacao or chocolate nut is a fruit of an oblong
  figure; is composed  of a thin but hard and woody
  coat or skin,  of  a dark blackish colour; and  of a
  dry kernel, filling up  its whole cavity, fleshy, dry,
  firm,  and fattish to the touch, of a dusky colour, an
  agreeable smell, and a pleasant and peculiar taste.
  It was unknown to us till the discovery of America.
  The tree is of the thickness of a man's leg, and but
  a few feet in height; its bark rough,  and full of tu-
  bercles; and its leaves six or eight inches long, half
  as much in breadth, aud pointed at the ends.   The
  flowers are succeeded by the  fruit, which is large
  and oblong, resembling a cucumber, five,  six, or
  eight inches  in  length, and  three or four in thick-
  ness; when fully ripe,  of a purple colour.  Within
  the cavity of this fruit are lodged the cocoa nuts,
  usually about thirty in number.    Hill's Mat. Med.
    Amid' those orchards ofthe sun,
  Give me to drain the cocoa's milky bowl,
  And from the palm to draw its freshening wine.
                                   Thomson.
Co'ctile, kok'tll.140 adj. [coctilis, Latin.]
   Made by baking, as a brick.
Co'ction,  kok'shin. n. a.  [coctio, Latin.]
  The  act of boiling.
    The disease is sometimes attended with expecto-
  ration from toe lungs, and that is taken off by a coc-
  tion and resolution of the feverish matter, or termi-
  nates in suppurations or a gangrene. Arbuth. on Diet.
COD, kod.         > n. s. [asellus.]  A sea
Co'dfisii, kod'fish.5    fish
COD, koci. to. s. [coobe, Sax.] Any case
  or husk in which seeds are lodged.
    Thy corn thou there mays't safely sow,
  Where in full cods last year rich pease did grow.
                                       May.
    They let pease lie in  small heaps  as toey are
  reaped, till toey find the hawm and cod dry.
                         Mortimer's Husbandry.
To COD, kod. v. to. [from the noun.] To
  inclose in a cod.
    All codded grain being a destroyer of weeds, an
  improver of land, and a preparer of it for other
  crops.                             Mortimer.
Co'dders, kod'dfirs. «. s. [from cod.] Ga-
  therers  of pease.                  Diet.
Code, kode. to. s.  [codex, Lat.]
1. A book.
2. A book of the civil law.
    We find in the Theodosian and Justinian code the
  interest of trade very well provided for.
                           Arbuthnot on Coins,.
    Indentures, cov'nants, articles they draw,
  Large as the fields themselves; aud larger far
  Than civil codes with all their glosses are.
                                  Pope's Sat.
Co'dicil,  kod'e sll. to. s.  [codicillus, Lat.]
   An appendage  to a will.
    The man suspects his lady's crying
  Was but to gain him to appoint her,
  By codicil, a larger jointure.              Prior.
Codi'lle, ko-dil'. n. s. [codille, Fr. codillo,
   Span.] A term at ombre, when the game
   is won.
    She sees, and trembles at to' approaching ill;
  Just in the jaws of ruin, and codille.
                        Pope's Rape of the Lock.
To CO'DLE, kod'dl.405 v. a. [coquo,  coc-
   tulo, Lat. Skinner.]  To parboil; to soft-
   en by the heat of water.
Co'dling, kod'ling. to. s. [from To codle.]
   An apple generally codled, to be mixed
   with milk.
    In July come  gilliflowers of all varieties, earlj
  pears and plums in fruit, gennitings and codlings.
                               Bacon's Essays.
          Their entertainment at the height,
  In cream and codlings rev'ling with delight.
                              King's Cookery.
    He let it lie all winter in a gravel walk, south of
  a codling hedge.          Mortimer's Husbandry,
    A codling, ere it went his lip in,
  Would straight become a golden pippin.    Swift.
Coe'fficacy, ko-ef fe-ka-se. n. s. [con and
   efficacio,  Lat.]  The power  of several
   things acting  together to produce  an
   effect.
    We cannot in general infer the efficacy of toos*
  stars, or coeffkacy particular in medications.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Coeffi'cienoy, ko-ef'fish'en-se. to. s. [con
   and efficio, Lat.] Cooperation; the state
   of acting  together to some single  end.
    The managing and  carrying on of  this work,
  by the spirits instrumental coefficiency, requires that
  toey be kept together, without distinction or dissipa-
  tion.                      Glanville's Scepsis.
Coefficient,  ko-ef-fish'ent. to.  s.  [con
   and efficiens, Lat.]
1. That which unites its  action with the
   action of another.
2. [In algebra.] Such numbers, or  given 
COE                                     COE                                     COF
  quantities,  that are  put  before letters,
  or unknown quantities, into which  let-
  ters they are supposed to be multiplied,
  and so do make a rectangle or product
  with  the  letters;  as,  i a, b x, c xx;
  where 4 is the  coefficient  of 4 a,  b  of
  b x, and c of c xx.            Chambers.
3. In fluxions.
    The coefficient of any generating  term is the
  quantity arising by the division of toat term, by
  the generated quantity.               Chambers.
Coe'liack    Passion,    se'le-ak-pash'un.
   [notxiot, the belly.] A diarrhoea, or flux,
   that arises from the  indigestion  or  pu-
   trefaction  of  food in the stomach  and
   bowels,  whereby  the  aliment  comes
   away little altered  from what  it  was
   when eaten, or changed like  corrupted
   stinking flesh.                   Quincy.
CoE'MPTiON,ko-em'shun. 413 n.s. [coemptio,
   Lat.] The act of buying up  the whole
   quantity of any thing.
    Monopolies and coemption of wares for resale,
  where they are not restrained, are great means to
   enrich.                        Bacon's Essays.
Coe'qual, ko-e'qual. adj.  [from con and
   equalis, Lat.]  Equal; btinj of the same
   rank or dignity with  another.
    Henry the Fifth did sometime prophesy,
   If once he came to be a cardinal,
   He'll make his cap coequal with the crown.
                              Shaksp. Henry VI.
Coe^Ua'lity, ko-e-quol'e-te. to. s. [from
   coequal.]  The state of being equal.
 To  COE'RCE,  ko-erse'.  v.  a. [coerceo,
   Lat.] To restrain; to keep in order  by
   force.
    Punishments are manifold,  that they may coerce
   this profligate sort.            Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Coe'rcible,  ko-er'se-bl.  adj.  [from  co-
   erce.]
 1. That may be restrained.
 2. That  ought  to be restrained.
 Coe'rcion,  ko-er'shtin. to. s.  [from  co-
   erce.]  Penal  restraint; check.
     The coercion  or execution of the sentence in ec-
   clesiastical courts, is only by excommunication of
   the persons contumacious.   Hale's Common Law.
     Government has coercion and animadversion upon
   such as  neglect their duty; without which coercive
   power, all government is toothless and precarious.
                                        Sonfft.
 Coe'rcive,  ko-er'siv. adj. [from coerce.]
  I. That which has the power of laying re-
    straint.
     All things on the surface spread, are bound
   By their coercive vigour to the ground!  Blackmore.
  2. That  which  has the authority of  re-
    straining  by  punishment.
     For ministers to seek that themselves might have
   coercive power over the church, would have hardly
   been construed.                Hooker, Preface.
     The virtues of a general, or a king, are prudence,
   counsel, active  fortitude,  coercive  power,  awful
   command, and the exercise of magnanimity, as well
   as justice.                            Drydtn.
  Coesse'ntial,   ko-es-sen'shal.  adj.  [con
    and essentia,  Lat.]   Participating of the
    same  essence.
     The Lord our God is but one God,  in which in-
   divisible unity we adore the Father,  as  being alto-
   gether of himself; we  glorify that  consubstantial
   Word, whicti is  the Son; we bless and magnify
   that coessenfiaf Spirit eternally proceeding from Ijoth,
   which is the Ho'.v Ghost.                Hooker.
  Coessentia'lity,    ko-es-sen-she-al'e-te.
  to.  s.  [from  coessential.]   Participation
  of the same essence.
Coeta'neous, ko-e-ta'ne-iis.  adj. [con and
  cetas, Lat.] Of the  same age with ano-
  ther:  with to.
    Eve was old as Adam, and Cain their son coefa-
  neous unto both.         Brown's Vulgar Eirours.
    Every fault hath penal effects,  coetaneous to  the
  act.                                   Gov.
    Through tbe body every member sustains ano-
  ther; and  all are coetaneous, because none can sub-
  sist alone.                   Bentley's Sermons.
Coe'ternal, ko-e-ter-nal. adj. [con and
   aternus, Lat.]  Equally eternal  with an-
   other.
    Or of toe eternal coeternal beam!
                         Milton's Paradise Lost.
Coete'rnally, ko-e-ter'nal-le. adv. [from
   coeternal.]  In a state of  equal eternity
   with  another.
    Arius had dishonoured his coeternally begotten
  Son.                                Hooker.
Coete'rnity, ko-e-ter'ne-te. n. s.   [from
   coeternal] Having  existence from eter-
   nity equal with another eternal being.
    The eternity of the Son's generation, and his co-
  eternity and consubstantiality with the Father, when
  he came down from heaven, and was incarnate.
                      Hammond's Fundamentals.
COE'VAL, ko-e'val. adj. [coavus, Lat.]
 1. Of the same age.
     Even his teeth and white, like a young flock,
   Coeval, and new-shorn, from the clear brook
  Recent.                               Prior.
2. Of the same age with another; followed
   by with.
     This religion cannot pretend  to be  coeval with
  man.                                  Hale,
     The monthly revolutions of the moon; or the diur-
   nal of toe earth upon its  own axis, by the very hy-
   pothesis,  are coeval ivith the former.       Bentley.
     Silence, coeval with eternity!
   Thou wert, ere nature first began to be:
   'Twas one vast nothing all, and all slept fast in thee.
                                        Pope.
 3.  Sometimes by to.
     Although  we had  no  monuments of religion an-
   cienter than idolatry, we have no  reason to conclude
   that idolatrous religion was coeval to mankind.
                        Hale's Origin of Mankind,
 Coe'val, ko-e'val. to. s. [from the adjec-
    tive.]   A contemporary; but properly
    one  not only  living  ai the same time,
    but of the same time of life.
      As it were not enough to have outdone all your
   coevals in wit, you will excel them in good-nature.
                                        Pope.
 Coe'vous,  ko-e'vus. adj.  [coavus, Lat.]
    Oik- ofthe same age.
      Then  it should not have been the first, as sup-
   posing some other thing coevous to it.       South.
  To  Coexist, ko-eg-zist'.478 v.n. [con and
    exisiu, Latin.]
  1.  To exist at the same time.
      The three stars  that coexist in heavenly constel-
   lations, are a multitude  of stars.           Hale.
      Of substances no one  has any clear idea, farther
    than of certain simple ideas coexisting together.
                                        Locke.
  2. Followed by with.
      It is sufficient toat we have the idea of the length
   of any regular pjriodical  appearances  '.vhich  we
   can in our miim., apply  to duration, witii which  the
   motion or appearance never coexisted.      Locke.
  Coexistence, ko-eg-zis'iense. to. s. [from
    cotxist. j
  1.  Having existence  at the same time  with
     another: with to.
     Locke, who  in  the  preceding  lines
  has coexisted with, has here coexistence
  to.
    The measuring of any duration, by some motion,
  depends not on the  real coexistence of that thing to
  that motion, or any  other periods of revolution.
                                       Locke.
2. More commonly followed by with.
    We can demonstrate the being of God's eternal
  ideas, and their coexistence with him. Crew's Cos.
Coexistent, ko-e^-zis'tent.  adj.  [from
  coexist.]
1. Having existence at  the same time with
  another: with to.
    To the measuring  the  duration of any thing by
  time, it is not requisite  that that thing should be co-
  existent to the  motion we measure by, or any other
  periodical revolution.                    Locke.
2. Sometimes with.
    This proves no antecedent necessity, but coexistent
  with the act.        Bramhall's Answer to Dobbes.
    Time is taken for so  much of duration as is coex-
  istent with the motions of the great bodies of the
  universe.                              Locke.
    All that  one point is either future or past, and
  no parts are coexistent  or contemporary ivith it.
                                      Bentley.
To  CoEXTE'ND,ko-eks-tend'.477 v.a. [con
  and extendo,  Lat.]   To  extend  to the
  same space or duration  with  another.
    Every motion is, in some sort,  coextended with
  the body moved.             Greio's Cosmologia.
CoEXTE'NsioN,k6-ek-sten'shun. to. *.[from
   coextend.] The  act or state of extend-
  ing to the  same  space or  duration with
   another.
    Though it  be a  spirit, I find it is no inconveni-
  ence to have some  analogy, at least of coeaifension,
  with my body.                          Hale.
CO'FFEE,  kof'fe.  to.  s. [It is originally
   Arabick,   pronounced  caheu, by  the
   Turks, and cahuah by the Arabs.] The
   tree is a species of Arabick jessamine.
     It is found to  succeed as well in the  Caribbee
  islands as in  its native place of  growth;  but whe-
  ther the  coffee produced in toe  West Indies will
  prove as good as that from Mocha in Arabia Felix,
  time will discover.                     Miller.
     Coffee denotes a drink  prepared  from  the
  berries, very  familiar in  Europe for these eighty
  years, and among  the Turks for one  hundred and
  fifty.   Thevenot, a  traveller,  was the  first who
  brought it into France; and a Greek servant called
   Pasqua, brought into  England by Mr  Daniel Ed-
   wards, a  Turky  merchant, in  1652,  to make his
   coffee,  first set up  the profession of coffeeman and
   introduced the drink among us.         Chambers.
     They have in Turky a drink called coffee, made
   of a berry of the same name, as black as soot, and
   of a strong scent,  but not aromatical; which they
   take, beaten into powder, in water, as hot as they
   can drink it.  This drink comforteth the  brain and
   heart,  and helpeth digestion.             Bacon.
      To part her time 'cv.ixt reading and bohea,
   Or o'er cold coffee trifle with the spoon.      Pope.
  Co'ffeehouse,  koffe-h6u.se. to. s  [coffee
    and house] A house of entertainment
    where coffee is  sold,  and the  guests are
    supplied  with nev s-papers.
      At ten, from coffeehouse or play
   Returning, finishes the day.              Prior.
      It is a point they do not concern themselves about,
   farther than perhaps as a subject in a coffeehouse.
                                         Swift.
  Co'ffeeman; kof'fe-man.88  to.*, [coffeeand
    man]  Ore that  keeps a  coffVe-house.
      Consider  your enemies  the Lacedemonians; did
    ever you  hear that they preferred a  coffeeman to
    Agesilaus?                           Addison.
  Coffeepot, k6f'fe-pot. to. s. [coffee and 
CO  F
COG
COG
   pot/] The covered pot in which coffee is
   boiled.
CO'FFER, kof'fur. to. s. [copjie, Saxon.]
1. A chest generally for keeping money.
    Two iron coffers hung on either side,
   With precious  metal full as they could hold.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    The lining of his coffers shall make coats
   To deck our soldiers for these Irish wars.   Shaksp.
    If you destroy your governour, that is wealthy,
   you must chuse another, who will fill his coffers out
   of what is left.                    L'Estrange.
2. Treasure.
    He would discharge it without any burthen to the
   queen's coffers, for honour sake.           Bacon.
3. [In  architecture.] A square depressure
   in each interval between the modillions
   of the Corinthian cornice, usually filled
   with some enrichment.       Chambers.
4. [In  fortification.]  A hollow lodgment
   across a dry moat, from six to seven feet
   deep,   and  from sixteen  to  eighteen
   broad; the  upper part being  made of
   pieces of timber, raised two feet above
   the  level of the moat; which  little ele-
   vation has hurdles laden with earth for
   its  covering,  and serves  as a parapet
   with embrasures.            Chambers.
 To Co'ffer, koffilr. v.a. [from the noun.]
   To treasure up  in chests.
    Treasure, as a war might draw forth, so a peace
   succeeding might coffer up.    Bacon's Henry VII.
Co'fferer ofthe King's Household, kof'-
   fir-dr.866 to. s.  A principal officer of his
   majesty's court, next under  the comp-
   troller, that, in the compting-house and
   elsewhere,  hath a special oversight of
   other  officers ofthe household, for their
   good  demeanour in their offices.
                                     Cowell.
CO'FFIN, kof'fin. to. s. [cofin, French.]
 1. The box or chest in which dead bodies
   are put into the ground. It is used both
   of wood and other  matter.
    He  went as if he had been  the coffin that carri-
   ed himself to his sepulchre.              Sidney.
              Not a flower sweet
  On my black coffin let there be strewn.     Shaksp.
             One fate they have,
   The ship their coffin, and the sea toeir grave. Wall.
    The joiner is fitting  screws to your coffin.  Swift,
2. A mould of paste for a pye.
    Of toe paste  a coffin will I rear,
  And make two  pasties of your shameful heads.
                                      Shaksp.
3. A paper case, in form of a cone, used by
   grocers.
4. In farriery.
    Coffin of a  horse,  is  the whole hoof of the foot
  above the coronet, including the coffin bone.  The
  coffin bone is a small spongy bone, inclosed in toe
  midst of the hoof, and possessing the whole form of
  the foot.                        Farrier's Did.
To Co'ffin, kof'fin. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To inclose in a coffin.
   Would'st thou have laugh'd had I come coffin'd
        home,
  That weep'st to see me triumph?    Shaksp. Corio.
                  Let me lie
  In prison, and here be coffin'd, when I die. Donne.
Co'ffinmaker,  kof'fin-ma-ktir.98  to.   s.
   [coffin and  maker/]  One  whose  trade
   is to make coffins.
    Where will  be your  sextons, coffinmakers,  and
  plummers?                            Taffer.
      VOL. 1.
To COG, kog. v. a. [A word  of uncer-
   tain  original, derived by Skinner from
   coqueliner, French.]
1. To flatter; to wheedle; to sooth by adu-
   latory  speeches.
          I'll mountebank their loves,
  Cog their hearts from them, and come home belov'd
  Of all toe trades in Rome.    Shaksp. Coriolanus.
2. To cog a die. To  secure it, so as to di-
   rect its fall;  to falsify.
    But then my study was to cog the dice,
  And dext'rously to throw the lucky  sice.  Dryden.
    For guineas in other men's breeches,
  Your gamesters will palm and will cog.     Swift.
    Ye gallants of Newgate, whose fingers are nice
  In diving in pockets, or cogging of dice.    Swift.
3. To obtrude by falsehood.
    The outcry is, that I abuse his demonstration  by a
  falsification, by cogging in the word.     Tillotson.
    I have cogged in the word to serve my turn.
                                 Sfiffing-yteef.
    Fustian tragedies, or insipid comedies, have, by
  concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for
  masterpieces.                        Dennis.

To Cog, kog. v. to. To lye; to wheedle.
    Now stealeto he, now will he crave;
  And now will he cosen and cog.          Tusser.
    Mrs. Ford, I cannot cog; I cannot prate,  Mrs.
  Ford: now shall I sin in my wish.     Shakspeare.
COG, kog. to.  s. The tooth of a wheel, by
   which it acts upon another  wheel.
To Cog, kog. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
   fix cogs in a wheel.
Co'gency, ko'jen-se. to. s. [from cogent.]
   Force; strength; power of compelling;
   conviction.
    Maxims and  axioms, principles of  science, be-
  cause they are self-evident, have been  supposed in-
  nate; although nobody ever shewed the foundation
  of toeir clearness and cogency.            Locke.
CO'GENT, ko'jent. adj.  [cogens, Lat.]
   Forcible; resistless; convincing; power-
   ful; having the  power to  compel con-
   viction.
    Such is the cogent force of nature.       Prior.
    They have contrived methods of deceit,  one re-
  pugnant to another, to evade, if possible, this most
  cogent proof of a Deity.                Bentley.
Co'gently, ko'jent-le. adv. [from cogent]
   With resistless force;  forcibly; so as to
   force conviction.
    They  forbid us to  hearken to  those proofs, as
  weak or  fallacious,  which  our own existence, and
  the  sensible parts of the universe, offer so clearly
  and  cogently to our thoughts.             Locke.
Co'gger, kog'ur. to.  s. [from To cog.] A
   flatterer; a wheedler.
Co'gglestone, kog'gl-stone. to.  s. [cuo-
  golo, Ital.]  A little stone;  a small peb-
  ble.                             Skinner,
Co'gitable, kodje'e-ta-bl.406 adj. [from
   cogito, Lat.]  That which maybe thought
   on; what may be the subject of thought.
To CO'GITATE,  kddje'e-tate.91  v. n.
   [cogito, Lat.] To think.           Diet.
Cogita'tion, kddje-e-ta'shun. to. s. [cogi-
   tatio, Lat.]
4. Thought; the act of thinking.
    Having their cogitations  darkened, and being
  strangers from the life of God, from the ignorance
  which is in toem.                     Hooker.
    A picture puts  me in mind  of a friend: the in-
  tention of the mind, in seeing, is carried to toe ob-
  ject represented; which is  no more  than simple
  cogitation, or apprehension of the person.
                                  Stillingfleet.
    This Descartes proves toat brutes have no cog-ifa-
                  XX
  fion because they could never be brought to signify
  their thoughts by any artificial signs.         Ray.
    These powers of cogitation, and volition, and sen-
  sation, are neither  inherent  in matter as such, nor
  acquirable to matter by any motion and modification
  of it.                               Bentley.
2. Purpose; reflection previous to action.
    The  king, perceiving that his desires were in-
  temperate,  and  his cogitations vast and irregular,
  began not to brook him well.   Bacon's Henry Vll •
3. Meditation; contemplation; mental spe-
   culation.
    On some great charge employ'd
  He seem'd, or fixt in cogitation deep.     Milton.
Co'gitative,  kodje'e-ta-tiv.  adj. [from
   cogito, Lat.]
1. Having  the power of thought and re-
   flection.
    If these  powers  of cogitation  and sensation are
  neither inherent in matter, nor acquirable to mat-
  ter,  they .proceed from some cogitative substance,
  which  we call spirit and soul.           Bentley.
2. Given to thought and  deep  meditation.
    The earl had the closer and more reserved coun-
  tenance, being by nature more cogitative.  Wotton.
Cogna'tion, k6g-na'shun. to. s. [cognatia,
   Lat.]
1. Kindred; descent from  the  same ori-
   ginal.
    Two vices I shall mention, as being of near cog-
  nation to ingratitude; pride,  and hard-beartedness,
  or want of compassion.                  South.
    Let  toe  criticks tell me what certain sense they
  could put upon either of these four words, by their
  mere cognation with each other.  Wafts on the Mind.
2. Relation; participation ofthe same na-
   ture.
    He  induceth us  to ascribe effects unto causes of
  no cognation.           Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cognisee', kog-ne-zee',or kon-6-zee'. n.s.
   [In law.]  He  to whom a fine in lands
   or  tenements is acknowledged. Cowell.
Co'gnisour, kog-ne-z6r',or kon-e-zor'.31*
   to.  a.  [In law.] Is he that passeth or ac-
   knowledged! a fine in lands or tenements
   to  another.                      Cowell.
COGNI'TION,  kog-nlsh'un.  to. s. [cog-
   nitio, Lat.]  Knowledge;  complete con-
   viction.
    I  will not be myself, nor have cognition
  Of what I feel: I am all patience.        Shaksp.
    God, as he created all things,  so is he beyond and
  in them all; not only in power, as under his subjec-
  tion; or in his presence, as in his cognition; but in
  their very essence,  as  in toe soul of toeir casual-
  ties.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Co'gnitive, kog'ne-tiv.  adj.  [from cog-
   nitus, Lat.]  Having the power of know-
   ing.
    Unless  the understanding employ and exercise
  its cognitive or apprehensive power  about  these
  terms,  there can be no actual apprehension of them.
                              South's Sermons.
Co'gnizable, kog'ne-za-bl,  or kon'e-za-
   bl.40s adj.  [cognoisable,  Fr.]
I. That falls under judicial notice.
2. Liable to be tried, judged, or examined.
    Some are  merely of ecclesiastical cognizance;
  others  of a mixed nature, such as are cognizable
  both in toe ecclesiastical and secular courts.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
Co'gnizance,  kog'ne-zanse,  or  kon'e-
   zans. to.  s.  [connoisance, Fr.]
1. Judicial notice; trial; judicial authority.
    It is worth the while, however, to consider how
  we  may discountenance and prevent  those evils
  which  toe law can take no cognizance of.
                                  /.'.Estrange. 
c on
COH
C 01
    Happiness or misery, in converse with others, de-
  pends  upon things which human laws can take no
  cognizance of.                          South.
    The  moral  crime  is completed, there are only
  circumstances  wanting to work it up for the cogni-
  zance of the law.                      Addison.
2. A badge, by  which any one is known.
    And at the king's going away the earl's servants
  stood,  in a seemly  manner, in their livery coats,
  with cognizances,  ranged on  both sides, and made
  the king a bow.             Bacon's Henry VII.
    These were the proper cognizances and coat-arms
  of the tribes.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
COGNO'MINAL,  kog-nom'e-nal.  adj.
   [cognomen,  Lat.]  Having  the  same
   name.
    Nor do these animals more resemble the creatu-
  res on earth, than they on earth  the constellations
  which pass under animal names in heaven; ror the
  dog-fish at sea much more make  out the dog of the
  land, than his  cognominal or namesake in the hea-
  vens.                  Brown's Vulgar Er-rours.
CoGNOMiNA'TioN,k6g-nom-e-na'shun.TO.s.
   [cognomen, Lat.]
1. A surname; the  name of a family.
2. A name  added  from  any accident or
   quality.
    Pompey deserved the name Great: Alexander, of
  the same  cognomination, was  generalissimo  of
  Greece.                              Brown.
COGNO'SCENCE, kog-nos'sense.  to. s.
   [cognosco,  Lat.]   Knowledge; the state
   or act of knowing.                 Diet.
Cogno'soible,  kog-nos'se-bl.  adj. [cog-
   nosco, Lat.] That may be known; being
   the object of knowledge.
    The same that is said for the redundance of mat-
  ters intelligible and cognoscible  in things natural,
  may be applied to things artificial.          Hale.
To COH V'BIT, ko-hab'it.v.TO. [cohabito,
   Lat.]
1. To dwell with another in the same place.
    The  Philistines were worsted by the captivated
  ark, which foraged their country more than a con-
  quering army:  toey were not able to cohabit with
  that holy thing.                        Soufft.
2. To live together as husband  and wife
    He knew her not to be his own wife, and yet had
  a design to cohabit with her as such.       Fiddes.
Coha'bitant, ko-hab'e-tant.  to. s. [from
   cohabit.]   An inhabitant  of the same
   place.
    The oppressed Indians protest against that hea-
  ven where the  Spaniards are to be their cohabitants.
                                Decay of Piety.
Cohabita'tion,  ko-hab-e-ta'snun.  to.  s.
   [from cohabit.]
I. The act or stale of inhabiting the same
   place with  another.
2. The  state of living together as married
   persons.
    Which defect,  though it  could not evacuate a
  marriage after cohabitation and actual consummation
  yet it was enough to make void a contract.  Bacon.
    Monsieur Brumars,  at one  hundred  and  two
  years, died for love  of his  wife, who was ninety
  two at her death, after seventy years cohabitation.
                                       Tatler.
Cohe'ir.  ko-are'.  w. s.  [coheres, Lat.]
   One of several among whom an  inheri-
   tance is divided.
    Married persons,  and widows,  and virgins, are
  all coheirs  in the  inheritance of Jesus, if they live
  within the laws of their estate.          Taylor.
Cohe'ihess, ko-a'ris." to. s. [from coheir]
   A woman who has an equal share ol an
   iVieiitance with other women.
7b COHE'RE,  ko-here'. v. n.\coheereo,
  Lat.]
1. To stick together;  to hold fast one to
  another, as parts of the same mass.
    Two pieces of marble, having their surface ex-
  actly plain, polite, and applied to each other in
  such a  manner as to intercept the air, do cohere
  firmly together as one.               Woodward.
    We find toat the force, whereby bodies cohere, is
  very much greater when  they come to immedi-
  ate  contact, than when they are at ever so small a
  finite distance.  Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
    None want a place; for all, their centre found,
  Hung to the goddess, and coher'd around;
  Not closer, orb in orb conglob'd, are seen
  The buzzing bees about their dusky queen.  Pope.
2. To be well connected;  to  follow  regu-
  larly in the order of  discourse.
3. To suit; to fit; to be fitted to.
    Had time coher'd with place, or place with wish-
  ing.                                Shaksp.
4. To agree.
Cohe'rence, ko-he'rense.  }  to. *.  [co-
Cohe'rency, ko-he'ren-se. }   harentia,
  Lat.]
1. That  state of bodies in which their parts
  are joined together,  from what  cause
  soever it proceeds; so that they resist di-
   vulsion and separation; nor can be se-
  parated  by the  same force  by which
  they might be simply moved,  or, being
  only laid  upon one  another, might be
  parted again.                    Quincy.
    The pressure of toe air will not explain, nor can
  be a cause of, the coherence of the particles of air
  themselves.                           Locke.
    Matter is either fluid or solid; words that may
  comprehend the  middle degrees between extreme
  fixedness and coherency,  and the most rapid intes-
  tine motion.                         Bentley.
2. Connection;  dependency;  the relation
  of  parts or things one to another.
    It shall  be  no  trouble to find each controversy's
  resting-place, and the coherence it hath with things,
  either on  which it dependeth, or which depend on
  it.                          Hooker, Preface.
    Why between sermons and faith should there be
  ordinarily toat coherence, which causes have with
  their usual effects?                    Hooker.
3. The  texture of a discourse, by which
  one part  follows another regularly and
  naturally.
4. Consistency  in  reasoning, or relating,
  so  that  one part of the discourse does
  not destroy or contradict the rest.
    Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of
  all the parts of it to the argument in hand, are most
  eminently to be found in him.            Locke.
Cohe'rent,  ko-he'rent. adj.  [coharens,
  Lat.]
1. Sticking together; so as to resist sepa-
   ration.
    By coagulating and diluting, that is, making their
  parts more or less coherent.   Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    Where all must full, or not coherent be;
  And all that rises, rise in due degree.      Pope.
2. Connected; united.
    The mind proceeds from the knowledge it stands
  possessed  of already, to toat which lies next, and is
  coherent to it, and so on to what it  aims at.   Locke.
3. Suitable  to something else; regularly
   adapted.
             Instruct my daughter,
  That time and place, with this deceit so lawful,
  May prove coherent.                 Shakspeare-
4. Consistent; not contradictory to itself.
    A coherent thinker, and a strict reasoner, is not to
  be made at once by a set of rules.   FTaffs's Logick.
CoHE'siON,ko-he'zhfln. n.s.[fromcohere.]
1. The act of sticking together.
    Hard  particles heaped together touch in a few
  pbints, and must be separable by less force than
  breaks a solid particle, whose parts touch in all toe
  space between them,  without any pores or intersti-
  ces to weaken their cohesion.    Newton's Opticks.
    Solids and fluids differ.in  the degree of cohesion,
  which, being increased, turns a fluid into a solid.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The state of union or inseparability.
    What cause of their cohesion can you find?
  What props support, what chains the fabrick bind?
                                   Blackmore.
3. Connection; dependence.
    In their tender years, ideas that have no natural
  cohesion come to be united in their heads.   Locke.
Cohe'sive, ko-he'siv.lfi8 428 adj. [from co-
   here] That has the power of sticking to
   another, and  of resisting separation.
Cohe'siveness, ko-he'siv-nes. n. s. [from
   coheaive.]  The quality of  being cohe-
   sive; the quality of resisting separation.
To  Cohi'bit,  ko hib'it.  v.   a.  [cohibeo,
   Lat.]  To restrain; to hinder.       Diet,
 To  CO'HOBATE, ko'ho-bate" v. a. To
   pour the disti led liquor  upon the re-
   maining matter, and distil it again.
    The juices of an animal body are, as it were, co-
  hobated,  being excreted,  and  admitted again into
  the blood with the fresh aliment.       Arbuthnot.
Cohoba'tion,  ko-ho-ba'shun. to.  s. [from
   cohobate.] A returning any distilled li-
   quor again upon  what it is drawn from,
   or upon fresh  ingredients of the same
   kind, to have it the  more  impregnated
   with their  virtues.               Quincy.
    Cohobation  is the pouring the liquor distilled from
  any thing back upon the remaining matter, and dis-
  tilling it again                          Locke.
    This oil, dulcified by cohobation with an aroma-
  tized spirit, is of use to restore the digestive faculty.
                             Grew's Musaum.
Co'hort, ko'h6rt. to. s. [cohort, Latin.]
1. A troop of soldiers in  the Roman ar-
   mies, containing about five hnrcirtdfoot.
    The Romans levied  as many cohorts, companies,
  and ensigns, from hence, as from  any of their pro-
  vinces.                              Camden.
2. [In poetical language.] A  body of war-
   riours.
         Th' arch-angelic pow'r prepar'd
  For swift descent; with him the cohort bright
  Of watchful cherubim.     Milton's Paradise Los/.
          Here Churchill, not so prompt
  To vaunt as fight, his hardy cohorts join'd
  With Eugene,               Philip's Blenheim.
Cohorta'tion, ko-hdr-ta'shfin. n. s. [eo-
   hortatio, Lat.] Encouragement by words;
   incitement.                         Diet.
CO IF, koif34* 415 to. s. [coeffe, French; from
   cofea,  for cucufa, low Lat.] The head-
   dress;  a lady's  cap; the Serjeant's  cap.
    The judges of the  four circuits in Wales, al-
  though they are not of the first magnitude, nor need
  be of the degree of tbe coif, yet are they considera-
  ble,                 Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
    No less a man than a brother of the coi/began
  his suit, before he had been a twelvemonth at the
  Temple.                   Addison, Spectator,
    Instead of home-spun coifs were seen
  Good pinners  edg'd with colbertine.        Swift,
Co'ifed, koift.369 adj. [from coif] Wear-
I   ing a coif.
Co'iffure, koif'fure. to,  s. [coeffure, Fr.}
   Head-dress, 
COI
COI
COL
     I am pleased with the coiffure now in fashion,'
   and think it shews the  good sense of the valuable
   part of the sex.                        Addison.
 Coigne, koin. n. s. [An Irish term, as it
    seems.]
     Fitz Thomas of Desmond began that extortion of
   coigne and livery,  and pay; that is, be and his army
   took  horse meat and man's  meat,  and  money, at
   pleasure.                     Davies on Ireland.
 COIGJ\E, quoin, n. s. [French.]
 1. A corner.
                No jutting frieze,
   Buttrice, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
   Hath made his pendent bed.  Shakspeare's Macbeth.
 2. A wooden  wedge  used by printers.
 To COIL, kdil.  v. a. [cueitlir, Fr.] To ga-
    ther into a narrow compass; as, to coil a
    rope, to wind it in a ring.
     The lurking particles of air, so expanding them-
   selves, must necessarily plump out toe sides of the
   bladder, and so keep them turgid, until toe pressure
   of the air, that at first coiled toem, be re-admitted
   to do the same thing again.                Boyle.
 Coil, koll. to. *.  [kolleren, Germ.]
 I. Tumult; turmoil;  bustle;  stir; hurry;
    confusion.
     Who was so firm, so constant,  that this coif
   Would not infect his reason.  Shakspeare's Tempest.
     You, mistress, all this coil is 'long of you. Shaksp.
     In toat sleep of death, what dreams may come,
   When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
   Must give us pause.         Shakspeare's Hamlet.
 2. A rope wound into a ring.
 Coin, koin. to. s. [coigne, French.]  A cor-
    ner; any thing standing out angularly; a
    square brick cut diagonally: called often
    quoin, or quine.
     See you yond' coin o' to'  capitol, yond' corner
   stone?                            Shakspeare.
 COIN, koin. to.  s.  [by some imagined  to
    come from  cuneus, a  wedge, because
    metal is cut in wedges to be coined.]
 1. Money stamped  with  a  legal impres-
    sion.
     He gave Dametas a good sum of gold in ready-
   coin, which Menalcas had bequeathed.     Sidney.
                You have made
   Your holy hat be stamp'd on the king's coin. Shaks.
     I cannot tell how the poets will succeed in the ex-
   plication of coins, to which they are generally very
   great strangers.                       Addison.
         She now contracts her vast design,
   And all her triumphs shrink into a coin.     Pope.
 2. Payment  of any kind.
     The loss of present advantage  to flesh and blood,
   is repaid in a nobler coin. Hammond's Fundamentals.
 To Coin, koin. v. a.  [from  the noun.]
 I. To mint or stamp  metals for money.
    They cannot touch me for coining: I am the king.
                                    Shakspeare.
    They never put in practice a thing so necessary as
  coined money is.         Peacham of Antiquities.
    Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter-day, but
  must gather it by degrees.                Locke.
    Can we be sure toat this medal was really coined
  by an artificer,  or is but a product of toe soil from
  whence it was taken?                   Bentley.
3. To make  or invent.
                   My lungs
  Coi?i words till their decay, against those measles
  Which we disdain should tetter us.     Shakspeare.
S.To make or forge any t ing, in an ill sense.
          Never coin a formal  lye on't,
 To make toe knight o'ercome the giant. Hudibras.
    Those motives induced Virgil to coin his fable.
                                      Dryden.
    Some tale,  some new pretence,  he daily, coin'd,
  To sooth his sister, aud delude her mind.  Dryden.
    A term is coined to make the conveyance ea^y.
                                    Atterbury.
Co'inage, koln'aje.91 to.  s. [from coin.]
1. The art or practice of coining money.
    The care of the coinage was committed to the in-
  ferior magistrates; and 1 don't find that they had a
  publick trial, as we solemnly practise in this coun-
  try.                               Arbuthnot.
2. Coin; money; stamped and legitimated
   metal.
    This is conceived to be a coinage of some Jews,
  in derision of Christians, who first began that por-
  trait.                                 Brown.
    Moor was forced to leave off coining, by the great
  crowds of people continually offering to. return his
  coinage upon him.                       Swift.
3. The charges of coining money.
4. New production; invention.
    Unnecessary coinage,  as well as unnecessary re-
  vival of words, runs into  affectation;  a fault  to be
  avoided on either hand.                 Diyden.
5. Forgery; invention.
    This is the very coinage of your brain;
  This bodiless creation ecstacy
  Is very cunning in.           Shakspeare's Hamlet.
 To COINCIDE, ko-in-side'. v. to. [coin-
   cido,  Lat.]
 I. To fall  upon the same point; to meet
   in the same point.
    If the  equator and ecliptick  had coincided,  it
  would have rendered the annual revolution of toe
  earth useless.                          Cheyne.
2. To concur; to be consistent with.
    The  rules of right judgment, and  of good ratio-
  cination, often coincide with each other.    Watts.
Coincidence, ko-in'se-dense. to. s. [from
   coincide.]
 1. The  state of several  bodies,  or lines,
   falling upon the  same  point.
    An universal equilibrium, arising from  toe coin-
  cidence of infinite centres, can never  be  naturally
  acquired.                            Bentley.
2. Concurrence;  consistency; tendency of
   many things to the same end; occurrence
   of many things  at the same time.
    The  very concurrence and coincidence of so many
  evidences that  contribute to the proof, carries a
  great weight.                            Hale.
3. It is  followed by with.
    The coincidence of the planes of this rotation with
  one another, and with the plane of the ecliptick, is
  very near the truth. Cheyne's Philosophical Princip.

Coi'xcident, ko-ln'se-dent.  adj. [from co-
   incide.]
I. Falling  upon the same point.
    These circles I viewed through a prism; and, as
  I went from them, they came nearer and nearer to-
  gether,  and at length became coincident.  Newton.
2. Concurrent; consistent; equivalent:  fol-
  lowed by with.
    Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly
  suitable to and coincident with the ruling principles
  of a virtuous and well-inclined man.       South.
    These words of our apostle are exactly coincident
  witli that controverted passage  in his discourse to
  the Athenians.                        Bentley.

Coindica'tion,  ko-in-de-ka'shun.  to. *.
  [from con and indico, Lat.] Many symp-
  toms betokening the same cause.
Co'iner, koin'ur.98 to. s.  [from  coin.]
I. A  maker  of money;  a minter; a stam-
  per of coin.
         My father was I know not where
 When I was stampt: some coiner with his tools
 Made me a counterfeit.   Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
    It is easy to find designs that never entered into
 toe thoughts of the sculptor or the  coiner. Addison.
    There are only two patents referred to, both less
 advantageous to  the coiner than this of Wood.
                                       Swift.
                  xx2
2. A counterfeiter of the king's stamp;  a
   maker of base money.
3. An inventor.
    Dionysius, a Greek coiner of etymologies, is com-
  mended by Athenaeus.         Camden's Remains.
To  Cojo'in,  ko-join'.  v.  n.  [conjungo,
   Lat.] To join with another in the same
   office.
    Thou may'st cojoin with something,  and thou
         dost,
  And that beyond commission.        Shakspeare.
Co'istril, kois'tril. 1i. s. A coward; a run-
   away: corrupted from kestrel, a mean or
   degenerate  hawk.
    He's a coward and a coistril, that  will not drink
  to my niece.         Shakspeare's Twelfth Night.
Coit, k6it.34441B to. s. [kote a die. Dutch.]
   A thing thrown at a certain  mark.  See
   QUOIT.
    The time they wear  out at coifs,  kayles, or the
  like idle exercises.   Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Coi'tion, ko-ish'un. to. s. [coitio, Latin.]
I. Copulation; the act of generation.
    I cannot but admire that philosophers should im-
  agine frogs to fall from the clouds, considering how
  openly they act their  coition, produce spawn, tad-
  poles, and frogs.            Ray on the Creation.
    He is not made  productive of his  kind, but by
  coition with a female.         Grew's Cosmologia.
2. The act by  which two bodies come to-
   gether.
    By Gilbertus this motion is  termed coition,  not
  made by any faculty attractive of one, but a syn-
  drome and concourse of each. Brown's Vulgar Err.
Coke, koke. to.  s. [Perhaps from coquo,
   Skinner] Fewel made  by burning pit-
   coal under  earth, and  quenching  the
   cinders; as charcoal is made  with wood*.
   It is frequently used in drying malt.

Co'lander, kul'lan-dur.l6s  to.  s. [eolo, to
   strain, Lat.]  A  sieve  either of  hair,
   twigs, or me.Val, through which a mix-
   ture to  be  separated  is  poured,  and
   which retains the  thicker parts; a strai-
   ner.
     Take a thick woven osier colander,
   Thro' which the pressed wines are strained clear.
                                         May.
     All the viscera of the body are but as so many co-
   landers to separate several juices from the blbad.
                             Ray on the Creation.
     The brains from nose and mouth,  and either ear,
  Came issuing forth, as through a colander
  The curdled milk.                     Dryden.
Cola'tion, ko-Ia'shun. n. s.  [from  eolo,
   Lat.] The art of filtering or straining.
Co'lature,  ko'la-tshurc.461 n.  s.  [from
   eolo, Lat.]
1. The act of  straining;  filtration.
2  The matter strained.
Co'lbertine,  kol-ber-teen'.112 to. s. A kind
   of lace worn by women.
    Go, hang out an old frisoneer gorget, with a yard
  of yellow colbertine again.             Confrere.
            Difference rose between
  Mechlin, the queen of lace, and Colbertine.  Young.
Co'li-othar, kol'ko-Mer. to. s.  A term in
   chymistry.
    Colcolhar is the dry substance which remains af-
  ter distillation, but commonly the caput mortuum of
  vitriol.                              Ouinn
    Colcothar, or vitriol burnt, though into a redness
  containing toe fixed salt, will make good ink     '

COLD, kold. adj. [colb, Saxon; kalt, Ger-
  man.] 
COL
COL
COL
1.  Not  hot;  not  warm;  gelid;  wanting
  warmth; being without heat.
    The diet in  the  state of  manhood ought to be
  solid; and their chief drink  water cold, because in
  such a state it has its own natural spirit. Arbuthnot.
              The aggregated soil
  Death, with his mace petrifick, cold, and dry,
  As with  a trident, smote.                 Milton.
2. Causing sense of cold.
                  Bids us seek
  Some better shroud, some better warmth, to cherish
  Our limbs benumb'd, ere. this diurnal star
  Leave cold the night, how we his gather'd beams
  Reflected, may with matter sere foment.    Milton.
3. Chill; shivering; having sense  of cold.
        0 noble English, that could entertain,
  With half their force, the full power of France;
  And let  another half stand laughing by,
  All out  of work, and cofcf for action.    Shakspeare.
4. Having cold qualities;  not volatile; not
   acrid.
     Cold  plants have a quicker perception of the heat
  ofthe sun than the  hot  herbs; as a cold hand will
  sooner find a little warmth  than an hot.     Bacon.
5.  Indifferent;   frigid;   wanting  passion;
   wanting zeal;  without  concern;   unac-
   tive;  unconcerned; wanting ardour.
     There sprung up one kind of men, with whose zeal
  and forwardness  the rest  being  compared,  were
  thought to be marvellous cold and dull.     Hooker.
     Infinite shall be made cold in religion, by your ex-
  ample,  that never were  hurt by reading books.
                                         Ascham.
     Temp'rately proceed to what you would
  Thus violently redress.----Sir, these cold ways,
  That seem like prudent  helps, are very poisonous.
                                      Shakspeare.
              New dated letters these,
  Their cold intent, tenour, and substance thus;
  Here doth he wish his person, and his power,
  The which he could not levy.          Shakspeare.
     We should  not, when the blood was cold,  have
  threatened our prisoners with the sword. Shakspeare.
     To see a world in flames, and an host of angels
   in  the clouds,  one must be much of a stoick to be a
   cold and unconcerned spectator.   Burnet's Theory.
              No drum or trumpet needs
   T' inspire the coward, or to warm the cold;
   His voice, his sole appearance, makes them bold.
                                         Dryden.
      O, thou hast touch'd me with thy sacred theme,
   And my cold heart is kindled at thy flame.  Rome.
      A man must be of a very cold or degenerate tem-
   per, whose  heart doth  not burn within him in the
   midst of praise and adoration. Addison's Freeholder.
 6.  Unaffecting; unable  to move the  pas-
    sions.
      What a deal of cofcf business doth a man mispend
   the better part of life in? In  scattering compliments,
   tendering visits, following feasts and plays.
                                     Ben Jonson.
      The  rabble are pleased at the first entry of a dis-
   guise ; but the jest grows cofcf even with them too,
   when it comes on in a second scene.       Addison.
 7.  Reserved;  coy; not affectionate; not  cor-
    dial;  not  friendly.
            Let his knights have colder looks
  Among you.              Shakspeare's King  Lear.
     The  commissioners grew more reserved, and col-
   der towards  each other.               Clarendon.
 8.  Chaste; not  heated by vitious appetite.
                    You may
   Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty,
  And yet seem cold, the  time you may so hoodwink;
  We've  willing dames enough.         Shakspeare.

9.  Not  welcome;  not received with kind-
   ness or warmth of affection.
     My master's suit will be but cold,
  Since she respects my mistress' love.   Shakspeare.
 10. Not  hasty; not violent.
 11. Not affecting the scent strongly.
                She made it good
  At the hedge coiner, in toe cofcfesf fault. Shakspeare.
12. Not having the scent strongly affected.
    Smell this business with a sense as cofcf
  As is a dead man's nose.              Shakspeare.
Colo, kold. to. a. [from the adjective.]
1. The cause  ofthe sensation of cold; the
   privation  of heat; the frigorifick power.
    Fair lined slippers for the cold.      Shakspeare.
    Heat and cofcf  are nature's two hands, whereby
  she chiefly worketh: and heat we have in readiness,
  in respect ofthe fire; but for cofcf, we must stay till
  it cometh,  or seek it in deep caves, or high moun-
  tains: and, when all is done, we  cannot obtain it in
  any great degree.        Bacon's Natural History.
                    The sun
  Had first his precept so to move, so shine,
  As might affect the earth with cofcf and heat
  Scarce tolerable, and from the north to call
  Decrepit winter, from toe south  to bring
  Solstitial summer's heat.                 Milton.
2. The sensation of cold;   coldness;  chil-
   ness.
    When she saw her lord prepar'd to part,
  A deadly cofcf ran  shiv'ring to her heart.  Dryden.
3. A disease caused by  cold; the obstruc-
   tion of perspiration.
      What disease hast thou?----
    A whoreson  cofcf, Sir; a cough.      Shakspeare.
      Let no ungentle cofcf destroy
    All taste we  have of heavenly joy.  Roscommon.
    Those rains, so  covering  the  earth, might provi-
  dentially contribute to the disruption of it, by stop-
  ping all the pores and all evaporation, which would
  make the  vapours within struggle violently, as we
  get a fever by a cold.                    Burnet.
Co'ldly,  kold'le. adv.  [from cold.]
1. Without heat.
2.  Without concern;  indifferently; negli-
   gently;  without  warmth of temper or
   expression.
     What England says, say briefly, gentle lord;
  We coldly pause for thee.  Shakspeare's King John,
       Swift seem'd to wonder what he meant,
     Nor would believe my lord had sent;
     So never offer'.ionce to stir,
     But coldly said, Your servant, Sir.        Sivift.
Co'ldness, kold'nes. n. s.  [from cold.]
 1. Want of heat; power of causing  the sen-
   sation of cold.
     He relates  the excessive coldness of  the water
   they met with  in summer in that icy region, where
   they were forced to winter.    Boyle's Experiments.
     Such was the discord, which did first disperse
   Form, order, beauty,  through the universe;
   While dryness  moisture, coldness heat resists,
   All that we have,  and that we are, subsists.
                                       Denham.
2. Unconcern; frigidity of temper; want of
   zeal; negligence; disregard.
     Divisions  of religion  are  not  only the farthest
   spread, because in religion all men presume them-
   selves interested; but toey are also, for the most
   part,  hotlier  persecuted:  forasmuch as coldness,
   which, in other contentions, may be thought to pro-
   ceed from moderation, is not in these so favourably
   construed.                  Hooker's Dedication.
     If,  upon reading admired passages in authors, he
   finds a coldness and indifference in his thoughts, he
   ought to conclude, that he himself wants the faculty
   of discovering  them.                    Addison.
     It betrayed  itself in  a sort  of indifference and
   carelessness in all her actions,  and coldness  to her
   best friends.                         Arbuthnot.
3. Coyness; want of kindness; want of pas-
    sion.
     Unhappy youth! how will thy coldness raise
   Tempests and  storms in his afflicted bosom!
                                  Addison's Cato.
     Let ev'ry tongue its various censures chuse,
   Absolve with cofcfness, or with spite  accuse.  Prior.
4. Chastity; exemption from vehement de-
   sire.
    The silver stream her virgin coldness keeps,
  For ever murmurs, and for ever weeps.
                           Pope's Windsor Forest.
COLE, kole.  to. a. [capl, Saxon.] A ge-
   neral name for all sorts of cabbage.
Co'leseed,  kole'seed.246 to. a. [from cole
   and seed.]  Cabbage seed.
    Where land is rank, it is not good to sow wheat
  after a fallow;  but cofeseecf  or barley,  and then
  wheat.                               Mortimer.
Co'lewort, kole'wtirt.166 to. a. [caplpyjit,
   Sax.]  A species  of cabbage.
    The decoction of coleworts is also commended td
  bathe them.            Wiseman of an Erysipelas.
    She took the cofeicorfs which her husband got
  From his own ground (a small well-water'd spot);
  Shestrip'd the stalks of all their leaves; the best
  She cull'd, and then with handy care she dress'd.
                                        Dryden.
    How turnips hide their swelling heads below,
  And how the closing coleworts upwards grow.  Gay.
Co'lick, kol'lik. ». s. [colicus, Lat]
    It strictly is a disorder of the colon; but loosely,
  any disorder of the stomach or bowels that is at-
  tended with pain.  There are four sorts:  1.  A bi-
  lious colick, which proceeds from an abundance of
  acrimony or choler irritating the bowels, so as to
  occasion  continual  gripes,  and  generally with  a
  looseness; and this is best managed with lenitives and
  emollients.   2.  A flatulent colick, which is pain in
  the bowels from flatuses and wind,  which distend
  them into unequal and unnatural capacities; and
  this is managed with  carminatives  and  moderate
  openers.  3. An hysterical colick, which arises from
  disorders of the womb,  and is communicated by
  consent of parts to the bowels; and is to be treated
  with the ordinary hystericks.  4. A  nervous colick,
  which is from convulsive spasms and contortions of
  the guts themselves, from some disorders of the spi-
  rits, or  nervous fluid, in their component  fibres;
  whereby their capacities are in many places straight-
  ened, and sometimes so as to occasion obstinate ob-
  structions: this is best remedied by brisk catharticks,
  joined with opiates and emollient diluters. There is al-
  so a species of this distemper, which is commonly call-
  ed the stone colick, by consent of parts, from the irrita-
  tion of the stone or gravel in the bladder or kidneys;
  and this is most commonly to be treated by nephrit-
  icks and oily diureticks, and is greatly assisted with
  the carminative turpentine clysters.       Quincy.
     Colicks of infants proceed from acidity, and the
   air in the  aliment expanding itself, while the ali-
  ment ferments.                       Arbuthnot.
Co'lick,kol'lik. adj. Affecting the bowels.
     Intestine stone and ulcer,  colick pangs.  Milton.
 To Coll'apse, kol-laps'.  v.  to.  [collabor,
   collapsus,  Lat.]  To  fall  tog~ether; to
   close  so as that  one  side  touches  the
   other.
     In consumptions and atrophy the liquids are ex-
   hausted, and the sides of the canals collapse; there-
   fore the attrition is increased, and consequently toe
  heat.                       Arbuthnot on Diet.
Colla'psion,  kol-lap'shfin.   to. s.  [from
   collapse.]
 1.  The  act of closing or collapsing.
2.  The  state of vessels  closed.

CO'LLAR, kol'lur.418  88 to.  s.   [collare,
   Lat.]                               L
 1.  A ring of metal put round the  neck.
     That's nothing, says the dog,  but the fretting of
   my collar: nay, says the wolf, if there be a collar in
   the case, I know better things than to sell my liber-
   ty.                                L'Estrange.
     Ten brace and more of greyhounds;
   With golden muzzles  all their mouths were bound,
   And collars of the same their necks  surround.
                                  Dryden's Fables. 
COL
COL
COL
 2. The part ofthe harness that is fastened
   about  the horse's neck.
    Her waggon spokes made of long spinners' legs,
  The traces of toe smallest spider's web,
  The collars of the moonshine's watry beams.
                                    Shakspeare.
 3. The part of the dress that  surrounds
   the neck.
 4.  To  alip   the collar.    To  get free; to
   escape; to disentangle himself from  any
   engagement or difficulty.
    When, as the ape heard him so much to talk
  Of labour, that did from his liking baulk,
  He would have slipt the collar handsomely.
                                Hubberd's Tale.
 5.  A Collar of Brawn,  is  the  quantity
   bound up in  one parcel.
 Collar-bone, kol'liir-bone. to. s.  [from
   collar and bone] The clavicle; the bones
   on each side of the neck.
    A page riding behind the coach fell down, bruised
  his face, and broke his right collar-bone.
                             Wiseman's Surgery.
 To Co'llar, kol'lur. v.a. [from the noun.]
 1. To seize by  the collar;  to take by  the
   throat.
 2.  To collar Beef, or other meat;  to roll it
   up,  and  bind  it hard and close  with a
   string or collar.

 To COLLA'TE, kol'late'. v. a. [confero?
   collatum, Lat.]
 I. To compare one thing of the  same kind
   with another.
    Knowledge will be ever  a wandering and indi-
  gested thing,  if it be but a commixture of a few
  notions toat  are at hand and occur, and not excited
  from a sufficient number of instances, and those well
  collated.                      Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    They could not relinquish their Judaism,  and emr
  brace Christianity,  without considering, weighing,
  and collating both religions.               South.
 2. To collate books; to examine if nothing
   be wanting.
 2. To bestow; to confer.
    The significance  of the  sacrament disposes the
  spirit of the receiver to admit the grace of the spirit
  of God, there consigned, exhibited, and collated.
                          Taylor's Communicant.

 4. With  to.   To place in an ecclesiastical
   benefice.
    He thrust out the invader, and collated Amsdorf
  to the benefice: Luther performed the consecration.
                                     Atterbury.
    If a patron shall neglect to present unto a bene-
  fice, void above six months,  the bishop may coftafe
  toerennfo.                             Ayliffe.
 Colla'teral, kol-lat'ter-al. adj.  [con and
   latus, Lat.]
 1. Side to side.
    In his  bright radiance and collateral light,
  Must I be comforted,  not in bis sphere.    Shaksp.
    Thus saying, from his radiant seat he rose
  Of high collateral glory.           Milt. Par. Lost.
2. Running parallel.
3. Diffused on either side.
    But man by number is to manifest
  His single imperfection; and beget
  Like of his like, his image multiply'd
  In unity defective, which requires
  Collateral love and dearest amity.  Mill. Par. Lost.
4. In  genealogy, those that stand  in  equal
   relation to some  common ancestor.
    The estate and inheritance of a person dying intes-
  tate, is,  by  right of devolution, according to the ci-
  vil law,  given to such as are allied to him ex latere,
  commonly styled colfaterats, if there be no  ascend-
  ants or  descendants  surviving at toe time of his
  death.                      Ayliffe's Parergon,
5. Not direct; not immediate'.
    They shall hear and judge 'twixt you and me;
  If by direct or by collateral hand
  They find us touch'd, we will our kingdom give
  To you in satisfaction.                  Shaksp.
6. Concurrent.
    All the force of the motive lies within itself: it
  receives no collateral strength from external consi-
  derations.                          Atterbury.
Collaterally,    kol-lat'ter-al-le.   adv.
   [from  collateral]
1. Side by side.
    These pullies may  be  multiplied  according to
  sundry different situations, not only when they are
  subordinate, but also when they are placed collate-
  rally.                                Wilkins.
2. Indirectly.
    By asserting the scripture  to be toe canon of our
  faith, I have created two enemies: the papists more
  directly,  because they have kept toe scripture from
  us; and the fanatics more collaterally,  because they
  have assumed what amounts to an infallibility in the
  private spirit.                         Dryden.
S. In collateral relation.
Colla'tion,   kol-la'shun.  to. a. [collatio,
   Latin.]
1. The act  of conferring or  bestowing;
   gift.
    Neither are we to give thanks alone for the first
  collation of these benefits, but also for their preser-
  vation.                    Ray on the Creation.
2. Comparison of  one  copy, or one thing
   of  the  same kind, with another.
    In the disquisition of truth, a ready fancy is of
  great use; provided that collation doth its office.
                            Grew's Cosmologia.
    I  return you your Milton, which, upon collation,
  I find to be revised  and augmented  in several
  places.                                Pope.
  , In law.
    Collation is the bestowing of a benefice, by toe
  bishop toat hath it in his own gift or patronage;  and
  differs from institution in this, that institution into a
  benefice  is performed by the bishop at the presen-
  tation of another who is patron, or hath the patron's
  right for toe time.                       Coioell.
    Bishops should be placed by collation of the king
  under  his letters patent,  without any  precedent
  election, or confirmation ensuing.        Hayward.
4. A  repast; a treat less than a  feast.
Collati'tious, kol-la-tish'us. adj.  [colla-
   titius,  Lat.]  Done  by the contribution
  of  many.                           Diet.
Colla'tor, kol-la'tAr.168 w.«.[from collate]
1. One that compares copies  or manu-
   scripts.
    To read the titles they give an editor or collator
  of a manuscript,  you would take him for the glory
  of letters.                            Addison.
2. One who presents to an ecclesiatical be-
   nefice.
    A mandatory cannot interrupt an ordinary colla-
  tor, till a month is expired from the day of presen-
  tation.                                Ayliffe.
To Colla'ud,  kol-lawd'. v. a. [collaudo,
   Lat.] To join in praising.           Diet.
CO'LLEAGUE, kol'Ieeg.4*2 «. s. [collega,
   Lat.]   A  partner in office or employ-
   ment.    Anciently accented on  the last
   syllable.
    Easy it might be seen that I intend
  Mercy colleague with justice  sending thee.  Milton.
    The regents, upon demise of  toe  crown, would
  keep the peace without colleagues.          Swift.
To Colle'ague,  kol'leeg'.  v.  a.  [from
   the noun.] To unite with.
     Colleagued with this dream of his advantage,
  He hath not fail'd to pester us with message,
  Importing the surrender of those lands.
                               Shaksp. Hamlet
 To  COLLE'CT, k61-lekt'. v. a. [colligo,
   collectum, Lat.]
 1. To gather together;  to bring into one
   place.
     'Tis memory alone  that enriches toe  mind,  by
  preserving  what our  labour and industry daily col-
  lect.                                   Watts.
 2. To draw many units, or numbers, into
   one sum.
    Let a man coffecf into one sum as great a  num-
  ber as he pleases, this multitude, how great soever,
  lessens not one jot the power of adding to it.'  Locke.
3: To gain  by observation.
    The reverent care I bear unto my lord,
  Made me coffecf these dangers in the duke.
                             Shaksp. Henry VI.
 k To infer as a  consequence;  to gather
  from premises.
    How great the force of erroneous persuasion is,
  we may coffecf from our Saviour's premonition to
  his disciples.                    Decay of Piety.
    They conclude they can have no idea of infinite
  space, because they can have no idea of  infinite
  matter; which consequence, I conceive, is very ill
  collected.                               Locke.
5. To collect  himself.  To recover from
  surprise;   to gain command  over his
  thoughts; to assemble his sentiments.
              Be collected;
  No more amazement.           Shaksp. Tempest.
              Affrighted much,
  I did in time collect myself, and thought
  This was so, and no slumber. Shak. Winter's Tale.
    Prosperity unexpected often maketh men careless
  and remiss;  whereas  they,  who receive  a  wound,
  become more vigilant and collected.     Hayward.
    As when of old some orator renown'd
  In Athens or free Rome, where eloquence
  Flourish'd,  since mute, to  some great cause ad-
        dress'd,
  Stood in himself collected, while each part,
  Motion, each act won audience, ere the tongue
  Sometimes in height began,  as no delay
  Of preface breaking through his zeal of right. Milt.
Co'llect, kol'lekt.493  to. s.  [collecta, low
   Lat.]  A short comprehensive prayer,
   used   at  the  sacrament;   any  short
   prayer.
    Then  let your devotion  be  humbly to say over
  proper collects.        Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Collecta'neous,  kol-lek-ta'ne-us.   adj.
   [collectaneus, Lat.] Gathered up  toge-
   ther;  collected;  notes  compiled  from
   various books.
Colle'ctedlv,     kol-lek'ted-le.     adv.
   [from collected/]  Gathered in one view
   at once.
     The whole evolution of ages from everlasting to
  everlasting is so collectedly and presentifickly repre-
  sented to God.                           More.
 Colle'ctible,  kol-lek'te-bl.  adj.  [from
   collect.]   That which may be gathered
   from the premises by just consequence.
     Whether thereby  he  meant Euphrates,  is  not
  collectible from the following words.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours
 Collection,  kol-lek'shfin.  to. s.   [from
   collect.]
 1. The act of gathering together.
 2. An assemblage; the things  gathered.
     No perjur'd knight desires to quit thy arms,
   Fairest collection of toy sex's charms.        Prior.
     The gallery is hung with  a collection of pictures.
                                      Addison. 
COL
COL
COL
3i The act of deducing consequences; ra-
   tiocination; discourse. This sense is now
   scarce in use.
    If once we descend unto probable collections, we
  are then in the  territory where free and arbitrary
  determinations, the territory where  human laws,
  take place.                           Hooker.
    Thou shalt not peep thro' lattices of eyes,
  Nor hear thro' labyrinths of ears, nor learn
  By circuit or collections to discern.        Donne.
4. A corollary;  a consectary deduced from
   premises; deduction; consequence.
    It should be a weak collection, if whereas we say,
  that when Christ had overcome the sharpness  of
  death, he then  opened the kingdom of heaven to all
  belrevers; a thing  in such  sort affirmed with cir-
  cumstances, were taken as insinuating an opposite
  denial before that circumstance be accomplished.
                                      Hooker.
                   This label
  Is so from sense in  hardness, that I can
  Make nt> collection of it.        Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    When she, from sundry arts, one skill doth draw;
  Gath'ring, from divers fights, one act of war;
    From many  cases like, one rule of law:
  These her collections, not the senses are.   Davies.
Collecti'tious,   k6l-lek-tish'us.   adj.
   [collectitius,  Lat.] Gathered up.
Colle'ctive, kol-lek'tiv.  adj.  [from col-
   lect; collectif, French.]
 1. Gathered  into  one  mass;  aggregated;
   accumulative.
    A body collective, it containeth a huge multitude.
                                      Hooker.
    The three forms of government differ only by the
  civil administration being in the hands of one  or
  two, called kings; in a senate, called the nobles; or
  in the people  collective or representative, who may
  be called the commons.                   Swift.
    The difference between a compound and a collec-
  tive idea is, that a compound idea unites things of a
  different kind;  but  a coffecfive idea,  things  of the
  same.  ,                       Watts's Logick.
2. Employed  in  deducing consequences;
   argumentative.
    Antiquity left many falsities controulable not only
  by critical and collective reason, but contrary obser-
  vations.                              Brown.
3. [In  grammar.]  A  collective noun is  a
   word  which   expresses a   multitude,
   though itself be singular; as a  compa-
   ny;  an army.
Colle'ctively, kol-lek'tlv-le. adv. [from
   collective.] In a general mass; in a body;
   not singly;  not numbered by individu-
   als;  in the  aggregate;  accumulatively;
   taken together;  in a  state of combina-
   tion or union.
    Although  we cannot be  free from all sin  collec-
  tively, in such sort that no part thereof shall be
  found in us,  yet distributively all  great actual of-
  fences, as they offer themselves one by one, both
  may and ought to be by all means avoided.  Hooker.
    Singly and apart many of them are subject to ex-
  ception, yet collectively they make up a good moral
  evidence.                              Hale.
    The other part ofthe water was condensed at the
  surface of the  earth, and sent forth collectively into
  standing springs and rivers.  Woodward's Nat. Hist.
Golle'ctor, kol-lek'tur.166TO. s. [collector,

  Lat.]
I. A  gatherer;  he that  collects scattered
  things together.
2. A  compiler;  one that  gathers scattered
  pieces into  one book.
    The grandfather  might be the  first collector- of
  them into a body. Hale's Common Law of England.
    Volumes without the collector's own reflections.
                                     Addison.
    The best English historian, when his stile grows i
  antiquated, will be only considered as a tedious re-
  later of facts, and perhaps consulted to furnish ma-
  terials for some future collector.            Swift.
3. A tax-gatherer; a man employed in le-
   vying duties or tributes.
    A great part of  this treasure  is now embezzled,
  lavished, and feasted away by collectors,  and other
  officers.                             Temple.
    The commissions of the revenue are disposed of,
  and the collectors are appointed by the commission-
  er.                                   Sioift.
Colle'gatary,   kol-leg'a-ta-re.    to.   s.
   [from con and legatum, a legacy,  Lat.]
   In the civil law,  a  person to whom  is
   left a legacy  in  common with  one or
   more other persons.          Chambers.
CO'LLEGE, kol'ledje." to. s. [collegium,
   Latin.]
1. A community;  a  number of  persons
   living by some common rules.
    On barbed steeds they rode in proud array,
  Thick as the college of the bees in May.    Dryden.
2. A society of men set apart for learning,
   or religion.
    He is return'dwitb his opinions,
  Gather'd from all the famous colleges
  Almost in Christendom.      Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    I would the college ofthe cardinals
  Would chuse him pope, and carry him to Rome.
                                  Shakspeare.
    This order of society is  sometimes called  Solo-
  mon's house, and  sometimes the college  of the six
  days work.                           Bacon.
3. The house in  which  the  collegians  re-
   side.
    Huldah the prophetess dwelt in Jerusalem in toe
  college.                              Kings.
4. A college, in foreign  universities, is a
   lecture read in publick.
ColLe'gial, kol-le'je-al. adj. [from  col-
   lege.]  Relating to a  college; possesses
   by a college.

Colle'gian, k6l-le'je-an. «. s. [from col
   lege.]   An  inhabitant  of a  college, a
   member of a college.

Colle'giate, kol-le'je-ate.91 adj.[collegi-
   atus, low Latin.]
1. Containing  a college; instituted  after
   the manner of a college.
    I wish that yourselves did well consider how op-
  posite certain of your positions are unto the state of
  collegiate  societies, whereon the two universities
  consist.                      Hooker, Preface.
2. A collegiate church was such  as  was
   built at a convenient distance from a ca-
   thedral church,  wherein a number of
   presbyters were settled, and lived toge-
   ther in one congregation.
                        Ayliffe1 a Parergon.
Colle'giate,  kol-le'je-ate.  to. s.  [from
   college] A member of a college; a man
   bred in a college; an university man.
    These are a  kind  of empiricks in poetry, who
  have got a receipt  to please; and no collegiate like
  them, for purging the passions.           Rymer.
Co'llet, kol'lit." to.  s.  [Fr. from collum,
   Lat. the neck.]
1. Anciently  something that  went about
   the neck; sometimes the neck.
2. That part of a ring in which the stone
   is set.
3. A term used by turners.
TQ Colli'de, kol-lide'. v. a [collido, Lat.]
  To strike  against each other; to beat,
  to clash, to knock together.
    Scintillations are not the  accension of air upon
  collision,  but inflammable  effluencies  from the
  bodies collided.                       Brown.
Co'llieb, k&l'yur.113 n.a. [from coal.]
1. A  digger of coals; one that works in
  the coal-pits.
2. A coal-merchant;  a dealer in coals.
    I knew a nobleman a great grasier, a great tim-
  berman, a great collier, and a great landman. Bacon.
3. A ship that  carries coals.
Co'LLiERY,k6l'yi*ir-e.113  n. a. [from collier.]
1. The place where coals are dug.
2. The coal trade.
Co'lliflower,  kol'le-flou-tir. n. a. [fos
  brasicce; from  capl, Sax. cabbage, and
  flower;  properly cauliflower/]   A  spe-
  cies  of cabbage.
Colliga'tion,  kol-le-ga'shun. to. s. [colli-
  gaiio, Lat.]  A binding together.
    These the midwife contiiveth into a knot, whence
  that tortuosity or nodosity in the navel, occasioned
  by the colligation of vessels.    Brown's Vulg. Err.
Collima'tion, kol-ie-ma'shflln. to. s. [from
  collimo, Lat.]   The act of aiming at a
  mark; aim.                        Diet.
Collinea'tion, kol-lm-e-a'shtin.TO. s. [col-
  lineo, Lat.] The act of aiming.
CoLLi'quABLE, kol-iik'wa-bl. adj. [from
  colliquate]  Easily dissolved;  liable to
  be melted.
    The tender consistence renders it the more col-
  liquable and consumptive.   Harvey  on Consump.
Colli'quament, kol-lik'wa-merit.  to. s.
  [from colliquate.]  The  substance to
  which any thing is reduced   by being
  mtited.
Co'lliquant,   kol'le-kwant. adj.  [from
  colliquate.]  That which has the power
  of melting or dissolving.
To CO'LLIQU ATE, kol'le-kwate.91 v. a.
  [colliqueo, Lat.]   To  melt; to dissolve;
  to turn  from solid to fluid.
    The fire melted the  glass,  that made a  great
  shew,  after what was colliquated had been removed
  from the fire.                         Boyle.
    The  fat of the kidneys is apt to be cofticjiiafect
  through a great heat from within, and an ardent
  colliquative fever.      Harvey on Consumptions.
/'o,Co'lliquate, kol'le-kwate.  v. to.   To
  melt; to be  dissolved.
    Ice will dissolve in fire, and colliquate in water
  or warm oils.          Brown's Vulgar Errours.
CoLLiquA'TioN,k6l-le-kwa'shmi. to. s.[col-
  liquatio, Lat.]
1. The  act of melting.
    Glass may be made by the bare colliquation of
  the salt and  the earth remaining in the ashes of a
  burnt plant.                            Boyle.
    From them proceed rarefaction; coffignafion, con-
  coction, maturation, and most effects of nature.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Such a temperament or disposition of
   the  animal  fluids  as  proceeds  from  a
   lax  compages, and wherein  tbey   flow
   off through  the secretory  glands faster
   than they ought.                 Quincy.
    Any kind of universal diminution and colliquation
  of the body.            Harvey on Consumptions.
Colliquative, kol-iik'wa-tiv. adj. [from
   colliquate.]  Melting;  dissolvent.
    A colliquative fever is such as is attended with a
  diarrhoea, or sweats, from too lax a contexture of
  the fluids.                           Quincy. 
COL
COL                                      COL
     It is a consequent of a burning colliquative fever,
   whereby the humours, fat,  and flesh of the body
   are melted.                          Harvey.
 Colliquefa'ction,  kol-lik-we-fak'siiiiiii.
   n. s.  [colliquefacio, Lat.]   The  act of
   melting together; reduction to one mass
   by fluxion  in the fire.
     After the incorporation of metals by simple collir
   quefaction, for the better discovering of  the nature
   and consents and dissents of metals, it would be tried
   by incorporating of their dissolutions.
                       Bacon's Physical Remains.
 Colli'sion,  kol-iizh'un. n.s.  [from colli-
   sio,  Lat.]
 I. The act of  striking two bodies together.
     Or, by collision of two bodies, grind
   The air attrite to fire.        Milton's Par. Lost.
     The flint and toe steel you may move apart as long
   as you please;  but  it is the hitting and  collision of
   them that must make them strike fire.     Bentley.
 2. T;.e  state of being struck together; a
   clash.
     Then from tne clashes between popes  and kings,
   Debate, like sparks from flint's  collision, springs.
                                     Denham.
     The devil sometimes borrowed fire from  the altar
   to consume the votaries; and, by  the mutual colli-
   sion of well-meant  zeal, set even orthodox Christ-
   ians in a flame.                Decay of Piety.
 To  CO'LLOCATE,  kol'lo-kate.*"1 v.  a.
   [colloeo, La!.]  To plcice; to station,
     If you desire to superinduce any virtue upon a
   person, take the creature in which  that virtue is
   most eminent: of that creature take toe parts where-
   in that virtue is collocate.                 Bacon.
 Coll'.)Ca'iton, k6l-lo-ka'shun.  n. s. [col-
   locatio, Lat.]
 1. The act of placing;  disposition.
 2. The state of being placed.
     In toe collocation of the spirits in bodies, the cof-
   location is equal or unequal; and the  spirits coacer-
   vate or diffused.                        Bacon.
 Collocu'tion, k61-lo-ku'shun. to. s. [col-
   locutio, Lat.] Conference; conversation.
 To Collo'gue, kol-iog'.337. v. to.  [proba-
   bly from co'lloquor, Lat.]  To wheedle;
   to flatter; to please with kind words. A
   low  word.
Co'llop, kol'lup.168TO. s. [It is derived by
   Minshew from coal  and  op,  a  rasher
   broiled upon coals;  a carbonade.]
 1. A small slice of meat.
     Sweetbread  and collops are with skewers prick 'd
  About the sides.               Dryden's Fables.
    A cook perhaps has mighty things profess'd;
  Then sent up but two dishes nicely drest:
  What  signifies Scotch collops to a feast?
                              .King's Cookery.
 2. A piece of any animal.
    The  lion is  upon his death-bed:  not an enemy
  that does not apply for a collop of him. L'Estrange.
 3, In burlesque language, a child.
                        Come, Sir page,
  Look on me with your welkin eye, sweet villain,
  Most dear'st, my collop.                Shaksp.
                  Tbou art a collop of my flesh,
  And for thy sake I have shed many a tear.   Shak.
Colloquial,  kol-16'kwe-al. adj.   [from
   colloquy] Whatever relates to common
   conversation.
Co'lloquy, kol'16-kwe. to. *. [colloquium,
   Lat.] Conference; conversation;  alter-
   nate  discourse;  talk.
    My  earthly,  by his heav'nly over-power'd,
  In that celestial colloquy sublime,
   Vs with an object that exceis the sense,
  Pazzled, and spent, sunk down.  Milt. Par. Lost.
    In retirement make frequent colloquies, or short
  discoursings, between God and thy own soul.
                                     Taylor.
Co'llow,  kol'io.  to.  s.   [More properly
   colly, from coal.]
    Collow is the word by which  toey denote  black
  grime of burnt coals, or wood.       Woodxcard.
Collu'ctancy, koi-iuVtan-se. TO. s.  [col-
   luctor, Lat.] A tendency  to contest; op-
   position of nature.
Collucta'tion, kol-idk-ta'shun. to. s.  [col-
   luctatio, Lat.]  Contest; struggle;  con-
   trariety; opposition; spite.
    The therms, natural baths, or hot springs, do
  not owe their heat to any colluctation or efferves-
  cence of the minerals in them.       Woodward.
To COLLUDE, kolliide'. v. n. [colludo,
   Lat.] To conspire  in a fraud; to act in
   concert; to play into the  hand of  each
   other.
Colli.'sion, kol-lu'zhun.  to,  s.  [collusio,
   Latin.]
    Collusion is, in our common law, a deceitful  agree-
  ment or compact between two or more, for the one
  part  to bring an action against the other  to some
  evil purpose; as to defraud a third of his right.
                                     Cowell.
    By the ignorance of the merchants, or dishonesty
  of weavers, or the collusion of both, the ware was
  bad, and the price excessive,              Swift.
Collu'sive,  kol-lu'siv.168 4as adj.  [from
  collude.]   Fraudulently concerted.
Collu'sively,  kol-iu'siv-le. adv. [from
  collusive.] I n a manner fraudulently con-
  certed.
Collu'sory,  kol-lu'sur-e.63'' adj.  [from
  colludo,  L.H.]   Carrying on  a fraud by
  secret concert.
Co'lly, kol'ie.  to.  s.  [from coal.]   The
  smut of coal.
    Suppose thou saw her dressed in  some old hirsute
  attire, out of  fashion, coarse  raiment, besmeared
  with soot, colly, perfumed with opoponax.
                         Burton on Melancholy.
To  Co'lly, koi'le.  v.  a.   To  grime  with
  coal; to  smut with  coal.
    Brief as the lightning in the eollied night,
  That, in a speen, unfolds  both  heav'n and earth;
  And, ere a man had pow'r to say, behold,
  The jaws of darkness  do devour it up.     Shaksp.
COLLY'RIUM,   koUir're-um.113 «. *.
  [Latin.]   An ointment  for the eyes.
CO'L MAR,  kol'mar. to. s. [Fr.]  A  sort
  of pear,
Co'logn  Earth, ko-lone'. to. s.   Is a  deep
  brown,  very light bastard ochre, which
  is no pure native  fossil; but contains
  more vegetable than   mineral matter;
  and  owes  its origin to the  remains of
  wood long buried in the earth
                           Hill  on Fossils.
Co'lon, ko'lon.  .«. *.  [x»Aav,  a member.].
I.  A  point [:'] used  to  mark a  pause
  greater than that of a comma, and  less
   than that of  a  period.  Its use is not
   very exactly fixed;  nor is it very neces-
   sary, being confounded  by most with the
   semicolon.   It was  used, before punc-
   tuation  was refined, t.-  mark   almost
   any sense less than a period.  To apply
  it properly, we should place it, perhaps,
   only where the sense is continued  with-
   out dependence  of grammar or  con-
   struction; as, / love him, I despise him:
   I have long ceased to trust, but  shall
   never forbear to succour him.
2. The greatest and widest of  all the  in-
   testines,  about  eight  or nine hands
   breadth long. It begins where the Lium
   ends, in the cavity ofthe os ilium on the
   right side;  from  thence ascending  by
   the  kidney  on the  same side, it passes
   under the concave side of the  liver, to
   which it is sometime^ tied, as likewise
   to the gall-bladder, which tinges it yel-
   low in that place: then it runs under the
   bottom of the stomach to  the spleen in
   the  left side, to which it  is  also  knit:
   from  thence it  turns  down  to  the left
   kidney; and thence passing, in  form of
   an S, it terminates at the upper part of
   the  os sacrum in the rectum,    Quincy.
    Now, by your cruelty hard bound,
  I strain my guts, my colon wound.           Swift.
    The contents of  the colon are of  a sour, fetid,
  acid smell in rabbits,     Floyer on the Humours.
COLONEL, kfir'nel. to. *.  [of uncertain
   etymology  Skinner imagines it origin-
   ally  colonialis, the  leader of a colony.
   Minshew deduces it from colonna, a pil-
   lar:  as,patriae columen; exercitus colu-
   men.   Each is  plausible.]   The  chief
   commander  of a regiment; a field offi-
   cer  of the  highest  rank, next to the
   general officers.   It is now  generally
   sounded with only two distinct syllables,
   col'nel.
    The chiefest help must be the care of the colonel,
  that hath the government of all his garrison.
                           Spenser on Ireland,
    Captain or colonel, or knight in arms,
  Whose chance on these defenceless doors may seize,
  If deed of honour did thee ever please,
  Guard them, and him within protect from harms.
                                     Milton.
Co'lonelship,  kur'nel-shlp. to.  *. [from
   colonel.]  The  office or character of a
   colonel.
    While he continued  a  subaltern, he complained
  against the pride of  colonels towards  their officers;
  yet, in a few minutes after he had received his com-
  mission for a regiment, he confessed that colonelship
  was coming fast upon him.                 Swift-
To Co'lonize* kol'6-nize. v. a. [from  co-
   lony,]   To  plant with inhabitants; to
   settle with new planters; to  plant with
   c6lonies.
    There was never an hand drawn, that did double
  the rest of the habitable world, before this; for so a
  man may truly term it, if he shall put to account as
  well that that is, as that which may be hereafter, by
  the farther occupation and colonizing  of those coun-
  tries:  and yet it cannot be affirmed, jf one speak in-
  genuously, that it was the propagation of the  Chris-
  tian faith that was  the adamant of that discovery,
  entry, and plantation; but gold and silver, and tem-
  poral  profit and glory; so that what was first in God's
  providence, was but second in man's appetite and
  intention.                  Bacon's Holy War.
    Druina hath  advantage by acquest of islands,
  which she colonizelh and fortifieth daily.
                          Howe^s Vocal Forest.
Colonna'oe, k6M6-nade'. n. s. [from  cor
   lonna,  Ital. a column.^]
1. A peristyle of a circular figure; or a se-
   ries of columns disposed in a circle, and
   insulated within side.    Builder's  Diet, 
COL
COL
l/UL
  Here circling colonnades the ground inclose,
And here the marble statues breathe in rows.
                                      Addison.
'*. Any series or range of pillars.
    For you my colonnades extend their wings. Pope.
CO'LONY,  kol'6-ne.  to. s.  [colonia, Lat.]
1.  A  body  of  people drawn  from the
   mother country to inhabit some distant
   place.
    To these new inhabitants and colonies he gave the
  same law under which they were born and bred.
                              Spenser on Ireland.
    Rooting out these two rebellious septs, he placed
  English colonies in their rooms.          Davies.
    Osiris, or the Bacchus of the ancients, is reported
  to have  civilized the Indians, planting colonies, and
  building cities.                      Arbuthnot.
2.  The country planted;  a plantation.
    The rising  city, which from far you see,
   Is Carthage, and a Tyrian colony.        Dryden.
Co'lophony,  kol'6-fon-e. «. a. [from Co-
   lophon, a city, whence it came.] Rosin.
    Of Venetian turpentine, slowly evaporating about
  a fourth or fifth part, the  remaining substance  suf-
  fered to cool,  would afford me a coherent body, or a
  fine colophony.                          Boyle.
    Turpentines and oils leave a colophony, upon a
  separation of  their thinner oil.            Floyer.
CoLoqui'NTEDA, kol-lo-kwin'te-da.  to.  a.
   [colocynthia, Lat. x,oMx.vv6i$.] The  fruit
   of a plant of the same  name,  brought
   from the Levant, about the bigness of
   a large orange,  and often called  bitter
   apple.  Boih the seed and the pulp are
   intolerably  bitter.  It is a violent  pur-
   gative, of considerable use in medicine.
                                   Chambera.
Co'lorate,  kol'6-rate.91 adj.  [coloratua,
   Lat.]  Coloured; dyed;  marked or stain-
   ed with  some colour.
    Had the tunicles and humours of the eye been
  colorate, many rays from visible objects would have
  been stopt.                             Ray.
Colora'tion, kol-6-ra'shtin. to. a.  [coloro,
   Lat.]
 1.  The art or practice of colouring.
    Some bodies have a more departable nature than
  others, as is evident in coloration; for a small quan-
  tity of saffron will tinct more than a great quantity
  of brasil.                              Bacon,
2.  The state  of being  coloured.
    Amongst curiosities I  shall place coloration,,
  though somewhat  better;  for beauty in flowers is
  their preheminence.           Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Colori'fick,  kol-16-rif'ik, adj.  [colorip-
   cus, Lat.]    That which  has the power
   of  producing dyes, tints, colours,   or
   hues.
    In this composition of white, the several rays do
  not suffer any change in their colorifick qualities by
  acting upon one another;  but are only mixed,  and
  by a mixture of their colours produce white.
                               Newton's Opticks.
COLO'SSE, ko-16s'.     ? «. *. [colossus
COLO'SSUS,k6-los'sus.5  Lat.] A sta-
  tue of enormous magnitude.
    Not to mention the walls and palace of Babylon,
  the pyramids of Egypt, or colosse  of Rhodes. Temple.
    There huge colossus rose, with trophies crown'd,
  And runick characters were grav'd around.   Pope.
Colosse'an,  kol-los-se'an.  adj. [colosseus,
  Lat.]   In  form  of a  colossus; of the
  height and bigness  of such  a statue;
  giantlike.
CO'LOUR, kul'ltir.165 31<to. s.[color,Lat.]
  1.  The appearance of bodies to the eye
  only; hue;  dye.
    It is a vulgar idea of the colours of solid bodies,
  when we  perceive toem to be a red, or blue, or
  green tincture of toe surface; but a philosophical
  idea, when we consider the various colours to be dif-
  ferent sensations, excited in us by the refracted rays
  of light, reflected on our eyes in a different manner
  according to the different size, or shape, or situation of
  the particles of which surfaces are composed. Watts.
    Her hair shall be of what cofour it please God,
                                       Shaksp.
    For though our eyes can nought but colours see,
  Yet colours give them not their power of sight.
                                       Davies.
    The  lights of colours  are more refrangible one
  than  another in this  order; red, orange, yellow,
  green, blue, indigo, deep violet.  Newton's Opticks.
2.  The freshness, or appearance of blood
   in the face.
    My cheeks no longer did their colour boast. Dryd.
    A sudden horror seiz'd his giddy head,
  And his ears trickled, and his colour fled.   Dryden.
3.  The tint of the painter.
    When each bold figure just begins to live,
  The treach'rous colours the fair art betray,
  And all the bright creation fades away.      Pope.
4. The  representation of any thing  super-
   ficially examined.
    Their wisdom is only of this world, to put false co-
  lours upon things,  to call good evil,  and  evil  good,
  against the conviction of their own consciences.
                                       Sivift.
5. Concealment; palliation;  excuse; super-
   ficial cover.
    It is  no matter if I do halt; I have the wars for
  my  colour,  and my pension  shall  seem the more
  reasonable.                   Shaksp. Henry IV.
    Their sin admitted no  colour or excuse.
                                 King  Charles.
6.  Appearance;  pretence; false  shew.
    Under the color of commending him,
  I have access my own love to prefer.      Shaksp.
    Merchants came to Rhodes  with  a great ship
  laden ivith corn; under the cofowr of the sale where-
  of, toey noted all that was done in the city.
                   Knolles's History of the Turks.
7. Kind; species; character.
    Boys and women are, for the most part,  cattle of
  this colour.               Shaksp. As you like it.
8. In the  plural, a  standard; an ensign of
   war:  they say  the  coloura of the  foot,
   and standard   of  the horse.
                   He at Venice gave
  His body to toat pleasant country's earth,
  And his pure soul  unto his captain Christ,
  Under whose colours he had fought so long.
                              Saksp. Richard II.
    Against all checks, rebukes and manners,
  I must advance the colours of my love,
  And not retire.  Shaksp. Mer-ry Wives of Windsor.
    The  banks were filled with  companies, passing
  all along the river under their colours, with trumpets
  sounding.                             Knolles.
9.  Colours  is used singularly by Addison.
    An author compares a ragged coin  to  a tattered
  colours.                              Addison.
To Co'lour, kfirT&r.  v.. a. [coloro, Lat.]
1. To mark with some  hue, or dye.
    The rays to speak properly, are not coloured: in
  them there is nothing else than a certain power and
  disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that co-
  lour.                         Newton's Opticks.

2. To  palliate; to excuse; to dress in  spe-
  cious colours, or fair appearances.

    I told him, that I would  not favour or colour in
  any sort his former folly.         Raleigh's Essays.
    He colours the falsehood of iEneas by an express
  command  from Jupiter to forsake the queen.
                       Dryden's Dedicat. Alneid.
3. To  make plausible.
    We have scarce heard of  an insurrection that
  was notcofotcred with grievances ofthe highest kind,
  or countenanced by one or  more branches of the
  legislature.                          Addison,
4j. To colour a Stranger'a Gooda, is when
  a freeman allows  a foreigner to enter
  goods at the custom-house in  his name;
  so that  the  foreigner pays but single
  duty, when  he ought  to pay double.
                                    Phillips.
To  Co'lour,  kul'lAr. v. to.  To blush.  A
  low word, only used  in conversation.
Co'lourable, kul'lur-a-bl. adj. [from co-
  lour.]  Specious;  plausible.  It is now
  little  used.
    They have  now a colourable pretence to with-
  stand innovations,  having accepted of other laws
  and rules already.                     Spenser.
     They were glad to lay  hold on so colourable a
  matter, and  to traduce him as an author of sus-
  picious innovation.                    Hooker.
    Had I sacrificed ecclesiastical  government and
  revenues to their covetousness and ambition, they
  would have found no colourable necessity of an army.
                                 King Charles.
    We hope the mercy of God will consider us unto
  some mineration  of our offences; yet had not the
  sincerity of our parents so colourable expectations.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Co'lourably,  kfil'lvir-a-ble. adv.  [from
   colourable.] Speciously;  plausibly.
    The  process, howsoever colourably awarded, hath
  not hit  the very mark whereat it was directed.
                                       Bacon.
Co'loured,  kiLtl'luxd.3"9 participial   adj.
  [from colour.] Streaked; diversified with
  variety of hues.
    The  coloured are coarser juiced, and therefore
  not so well and equally  concocted.        Bacon.

Co'louring,  kul'lur-ing. to.  a.  [from co-
  lour.]  The part  of  the   painter's art
  that teaches to lay on  his colours with
  propriety and beauty.
    But as toe slightest sketch, if justly trac'd,
  Is by ill colouring but the more disgrac'd;
  So by false learning is good sense defac'd.   Pope.

Co'lourist, kfil'lur-ist. to.  a.  [from co-
   lour.] A painter who excels  in giving
  the proper colours to his designs.
    Titian,  Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and toe rest
  of the good colourists, have come nearest to nature.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Co'lourless, kul'lur-lSs. adj.  [from co-
  lour.] Without colour; not distinguish-
   ed by any hue; transparent.
    Transparent  substances,  as glass, water, and air,
  when made veiy thin by being blown  into bubbles,
  or otherways formed into  plates, exhibit various
  colours, according to their various  thinness;  al-
  though, at a greater thickness they appear very
  clear and  colourless.           Newton's Opticks.
    Pellucid colourless glass or water, by being beat-
  en into a powder or froth, do acquire a very intense
  whiteness.                -            Bentley.
COLT, kolt.  to. a. [cole, Sax.]
1.  A  young  horse:  used  commonly for
  the male offspring of a horse, as a filly
  for the female.
    The eoff hath about four years growth, and so
  the fawn,  and so toe calf.       Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Like coffs or unmanaged horses, we  start at dead
  bones and lifeless blocks.                Taylor.
    No sports, but what belong to war, they know;
  To break toe stubborn coft, to bend the bow.
                              Dryden's AZneid.
2. A young foolish fellow.
    Ay,  that's a coft, indeed; for  he  doth nothing
  but talk of his horse.                   Shaksp.
To Colt,  kolt. v. n. [from the noun.]  To 
COL
COM
COM
  frisk; to be  licentious;  to run at large
  without rule; to riot; to frolick.
    As soon as toey were out of sight by themselves,
  toey shook off toeir bridles, and began to coft anew
  more licentiously than before.          Spenser.
To Colt, kolt. v.  a.  To befool.
    What a plague mean ye, to coft me thus?  Shak.
Colt's-foot,   kolts'tut. n. a.  [tussilago;
  from colt  and foot.]   It  hath a radiated
   flower,  whose  disk  consists  of many
  florets, but the crown composed of many
  half florets: the embryos are included in
   a multifid flowercup, which  turns  to
  downy seeds fixed in a bed.      Miller.
Colt's-tooth, ko]ts-tdoth'.  to. s.   [from
   colt and  tooth.]
1. An imperfect or useless tooth in young
   horses.
2. A love of youthful pleasure; a disposi-
  tion to the practices of youth.
        Well said, lord Sands;
  Your colts-tooth is not cast yet?—
  —No, my lord; nor shall not, while I have a stump.
                                  Shakspeare.
Co'lter,  kol'tiir. to. s.  [cultop., Saxon.
  culter, Lat.] The sharp iron of a plough
  that cuts  the  ground  perpendicularly
   to the share.
Co'ltish,  kolt'ish.  adj. [from colt.] Hav-
  ing the tricks of a colt;  wanton.
Co'lubrine, kol'u-brine. adj. [colubrinus,
  Lat.]
1. Relating to  a serpent.
2. Cunning; crafty.
Co'lumbary, ko-hlm'ba-re. to. s. [colum-
  barium,  Lat.]  A  dovecot; a pigeon-
  house.
    The earth of columbaries, or dovehouses, is much
  desired in the artifice of saltpetre.        Brown.
Co'lumbine, kol'um-bine.1*8 to. s. [colum-
   bina, Lat.] A plant with leaves like the
  meadow  rue.                    Miller.
    Columbines are of several sorts and colours.
  They flower in the end of May, when few other flow-
  ers shew.                          Mortimer.
Co'lumbine,  kol'lim-bine.  to. s. [colum-
  binus, Lat.]  A  kind of violet colour, or
   changeable dove colour.           Diet.
CO'LUMN, kol'lum.411 to.  s.  [columna,
   Lat.]
1. A  round pillar.
    Some of the old Greek columns, and altars, were
  brought from the ruins of Apollo's temple at Delos.
                                    Peacham.
    Round broken columns clasping ivy twin'd. Pope.
2. Any body of certain dimensions  pres-
   ing vertically upon its base.
    The whole weight of any column of the atmos-
  phere, and likewise the specifick gravity of its basis,
  are certainly known  by many experiments. Bentley.
3. [In the military art.]  The long file or
   row of troops,  or of baggage, of an ar-
   my in its march.  An army marches in
   one,  two, three, or more columns, ac-
   cording as the ground will allow.
4. [With printers.]  A column  is half a
   page., when divided into two equal parts
  by a line  passing through the middle,
   from the top to the bottom; and by se-
   veral parallel lines,  pages are often di-
   vided into three or more columns.
Colu'mnar, ko-lum'nar.         }   ,-
Columna'rian, kol-Cim-na're-an. y ° "'"
      VOL. I.
  [from column]  Formed in columns.
    White columnar spar, out of a stone-pit.
                         Woodward on Fossils.
Colu'res, ko-lurz'. to. s. [coluri, Lat.; xo-
  Aevftw.]
    Two great circles supposed  to pass through the
  poles of toe world: one through the  equinoctial
  points,  Aries and Libra; the  other through the
  solstitial points, Cancer and Capricorn.  They are
  called the equinoctial and solstitial colures, and di-
  vide the ecliptick into four equal parts.  The points
  where they intersect the ecliptick are  called the
  cardinal points.                       Hai-ris.
           Thrice the equinoctial line
  He circled; four times cross'd the car of night
  From pole to pole, traversing each colure.    Milt.
CO'MA, ko'ma. to. s.  [xaput.] A morbid
  disposition to  sleep; a lethargy.
Co'mart, ko'mart. to. s.  This word, which
  I have only met with in one place, seems
  to signify  treaty; article; from con, and
  mart, or market.
               By  the same comart,
  And carriage of the articles design'd,
  His fell to Hamlet.                    Shaksp.
Co'mate,  ko-mate'.  to. s.  [con and mate.]
  Companion.
    My comates and brothers in exile.      Shaksp.
Comato'se, ko-ma-tose'. adj. [fromcoma]
  Lethargick; sleepy to a disease.
    Our best castor is from  Russia;  toe great and
  principal use whereof, is in  hysterical and comatose
  cases.                               Grew.
COMB, kome.  in the end  and Comp  in
  the beginning,  of  names,  seem to be
  derived from the  British kum,  which
  signifies a low situation. Gibs. Camden.
Comb,  k6m. in Cornish, signifies a  val-
  ley, and had the same meaning  ancient-
  ly  in the  French tongue.
COMB, koine.3*?  to.  *. [camb, Sax.; kam,
  Dut.]
1. An instrument  to separate and  adjust
  the hair.
    By fair Ligea's golden com6,
  Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks,
  Sleeking her soft alluring locks.          Milton.
    I made an instrument in fashion of a comft, whose
  teeth, being in number sixteen, were about an inch
  and a half broad, and the  intervals of the teeth
  about two  inches wide.                Newton.
2. The  top or crest ef a cock, so called
  from its pectinated indentures.
    Cocks have great combs and spurs, hens little or
  none.                              Bacon.
    High was  his comb, and coral-red withal,
  With dents embattled like a castle-wall.   Dryden.
3. The cavities  in which  the bees lodge
  their honey.  Perhaps from the same
  word which makes the  termination of
  towns, and signifies hollow or deep.
                 This in affairs of state,
  Employ'd  at home, abides within the gate,
  To fortify the combs, to build the wall,
  To prop the ruins, lest the fabrick fall. Dryd. Virg.
To Comb, kome. v. a. [from the noun ]
1.  To divide,  and clean,  and adjust the
  hair with a comb.
                Her care shall be
  To comb your noddle with a three-legg'd stool.
                                 Shakspeare.
    Divers  with us that  are grown grey,  and yet
  would appear young, find means to make toeir hair
  black,  by combing it, as they say,  with a leaden
  comb, or the like.                     Bacon.
                She with ribbons tied
  His tender neck, and comb'd his silken hide.
                             Dryden's AZneid.

                    YJ
    There was a sort of engine, from which were ex-
  tended twenty long poles, wherewith the man-moun-
  tain combs his head.                    Swift.
2. To lay any thing consisting of filaments
   smooth, by drawing through narrow in-
   terstices;  as, to comb wool.
Comb-brush, kome'brush. n. s. [comb and
   brush.] A brush to clean combs.
Comb-maker,  kome'ma-k&r. n. s.  [comb
   and maker.] One whose trade is to make
   combs.
    This wood is of use for the turner, engraver, car-
  ver, and combmaker.      Mortimer's Husbandry.
To COMBAT, kum'bat."8  v.n.  [com-
   battre, Fr.]
1. To fight: generally in a duel, or hand
   to hand.
    Pardon me, I will not combat in my shirt. Shak.
2. To  act in  opposition, as the acid and
   alkali combat.
    Two planets rushing from aspect malign
  Of fiercest opposition in mid sky,
  Should combat, and their jarring spheres confound.
                                     Milton.
To Co'mbat, kum'bat. v. a.   To oppose;
   to fight.
    Their oppressors have changed the scene,  and
  combated the  opinions in their true shape.
                               Decay of Piety.
    Love yields at last, thus combated by pride,
  And she submits to be the Roman's bride. Granville.
Co'mbat, kum'bat.88 to. s. [from the verb.]
   Contest;   battle; duel;   strife; opposi-
   tion:  generally between  two, but  some-
   times it is used for battle.
    Those regions were full both of cruel monsters
  and monstrous men; all which, by private combats,
  they delivered the countries of.           Sidney.
    The noble combat that, 'twixt joy and sorrow, was
  fought in Paulina! She had one eye declined for the
  loss of her husband, another elevated that the oracle
  was fulfilled.                          Shaksp.
    The combat now by courage must be tried. Dryd.
Co'mbatant,  kum'ba-tant. to.  *. [comba-
   tant, Fr.]
1. He that  fights with  another; duellist;
   antagonist in arms.
    So frowned the mighty combatants, that hell
   Grew darker at their frown.   Milton's Par. Lost.
                Who, single combatant,
  Duel'd their armies rank'd in proud array,
  Himself an army.            Milton's Agonistes.
    He with his sword unsheath'd, on pain of life,
  Commands both combatants to cease their strife.
                                    Dryden.
    Like despairing combatants they strive against you,
  as if they had beheld unveiled the magical shield of
  Ariosto, which dazzled the beholders with too much
  brightness.                           Dryden-
2. A champion.
    When any of those combatants strips his  terms of
  ambiguity, I shall think him a champion for know-
  ledge.                                Locke.
3.  With for before the thing defended.
    Men become combatants for those opinions.
                                     Locke.
Co'mber, ko'mur. to.  s. [from comb.]  He
   whose trade  it is to disentangle wool,
   and lay it smooth for the spinner.
Co'mbinate,  kom'be-nate.91  adj.  [from
   combine.]  Betrothed; promised; settled
   by compact.   A word of Shakspeare.
    She lost a noble brother; with him the sinew of
  her fortune, her marriage dowry: with both,  her
  combinate husband, this well-seeming Angelo.
                   Shaksp. Measure for Measure.
Combination, kom-be-na'shun.w. s. Firom
   combine.] 
COM
C OM
COM
1.  Union for some  certain  purpose;  as-
  sociation;  league.  A combination is of
  private persons; a confederacy, of states
  or sovereigns.
            This cunning cardinal
  The articles o' th' combination drew,
  As himself pleas'd.           Shaksp. Henry VIII.

2. It is now generally used in an ill sense:
  but was formerly indifferent.
    They aim to subdue all to their own will and pow-
  er,  under the disguises of holy combinations.
                                 King Charles.

3. Union of bodies, or qualities; commix-
   ture;  conjunction.
    These natures,  from the moment of their first com-
  bination, have been and are for ever inseparable.
                                       Hooker.
     Resolution of compound bodies by fire, does not
  so much enrich mankind  as  it divides the bodies;
  as  upon the score of its making new compounds by
  new combinations.                       Boyle.
     Ingratitude is always in combination with pride
  and hard-heartedness.                    South.
4.  Copulation of ideas  in the mind.
     They never suffer any ideas to be joined in their
  understandings, in any other or stronger combination
  than what their own nature and correspondence  give
  them.                                  Locke.
5.  Combination is used,  in mathematicks,
   to denote the variation or alteration of
   any number of qualities, letters, sounds,
   or the like, in all the different manners
   possible.   Thus the number of possible
   changes or combinations of the twenty-
   four letters of  the alphabet,  taken first
   two by two,  then three by  three,  ls?c.
   amount  to  1,391,724,288,887,252,999,
   425,128,493,402,200.         Chambers.

 7yo  COMBI'NE, kom-bine'. v. a. [combi-
   ner, Fr.  binos jungere, Lat.]
 1. To join together.
     Let us not then suspect our happy  state,
   As not secure to single or combin'd.        Milton.
 2. To link  in union.
      God, the best maker of all marriages,
   Combine your hearts in one, your realms in one.
                                     Shakspeare.
      Friendship is  the cement  which really combines
   mankind.             Government  ofthe  Tongue.
 3.  To agree;  to  accord;  to settle by com-
    pact.
      My heart's dear love is set on his fair daughter;
   As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine,
   And all combin'd, save what  thou must combine
   By holy marriage.      Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
 4. To join words  or  ideas together:  op-
    posed to  analyse.

 To Combi'ne,  kom-bine'. v. to.
 1. To coalesce;  to unite each  with other.
    Used both of things  and persons.
     Honour and policy, like unsever'd  friends
   I'  th' war,  do grow  together; grant that, and tell
           me
   Ir. peace what each of them by to' other loses,
   That they combine not there ?  Shaksp.  Coriolanus.
 2.  To unite in  friendship or design.
     Combine together 'gainst the enemy;
   For these domestick and particular broils
   Are not the question here.       Shaks. King Lear.
           You with  your foes combine,
   And seem your own destruction to design.
                            Dryden's Aurengzebe.

Co'mbless, kom'les.  adj.  [from comb.]
   Wanting a comb  or  crest.
     What, is your crest a coxcomb?---
  —A combless cock, so Kate will be my hen.  Shak-
COMBU'ST, kom-bust'. adj. [from com-
   buro, combustum, Lat.]
    When a planet is not above eight degrees and a
  half distant from the sun, either before or after him,
  it is said to be com&wsf, or in combustion.    Harris.
Combu'stible,  kom-bus'te-bl. adj. [com-
   buro,  combustum,  Lat.]  Having  the
   quality of catching fire;  susceptible of
   fire.
    Charcoals, made out of the wood of oxycedar, are
  white, because their vapours are  rather sulphureous
  than of any other comottsfibte substance.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter; it
  assimilates before it destroys it.            South.
    They are but strewed over with a little  penitential
  ashes; and will,  as soon as toey meet with combus-
  tible matter, flame out.           Decay of Piety.
           The flame shall still remain;
  Nor, till the fuel perish, can decay,
  By nature form'd on things combustible to prey.
                                      Dryden.
Combu'stibleness, kom-bus'te-bl-nes. to.
   s. [from  combustible.]  Aptness to  take
   fire.
Combu'stion, k6m-biis'tshun.291TO. s. [Fr.]
I.  Conflagration;   burning;  consumption
   by fire.
    The future combustion of the earth is to be usher-
  ed in  and accompanied  with violent impressions
  upon nature.                          Burnet.
2.  Tumult; hurry; hubbub; bustle; hurly
   burly.
    Mutual combustions, bloodsheds, and wastes may
  enforce them, through very faintness, after the ex-
  perience of so endless miseries.          Hooker.
    Prophesying, with accents terrible,
  Of dire combustion, and confus'd events,
  New-hatch'd to th' woeful time.      Shaks. Macb.
    Those cruel wars between the houses of York and
   Lancaster, brought all England into an horrible com-
  bustion.                             Raleigh.
           How much more of pow'r,
   Army against army, numberless to raise
   Dreadful combustion warring, and disturb,
   Though not destroy, their happy native seat!
                                       Milton.
    But say from whence this new combustion springs?
                                       Diyden.
    The comet moves  in an inconceivable fury, and
   combustion, and at toe same time with an exact re-
   gularity.                  Addison's Guardian.
 To COME, kfim. v.  to. pret.  came, parti-
   ciple, come,  [coman, Sax. komen, Dut.
   kommen, Germ.]
 1.  To remove from a distant to  a nearer
   place; to arrive:  opposed to go.
    And troubled blood through his pale face was seen
   To come and go, with tidings from the heart.
                                  Fairy Qjueen.
    Ca?sar will come forth to-day. Shak. Julius Cces.
     Coming to look on you, thinking you dead,
   I spake unto the crown as having sense.
                              Shaksp. Henry IV'.
    The colour of toe king doth come and go,
   Between his purpose and his conscience.
                              Shaksp.  King John.
    The Christians having stood almost all the day in
   order of battle, in the sight of the enemy, vainly ex-
   pecting when Jhe should come forth to give them bat-
   tle, returned at night unto their  camp.
                    Knolles's History ofthe  Turks,
     'Tis true that since the senate's succour came,
   They grow more bold.  Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
             This Christian woman!
   Ah! there the mischief comes. Roioe's Royal Convert.
2.  To draw near;  to advance towards.
    By the pricking of my thumbs,
   Something wicked this way comes.  Shak. Maibeth.
 3.  To move in any manner towards  ano-
   ther;  implying  the  idea of being  re-
  ceived by another, or of tending towards
  another. The word always respects the
  place to which the motion tends, not that
  place which it leaves;  yet this mean-
  ing is sometimes almost evanescent and
  imperceptible.
                 I did hear
  The galloping of horse: who was't came by?
                               Shaksp. Macbeth.
    Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and
  we will come in to dinner.               Shaksp.
    As soon as the commandment came abroad, the
  children of Israel brought in abundance the first
  fruits.                           2 Chronicles.
    Knowledge is a thing of their own invention, or
  which toey come to by fair reasoning.     Bitrnef.
    It is impossible to come near your Lordship, at
  any time,  without receiving some favour. Congreve.
    None may come in view, but such as are  perti-
  nent.                                 Locke.
    No perception of bodies, at a distance, may be ac-
  counted for by the motion of particles coming from
  them, and striking on our organs.           Locke.
    They take the colour of what is laid before  them,
  and as soon lose  and resign it to the next that hap-
  pens to come in their way.                Locke.
    God has made the intellectual world harmonious
  and beautiful without us; but it will never come into
  our heads all at once.                   Locke.
4. To proceed; to issue.
    Behold, my son, which came  forth of my bowels,
  seeketh my life.                 2 Sam. xvi. 11.
5. To advance from one  stage or condition
   to another.
      Trust me, I am exceeding weary.----
  —Is it come to that? I had thought weariness durst
  not have attacked one of so high blood.     Shaksp,
    Though he would after have turned his teeth upon
  Spain, yet he was taken  order with before it came
  to that.                               Bacon.
    Seditious tumults, and seditious fames, differ no
  more but  as brother and  sister; if it  come to that,
  that the best actions of a state are taken in an ill
  sense, and traduced.                    Bacon.
    His soldiers had skirmishes with the Numidians,
  so that once the skirmish was like to come to a just
  battle.                               Knolles.
    When  it  came to toat once, they that had most
  flesh wished they had had less.        L'Estrange.
    Every new sprung passion is a part of the action,
  except we conceive  nothing  action  till the players
  come to blows.                        Dryden.
    The force whereby bodies cohere  is very much
  greater when they come to immediate contact, than
  when they are at ever so small a finite distance.
                 Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
6. To be  brought to some  condition either
   for better or worse, implying some de-
   gree of casualty: with to.
    One said to  Aristippus, 'tis a strange thing why
  men should rather give to toe  poor than to philoso-
  phers.  He answered, because  they think  them-
  selves may sooner come to be poor than to be philo-
  sophers.                  Bacon's Apophthegms.
     His sons come to honour,  and he knoweth  it not.
                                          Job.
     He being come to the estate, keeps a busy family.
                                        Locke.
    You were told your master had gone to a tavern,
  and come to some mischance.              Sicift.
7.  To attain any condition or  character.
     A serpent, ere he comes to be a dragon,
  Does eat a bat.            Ben Jonson's Cataline-
     He wonder'd how she came to know
  What he had done, and meant to do.   Hudibras.
     The testimony  of conscience,  thus informed,
  comes to be so authentick, and so much to be relied
  upon.                                  Soufft.
8. To become.
               So came I a widow;
  And never shall have length of life enough
   To rain upon remembrance with mine eyes.
                          Shakspeare's Henry IV 
COM
C OM
C 0  M
         When he returns from hunting,
  I will not speak with him; say I am sick.
  If you come slack of former services,
  You shall do well.            Shaksp. King Lear.
    How came toe publican justified, but by a short
  and humble prayer?  Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
9. To arrive at some act or habit, or  dis-
  position.
    They would quickly come to have a natural ab-
  horrence  for  that  which they  found  made  them
  slighted.                               Locke.

10. To change from one state into another
  desired; as the butter comes,  when the
  parts begin to  separate in the churn.
    It is reported, that if you  lay good  store of ker-
  nels of grapes about the root of a vine, it will make
  the vine come earlier, and prosper better.
                              Bacon's Nat.  Hist.
    Then butter does refuse to come,
  And love proves cross and humoursome. Hudibras.
    In the  coming  or sprouting of  malt, as it must
  not come too little, so it must not come too much.
                                     Mortimer.
    There came water thereout: and when he had
  drunk, his spirit came again, and he revived.
                                 Judges, xv. 19.
20. To come after.  To follow.
    If any man will come after me, let him deny him-
  self, and take up his cross and follow me.
                              Matthew, xvi. 24.
21. To come at.  To  reach; to get within
   the reach of; to obtain; to gain.
    Neither sword  nor sceptre  can  come at consci-
  ence; but it  is above and beyond the reach of both.
                                     Swcfcfing-.
    Cats will  eat  and destroy your marum, if they
  can come at  it.               Evelyn's Kalendar.
    In order to come at a true knowledge of ourselves,
  we should consider how far we may deserve praise.
                                      Addison.
    Nothing makes  a woman  more esteemed by the
  opposite  sex than  chastity,  and we always prize
  those most who are hardest to come at.    Addison.
22. To come by.  To obtain; to gain; to ac-
   quire.  This seems an irregular and im-
   proper use, but has very  powerful au-
   thorities.
    Things most needful  to preserve this life, are
  most prompt and easy for all living creatures to come
  by.                                   Hooker.
               Love is like a child,
  That longs for every thing that he can come by.
                                       Shaksp.
                   Thy case
  Shall be my precedent; as thou got'st Milan,
  I'll  come by  Naples.        Shakspeare's Tempest.
    Are you not ashamed  to inforce a poor widow to
  so rough a course to come by  her own?     Shaksp.
    The  ointment wherewith  this is done is made of
  divers ingredients,  whereof toe strangest and har-
  dest to come by is the moss of a dead man unburied.
                             Bacon's  Nat. Hist.
        And with that wicked lye
      A letter they came by,
      From our king's majesty.           Denham.
    He tells a sad story, how  hard it was for him to
  come by the  book of Trigantius.      Stilling fleet.
    Amidst your train this unseen judge will wait,
  Examine how you came by all your state.  Dryden.
23. To  come in.  To enter.
    What, are you  there? come in, and give some
  help.                             Shakspeare.
    The simple ideas, united in the same subject, are
  as perfectly distinct as those toat come in by diffe-
  rent senses.                             Locke.
24. To  come in.  To   comply; to  yield;  to
   hold out  no longer.
    If the arch-rebel Tyrone,  in the time  of these
  wars, should offer to come in  and submit himself
  to her majesty, would you not have him  received?
                             Spenser on Ireland.
25. To  come in.  To arrive at a  port, or
   place of  rendezvous.
    At what time  our second fleet, which kept the
  narrow seas, was  come  in and joined to our main
  fleet.                                  Bacon.
    There was the  Plymouth squadron now come in,
  Which in toe Streights last winter was abroad.
                                       Dryden.
26. To come in.  To become modish; to be
   brought into  use.
    Then came rich cloatos and graceful action in,
  Then instruments were taught more moving notes.
                                   Roscommon.
    Silken garments did not come in till late, and the
  use  of them  in men was often restrained by law.
                            Arbuthnot on  Coins.
27. To come in.  To  be  an  ingredient; to
   make part of a composition.
    A generous contempt of that in which too many
  men place their happiness, must come in to heigh-
  ten  his character.                    Atterbury.
28. To come in.  To  accrue from  an es-
   tate, trade, or  otherwise,  as gain.
    I  had rather be mad with him that, when he had
                   Yy2
  nothing, thought  all the  ships that came into the
  harbour his; than  with you that, when you have so
  much coming in, think you have nothing.  Suckling.
29.  To  come in.   To be gained in abun-
   dance.
    Sweetheart, we shall be rich ere we depart,
  If fairings come thus plentifully in.     Shakspeare.
30.  To come in for. To be early enough to
   obtain:  taken  from hunting, where the
   dogs  that are  slow get nothing.
    Shape and beauty, worth and education, wit and
  understanding, gentle nature and agreeable humour,
  honour  and virtue, were to come in for toeir share
  of such contracts.                       Temple.
    If thinking  is  essential to matter,  stocks and
  stones will come in for their share of privilege.
                              Collier on Thought.
    One who had in toe rear excluded been,
  And could not for  a taste o' th' flesh come in,
  Licks the solid earth.             Tate's Juvenal.
    The rest came in for subsidies, whereof they sunk
  considerable sums.                      Sroift.
31. To come in to. To join with; to bring
   help.
    They marched to Wells, where the lord Audlcy,
  with whom their leaders  had before secret intelli-
  gence, came in to them; and was by them, with great
  gladness and  cries of joy, accepted as their gene-
  ral.                        Bacon's Henry VII.
32.  To  come  into.  To  comply  with; to
   agree to.
    The  fame of their virtues  will make men ready
  to  come info every thing that is done for the pub-
  lick good.                           Atterbury.
33. To come near. To approach; to resem-
   ble in excellence:  a metaphor from ra-
   ces.
    Whom you cannot equal or come near in doing,
  you would destroy or ruin with evil speaking.
                        Ben Jonson's Discoveries.
    The whole atchieved with such admirable inven-
  tion, that nothing  ancient or modern seems to come
  near it.                               Temple.
34.  To come of.  To proceed, as a  descen-
   dant from ancestors.
     0/Priam's royal race my mother came.  Dryd.
    Self-love is so natural an infirmity, that it makes
  us partial even to those  that come of us, as well as
  ourselves.                          L'Estrange.
35.  To  come  of.   To  proceed,  as effects
   from  their causes.
          Will you please, Sir, be gone;
  I told you what would come of this.        Shaksp.
     The  hiccough comes of fulness of meat, especi-
  ally in children,  which causeth an extension of the
  stomach.                               Bacon.
    This comes of judging by the eye, without con-
  sulting  toe reason.                   L'Estrange.
    My young master, whatever comes on't, must have
  a wife looked out for him by that time he is of age.
                                        Locke.
36.  To  come  off.   To  deviate; to depart
   from a rule or direction.
    The  figure  of  a bell partaketh of the pyramis,
  but yet coming off and dilating more suddenly.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
37.  To  come off. To escape; to get free.
    I knew the foul enchanter,  though disguis'd;
  Enter'd the veiy lime-twigs of his spells,
  And yet came off                       Milton.
     How thou wilt here come off, surmounts my reach.
                                       Milton.
     If, upon such a  fair and full trial,  he can come off,
  he is then clear and innocent.             South.
     Those that are  in any signal  danger implore bis
  aid; and, if they  come  off safe, call their deliver-
  ance a  miracle.                       Addison.
38.  To come off. To end an affair, to take
   good or bad fortune.
     Ob, bravely came we off,
  When with a volley of our needless shot,
 11. To become present, and no longer fu-
   ture.
    A time will come, when my maturer muse
  In Caesar's wars a nobler theme shall chuse.
                                Dryden's  Virgil-
 12. To become present, and no longer ab-
   sent.
                 That's  my joy
  Not to have seen before; for nature now
  Comes all at once, confounding my delight.
                           Dryden's King Arthur.
    Mean while toe gods the dome of Vulcan throng,
  Apollo comes, and Neptune came along.     Pope.
    Come then, my friend, my genius, come along,
  Thou master of toe poet  and the song!       Pope.
 13. To happen; to fall out.
    The duke of Cornwall, and Regan his duchess,
  will be here with him  this night.—
      —How comes toat?       Shaksp. King Lear.
 14. To befal, as an event.
    Let me alone that I may speak, and let come on
  me what will.                      Job, xiii. 13.
 15. To follow as a consequence.
    Those that are kin to the king, never prick their
  finger but  they  say,  there  is some of  the king's
  blood spilt.  How comes that?  says he,  that takes
  upon him not to  conceive: the answer is, I am the
  king's poor cousin, Sir.         Shaksp. Henry IV.
 16. To cease very lately from some act or
  state; to have just  done or  suffered any
  thing.
    David said unto Uriah, earnest thou not from thy
  journey?                      2 Samuel, xi. 10.
17. To come about.   To come to  pass;  to
  fall  out;  to come into  being. Probably
  from the  French  venir a bout.
    And let me speak to to' yet unknowing world,
  How  these things came about.             Shaks.
    That cherubim, which now appears as a God to
  a human soul,  knows very well that the period
  will   come about in  eternity, when the human soul
  shall be as perfect as he  himself now is.
                             Addison's Spectator.
    I conclude, however it comes about, that things
  are not as they should be.                Swift.
    How comes it about, that,  for above sixty years,
  affairs have been placed in the hands of new men.
                                         Swift.
18.  To come about.  To change; to come
  round.
    The wind came about, and settled in the West for
  many days.               Bacon's New Atlantis.
    On better thoughts, and my urg'd reasons,
  They are come about, and won to the true  side.
                                   Ben Jonson.
19. To come again.  To return. 
COM
COM
C OM
  After such bloody toil, we bid good-night.  Shaksp.
    Ever since Spain and England have had any thing
  to debate one with  the other, the English, upon all
  encounters, have come off with honour and the bet-
  ter-                                   Bacon.
    We must  expect sometimes  to  come off by the
  wont, before we obtain the final conquest. Calamy.
    He oft, in such attempts as these,
  Came off with glory and  success.       Hudibras.
39.  To come off from.   To leave; to for-
  bear.
    To come off from these grave  disquisitions,  I
  would clear the point by  one instance more.
                          Felton on the Classicks.
40.  To come on. To advance; to make pro-
   gress.
     Things seem  to  come on apace to their former
  state.                                 Bacon.
     There was in  the camp both strength and victual
  sufficient  for  the obtaining  of the victory, if they
  would not protract the war until winter were come
  on.                          Knolles's History.
     The sea came  on, the south with mighty roar
  Dispers'd and dash'd the rest upon the rocky shore.
                                      Dryden.
     So travellers,  who waste the day,
  Noting at length the setting sun,
  They mend their pace as night comes on.
                                     Granville.
 41. To come on.  To advance to combat.
     The great ordnance once discharged,  the armies
  came fast on, and joined  battle.           Knolles.
     Rhymer, come on, and do the worst you can;
  I fear not you, nor yet a better man.      Dryden.
 42. To come on.  To thrive;  to grow big;
   to grow.
               Come on, poor babe;
  Some powerful spirit instruct the kites and ravens
  To be thy nurses.     Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
     It should seem  by the experiments,  both of the
  malt and of the  roses, that they will come far faster
  on in water than in earth;  for the nourishment is
  easier drawn out of water than out of earth. Bacon.
 43. To come over. To  repeat an act.
 44. To come over. To  revolt.
     They are perpetually teizing their friends to come
   over to them.                   Addison's Speet.
     A man,  in changing his side,  not  only makes
  himself hated by those he  left, but is seldom hear-
  tily esteemed by those he comes over to.   Addison.
 45. To come over.  To  rise in distillation.
     Perhaps also  the phlegmatick liquor, that is wont
   to come over in this analysis, may, at least as to part
   of it, be produced by the operation of the fire. Boyle.
 46. To come out.  To be made publick.
     Before his book came  out, I  had undertaken the
   answer of several others.           Stilling fleet.
     I  have been tedious; and, which is worse,  it
   comes out from  the first draught, and uncorrected.
                                       Dryden.
 47. To come out. To appear  upon trial; to
    be discovered.
     It is indeed come  out  at last, that we are to look
   on the saints as inferior  deities.      Stilling fleet.
     The weight of the denarius, or  the seventh of a
   Roman ounce, comes out sixty-two  grains and four-
   sevenths.                           Arbuthnot.
 48. To come out  with.  To give a vent to;
    to  let fly.
     Those great masters of chymical arcana must be
  provoked, before they will come out with toem.
                                         Boyle.
 49. To come to.   To consent or yield.
     What is this, if my parson will not come  to?
                                         Swift.
 50. To come to. To amount to.
     The emperour imposed so great a custom upon
  all corn to be transported out of Sicily, that the very
  customs came to as much as both toe price of the
  corn and the freight together.           Knolles.
     You saucily pretend to know
  More than your dividend comes to.       Hudibras.
    Animals either feed upon vegetables immediate-
  ly, or, which comes to the same at last, upon other
  animals which have fed upon them.    Woodward.
    He pays not this tax immediately, yet his purse
  will find it by a greater want of money than that
  comes to.                               Locke.
51. To  come  to himself.  To recover his
   senses.
    He falls into sweet ecstasy of joy, wherein I shall
  leave him till he comes to himself.         Temple.
52. To come to pass.  To be effected;  to
   fall out.
    ' It cometh, we grant, many times to pass, that the
  works of men being the same, their drifts and  pur-
  poses therein are divers.                Hooker.
    How comes it to pass,  that some liquors cannot
  pierce into or moisten some bodies, which are easily
  pervious to other liquors?                 Boyle.
53. To come up. To grow out of the ground.
    Over-wet, at sowing-time, with us breedeth much
  dearth, insomuch as the corn never cometh up.
                                        Bacon.
    If wars should mow them down never so fast, yet
  they may be suddenly supplied, and come up again.
                                       Bacon.
    Good intentions are the seeds of good actions; and
  every man ought to sow toem, whether they come up
  or no.                                Temple.
54. To come up.  To come into use; as, a
  fashion comes up.
55.  To come up  to. To  amount to.
    He prepares for  a surrender, asserting that all
  these will not come up to near the quantity requisite.
                       Woodward's Nat. History.
56. To come up  to.  To rise; to advance.
    Whose ignorant credulity will not
   Come up to to' truth.        Shaks. Winter's Tale.
    Considerations there  are,  that may make us, if
  not come up to the character of those who rejoice in
  tribulations, yet at least satisfy the duty of being
  patient.           Wake's Preparation for Death.
    The vestes  byssinae,  which some ladies wore,
  must have been of such extraordinaiy price, that
  there is no stuff in our age comes up to it.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
    When the heart is full, it is angry at all words
  that cannot come up to it.                 Swift.

57. To  come up with. To overtake.
58. To  come upon.  To invade; to attack.
    Three hundred horse, and three thousand foot
   English, commanded by  Sir John  Norris, were
   charged by Parma,  coming upon them with seven
   thousand horse.                         Bacon.
     When old age comes upon him, it comes alone,
  bringing no other evil with it but itself.     South.
59. To  come.  In  futurity; not present; to
   happen hereafter.
     It serveto  to discover toat which is hid, as well
   as to foretel that which is to come.         Bacon.
                In times to come,
   My waves shall wash the walls of mighty Rome.
                                       Dryden.
     Taking  a lease of land for  years to come, at the
   rent of one hundred pounds.              Locke.
60. Come  is  a  word of which the  use is
    various and extensive, but  the radical
    signification of  tendency hitherward is
    uniformly preserved. When we say  he
    came from  a  place,  the  idea is  that of
   returning,  or  arriving,  or  becoming
   nearer; when  we say he  went from  a
   place, we conceive simply departure, or
   removal to a  greater distance. The  but-
    ter comes; it is passing from its former
    state  to that  which is desired; it is ad-
    vancing towards us.
Come,  [participle of the verb]
     Thy words were  heard, and I am come to  thy
   words.                                Daniel.
Come. A particle of exhortation; be quick;
   make no delay.
    Come, let us make our father drink wine.
                                  Gen. xix. 32,
Come. A  particle of  reconciliation, or in-
   citement to it.
    Come, come, at all I laugh he laughs no doubt;
  The only difference is, I dare laugh out.     Pope.
Come. A kind of adverbial word  for when
   it shall come; as,  come Wednesday, when
   Wednesday shall come.
    Come Candlemas, nine years ago she died.  Gay.
Come, kum. to.  s. [from the  verb.]  A
   sprout; a cant term.
    That the malt is sufficiently well dried, you may
  know both by the taste, and also by toe falling off of
  the come or sprout.        Mortimer's Husbandry.
Come'dian, ko-me'de-an.393 376 ». s. [from
   comedy.]
1. A player or actor of comic parts.
2. A player in general: a stage-player; an
   actress or actor.
    Melissarion, pretty honey-bee, when of a comedi-
  an she became  a wealthy man's wife, would be sa-
  luted Madam Pitoias, or Prudence.      Camden.
3. A writer of comedies.
    Scaliger willeth us  to admire Plautus as a come-
  dian, but Terence as a pure and elegant speaker.
                             Peacham of Poetry.
CO'MEDY, kom'me-de.  n. s. [comedia,
   Lat.] A dramatick  representation of the
   lighter faults of mankind,  with an inten-
   tion to  make vice and  folly  ridiculous;
   opposed to tragedy.
        Your honour's  players
  Are come to play a pleasant comedy.
                    Shaksp. Taming ofthe Shrew.
    A  long, exact, and  serious comedy;
  In every scene some moral let it teach,
  And, if it can,  at once both please and preach.
                                         Pope.
Co'meliness,  kum'le-nes.   to.  s.  [from
   comely.]  Grace; beauty;  dignity.   It
   signifies something  less forcible  than
   beauty, less elegant than grace, and less
   light than prettiness.
     A careless comeliness with comely care.  Sidney.
     The service of God hath not such perfection  of
  grace and  comeliness,  as  when the dignity of the
  place doth concur.                      Hooker.
     They skilled not of the goodly  ornaments of poe-
   try,  yet  were  sprinkled with some pretty flowers,
   which gave good grace and comeliness.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
     Hardly shall you meet with man or woman  so
   aged or  ill-favoured, but, if you  will commend
   them for comeliness, nay and for youth too,  shall
   take it well.                           South.
     There is great pulchritude and comeliness of pro-
   portion in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of plants.
                            Ray on the Creation.
         A horseman's coat shall hide
   Thy taper shape, and comeliness of side.    Prior.
 CO'MELY, kum'le.18* adj. [from become;
   or  from  cpeman, Sax. to please.]
 1. Graceful;  decent;  having  dignity  or
   grandeur of mien or look.  Comeliness
   seems to be that species of beauty which
   excites respect  rather than pleasure.
     If the principal part  of beauty is in decent mo-
   tion,  no marvel  though  persons in  years  seem
   many times more amiable;  for no youth can  be
   comely but by pardon, and considering the youth as
   to make up toe comeliness.               Bacon.
     He that is comely,  when old and decrepit,  surely
   was very beautiful when he was young.     South.
     Thou art a comely, young,  and valiant knight.
                                       Dryden. 
C OM
C OM
C OM
2. Used of things; decent;  according  to
   propriety.
    Oh, what a world is this, when what is comely
  Envenoms him that bears it.   Shak  As you like it.
    This is a happier and more comely time,
  Than when these fellows ran about the streets,
  Crying confusion.              Shak. Coriolanus.
Co'mely,  kiim'ie.1*5 adv.  [from the adjec-
   tive.]    Handsomely; gracefully.
    To ride comely, to play at all weapons,  to dance
  tamely, be very necessary for a courtly gentleman.
                          Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Co'meu,  kum'mur.98  n.  s.  [from come.]
   One  that comes.
           Time is like a fashionable host,
  That slightly shakes his parting guest by th' hand;
  But with his arms outstretch'd, as he would fly,
  Grasps in the comer: welcome ever smiles,
  And farewel goes out sighing.
                         Shaksp. Trail, and Cress.
    Yourself, renowned prince, then stood as fair,
  As any comer I have look'd on yet,
  For my affection.     Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
    Plants move upwards; but, if the sap puts up too
  fast,  it  maketh a slender stalk, which will not sup-
  port the weight; and  therefore these are all  swift
  and hasty comers.                        Bacon.
    It  is natural to be kind to toe last comer.  L'Estr.
    Now leave those joys, unsuiting to thy age,
  To a fresh comer, and resign the stage.    Dryden.
    The  renowned champion of our lady of Loretto,
  and toe  miraculous translation of her chapel; about
  which he hath published a defiance to the world, and
  offers to prove it against all comers.    Stillingfleet.
    There it is not strange, that the mind should give
  itself up to toe common opinion, or render itself to
  the first  comer.                          Locke.
    House and heart are open  for a friend; toe pas-
  sage  is easy, and not only admits, but even invites,
  the comer.                              South.
CO .VIET, kom'it."  n.s. [cometa, Lat. a
  hairy star.]
    A heavenly "body in  the planetary region, appear-
  ing suddenly,  and again disappearing; and, during
  the time of its appearance, moving through its pro-
  per orbit, like a planet.   The orbits of comets are
  ellipses, having one of toeir foci in the centre of the
  sun;  and being very long and eccentrick,  they  be-
  come invisible when in toat part most remote from
  toe  sun.   Comets, popularly called  blazing stars,
  arc distinguished from other  stars by a long train
  or tail  of  light, always opposite to the sun: hence
  arises a popular division of comets into three kinds,
  bearded,  tailed,  and haired comets;  though the divi-
  sion rather relates  to the different circumstances of
  the same comet, than to the phenomena of the se-
  veral.  Thus, when  the comet is  eastward of the
  sun,  and  moves from it, the  comet is said to  be
  bearded, barbatus, because the light marches be-
  fore it.   When the light  is westward of the sun,
  the comet is said to be tailed,  because the train fol-
  lows it.   When  the  comet and the sun are diame-
  trically opposite, the earth being between them, the
  train  is hid behind the body of the comet, excepting a
  little  that appears around it, in form of a border of
  hair,  hence called crinitus.
    According to Sir Isaac Newton,  toe tail of a co-
  met is a  very thin  vapour, emitted by the head or
  nucleus of  the comet,  ignited by the neighbourhood
  to the sun; and this vapour is furnished by the at-
  mosphere of the comet. The vapours of comets be-
  ing thus dilated, rarefied,  and diffused, may proba-
  bly,  by means of their own gravity, be attracted
  down to the planets,  and become intermingled with
  their  atmospheres.   For  the  conservation  of the
  water and moisture of the planets, comets seem ab-
  solutely  requisite; from whose condensed vapours
  and  exhalations all toat moisture which is spent in
  vegetations and putrefactions,  and turned into dry
  earth, may be resupplied aad recruited; for all ve-
  getables increase wholly from  fluids, and  turn,  by
  putrefaction,  into earth.   Hence the quantity of
  dry earth must continually increase,  and  the mois-
  ture  ofthe globe decrease, and at last be quite eva-
  porated, if it have not a continual supply.  And I
  suspect, adds Sir Isaac, that the spirit which makes
  the finest, subtilest, and best part of our  air, and
  which is absolutely requisite for the life and being
  of all things,  comes principally from the comets.
    The same  great author has computed  that the
  sun's heat, in the comet of 1680, was,  to his heat
  with  us at Midsummer, as twenty-eight thousand
  to one; and that the heat of the body ofthe comet
  was near two thousand times as great as that of red-
  hot iron.   He also calculates, that a globe of red-
  hot iron,  of the dimensions of our  earth, would
  scarce be cool in fifty thousand  years.   If then the
  comet be supposed to cool a hundred times as fast as
  red-hot iron, yet,  since its heat was two thousand
  times  greater, supposing it  of the bigness of the
  earth, it would not be cool in a million of years.
                             Trevoux.  Chambers.
    And wherefore gaze this goodly company,
  As if they saw some wond'rous monument,
  Some comet, or unusual prodigy?
                    Shaksp. Taming ofthe Shrew.
    Such his fell glances as the fatal light
  Of staring comets.                     Crashaw.
    I considered a comet, or  in  the language of the
  vulgar, a blazing star,  as a sky-rocket discharged
  by an hand that is almighty.   Addison's Guardian,
    Fierce meteors shoot their arbitrary light,
  And comets march with lawless horrors bright.
                                         Prior.
Co'metary,  kom'me-tar-e.S12 P adj.[from
Come'tick, ko-met'ik.809      }   comet.]
   Relating to a comet.
    Refractions of light are in the planetary and co-
  metary regions, as on our globe. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
CO'MFIT,  kflm'fit.166 to.  s. [bellaria, ari-
   da, Lat. konfit,  Dut.   It should  seem
   that both  are formed by  hasty  pronun-
   ciation  from  confect.]  A  dry  sweet-
   meat; any kind of fruit or root preserv-
   ed with sugar, and dried.
      By feeding me on beans and pease,
    He crams in nasty crevices,
    And turns to comfits by his arts,
    To make me relish for desserts.      Hudibras.
To Co'mfit, kum'fit.186 v. a.   [from  the
  noun.]  To preserve dry with sugar.
    The fruit that does so quickly waste,
  Men scarce can see it, much less taste,
  Thou comfitest in streets to make it last.    Cowley.
Co'mfituke, kdm'fe-tshure.461 «. s. [from
   comfit, or confecture.] Sweetmeat.
    From country grass to comfitures of court,
  Or city's quelque-choses, let not report
  My mind transport.                     Donne.
To CO'MFORT, kum'furt.188  v.  a. [com-
  forto,  low Lat. Salvia comfortat nervos,
   Schol. Sal.]
I. To strengthen;  to enliven;  to  invigo-
   rate.
    The evidence  of God's own testimony, added un-
  to the natural assent of reason, concerning toe cer-
  tainty of them, doth not a little  comfort and confirm
  the same.                              Hooker.
    Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men:
  light varied doth the same effect, with more novelty.
  This is the cause why precious stones comfort.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
    Some, of the abbots had been guilty of comforting
  and assisting the rebels.        Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. To console; to strengthen the mind un-
   der the  pressure of calamity.
    They bemoaned him, and comforted him over all
  the evil that the Lord had brought upon him.
                                    Job,  xlii. 11.
Co'mfort,  kum'rort,98  «.  s.  [from  the
   verb.]
I.  Support;  assistance; countenance.
    Poyuings made a wild chace upon toe wild Irish;
  where, in  respect of the mountains and fastnesses,
   he did  little good, which  he would needs impute
   unto the comfort that the rebels should receive un-
   derhand from the earl of Kildare.         Bacon.
     The  king did also appoint commissioners for tot-
   fining of all such as were of any value, and had any
   hand or partaking in the aid or comfort of Perkins,
   or the Comishmen.                      Bacon.
2. Consolation; support under  calamity or
   danger.
     Her soul heaven's queen, whose name she bears,
   In comfort of her mother's fears,
   Hath plac'd among her virgin train.   Ben Jonson.
     As they have no apprehensions of those things, so
   they need no comfort against them.       Tillotson.
3. That  which gives  consolation   or  sup-
   port in calamity.
     I will  keep her ign'rant of her good,
   To make her heav'nly comforts of despair,
  When it is least expected. Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
    Your  children were vexation to your youth,
   But mine shall be a comfort to your age.
                         Shakspeare's Richard III.
          We need not fear
  To pass  commodiously this life, sustain'd
  By him  with many comforts, till we end
  In dust,  our final rest and native home.     Milton,.
Co'mfortable, kum'far-ta-bl. adj. [from
   comfort/]
1. Receiving comfort; susceptible of com-
   fort; cheerful: of persons.  Not in use.
    For my sake be comfortable; hold death
  A while at toe arm's end.   Shaksp. As you like it.
    My lord  leans wond'rously to discontent;
  His comfortable temper has forsook him;
  He is much out of health.          Shaksp. Timon.
2. Admitting comfort; of condition.
    What can promise  him a comfortable appearance
  before his dreadful judge?                 South.
3. Dispensing comfort;  having the power
   of giving comfort.
     He had no brother, which,  though it be comfort-
   able for kings to have, yet draweth the subjects eyes
   aside.                       Bacon's Henry VII.
     The lives of many miserable men were saved, and
   a comfortable provision made for their subsistence.
                      Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
Co'mfortably,    k&m'fur-ta-ble.    adv.
   [from comfortable.]  In a  comfortable
   manner;  with cheerfulness; without  de-
   spair.
     Upon a view of the  sincerity of that performance,
   hope comfortably and  cheerfully for God's perform-
   ance.                                Hammond,
Co'mforteb,  kum'fiir-tur.   to.  s. [from
   comfort]
1. One that administers consolation in mis*
   fortunes; one that strengthens  and sup-
   ports  the mind in misery or danger.
     This very prayer of Christ obtained angels to be
   sent him, as comforters in his agony.       Hooker.
     Tbe heav'ns have blest you  with a goodly son,
   To be a comforter when he is gone.        Shaksp.
     Nineveh  is laid waste, who  will bemoan  her?
   whence  shall I seek comforters for thee? Neh. iii. 7.
2. The title of  the Third  Person of  the
   Holy Trinity; the Paraclete.

Co'mfortless, kfim'fu"t-les.   adj. [from
   comfort.] Wanting  comfort;  being with-
   out any  thing to allay misfortune: used
   of persons as well as of things.
     Yet shall not my death be comfortless, receiving it
   by your sentence.                       Sidney.
     Where was a cave,  ywrought with wond'rous art,
   Deep, dark, uneasy, doleful, comfortless.  J airy (£,
             News, fitting to tl-.e night;
   Black, fearful, comfortless, and horrible.   Sl.aksp,
     On thy feet thoustood'st at last,
   Though comfortless, as when a father mourns
   His children, all in vi* w destroy Y at once. Milton 
C OM
COM
C OM
     That unsociable comfortless deafness had not quite
   t red me.                               e  c.
 (,  ,          , ,                         Swift.
 Co.mfrey,  kum'fre. to*,  [consolida, hat.
  ^ comfrie, Fr.] A plant.            Miller.
 Co'mical, kom'me-kal.   adj.  [comicus,
   Latin.]
 I.  Raising mirth; merry; diverting.
     The  greatest resemblance of our author is in the
   lamihar stile and pleasing way of relating comical
   adventures of that nature.     Dryden's Fab. Pref.
     Something so comical  in the voice and gestures,
   that a man can hardly forbear being pleased.
                               Addison on Italy.
 2.  Relating to comedy;  befitting comedy;
   not tragical.
     That all might appear to be knit up in a comical
   conclusion, the duke's  daughter  was afterwards
  joined in marriage to the lord Lisle.    Hayward.
     They deny it to be tragical, because its catastrophe
   is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted co-
  mical.                                  Qay.
 Co'mically,  kom'me-kal-le.  adv.  [from
   comical]
 1.  In such a manner as raises mirth.
 2. In a  manner befitting comedy.
 Co'MiCALNEss,kom'me-kal-nes.TO. *.[from
   comical] The quality  of being comical;
   the power of raising mirth.
 CO'MICK, kom'mik. adj. [comicus, Lat.
   co~nique, Fr.]
 1. Relating to comedy; not tragick.
     I never yet the tragick muse essay'd,
  Deterr'd by thy inimitable maid;
  And when  I venture  at the comick stile,
  Thy scornful lady seems to mock my toil.    Waller.
     A comick subject loves an humble verse;
  Thyestes scorns a low and comick stile;
  Yet comedy sometimes may raise her voice.   Rose.
     Thy tragick muse gives smiles, thy comick sleep.
                                      Dryden.
 2. Raising mirth.
         Stately triumphs, mirthful comick shows,
  Such as befit the pleasure.     Shaksp. Henry VI.
 Co'mixg,  kum'ming.410  to.  s. [from  To
   come]
 1. The act of coming; approach.
     Where art thou, Adam! wont with joy to meet
  My coming, seen far off?   Milton's Paradise Lost.
                 Sweet the coming on
  Of grateful evening mild.      Milton's Par. Lost.
 2. State  of being come; arrival.
    May't please you, noble Madam, to withdraw
  Into your private chamber; we shall give you
  The full cause of our coming.   Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    Some people in America counted their years  by
  the coming of certain birds amongst them at their
  certain  seasons, and leaving them at others. Locke.

 Coming-in, kura-mlng-in'. to. s. Revenue;
  income.
    Here's a small trifle of wives; eleven widows and
  nine maids is a simple coming-in for one man.
                                   Shakspeare.
    What are thy rents'what are thy comings-in?
  0 ceremony, shew me but thy worth!
  What is thy toll, O adoration?    Shaksp. Henry V.
Co'ming, kum'ming.participial adj. [from
  come.]
 1. Fond;  forward;  ready to come.
    Now will I be your Rosalind  in a more coming
  on  disposition; and,  ask me  what you will,  I will
  grant it.                           Shakspeare.
    That very lapidary himself, with a coming sto-
  mach, and  in the cock's  place, would  have  made
  the cock's choice.                  L'Estrange.
    That  he had been so affectionate a husband, was
  no ill argument to the coming dowager.    Dryden.
   On morning wings how active  springs the mind!
  How easy every labour it pursues,
  How coming to the poet ev'ry muse! Pope's Horace.
 2. Future; yet to come.
     Praise of great acts he scatters, as a seed
   Which may the like in coining ages breed.  Rose.
 Comi'tial, ko-mish'al.  adj. [comitia, Lat.
    an assembly ofthe Romans.]  Relating
    to the assemblies of the people of Rome.
 Co'mity, kom'e-te. to. s.  [comitas, Lat.]
    Courtesy; civility; good-breeding.  Diet.
 Go'mma, kom'ma.  to. s. [jcift./^ct.]
 I. The point which notes the distinction of
    clauses, and order of construction, in the
    sentence; marked thus [,].
     Commas and points they set exactly right.  Pope.
 2. The ninth part of a tone, or the interval
    whereby a  semitone  or a perfect tone
    exceeds the imperfect  tone.   It is  a
   term used only in theorical musick,  to
    shew  the  exact  proportions  between
    concords.                        Harris.
 To COMMA'ND,  kom-mand'.?9  v.  a.
   [commander, Fr. mando, Lat.]
 1. To govern; to give  orders to;  to hold
   in subjection or  obedience: correlative
   to obey.
             Look, this feather,
   Obeying with my wind when I do blow,
   And yielding to another when it blows,
   Commanded always by the greater gust;
   Such is toe lightness of you common men.  Shaksp.
     Christ could command legions of angels  to his
   rescue.                        Decay of Piety.
     Should he, who was thy lord, command thee now,
   With a harsh voice, and supercilious brow,
   To servile duties.          Dryden's Pers. Sat.  5.
     The queen commands, and we'll obey,
   Over the hills, and far away.          Ofcf Song-.
2. To order; to direct to be done;  contrary
   to prohibit.
     My conscience bids me ask, wherefore you have
   Commanded of me these most pois'nous compounds?
                                  Shakspeare.
     We will sacrifice to the Lord our God,  as he shall
  command us.                  Exodus, viii. 27.
     Whatever hypocrites austerely talk
  Of purity, and place, and innocence,
  Defaming as impure what God declares
  Pure, and commands to some,  leaves free to all,
  Our maker bids increase: who bids abstain
  But our destroyer, foe to God and man?    Milton.
3. To have in power.
     If the strong cane support thy walking hand,
  Chairmen no longer shall the wall command.  Gay.

4. To overlook; to have so subject as that
   it may be seen or annoyed.
            Up to the eastern tower,
  Whose height commands as subject all the vale,
  To see the sight.    Shaksp.  Troilus and Cressida.
    His eye might there command wherever stood
  City, of old or modern fame, the seat
  Of mightiest empire.                   Milton.
    One side commands a view  of the finest gardens
  in the world.               Addison's  Guardian.
5. To lead  as a general.
    Those he commands move only in command,
  Nothing in love.               Shaksp. Macbeth.

To Comma'nd,  k6m-mand'. v. to. To have
   the supreme  authority; to  possess the
   chief power;  to govern.
    Those two commanding powers of the soul, toe
  understanding and the will.               Sowfft.
Comma'nd,  kom-mand'.  to.  s.  [from the
   verb.]

1. The right of commanding; power; su-
   preme authority; it is used in  military
  affairs, as magistracy or government in
   civil life: with over.
     Take pity of your town and of your people,
   While yet my soldiers are in my command.  Shaksp.
           With lightning fill her awful hand,
   And make the clouds seem all at her command.
                                       Waller.
     He assumed an absolute  command over his read-
         ers-                          Dryden.
 2. Cogent authority; despotism.
     Command and force  may often  create, but can
   never cure, an aversion; and whatever any one is
   brought to by compulsion, he will leave as soon as he
   can.                      Locke on Education.
 3. The act of commanding;  the  mandate
    uttered; order given.
     Of this tree we may not taste  nor touch;
   God so commanded, and left that command
   Sole daughter of his voice.  Milton's Paradise Lost.
     As there is no prohibition of it, so no command for
   '*•                                   Taylor.
     The captain gives command, the joyful train
   Glide thro' the gloomy shade, and leave the main.
                                      Dryden.
 4.  The power  of  overlooking or  survey-
   ing any place.
                 The steepy stand,
   Which overlooks the vale with wide command.
                              Dryden's  AEneid.
 Comma'nder, kom-man'dur.  to. *. [from
   command.]
 1.  He that  has the supreme authority; a
   general; a leader;  a chief.
    We'll do thee homage, and be rul'd by thee;
  Love thee as our commander and our king.  Shaksp.
    I have given him for a leader and commander to
  the people.                      Isaiah, Iv. 4.
    The Romans, when commanders in war, spake to
   their army, and styled them, My soldiers.   Bacon.
    Charles, Henry, and Francis of France, often
  adventured rather as soldiers than as commanders.
                                    Hayward.
    Sir Phelim O'Neil  appeared  as their commander
  in chief.                          Clarendon.
    Supreme commander both of sea and land. Waller.
    The heroick action of some great commander, en-
  terprised for the common good, and honour ofthe
  Christian cause.                      Dryden.
    Their great commanders, by credit in their armies,
  fell into the scales as a counterpoise to the people.
                                       Swift.
2. A paving beetle, or a very great wooden
   mallet, with  an  handle about three foot
   long, to use in both hands.      Moxon.
3.  An instrument  of surgery.
    The glossocomium, commonly called the com-
  mander, is of use in  the most strong tough bodies,
  and where the luxation hath been of long continu-
  ance.                     Wiseman's Surgery.

Comma'ndery,  kom-man'dur-re.  n.  s.
   [from command.] A body of the knights
   of Malta, belonging to the same nation.
Comma'ndment,  kom-mand'ment.  to. s.
   [commandement, Fr.]

1.  Mandate; command;  order; precept.
    '\ hey plainly require some special commandment
  for that which is exacted at their hands.   Hooker.
    Say, you chose him more after our commandment,
  Than guided by your own affections.      Shaksp.
    By the easy commandment by God given to Adam,
  to forbear to feed thereon, it pleased God to make
  trial of his obedience.  Raleigh's Hist, ofthe World.
2.  Authority;  coactive power.
    I thought toat all things had been savage here,
  And therefore put I on the countenance
  Of stern commandment.     Shaksp. As you  like it.
3. By way of eminence, the  precepts of
   the decalogue given by God to Moses.
    And he wrote upon  the tobies the words  of toe
  covenant, and the ten commandmerfts.    Exodus.
Comma'ndress, kom-man'dres. to. s-.[from 
C OM
COM
C 0 M
   commander] A woman vested with su-
   preme authority.
    To prescribe the order of doing in  all things,  is
  a peculiar prerogative, which wisdom hath, as queen
  or sovereign commandress, overall other virtues.
                                     Hooker.
    Be you commandress therefore, princess, queen
  Of all our forces, be thy word a law.     .Fair/ax.
Commate'rial,   kom-ma-te're-al.   adj.
   [from con and  materia.]   Consisting of
   the same matter with another thing.
     The beaks in birds are commaterial with teeth.
                                       Bacon.
    The  body adjacent and ambient is  not commate-
  rial, but merely heterogeneal towards  the body to
  be preserved.                          Bacon.
Commateria'lity,  kom-ma-te-re-aTe-te.
   to. s. [from commaterial] Resemblance
   to something in its matter.
Co'mmeline, kom-me-lin'. to. <s. [commeli-
   na, Lat.]  A plant.              Miller.
Comme'morable,    kom-mem'mo-ra-bl.
   adj. [from commemorate.]   Deserving
   to be mentioned  with  honour; worthy
   to be kept in remembrance.
To Comme'morate,  kom-mem'mo-rate.91
   v. a.  [con and  memoro, Lat.]  To pre-
   serve the memory by some  public  act;
   to celebrate solemnly.
    Such  is  the  divine mercy which  we now  com-
  memorate; and, if we commemorate it, we shall re-
  joice in toe Lord.                       Fiddes.
Commemora'tion, kom-mem-mo-ra'shiin.
   n.  s. [from commemorate.]   An act of
   public celebration; solemnization of the
   memory of any thing.
    That which is daily offered in the church, is a daily
  commemoration of that one sacrifice offered on the
  cross.                                Taylor.
    St. Austin believed  that the martyrs, when the
  commemorations were made at their own sepulchres,
  did join their prayers with toe  churches, in  behalf
  of those who there put up their supplications to God.
                                  Stilling fleet.
    Commemoration was formerly made, with thanks-
  giving, in honour of good men departed this world.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
CoMME'MORATivE,k6m-mem'm6-ra-tiv.107
   adj. [from commemorate.]  Tending to
   preserve memory of any thing.
    The annual offering of the Paschal lamb was com-
  memorative of that first Paschal lamb.   Atterbury.
    The original use of sacrifice was commemorative
  ofthe original revelation; a sort of daily memorial
  or record of what God declared,  and man believed.
                                       Forbes.
To  COMME'NCE, kom-mense'.  v. n.
   [commencer, Fr.]
1. To begin; to take beginning.
    Why hath it given me earnest of success,
  Commencing in a truth?          Shaksp. Macbeth.
    Man, conscious of his immortality, cannot be
  without concern  for that state toat is to commence
  after this life.                         Rogers.
2. To take a new character.
    If wit so much from ign'ranee undergo,
  Ah! let not learning too commence its foe!   Pope.
To Comme'nce,  kom-mense'.  v. a.  To
   begin; to make a  beginning of:  as,  to
   commence a suit.
    Most shallowly did you these arms commence,
  Fondly brought here, and foolishly sent hence.
                                      Shaksp.
Commencement, kom-mense'ment. to. s.
   [from commence]  Beginning;  date.
    The  waters were gathered together into one place,
   Ihc third day from the commencement of the crea-
  tion.                    Woodu-ard's Nat. Hist.
To COMME'ND,k6m-mend'. v. a. [com-
   mendo, Lat.]
1. To  represent as worthy of notice, re-
   gard, or kindness; to recommend.
    After Barbarossa was arrived, it was known how
  effectually the chief bassa had commended him to
  Solyman.                       Knolles's Hist.
    Among the objects of knowledge, two especially
  commend  themselves  to our  contemplation; the
  knowledge of God, and the knowledge of ourselves.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    Vain-glory is a principle 1 commend to no man.
                                Decay of Piety.
2. To deliver up with confidence.
    To thee I do commend my watchful soul,
  Ere I let fall the windows of mine eyes:
  Sleeping and waking, 0 defend me still!
                            Shaksp. Ricliard III.
    Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Luke.
3. To praise; to mention with approbation.
        Who is Silvia? What is she,
  That all our swains commend her?
  Holy, fair, and wise is she.          Shakspeare.
    Old men  do most exceed  in this point of folly,
  commending the days of their youth they scarce re-
  membered, at least well understood not.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    He lov'd my worthless rhymes; and like a friend,
  Would find out something to commend.     Cowley.
    Historians commend Alexander for weeping when
  he read the actions of Achilles.
             Dryden's Virgil's JEmeid, Dedication.
                Each finding, like a friend,
  Something to blame, and something to commend.
                                       Pope.
4. To mention by way of keeping in me-
   mory;   to recommend to remembrance.
          Signior Anthonio
  Commends him to you.----
  ----Ere I ope his letter,
  I pray you tell me how my good friend doth.
                     Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
5. To produce to favourable notice.
    The chorus was only to give the young ladies an
  occasion of entertaining the French king  with vocal
  musick, and of commending their own voices.
                           Dryden's Dufrcsnoy.
6. To send.
    These draw the  chariot which Latinus sends,
  And the rich present to the prince commends.
                              Dryden's JEm,eid.
Comme'nd, kom-mend'.  n.  s.  [from the
  verb.] Commendation. Not now in  use.
    Tell her I send to her my kind  commends:
  Take special care my greetings be deliver'd.
                            Shaksp. Richard II.
Comme'ndable,   kom'men-da-bl.    adj.
  [from commend.]  Laudable;  worthy of
   praise.  Anciently accented on  the  first
   syllable.
    And power, unto itself most commendable,
  Hath not a tomb so evident, as a chair
  T' extol what it hath done.     Shaksp. Coriolanus.
    Order and decent ceremonies in the  church, are
  not only comely, but commendable.
                      Bacon's Advice to  Villiers.
    Many heroes,  and most worthy persons,  being
  sufficiently commendable from true and unquestion-
  able merit, have received advancement from  false-
  hood.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Britannia is not drawn, like other countries, in a
  soft peaceful posture;  but is adorned with emblems
  that mark out the military genius of her inhabitants.
  This is, I think, the only commendable quality that
  the old poets have touched upon in the description
  of our country.               Addison on Medals
Comme'ndaisly,  kom'men-da-ble.   adv.
   [from   commendable.]  Laudably;  in a
   manner worthy  of commendation.
    Of preachers the shire holdeth a number, all com-
  mendabiy labouring in their vocation.
                     Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
COMME'XDAM, kom-men'dam. [com-
   menda, low  Lat.l
    Commendam is a bi-uefice, which, beins; void, is
  commended to the charge and care  of some suffi-
  cient clerk, to be supplied until it be convenient•■
  provided of a pastor.                   CowtU.
    It had been once mentioned to him that his peace
  should be made, if he would resign his bishoprick,
  and deanery of Westminster; for he had that in com-
  mendam.                          Clarendon.
Comme'ndatary,  kom-men'da-ta-re.513 n.
   s. [from commendam.]  One who holds
   a living in commendam.
Commenda'tion,  kom-men-da'shiin. n. s.
   [from  commend.]
1. Recommendation;  favourable represen-
   tation.
    This jewel and my gold are yours; provided I have
  your commendation for my more free entertainment.
                            'Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    The choice of them should be by the commenda-
  tion of the great officers of the kingdom.    Bacon.
2.  Praise;  declaration of esteem.
    His fame would not get so  sweet and noble an air
  to fly in as in your breath,  so oolild not you find a fitter
  subject of commendation.                Sidney.
3. Ground of praise.
    Good-nature is the most godlike commendation of
  a man.            Dryden's luvtnal, Dedication.
4. Message of love.
    Mrs. Page has her hearty commendations to you
  too.                                Shaksp.
                  Hark you, Margaret,
  No princely commendations to my king!----
  ----Such commendations as become a maid,
  A virgin, and his servant, say to him.
                             Shaksp. Henry VI.
Comme'ndatory,  kom-men'da-tur-re.612
   adj. [from commend.] Favourably repre-
   sentative;  containing praise.
    It doth much add to a man's reputation, and is
  like perpetual letters commendatory, to have good
  forms; to attain them, it  almost sufficeth not to de-
  spise them.                    JSacon's Essays.
    We bestow the flourish of poetiy  on those com-
  mendatory conceits, which popularly set forth the
  eminency of this creature. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    If I can think that neither  he nor you despise me,
  it is a greater honour to me,  by far, than if all the
  house of lords writ commendatory verses upon me.
                                       Pope.
Comme'nder, koni-men'dur. to. s. [from
   commend.]  Praiser.
    Such a concurrence of two extremes, by most of
  tbe same commenders and disprovers.     Wotton.
Commensa'lity,  kom-men-saTe-te.  to. s.
   [from  commensalis, Lat.] Fellowship of
   table;  the custom of eating  together.
  '  They being enjoined and prohibited certain foods,
  thereby to avoid community with the Gentiles, upon
  promiscuous commensality.      Brown's Vul. Err.
Commensurabi'lity,   kom-men-shu-rii-
   bil'e-te.  to. s.  [from  commensurable]
   Capacity  of  being  compared with ano-
   ther, as  to the  measure;  or of being-
   measured  by  another.   Thus  an inch
   and a yard are  commensurable,  a  yard
   containing a certain number  of  inches;
   the  diameter and  circumference of  a
   circle  are  incommensurable, not being
   reduceable to  any common measure.
   Proportion.
    Some  place the essence thereof in the proportion
  of parts, conceiving it to consist in a comely com/neu-
  surabi'ity of the whole unto the parts, and  the parts
  between themselves.                    Brown.
Comme'xsurabi.e, k'cWmen'shu-ra-bl.4''-
   adj.[con and mensura, Lat.]  Reducible 
6 6M
COM
COM
  to some common  measure;  as a  yard
  and a foot are measured by an inch.
Commf/xsurableness, kom-men'shu-ra-
  bl-nes.   n. a.  [from   commensurable]
  Commensurability;  proportion.
    There is no commensurablcness \>ti\\ c.'n  this ob-
  ject and a created understanding, yet there is a con-
  gruity and connaturality. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

 roCOMME'NSURATE,k6m-men'shu-
   rate.81  v. a.  [con  and mensura, Lat.]
   To  reduce to  some common  measure.
    That division  is not natural, but  artificial, and
  by agreement, as the aptest terms to commensurate
  the longitude of places.  Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
 CoMME'NsuRATE,k6m-men'shu-rate.91ac//'.
   [from the verb.]
 1. Reducible to some common measure.
     They permitted no intelligence  between them,
  other than by the mediation  of some organ equally
  commensurate to soul and body. Gov. ofthe Tongue.
 2.  Equal; proportionable to each other.
     Is our  knowledge  adequately commensurate with
   the nature of things?          Glanville's  Scepsis.
     Those who are persuaded that they shall continue
   for ever, cannot chuse but aspire after a happiness
   commensurate to their duration.        Tillotson.
     Nothing commensurate  to the desires of human
   nature, on which  it could fix as its ultimate end,
   without being carried on with any farther desire.
                              Rogers's Sermons.
     Matter and gravity are always commensurate.
                                       Bentley.
 CoMME'NSURATELY,kom-men'shu-rate-le\
    adv. [from commensurate.]  With the
    capacity of measuring, or  being mea-
    sured by some other thing.
     We are constrained to make  the  day serve  to
   measure the year as well as we can, though not
   commensurately to each year; but by collecting the
   fraction of days in several years, till they amount
   to an even day.                Holder on Time.
 CoMMENSURA'xioN,kom-men-shu-ra'shin.
    to. s. [from commensurate.]  Proportion;
    reduction of some things to some com-
    mon measure.
     A body over great, or over small,  will not  be
   thrown so far as a body of a middle size; so that, it
   seemeth,  there must be a commensuration or pro-
   portion between the body moved and  the force, to
   make it move well.         Bacon's Nat. History.
     All fitness lies in a particular commensuration,
   or proportion, of one thing to another.       South.
  To CO'MMENT, kom'ment. v.n. [corn-
    mentor, Lat.]
  1. To  annotate; to write  notes  upon  an
    author;  to  expound;  to explain: with
    upon before the thing explained.
     Such are thy secrets, which my life makes good,
   And comments on thee;  for in ev'ry thing
   Thy words do find me out, and parallels bring,
   And in another make me understand.     Herbert.
     Criticks having first taken a liking to one of
   these poets, proceeded to comment on him,  and il-
   lustrate him.       Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
     They have contented themselves only to comment
   upon  those  texts, and make the best copies they
   could after those originals.               Temple.
     Indeed I hate that any man should be idle, while
   I must translate and comment.             Pope.
 -2.  To make  remarks;  to make observa-
   tions.
     Enter his chamber, view his lifeless corps,
   And comment then upon his sudden death.   Shaksp.
 Co'mment,  kom'ment.462 n. a.  [from the
   verb.]
 1.  Annotations on an author;  notes;  ex-
   planation; exposition;  remarks.
     Adam came into the world a philosopher, which
 appeared by his writing the nature  of things upon
 toeir names:  he could view essences in themselves,
 and read forms without the comment of their re-
 spective properties.             South's Sermons.
    All the volumes of philosophy,
 With all their comments, never could invent
 So politick an instrument.                Prior.
    Proper gestures,  and vehement exertions of the
 voice, are a kind of comment to what he utters.
                            Addison's Spectator.
    Still, with itself compar'd, his text peruse;
 And let your comment be the Mantuan muse.  Pope.
2.  Remark;  observation.
    In such a time as this, it is not meet
 That every nice offence should bear its comment.
                                      Shaksp.
    Forgive the comment that my passion made
 Upon thy feature; for my rage was blind.  Shaksp.
    All that is behind will be by way of comment on
  that part of toe church of England's charity.
                      Hammond's Fundamentals.
Co'mmentary,kom'men-ta-re. «. s.[com-
   mentarius, Lat.]
1.   An exposition; book of annotations or
   remarks.
    In religion, scripture is the best rule; and the
  church's universal practice, the best commentary.
                                 King Charles.
2.   Memoir; narrative in  familiar manner.
    Vere, in a private commentary which he wrote of
  that service, testified that eight hundred were slain.
                                       Bacon.
    They shew still the ruins of Caesar's wall, toat
  reached eighteen  miles in  length, as he has de-
  clared it in the first book of his Commentaries.
                              Addison on Italy.
Commenta'tor,  kom-inen-ta'tur.631  to.  s.
   [from comment.]  Expositor; annotator.
    I  have made such expositions of my authors, as
  no commentator will forgive me.         Dryden.
    Some of the commentators  tell us, that Marsya
  was a lawyer who had lost his cause.
                              «#cfcfison on Italy.
    Galen's  commentator tells  us, that bitter sub-
   stances engender choler, and burn the blood.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    No commentator can more slily pass
  O'er a learn'd unintelligible place.         Pope.
Co'mmenter,  kom-men'tur.  to. a. [from
   comment.] One  that writes comments;
   an  explainer;  an  annotator.
    Slily as any commenter goes by
  Hard words or sense.                    Donne.
Commenti'tious,  kom-men-tish'us.  adj.
   [commentitius, Lat.] Invented; fictitious;
   imaginary.
    It is easy  to draw  a parallelism between that
  ancient and this modern nothing, and make good its
  resemblance to that commentitious inanity.
                             Glanville's Scepsis.
CO'MMERCE, kom'merse.  to.  *. [com-
   mercium, Lut.  It was anciently accented
   on  the last syllable.]
 1.  Intercourse; exchange of one thing for
   another; interchange of any thing; trade;
   traffick.
    Places of publick resort being thus provided, our
   repair thither is especially for mutual conference,
   and, as it were, commerce to be had between God
  and us.                              Hooker.
         How could  communities,
   Degrees in schools, and brotherhoods in cities,
  Peaceful commerce from dividable shores,
  But by degrees stand in authentick place?
                    Shaksp. Troilus and Cressida.
    Instructed ships shall sail to quick commerce,
  By which remotest regions areally'd;
    Which makes one city of the universe,
  Where some may gain, and all may be supply'd.
                                      Dryden.
    These people had  not any commerce with the
  other known parts of the world.        Tillotson.
    In any country, that hath commerce with the rest
  of the world, it is almost impossible now to be with-
  out the use of silver coin.                 Locke.
2. Common  or familiar intercourse.
    Good-nature, which consists  in overlooking of
  faults, is to be exercised only in  doing ourselves
  justice in toe ordinary commerce and occurrences of
  life.                                Addison.
To Co'mmerce, kom'merse.492 v. ?2.[from
   the  noun.]
I. To traffick.
    Ezekiel in the description of Tyre, and ofthe ex-
  ceeding trade that it had with the East, as the only
  mart town, reciteth  both the people with whom toey
  commerce, and also what commodities every country
  yielded.                             Raleigh.
    When they might not converse or commerce with
  any civil men; whither should they fly but into the
  woods and mountains, and there  live in a wild man-
  ner.                            Sir J. Davies,
2. To hold intercourse with.
         Come, but keep thy wonted state,
      With even step and musing gait,
      And looks commercing with the skies,
      Thy wrapt soul sitting in thine eyes.  Milton,
Comme'rcial, kom-mer'shal. adj. [from
   commerce.]   Relating  to commerce or
   traffick.
To CO'MMIGRATE, kom'me-grate. v.
   to. [con and migro, Lat.]  To remove in
   a body, or by consent,  from one country
   to another.
Commigra'tion, kom-me-gra'shun. to. *.
   [from commigrate.]   A  removal  of a
   large body of people from  one country
   to another.
    Both the inhabitants of that, and  of our world,
  lost all memory of their commigration hence.
                         Woodward's Nat. Hist.
COMMINA'TION, kom-me-na'shun. n-
   s. [comminatio, Lat.]
1. A threat; a denunciation of punishment,
   or of vengeance.
    Some parts of knowledge God has thought fit to
  seclude from  us; to fence them  not only by precept
  and comminution, but with difficulty and impossibil-
  ities.                           Decay of Piety.
2. The  recital of God's threatenings on
   stated days.
Commi'natory, kom-rnin'na-tiir-e.613  adj.
   [from  commination.]     Denunciatory;
   threatening.

 To Commi'ngle,   kom-ming'gl.   v. a.
   [commisceo,  Lat.]   To  mix  into  one
   mass; to  unite  intimately; to  mix; to
   blend.
                       Blest are those,
   Whose blood and judgment are so well commingled,
   That they are not a pipe for  fortune's finger,
   To sound what stop she please.           Shaksp.
 To Commi'ngle, kom-ming'gl. v.  to.  To
   unite one  with another.
     Dissolutions of gum tragacanth,  and oil of sweet
   almonds do not commingle, the oil remaining on the
   top till toey be stirred.     Bacon's Physical Rem.
Comminu'ible,   kom-min'u-e-bl.    adj.
   [from comminute.]  Frangible;  reduci-
   ble to powder;  susceptible of pulveri-
   zation.
     The best diamonds are comminuible; and are so
   far from breaking hammers,  that toey submit unto
   pestilation, and resist not any ordinary pestle.
                                       Brown.
 To CO'MMINUTE, kom-me-nute'. v. a. 
COM
C OM
COM
   [eomminuo,  Lat.] To grind; to pulver-
   ize; to break into small parts.
     Parchments, skins, and cloth, drink in  liquors,
  though themselves be entire bodies, and not commi-
  nuted, as sand and ashes.      Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Comminu'tion,   kom-me-nu'shun.   to. s.
   [from comminute.]
1. The act of  grinding into  small  parts;
   pulverization.
     The jaw in men,  and animals furnished with
  grinders,  hath  an oblique  or transverse  motion,
  necessary for  comminution of the meat.
                             Ray on the Creation.
     This smiting of the steel  with the flint doth only
  make a comminution, and a very rapid whirling and
  melting of some particles; but that idea of  flame is
  wholly in us.                          Bentley.
2. Attenuation.
     Causes of fixation are the even spreading of toe
  spirits and tangible parts, the  closeness of  the tan-
  gible parts, and the  jejuneness or extreme commi-
  nution of spirits; of which the  two first may be join-
  ed with a nature liquifiable.              Bacon.
Commi'serable,  k6m-miz'er-a-bl.  adj.
   [from commiserate.]  Worthy of  com-
   passion; pitiable;  such as  must excite
   sympathy  or sorrow.
     It is the sinfullest  thing in the world  to destitute
  a  plantation once in forwardness: for besides the
  dishonour, it  is the  guiltiness of blood of  many
  commiserable persons.            Bacon's Essays.
     This was the end of this noble and commiserable
  person, Edward, eldest son to the duke of Clarence.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
roCOMMI'SERATE,k6m-miz'er-ate.9i
   v. a. [con and  misereor, Lat.]  To pity;
   to  look  on  with  compassion; to com-
   passionate.
     Then we must those,  who  groan beneath toe
        weight
  Of age, disease, or want, sommiserate.   Denham.
     We should  commiserate  our mutual ignorance,
  and endeavour to remove it.               Locke.
Commisera'tion, kom-miz-er-a'shun. n.
   s. [from commiserate.]   Pity;  compas-
   sion; tenderness, or concern for another's
   pains.
     These poor  seduced creatures, whom I can nei-
  ther  speak nor think of but with much commisera-
  tion and pity.                         Hooker.
                   Live, and hereafter say
  A  mad man's  mercy bade thee run away.
  ----1 do defy toy commiseration,
  And apprehend thee for a felon here.
                       Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
     God knows with how much commiseration, and
  solicitous caution, I carried on that business, that I
  might neither  encourage toe rebels, nor discourage
  the protestants.                   King Charles.
    She ended weeping; and her lovely plight
  Immoveable, till peace, obtain'd from fault
  Acknowledge and deplor'd, in Adam wrought
  Commiseration.              Milton's Par. Lost.
    From you their estate may expect effectual com-
  fort;  there are none from whom it may not deserve
  commiseration.                          Spr-att.
    No where fewer beggars appear  to charm  up
  commiseration, yet do where is there greater chari-
  ty.                  Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
    I prevailed with myself to go and see him, partly
  out of commiseration, and  partly out of curiosity.
                                         Swift.
CO'MMISSARY,  kom'rais-sar-e. n.  s.
  [commissarius, low Lat.]
1. An officer  made occasionally for  a cer-
   tain purpose; a delegate; a deputy.
2. It is a title of ecclesiastical jurisdiction,
   appertaining to such as exercises spi-
   ritual jurisdiction (at  least  so   far  as
       VOL.  I.
   his  commission  permits)  in places  of
   the diocese so far distant from the chief
   city,  as the chancellor  cannot call the
   subjects.                          Cowell.
    The commissaries of bishops have authority only
  in some certain place of the diocese,  and  in some
  certain causes of the jurisdiction limited  to them
  by the bishop's commission.               Ayliffe.
3. An  officer who draws up  lists  of the
   numbers of an army, and regulates the
   procuration  and  conveyance  of  provi-
   sion or ammunition.
    But is it thus you English bards compose?
  With Runick lays thus tag insipid prose?
  And when you should your heroes deeds rehearse,
  Give us a commissary's list inverse?        Prior:
Co'mmissariship, kom'mis-sar-e-ship.TO.*.
   [from  commissary.]  The office  of a
   commissary.
    A commissariship is not grantable for life,  so as
  to bind the succeeding bishop,  though it should  be
  confirmed by the dean and chapter.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
COMMISSION,   kom-mish'un.  to.  a.
   [commissio, low Lat.]
I. The  act of entrusting any thing.
2. A trust;   a warrant by  which any trust
   is  held, or authority exercised.
    Commission is the warrant, or letters patent, that
  all men exercising jurisdiction,  either ordinary or
  extraordinary, have for their power.       Cowell.
    Omission to do what is necessary,
  Seals a commission to a blank of danger.   Shaksp.
                       The subjects grief
  Comes through commissions, which  compel from
         each
  The sixth part of his substance, to be levied
  Without delay.             Shaksp. Henry VIII.
                   He led our powers;
  Bore the commission of my place and  person;
  The which immediacy may well  stand up,
  And call itself your brother.    Shaksp. King Lear.
    He would have them fully acquainted with the
  nature  and extent of their office, and so he joins
  commission with instruction: by one he conveys
  power,  by the other knowledge.           South.
3. A warrant by which a military  officer
   is constituted.
    Solyman, filled with toe vain hope of the con-
  quest of Persia, gave out his commissions into all
  parts of his  empire, for the  raising  of a  mighty
  army.            Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
    I  was made a colonel; though  I gained my com-
  mission by toe horse's  virtues, having leapt over a
  six-bar gate.               Addison's Freeholder.
    He for his son a gay commission buys,
  Who drinks, whores, fights, and in a duel dies.
                                         Pope.
4. Charge; mandate;  office; employment.
    It was both a strange commission, and a strange
  obedience to a commission, for men, in the midst of
  their own blood,  and being so furiously assailed, to
  hold their hands contrary to the laws of nature and
  necessity.              Bacon's War with Spain.
           Such commission from above
  I have receiv'd,  to answer thy desire
  Of knowledge within bounds.   Milton's Par. Lost.
    At bis command the storms invade;
  The winds by his commission blow,
  Till with a nod he bids toem cease.       Dryden.
    He bore his great commission in his look;
  But  sweetly  temper'd awe, and soften'd  all  he
         spoke.                          Diyden.
5. Act of committing  a  crime;  perpetra-
   tion. Sins of commission are distinguish-
   ed in theology from sins of omission.
    Every  commission of sin introduces into the soul
  a certain degree of hardness,    South's Sermons.
    He indulges himself in the habit of known sin,
  whether commission of something which God hath
                    Z  Z
   forbidden, or the omission of something command
   ed. >                         Rogers's Sermons.
 6. A number of people  joined in a trust
   or office.
 7. The state of that which is entrusted to
   a number of joint officers; as the great
    seal was put into commission.
 8. [In  commerce.]  The  order by  which a
   factor trades for  another  person.
 To  Commission,   kom-mish'in.  v.  a.
   [from  commission.]
 I. To empower; to appoint.
 2. To send with mandate  or authority.
    The peace polluted thus, a  chosen band
  He first commissions to the Latian land,
  In threat'ning embassy.          Dryden's ASmeid-
 To Commi'ssionate, kom-mish'u.n-ate. v.
   a. [from commission.]  To commission;
   to empower: not in use.
    As he was  thus sent by his father, so also were
  the apostles  solemnly  commissionated by him to
  preach to toe  Gentile world,  who, with indefatiga-
  ble industry  and resolute  sufferings, pursued the
  charge; and  sure this  is  competent evidence, that
  the design was of the most weighty importance.
                                Decay of Piety.
Commissioner,  kom-mish'un-ur.98  n. s.
   [from commission]   One included  in a
   warrant of authority.
    A commissioner is one who hath commission, as
  letters patents, or other lawful warrant, to execute
  any publick office.                      Cowell-
    One  article they stood upon, which I with  your
  commissioners have agreed upon.          Sidney.
    These  commissioners came into England,  with
  whom covenants were concluded.        Hayward.
    The archbishop was made oae of the commis-
  sioners of the treasury.              Clarendon.
   Suppose itinerary commissioners to inspect through-
  out the kingdom, into toe conduct of men in office.
  with respect   to morals and  religion,  as well  as
  abilities.                               Swift-
    Like are their merits, like rewards they share;
  That shines a consul,  this commissioner.
                                Pope's Dunciad.

Commi'ssure, kom-mlsh'ure. n. s. [com-
   missura,  Lat.]   Joint; a   place  where
   one part is joined to another.
    All  these inducements cannot countervail the  in-
  convenience of disjointing the commissures with so
  many strokes  of the chissel.   Wotton's Architecture.
    This animal is covered with a strong shell, joint-
  ed like armour by four transverse  commissures in the
  middle of toe body, connected by  tough membranes.
                            Ray on the Creation.
 To COMMI'T, kom-mit'. v. a.  [commit-
   to, Lat.]
 I. To intrust; to give in trust; to put  into
   the hands of another.
    It is not for your health, thus to commit
  Your weak condition to the raw,  cold morning.
                                    Shakspeare.
2. To put in any place to be kept  safe.
    They who   are desirous to commit  to memory,
  might have ease.                2  Mac. ii. 25.
                   Is my muse controul'd
  By servile awe? Born free, and  not be bold!
  At least I'll dig a hole within toe ground,
  And to toe trusty earth commit the sound.
                               Diyden's Persius.
 3. To send to prison; to imprison.
     Here eomes  the nobleman that  committed  toe
  prince, for striking him about Bardolph.   Shaksp.
     They two were committed,  at  least restrained of
  toeir liberty.                       Clarendon,
     So, though my ankle she has quitted,
  My heart continues still committed;
  And,  like a bail'd and main-priz'd lover,
I Although at large, I am bound over.     Hudibras. 
COM
C 0  M
C 0  M
4. To perpetrate; to do a fault; to be guil-
   ty of a crime.
    Keep thy word justly, swear not; commit not
  with man's  sworn spouse.      Shaksp. King Lear.
    Letters out of Ulster gave him notice ofthe inhu-
  man murders committed there upon a multitude of
  the protestants.                      Clarendon.
    A creeping  young fellow commiffecf matrimony
  with a brisk gamesome lass.           L'Estrange.
                              'Tis policy
   For son and father to take different sides;
   Then  lands and tenements commit  no treason.
                                        Dryden.
 5. To put together for a  contest: a Lat-
   inism.
     How becomingly does Philopolis  exercise his
   office, and seasonably commit the opponent with toe
   respondent, like a long practised moderator.
                             More's Divine  Dial.
 6. To  place  in a  state  of hostility or in-
    congruity: a Latinism.
     Harry, whose tuneful and well-measured song
   First taught our  English musick how to span
   Words with just note and accent, not to scan
   With Midas' ears,  committing short and  long.
                                         JVfifton.
  Commi'tment, kom-mit'ment. n.  a. [from
    commit.]
  I.  Act of sending  to  prison;  imprison-
    ment.
      It did not  appear  by any new examinations or
    commitments, that any other person was discovered
   or  impeached.                          Bacon.
      They were glad to compound  for  his  bare com-
   mitment to the  Tower,  whence he was within few
   days enlarged.                      Clarendon.
      I have been considering, ever  since my commit-
   ment, what it might be proper to deliver upon this
   occasion.                                Swift.
  2. An order  for sending to prison.
  Commi'ttee, kom-mit'te. n. s. [from com-
    mit.]
      Those to whom the consideration or ordering of
    any matter is referred,  either by  some  court to
    whom it belongs, or by consent of parties.   As in
    parliament, after a bill is read, it is either agreed
    to and passed, or not agreed to; or neither of these,
    but referred to the consideration of some appointed
    by the house to examine it farther,  who thereupon
    are called a  committee.                   Cowell.
      Manchester had orders to march thither, having
    a committee of the  parliament with  him,  as  there
    was another committee of the  Scottish  parliament
    always in that army; there being also now a com-
    mittee of both kingdoms residing at London for the
    carrying on the war.                 Clarendon.
      All corners were  filled with covenanters, confu-
    sion, committee men, and soldiers, serving each
    other to their ends of revenge, or  power, or profit;
    and these committee men and  soldier; were possest
    with this covenant.                     Walton.
  Committer,  kom-mit'iur. to. s.   [from
     commit.]  Perpetrator; he  that commits.
       Such an one makes a man not only a partaker of
    other men's sins, but a  deriver of the whole guilt
    to himself; yet so as to leave the  committer  as full
    of guilt as before.                        South.
  Commi'ttible, kom-mit'ta-bl. adj.  [from
     commit.]  Liable to be committed.
       Besides the  mistakes committible  in the solary
    compute,  the difference of chronology disturbs  his
    computes.                             Brown.
  To CoMMi'x.kom-miks'. v. a. [commisceo,
     Lat.] To mingle; to blend;  to mix; to
     unite with things in one mass.
       A dram of gold dissolved in aqua regia,  with a
    dram of copper in aqua fortis  commixed,  gave a
    great colour.                            Bacon.
       I have written against the spontaneous genera-
    tion of frogs  in the clouds; or, on the earth, out of
    dust and rain water commixed.              Ray.
    11 is manifest, by this experiment, that  the com-
  mixed impressions of all the colours do stir up and
  beget a sensation of white; that  is, that whiteness
  is compounded of all the colours.         .Yeicfon.
Commi'xion,  kom-mik'shiin.  n. s. [from
   commix.] Mixture; incorporation of dif-
   ferent ingredients.
    Were thy commixion  Greek and Trojan, so
  That thou could'st say, this hand is Grecian all,
  And this is Trojan.   Shaksp. Troilus and Cressida.
Commi'xtion, kom-mik'shiin. n. s. [from
   commix.] Mixture; incorporation; union
   of various substances in one mass.
    Some species there be of middle and participa-
  ting natures, that is, of birds and beasts, as  batts,
  and some few others, so conformed and set together,
  that we cannot define the beginning or end  of ei-
  ther; there being a commixtion of both in the whole,
  rather than adaptation or cement of the one unto
  toe other.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Commi'xture, kom-miks'tshure.2ai   to.  s.
   [from  commix.]
 1. The  act of mingling; the state of being
   mingled; incorporation;  union  in  one
   mass.
     In the commixture of any thing  that is more oily
   or sweet, such  bodies are least apt to putrefy, the
   air working little upon them.   Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 2. The mass  formed by mingling differ-
   ent things;  composition; compound,
     Fair ladies,  mask'd,  are  roses in the bud,
   Or angels veii'd in clouds; are roses blown,
   Dismask'd, toeir damask sweet commixture shewn.
                                        Shaksp.
     My love and fear glew'd  many friends to thee;
   And now I fall, thy tough commixtures melt,
   Impairing  Henry,  strength'ning misproud York.
                                        Shaksp.
     There is scarcely any rising  but by a commix-
   ture of good and evil arts.                Bacon.
     All the circumstances and respect of religion and
   state intermixed together in their commixture, will
   better become a royal history, or a council-table,
   than a single life.                      Wotton.
 Commo'de, kom-mode'. to. s. [Fr.]   The
    head-dress of women.
     Let  them reflect how they would be affected,
   should they meet with a man on horseback,  in his
   breeches and jack-boots, dressed  up  in  a commode
   and a nightrail.                       Spectator.
      She has contrived to shew her  principles  by the
   setting of  her commode; so that it will be impossi-
   ble for any woman, that is dissaffected to be in the
   fashion.                   Addison's Freeholder.
      She, like some pensive statesman, walks demure,
   And smiles, and hugs, to make destruction sure;
   Or under high commodes, with looks erect,
   Barefac'd devours, in gaudy colours deck'd.
                                       Granviffe.
  COMMO'DIOUS,  kom-mo'de-us,   or,
    kom-m6'je-us.293 294  adj.   [commodus,
    Lat.]
  I. Convenient;  suitable;  accommodate to
    any purpose;   fit;   proper;  free  from
    hindrance  or uneasiness.
      Such a  place cannot be commodious to  live in;
   for being so near toe moon, it had  been too near
   the sun.                      Raleigh's History.
      To that recess, commodious for surprize,
   When purple light shall next suffuse the skies,
    With me  repair.                 Pope's Odyssey.
  2. Useful; suited to wants or necessities.
       If  they think we ought  to prove  the ceremonies
    commodious,  they do greatly deceive themselves.
                                          Hooker.
       Bacchus had found out the making of wine, and
    many things else commodious for mankind.
                      Raleigh's History of the World.
       The gods have done their part,
    By sending this commodious plague. Dryd.  Oedipus.
                            Mare's muse,
  Thrice sacred muse, commodious precepts gives,
  Instructive to the swains.                Philips.
Commo'diously,  kom-mo'de-us-le.  adv.
   [from commodious.]
I. Conveniently.
    At the large foot of an old  hollow tree,
  In a deep cave seated commocfiousfj/,
  His ancient and hereditary house,
  There dwelt a good substantial country mouse.
                                       Cowley.
2. Without distress.
                   We need not fear
  To pass commodiously this life, sustain'd
  By him with many comforts, till we end
  In dust, our final rest and native home.    Jtfiffon.
3. Suitably to a certain purpose.
    Wisdom may have framed  one and the same
  thing to serve commodiously for divers ends.
                                       Hooker.
    Galen, upon the consideration of the body, chal-
  lenges any one to find how the least fibre might be
  more commodiously placed for use or comeliness.
                                South's Sermons.
Commo'diousness,  kom-mo'de-us-nes. n.
   s.   [from commodious.]  Convenience;
   advantage.
    The place requireth  many circumstances; as the
   situation  near the  sea, for the commodiousness of
   an intercourse with England.              Bacon.
     Of cities, the greatness and riches increase ac-
   cording to the commodiousness of their situation in
   fertile countries,  or upon rivers and  havens.
                                        Tempfe.
 Commo'dity,  kom-mod'e-te. to. s.   [com-
   moditaa, Lat.]
 1. Interest; advantage; profit.
     They knew, that howsoever men may seek their
   own commodity, yet, if this were done with injury
   unto others, it was not to be suffered.     Hooker.
     Commodity, the biass of the world,
   The world, which of itself is poised well,
   Till this advantage, this vile  drawing biass,
   This sway of motion, this commodity,
   Makes it  take head from all indifferency,
   From all  direction, purpose,  course, intent.
                              Shaksp.  King John.
     After much debatement of the commodities or dis-
   commodities like to ensue, they concluded.
                                       Hayward.
    Convenience;  particular advantage.
     There  came into  her head certain verses, which,
   if she had had present commodity,  she would have
   adjoined  as a retraction to the other.      Sidney.
     She demanded leave, not to lose this long sought-
   for commodity of time, to ease her heart.   Sidney,
     Travellers turn  out of the highway, drawn ei-
   ther by the commodity of a foot-path, or the delicacy
   or the freshness of the fields.         Ben Jonson.
     It had been difficult to make such a  mole where
   they had not so natural a commodity as  the earth of
    Puzzuola, which immediately hardens in the water.
                                 Addison  on Italy.
   . Wares; merchandise; goods for traffick.
      All my fortunes are at sea;
    Nor have I money nor commodity
    To raise a present sum.  Shaksp. Merch. of Venice.
      Commodities are moveables, valuables by money,
    the common measure.                    Locke.
      Of money,  in the commerce and traffick of man-
    kind, the principal  use is that of saving the commu-
    tation of more bulky commodities.      Arbuthnot.
  Commodo're, kom-mo-dore'.8-4 S88 to.  a.
    [probably corrupted  from the  Spanish,
    commandador] The  captain  who  com-
    mands a squadron of ships;  a temporary
    admiral.
  CO'MMON, kom'mun.166  adj. [commu-
    nis, Lat]
   1. Belonging equally to more than one.
      Though life and sense  be common to man and
    brutes,  and  their operations in many  things alike; 
COM
C OM
C OxM
  yet by this form he lives the life of a man, and not
  ef a brute; and hath the sense of a man, and not of
  a brute.              Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    He who hath received damage, has, besides the
  right of punishment common to him with other men,
  a particular right to seek reparation.       Loeke.
2. Having no possessor  or owner.
    Where no kindred are to be  found, we see the
  possessions of a private man revert to the commu-
  nity,  and so  become again perfectly common; nor
  can any one have a property in toem, otherwise than
  in other things common  by nature.        Locke.
3. Vulgar;  mean; not distinguished by any
   excellence; often  seen;  easy to be had;
   of little value; not rare; not scarce.
    Or as the man, whom princes do advance
  Upon their gracious mercy-seat to sit,
  Doth common things, of course and circumstance,
  To the reports of common men commit.     Davies.
4. Publick; general;  serving the use of all.
    He was advised by a parliament-man, not to be
  strict in reading all  the common prayer, but make
  some variation.                       Walton.
    I need not mention the old common shore of Rome,
  which ran from all parts of the town, with the cur-
  rent and violence of an  ordinary river.    Addison.

5. Of no rank; mean; without birth or de-
   scent.
    Look, as I blow this feather from my face,
  And as the air blows it  to me again,
  Such is the lightness  of you common men.   Shaksp.
               Flying bullets now,
  To execute his rage, appear too slow;
  They miss, or sweep but common souls away;
  For such a loss Opdam  his life must pay.   Waller.

6. Frequent; usual; ordinary.
    There is an evil which I have seen common among
  men.                           Eccles.  vi. 1.
    The  Papists  were the most common place, and
  toe butt against whom all toe arrows were directed.
                                   Clarendon.
    Neither is it strange that there should be myste-
  ries in divinity, as well  as in toe  commonest opera-
  tions in nature.                         Swift.

7. Prostitute.
    'Tis a strange thing,  the impudence of some wo-
  men! was the word of a dame who herself was com-
  mon.                            L'Estrange.
    Hipparchus was going to marry  a common wo-
  man, but consulted Philander upon the occasion.
                                    Spectator.

8. [In grammar.] Such verbs as signify
   both action and  passion are  called com-
   mon; as, aspernor I despise, or am  des-
  pised; and also  such nouns as are both
   masculine and feminine, as parens.

Co'mmon, kom'mftn. n. s.  [from the ad-
   jective.] An open  ground equally used
   by many  persons.
    Then take we down his load, and turn him off,
  Like to the empty ass, to shake his ears,
  And graze in  commons.               Shakspeare.
    Is not the separate property of a thing the great
  cause of its endearment? Does any one respect a
  common as much as he  does  his garden?    South.
Co'mmon, kom'mun. adv.   [from the ad-
  jective.] Commonly; ordinarily.
    I am more  than common tall.       Shakspeare.

In Common.
1. Equally  to be participated by a certain
  number.
    By making an explicite consent of every  com-
  moner necessary to any  one's appropriating to him-
  self any part of what is  given in common, children
  or servants could not cut the meat which their father
  or master had provided  for them  in common,  with-
  out assigning  to every one his peculiar part. Locke.
2. Equally  with  another; indiscriminately.
    In a work of this nature it is impossible to  avoid
  puerilities; it having toat in common with dictiona-
  ries, and books of antiquities.          Arbuthnot.
To Co'mmon, kom'mun. v. to. [from the
   noun.] To have a joint right with others
   in some common ground.
Co'mmon  Law,  kom'mun-law'.  contains
   those customs and usages which have,
   by long  prescription, obtained in this
   nation the  force of laws.   It  is  distin-
   guished from  the  statute  law,  which
   owes  its authority to acts of parliament.
Co'mmon  Pleas,  kom'mun-pleez'.  The
   king's court  now held  in Wesaiinster
   Hail,  but anciently moveable.  Gwin ob-
   serves, that till Henry  111. granted the
   magna  charta,   there  were   but two
   courts,  the exchequer,  and the  king's
   bench,  so called because it  followed
   the king;  but, upon the  grant of that
   charter, the court of common pleas was
   erected, and settled at Wesminster. All
   civil causes,  both real and personal, are,
   or were, formerly tried in this court, ac-
   cording to the strict laws of the  realm;
   and Fortescue represents it as the only
   court for real  causes.  The chief judge
   is called the  lord chief justice  of the
   common pleas, and lie is assisted by three
   or four associates, created by letters pa-
   tent from the king.              Cowell.
Co'mmonable, kom'iTmn-a-bl. adj. [from
   common]  What is held in common.
    Much good land might be gained from forests
  and chases, and from other commonable places, so
  as there be care taken toat the poor commoners have
  no injury.                   Bacon to Villiers.
Co'mmonage, kom'mun-aje.90 n.  s. [from
   common.]  The  right of  feeding  on a
   common;  the  joint right of using any
   thing in common with others.
Co'mmonalty, kom'mun-al-te. to. s. [com-
   munaute, Fr.]
1. The common people; the people ofthe
   lower rank.
                Bid him strive
  To gain the love o' th' commonalty; toe duke
  Shall govern England.              Shakspeare.
    There is in every state, as we know, two portions
  of subjects; the nobles, and the commonalty. Bacon.
    The emmet joined in her popular tribes
  Of commonalty.           Milton's Paradise Lost.
    All gentlemen are almost obliged to it; and I
  know no reason we should give that advantage to toe
  commonalty of England, to be foremost in brave ac-
  tions.                               Diyden.
2. The  bulk of mankind.
    I myself  too will use toe secret acknowledgment
  of the  commonaffi/, bearing record of  toe God of
  Gods.                               Hooker.
Co'mmoner, kom'un-ur.98  to. s. [from com-
   mon]
1. One  of the  common  people; a  man of
   low rank,  of mean condition.
                  Doubt not
  The commoners, for whom we stand, but they,
  Upon their ancient malice, will forget.  Shakspeare.
    His  great men durst not pay toeir court to him,
  till he had satiated his thirst of blood by the death
  of some of his loyal commoners.          Addison.
2. A man not noble.
      This commoner has worth  and parts,
    Is prais'd for arms, or lov'd for aits:
    His head aches for a coronet;
    And  who is bless'd that is not great?      Prior.
3. A member  of the house of commons.
    There is hardly a greater difference between two
                   zz2
  things, than there is between a representing conir
  moner in his publick calling,  and  tbs same person
  in common life.                        Swift.
4. One who has a joint right in  common
   ground.
    Much land might be gained from commonable
  places, so as there be care taken that toe poor com-
  moners have no injury.  .Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
5. A student of the second  rank  at the
   university of Oxford; one that eats at the
   common table.
6. A prostitute.
               Behold this ring,
  Whose high respect and rich validity,
  Did lack a parallel: jet, for all that,
  He gave it to a commoner o' th' camp. Shakspeare.
Commoni'tion,  kom-mo-nish'un.   n.  s.
   [commonitio, Lat.] Advice; warning; in-
   struction.
Co'mmonly, kom'mun-le. adv. [from com-
   mon] Frequently;   usually;  ordinarily;
   for the most part.
    This hand of yours requires
  Much castigation, exercise devout;
  For here's a strong and sweating devil here,
  That commonly rebels.              Shakspeare
    A great disease may change the frame of the body,
  though, if it lives to recover strength, it commonly
  returns to its natural constitution.         Temple.
Co'mmonness,  kom'mun-nes. «. s.  [from
   common.]

I. Equal participation  among many.
    Nor can the commonness of the guilt obviate the
  censure, there being nothing more frequent than for
  men to accuse their own faults in other persons.
                     Government of the  Tongue.
2. Frequent occurrence; frequency.
    Blot out that maxim, res nolunt  diu -male admir
  nistrari: the commonness makes me not know who
  is the author; but sure he must be some modern.
                                      Swift.
To Commonpla'ce, kom-mun-plase'.T. a.
   To  reduce to general heads.
    I do not apprehend any difficulty  in collecting and
  commonplacing an universal history from the histo-
  rians.                                Felton.

Commonpla'ce-book,    kom-mun-plase'-
   b66k. to. s. A book in which things to be
   remembered are ranged under general
   heads.
    I turned  to my commonplace-book, and found his
  case under the word coquette.             Tatler.
Co'mmons, kom'munz.166 to. j.
1.  The vulgar; the lower people; those
   who inherit no honours.
                 Little office
  The hateful commons will perform  for us;
  Except, like curs, to tear us all in  pieces.   Shaksp.
    Hath he not pass'd the  nobles and toe commons?
                                   Shakspeare.
    These three to kings and chiefs their scenes dis-
        play,
  The rest before th' ignoble commons play.  Dryden.
    The gods of greater nations dwell around,
   And, on the right and  left, the palace bound;
   The commons where they can: the nobler sort,
  With winding doors wide  open, front toe court.
                                     Diyden.
2.  The lower house of  parliament, by
   which the people are  represented, and
   of which the members are chosen by
   the people.
                 My good lord,
   How now for mitigation of this bill
   Urg'd by toe commons? Doth his majesty
   Incline to it, or no?       Shakspeare's Henry VI
    In toe house of commons many  gentlemen, unsa-
   tisfied of his guilt, durst not condemn him.
                                 A'injr Charles 
COM
COM
COM
3. Food; fare; diet: so called from colleges,
  where it is eaten in common.
    He painted himself of a dove colour, and took his
  commons with the pigeons.           L'Estrange.
    Mean while she quench'd her fury at the flood,
  And with a lenten sallad cool'd her blood:
  Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing
      scant;
  Nor did their minds an equal banquet want.  Dryd.
    The doctor now obeys the summons,
  Likes both his company and commons.      Swift.

Commonwe'al, kom-mAn-weel'.628 >
CoMMONWE'ALTH,k6m'mUTl-WelM. ^
   [from common  and weal, or wealth.]
 1.  A polity; an  established  form of civil
   life.
     Two foundations  bear up publick societies; the
  one inclination,  whereby all  men  desire sociable
  life; the other an order agreed upon, touching the
  manner of their union in living together; the latter
  is that which we call the law of a commonweal.
                                       Hooker.
     It was impossible to  make a commonweal in Ire-
  land, without settling of all the estates and posses-
  sions throughout the kingdom.   Davies on Ireland.
     A continual parliament would but keep the com-
  monweal in tune, by preserving laws in their vigour.
                                  King Charles.
     There is nobody in the commonwealth of learning
  who does not profess himself a lover of truth. Locke.
 2.  The publick;  the general  body of the
   people.
                 Such a prince,
   So kind a father of the commonweal.   Shakspeare.
     Their sons are well tutored by  you: you are a
   good member of the commonwealth.    Shakspeare.
 3.  A government in which the supreme
   power is lodged  in  the  people; a re-
   publick.
     Did he, or do yet any of them, imagine
  The gods would sleep to such a Stygian practice,
  Against that commonwealth which they have found-
       ed ?                             Jonson.
     Commonwealths were nothing more, in their ori-
  ginal, but free cities; though sometimes, by force of
  order and discipline, they have extended themselves
   into mighty dominions.                  Temple.
 Co'mmorance, kom'mo-ranse. )    to.  *.
 Co'mmorancy, kom'mo-ran-se. $   [from
   commorant.]    Dwelling;    habitation,
   abode; residence.
     The very quality, carriage, and  place of commo-
   rance, of witnesses is plainly and evidently set forth.
                                         Hale.
     An archbishop, out of his diocese, becomes sub-
   ject to the archbishop of the province where he has
  his abode and commorancy.     Ayliffe's Parergon.

 CO'MMORANT,   kom'mo-rant.    adj.
   [commorans, Lat.]  Resident; dwelling;
   inhabiting.
     The  abbot may demand and recover his monk,
   that is commorant and residing in another monaste-
   ry.                         Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Commo'tion, kom-mo'shun. n.s.  [commo-
   tio, Lat.]
 ?.  Tumult; disturbance;  combustion; se-
   dition; publick disorder; insurrection.
     By flatt'ry he hath won the common hearts;
  And, when he'll please to make commotion,
  'Tis to be fear'd they all will follow him.  Shaksp.
     Ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not ter-
  rified.                                  Luke.
     The Iliad consists of battles, apd a continual
  commotion; the Odyssey in patience and wisdom.
                    Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
2.  Perturbation;  disorder of mind; heat;
   violence; agitation.
             Some strange commotion
  Is in his brain; he bites his lips, and starts. Shaksp.
    He could not debate any thing without some com-
  motion, when the argument was not of moment.
                                   Cfarencfon.
3. Disturbance; restlessness.
    Sacrifices were offered when an earthquake hap-
  pened, that he would allay the comnwlions of the
  water, and put an end to the earthquake.
                    Woodward's Natural History.
Commo'tioner,   kom-md'shun-ur.  to.   a.
   [from commotion.] One that causes com-
   motions; a disturber of the peace.   A
   word not in use.
    The people, more regarding commotioners than
  commissioners, flocked  together, as clouds cluster
  against a storm.                     Hayward.
To Commo've, kom-moove'.  v.  a.  [com-
   moveo, Lat.] To disturb; to agitate; to
   put into a  violent  motion;  to unsettle.
   Not used.
               Straight the sands,
  Commov'd around, in gathering eddies play.
                            Thomson's Summer.
To CO'MMUNE, kom-mune'. v. to. [com-
   munico, Lat.] To converse; to talk  to-
   gether; to impart sentiments mutually.
    So long as  Guyon with her communed,
  Unto the ground she cast her modest eye;
    And ever and anon, with rosy red,
  The bashful blood her snowy cheeks did dye.
                                 Fairy Qjueen.
    I will commune with you of such  things
  That want no ears but yours.         Shakspeare.
    They would forbear open hostility, and resort unto
  him peaceably, that they might commune together as
  friends.                            Hayward.
    Then commune, how that day they best may ply
  Their growing work.      Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Ideas, as ranked under names, are those that, for
  the most part, men  reason of within themselves, and
  always those which toey commune about with others.
                                       Locke.
Communicabi'lity,  kom-mu ne-ka-bil'e-
   te. to. s. [from communicable.] The qua-
   lity of being communicable; capability
   to be imparted.
Commu'nicable,  kom-mu'ne-ka-bl.  adj.
   [from  communicate.]
1. That which may  become the  common
   possession of more than one; with to.
    Sith eternal life is communicable unto all, it be-
  hooveth that toe word of God be so likewise.
                                      Hooker.
2. That which may  be recounted; that of
   which  another may  share the know-
   ledge: with to.
        Nor let thine own inventions hope
  Things not reveal'd, which th' invisible king,
  Only omniscient, hath suppress'd in night,
   To none communicable in earth or heav'n.  Milton,
3 That which may be imparted.
                The happy place
  Rather inflames thy torment, representing
  Lost bliss, to thee no more communicable.   Milton.
Commu'nicant,  k&m-mu'ne-kant.  to.  s.
   [from  communicate]  One  who  is pre-
   sent, as a  worshipper, at the celebration
   of the Lord's Supper; one  who partici-
   pates ofthe blessed sacrament.
     Communicants have ever used it; and we, by the
  form of the very utterance, do shew we use it as
  communicants.                        Hooker.
    A constant frequenter of worship, and  a never-
  failing monthly communicant. Atterbury's Sermons.
To   COMMU'NICATE,   k6m-mu'ne-
   kate. v. a. [communico, Lat.]
I. To impart to others what is in our own
   power; to give to others as partakers;
   to confer a Joint possession; to bestow.
    Common benefits are to be communicated with
  all, but peculiar benefits with choice.      Bacon.
    Where God  is worshipped,  there he communi-
  cates his blessings and holy influences.     Taylor.
    Which ofthe Grecian chiefs consorts with thee?
  But Diomede desires my company,
  And still communicates his praise with me. Dryden.
2. To reveal; to impart knowledge.
    I learned diligently, and do communicate wisdom
  liberally. I do not hide her riches.   Wisd. vii. 13.
3. It had anciently the preposition with be-
   fore the person to whom communica-
   tion, either of benefit or knowledge, was
   made.
    Charles the Hardy would communicate his secrets
  ivith none; and,  least of all,  those secrets which
  troubled him most.                     Bacon.
    He communicated those thoughts only with the
  lord Digby, the lord Colepeper, and the chancellor.
                                   Clarendon.
    A journey of much adventure, which, to shew the
  strength of his  privacy, had been before not com-
  municated with any other.               Wotton.
4. Now it has only to: Clarendon uses  both
   with and to.
    Let him, that is taught in the word, communicate
  unto him that teacheth.          Galatians, vi.  6.
    His majesty frankly promised, that he could not,
  in any degree, communicate to any person toe mat-
  ter, before he had taken and communicated to them
  his own resolutions.                 Clarendon.
    Those who  speak in publick are better  heard
  when they discourse by a lively genius and ready
  memory, than when they read all they would com-
  municate to their hearers.                Watts.

To  Commu'nicate,  kom-rau'ne-kate.91
   V. TO.
I. To partake ofthe blessed sacrament.
    The primitive Christians communicated every day.
                                      Taylor.
2. To have something in common  with
   another;  as  the  houaea  communicate;
   there is a passage between them, com-
   mon to both, by  which  either may be
   entered from the  other.
    The whole body  is nothing but a system of such
  canals, which all communicate with one another, me-
  diately or immediately.    Arbuthnot on Aliments.

Commun ica'tiox,   kom-mu-ne-ka'shun.
   to. s. [from communicate.]
1. The act of imparting benefit or  know-
   ledge.
    Both together serve completely for the reception
  and communication of learned knowledge.
                     Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Common boundary or inlet;  passage  or
   means,  by which from one place there
   is a way without interruption to another.
    The map shews the natural communication pro-
  vidence has formed between toe rivers and lakes of
   a country at so great a distance from the sea.
                               Addison on Italy,
    The Euxine sea is conveniently situated for trade,
  by the communication it has both with Asia and Eu-
  rope.                              Arbuthnot.
3. Interchange  of knowledge; good intelli-
   gence between several persons.
     Secrets may be carried so far, as to stop the com-
  munication necessaiy  among all who have the ma-
   nagement of affairs.                      Swift.
4. Conference; conversation.
    Abner had communication with the  ciders of Is-
   rael, saying, ye sought for David in times  past to
   be king over you: now then do it.   2 Sam. iii.  17.
     The chief end of language, in communication,
   being to  be understood, words serve not for that
   end, when any word does not excite in toe hearers
   the same idea  which it stands for in tbe mind of the
   speaker.                               Locke. 
COM
COM
COM
 C^mmu'nicative, k6m-mu'ne-ka-tiv. adj.
   [from communicate.]   Inclined to make
   advantages common;  liberal of benefits
   or knowledge;  not close; not  selfish.
     We  conceive them more than some envious  and
  mercenary gardeners will thank us for;  but they de-
  serve not the name of that communicative and noble
  profession.                   Evelyn's Kalendar.
     We  have paid for our want of prudence, and de-
  termine for the future to be less communicative.
                                 Swift and Pope.
 Communicativeness,    kom-mu'ne-ka-
   tiv-nes.  «. s.   [from  communicative]
   The  quality of being communicative, of
   bestowing  or   imparting  benefits  or
   knowledge.
     He is  not only toe  most communicative of all
  beings, but he will also communicate himself in
  such measure as entirely to satisfy;  otherwise some
  degree of communicativeness would  be wanting.
                                       Norris.
 Commu'nion, kom-mune'yun. to. s.  [com-
   munio, Lat.]
 1. Intercourse; fellowship; common pos-
   session;  participation  of something in
   common;  interchange of transactions.
     Consider, finally, the angels, as having  with us
  that  communion which  the apostle  to the Hebrews
  noteth; and in regard whereof angels have not  dis-
  dained to profess themselves our fellow-servants.
                                       Hooker.
     We  are not, by ourselves, sufficient to furnish our-
  selves with competent stores for such  a life as our
  nature  doth desire; therefore we are  naturally induc-
  ed to seek communion and fellowship with others.
                                       Hooker.
    The  Israelites had never any communion or af-
  fairs with the Ethiopians.               Raleigh.
                   Thou, so pleas'd,
  Canst raise thy creature to what height thou wilt
  Of union, or communion, deified. Milton's Par. Lost.
    We  maintain communion with God himself, and
  are made in the same degree  partakers of  the  di-
  vine nature.                           Fiddes.
2. The  common or publick celebration  of
  the Lord's Supper;  the participation of
  the  blessed sacrament.
    They resolved, that the standing  of  the commu-
  nion table in all churches should be altered.
                                    Cfarencfon.
    Tertullian reporteth,  that  the picture of Christ
  was engraven upon the communion cup.  Peacham.
3. A common or publick  act.
    Men  began publickiy  to call on the name  of  the
  Lord;   that  is, toey served and praised  God by
  communion, and in  publick manner.     Raleigh.
4. Union in the common  worship of any
   church.
    Bare communion with a good church can never
  alone make a good man;  if it could,  we should
  have no bad ones.                       South.
    Ingenuous men have lived and died  in the com-
  munion of toat church.              Stillingfleet.
Community, kom-mu'ne-te.  to.  s.  [com-
  munitus,  Lat.]

I. The  commonwealth; the body  politick.
               How could communities,
  Degrees in schools, and  brotherhood in cities,
  But by degree stand in authentic place?     Shaksp.
    Not in  a single person only,  but in a community
  or multitude of men.    Hammond's Fundamentals.
    This  parable may be  aptly enough expounded of
  the laws that secure  a civil community. L'Estrange.
    It is not designed for  her own use,  but  for  the
  whole community.            Addison's Guardian.
    The  love of our  country is  impressed  on   our
  mind for the preservatioaof the community- Addison.
    He lives  not for  himself alone,  but hath a  re-
  gard iu all his actions to the great community.
                                     Atterbury.
2. Common possession; the state contrary
   to property or appropriation.
                  Sit up and ft vel,
  Call all the great, toe fair, and spirited dames
  Of Rome about thee, and begin a fashion
  Of freedom and community.          Ben Jonson.
     The undistinction  of many in the community of
  name, or misapplication of the act of one  unto the
  other, hath made some doubt thereof.      Brown.
     This text is far from proving Adam sole proprie-
  tor; it is a confirmation of the original community
  of all things.                           Locfce.
3. Frequency; commonness; not in  use.
     He was but, as the cuckow is in June,
  Heard, not regarded; seen, but with such eyes,
  As, sick and blunted  with  community,
  Afford no extraordinary gaze.         Shakspeare.
Commutabi'lity, kom-mu-ta-bil'e-te. n.s.
   [from  commutable]  The quality of be-
   ing capable of exchange.
Commu'table, kom-mu'ta-bl. adj.   [from
   commute.] That may be exchanged for
   something else; that may be bought off,
   or ransomed.
Commutation,  kom-mu-ta'shun.  to,  s.
   [from  commute.]

I. Change;  alteration.
     An innocent nature could hate nothing  that was
  innocent: in a word, so great is  toe commutation,
  that the soul then hated only that which now only it
  loves, i. e. sin.                 South's Sermons.
2. Exchange; the act of giving one thing
   for another.
     The whole universe is supported by giving and re-
  turning; by commerce and commutation.    South.
     According to the present temper of mankind, it
  is  absolutely necessary that there be some method
  and means of commutation, as that of money.
                            Ray on the Creation.
     The use of money, in the commerce and traffick
  of mankind, is that of saving the commutation of
  more bulky commodities.      Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. Ransom;  the act of exchanging a cor-
   poral for a pecuniary punishment.
    The law of God had allowed an evasion, toat is,
  by way of commutation or redemption.      Brown.
Commu'tative,   kom-mu'ta-tiv.187   adj.
  [from commute.]  Relative to exchange;
   as,  commutative  justice,  that honesty
   which is exercised in traffick, and which
  is contrary to fraud  in bargains.

To COMMUTE, kom-mute'. v. a. [com-
   muto, Lat.]
1. To exchange; to put one  thing  in the
   place of  another;  to give or receive one
   thing for another.
    This will commute  our tasks; exchange these
  pleasant and gainful  ones, which  God assigns, for
  those uneasy and fruitless ones we impose on our-
  selves.                         Decay  of Piety.
2. To buy off, or ransom one obligation by
   another.
     Some commwfe swearing for whoring; as if for-
  bearance of the one were a  dispensation for the
  other.                            L'Estrange.
To Commu'te, kom-mute'. v. to. To atone;
   to bargain for exemption.
    Those institutions  which God designed for means
  to further men in holiness, they look upon as a privi-
  lege to serve instead  of it, and  to commute for it.
                               South's Sermons.
Commu'tual, kom-mu'tshu-al.461 adj.[con
   and mutual.] Mutual;  reciprocal; used
   only in poetry.
    Love our Hearts,  and Hymen did our hands,
  Unite commutual in most sacred bands.
                            Shakspeare's Hamlet.
    There, with commutual zeal, we both had shore
  In acts of dear benevolence and love;
  Brothers in peace, not rivals in command.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
CO'MPACT, kom'pakt.452 n. s. [pactum,
   Lat.]  A contract;  an accord; an agree-
   ment;  a mutual and settled appointment
   between  two  or more,  to do or to for-
   bear something.   It had  anciently the
   accent on the last syllable.
    I hope the king- made  peace with all of us;
  And the compact is firm and true in me.
                        Shakspeare's Richard III.
    In  the beginnings of speech there was au implicit
  compact, founded  upon common consent, that such
  words, voices, or gestures, should be signs whereby
  they would express their thoughts.         South.
To Compa'ct, kom-pakt'. v. a. [compingo,
   compactum, Lat.]
1. To  join together with firmness; to unite
   closely; to consolidate.
    Inform her full of my particular fears:
  And thereto add such reasons of your own,
  As may compact it more.       Shaksp. King Lear.
    Nor are the nerves of his compacted strength
  Stretch'd and dissolv'd into unsinew'd length.
                                     Denham.
    By what degrees this earth's compacfecf sphere
  Was  harden'd, woods,  and rocks, and  towns, to
        bear.                      Roscommon.
    This disease is more dangerous, as the  solids are
  more  strict and compacted,  and consequently more
  so as people are advanced in age.  Arbuth. on Diet.
    Now the bright  sun compacts toe precious stone,
  Imparting radiant lustre like his own.
                             Blackmore's Creat.
2. To  make out of something.
    If he, compact of jars, grow musical,
  We shall have shortly discord in the spheres. Shaks.
3. To  league with.
                Thou pernicious woman,
  Compact with her  that's  gone, think'st thou thy
        oaths,
  Though they would swear down each particular fact,
  Were testimonies?    Shaksp. Measure for Measure.
4. To join together;   to bring into a sys-
  tem.
    We see the world so compacted,  that each thing
  preserveth other things, and also itself.    Hooker.
Compa'ct, kom-pakt'.494 adj. [compactus,
  Latin.]
I. Firm; solid; close;  dense;  of firm tex-
  ture.
    Is not the density greater in free and open spaces,
  void of air and other grosser bodies, than  within toe
  pores of water, glass, crystal, gems, and other com-
  pact bodies?                   Newton's Opticks.
    Without attraction, the dissevered particles of toe
  chaos could  never  convene into  such  great com-
  pact masses as the planets.               Bentley.
2. Composed; consisting.
    The lunatic, the lover, and the poet,
  Are of imagination all compact.          Shaksp.
            A wand'ring fire,
  Compact of unctuous vapour, which the night
  And the cold environs around condenses,
  Kindled through agitation to a flame.      Milton,
3. Joined; held together.
    In one hand Pan has a pipe of seven reeds, com-
  pact with wax together.                Peacham.
4. Brief and well connected; as, a compact
   discourse.
    Where a foreign tongue is elegant, expressive,
  close, and compact, we must study the utmost force
  of our language.                       Felton.
Compa'ctedness,  kom-pak'ted-nes.  to. a.
   [from compacted.]  Firmness; density.
    Sticking or compactedness, being natural to den-
  sity, requires some excess of gravity in proportion to
  the density, or some other putward violence, to break
  il-                          Digby on Bodies. 
COM
COM
COM
    Those atoms are supposed infrangible, extremely
  compacted and hard; which compactedness and hard-
  ness is a demonstration that nothing could be pro-
  duced by them.                        CfteJw<

Compa'ctly,  kom-pakt'le.  adv.   [from
  compact.]
1. Closely; densely.
2. With neat joining; with good compac-
  ture.
Compa'ctness, kom-pakt'nes. to. a. [from
  compact.]  Firmness; closeness; density.
    Irradiancy  or sparkling, found in many gems,  is
  not  discoverable in this, for it cometh short of their
  compactness and durity.                 Brown.
    The  best lime mortar will not have attained its
  utmost compactness, till  fourscore years after it has
  been employed in building. This is one reason why,
  in demolishing ancient fabrics,  it is easier to break
  the stone than the mortar.                Boyle.
    The  rest,  by reason of the compactness of terres-
  trial matter,  cannot make its way to wells.
                                   Woodward.
Compa'cture,  kom-pak'tshure461  to. s.
   [from compact.]  Structure;  manner in
   which any  thing  is  joined together;
   compagination.  A good word,  but not
   in  use.
    And over it a fair portcullis hung,
  Which to the gate directly did incline,
  With comely compass, and compacture strong,
  Neither unseemly short, nor yet exceeding long.
                                  Fairy Qjueen.
 COMPA'GES, kom-pa'jes. to. s.   [Lat.]
   A  system  of many parts united.
    The organs in  animal bodies are only a regular
  compages of pipes and vessels,  for the fluids to pass
  through.                               Ray.
Compagina'tion,    kom-pad-je-na'shun.
   to.  s.  [compago, Lat.] Union;  structure;
   junction; connection; contexture.
    The  intire  or broken  compagination of the mag-
  netical fabrick under it.   Broion's Vulgar Errours.
Co'MPANABLENESs,k6m-pan'a-bl-nes. to. a.
   [from company/]   The quality of being
   a good companion; sociableness.  A word
   not now in use.
    His  eyes full of merry simplicity; his words of
   hearty companablcness.                 Sidney.
Co'mpaniable,    kom-pan'e-a-bl.   adj.
   [from company.] Social; having the qua-
   lities  of a companion;  sociable; main-
   taining friendly intercourse.
    Towards his queen he was nothing  uxorious, but
  companiable and respective.               Bacon.
Compa'niov, kom-pan'yun.113 to. a. [com-
  pagnon, Fr.]
 I. One  with whom a man  frequently con-
   verses,  or with whom  he  shares his
   hours of  relaxation.    It  differs  from
  friend, as  acquaintance from confidence.
    How now,  my lord? why do you keep alone?
  Of sorriest fancies your companions make?  Shaksp.
    Some friend is a companion at the table, and will
  not continue in the day of thy affliction.    Ecclus.
    With anxious doubts, with raging passions torn,
  No sweet companion near with whom to mourn.
                                       Prior.
2. A  partner; an associate.
    Epaphroditus, my brother and companion in la-
  bour, and fellow soldier.            Phil. ii. 25.
    Bereav'd of happiness, thou may'st partake
  His  punishment, eternal misery;
  Which would be all his solace and revenge,
  Thee once to  gain companion of his woe.   Milton.
3. A familiar term of contempt; a fel'.ow.
    I scorn you, scurvy companion.' What! you poor,
  base, rascally,  cheating, lack-linnen mate! away,
  you mouldy rogue, away!      Shaksp. Henry IV.
    It  gives boldness to every petty companion to
  spread rumours  to my defamation, where I cannot
  be present.                          Raleigh.
Compa'nionable, kom-pan'yun-iH-bl.  adj.
  [from companion]  Fit for good fellow-
  ship; social;  agreeable.
    He had a more  companionable wit,  and swayed
  more among the  good fellows.         Clarendon,
Compa'nionably,     kom-pan'yun-na-ble.
  adv. [from companionable.]  In a com-
  panionable manner.
Compa'nionship, kom-pan'yun-ship. to. s.
  [from companion.]
1. Company; train.
    Alcibiades, and some twenty horse,
  All of companionship.            Shaksp. Timon.
2. Fellowship;  association.
    If it be honour in your  wars to seem
  The same you are not, which, for your best ends,
  You call your policy; how is 't less, or worse,
  That it shall hold companionship in peaee
  With honour as in war?      Shaksp. Coriolanus.
CO'MPANY,  kum-pa'ne.l8s  to. s.  [com-
  pagnie, Fr.;  either  from con and pagus,
  one ofthe same town; or con and pania,
  one that eats of the same  mess.]
1. Persons assembled together;  a body of
  men.
    Go, carry Sir  John Falstaff to the Fleet;
  Take all his company along with him.     Shaksp.
    Honest  company, I thank you all,
  That have beheld me give away myself
  To this most patient, sweet, and virtuous wife.
                                  Shakspeare.
2. Persons assembled  for  the  entertain-
  ment of each other;  an assembly of
  pleasure.
    A crowd is not company; and faces are but a gal-
  lery of pictures, where there is no love.    Bacon.

3. Persons considered  as  assembled for
  conversation; or as capable of conversa-
  tion and  mutual entertainment.
    Monsieur Zulichem came  to me among the rest
  of toe good company of the town.         Temple.
    Knowledge of men  and manners, the freedom of
  habitudes,  and conversation with the best company
  of both sexes, is  necessary.              Dryden.
4. The state of  a  companion;  the act of
  accompanying;   conversation;   fellow-
  ship.
    It is more pleasant  to enjoy the company of him
  that can speak such words, than  by such words to
  be persuaded to follow solitariness.        Sidney.
             Nor  will I  wretched thee
  In death forsake, but keep thee company.  Dryden.
    Abdallah grew by  degrees  so enamour'd of her
  conversation, that  he did not think he lived  when
  he was not in company with his beloved Balsora.
                                    Guardian.
5. A number of persons united  for  the
  execution or performance of  any thing;
  a band.
    Shakspeare was an actor, when there were  seven
  companies  of players in the  town together. Dennis.
6. Persons united in a joint trade or part-
  nership.
7. A number of some  particular  rank or
  profession, united  by some charter; a
  body corporate;   a subordinate corpora-
  tion.
    This emperor seems to have  been the first who
  incorporated the  several trades of Rome into compa-
  nies,  with their  particular privileges.
                          Arbuthnot  on Coins.
8. A subdivision  of a  regiment of  fool; so
  many as are  under  one captain.
    Every captain brought with him thrice  so many
  in his company as was expected.
                   .Khoffes's History ofthe Turks,
      To bear Company.} To accompany;
      To keep Company. $    to    associate
   with; to be a companion  to.
                I do desire thee
  To 6ear me company, and go with me.   Shakspeare.
    Those Indian  wives are loving fools,  and may do
  well to keep company with the Arrias and Portias of
  old Rome.                           Dryden.
                Admitted to that equal sky,
  His faithful dog shall bear him company.
                          Pope's Essay on Man.
    Why should he call her whore? Who keeps her
  company?                      Shaksp. Othello.
10. To  keep company.  To frequent houses
   of entertainment.
11. Sometimes in an ill sense.
To Co'mpany,  kfim'pa-ne.  v.   a. [from
   the noun.]   To accompany;  to attend;
   to  be companion to;  to be associated
   with.
                       I am
  The soldier toat did company these three.
                        Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
    Thus through  what path soe'er of life we rove,
  Rage companies our hates, and grief our love. Prior.

To Co'mpany,  kum'pa-ne. v. to.
1. To associate one's self with.
    I wrote to you not to company with fornicators.
                                  1 Cor. v. 9

2. To be a gay companion.  Obsolete.
    For there thou needs must learn to laugh, to ly«,
  To face, to forge, to scoff, to company.
                       Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.

Co'mparable, kom'pa-ra-bl. adj. [from
   To compare.] Worthy to be compared;
   of equal regard; worthy to contend  for
   preference.
    This present world affordeth not any  thing com'
  parable unto the  publick duties of religion. Hooker.
    A man comparable with any of toe  captains of
  that age, an excellent soldier both by sea and land.
                     Knolles's  Hist, ofthe Turks.
    There is no blessing of  life comparable to the en-
  joyment of a discreet and virtuous friend.
                           Addison's Spectator.
Co'mparably, k6m'pa-ra-ble. adv. [from
   comparable.]   In  a manner or degree
   worthy  to be compared.
    There could no form  for such  a royal use be com-
  parably imagined, like that of the foresaid nation.
                          Wbffon's Architecture.
Compa'rates, kom-pare'ates. to. a. [from
   compare.]   In  logick,  the  two things
   compared to one  another.
Compa'rative, kom-par'a-tiv.  adj. [com-
   parative, Lat.]
1. Estimated by comparison; not positive;
   not absolute.
          Thou  wert dignified enough,
  Ev'n to the point of envy, if  'twere made
  Comparative for  your virtues, to be stiled
  The under hangman of his realm.      Shakspeare.
    There resteth toe comparative, that is, granted
  that it is  either lawful or binding;  yet whether
  other things be not to be  preferred before the ex-
  tirpation of heresies.                   Bacon,
    The blossom is  a positive good; although the
  remove of it, to  give place to toe fruit, be a com-
  parative good.                        Bacon.
    This bubble, by reason of its  comparative  levity
  to toe fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend
  to toe top.                            Bentley.
2. Having the  power of comparing diffe-
   rent  things.
    Beauty  is not known by an eye or nose; it eon- 
COM
COM
C 0  M
  slsts in a symmetry, and it is the  comparative facul-
  ty which notes it.                     Glanville.
3. [In grammar.]  The comparative de-
   gree  expresses more of any quantity  in
   one thing than in another; as, the right
   hand is the stronger.

Comparatively,  kom-par'a-tiv-le.  adv.
   [from comparative.]  In a state of com-
   parison; according to estimate made by
   comparison; not positively.
    The good or evil, which is removed,  may be es-
  teemed good or evil comparatively, and not  posi-
  tively or simply.                        Bacon.
    In this world, whatever is called good, is compa-
  ratively with other things of its  kind, or with the
  evil mingled in  its composition; so he is a good
  man that is better  than men commonly are, or  in
  whom the good qualities are more than the bad.
                                       Tempfe.
    The  vegetables being comparatively lighter than
  the ordinary terrestrial matter of the globe, subsi-
  ded last.                           Woodward.
    But how few, comparatively  are  the instances of
  this wise application!                    Rogers.
 To COMPA'UE, kom-pare'. v.  a.  [com-
   paro, Lat.]
 1. To make one thing the  measure of ano-
   ther; to estimate  the relative goodness
   or badness, or other qualities, of any one
   thing, by observing how it  differs  from
   something else.
             1 will hear Brutus speak.----
  I will hear Cassius, and compare  their reasons.
                                    Shakspeare.
    They measuring  themselves by themselves, and
  tomparing themselves  among  themselves,  are not
  wise.                            2  Cor. x. 12.
    No man can think it grievous, who considers
  the  pleasures and sweetness of  love, and the glo-
  rious victory of overcoming evil with  good, and
  then compares these with the restless torment, and
  perpetual tumults, of  a malicious  and revengeful
  spirit.                                Tillotson.
    He that  has got the idea of numbers, and hath
  taken the pains to compare one,  two, and three, to
  six, cannot chuse but know toey are equal.  Locke.
    Thus much of toe wrong judgment men make  of
  present and future pleasure and pain, when they are
  compared together, and so the absent considered  as
  future.                                 Locke.
2. It may be observed, that when the com-
   parison intends only similitude or illus-
  tration by likeness, we use to before the
  thing  brought  for illustration;  as, he
  compared anger to a fire.
    Solon compared the people wnfo toe sea, and ora-
  tors  and counsellors to the winds;  for that the sea
  would be calm and quiet, if the winds did not trou-
  ble it.                     Bacon's Apophthegms.
3. When two persons or  things are com-
  pared, to discover their relative pro-
  portion of any quality,  with is  used be-
  fore the  thing used as a measure.
               Black Macbeth
  Will seem as pure as snow, being compar'd
  With my confineless harms.      Shaksp. Macbeth.
                  To compare
  Small things with greatest.     Milton's Par. Reg.
    He carv'd in ivory such a maid so fair,
  As nature could not with his art compare.  Dryden.
    If he compares this translation with the original,
  he will find that toe three first stanzas are rendered
  almost word for word.         Addison's Spectator.
4. To compare  is in Spenser  used alter
  the Latin  comparo for  to get;  to pro-
  cure; to obtain.
    But, both from back and belly, still did spare
  To  fill his bags, and riches to compare.   Fairy Q,.
Compa're,  k6m-pare'. to.  a.  [from  the
   verb.]
I. The  state of being compared; compa-
   rative estimate; comparison, possibility
   of entering into comparison.
    There I toe rarest things have seen,
  Oh, things without compare!            Suckling.
    As their small galleys may not hold compare
  With our tall ships.                     Waller.
    Beyond compare the Son of God was seen
  Most glorious.            Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Simile; similitude; illustration by com-
   parison.
    True swains in love shall, in toe world to come,
  Approve toeir truths by Troilus; when their rhimes,
  Full of protest, and oath, and big compare,
  Want similies.                     Shakspeare.
Compa'rison,  kom-par'e-sun.10317°  to.  s.
   [comparaison, Fr.]
1. The act of comparing.
    Natalis Comes, comparing his  parts with those
  of a man, reckons his claws  among them, which
  are much more like  those of a lion: so easy it is to
  drive on the comparison too far to make it good.
                               Grew's Musceum.
    Our author saves me the comparison with trage-
  dy; for he says, that herein he is to imitate the tra-
  gick poet.                            Dryden.
2. The state of being compared.
    If we  will rightly estimate  what we call good
  and evil, we shall find it lies much in comparison.
                                        Locke.
    Objects near our view are apt to  be thought grea-
  ter than those of a larger size that are more remote;
  and so it is with pleasure and pain: the present is apt
  to carry it, and those at a distance  have  the disad-
  vantage in the comparison.                Locke.
3. A comparative estimate; proportion.
    If men would live as religion requires, the world
  would be a most  lovely and desirable place, in com-
  parison of what now it is.             Tillotson.
    One can scarce imagine how so plentiful a soil
  should become so miserably unpeopled, in compa-
  rison of what it once was.      Addison on Italy.
4. A simile in writing or speaking; an il-
   lustration by similitude.
    As fair and as  good a kind of hand in hand com-
  parison,  had been  something too fair and too good
  for any lady.                      Shakspeare.
5. [In grammar.] The formation  of an ad-
  jective  through its  various degrees of
   signification;   as,    strong,   stronger,
  strongest.
To COMPA'RT, kom-part'. v.  a. [com-
  partir,  Fr. from con and partior,  Lat.]
  To  divide;  to mark out a general  de-
  sign into  its various parts  and subdivi-
  sions.
    I make haste to toe casting and comparting of the
  whole work.               Wotton's Architecture.
Compa'rtiment,  kom-part'e-ment.  to. s.
   [compartiment, Fr.] A divison of a pic-
  ture or design.
    The circumference is divided into twelve com-
  partiments, each containing a complete picture.
                                        Pope.
Comparti'tion,  kom-par-tlsh'un.  to. s.
  [from  compart.]
1. The act of comparting or  dividing.
    I will  come to the compartition, by which the
  authors of this art understand a graceful and useful
  distribution of the whole groundplot, both for rooms
  of office and entertainment.             Wotton.
2. The pans marked out, or separated; a
   separate  part.
    Their temples and amphitheatres needed no coin-
  partitions.                Wotton's Architecture.
Compa'rtment,  kom-part'ment.  to.  s.
   [from compartiment, Fr.]  Division; se-
   parate part of a  design.
    The square will make you ready for all manner
  of compartments, bases, pedestals, and buildings.
                           Peacham on Drawing.
To CO'MPASS,  kum-pds.1(,« v.  a. [com-
   passer,  Fr.   compassare,  Ital. passibus
   metiri, Lat.]
1. To encircle; to environ; to  surround;
   to inclose: it has sometimes  around, or
   about, added.
               A darksome way,
  That deep  descended through the hollow ground,
  And was with dread and horrour compassed around.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    I see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's peers,
  That speak my salutation in their minds.    Shaksp.
            Now all the blessings
  Of a glad father compass thee about!  Shakspeare.
    The  shady trees cover him with their shadow:
  the willows ofthe brook compass him about.    Job.
    Observe  the crowds that compass him around.
                               Dryden's Virgil.
    To dare  that death, I will approach  yet nigher;
  Thus wert  thou compassed with  circling fire. Dryd.
2. To walk round any  thing.
    Old Chorineus compass'd thrice the crew,
  And dipp'd an olive-branch in holy dew,
  Which thrice he sprinkled round.        Dryden.
3. To beleaguer; to besiege; to  block.
    Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and
  compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side.
                                 Luke, xix. 43.
4. To grasp;  to inclose in the arms; to
   seize.
5. To obtain; to procure; to attain; to have
   in the power.
    That which by wisdom he saw to be requisitefor
  that people, was by as great wisdom compassed.
                              Hooker's Preface.
    His master being one of great regard,
  In court to  compass any suit not hard.    Hubberd.
    If I can check my erring love, I will;
  If not, to compass her I'll use my skill.    Shaksp.
    How  can you hope  to compass your designs,
  And not dissemble them?         Denham's Sophy.
    He had a mind to make himself master of  Wey-
  mouth, if he could compass it without engaging his
  army before it.'                      Clarendon.
    The church of Rome createth  titular patriarchs
  of Constantinople and Alexandria; so loth is the
  pope to  lose the remembrance of any title that he
  hath once compassed.                 Brerewood.
    Invention is the first part, and  absolutely neces-
  sary to  them  both; yet no rule ever  was, or ever
  can be given, how to compass it.   Dryden's Dufres.
    The knowledge of what is good and what is evil,
  what ought and what ought not to be  done, is  a
  thing too large to be compassed, and too hard to be
  mastered, without brains and study, parts and con-
  templation.                            South.
    In ev'ry work regard the writer's end,
  Since none can compass more than they intend.
                                         Pope.
6. [In law.]   To take  measures prepara-
   tory to any thing;  as, to compass the
   death ofthe king.
Co'mpass,  kom'pds.88166 to. *.  [from the
   verb.]
I. Circle;  round.
    This  day I breathed first; time is come round;
  And where I did begin, there shall I end:
  My life is run its compass.    Shaksp. Julius Ccesar.

2. Extent;  reach; grasp.
    0 Juliet, I already know thy grief;
  It strains me past toe compass of my wits.  Shaksp.
    That which is out of the compass of any man's
  power, is to that man  impossible.  South's Sermons.
    How few there are may be  justly bewailed, the
  compass  of them extending but  from the time of 
COM
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  Hippocrates to that of Marcus Antoninus.  Temple.
    Animals in their generations are wiser than the
  sons of men; but their wisdom is confined to a few
  particulars, and lies in a very narrow compass.
                            Addison's Spectator.
    This author hath  tried the  force and compass of
  our language with  much success.           Swift.
3. Space; room;  limits, either  of time or
   space.
    No less than the compass of twelve books is taken
  up in these.     Pope's Essay on Homer's Battles.
     The English are good confederates in an enter-
  prize which may  be dispatched in a short compass
  of time.                   Addison's Freeholder.
     You have heard what hath been here done for
   the poor by the five hospitals  and toe workhouse,
   within the compass of one year,  and towards the
   end of a long, expensive war.           Atterbury.
 4. Enclosure;  circumference.
             And their mount Palatine,
   Th' imperial palace, compass huge, and high
   The structure.       Milton's Paradise Regained.
     Old Rome from such  a race deriv'd her birth,
   Which now on seven high hills triumphant reigns,
   And in toat compass all the world contains.  Dryd.
 5. A departure  from the right line; an in-
   direct advance;  as, to fetch a  compass
   round the camp.
 6. Moderate space;  moderation; due lim-
   its.
     Certain it is, that in two hundred years before
   (I 3peak within compass) no  such commission had
   been executed in  either of these provinces. Davies,
     Nothing is likelier to keep  a man within compass,
   than the having constantly before his eyes the state
   of his affairs, in a regular course of account. Locke.
 7. The power of the voice to express the
   notes of musick.
     You would sound me from my lowest note to the
   top of my compass.               Shaks. Hamlet.
     From harmony, from heavenly harmony,
   This  universal frame began:
     From harmony to harmony
   Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
   The diapason closing full in man.         Dryden.
  8. [This is rarely  used  in the singular.]
    The instrument with which circles are
    drawn.
     If they be two, they are two so,
   As stiff twin compasses are two;
   Thy soul, the fixt foot, makes no show
   To move; but doth, if to' other do.        Donne.
                    In his hand
   He took the golden compasses, prepar'd
   In God's eternal  store, to circumscribe
   This  universe, and all created things.     Milton.
     To fix one foot of their compass wherever toey
   think fit, and extend  toe other  to  such  terrible
   lengths, without  describing  any  circumference at
   all, is to leave us and  toemselves in a very uncer-
   tain state.                              Swift.
  9. The instrument  composed  of a needle
    and card, whereby  mariners steer.
     The breath of religion  fills the sails; profit is the
   compass by which factious men steer their course.
                                  King Charles.
     Rude as their ships was navigation then,
   No useful compass or meridian known:
     Coasting they kept the  land within their ken,
   And knew no north but when the pole-star shone.
                                       Dryden.
     With equal force the tempest blows by turns
   From ev'ry corner of the seaman's compass.  Rowe.
     He that first discovered the use of the compass,
   did more forthe supplying and increase of useful
   commodities, than those who built workhouses.
                                        Locke.
  10. In old  language  there  was  a phrase,
    to come in compasa, to be brought round.

 Compass-saw,  kum'pus-saw.219 n. s.
     The  cvmpass-suw should not have its teeth set,
  as other saws have;  but  the edge of it should be
  made so broad,  and  the back  so thin, that it may
  easily follow the broad edge.  Its office is  to cut a
  round; and therefore  toe edge must be made broad,
  and the back thin, that the back may have a wide
  kerf to turn  in.                        Moxon.
COMPA'SSION,  kom-pash'itn.  to.  s.
   [compassion,  Fr. from  con and potior,
   Lat.]   Pity; commiseration; sorrow for
   the sufferings of others; painful sympa-
   thy.
    Ye had compassion of me in  my bonds.  Hebrews.
                Their angry hands
  My brothers hold, and vengeance these exact;
  This pleads  compassion, and repents the fact.
                               Dryden's Fables,
    The good-natured  man is apt to be  moved with
  compassion for those misfortunes or infirmities, which
  another would turn into ridicule.        Addison.
 To CoMPA'ssioN,kom-pash'un. x^. a.[from
   the noun.]  To pity; to compassionate;
   to commiserate.  A word scarcely used.
    O heavens! can you hear a good man groan,
  And not relent, or not compassion him?    Shaksp,
 Compa'ssionate, kom-pash'un-ate.91 adj.
   [from  compassion.]  Inclined to com-
   passion; inclined to pity;  merciful; ten-
   der; melting;  soft; easily  affected with
   sorrow by the misery of others.
    There  never was any heart truly great and ge-
  nerous, that was not  also tender and compassionate.
                               South's Sermons.
 To  Compa'ssionate, kom-pash'un-ate.91
   v. a. [from  the  noun.]  To pity; to com-
   miserate.
    Experience  layeto  princes torn  estates before
   their eyes, and withal persuades them to compas-
   sionate toemselves.                    Raleigh.
     Compassionates my pains, and pities me!
   What is compassion, when 'tis void of love.
                                Addison's Cato.
 Comva'ssionately,  kom-pash'un-ate-le.
   adv. [from  compassionate]  Mercifully;
   tenderly.
     The fines were  assigned  to toe rebuilding St.
   Paul's, and thought therefore to be the more severe-
   ly imposed, and the less compassionately reduced
   and excused.                       Clarendon.
 Compate'rnity,  kom-pa-ter'ne-te.  to. s.
   [con and paternitas, Lat.] The relation
   of godfather to  the  person for whom he
   answers.
     Gossipred, or compateraifj/, by the cannon law, is
   a spiritual  affinity;  and  a juror that was gossip to
   either of the parties might, in former times, have
   been challenged as not indifferent by our law.
                         Davies's State of Ireland.
 Compatibility,  kom-pat-e-bil'e-te. to. s.
   [from  compatible.]  Consistency;   the
   power of co-existing  with  something
   else; agreement with any thing.
 COMPA'TIBLE, kom-pat'e-bl. adj. [cor-
   rupted by an unskilful compliance with
   pronunciation,  from  competible,  from
   competo, Lat. to suit, to agree.  Compe-
   tible is   found in  good  writers,   and
   ought  always to  be used.]
  1. Suitable to; fit for; consistent with; not
   incongruous to.
     The object of the will is such a good as is com-
   patible to an intellectual  nature.            Hale.
 2. Consistent; agreeable.
     Our poets have joined together such qualities as
   are by nature tbe most compatible; valour with an-
   ger, meekness  with  piety, and prudence with dissi-
   mulation.                            Broome.
 Compatibleness, kom-pat'e-bl-nes. to. s.
  [from compatible.] Consistency; agree-
  ment with any thing.
Compa'tibly, kom-pat'e-ble.  adv.  [from
  compatible.] Fitly; suitably.
Compa'tient, kom-pa'shent.  adj.  [from
  con and patior, Lat.]  Suffering togeth-
  er.                                  Diet.
Compa'triot, kom-pa'tre-tit.168 n. s. [from
  con and p atria, Lat.]   One ofthe same
  country.                            Diet.
    The governor knew he was so circumspect as not
  to adhere to any of the factions of the time, in a
  neutrality indifferently and friendly entertaining all
  his compatriots.                    Drummond.
Compe'er,  kom-peer'. to. s. [compar, Lat.]
   Equal; companion; colleague; associate.
                  Sesostris,
  That monarchs harness'd, to his chariot yok'd
  Base servitude, and his dethron'd compeers
  Lash'd furiously.                      Philips.
 To Compe'er, kom-peer'.  v. a.  [from the
  noun.]  To be equal with; to mate.
    In his own grace he doth exalt himself
  More than in your advancement.
  ----In my right,
  By me invested, he compeers the best.     Shaksp.
 To COMPE'L, kom-pel'. v. a.  [compello,
   Lat.]
 I. To force to some  act; to oblige; to con-
   strain;  to necessitate;  to urge irresisti-
   bly.
    You will  compel me then to read the will ? Shaks.
    The spinners, carders, fullers, compell'd by hun-
         ger,
  And lack of other means, in desp'rate manner
  Daring to' event to the teeth, are all in uproar.
  »                                 Shakspeare.
    He refused,  and said, I will not eat: but his ser-
  vants, together with the woman, compelled him.
                             1 Samuel, xxvii. 23.
    But first toe lawless tyrant, who denies
  To know their God, or  message to regard,
  Must be compell'd by signs and judgments dire.
                                       Milton.
    All these blessings  could but enable, not compel,
  us to be happy.                     Cfarencfon.
    Whole droves of minds are by the driving god
   Compell'd to drink the deep Lethean flood.  Dryd.
  .  To take by force or violence; to  ravish
   from; to  seize. This signification is  un-
   common and harsh.
               The subjects grief
  Comes  through commissions,   which compel from
         each
  The sixth part of his  substance, to be levied
  Without delay.              Shaksp. Henry VIII.
  .  To gather together, and unite in a com-
    pany.  A Latinism, compellere gregem.
             He to the town  return'd
   Attended by the chiefs who fought the field,
   Now friendly mix'd,  and in one troop compell'd.
                                       Dryden.
  .  To seize; to overpower.
     Our men secure nor guards  nor centries held,
   But easy sleep their weary limbs compeWd.  Dryd.
 Compellable, kom-pel'la-bl.  adj. [from
    compel.] That may be  forced. Perhaps
    it should be compcllible.
 Compella'tion,   kom-p£l-la'shun.  to.  a.
    [from compello, Lat.]   The style of ad-
    dress; the  word of salutation.
     The stile best fitted for all persons, on all  occa-
    sions, to use, is the compellotion of Father,  which
    our Saviour first taught. Duppa's Rules of Devotion.
     The peculiar compellotion ofthe kings in France,
    is by sire, which is nothing else but father. Temple.
  Compe'ller, kom-pel'lur.   to. s. [from
    compel/]   He that forces another. 
C 0 M
COM
C OM
  CO'MPEND, kom'pend.  to.  a.  [compen-
    dium, Lat.]   Abridgment;  summary;
    epitome; contraction; breviate.
     Fix in the memory the discourses, and abstract
   them into brief compends.
                  Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
  CoMPENniA'Rious, kom-pen-je-a're-us.a94
    adj.  [compendiarius, Lat.]   Short; con-
    tracted; summary; abridged.
  Compendio'sity,  kom-pen-je-os'e-te.394
    to. s.  [from compendious.]   Shortness;
    contracted brevity.                Diet.
  Compe'ndious, kom-pen'je-us. adj. [from
    compendium.] Short; summary; abridg-
    ed; comprehensive;  holding much in a
    narrow  space;  direct;  near; by  which
    time is saved, and  circuition cut off.
     They learned more compendious and expeditious
   ways,  whereby they shortened toeir labours, and
   gained time.                      Woodward.
  Compe'ndiously,    kom-pen'je-us-le.294
    adv.  [from compendious]  Shortly; in a
    short method;  summarily;  in epitome.
     By the apostles we have toe  substance of Chris-
   tian belief compendiously drawn into few and short
   articles.                             Hooker.
     The state or condition  of  matter, before  the
   world  was a making, is compendiously expressed by
   the word chaos.                       Bentley.
  Compe'ndiousness,  kom-pen'je-iis-nes.294
    to. s. [from compendious.]   Shortness;
    brevity;  comprehension  in a  narrow
    compass.
     The inviting easiness and compendiousness of this
   assertion, should dazzle the eyes. Bentley's Sermons.
  COMPENDIUM, kom-pen'je-um.  to. s.
   [Lat.]  Abridgment;  summary;  brevi-
   ate; abbreviature; that which holds much
   in a narrow room;  the  near  way.
     After we are grown well acquainted with a short
   system or compendium of a science, which  is writ-
   ten in  the plainest and  most simple manner, it is
   then proper to read a larger regular treatise on that
   subject.                     Watts on the Mind.

 Compensable, kom-pen'sa-bl. adj. [com-
   pensate.]  That which  may be recom-
   pensed.

 To   COMPE'NSATE,  kom-pen'sate.91
   v. a.  [compenso, Lat.]  To recompense;
   to be  equivalent to; to counterbalance;
   to countervail; to make  amends for.
    The length of the night,  and the  dews  thereof,
  do compensate the heat of  the day. Bacon's Nat. His.
    The pleasures of life do not compensate the mise-
         ries.                           Prior.
    Nature to these, without profusion kind,
  The proper organs, proper pow'rs, assign'd;
  Each seeming want compensated  of course,
  Here with degrees of swiftness, there of force. Pope.
Compensation,  kom-pen-sa'shun. to.  s.
   [from compensate.] Recompense; some-
   thing equivalent: amende.
    Poynings, the better to  make compensation of his
  service in the wars, called a parliament     Bacon.
    All other debts may , ompensation find;
  But love is strict, and will be paid in kind.
                          Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Compensative,    kom-pen'sa-tiv.    adj.
  [from  compensate.]   That which  com-
  pensates; that wiiich countervails.
To Compe'nse, kom-pense'. v.a. [compen-
  so, Lat.]   To compensate; to counter-
  vail; to be equivalent to;  to counterba-
  lance;  to recompense.
    |t seemeth, the weight ofthe quicksilver doth not
       VOL. I
   compense  the weight of a stone, more than the
   weight of the aqua-fortis. Bacon's Natural History.
     The joys of the two marriages were compensed
   with the mournings and funerals of prince Arthur.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
  To  COMPERE'NDINATE,  kom-pe-
    ren'de-nate. v. a. [comperendino, Lat.]
    To delay.
 Comperendina'tion, kom-pe-ren-de-na'-
    shun. «. s. [from comperendinate.]  De-
    lay; dilatoriness.
 Co'mpetence, kom'pe-tense. >     r,.
 Competency, kom'pe-ten-se. $ fl-*-Llrom
    competent.]
  1. Such a quantity  of any  thing as is suffi-
    cient, without superfluity.
     Something of speech is to be indulged to common
   civility, more to intimacies, and a competency to those
   recreative discourses which  maintain the chearful-
   ness of society.                 Gov. of Tongue.
 2. Such a fortune as, without exuberance,
    is equal to the necessities of life.
     For competence of life I will allow you,
   That lack of means enforce you not to evil.
                             Shaksp. Henry IV.
     It is no mean happiness to be seated in the mean:
   superfluity comes sooner by white  hairs, but compe-
   tency lives longer.        Shak. Merch. of Venice.
     A discreet learned clergyman, with a competency
   fit for one of his education, may be an entertaining,
   an useful, and sometimes a necessary companion.
                                       Swift.
     Reason1s whole pleasure, all toe joys of sense,
   Lie in three words, health, peace,  and competence.
                                        Pope.
 3. [In law.]   The  power or  capacity  of a
   judge  or  court, for taking cognisance
   of an affair.
 CO'MPETENT, k&m'pe-tent. adj. [com-
   petens, Lat.]

 I. Suitable;  fit; adequate; proportionate.
     If there be any power in imagination, the dis-
   tance must be competent, the medium not adverse,
   and the body  apt and proportionate. Boc. Nat. His.
 2. Adapted to any purpose without defect
   or superfluity.
     The greatest captain of the  English brought ra-
   ther  a  guard, than a competent army,  to recover
   Ireland.                     Davies on Ireland.
     To draw men from great excess, it is not amiss,
   though  we use them unto somewhat less than  is
   competent.                           Hooker.
 3. Reasonable; moderate.
     A competent number of the  old being first read,
   the new should succeed.                Hooker.
     The clergy have  gained some insight into  men
   and things, and  a competent  knowledge of the
   world.                    Atterbury's Sermons.
 4. Qualified; fit; a competent judge, is one
   who has a right of jurisdiction in  the
   case.
    Let us first consider how competent we are for the
   office.                Government ofthe Tongue.
 5. Consistent with; incident to.
    That is the privilege of toe Infinite  Author of
   things, who never slumbers  nor sleeps, but is not
  competent to any finite being.             Locke.
 Competently,    kom'pe-tent-le.   adv.
   [from  competent]
 I. Adequately; properly.
    I think it hath been competently proved. Bentley.
 2. Reasonably; moderately; without super-
   fluity or want.
    Some places require men competently endowed;
  but none  think the appointment to be a duty of jus-
  tice bound to respect desert.             Wotton.
COMPETIBLE,    kom-pet'e-bl.    adj.
   [From  competo,  Lat.  For this  word a

                   3  A
   corrupt  orthography  has  introduced
   compatible.]   Suitable  to;  consistent
   with.
     It is not competible with the grace of God so much
   as to incline any man to do evil.
                     Hammond on Fundamentals.
     Those are properties not at all cmpetible to body
   or matter, though of never so pure a mixture.
                                    Gfant'iffe.
     The duration of eternity a parte ante is such as
   is only competible to the eternal God, aud not com-
   municable te any created being. Sir Matthew Hale.
 Compe'tibleness, kom-pet'e-bl-nes.  n.  s.
   [from competible/] Suitableness; fitness.

 COMPETITION, kom-pe-tish'un. n. s.
   [from con and  petitio, Lat.]

 I. The act of endeavouring  to gain what
   another endeavours to gain at  the same
   time; rivalry; contest.
    The ancient flames of discord and intestine wars,
  upon toe competition of both houses, would  again
  return.                              Bacon.
    A portrait, with which one of Titian's could  not
  come in competition.        Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    Though what produces any  degree  of pleasure
  be in  itself good, and  what is  apt to produce any
  degree of pain be evil, yet often we do not call it
  so, when it comes in competition:  the degrees also
  of pleasure and pain have a preference.     Locke.
    We should be ashamed to rival inferiours, and
  dishonour our nature by so degrading a competition.
                                      Rogers.
 2. Double claim;  claim of  more  than one
   to one thing: anciently with to.
    Competition to the crown there is none, nor can
  be.                                  Bacon.
 3. Now with/or.
    The prize of beauty was disputed till you were
  seen; but now all pretenders have withdrawn their
  claims: there  is no  competition  but for  the second
  place.                              Dryden.
 Compe'titor, kompet'e-tur. to.  s.  [con
   and petitor, Lat.]
 I. One that has a  claim opposite to  ano-
   ther's; a rival:  with/or before the thing
   claimed.
    How furious and  impatient they be,
  And cannot brook competitors in love.
                      Shaksp. Titus Andronicus.
    Some undertake suits with purpose to let them
  fall, to gratify toe competitor.             Bacon.
    Cicereius and Scipio were competitors for the of-
  fice of pi aetor.                         Tatler.
    He who trusts in  God has the advantage in pre-
  sent felicity; and, when we take futurity into the
  account, stands alone, and is acknowledged to have
  no competitor.                        Rogers.
2. It  had formerly  of  before the  thing
   claimed.
    Selymes, king of Algiers, was in arms against
  his brother Mecbemetes, competitor of the  king-
  dom.                       Knolles's History.
3. In Shakspeare  it seems  to signify only
   an opponent.
          The Guilfords are in arms,
  And every hour more competitors
  Flock to the rebels.          Shaksp. Richard III.
Compilation,  kom-pe-la/shun.    n.  s.
   [from compilo,  Lat.]
 I. A  collection from various  authors.
2. An assemblage; a coacervation.
    There is in it a small vein filled with spar, pro-
  bably since the time of toe compilation of the mass.
                          Woodward on Fossils.
To COMPI'LE, kom-pile'. v. a. [confulo,
  Lat.]
I. To draw  up from various authors;  to
  collect into one body. 
COM
COM
COM
2. To write; to compose.
    In poetry they compile the praises of virtuous men
  and actions, and satires against vice.       Temple.
    By the accounts which authors have left,  they
  might learn that the face of sea  and  land is toe
  same it was when those accounts were compiled.
                     Woodward's Natural History
    The regard he had for his shield, had caused him
  formerly to compile a dissertation concerning it.
                            Arbuthnot and Pope.
3. To contain; to comprise: not used.
    After so long a race as I have run
  Through fairy land, which those six books compile,
  Give leave to rest me.                  Spenser.
4. To make up; to compose.   Not used.
             Lion like, uplandish and more wild,
   Slave to his pride, and all his nerves being natural-
           ly compil'd
   Of eminent strength, stalks out and preys upon a
           silly sheep.            Chapman's Iliad.
Compi'lement, kom-pile'ment.  n.s. [from
   compile.]   Coacervation; the  act of pi-
   ling together; the act  of heaping up.
     I was encouraged to  assay how I could build a
   man; for there is a mora! as well as  a natural or
   artificial compilemenl, and of better materials.
                            Wotton on Education.
Compi'ler, kom-pi'lur.  to. s.  [from  com-
   pile.]   A  collector; one who frames  a
   composition from various authors.
     Some draw experiments into titles  and tables;
   those we call compilers.    Bacon's New Atlantis.
     Some painful  compiler, who will study old lan-
   guage, may inform the world that Robert earl  of
   Oxford was high treasurer.                Swift.
Compla'cence, kom-pla'sense.  >
Compla'cency, kom-pla'sen-se. 5
   [complacentia, low  Lat.]
 1. Pleasure;  satisfaction; gratification.
             I by conversing cannot these erect
   From prone, nor in their ways complacence find.
                                        Milton.
     When the supreme faculties move regularly, the
   inferior affections following,  there arises a serenity
   and complacency upon the whole soul.       South.
     Diseases extremely  lessen the complacence  we
   have in all the good things of this life.  Atterbury.
     Others proclaim  toe infirmities of  a great man
   with satisfaction and complacency, if  they discover
   none of the like in themselves. Addison's Spectator.
 2. The cause of pleasure; joy.
     0 thou, in heav'n and earth the only peace
   Found out for mankind under wrath! 0 thou,
   My sole complacence!      Milton's Paradise Lost.
 3. Civility; complaisance; softness  of man-
    ners.
     They were not satisfied with toeir governour, and
   apprehensive of his rudeness and want of compla-
   cency.                             Clarendon.
     His great humanity appeared in the benevolence
   of his aspect, the complacency of his behaviour, and
   the tone of his voice.         Addison's Freeholder.
     Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness,
   Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth  his  thoughts.
                                       Addison.
     With mean complacence ne'er betray your trust,
   Nor be so civil as to prove unjust.           Pope.
 COMPLA'CENT,   kom-pla'sent.   adj.
   [complacens, Lat.J  Civil; affable; soft;
   complaisant.
 To COMPLA'IN, kom-plane'. v.to. [com-
   plaindre, Fr]
 1. To mention with sorrow or  resentment;
   to murmur; to lament.  With of before
   the cause  of sorrow:  sometimes  with
   on.
                  Lord Hastings,
   Humbly complaining to her deity,
   Got my lord chamberlain his liberty.       Shaksp.
     I  will speak in the  anguish of my spirit; I will
  compfain in the bitterness of my soul. Job, vii. 11.
    Shall 1, like thee, on Friday night complain?
  For on that day was Cceur de Lion slain.  Dryden.
    Do not all  men complain,  even these as well as
  others, ofthe great ignorance of mankind? Burnet.
                  Thus accurs'd,
  In midst of water I complain of thirst.     Dryden.
2. Sometimes  with  for before the causal
   noun.
    Wherefore doth a living  man  complain,  a man
  for the punishment of his sins?       Lam. iii. 39.
3. To inform against.
    Now, master  Shallow, you'll complain of me to
  the council?     Shaksp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
To Compla'in, kom-plane'.  v. a. [This
   sense is   rare,  and perhaps not  very
   proper.]  To lament;  to bewail.
    Pale death our valiant leader hath oppress'd,
  Come wreak his  loss whom bootless ye complain.
                                      Fairfax.
    Gaufride, who  couldst so well in  rhime complain
  The death of Richard, with an arrow slain.  Dryd.
    They might toe grievance inwardly complain,
  But outwardly they needs must temporize.
                               Dan. Civil War.
Compla'inant,  kom-pla'nant. to. s. [from
   complain]  One   who  urges a  suit, or
   commences a prosecution,  against ano-
   ther.
     Congreve  and this  author are the most  eager
  complainants of the dispute.              Collier.
Compla'iner,  kom-pla'nftr.  to.  *. [from
   complain.] One who complains; a mur-
   murer; a  lamenter.
     St. Jude observes, that the murmurers and  com-
  plainers are the same who speak  swelling words.
                       Government ofthe Tongue.
     Philips is  a complainer;  and   on this occasion I
   told lord Carteret, that complainers never succeed
   at court, though  railers do.                Swift.
Compla'int, kom-piant'. to.  s.[complainte,
    Fr.]
 1.  Representation of pains or  injuries; la-
   mentations.
     I cannot find any cause of complaint, that good
   laws have so much been wanting unto us, as we to
   them.                     Hooker's Dedication.
     As for me, is my complaint to  man. Job,  xxx. 4.
                          Adam  saw
   Already in part,  though hid in gloomiest  shade,
   To sorrow abandon'd,  but worst felt within,
   And in a troubled sea  of passion  toss'd,
   Thus to disburthen sought with sad  complaint. Milt.
 2. The  cause   or  subject   of complaint;
    grief.
     The poverty of the clergy in England hath been
   the complaint of all  who wish well to the church.
                                         Sivift.
 2. A  malady; a disease.
     One, in a complaint of his bowels, was let blood
   till he had scarce any left, and was perfectly cured.
                                     Arbuthnot.
 4.  Remonstrance   against;   information
    against.
     Full of vexation,  come I with complaint
   Against my child.                  Shakspeare.
     In evil strait this day I stand
   Before my judge, either to undergo
   Myself the total crime, or to accuse
   My cither self, the partner of my life;
   Whcjse failing, while her faith to me remains,
   I should conceal, and  not expose to blame
   By my complaint; but strict necessity
   Subdues me, and calamitous constraint.    Milton.
     Against the goddess these complaints he made.
                                Dryden's Mneid.
 Complaisa'nce, kom-ple-zanse'. n.s. [com-
   plaisance, Fr.]  Civility; desire  of pleas-
    ing;  act of adulation.
     Her death is but  in complaisance to her. Dryden.
    You must also be industrious to discover the  opi-
  nion of your enemies; for you may be assured that
  they will give you no quarter, and allow nothing to
  complaisance.               Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    Fair Venus wept the sad disaster
  Of having lost her fav'rite dove:
  In complaisance poor Cupid mourn'd;
  His grief reliev'd his mother's pain.        Prior.
COMPLAISA'NT, kom-ple-zant'.  adj.
  [complaisant,  Fr.]  Civil;  desirous  to
  please.
    There are to whom my satire seems too bold;
  Scarce to wise Peter complaisant  enough,
  And something said of Chartres much too rough.
                                        Pope.
Complaisa'ntly,  kom-ple-zant'le. adv.
  [from  complaisant.] Civilly, with desire
  to please; ceremoniously.
    In plenty starving,  tantaliz'd in state,
  And complaisantly  help'd to all I hate;
  Treated, caress'd, and tir'd, I take my leave. Pope.
Complaisa'ntness, kom-ple-zant'nes. to. s.
   [from complaisant.]   Civility; compli-
   ance.                                Diet.
To CoMPLA'NATE,k6m-pla'nate.603£
To Compla'ne,  kom-plane'.       5
   [fromplanus,  Lat.]  To level; to reduce
   to a flat and even surface.
    The vertebrae of the neck and back bone  are
  made short and complanated, and firmly braced with
  muscles.                             Derham.
Comple'at,   kom-plete'.    See  COM-
    PLETE.

Co'mplement, kom'ple-ment. «. s. [com-
   plementum, Lat.]
 1.  Perfection;   fulness:  completion; com-
    pletement.
     Our custom  is both to  place  it in the front of
  our prayers as a guide, and to add it in the end of
  some principal limbs or parts, as a complement which
  fully perfecteth  whatsoever maybe defective in the
  rest.                                 Hooker.
     They as they feasted had their fill,
  For a full complement of all their ill.     Hubberd.
     For a complement of these blessings, toey  were
  enjoyed by the protection  of a king of the most
  harmless disposition, the most exemplary piety, the
  greatest sobriety, chastity,  and mercy.  Clarendon.
     The sensible  nature, in its complement and integ-
   rity, hath  five  exterior powers  or faculties, flafe.
 2.  Complete set; complete  provision; the
    full quantity or number.
     The god of love himself inhabits there,
   With all his rage, and dread, and grief, and care;
   His complement of stores, and total war.    Prior.
 3.  Aclscititious circumstances; appendages;
    parts not  necessary, but  ornamental:
    whence ceremony  was  called comple-
    ment, now corrupted to  compliment.
     If the case permitteth not baptism  to  have the
    decent  complements of baptism, better it were  to
    enjoy the  body  without his furniture,  than to wait
    for this, till the opportunity of that,  for which we
    desire it,  be lost.                       Hooker.
     These, which have lastly sprung up, for comple-
    ments, rites, and ceremonies of church actions, are,
    in truth, for the greatest part, such silly things, that
    very easiness doth make  toem hard to be disputed
    of in serious manner.                   Hooker.
     A doleful case desires a doleful song,
    Without vain art or curious complements.  Spenser.
     Gamish'd and deck'd in modest compliment,
    Not working with the ear, but with the eye.
                                     Shakspeare.

  4. [In geometry.] What remains of a qua-
    drant of a  circle, or of  ninety degrees,
    after any  certain arch  hath been  re-
    trenched from  it. 
COM
COM
COM
5. [In astronomy.]  The distance of a star
   from the  zenith.
6. Complement of the  Curtain, in fortifi-
   cation, that part in the interiour side ol
   it which makes the demigorge.
7.  Arithmetical Complement  of a  Loga-
   rithm, is what  the  logarithm  wants of
   10,000,000.                   Chambers.
COMPLETE, kom-plete'. adj.[compie-
   tus, Lat.]
 I. Perfect; full; having no deficiencies.
    With us the reading of scripture is a part of our
  church liturgy,  a  special portion  of toe  service
  which we do to God; and not an exercise to spend
  the time,  when one doth wait for another  coming,
  till  the assembly of them that shall afterwards wor-
  ship him be complete.                   Hooker.
    And ye  are complete in him which is the head of
  all principality and power.     Colossians, ii.  10.
    Then marvel not, thou great and complete man,
  That all the Greeks begin to worship Ajax.  Shak.
2. Complete, naving  no  degrees, cannot
   properly admit more and most.
    If any disposition should appeal- towards so good
  a work, the assistance of toe legislative power would
  be necessary to make it more complete.     Swift.
3. Finished; ended;  concluded.
    This course of vanity almost complete,
  Tir'd in the field of life, I hope retreat.     Prior.
 To Comple'te, koin-plete'. v. a.[from tne
   noun.] To perfect; to finish.
    Mr. Sanderson was completed master of arts.
                                       Walton.
    Bred only and completed to toe taste
  Of lustful appetence.                   Milton.
    To town he comes, completes the nation's hope,
  And heads the bold train'd-bands, and burns a pope.
                                         Pope.
Comple'tely,  kom-plete'le.  adv.  [trom
   complete.]  Fuliy;  perfectly.
    Then tell us, how you can your bodies roll
  Through space, of matter so completely full ?
                                    Bfac/imore.
    Whatever person  would aspire to be completely
  witty, smart, humorous, and polite, must be able to
  retain in his memory every single sentence contain-
  ed in this work.                         Swift.
Comple'tement,  kom-plete'ment.   to.  s.
   [fora completement, Fr.]   The  act of
   completing.
    Allow me to give you, from toe best authors, toe
  ©rigin, the antiquity, the growth, the change, and
  toe completement of satire among the Romans.
                  Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
Completeness, kotn-piete'nes. to.s.[from
   complete.]  Perfection; the state of being
   complete.
    I cannot allow their wisdom such a  completeness
  and  inerrability as to exclude myself.   K.  Charles.
    These parts go to make up the completeness of any
  subject.                         Watts's Logick.
Comple'tion,  kom-ple'slmn.  n. s. [from
   complete.]
1. Accomplishment;  act of fulfilling; state
  of being fulfilled.
    There was a full  entire harmony and consent of
  all the divine predictions, receiving their completion
  in Christ.                              South-
2. Utmost height; perfect state.
    He makes it the utmost  completion of an ill cha-
  racter to bear a malevolence to the best men. Pope.
CO'MPLEX, kom'pleks.   ?  adj- [com-
Comple'xed, k6m'pleks-ed. $     plexus,
  Lat.]  Composite;  of many  parts;  not
  simple;  including  many particulars.
    To express complexed significations,  they took a
  liberty to compound  and piece together creatures of
  allowable forms into mixtures inexistent.   Brown.
    Ideas made up of several simple ones, I call com-
  plex; such as beauty, gratitude, a man,  the uni-
  verse; which, though complicated of various simple
  ideas, or complex ideas made up of simple ones, yet
  are considered each by itself as one.       Locke.
    A secondary essential mode, called a property,
  sometimes goes toward making up the essence of a
  complex being.                         Waffs.
          With such perfection fram'd
  Is this complex stupendous scheme of things.
                             Thomson's Spring.
Co'mplex, kom'pleks. to. s. [from the ad-
  jective.]  Complication; collection.
    This parable of the wedding supper comprehends
  in it toe whole complex of all the blessings and pri-
  vileges exhibited  by the gospel.  South's Sermons.
CoMPLE'xEnNESs,    kom-plek'sed-nes.36s
  n. s. [from complex.] Complication; in-
  volution of many particular parts in one
  integral; contrariety  to  simplicity; com-
  pound state or nature.
    From  the complexedness of these  moral ideas,
  there follows another  inconvenience, toat toe mind
  cannot easily retain those precise combinations.
                                       Locke.
Comple'xion, kom-plek'shu.n. to. s. [com-
  plexio, Lat.]
I. The inclosureor involution of one thing
  in another.
    Though tbe  terms of propositions may be  com-
  plex, yet where the composition of the argument is
  plain, simple,  and  regular, it is properly called a
  simple syllogism,  since the complexion does not be-
  long to the syllogistick form of it.          Watts
2. The colour ofthe external parts of any
  body.
    Men judge by  the complexion of the sky
  The state and inclination of the day.   Shakspeare.
    What see you in those papers, that you lose
  So much complexion?       Shakspeare's Henry V.
    He so takes on yonder, so rails against all mar-
  ried mankind, so  curses all Eve's daughters, of what
  complexion soever.                  Shakspeare.
    Why doth not beauty then refine the wit,
  And good complexion rectify the will ?     Davies.
    Niceness, though it renders  them insignificant to
  great purposes, yet it polishes  their complexion, and
  makes their spirits seem more vigorous.   Collier.
    If I write on a  black man, I run over all the em-
  inent persons of that complexion.  Addison's Sped.
3. The temperature ofthe body, according
  to  the various  proportions of the four
  medical  humours.
    'Tis ill, though different your complexions are,
  The family of heav'n for men should war.  Dryden.
    For from all tempers he could service draw;
  The worth of each, with its allay, he knew;
    And, as the  confident of nature, saw
  How she complexions did divide and brew. Diyden.
    The methods of providence, men of this complex-
  ion must be unfit for the contemplation of.
                    Burnet's Theory ofthe Earth.
    Let melancholy rule supreme,
  Choler preside, or blood, or phlegm,
  It makes no diff'rence in the case,
  Nor is complexion honour's place.          Sioift.
Comple'xional,  kom-plek'shun-al   adj.
  [from  complexion.]  Depending  on the
  complexion or temperament of the bodv.
    Men and other animals receive different tinctures
  from  complexional efflorescencies, and descend still
  lower as they partake of the fuliginous and denigrat-
  ing humours.                         Brown.
    Ignorance, where it  proceeds from early or com-
  plexional prejudices,  will  not wholly exclude from
  favour of God.                         FUldes.
Comple'xionally, kom-plek'shun-ai-le.
  adv. [from complexion] By complexion.
    An Indian king sent unto  Alexander a fair wo-
  man, fed with poisons, either by converse or copula-
  tion compfextonaffi/ to destroy him.        Brown.
                   3a2
Comple'xly,  koin'pleks-le. adv.  [from
   complex.] In  a complex  manner;  not
   simply.
Comple'xness,  kom'pleks-nes. to.s. [from
   complex] The state of being complex.
Comple'xure,  kom-plek'shure.*£2  to. s.
  JTrom complex.] The  involution or com-
   plication of one thing with others.
Compliance, kom-pli'anse. to.  s.  [from
   comply]
I. The act of yielding to any desire or de-
   mand; accord; submission.
    I am far from excusing that  compliance, for ple-
  nary consent it was not, to his destruction.
                                 King Charles.
    We are free from any necessary determination of
  our will to any particular action, and from a neces-
  sary compliance with our desire, set  upon any par-
  ticular, and then appearing  preferable, good.
                                        Locke-
    Let the king meet compliance in your looks,
  A free and ready yielding to his wishes.     Rowe.
    The actions to which the world solicits our com-
  pliance, are sins, which forfeit eternal expectations.
                                       Rogers.
    What compliances will remove dissension, while
  the liberty  continues of professing what new opin-
  ions we please?                          Swift.
2. A disposition to  yield to  others; com-
   plaisance.
    He was a man  of few  words, and of great com-
  pliance; and usually  delivered toat  as his opinion,
  which he foresaw would be grateful to the king.
                                    Clarendon.

Compli'ant, kom-pli'ant. adj.  [from com-
  ply.]
I. Yielding; bending.
          The compliant boughs
  Yielded toem.            Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Civil;  complaisant.
To CO'MPLICATE, kom'ple-kate. v. a.
   [complico, Lat.]

1. To entangle one with another; to join;
   to involve mutually.
     Though the particular actions of war are compli-
  cate in fact,  yet they  are separate and distinct in
  right.                                  Bacon.
     In  case our offence against God hath been com-
  plicated with injury to men, we should  make resti-
  tution.                              Tillotson.
     When the disease is complicated with other dis-
  eases, one must consider that which is most dange-
  rous.                       Arbuthnot on Diet.
     There are a multitude of human  actions, which
  have so  many complicated  circumstances,  aspects,
  and situations, with regard  to time and place, per-
  sons and things, that it is impossible for any one to
  pass a right judgment concerning them, without en-
  tering into most of these circumstances.     Watts.
2. To unite by  involution of parts one in
   another.
     Commotion in the parts  may make  them apply
  themselves one to another, or complicate and dispose
  them after the manner requisite to make them stick.
                      Boyle's History of Firmness.
3. To  form by complication;  to form by the
   union of several parts into one integral.
              Dreadful was  the  din
  Of hissing through the hall! thick  swarming now
  With complicated monsters,  head and tail.  Milton.
     A man, an army,  the universe,  are complicated of
  various simple ideas, or complex ideas made up of
  simple ones.                            Locke.
Co'mplicate, kom'ple-kate.91  adj. [from
   the verb.] Compounded of a multiplici-
   ty of parts.
     What pleasure  would  felicitate his spirit,  if he
  could grasp all in  a survey, as a painter runs over a 
COM
COM                                    COM
  complicate piece wrought by Titian or Raphael.
                             Watts on the Mind.
Co'mplicateness, kom'ple-kate-nes. n. s.
  [from  complicate.] The  state  of being
  complicated; intricacy; perplexity.
    There is  great  variety of intelligibles in  the
  world, so much objected to our senses, and every
  several object is full of subdivided multiplicity and
  coinplicateness.         Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Complication,  k6m-ple-ka'shun.  to. s.
   [from  complicate.]
 1. The act  of involving  one thing in ano-
   ther.
 2. The state of being involved one in ano-
   ther.
    All our grievances are either of body, or of mind,
  or in compficafions  of both.           L'Estrange.
    The notions of a confused knowledge are always
  full of perplexity and complications, and seldom in
  order.                               Wilkins.
 3. The integral consisting of many things
   involved, perplexed, and  united.
    By admitting a  complication of ideas, and taking
  too many things at  once into one question, the mind
  is dazzled and bewildered.        Watts's Logick.
 Co'mplice, kom'plis. to. s. [Fr. from com-
   plex, an associate, low Lat.] One who is
   united with others in an ill design; an as-
   sociate; a confederate; an accomplice.
     To arms, victorious noble father,
  To quell the rebels and their complices.  Shakspeare.
    Justice was afterwards done upon the offenders,
  the principal being hanged and quartered in Smith-
  field ; and divers of his chief complices executed in
  divers parts of the  realm.              Hayward.
    The marquis prevailed with  the king, that he
  might only turn his brother out of toe garrison, after
  justice was done upon his complices.    Clarendon.
 Compli'er, kom-pli'ux. to.  s. [from com-
   ply] A man of an easy temper; a man
   of ready compliance.
     Suppose a hundred new employments were erect-
  ed on purpose to gratify compilers, an insupportable
  difficulty would remain.                  Swift.
 CO'MPLIMENT,  kom'ple-ment.  to. s.
   [compliment, Fr.] An act or expression
   of civility, usually understood to include
   some hypocrisy, and  to mean less than
   it declares: this is properly complement,
   something  superfluous,  or  more than
   enough.
     He observed few compliments in matter of arms,
  but such as proud anger did indite to him.  Sidney.
     My servant, Sir? 'Twas never merry world
  Since lowly feigning was call'd compliment:
  V are servant to the duke Orsino, youth.   Shaksp.
     One whom the musick of his own vain tongue
  Doth ravish, like enchanting harmony:
  A man of compliments, whom right and wrong
  Have chose as umpire of their meeting. Shakspeare.
               What honour that,
  But tedious waste of time, to sit and hear
  So many hollow compliments and lyes,
  Outlandish flatteries?  Milton's Paradise Regained.
    Virtue, religion,  heaven,  and  eternal happiness,
  are not trifles to be given up in a compliment, or sa-
  crificed to a jest.                       Rogers.
 To  Co'mpliment, kom'ple-ment. v.  a.
   [from the noun.]  To  sooth with acts or
   expressions  of  respect;   to  flatter,  to
   praise.
    It was not to compliment a society, so much above
  flattery, and the regardless air of common applau-
  ses                                Glanville.
    Monarchs should their inward soul  disguise,
  Dissemble and command, be false and wise;
  By ignominious arts, for servile ends,
  Should compliment  their foes, and shun their friends.
                                        Prior.
    The watchman gave so very great a thump at my
  door, that I awaked, and heard myself complimented
  with the usual salutation.                 Tatler.
To Co'mpliment, kom'ple-ment. v. to. To
   use ceremonious or adulatory language.
    I make the interlocutors upon occasion compliment
  with one another.                       Boyle.
    She compliments Menelaus very handsomely, and
  says he wanted no  accomplishment either of mind
  or body.                                Pope.

Complime'ntal,   kom-ple-men'tal.  adj.
   [from compliment.]  Expressive of re-
   spect or civility; implying compliments.
    I come to speak with Paris from the prince Troi-
  lus: I will make a complimental assault upon him.
                Shakspeare's Troilus and Cressida.
    Languages, for the most part, in terms of art and
  erudition, retain their original poverty, and rather
  grow rich and abundant in compliment al phrases, and
  such froth.                            Wotton.
    This falsehood of Ulysses is entirely complimental
  and officious.                         Broome.
Complime'ntally,   kom-ple-men'tal-le.
   adv. [from  complimental] In the nature
   of a compliment;  civilly; with artful or
   false civility.
    This speech has been condemned as avaricious:
  Eustathius judges it spoken artfully and complimerv-
  tally.                               Broome.

Complime'nter,  kom'ple-ni£n-tur. to. s.
   [from compliment.]  One given to com-
   pliments; a flatterer.
Co'mpline, kom'plin. to. s. [compline, Fr.
   completinum, low  Lat.] The  last act of
   worship at  night,  by  which the service
   of the day is completed.
    At morn and eve, besides their anthems sweet,
  Their peny masses, and their complines meet.
                               Hubberd's Tale.
    If a man were but of a day's life, it is well if he
  lasts till even song, and then says his compline an
  hour before the time.        Taylor's Holy Living.
To Complo're, kom-plore'. v.  to. [complo-
   ro, Lat.l To make lamentation together.
COMPLO'T, koni-plot'.4"* to. s. [Fr. from
   completum, for  complexum,  low  Lat.
   Menage/]  A confederacy in some secret
   crime;  a plot; a conspiracy.
    1  cannot, my life, my brother, like but well
   The purpose of the  complot which ye tell. Hubberd.
    I  know their complot is to have my life. Shaksp.
To Complo't, kdm-plot'. v. a. [from the
   noun.]  To form a plot;  to conspire; to
   join  in any secret design, generally cri-
   minal.
    Nor ever by advised purpose meet
   To plot, contrive, or complot any ill.    Shakspeare.
    A few lines  after, we find them complotting toge-
   ther, and  contriving a new scene of miseries to the
   Trojans.                                Pope.
Complo'tter,  kom-plot'tur. to. s.  [from
   complot.] A conspirator; one joined in  a
   plot.
    Jocasta too, no longer now my sister,
   Is found complotter in the horrid deed.    Dryden.
To COMPLY',  kom-pli'. v. to. [Skinner
   derives it from the  French  complaire;
   but probably it comes from compiler, to
   bend to. Flier is  still in use.]  To yield
   to; to be obsequious to;  to accord  with;
   to  suit with.  It has with before as well
   persons as things
    The rising sun complies vith our weak sight,
    First gilds the clouds, then shews his globe of light.
                                       Waller.
    They did servilely comply with toe people in wor-
  shipping God by sensible images and representa-
  tions.                               Tillotson.
    The truth of things will not comply with our con-
  ceits, and bend itself to our interest.      Tillotson.
    Remember 1 am she who sav'd your life,
  Your loving, lawful, and complying wife. Dryden.
    He made his wish with his estate comply;
  Joyful to live, yet not afraid to die.        Prior.
Compo'nent, kom-po'nent.  adj.  [compo-
  nens, Lat.] That  which  constitutes a
  compound body.
    The bigness of the component parts of natural bo-
  dies may be conjectured by their colours. Newton.
To  COMPO'RT, kom-port'. v.  n:[com-
  porter, Fr. from pqrto, Lat.] To agree;
  to suit: followed by with.
    Some piety's not good there, some vain disport
  On this side sin, with that place may comport.
                                      Donne.
    Such does not comport with the nature of time.
                                      Holder.
    It is* not every man's talent to distinguish  aright
  how far our prudence may warrant our charity, and
  how far our charity may comport with our prudence.
                                  L'Estrange.
    Children, in the things they do, if they comport
  ivith their age, find little difference, so they may be
  doing.                                Locke.
To  Compo'rt, kom-port'. v. a.
1. To bear; to endure.  This is a Gallick
  signification, not adopted among us.
            The malecontented sort,
  That never can the present state comport,
  But would as often change as they change will.
                                      Daniel.
2. To behave; to carry:  with the  recipro-
  cal  pronoun.
    At years of discretion, and comport  yourself at
  this rantipole rate!                   Congreve.
Compo'rt, kom-port'.492  to.  s.  [from the
  verb.] Behaviour; conduct;  manner of
  acting and looking.
    I shall account concerning the rules and manners
  of deportment in  the receiving,  our comport and
  conversation in and after it.              Taylor.
    I knew them well, and mark'd their rude comport;
  In times of tempest they command alone,
  And he but sits precarious on the throne.  Dryden.
Compo'rtable, k6m-por'ta-bl. adj. [from
   comport] Consistent; not contradictory.
    We cast the rules  and cautions of this art into
  some comportable  method.  Wctton's Architecture.
Compo'rtance, kom-por'tanse. to.*, [from
   comport.]  Behaviour; gesture of  cere-
   mony.
    Goodly comportance each to other bear,
  And entertain themselves with court'sies meet.
                                  Fairy Queen.
Compo'rtment, kom-port'ment.  «.s.[from
   comport.] Behaviour; practice.
    The will of God is like a straight unalterable rule
  or line; but the various compartments of the crea-
  ture,  either thwarting this rule, or holding confor-
  mity to it,  occasion several habitudes of this rule.
                                         Hale.
    By her serious and devout comportment on these
  solemn occasions,  she gives  an example that is very
  often too much wanted.      Addison's Freeholder.
 To COMPO'SE, kom-poze'. v. a. [com-
  poser, Fr compono, Lat.]
 1.  To form  a  mass by  joining different
   things together.
    Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees
  of all pious affections.                    Sprait.
 2.  To place any thing in its  proper form
   and method.
     In a peaceful grave my corps compose.  Diyden-
     How doth the sea exactly compose itself to a level
  superficies, and with the earth make up one spheri-
  cal roundness.                           Ray. 
COM
COM
COM
3. To dispose; to  put in the  proper state
   for any purpose.
    The whole army seemed well composed to obtain
  that by their swords, which they could not by  toeir
  pen.                              Clarendon.
4. To put  together  a  discourse  or  sen-
   tence; to write as an author.
    Words so pleasing to God, as  those  which the
  Son of God himself hath composed, were  not possi-
  ble for men to frame.                  Hooker.
    The greatest  conqueror in this nation, after the
  manner of the old Grecian Lyricks,  did not only
  compose the words of his divine odes,  but generally
  set them to musick himself.             Addison,
5. To  constitute by being parts of a whole.
               Nor did Israel 'scape
  Th' infection, when their borrow'd gold compos'd
  The calf in Oreb.         Milton's Paradise Lost.
     A few useful things, confounded with many tri-
  fles, fill their memories, and compose their intellec-
  tual possessions.                         Watts.
6. To calm; to quiet.
    He would undertake the journey with him,  by
  which all his fears would be composed.  Clarendon.
    You, that had taught them  to subdue their foes,
  Could order teach, and  their high  sp'rits compose.
                                       Waller.
                  Compose thy mind;
  Nor frauds are here contriv'd, nor  force design'd.
                                      Dryden.
    He, having full command over the water, had
  power to still and compose it,  as well as to move
  and disturb it.                      Woodward.
        Yet, to compose this midnight noise,
  Go  freely search where'er you please.      PHor.
7. To adjust the  mind  to  any business,
   by freeing it from disturbance.
    The mind,  being thus disquieted, may not  be
  able easily to compose and settle itself to prayer.
                     Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
    We beseech thee to compose her thoughts, and
  preserve her reason during her sickness.    Swift.
8. To adjust; to settle: as, to  compose a
   difference.

9. [With  printers.]   To  arrange the let-
   ters; to put  the letters in order in  the
   composing stick.

10.  [In musick.]  To form  a  tune  from
   the different musical notes.
Compo'sed,  kom-pozd'.   participial adj.
  [from  compose.]   Calm; serious; even;
   sedate.
    In Spain there is something still  more serious and
  composed in tbe manner ofthe inhabitants. Addison.
    The Mantuan  there in sober triumph sate,
  Compos'd his posture, and his look sedate.  Pope.
Compo'sedly,    kom-po'zed-le.*64   adv.
  [from  composed]   Calmly;  seriously;
   sedately.
    A man was walking before the door very com-
  posedly without a hat. One crying, Here is the fel-
  low that  killed the duke; every body asked, which
  is he? The man  without  the hat very composedly
  answered, I am he.                  Clarendon.
Compo'sedness,  kom-p6'zed-nes.3BS  to.  *.
  [from composed.] Sedateness; calmness;
  tranquillity.
    He that will think  to  any purpose, must have
  fixedness and composedness of humour,  as well  as
  smartness of parts.                     Noriis.
Compo'sek, kom-po'zur. to.  s.  [from com-
  pose.]
1. An author; a writer.
    pjow will be the right season  of forming them to
  be able writers and composers  in eveiy excellent
  matter.                              Milton.
    If tbe thoughts of such authors have  nothing in
  them, they at least do  no  harm,  and shew  an
  honest industry, and a good intention in the com-
  poser.                    Addison's Freeholder.
2. He that adapts the music to words; he
   that forms a tune.
    For the truth of the theoiy I am in no wise con-
  cerned, the composer of it must look to that. Woodw.
    For composition, I prefer next Ludovico, a most
  judicious and sweet composer. Peacham on Musick.
    The composer has so expressed my sense,  where
  I intended to move the passions, that he seems to
  have been the poet as well as the composer.
           Dryden's Albion and Albanius, Preface.
Compo'site, kom-poz'it.140 adj. [composi-
   tus, Lat.]
    The composite order in architecture is  the last of
  the five orders of columns; so named, because its
  capital is composed out of those of the other orders;
  and it is also called the Roman and Italick order.
                                      Haiiis.
    Some are of opinion that the composite  pillars of
  this arch were in imitation of the pillars of Solo-
  mon's temple.                        Addison.
Composition, kom-po-zish'un. to.*, [com-
  positio, Lat.]
1. The act  of  forming an integral of va-
   rious dissimilar parts.
    We have exact forms of composition, whereby
  they  incorporate almost as they were natural sim-
  ples.                    Bacon's New Atlantis.
    In the time of the Yncas reign of Peru, no com-
  position was allowed by the laws to be used in point
  of medicine, but only simples proper to each disease.
                                      Temple.
2. The act of bringing simple ideas into
   complication: opposed  to  analysis, or
   the separation of complex notions.
    The investigation of difficult things, by the me-
  thod  of analysis, ought ever to precede toe method
  of composition.               Newton's Opticks.
3. A  mass  formed by mingling different
   ingredients.
    Heat and vivacity, in age, is an excellent compo-
  sition for business.               Bacon's Essays.
    Vast pillars of stone, cased over with a composi-
  tion that looks the most like marble of any thing one
  can imagine.                         Addison.
    Jove mix'd up all, and his best clay employ'd,
  Then call'd the happy composition Floyd.    Swift,
4. The state of being compounded; union;
   conjunction; combination.
    Contemplate things first in their own simple na-
  tures, and afterwards view them in composition with
  other things.                            Watts.
5. The arrangement of various figures in
   a  picture.
    The disposition in a picture is an  assembling of
  many parts;  is also called the composition, by which
  is meant  the  distribution and orderly placing of
  things, both in general and in particular.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
6. Written work.
    Writers are divided concerning  the authority of
  the greater part of those compositions that pass in his
  name.                            L'Estrange.
    That divine prayer has always been looked upon
  as a composition fit to have proceeded from the wisest
  of men.                              Addison.
    When I read rules of criticism,  I enquire after
  the works of the author, and by toat means discover
  what he likes in a composition.
                           [Addison's Guardian.
7. Adjustment;  regulation.
    A  preacher, in the  invention of matter, election
  of words,  composition of gesture, look, pronuncia-
  tion,  motion, useth all these faculties at once.
                        Ben Jonson's Discoveries.
8. Compact; agreement; terms on which
  differences are settled.
    To take away all such mutual grievances, inju-
  ries,  and wrongs, there was no way but only  by
  going upon  composition  and agreement amongst
  themselves.  And again, all publick regiment,  of
  what kind soever, seemeth evidently to have arisen
  from deliberate advice, consultation and composi-
  tion between men judging it convenient and be-
  hoveful.                             Hooker.
                  Thus we are agreed;
  I crave our composition may be written
  And seal'd between us.
                Shakspeare's Anthony and Cleopat.
    Their courage droops, and, hopeless now. they
         wish
  For composition with th' unconquer'd fish.  Waller.
9.  The act of discharging a debt by pay-
   ing part; the sum paid.
10.  Consistency; congruity.
    There is no composition in these news,
  That gives them credit.------
  —Indeed they are disproportion^.  Shaksp. Othello.
11.  [In grammar.]  The  joining  of two
   words together, or the prefixing a par-
   ticle to  another word, to  augment,  di-
   minish, or' change its signification.
12.  A  certain  method of demonstration in
   mathematicks, which is the reverse of
   the analytical method, or of resolution.
   It proceeds  upon principles  in them-
   selves self-evident; on definitions, pos-
   tulates,  and  axioms,  and a  previously
   demonstrated  series  of  propositions,
   step by step, till  it gives a clear know-
   ledge of the thing to be demonstrated.
   This is called the  synthetical method,
   and is used  by Euclid in his Elements.
                                     Harris.
Compo'sitive, kom-poz'e-tiv.  adj. [from
   compose.] Compounded; or, having the
   power of compounding.            Diet.
Compo'sitor. kom-poz'e-tur. to. s. [from
   composed]  Ke that ranges  and adjusts
   the types in printing; distinguished from
   the pressman,  who makes  the impres-
   sion upon paper.
CO'MPOST, kom'post. to. s.  [Fr. com-
   positum, Lat.]   A  mixture  of various
   substances  for enriching  the ground;
   manure.
                Avoid what is to come,
  And do not spread the compost on the weeds,
  To make them ranker.          Shaksp. Hamlet.
    We also have great variety of composts and soils,
  for the making of the earth fruitful.
                              Bacon's Atlantis.
    Water young planted shrubs, amomum especial-
  ly, which you can  hardly refresh too often, and it
  requires abundant compost.     Evelyn's Kalendar.
    Thoie, as his dream foretold, a cart he found,
  That carried compost forth to dung the ground.
                                      Dryden.
              In vain the nursling grove
  Seems f?.ir awhile, cherish'd with foster earth;
  But when the alien compost is exhaust,
  Its native poverty again prevails.         Philips.
To Com.'-o'st, kom'post. v. a.  [from the
   noun."  To manure; to enri< h  with soil.
    By removing  into worse earth, or forbearing to
  compost n:e ea»-th, water-mint turneth into field-
  mint, ami the colewort into rape.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
    As  for earth, it cornposteth itself; for I knew  a
  garden that haii a field poured upon it, and it did
  bear fruit excellently.     Bacon's Natural History.
Compo'sture, kom-pos'tshure.461  n.  s.
   [from compost.]   Soil;  manure.  Not
   used.
                   The earth 's a thief,
  That feeds and breeds by a composture stol'n
  From gen'ral excrements.        Shaksp. Timon 
COM
COM
C OM
Compo'sure, kom-po'zhure.483 n. s. [from
   compose.]

 1. The act of composing or inditing.
    Their own forms  are not like to be so sound, or
  comprehensive of the nature of  the duty,  as forms
  of publick composure.             King Charles.
 2. Arrangement;  combination;  mixture;
   order.
    Hence languages  arise, when, by institution and
  agreement, such  a  composure  of letters, such a
  word, is intended to signify such a certain thing.
                    Holder on Elements of Speech.
    From the various composures and combinations of
   these corpuscles  together, happen all the varieties
   of the bodies formed out of them.      Woodward.
 3.  The form arising from  the  disposition
   of the  various  parts.
       In composure of his face,
     Liv'd a fair but manly grace.         Crashaw.
 4.  Frame; make; temperament.
     To reel the streets at noon, and stand the buffet
   With slaves that  smell of sweat; say this becomes
       him:
   As his composure must be rare indeed,
   Whom these things cannot blemish.    Shakspeare.
     The Duke of Buckingham sprung, without any
   help, by a kind of congenial composure, to the like-
   ness of our late sovereign and master.     Wotton.
 5. Adjustment.
     God will rather look to the inward raptures of the
   mind, than to the outward form and composure of
   the body.                            Duppa,
 6. Composition; framed discourse.
     Discourses on such occasions  are seldom the pro-
   ductions of leisure,  and should be read with those
   favourable allowances that are  made to hasty com-
   posures.                           Atterbury.
     In the  composures of men, remember you are a
   man as well as they; and it is not their reason, but
   your own, that is given to guide you.       Watts.
 7. Sedateness;  calmness; tranquillity.
     To whom the virgin majesty  of Eve,
   As one who loves, and some unkindness meets,
   With sweet austere composure thus replied. Milton.
     The calmest and  serenest hours of life, when toe
   passions of nature are all silent, and the mind en-
   joys its most perfect composure.    Watts's Logick.
 8. Agreement; composition; settlement oi
    differences.
      The treaty at Uxbridge gave the fairest hopes of
   an happy composure.              King Charles.
      Van guard! to right and left the front unfold,
   That all may see, who hate us, how we seek
   Peace and composure.      Milton's Paradise Lost.
      Things were  not brought to an extremity: there
   seems yet to be room left for a composure; hereafter
   there may be only for pity.              Dryden.

 Compota'tion, kom-p6-ta'shun. to. s. [com-
   potatio,  Lat.]  The act  of drinking  or
    tippling  together.
      Secrecy  to words  spoke under the rose,  only
   mean, in compotatum,  from the ancient custom  in
   symposiack meetings, to wear chaplets of roses.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
                  If thou wilt prolong
   Dire compotation, forthwith reason quits
   Her empire to confusion and misrule,
   And vain debate; then twenty tongues at once
   Conspire in senseless jargon; nought is heard
   But din and various clamour,  and mad rant.
                                        Philips.
 To  COMPO'UND,  k6m-pound'.  v.a.
    [compono, Lat.]
 1. To mingle  many ingredients together
   in one mass.
 2. To form by uniting various parts.
     Whosoever compoundeth any like it, shall be cut
   off.                             Exodus, xxx.
     It will be difficult to evince,  that nature does not
   make decompounded  bodies; I mean, mingle toge-
  ther such bodies as are already compounded of ele-
  mentary, or rather of simple ones.         Boyle.
    The ideas, being each but one single perception,
  are easier got than the more  complex ones; and
  therefore are not  liable to  the uncertainty which
  attends those compounded ones.           Locke.
3.  To mingle  in different positions;  to
  combine.
    We cannot have a single image that did not enter
  through the sight; but we have the power of alter-
  ing and compounding those images into all the vari-
  eties of picture.              Addison's Spectator.

4. [In grammar.] To form one word from
  two or more words.
    Where  it and  Tigris embrace each other under
  the city of Apamia, there do they agree of a joint
  and compounded name, and are called Piso-Tigris.
                    Raleigh's Hist, ofthe World.
5. To compose by being united.
    Who'd be so mock'd with glory, as to live
  But in a dream of friendship?
  To have his pomp, and all what state compounds,
  But only painted, like his varnish'd friends'. Shaksp.
5. To adjust a  difference by  some reces-
   sion from  the rigour of claims.
    I would to God all strifes  were well compounded!
                                      Shaksp.
    If there be any discord or suits between any of
  the family, they are compounded and appeased.
                          Bacon's New Atlantis.
7.  To discharge a  debt  by paying only
   part.
    Shall I, ye gods! he cries, my debts compound?
                                        Gay.

To Compo'uno, kom-pound'. v. to.
1.  To come  to terms  of agreement, by
   abating  something of the first demand.
   It  has for before the thing  accepted or
   remitted.
    They were, at last, glad to compound for his bare
  commitment to the Tower.            Clarendon.
    Pray but for half the virtues of this wife;
   Compound for all the rest, with longer life. Dryden.
   To bargain in the lump.
    Here's a fellow will help you to-morrow; com-
  pound with him by the year.             Shaksp.
3.  To  come to  terms,  by granting  some-
   thing on each side.
    Cornwall compounded to  furnish ten oxen after
  Michaelmas for thirty pounds.            Carew;.
    Once more I come to know of thee, king Harry,
   If for thy ransom  thou wilt now compound,
   Before thy most assured overthrow?       Shaksp.
     Made all the royal stars recant,
   Compound, and take the covenant.       Hudibras.
     But useless all, when he  despairing found,
   Catullus then did with the winds compound. Dryd.
     Paracelsus  and his admirers have compounded
   with the Galenists, and brought a mixed use of chy-
   mical medicines into the present practice.  Tempfe.
 4.  To determine.   This is not in use.
                    We here deliver,
   Subscribed by toe consuls and patricians,
   Together with the seal o' th' senate, what
   We have compounded on.             Shakspeare.

 Co'MPouNn, kom'pound.  adj.  [from the
    verb.]
  1. Formed out of many ingredients; not
    simple.
     The ancient electrum had in it a fifth of silver to
   the gold, and made a compound metal, as fit  for
   most uses as gold.                      Bacon.
     Compound substances are made up of two or
   more simple substances.           Watts's Logick.

 2. [In  grammar.]  Composed  of  two  or
    more words; not simple.
     Those who  are his greatest  admirers,  seem
  pleased with toem as beauties;  I speak of his com-
  pound epithets.                          Pope.
3. Compound or  aggregated  Flower,  in
  botany, is such as consists of many little
  flowers, concurring  together to  make
  up one whole one; each  of which  has
  its style and stamina, and adhering seed,
  and are all contained within one and the
  same calyx; such are the sunflower and
  dandelion.                        Harris.
Co'mpound, kom'pound.  to. s.  [from the
  verb.]  1 he  mass formed  by the union
  of many ingredients.
    For present use or profit, this is toe rule: consider
  the price of the  two simple bodies; consider again
  toe dignity of toe one above the other in use; then
  see if you can make  a compound, that will save
  more in price than it will lose in dignity of the use.
                       Bacon's Physical Remains.
    As  man is a compound and  mixture of  flesh as
  well as spirit.                  South's Sermons.
    Love why do we one passion  call,
  When 'tis a compound of them  all;
  Where hot and cold, where sharp and sweet,
  In all their equipages meet?               Sroift.
Compo'unoable,   kom-poun'da-bl.  adj.
   [from  compound.]   Capable of being
   compounded.
Compo'under, kom-poin'dfir. to. s. [from
   To compound]
 1. One who endeavours  to bring parties to
   terms of agreement.
     Those softners, sweetners, compounders,  and ex-
  pedient-mongers,  who shake their heads so strong-
  ly.                                   Swift.
2. A mingler; one  who mixes bodies.
 To   COMPREHE'ND,  kom-pre-hend'.
   v. a. [comprehendo, Lat.]
 1. To comprise; to include;  to  contain; to
   imply.
     If there be any other commandment, it is briefly
  comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt
  love thy neighbour as thyself.        Rom. xiii. 9.
     It would be ridiculous to grow old in the study of
  every necessary thing, in an art which comprehends
  so many several parts.       Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 2. To contain in the mind; to understand;
   to conceive.
     Rome was not better by her Horace taught,
   Than we are here to comprehend his thought
                                       Waller.
     'Tis unjust, that they who have not the least no-
   tion of heroick writing, should therefore  condemn
   the pleasure which others receive from it, because
   they cannot comprehend it.               Dryden.
 Comprehe'nsible,   kom-pre-hen'se-bl.
   adj. [comprehensible, Fr.  comprehensi-
    bilis,  Lat.]
  1. Intelligible;  attainable by  the  mind;
    conceivable by  the understanding.
      The horizon sets the bounds between toe enlight-
   ened and dark parts of things,  between what is and
   what is not comprehensible by us.          Locke.
  2. Possible to be comprised.
      Lest this part of knowledge should seem to any
   not comprehensible by axiom, we will set down some
   heads of it.                            Bacon.
  Comprehe'nsibly,   k6m-pre-hen'se-ble.
    adv.  [trom comprehensible.]  With great
    power of signification   or understand-
    ing;  significantly; with great extent of
    sense.   Tillotson  seems  to  have used
    comprehensibly  for comprehensively.
      The words wisdom and righteousness are common-!
   ly used very  comprehensibly, so as to signify all re-
   ligion and virtue.                      Tillotson. 
COM
C OM
COM
Comprehension, kom-pre-hen'shdn. to. a.
  [comprehensio, Lat.]
1. The act or  quality  of comprising  or
  containing; inclusion.
    In the Old Testament there is a close comprehen-
  sion of the New, in the New an open discovery ofthe
  Old.                                Hooker.
    The comprehension of an idea, regards all essen-
  tial modes and properties of it; so body, in its com-
  prehension, takes in solidity, figure, quantity, mobi-
  lity,                          Watts's Logick.
2. Summary; epitome;  compendium; ab-
  stract;  abridgment  in  which much is
  comprised.
    If we would draw a short abstract of human hap-
  piness, bring together all the various ingredients of
  it and digest toem  into one prescription, we must
  at last fix on this wise and religious aphorism in my
  text, as the sum and compreliension of all.  Rogers.
3.  Knowledge;  capacity;  power  of the
  mind to admit and contain many ideas
  at once.
    You give no proof of decay of your judgment, and
  comprehension of all things, within the compass of
  an human understanding.              Dryden.
4. [In rhetorick.]  A  trope or figure; by
  which  the name of a whole is put for a
   part, or that of a  part for the whole, or
  a definite number for an indefinite.
                                   Harris.
Comprehensive,  kom-pre-h£n'siv.  adj.
  [from comprehend.]
I. Having  the power to comprehend or
  understand many things at once.
    He must have been a man of a most wonderful
  comprehensive nature, because he has taken into the
  compass of his Canterbury Tales the various  man-
  ners and humours of toe whole English nation in his
  age; not a single character has escaped him.
                       Dryden's Fables,  Preface.
    His hand unstain'd, his uncorrupted heart,
  His comprehensive head; all interests weigh'd,
  All Europe sav'd, yet Britain not betray'd.   Pope.
2. Having the quality of comprising much;
  compendious; extensive.
    So diffusive, so compehensive,  so catholick  a
  grace is charity, toat whatever time is the opportu-
  nity of any other virtue, that time is the opportunity
  of charity.                   Spratt's Sermons.

Comprehensively,  kom-pre-hen'siv-le.
  adv. [from comprehensive.]   In a com-
  prehensive manner.
Comprehensiveness,  kom-pre-hen'siv-
  n£s. to. s.  [from comprehensive.]   The
  quality  of including  much in  a  few
  words or narrow compass.
    Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of le-
  gends on ancient coins.                Addison.

To  COMPRE'SS, kom-pres'. v.  a. [com-
  pressus, Lat.]

I. To force  into a narrower compass; to
  squeeze together.
2. To embrace.
    Her Neptune eyed, with bloom of beauty blest,
  And in his cave the yielding nymph comprest.
                               Pope's  Odyssey.
    There was in the island of lo, a young girl cowir
  pressed by a genius, who delighted to associate with
  toe muses.                             Pope.
Co'mprkss, kom'pres.493 to. *. [from the
  verb.]  Bolsters of linen, by which sur-
  geons suit their bandages for any parti-
  cular part or  purpose.          Quincy.
    I applied an intercipient about the ankle and up-
  per part of the foot, and by compress and  bandage
  dressed it up.                      Wiseman.
Compressibility,  kom-pres-se-bil'le-te.
   to. a. [f om compressible] The quality of
   being compressible;  the quality of ad-
   mitting to be brought by  force  into  a
   narrower compass; as air  may be corn-
   pressed, but water can  by no  violence
   be reduced to less space than it natural-
   ly occupies.

Compre'ssible,    kom-pres'se-bl.    adj.
   [from   compress.]  Capable of  being
   forced into a narrower compass; yield-
   ing to pressure, so as  that one part is
   brought nearer to another.
    Their being spiral particles, accounts for the elas-
  ticity of air; their being spherical  particles, which
  gives free passage to any heterogeneous matter, ac-
  counts for air's being compressible.         Cheyne.

Compre'ssibleness,  kom-pres'se-bl-nes.
   to. s. [from compressible]  Capability of
   being pressed close.               Diet.
Compression,  kom-presh'un.  «. s.  [com-
   pressio, Lat.]  The act of  bringing  the
   parts  of any body more near  to  each
   other by violence;  the quality of admit-
   ting such an  effort of force as may com-
   pel the body  compressed into a narrow-
   er space.
    Whenever a solid body is pressed, there is an in-
  ward  tumult in toe parts, seeking to deliver them-
  selves from the compression; and this is the cause of
  all violent motion.                      Bacon.
    The powder in shot, being dilated into such  a
  flame as endureth not compression, moveth in round,
  the flame being  in the nature of a liquid body,
  sometimes recoiling.                    Bacon.
    Tears are the effects of the  compression of the
  moisture ofthe brain, upon dilatation of the spirits,
                            Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Merry Michael, the Cornish poet, piped this upon
  his oaten pipe for merry England,  but with a mock-
  ing compression for Normandy.       Camd. Rem.
    He that shall  find  out an hypothesis, by which
  water may be so rare, and yet not be  capable of
  compression by force, may doubtless, by the same
  hypothesis, make gold and water, and all other bo-
  dies, as much rarer as he pleases;  so that light may
  find a ready passage through transparent substances.
                                    Newton.
Compre'ssure, kom-presh'shure.4Sa to. s.
   [from  compress.]  The  act or force of
   one body pressing against another.
    We tried whether heat would, notwithstanding so
  forcible a compressure, dilate it.           Boyle.
To CompriNt, kom-print'. v. to.  [compri-
   mere, Lat.]
    To print together; it is commonly taken,  in law,
   for the deceitful printing of another's copy, or book,
   to the prejudice  of the rightful  proprietor.
                      Phillips's World of Words.
To Compri'se, kom-prize'.  v. a.  [com-
   prendre,  compris, Fr.]  To contain; to
   comprehend; to include.
    Necessity of shortness causeth men to cut off im-
   pertinent discourses, and to comprise much matter
   in a few words.                       Hooker.
    Do  they not, under doctrine,  comprehend the
   same that we intend  by matters of faith? Do not
   they, under discipline, comprise the regimen of the
   church?                             Hooker.
    'Tis the polluted love that multiplies;
   But friendship does two souls in one comprise.
                                  Roscommon.
Comproba'tion,  kom-pro-ba'shun.  to.  s.
   [comprobo, Lat.] Proof; attestation.
    That is only esteemed a legal testimony, which
   receives comprobation from the mouths  of at least
   two witnesses.                        Brown.
CO'MPROMISE,  korn-pro-mize.  to. s.
   [compromissum, Lat.]
I. Compromise is a mutual promise of two
   or more parties, at  difference,  to refer
   the ending of their controversies to the
   arbitrement or equity of one or more
   arbitrators.                       Cowell.
2. A compact or bargain,  in which some
   concessions are made on each side.
    Wars have not wasted it,  for warr'd he hath
        not;
  But basely yielded, upon compromise,
  That which his ancestors atchiev'd with blows.
                                 Shakspeare.
To  Co'mpromise,   kom'pro-mize. x^.  a.
   [from the noun.]
1. To compound; to adjust a compact  by
   mutual concessions:  as,  they compro-
   mised the affair at a middle rate.
2. In  Shakspeare it means, unusually,  to
   accord;  to agree.
    Laban and himself were compromis'd,
  That all the yearlings, which  were  streak'd and
        pied,
  Should fall as Jacob's hire.          Shakspeare.
Compromisso'rial,   kom-pro-mis-so're-
   al. adj. [from compromise.]  Relating to
   a  compromise.
Comprovi'ncial, kom-pro-vin'shal. to. *.
   [from con  and provincial.]  Belonging
   to the same province.
    At the  consecration of an  archbishop, all  his
  comprovincials ought to give their attendance.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
COMPT,  kount.w to. s. [compte, Fr.
   computus, Lat.] Account; computation;
   reckoning.
                  Your servants ever
  Have theirs, themselves,  and  what  is  theirs,  in
      compt,
  To make their audit at your highness' pleasure,
  Still to return your own.        Shak. King John.
To Compt, koint. v. a. [compter, Fr.] To
   compute; to number.  We now use  To
   Count, which see.
Co'mptible, koun'te-bl.arf/. [from compt.]
   Accountable; responsible; ready to give
   account; subjective; submissive.
     Good beauties, let me sustain my scorn; I am very
  comptible even to the least sinister usage.  Shaksp.
To COMPTRO'LL,  kon-troll'.84 *°*  v. a.
   [This word is written by some authors,
   who did not attend to the etymology, for
   controll; and some  of its derivatives  are
   written in  the same manner.]  To con-
   trol; to overrule; fo oppose.

Comptro'ller, k6n-tro'lu.r.  to. s. [from
   cumptroll.] Director; supervisor; supe-
   riour intendant; governour.
     This night he makes a supper, and  a great one,
   To many lords and ladies:
   I was spoke to, with Sir Heniy Guilford,
   This night to be comptrollers.         Shakspeare.
    The comptrollers of vulgar opinions pretend to find
   out such a similitude in some kind of baboons.
                                     Temple.
     My fates permit me not from hence to fly;
   Nor he, the great comptroller of toe sky.   Diyden.
Comptro'li.ership, kon-tro'lnr-ship. n.s.
   [from comptroller.] Superintendance.
     The gayle for stannery-causes is annexed  to the
   comptrollership.       Curew's Survey of Cornwall.
Compu'lsai ively, kom-pul'sa-tiv-le. adv.
   [from compulsatory.]   With force;  by
   constraint.                      Clarissa. 
COM
COM
CON
Compu'lsatory, kom-puTsa-tur-e B12 adj.
  [from compulnor, Lat.] Having the force
  of compelling; coactive.
                Which is no other,
  But to recover from us by strong hand,
  And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands,
  So by his father lost.  *              Siiakspeare.
Compu'lsion, kom-pul'shun.  n. s. [com-
  pulsio, Lat.]
1. The act  of compelling to  something;
   force;  violence of the agent.
    If reasons were as plenty as blackberries, I would
  give no man a reason on compulsion.    Shakspeare.
    Thoughts,  whither have  ye  led me? with toat
        sweet
  Compulsion thus transported!   Milton's Par. Lost.
     Such sweet compulsion doth in musick lie,
  To lull the daughters of necessity.        Milton.
2. The state of being compelled; violence
   suffered.
     Compulsion  is  in an agent capable of volition,
  when the beginning or continuation of any action
  is contrary to the preference of his mind.   Locke.
     When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear,
  With what compulsion and laborious flight,
  We sunk thus low!           Milton's Par. Lost.
     This faculty is free from compulsion, and so spon-
  taneous, and free from determination  by the particu-
  lar object.                             Hale.
     Possibly there were  others who assisted Harold,
  partly out of fear and compulsion.           Hale.
Compu'lsive,  kom-pul'siv.   adj.   [from
   compulser, Fr compulsus,  Lat.]  Having
   the power to compel; forcible.
     The Danube, vast and deep,
  Supreme of rivers! to the frightful  brink,
  Urg'd by compulsive arms, soon as they reach'd
  New terror chill'd their veins.           Philips.
     The clergy would be glad to recover their dues
  by a more short and compulsive method.    Swift.
Compu'lsively,   kom-pui'siv-le.    adv.
   [from  compulsive.]  By force;  by vio-
   lence.

Compu'lsiveness, kom-pul'slv-nes.  to. s.
   [from compulsive] Force; compulsion.

Compu'lsorily, kom-piil'so-re-le.   adv.
   [from compulsory.]  In a compulsory or
   forcible manner; by force;  by violence.
     To say that the better deserver hath such right to
  govern,  as he may compulsorily bring under the less
  worthy, is idle.                        Bacon.
Compu'lsory,   kom-pul'sur-e.612   adj.
   [from compulsoire, Fr.] Having the pow-
   er of necessitating  or compelling.
     He erreth in this, to think that actions, proceed-
  ing from fear, are properly compulsory actions;
  which, in truth, are  not only  voluntary, but free
  actions; neither compelled, nor so much as physi-
  cally necessitated.     '  Bramhall against Hobbes.
     Kindly it would be taken to comply with a patent,
  although not compulsory.                 Swift.
COMPU'NCTION,k6m-pung'shun.TO.s.
   [componction, Fr. from pungo, punctum,
   to prick,  Lat.]
 1. The power of  pricking; stimulation;
   irritation.
     This is that acid and piercing spirit, which, with
  such activity and compunction, invadeth the brains
  and nostrils of those that receive it.       Brown.
2. The state of  being pricked by the con-
   science; repentance;  contrition.
     He acknowledged his disloyalty  to the king, with
  expressions of great compunction.      Clarendon.
Compu'nctious,    kom-pung'shfis.   adj.
   [fromcompunction.] Repentant;  sorrow-
   ful; tender.
     Stop up to' access and passage  to  remorse,
  That no compunctious visitings of nature
  Shake my fell purpose.         Shaksp. Macbeth.
Compu'nctive, kom-pung'tiv.  adj. [from
  compunction]  Causing remorse.
Compurgation,  k6m-pur-ga'shiin.  to.  *.
  [compurgatio, Lat.]   The practice  of
  justifying any man's veracity  by the tes-
  timony of another.
Compurgator,  kom-ptir-ga'tur.   to.  s.
  [Lat.] One who bears his testimony  to
  the credibility of another.
    The next quarry, or chalk-pit, will give abundant
  attestation: these  are so obvious, that I need not  be
  far to seek a compurgator.            Woodward.
Compu'table,  kom-pu'ta-bl.  adj. [from
  compute/]   Capable of being numbered
  or  computed.
    If, instead of twenty-four  letters,  there were
  twenty-four millions, as those twenty-four millions
  are  a  finite number, so would  all  combinations
  thereof be finite,  though not easily computable  by
  arithmetick.          Hale's  Origin of Mankind.

Computation,    kom-pu-ta'shfin.   to.  s.
  [from  compute.]
1. The act of reckoning; calculation.
                My princely father
  Then, by just computation ofthe time,
  Found that the issue was not his.      Shakspeare.
2. The  sum collected  or  settled by cal-
   culation.
    We pass  for women of fifty: many additional
  years are thrown  into  female computations of this
  nature.                    Addison's Guardian.

To COMPU'TE, kom-pute'. v.a.  [com-
  puto, Lat.] To reckon; to calculate;  to
   number; to count.
    Compute how much water would be requisite to
  lay the earth under water.              Burnet.
    Where they did  compute by weeks, yet still toe
  year was measured by months.    Holder on Time.
    Alas!  not dazzled with their  noon-tide ray,
  Compute the morn and evening to toe day;
  The whole amount of that enormous fame,
  A tale that blends their glory with their shame.
                                       Pope.

Compu'te,  kom-pute'.  to.  s.  [computus,
   Lat.] Computation; calculation.
    Though there were a fatality in this year, yet
  divers  were out in their account, aberring several
  ways from the true and just compute; and  calling
  that one year which perhaps might be another.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Compu'ter, kom-pu'tfir.  ». *. [from com-
  pute.]   Reckoner; accountant; calcu-
  lator.
    The  calendars of these computers, and the ac-
  counts of these days, are different.  Br. Vulg Err.
    I  have known some such ill computers, as to ima-
  gine the many millions in stocks so much real
  wealth.                               Swift.
Co'mputist, kom'pu-tist.  «.  s. [compu-
   tiste,  Fr.] Calculator; one skilled in the
   art of numbers or computation.
    The treasurer was a wise man, and a strict com-
  pttfist.                               Wotton.
    We conceive we have a year in three hundred and
  sixty-five days exact: computists tell us, that  we
  escape six hours.                       Brown.
Co'mrade, k&m'rade.166 to. <s.  [camerade,
   Fr. from camera,  a chamber; one that
   lodges in the  same chamber, contuber-
   nio fruitur.]
 1. One who dwells in the same house or
   chamber.
    Rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse
  To be a comrade with the wolf and owl.    Shaksp.
2.  A companion; a partner in any labour or
   danger.
                He permitted them
  To put out both thine eyes, and fetter'd send thee
  Into toe common prison, there to grind
  Among the slaves and asses, thy comrades,
  As good for nothing else.      Milton's Agonistes.
    A footman, being newly  married, desired his
  comrade to tell him freely what the town said of it.
                                      Swift.
Con, kon.   A  Latin inseparable preposi-
   tion, which, at  the beginning of  words,
   signifies union  or association: as   con-
   course,  a running together; to convene,
   to come together.
Con,  kon.   [abbreviated   from   contra,
   against, Lat.] A cant  word for one  who
   is on the negative  side  of a question; as,
   the pros and cons.
 To  CON,  kon. v.  a.  [connan, Sax. to
   know; as, in Chaucer,  Old wymen  con-
   nen mochil thinge; that is,  Old  women
   have much knowledge.]
 1. To know.
    Of muses, Hobbinol, I conne no skill
  Enough to me to paint out my unrest.      Spenser.
2. To study; to commit  to memory; to fix
   in the mind.  It   is a  word now  little in
   use, except  in ludicrous language.
    Pretty answers! have you not been acquainted
  with goldsmiths' wives, and conn'd them out of rings?
                                  Shakspeare.
    Here are your parts; and I am to entreat you to
  con them by  to-morrow night.         Shakspeare.
    Our understanding cannot in  this body  arrive so
  clearly to the knowledge of God, and things invisi-
  ble,  as by orderly conning over the visible and in-
  feriour creatures.                     Milton.
    Shew it him written; and, having the other also
  written in the paper,  shew  him that, after he has
  conned the first, and require it of him.     Holder.
        The  books of which I'm chiefly fond,
  Are such as you have whilom conn'd.      Prior.
    All this while John had conned over such a cata-
  logue of hard words, as were enough to conjure up
  the devil.                         Arbuthnot.

 3.  To Con  thanks;  an old expression for
   to thank.  It is the same with  scavoir
   gre.
    I con him no  thanks for 't, in the nature he deli-
  vers it.                           Shakspeare.
 To CONCA'MERATE, k6n-kam'e-rate.
   ai 408 v%  a  [concamero, Lat.] To  arch
   over; to vault;  to  lay concave over.
    Of the upper beak, an inch and a half  consisteth
  of one concumeratcd bone, bended downwards, and
  toothed as the other.           Grew's  Musceum.
 Concamera'tion,    k6n-kam-e-ra'shun.
   to. s. [from  concamerate.] Arch; vault.
    What a romance is the story of those impossible
  concamerations,  and feigned  rotations of solid  orbs!
                             Glanville's Scepsis.
 To CONCA'TENATE, kon-ka'te-nate.s1
   v.a. [from catena,Lat. a chain.]  To link
   together; to unite in a successive order.
 Concatenation, kon-kat-e-na'shun. n. s.
   [from concatenate]   A  series of links;
   an uninterrupted  unvariable succession.
     The stoicks affirmed a fatal,  unchangeable corw
   catenation of causes,  reaching to the elicit acts  of
   man's will.                             South.
 Concava'tion, k6n-ka-va'shun. «.  s. [from
   concave.] The act of  making concave.
 CONCA'VE, kong'kave.408 adj.  [conca-
   vus, Lat.]
 1. Hollow without   angles; as, the   inner 
CON
CON
CO IS
   surface of an eggshell, the inner curve
   of an arch: opposed to convex.
     These great fragments  falling  hollow,  inclos-
   ed under their concave surface a great deal of air.
                                BurnU's Theoiy.
 2. Hollow.
     Have you not made aii universal shout,
   That Tyber trembled underneath his banks,
   To hear the replication of your sounds
   Made in his concave shores?   Shak. Julius Caesar.
     For his verity in love, I do think him as Concave
   as a covered goblet, or a worm-eaten nut.   Shaksp.
 Conca'veness, kong'kave-nes. to. s. [from
   concave.]   Hollowness.            Diet.
 Conca'vity, kon-kav'e-te. n. s. [from con-
   cave]   Internal  surface  of  a  hollow
   spherical or spheroidical body.
     Niches that contain  figures  of white marble
   should not be coloured in their concavity too black.
                                        fFoffon.
     They have taken the  impresses of  these  shells
   with that exquisite niceness, that no metal,  when
   melted and cast in a mould, can ever  possibly re-
   present the concavity of toat mould with greater ex-
   actness  than  these flints do the. concavities of the
   shells, wherein they  were moulded.    Woodward.
 Concavo-concave, k6n-ka'v6-kong-kave.
   *oeadj. Concave or hollow on both sides.
 Concavo-convex,   kon-ka'vo-kon-veks.
   adj.  [from concave and convex.]  Con-
   cave one way, and convex the other.
     I procured another concavo-convex plate of glass,
   ground on both sides to the same sphere with the
   former plate.                          JVeioton.
     A concavo-convex  pentangular plate, part  of a
   shell that belongs to toe  entrochus.     Woodward.
 Conca'vous,  kon-ka'vus. adj. [concavus,
   Lat.] Concave; hollow  without angles.
 Conca'vously, kon-ka'vus-le. adv.  [from
   concavous] With  hollowness; in such
   a manner  as discovers the internal sur-
   face of a hollow sphere.
     The dolphin that  carrieth Arion is concavously
   inverted, and hath its spine depressed.      Brown.
 To  CONCE'AL, kon-sele'. v. a. [concelo,
   Lat]  To  hide;  to  keep  secret;  not to
   divulge; to cover;  not to detect.
     He oft finds med'cine,  who his grief imparts;
   But double griefs afflict concealing hearts. Fairy Q,.
           Come, Catesby, thou art sworn
   As deeply to effect what we intend,
   As closely to conceal what we impart.      Shaksp.
     Ulysses himself adds,  he  was toe most eloquent
   and the most silent of men: he knew  that a word
   spoke never wrought  so much good as a word  con-
  cealed.                                Broome.
     There is but one way I know of conversing safely
   with all men, that  is,  not by concealing what we
   say or do, but  by saying or doing nothing that de-
   serves to be concealed.                    Pope.
 Conce'alable,  kon-se'la-bl.  adj.   [from
   conceal]   Capable  of being concealed;
   possible to be  kept secret, or  hid.
     Returning a lye unto his Maker, and presuming
   to  put off the searcher of hearts, he denied the om-
   nisciency of God, whereunto there is nothing  con-
  cealable.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Conce'aledness,   kon-se'led-nes.   to. s.
   [from conceal.]  The state of being con-
   cealed; privacy; obscurity.         Diet.
Conce'aler, kon-se'hlr. to.  s.  [from con-
   ceal.]   He  that conceals any thing.
     They were to undergo the penalty of forgery, and
  the concealer of the crime was equally  guilty. Clar.
Concealment, kon-sele'ment. n.s.  [from
   conceal]
 1. The act of hiding;  secrecy.
             She never told her love;
       VOL. 1.
  But let concealment, like a worm i' to' bud,
  Feed on her damask cheek.           Shakspeare.
            He is a worthy gentleman,
  Exceedingly well read, aud profited
  In strange concealments.              Shakspeare.
     Few own such sentiments; yet this  concealment
  derives rather from  the fear of man  than of any
  Being above.                        Glanville.
2. The  state of being hid;  privacy;  deli-
   tescence.
     A person of great abilities  is zealous for the good
  of mankind, and as solicitous for the concealment as
  the performance of illustrious actions.    Addison.
3. Hiding-place; retreat; cover; shelter.
     The choice of this holy name, as the most effectu-
  al concealment of a wicked design, supposes mankind
  satisfied that nothing but what is just is directed by
  the principles of it.                     Rogers.
                 The cleft tree
  Offers its kind concealment to a few,
  Their food its insects, and its moss their nests.
                                     Thomson.
To CO\'CE'DE,kon-sede'. v.a.  [concedo,
   Lat]  To yield;  to admit; to grant; to
   let pass undisputed.
     By expurgatory animadversions we might strike
  out great numbers of  hidden qualities; and, having
  once a conceded list,  we might with more safety at-
  tempt their reasons.                     Brown.
     This must not be conceded without limitation.
                                        Boyle.
     The  atheist, if you concede to him that fortune
  may be an agent, doth presume himself safe and
  invulnerable.                          Bentley.
CONCE'IT, k6n-sete'.  to. s. [concept, Fr.
   conceptus, Lat.]
I. Conception; thought; idea; image in the
   mind.
     Here the very shepherds have their fancies lifted
  to so high conceits, as the learned of other nations
  are content both to borrow their names, and imitate
  their cunning.                         Sidney.
     Impossible it was, that ever their  will should
  change or incline to  remit any part of their duty,
  without some object having force to avert their con-
  ceit from God.                          Hooker.
     His grace looks cheerfully and smooth this morn-
        ing:
  There 's some conceit, or other, likes  him well,
  When that he bids good-morrow with such spirit.
                                    Shakspeare.
     In  laughing there  ever precedeth a conceit of
  somewhat ridiculous,  and therefore it is proper to
  man.                                  Bacon.

2. Understanding;  readiness of apprehen-
   sion.
    How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me, that
  they loved! and yet I,  not looking for such a matter,
  had not my conceit open to understand them. Sidney.
     The first kind of things appointed by laws humane,
  containeth whatsoever is good or  evil, is  notwith-
  standing more secret  than that it can be discerned
  by eveiy man's present conceit, without some deep-
  er discourse and judgment.              Hooker.
     I shall be found of a quick conceit in judgment,
  and shall be admired.           Wisdom, viii. 11.
3.  Opinion,  generally in a  sense of con-
   tempt;  fancy; imagination; fantastical
   notion.
         I know not how conceit may rob
  The treasury of life, when life itself
  Yields to the theft.                  Shakspeare.
     Strong conceit,  like a new principle, carries all
  easily with it, when yet above common sense. Locke.
     Malbranche has an odd conceit,
  As ever enter'd Frenchman's pate.         Prior.
4. Opinion, in a  neutral sense.
     Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit?
  There is more hope of a fool than of him. Proverbs.
     I shall not fail t' approve the fair conceit
  The king hath of you.               Shakspeare.
                     3 B
5. Pleasant fancy; gayety of imagination;
   acuteness.
    His wit is as thick as Tewksbury mustard:  there
  is no more conceit in him than is in a mallet. Shak.
    While he was on his way to the gibbet, a freak
  took him in the head to go off wito a conceit.
                                    L'Estrange.
6.  Sentiment,  as  distinguished  from
   imagery.
    Some to conceit alone their works confine,
  And glitt'ring thoughts struck out ut ev'ry line. Pope.
7. Fondness; favourable opinion; opiniona-
   tive pride.
    Since by a little studying in learning,  and  great
  conceit of himself, he has lost his religion; may he
  find it again by harder study, under humbler truth.
                                       Bentley.
8. Out of Conceit  with. No longer fond oi.
    Not that I dare assume to myself to have put him
  otcf  of conceit roith it, by  having convinced him of
  the  fantasticalness of it.                Tillotson.
    What hath chiefly put me out of conceit with this
  moving maimer, is the frequent disappointment.
                                        Swift.
To Conce'it, kon-sete'. v. a. [from the
  noun.]   To  conceive;  to imagine;  to
  think; to believe.
    One of two bad ways  you must conceit me,
  Either a coward, or  a flatterer.        Shakspeare,
    They looked for great matters at their  hands,  in
  a cause which they conceited to be for toe liberty of
  toe  subject.                             Bacon.
    He conceits himself to be  struck at, when he is
  not  so much  as thought of.            L'Estrange.
    The strong,  by  conceiting toemselves weak, are
  thereby rendered as  unactive, and consequently  as
  useless, as if they  really were so. South's Sermons.
Conce'ited,  kon-se'ted. part. adj. [from
  conceit]
I. Endowed with fancy.
    He was of countenance amiable, of feature come-
  ly,  active of body, pleasantly conceited, and sharp
  of wit.                                Knolles.
2. Proud;  fond of himself;  opinionative;
   affected;  fantastical.
    There  is  another extreme in obscure writers,
  which some empty  conceited heads are apt to run
  into, out of  a prodigality of words,  and  a want of
  sense.                   Fdton on the Classiclzs.
    If you think me too conceited,
  Or to passion quickly heated.              Swift.
    What you write of me, would make me  more
  conceited than what I scribble myself.       Pope.
3. With of before the object of conceit.
    Eveiy man is building a several way, impotently
  conceited of his own  model and his own materials.
                                       Dryden.
    If we consider how vitious and corrupt the Athe-
  nians were, how conceited of their own wit, science,
  and politeness.                         Bentley.
Conce'itedly, kon-se'ted-le.  adv. [from
   conceited] Fancifully; whimsically.
    Conceitedly dress  her, and be assign'd
  By  you fit place for  every flower and jewel:
  Make her for love fit fuel.               Donne.
Conce'itedness,  kon-se'ted-nes.  n.  s.
   [from conceited.]   Pride; opinionaiive-
   ness;  fondness of himself.
    When men think  none  worthy esteem, but such
  as claim under their own pretences, partiality and
  conceitedness make them give tin- pre-eminence.
                               Collier on Pride.
Conoe'itless,  k6n-sete'les.   adj.  [from
   conceit.]   Stupid; without thought;  dull
   of apprehension.
    Think'st thou I  am so shallow, so conceitltss,
  To  be seduced by thy flattery.         Shukspeare.
Conceivable,  kon-se'va-bl.  av.j,  [lrom
   conceive.] 
CON
CON
CON
i.  That may be imagined or thought.
    If it were possible to contrive an invention, where-
  by any conceivable weight may  be  moved by any
  co/iceiuaofe power, with the same  quickness, without
  other instrument, the works of nature would be too
  much  subject to art.                    Wilkins.
2. That may be understood  or believed.
    The freezing of the words in the air,  in  the
  Northern climes, is  as conceivable  as this strange
  union.                               Glanville.
    It is not conceivable, that it should be indeed that
  very person, whose shape and voice it assumed.
                             Atterbury's Sermons.

Conce'ivableness,  kon-se'va-bl-nes. n.s.
   [from conceivable.] The quality of being
   conceivable.                        Diet.
Conce'ivably, kon-se'va-ble. adv.  [from
   conceivable.]  In a  conceivable or intel-
   ligible  manner.
 To CONCEIVE, kon-seve'. v. a. [ton-
   cevoir,  Fr. concipere,  Lai.]
 I. To  admit into the womb; to form in the
    womb.
     I was shapen in iniquity,  and in sin did my mo-
   ther conceive me.                    Psalm li. 5.
 2. To form in the mind; to imagine.
     Nebuchadnezzar hath conceived a purpose against
   y0U#                                 Jeremiah.
     This man conceived the duke's death; but what
   was toe motive of that felonious conception, is in
   toe clouds.                             Wotton.
 3. To comprehend;  to understand:  as, he
    conceives the whole system.
            This kiss, if it durst  speak,
   Would stretch thy spirits up into the air:
   Conceive, and fare thee well.         Shakspeare.
 4. To think; to be of opinion.
     If you compare my gentleman with Sir John, you
   will hardly conceive him to have been bred in the
   same climate.                           Swift.
  To Conce'ive, kon-seve'.  v.  to.
  1. To think;  to  have an idea  of.
               The griev'd commons
   Hardly conceive of me: let it be nois'd,
    That, through our intercession, this revokement
    And pardon comes.                  Shakspeare.
      0 what avails me now that honour high,
    To have  conceiv'd of God! or that salute,
    Hail, highly favour'd, among women blest! Milton.
      Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their
    own natures;  conceive of things completely in all
    their parts; conceive of things comprehensively in
    all their  properties  and relations; conceive of things
    extensively in all their kinds; conceive of things or-
    derly, or in a proper method.              Watts.
  2. To become pregnant.
      The flocks should  conceive  when they came to
    drink.                                Genesis.
      The beauteous maid, whom he beheld, possess'd:
    Conceiving as she slept, her fruitful womb
    Swell'd with the founder of immortal Rome.  Addis.
  Conoe'iver, kon-se'viir.  «. s.  [from  con-
    ceive.] One  that understands or appre-
    hends.
      Though hereof prudent symbols and pious alle-
    gories be made  by wiser  conceivers, yet common
    heads will fly unto superstitious applications. Brown.
  Conce'nt,   kon-sent'.  to. s.  [concentus,
    Lat.]
  I. Concert of voices; harmony; concord of
    sound.
      It is to be considered, that whatsoever virtue is in
    numbers, for conducing to concent  of notes, is rather
    to be ascribed to the ante-number  than to the entire
    number.                               Bacon.
  2. Consistency.
      Reasons  borrowed from  nature and the school-
    men, as subservient mediums,  carry a musick and
  cojwenf to that which God hath said in his word.
                                    Dr. Maine.
    'Tis in concent to his own principles, which allow
  no merit, no intrinsick worth, to accompany  one
  state more than another.               Atterbury.
To CONCENTRATE,  kon-sen'trate."
   x'. a. [concentrer,  Fr. from con and cen-
   trum,  Lat.]   To  drive into a narrow
   compass;  to drive towards  the centre:
   contrary to  expand or dilate.
    Spirit of vinegar, concenfrafecf and reduced to its
  greatest strength, will coagulate the serum. Arbuth.
Concentration,  kon-sen-tra'shun.  to. s.
   [from  concentrate/]   Collection into  a
   narrow space round the  centre; com-
   pression  into a narrow compass.
     All circular bodies, that receive a concentration
   of the light,  must  be  shadowed  in a circular man-
   ner.                      Peacham on Drawing.
 To Conce'ntre,  kon-sen'tur. v. to. [con-
   centrer, Fr. from con and  centrum, Lat.]
   To tend to one common centre; to have
   the  same centre  with something else.
     The bricks having first been formed in a circular
   mould, and then cut, before their burning, into four
   quarters or more, the sides afterwards join so close-
   ly, and the points concentre so exactly, that the pillars
   appear one intire piece.                 Wotton.
     All these are like so many lines drawn from se-
   veral  objects, that some way relate to him, and con-
   centre in him.                           Hale.
 To  Conce'ntre, kon-sdn'tur. v.a. To di-
   rect or contract towards  one centre.
     The having a part less  to animate, will serve to
   concentre the spirits, and make them more active in
   the rest.                        Decay of Piety.
     In thee concentring all  their precious beams
   Of sacred influence!                    Milton.
 Conce'ntrical, kon-sen'tre-kal. ?     adj.
 Conce'ntrick, kon-sen'trik.      y   [con-
    centricus, Lat.]   Having one common
    centre.
     If, as in water stirr'd, more circles be
   Produc'd by one, love such additions take;
   Those, like so many spheres, but one heav'n make;
     For they are all concentrick unto thee.  Donne.
     Any substance, pitched steddy upon two points, as
   on an axis, and moving about on that axis, also de-
   scribes a circle concentrick to the axis.    Moxon.
     If the crystalline humour had been concentrical
   to the sclerodes, the eye would not have admitted a
   whole hemisphere at one view. Ray on the Creation.
     If a stone be thrown into stagnating water, the
   waves excited thereby continue  some time to arise
   in the place where the stone fell into the water, and
   are propagated from  thence into concentrick circles
   upon the surface of the water to great distances.
                                       Newton.
     The manner of its concretion is by concentrical
   rings, like those of an onion about the first kernel.
                               Arbuthnot on Diet.
     Circular revolutions in concentriek orbs about the
    sun,  or other central body,  could in no wise be at-
    tained  without the power of the Divine arm.
                                        Bentley.
  Conce'ptacle, kon-sep'ta-kl.405 to.s. [con-
    ceptaculum, Lat.]   That  in which any
    thing is contained;  a vessel.
     There is at this day resident,  in that huge con-
    ceptacle, water enough to effect such a deluge.
                            Woodward's Nat. Hist.
  Conce'ptible, k6n-sep'te-bl.  adj.  [from
    concipio, conceptum, Lat.]  That may be
    conceived; intelligible;   capable to  be
    understood.
      Some of  his attributes,  and the manifestations
    thereof, are not  only highly delectable to the in-
    tellective faculty, but are most suitable and easily
    conceptible by us, because apparent in his works.
                        Hale's  Origin of Mankind:
Conception, kon-sep'shiin. ».s. [concep-
   tio, Lat.]
I.  The  act  of  conceiving,  or  growing
   quick with  pregnancy.
    I will greatly multiply thy sorrow by thy concep-
  tion; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children.
                                 Genesis, iii. 16.
    Thy sorrow I will greatly multiply
  By  thy conception; children thou shalt bring
  In sorrow forth.           Milton's Paradise Lost,
2. The state of being conceived.
    Joy had the like conception in our eyes,
  And, at that instant, like a babe sprung up.   Shak.
    Our own productions  flatter us: it  is  impossible
  not to be fond of them at the moment of their con-
  ception.                    Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 3. Notion; idea; image  in tlie mind.
     As conceptions are the images or resemblances of
   things to the mind within itself,  in the like manner
   are words or names the marks, tokens, or resem*
  blances of those  conceptions to  the minds of them
   whom we converse with.                 South,
     Consult the acutest poets and speakers, and toey
   will confess  that their quickest, most admired con-
   ceptions, were such as darted into their minds, like
   sudden flashes of lightning, toey knew not how, nor
   whence; and not by any  certain consequence, or de-
   pendence of one toought upon another,  as it is in
   matters of ratiocination.                 South.
     To have right conceptions about them, we must
   bring our understandings  to the inflexible natures
   and unalterable relations of things, and not endea-
   vour to bring things to  any preconceived notions of
   our own.                               Locke.
 4. Sentiments;  purpose.
     Thou but remember'st me of  my own conception,
   I have perceived a most faint neglect of late; which
   I have rather blamed as my own jealous curiosity,
   than  as a very pretence and purpose  of unkindness.
                           Shakspeare's King Lear.
            Please your highness, note
   His dangerous conception  in this point:
   Not friended by his wish to your high person,
   His will is most malignant, and it stretches
   Beyond you to your friends.           Shakspeare.
    Apprehension; knowledge.
      And as if beasts conceiv'd what reason were,
   And  that conception should distinctly  show
      They should the name of reasonable bear;
   For, without reason, none could reason know.
                                         Davies,
  6. Conceit; sentiment;  pointed thought.
      He is too flatulent sometimes, and sometimes toe-
    dry; many times unequal, and almost always  forced;
    and, besides, is full of conceptions, points of epigram,
    and  witticisms; all which are  not only below the
    dignity of heroick verse,  but contrary to its  nature.
                                        Dryden,

  Conce'ptious, kon-sep'shus.  adj.  [con-
    ceptum,  Lat.] Apt to conceive; fruitful;
    pregnant.
                  Common mother,
    Ensear thy fertile and conceptions womb;
    Let  it no more bring out to ingrateful man. Shaksp.
  Conce'ptive,  kon-sep'tiv.  adj. [concep-
    tum, Lat.] Capable to conceive.
      In hot climates, and where the uterine parts ex-
    ceed in heat, by the coldness of this simple they may
    be reduced into a conceptive constitution.    Broicn,
  To CONCE'RN, kon-sern'.   v. a.  [con-
    cerner, Fr. concerno, low  Lat.]

  1. To relate to; to belong to.
      Exclude the use of natural  reasoning about the
    sense of holy scripture, concerning  the articles of
    our  faith;  and then, that the scripture  doth concern
    the articles of our faith, who ran assure U6?  Hooker.
      Count Claudio may hear; for what I would speak
    of concerns him.                    Shakspeare.
                  Gracious things
    Thou hast  reveal'd; those chiefly which concern
    Just Abraham, and his seed.    Milton's Par. Lost. 
CON
CON
CON
     This place concerns not at all toe dominion of one
   brother over the other.                    Locke.
 2. To affect  with  some passion;  to touch
    nearly; to be of importance to.
                   I would not
   The cause were known to them it most concerns.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Our wars with  France have affected us  in our
   most tender interests, and concerned us more than
   those with any other nation.            Addison.
     It much  concerns them not to  suffer the king to
   establish his authority on this side.  Addison on Italy.
     The more the authority of any  station fn society
   is extended, the more it concerns publick happiness
   that it be committed to  men fearing God.  Rog.: s.
 3. To interest; to engage  by  interest.
     I knew a young negroe who was  sick of the small-
   pox:  I found by enquiry, at a person's concerned for
   him,  that toe  little tumours left whitish specks be-
   hind them.                              Boyle.
     Above the rest two goddesses appear,
   Concem'd for each; here Venus, Juno there.
                                       Dryden.
    Providence, where it loves a nation, concerns it-
   self to own and assert  the interest of religion, by
   blasting toe spoilers of religious persons and places.
                                         South.
    Whatever past actions it cannot reconcile, or ap-
   propriate to that present self by consciousness, it can
   be no more concerned in than if they had never been
   done.                                  Locke.
    They think themselves out of the reach of pro-
   vidence,  and no longer concerned to solicit his fa-
   vour.                                Rogers.
4.  To disturb; to make uneasy.
    In one compressing  engine  I  shut a sparrow,
   without forcing any  air  in; and in an hour the bird
   began to pant, and be  concerned,  and in less than
   an hour and a half to be sick.          Derham.
$.  To concern himself To intermeddle; to
   be busy.
    Being a layman, I ought not to have  concerned
  myself with speculations which belong to the pro-
  fession.                               Dryden.

Conce'rn, kon-sern'. n.s. [from the verb.]
I. Business; affair: considered as relating
   to some one.
    Let early care thy main concerns secure,
   Things of less moment may delays endure. Denham.
    This manner of exposing the private concerns of
   families, and sacrificing  the secrets of the dead to
   the curiosity of the living, is one of those licentious
  practices, which might well deserve the animadver-
  sion of our  government.               Addison.
    A Heathen emperor said, if the gods were of-
  fended, it was their own concern, and they were
  able to vindicate themselves.              Sivift.
    Religion is no trifling concern, to be performed in
  any careless and superficial manner.      Rogers.
2. Interest; engagement.
    No plots th' alarm to his retirements give;
  'Tis all mankind's concern that he should live.
                                       Dryden.
    When we speak of toe conflagration of toe world,
  these have no concern in the question.     Burnet.
3. Importance; moment.
    Mysterious secrets of a high concern,
  And weighty truths, solid convincing sense,
  Explain'd by unaffected eloquence.   Roscommon.
    The mind is stunned and dazzled amidst that va-
  riety of objects: she cannot apply herself to those
  things which are of the  utmost concern to her.
                                      Addison.
4. Passion;  affection;  regard.
    Ah, what concerns did both your souls  divide!
  Your honour gave us what your love denied.  Dryd.
    O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns,
  And gentle wishes, follow me to battle.
                                 Addison's Cato.
    Why all this concern for the poor? We want them
  not,  as  the country i3  now managed:  where the
  plough has no work, one family can do the business
  of fifty.                                 Swift.
Conce'rnedlv, kon-sern'ed-le. adv. [from
   concern.]  With affection; with  interest.
    They had more positively  and concernedly wed-
  ded his cause, than toey were before understood to
  have done.                         Clarendon.
Concerning, kon-ser'ning. prep,  [from
   concern: this word, originally a partici-
   ple, has before  a noun  the  force of a
   preposition.] Relating to; with relation
   to.
    There is not any thing more  subject  to errour,
  than toe  true judgment concerning the power and
  forces of an estate.                      Bacon.
    The ancients had no higher recourse than to na-
  ture, as may appear by a discourse concerning this
  point in Strabo.                       Brown.
    None can demonstrate that there is such an island
  as Jamaica; yet, upon testimony, lam free from all
  doubt concerning it.            Tillotson, Preface.
CoNCE'RNMENT,k6n-sern'ment. n.  s. [from
   concern]
I. The thing in which we are  concerned
   or interested; affair; business; interest.
    To mix with thy concernments I desist
  Henceforth, nor too much disapprove my own.
                            Milton's  Agonistes.
    This shews how useful you have been,
  To bring the king's concernments in.     Hudibras.
    Yet when we're sick, the doctor's fetcht in haste,
  Leaving  our great concernment to the last. Denham-
    When my concernment takes up no more room or
  compass  than myself,  then, so long as I know where
  to breathe and  to  exist, I know also where to be
  happy.                                South.
    He that is wise in the affairs and concernments of
  other men, but careless and negligent of his own,
  that man may be said to be busy,  but he is not wise.
                                     Tillotson.
    Qur spiritual interests, and the great concern-
  ments of  a future state, would doubtless recur often.
                                    Atterbury.
    Propositions which extend only to the present life,
  are  small, compared with those that have influence
  upon our everlasting concernments.
                             Watts on the Mind.
2. Relation;  influence.
    Sir, 'tis of near concernment, and imports
  No less than the king's life and honour.
                              Denham's Sophy.
    He justly fears a peace with me would prove
  Of ill concernment to his haughty love.
                       Dryden's Indian Emperor.
3. Intercourse; business.
    The great concernment of men is with men, one
  amongst  another.                       Locke.
4. Importance; moment.
    I look upon  experimental  truths as matters of
  great concernment to mankind.             Boyle.
5. Interposition;  regard; meddling.
    He married a daughter to  the earl, without any
  other approbation of her father, or concernment in
  it, than suffering him and her to  come into his pre-
  sence.                             Clarendon.
6. Passion; emotion of mind.
    While they are so eager to destroy the fame of
  others, toeir  ambition is manifest in their concerrv-
  ment.                               Dryden.
    If it carry with it toe notion of something extra-
  ordinary, if apprehension and concernment accom-
  pany it, the idea is likely to sink the deeper. Locke.
To CONCE'RT, kon-sert'. v. a. [concert-
   er,  Fr. from concrrtare, Lat.  to  prepare
   themselves  for some public  exhibition,
   or performance; by  private encounters
   among themselves.]
I. To settle any  thing in private by mu-
   tual communication.
2. To sette; to contrive; to adjust.
    Mark  how, already, in his working brain,
                   Sb2
   He forms the well-concerted scheme for mischief.
                                         Rowe
 Co'ncert, kon'sert. to. s. [from the verb.]
 I.  Communication of  designs; establish-
   ment of measures among those who are
   engaged in the same affair.
    All those discontents, how ruinous soever, have
  arisen from the want of a due communication and
  concert.                                Sir if t.
 2. A symphony; many  performers play-
   ing to the same tune.
 Concerta'tion,  kon-ser-ta'shun.   to.   a.
   [concertatio, Lat.] Strife;  contention.
 Conce'rtatiVe, kon-ser'ta-tlv. adj.  [con-
   certativus, Lat.]  Contentious; quarrel-
   some;  recriminating.              Diet.

 CONCE'SSION, kon-ses'ahun. n. s. [con-
   cessio, Lat.]
 I. The act of granting or yielding.
    The concession of these  charters was in a parlia-
  mentary way.    Hale's Common Law of England.
 2. A  grant; the thing yielded.
    I still counted myself undiminished by my largest
  concessions,  if by  them I might gain  the  love of
  my people.                      King Charles.
    When a lover becomes satisfied by small compli-
  ances, without further pursuits, then  expect to find
  popular assemblies content with small concessions.
                                        Swift.
Concessionary,  kon-ses'shun-ar-e.  adj-
   [from concession] Given by indulgence
   or allowance.
Conce'ssively, kon-seVslv-le.  adv. [from
   concession.]  By way of  concession; as,
   yielding; not controverting by assump-
   tion.
    Some have written rhetorically and concessively;
  not controverting, but assuming the question, which,
  taken as granted, advantaged the illation.
                        ■Broum's  Vulgar Errours.
 Conch, kongk.408  to. s. [concha, Lat.]  A
   shell; a sea-shell.
    He  furnishes her closet first, and fills
  The crowded shelves with rarieties of shells:
  Adds orient pearls, which from the conchs he drew,
  And all the sparkling stones of various hue.
                                Dryden's Fables.
 Co'nchoio, kong'koid. to. *.  The name  of
   a curve.
 Conci'liar,  kon-sil'yar.  adj.  fconcilium,
   Lat.]   Relating to a council
    Having been framed by men of primitive' simpli-
  city, in free and conciliar debates,  without any am-
  bitious regards.   Baker's Reflections on Learning.
 To CONCI'LIATE, kon-sil'yate.81  "3  Vm
   a. [concilio, Lat.]  To  gain;  to procure
   good will;  to reconcile.
    It was accounted a philtre, or plants that concili-
  ate affection.           Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Conciliation,   kon-sil-e-a'shun.   to.   a.
   [from  conciliate.]   The act of gaining
   or reconciling.                      Diet.
 Conoilia'tor, kon-sil-e-a/tur. n. s.  [from
   conciliate]  One that makes peace be-
   tween others.
 Conciliatory,  kon-sll'e-a-tilr-e.'51- adj.
   [from  conciliate]  Relating to reconci-
   liation.                              Diet.

 CoNci'vNiTY.kon-sin'ne-te. n.s. [from con-
   cin'iitas, Lit.] Decency;  fitness.
 CON Cl'N NOUS,  kon-sin'nUs. udj. \con-
   cinnus,  Lai]     Becoming;   pleasant;
   agreeable.

 Co'ncionatory,  kon-ih\\n-a'ti\r-e.  adj. 
CON
CON
CON
  [concionatorius,  concio, Lat.]  Used  at
  preachings or publick assemblies.
    Their comeliness uubeguiled the vulgar of the old
  opinion the loyalists had formerly infused into them
  by their concionatory  invectives.          Howel.
CONCl'SE, kon-sise'. adj. [concisus, cut,
  Lat.]   Brief;  short; broken into  short
   periods.
    The concise stile, which expresseth not enough,
  but leaves somewhat to be understood.
                         Ben Jonson's Discoveries-
    Where  the  author is  obscure,  enlighten him;
  where he is too brief and concise, amplify a little,
  and set his notions in a fairer view.
                              Waffs on the Mind.
 Conci'sely, kon-sise'le  adv. [from con-
   cise.]  Briefly;  shortly;  in   few words,
   in short  sentences.
     Ulysses here speaks very concisely, and he may
   seem to break abruptly into the subject.
                           Broome on the Odyssey.
 Conci'seness,  kon-sise'nes.  n. s. [from
   concise.] Brevity;  shortness.
     Giving more scope to Mezentius and Lausus, that
   version, which has more of the majesty of Virgil,
   has less of his conciseness.          •    Dryden.
 Conci'sion,  kon-sizh'zhun.  to. s.  [con-
   cisum, Lat.]  Cutting  off; excision; des-
   truction.
 Concita'tion, kon-se-ta'shiir.. to. s. [conci-
    tatio, Lat.]   The act of stirring up,  or
    putting  in motion.
     The revelations of heaven are conceived by im-
   mediate illumination of the soul; whereas the de-
   ceiving spirit, by concitation of humours,  produces
   conceited phantasmes.                    Brown.
 Conclama'tion,  kong-kla-ma'shiin.*08 w.
    a.   [conclamatio,  Lat.]  An outcry  or
    shout  of many together.            Diet.
 Co'nclave, kong'klave.*08 «. s. [conclave,
    Lat.]
  1.  A  private apartment.
  2.  The room in which the cardinals meet;
    or, the assembly ofthe cardinals.
      I thank the holy conclave for their loves;
   They've sent me such a man I would have wish'd
          for.                        Shakspeare.
      It was said of a cardinal, by reason of his appa-
   rent likelihood to step into St. Peter's chair, that in
   two  concfanes he went in pope, and came, out again
   cardinal.                      South's Sermons.
  3.  A close assembly.
      Forthwith a conclave of toe godhead meets,
   Where Juno in the shining senate sits.      Garth.
  To  CONCLU'DE, kon-klude'. v. a. [con-
    cludo, Lat.]
  I. To shut.
      The very person of Christ, therefore, for ever and
   the self-same, was only, touching bodily substance,
   concluded within the grave.              Hooker.
  2. To include;  to comprehend.
      God hath concluded them all in  unbelief, that he
   might have mercy upon all.       Romans, xi. 32.
  3. To collect by ratiocination.
      The providences  of God are promiscuously  ad-
   ministered in this world; so that  no man can con-
   dude God's love or hatred to any person, by any
   thing that befals him.                  Tillotson.
  4.  To  decide; to determine: that  is,  to
    shut or close the .dispute.
      Youth, ere it  sees the world, here studies rest;
   And age, returning thence, concludes it best. Dryd.
      But no frail man, however great or high,
   Can be concluded blest before he die. Addis. Ovid.
  5.  To end;  to  finish.
      Is it concluded he shall be protector?
   It i* determin'd, not concluded yet;
 But so it must be, if the king miscarry.
                            Shaksp. Richard III.
   I will conclude this part with the speech of a coun-
 sellor of state.                          Bacon.
   These are my theme, and how the war began,
 And how concluded by the godlike man.
                               Dryden's Aineid.
5. To oblige, as by the final determinalion.
  -The king would never endure that the base mul-
 titude should frustrate the authority of the parlia-
 ment, wherein their votes and consents were con-
 cluded.                     Bacon's Henry VII.
    If therefore they will appeal to revelation for toeir
 creation, they must be concluded by it.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    He never refused to be concluded by the authority
 of one legally summoned.             Atterbury.
To  Conclu'de, kon-klude'. v. to.
1. To perform the last act of ratiocination;
  to  collect  the  consequence;  to deter-
  mine.
    For why should we the busy soul believe,
  When boldly she concludes of that and this;
    When of herself she can no judgment give,
  Nor how,  nor whence, nor where, nor what she  is?
                                       Davies.
    The blind man's relations import no necessity of
  concluding, that though black was the roughest of
  colours, therefore white should be the smoothest.
                               Boyle on Colours.
    There is something infamous in the veiy attempt:
  toe world will conclude I had a guilty conscience.
                 Arbuthnot's History of John Bull
2. To settle opinion.
    Can we conclude upon Luther's instability as our
  author has done, because, in a single notion no way
  fundamental, an enemy writes that he had some
  doubtings?                          Atterbury.
    I question not but your translation will do honour
  to our country;  for I conclude of it already from
  those performances.             Addison tomPope.
3. To determine finally.
    They humbly sue unto your excellence,
  To have a goodly peace concluded of
  Between the realms of England and of France.
                                       Shaksp.
4.  To end.
    And all around wore nuptial bonds, the  ties
  Of love's assurance, and a train of lyes,
  That, made in lust,  conclude in perjuries.
                                Dryden's Fables.
           We'll tell when tis enough,
  Or if it wants the nic« concluding bout.      King.
Conclu'dency, kon-klu'den-se. to.*, [from
   concludent.]    Consequence,   regular
   proof;  logical deduction  of reason.
     Judgment concerning things to be known, or the
  neglect and concludency of toem, ends in decision.
                                         Hale.
Conclu'dent, kon-klu'dent. adj. [from
   conclude] Decisive;  ending in just  and
   undeniable consequences.
     Though these kind of arguments may seem more
   obscure, yet, upon a due consideration of them, they
   are highly consequential and concludent to my pur-
   pose.                Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 Conclu'oingly,   kon-klu'ding-le.  adv.
   [from conclude] With uncontrovertible
   evidence.
     Examine whether the opinion you meet with, re-
   pugnant to what you were formerly embued with, be
   concludingly demonstrated or not.          Digby.
 Conclu'sirle,    k6n-klu'ze-bl.439    adj.
   [from   conclude.]   Determinable; cer-
   tain by regular proof.
     'Tis as certainly conclusible from God's prescience,
   toat they will  voluntarily do this, as that they will
   do it at all.                         Hammond.

 Conclusion,  kon-klu'zhfin. to. a. [from
   conclude.]
I.  Determination; final decision.
    Ways of peaceable conclusion there arc but these
  two certain; the one a sentence of judicial decision,
  given by authority thereto appointed  within our-
  selves; the other, the like land of sentence given by
  a more universal authority.              Hooker.
2. The collection from  propositions pre-
   mised;  the consequence.
    The conclusion  of experience, from the time past
  to the time present, will not be sound and perfect.
                         Bacon's War uith Spain.
    And manying divers principles and grounds,
  Out of their match a true conclusion brings. Davies.
                   Then doth the wit
  Build fond conclusions on those idle grounds;
  Then doth it fly the good, and ill pursue.    Davies.
    I only deal by rules of art,
  Such as are lawful, and judge by
   Conclusions of astrology.               Hudibras.
    It is of the nature of  principles,  to yield a con-
  clusion different from themselves.       Tillotson.
    He granted him both  the  major and the minor;
  but denied him the conclusion. Addison's Freeholder.
3.  The  close;   the   last  result  of argu-
   mentative deduction.
    Let us hear the  conclusion of the whole matter
   Fear God, and keep his  commandments; for this is
   the whole duty of man.             Eccles. xii. 13.
    I have been reasoning, and  in conclusion have
   thought it best to  return  to what fortune hath made
   my home.                               Swift,
4. The event of experiments; experiment.
               Her physician tells me,
   She has pursued conclusions infinite
   Of easy ways to die. Shak. Antony and Cleopatra.
    We practise likewise all conclusions of  grafting
   and inoculating, as well of wild trees as fruit trees.
                            Bacon's New Atlantis.
5.  The end; the last part.
    I can  speak no longer; yet 1 will strain myself to
   breathe  out this one invocation, which shall be my
   conclusion.                             Howel.
6.  In Shakspeare  it  seems to signify si-
   lence;  confinement of the thoughts.
    Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes
   And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
   Demuring upon me.  Shak,  Antony and Cleopatra.
Conclusive, kon-klu'siv.188 428 adj. [from
   conclude.]

 I. Decisive; giving the last determination
    to the opinion.
     The agreeing votes of both  houses were not by
   any law or reason conclusive to my judgment.
                                   King Charles.
     The  last dictate of the understanding is not al-
   ways absolute in  itself, nor conclusive to the  will,
   yet it produces no antecedent nor external necessity.
                     Bramhall's Ansioer to Hobbes.
     They have secret reasons for what they seem to
   do, which, whatsoever they are, they must be equally
   conclusive for us  as they were for them.     Rogers.
 2. Regularly consequential.
     Those that are not men of art, not knowing toe true
   forms of syllogism, cannot know whether they are
   made in right and conclusive modes and figures.
                                         Locke,
 Conclusively, kon-klu'siv-le. adv. [from
   .conclusive]   Decisively; with final de-
    termination.
     This I  speak  only to desire Eupolis not to speak
    peremptorily, or conclusively,  touching  the point of
    possibility, till they have heard me deduce the means
    of the execution.                        Bacon.

  Conclu'siveness,  kon-klu'siv-nes.  to. s.
    [from conclusive.]  Power of determin-
    ing the opinion; regular consequence.
     Consideration  of things  to be known, of their
    several weights, conclusiveness, or evidence.
                         Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 \To Concoa'oulate,  kong-ko-ag'gu-late. 
CON
CON
CON
    409 v. a. [from con and coagulate.]   To
    curdle or congeal one  thing  with ano-
    ther.
     The saline parts of those, upon their solution by
   the rain, may work upon those other substances, for-
   merly concoagulated with them.           Boyle.
     They do but coagulate themselves, without conco-
   agulating with them any water.
                        Boyle's History of Firmness.
 CoNCOAGULA'TiON,k6ng-k6-ag-gu-la'shun.
    to. s. [from  concoagulate.]  A coagula-
    tion by  which different  bodies are join-
    ed in one mass.
  To CONCO'CT,  kon-k6kt'.  v. a.  [con-
    coquo,  Lat.]
  1.  To digest by the  stomach, so  as to turn
    food to nutriment.
     The working of purging medicines cometh two or
   three hours after the medicines taken;  for that the
   stomach  first maketh a proof, whether it can concoct
   them.                                 Bacon.
     Assuredly he was a man of a feeble stomach, un-
   able to concoct any great fortune, prosperous or ad-
   verse.                               Hayward.
     The vital functions are performed by general and
   constant laws; the food is concocted, the heart beats,
   the blood circulates, the lungs play.
                   Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
     The notions  and sentiments of others judgment,
   as well as of our own memoiy, makes our property:
   it does, as it were, concoct our intellectual food, and
   turns it into a part of ourselves. Watts on the Mind.
 2. To purify or  sublime by heat;  to height-
   en to perfection.
     The small close-lurking minister of fate,
   Whose high concocted venom through the veins
   A rapid lightning darts.       Thomson's Summer.
 3. To ripen.
     The root which continueth ever in the earth, is
   still concocted by the earth; and  fruits  and grains
   are half a year  in qoncocting, whereas leaves  are
   out and perfect in  a month.               Bacon.
 Conco'c iion,  kon-kok'shun. to. s. [from
   concoct.]  Digestion  in  the   stomach;
   maturation by heat; the acceleration of
   any  thing  toward purity and  perfec-
   tion.
     This hard rolling  is between  concoction and a
   simple maturation.     Bacon's Natural History.
     The constantest notion  of concoction  is, that it
   should signify the degrees of alteration  of one body
   into another, from crudity to  perfect concoction,
   which is the ultimity of that action or process.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
     He, though he knew not which soul spake,
   Because both meant, both spake the same,
     Might thence  a  new concoction  take,
   And part far purer than he came.         Donne.
Conco'lour, kon-kuTiur.  adj. [concolor,
   Lat] Of one colour;   without  variety.
     In concolour animals, and such as are confined
   unto the same colour, we measure not  their beauty
   thereby; for if a crow or blackbird grow white, we
   account it more pretty.                 Brown.
Conco'mitance,  kon-kom'e-tanse  )  ^ ^
Conco'mitancy, k6n-kom'e-tan-se. $
   [from  concomitor, Lat.]   Subsistence
   together with  another thing.
    The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in
  concomitancy with the other; so toe nostrils are  use-
  ful for respiration and smelling, but the principal use
  is smelling.                           Bfown-
    To argue from  a concomitancy to a causality, is
  not infallibly conclusive.        Glanville's Scepsis.
CONCO'MITANT, kon koip'e  tant. adj.
   rconcomitan.s,  Lat]   Conjoined  with;
   concurrent  with;   coming  and  going
   with, as collateral, not causative or con-
   sequential.
     The spirit that furtheretb the extension or dila-
   tation of bodies, and is ever concomitant with porosity
   and dryness.                           Bacon.
     It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to seve-
   ral objects, as also to several of our thoughts, a con-
   comitant pleasure; and  that in several objects, to
   several  degrees.                        Locke.
 Conco'mitant, kon-kom'e-tant. to.s. Com-
   panion;   person or   thing  collaterally
   connected.
     These effects are, from the local motion of the
   air, a concomitant of the sound, and not from the
   sound.                                Bacon.
     He made him the chief concomitant of his heir
   apparent and only son, in a journey of much adven-
   ture.                                 Wotton.
     In consumptions,  the preternatural concomitants,
   an universal  heat of  the body,  a torminous diar-
   rhoea, and hot distillations, have all a corrosive qua-
   lity.                  Harvey on Consumptions.
     The other  concomitant of ingratitude is hard-
   heartedness, or want of compassion. South's Serm.
                        Horror stalks around,
   Wild staring, and his sad concomitant,
   Despair, of abject look.                 Philips.
     Reproach is a concomitant to greatness, as satires
   and invectives were an essential part of a Roman
   triumph.                            Addison.
     And for tobacco, who could bear it?
   Filthy concomitant of claret!              Prior.
     Where antecedents, concomitants and consequents,
   causes and effects, signs and things signified,  sub-
   jects and adjuncts,  are necessarily connected with
   each other we may infer.                Watts.

 Concomitantly, kon-kom'e-tant-le. adv.
   [from concomitant.]   In company with
   others.                              Diet.
 To  Conco'mitate, kon-kom'e-tate. v. a.
   [concomitatus, Lat.]   To be collaterally
   connected with any thing; to come  and
   go with another.
     This  simple bloody spectation of the lungs, is
   differenced from that which concomitates a pleurisy.
                        Harvey on Consumptions.

 CO'NCORD, kong'kord.408 to.*,  [concor-
   dia, Lat.]

 1. Agreement between persons or things;
   suitableness of one to another; peace;
   union; mutual kindness.
                Had I power, I should
   Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell,
   Uproar the universal peace.      Shaksp. Macbeth.
    What concord hath Christ with Belial.
                                 2 Cor. vi. 15.
                   One shall rise
   Of proud ambitious heart, who not content
   With fair equality, fraternal state,
   Will arrogate  dominion undeserv'd
   Over his brethren, and quite dispossess
   Concord and law of nature from the earth.  Milt.
                   Unsafe within the wind
   Of such commotion;  such as, to set forth
   Great things by small, if, nature's concord broke,
   Among the constellations war were sprung. Milton.
    Kind concord, heavenly born! whose blissful reign
   Holds this vast globe in one surrounding chain;
   Soul of the world!                      Ticket.
2. A compact.
    It appeareth by  the concord made between Henry
  and Roderick the Irish king.   Davies on Ireland.

3. Harmony; consent of sounds.
    The man who hath not musick in himself,
  Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
  Is fit for treasons.       Shaksp. Merck,  of Venice.

4. Principal  grammatical  relation of one
   word  to  another,  distinct from  regi-
   men.
    Have  those who  have writ about declensions,
  concords, and syntaxes, lost their labour?    Locke.
 Conco'rdaxce,   kon-kor'danse.*98  n.  s.
    [cojicordantia, Lat.]
 1. Agreement.
 2. A  book which shews in how many texts
    of  scripture any word occurs.
     I  shall take it for an opportunity to tell you, how
   you  are to rule the city out of a concordance.
                        South's Sermons, Dedicat.
     Some of you turn over a concordance, and there,
   having the principal  word, introduce as much of
   the verse as will serve your turn.           Sirift.
     An old concordance bound long since.     Swift.
 3. A  concord  in grammar;  one of  the
   three  chief  relations in speech.   It is
   not now  in use in this sense.
     After the three concordances learned, let the
   master read unto him the epistles of Cicero.
                          Ascham's Schoolmaster.
 Conco'rdant, kon-kor'dant. adj. [concor-
   dans, Lat.]    Agreeable; agreeing; cor-
   respondent; harmonious.
     Were eveiy one  employed in points concoi-dant
   to their natures,  professions,  and arts,  common-
   wealths would rise up of themselves.
                        Broivn's Vulgar Errours.
 CoNCo'RnATE,k6n-kor'date.91n. s. [concor-
   dat, Fr. concordatum,  Lat.]   A com-
   pact; a convention.
     How comes he to number the want of synods in
   the Gallican church among the grievances of  that
   concordate, and as a mark of toeir slavery, since he
   reckons all convocations of the clergy in England to
   be useless and dangerous?                 Sivrft.
 Conco'rporal,  kon-kor'po-ral. adj. [from
   concorporo,  Lat. to  incorporate.]    Of
   the same body.                    Diet.

 To Conco'rporate, kon-kor'po-rate.91 v.
   a. [from con  and corpus]  To unite in
   one mass or substance.
     When we concorporate the sign with toe significa-
   tion, we conjoin toe word  with the spirit.
                   Taylor's Worthy  Communicant.
 To Conco'rporate, kon-kor'po-rate.9l v.
   n. [con  and corpus.] To unite into one
   body.
    Thus we chastise the god of wine
  With water that is feminine,
  Until the cooler nymph abate
  His wrath, and so concorporate.        Cleaveland.
Concorpora'tion,   kon-kor-po-ra'shun.
   to. s. [from  concorporate.]   Union  in
   one mass; intimate mixture.      Diet.
Co'ncourse, kong'korse408 to. s. [coneur-
   sus, Lat.]
 1.  The confluence  of many  persons  or
   things to one place,
                Do all the nightly guards,
  The city's watches, with the people's fears,
  The concourse of all good men,  strike thee nothing?
                                   J3en Jonson.
    The coalition of the good  frame of the universe
  was not the product of chance, or fortuitous con-
  course of particles of matter.  Hale's Orig. ofMank,
    Vain is his force, and vainer  is his skill,
  With such a concourse comes the flood of ill.
                               Diyden's Fables.
2.  The persons  assembled.
    The prince with wonder hears, from ev'ry part,
  The noise and busy concourse of toe mart.
                               Diyden's Virgil.
3.  The point of junction or intersection of
   two bodies.
    So soon as the upper glass is laid upon the lower,
  so as  to touch it at one end, and to  touch the drop
  at the other end,  making  with  the  lower glass an
  angle of about ten  or fifteen minutes; the drop will
  begin to move towards the concourse of the glasses, 
CON
CON
CON
    and will continue to move with an accelerated mo-
    tion, till it arrives at that concourse ofthe glasses.
                                        Newton.
  Concrema'tion,  kong-kre-ma'shun. to.*.
     [from concremo, Lat. to burn together.]
     The act of burning many things  toge-
     ther.                                Diet.
  Co'ncrement,  kong'kre-ment.408  to.   s.
     [from concresco, Lat.]  The mass  form-
     ed by concretion;  a  collection of matter
     growing together.
      There is the cohesion of the matter into a more
    loose consistency, like clay,  and thereby it is pre-
    pared to the concrement of a pebble or flint.
                         Hale's Origin of Mankind.
  Concre'soence,    k6n-kres'sense.  ra.  s.
     [from concresco, Lat.]  The act or qua-
     lity of growing by the union of separate
     particles.
      Seeing it  is neither a substance perfect,  nor in-
    choate, how any other substance should thence take
    concrescence, hath not been taught.       Raleigh.
  To CONCRE'TK, k6n-krete. v. n. [con-
     cresco, Lat.]   To  coalesce  into one
     mass; to grow  by the union and   cohe-
     sion of parts.
      The mineral or metallick matter, thus concreting
    with  the crystalline, is equally diffused throughout
    toe body of it.                       Woodward.
      When any saline liquor is evaporated to a cuticle,
    and let cool,  the salt concretes in regular  figures;
    which argues that the  particles of the salt, before
    they concreted, floated in the liquor at equal  distan-
    ces, in rank and file.                  Newton.
      The blood of some who  died of the plague could
    not be made to concrete, by reason of the putrefac-
    tion begun.                         Arbuthnot.
  To Concre'te, kon-krete. v. a.  To  form
    by concretion;  to form by the coalition
    of scattered  particles.
      That there are in our inferiour world divers bo-
    dies, that are concreted out of others, is beyond all
    dispute: we see it in the meteors.          Hale.
  Co'ncrete, kon-krete'.408 adj.  [from the
    verb.]
  I. Formed by concretion;  formed by co-
    alition of separate particles into one mass.
      The first concrete state, or consistent surface,  of
    the chaos, must be of the  same figure as the last
    liquid state.                           Burnet.
  2. [In  logick.]  Not  ahstract: applied to  a
    subject.
      A kind of mutual  commutation there is, whereby
    those concrete names, God and man, when we speak
    of Christ, do  take  interchangeably one another's
    room; so that, for truth of  speech^ it skilleth not
    whether we say toat the son of God  hath created
    the world, and the son  of man by his death hath
   saved it; or else  that the son of man  did create,
   and the son of God died to  save, the world.
                                       Hooker.
      Concrete terms, while  they express  the quality,
   do also either express, or imply, or refer to  some
   subject to which it belongs; as white, round, long,
   broad, wise, mortal,  living, dead: but  these are
  not always noun adjectives in a grammatical sense;
  for a knave, a fool, a philosopher, and many  other
  concretes, are substantives, as well as knavery, folly,
  and philosophy,  which are the abstract terms that
  belong to them.                  Watts's Logick.
Co'ncrete, kong'krete.4"8 to. s.   A mass
   formed by concretion; or,  union of va-
   rious parts adhering  to each other.
    If gold itself be admitted, as it must be,  for a
  porous concrete, the proportion of void  to body, in
  the texture of common air,  will be so  much the
  greater.                     Bentley's Sermons.
Concre'tely,  kon-krete'le.   adv.  [from
  concrete.]   In a  manner including  the
     subject  with  the predicate;  not  ab-
     stractly.
      Sin, considered not abstractedly for the mere act
    of obliquity; but concretely, with such a special de-
    pendence of it upon the will ac serves to render the
    agent guilty.                          Norris.
  Concre'teness, kon-krete'nes. to. s. [from
     concrete.]   Coagulation;  collection of
     fluids into a solid  mass.            Diet.
  Concre'tion, kon-kre'shup. n. s.  [from
     concrete]
  1.  The act of concreting; coalition.
  2.  The mass formed by a  coalition of sepa-
     rate particles.
      Some plants, upon the top of toe sea, are suppo-
   sed  to grow of some concretion of slime from the
   water, where toe sea stirreth little.
                         Bacon's Natural History.
      Heat, in general, doth not  resolve and attenuate
   the juices of a human body, for too great heat will
   produce concretions.      Arbuthnot on Aliments.
  Co'ncretive, kon-kre'tiv. adj. [from con-
     crete.]   Having  the power  to produce
    concretions;, coagulalive.
      When wood and other bodies petrify, we do not
   ascribe their induration to cold, but unto salinous
   spirit, or concretive juices.    Brmon's Vulg. Err.
  Concre'ture,  kon-kre'tslmre.461  to.  *.
    [from concrete.]  A mass  formed by-
    coagulation.
  Concu'binaoe,  kon-ku'be-naje.91  to.  s.
    [concubinage, Fr.  concubinatus, Lat.]
    The  act of  living with a woman not
   married.
     Adultery was punished with death by the anci-
   ent heathens: concubinage was permitted.  Broome.
  CO'NCUBINE,  kong'ku-bine.408  to.  s.
   [concubina,  Lat.]   A woman kept  in
   fornication;  a whore; a  strumpet.
     I know I am too mean to be your queen,
   And  yet too good to be your concubine.
                              Shaksp. Henry VI.
     When his great friend was  suitor to him to par-
   don an  offender, he denied  him: afterwards, when
   a concubine of his made the same suit, he granted
   it to her; and said, Such suits were to be granted
   to whores.                             Bacon.
     He caused  him to  paint one of his concubines,
   Campaspe,  who  had toe greatest share in his affec-
   tion-                                Dryden.
     The wife, though  a bright goddess, thus gives
         place
   To mortal concubines of fresh embrace.  Granville.
 To  CONCU'LCATE, kdn-kul'kate. v. a.
   [conculco, Lat.]   To tread, or trample,
   under foot.                          Diet.

 Conculca'tion,  kong-kiil-ka'shiin 408  to.
   s. [conculcatio, Lat.]  Trampling with
   the feet.                             £)jcL

 Concu'piscence,  kon-ku'pe-sense. to. *.
   [concupiseentia, Lat.]  Irregular desire;
   libidinous wish;  lust;  letchevy.
     We know even secret  concupiscence to be sin;
   and are made fearful to offend, though it be but in
   a wandering cogitation.                Hooker.
         In our faces evident the signs
   Of foul concupiscence; whence evil store,
   Ev'n shame, the  last of evils.   Milton's Par. Lest.
     Nor can they say, that the difference of rlimate
  inclines  one nation to concupiscence and sensual
  pleasures, another to blood-thirstiness: it would dis-
  cover great  ignorance  not to know,  that a people
  has been overrun with recently invented vice.
                             Bn.aey's Sermons.

CONCU'PISCENT,k6n-ku'pe-sem. ;,</,.
   [concupiscens, Lat.]  Libidinous; lech-
   erous.
      He would not, but by gift of my chaste body
    To his concupiscent intemperate lust,
   ^ Release my brother!    Shaksp. Measure for Meas.
  Concupisce'ntial,   kon-ku-pe-sen'shal.
    adj.  [from concupiscent.]  Relating to
    concupiscence.                     Diet.
  Concupi'scible,   k6n-ku'pe-se-bl.  adj.
    [concupiscibilis, Lat.]   Impressing de-
    sire;  eager; desirous;  inclining to  the
    pursuit or attainment of any thing.
      The schools  reduce all  the passions to these tw»
    heads,  the concupiscible and irascible appetite.
                                South's Sermons.
  To  CONCU'R,  kon-kilr'.408  v. to.   [con-
    curro, Lat]
  I. To meet in one point.
      Though reason favour them, yet sense can hard-
   ly allow them; and, to satisfy, both these must con-
   cur.                                 Temple.
  2. To agree;  to join in one action, or opi-
    nion.
      Acts which shall be done by the greater part of
   my executors, shall be as valid  and effectual as if
   all my executors had concurred in the same.
                               Swift's Last Will.
  3. It has with before the person with whom
    one agrees.
      It is not evil simply to concur with toe heathens,
   either in opinion or action; and that conformity
   with them is only then a disgrace, when we follow
   them in that they do amiss, or generally in that they
   do without reason.                     Hooker.
 4. It has to  before the effect to which one
    contributes.
     Their affections  were known  to concur to  the
   most desperate counsels.              Clarendon.
     Extremes in nature equal good produce,
   Extremes in man concur to general use.     Pope.
    To be united with; to be conjoined.
     To have an orthodox belief,  and a true profes-
   sion,  concurring with a  bad life, is only to deny
   Christ with a greater solemnity.           South.
     Testimony is the argument: and, if fair probabil-
   ities of  reason concur with it, this argument hath
   all the strength it can have.            Tillotson.
    To contribute  to  one  common event
   with joint  power.
     When outward causes concur, the idle are soon-
   est seized by this infection.   Collier on the Spleen.
 Concu'rrence, kon-kiir'rense.  }
 Concurrency, kon-kur'ren-se. $ n' S'
   [from concur.]
 1.  Union;  association; conjunction.
     We  have no  other measure but our own  ideas,
   with the concui-rence of other probable reasons, to
   persuade us.                           Locke.
 2. Agreement;  act of joining in  any de-
   sign, or measures.
     Their concurrence in persuasion, about some ma-
   terial points belonging  to the same polity,  is not
   strange.                      Hooker's Preface.
     The concurrence of the peers in that fury, can be
   imputed to the irreverence the judges were in.
                                     Clarendon.
     Tarquin the proud was expelled by an universal
   concurrence of nobles and people.
          Sroift on the Dissent, in Athens and Rome.
   Combination of many  agents or circum-
   stances.
     Struck with these great concurrences of things.
                                      Crashaw.
|     He views our behaviour in every concurrence of
   affairs, ar/i sees  us engage in all  the possibilities of
   action.                     Addison's Spectator.
 4. Assistance;  help.
    From  these sublime images wc collect the great-
  ness of the work, and the  necessity of the divine
  concurrence to it:                       Rogers.
5. Joint right;  equal claim. 
CON
CON
CON
     A bishop might have officers, if there was a con-
   currency of jurisdiction between him and the arch-
   deacon.                              Ayliffe.
 Concu'rrent, kon-kur'rent. adj.  [from
    concur]
 1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the
    same  act;   contributing to  the  same
    event; concomitant in agency.
     I  join with these laws the  personal presence  of
   the king's son, as a concurrent cause, of this refor-
   mation.                     Danies on Ireland.
     For, without the concurrent consent of all these
   three parts of the legislature, no such law is or can
   be made.                             Hale.
     This sole vital faculty is not  sufficient to exter-
   minate noxious  humours to toe periphery, unless
   the animal faculty be concurrent with it, to supply
   toe fibres with animal spirits.            Harvey.
                   All combin'd,
   Your beauty, and my impotence of mind;
   And his concurrent flame,  that blew my fire;
   For  still our kindred souls had one desire.
                               Dryden's Fables.
 2. Conjoined; associate;  concomitant
     There is no difference between the concurrent
   echo and toe iterant, but the quickness or slowness
   of the return.                          Bacon.
 Concu'rrent, kon-kur'rent. to. s.  [from
   concur.]  That which concurs;  a con-
   tributory cause.
     To all affairs of importance there are three ne-
   cessary concurrents, without which they can never
   be dispatched; time, industry, and faculties.
                                Decay of Piety.
 CONCU'SSION, kon-kush'un. to. s. [con-
   cussio, Lat.]
 1. The act of  shaking; agitation; treme-
   faction.
     It  is believed that great ringing of bells, in po-
   pulous cities, hath dissipated pestilent  air; which
   may be from the concussion of the air.      Bacon.
     The strong concussion on the heaving tide
   Roll'd  back the vessel to the island's side.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
 2. The  state of being shaken.
     There  want not instances of such an universal
   concussion of toe whole globe, as must  needs imply
   an agitation of the whole abyss.       Woodward.
 Concu'ssive, kon-kus'siv.  adj.  [concus-
   aua, Lat.]  Having the power or quality
   of shaking.

 To  CONDE'MN,  kon-dem'. v. a. [con-
   demno, Lat.]
 1. To  find guilty; to doom to punishment:
   contrary to absolve.
    My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
  And ev'ry tongue brings in  a sev'ral tale,
  And ev'ry tale condemns me for a villain.
                            Shaksp. Richard III.
                  Is he found guilty?-----
  ____Yes, truly, is he, and condemn'd upon't.
                           Shaksp. HeniyVlIl.
    Considered as a judge,  it condemns  where  it
  ought to absolve,  and pronounces absolution where
  it ought to condemn.            Fiddes's Sermons.
2.  It has to before  the punishment.
    The son of man shall be betrayed unto the scribes,
  and they shall condemn him to death. Matt, xx. 18.
3.  To  censure;  to  blame;  to declare cri-
   minal: contrary to approve.
                Who then shall blame
 His pester'd senses to recoil and start,
 ■When all that is within him does concfewin
 Itself for being there?          Shaksp. Macbeth.
    The poet, who flourished in the scene, is condem-
 ned in the ruelle.       Dryden's ALneid, Preface.
    He who was so unjust as to do his brother an in-
  jury,  will scarce be so just as to condemn himself
 for it.                                Locke.
    They who approve my conduct in this partieu- |
   lar,  are much more numerou* than  those who con-
   demn it.                            Spectator.
 4. To fine.
     And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusa-
   lem, and condemned the land in an hundred talents
   of silver.                       "2  Chronicles.
 5. To shew guilt by contrast.
     The righteous that are dead  shall condemn toe
   ungodly which are living.        JFtscfom, iv. 16.
 Conde'mnable, kon-dem'na-bi. adj. [from
   condemn.]  Biameable; culpable.
    He commands to deface the print of a cauldron
   in ashes; which strictly to observe, were condem-
   nable superstition.                      Brown.
 Condemnation,  kon-dem-na'shun.  to.  s.
   [condtmnatio, Lat.]  The sentence by
   which any one is  doomed  to  punish-
   ment;  the  act of  condemning;   the
   state of being  condemned.
    There is therefore now no condemnation to toem.
                                 Romans, viii.
 Condemnatory,     kon-dem'na-tdr-e.612
   adj. [from condemn]    Passing a  sen-
   tence of condemnation, or of censure.
    He that passes the first condemnatory sentence, is
   like  the incendiary  in  a popular tumult, who  is
   chargeable with  all those disorders to  which he
   gave rise.            Government ofthe Tongue.
 Conde'mner, kon-dem'nur.411 to. s. [from
   condemn.]   A  blamer;  a censurer;  a
   censor.
    Some few are the only refusers and condtmners of
   this catholick practice.  Taylor's Worthy  Commun.
 Conde'nsable,  kon-den'sa-bl. adj. [from
   condensate.]  That which  is capable of
   condensation;  that which can be drawn
   or compressed into a  narrower  com-
   pass.
    This agent meets  with resistance in toe move-
  able; and not being in the  utmost extremity  of
  density, but condensable yet further, eveiy resistance
  works something upon toe mover to condense it.
                             Digby on the Soul.
 'To  Conde'nsate,  kon-den'sate.01 v. a.
   [condenso, Lat.] To condense; to make
   thicker.
 To Conde'nsate, kon-den'sate. v. to.  To
   grow thicker.
Conde'nsate, kon-d£n'sate.91 adj. [con-
   densatus, Lat.]  Made  thick;  condens-
   ed;  compressed into less space.
    Water by nature is white; yea, thickened or con-
  densate, most white, as it appeareto by the hail and
  snow.                              Peacham.
Condensation,  kon-den-sa'shun.  to. «.
   [from condensate.]  The act of thicken-
   ing any body,  or making it more gross
   and weighty: opposite to rarefaction.
    If by natural arguments it may be proved, that
  water, by condensation, may become earth; the same
  reason teacheth,  that earth, rarefied, may become
  water.                      Raleigh's Histoiy.
    By water-glasses the account was not regular; for,
  from  attenuation and condensation, the horns were
  shorter in hot weather than in cold.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    The supply of its moisture is by rains and snow,
  and dews and condensation of vapours, and perhaps
  by subterraneous passages.              Bentley.
 To CONDE'NSE, kon-dense'. v. a. [con-
   denso, Lat.]   To  make any  body more
   thick,  close,  and  weighty; to drive or
   attract the parts of any body nearer to
   each  other;  to  inspissate: opposed to
   rarefy.
    Moving in so high a sphere, he n»u»t  needs, as
   the  sun, raise many envious exhalations; which
   condensed by a popular odium, were capable to cloud
   the brightest merit.                king Charles.
     Some lead their youth abroad, while some coro-
         cfeme
   Their liquid store, and some in cells dispense.
                               Dryden's Virgil.
     Such dense and solid strata arrest the vapour at
   the surface of the earth, and collect and condense it
   there.                             Woodward.
 To  Conde'nse, kon-dense'. v.  n. To grow
   close and weighty; to withdraw its parts
   into a narrow compass.
     The water falling from the upper parts ofthe cave,
   does presently there condense into little stones.
                            Boyle's Scept. Chym.
     All vapours,  %vhen they begin to condense and
   coalesce into small parcels, become first of that big-
   ness whereby azure must be reflected, before they
   can constitute other colours.    Neiuton's Opticks.
 Conde'nse, kon-dense'.  adj.  [from  the
   verb.] Thick; dense; condensated; close;
   massy; weighty.
           They colour, shape, and size
   Assume, as likes them best, condense or rare.
                                      Milton.
    They might be separated  without consociating
  into toe huge condense bodies of planets.   Bentley.
 Conde'nser,  kon-den'sur.  to.  s.  [from
   condense.] A  strong  metalline vessel,
   wherein to crowd  the air, by means  of
   a  syringe  fastened thereto.     Quincy.
 Conue'nsity,  kon-den'se-te.  to.  s. [from
   condense.] The state  of being condens-
   ed; condensation; denseness; density.
 Co'nders, kon-durz. to.  s. [conduire, Fr.]
    Such as stand upon high places  near  the sea
  coast, at the time of herring fishing, to make signs
  to toe fishers  which way the shoie passeth, which
  may better appear to such as stand upon some high
  cliff, by a kind of blue colour that the fish causeth
  in the water, than  to those in toe ships.  These be
  likewise called  huers,  by likelihood of the French
  buyer, exclamare, and baiters.            Cowell.

 To CONUESCE'ND, kon-de-send'. v. to.
   [condescendre, Fr.  from  condescendo,
   Lat.]

 1. To depart from the privileges of supe-
   riority  by a voluntary submission;  to
   sink willingly to equal terms with in-
   feriours;  to sooth by familiarity.
    This method carries a very humble and conde-
  scending air, when he that instructs seems to be the
  enquirer.                              Watts.
 2. To consent  to do more than mere jus-
   tice can require.
                Spain's mighty monarch,
  In gracious clemency does condescend,
  On these conditions, to become your friend.
                       Dryden's Indian Emperor.
    He did  not primarily intend to appoint this way;
  but condescended to it, as accommodate to their pre-
  sent state.                          Tillotson.
 3. To stoop; to bend; to yield; to submit;
   to become subject.
    Can they think me so broien, so debas'd,
  With corporal servitude, that my mind ever
  Will condescend to siwh absurd commands? Milton.
            Nor <-iia.il my resolution
  Disarm itself, oor condescend to parly
  With fool«h hopes,           Denham's Sophy.

 Conpesce'ndence, kon-de-sen'dense.TO.*.
   [condescendance, Fr.]  Voluntary sub-
   mission to a state of  equality  with in-
   feriours.
Condk*( e'ndingly,   kon-de-send'lng-le.
   adv. [from condescending.]  By way of 
CON
CON
C ON
   voluntary  humiliation; by way of kind
   concession.
    We  condescendingly made Luther's works um-
  pires in the controversy.              Atterbury.
Condesce'nsiox,  kon-de-sen'shiin.  to. s.
   [from condescend]  Voluntary humilia-
   tion;  descent from  superiority; volun-
   tary submission to equality with inferi-
   ours.
    It forbids pride, and ambition,  and vain glory;
  and  commands  humility, and modesty, and concfe-
  scension to others.                     Tillotson.
    Courtesy and condescension is  an happy quality,
  which  never fails to make  its way into  the good
   opinion and into the very heart; and allays the envy
   which always attends a high  station.     Atterbury.
    Raphael, amidst his tenderness, shews such a dig-
  nity and condescension  in all his behaviour,  as are
  suitable to a superiour nature.           Addison.
Coxdesce'nsive,    kon-de-sen'siv.   adj.
   [from condescend.]  Courteous;  willing
   to treat with inferiours on equal terms;
   not haughty;  not arrogant.
CONDI'GN, kon-dine'.'386  adj. [condig-
   nus,hat.]  Worthy of a person; suitable;
   deserved;  merited; it is always used of
   something deserved by crimes.
    Unless it were a bloody murtherer,
  I never gave them condign punishment.   Shaksp.
    Consider who is your friend, he that would have
  brought him to condign punishment, or he that has
  saved him.                         Arbuthnot.
Conui'gness, kon-dine'n£s.  to. s.  [from
   condign.]  Suitableness;  agreeableness
   to deserts.                           Diet.
Condi'gnly, kon-dine'le. adv. [from con-
   dign]  Deservedly; according to merit.
                                         Diet.
Co'ndiment, kon'de-ment.  to. a.  [condi-
   mentum, Lat.]   Seasoning; sauce; that
   which  excites the appetite by a  pun-
   gent taste.
    As for radish and the like, they are for condi-
  ments,  and not for nourishment. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Many things are swallowed by animals rather for
  condiment, gust, or medicament, than any substan-
  tial nutriment.                         Brown.
Condisoi'ple, kon-dis-si'pl.-to. s. [condis-
   cipulus,  Lat.]   A schoolfellow.
 To CO'NDITE, kon-dite'. v.  a.  [condio,
   Lat.]   To pickle; to  preserve by salts
   or aromaticks.
    Much after the same manner as the sugar doth,
  in the conditing of pears, quinces, and the like.
                               Grew's Musceum.
    The most innocent of them are but like condited
  or pickled mushrooms, which, carefully corrected,
  may be harmless, but can never do good.
                    Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Co'nditement, kon-dite'nient. to. s. [from
   condite.]   A composition of conserves,
   powders, and spices,  in the form  of an
   electuary.                            Diet.
CONDI'TION, k6n-dish'iln. n. s. [from
   condition, Fr. conditio, Lat.]
1. Quality;  that by  which any thing is  de-
  nominated good or bad.
    A rage, whose heat hath this condition,
  That nothing can allay, nothing but blood.
                             Shaksp. King John.
2. Attribute;  accident;  property
    The king is but a man: the violet smells, theeh>
  ment shews, to him as to me:  all his senses have but
  human conditions.                   Shakspeare.
    It seemed to us a condition and property of Divine
  Powers  and  Beings,  to be hidden and  unseen to
  others.                                 Bacon.
     They will be able to conserve their properties un-
   changed in passing through several mediums; which
   is another condition of the rays of light.
                               Newton's Opticks.
 3. Natural  quality of  the mind;  temper;
   temperament;  complexion.
     The child taketh most of his nature of toe mother,
   besides speech, manners, and inclination, which are
   agreeable to the conditions of their mothers.
                              Spenser on Ireland.
     The best and soundest of his time hath been but
   rash: now must we  look, from his age, to receive not
   alone the imperfections of long engrafted conditions,
   but the unruly waywardness that infirm and choler-
   ick years bring with toem.           Shakspeare.
 4. Moral  quality; virtue or  vice.
     Jupiter is hot and moist, temperate, modest,  hon-
   est, adventurous, liberal, merciful, loving, and faith-
   ful;  that is, giving these inclinations: and therefore
   those ancient kings, beautified with these conditions,
   might be called thereafter Jupiter.
                    Raleigh's History ofthe World.
     Socrates espoused Xantippe only for her extreme
   ill conditions, above all of that sex.         South.
 5. State;  external circumstances.
                          To us all,
   That feel the bruises of the days before,
   And suffer the condition of these times
   To lay an heavy and unequal hand
   Upon our humours.            Shaksp. Henry IV.
     It was not agreeable unto the condition of Para-
   dise, and state of innocence.    Brown's Vulg. Err.
     Estimate the greatness of this mercy by the  con-
   dition it finds the sinner in, when God vouchsafes it
   to them.                       South's Sermons.
     Did we perfectly know the state of our own  con-
   dition, and what was most proper for us, we might
   have reason to conclude our prayers not heard, if
   not answered.               Wake's Preparation.
     This is a principle adapted  to every passion and
   faculty of our nature, to every state and condition of
   our life.                               Rogers.
     Some desponding people take the kingdom to be
   in no condition of encouraging so numerous a breed
   of beggars.                             Swift.
     Condition, circumstance, is not the thing;
   Bliss is the same in subject as in king.
                           Pope's Essay on Man.
 6. Rank.
         I am, in my condition,
       A prince, Miranda.         Shaksp. Tempest.
     The king himself met with many entertainments,
   at the charge of particular men, which  had been
   rarely practised till then by the persons of the best
   condition.                          Clarendon.
 7. Stipulation;  terms of compact.
                          Condition!
   What condition can a treaty find
   I' th' part that is at mercy?    Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     I yield upon conditions.—We give none
   To traitors:  strike him down. B. Johnson's Cataline.
     He could  not defend it above ten days, and must
   then submit to the worst conditions the rebels were
   like  to grant to his person, and to his religion.
                                     Clarendon.
     Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but
   they believe it without the condition of repentance.
                                        Taylor.
     Those barb'rous pirates willingly receive
   Conditions, such as we are pleas'd to give.  Waller.
     Make our conditions with yon captive king.—
   Secure me but my solitary cell;
   'Tis  all I ask him.       Dryden's Don Sebastian.
 8. The  writing  in  which the terms of
   agreement  are  comprised;  compact;
   bond.
     Go with me to a notary, seal me there
   Your single bond; and in a merry  sport,
   If you repay  me not on such a day,
   Vv» such a place, such sum or sums as are
   Expvess'd in die condition, let  the forfeit
   Be nominated.       Sliaksp. Merchant of Venice.
\To CoNDi'noN, kon-dish'un.  v. n. [from
   the noun.] To make terms; to stipulate.
    It was  conditioned between Saturn and Titan,
  that Saturn should put to death all his male child-
  ren.                         Raleigh's History.
    Small towns, which stand stiff till great shot
  Enforce them, by war's law condition not.  Donne,
    'Tis  one thing, I must confess,  to concttfion for a
  good office, and another thing to do it gratis.
                                    L'Estrange.
Conditional,  kon-dish'un-al. adj. [from
   condition.]
1. By   way  of stipulation;  not  absolute;
   made with limitations; granted  on par-
   ticular  terms.
    For the use we have his  express commandment,
  forthe  effect his conditional promise; so that, with-
  out  obedience to the one,  there  is of the other no
  assurance.                            Hooker.
    Many scriptures,  though as to  their formal terms
  they are absolute, yet as to their sense they are eon-
  dilional.                               South.
    This strict necessity they simple call;
  Another sort there is conditional.    Dryd. Fables.
2. [In grammar and  logick.]  Expressing
   some condition or supposition.
Conditional, kon-dish'u.n-a.1.  to. s. [from
   the adjective.]   A limitation.   A word
   not now in use.
    He said, if he were  sure that young man were
  king Edward's  son, he would  never bear arms
  against him.  This case seems hard, both  in respect
  of the conditional, and in respect of the other words.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
CoNDiTiONA'LiTY,k6n-dlsh-e-6-na.l'e-te. n.
   s.  [from conditional.]   The quality of
   being conditional;  limitation by  certain
   terms.
    And  as  this clear proposal of the promises may in-
  spirit our  endeavours, so is  the conditionality most
  efficacious to necessitate and engage them.
                                 Decay of Piety.
Conditionally,   kon-dlsh'un-al-e.  adv.
   [from conditional.]   With certain limi-
   tations; on  particular terms;  on certain
   stipulations.
                          I here entail
  The crown to thee, and  to thine heirs for ever;
  Conditionally, that here thou take an oath
  To  cease  this civil war.       Shaksp. Henry VI.
    A false apprehension understands that positively,
  which was but conditionally expressed.
                        Brorcn's Vulgar Errours.
    We see large  preferments tendered to him, but
  conditionally, upon his  doing wicked  offices: con-
  science shall here, according to its office,  interpose
  and protest.                            South.
Condi'tionary,   kon-dish'un-a-re.   adj.
   [from condition.]   Stipulated.
    Would God in mercy dispense with it as a condi-
  tionary, yet we could not be happy without it, as a
  natural qualification for heaven.          Norris,
7'oCoNDi'TiONATE,k6n-dish'e-6-nate. v.a.
   [from condition.]  To qualify; to regu-
   late.
    That ivy ariseth but where it  may be supported,
  we  cannot ascribe toe same unto  any science there-
  in, which suspends and  conditionates its eruption.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Con di'tio nate,  kon-dish'e-6-nate.   adj.
   [from the verb.]  Established  on cer-
   tain terms  or conditions.
    That which is mistaken to be  particular and ab-
  solute, duly understood, is general, but conditionate;
  and belongs to none who shall not perforin the con-
  dition.                             Hammond.
Conditioned, koh-dish'und. adj   [from
   condition]   Having qualities or  proper-
   ties good or bad. 
CON
CON
CON
      The dearest friend to me, the kindest man,
    The best condition'd.  Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
  To CONDO'LE, kon-dole'. v.n. [condo-
    leo, Lat.]   To lament  with those that
    are in misfortune; to  express  concern
    for the miseries of others.   It has with
    before the person for whose misfortune
    we  profess grief. It is opposed to con-
    gratulate.
      Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather
    than condole ivith you.                  Temple.
      I  congratulate with the  beasts  upon  this honour
    done to their king; and must condole with us poor
    mortals, who are rendered incapable of paying our
    respects.                           Addison.
  To Condo'le, kon-dole'. v. a. To bewail
    with another.
      I come not, Sampson, to condole thy chance,
    As these perhaps; yet wish it had not been,
    Though for no friendly intent.     Milt. Agonistes.
      Why should our poet petition Isis for her safe  de-
    livery,  and afterwards condole her miscarriage?
                                      Diyden.
  Condo'lement, kon-dole'ment. to. s. [from
    condole.]  Grief; sorrow; mourning.
                    To persevere
    In obstinate condolement, is a course
    Of impious stubbornness, unmanly grief.
                               Shaksp. Hamlet.
  Condo'lence, kon-do'lensc. to. s. [condo-
    lance, Fr.]  The expression of  grief for
    the  sorrows  of another; the   civilities
    and messages of friends upon  any loss
    or misfortune.
     The reader will excuse this digression, due  by
   way of condolence to my worthy brethren. Arbuth.
 Condo'ler,  kon-do'lilr. to. s. [from con-
    dole]  One that joins in lamentation for
    the misfortunes of another.
 Condona'tion, kon-do-na'shun. to. s. [con-
    donatio, Lat]  A pardoning;  a forgiving.
                                       Diet.

 To  CONDU'CE,  kon-duse'. v.  to. [con-
    duco,   Lat.]   To  promote  an  end;  to
    contribute; to serve  to some purpose:
    followed by to.
     The boring  of holes in that kind  of wood, and
  then laying  it abroad, seemeth to conduce to make
  it shine.                             Bacon.
    The means and preparations that may conduce
  unto the enterprize.         Bacon's Holy War.
    Every man does love or hate things, according as
  he apprehends them to conduce to  this  end, or to
  contradict it.                         Tillotson.
    They may conduce to farther discoveries for com-
  pleting the theory of light.              Newton.

 To Condu'ce, kon-duse'.  v. a.   To  con-
  duct; to accompany,  in order to shew
  the way.   In  this sense  I   have  only
  found it in the  following passage.
    He was sent to conduce hither the princess Hen-
  rietta Maria.                         Wotton.
Condu'cible, kon-du'se-bl. adj. [conduci-
  bilis, Lat.]   Having  the power  of con-
  ducing; having a tendency  to promote
  or forward:  with to.
    To both, the medium which is most  propitious and
  conducible, is air.          Bacon's Nat, History.
    Those  motions of generations and corruptions,
  and of toe conducibles thereunto, are wisely and ad-
  mirably ordered and contemporated by the re«tor of
  all things.                             Hale.
    None of these magnetical experiments  are  suffi-
 cicnt for a perpetual motion,  though those kind of
 qualities seem most conctttcibte unto it.
                 Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
    Our  Saviour  hath enjoined us a reasonable scr-
    VOL.  I.
    vice: all his laws are in themselves conducible to the
    temporal interest of them that observe them.
                                       Bentley.
  Condu'cibleness, kon-du-se'bl-nes. to.  s.
    [from conducible.]  The quality of con-
    tributing to any end.               Diet.
  Condu'cive,  kon-du'siv. adj. [from con-
    duce.]   That  which  may  contribute;
    having the power of forwarding or pro-
    moting:  with to.
      An action, however conducive to the good of our
    country, will be represented as prejudicial to it.
                            Addison's Freeholder.
      Those proportions ofthe good things of this life,
    which are most consistent with the interests of the
    soul, are also most conducive to our present felicity.
                                       Rogers.
  Condu'civeness, kon-du'siv-nes.  n.  s.
    [from conducive]   The quality of con-
    ducing.
      I mention some examples of the conduciveness of
    the smallness of a body's parts to its fluidity. Boyle.
  CO'NDUCT, kon'du.kt.492 «. *. [conduit,
    Fr. con and ductus, Lat.]
  I. Management; economy.
      Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions,
    embrace more than they can hold, stir more than
    they can quiet, and fly to toe end without considera-
    tion of the means.                     Bacon.
      How void of reason are our hopes and fears!
    What in the conduct of our life appears
    So well design'd, so luckily begun,
    But when we have our wish, we wish undone?
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
  2. The  act  of leading troops; the  duty of
    a  general.
      Conduct of armies is a prince's art.       Waller.
    Convoy;  escort; guard.
                   His majssty,
   Tend'ring my person's safety, hath  appointed
   This conduct to convey me to the Tower.
                            Shaksp. Richard III.
    I was ashamed to ask the king footmen and horse-
   men, and conduct for safeguard against our adversa-
   ries.                               1 Esdras.
 4.  The act of convoying or guarding.
                   Some three or four of you,
   Go, give him courteous conduct to this place.
                                  Shakspeare.
 5.  A warrant by  which  a convoy is ap-
   pointed, or safety is assured.
 6. Exact behaviour; regular life.
    Though all regard for reputation is not quite laid
  aside, it is so low,  that very few think virtue and
  conduct of absolute necessity for preserving  it.
                                       Swift.
 To Condu'ct, kon-dukt'. v. a. [conduire,
    Fr.]
 1.  To  lead;  to direct; to  accompany, in
   order to shew the way.
    I  shall strait conduct you to a hill side, where  I
  will point you out toe right path.
                          Milton on Education.
    0 may thy  pow'r,  propitious still  to  me,
  Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree,
  In this deep forest!             Dryden's Alneid.
 2. To usher, and to attend in civility.
    Pray receive toem nobly, and conduct them
  Into our presence.           Shaksp.  Henry VIII.
    Ascanius bids them be conducted in.
                             Dryden's AZncid.
 5. To manage;  as, to conduct  an affair.
 I. To head  an  army;  to lead and order
  troops.
Conducti'tious,   kon-ddk-tisli'iis.  adj.
  [conductitius,  Lat.]  Hired; employed
  for wages.
    The persons were neither titularies nor perpetual
                    3c
    curates, but intirely coiuluclitiov.s, aud removable
    at pleasure.                          Ayliffe.
  Condu'ctor, kon-du.k't6r.41s n. s.  [from
    conduct]
  1. A leader; one who shews another  the
    way by accompanying him.
      Shame of change, and fear of future ill;
   And zeal, the blind conductor of the will.   Dryd.
  2. A chief;  a general.
             Who is conductor of his people?—
   As 'tis said, the bastard son  of Glo'ster.  Shaksp.
  3. A manager;  a director.
     If he did not entirely project the union and re-
   gency, none will  deny him to have been the chief
   conductor in both.                    Addison.
 4. An instrument to put up into the blad-
    der,   to direct the   knife in  cutting
    for the stone.                    Quincy.
 Condu'ctress,  k6n-duk'tres. to. s. [from
    conduct]  A woman that directs; direc-
   tress.

 Co'nduit, kiin'dit.166 341  to. a. [conduit,
   French.]
 I.  A canal of pipes for the conveyance of
   water;  an aqueduct.
    Water, in conduit pipes, can rise no higher
   Than the well head from whence it first doth spring.
                                      Davies.
                This face of mine is hid
   In sap consuming winter's drizzled snow,
   And all the condwifs of my blood froze up.  Shak.
    God is the fountain of honour; and the conduit,
   by which he conveys it to the  sons of men, are vir-
   tuous and generous practices.             South,
    These  organs are the nerves which are the con-
  duits to convey them from without to their audience
  in the brain.                          Locfce.
    Wise nature likewise, they  suppose,
  Has drawn two conefwifs down our nose.    Prior.
 2. The  pipe or  cock  at which  water is
   drawn.
    I charge and command, that the conefxtif run no-
  thing but claret wine.        Shaksp. Henry VI.

Conduplica'tion,    kon-du-ple-ka'shun.
   n.  s. [conduplicatio, Lat.]  A doubling;
   a duplicate.
Cone,  kone.  n.s.  [kuv<&>.  Th xcdvx (icco-if
   xwjiA©- irl. Aristotle] A solid body,  of
   which the  base is a circle, and which
   ends in a point.

Co'ney, kiin'ne.  See Cony.
To CONFA'BULATE,   kon-fab'u-late.
  v. to. [confabulo, Lat.]  To talk easily
  or carelessly together;  to  chat; to prat-
  tle.
Confabula'tion,  kon-fab-u-la'shun. to. s.
   [confabulatio, Lat.] Easy conversation;
   cheerful and  careless talk.
Confa'bulatory,    kon-fab'u-la-tur-e.613
   adj.  [from  confabulate/]  Belonging to
   talk  or  prattle.

Confarrea'tion, kon-far-re-a'shun. to. s.
   [confarreatio, Lat. fromyczr, corn.] The
   solemnization of marriage  by  eating
   bread together.
    By the antient laws of Romulus, the wife was by
  confarreation joined to the husband. Ayliffe's Par.
To CO'NFECT, kon-fekt'.  v. a. [confec-
   tus, Lat.]   To make up  into  sweet-
   meats; to preserve with sugar. It seems
   now  corrupted into  compt.
Co'nfect, kon'fekt. to. *.[from  the verb.]
   A sweetmeat. 
CON
CON
C O  i\
    At supper eat a pippin  roasted, and sweetened
  with sugar of roses and carraway confects.
                        Harvey on Consumptions.
Confe'ction, kon-fdk'shun. to. s. [confec-
   tio, Lat.]
1. A preparation of fruit, or juice of fruit,
   with  sugar; a sweetmeat.
     Hast thou not learn'd me to preserve? yea so,
  That our great king himself doth woo me oft
  For my confections?           Shaksp. Cynu:eline.
     They have in Turky and  the East certain confec-
  tions, which they call  servets,  which are like to
  candied conserves,  and are made of sugar and  le-
  mons.                 Bacon's Natural History.
     He saw him devour fish and flesh, swallow wines
  and spices, confections and fruits  of  numberless
  sweets and flavours.                    Addison.
2. An assemblage of different ingredients;
   a composition;  a mixture.
     Of best things then,  what world shall yield con-
         fection
   To liken her?                         Shaksp.
     There will be a new confection of mould, which
   perhaps will alter the seed.    Bacon's Nat. Hist.
 Confectionary, kon-fek'shun-a-re. to. s.
   [from confection.]  One whose trade is
   to make  sweetmeats.
                        Myself,
   Who had the world as  my confectionary,
   The mouths,  the tongues, the  eyes, the  hearts of
         men
   At duty, more than  I could frame employments.
                                        Shaksp.
 Confe'ctioner,   kon-fek'shun-ur. to. s.
   [from confection.]  One whose trade is
   to make confections or sweetmeats.
     Nature's confectioner, the bee,
   Whose suckers are  moist alchimy,
   The still of his refining mold
   Minting the garden into gold.          Cleaveland.
     Con/ecfioners make much use of whites of eggs.
                                         Boyle.
 Confederacy, k&n-fed'er-a-se. to. *. [con-
   federation, Fr.fa>dus, Lat.]  A  league;
   a contract by which several  persons or
   bodies of men  engage to support  each
   other; union; engagement; federal com-
   pact.
     What confederacy have you with the traitors?
                              Shaksp. King Lear.
     Judas sent them to Rome, to make a league of
   amity and confederacy with them.  1 Mace viii. 17.
     Virgil has a whole confederacy against him, and I
   must endeavour to defend him.           Dryden.
     The friendships ofthe world are oft
   Confederacies in vice,  or leagues of pleasure.
                                       Addison.
     An  avaricious man  in  office is in confederacy
   with the whole clan of his district,  or dependance;
   which, in modern terms of art, is called to live and
   let live.                                 Swift.
 To CONFE'DERATE,  kon-fed'er-ate."1
   v. a. [confederer,  Fr.]   To join in  a
   league;  to unite;  to ally.
     They were confederated with Charles's enemy.
                                        Knolles.
     With these the Piercies them confederate,
   And as three heads conjoin in one intent.   Daniel.
 To Confe'derate, kon-fed'er-ate. v. to.
   To league;  to  unite in a league.
     By  words  men  come  to  know one  another's
   minds; by  those  they covenant and confederate.
                                         South.
     It is a confederating with him to whom the sacri-
   fice is offered.                       Atterbury.
 Confe'derate,   kon-fed'er-ate.91   adj.
   [from  the verb.]  United in league.
     For they have  consulted together with one con-
   sent: they are confederate against thee.
                                Psalm Ixxxiii. 5.
                       All the swords
  In Italy, and her confederate arms,
  Could not have made this peace.          Shaksp.
    While  the  mind of man looketo  upon  second
  causes  scattered,  it may sometimes rest  in them,
  and go no farther; but when it beholdeih  the chain
  of  them confederate and linked together, it must
  need fly to providence and deity.           Bacon.
    Oh race confed'rate into crimes, that prove
  Triumphant o'er to' eluded rage of Jove!
                                Pope's Statins.
    In a confederate war, it  ought to be considered
  which party has the deepest share in the quarrel.
                                        Swift.
Confe'derate, kon-fed'er-ate. ra. s. [from
   the verb.]  One who engages to support
   another; an ally.
    Sir  Edmond Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
  With many more confederates, are in arms.
                             Shaksp. Richard III.
    We still have fresh recruits in store,
  If our confederates can afford us more.
                               Dryden's A^neid.
Confederation, kon-fed-er-a'shun. ra. s.
   [confederation, Fr]  League; compact
   of mutual  support: alliance.
    The three  princes enter  into some  strict league
  and confederation amongst themselves.      Bacon.
    Nor can those confederations or designs be dura-
  ble, when subjects  make bankrupt of their allegi-
  ance.                           King Charles.
To CONFE'R,  kon-fer'.  v.n.  [confero,
   Lat. conferer, Fr.]   To discourse with
   another upon a stated  subject;  to ven-
   tilate any  question by oral discussion;
   to converse  solemnly; to talk  gravely
   together;  to compare sentiments.
    You will hear us confer of this, and by an auricu-
  lar assurance have your satisfaction.
                             Shaksp. King Lear.
    Reading makes a full  man,  conference a ready
  man, and writing an exact  man; and  therefore, if
  a man write little, he had need have a great memo-
  ry; if he confer little, he had need have a present
  wit; and if he read little, he had need have much
  cunning, to seem to know toat he doth  not.  Bacon.
    When they had commanded toem to go aside out
  ofthe council, they conferred among themselves.
                                   Acts, iv. 15.
    He was thought to confer with the Lord Colepeper
  upon the subject;  but had some particular thoughts,
  upon which he then conferred with nobody.
                                    Cfarentfon.
    The Christian princess in her tent confers
   With fifty of  your learn'd philosophers,
   Whom with such eloquence she does persuade,
   That they are captives to her reasons made.
                        Dryden's Tyrannic Love.
 To Confe'r, k6n-fer'. v. a.
 1. To compare;  to examine by compari-
   son  with other things of the same kind.
     The words in the eighth verse, conferred with the
   same words in the twentieth, make it manifest.
                                       Raleigh.
     If we confer these observations with others of the
   like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general
   opinion.                               Boyle.
    Pliny conferring his authors, and comparing their
   works together, found those that went before tran-
   scribed by those that followed.            Brown.
2.  To give;  to  bestow;  with  on  before
   him who  receives the gift.
     Rest to the limbs, and quiet I confer
   On troubled  minds.                     Waller.
     The confer-ring this honour upon him would in-
   crease the credit he had.              Clarendon.
     Coronation to a  king, confers no royal authority
   upon him.                             South.
     There  is not the  least intimation in scripture of
   this privilege conferred upon the Roman church.
                                      Tiff of son.
     Thou conferrest  the benefits, and he  receives
  them; the first produces love, and the last ingrati-
  tude.             Arbuthnot's Hist, of John Bull.
3. To contribute; to conduce: with to.
    The closeness and compactness of the parts rest-
  ing together, doth much confer to the strength of the
  union.                              Glanville.
Co'nference,  kon'fer-ense.603 to. *.  [con-
  ference, Fr.]
1. The act  of  conversing on serious sub-
  jects; formal discourse; oral discussion
  of any question.
    I shall grow skilful in country matters, if I have
  often conference with your servant.        Sidney.
    Sometime they deliver  it,  whom privately zeal
  and piety moveth to be instructors of others by con-
  ference; sometime of them it is taught, whom the
  church  hath called to the public, either reading
  thereof, or interpreting.                Hooker.
    What passion hangs these weights  upon my
           tongue!
  I cannot speak to her;  yet she urg'd conference.
                                       Shaksp.
2. An appointed  meeting  for discussing
  some point by personal debate.
3. Comparison;   examination of different
  things by comparison of each with other.
    Our diligence  must  search out all helps and fur-
  therances, which scriptures, councils, laws, and the
  mutual conference of all men's collections and obser-
  vations, may afford.                   Hooker.
    The conference of these two places, containing so
  excellent a piece of learning as this, expressed by so
  worthy a wit as Tully's was, must needs bring on
  pleasure to  him toat maketh  true account of learn-
  ing.                     Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Confe'rrer, kon-fer'iir. ra. s.  [from con-
  fer.]
I. He that  converses.
2. He that  bestows.
To CONFE'SS, kon-fes'. v. a. [confesser,
  Fr.  confiteor, confessum, Lat.J
I. To acknowledge  a crime;  to own  a
  failure.
    He doth in some sort confess it.----If it be con-
  fessed, it is not redressed.
                 Shaksp. Merry  Wives of Windsor.
    Human faults with human grief confess;
  'Tis thou art chang'd.                     Prior.
2. It has of before the  thing  confessed,
   when it is used reciprocally.
    Confess thee freely o/thy sin;
  For to deny each article with oath,
  Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception.
                                Shaksp. Othello.
3. To disclose the  state  of the conscience
   to the priest, in order to repentance and
   pardon.
    If our sin be only against God, yet to confess it to
  his minister may be of good use.
                    JFaifce's Preparation for Death.
4.  It  is used with the reciprocal pronoun.
    Our beautiful  votary took the opportunity of con-
  fessing herself to this celebrated father.
                             Addison's Spectator.
5. To hear the confession of a  penitent, as
   a priest.
6.  To  own; to avow; to  profess; not to
   deny.
    Whosoever  therefore  shall  confess  me  before
  men, him will I confess also before my Father which
  is in heaven; but whosoever  shall deny me before
  men, him will I also deny before my Father which
  is in heaven.                   Matt. x.  32, 33,
7.  To grant; not to dispute.
                   If that the king
  Have any way your good  deserts forgot,
  Which he confesseth to be manifold,
  He bids you name your griefs.            Shaksp,
    They may have a clear view of good, great and 
C ON
CON
CON
  confessed good, without being concerned, if they can
  make up their happiness without it.        Locke.
8. To shew; to prove; to attest.
    Tall  thriving trees confess'd the fruitful mold;
  The redd'ning apple ripens here to gold.    Pope.
9. It is  used in a loose and unimportant
   sense, by way of  introduction, or as an
   affirmative form of speech.
    I must confess I was most pleased with a beauti-
  ful prospect, that none of them have mentioned.
                              Addison on Italy.
To Confe'ss,  kon-fes'.  v. n.   To  make
   confession; to disclose; to reveal: as, he
   is gone to the priest to confess.
Confessedly,   kon-fes'sed-le.364    adv.
   [from confessed]   Avowedly; indispu-
   tably; undeniably.
    Labour is confessedly a great part of the  curse,
  and therefore no wonder if men fly from it.  South.
    Great geniuses, like great ministers, though they
  are confessedly t.ie first in the commonwealth of let-
  ters, must be envied and calumniated.
                        Pope's Essay on Homer.
Confe'ssion, kon-fesh'un. to. s. [from con-
  fess.]
1. The  acknowledgment of a crime; the
   discovery of one's own guilt.
    Your engaging me first in this  adventure of the
  Moxa, and desiring the story of it from me, is like
  giving one toe torture,  and then asking his con-
  fession,  which is hard usage.             Temple.
2. The act of disburdening the conscience
   to a priest.
    You will have little  opportunity to practise such
  a confession, and should therefore supply the want
  of it by  a due performance of it to God.
                   Wake's Preparation for Death.
3. Profession; avowal.
    Who, before Pontius Pilate, witnessed a good
  confession?                       1 Tim. vi. 13.
    If there be one amongst the fair'st of Greece,
  That loves his mistress more than in confession,
  And dare  avow her beauty and her worth
  In other arms than hers; to  him this challenge.
                                   Shakspeare.
4. A formulary in  which  the  articles  of
   faith  are comprised.
Confe'ssional, k6n-fesh'un-al. to. s. [Fr.]
   The seat or box in which the confessor
   sits to hear the declarations of his peni-
   tents.
    In one of the churches I  saw a pulpit  and con-
  fessional, very finely inlaid with lapis-lazuli.
                               Addison on Italy.
Confe'ssionary,   kon-fish'ian-a-re.  to. s.
   [confessionaire, Fr.]   The   confession-
   chair  or seat, where  the priest  sits  to
   hear confessions.                    Diet,
Coxfe'ssor, kon'fes-siir. to. s. [confesseur,
   Fr.]
1. One  who makes profession of his faith
   in the face  of danger.   He who dies for
   religion, is a martyr;  he who suffers for
   it, is a confessor.
    The doctrine  in the  thirty-nine articles is so or-
  thodoxly settled, as cannot  be questioned without
  danger to our religion, which hath been sealed with
  the blood of so many martyrs and confessors.
                       Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
    Was  not this an excellent  confessor at least, if
  not a martyr, in this cause?           Stillingjleet.
    The  patience and fortitude of a martyr or con-
  fessor lie concealed in the flourishing times of Christ-
  ianity.                     Addison's Spectator.
    It was  the assurance of a resurrection that gave
  patience to the confessor, and courage to the martyr.
                                       Rogers.
   He that  hears  confessions,  and pre-
  scribes  rules  and measures  of  peni-
  tence.
                  See that Claudio
  Be executed by nine to-morrow morning:
  Bring him his confessor, let him be prepar'd;
  For that's the utmost of his pilgrimage.    Shaksp.
    If you find any sin that lies heavy upon you, dis-
  burthen yourself of it  into  the bosom of your con-
  fessor, who stands between  God and you to pray for
  you.                                  Taylor.
    One must be trusted; and he thought her fit,
  As passing prudent, and a parlous wit:
  To this sagacious confessor he went,
  And told her.            Dryden's Wife of Bath.
  . He who confesses his crimes.     Diet.
CoNFE'sT,kon-fest'.36oczrf/.[a poetical word
  for  confessed.]  Open; known; acknow-
  ledged;  not  concealed;  not  disputed;
  apparent.
                But wherefore should  I seek,
  Since the perfidious author  stands confest?
  This  villain has traduc'd me.   Rowe's Royal Conv.
Confe'stly, kon-fest'le.364 adv.  [from
  confest.]  Undisputably; evidently; with-
  out doubt  or concealment.
    They address to toat principle which is confestly
  predominant in our nature.         Decay of Piety.
Confi'oient, kon-fish'ent.crf/. [conficiens,
  Lat.]  That causes or procures;  effec-
  tive.                                Diet.

Co'nfidant, kon-fe-dant'. to. s. [confident,
  Fr.]  A  person  trusted  with  private
  affairs,  commonly with  affairs of love.
    Martin composed his billet-doux, and entrusted it
  to his confidant.            Arbuthnot and Pope.
To  CO^FI'DE, kon-fide'.  v. n. [confido,
  Lat.]   To trust in;  to put trust in.
    He alone won't betray, in whom none will confide.
                                    Congreve.
Co'nfidenoe, kon'fe-dense.  to.  s.  [confi-
  dentia, Lat.]
1. Firm belief  of another's integrity or
  veracity; reliance.
    Society is built upon trust,  and trust upon confi-
  dence of one another's integrity.           South.
2. Trust  in  his own abilities or fortune;
  security:  opposed  to  dejection  or ti-
  midity.
                      Alas, my lord,
  Your wisdom is consum'd in confidence:
  Do not go forth to-day.     Shaksp. Julius Caesar.
     His times being rather prosperous than calm,
  had raised his confidence by success. Bac. Hen. VII.
     He had an ambition and vanity, and aconfidence
  in himself, which sometimes intoxicated, and trans-
  ported, and exposed him.             Clarendon.
3. Vitious boldness; false opinion of  his
   own excellencies: opposed to modesty.
     These fervent reprehenders of things established
  by public authority, are always confident and bold-
  spirited men; but their confidence,  for the most
  part, riseth from too much  credit given to their own
  wits, for  which cause they are seldom free from
  errors.                     Hooker's Dedication.
4.  Consciousness  of  innocence;  honest
  boldness;  firmness of integrity.
     Beloved, if our heart condemn us not,  then have
  we confidence towards God..       1  John, iii. 21.
     Be merciful unto them which have not the confi-
  dence of good works.             2 Esd. viii. 36.
     Just confidence, and native righteousness,
  And honour.                   Milt. Par. Lost.
5. That which gives or causes confidence,
  boldness,  or security.
Co'nfident, kon'fe-dent. adj. [from con-
  fide.]

                   3c2
1. Assured beyond doubt.
    He is so sure and confident of his particular elec-
  tion, as to resolve he can never fall.
                     Hammond on Fundamentals.
    I am confident, that very much may be done to-
  wards the improvement of philosophy.        Boyle.
2. Positive; affirmative; dogmatical:  as, a
   confident talker.
3. Secure of success; without fear of mis-
   carriage.
    Both valiant, as men despising death; both confi-
  dent, as unwonted to be overcome.        Sidney.
    Douglas and the Hotspur, both together,
  Are confident against the world in arms.   Shaksp.
    Be not confident in a plain way.   £ccf. xxxii. 21.
    People forget  how little they know,  when they
  grow confident upon any present state of things.
                                        South.
4. Without  suspicion;   trusting  without
   limits.
                  He, true knight,
  No lesser of her honour confident,
  Than I did truly find her, stakes this ring.  Shaksp.
    Rome, be as just and gracious unto me,
  As I am confident and kind to thee.    Shakspeare.
5. Bold to  a vice; elated with false opinion
   of his own excellencies; impudent.
Co'nfident, kon'fe-dent. to. *. [from con-
  fide.]  One trusted with secrets.
    If ever it comes to this, that a man can say of his
  confident, he would have  deceived me, he has said
  enough.                               South.
          You love me for no other end,
  But to become my confident and friend;
  As such, I keep no secret from your sight.  Dryden.
Confidently, kon'fe-dent-le. adv. [from
   confident.]
1. Without doubt; without fear of miscar-
   riage.
    We shall not be ever the less likely to meet with
  success,  if we do not expect it too confidently.
                                    Atterbury.
2. With firm trust.
    The maid becomes a youth; no more delay
  Your vows, but look, and confidently pay.   Dryden.
3. Without appearance  of doubt; without
   suspecting any failure or deficiency; po-
   sitively; dogmatically.
    Many men least of all know what they themselves
  most confidently boast.              Ben Jonson.
     It is strar.ge how the ancients took up experiments
   upon  credit, and yet did build great matters upon
   them: the observation of some of the best of them,
  delivered confidently, is, that a vessel filled with
  ashes  will receive the like quantity of water  as if it
  had been empty; this is utterly untrue.     Bacon.
     Every fool may believe, and pronounce confident-
   ly; but wise men will conclude firmly.       South.
Co'nfidentness,  kon'fe-deut-nes.   to.  s.
   [from confident.] Favourable opinion of
   one's own  powers;  assurance.     Diet.
Configuration,  kon-fig-u-ra'shun. to. s.
   [configuration, Fr.]
 1. The form of the  various parts of any
   thing, as they are adapted to each other.
     The different effects of fire and water, which we
   call heat and cold, result from the so differing con-
  figuration and agitation of their particles. Glanville.
     No other act-lut can  be  given of  the different
   animal secretions, than  the different  configuration
   and action of the solid parts.         Arbuthnot.
     There is no plastick virtue concerned in  shaping
   them, but the configurations of the particles where-
   of toey  consist.                     Woodward.
 2. The face of the horoscope, according to
   the  aspects of the planets towards each
   other at any  time.
 To  Confi'gure, kon-fig'ure. v. a.  [from 
CON                                     CON                                     CON
  figura, Lat.]  To dispose into any form,
  by adaptation.
    [Mother earth brought forth legs, arms, and other
  members of the  body,  scattered and distinct, at
  their full growth; which coming together, cementing,
  and so  configuring themselves into  human shape,
  made lusty men.              Bentley's Sermons.
CO'NFINE, kon'fine.11" *«« „. Sm [COnfinis,
  Lat.  It had  formerly the accent on  the
  last syllable.]  Common boundary; bor-
  der; edge.
    Here in these confines slily have 1 lurk'd,
  To watch the waining of mine enemies.    Shaksp.
                   You are old:
  Nature in you stands on  the very verge
  Of her confine.               Shaksp. King Lear.
    The confines  of the river Niger,  where the ne-
  groes are, are well watered.              Bacon.
     'Twas ebbing darkness, past the noon of night,
  And Phosphor on the confines of the light.   Dryden.
    The idea of duration, equal to a  revolution of
  the sun, is applicable to duration, where no motion
  was; as the idea of a foot, taken from bodies here,
  to distances  beyond the confines of the world, where
  are no bodies.                          Locke.
 Co'nfine,  kon'fine.  adj.   [confinis,  Lat.]
   Bordering upon;  beginning  where  the
   other ends; having one  common  boun-
   dary.
 To Confi'ne, kon-fine'. v. to.  To border
   upon;  to  touch on different territo-
   ries,  or regions: it has with or on.
                   Half lost, I seek
  What  readiest  path leads where  your  gloomy
       bounds
  Confine with heav'n.         Jlfiffon's Par. Lost.
    Full in the midst of this created space,
  Betwixt heav'n, earth and skies, there stands a place
  Confining on all three.                 Dryden.
 To Confi'ne,  kon-fine'.  v. a. [confiner,
   Fr. confinis, Lat.]
 1. To bound;  to limit:  as, he confines his
   subject by a rigorous definition.
 2. To shut up; to imprison; to  immure; to
   restrain within certain limits.
             I'll not over the threshold.----
  ----Fy,  you confine yourself most unreasonably:
  come, you must go visit the good lady.  Shakspeare.
                   I had been
  As broad and gen'ral as the casing air;
  But now I'm cabbin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in.
                                    Shakspeare.
 S. To restrain; to tie up to.
     Children, permitted  the freedom of both hands,
  do  oft times confine unto the left, and are not without
  great difficulty restrained from  it.        Brown.
     Make one man's fancies, or failings, confining
  laws to others,  and convey them as such  to  their
  succeeders.                            Boyle.
     Where honour or where conscience does not
           bind,
         No other tie shall shackle me;
         Slave to myself I will not be;
       Nor shall my future actions be confin'd
       By my own present mind.            Cowley.
     If the gout continue, I confine myself wholly to the
  milk diet.                             Temple.
     He is to confine himself to the compass  of num-
  bers, and the slavery of rhime.           Dryden.
 Confi'neless,  kon-fine'les.   adj.  [from
   confine.]   Boundless;  unlimited;  un-
   bounded; without end.
    Esteem him as a lamb, being compar'd
  With my confineless harms.      Shaksp. Macbeth.
 Confi'nement, kon-fine'ment. to. s. [from
   confine.]  Imprisonment; incarceration;
   restraint of liberty.
                   Our hidden foes
  \ow joyful from their long confinement rose. Dryd.
    The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy it-
  self under confinement when the sight is pent up.
                                     Addison.
    As to the numbers who are under restraint, people
  do not seem so much surprised at the confinement of
  some, as the liberty of others.           Addison.
CoNFi'NER,kon-fi'niir.TO. s. [from confine.]
1. A borderer;  one that  lives upon  con-
   fines;  one that inhabits  the extreme
   parts of  a  country.
    The senate  hath stirr'd up the confiners.  Shaksp.
    Happy confiners you of other lands,
  That shift your soil.          Daniel's Civil War.
2. A near neighbour.
    Though gladness and grief be opposite in nature,
  yet they are  such neighbours and confiners in art,
  that the least  touch of a pencil will translate a crying
  into a laughing face.                    Wotton.
3. One which touches  upon two different
   regions.
    The  participles or confiners between  plants and
  living creatures are such as have no local motion:
  such as oysters.                        Bacon.
Confi'nity,  kon-fin'e-te. to. s. [confinitas,
   Lat.] Nearness; neighbourhood; conti-
   guity.                              Diet.
To CONFI'RM, kon-ferm'.108 v. a. [con-
  firmo, Lat.]
1. To put  past  doubt by new evidence.
     The testimony of Christ was confirmed in you.
                                   1 Cor.i. 6.
                  So was his will
  Pronoune'd among the gods, and by an oath,
  Which shook heav'n's whole circumference, con-
        fii-m'd.                        Milton.
    Whilst all  the stars toat round her burn,
  And all the planets in their turn,
   Confii-m the tidings as they roll,
  And spread the truth from pole to pole.   Addison.
2. To settle; to establish either persons or
   things.
     I confirm thee in the high priesthood, and appoint
   thee ruler.                       1 Mac. xi. 57.
     Confb-m the crown to me and to mine heirs. Shak.
3. To fix;  to radicate.
     Fernelius never cured a  confirmed pox without it.
                                     Wiseman,
4. To complete; to perfect.
     He only liv'd but till he was a man;
   The which no sooner had his prowess confii-m'd,
   But like a man he died.              Shakspeare.
5. To  strengthen  by new solemnities or
   ties.
     That treaty, so prejudicial, ought to have been
   remitted rather than confirmed.            Swift.
6.  To  settle or  strengthen  in  resolution,
   or purpose, or opinion.
          Confirm'd then I resolve,
   Adam shall share with me  in bliss or woe. Milton.
     They in  their  state though firm, stood more con-
  firm'd.                              Milton.
     Believe  and be confirm'd.             Milton.
7. To  admit to the full privileges of  a
   Christian, by imposition of hands.
     Those which are thus confirmed, are thereby sup-
   posed to be fit for admission to the sacrament.
                       Hammond's Fundamentals.
Confi'rmable, kon-fer'ma-bl.  adj. [from
   confirm.]   That which is capable of in-
   contestible evidence.
     It may receive a spurious inmate,  as is conforma-
   ble by many examples.         Brown's Vul. Err.

Confirmation,  kon-fer-ma'slnan.  to.  s.
   [from confirm.]

 1. The act  of  establishing  any  thing  or
   person;  settlement; establishment.
     Embrace and love this man.------
   ----With  brother's love I do it.—
  ----And let heav'n
  Witness how dear I hold this confirmation! Shaksp.
2. Evidence by which any thing is ascer-
   tained; additional proof.
                  A false report hath
  Ilonour'd with co?i/irjnafion your great judgment.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The sea-captains answered, that they would per-
  form his command; and, in confirmation thereof,
  promised not to do any thing which beseemed  not
  valiant men.                    Knolles's Hist.
3. Proof; convincing testimony.
    Wanting frequent confirmation in  a  matter so
  confirmable, their affirmation carrieth but slow per-
  suasion.                              Brown.
    The arguments brought by Christ for the confir-
  mation of his doctrine, were in  toemselves suffi-
  cient.                                 South.
4. An ecclesiastical rite.
    What is prepared for in  catechising,  is, in  the
  next place, performed by confirmation; a most pro-
  fitable usage of the church, transcribed from  the
  practice ofthe apostles, which consists in  two parts:
  the  child's undertaking, in  his own  name, every
  part of the baptismal  vow, (having first approved
  himself to understand  it); and to that purpose, that
  he may more solemnly enter this obligation, bring-
  ing  some godfather with him, not  now (as  in bap-
  tism) as his  procurator to undertake for him, but as
  a witness to testify his entering this obligation.
                     Hammond on Fundamentals.
CoNFiRMA'TOR,kon-fer-ma'tur.TO. s. [from
   confirmo, Lat.] An attester; he that puts
   a matter past doubt.
    There wants herein the definitive confirmator, and
  test of things uncertain, the sense of man.    Brown.
Confirmatory,  kon-feTm'a-tur-e.612 adj.
   [from  confirm.] Giving additional testi-
   mony; establishing  with new force.
Confi'rmedness, kon-ferm'ed-nes.366 n.s.
   [from  confirmed.]  Confirmed state;  ra-
   dication.
    If the difficulty  arise from the  confirmedness of
  habit, every resistance weakens the habit, abates
  toe  difficulty.                   Decay of Piety.
Confi'rmer, kon-ferm'ur. w. s. [from con-
  firm.]  One  that  confirms; one that pro-
   duces evidence or strength; an  attester;
   an establisher.
    Be these sad sighs confirmers of thy words?
   Then speak again.            Shaksp. King John,
    The oath of a lover is no stronger than the word
   of a tapster:  they are both  the confirmers  of false
  reckonings.                            Shaksp,
Confi'scable, kon-fis'ka-bl.   adj.  [from
   confiscate.]  Liable to forfeiture.
 To CONFISCATE,  kon-fis'cate. v. a.
   [confiscare,  confisquer, i. e. in publicum
   addicere;  from fiscus,  which originally
   signifieth a  hamper, pannier, basket, or
   freil;  but metonymically the emperor's
   treasure,  because it was anciently kept
   in  such hampers.   Cowell.]   To trans-
   fer private  property to the prince or
   publick, by  way  of penalty for  an of-
   ft  nee.
    It was judged that  he should be  banished, and
   his whole  estate confiscated and seized,  and his
   houses pulled down.                    Bacon.
    Whatever fish the vulgar fry excel,
   Belong to Casar, wheresoe'er they swim,
   By their own worth confiscated to him.     Dryden.
 Confi'scate,  kon-fis'kate. adj. [from the
   verb.] Transferred to the  public  as  for-
   feit.   The  accent  in  Shakspeare is on
   the first syllable.
                   Thy lands and goods 
CON                                    CON                                     CON
   Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
   Unto the state of Venice.  Shaksp. Merch. of Venice.
 Confiscation,    kon-fis-ka'slnin.   n,  s.
   [from confiscate/] The  act of transfer-
   ring the forfeited goods of criminals to
   public  use.
     It was in every man's eye, what great forfeitures
   and confiscations he had at toat present to help him-
   self.                       Bacon's Henry VII.
 Co'nfitent, kon'fe-tent.  to.  s.  [confitens,
   Lat.] One confessing; one  who confesses
   his faults.
     A wide difference there is between a mere confi-
   tent  and a true penitent.          Decay of Piety.

 Co'nfiture,  kon'fe-tshure.461  to. s.  [Fr.
   from confectura, Lat.]  A  sweetmeat;  a
   confection; a comfit.
     It is certain, that there be some houses wherein
   confitures and pies will gather mould more than in
   others.                               Bacon.
     We contain a confiture house, where we make all
   sweetmeats,  dry and  moist,  and divers pleasant
   wines.                               Bacon.
 To Confi'x, kon-fiks'. v. a. [configo,con-
   fixum, Lat.] To fix  down; to fasten.
                  As this is true,
   Let me in safety raise me from my knees;
   Or else for ever be confixed here,
   A marble monument!               Shakspeare.
 Confla'grant, kon-fla'grant. adj  [confia-
   grans,  Lat.] Burning together; involved
   in a general fire.
                       Then raise
   From the conflagrant mass, purg'd and refin'd
   New heav'ns, new earth.      Milton's Par. Lost.
 Conflagra'tion, kon-fla-gra'shun.  to. s.
   [confiagratio, Lat.]
 1. A  general fire spreading  over  a large

   space.
     The opinion deriveth the complexion from the
   deviation of the  sun,  and  the conflagration of all
   things under Phaeton.       Brown's  Vul. Errours.
     Next o'er the plains, where  ripen'd harvests
        grow,
   The running conflagration spreads below.  Addison.
     Mankind hath  had a gradual increase, notwith-
   standing what floods and conflagrations, and the re-
   ligious profession of celibacy, may have interrupted.
                             Bentley's Sermons.
 2. It is generally taken for the fire  which
   shall  consume  this   world  at the  con-
   summation of things.
Confla'tion, kon-fla'shun.  to.  s.  [confia-
   turn, Lat.]
 1. The  act  of  blowing many instruments
   together.
    The sweetest harmony is, when every part or in-
  strument is not heard by itself, but a conflation of
  them all.                              Bacon.
H. A casting or melting of metal.
Confle'xure,   kon-flek'shure.*s2   to. s.
   [confiexura,  Lat.]   A bending  or turn-
   ing.
 To CONFLI'CT,  kon-flikt'.  v. n. [con-
  fiigo, Lat.]   To  strive; to  contest;  to
   fight;  to  struggle;  to  contend;  to en-
   counter;  to  engage:  properly by strik-
   ing against one another.
        Bare unhoused trunks,
  To the conflicting elements expos'd,
  Answer meer nature.              Shak. Timon.
    You  shall  hear under the earth a horrible thun-
   dering of fh"e and water conflicting together. Bacon.
     A man would  be content to  strive  with himself,
  and conflict with great difficulties, in hopes of a
  eighty reward.                       Tillotson-
    Lash'd into foam, the fierce conflicting brine
  Seems o'er a thousand raging waves to burn.
                                     Thomson.
Co'nflict,  kon'flikt.492  to.  s.  [confiictus,
   Lat.]
1. A  violent collision, or opposition, of two
 •  substances.
    Pour dephlegmed spirit of vinegar upon salt of
  tartar, and there will be such a conflict or ebullition,
  as if there were scarce two more contrary bodies in
  nature.                                Boyle.
2. A  combat;  a fight between two. It is
   seldom used  of a general battle.
    The luckless conflict with the giant stout,
  Wherein captiv'd, of life or death he stood in doubt.
                                     Spejiser.
                It is  my father's face,
  Whom in this conflict I unawares have kill'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
3. Contest;  strife; contention.
    There is a kind of merry war betwixt signior Be-
  nedick and her: they never meet but there's a skir-
  mish of wit between them.—Alas! he gets nothing
  by that.  In our last conflict, four of his five wits
  went halting off.                       Shaksp.
4. Struggle; agony; pang.
    No assurance touching victories  can make pre-
  sent conflicts so sweet  and easy, but  nature will
  shrink from them.                     Hooker.
    If he attempt this great  change, with what la-
  bour and conflict must he accomplish it!    Rogers.
                  He perceiv'd
  Th'  unequal conflict then, as angels look
  On dying saints.            Thomson's Summer.
Co'NFLUENOE,k6n'flu-ense. to. s. [confiuo,
  Lat]
1.  The  junction   or  union   of  several
   streams.
    Nimrod, who usurped dominion over the rest, sat
  down in the very confluence of all those rivers which
  watered Paradise.               Raleigh's Hist.
    Bagdet is  beneath the confluence of Tigris and
  Euphrates.            Brerewood on Languages.
    In the  veins,  innumerable little rivulets  have
  their confluence into toe great  vein,  the common
  channel of the blood.                  Bentley.
2. The act of crowding to a place.
    You see this confluence, this great flood of visitors.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Some come to make merry, because of the conflu-
  ence of all sorts.                        Bacon.
    You had  found by experience the trouble of all
  men's confluence, and for all matters to yourself.
                              Bacon to Villiers.
3. A  concourse; a multitude crowded into
   one place.
    This will  draw a confluence  of people from all
  parts of the country.                    Temple.
4. Collection; concurrence.
    We may there be instructed how to rate all goods
  by those that will concentre into the felicity we
  shall possess, which shall be made up of the conflu-
  ence, perfection, and perpetuity of all true joys.
                                       Boyle.
CO'NFLUENT, kon'flu-ent. adj.  [con-
  fiuens, Lat.]  Running  one into another;
   meeting.
    At length, to make their various currents one,
  The congregated floods together run:
  These confluent streams make  some great river's
      head,
  By  stores still melting and descending fed.
                                   Blackmore.
Co'nflux,  kon'fluks.  n.  s.   [confluxio,
   Lat.]
1.  The  union  of  several  currents; con-
   course.
      Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
  Infect the sound pine and divert his grain.  Shaksp.
2. Crowd; multitude collected.
    He quickly, by the general conflux and concourse
  of the whole people, streightened his quarters.
                                    Clarendon.
    To the gates cast round thine eye, and see
  What conflux issuing forth, or ent'ring in. Milton.
Confo'rm, kon-form'.   adj.  [conformis,
   Lat.] Assuming the same form; wear-
   ing the same form; resembling.
    Variety of tunes doth dispose the spirits to variety
  of passions conform unto them.           Bacon.

To CONFO'RM,  kon-f6rm'. v.  a. [con-
  formo, Lat.]  To reduce to the  like ap-
   pearance, shape, or manner, with some-
   thing else:  with to.
    Then followed toat most  natural effect of con-
  forming one's self to that which she did like. Sidney.
    The apostles did conform the Christians, as much
  as might be, according to the pattern of the Jews.
                                      Hooker.
    Demand of them wherefore they conform  not
  themselves unto the order ofthe church?   Hooker.
To Confo'rm, kon-form'. v. to. To comply
   with; to yield: with  to.
       Among mankind so few there are,
  Who will conform to philosophick fare.    Dryden

Confo'rmable, kon-for'ma-bl. adj. [from
   conform.]
1. Having the same form; using the same
   manners; agreeing either in exterior or
   moral characters; similar;  resembling.
    The Gentiles were not made confor-mable unto the
  Jews, in that which was to cease at the coming of
  Christ.                               Hooker.

2. It has   commonly to  before that Avith
   which  there is  agreement.
    He gives a reason conformable to the  principles.
                                   Arbuthnot.
3. Sometimes with, not improperly; but to
   is used  with the verb.
    The fragments of  Sappho give  us a taste of her
  way of writing, perfectly conformable with that cha-
  racter we find of her.         ^cfefison's Spectator.
4. Agreeable; suitable; not opposite; con-
   sistent.
    Nature is very consonant and conformable to her-
  self.                                 Newton.
    The productions  of  a great genius,  with many
  lapses, are preferable  to the works of an inferiour
  author, scrupulously exact,  and  conformable to  all
  toe rules of correct writing.              Addison.
5. Compliant; ready to  follow directions;
   submissive; peaceable; obsequious.
    I've been to you a true and humble wife,
  At all time to your will conformable.   Shakspeare.
    For all the kingdoms of the earth to yield them-
  selves willingly conformable, in whatever should be
  required,  it was toeir duty.              Hooker.
    Such delusions are reformed by a confor-mable de-
  votion, and the  well-tempered  zeal  of toe true
  Christian  spirit.                        Spratt.
Confo'rmably, k6n-for'ma-ble.crf-y.[from
   conformable] With conformity; agreea-
   bly; suitably: it has to.
    So a man observe the agreement of his own ima-
  ginations, and  talk conformably, it is all certainty.
                                       Locke.
    1 have treated of the sex conformably  to this de-
  finition.                              Addison,
Conformation,  kon-for-ma'shun. to.  *.
   [Fr. conformatio, Lat.]
1. The form of things, as relating to each
   other,  the  particular  texture  and  con-
   sistence of  the parts of a body, and their
   disposition to make a whole: as, light of
   different colours is refected from bodies. 
C ON
CON
(TON
  according to  their  different conforma-
  tion.
    Varieties are found in the different natural shapes
  of the mouth, and several conformations of the or-
  gans.                                 Holder.
    Where there happens to be such a structure and
  conformation of the earth, as that the fire may pass
  freely into these spiracles, it then readily gets out.
                     Woodward's Natural History.
2. The  act of producing  suitableness, or
   conformity, to any  thing: with to.
    Virtue and vice, sin and holiness, and the confor-
  mation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true
  religion and morality, are things of more conse-
  quence than toe furniture of understanding. Watts.
Confo'rmist,  kon-for'mist.   to.   s. [from
   conform.]  One "that complies  with the
   worship  ofthe church of England; not a
   dissenter.
     They were not both nonconformists, neither both
   conformists.                           Dunton.

Confo'rmity,  kon-for'me-te. «.  s.  [from
   conform.]
 1. Similitude;  resemblance;  the state  of
   having the  same character of  manners
   or  form.
     By the knowledge of truth,  and exercise of vir-
   tue, man, amongst the creatures  of this world, as-
   pireth  to the greatest conformity with God. Hooker.
              Judge not what is best
   By pleasure, though to nature  seeming meet;
   Created as  thou art to nobler end,
   Holy and pure, conformity divine!         Milton.
     Space and duration have a great conformity in
   this, toat they are justly reckoned amongst our sim-
   ple ideas.                              Locke.
     This metaphor would  not have been so general,
   had there not been a conformity between the mental
   taste and the sensitive taste.             Addison.
 2. It  has in some  authors with before  the
   model to which the conformity is made.
     The end of all religion is but to draw us to a con-
  formity with God.               Decay of Piety.
 3. In some to.
     We cannot be otherwise happy but by our  con-
  formity to God.                       Tillotson.
     Conformity in building to other civil nations, hath
   disposed us to let our old wooden dark houses fall to
   decay.                               Grawnt.
 4. Consistency.
     Many instances prove the confoi-mity  of the essay
   witli the notions of Hippocrates.       Arbuthnot.
 Conforta'tion,  kon-for-ta'shun.  «.  s.
    [from conforto, a low Latin word.] Col-
    lation of strength; corroboration.
     For corroboration and confortalion, take such bo-
   dies as are of astringent quality, without manifest
   cold.                                 Bacon.
 To CONFO'UND, k6n-found'. v. a. [con-
   fondre, Fr. confundo, Lat.]
 1. To mingle  things so  that their several
    forms or natures cannot be discerned.
     Let  us go down, and there confound their lan-
   guage, toat they may not understand one another's
   speech.                            Gen. xi. 7.
     Two planets rushing from aspect malign,
   Of fiercest opposition, in mid sky
   Should combat, and their jarring spheres confound.
                                        Milton.
 2. To  perplex; to compare  or  mention
   without  due  distinction.
     A fluid body  and a wetting liquor are  wont, be-
   cause they agree in many things, to be confounded.
                                         Boyle.
     They who strip not ideas from the marks men use
   for them, but confound them with words, must have
   endless dispute.                         Locke.
 3.  To disturb the  apprehension  by indis-
   tinct words or notions.
  I am yet to think, that men find their simple ideas
agree, though, in discourse, toey confound one an-
other with different names.                Locke.
4. To throw into consternation; to perplex;
  to terrify; to amaze; to astonish; to stu-
  pify.
    So spake the Son of God; and Satan stood
  A while as mute, confounded what to say.   Milton.
      Now with furies surrounded,
    Despairing, confounded,
    He trembles, he glows,
    Amidst Rhodope's snows.    Pope's St. Cecilia.
5. To destroy; to overthrow.
               The sweetest honey
  Is loathsome in its own deliciousness,
  And in the taste confounds the appetite.    Shaksp.
    The gods confound thee! dost thou hold there still ?
                                    Shakspeare,
    Let them be confounded in all their power and
  might, and let toeir strength be broken. Daniel, xxi.
    So deep a malice to confound toe race
  Of mankind in one root.                 Milton.
Confo'unded, kon-foun'ded.particip.adj.
  [from  confound.] Hateful; detestable;
  enormous; odious: a low cant word.
    A most confounded reason for his brutish concep-
  tion.                                   Grew.
      Sir, I have heard another story:
    He was a most confounded Tory;
    And grew, or he is much belied,
    Extremely dull before he died.           Sioift.
Confo'undedly,   kon-fovm'ded-le.   adv.
  [from confounded.]  Hatefully;  shame-
  fully: a low or ludicrous word.
    You  are confoundedly given to squirting up and
  down, and chattering.               L'Estrange.
    Thy speculations begin to smell  confoundedly of
  woods and meadows.         Addison's Spectator.
Confo'under, kon-fouu'dilr.  to. *. [from
   confound] He who disturbs, perplexes,
   terrifies, or destroys.
Confrate'rnity,  kon-fra-ter'ne-te. n.  s.
   [from con and jrat ernitas, Lat.] A bro-
   therhood; a body of men united for some
   religious purpose.
    We find days appointed to be kept, and a confra-
  ternity established for toat purpose, with the laws of
  it.                               Stillingfleet.
Confrica'tion,  kon-fre-ka'shun.  to.   s.
   [from con  and frico,  Lat.] The act  of
   rubbing against any thing.
    It hath been reported, that ivy hath grown out of
  a stag's horn; which they  suppose did rather come
  from a confrication of the horn upon the ivy, than
  from the horn itself.                     Bacon.
 To CONFRO'NT, kon-front'.  v. a. [con-
  fronter, Fr.]
 1. To stand against another in full view; to
   face.
    He spoke, and then confronts the bull;
  And on his ample forehead, aiming full,
  The deadly stroke descended.     Dryden's Virgil.'
 2. To stand  face to face, in opposition  to
   another.
    The East and  West churches  did both confront
  the Jews, and concur with them.          Hooker.
     Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd
         blows,
  Strength match'd with strength, and power confront-
       ed power.            Shakspeare's King John.
     Bellona's bridegroom, lapt in proof,
  Confronted him with self comparisons,
  Point against point rebellious, arm 'gainst arm.
                            Shakspeare's Macbeth.
 3. To oppose one  evidence to another in
   open courl
     We began  to  lay his unkindness  unto him: he
  seeing himself confronted by so many went not to
  denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.    Sidney.
4. To compare one thing with another.
    When I confront a medal with a  verse,  I only
  shew you the same design executed by different
  hands.                      Addison on Medals.
Confronta'tion,  kon-frdn-ta'shun.  to. *.
   [Fr.] The act of bringing two evidences
   face to face.
To CONFU'SE, kon-fuze'.  v. a. [confu-
   sus, Lat.]
1. To disorder; to disperse irregularly.
                   Thus roving on
  In confus'd march forlorn, the advent'rous bands
  View'd first their lamentable lot, and found
  No rest,                              JVJitfon.
2. To mfx, not separate.
     At length an universal hubbub wild,
  Of stunning sounds and voices all confus'd,
  Borne through the hollow dark, assaults his ear.
                                       Milton.
3. To perplex, not distinguish; to obscure.
     We may have a clear and distinct idea of the ex-
  istence of many things, though our ideas of their in-
  timate  essences and causes are very confus'd and
  obscure.                        Watts's Logick.
4. To hurry the mind.
     Confus'd and sadly she at length replies.  Pope.
Confu'sedly, kon-fu'zed-le.364achy.[from
   confused.]
1. In a  mixed mass; without separation.
     These four nations are every where mixed in the
  Scriptures, because they dwelt confusedly together.
                              Raleigh's History.
2. Indistinctly; one mingled with another.
     The inner court with horror, noise, and tears
   Confus'dly fill'd; toe women's shrieks and cries
  The arched vaults re-echo.             Denham,
     On mount Vesuvius next he fix'd his eyes,     *
  And saw the smoaking tops confus'dly rise;
  A hideous ruin!               Addison on Italy.
     I viewed through a prism,  and  saw them most
  confusedly defined, so that 1 could  not distinguish
  their smaller parts from one another.    Newton.
     Heroes and heroines shouts confus'dly rise,
   And base and treble voices strike the skies.  Pope.
3.  Not clearly; not plainly.
     He confusedly  and obscurely delivered his opi-
   nion.                              Cforencfon.
4.  Tumultously; hastily; not deliberate-
   ly; not exactly.
     The propriety of thoughts and words, which are
   the hidden  beauties of a play, are  but confusedly
  judged in the vehemence of action.       Dryden.
Confu'sedness,  kon-fu'zed-nes.366 to. s.
   [from confused.] Want of distinctness;
   want of clearness.
     Hitherunto these titles of honour carry a kind of
   confusedness, and rather betokened a successive of-
   fice than an established dignity.          Carew.
     The cause of the confusedness of our notions, next
   to natural inability, is want of attention.    Norris.
 Confu'sion, kon-fu'zhun. to. s. [from  con-
   fuse.]
 1. Irregular mixture; tumultuous medley.
     God, only wise, to punish pride of wit,
   Among men's wits hath this confusion wrought;
     As the proud tow'r, whose points the clouds did
         hit,
   By tongues confusion was to ruin brought.  Davies.
 2. Tumult; disorder.
     God is not  a God of sedition and confusion, but of
   order and of peace.      •       Hooker,  Preface.
     This is a happier and more comely time,
   Than when these fellows ran about the streets
   Crying confusion.        Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
 3. indistinct combination.
     The confusion of two different ideas,  which a
   customary connexion of them  in their minds hath
   made  to them almost one, fills tl.eir heads with false
   views, and their reasonings with false consequences.
                                         Locke. 
CON
C ON
CON
 4. Overthrow; destruction.
    The strength of toeir illusion,
  Shall draw him in to his confusion.    Shakspeare.
 5. Astonishment; distraction of mind; hur-
   ry of ideas.
    Confusion dwelt in ev'ry face,
  And fear in ev'ry heart,
    When waves on waves, and gulphs in gulphs,
  O'ercome the pilot's art.              Spectator.
 Confu'tarle, kon-fu'ta-bl. adj. [from con-
  fute.] Possibie to be disproved; possible
   to be  shewn  false.
    At the last day, that  inquisitor shall not present
  to God a bundle of calumnies, or confutable accu-
  sations; but will offer unto his omniscience a true
  list of our transgressions.               Brown.
 Confutation, kon-fu-ta'shtin. to. s. [con-
  futatio, Lat.] The  act of confuting; dis-
   proof.
    A confutation of atheism from the frame of the
  world.                               Bentley.
 To CONFU'TE, kon-fute'. v. a. [confuto,
   Lat.] To convict of errour or falsehood;
   to  disprove.
    He could on either side dispute;
   Confute, change hands,  and still confute. Hudibras.
    For a man  to doubt whether there be any hell,
  and thereupon to live as if there  were none, but,
  when he dies, to find himself confuted in the flames,
  must be the height of woe.               South.
 CO'NGE, kon-jee'.  to. *.  [conge, Fr.]
 1. Act of reverence;  bow; courtesy.
    The captain salutes you with congi profound,
  And your ladyship curt'sies half way to the ground.
                                       Swift.
 2. Leave; farewell.
    So courteous congi both did give and take,
  With right hands plighted, pledges of good-will.
                                 Fairy Q,ueen.
 To Co'nge,  kon-jee'. v.  to. [from  the
  noun.] To take leave.
    I  have congeed with toe duke, and done my adieu
  with his  nearest.                    Shakspeare.
 CO'JYGE D'ELIRE,  kon-je-de-leer'. is
  French; and signifies, in common  law,
  the king's permission  royal to a dean
   and chapter, in time of vacation, to chuse
  a bishop. The king, as sovereign patron
  of  all archbishopricks, bishopricks, and
  other  ecclesiastical  benefices, had,  in
  ancient times, the  free  appointment of
  all   ecclesiastical  dignities;  investing
  them first per baculum isf annulum, and
  afterwards  by his letters patent. In pro-
  cess of time he made the  election over
  to others, under certain  forms and con-
  ditions; as,  that  they  should,  at every
  vacation, before they chuse, demand of
  the king a conge d'elire, that is, licence
  to proceed  to  election.          Cowell.
    A woman, when she has made her  own choice,
  for form's sake, sends a conge" d'elire to her friends.
                                    Spectator.
Co'nge, k6n'jee. to. a. [In architecture.] A
  moulding in form of a quarter  round, or
  a cavetto, which serves to separate two
  members from one another: such is that
  which joins the shaft of the column to
  the cincture.                  Chambers.
 To CONGE'AL, kon-jeel'.  v. a. [conge-
  lo,  Lat.]
 1. To turn, by frost, from a fluid  to a solid
  state.
    What more miraculous thing may be told,
  Than ice, which is congeal'd with senseless cold,
  Should kindle fire by wonderful device?   Spenser.
            In whose capacious womb
  A vapoury deluge lies, to snow congeal'd, Thomson.
 2. To bind or fix, as by cold.
    Oh, gentlemen, see! see! dead Henry's wounds
  Open their congeal'd mouths, and bleed afresh.
                        Shakspeare's Richard III.
    Too much sadness hath congeaf'cf your blood.
                                  Shakspeare,
 To Conge'al, kon-jeel'. v. to. To concrete;
   to  gather into a mass by cold.
    In toe midst of molten lead, when it beginneth to
  congeal, make a little dent, into which put quicksil-
  ver  wrapt in linen, and it will fix and run no more,
  and endure the hammer.                Bacon.
    When water congeals, the surface of the ice is
  smooth and level, as the surface ofthe water was
  before.                      Burnet's Theory.
Conge'alment, kon-jeel'ment. n.a. [from
   congeal.]  The clot formed by congela-
   tion; concretion.
    Enter the city, clip your wives, your friends;
  Tell them your feats, whilst toey with joyful tears
  Wash the congealment from your wounds.  Shaksp.
Conge'lable, kon-jeel'a-bl.  adj.  [from
   congeal.]  Susceptible of  congelation;
   capable of losing its fluidity.
    The consistencies of bodies are very divers: dense,
  rare, tangible, pneumatical, fixed, hard, soft, conge-
  lable, not congelable, liquefiable, not liquefiable.
                                      Bacon.
    The chymists define salt, from some of its proper-
  ties, to be a body fixable in toe fire, and congelable
  again by cold into brittle glebes or crystals.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Congela'tion, kon-je-la'shtm. to. s. [from
   congeal]
 I. The act of turning  fluids to solids by
   cold.
    The capillary tubes are obstructed either by out-
  ward compression or congelation of the fluid.
                        Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    There are congelations of the redundant water,
  precipitations, and many other operations.
                             Arbuthnot on Air.
2. State of being  congealed, or made solid
  by  cold.
    Many waters and springs will never freeze;  and
  many parts in rivers and lakes, where there are mi-
  neral eruptions, will still persist without congelation.
                       Brown's Vulgar Er-rours.
CO'JVGENER,  kon-je'nur.s8 to. a. [Lat.]
   Ofthe same kind or nature.
    The cherry-tree has been often  grafted on the
  laurel, to which it is a congener.         Miller.
Conge'nerous, kon jen'er-rus. adj. [con-
  gener, Lat.] Of the same kind; arising
  from the same original.
    Those bodies, being of a congenerous nature, do
  readily receive the impressions of their nature.
                       Broicn's Vulgar Errours.
    From extreme and lasting colds proceeds a great
  run  of apoplexies, and other congenerous diseases.
                             Arbuthnot on Air.
Conge'nerousness,   kon-jen'eT-rus-nes.
  to.  s. [from congenerous.] The quality of
  being from the same original; belonging
  to  the  same class.                 Diet
CONGE'NIAL,  k6n-je'ne-al.  adj.  [con
  and genus, Lat.] Partaking of the same
   genius; kindred; cognate: in Swift it is
  followed by  with.
    He sprung, without any help, by a kind of cong-e-
  nial composure, as we may term it, to the likeness
  of our late sovereign and master.         Wotton.
    You look with pleasure on those things which are
  somewhat congenial,  and  of a remote kindred to
  your own conceptions.   Dryden's Dedicat. o/Juv.
    Smit with the love of sister arts we came,
  And met congenial, mingling flame with flame.
                                        Pope.
    He acquires a courage, and stiffness of opinion,
  not at all congeniaf with him.             Swift.
 Congenia'lity,  kon-je-ne-al'e-le.  to.  a.
   [from congenial]  Participation  of the
   same genius; cognation of mind;  or na-
   ture.
 Conge'nialness,  kon-je'ne-al-nes.  «. *.
   [from congenial.] Cognation.
 CoNGE'NiTEjkon-jen'nit.140 1B* adj. [con-
  genitus, Lat.]  Of the  same birth; born
  with another; connate; begotten togeth-
   er.
    Many conclusions of moral and intellectual truths
  seem, upon  this account, to be  congenite  with us,
  connatural to us, and engraven in the very frame of
  the soul.             Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    Did we learn an  alphabet in our embryo-state?
  And how comes it to pass,  that we are not aware of
  any such congenite apprehensions.      Glanville.
Co'nger, kong'jur.*09 to. s. [congrus, Lat.]
  The sea-eel.
    Many fish, whose shape  and  nature are much
  like the eel, frequent both  the sea and fresh rivers;
  as the mighty conger,  taken  often in the Severn.
                              Walton's A'ngler.
Conge'ries, kon-je're-es. to. s. [Lat.]  A
  mass of small bodies heaped up togeth-
  er.
    The air  is nothing but a congeries or heap of
  small, and for the most part of flexible, particles,
  of several sizes, and of all kinds of figures.  Boyle.
 To  CONGE'ST,kon-jest'. v. a. [congero,
  congestum, Lat.] To heap up; to gather
  together.
Conge'stible, kon-jest'e-bl.  adj.   [from
  congest.] That may be heaped up.
                                      Diet.
Congestion,  kon-jest'yun.464 to. s.  [con-
  gestio, Lat.] A  collection of matter; as
  in abscesses and  tumours.     Quincy.
    Congestion is then said to be  the cause of a tu-
  mour, when toe growth of  it is slow, and without
  pain.                             Wiseman.
Co'ngiary, kon'je-a-re.  to. s. [congiarium,
  from congius, a measure of corn, Lat.]
  A gift distributed to the Roman  people
  or soldiery originally in corn, afterwards
  in money.
    We see on them  the emperor  and general offi-
  cers, standing as they distributed a congiary to toe
  soldiers or people.                    Addison.
 To  CONGLA'CIATE, k&n-gla'she-ate.
  461 v. to. [conglaciatus, Lat.] To turn to
  ice.
    No  other  doth properly conglaciate  but water:
  for the determination of quicksilver  is  properly
  fixation, and toat of milk coagulation.
                      Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Conglacia'tion,  kong-gla-she-a'shfin.408
  to.  s. [from  conglaciate.]   The state of
  being  changed,  or  act  of changing,
  into ice.
    If crystal be a stone, it is concreted by a  mineral
  spirit, and lapidifical principles; for, while  it re-
  mained in a fluid body, it was a subject very unfit
  for proper conglaciation.                 Brown.
 To CO'NGLOBATE, kon-glo'bate. v. a.
   [conglobatus,   Lat.]  To gather   into a
  hard firm ball.
    The testicle, as is said, is one large conglobatd 
CON
CON
UUJN
  gland, consisting  of soft fibres, all in one convolu-
  tion.                                  GVeic.
Co'nglobate, k6n-gl6'bate.91 adj. [from
  the  verb.] Moulded into a firm ball;  of
  which the fibres  are not distinctly visi-
  ble.
    Fluids are separated from the blood in the liver,
  and the other conglobate and conglomerate glands.
                 Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
Co'nglobately,   k6n-glo'bate-le.   adv.
  [from conglobate.] In a spherical form.
                                       Diet.
Conglob v'tion, kong-gl6-ba.'shun.4"8 to. *.
  [from conglobate.]  A round body; col-
   lection into a round  mass.
     In this spawn are discerned many specks, or little
  conglobations, which in time become black. Brown.
 To  Conglo'be, kong-globe'. v.  a.  [con-
   globo, Lat.]   To gather into a round
   mass; to  consolidate in a ball.
             Then he founded, then conglob'd
  Like things  to like.                   Milton.
            For all their centre found,
  Hung to the goddess,  and coher'd around:
  Not  closer, orb in orb conglob'd, are seen
  The buzzing bees about their dusky queen.  Pope.
 To Conglo'be, kon-giobe'. v. to. To coa-
   lesce into a round mass.
                  Thither they
   Hasted with glad precipitance, up-roll'd
   As drops on dust conglobing from the dry- Milton.
 To CONGLOMERATE, kon-glom'er-
   ate. v. a. [conglomero,  Lat.]  To gather
   into a ball,  like  a ball of thread;  to in-
   weave  into a round mass.
     The liver is one great conglomerated gland, com-
   posed of innumerable small glands, each of which
   consisteth of soft fibres,  in  a distinct or separate
   convolution.                Grew's Cosmologia.
 Conglomerate,  kon-glom'er-ate.91  adj.
    [from the verb.]
 1. Gathered into  a round ball, so as  that
    the constituent parts and  fibres are dis-
    tinct.
     Fluids  are separated in the liver,  and the other
   conglobate and conglomerate glands.       Cheyne.
 2. Collected; twisted together.
     The beams of light, when they are  multiplied
   and conglomerate, generate heat.         Bacon.
 Conglomeration,  kon-glom-er-a'shun.
    to. s. [from conglomerate.]
  1. Collection of matter into a loose ball.
 2. Intertexture; mixture.
     The multiplication and conglomeration of sounds
   doth generate rarefaction of the air.       Bacon.
  7'oCONGLU'TINATE,k6n-glu'te-nate.
    v. a. [conglutino, Lat.]  To cement; to
    reunite; to heal wounds.
  To Conglu'tinate, kon-glu'te-nate.  v. to.
    To coalesce; to  unite  by the interven-
    tion of a callus.
 Conglutina'tion,    k6n-glu-te-na'shun.
    to.  s. [from  conglutinate]  The  act of
    uniting wounded bodies; re-union; heal-
ing.
    The cause is a temperate conglutination; for both
  bodies are clammy and viscous, and do bridle the
  deflux of humours to the hurts.            Bacon.
    To this elongation of the fibres is owing toe uni-
  on or conglutination of parts separated by a wound.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Conglu'tinative,    kon glu'te-na-tlv91
   adj. [from  conglutinate.]   Having the
   power of uniting wounds.
Congi.utina'tor,' kon-glu'te-na-tur.B2°l66
  n. s. [from  conglutinate.]  That which
   has the power of uniting wounds.
    The osteocolla is recommended as a conglutina-
  tor of broken bones.                Woodward.
Congra'tulant, kon-gratsh'u-lant.461 adj.
  [from congratulated] Rejoicing in par-
  ticipation;  expressing  participation  of
  another's joy.
    Forth rush'd in haste the great consulting peers,
  Rais'd from the dark divan, and with like joy
  Congratulant approach'd him.           Milton.
 To CONGRA'TULATE,  k&n-gratsh'u-
   late.461 v. a. [gratulor, Lat.]
 I. To compliment upon any happy event;
   to express joy for the  good of another.
    I congratulate our English tongue, that it has been
  enriched with words from all our neighbours. Watts.
 2. It has sometimes the accusative  case of
   the cause of joy, and to before the per-
   son.
    An ecclesiastical union within yourselves, I am
  rather ready to congratulate to you.        Spratt.
    The subjects of England may congratulate to them-
  selves, that toe nature of our government, and the
  clemency of our king, secure us.         Dryden.
 To Congra'tulate, kon-gratsh'u-late.461
   v. to. To rejoice in participation.
     I cannot but congratulate with my country, which
  hath outdone all Europe in advancing conversation.
                                       Sioift.
 Congratulation,  kon-gratsh-u-la'shun.
   463 to. s.  [from congratulate.]
 1. The act of professing  joy for the hap-
   piness or success of another.
    The form in which joy for the happi-
   ness of another is professed.
 Congra'tulatory, kon-gratsh'u-la-tur-e.
   613 adj.  [from congratulate.]  Expres-
   sing joy for the good fortune of another.
 To Congre'e, kon-gre'. v. to. [from gre,
   Fr.]  To agree; to accord;  to  join;  to
   unite. Not in use.
               For government,
   Put into parts, doth keep in one concent,
   Congr-eeing in a full and natural close.    Shaksp.
 To  Congre'et, kon-greet'.  v.  to.  [from
   con and greet] To salute reciprocally.
    Not in use.
         My office hath so far  prevail'd,
   That face to face, and royal eye to eye,
   You have congreeted.          Shaksp.  Henry V.
  To  CO'NGREGATE,  kong'gre-gate.408
    v.a. [congrego, Lat.] To collect togeth-
    er; to assemble; to bring into one  place.
     Any multitude of Christian men congregated, may
   be termed by  the name of a church.      Hooker.
     These waters were afterwards congregated, and
   called the sea.    Raleigh's History of the World.
     Tempests themselves, high seas, and  howling
         winds,
   The gutter'd rocks and congregated sands,
   As having sense of beauty, do omit
   Their mortal natures.               Shakspeare.
     The dry land, earth; and the great receptacle
   Of congregated waters, he call'd seas;
   And saw that it was good.     Milton's Par. Lost.
      Heat congregates homogeneal bodies, and sepa-
   rates heterogeneal ones.                Newton.
      Light, congregated by a burning glass, acts most
   upon sulphureous bodies, to turn them into fire.
                                      Newton.
  To Co'ngregate, kong'gre-gate.  v. to. To
    assemble; to meet; to gather together.
                       He  rails,
   Ev'n there where merchants most do congregate,
   On me, my bargains.                   Shaksp,
    'Tis tree (as the old proverb doth relate)
  Equals ivith equals often congregate.     Denham.
Co'ngregate, kong'gre-gate.91 adj. [from
  the  verb.]  Collected; compact.
    Where  the matter is most congregate, the cold is
  the greater.                          Bacon.
Congreg v'tion, kong-gre-ga'shun.408 n.s.
  [from congregate.]
1. The act of collecting.
    The means of reduction by the fire, is but by
  congregation of homogeneal parts.         Bacon.
2. A  collection; a mass of various parts
  brought together.
    This  brave o'erhanging firmament appears no
  other thing to me, than a foul and  pestilent congre-
  gation of vapours.                  Shakspeare.
3. An assembly met  to  worship God in
  publick, and hear doctrine.
    The words which the minister first pronounceth,
  the whole congregation shall repeat after him.
                                     Hooker.
    The practice of those  that prefer houses before
  churches, and a conventicle before the congregation.
                                      South.
    If those preachers, who abound in epiphonemas,
  would look about them,  they would find part of
  their congregation out of countenance, and the other
  asleep.                               Swift.
CoNGREGA'TioNAL,k6ng-gre-ga'shtin-nuI.
   88 adj.  [from  congregation]   Publick;
   pertaining  to a congregation or  assem-
   bly.  It is a word used of such Chris-
   tians as hold  every congregation to be
   a separate and independent church.
CO'NGRESS,  kong'gres.408  to.  *. [con-
   gressus, Lat.]
 I.  A  meeting; a shock; a conflict.
    Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;
  Their congress in the field great Jove withstands,
  Both doom'd to fall, but fall by greater hands.
                                Dryd. JEneid.
    From these laws may be deduced the rules of the
  congresses and reflections of two bodies.    Cheyne.
 2. An appointed meeting for settlement of
   affairs  between different nations: as, the
   congress of Cambray.
 Congre'ssive,  kon-gres'siv.  adj. [from
   congress.]    Meeting;   encountering;
   coming together.
     If it be understood of sexes conjoined, all plants
   are female; and if of disjoined and congressive gene-
   ration, there is no male or female in them. Broivn.
 To CONGRU'E, kong-gm'. v. to. [from
    congruo, Lat.]  To agree; to be  consist-
   ent with; to suit; to be agreeable.  Not
   in use.
     Our sovereign process  imports at full,
   By letters congruing to that effect,
   The present death of Hamlet.        Shakspeare.
 Congru'ence,  kong'gru-ense.408  to.  s
    [congruentia,  Lat.] Agreement;  suita-
    bleness of one  thing to  another;  con-
    sistency.
 Congru'ent, kong'gru-ent. adj. [congru-
    ens, Lat.]  Agreeing; correspondent.
     These planes were so separated as to move upon
   a common side of the congruent squares, as an axis.
                        Cheyne's Philo. Principles.
 Congru'ity, kon-gru'e-te.408  to. s. [from
    congrue.]
  I.  Suitableness; agreeableness.
      Congruity of opinions to our natural constitution,
   is one great incentive to their reception.  Glanville.
  2. Fitness; pertinence.
     A whole  sentence may fail  of its congruity by
   wanting one particle.                   Sidney. 
CON
CON
CON
 3. Consequence of argument; reason; con-
   sistency.
     With what congruity doth the church of Rome
  deny, that her enemies do at all appertain to the
  church of Christ?                     Hooker.
 4.  [In geometry.] Figures or  lines which
   exactly correspond, when laid over one
   another, are in congruity.
 Co'ngrument, kong'gru-inent. to. «. [from
   congrue.] Fitness; adaptation. Not in use.
     The cong-rumenf and harmonious fitting of peri-
  ods in a sentence, hath  almost the fastening and
  force of knitting and connexion.       Ben Jonson.
 Co'ngruous, kong'gru-ils. adj.  [congru-
   us, Lat.]
 I.  Agreeable to; consistent with.
     The existence of God is so many  ways manifest,
   and toe obedience we owe him so congruous to the
   light of reason, that a great part of mankind give
  testimony to the law of nature.            Locke.
 2.  Suitable to; accommodated to; propor-
   tionate or commensurate.
     The faculty is infinite, the object infinite,  and
  they infinitely congruous to one another.  Cheyne.
 3.  Rational;  fit-
     Motives that address  themselves to our reason,
  are fittest to be employed upon reasonable crea-
  tures: it is no ways congruous, that God should be
  always frightening  men into an acknowledgment of
  the truth.                           Atterbuiy.
 Co'ngruously,    kong'gru-ils-le.   adv.
   [from congruous.] Suitably; pertinently;
   consistently.
     This conjecture  is to be regarded, because, con-
  gruously unto  it, one having warmed toe bladder,
  found it then lighter than the opposite weight. Boyle.
 Co'nical, k6n'e-kal. > eos 837 adj. [conicus,
 Co'nick, kon'ik.     5  Lat.] Having the
   form of a cone,  or round decreasing.
      Tow'ring firs in  conick forms arise,
  And with a pointed spear divide the  skies.  Prior.
    A brown flint of a conick figure: the  basis is ob-
  long.                              Woodward.
    They are conical vessels, with their bases towards
  the heart; and, as they pass on, their diameters grow
  still less.                           Arbuthnot.
 Co'nically,  kon'e-ka!-e.  adv.  [from  co-
  nical.]  In form of a cone.
    In a watering pot, shaped conically, or like a
  sugar-loaf, filled with water, no liquor falls through
  the holes at the bottom, whilst toe gardener keeps
  his thumb upon the orifice at the top.      Boyle.
 Co'nicalness, kon'e-kal-nes.  to. s. [from
  conical.] The  state  or  quality of being
  conical.
 Conick Section,  kon'ik-sek'shfin. to.  s. A
  curve line  arising from the  section of a
  cone by a  plane.
 Conick Sections, kon'ik-seVshunz. 7 n  s
 Co'nioks, kon'iks.                   5
  That  part of geometry which considers
  the cone, and the curves arising from its
  sections.

 To  CONJE'CT, kon-jekt'. v. to.  [conjec-
  tum,  Lat.]  To  guess;  to  conjecture.
  Not in use.
              I intreat you then,
  From one that but imperfectly conjects,
  Your wisdom would not build yourself a trouble.
                                   Shakspeare.
Conje'ctor,  kon-jek'tilr.166 to.  s. [from
  conjcct.] A iruesser; a conjecturer.
    For so conjectors would obtrude,
  And from thy painted skin conclude.        Swift.
Conje -uturable,   k6n-jek'tshu-ra-bl.4fU
  adj. [from conjecture.] Being the object
      VOL. 1.
   of conjecture; possible to be guessed.
Conje'ctural,   kon-jek'tshu-ral.   adj.
   [from  conjecture] Depending on  con-
   jecture; said or done by guess.
    They'll sit by th' fire, and presume to know
  Who thrives and who declines, side factions, and
        give out
  Conjectural marriages.              Shakspeare.
    Thou speak'st it falsely, as I love mine honour,
  And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me. Shak.
    It were a matter of great profit, save that I  doubt
  it is too  conjectural to venture upon, if one  could
  discern what corn, herbs, or fruits, are likely to be
  in plenty or scarcity.                   Bacon.
    The two last words are not in Callimachus, and
  consequently the rest are only conjectural.  Broome.
Conjectura'lity,   kon-jek-tshu-ral'e-te.
   to.  s. [from conjectural]  That which
   depends upon guess.
    They have not recurred unto  chronology, or the
  records of time, but taken toemselves unto proba-
  bilities, and the conjecturality of philosophy. Brown.
Conje'cturally, kon-jek'tshu-ral-e. adv.
   [from  conjectural] By  guess; by  con-
   jecture.
    Whatsoever  may be at any  time, out of Scrip-
  ture, but probably and conjecturally surmised.
                                     Hooker.
    Let it  be probably, not conjecturally, proved.
                                      Maine.
Conje'cture,  kon-jek'tshure.461   to.  s.
   [conjectura, Lat.]
1. Guess;  imperfect knowledge;  prepon-
   deration of opinion without proof.
    In toe casting of lots, a man cannot, upon any
  ground of reason, bring the event so much as under
  conjecture.                            South.
2. Idea;  notion; conception.   Not now in
   use.
    Now entertain  conjecture of a time,
  When creeping murmur, and the poring dark,
  Fills the wide vessel of the universe.     Shaksp.
To Conje'cture, kon-jek'tshure.481 v. a.
   [from  the noun.]  To guess; to judge by
   guess; to entertain an opinion upon  bare
   probability.
    When we look upon such things as equally may
  or may not be,  human reason can then, at the best,
  but conjecture what will be.              South.
Conje'oturer,  kon-jek'tshur-u.r.  to.  s.
   [from  conjecture.] A  guesser; one  who
   forms  opinion without proof.
    If we should believe very grave conjecturers, car-
  nivorous  animals now were not flesh devourers then.
                                      Brown.
    I shall leave conjecturers to toeir own imagina-
  tions.                               Addison.
Coni'ferous, ko-nif'e-rus. adj. [conus and
  fero, Lat.]
    Such trees or  herbs are  coniferous, as bear a
  squamose scaly fruit, of a woody substance, and a
  figure  approaching to  a cone, in which are  many
  seeds; and when they are ripe, the  several cells in
  the cone  open,  and the seeds drop out. Of this kind
  are the fir, pine, and beach.             Quincy.
To Conjo'bble, kon-job'bl.  v.  a.  [from
   con,  together, and jobbernol, the head.]
   To concert; to settle;  to discuss. A low
   cant word.
    What  would a body think of a minister that
  should conjobble matters of state with tumblers, and
  confer politicks with tinkers?         L'Estrange.

To CONJO'IN, kon-join'. v. a. [conjoin-
   dre, Fr.  conjungo, Lat.]
1. To unite:  to consolidate into one.
    Thou wroug'st Pirithous, and not him alone;
  But, while I live,  two friends conjoin'd in one.
                                     Dryden.

                   3d
2. To unite in marriage.
    If either of you know any inward impediment,
  Why you should not be conjoin'd, I charge
  You on your souls to utter it.         Shakspeare.
3. To associate; to connect.
    Common and universal  spirits  convey the ac-
  tion of the remedy into the part, and conjoin the
  virtue of bodies far di^Joi.jed            Brown.
    Men of differing interests can be reconciled in
  one communion; at least, the designs of all can be
  conjoined  in ligatures of the same reverence, and
  piety, and devotion.                     Taylor.
    Let that which he learns next  be nearly con-
  joined with what he knows already.        Locke.
To Conjo'in, kon-join'. v. n. To league;
   to unite.
               This part of his
  Conjoins with my disease, and helps to end me.
                        Shakspeare's Henry IV.
Conjo'int, kon-joint'. adj.  [conjoint,  Fr.]
   United;  connected; associate.
Conjoint  Degrees,  kon-j6int'. [In   mu-
   sick.]   Two notes which  immediately
   follow  each other, in the order of the
   scale;  as ut and re.                Diet.
Conjo'intly,   kon-joint'le.  adv.  [from
   conjoint.]   In union; together;  in asso-
   ciation; jointly; not apart.
    A gioss and frequent error, commonly committed
  in  the use of doubtful  remedies, conjointly with
  those that  are of approved virtues.        Brown.
    The parts of the body, separately, make known
  the passions of the soul, or else conjointly one with
  the other.                            Dryden.
Co'nisor, kon'ne-sdr. See Cognisor.
CO'NJUGAL, kon'ju-gal. adj. [conjuga-
   lis,  Lat.]   Matrimonial;  belonging  to
   marriage;  connubial.
    Their conjugal affection still is tied,
  And still the mournful race is multiplied.  Dryden.
    I could not forbear commending the young wo-
  man for her conjugal affection, when I found that
  she had  left the good man at home.     Spectator.
    He mark'd the conjugal dispute;
  Nell roar'd incessant, Dick sat mute.       Swift.
Co'njugally,  kon'ju-gal-e.  adv.  [from
   conjugal.]  Matrimonially; connubially.
To Co'njugate, kon'ju-gate.91 v.a. [con-
  jugo, Lat.]
1. To join; to join in marriage; to unite.
    Those drawing as well marriage as wardship, gave
  him both  power and  occasion to conjugate at plea-
  sure the Norman and the Saxon houses.   Wotton.
2. To inflect verbs;to decline verbs through
   their various terminations.
Co'njugate, kon'ju-gate. to. s. [conjuga-
   tus, Lat.]   Agreeing  in derivation  with
   another  word, and therefore generally
   resembling in signification.
    His grammatical argument, grounded  upon  toe
  derivation of spontaneous from  sponte,  weighs no-
  thing: we have learned in logick, that  conjugates
  are sometimes in name only, and not in deed.
                    BramhalVs Answer to Hobbes.
Co'njugate  Diameter, or Axis,  kci/ju-
   gate.  [In  geometry.] A right  line bi-
   secting the transverse diameter.
                                 Chambers.
Conjugation, kon-jti-ga'shun. to. s. [con-
  jugate, Lat.]
1. A couple;  a ;,r-ir.
    The heart is so far from affording nerves unto
  other parts, that it receiveth very fi w itself from the
  sixth conjugation or pair of nerves. Brown's V. Err.
2. The act of uniting or compiling things
   together.
    The general and  indefinite contemplations and 
CON
CON
CON
  notions of the elements, and their conjugations, are
  to be set aside, being but notional,  and  illimited
  and definite axioms are to be drawn out of measur-
  ed instances.                           Bacon.
    All  the various mixtures and  conjugations of
  atoms do beget nothing.       Bentley's Sermons.
3. The  form of inflecting verbs through
   their series of terminations.
    Have those who have writ so much about declen-
  sions and conjugations, about concords and syntaxes,
  lost their labour, and been learned to no purpose ?
                                        Locke.
4. Union; assemblage.
    The supper of toe Lord is the most sacred, mys-
   terious and useful conjugation of secret  and  holy
   things and duties.                      Taylor.
CONJU'NCT, kon-junkt'. adj. [conjunct-
   us, Lat.] Conjoined; concurrent; united.
   Not in use.
    It pleas'd the  king his master to strike at me,
   When he, conjunct and flatt'ring his displeasure,
   Tript me behind.        Shakspeare's King Lear.
Conjunction, kon-ju.nk'shun. to. s. [con-
   junctio, Lat.]
 1. Union; association; league.
     With our small conjunction we should on,
   To see how fortune is dispos'd to us.   Shakspeare.
     He will unite the white rose and the red;
   Smile, heaven, upon his fair conjunction,
   That long hath frown'd upon their enmity. Shaksp.
     The treaty gave abroad  a reputation of a strict
   conjunction and amity between toem.      Bacon.
     Man can effect no great matter by his personal
   strength, but as he acts in society and conjunction
   ivith others.                            Soufft,
     An  invisible hand from heaven mingles hearts
   and souls by strange, secret, and unaccountable con-
   junctions.                             South.
2. The congress of two planets in the same
    degree of the zodiack, where they  are
    supposed to have great power and influ-
    ence.
     God, neither  by drawing waters from  the deep,
   nor by any  conjunction of the stars, should  bury
   them under a second flood.              Raleigh.
     Has not a poet more virtues and vices within his
   circle? Cannot he observe their influences in  their
   oppositions  and conjunctions,  in their altitudes and
   depressions? He shall sooner find ink than nature
   exhausted.         Rymer's Tragedies of last Age.
     Pompey and Ca?sar were two stars of such a mag-
   nitude, that their conjunction  was as fatal as their
   opposition.                             Swift.
 3. A word made use of to connect the clau-
    ses  of a period together, and to signify
    their relation to one another.    Clarke.

 Conjunctive,  kon-junk'tiv. adj.  [con-
   junctivus, Lat.]
 1. Closely  united   A sense not in  use.
     She 's so conjunctive to my life and soul,
   That as the star moves not but in his sphere,
   I could not but by her.              Shakspeare.
 2. [In grammar.]  The mood of  a verb,
    used subsequently to a conjunction.
 Conju'nctively,  kon-junk'tiv-le.   adv.
    [from conjunctive.] In  union; not apart.
     These are good mediums  conjunctively taken,
   that is, not one without the other. Brown's V. Err.
Conju'nctiveness, kon-junk'tiv-nes. to. s.
   [from conjunctive.] The quality of join-
   ing  or uniting.
Conjunctly,  kon-junkt'le.  adv. [from
   conjunct.] Jointly; together; not apart.
Conjuncture,  kon-junk'tshure.   «.  *.
   [conjoncture, Fr.]
1. Combination of many circumstances, or
   causes.
    I never met with a more unhappy conjuncture of
  affairs than in the business of that earl.
                                King  Charles.
    Every virtue requires  time and place, a proper
  object, and a fit conjuncture of circumstances.
                            Addison's Spectator.
2. Occasion; critical time.
    Such censures always attend such ccmjwnctMres,
  and find fault for what is not done,  as with that
  which is done.                       Clarendon.
3. Mode of union; connexion.
    He is quick to perceive the motions of  articula-
  tion,  and conjunctures of letters in words.  Holder.
4. Consistency.
    I was willing to grant to  presbytery what with
  reason it can pretend to in a conjuncture with epis-
  copacy.                         King Charles.
Conjura'tion, kon-ju-ra'shfin. to. s. [from
   conjure.]
1. The  form or act of summoning another
   in some sacred name.
    We charge you, in the name of God, take heed:
  Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shakspeare.
2. A magical  form of words; an incanta-
   tion:  an enchantment.
    Your conjuration, fair knight, is too strong for my
  poor spirit to disobey.                   Sidney.
                 What drugs, what charms,
  What conjuration, and what  mighty magick,
  For such proceeding I am charg'd withal,
  I won his daughter with?     Shakspeare's Othello.
3.  A  plot;  a conspiracy.               Diet.
 To CONJU'RE, kon-jure'. v.a. [conjuro,
   Lat.]
 1. To summon in  a  sacred name; to en-
   join with the highest  solemnity.
    He  concluded with sighs and  tears to conjure
  them, that they would no more press him to consent
  to a  thing so contrary to his reason.    Clarendon.
    The church may address her sons in the form St.
  Paul does the  Philippians, when he conjures them
   to unity.                       Decay  of Piety.
               I conjure you! Let him know,
  Whate'er was done against him, Cato did  it. Addis.
2. To bind  many by an oath to  some com-
   mon  design. This sense is rare.
             He, in proud rebellious arms,
   Drew after  him the third part of heav'n's sons,
   Conjur'd against the Highest.  Milton's Par. Lost.
3. To influence  by magick;  to affect by
   enchantment; to charm.
     What black magician conjures up this fiend,
   To stop devoted charitable deeds?      Shakspeare.
                 What is he, whose griefs
   Bear such an emphasis? whose phrase of sorrow
   Conjures toe wand'ring stars, and makes them stand
   Like wonder-wounded hearers?        Shakspeare.
     I  thought their own fears, whose black arts first
   raised  up those turbulent spirits, would force them
   to conjure them down again.        King Charles.
     You have conjured up persons that exist no where
   else  but on  old coins, and have made our passions
   and  virtues  visible.    Addison on Ancient Medals.
 4.  It is  to be observed, that when  this word
   is used for summon or conspire,  its ac-
   cent  is  on  the  last syllable,  conjure;
   when for charm, on the first, conjure.
 To Co'njure, kiin'jur.49s v.n. To practise
   charms or  enchantments: to enchant.
     My invocation is honest and fair; and in his mis-
   tress's  name I conjure only but to raise  up him.
                    Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliet.
     Out of my door, you witch! you hag, you baggage,
  youpoulcat, you runaway! Out, out, out! I'll conjure
  you, I'll fortunetell you!              Shakspeare.
Co'njurer, kun'jur-ilr.166 n.s. [from con-
   jure.]
 1.  An enchanter;  one that uses charms.
     Good Doctor Pinch, you are a conjurer:
 Establish him in his true sense again.  Shakspeare.
               Figures in the book
 Of some dread conjurer, toat would enforce nature.
                                      Donne.
    Thus has he done you British consorts right,
 Whose husbands, should they pry like mine to-night,
 Would never find you in your conduct slipping,
 Though they turn'd conjurers to take you tripping.
                                     Addison.
2.  An imposture who pretends to secret
   arts; a cunning man.
    From the account the loser brings,
  The conj'rer knows who stole the things.   Prior.
3.  By way of irony,  a  man of shrewd con-
   jecture; a man of sagacity.
    Though ants are very knowing,  I don't take them
  to be conjurers; and therefore they could not guess
  that I had put some corn in that room.    Addison.
Conju'rement, kon-jure'ment. to. s. [from
   conjure.] Serious injunction; solemn de-
   mand.
    I should not be induced but by your earnest in-
  treaties and serious conjurements.         Milton.
Conna'scence,  kon-nas'sense. to. a.  [con
   and nascor, Lat.]
 1. Common birth; production  at the same
   time; community of birth.
2. Being produced  together with another
   being.
    Christians  have baptised these geminous births
   and double connascencies, as containing in them a
   distinction of soul.           Brown's Vulg. Err.
3. The  act of uniting or growing together
   improperly.
    Symphasis denotes a connascence, or growing to-
   gether.                             Wiseman.
Conna'te, kon-nate'.91 adj. [from con and
   natus, Lat.]  Born  with another; being
   of the same birth.
    Many, who deny all  connate notions in the specu-
   lative intellect, do yet admit them in this.   South.
    Their dispositions to be reflected, some at a great-
   er, and others at a less thickness, of thin plates or
   bubbles, are connate with the rays, and immutable.
                              Newton's Opticks.
Conna'tural, kon-natsh'u-ral.461 adj. [con
   and natural.]
 1. United with the being; connected by na-
   ture.
    First in man's mind we find an appetite
 ;?  To learn and know the truth of ev'ry thing;
   Which is connatural, and born with it.    Davies.
     These affections are connatural to us, and as we
   grow up, so do they.                 L'Estrange.
 2. Participation of the same nature.
             Is there no way, besides
   These  painful passages, how we may come
   To death, and mix with our connatural dust?  Milt.
               Whatever draws me on,
   Or sympathy, or some connatural force,
   Pow'rful at greatest distance to unite
   With secret amity.           .Afiffon's Par. Lost.
 Connatura'lity,   kon-natsh-u-ral'e-te.462
    to. s.  [from connatural.] Participation of
    the same nature; natural  inseparability.
     There  is a connaturality and  congruity between
   that knowledge and those habits,  and that future es-
   tate of the soul.                         Hale.
 Conna'turally, kon-natsh'u-ral-e.  adv.
    [from connatural]   In  coexistence with
    nature; originally.
     Some common notions seem connaturally engra-
   ven in  the soul, antecedently to discussive ratiocina-
   tion.                                  Hale.
 Conna'turalness, kon-natsh'u-ral-nes. to.
    s. [from  connatural.]   Participation of
    the same nature; natural  union.
     Such is the connaturalness of our corruptions, ex- 
C ON
CON
CON
  cept we looked for an account hereafter.  Pearson.
 To CONNE'CT, kon-nekt'. v. a. [connec-
   to, Lat.]
 1. To join; to link; to unite; to conjoin; to
   fasten  together.
    The corpuscles that constitute toe quicksilver will
  be so connected to one another, that, instead of a flu-
  id body,  they will appear in the form of a red pow-
  der.                                  Boyle.
 2. To unite  by intervention, as a cement.
    The natural order of the connecting  ideas must
  direct the syllogisms; and a man must see the con-
  nection of each intermediate idea with those that it
  connects, before he can use it in a syllogism.   Locke.
 3. To join in a just series  of thought, or
   regular construction  of  language:  as,
   the author connects his reasons well.

 To Conne'ct, kon-nekt'. v. n. To cohere;
   to have just relation to things precedent
   and subsequent.  This is seldom  used
   but in conversation.

 Conne'otively,    kon-nek'tiv-le.   adv.
   [from connect.]   In conjunction; in  un-
   ion; jointly; conjointly; conjunctly.
     The  people's power is great and indisputable,
  whenever they can unite connectively, or by deputa-
  tion, to exert it.                         Swift.

 To Conne'x, kon-neks'. v. a. [connexum,
   Lat.]  To join or link together; to fasten
   to each other.
    Those birds who are taught some words  or  sen-
  tences,  cannot connex their words or sentences in
  coherence with the matter which they signify. Hale.
                       They fly,
  By chains connex'd, and with destructive sweep
  Behead whole troops at once.            Philips.

 CoNNE'xioN,k6n-nek'sbiAn.TO. s. [from con-
   nex, or connexio, Lat.]
 1. Union; junction;  the act of fastening to-
   gether; the state of being fastened  toge-
   ther.
    My heart, which by a secret harmony
  Still moves with thine, join'd in connexion sweet.
                                      Milton.
    There must be a future state, where toe eternal
  and inseparable connexion between virtue and hap-
  piness shall be manifested.            Atterbury.
 2. Just relation to something precedent or
   subsequent; consequence of argumenta-
  tion; coherence.
    Contemplation of human nature doth,  by a neces-
  sary connexion and chain of causes, carry us up to
  the Deity.                              Hale.
    Each intermediate idea must be such as,  in the
  whole chain, hath a visible connexion with those two
  it is placed between.                     Locke.
    A conscious, wise, reflecting cause,
  That can deliberate, means elect, and find
  Their due connexion with the end design'd. Blackm.
 Conne'xive, kon-neks'iv. adj. [from con-
  nex.]  Having the  force of connexion;
  conjunctive.
    The predicate and subject are joined in a form of
  words by connexive particles.       Watt's Logick.
 Connicta'tion,  kon-nik-ta'shun.  to.   s.
  [from  connicto, Lat.]  A winking.  Diet.
Conni'vance, kon-ni'vanse.  to.  s. [from
  connive.]
 1. The act of winking. Not in use.
2. Voluntary blindness; pretended   igno-
  rance; forbearance.
    It is better to mitigate  usury by declaration than
  to suffer  it to rage by cow;iiuance.         Bacon.
    Disobedience, having gained one degree of liber-
  ty, will demand another: every vice interprets a con-
  nivance, an approbation.                  Soufft.
    A connivance to admit half, will produce ruin.
                                       Swift.
To CONNI'VE, kon-nive'.v.n. [conniveo,
   Lat.]
1. To wink-
    This artist is to teach them how to nod judicious-
  ly, to connive with either eye.          Spectator.
2. To pretend blindness or  ignorance;  to
   forbear;  to pass uncensured.
    The licentiousness of inferiours, and the remiss-
  ness of superiours,  the one violates, and toe other
  connives.                      Decay of Piety.
    With whatever colours he persuades authority to
  connive at his own vices, he will desire its protec-
  tion from the effects of other men's.       Rogers.
    He thinks it a scandal to government to connive
  at such tracts as reject all revelation.       Swift.
CONJVOISSE' UR, ko-nes-sare'. n.a. [Fr.]
   A judge; a critick.  It is often used of a
   pretended critick.
    Your lesson learnt, you'll be secure
  To get the name of connoisseur.           Swift.
To  CO'NNOTATE,  kon'no-tate. v.  a.
   [con and nota, Lat.] To designate some-
   thing besides itself; to imply; to infer.
    God's foreseeing doth not include or connotate
  pre-determining, any more than  I decree with  my
  intellect.                          Hammond.
Connota'tion, kon-no-ta'shun. to. s. [from
   connotate.]  Implication  of something
   besides itself;  inference; illation.
    By reason of the co-existence  of one  thing with
  another, there ariseth a various relation or connota-
  tion between them.     Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    Plato by his ideas means only the divine essence
  with this connotation, as it is variously imitable or
  participate by created beings.           Norris.
To Conno'te, kon-n6te'. v. a. [con and
   nota, Lat.]  To imply; to betoken; to in-
   clude.
    Good, in the general notion of  it, connotes also a
  certain suitableness of it to some other thing.  South.
Connu'bial, kon-nu'be-al. adj. [connubia-
   lis,  Lat.]  Matrimonial; nuptial; pertain-
   ing to marriage; conjugal.
    Should second love a pleasing flame inspire,
  And the chaste queen connubial rites require. Pope.
CO'NOID, ko'noid.  to. s.  [x.<wvee/<J*s.]  A
   figure partaking of a cone; approaching
   to the form of a cone.
    The  tympanum  is not capable of tension as a
  drum: there remains another way, by drawing it to
  toe centre into a conoid form.            Holder.
Conoi'dical,  ko-noi'de-kal. adj. [from co-
   noid.]  Approaching  to a conick form,
   to the form of a round decreasing.
To  CONQUA'SSATE, kon-kwas'sate
   v. a. [concjuasso, Lat.] To shake; to agi-
   tate. Not in use.
    Vomits do violently conquassate  toe lungs. Harvey.
Conquassa'tion, kong-kwas-sa'shun.408 to.
   s. [from conquassate.]  Agitation; con-
   cussion.

To CO'NQUER,konk'ur, or kon'kwur.4"
   v. a. [conquerir, Fr. conquirere, Lat.]
1. To  gain by conquest; to over-run;  to
   win.
    They had conquered them and brought them  un-
  der tribute.                     1 Mac. viii. 2.
    Welcome, great Stagirite, and teach me now
  All I was born to know;
  Thy scholar's victories thou dost outdo;
  He congwer'cf th' earth, the whole world you.
                                      Cowley.
                            'Twas fit,
  Who conquer'd nature, should preside o'er wit.
                                       Pope.
                   3d2
    We conquer'd France,  but felt our captive's
        charms:
  Their arts victorious triumph'd o'er our arms.  Pope.
2. To overcome; to  subdue; to vanquish.
    Both tugging to be victors,  breast to breast;
  Yet neither conqueror nor conquered.   Shakspeare.
    The conquer'd also, and inslav'd by war,
  Shall, with their freedom lost, all virtue lose
  And fear of God.                      Milton.
          Anna conquers but to save,
        And governs but to bless.          Smith.
3. To surmount; to overcome: as, he con-
   quered his reluctance.
To Co'nquer,  konk'ur.  v. to.  To get the
   victory; to overcome.
    Put him to choler straight: he hath been us'd
  Ever to conquer and to have his word
  Of contradiction.         Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    Equal  success had set these champions high,
  And both resolv'd to conquer  or to die.     Waller.
    The logick of a conquering sword has no propri-
  ety.                          Decay of  Piety.
Co'nquerable, konk'ur-a-bl. adj.  [from
   conquer.] Possible to be overcome.
    While the heap is small, and the particulars few,
  he will find it easy and conquerable.        South.
Co'nqueror, konk'ur-ur.415 to.  s.  [from
   conquer.]
1. A man that  has obtained a victory; a
   victor.
    Bound with triumphant garlands will I  come,
  And lead thy daughter to a conqueror's bed. Shaksp.
    The gain of civil wars will  not allow
  Bags for  the conqueror's crew.           Cowley.
    A critick that attacks authors in reputation, is as
  toe slave who called out to the conqueror, Remem-
  ber, Sir,  that you are a man.            Addison.
2. One that subdues and  ruins countries.
          Deserving freedom  more
  Than those toeir conquerors, who leave behind
  Nothing but ruin wheresoe'er toey rove.     Milton.
    That tyrant god, that restless conqueror,
  May quit his pleasure, to assert his pow'r.   Prior.
Co'NquEST, k&ng'kwest.408 416 to. s.  [con-
   queste, Fr.]
1. The act of conquering; subjection.
    A perfect; conquest of a country reduces all the
  people to the condition of subjects.        Davies.
2. Acquisition by  victory;  thing gained.
          More willingly I mention air,
  This our  old conquest; than remember hell,
  Our hated habitation.         Milton's Par. Reg.
3. Victory; success in arms.
    I must yield my body to the earth,
  And, by my fall,  the conquest to my foe.   Shaksp.
    I'll lead thy daughter to a conqueror's bed;
  To whom I will retail my conquest won,
  And she shall be sole victress.           Shaksp.
    Not to be o'ercome, was to do more
  Than all the conquests former kings did gain.
                                      Dryden.
    In joys of conquest he resigns his breath,
  And, fill'd with England's glory, smiles in death.
                                     Addison.
CONSANGUI'NEOUS,      k6n-sang-
   gwin'ne-us.  adj. [consanguineus, Lat.]
   Near of kin; of the  same blood; related
   by birth, not affined.
    Am I not consanguineous? Am I not of her  blood.
                                      Shaksp.
Consangui'nity, kon-sa.ng-gwin'e-te. to. js.
   [consanguinitas, Lat.] Relation by blood;
   relation by descent from one  common
   progenitor; nearness of kin: distinguish-
   ed from affinity, or relation by marriage.
             I've forgot my father;
  I know no touch of consanguinity.        Shaksp.
     There  is  the  supreme  and indissoluble consan-
  guinity and society  between men  in  general; of
  which the heathen poet,  whom the apostle calls to 
C ON
CON
CON
  witness, saith, We are all his generation.  Bacon.
    The first  original would subsist, though he out-
  lived all teams of consanguinity, and became a stran-
  ger unto his  progeny.        Brown''s Vulgar Err.
    Christ has condescended to a cognation and  con-
  sanguinity with us.                      South.
CoNSARCiNA'noN,k6n-sar-se-na'shun. to. s.
   [from  consarcino, Lat. to piece.]  The
   act of patching together.          Diet.
CO'NSCIENCE,kon'shense.367«. s.[con-
   scicntia,  Lat.]
1. The  knowledge  or  faculty by which
   we judge ofthe goodness or wickedness
   of ourselves.
    When  a  people have no  touch of conscience, no
  sense of their evil doings, it is bootless  to think to
  restrain them.                        Spenser.
    Who against faith and conscience can be heard
  Infallible?                  Milton's Par. Lost.
    Conscience has not been wanting to itself in en-
  deavouring to get the clearest information about the
  will of God.                            South.
    But why must those be thought to 'scape, that feel
  Those rods of scorpions, and those whips of steel
  Which conscience shakes?        Creech's Juvenal.
    No courts created yet, nor cause was heard;
  But all was  safe, for conscience was their guard.
                                       Dryden.
    Conscience signifies that knowledge which a man
  hath of his own thoughts and actions; and because,
  if a man judgeth fairly of his actions by comparing
  them with the law of God, his mind will approve
  or condemn  him, this knowledge or conscience may
  be both an accuser and a judge.           Swift.
2. Justice; the estimate of conscience;  the
   determination  of  conscience;  honesty.
   This is sometimes a serious, and some-
   times  a ludicrous  sense.
    This is thank-worthy, if-a man,  for conscience to-
  wards God,  endure grief.          1 Peter, ii. 19.
    Now is Cupid a child of conscience; he makes
  restitution.                         Shakspeare.
    He had, against right and conscience, by shameful
  treachery,  intruded  himself  into another man's
  kingdom.                             Knolles.
    What you require cannot,  in conscience, be de-
  ferred beyond this time.                 Milton.
    Her majesty is obliged in conscience to endeavour
  this by her   authority, as much as by her practice.
                                        Swift.

3.  Consciousness; knowledge  of our own
   thoughts or actions.
    Merit, and good works, is the end of man's mo-
   tion; and conscience of toe same is the accomplish-
   ment of man's rest.                      Bacon.
    The reason why the simpler sort are moved with
   authority, is the conscience of their own ignorance.
                                       Hooker.
    The sweetest cordial we receive at last,
  Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham.
    Hector was in an absolute certainty of death, and
  depressed with the conscience of being in an ill
  cause.                                Pope.
4.  Real   sentiment;   veracity;   private
   thoughts.
    Dost thou in conscience think, tell me, ^Emilia,
  That there be women do abuse their husbands
  In such gross kind?                     Shaksp.
    They  did in their consciences know, toat he was
  not able to send them  any part of it.    Clarendon.
5.  Scruple; principle of action.
    We must make a conscience in keeping the just
  laws of superiours.                       Taylor-.
    Why  should not the one make as much consci-
  ence of betraying for gold, as the other of doing it
  for a crust?                         L'Estrange.
    Children  are travellers newly arrived in a strange
  country; we should therefore make conscience not to
  mislead them.                          Locke.
6. In ludicrous language, reason; reasona-
   bleness.
    Why dost thou weep? Can'st thou the conscience
        lack,
  To think I shall lack friends?            Shaksp.
    Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many
  as you should require.                   Swift.
Conscientious,  kon-she-en'shus.   adj.
   [from conscience.] Scrupulous; exactly
   just;  regulated by conscience.
    Lead a life in so  conscientious a probity,  as in
  thought, word, and deed, to make good the charac-
  ter of an honest man.               L'Estrange.
Conscientiously,    kon-she-en'shus-le.
   adv. [from conscientious] According to
   the direction of conscience.
    More stress has been  laid upon the strictness of
  law, than conscientiously did belong to it.  L'Eslra.
    There is toe erroneous as weil as the rightly in-
  formed conscience; and, if the conscience happens
  to be deluded, sin does not  therefore cease to be
  sin, because a man committed it conscientiously.
                                       South.
Conscientiousness, kon-she-en'shus-nes.
   «. s. [from conscientious.] Exactness of
   justice; tenderness of conscience.
    It will be a wonderful  conscientiousness in toem,
  if they will content themselves with  less profit than
  they can make.                        Locke.
CoNscionable, kon'shun-a-bl. adj. [from
   conscience.] Reasonable; just; according
   to conscience.
    A  knave, very voluble;  no farther conscionable
  than in putting on the  meer form of civil and hu-
  mane seeming.                        Shaksp.
    Let my debtors have  conscionable satisfaction.
                                      Wotton.
Co'nscionableness,    kon'shiin-a-bl-nes.
   n. a. [from conacionable.]  Equity;  rea-
   sonableness.                       Diet.
Co'nscionably,   kon'shun-ab-le.    adv.
   [from conscionable.] In a manner agreea-
   ble to conscience;  reasonably; justly.
    A prince must be used conscionably as  well as a
  common person.                       Taylor.
Co'nscious,  kon'shus.387  adj.  [consciua,
   Lat.]
 I. Endowed  with the  power of knowing
   one's own thoughts and actions.
    Matter hath  no life  nor perception, and  is not
  conscious of its own existence.           Bentley.
    Among substances,  some are  thinking or  con-
  scious beings, or have a power of thought.    Watts.
2.  Knowing  from  memory;  having  the
   knowledge  of any thing without  any
   new information.
         The damsel then to Tancred sent,
  Who, conscious of th' occasion, fear'd the event.
                                      Dryden.

3. Admitted to the knowledge of any thing:
   with  to.
    The  rest stood trembling, struck with awe divine;
  ./Eneas only, conscious to the sign,
  Presag'd th' event.                    Dryden.
    Roses or honey cannot  be thought to smell or
  taste their own sweetness, or an organ be conscious
  to its musick, or gunpowder to its flashing or noise.
                              Bentley's Sermons.
4.  Bearing witness by  the dictate of con-
   science  to any  thing.
    The queen had been  solicitous with the king on
   his behalf, being conscious  to herself that he had
   been encouraged by her.             Clarendon.
 Co'nsciously,  kon'shus-le.  adv. [from
    conscious.]   With knowledge  of one's
   own  actions.
     If these perceptions, with  their consciousness,
   always remained in the mind,  the same thinking
   thing would be always conscionsfi/ present.  Locke.
Consciousness, kon'shtis-nes. to. s. [from
   conscious]
I. The  perception  of  what passes  in a
   man's own mind.                Locke.
    If spirit be without thinking, I have no idea of
  any thing left; therefore consciousness must be its
  essential attribute.                      Wafts.
2. Internal sense  of guilt, or innocence.
    No man doubts of a Supreme Being, until, from
  the consciousness of his o*< vocations, it become his
  interest there should be none.  Govern, ofthe Tong.
    Such ideas, no doubt, they  would have had, had
  not their consciousness to themselves, of their igno-
  rance of them, kept them from so idle an attempt.
                                       Locfte.
    An honest  mind is not in the power of a disho-
  nest: to break its peace, there must be some guilt
  or consciousness.                         Pope.
Co'nscript,  kon'skript.  adj. [from  con-
   scribo, Lat.]  A  term used in speaking
   ofthe Roman senators, who were call-
   ed Patres conscripti, from their names
   being written in the register of the  sen-
   ate.
Conscri'ption, kon-skrip'shun.TO. s. [con-
   scriptio, Lat.] An enrolling or register-
   ing.                                 Diet.
To CO'NSECRATE, kon'se-krate. v. a.
   [consecro, Lat.]
1. To make sacred;  to appropriate to sa- v
   cred uses.
    Enter into the holiest by the blood  of Jesus, by
  a new and living way  which he hath consecrated for
  us.                               Heb. x. 20.
    Shall I abuse this consecrated gift
  Of strength, again returning with my hair? Milton.
    A bishop ought not to consecrate a church which
  the patron has built for filthy gain, and not for true
  devotion.                             Ayliffe.
2. To dedicate  inviolably  to some particu-
   lar purpose,  or person: with to.
    He shall consecrate unto the Lord the days of his
  separation, and shall bring a lamb of the first year
  for a trespass offering.             Numb. vi. 12.
3. To canonize.
Co'nsecrate, kon'se-krate.91 adj.  [from
   the verb.] Consecrated; sacred; devot-
   ed; devote; dedicated.
    The water consecrate for sacrifice
  Appears all black.                      Waller.
    Shouldst thou but hear I were licentious;
  And that this body, consecrate to thee,
  By ruffian lust should be contaminate.     Shaksp.
    The  cardinal, standing before the choir, lets
  toem know that they were assembled in toat con-
  secrate place  to sing unto God.           Bacon.
    Into these  secret shades, cried she,
  How dar'st thou be so bold
     To enter, consecrate to me;
  Or touch this hallow'd mold?            Drayton.
Co'nseorator, kon'se-kra-ttir. to. s. [from
   consecrate.]  One that performs the rites
   by which  any thing is devoted to sacred
   purposes.
    Whether it be not  against  the notion of a sacra-
  ment, that the consecralor alone  should partake of
  it.                                 Atterbury.
Consecra'tion,   kon-se-kra'shiln.  to. s.
   [from consecrate.]
 1. A rite or ceremony of dedicating  and
   devoting things or persons to the service
   of God, with  an application  of certain
   proper solemnities.        Ayliffe's  Par.
     At  the  erection and consecration as well of the
   tabernacle as of the temple, it pleased toe Almighty
   to give a sign.                         Hooker.
     The consecration of his  God is upon his head.
                                  Numb. vi. 7. 
CON
CON
CON
    We must know that consecration  makes not a
  place sacred, but only solemnly declares it so: the
  gift of the owner to God makes it God's, and con-
  sequently sacred.                       South.
2. The  act  of declaring one holy by ca-
   nonization.
    The calendar swells with new consecrations of
  saints.                                 Hale.
CO'N SECTARY,   k6n'sek-ta-re.   adj.
   [from  consectarius, Lat.]  Consequent;
   consequential;  following  by   conse-
   quence.
    From  the  inconsistent and contrary determina-
  tions thereof, consectary impieties  and  conclusions
  may arise.                            Brown.
Co'nsectary, kon'sek-ta-re. to.  s.  [from
   the adjective.] Deduction from premi-
   ses; consequence; corollary.
    These propositions  are  consectaiies drawn from
  the observations.                    Woodward.
Consecu'tion, kon-se-ku'shun. to. a. [con-
   aecutio, Lat.]
1. Train of consequences; chain of deduc-
   tions;  concatenation  of propositions.
     Some consecutions are so intimately and evidently
  connexed to or found in the premises, that  the con-
  clusion is attained, and without any  thing of ratio-
  cinative progress.                       Hale.
2.  Succession.
     In a quick consecution of the colours, the impres-
  sion of every colour remains in the sensorium.
                              Newton's Opticks.
3. In astronomy.
     The month of consecution, or, as some term it, of
  progression, is the space between one  conjunction of
  the moon with the sun unto another.       Brown.
     The moon makes four  quarterly seasons within
  her little year, or month of consecution.     Holder.
CONSE'CUTIVE, kon-sek'ku-tiv.  adj.
   [consecutif, Fr.]
I. Following in train; uninterrupted; suc-
   cessive.
    That  obligation upon the  lands did not come
  into disuse but by fifty consecwfwe years of exemp-
  tion.                              Arbuthnot.
2. Consequential; regularly succeeding.
     This is seeming to  comprehend only the actions
  of a man consecutive to volition.           Locke.
Conse'cutivelv, kon-sek'ku-tiv-le. adv.
   [from  consecutive.]  A term  used in the
   school philosophy, in opposition to ante
   cedently,  and sometimes to effectively
   or causally.                         Diet.
To  Conse'minate, k6n-sem'e-nate. v. a.
   [consemino,  Lat.]   To  sow  different
   seeds  together.                     Diet.
ConseNsion, kon-sen'shun. to.  s. [consen-
   sio, Lat.]  Agreement;  accord.
    A great number of such living and thinking par-
  ticles could not possibly, by  their mutual  contact,
  and pressing  and striking, compose one greater in-
  dividual  animal, with one mind and understanding,
  and a vital consension of the whole body.  Bentley.
CONSE'NT, iiin-sent'. to. s. [consensus,
  Lat.]
1. The act of yielding or consenting.
    I am far from excusing or  denying that  compli-
  ance; for plenary consent it was not.    K. Charles.
    When thou canst truly call these virtues thine,
  Be wise and free, by heav'n's  consent and mine.
                                      Dryden.
2. Concord; agreement;  accord;  unity of
  opinion.
    The fighting winds would stop there and  admire,
  Learning consent and concord from his  lyre.  Cowley.
3. Coherence with; relation to; correspon-
   dence.
                Demons found
  In fire, air, flood, or under ground,
  Whose power hath a true consent
  With planet or with element.            Milton.
4. Tendency to one point; joint operation.
    Such is the world's great harmony that springs
  From union, order, full consent of things.     Pope.
5. In physick.
    The perception one part has of another, by means
  of  some  fibres  and nerves  common to them both;
  and thus the stone in the  bladder, by vellicating
  the fibres there, will affect  and draw them so into
  spasms as to affect the bowels  in the same manner
  by  the intermediation of nervous  threads, and cause
  a colick; and extend their twiches sometimes to the
  stomach, and occasion vomitings.         Qjuincy.
To  ConseNt, kon-sent'. v. n. [consentio,
   Lat.]
1. To be of  the  same  mind; to agree.
    Though what thou tell'st  some doubt  within  me
        move,
  But more desire to hear, if thou consent,
  The full relation.                      Milton.
2. To co-operate to the same end.
3. To yield; to give consent; to allow; to
   admit: with to.
    Ye comets, scourge the bad  revolting stars
  That have consenfecf unto Henry's death.   Shaksp.
    In this we consent unto you, if ye will be as we be.
                                      Genesis.
    What in sleep thou didst abhor to dream,
  Waking thou never wilt consent to do.     Milton.
    Their num'rous thunder would awake
  Dull earth, which does with heav'n consent
   To all they wrote.                     Waller.
Consentaneous,  kon-sen-ta'ne-us.  adj.
   [consentaneus, Lat.] Agreeable to; con-
   sistent with.
    In the picture of Abraham sacrificing his son,
  Isaac is described a little boy; which is not consenta-
  neous unto the circumstance of the text.    Brown.
    It will  cost no pains to bring you to  the know-
  ing, nor to the practice; it being very agreeable and
  consentaneous to every one's nature.     Hammond.
Consenta'neously,   kon-sen-ta'ne-us-le.
   adv. [from  consentaneous] Agreeably;
   consistently; suitably.
    Paracelsus did not always write so consentaneous-
  ly to himself,  that his opinions were confidently to
  be collected from every place of his writings, where
  he seems to express it.                  Boyle.

Consenta'neousness,  kon-sen-ta'ne-us-
   nes. n. s.  [from consentaneous] Agree-
   ment; consistence.                  Diet.
Conse'ntiext, kon-sen'she-ent. adj. [con-
   sentiens,   Lat.]  Agreeing;  united  in
   opinion; not differing in sentiment.
    The authority due  to toe consenfie»if judgment
  and practice of the universal church.      Oxford.
CO'NSEQUENCE, kon'se-kwense. to. s.
   [consequentia, Lat.]
1. That which follows from any cause or
   principle.
2. Event; effect of a cause.
                Spirits that  know
  All mortal consequences have pronoune'd it. Shaksp.
    Shun the bitter consequence; for know,
  The day thou eatest thereof, thou shalt die. Milton.
3. Proposition collected from the agree-
   ment of   other previous  propositions;
   deduction; conclusion.
    It is no good consequence, that  reason aims at our
  being happy,  therefore  it forbids all voluntary suf-
  ferings.                        Decay of Piety.
4. The last proposition of a syllogism: as,
   what is commanded  by our Saviour  is
   our duty; prayer is  commanded, cons.
   therefore  prayer is our  duly.
        Can syllogism set things right?
  No, majors soon with minors fight:
  Or, both in friendly consort join'd,
  The consequence limps false behind.        Prior:
5.  Concatenation  of causes and  effects;
   consecution.
    Sorrow being the natural and direct offspring of
  sin, that which first brought sin into the world, must,
  by necessary consequence, bring in sorrow too. South.
                    I felt
  That I must after thee, with this  thy son;
  Such fatal consequence  unites us  three.    Milton.
6.  That which  produces  consequences;
   influence; tendency.
    Asserted without any colour of scripture-proof, it
  is of very ill consequence  to  the superstructing of
  good life.                         Hammond.
7. Importance;  moment.
    The instruments of darkness
  Win us with honest trifles, to betray us
  In deepest consequence.              Shakspeare,
    The anger of Achilles was of such consec/itence,
  that it embroiled the kings of Greece.    Addison.
    Their people are sunk in poverty, ignorance, and
  cowardice; and of as little consequence as women
  and children.                          Swift.
Co'nsequent, kon'se-kwent. adj. [conse-
   quens, Lat.]
1. Following by rational deduction.
2. Following as the effect of a cause; with
   to.
    It was not a power possible to be inherited, be-
  cause the right  was consequent to, and built on, an
  act perfectly personal.                   Locke.
3. Sometimes  with upon.
    This satisfaction or dissatisfaction, consequent
  upon a man's acting suitably or  unsuitably to con-
  science, is a principle not easily to be  worn out.
                                       Sowfft.
Co'nsequent, kon'se-kwent. to. s.
I. Consequence; that which follows from
   previous propositions by rational deduc-
   tion.
    Doth it follow that they, being not  the people of
  God, are in nothing to be followed? This consequent
  were good, if only the custom of  the people of God
  is to be observed.                      Hooker.
2. Effect;  that  which  follows  an  acting
   cause.
    They were ill paid;  and they  were ill governed,
  which is always a consequent of ill payment.
                              Davies on Ireland.
    He could  see consequents  yet dormant in their
  principles, and effects yet unborn.         South.
Consequential, kon-se-kwen'shal. adj.
   [from consequent]
1. Produced by the necessary  concatena-
   tion of effects to causes.
    We sometimes wrangle, when  we should debate;
  A consequential  ill which freedom draws;
  A bad effect, but from a noble cause.       Prior.
2. Having the consequences justly con-
   nected with  the premises; conclusive.
    Though  these kind of arguments may seem ob-
  scure; yet, upon a due consideration of them, they
  are highly consequential and concludent to my pur-
  pose.                Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Consequentially,  kon se-kwen'shal-e.
   adv. [from consequential]
1.  With just deduction of  consequences;
   with right connexion of ideas.
    No body writes a book without meaning some-
  thing, though he may not have the faculty of writ-
  ing consequentially, and expressing his meaning.
                      Addison's Whig Examiner.
2. By  consequence;   not   immediately;
   eventually.
    This relation  is so necessary, that God  himself
  cannot discharge a rational creature from it; al- 
                    CON

    though consequentially indeed he may do so, by the
    annihilation of such creatures.            South.
  3.  In a regular series.
      Were a man a king in his dreams, and a be^ar
    awake, and dreamt consequentially, and in continued
    unbroken schemes, would he be in a reality a kins:
    or a beggar?                          Addison.
  ConsequeNtialness,  kon-se-kwen'shal-
    nes. to. s. [from  consequential.] Regular
    consecution of discourse.          Diet.
  Consequently,  kon'se-kwent-le.   adv.
    [from conaequent.]
  L  By  consequence; necessarily;  inevita-
    bly:  by the connexion of effects to their
    causes.
      In the most perfect poem a perfect idea was re-
    quired, and consequently all poets ought rather to
    imj£te it.                            Dryden.
      The place  of the several sorts of terrestrial mat-
    ter, sustained in the  fluid, being contingent and un-
    certain, their intermixtures with each other are con-
    sequently so.                       Woodward.
  2. In consequence;  pursuantly.
      There is consequently, upon  this  distinguishing
    principle, an inward satisfaction or dissatisfaction in
    the heart of every man, after good or evil.   SowfA.
  Co'nsequentness, kon'se-kwent-nes. to. s.
    [from consequent.] Regular connexion
    of  propositions;   consecution of  dis-
    course.
      Let  them  examine  the  consequentness  of the
    whole body of the doctrine I deliver.
                     Digby on the Soul, Dedication.
  Conse'rvable, kon-ser'va-bl. adj.  [from
    conservo, Lat. to keep.]  Capable of  be-
    ing kept, or maintained.
  CoNSE'RVANCy, kon-ser'van-se. to. *. [from
    conservans, Lat.]   Courts held  by  the
    Lord  Mayor of London,  for the  pre-
    servation of  the  fishery on  the  river
    Thames, are  called  Courts  of Conser-
    vancy.
  Conservation, kon-ser-va'shun.    to. s.
    [conservatio, Lat.]
  1. The act of preserving;  care to  keep
    from perishing; continuance; protection.
     Though there do indeed happen some alterations
   in  the  globe, yet they  are such as tend rather to
   the benefit and conservation  of the earth,  and its
   productions, than to the disorder and destruction of
   hoth.          '    Woodward's Natural History.
 2. Preservation from corruption.
     It is an enquiry of excellent use, to enquire ofthe
   means of preventing or staying of putrefaction; for
   therein consisteth the means of conservation of bo-
   dies.                   Bacon's Natural History.
 Conservative, kon-ser'va-tiv. adj. [from
    conservo, Lat.]  Having  the  power  of
   opposing diminution or  injury.
    The spherical figure, as to all heavenly bodies, so
   it agreetb to light, as  the most  perfect and  conser-
  vative of all others.                   Peacham.
 Conserva'tor,  kon-ser-va'tur.418   to.  s.
   [Lat.] Preserver;  one that has the care
   or  office of keeping  any thing  from
   detriment, diminution, or extinction.
    For that you declare that you have many sick
  amongst you, he was warned by the conservator of
  the  city, that he should keep at a distance.
                          Bacon's New Atlantis.
    The lords of the secret council were likewise
  made  conservators of the peace of the two king-
  doms, during the intervals of parliament. Clarend.
    Such individuals as are the single conservators of
  their own species.      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Conservatory,  kon-ser'va-tur-e.   to.   a.
  [from  conservo, Lat.]  A place where
                    C ON

    any thing is kept in a manner proper
    to its peculiar nature;  as, fish in a pond,
    corn in a granary.
     A conservatory of snow and ice, such as they use
   for delicacy to cool wine in summer.       Bacon.
     You may set your tender trees and plants, with
   toe windows and doors of the  greenhouses and con-
   servatories open, for eight or ten days before April.
                              Evelyn's Kalendar.
     The water dispensed to the earth and atmosphere
   by the great abyss, that subterranean conservatory,
   is by that means restored back.       Woodward.
 Conservatory, kon-ser'va-tur-e.512   adj.
   Having a preservative  quality.    Diet.
 To  CONSE'RVE, k6n-serv'.  v. a.  [con-
   servo,  Lat.]
 I. To preserve without loss or detriment.
     Nothing was lost out of these stores, since the art
   of conserving what others have gained in knowledge
   IS fasy.                               Temple.
     They will be able to conserve their properties
   unchanged  in passing through several mediums;
   which is another condition of the rays of light.
                              .JVetcfon's Opticks.
 2. To candy or pickle  fruit.
 Conse'rve, kon'serv'.4"2  to.  *.  [from the
   verb.]
  . A  sweetmeat made  of the  inspissated
   juices  of fruit,  boiled  with  sugar till
   they will harden and eandy.
    Will 't please your honour,  taste  of these  con-
   serves?                           Shakspeare.
    They have in Turky and the East certain con-
   fections, which they call servets, which are like to
   candied conserves, and are  made of  sugar and le-
   mons.                 Bacon's Natural Histoiy.
    The more cost they  were at, and  the  more
   sweets they bestowed upon them, the more  their
   conserves stunk.                       Dennis
 2. A conservatory or place  in which  any
   thing is kept.  This sense is unusual.
    Tuberoses will not endure the wet of this season;
   therefore  set the pots into your conserve, and keep
   them dry.                   Evelyn's Kalendar.
 Conse'rver, kon-ser'viir.  to.  s. [from con-
   serve.]
  . A layer up; a repositer; one that pre-
   serves any thing from  loss or diminution.
    He hath been most industrious both as collector
  and conserver of choice pieces in  that kind. Hayward.
    In the Eastern regions there  seems to have been
  a general custom ofthe priests having been the per-
  petual conservers of knowledge and  story.   Temple.
   A preparer of conserves.
Conse'ssion, kon-sesh'shun.  to. s.  [con-
   sessio, Lat.]  A sitting together.   Diet.
Conse'ssor, k6n-ses'sor.418  to.  s.   [Lat.]
   One that sits with others.          Diet.

To CONSI'DER,k6n-sid'ur.4"T/.a. [con-
   sidero, Lat.]
 .  To think upon  with care; to ponder;
   to examine;  to sift;  to study.
   At our more consider'd time we'll read,
  Answer, and think upon this business.   Shakspeare.
   To take into the view; not to omit in
  the examination.
   It seems necessary, in the choice of persons for
 greater employments,  to consider their bodies  as
 well as their minds, and ages and health as well as
 their abilities.                         Temple.
   To  have regard to; to  respect;  not to
  despise.
   Let us consider one  another to provoke unto love
 and to good works.              J?e6reics, x.  2<t!
   In the imperative mood it is  a  kind of
  interjection;  a word whereby  attention
  is summoned.
CON
                          Consider,
    Thy life hath yet been private, most part spent
    At home.            Milton's Paradise Regained.
  5.  To requite; to reward one for his trou-
    ble.
      Take away with thee the very services thou hast
    done, which if I have not enough considered  to be
    more thankful to thee shall be my study.    Shaksp.
  To Consi'der, kon-sid'ur. v. n.
  1.  To think maturely; not to judge hasti-
    ly or rashly.
     None considereth in his heart, neither is  there
   knowledge nor understanding.      Isaiah, xliv. 1.
 2.  To deliberate;  to work in the mind.
     Widow, we will consider of your suit;
   And come some other time to know our mind.
                          Shakspeare's Henry VI
     Such a treatise might  be consulted by jurymen
   before toey consider of their verdict.        Swiff'
   .  To doubt; to hesitate.
     Many maz'd considerings did throng,
   And press'd in with this caution.   Shak. H.  VIII
     'Twas grief no more, or grief and rage were one
   Within her soul;  at last 'twas rage alone;
   Which, burning upwards, in succession dries
   The tears that stood considering in her eyes.
                                Dryden's Fables.
 Considerable,   kon-sld'ur-a-bl.     adj.
    [from consider.]
 1. Worthy of consideration; worthy of re-
    gard and attention.
     Eternity  is infinitely the most considerable dura-
   tl0Tn;.     .,                        Tillotson.
     it is considerable,  that some urns have had in-
   scriptions on them, expressing that the lamps  were
   burning.                             Wilkins.
 2. Respectable; above  neglect; deserving'
   notice.
     Men considerable in all worthy  professions,  emi-
   nent in many ways of life.       Spratt's Sermons.
     I am so considerable a man, toat I cannot  have
   less than forty shillings a year.          Addison.
 3. Important; valuable.
     Christ, instead of applauding St. Peter's  zeal,
   upbraided his absurdity, that  could think his mean
   aid considerable to him, who could command le-
   gions of angels to his rescue.      Decay of Piety.
     In  painting,  not every action, nor every person,
   is considerable enough to enter into the cloth.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
     Many can make themselves masters of as  con-
   siderable estates as those who have the greatest por-
   tions of land.                         Addison.
4.  More  than a little.   It has a  middle
   signification between little and great.
    Many brought in very considerable sums of mo-
   ney-                              Clarendon.
    Very probably a considerable part of the earth is
  yet unknown.                         Wilkins.
    Those  earthy particles,  when they  came to be
   collected, would constitute a body of a very  con-
  siderable thickness and solidity.          Burnet.
    Every cough, though  severe,  and of some  con-
  siderable continuance, is not of a consumptive  na-
  ture, nor presages dissolution and the grave.
                                   jBfacfcmore.
Consi'oerableness,  kon-sid'ijr-a-bl-n£s.
   BBB  n. s.  [from considerable]  Import-
   ance; dignity;  moment;  value; desert;
   a claim to notice.
    We must not always measure the considerableness
  of things by their most obvious  and immediate
  usefulness, but by their  fitness to make  or contri-
  bute to the discovery of things highly useful. Boyle,
    Their most slight  and trivial  occurrences, by
  being theirs,  they think acquire  a considerableness,
  and are forcibly imposed upon the  company.
                     Government ofthe  Tongue.
Considerably,  kon-sid'&r-ab-le.    adv.
   [from  considerable.] 
C 0^
C ON
C ON
1. In a degree deserving notice, though
  not the highest.
    And Europe still considerably gains
  Both by their good example and their pains.
                                   Roscommon.
2. With importance;  importantly.
    I desire no sort of favour  so much, as that of
  serving you more considerably than 1 have been yet
  able to do.                             Pope.
Consi'derance,  k6n-sid'ur-anse.    to. s.
  [from  consider.]  Consideration; reflec-
  tion; sober thought.
    After this cold considerance, sentence me;
  And, as you are a king, speak in your state
  What I have done that misbecame my place. Shak.
Consi'derate, kon-sid'ur-ate.91 adj.[con-
  sidtratus, Lat.]
I. Serious;  given  to  consideration; pru-
  dent; not rash; not  negligent.
     I will converse with iron-witted fools,
  And unrespective boys: none are for me,
  That look into me with considerate eyes.    Shaksp.
    Apneas is patient, consicferafe, and careful of his
  people.                              Dryden.
    I grant it to be in many cases certain, that  it is
  such as a consicferafe man may prudently rely and
  proceed upon, and hath no just cause to doubt of.
                                      Tiffofson.
     The expediency, in the present juncture,  may
  appear to every consicferafe man.        Addison.
2. Having  respect to; regardful.    Little
   used.
     Though they will do nothing for virtue, yet toey
  may be presumed more considerate of praise.
                                 Decay of Piety.
3. Moderate;  not rigorous.  This sense is
  much used  in conversation.
Considerately,  kon-sid'ilr-ate'le. adv.
  [from  considerate.]    Calmly;  coolly;
  prudently.
    Circumstances are  of such force,  as they sway an
  ordinary judgment of a wise man, not fully and con-
  siderately pondering the matter.           Bacon.

Consi'derateness,   kon-sid'ur-ate-nes.886
  to. s. [from considerate] The quality of
  being considerate;  prudence.       Diet.
Consideration, kon-sid-iir-a'shiin. to. s.
  [from consider.]
1. The  act of considering; mental  view;
  regard; notice.
     As to present happiness^and misery, when that
  alone comes in consideration, and the consequences
  are removed, a man never onuses amiss.    Locke.

2. Mature thought; prudence; serious de-
  liberation.
     Let us think with consideration, and consider with
  acknowledging, and acknowledge with admiration.
                                        Sidney.
    The breath no sooner left his father's body,
  But that his wildness mortified in him;
  Consideration, like an angel, came,
  And whipt th' offending Adam out of him.   Shaksp.

3. Contemplation;  meditation  upon  any
  thing.
    The love you bear  to Mopsa hath brought you to
  the consideration of her virtues, and that considera-
  tion may have made  you the more  virtuous, and so
  the more worthy.                       Sidney.
4. Importance;  claim to notice;  worthi-
  ness of regard.
    Lucan is toe only author of consideration among
  the Latin poets, who was not explained for  toe use
  of the dauphin; because the whole Pharsalia would
  have been  a satire upon the French form of  gov-
  ernment                            Addison.
5. Equivalent; compensation.
    We are provident enough not to part  with any
  thing serviceable to our bodies under a good consi-
  deration, but make little account of our souls.  Ray.
    Foreigners can never take Our bills for payment,
  though they might pass as valuable considerations
  among our own people.                  Locke.
6. Motive of action; influence; ground of
   conduct.
    The consideration, in regard whereof the law for-
  biddeth these things, was  not because those nations
  did use them.                         Hooker.
    He had been made general upon very partial, and
  not enough deliberated, considerations.    Clarend.
    He was obliged, antecedent to all other considera-
  tions, to search an asylum.              Diyden.
    The world rcannot pardon your concealing it, on
  the same consideration.                 Dryden.
7. Reason; ground of concluding.
    Not led by any commandment, yet  moved with
  such considerations as have been before set down.
                                      Hooker.
    Uses,  not thought upon before, be  reasonable
  causes of retaining that which other considerations
  did procure to be instituted.             Hooker.
8. [In law.] Consideration is the material
   cause  of a contract, without  which no
   contract bindeth. It is  either expressed,
   as if a man bargain to give twenty shil-
   lings for a  horse;  or  else implied, .as
   when a man comes into an inn, and tak-
   ing both meat and lodging for  himself
   and horse,  without  bargaining with the
   host, if he discharge not the house, the
   host may stay his horse.         Cowell.

Consi'derer, kon-sid'ur-ur.9s to. s. [from
   consider] A man of reflection; a thinker.
    A vain applause of wit for an impious jest, or of
  reason for a deep considerer.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Considering, kon-sid'u.r-ing.  [This is a
   kind of  conjunction:  it had been more
   grammatically written considered; vu,
   Fr.; but considering is always used.] If
   allowance be made  for.
    It  is not possible to act otherwise, considering
  the weakness of our nature.            Spectator.
To CONSI'GN, kon-sine'.3«6 Vm a. [cora.
   signo, Lat.J
1. To give to another any thing, with the
   right to it, in a formal manner;  to give
   into other hands; to  transfer: sometimes
   with to, sometimes  over to.
    Men,  by free gift, consign over a place to the
   Divine worship.                         South.
                 Must I pass
   Again to nothing, when this vital breath
   Ceasing, consigns me o'er to rest and death? Prior.
    At the  day of general account, good men are
   then to be consigned over  to another state, a state of
   everlasting love and charity.          Atterbury.

2. To appropriate; to quit for  a certain
   purpose.
    The French  commander consigned it to the use
   for which it was intended by the donor.   Dryden.
3. To commit; to entrust.
    The  four evangelists  consigned  to writing that
   history.                              Addison.
    Atrides, parting for the Trojan war,
   Consigned the youthful consort to his care.   Pope.
To Consi'gn,  kon-sine'.386 v. n.
I. To submit  to  the  same  terms with
   another.  This is not now in use.
    Thou hast finish'd joy and moan;
   All lovers young, all lovers must
   Consign to thee, and come to dust.  Shaksp. Cymb.
2. To sign; to consent to. Obsolete.
    A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of
  modesty: it were a hard condition for a maid to
  consign to.                         Shakspeare.
Consignation,  kon-sig-na'shun.   to.  s.
   [from consign.]
I. The act of consigning; the act by which
   any thing  is delivered up to another.
    As the hope of salvation is a good disposition to-
  wards it, so is despair a certain consignation to eter-
  nal ruin.                              Taylor.
2. The act of signing.
    If  we find that we  increase  in duty,  then we
  may look upon the tradition of the holy sacramen-
  tal symbols as a direct consignation of pardon.
                   Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Consignment, kon-sine'ment. to. a. [from
   consign]
   The act of consigning.
   The writing by which any thing is con-
   signed.
Consi'milar, kon-sim'e-lur.88 adj.   [from
   consimilis,  Lat.]   Having one  common
   resemblance.                       Diet.
To CONSI'ST, kon-sist'.  v. to. [consisto,
   Lat.]
I.  To subsist; not to perish.
    He is before all things,  and by him all things
  consist.                         _   Colossians.
   To continue fixed, without dissipation.
    Flame doth not mingle with flame,  as air doth
  with air, or water  with water, but only remaineth.
  contiguous; as it cometh to pass betwixt  consisting
  bodies.                Bacon's Natural History.
    It is against the nature of water, being a flexible
  and ponderous body, to consist and stay itself, and
  not fall to  the lower parts about it.    Brerewood.
 . To be  comprised; to  be contained.
    I pretend not  to tie the hands of artists, whose
  skill  consists  only in a certain manner which they
  have affected.                         Dryden.
    A  great beauty  of  letters does often consist in
  little  passages of private conversation, and refer-
  ences to particular matters.               Wafsft.
 . To be  composed.
    The land would consist of plains, and vallies, and
  mountains, according as the pieces of this ruin
  were disposed.                        Burnet.
a. To  have  being  concurrently;  to co-
   exist.
    Necessity and election cannot consist together in
  the same act.           Bramhall against Hobbes.
6. To agree; not  to  oppose; not to  contra-
   dict; not to counteract:  it has with be-
   fore the thing compared, or coexistent.
    His majesty would be willing to consent to any
  thing that could consist with his conscience and
  honour.                            Clarendon.
    Nothing but what may easily consist with your
  plenty, your prosperity, is requested of you. Spratt.
    You could  not help  bestowing more than is con-
  sisting ivith the fortune of  a private man, or with
  toe will of any but an  Alexander.       Dryden.
    It cannot consist with the Divine Attributes, toat
  the impious man's joys should,  upon the whole, ex-
  ceed those of toe upright.            Atterbury.
    Health consists with temperance alone.   Pope.
    The only way of securing the constitution will be
  by lessening toe power of domestick adversaries, as
  much as can consist with lenity.            Swift.
Consi'stence, kon-sis'tense.  ) to.*, [con-
Consi'stency, k6n-sis'ten-se.)  sistentia,
   low Lat.]
 I. State with respect to material existence.
    Water, being divided, maketh many circles, till
  it restore itself to its natural consistence.    Bacon.
    The consistencies of bodies are very divers: dense,
  rare, tangible, pneumatical, volatile, fixed, deter-
  minate, indeterminate, hard, and soft.      Bacon,
    There is the same necessity for the Divine influ-
  ence and  regimen, to order and govern, conserve 
C 0  N
CON
CON
  and keep together, the universe in that consistence it
  hath received, as it was at first to give it, before it
  could receive it.                         Hal:..
    I carried on my enquiries farther, to try whether
  this rising world, when formed and finished, would
  coKtinue always the same, in the same form, struct-
  ure, and consistency,                    Burnet.
2. Degree of denseness  or  rarity.
    Let the expressed juices be boiled into the con-
  sistence of a syrup.                   Arbuthnot.
3. Suostance;  form; make.
    His friendship is of a  noble make, and a lasting
  consistency.                            South.
4. Durable or lasting state.
    Meditation will confirm resolutions of good, and
  give them a durable consistence in the soul.
                                    Hammond.
     These are fundamental  truths that lie at  the
  bottom, the basis upon which many others rest, and
  in which they have their consistencies teeming and
  rich in store, with which they furnish toe mind.
                                        Locke.
5. Agreement with itself, or with  any other
   thing; congruity; uniformity.
    That consistency of behaviour,  whereby he in-
  flexibly pursues those measures which appear  the
  most just and equitable.                Addison.
6. A state of rest, in which  things capable
   of growth or decrease continue for some
   time at  a stand, without either;  as  the
   growth,  consistence,  and  return.
                                  Chambers.

Consistent, kon-sis'tent. adj. [consistens,
   Lat.]
1. Not contradictory; not opposed.
    With reference to such a lord, to serve, and to
  be free, are terms not consistent only, but equivalent.
                                        South.
    A great part of their politicks others do not think
  consistent with honour to practise.        Addison.
    On their own axis as the planets run,
  Yet make  at once their circle round the sun;
   So two consistent motions act the soul,
   And one regards itself, and one the whole.
    Shew me one that has it in his power
   To act consistent with himself an hour.
    The fool consistent, and the false sincere.
2. Firm; not fluid.
    Pestilential  miasms  insinuate into the humoral
   and consistent parts of the body.         Harvey.
     The sand, contained within the shell, becoming
   solid and  consistent, at  toe same time that of the
   stratum without it did.              Woodward.
Consi'stently, kon-sis'tent-le. adv. [from
   consistent.]    Without    contradiction;
   agreeably.
     The Phoenicians are of this  character, and the
   poet describes them consistently with  it:  they are
   proud, idle, and effeminate.             Broome.
 Consisto'rial, kon-sis-to're-al. adj. [from
   consistory.] Relating to the ecclesiasti-
   cal court.
     An official, or chancellor, has the same consisto-
   rial audience with the bishop himself that deputes
   him.                                 -Aylife-
CO'NSISTORY,  kon'sis-tur-e.612 to.  s.
   [consistorium, Lat.]
 1. The place  of justice in the court chris-
   tian.                               Cowell.
     An offer was made, that,  for every one minister,
   there should be  two of the people  to sit and give
   voice in the ecclesiastical consistory.      Hooker.
     Pius was then hearing of causes in consistory.
                                        Bacon.
     Christ himself, in that great consistory, shall deign
   to step down from his throne.             South.
 2. The assembly of cardinals.
             How far I've proceeded,
   Or how far further shall, is warranted
Pope.

Pope.
Pope.
  By a commission from the consislor-y,
  Yea the whole consist'ry of Rome.     Shakspeare.
    A late prelate, of remarkable zeal for the church,
  were religions to be tried by lives, would have lived
  down the pope and the whole consistory. Atterbury,
   Any  solemn assembly.
                  In mid air
  To council summons all his mighty peers
  Within thick clouds,  and dark, tenfold involv'd,
  A gloomy consistory.                    Milton.
    At Jove's assent, the deities  around
  In solemn state the consistory crown'd.      Pope.
4. Plsca of residence.
    My other self, my counsel's consistory, my oracle,
  I, as a child, will go by thy direction.   Shakspeare.
Conso'ciate, kon-so'she-ate. to. s. [from
   consocio, Lat]  An accomplice; a con-
   federate;  a partner.
    Patridge and Stanhope were condemned as con-
  sociales in the conspiracy of Somerset.   Hayward.
To CONSO'CIATE, kon-so'she-ate. v. a.
   [consocio,  Lat.]
1. To unite;  to join.
    Generally the best outward shapes are also the
  likeliest to be consociated with good inward facul-
  ties.                                 Wotton.
2. To cement; to hold together.
    The ancient philosophers  always  brought in  a
  supernatural principle to unite and consociate the
  parts of the chaos.                    Burnet.
To Conso'ciate, kon-so'she-ate. v. to. To
   coalesce;  to unite.
    If they  cohered, yet by toe next  conflict  with
  other atoms they might be separated again, without
  ever consociating into the huge condense bodies of
  planets.                              Bentley.
Consocia'tion,  kon-so-she-a'shun.  to.  s.
   [from consociate.]
1. Alliance.
    There is such  a consociation of offices between
  the prince and whom his favour  breeds, that they
  may help  to  sustain his power, as he their know-
  ledge.                            Ben Jonson.
2. Union; intimacy; companionship.
    By  so long and so various  consociation with  a
  prince, he had now gotten, as it were, two lives in
  his own fortune and greatness.           Wotton.
Conso'lable, kon-so'la-bl. adj. [from con-
   sole.] That which admits  comfort.
To Co'nsolate, kon'so-late.91 v. a. [con-
   solor, Lat.] To comfort; to console;  to
   sooth in misery. Not much used.
                I will be gone,
  That pitiful rumour may report my flight,
   To consolate thine ear.              Shakspeare.
    What may somewhat consolate all men that hon-
   our virtue, we do  not discover the latter scene of his
   misery in authors  of antiquity.           Brown.
Consola'tion,  kon-so-la'shun. to. s. [con-
   solatio,  Lat.]   Comfort;  alleviation  of
   misery; such  alleviation as is produced
   by partial remedies.
    We, that were  in the jaws of  death, were now
   brought into  a place where  we found nothing but
   consolations.                           Bacon.
              Against such cruelties,
   With  inward consolations recompens'd;
   And oft supported so, as shall amaze
   Their proudest persecutors.              Milton.
     Let the righteous persevere with  patience, sup-
   ported with this consolation,  toat  their labour shall
   not be in vain.                         Rogers.
 Consola'tor, kon'so-la-tfir.s21 «. s. [Lat.]
    A comforter.
 Conso'latory, kon-sol'la-tfir-e.612  to.  s.
    [from consolate.]  A speech or writing
    containing topicks  of  comfort.
                Consolatories writ
  With studied argument, and much persuasion sought,
  Lenient of grief and anxious thought.     Milton.
Conso'latory,    k6n-s6l'la-iu.r-e.   adj.
  [from conaolate.] Tending to give com-
  fort.
To CONSO'LE, kon-sole'. v. a. [conaolor,
  Lat.]  To  comfort; to  cheer;  to free
  from the  sense of misery.
    Others the syren sisters compass round,
  And empty heads console with empty sound.  Pope.
COJVSO'LE, k6n'sole.4U2  to. *.  [Fr.]  In
   architecture, is  a part or member pro-
  jecting in manner of a bracket, or shoul-
  der-piece, serving  to support a cornice,
  bust, vase, beam,  and frequently used
  as keys of  arches.            Chambera.
Conso'ler, kon-so'lur.98 to.*, [from con-
  aole] One  that gives comfort.
    Pride once more  appears upon the stage, as the
  great consoler of the miseries of man.
               Comment, on Pope's Essay on Man.
Conso'lidant, kon-sol'e-dant.  to. s.  [from
   consolidate.] That which has the quality
   of uniting wounds.
To  CONSOLIDATE,  kon-sol'e-date.
   v.a. [consolider, Fr. solidus, Lat.]
1. To form  into a compact  or solid body;
   to harden; to unite into a solid mass.
    The word may be rendered,  either he stretched,
  or he fixed  and consolidated, the  earth above the
  waters.                               Burnet.
    The effect of spirits in  stopping  hemorrhages;
  and consolidating the fibres, is well  known to chi-
  rurgeons.                          Arbuthnot.
2. To combine or unite two parliamentary
   bills into  one.
To  Consolidate,  kon-sol'e-date.  v. n.
   To grow firm,  hard, or solid.
    In hurts and ulcers in  the head, dryness maketh
  them more apt to consolidate.             Bacon.
    The sandy, sparry, and flinty matter was then soft,
  and susceptible of any form in these shelly moulds;
  and it consolidated and became hard afterwards.
                                    Woodward.
Consolidation,  kon-sol-e-da'shun. to. s.
   [from consolidate]
 I. The act  of uniting into  a solid mass.
    The consolidation of the marble, and of the stone,
  did not fall out at random.             Woodward.
2. The annexing, of one bill in parliament
   to another.
3. In  law, it is used for the combining and
   uniting of two benefices in one.  Cowell.

Conso'lidative,  kon-sol'e-da-tiv.  adj.
   [from consolidate.]  That which has the
   quality of  healing wounds.        Diet.

 Co'nsonance, kon'so-nanse.  } to. a. [con-
 Co'n son ancy, kon'so-nan-se. 5    sonance,
   Fr. consonans, Lat.]
 1. Accord  of sound.
     The two  principal consonances  that most ravish
   the ear, are, by the consent of all nature, the fifth
   and  the octave.                        Wotton.
           And winds and waters flow'd
   In consonance.                      Thomson.
 2. Consistency;   congruence;  agreeable-
   ness.
     Such decisions  held  consonancy  and congruity
   with resolutions and decisions  of former  times.
                                         Hale.
     I  have set down this,  to shew tbe perfect conso-
   nancy of our persecuted church to the doctrine of
   scripture and antiquity.               Hammond.
 3. Agreement;  concord;   friendship.  A
    sense now not used. 
CON
C ON
CON
     Let me conjure you by the rights of our fellow-
   ship, by the consonancy of our youth.  Shakspeare.
 CO'NSONANT,k6n's6-nant.6°3a#.[coTO-
   sonana, Lat.]    Agreeable;  according;
   consistent; followed by either with or to.
     Were  it consonant unto reason to divorce these
   two sentences,  the former of which doth shew how
   the latter is restrained.                  Hooker.
     That where much is given there shall  be much
   required, is a thing consonant with natural equity.
                                Decay of Piety.
     Religion looks consonant to itself.  Decay of Piety.
     He discovers how consonant  the  account which
   Moses hath left of the primitive earth,  is to this
   from nature.                       Woodward.
 Co'nsonant, kon'so-nant. to.*, [consonans,
   Lat.]   A letter which cannot be sound-
   ed, or but imperfectly, by itself.
     In all  vowels the  passage of the mouth is open
   and free, without any appulse of an organ of speech
   to another: but in all consonants there is an appulse
   of toe organs, sometimes (if you abstract the con-
   sonants from the vowels) wholly precluding all sound;
   and, in all of them, more or less  checking and abet-
   ting it.                               Holder.
     He considered these as they had a greater mix-
   ture of vowels  or consonants, and accordingly em-
   ployed them as toe  verse required a greater smooth-
   ness.                                   Pope.
 Co'nsonantly, kon'so-nant-le. adv: [from
   consonant]  Consistently; agreeably.
     This as consonantly it preacheth,  teacheth, and
   delivereth, as if but one tongue did speak for all.
                                       Hooker.
     Ourselves are formed according to that mind which
   frames things consonantly to their respective natures.
                                     Glanville.
     If he will speak  consonantly to himself, he must
   say that happened in the original constitution.
                                     Tillotson.

 Co'nsonantness,  kon'so-nant-nes.  to. s.
   [from consonant.] Agreeableness; con-
   sistency.                             Diet.
 Co'nsonous, kon'so-mis.503 adj. [consonus,
   Lat.]  Agreeing in sound; symphonious.
 Consopia'tion,  kon-so-pe-a'shun.   to.  s.
   [from consopio, Lat.]  The act of laying
   to sleep.  Little in use.
     One of his maxims is,  that a total abstinence
   from intemperance is no  more philosophy, than a
   total consopiation of the senses is repose.   Digby.

 CO'NSORT,  kon'sort.493  to.  s. [consors,
   Lat.  It had  anciently  the accent  on the
   latter syllable, but has it now on the for-
   mer. Milton has used them  both.]
 1. Companion; partner;  generally a part-
   ner of  the bed; a wife  or husband.
                  Fellowship,
   Such as I seek,  fit to participate
   All rational delight; wherein the brute
   Cannot be human consort.               Milton.
    Male he created  thee, but thy consor-t
   Female for race: then bless'd mankind, and said,
   Be fruitful, multiply,  and fill  the earth.     Milton.
    Thy Bellona, who thy consort  came
  Not only  to thy bed, but to thy fame.    Denham.
    He single chose to live, and shunn'd to wed,
  Well pleas'd to  want a consort of his bed. Dryden.
    His warlike amazon her host invades,
  Th' imperial consort of the crown of spades. Pope.
2. An assembly; a-divan; a  consultation.
            In one consort there sat
  Cruel revenge, and  rancorous despite,
  Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate. Fairy Q.
3. A number  of  instruments  playing  to-
   gether; a symphony.   This is probably
   a  mistake for concert.
    A consort of musick in a banquet of wine, is as a
  ?ignet of carbuncle  set in gold.   Ecclus. xxxii. 5.
   VOL. I.
 4. Concurrence; union.
    Take it singly, and it carries an air of levity; but,
  in consort with the rest,  has a meaning quite dif-
  ferent.                            Atterbury.
 To Conso'rt, kon*sort'.  v. to.  [from the
   noun.]  To associate with; to unite with;
   to  keep company with.
    What will you do?  Let's not consort with them.
                                   Sfiafcspeare.
    Which of the Grecian  chiefs consorts with thee.
                                      Dryden.
 To Conso'rt, kon-sdrt'. v. a.
 1. To join; to mix; to marry.
          He, with his consorted Eve,
  The story heard attentive.               Milton.
    He begins to consort himself with men, and thinks
  himself one.                           Locke.
 2. To accompany. Not used.
         I'll meet with you upon the mart,
  And afterward consort you till bed time.   Shaksp.
 Conso'rtable, kon-sor'ta-bl.  adj. [from
   consort.]   To be compared with; to be
   ranked with; suitable. Not used.
    He was consortable  to  Charles Brandon,  under
  Henry VIII. who was equal to him.       Wotton.
 Conso'rtion, kon-sor'shun. to. s. [consor-
   tia, Lat.]  Partnership;  fellowship; so-
   ciety.                               Diet.
 Conspe'ctable, kon-spek'ta-bl. adj. [from
   conspectus, Lat.] Easy to be seen.  Diet.
 Conspeotu'ity,  kon-spek-tu'e-te.  «. s.
   [from conspectus, hat.]  Sight; view;
   sense of seeing.   This  word  is, I  be-
   lieve, peculiar to Shakspeare, and per-
   haps corrupt.
    What harm  can your bisson  conspectuities glean
  out of this character.                   Shaksp.
 Conspe'rsion, kon-sper'shdn. to. s.  [con-
   spersio, Lat.] A sprinkling about.  Diet.
 Conspicu'ity, kon-spe-ku'e-te. to. s. [from
   conspicuous.]   Brightness; favourable-
   ness to the  sight.
    If this definition be clearer than the thing defined,
  midnight may vie for conspicuity with noon.
                          »          Glanville.
CONSPI'CUOUS,  kon-spik'u-us.  adj.
   [conspicuus, Lat.]
 I. Obvious to the sight; seen at a distance.
    Or come I less conspicuous? Or what change
  Absents thee?                         Milton.
2. Eminent; famous; distinguished.
    He  attributed to each of them that virtue which
  he thought most conspicuous in them.     Dryden.
    Thy father's merit points thee out to view,
  And sets thee in the fairest point of light,
  To make thy virtues or thy faults conspicuous.
                                     Addison.
              The house of lords,
  Conspicuous scene!                       Pope.
Conspicuously,  kon-spik'u-As-le.   adv.
   [from conspicuous.]
 I. Obviously to the  view.
    These methods may  be preserved conspicuously,
  and  intirely distinct.                     Waits.
2. Eminently; famously; remarkably.
Conspi'cuousness,    kon-spi-kiY-iis-nes.
   to. s. [from  conspicuous.]
 I. Exposure to the view;  state of being
   visible at a distance.
    Looked on with  such a weak light,  toey appear
  well proportioned fabricks; yet  they appeal- so but
  in that twilight, which is  requisite to their conspi-
  cuousness                              Boyle.
2. Eminence; fame; celebrity.
    Their writings attract more readers by the author's
  conspicuousness.                        Boyle.
                   3  E
Conspiracy,  kon-spir'a-se.109  to. s. [con-
   apiratio, Lat.]
1.  A  private  agreement among  several
   persons to commit some  crime;  a plot;
   a concerted treason.
                 0 conspiracy!
  Sham'st thou to shew thy dang'rous brow by night,
  When evils are most free?              Shaksp.
    I had forgot that foul conspiracy
  Of the beast Caliban, and his confed'rates,
  Against my life.                       Shaksp.
    When scarce he had escap'd the blow
  Of faction and conspiracy,
  Death did his promis'd hopes destroy.     Diyden.
2. In law, an agreement of  men to do any
   thing; always taken in the evil part.  It
   is taken for a confederacy of two, at the
   least, falsely to indict one, or  to procure
   one to be indicted, of felony.    Cowell.
3. A concurrence;  a  general tendency  of
   many causes to one event.
    When the  time  now came toat misery was ripe
  for him, there was a conspiracy in all  heavenly and
  earthly things, to frame fit occasions to lead him unto
  it.                                  Sidney.
    The air appearing so malicious in this morbific
  conspiracy, exacts a more particular regard. Harvey.
Conspi'rant,  kon-spi'rant.  adj. [conspi-
  rans, Lat.]  Conspiring;  engaging in a
  conspiracy or plot; plotting.
              Thou art a traitor,
  Conspirant 'gainst this high illustrious prince.
                                      Shaksp.
Conspiration,  kon-spe-ra'shun.   to.  s.
  [conspiratio, Lat.]   An  agreement of
  many to one end.
    One would wonder how, from so differing premises,
  they should infer toe same conclusion, were it not
  that the conspiration of interest were too potent for
  the diversity of judgment.        Decay of Piety.
Conspi'rator,  kon-spir'a-tur. to. s. [from
  conspiro, Lat.]   A  man  engaged in  a
  plot;  one  who has  secretly  concerted
  with others the commission of a crime;
  a plotter.
    Achitophel is among the conspirators with Absa-
  lom.                               2 Samuel.
    Stand back, thou manifest conspirator-;
  Thou that contriv'st to murder our dread lord.
                                      Shaksp.
    But let the bold conspirator beware;
  For heav'n makes princes its peculiar care.  Dryden.
    One put into his hand a note of the whole conspi-
  racy against him, together with all the names of the
  conspirators.                           South.

To CONS'PIRE,  kon-spire'. *. to.  [con-
  spiro, Lat.]
1. To concert a  crime; to plot; to  hatch
   secret treason.
            Tell me what they deserve,
  That do conspire my death with devilish plots
  Of damned witchcraft.         Shaks.  Rich. III.
                    What was it
  That mov'd pale Cassius to conspire?     Shaksp.
    They  took great  indignation,  and  conspired
  against the king.                   Apocrypha.
    Let the air be  excluded; for that underminefh
  the body, and conspireth with the spirit of the body
  to dissolve it.                  _       Bacon.
    There is in man a natural possibility to destroy
  the world; that is, to conspire to know no woman.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    The press,  the pulpit, and toe stage,
  Conspire to censure and expose our age.   Roscom.
2.  To agree together;  as, all thinga con-
   spire to make him happy.
    So moist and  dry, when Phoebus shines,
  Conspiring give the plant to grow.         Hei<>-h 
CON
CON
CON
Conspi'rer, kon-spi'rur. n. s. [from con-
  spire.]  A  conspirator; a plotter.
                      Take no care,
  Who chafes, who frets, and where conspirers are:
  Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be. Shaksp. Macb.
Conspi'ring Powers,  kon-spi'ring.  [In
  mechanicks.]  All  such as act  in  di-
  rection not opposite to one another.
                                    Harris.
Conspurca'tion, kon-spftr-ka'shiin. to. s.
  [from conspurco, Lat.]  The act of  de-
  filing; defilement; pollution.
CO'NSTABLE,kun'sta-bl.165 n.s. [;comes
  stabuli, as it is supposed.]
1. Lord high constable is an  ancient offi-
  cer of the crown.  The function of the
  constable  of England consisted in  the
  care of the  common  peace of the land
  in deeds of arms and in matters of war.
  To the court of the constable and mar-
  shal belonged  the cognizance of con-
  tracts, deeds of arms without the realm,
  and combats and blasonry of arms with-
  in it.  The  first constable of  England
  was created by the Conqueror, and the
  office  continued hereditary till the thir-
  teenth of  Henry VIII. when it was laid
   aside, as being so powerful as to become
  troublesome to the king.   From  these
  mighty magistrates are derived the in-
   feriour constables of hundreds and fran-
   chises; two  of  whom were ordained, in
  the thirteenth of Edward  I. to be cho-
   sen in every hundred, for the conserva-
  tion of the peace, and view of armour.
   These are now called high constables;
   because  continuance of time, and in-
   crease both of  people  and  offences,
   have occasioned others in every town
   of inferiour authority, called petty con-
   stables.  Besides these, we  have  con-
   stables  denominated  from  particular
   places;  as,  constable of the   Tower, of
   Dover Castle, of the Castle of Carnar-
   von: but  these are properly castellani,
   or governours of castles.
                         Cowell.  Chambers.
     When I came hither, I was lord high constable,
  And duke  of  Buckingham;  now poor  Edward
           Bohun.                  Shakspeare.
     The knave constable had set me i' th' stocks, i'
   to' common stocks, for a witch.          Shaksp.
     The constable being a sober man, and an enemy
  to sedition, went to observe what they did.   Cfar.
 2.  To over-run  the  Conatable.  [perhaps
   from conte stable,  Fr. the settled, firm,
   and  stated  account.]   To spend more
   than  what a man knows himself to be
   worth: a  low phrase.
 Co'nstableship,  kun'sta-bl-ship.   to.  s.
   [from constable].  The  office of a con-
   stable.
     This keepership is annexed to the constableship of
  the castle, and that granted out in lease.
                     Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Co'nstancy, kon'stan-se.  to. s. [constantia,
   Lat.]
 1.  Immutability; perpetuity;  unalterable
   continuance.
     The laws of God himself no man will ever deny
  to be of a different  constitution from the former, in
  respect of the one's constancy, and the mutability of
  the other.                           Hooker.
2. Consistency; unvaried state.
    Incredible, that constancy in such a variety, such
  a multiplicity, should be the result of chance.   Ray.
3. Resolution; firmness; steadiness;  un-
   shaken determination.
    In a small isle, amidst the widest seas,
  Triumphant constancy has fix'dher seat;
  In vain the syrens sing, the tempests beat.   Prior.
4. Lasting affection; continuance of love,
   or friendship.
    Constancy is such  a  stability and  firmness of
  friendship,  as overlooks  and passes  by lesser fai-
  lures of kindness,  and yet still retains the  same
  habitual good-will to a friend.            South.
5. Certainty;  veracity; reality.
    But all the story of the night told over,
  More witnesseth than fancy's images,
  And grows  to something of great constancy,
  But, however, strange and admirable.    Shaksp.
CO'NSTANT,  kon'stant. adj. [constans,
   Lat.]
1. Firm; fixed; not fluid.
    If you take  highly rectified spirit of wine, and
  dephlegmed spirit of urine,  and  mix them, you
  may turn these two fluid liquors into a constant
  body.                                Boyle.
2. Unvaried;  unchanged; immutable; du-
   rable.
    The world's  a scene of changes, and to be
   Constant, in nature were inconstancy.    Cowley.
3. Firm, resolute; determined; immovea-
   ble; unshaken.
                Some shrewd contents
  Now steal the colour from Bassanio's cheek:
  Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world
  Could turn so much the constitution
  Of any  constant man.    Shaksp. Merch. of Venice.
   Free from  change of affection.
    Both {loving one fair  maid,  they yet remained
  constant friends.                       Sidney.
   Certain; not various;  steady;  firmly ad-
   herent: with to.
    Now  through  the  land his  care  of  souls  he
         stretch'd,
  And like a primitive apostle preach'd;
   Still cheerful, ever constant to his call;
   By many follow'd, lov'd by most, admir'd by all.
                                     Dryden.
    He shewed his firm  adherence to  religion, as
   modelled by our national  constitution;  and was
   constant to its offices in devotion, both in publick,
   and in his family.          Addison's Freeholder.
Constantly,  kon'stant-le.  adv.   [from
   constant]    Unvariably;  perpetually;.
   certainly; steadily.
     It is  strange that the fathers should never ap-
   peal ; nay, that they should not consfanfti/ do it.
                                    Tillotson.
 To CONSTE'LLATE,k6n-stel'late. v. to.
   [constellatus, Lat.] To  join lustre; to
   shine with one general light.
     The several things which engage our  affections
   do, in a transcendent manner, shine forth and con-
   stellate in God.                        Boyle.
 To  Conste'llate, k6n-stel'late. v. a.  To
   unite several  shining  bodies  in   one
   splendour.
     Great constitutions, and such as are constellated
   into knowledge, do nothing till they outdo all.
                        jBroum's Vulgar Errours.
     These scattered perfections,  which were divided
   among the several ranks of inferiour natures, were
   summed up and constellated in ours.     Gfantnffe.
Constella'tion, kon-stel-la'shun.   to. a.
   [from conatellate.]
 I. A cluster  of fixed stars.
     For  the stars of heaven,  and the constellations
  thereof, shall not give their light.  Isaiah, xiii. 10.
          The earth, the air, resounded;
  The heav'ns and all the eo?tsfeffafions rung. Milton.
            A constellation is but one,
          Though 'tis a train of stars.    Dryden.
   An assemblage of splendours, or ex-
  cellencies.
    The condition is a constellation or conjuncture of
  all those gospel graces,  faith, hope, charity, self-
  denial, repentance, and the rest.      Hammond.
Consterna'tion, kon-ster-na'shun. to. *.
  [from consterno,  Lat.]  Astonishment;
  amazement; alienation  of  mind  by  a
  surprize; surprize; wonder.
    They find the same holy consternation upon them-
  selves  that Jacob  did at Bethel, which he called
  the gate of heaven.                     South.
              The natives, dubious  whom
  They must obey, in consternation wait
  Till rigid conquest will pronounce their liege.
                                     Philips.
To  CO'NSTIPATE, kon'ste-pate.  v. a.
  [from conatipo, Lat.]
1. To crowd  together  in a narrow room;
  to thicken; to condense.
    Of cold, the property is to condense and  con-
  stipate.                               Bacon.
    It may, by amassing,  cooling, and constipating
  of waters, turn them into rain.   Ray on the Creat.
    There might  arise some vertiginous motions or
  whirlpools in the matter of the chaos, whereby the
  atoms might be thrust and crowded to the middle of
  those whirlpools, and there constipate one another
  into great solid globes.                Bentley.
2. To stuff up, or stop by filling up the
  passages.
    It is not probable that any aliment should have
  the  quality of intirely constipating or shutting up
  toe capillary vessels.        Arbuthnot on Alim.
3. To bind the belly, or make  costive.
    Omitting honey, which is laxative, and the pow-
  der of some loadstones in this, doth rather constipate
  and bind, than purge and loosen the belly. Brown.

Constipa'tion,  kon-ste-pa'shian.   to.  s.
  [from constipate.]
1. The act of crowding any thing into less
  room;  condensation.
    This worketh by the detention of  the spirits, and
  constipation ofthe tangible  parts.         Bacon.
    It requires either absolute fulness of matter, or a
  pretty close constipation and mutual contact of its
  particles.                            Bentley.
   Stoppage; obstruction by plenitude.
    The inactivity ofthe gall occasions aconstipalion
  of the belly.                 Arbuth. on Alim,
   The state of having the body bound.

Constituent,  kon-stitsh'u-ent.461  adj.
   [constituens, Lat.]  That which makes
   any thing what it  is; necessary to ex-
   istence;  elemental;  essential;  that of
   which any thing consists.
    Body, soul,  and reason, are the three parts ne-
  cessarily constituent of a man.  -        Dryden.
    All animals derived all the constituent matter  of
  their bodies, successively, in all ages, out of this
  fund.                              Woodward.
    It is impossible that the figures and sizes of its
  constituent particles, should be so justly  adapted  as
  to touch one another in every point.      Bentley.

 Constituent, kon-stitsh'u-ent.461  to. *.
 1.  The person or thing which constitutes
   or settles any thing in its peculiar state.
     Their first composure and  origination requires a
  higher and nobler constituent than  chance.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 2.  That which is necessary to the subsis-
   tence of any thing.
     The obstruction of the mesentery is a great im- 
CON
CON
0 ON
  pediment  to nutrition:  for the  lymph in those
  glands is a necessary constituent of the aliment.
                               Arbuth. on Alim.
 3.  He that deputes another;  as, the repre-
   sentatives in parliament disregard their
   constituents.
 To  CONSTITUTE,  kon'ste-tute.  v. a.
   [constituo, Lat.]
 1.  To give format existence; to make any
   thing  what  it is; to produce.
     Prudence is  not only a moral but christian vir-
  tue, such  as is necessary to the constituting of all
  others.                         Decay of Piety.
 2.  To erect; to establish.
     We must obey laws appointed and constituted by
  lawful authority, not against the law of God.
                           Taylor's Holy  Living.
     It will  be necessary to  consider, how  at first
  those several churches were consfitwiecf,  that we
  may understand how in this one church toey were
  all united.                           Peaj-son.
 3.  To depute;  to appoint another  to an
   office.
 Co'nstituter, kon'ste-tu'tur. to. *.  [from
   constitute.]  He that  constitutes or ap-
   points.
 Constitution,   kon-ste-tu'shiin.   «.  s.
   [from conatitute.]
 1.  The  act of constituting;   enacting; de-
   puting; establishing;  producing.
 2.  State of being; particular texture  of
   parts; natural qualities.
     This  is  more beneficial than any other constitu-
  tion.                                 Bentley.
     This  light being  trajected  through the  parallel
  prisms,  if it suffered any change by the  refraction of
  one, it lost that impression  by the contrary refrac-
  tion ofthe other; and so being restored to  its pris-
  tine constitution, became ofthe same condition as at
  first.                        Newton's  Opticks.
 3.  Corporeal frame.
     Amongst many bad effects of this oily constitution,
  there is  one advantage; such who  arrive to age, are
  not subject to stricture of fibres.        Arbuthnot.
 4.  Temper of body, with respect to health
   or disease.
     If such men happen, by their native constitutions,
  to fall into toe gout;  either they mind it not at all,
  having  no leisure to be sick, or  they use it like a
  dog.                                 Temple.
     Beauty is nothing else but a just accord and har-
  mony of the members, animated by a healthful
  constitution.                           Dryden.
 5. Temper of mind.
     Dametas, according to the constitution of a dull
  head, thinks no better way  to shew himself wise
  than by  suspecting every thing in his way.  Sidney.
     Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world
  Could turn so much toe constitution
  Of any constant man.  Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
    He defended  himself with  undaunted courage,
  and less  passion than was expected from his consti-
  tution.                             Clarendon.
6. Established form of  government; sys-
  tem of laws and customs.
    The Norman conquering all  by might,
  Mixing our customs, and the form of right,
  With foreign constitutions he had brought. Daniel.
7. Particular law; established usage; es-
  tablishment; institution.
    We lawfully may observe the positive constitu-
  tions of our own churches.              Hooker.
    Constitution,  properly speaking in the sense of
  the civil  law, is  that law which  is made and ordain-
  ed by some king or emperor; yet the canonists, by
  adding the word sacred to it, make it to signify the
  same as  an ecclesiastical canon.          Ayliffe.
Consittu'tioxal, kon-ste-tu'shdn-al. adj.
  [from  constitution.]
 1.  Bred in  the constitution; radical.
    It is not probable any constitutional illness will be
  communicated with the small-pox by inoculation.
                               Sharp's Surgery.
 2.  Consistent with  the civil constitution;
   legal.
 Constitutive, kon'ste-tu-tiv. adj. [from
   constitute.]
 I. That which constitutes any thing  what
   it is;  elemental; essential; productive.
    Although it be  placed among the non-naturals,
  that is,  such as neither  naturally constitutive nor
  merely  destructive, do preserve or destroy. Brown.
    The  elements and constitutive parts of a schis-
  matick, being the esteem of himself, and the con-
  tempt of others.                 Decay of Piety.
 2.  Having the power  to enact or establish.
 To CONSTRAIN,  kon-strane'.   v.  a.
   [constraindre,  Fr. constringo, Lat.]
 1.  To compel; to force to some action.
    Thy  sight, which should
  Make our eyes flow with joy,
  Constrains them weep.              Shakspeare.
    Namur subdued, is England's palm alone;
  The rest besieg'd, but  we consfrain'cf the town.
                                      Dryden.
 2.  To hinder by  force; to restrain.
    My sire in caves constrains  the winds,
  Can with a breath their clam'rous rage appease;
  They fear his whistle, and forsake the seas.  Diyd.
 3.  To necessitate.
    The scars upon your honour, therefore, he
  Does pity as constrained blemishes,
  Nothing deserv'd.                  Shakspeare.
    When to his lust iEgysthusgave therein,
  Did fate or we the  adult'rous act constrain?  Pope.
 4.  To violate; to ravish.
                 Her spotless chastity,
  Inhuman traitors! you  constrain'd and forc'd.
                   Shakspeare's Titus Andronicus.
 5.  To confine; to press.
      When amidst  the fervour of the feast,
  The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast,
  And with sweet kisses in her arms constrains,
  Thou may'st infuse thy venom  in her veins.  Dryd.
    How the strait stays the slender waist constrain.
                                         Gay.
 6.  To constringe.
    When winter frosts constrain the field with cold,
  The scanty root can take no steady hold.   Dryden.
 7.  To tie;  to bind,
          Scarce the weary god had clos'd his eyes,
  When rushing on with shouts, he binds in chains
  The drowsy prophet, and his limbs constrains.
                                      Dryden.
 8.  To imprison.
    Constrain'd him  in a bird, and made him  fly,
  With party-colour'd plumes, a chattering pye.
                                      Dryden.
9. To force;  to  produce  in opposition to
  nature.
    In this northern tract our hoarser throats
  Utter unripe and ill constrained notes.     Waller,
 10. To  restrain;  to withhold.
    The  soft weapons of paternal persuasions, after
  mankind began to forget  the original giver of life,
  became  overweak  to resist the first inclination of
  evil: or after, when it became habitual, to constrain
  it.                                  Raleigh.
CoNSTRA'iNABLE,k6n-stra'na-bl. adj. [from
  constrain.]  Liable to constraint;  obnox-
  ious to compulsion.
    Whereas men before stood  bound in conscience
  to do as reason teacheth, they are now, by virtue
  of human law constrainable; and, if they outward-
  ly transgress, punishable.                Hooker.
CoNSTRA'iNEnLY,  kon-stra'ned-le.   adv.
  [from constrain.]   By  constraint;  by
  compulsion.
                   3e2
     What  occasion  it had given  them to think, to
  their greater obduration in evil, that through a fro-
  ward  and wanton desire  of innovation we did con-
  strainedly those things, for which conscience was
  pretended.                           Hooker.
Constra'iner,  k6n-stra'nur.  to. s. [from
  constrain.]  He that constrains.

Constraint,kon-strant'. n.s. [contrainte,
  Fr.]
1. Compulsion;   compelling  force;   vio-
  lence; act of overruling the  desire; con-
  finement.
    I did suppose it should be on constraint;
  But, heav'n be thank'd, it is but voluntary.
                            Shaksp. King John.
    Like you, a man; and hither led by fame,
  Not by constraint, but by my choice, I came.
                      Dryden's Indian Emperour.
    The constant desire of happiness, and  the con-
  straint it puts upon us to act for it, nobody, I think,
  accounts an abridgment of liberty.         Locke.
2. Confinement.  Out of use.
           His limbs were waxen weak and raw,
  Thro' long imprisonment, and hard constraint.
                                      Spenser.

To CONSTRI'CT, k6n-strikt'. v.a. [con-
  stringo, constrictum, Lat.]
1. To  bind;  to  cramp;  to  confine into a
  narrow compass.

2. To  contract;  to cause to  shrink.
    Such things as constrict the fibres, and  strength-
  en the solid parts.               Arbuth. on Diet.
Construction, con-strik'shun. «. s. [from
  constrict.]   Contraction;  compression;
  forcible contraction.    Compression is
  from an  outward  force,  constriction
  from some quality;  as   the throat i.3
  compressed by  a  bandage,  and   con-
  stringed by a  cold.
    The air, which these receive into  the lungs, may
  serve  to  render their  bodies equiponderant to the
  water; and the constriction or dilatation of it, may
  probably assist them to ascend or descend  in the
  water.                    Ray on the  Creation.
Constri'ctor, kon-strik'tilr.166 to.  s. [con-
  strictor, Lat.]  That which  compresses
  or contracts.
    He  supposed the constrictors of the eye-lids must
  be strengthened in the supercilious.
                Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
To CONSTRl'NGE, k6n-strinje'.  v. a.
  [constringo, Lat.] To compress; to con-
  tract; to bind; to force to contract itself.
                   The dreadful spout,
  Which shipmen do toe hurricano call,
  Constring'd in mass by the almighty  sun.   Shaksp.
    Strong liquors,  especially inflammatory spirits,
  intoxicate, constringe,  harden the fibres,  and coa-
  gulate the fluids.                    Arbuthnot.
Constri'ngent,  kon-strin'jent. adj.  [con-
  stringens, Lat.]  Having  the quality of
  binding or compressing.
    Try a deep well, or a conservatory of snow, where
  the cold may be more constringent.        Bacon.
                    Winter binds
  Our strengthen'd bodies in a cold embrace
  Consti-ingent.                Thomson's Winter.
To  CONSTRU'CT,  kon-strukt'.  v. a.
  [constructus, Lat.]
1. To build; to form; to compile; to consti-
  tute
    Let there be an admiration of those divine attri-
  butes and prerogatives, for  whose manifesting he
  was pleased to cojisfrncf this vast fabrick.    Boyle.
2. To form by the mind: as, he  construct-
  ed a new system. 
CON
CON
CON
Construction,   kon-struk'shun.   to.  a.
   [conatructio, Lat.]
1. The act of building, or piling up in a
   regular method.
2. The form of building;  structure;  con-
   formation.
                      There's no art
  To shew the mind's construction in tbe face. Shaksp.
    The ways were made  of several layers of flat
  stones and flint: the construction was a little vari-
  ous, according to the nature ofthe soil, or the ma-
  terials which they found.             Arbuthnot.
3. [In grammar.] The putting of words,
   duly chosen, together in such a manner
   as  is  proper  to  convey  a  complete
   sense.         Clarke*a Latin Grammar.
    Some particles constantly,  and others in certain
  constructions,  have  the sense of a whole sentence
  contained in them.                      Locke.
4. The act of arranging terms in the pro-
   per order, by  disentangling transposi-
   tions;  the act  of interpreting; explana-
   tion.
          This label, whose containing
  Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
  Make no collection of it; let him shew
  His skill in the construction.    Shaksp. Cymbeline.
5. The   sense; the  meaning;  interpreta-
   tion.
    In which sense although we judge the apostle's
  words to have been uttered, yet  hereunto we do
  not require them to yield, that think any other con-
  struction more sound..                 Hooker.
    He that would live at ease, should always put the
  best construction on business and conversation.
                           Collier on the  Spleen.
    Religion,  in its own nature, produces good will
  towards  men, and puts  the  mildest construction
  upon every accident that befals them.   Spectator.
6. Judgment; mental representation.
    It cannot, therefore, unto reasonable constructions
  seem strange, or savour of singularity, that we have
  examined this point.     Brown's Vulgar Errours.

7. The manner of describing a figure or
   problem  in geometry.
8. Construction of Equations, in algebra,
   is  the  method of  reducing  a known
   equation  into lines and  figures, in order
   to a geometrical demonstration.
Constru'cture, kon-striik'tshure.461 to.s.
   I from construct.]  Pile;  edifice; fabrick.
    They shall the earth's constructure closely bind,
  And to the centre keep the parts confin'd. Blackm.
To  CO'NSTRUE, kon'stru, or kon'stur.
   v. a.  [construo, Lat.]
1. To range words in  their natural order;
   to disentangle transposition.
    I'll teach mine eyes, with meek humility,
  Love-learned letters to her eyes to read;
  Which her deep wit, that true heart's thought can
        spell,
  Will soon conceive, and learn to construe well.
                                     Spenser.
    Construe the times to their necessities,
  And you shall say, indeed, it is the time,
  And not the king, that doth you injuries.    Shaks.
2. To interpret;  to explain;  to shew the
   meaning.
    I must crave that I be not so understood or con-
  strued, as if any such thing, by virtue thereof, could
  be done without the aid  and assistance  of God's
  most blessed spirit.                    Hooker.
    Virgil is so very figurative, that  he  requires (I
  may almost say) a grammar apart to construe him.
                                     Dryden.
    Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our
rfcwn words,  to free ourselves either from the igno-
  rance or malice of our adversaries.    Slitting fleet.
    When the word is construed  into its idea, the
  double meaning vanishes.              Addison.
To  CO'NSTUPRATE,   kon-stu-prate.
   v. a. [constupro, Lat.] To  violate;  to
   debauch; to defile.
Constupra'tion,  kon-stu-pra'shdn. to. s.
   [from constuprate.]   Violation; defile-
   ment.
CONSUBSTA'NTIAL,   kon-sub-stan'-
   shal. adj. [consubstantialis, Lat.]
I. Having  the  same  essence  or  sub-
   stance.
    The Lord our God is but one God: in which in-
  divisible unity, notwithstanding we adore the Fa-
  ther, as being altogether of himself, we glorify that
  consubstantial Word, which is the Son;  we bless
  and magnify that co-essential Spirit,  eternally pro-
  ceeding from both, which is the Holy  Ghost.
                                     Hooker.
2. Being of the same kind or nature.
    It continueth %.  body consubstantial with our bo-
  dies; a body ofthe same, both nature and measure,
  which it had on earth.                 Hooker.
    In their conceits the human nature of Christ was
  not consubstantial to ours, but of another kind.
                                   Brereivood.
Consubstantia'lity,  kon-sub-stan-she-
   al'e-te. to. s. [from consubstantial]
I. Existence of more than one, in  the same
   substance.
    The eternity of the Son's generation, and his co-
  eternity and consubstantiality with toe Father, when
  he came down from heaven.           Hammond.
2. Participation ofthe  same nature.

To Consubsta'ntiate, kon-sub-stan-she-
   ate.  v.  a. [from con  and substantia,
   Lat.] To unite in one common substance
   or nature.

Consubstantia'tion,  kon-siib-stan-she-
   a'shun.  to.  s.   [from  consubstantiate]
   The  union of the body of  our blessed
   Saviour with  the sacramental element,
   according to the Lutherans.
    In the point of consubstantiation, toward the latter
  end of his life, he changed his mind.    Atterbury.
CO'NSUL, kon'sul. n.s.  [consul, consu-
   lendo, Lat.]
1. The chief magistrate  in the Roman re-
   publick.
    Or never be so noble as a consul,
  Nor yoke with him for tribune.         Shakspeare.
    Consuls of mod'rate power in calms were made;
  When  the Gaute came, one sole dictator sway'd.
                                     Dryden.
2. An  officer commissioned  in foreign
   parts to judge  between the merchants
   of his  nation, and protect their com-
   merce.
Co'nsular,  kon'shu-lar.483 adj. [consula-
   ris, Lat.]
I. Relating to the consul.
    The consular power had only the  ornaments,
  without the force, of the royal authority. Spectator.
2. Consular  Man.   One  who  had  been
   consul.
    Rose not the consular men, and left their places,
  So soon as thou sat'st down. Ben Jonson's Cataline.
Co'nsulate, kon-shu-late.91  to. s. [consu-
   latus, Lat.] The office of consul.
    His  name and consulate were effaced out of  all
  publick registers and inscriptions.        Addison.
Co'nsulship,  kon'sul-ship.   to.  s. [from
   consul.]  The office of consul.
    The patricians should do very ill,
  To let  the consulship be so defil'd.     Ben Jonson.
    The lovely boy, with his auspicious face,
  Shall Pollio's consulship and triumph grace.  Dryti.
To CONSU'LT, kon-sult'.  v. n. [consul-
   to, Lat.]  To take  counsel together;  to
   deliberate  in  common: it has with be-
   fore the person admitted to consulta-
   tion.
                      Every man,
  After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
  A thing inspir'd, and, not consulting, broke
  Into a general prophecy, that this tempest,
  Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
  The sudden breach on't.      Shaksp. HenryYIU.
    A  senate  house,  wherein  three hundred and
  twenty men sat consulting always for the people.
                               1 Jtfac.-viii. 15.
    Consnff not with the slothful for any work.
                                JEcctws. xxxvii.
    He sent for his bosom friends, with  whom  he
  most confidently consulted, and shewed the paper to
  them, the contents whereof he could not conceive.
                                   Clarendon.
To Consu'lt, kon-siilt'. t>. a.
1. To ask advice of:  as,  he consulted his
  friends; to consult an author.
2. To regard; to act with view or respect
   to.
    We are, in the first place, to consult the necessi-
  ties  of life, rather than  matters  of ornament and
  delight.                          L'Estrange.
    The senate owes its gratitude to Cato,
  Who with so great a soul consults its safety,
  And guards our lives, while he neglects his own.
                                     Addison.
3. To plan; to contrive.
    Thou hast consulted shame to thy house, by cut-
  ting off many people.               Hub. ii. 10.
    Many things were there consulted for the future,
  yet nothing was positively resolved.    Clarendon.
Co'nsult, kon'sult,or kon'sult'. to. s. [from
   the verb.   It is variously accented.]
1. The act of consulting.
    Yourself in person head one chosen half,
  And march t' oppress the faction in consult
  With dying Dorax.      Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. The  effect of consulting; determina-
   tion.
    He said, and rose the first; the council broke;
  And all their grave consults dissolv'd in smoke.
                              Dryden's Fables.
3. A  council; a  number of persons assem-
   bled in deliberation.
    Divers meetings and consults of our whole num-
  ber, to consider ofthe former labours.      Bacon.
    A consult of coquets below
  Was call'd, to rig him out a beau.         Swift.
Consulta'tion,   kon-sul-ta'shun.  to.  s.
   [from consult.]
1. The act of consulting;  secret delibera-
   tion.
    The chief priests held a consultation  with  the
  elders and scribes.                Mark, xv. 1.
2. A  number of persons consulting toge-
   ther; a council.
    A consultation was called, wherein he advised a
  salivation.                 Wiseman of Abscesses.
3. [In law.]  Consultatio is  a writ, where-
   by a cause, being formerly removed  by
   prohibition   from   the   ecclesiastical
   court, or court christian, to  the king's
   court, is returned thither again: for the
   judges of the  king's  court,  if,  upon
   comparing the libel  with the  sugges-
   tion of  the party, they do find the sug-
   gestion false, or not proved, and there-
   fore the cause to  be wrongfully called
   from the  court christian;  then?  upon 
CON
CON
CON
   this consultation or deliberation, decree
   is to be returned again.         Cowell.
 Consu'lter,  kon-sul'tur.9s  to. s.  [from
   consult/]   One that consults, or asks
   counsel or intelligence.
     There shall not be found among you a charmer,
   or  a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard.
                                 Deut. xviii. 11.
 Consu'mable, kon-su'ma-bl.  adj.  [from
   consume.]   Susceptible of destruction;
   possible  to  be  wasted,  spent, or  de-
   stroyed.
     Asbestos does truly agree in this common quality
   ascribed unto both, of being incombustible,  and
   not consumable by fire; but it doth contract  so much
   fuliginous matter from the earthy parts of the oil,
   though  it was tried with some of the purest oil,
   that in a very few days it did choak and extinguish
   the flame.        Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
     Our growing rich or poor depends only on, which
   is greater or less, our importation or exportation of
   consuma&fe commodities.                  Locke.
 To CONSU'ME, k&n-sume'.464 v. a. [con-
   sumo, Lat.]  To waste;  to spend;  to  de-
   stroy.
     Where two raging fires meet together,
   They do consume the thing that feeds their  fury.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Thou shalt carry much seed out into  the field,
   and shalt gather but little in;  for the locusts shall
   consume it.                 Deuteronomy xxviii.
     Thus in soft anguish she consumes the day,
   Nor quits her deep retirement.   Tlwmson's Spring.
 To  Consu'me, kon-sume'. v. to. To  waste
   away; to be exhausted.
     These violent delights have  violent ends,
   And in toeir triumph die; like  toe and powder,  ,
   Which, as they meet, consume.       Shakspeare.
 Consu'mer,   kon-su'miir.   to.  s.   [from
   consume.] One that spends,  wastes, or
   destroys any thing.
     Money may be considered as  in the hands ofthe
   consumer, or of toe merchant who buys the commo-
   dity, when made to export.                Locke.
 To  CONSU'MMATE,  kon-siim'mate.o1
   v. a.[consommer, Fr. consummare, Lat.]
   To  complete;  to  perfect; to finish; to
   end.    Anciently accented  on the first
   syllable.
     Yourself, myself, and other lords, will pass
   To consummate this business happily.      Shaksp.
     There shall we consummate our spousal rites.
                                        Shaksp.
    The person was cunning enough to begin the de-
   ceit in the weaker, and the weaker sufficient to con-
   summate the  fraud in the stronger.         Brown.
    He had a mind to consummate the happiness of
   the day.                               Tatler.
Consu'mmate, kon-stim'mate'. adj. [from
   the verb.] Complete;  perfect; finished;
   omnibus  numeris  absolutus.
    I do but stay till your marriage be consummate.
                                       Shaksp.
    Earth, in her rich attire
   Consummate, lovely smil'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Gratian, among his maxims for raising a man to
  the  most consummate greatness, advises to perform
  extraordinary actions, and to  secure  a good histo-
  rian.                     Addison's Freeholder.
    If a man of perfect and consummate virtue falls
  into a misfortune, it raises our  pity, but not  our  ter-
  rour.                       Addison's Spectator.
Consummation,  kon-silm-ma'shilm. «. s.
   [from consummate.]
1. Completion; perfection; end.
    That just and  regular process, which it must be
  supposed to take  from its original  to its consumma-
  tion.                       Addison's Spectator.
2. The  end  of  the  present  system  of
   things; the end ofthe world.
    From the first beginning  of the world  unto  the
  last consummation thereof, it neither hath been, nor
  can be, otherwise.                      Hooker.
3. Death; end of life.
    Ghost, unlaid, forbear thee!
  Nothing ill come near thee!
  Quiet consummation have,
  Unremoved be thy grave!      Shaksp. Cymbeline.

Consumption,   kon-sum'shun.412   to. s.
   [consumptio, Lat.]
1. The  act of consuming; waste; destruc-
   tion.
    In commodities, the value rises as its quantity is
  less and vent greater; which depends upon its being
  preferred in its consumption.              Locke.
2. The  state of wasting or perishing.
    Etna and Vesuvius have sent forth flames for
  this two or three thousand years, yet the mountains
  themselves have not suffered any considerable dimi-
  nution or  consumption; but  are,  at this  day,  the
  highest mountains in those countries.   Woodicard.
3. [In physick.]   A  waste of muscular
   flesh.   It is frequently attended with a
   hectick  fever,  and  is divided by physi-
   cians into several  kinds,  according to
   the variety of its causes.         Quincy.
             Consumption sow
  In hollow bones of man.           Shaksp. Timon.
    The stoppage of  women's courses, if not locked
  to, sets them into a  consumption, dropsy,  or other
  disease.                              Harvey.
    The essential and distinguishing  character  of a
  confirmed consumption, is a wasting of the body by
  reason of an ulcerated state of the lungs,  attended
  with a cough,  a discharge of purulent matter, and
  a hectick fever.                    Blackmore.
Consumptive,  kon-sum'llv.  adj.   [from
   consume.]
I. Destructive; wasting; exhausting; hav-
   ing the quality  of consuming.
    A long consumptive war is more likely  to break
  this grand alliance than disable France.    Addison.
2. Diseased with  a consumption.
    Nothing taints sound lungs sooner than  inspiring
  the breath of consumptive lungs.          Harvey.
    The  lean, consumptive wench,  with coughs de-
        cay'd,
  Is call'd a pretty, tight, and slender maid.  Dryden.
    By an exact regimen a consumptive person  may
  hold out for years.            Arbuthnot on Diet.

Consu'mptiveness, kon-sum'tiv-n£s. n. s.
   [from consumptive.]  A tendency  to a
   consumption.
Consu'tile, kon-su'fil.140 adj. [consutilis,
   Lat.]  That is  sewed or stitched toge-
   ther.                                Diet.

To CONTA'BULATE,  kon-tab'u-late.
  v.  a.  [contabulo,  Lat.]  To floor  with
   boards.
Contaeula'tion, kon-tab-u-la'shijn. to. s.
  [contabulatio, Lat.]  A joining of boards
  together; a boarding a floor.
CO'NTACT, kon'takt. to.  s.  [contactus,
  Lat.]  Touch; close  union;  juncture of
  one body to another.
    The  Platonists hold, toat  toe spirit of  the lover
  doth pass into the spirits of the person loved, which
  causeth the desire of return into the body; where-
  upon followeth that appetite of contact and conjunc-
  tion.                     Bacon's Natural Hist.
    When the light fell so obliquely on the air, which
  in other places was between them, as to be all re-
  flected,  it seemed  in that place of contact to be
  wholly transmitted.            .Yetcfon's Opticks.
     The air, by its immediate contact, may coagulate
   the blood which flows along the air-bladders.
                              Arbuthnot on Ditt.
 Conta'ction,  kon-tak'slnln.  to. *.  [con-
   tactus, Lat.]   The  act of touching;  a
   joining one body to another.
     That deleterious it may be at some distance, and
   destructive without corporal conlaction, there is no
   high improbability.      Broicn's Vulgar Errours.
 CONTA'GION,  k6n-ta'je-un.64a  n. s.
   [contagio, Lat.]
 1. The emission from  body to body  bv
   which diseases are communicated.
     If we two be one, and thou play false,
   I do digest the poison of thy flesh,
   Being strumpeted by thy contagion.       Shaksp.
     In infection and contagion from body to body, a«
   the plague and the like,  the infection is received
   many times by toe  body passive; but yet is, by the
   strength and good disposition thereof, repulsed.
                                        Bacon.
 2. Infection;  propagation of mischief,  or
   disease.
     Nor will the  goodness  of intention excuse the
  scandal and contagion of example.   King Charles.
                     Down fell  they,
  And the dire hiss renew'd, and the dire form
  Catch'd by contagion.        Milton's Par. Lost.
 3. Pestilence;  venomous emanations.
    Will he steal out of his wholesome bed,
  To dare the vile contagion ofthe  night?      Shak.
 Conta'gious, k6n-ta'je-i\s.e42 adj.   [from
   contagio, Lat.] Infectious;  caught   by
   approach; poisonous; pestilential.
                       The jades,
  That drag the tragick melancholy night,
  From their misty jaws
  Breathe foul, contagious darkness in the air. Shaksp.
    We sicken soon from  her contagious care,
  Grieve for her sorrows, groan for her despair.
                                        Prior.
 Conta'giousness, k6n-ta'je-iis-nes. to. s.
   [from contagious] The quality of being
   contagious.

 To CONTATN, kon-tane'.  v. a. [conti-
   neo, Lat.]
 I. To hold as a vessel.
    There are many other things which Jesus did,
  the which if they should be written every one, I
  suppose toat even the world itself could not contain
  toe books that should be written.     John, xxi. 25.
    Gently instructed I shall hence depart,
  Greatly in peace of thought, and  have my fill
  Of knowledge what  this vessel can contain. Milton.
    What thy stores contain bring  forth, and pour
  Abundance.                          Milton.
 2. To comprehend; to comprise.
    What seem'd fair in all the world, seem'd now
  Mean, or in her summ'd up, in  her contain'd.
                                      Milton.
                   The earth,
  Though in comparison of heav'n  so small,
  Nor glist'ring, may  of solid good  contain
  More plenty than the sun, that barren shines.
                                      Milton.
3. To  comprise, as a writing.
    Wherefore also it is contain'd  in the scripture.
                                   1 i°ef. ii. 6.
   To restrain;  to withhold; to  keep with-
   in bounds.
    All  men should be contained  in duty ever after.
without the terrour of warlike force
zpenstr.
    Their king's person contains the  unruly people
  from evil occasions.                     Spenser.
                    I tell you, sirs,
  If you should smile, he grows impatient_____
  —Fear not, my loiil, we can  contain ourselves.
                 t                    Shaksp.
To  Conta'in,  kon-tane'. v. >>. To live in
  continence. 
G ON
CON
CON
    I felt the ardour of my  passion increase,  till I
  could no longer contain.      Arbuthnot and Pope.
Containable, kon-ta'-na-bl.  adj.  [from
   contain]   Possible to be contained.
    The  air, confainoofe within the cavity of the eo-
  lipile, amounted to e:cven grains.          Boyle.
To CONTA'MINATE, k6n-tam'e-nate.
   91 v. a. [contamino, Lat.]   To  defile;  to
   pollute; to corrupt by base mixture.
                  Shall we now
   Contaminate our fingers with base bribes?  Shaksp.
    A base pander holds the chamber-door,
  Whilst by a slave, no gentler than a dog,
  His fairest daughter is contaminated.      Shaksj).
    Do it not with poison; strangle her in bed,
  E\ cu in the bed she hath contaminated.  Shakspeare.
            I quickly shed
   Some of his bastard blood, and in disgrace
   Bespoke him thus: contaminated, base,
   And inibbegotten blood I spill of thine.   Shakspeare.
     Though it be necessitated, by its relation to flesh,
   to a terrestrial converse; yet 'tis, like the sun,  with-
   out contaminating its beams.  Glanville's Apology.
    He that lies with another man's wife, propagates
  children in another's family  for  him to keep, and
  contaminates  the honour thereof as much as in him
  lies.                       Ayliffe's Parergon.
CoNTAMiNA'TioN,k6n-tam-e-na'shtin.  to. s
   [from  contaminate.]  Pollution;  defile-
   ment.
Conte'merated, kon-tem'e-ra-ted.   adj.
   [contemeratus,  Lat.]  Violated;  pollut-
   ed.                                 Diet.
 To   CONTE'MN,  kon-tem'.411  v.  a.
   [contemno, Lat.] To  despise;  to scorn;
   to slight;  to disregard; to  neglect;  to
   defy.
    Yet better thus, and known to be confemnecf,
   Than still contemned and flattered.     Shakspeare.
    Eve, thy contempt of life  and pleasure seems
   To argue in thee something more sublime
   And excellent than what thy mind contemns. Milton.
     Pygmalion then the Tyrian sceptre sway'd,
   One who confenm'cf divine and human laws;
   Then strife ensued.      Dryden's  Virgil's AZneid.
 Conte'mner, kon-tem'nur.411 to. s. [from
   contemn.]   One that contemns;  a de-
   spiser;  a  scorner.
     He counsels him to prosecute innovators of wor-
   ship, not only as contemners ofthe gods, but disturb-
   ers of the state.                         South.
 To  CONTE'MPER,  kon-tem'pur.  v. a.
   [contempero,  Lat.] To moderate; to re-
   duce  to  a lower  degree  by mixing
   something of opposite qualities.
     The leaves qualify and contemper the heat, and
   hinder  the evaporation of moisture.          Ray.
 Conte'mper.vment, kon-tem'piir-a-ment.
   to.  s.  [from contempero,  Lat.] The de-
   gree of any quality.
     There is nearly an  equal contemperament  of the
   warmth of our bodies to that of the  hottest part of
   the atmosphere.                       Derham.

 To   Conte'mperate,   k6n-tem'p\ir-ate.
   v.  a.  [from  contemper.] To  diminish
   any quality by something contrary;  to
   moderate; to temper.
    The  mighty Nile and Niger do not only moisten
  and contemperate the air, but refresh and humectate
  the earth.                             Brown.
    If blood abound, let it out, regulating the patient's
  diet, and contemperating the humours.    Wiseman.
Contempera'tion,    kon-tem-pur-a'shun.
   n.s. [from contemperate.]
1. The  act of diminishing any quality by
   admixture of the contrary; the  act  of
   moderating or tempering.
    The use of air, without which there is no con-
  tinuation in life, is not nutrition, but the contempe-
  ration of fervour in the heart.  Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. Proportionate mixture; proportion.
    There is not greater variety in men's faces, and
  in  the contemperations of toeir  natural humours,
  than there is in their phantasies.            Hale.
To CONTE'MPLATE,  kon-tem'plate.
   v.  a.  [contemplor,   Lat.   This  seems
   to have been once  accented on the first
   syllable.] To consider with continued
   attention;   to study; to  meditate.
    There is not much difficulty in confining toe mind
  to contemplate what we have a great desire to know.
                                        Wafts.
To Conte'mplate, kon-tem'plate.  v.  to.
   To   muse;  to  think  studiously  with
   long attention.
    So many hours must I take my rest;
  So many hours must I contemplate.     Shakspeare.
    Sapor had an heaven of glass, which he trod upon,
  contemplating over the same as if he had been Ju-
  piter.                              Peacham.
    How can I consider what belongs to myself, when
  I have been so long contemplating on you?  Dryden.
Contempla'tion, kon-tem-pla'shun. to. s.
   [from  contemplate.]
I. Meditation;  studious  thought  on any
   subject;  continued  attention.
    How now? what serious confempfafion are you  in?
                                   S/ia/>-speare,
    Contemplation is keeping the  idea,  which is
  brought into the mind,  for some time actually in
  view.                                 Locke.
2. Holy meditation; a holy exercise ofthe
   soul, employed in   attention to  sacred
   things.
             I have breath'd a sacred vow
  To live in prayer and contemplation,
  On-ly attended by Nerissa here.        Shakspeare.
3. The faculty of study: opposed  to the
   power of action.
    There are two functions, contemplation and prac-
  tice,  according to that general division of objects;
  some of which entertain our speculation, others em-
  ploy bur actions.                         South.
Conte'mplative,  kon-t£m'pla-tiv.  adj.
   [from contemplate.]
1. Given to  thought or study;  studious;
   thoughtful.
    Fixt and contemplative their looks,
   Still turning over nature's books.         Denham.
2. Employed in study; dedicated to study;
    I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs:  my
  life hath rather been contemplative than active.
                                       Bacon.
     Contemplative men may be without the pleasure of
  discovering the secrets of state, and men of action
  are commonly without the pleasure  of tracing  the
  secrets of divine art.         Greiu's Cosmologia.
3. Having the power  of thought or medi-
   tation.
    So many kinds of creatures might be to  exercise
  the contemplative faculty of man.            Ray.
Contemplatively,    kon-tem'pla-tiv-le.
   adv. [from contemplative.]  Thoughtful-
   ly;  attentively;  with deep attention.

Contempla'tor, k6n-tem'pla-tur.S31 to. s.
   [Lat.] One employed in study;  an  in-
   quirer after knowledge;  a student.
    In  the Persian tongue the word magus imports as
  much as a contemplator of divine and heavenly sci-
  ence.                        Raleigh's History.
    The Platonick contemplators reject both these de-
  scriptions, founded upon parts and colours.   Brown.
CONTE'MPORARY, kon-tem'po-ra-re.
   adj. [contemporain, Fr.]
I. Living in the same age; coetaneous.
    Albert Durer was contemporary to Lucas. Dryd
2. Born at the same time.
    A grove born with himself he sees,
  And loves his old contemporary trees.      Cowley.
3. Existing at the same point of time.
    It is impossible to make the ideas of yesterday, to-
  day, and to-morrow, to be toe same; or bring ages
  past and future together, and make them contempo-
  rary.                                 Locke.
Conte'mporary, kon-tem'p6-ra-re.6ia  n.
   s. One who lives at the same time with
   another.
    All this in blooming youth you have achiev'd;
  Nor are your foil'd contemporaries griev'd.  Dryden.
    As he has been favourable to me, he will hear of
  his kindness from our contemporaries; for we are fal-
  len into an age illiterate, censorious and detracting.
                          Dryden's Juv. Preface.
    The  active part of mankind, as they do most for
  the  good of their contemporaries, very deservedly
  gain the greatest share in their applauses. Addison.
To  Conte'mporise,  k6n-tem'po-rize.16ri
  ,v.  a.  [con and tempus,  Lat.]  To make
   contemporary;  to place in  the  same
   age.
    The indifferency of their existences, contemporis-
  ed into our actions, admits a farther consideration.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
CONTE'MPT,  kon-temt'."12 to.  a. [con-
   temp tua, Lat.]
1. The act of despising others;  slight re-
   gard; scorn.
    It was neither in contempt nor pride that I did not
  bow.                                 Esther.
    The shame of being miserable,
  Exposes men to scorn and base contempt,
  Even from their nearest friends.         Denham.
    There is no action, in the behaviour  of one man
  towards another, of which human nature is more im-
  patient than of contempt; it being  an  undervaluing
  of a man, upon a belief of his utter uselessness and
  inability, and a spiteful endeavour to engage the
  rest ofthe world in the same slight esteem of him.
                                       South.
    His friend  sinil'd scornful,  and  with  proud con-
          tempt
  Rejects as idle what his fellow dreamt.     Dryden.
    Nothing, says Longinus,  can  be  great,  the con-
  tempt of which is great.                 Addison.
2. The state of being despised; vileness.
    The place was like to come into contempt.
                            2 Maccabees, iii. 18.

Conte'mptible, kon-tem'te-bl. adj. [from
   contempt.]
I. Worthy of contempt; deserving scorn.
    No  man truly knows himself,  but he groweth
  daily more contemptible in his own eyes.     Taylor.
            From no one vice exempt
  And most contemptible to shun contempt.    Pope.
2.  Despised; scorned;  neglected.
    There is net so contemptible a  plant or animal,
  toat does not confound the  most  enlarged under-
  standing.                             Locke.

3.  Scornful; apt  to depise; contemptuous.
   This is no proper use.
    If she  should make tender of her love, 'tis very
  possible he'll scorn it; forthe man hath a contemp-
  tible spirit.                         Shakspeare.
Conte'mptibleness, kon-tem'te-bl-nes. to.
   a. [from contemptible.]  The state of be-
   ing contemptible;   the  state   of being
   despised;   meanness;   vileness;  base-
   ness; cheapness.
    Who, by a steady  practice of virtue, comes to
  discern the contemptibleness of baits wherewith  he
  allures us.                     Decay of Piety.
CoNTE'MPTiBLY,k6n-tem'te-ble. adv. [from 
CON
CON
CON
    contemptible.] Meanly;  in a manner de-
    serving  contempt.
              Know'st thou not
   Their language,  and  their ways? They also know
   And reason not contemptibly.    Milton's Par. Lost.
 Conte'mptuous,  kon-tem'tshu-lis.401 adj.
    [from  contempt.]  Scornful;  apt to  de-
    spise;  using  words  or  actions of  con-
    tempt; insolent.
     To neglect God all our lives, and  know that we
   neglect him; to offend God voluntarily, and know
   that we offend him, casting our hopes on the peace
   which we trust to make at parting, is no other than
   a rebellious presumption, and even a contemptuous
   laughing to scorn and deriding of God, his laws, and
   precepts.           Raleigh's History of the Worid.
     Some much averse I found, and wond'rous harsh,
   Contemptuous, proud, set on revenge and spite.  Milt.
     Rome toe proudest part of  the heathen world,
   entertained the  most contemptuous opinion of  the
   Jews.                              Atterbury.
 Conte'mptuously,    kon tem'tshu-us-le.
    adv. [from contemptuous] With scorn;
    with  despite; scornfully;  despitefuliy.
     I throw my name against the bruising stone,
   Trampling contemptuously on thy diadem.  Shaksp.
     The apostles  and most eminent Christians were
   poor, and used contemptuously.            Taylor.
     If he governs tyrannically in youth, he will be
   treated contemptuously in age; and the baser his ene-
   mies, the more intolerable the affront.  L'Estrange.
     A wise man would not speak contemptuously of a
   prince, though out of his dominions.     Tillotson.
 Conte'mptuousness,   kon-tem'tshu-u.s-
    nes. to. a. [from contemptuous] Disposi-
    tion to contempt; insolence.       Diet.
 To  CONTE'ND, kon-tend'.  v. to. [con-
    tendo, Lat.]
 1. To strive; to struggle in opposition.
       Hector's forehead spit forth blood
   At Grecian swords contending. Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     His wonders and his praises do contend
   Which should be thine or his.         Shakspeare.
       Death and nature do contend about them,
   Whether toey live or die              Shakspeare.
     Distress  not the Moabites, neither contend with
   them in battle; for I will not give thee of their land.
                               Deuteronomy, ii. 9.
 2. To  vie; to act in emulation.
     You sit above, and see vain men below
   Contend for what you only can bestow.     Dryden.
 3. It has for before the ground or cause of
    contention.
     The question which our author would contend for,
   if he did not forget it, is, what persons have a  right
   to be obeyed.                           Locke.
 4. Sometimes about.
    He will find that many things he fiercely contend-
   ed about were trivial.              Decay of Piety.
 5. It has with before the opponent.
    This battle fares like to the morning's war,
   When dying clouds contend with growing light.
                           Shakspeare's Henry VI.
    If we consider  him as our Maker, we cannot con-
   tend with him.                         Temple.
 6.  Sometimes againat.
             In ambitious strength I did
   Confencf against thy valour.    Shaksp. Coriolanus.
 To CONTE'ND, kdn-tend'. v.a. To dis-
   pute  any thing; to contest.
    Their airy limbs in sports they exercise,
   And on the  green contend toe wrestler's prize. Dry.
    A time of war at length will come,
  When Carthage shall contend the world with Rome.
                                        Dryden.
             Thus low we lie,
  Shut from this day and that contended sky.  Dryden.
Conte'ndent,  k6n-ten'dent.  to.  a.  [from
   contend.] Antagonist; opponent;  cham-
   pion; combatant.   Not used.
     In all notable changes and revolutions, the co>;-
   tendents have  been  still  made a  prey to the third
   party.                             L'Estrange.
 CoNTE'NnER, kon-ten'dur. «.s.[from con-
   tend] Combatant; champion.
     The contenders for it look upon it as undeniable.
                                         Locfce.
     Those disputes often arise in good earnest, where
   the  two contenders do really believe the different
   propositions which toey support. Watts on the Mind.
 CONTE'NT, kon-tent'.  adj.  [contentus,
   Lat.]
 1.  Satisfied,   so as not to  repine;  easy,
   though  not highly pleased.
     Born to  the spacious empire ofthe Nine,
   One would have thought she should have been  content
   To manage well that mighty government.  Dryden.
     AVho is  content, is happy.               Locke.
     A man is perfectly content with the state he is in,
   when he is perfectly without any uneasiness.  Locke-
     Foe to loud praise, and friend to  learned ease,
   Content with science in the vale of peace.   Pope.
 2. Satisfied, so as not to oppose.
         Submit you to the people's voices,
   Allow their officers, and be content
   To suffer lawful censure.             Shakspeare.

 To  Conte'nt, kon-tent'. v.  a.  [from the
   adjective.]
 1.  To satisfy, so as to  stop complaint; not
   to offend; to  appease, without  plenary
   happiness or complete gratification.
     Content thyself with this much, and let this satisfy
   thee, that I love thee.                   Sidney.
     Great minds do sometimes content themselves  to
   threaten, when they could destroy.       Tillotson.
     Do not content yourselves with obscure and  con-
   fused ideas, where clearer are to be attained.  Walts.
 2.  To please; to gratify.
       Is the adder better than the eelj
   Because his painted skin contents the eye? Shaksp.
             It doth much content me,
   To hear him so inclin'd.      Shakspeare's Hamlet.
     If a man so temper his actions, as in some one  of
  them he doth content every faction, the musick  of
  praise will be fuller.                     Bacon.
     Wheat is contented with a meaner earth, and con-
  tenting with a suitable gain.    Carew's Cornwall.
 Conte'nt, kon-tent'. to. s. [from the verb.]
 1.  Moderate  happiness; such satisfaction
   as,  though it does not fill up desire,  ap-
   peases complaint.
             Nought's had, all's spent,
  Where our desire is got without content.   Shaksp.
     One thought  content the good to be enjoy'd;
  This every little accident destroy'd.       Dryden.
     A wise content his  even soul secur'd;
  By want not shaken, nor by wealth  allur'd.   Smith.
 2.  Acquiescence;  satisfaction in  a   thing
   unexamined.
     Others for language all their care express,
  And value books, as women men, for dress;
  Their praise is  still—the stile is excellent;
  The  sense  they humbly take upon content.    Pope.
 3.   [From contentus,   contained.]    That
   which is contained, or included, in any
   thing.
    Though my heart's content firm love doth bear,
  Nothing of that shall from mine eyes appear.  Shak.
    Scarcely any thing can be determined of toe par-
  ticular contents of any single mass  of ore by mere
  inspection.                          Woodward.
    Experiments  are made on the blood of healthy
  animals: in a weak habit  serum might afford other
  contents.                           Arbuthnot.
4. The power of containing; extent; capa-
   city.
    This island had then fifteen hundred strong ships
  of great coiifenf.                        Bacon.
    It  were  good to know  the geometrical content,
   figure, and situation of all the lands of a kingdom.
   according to natural bounds.              Graunt.
 5. That which is comprised in a writing.
   In this  sense the plural only is in use.
             I have a letter from her,
   Of such contents as you will wonder at.  Shakspeare.
     I shall prove these writings not counterfeit-.,  but
   authentick; and the contents true, and worthy of a
   divine original.               Greic's Cosmologia.
     The contents of both books come before those of
   the first book, in the thread of the stoiy.   Addison.
 Contenta'tion,   kon-ten-ta'shiin.  n.   s.
   [from   content.]  Satisfaction;  content.
   Out of use.
     I seek no better warrant than my own conscience,
   nor no greater pleasure than mine ownconfentafion.
                                        Sidney.
     Fourteen years space, during the minority of Goi-
   dianus, the government was with great applause and
   contentation in the hands of Misitheus, a pedant.
                                        Bacon.
     The shield  was not long  after incrusted with a
   new rust, and is the same, a cut of which hath been
   engraved and exhibited, to the great contentation of
   the learned.                 Arbuthnot and Pope.
 Conte'nteo,  kon-ten'ted.  participial adj.
   [from content] Satisfied;  at quiet;  not
   repining,  not  demanding  more;  easy,
   though  not  plenarily happy.
     Barbaiossa, in hope by sufferance to obtain ano-
   ther kingdom, seemed contented with the answer.
                               Knolles's History.
         Dream not of other worlds,
   Contented that thus far has been reveal'd,
   Not of earth only, but of highest heav'n.   Milton.
            If he can descry
   Some nobler foe approach, to him he calls,
   And begs his fate and then contented falls. Denham.
    To distant lands Vertumnus never roves,
   Like you confenfecf with his native groves.    Pope.

Conte'ntedness,  k6n-ten'ted-nes. to.   a.
   [from  contented.]  State of satisfaction
   in any lot.
    Angling was, after tedious study, a calmer of un-
   quiet thoughts, a moderator of passions, a procurer
   of contentedness.                Walton's Angler.

Conte'ntion, kon-ten'shun.  n. a. [conten-
   ts, Lat.]
1. Strife; debate; contest; quarrel; mutual
   opposition.
    Can we with manners ask what was the difference?
  ----Safely, I think; 'twas a contention in public.
                                    Shakspeare
    Avoid foolish questions and genealogies, and con-
  tentions and strivings.                Titus, iii.  9.
    Can they keep themselves in a perpetual contention
  with their ease, their reason, and their God, and not
   endure a short combat with sinful custom?
                                 Decay of Piety.
    The ancients made contention the principle that
  reigned  in the  chaos at  first, and then love; the
  one to express the divisions, and the other the  union
  of all parties in the middle and common bond.
                    Burnet's Theory ofthe Earth.

2. Emulation; endeavour to  excel.
            Sons and brother at a strife!
  What is your quarrel ? how began it first?
  ----No quarrel, but a sweet contention. Shakspeare.
3. Eagerness; zeal; ardour; vehemence of
   endeavour.
    Your  own  earnestness  and contention to effect
  what you are about, will continually suggest to you
  several artifices.                       Iloldtr.
    This is an end, which at first view appears worthy
  our utmost contention to obtain.           Rogers.
Conte'ntious,  kon-ten'shus.  adj. [from
   contend.] Quarrelsome; given to debate;
   perverse; not peaceable.
    Thou thiukest much that this contentious storm
  Invades us to the skin.         Sliaksp. King  Lear 
CON
C ON
CON
    There are certain  contentious  humours that are
  never to be pleased.                 L'Estrange-
    Rest made them idle, idleness made them curious,
  and curiosity confenfiotcs.           Decay of Piety.
Conte'ntious Jurisdiction, kon-ten'shus.
   [In law.] A court which  has a power to
   judge and determine differences between
   contending parties. The  lord chief jus-
   tices, and judges, have a contentious ju-
   risdiction; but the lords of the treasury,
   and  the commissioners ofthe customs,
   have none, being merely judges of ac-
   counts and transactions.      Chambers.
 Conte'ntiouslv,  kou-ten'shiis-le.  adv.
   [from contentious.]  Perversely; quarrel-
   somely.
     We shall not contentiously rejoin, or only to jus-
   tify our own, but to applaud and confirm his ma-
   turer  assertions.                       Brown.
 Conte'ntiousness, kon-ten'shus-nes. to.s.
   [from  contentious]  Proneness to  con-
   test; perverseness; turbulence; quarrel-
   someness.
     Do not contentiousness, and cruelty, and study of
   revenge, seldom fail of retaliation?       Bentley.
 Conte'ntless,  kon-tent'les. adj. [from
   content.] Discontented; dissatisfied; un-
   easy.
              Best states, contentless,
   Have a distracted and most wretched being,
   Worse than the worst, content.        Shakspeare.
 Conte'ntment, kon-tent'ment.  to. a. [from
   content, the  verb.]
 1. Acquiescence, without plenary satisfac-
   tion.
     Such men's confenfmenf  must be wrought by stra-
   tagem: toe usual method of fare is not for them.
                                       Hooker.
     Submission is the only reasoning between a crea-
   ture and its Maker, and contentment in his will is the
   best remedy we can apply  to misfortunes.  Temple.
     Contentment, without external honour, is humility;
   without the pleasure of eating, temperance.   Grew.
     Some place the bliss,  in action, some in ease;
   Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. Pope.
     But now no face divine contentment wears,
   'Tis all blank sadness, or continual tears.    Pope.
 2. Gratification.
     At Paris the prince spent one whole day, to give
   h>s mind some contentment in viewing of a famous
   cjt„                                 Wotton.
 Conte'rminous, kon-ter'me-nus. adj.[con-
    terminus, Lat.] Bordering upon; touch-
    ing  at the boundaries.
     This conformed so many of them, as  were con-
   terminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Ro-
   man  laws.                             Halc;
 Conterra'neous, kon-ter-ra ne-us.  adj.
    [conterraneus, Lat] Ofthe same coun-
    ty                                  Diet.
  To CONTE'ST, kon-test'.493  v.  a. [con-
    tester, Fr. probably  from contra testari,
    Lat.] To dispute;  to controvert; to liti-
    gate; to call in question.
     'Tis evident upon what account none have pre-
   sumed to contest the proportion of  these  ancient
   pieces.                   Dryden's Dufresnoy.

  To Conte'st, kon-test'. v. to.
  I  To  strive, to contend: followed by with.
     The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure
   of contesting with it, when there are hopes o^ victo-

   ry-               ,
 2. To vie; to emulate.
       »                I  do contest
   \„ hotly and as nobly with thy love,
   JU ever in ambitious strength I did
   Contend against thy valour.          Shakspeare.
    Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest,
  Unchang'd, immortal, and supremely blest?   Pope.
Co'niest, kon'test.  to.  6\ [from  the verb.
   It is nou  accented on the first syllable.]
   Dispute;  difference; debate.
       This of old, no less contests did move,
  Than when for Hmner's birth sev'n cities strove.
                                     Denham.
    A definition is the only way whereby the meaning
  of words can be known, without leaving room for
  contest about it.                         Locke.
    Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamours,
  and brawling language.                  Waffs.
Contestable,  kon-tes'ta-bl.  adj. [from
   contest.]  That may  be  contested; dis-
   putable; controvertible.
Conte'stableness, kon-tes'ta-bl-nes. to. s.
   [from conteatable.]  Possibility of  con-
   test.                                Diet.

Contestation,  kon-tes-ta'slnln.  to.   s.
   [from contest.] The act of  contesting;
   debate; strife.
    Doors shut,  visits forbidden,  and, which was
  worse, divers contestations even with the queen her-
  self.                                 Wotton.
    After years  spent in domestick, unsociable con-
  testations, she found means to withdraw. Clarendon.
 To CONTE'X, kon-teks'. v. a. [contexo,
   Lat.] To  weave  together; to  unite  by
   interposition of parts.  This word is not
   in use.
    Nature may contex a plant, though  toat be a per-
   fectly mixt concrete, without having all the ele-
   ments previously presented to her to compound it of.
                                        Boyle.
    The fluid body of quicksilver is contexed with the
   salts it carries up in sublimation.           Boyle.
 Co'ntext, kon'tekst.  to.  s.  [contextus,
   Lat.] The  general series of a discourse;
   the parts of the discourse that  precede
   and follow the sentence quoted.
    That chapter is really a representation of one,
   which hath only the knowledge, not practice, of his
   duty; as is manifest from the context.   Hammond.
 Conte'xt, kon'tekst. adj. [from contex.]
   Knit together; firm.
    Hollow and thin, for lightness; but withal context
   and firm, for strength.                 Derham.
 Conte'xture,  kon-teks'tshure.461  to.   s.
   [from contex.] The disposition of parts
   one among others;  the composition of
   any thing out of separate parts; the sys-
   tem; the constitution;  the  manner  in
   which  any thing is woven or formed.
     He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs
   rather sturdy than dainty.               Wotton.
     Every species, afterwards expressed, was pro-
   duced from that idea,  forming that wonderful con-
   texture of created beings.     Dryden's Dufresnoy.
               Hence  'gan relax
   The ground's contexture; hence Tartarian dregs,
   Sulphur and nitrous spume, enkindling fierce,
   Bellow'd within their darksome caves.    Philips.
     This apt, this wise contexture of the sea,
   Makes it the ships, driv'n by the winds, obey;
   Whence hardy merchants sail from shore to shore.
                                    jBfacfcjnore.
 Contigna'tion,  kon-tig-na'shun.   to.   a.
    [contignatio,  Lat.]
  I. A  frame of, beams  joined  together;  a
    story.
     We mean a porch, or cloister, or the like, of one
   contignation, and not in storied buildings.  Wotton.
     Where more of the orders than one shall be set
   in several stories or conlignations, there must be an
   exquisite care to place the columns one over ano-
   ther.                                Wotton.
2. The act of framing or joining a fabrick
   of wood.
Contigu'ity, kon-te-gu'e-te. to.  s. [from
   contiguous.]  Actual  contact; situation
   in which two bodies or countries touch
   upon each other.
    He defined magnetical  attraction to be a natural
  imitation and disposition  conforming unto contigui-
  ty.                                  Brown.
    The immediate contiguity of that convex were a
  real space.           Hale's Origin of Mankind.
CONTIGUOUS, k6n-tig'u-us. adj.[cm-
   tiguus, Lat.]
1. Meeting so as to touch; bordering upon
   each other; not separate.
    Flame doth  not mingle with flame as air doth
  with air, or water with water, but only remaineth
  contiguous; as it  cometh to  pass betwixt consisting
  bodies.                Bacon's Natural History.
               The loud misrule
  Of chaos far remov'd; lest fierce extremes,
   Contiguous, might distemper the whole frame.
                                      Milton.
               The East and West,
  Upon the globe, a mathematick point
   Only divides: thus happiness and misery,
   And all extremes, are still contiguous.   Denham.
    Distinguish them by the diminution of the lights
   and shadows, joining the  contiguous objects by the
   participation of their colours.            Dryden.
    When I viewed it too near, the two halfs of the
  paper  did not appear fully divided from one another,
  but seemed contiguous at one of their angles.
                             Newton's Opticks.
2. It has sometimes with.
    Water, being contiguous with air, cooleth it, but
  moisteneth it not.        Bacon's  Natural History.
Contiguously,   kon-tig'u-iis-le.   adv.
   [from  contiguoua.]  Without any inter-
   vening spaces.
    Thus disembroil'd,  they take their proper place,
   The next of kin contiguously embrace,
   And foes are sunder'd by a larger space.  Dryden.
Conti'guousness, kon-tig'u-us-nes. to. a.
   [from   contiguous.]  Close  connexion;
   coherence.                         Diet.
Co'ntinence, kon'te-nense.  ~)  to. a. [con-
Co'ntinency, kon'te-nen-se. 5    tinentia,
   Lat.]
 1. Restraint;  command  of one's self.
    He knew what to say; he knew also when to leave
   off, a continence which is practised by few writers.
                        Dryden's Fables, Preface.
2. Forbearance of lawful pleasure.
    Content without lawful  venery,  is continence;
   without unlawful, chastity.     Grew's Cosmologia.
 3. Chastity in general.
                 Where is he?—
    —Tn her chamber, making a sermon of continen-
   cy to her, and rails, and swears, and  rates. Shaksp.
        Suffer not dishonour to approach
   Th' imperial seat; to virtue consecrate,
   To justice, continence, and nobility.    Shakspeare.
 4. Moderation in lawful pleasures; j
     Chastity is either abstinence or continence: absti-
   nence is that of  virgins  or widows;  continence, of
   married persons.                       Taylor.
 5. Continuity; uninterrupted  course.
     Answers ought to be made before the same judge,
   before whom the depositions were  produced, lest
   the continence of the course should be divided; or,
   in other terms, lest there should be a  discontinuance
   of toe cause.                          Ayliffe.
  CONTINENT, kon'te-nent.  adj. [conti-
   nena,  Lat.]
  I. Chaste;  abstemious in lawful pleasures.
                     Life
   Hath been as continent,  as chaste, as true,
   As I am now unhappy.               Shakspeare. 
CON
CON
C ON
2. Restrained; moderate; temperate.
    I pray you, have a continent forbearance, till the
  speed of his rage goes slower.         Shakspeare.
3. Continuous; connected.
    The north-east part of Asia, if not continent with
  the west side of America, yet certainly is  the least
  disjoined by sea of all that coast of Asia.
                       Brerewood on Languages.
4. Opposing; restraining.
                  My desire
  All continent  impediments would o'erbear,
  That did oppose my will.            Shakspeare.
Co'ntinent,  kon'te-nent. to.  a. [continens,
   Lat.]
1.  Land not disjoined by the  sea  from
   other lands.
    Whether this portion of the world were rent
  By the rude~ ocean from the continent,
  Or thus created, it was sure desigu'd
  To be the sacred refuge of mankind.       Waller.
     The declivity of rivers will be so much the less,
  and therefore the continents will be the less drained,
  and will gradually increase in humidity.   Bentley.
2. That which contains any thing.   This
   sense is perhaps only in Shakspeare.
               O cleave, my sides!
  Heart,  once be stronger than thy/onfinent;
  Crack thy  frail case.                Shakspeare.
               Close pent-up guilts
  Rive your  contending continents.      Shakspeare.
 To  CONTI'NGE, kon-tinje'. r. n.  [con-
   tingo, Lat.] To touch; to  reach; to hap-
   pen.                                 Diet.
Conti'ngence, kon-tin'jense. ? n.s.[from
Contingency, kon-tin-jen-se.)   contin-
   gent.]  The  quality of being  fortuitous;
   accidental possibility.
     Their credulities  assent unto  any  prognosticks,
   which, considering the  contingency in events, are
   only in the prescience of God.  Brown's Vulg. Err.
     For  once, O heav'n! unfold thy adamantine book!
   If not thy  firm, immutable decree,
   At least the second page of great contingency,
   Such as consists with wills originally free. Dryden.
     Aristotle says, we are not to build certain rules
   upon the contingency of human actions.     South.
 Contingent, kon-tin'jent.  adj.  [contin-
   gens, Lat.] Falling out by chance; acci-
   dental;  not determinable by any certain
   rule.
     Hazard naturally implies in it, first, something
   future; secondly, something contingent.     South.
     I first informed myself in all material circumstan-
  ces of it, in more places than one, that there might
  be nothing casual or contingent in any one of those
  circumstances.                     Woodward.

Contingent, kon-tin'jent.  n. a.
 1. A thing in the  hands of chance.
     By contingents  we are to understand those things
  which come to pass without any human forecast.
                             Grew's Cosmologia.
     His understanding could almost pierce into future
  contingents, his conjectures improving even to pro-
  phecy.                        South's Sermons.
2. A proportion that  falls  to any person
   upon a  division: thus, in time  of war,
   each  prince of  Germany  is  to  furnish
   his contingent of men, money, and mu-
   nition.

Contingently,   kon-tin'jent-le.   adv.
   [from contingent.]  Accidentally;  with-
   out any settled rule.
     It is digged out ofthe earth contingently, and in-
   differently, as the pyritae and agates.   Woodward.
 Conti'ngentness,  kon-tin'jent-nes. n.  s.
    [from contingent.]  Accidentalness.
     VOL.  I.
Conti'nual; k6n-tin'u-al. adj. [continuus,
  Lat.]
I. Incessant; proceeding without interrup-
  tion;  successive without any space of
  time between. Continually used of time,
  and continuous of place.
    He toat is of a merry heart, hath  a continual
  feast.                           Proverbs, xv.
              Other care perhaps
  May have diverted from continual watch
  Our great forbidder.                   Milton.
    'Tis all blank sadness, or continual tears.  Pope.
2. [In law.] A  continual  claim  is made
  from time to time, within every year and
  day,  to  land  or other  thing, which, in
  some respect, we cannot attain without
  danger.  For example, if I be  disseised
  of land, into which, though I have right
  into it, I dare not enter for fear of beat-
  ing; it behooveth me to hold on my right
  of entry to  the best opportunity of me
   and mine  heir,  by approaching as near
  it as I can, once every year as long as I
  live; and so I save the right of entry to
   my heir.                         Cowell.
3. It is sometimes used for perpetual.
Conti'nually, kon-tin'u-al-le. adv. [from
   continual]
1. Without pause; without interruption.
    The drawing of boughs into the inside of a room,
  where fire is continually kept, hath been tried with
  grapes.                               Bacon.
2. Without ceasing.
    Why do not all animals confimtaffiy increase in
  bigness, during the whole space of their lives?
                              Bentley's Sermons.
Conti'nuance, kon-tin'u-anse. to. a. [from
   continue.]
I. Succession uninterrupted.
    The brute immediately regards his own preserva-
  tion, or the continuance of his species.     Addison.
2. Permanence in one state.
    Continuance of evil doth in itself increase evil.
                                       Sidney.
    A chamber where a great fire is kept, though the
  fire be at one stay, yet with the continuance contin-
  ually hath its heat increased.             Sidney.
    These Romish casuists speak peace to the con-
  sciences of men, by suggesting something which
  shall satisfy their minds, notwithstanding  a known,
  avowed continuance in sins.               South.
   Abode in a place.
   Duration;  lastingness.
    You either fear his  humour, or my negligence,
  that you call in question the continuance of his love.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Their duty depending  upon fear, the one was of
  no greater continuance than the other.    Hayward.
    That pleasure is not of greater continuance, which
  arises from the prejudice or malice of its hearers.
                           Addison's Freeholder.
   Perseverance.
    To them who, by patient continuance in well-do-
  ing, seek for glory,  and honour, and  immortality,
  eternal life.                     Romans, ii. 7.
6. Progression of time.
    In thy book all my members were written, which
  in continuance were fashioned.  Psalm cxxxix. 16.
7. Resistance to separation of parts;  con-
   tinuity.
    Wool, tow, cotton,  and raw silk,  have,  besides
   the desire of continuance in regard ofthe tenuity of
   their thread, a greediness of moisture.      Bacon.
Conti'nuate, kon-tin'u-ate.si adj. [contin-
   uatus, Lat.]
Immediately united.
 We are of him and in him, even as though our
                  3f
  very flesh and bones should be made continuate with
  his.                                 Hooker.
2. Uninterrupted; unbroken.
    A most incomparable man, breath'd, as it were,
  To an untirable and continuate goodness.  Shaksp,
    A clear body brokeH to small pieces prodiceth
  white; and becometh most black while it is couunu-
  ate and undivided, as we  see in deep  waters  and
  thick glasses.                        Peacliam.

Conti'nuately,  kon-tln'u-ate-le.   adv.
   [from  continuate]  With  continuity;
   without interruption.
    The water ascends gently, and by intermissions;
  but it falls continuately, and with force.    Wilkins.
Continuation,  kon-tln-u-a'shun.  to.  a.
   [from  continuate.]  Protraction, or suc-
   cession uninterrupted.
    These things must needs be the  works of Provi-
  dence, for the continuation of the  species, and up-
  holding the world.                       Ray.
    The Roman poem is but toe second part of the
  Ilias; a continuation of the same story.    Diyden-

Conti'nuative, kon-tin'u-a-tiv. n.a. [from
   continuate]  An expression noting per-
   manence or duration.
    To these may be added continuatives: as, Rome
  remains to this day; which includes  at least two pro-
  positions, viz. Rome was,  and Rome is.     Waffs.
Continua'tor,  k6n-tin-u-a'tiir.621 to.   a.
   [from  continuate] He that  continues or
   keeps  up the series or succession.
    It seems injurious to  Providence  to  ordain a way
  of production which should destroy the producer, or
  contrive the continuation of the species by the de-
  struction of the continuator.              Brown.

To CONTI'NUE,  kon-tin'u. v. to. [con-
   tinuer, Fr. continuo, Lat.]
1. To remain in the  same  state, or place.
    The multitude continue with me  now three days,
  and have nothing to eat.        Matthew, xv. 32.
               The popular vote
  Iuclines me here to continue, and build  up here
  A growing empire.                     Milton.
    Happy, but for so happy ill secur'd,
   Long to. continue.                      Milton.
             He six days and nights
   Continued making.                     Milton.
2. To last; to be durable.
    Thy kingdom  shall not continue.      1 Samuel.
    For here have we no continuing city, but we seek
   one to come.                 Hebreivs, xiii. 14.
    They imagine that an animal of  the longest dura-
   tion should live in a continued motion, without that
   rest whereby all  others continue.          Brown.
3. To persevere.
    If ye continue  in my word, then  are ye my disci-
   ples indeed.                     John, viii. 31.
              Down rush'd the rain
   Impetuous, and continued till the earth
   No more was seen.                     Milton.

 To Continue, kon-tin'u. v. a.
 1. To protract, or hold without  interrup-
   tion.
     0 continue thy loving kindness unto them.
                               Psalm xxxvi. 10.
     You know how to make yourself happy, by uiily
   continuing such  a life  as you have  been long accus-
   tomed to lead.                         Pope.
    To unite without a chasm, or  interven-
   ing substance.
     The use of the navel is to continue the infant unto
   the mother, and by the vessels thereof to convey its
   aliments and sustenance.                Brown.
       The dark abyss, whose boiling gulph
   Tamely endur'd a bridge of wond'rous length,
   From hell continued, reaching th'  utmost orb
   Of this frail world.                     Milton.
     Here Priam's son, Deiphobus, he found,
   Whose face and limbs were one continued wound; 
CON
CON
CON
  Dishonest, with lopp'd arms, the youth appears,
  Spoil'd of his nose, and shorten'd of his ears.
                                      Dryden.
    Where any motion or succession is so slow, as
  that it keeps not  pace with the ideas in our minds,
  there the series of a constant continued succession is
  lost; and we perceive it  not but with  certain gaps
  of rest between.                         Locfce.

CoNTi'NUEDLY,k6n-tin'u-ed-le.aci-y.[from
   continued.] Without interruption; with-
   out ceasing.
    By perseverance,  1 do not understand a continu-
  edly uniform, equal  course  of obedience, and such
  as is not interrupted with the least act of sin.
                                       Norris.

Conti'nuer,  kon-tln'u-fir.  to.  a.  [from
   continue.] Having the  power of perse-
   verance.
    I would my horse had the speed of your tongue,
  and so good a continuer.                 Shaksp-.
Continuity,  kon-te-nvi'e-te.  to. a. [con-
   tinuous, Lat.]
1.  Connexion  uninterrupted;  cohesion;
   close union
    It is certain, that in all bodies there is an appe-
  tite of union, and evitation of solution of continuity.
                              Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    After the great lights there must be great shadows,
  which we call reposes;  because in reality the sight
  would be tireu, if it were attracted by a continuity of
  glittering objects.                      Dryden.
    It wraps itseif about the flame, and by  its con-
  tinuity hinders any air or nitre from coming.
                               Addison on Italy.
2. In  physick.
    That texture or cohesion ofthe parts of an animal
  body, upon the destruction of which there is said to
  be a solution of continuity.               Quincy.
    As in the natural body a wound or solution of con-
  tinuity is worse  than a corrupt humour, so in the
  spiritual.                       Bacon's Essays.
    The solid parts may be contracted by dissolving
  their continuity;  for a fibre, cut through, contracts
  itself.                             Arbuthnot.
Continuous,   kon-tin'u-us.   adj.   [con-
   tinuus, Lat.]   Joined  together without
   the intervention of any  space.
    As the breadth of every thing is thus augmented,
   the  dark intervals  must be  diminished, until the
   neighbouring rings become  continuous,  and  are
   blended.                     Newton's Opticks.
             To whose dread expanse,
   Continuous depth, and wondVous length of course,
   Our floods are rills.           Thomson's Summer.

 To CONTO'RT, kon-t6rt'. v. a. [contor-
   tus, Lat.]  To twist; to writhe.
    The vertebral  arteries are variously contorted.
                                         Ray.
    Air seems to consist of spires contorted into small
   spheres, through  the interstices  of which  the par-
   ticles of light may freely pass.           Cheyne.
Conto'rtion,  kon-tor'shiin.  to.  s.  [from
   contort.]  Twist; wry motion; flexure.
    Disruption they would be in danger of,  upon a
  great and sudden stretch or contortion.      Ray.
    How can  she  acquire those hundred graces and
  motions, and airs, the contortions of every muscular
  motion in the face?                      Swift.
COJVTO'UR, kon-tdor'.  to. *. [Fr.]   The
   outline; the line by which any figure  is
   defined  or terminated.
Co'ntra,  kon'tra.   A Latin preposition,
   used in  composition,  which signifies
   againat.
CO'NTRABAND,  kon'tra-band.6*4 adj.
   [contrabando, Ital. contrary  to  procla-
   mation.]  Prohibited; illegal;  unlawful.
    If there happen  to be found an irreverent ex-
 pression, or a thought too wanton,  in toe cargo, let
 them be staved or forfeited, like contraband goods.
                          Dryden's Fables, Pref.
To   Co'ntraband,  kon'tra-band.   v.  a.
  [from the adjective.] To import  goods
  prohibited.
To CONTRA'CT,  kon-trakt'.  v. a. [con-
  tractus, Lat.]
1.  To draw together into less compass.
    Why love among the virtues is not known;
  It is, that love contracts them all in one.    Donne.
2. To lessen;  to  make less ample.
    In all things desuetude  does contract and narrow
  our faculties.         Government of the  Tongue.
3.  To  draw  the  parts  of any  thing to-
  gether.
    To him the angel with confrocfecf brow.  Milton.
4.  To make a bargain.
    On him thy grace did liberty bestow;
  But first contracted, toat, if ever found,
  His head should pay the forfeit.   Dryden's Fables.
5.  To betroth; to affiance.
    The truth is, she and I, long since contracted,
  Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us.
                                      Shaksp.
    She was a lady  of the highest condition in that
  country, and contracted to a man of merit and quali-
  ty.                                   Tatfer.
6. To procure; to bring; to incur; to draw;
  to get.
    Of enemies he could not but contract good store,
  while moving in so high a sphere.   King Charles.
    He that but  conceives a crime in thought,
  Contracts the danger of an actual fault.
                             Dryden's Juvenal.
    Like friendly colours, found them both unite,
  And each from each contract new strength and light.
                                        Pope.
    Such behaviour  we contract by having much con-
  versed with persons of high stations.        Swift.
7. To shorten: as, life was contracted.
8. To epitomise; to abridge.
 To Contra'ct,  kon-trakt'.-y. to.
 1. To shrink up;  to grow short.
    Whatever empties the vessels, gives room to the
  fibres to contract.         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To bargain: as, to contract/or a quan-
  tity of provisions.
Contra'ct,  kon-trakt'. part.  adj. [from
  the verb.]  Affianced;  contracted.
      First was  h& contract to lady Lucy;
  Your mother lives  a witness to that vow.
                            Shaksp. Richard III.

Co'ntract, k&n'trakt.492  to. a.   [from the
  verb.   Anciently accented on the  last
  syllable.]
 1. An act whereby two parties are brought
  together; a bargain;  a compact.
    The agreement  upon orders, by mutual  contract,
  with the  consent  to  execute them  by  common
  strength, they  make  the rise of all  civil govern-
  ments.                                Temple.
    Shall  Ward draw contracts with a statesman's
          skill?
  Or Japhet pocket,  like his grace, a will?    Pope.
2. An act whereby  a man and woman are
   betrothed to one  another.
    Touch'd  you the bastardy  of Edwards' chil-
          dren?—
  —I did, with his contract with lady Lucy,
  And his contract by deputy in France.      Shaks.
3. A writing in  which the terms of a bar-
  gain are included.

Contra'ctedness, kdn-trak'ted-nes. to. a.
  [from contracted.]   The state of being
  contracted; contraction.            Diet.
Contractibi'lity, kon-trak-te-bil'e-te. to.
  s. [from  contractible.]   Possibility  of
  being  contracted;  quality of  suffering
  contraction.
    By this continual contractibility and  dilatability
  by different degrees of heat, the air is kept in a con-
  stant motion.                        Arbuthnot.
Contra'ctible, kon-trak'te-bi. adj.  [from
  contract.]   Capable of contraction.
    Small air bladders, dilatable and confraefiofe, are
  capable to be inflated by the admission of air,  and
  to subside at the expulsion of it.        Arbuthnot.
Contra'ctibleness,  kon-trak'te-bl-nes.
  to.  s. [from ^contractible.]   The quality
  of suffering contraction.           Diet.
Contra'ctile,  kon-trak'til.146   140  adj.
  [from  contract.]   Having the  power of
  contraction, or of shortening itself.
    The arteries are elastick tubes, endued with a con-
  tractile force, by which they squeeze and drive the
  blood still forward.       Arbuthnot on Aliments,
Contraction, kon-trak'shun.  to. a. [con-
  tracts, Lat.]
1. The act of contracting or shortening.
    The main parts of the poem, such as toe fable
  and sentiments, no translator can prejudice but by
  omissions or contractions.  Pope's Essay on Homer.
2. The act of shrinking or shrivelling.
    Oil of vitriol will throw the stomach into involun-
  tary contractions.         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The state of being contracted,  or  drawn
  into a narrow compass.
    Some things induce a contraction in the nerves,
  placed in the mouth of the stomach, which is a great
  cause of appetite.                       Bacon.
    Comparing the  quantity of contraction and dila-
  tation  made by all  the degrees of each colour,  I
  found it greatest in the red.      JVetofon's  Opticks.
4. [In grammar.]   The reduction of  two
  vowels or syllables to one.
5. Any thing in its state of abbreviation or
  contraction: as, the  writing is full of
  contractions.
Contra'otor,  kon-trak'tiir. to.  a.  [from
  contract.]  One of the parties  to  a con-
  tract or bargain.
    Let the measure of your affirmation or denial be
  the understanding of your contractor; for  he  that
  deceives the buyer or the seller by speaking what is
  true, in a sense not understood by the other, is  a
  thief.              Taylor's Rule of Living Holyx
    All matches, friendships, and societies are danger-
  ous  and inconvenient, where the contractors are not
  equals.                           L'Estrangt.
To CONTRADI'CT,k6n-tra-dikt'. v.a.
   [contradico, Lat.]
1. To oppose  verbally; to assert  the con-
   trary to what  has been asserted.
    It is not lawful  to  contradict  a point of history
  which is known to all the world, as to make Hanni-
  bal  and Scipio contemporaries with Alexander.
                                       Dryden.
2. To be contrary to; to repugn; to oppose.
    No truth can contradict any truth.       Hooker.
                 I contradict your banes:
  If you will marry, make your loves to me.  Shaksp.
Contraoi'cter,   kon-tra-dik'tfir.  to.  s.
   [from contradict.] One that contradicts;
   one that opposes;  an opposer.
    If no contradicter appears  herein, the suit will
  surely be good.                Ayliffe's Parergon.
    If a gentleman  is  a little sincere in his represen-
  tations, he is sure to have a dozen contradicters.
                         Swift's View of Ireland,
Contradiction,  kon-tra-dik'shun. n.  s.
   [from contradict.]
 I. Verbal opposition; controversial  asser-
   tion. 
CON
CON
CON
                 That tongue,
  Inspir'd with contradiction, durst oppose
  A third part of the gods.       Milton's Par. Lost.
 2. Opposition.
     Consider him toat endureth such contradiction of
  sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied.
                                 Hebrews xii. 3.
 3. Inconsistency with itself; incongruity in
   words or thoughts.
     Can he make deathless death? That were
  Strange contradiction, which to God himself
  Impossible is held;  an argument
  Of weakness, not of pow'r.      Milton's Par. Lost.
     The apostles' ;iivice, to be angry and sin  not;
  was a contradiction in their philosophy.
                                South's Sermons.
     If truth be once perceived, we  do thereby  also
  perceive whatsoever is false in contradiction to it.
                              Grac's Cosmologia.

 4. Contrariety, in thought or effect.
     All  contradictions grow in those minds, which
  neither absolutely climb the rock of virtue,  nor
  freely sink into toe sea of vanity.          Sidney.
     Laws human must be made without contradiction
  unto any positive law in scripture.        Hooker.
 Contradi'ctious, kon-tra-dik'shils.  adj.
   [from contradict.]
 1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent.
     The rules of decency, of government,  of justice
  itself, are so different in one  place from what  they
  are in another, so party-coloured and contradictious,
  that one would think the species of men altered ac-
  cording to their climates.                Collier.

 2.  Inclined to contradict;  given to cavil.
 3. Opposite  to;  inconsistent with.
     Where the  act is unmanly, and the expectation
  immoral, or contradictious to the attributes of God,
  our hopes we ought never to entertain.      Collier.
 Contradi'ctiousness,  kon-tra-dik'shus-
   nes. to. s. [from contradictious.]
 1. Inconsistency; contrariety  to itself.
     This opinion was, for its  absifrdity and contra-
  dictiousness, unworthy of toe  refined spirit of Plato.
                                        Norris.

 2. Disposition to cavil; disputatious tem-
   per.
 CoNTRAni'cTORiLY,  kon-tra-dlk'tur-e-le.
   adv. [from contradictory/]  Inconsist-
   ently withhimself; oppositely to others.
     Such as have discoursed hereon, have so diverse-
  ly, contrarily, or contradictorily delivered them-
  selves, that no affirmative from thence can be  rea-
  sonably deduced.                        Brown.
 Contradi'otoriness,   kon-tra-dik'ttir-e-
   nes. to. *. [from contradictory.]   Oppo-
   sition in the highest degree.      Diet.
 Contradictory, kon-tra-dik'tiir-e. adj.
   [eontradictorius, Lat.J
 1. Opposite to;  inconsistent with.
     The Jews hold, that in  case two rabbies should
  happen to  contradict one  another,  they  were  yet
  bound to believe toe contradictoiy assertions of both.
                                South's Sermons.
     The schemes of those gentlemen are most absurd,
  and contradictory to common sense.      Addison.
 2. [hi logick.]  That which is in the full-
  est opposition, where both  the terms of
  one proposition are  opposite to those of
  another.
Contradictory, kon-tra-dik'tilr-e. n.  s.
  A proposition which opposes another in
  all  ils terms;  contrariety; inconsistency.
     It is common aitli princes to will contradictories;
  for it is the -^oVcism of power to think to  command
  the end, and yet not to endure the means.    Bacon.
     T i -\s.-i-:be  unto him a  power of election, not to
  chuse this or that indifferently, is to make the same
  thing to be determined to one, and to be not deter-
  mined to one, which are contradictories.
  .   a g              Bramhall's Answer to Hobbes.
Contradistinction,   kon-tra-dis-ting'-
   shfin.403 to. s.  [from contradistinguish]
   Distinction by opposite qualities.
     We must trace the soul in the ways of intellectual
  actions, whereby we may come to the distinct know-
  ledge  of  what is meant by imagination, in contra-
  distinction to some other powers.
                             Glanville's Scepsis.
     That there are such things as sins of infirmity,  in
  contradistinction to those of presumption, is a truth
  not to be questioned.                     South.

To CONTRADISTINGUISH, kon-tra-
   dls-ting'gwish. v. a.  ffrom contra and
   distinguish.]   To  distinguish  not sim-
   ply  by  differential  but   by  opposite
   qualities.
     The primary ideas we have peculiar to body,  as
  contradistinguished to  spirit, are  the cohesion  of
  solid, and consequently separable, parts, and a pow-
  er of communicating motion by impulse.     Locke.
     These are our complex ideas of  soul and body, as
  contradistinguished.                      Locke.
Contrafi'ssure, kon-tra-fish'shure.460 452
   n. s. [from contra  and fissure]
     Contusions, when great, do usually  produce a
  fissure or crack of the skull, either  in the same part
  where the blow was inflicted,  and  then it is called
  fissure; or in the contrary part, in which case it ob-
  tains the name of contrqfissure.         Wiseman.
To CONTRAI'NDICATE,  kon-tra-ln'-
   de-kate. v. a. [contra and  indico,  Lat.]
   To point out  some peculiar or inciden-
   tal symptom or method  of  cure, con-
   trary to what the general tenour of the
   malady requires.
     Vomits have their use in this malady; but the age
  and sex of the patient, or other urgent or contraindi-
  cating symptoms, must be observed.       Harvey.
Contraindi ca'tion,    kon-tra-in-de-ka'-
   shun. to. s. [from  contraindicate ]  An
   indication or  symptom, which forbids
   that to be done which  the  main  scope
   of a disease points out  at first.  Quincy.
     I endeavour to give the most simple idea of the
  distemper, and the proper diet: abstracting from
  the complications of the first, or the contraindica-
  tions to the second.        Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Contramu're, kon-tra-mure'.  n. s.  [con-
   tremure, Fr.]   In fortification, is an out-
   wall built about the main wall of a city.
                                  Chambers.
Contrani'tency,  kon-tra-ni'ten-se. to.  s.
   [from contra and nitens, Lat.] Reaction;
   a resistency against pressure.      Diet.
Contraposition, kon-tra-po-zish'iln.  to.
   s. [from contra and position.] A placing
   over against.
Contraregula'rity, kon-tra-reg-u-lar'e-
   te. n. s. [from contra  and  regularity]
   Contrariety to rule.
    It is not only its not promoting, but its opposing,
  or at least its natural aptness to oppose, the greatest
  and best of ends;  so toat it is not so properly an ir-
  regularity as a contraregularity.           Norris.
Contra'riani ,  k6i;-tra're-ant.  adj.  [con-
   trariant, from contrarier,  Fr.]   Incon-
   sistent;  contradictory: a term > f law.
    The  very  depositions of witnesses  themselves
  being false, various, contrarient, single, incouclu-
  dent.                       Ayliffe's Parergnn.
Co'ntraries,  kon'tra-riz."   to.  s.   [from
  contrary ] In logick, propositions  which
  destroy  each  other, but  of  which the
                   3 f2
   falsehood of one does not establish the
   truth of the other.
    If two universals differ in quality, they  are con-
  traries; as, every vine is  a  tree, no vine is a tree-
  These can never be  both true together,  but they
  may be both false.                IFoff's Logick.
Contrari'ety, kon-tra.-ri'e-te. «. *. [from
   contrarietas, Lat.]
I. Repugnance; opposition.
    The will about one and the same thing may, in
  contrary respects, have  contrary  inclinations, and
  that without contrariety.                 Hooker.
    Making a contrai-iety the place of my memory, in
  her foulness I beheld Pamela's fairness, still looking
  on Mopsa, but thinking on Pamela.        Sidney.
    He which will perfectly rerover a sick, and re-
  store a diseased, body unto health, must not endea-
  vour so much to briug it to  a state of simple contra-
  riety, as  of  fit proportion in contrai-iety unto those
  evils which are to be  cured.             Hooker.
    It principally failed by  late setting out, and by
  some contrariety of weather at sea.        Wotton.
    Their religion had more than negative contrai-iety
  to virtue.                       Decay of Piety.
    There is a contrariety between those things that
  conscience inclines to, and those toat  entertain the
  senses.                                South.
    These two interests, it is to be feared, cannot be
  divided; but they will also prove opposite,  and, not
  resting in a bare diversity,  quickly rise into a con-
  trariety.                                South.
    There is nothing more common than contrariety
  of  opinions; nothing  more  obvious than toat one
  man wholly  disbelieves  what another only doubts
  of, and a third stedfastly believes and firmly adheres
  to.                                    Locke.
2. Inconsistency;   quality or  position de-
   structive  of its opposite.
    He will be here, and yet he is not here;
  How can these contrarieties agree?        Shaksp.
Contra'rily, kon'tra-re-le.  adv.   [from
   contrary]
I. In a manner contrary.
    Many of them conspire to one and the same ac-
  tion, and all  this contrarily to the laws of specifick
  gravity, in whatever posture the body be formed.
                            Ray on the Creation.
2. Different ways;  in  different directions.
    Though all men desire happiness, yet their wills
  cany them so  contrarily, and consequently some of
  them to what is evil.                     Locke.
Contra'riness, kon-tra-re-nes. v. s. [from
  contrary.] Contrariety; opposition. Diet.
Contra'rious,  kon'tra-re-us.  adj.  [from
   contrary]    Opposite;  repugnant  the
  one to the other.
    God of our fathers,  what is man!
  That thou towards him, with hand so various,
  Or might I say contrarious,
  Temper'st thy  providence through his short course?
                                       MUton.
Contra'kigusly,   kon-tra're-us-le.   adv.
  [from  contrarious.]   Oppositely;  con-
  trarily.
          Many things having full reference,
  To one consent, may work contraricusly.    Shaksp.

Contra'biwise,    kon-tra're-wise.   adv.
  [contrary and wise]
1. Conversely.
    Divers medicines in greater quantity move  ^ool,
  and in smaller urine; and so, contrariwise, some in
  greater quantity move urine, and in smaller sto-1.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Eveiy thing that acts upon the fluids, must at the
  same time, act upon the solids, and contrariu-ise.
                         Arbuthnot on Alinu.nts.
2. Oppositely.
    The matter of  faith is constant; the^matter con-
  trariwise, of actions, daily cbiiigpable.  ^  Hooker.
    This request was never before made by any other 
CON
CON
CON
   lords; but contrariwise, they were humble suitors to
   have the bcr-fit and protection of the English laws.
                              Davies on Ireland.
         The sun may set and rise:
       But we,  contrariwise,
       Sleep, after our short light,
       One everlasting night.
                    Raleigh's History of the World.
 CO'NTRARY,   kon'tra-^. adj.  [contra-
    rius, Lat.]
 I.  Opposite;  contradictory;  not  simply
    different, or not alike, but  repugnant,
    so  that one destroys  or obstructs  the
    other.
     Perhaps some thing repugnant to her kind,
    By strong antipathy the soul may kill;
     But what can be contrary to the mind,
    Which holds  all contraries in concord still ? Davies.
 2.  Inconsistent;   disagreeing.
     He that believes it, and yet lives contrary to it,
    knows that he hath no reason for what he does.
                                     Tillotson.
     The various and tontrary choices that men make
    in the world, do not argue that they do not al) pur-
    sue  good; but that the  same thing is not good  to
    eveiy man alike.                       Locke.
 3.  \dverse;  in an opposite direction.
     The ship was in the midst of the sea, tossed with
    the waves; for the wind was contrary.
                                 Matt.  xiv. 24.
 Co'ntrary,  kon'tra-re.  to. s.  [from  the
    adjective.]
    1.  A thing of opposite qualities.
     No contraries hold more antipathy,
    Than I and such a knave.     Shaksp. King Lear.
                        He sung
   Why contraries feed thunder in  the cloud.
                              Cowley's Davideis.
     Honour should be concern'd in honour's cause;
   That is not to be cur'd by contraries,
   As bodies are, whose health is often drawn
   From rankest poisons.       Southern's Oroonoko.
 2. A  proposition contrary  to some  other;
    a fact  contrary to the allegation.
     The  instances  brought by our author  are but
   slender proofs of a  right  to civil power and domin-
   ion in the first-born, and do  rather shew the con-
   trary.                               Locke.
 3. On the contrary.  In opposition;  on the
    other side.
       He pleaded still not guilty:
   The king's attorney, on the contrary,
   Urg'd on examination, proofs, confessions,
   Of diverse witnesses.        Shaksp. Henry VIII.
     If justice stood on the side of the single person,
   it ought  to give good men  pleasure  to see that
   right should take place; but when, on the contrary,
   toe commonweal of a whole nation  is overborn by
   private interest, what good man but must lament?
                                        Swift.
 4. To the contrary.   To  a contrary pur-
   pose; to an opposite intent.
     They did it, not  for want  of instruction to the
   contrary.                         Stilling fleet.
 To Co'ntrary, kon'trd-re.  v.a.  [contra-
   rier, Fr.] To oppose; to thwart; to con-
   tradict.
    When I came to  court, I was  advised not to con-
  trary the king.                       Latimer.
    Finding in him the force of it, he would no fur-
  ther contrary it, but employ all  his service to me-
  dicine it.                             Sidney.
CO'NTRAST, kon'trast. to.*, [contraste,
   Fr.]  Opposition and dissimilitude  of
   figures, by  which one contributes to the
   visibility or effect of another.
To Contra'st, kon-trdst'. v. a. [from the
   noun.]
 1.  To place in opposition, so that one fi-
   gure shews another to advantage.
 2.  To shew another figure  to  advantage
   by its colour or situation.
     The figures ofthe groups must not be all on a side,
   that is, with their faces and bodies all turned the
   same way; but must  contrast each other by their
   several positions.                      Dryden.
 Contravalla'tion,  kon-tra-va.1 la'shiin.
   to. s. [from contra and vallo, Lat.]  The
   fortification thrown  up by the  besie-
   gers, round a city, to hinder  the sallies
   ofthe garrison.
     When  the late  czar of Muscovy first acquainted
   himself with mathematical  learning, he practised
   all the rules of circumvallation and contravallation
   at the seige of a town in Livonia.          Watts.
 7,oCONTRAVE'NE,k6n-tra-vene'.t;.a.
   [contra and venio,  Lat.]   To  oppose;
   to obstruct; to baffle.
 Contrave'ner,    kon-tra-ve'nur.  to.  s.
   [from  contravene.]  He who opposes
   another.
 Contraven'tion,  kon-tra-ven-shun. to.*.
   [Fr.]   Opposition.
     If Christianity did not lend its name to stand in
  the gap, and to employ or  divert these humours,
  they must of necessity be spent in contraventions to
  the laws of the land.                    Swift,
 Contraye'rva,   kon-trd-yer'va.   n.  s.
   [contra, against, and  yerva, a name by
   which  the Spaniards  call black helle-
   bore; and, perhaps, sometimes poison
   in general.]   A  species  of  birthwort
   growing in Jamaica,  where it is much
   used  as an alexipharmick.     Miller.

 Contreota'tion,  kon-trek-ta'shun. to.  s.
   [contrectatio,  Lat.]   A  touching or
   handling.                          jjicL

 Contri'rutary,    kon-trib'u-ta-re.   adj.
   [from  con  and tributary.]  Paying tri-
   bute to the same sovereign.
    Thus we are engaged in the  objects of geometry
  and arithmetick;  yea, the  whole mathematicks
  must be contributary, and to  them all nature pays a
  subsidy-                    Glanville's Scepsis.
 To CONTRIBUTE, k6n-trib'ute. v.a.
   [contribuo, Lat.]  To  give  to  some
   common   stock;   to  advance towards
   some common design.
    England contributes  much more than any other
  of the allies.              Addison on the War.
    His master contributed a great sum of money to
  the Jesuits church, which is  not yet quite finished.
                             Addison on Italy.
 To Contribute,  kon-tr!b'ute.  v. to. To
  bear a part; to have a share in any act
  or effect.
   Whatever praises   may be  given  to works  of
 judgment, there is not even a single beauty in them
  to which the invention  must not contribute.   Pope.

Contribution,   kon-tre-bu'shun.  n. *.
  [from contribute.]
 1.  The act of promoting some  design in
  conjunction with  other persons.
2. That which is given  by several hands
  for some common purpose.
   It hath  pleased  them of  Macedonia to make a
 certain contribution for the poor saints. Rom. xv 26
   Parents owe their children  not only material sub-
 sistence for  their body, but  much more spiritual
 contributions for their mind.              Digby
   Beggars are now maintained by voluntary con-
 tributions.           Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
  3. That which is paid for  the support of
    an army lying in a country.
     The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground
   Do stand but in a forc'd affection;
   For toey have grudg'd us contribution.     Shaksp
  Contri'butive, kon-trib'u-tlv. adj. [from
    contribute.] That which has the power
    or quality of promoting  any purpose in
    concurrence with other motives.
     As the value of the promises renders them most
   proper incentives to virtue, so the manner  of  pro-
   posing we shall  find also highly confrioufiue to the
   same end.                     Decay of Piety.
 Contributor,   kon-trib'ii ttir.1Bfa   n. s.
    [from contribute.] One that bears a part
   in some common design; one that helps
   forward,  or exerts his  endeavours to
   some end, in conjunction with others.
     I promis'd we would be contributors,
   And bear  his charge  of wooing,  whatsoe'er.
                                      Shaksp.
     A grand contributor to our dissentions is passion.
                                Decay of Piety.
     Art thou a true lover of thy country?  zealous for
   its religious and civil  liberties?  and  a cheerful
   contributor to  all  those publick  expences  which
   have been  thought necessary to secure them?
                                    Atterbury.
     The whole people were witnesses to the building
   of the ark and tabernacle; they were all contribu-
   tors to it.                            Forbes_
 Contributory,  k6n-tr!b'u-tu.r-e.613  adj.
   [from contribute.] Promoting the  same
   end; bringing assistance to some joint de-
   sign, or increase to some common stock.
 To  CONTRI'STATE,k6n-tris'tate. v. a.
   [contristo, Lat.] To sadden; to make sor-
   rowful;  to make melancholy. Not used.
     Blackness and darkness are but privatives,  and
   therefore have little or no activity: somewhat they do
   confrisfafe,  bugvery little.               Bacon.

 Contrista'tion,   kon-tris-ta'shun.  n.  s.
   [from contristate.]  The  act of making
   sad;the state of being made sad; sorrow;
   heaviness of heart;  sadness; sorrowful-
   ness; gloominess; grief;  moan;  mourn-
   fulness;  trouble; discontent; melancho-
   ly.   Not used.
     Incense and nidorous smells, such as were  of sa-
   crifices, were thought to intoxicate the brain, and
   to dispose men to devotion; which they may do  by
   a kind of sadness and contristation of the spirits
   and partly also by heating and exalting them.
                            Bacon's  Nat. Hist.
CONTRITE, k6n'trite."oc^rco„mVtt
   Lat.]
 1. Bruised; much worn.
2. Worn with  sorrow;  harassed with the
   sense of  guilt;  penitent.   In the books
   of divines, contrite is sorrowful for sin,
   from the  love  of God  and  desire  of
   pleasing him; and attrite is  sorrowful
   for sin, from the  fear of  punishment.
    I Richard's body have interred now;
  And on it have bestowed more contrite tears
  Than from it issued forced drops of blood. Shaksp.
                      With tears
  Wat'ring the ground, and with our sighs the  air
  Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
  Of sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation meek.
                                     Milton.
    The  contrite sinner is restored to pardon, and,
  through faith in Christ, our repentance  is entitled
  to  salvation.                         Rogers.

Contri'teness, kon'trite-nes. to. *. [from
   contrite.] Contrition; repentance. Diet. 
CON
CON
CON
k&n-trish'tln.  «.  a.   [from iContri'vement,   kon-trive'ment.
Contri'tion,
   contrite.]                                  j
1.  The  act  of  grinding,  or  rubbing to
   powder.
    Some of those coloured powders, which painters
  use, may have their colours a little changed, by be-
  ing veiy elaborately and finely ground; where  1 see
  not what can be justly pretended for those changes,
  besides the breaking of their parts into less parts by
  that contrition.                Newton's Opticks,
2.  Penitence;  sorrow for sin: in  the strict
   sense, the  sorrow  which  arises from
   the  desire to  please God; distinguish-
   ed  from attrition, or imperfect repen-
   tance produced by  dread  of hell.
     What is sorrow and  contrition  for sin? A being
  grieved with  toe conscience of sin, not  only that we
  have thereby incurred such danger, but also that we
  have  so unkindly grieved and  provoked so good a
  God.                               Hammond.
     Fruits of more pleasing savour, from thy seed
  Sown with contrition in his heart, than those
  Which, his own hand manuring, all the trees
  Of Paradise could have produc'd.        Milton.
     Your fasting, contrition, and mortification, when
   the church and state appoints, and that especially
   hi times of greater riot and luxury.        Spratt.
     My future days shall be one whole contrition;
   A chapel will I build with large endowment,
   Where every day an hundred aged  men
   Shall all hold up their  wither'd hands  to heav'n.
                                        Dryden.
 Contri'vable,  kon-tri'va.-bl. adj.  [from
    contrive.]   Possible to  be  planned  by
    the   mind;  possible to be invented and
    adjusted.
     It will hence appear how a perpetual motion may
   seem easily contrivable.       Wilkins's Daedalus.

 Contri'vance, kon-tri'vanse. to. s. [from
    contrive]
 1. The act of contriving; excogitation; the
    thing contrived.
     There is  no work  impossible to  these contri-
   vances, but there may be as much acted by this
   art as can be fancied by imagination.     Wilkins.
                    Instructed,  you'll  explore
    Divine contrivance, and a God  adore.   Blackmore.
 2. Scheme;  plan;  disposition of parts or
    causes.
     Our bodies are made according to the most curi-
    ous artifice, and orderly contrivance.    Glanville.
 3.  A  conceit; a plot;  an artifice.
     Have I not manag'd my contrivance well,
    To try your love, and  make you doubt of mine?
                                        Dryden.
     There  might be a feint,  a  contrivance in the
    matter, to draw him into some secret ambush. Alter.
  To CONTRI'VE, kon-trive'.  v. a. [con-
    trouver,  Fr.]
  1. To plan  out;  to  excogitate.
     One that  slept in the contriving lust, and waked
    to do it.                    Shaksp.King Lear.
     What more likely  to  contrive  this admirable
   frame ofthe universe than infinite wisdom? Tillotson.
     Our poet has always some  beautiful  design,
    which he  first establishes,  and then  contrives the
    means which will naturally conduct him to his end.
                                        Dryden.
 2.  To wear away.  Out of use.
     Three ages, such as mortal men contrive.
                                    Fairy Queen.
     Please ye, we may  contrive  this  afternoon,
    And quaff carouses to  our mistress' health.   Shak.
  To Contri've, kon-trive'. v. to.  To  form
     or  design;  to plan; to scheme; to  com-
     plot.
                         Is it enough
    That masking habits,  and aborrow'd name,
    Contrive to hide my plenitude of shame?    Prior.
 n.  s.
Diet.
  [from  contrive/] Invention
Contri'ver, kon-tri'vur.98 to. s. [from con-
  trive]   An inventer;  one that  plans a
  design;  a schemer.
    I, toe mistress of your charms,
  The close contriver of all harms,
  Was never call'd  to bear my part.   Shak. Macb.
    Epeus, who  toe fraud's contriver was.   Denham.
    Plain loyalty, not built on hope,
  I  leave to your contriver, Pope:
  None loves his king and countiy better,
  Yet none was ever less their debtor.       Swift.
    Scenes of blood and desolation, I had painted
  as the common effects of those destructive  ma-
  chines; whereof, he said, some evil genius,  enemy
  to mankind, must have been the  first contriver.
                       Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

CONTRO'L, k6n-tr6ll'.*>6 n. s. [controle,
   that is,  contre  role,  Fr.]
1. A register  or account kept by  another
   officer,  that each may be examined  by
   the other.
2. Check;  restraint.
    Let partial spirits still aloud complain,
  Think themselves injur'd that they cannot reign;
  And own no liberty, but where they may,
  Without control, upon their fellows prey.  Waller.
     He shall feel a force  upon himself from within,
  and from the  control of his own principles, to en-
  gage him to do worthily.                  South.
     If toe sinner shall win so complete a victory over
  his conscience, that all those considerations shall
  be able to  strike no  terrour into his mind, lay no re-
  straint upon his lusts, no control upon his  appetites,
  he is certainly too strong for the  means of grace.
                                South's Sermons.
     Speak, what Phcebus has inspir'd thy soul
  For common good, and speak without control.
                                Dryden's Homer.
 3.  Power; authority;  superintendence.
     The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowls,
  Are their males'  subjects,  and at toeir controls.
                                    Shakspeare.
 To Contro'l,  kon-troll'.406  v. a.  [from
    the noun.]
 t.  To keep   under  check  by a counter-
    reckoning.
 2.  To govern; to restrain; to subject.
     Authority to convent,  to control,  to  punish, as
   far  as with  excommunication,  whomsoever they
   think worthy.                         Hooker.
     Give me a staffof honour for  mine age;
   But not a sceptre to control toe world.     Shaksp.
     Who shall  control me for my works?   Ecct. v. 3.
     I feel my virtue struggling in my soul:
   But stronger passion does its power control.  Diyd.
     With this he did  a herd  of goats control,
   Which by the way he met, and slily stole;
   Clad like  a countiy swain he pip'd and sung,
   And playing drove his jolly troop along.   Dryden.
     0, dearest Andrew, says the humble droll,
   Henceforth may  I obey, and thou control.   Prior.
    To overpower; to confute: as, he control-
    led all the evidence of his adversary.
     As for the  time while he was  in  the Tower, and
   the manner of his brother's death,  and his own es-
   cape,  she knew  they were things  that  a very few
   could control.              Bacon's Heniy VII.
 Contro'llable, kon-troll'a-bl. adj. [from
    control.]   Subject  to control;  subject
    to command;  subject to  be over-ruled.
      Passion is  the  drunkenness  of the  mind, and
    therefore, in its  present workings, not  controllable
    by reason.                             South.
 Contro'ller, konrtroll'ur.   to. s.  [from
    control.]   One  that  has the power of
    governing  or  restraining;  a  superin-
    tendent.
    He does not calm his contumelious spirit,
  Nor cease to be an arrogant controller.     Shaksp.
          The great controller of ourfati
  Deign'd to be man, and iiv'd in low estate.  Dryd.
Contro'llership,  kon-troll'iH'-ship. n. s.
   [from controller.]  The c,, ■:,,?,  of a con-
   troller.
Contro'lment,   kon-trcU ment.    to.  *.
   [from control]
1. The power or act of superintending or
   restraining.
2. The state of being restrained;  restraint.
    They  made war and peace  with one  another,
  without controlment.           Davies on Ireland
3. Opposition; confutation.
    Were it reason  that  we should suffer  the same to
  pass without controlment, in toat current  meaning,
  whereby every where it prevaileth.       Hooker.
   Resistance; hostility.
    Here have we war for war, and  blood for blood,
   Controlment for controlment.   Shaksp. King John.
Controversial, kon-tro-ver'shaL  adj.
   [from controversy.]   Relating   to dis-
   putes; disputatious.
    It  happens in controversial discourses as it  does
   in the  assaulting  of towns, where,  if the ground
   be but firm whereon   the batteries are  erected,
   there is no farther enquiry whom it belongs to, so
   it affords but a fit rise for the present purpose. Locke.
Controversy, kon-tro-ver-se. to. s. [con-
   troversia, Lat.]
1.  Dispute; debate; agitation of contrary
   opinions: a dispute is commonly  oral,
   and a controversy in writing.
    How cometh it to pass that we are  so rent with
   mutual contentions, and that the church is so much
   troubled? If men  had been willing to learn,  all
   these controversies might have  died toe  very day
   they were first brought forth.            Hooker.
     Without controversy great is the mystery of god-
   liness.                            1  Timothy.
     Wild controversy then, which long had slept,
   Into the press from ruin'd  cloisters leapt.  Denham.
     This left no room for controversy about the title,
   nor for encroachments on the right of others. Locke.
 2. A  suit in law.
     If there be a controversy between men, and they
   come unto judgment,  that  the judges may judge
   them,- then they shall  justify the righteous and con-
   demn the wicked.         Deuteronomy, xxv. 1,
 3. A  quarrel.
     The Lord hath a controversy with the nations.
                                   Jer. xxv. 31.
 4. Opposition; enmity.   This is  an unu-
    sual sense.
     The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
   With lusty sinews; throwing it aside,
   And stemming it with hearts of controversy.   Shak.
 To CO'NTROVERT, kon'tro-vert. v.a.
    [controverto, Lat.]  To debate;  to ven
    tilate in  opposite books; to dispute  any
    thing in writing.
     If any person shall think fit  to controvert them,
   he may do  it very safely for me.          Cheyne,
       Hooker seems to use the word contro-
    verse, if it  be not an erratum.
     Persuasion ought to be fully  settled  in men's
   hearts, that, in litigations and controversed causes
   of such quality,  the will of God is to have them to
   do  whatsoever  toe sentence of judicial  and final
   decision shall determine.                Hooker.
 Controvertible, kon-tro-vcrt'e-bl. adj,
    [from  controvert]   Disputable;  that
    may be  the cause of controversy.
     Discoursing of matters dubious, and  many con-
    trovertible truths, we  cannot without  arr.)<*anry in-
    treat a credulity, or implore any farther assent  than
    the probability of our reasons and verity of our ex-
    periments.              Brown's Vulgar Errours, 
CON
CON
CON
 Controve'rtist,  kon'tro-ver-tist.  to.  *.
   [from controvert.]   Disputant;  a  man
   versed or engaged  in  literary wars or
   disputations.
     Who can think himself so considerable as not to
   dread this mighty man of demonstration, this prince
   of controvertisls, this great lord and  possessor of
   first principles?                       Tillotson.
 Coniuma'cious,    kon-tu-ma'shiis.   adj.
   [contumax, Lat.]  Obstinate; perverse;
   stubborn; inflexible.
     He is in law said to be a  contumacious person,
   who, on his appearance  afterwards,  departs  the
   court without leave.          Ayliffe's Parergon.
     There is another very efficacious method for sub-
   duing of the most  obstinate contumacious  sinner,
   and bringing him in to the obedience of the faith of
   Christ.               Hammond's Fundamentals.
 Contumaciously,    kon-tu-ma'shfls-le.
   adv.  [from  contumacious]  Obstinate-
   ly; stubbornly;  inflexibly; perversely.
 Contuma'ciousness, kon-tu-ma'shus-nes.
   n.  s. [from  contumacious.]  Obstinacy;
   perverseness;   inflexibility;   stubborn-
   ness.
     From the  description I have given of it, a  judg-
   ment may be given of the difficulty and contumaci-
   ousness  of cure.                      Wiseman.

 CONTUMACY,   k6n'tu-ma-se.  to. s.
   [from contumacia, Lat.]
 1. Obstinacy; perverseness; stubbornness;
   inflexibility.
                       Such acts
   Of contumacy will provoke the Highest
   To make death in us live.     Jlfiffon's Par. Lost.
 2. [In law.]  A wilful contempt and disobe-
   dience to  any lawful  summons or  judi-
   cial order.           Ayliffe's Parergon.
     These  certificates  do  only, in the generality,
   mention the party's contumacies and disobedience.
                              Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Contume'lious,    kon-tu-me'le-us.   adj.
   [contumeliosus, Lat.]
 1.  Reproachful;   rude;  sarcastick;   con-
   temptuous.
     With scoffs and scorns, and contumelious taunts,
   In open market-place produc'd they me
   To be a publick spectacle.     Shaksp. Henry VI.
     In all the quarrels and tumults at Rome, though
   toe  people frequently proceeded to rude contumeli-
   ous  language, yet no blood was ever drawn in any
   popular commotions, till the time  of the Gracchi.
                                         Swift.
 2. Inclined  to utter reproach or practise
   insults;  brutal;  rude.
     There  is yet  another sort of  contumelious  per-
   sons, who  indeed are not chargeable with that cir-
   cumstance of ill employing their wit; for  they use
   none of it.             Government of the Tongue.
     Given our holy virgins to the stain
   Of contumelious, beastly, madbrain'd war.  Shaksp.
 3.  Productive  of reproach; shameful; ig-
   nominious.
     As it is in  the highest degree injurious to  them,
  so  it is contumelious to him.       Decay of Piety.
Contume'liously,    kon-tu-me'le-u.s-le.
   adv. [from contumelious] Reproachful-
   ly; contemptuously; rudely.
    The people are not wont  to take so great offence,
  when they are excluded from honours and offices,
  as  when  their persons are  contumeliously trodden
upon.
Hooker.
    Fie, lords!  that you, being supreme magistrates,
  Thus contumeliously should break the peace. Shaksp.
Contume'liousness, kon-tu-me'le-iis-nes
   n.a. [contumelious.] Rudeness;reproach.
CONTUMELY, kon'tu-me-le. n. s. [con- \
   tumelia, Lat.] Rudeness; contemptuous-
   ness; bitterness of  language; reproach.
    If the helm of chief government be in the hands
  of a few of the wealthiest, then laws, providing for
  continuance thereof, must make toe punishment of
  contumely and wrong, offered unto any of the com-
  mon sort, sharp and grievous, that so the evil may
  be prevented.                          Hooker.
    Th'  oppressor's  wrong,  the  proud man's con-
         tumely,
    The  pang of despis'd love, the law's delay.  Shak.
    It was undervalued and depressed with some bit-
  terness  and contumely.                 Clarendon.
    Why should any man be troubled at the conftwne-
  fies  of  those, whose judgment deserves not to be
  valued  ?                            Tillotson.
    Eternal contumely attend  that guilty title,  which
  claims  exemption from  thought, and arrogates to
  its wearers the prerogative of brutes. Addis. Guard.
 To CONTU'SE,kon-tuze'.*37 v. a.  [con-
   tusus,  Lat.]
 1. To beat together:  to bruise.
    Of their roots, barks, and seeds,  contused  toge-
  ther, and mingled with other earths, and well wa-
  tered with warm water, there came forth herbs much
  like the other.                         Bacon.
2. To bruise the flesh without a breach of
   the continuity.
    The  ligature contuses the lips in cutting them, so
  that they require to be digested before they can
  unite.                               Wiseman.
Contu'sion, kon-tu'zhun.  to. a. [from con-
   tusio]
 1. The  act  of beating or bruising.
2. The  state of being beaten or bruised.
    Take a piece of glass, and reduce it to  powder,
  it acquiring by contusion a multitude of minute sur-
  faces, from a diaphanous, degenerates into a white
  body.                        Boyle on Colours.
3. A bruise; a compression of the  fibres,
   distinguished from  a wound.
    That winter lion, who in rage forgets
  Aged contusions, and all bruise of time.    Shaksp.
    The  bones, in sharp colds, wax brittle; and all
  contusions, in hard  weather, are more difficult to
  cure.                                 Bacon.
Convale'scence, kon-va-les'sense.810  )
Convale'scency,  kon-va-les'sen-se.    $
   to. s. [from convalesco, Lat.] Renewal of
   health; recovery from a disease.
    Being in a place out of the  reach of any alarm,
  she recovered her spirits to  a reasonable convales-
  cence.                              Clarendon.
CONVALE'SCENT,    k6n-va-;es-sent.
   adj.  [convalescens,  Lat.]  Recovering;
   returning to a state of health.
Conve'nable, kon-ven'a-bl. adj. [conven-
   able,  Fr.]
I. Consistent with; agreeable to;  accord-
  ant to. Not now in use.
    He is so meek, wise, and merciable,
  And with his word his work is convenable.  Spenser.
2. That may be convened.
To CONVE'NE,  kon-vene'. v.   to. [con-
  vtnio, Lat.]
I To come  together; to asspciate;  to unite.
    The  fire separates the aqueous parts from the
  others,  wherewith they were blended  in the con-
  crete, and brings them into the receiver, where
  they convene into a liquor.                Boyle.
    In short-sighted men, whose eyes are too plump,
  the refraction  being too great, the rays converge
  and  convene  in the eyesr before they come at the
  bottom.                       Newton's  Opticks.
2. To assemble for any  publick purple.
    There are settled periods of their convening, or
  a liberty left to the prince for convoking  the  legis-
  lature.                                Locke.
To Conve'ne, kon-vene'. v. a.
 1.  To call together; to assemble; to con-
   voke.
    No man was better pleased with the convening
  of this parliament than myself.       A'ing Charles.
    All the factious and schismatical people  would
  frequently, as well in the night as the day, convene
  themselves by the sound of a bell.      Clarendon.
    And now th' almighty father of the gods
  Convenes a council in the blest abodes. Pope's Stat.
 2.  To summon judicially.
    By the papal canon law, clerks,  in criminal and
  civil causes, cannot be convened before any but an
  ecclesiastical judge.                     Ayliffe.
 Convenience, kon-ve'ne-ense.}
 CoNVE'NiENCY,kon-ve'ne-en-se. 3   n' s'
   [convenientia, Lat.]
 I.  Fitness; propriety.
    Conveniency is, when a thing or action is so fitted
  to the circumstances, and  the circumstances to it,
  that thereby it becomes a thing convenient. Perkins.
    In things not commanded of God, yet lawful, be-
  cause permitted, the question is,  What light shall
  shew us  the conveniency which one has  above ano-
  ther.                                Hooker.
 2.  Commodiousness; ease; freedom  from
  difficulties.
    A man putting all his pleasures into one, is like
  a traveller's putting  all his  goods into one jewel:
  the value is the same, and the convenience greater.
                               South's Sermons.
    Eveiy man must want something for the conveni-
  ency of his life,  for  which he must be obliged to
  others.                      Calamy's Sermons.
    There is another  convenience  in this method,
  during your waiting.  Sioift's Direct, to the Footman.
    Cause of ease; accommodation.
    If it have not such  a convenience,  voyages must
  be very uncomfortable.   Wilkins's Math. Magick.
    A man alters  his  mind as the work proceeds,
  and will have this or that  convenience more, of
  which he had not thought when he began. Dryden.
    There was a pair of spectacles, a pocket perspec-
  tive, and several  other little conveniencies, I did not
  think myself bound in honour to discover.    Swift.
 4. Fitness of lime or place.
             Use no farther means;
  But, with all brief and plain conveniency,
  Let me have judgment. Shaksp. Merch. of Venice.
CONVE'NIENT,  k6n-ve-ne-ent.   adj.
  [conveniens, Lat.]
 I.  Fit; suitable;  proper; well  adapted;
  commodious.
    The least and most trivial episodes, or under ac-
  tions, are either  necessaiy or convenient; either so
  necessary, that without them the poem must be im-
  perfect; or so convenient, that no others can be im-
  agined more suitable to the place in which they are.
                   Dryd. Dedication to the AZneid.
    Health itself is but a kind of temper, gotten and
  preserved by a convenient mixture of contrarieties.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments*
2. It has either to or for before the follow-
  ing noun: perhaps it ought generally to
  have for before  persons, and  to before
  tfhings.
    Give me neither poverty nor riches, feed me with
  food convenient for me.             Prot>. xxx. 8.
    There are some arts that are peculiarly convenient
  to some particular nations.             Tillotson.
Conveniently*  kon-ve'ne-ent-le.   adv.
  [from  convenient.]
 1. Commodiously; without difficulty.
              I this morning know
  Where we shall find him most conveniently.  Shak.
 2. Fitiy:  with proper adaptation of part to
  part, or of the whole to  the effect pro-
  posed.
    It would be worth  the experiment  to inquire,
  whether or no a sailing chariot might be more ccm-
  veniently framed  with moveable sails, whose force 
CON
CON
C ON
  may be impressed from their motions, equivalent to
  those in a wind-mill.                  Wilkins.
CO'NVENT, kon'vent. to.  s. [conventus,
  Lat.]
1. An  assembly  of religious  persons;  a
  body of monks or unns.
             He came to Leicester;
  Lodg'd in the abbey, where the reverend abbot,
  With all his convent, honorably receiv'd him. Shak.
2. A religious house; an abbey; a monas-
  tery; a nunnery.
    One seldom finds  in Italy a spot of ground more
  agreeable than ordinary, that is not covered with a
  convent.                            Addison.
To Conve'nt, kdn-vent'. *93 v.a. [convenio,
  Lat.] To call belore a judge  or judica-
  ture.
               He with his oath
  By all probation will make up full clear,
  Whenever he's conuenfecf. Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
    They sent forth their precepts to attach men, and
  convent them before toemselves at private houses.
                            Bacon's Henry VII.
Conve'nticle, kon-ven'te-kl.   to. s.  [con-
  venticulum, Lat.]
1.  An assembly; a meeting.
     They are commanded  to abstain from all con-
  venticles of men whatsoever; even, out  of the church,
  to have nothing to do with publick business.  Ayliffe.
2.  An assembly  for worship.  Generally
   used in an  ill sense, including heresy or
   schism.
     It behoveth, that the place where God shall be
  served by the whole church  be a publick place, for
  the avoiding of privy  conventicles,  which, covered
  with pretence  of religion,  may serve unto danger-
  ous practices.                         Hooker.
     Who, far from steeples  and their sacred sound,
  In fields their sullen conventicles found.    Dryden.
     A sort of men, who are content to be stiled of the
  church of England, who perhaps attend its service
  in the  morning, and go with toeir wives to a  conven-
  ticle in the afternoon.                     Swift.
2.  A secret assembly; an assembly where
  conspiracies are formed.
     Ay, all  of you have laid your heads  together
  (Myself had notice of your conventicles)
  And all to make away my guiltless life.     Shaksp.
4.  An  assembly, in contempt.
     If he revoked this plea too, 'twas because he found
  the expected council was dwindling into a"conventicle,
  a packed assembly of Italian bishops; nota free con-
  vention of fathers from all quarters.     Atterbury.

Conve'nticler,   kon-ven'fik-hlr.   to.   s.
  [from conventicle.] One  that supports
  or frequents private  and  unlawful as-
  semblies.
    Another crop is too like to follow;  nay, I fear, it
  is unavoidable, if the conventiclers be permitted still
  to scatter.                            Diyden.
Convention, kon-ven'shun. to.  s.  [con-
  ventio,  Lat.]
j. The act  of coming together; union; co-
  alition; junction.
    They are to  be reckoned amongst the most gen-
  eral affections of the conventions,  or associations, of
  several particles of matter  into bodies of any cer-
  tain denomination.                       Boyle.
•2. An  assembly.
    Public conventions are liable to all the infirmities,
  follies, and vices of private men.            Swift.
3.  A contract; an  agreement for a  time;
  previous to a definitive treaty.

Conventional,   kon-ven'shun-ul.   adj.
  [from convention.]  Stipulated; agreed
  on by compact
    Conventional services reserved by tenures upon
  grants, made out of the crown or knights service.
                          Hale's Common Law-
Conve'ntionary, kon-ven'shfin-a-re.  adj.
  [from convention.]  Acting  upon  con-
  tract; stttied  by sfipulations.
    The ordinary convenants  of most convenftonari/
  tenants  are, to pay due capon and due  harvest
  journeys.                      Carew's Survey.
Conve'ntual,  kon-v£n'tshu-al. adj. [con-
  ventuel, Fr.]   Belonging to a convent-
  monastick.
    Those are called conventual priors, that have toe
  chief ruling power over a monastery.       Ayliffe.
Conve'ntual, kon-ven'-shu-al. to. s. [from
  convent] A monk; a nun; one that lives
  in a convent.
    I have read a  sermon of  a conventual, who laid
  it down, that Adam could not laugh before the fall.
                            Addison's Spectator.
To  CON VE'RGE, kon-verje'. v. to. [con-
  verge, Lat.]  To tend  to  one  point from
  different places.
    Where the rays from all the points of any object
  meet again, after they have been made to converge
  by reflexion or refraction, there they will  make a
  picture ofthe object upon a white body.   Newton.
               Ensweeping first
  The lower skies, they all at once converge
  High to the crown of heaven.           Thomson.
Conve'rgent, kon-ver'jent. >  adj. [from
Conve'rging, kon-ver'jing. 5  converge]
  Tending   to  one  point  from  different
  parts.
Converging Series.   See Series.
Conve'rsable, kon-ver'sa-bl. adj.  [from
  converse. It is sometimes written con-
  versible,  but  improperly;  conversant,
  conversation,  conversable.]   Qualified
  for conversation; fit for  company; well
  adapted to the  reciprocal communica-
  tion of thoughts; communicative.
    That fire and levity which  makes the young
  scarce conversible, when  tempered by years, makes
  a gay old age.                        Addison.
Conve'rsableness, kon-ver'sa-bl-nes. n.s.
  [from conversable.] The quality of being
  a pleasing companion; fluency of talk.
Conve'rsably, kon-ver'sa-ble. adv. [from
  conversable.]  In  a  conversable manner;
  with the qualities of a pleasing commu-
  nicative companion.

Conve'rsant,  kon'ver-sant, or kon-ver'-
  sant. adj. [conversant, Fr.]
1. Acquainted with; having a knowledge
  of any thing acquired  by familiarity and
  habitude; familiar: with  in.
    The learning  and skill which he  had by being
  conversant in their books.               Hooker.
    Let them make some  towns near to  the moun-
  tain's side, where they  may dwell together with
  neighbours, and be conversant  in the view of the
  world.                Spenser's State of Ireland.
    Those who are conversant  in both the tongues,
  Heave to make their own judgment of it.  Dryden.
    He  uses the different dialects as one who had
  been conversant with them all.           • Pope.
2. Having intercourse with any; acquaint-
  ed;  familiar  by cohabitation  or  fellow-
  ship; cohabiting:  with  among or with.
    All  that Moses commanded, Joshua read before
  all the congregation of Israel, with the women, and
  the little ones, and the strangers that were conver-
  sant among them.                 Jos. viii. 35.
    Never to be infected with delight,
  Nor conversant ivith ease  and idleness.     Shaksp. 
CON
CON
CON
    I will converse with iron-witted fools,
  And unrespective boys: none are forme,
  That look into me with considerate eyes.   Shaksp.
    Men then come to  be furnished with fewer or
  more simpler ideas from without, according as the
  objects they converse with afford greater or less va-
  riety-                                 Locfce.
3. To convey the thoughts reciprocally in
   talk.
    Go therefore half this day, as friend with friend,
  Converse with Adam.            Milt. Par- Lost.
    Much less can bird  with beast, or fish with fowl,
  So well converse.               Milt. Par. Lost.
4. To discourse familiarly upon any  sub-
   ject: with on before the thing.
    We had conversed so often on  that subject, and
  he had communicated his thoughts of it so fully to
  me, that I  had not the least remaining difficulty.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. To have commerce with a different sex.
     Being asked by some of her sex, in how long a
  time a woman might be allowed to pray to the gods,
  after having conversed  with  a man ?  If it were a
  husband, says she, the next day;  if a stranger,
  never.                              Guardian.
Co'nverse, kon'verse.692 to.  s. [from  the
   verb.  It is sometimes accented on the
   first syllable,  sometimes on  the  last.
   Pope has used both:  the  first  is  more
   analogical.]
 1.  Conversation; manner of discoursing in
   familiar life.
        His converse is a system fit
      Alone to fill up all her wit.            Swift.
     Gen'rous converse,  a  soul exempt from pride
   And love to praise with reason on his side.    Pope.
    Form'd  by thy converse happily to steer
   From grave to gay, from lively to severe. ^   Pope.
2.  Acquaintance; cohabitation; familiarity.
    Though  it be necessitated, by its relation to flesh,
   to a terrestrial converse; yet it is, like the sun, with-
   out contaminating its  beams.          Glanville.
     By such a free converse, with persons of different
   sects, we shall find that there are  persons of good
   sense and  virtue, persons of piety and worth. Watts.
 3. [In geometry; from conversus] A pro-
   position is said to be  the  converse of
   another, when,  after drawing a conclu-
   sion from something first proposed, we
    proceed to  suppose what had been be-
    fore concluded, and  to draw from  it
   what had been supposed.   Thus, if two
    sides  of a triangle be  equal, the angles
    opposite  to those sides are also equal:
   the  converse of  the proposition is,  that
    if two  angles  of a  triangle be  equal,
   the  sides opposite to  those  angles are
    also equal.                    Chambers.
 Conve'rsely, kon-verse'le.   adv.  [from
    converse.]   With change of order; in a
    contrary order;  reciprocally.
 Conve'rsion, k6n-ver'shu.n.  to.  s.  [con-
   veraio,  Lat.]
 1. Change from one  state  into another;
   transmutation.
     Artificial conversion of water into  ice,  is the
   work  of a few  hours;  and this of air may be tried
   by a month's space.               ,       Bacon.
     There are no such  natural gradations,  and con-
   versions of one metal and mineral into another, in
   the earth,  as many have fancied.       Woodward.
    The conversion ofthe aliment into fat, is not pro-
   perly nutrition.           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 2. Change from reprobation to grace, from
   a bad  to a holy life.
 3.  Change from one religion to another.
    They passed through Phenice and Samaria, de-
  claring the conversion of the Gentiles. Acts, xv. 4.

4. The interchange  of terms  is an argu-
   ment;  as, «o  virtue is vice; no vice is
   virtue.                         Chambers.
5. Conversion  of Equations,  in  algebra,
   is the reducing of a fractional equation
   into an  integral one.
Conve'rsive, kon-ver'slv. adj. [from con-
   verse.]  Conversable; sociable.

To CONVE'RT, kon-vert'.  v, a.  [con-
   verto, Lat.]
1. To change  into  another  substance; to
   transmute.
    If the whole atmosphere was  converted into wa-
  ter, it would make no more than eleven yard* water
  about the  earth.                       Burnet.
2. To  change  from one religion to ano-
   ther.
    Augustine is converted by St. Ambrose's sermon,
  when he came to it on no such design.  Hammond.
3. To turn from a bad to a good life.
    He which converteth the sinner from the errour of
  his way, shall save a soul from  death, and  shall
  hide a multitude of sins.            James, v. 20.
    Then will  I teach transgressors  thy ways, and
  sinners shall be converted unto thee.   Psalm li. 13.
4. To turn towards  any point.
    Crystal will callify into electricity, and  convert
  the needle freely placed.                Brown.
5- To apply to any  use; to appropriate.
    The abundance  of the sea shall be converted un-
   to thee, the forces of the Gentiles shall come unto
   thee.                            Isaiah, lx. 5.
    He acquitted himself not like an honest man; for
  he converted the prizes to his  own use.  Arbuthnot.
6. To  change one  proposition into  ano-
   ther,  so that  what was the subject of
   the first  becomes the predicate of the
   second.
    The  papists cannot abide this proposition con-
   verted: all sin is a transgression ofthe law; but eve-
   ry  transgression of the  law is sin.  The apostle
   therefore  turns it  for  us: all unrighteousness, says
   he, is sin, but every transgression of the law is un-
   righteousness, says Austin, upon the  place.   Hale.

 To Conve'rt, kon-vert'.  v.  to.  To undergo
   a change; to be transmuted.
    The love of wicked friends converts to fear:
   That fear, to hate.             Shaks. Rich. II.
    They rub out of it a red  dust which converteth
   into worms, which they kill with wine.    Sandys.
 Co'nvert, kon'vert. to. s. [from the verb.]
   A person  converted  from  one opinion
   or one  practice to another.
     The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay
   aside the  use of images.             Stillingfleet.
     When  Platonism prevailed, the converts to Chris-
   tianity of that school interpreted  Holy Writ  accord-
   ing to that philosophy.                   Locke.
     Let  us not imagine that the first  converts only of
   Christianity were concerned to defend their religion.
                                       Rogers.

 Conve'rter,  kon-vert'ur. to. a. [from con-
   vert.] One that makes converts.

 Convertibility, kon-ver-te-bil'e-te. to.  s.
   [from convertible.] The quality of being
   possible  to be converted.

 Convertible,  kon-ver'te-bl. adj.  [from
   convert.]

 I. Susceptible   of  change; transmutable;
   capable of transmutat»on.
     Minerals are not cow;erti6/i into another  species,
   though of the same genus; nor  reducible into ano-
   ther genus.                           Harvey.
    The gall is not an alkali; but it is alkalescent,
  conceptible and convertible into a corrosive alkali.
                        Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. So much alike as that one may be used
  for the other.
    Though it be not the real essence  of any  sub-
  stance, it is  the specifick  essence, to which our
  name belongs, and is convertible with it.     Locke.
    Many,  that call themselves Protestants,  look up-
  on our worship to be idolatrous as well as toat of the
  Papists; and put prelacy and  popery together, as
  terms convertible.                       Swift.
Conve'rtiuly, kon-ver'te-ble. adv. [from
  convertible]  Reciprocally;  with inter-
  change of terms.
    There never was any person ungrateful, who was
  not also proud; nor, convertibly, anyone proud, who
  was not equally ungrateful.       South's Sermons.
Co'nvertite,    kon'ver-tite.186  e03  to.  s.
  [converti, Fr.]  A convert; one convert-
  ed from another opinion. Not in use.
    Since you are a gentle convertite,
  My tongue shall hush again this storm of war.
                             Shaksp. King John.
    Nor would I be a convertite so cold,
  As not to tell it.                       Donne.
CO'NVEX, kon'veks.  adj.  [convexus,
  Lat.] Rising in a circular form; oppo-
  site to concave.
    It is the duty of a painter,  even in this also,  to
  imitate the convex mirrour, and to  place nothing
  which  glares at the border of his picture.  Dryden.
    An orb  or ball round its own axis whirl;
  Will not the motion to a distance hurl
  Whatever dust or sand you on its place,
  And drops of water from its convex face?
                      Blackmoie on the Creation.
Co'nvex,  kon'veks.  to. s.  A convex body;
  a body swelling externally into a circular
  form.
    A comet draws a long extended blaze;
  From east to west burns thro' th' ethereal frame,
  And half heav'n's convex glitters with the flame.
                                       Ticket.
Conve'xed, kon-vekst'.369 particip. adj,
   [from convex.] Formed convex; protu-
  berant in a circular  form.
    Dolphins are  straight; nor have they their spine
  convexed,  or more considerably embowed than ei-
  ther sharks,  porpoises, whales, or other cetaceous
  animals.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Conve'xedly,   kon-vek'sed-le.384,   adv.
   [from convexed] In a  convex form.
    They be drawn convexcdly crooked in one piece;
  yet the dolphin, that carrieth Arion, is concavously
  inverted, and hath its spine depressed.      Brown.
Conve'xity,  kon-veks'e-te.  to.  s.  [from
   convex.]   Protuberance in a circular
   form.
    Convex glasses supply the defect of plumpness
  in the eye, and, by increasing the refraction, make
  the rays converge sooner, so as to convene distinct-
  ly at  the  bottom of the eye, if the glass have a due
  degree of convtxity.            Newton's Opticks.
    If the  eye were  so  piercing, as  to descry even
  opake and little  objects a hundred leagues off,  it
  would  do us little service; it would be terminated
  by neighbouring hills  and woods, or, in the largest
  and evenest plain, by the very convexity of the
  earth.                               Bentley.
Conve'xly, kon-veks'le. adv.  [fiom con-
   vex]  In a convex  form.
    Almost all, both blunt and sharp,  are convexly
  conical; they are all along convex, not only per am-
  bitum, but between both ends.    Grew's Musozum.
Conve'xxess,  kon-veks'nes. to.  *.  [from
   convex.]   Spheroidical protuberance;
   convexity.
Convexo-concave,     kon-veks'6-kong'- 
CON
CON
C 0  N
  kave. adj. Having the hollow on the in-
  side corresponding to the external pro-
  tuberance.
    These are the phenomena of  thick convexo-con-
  cave plates of glass which are every where of the
  same thickness.                         Newton.
To  CONVE'Y,kon-va'.269 v. a. [conveho,
  Lat.]
I. To carry; to  transport from one place
  to another.
    Let letters be given me to the governours beyond
  the river, toat they may convey me over till I come
  into Judea.                          Neh. ii. 7.
    I will convey them by sea, in floats, unto the place
  thou shalt appoint me.             1 Kings, v. 9.
2. To hand from one  to another.
    A divine natural  right  could not  be conveyed
  down, without any plain, natural, or divine  rule
  concerning it.                           Locke.
3. To remove secretly.
    There was one conveyed out of my house yester-
  day in this basket.                      Shaksp.
4. To bring any thing, as an instrument of
  transmission; to transmit.
    Since there appears not to be any ideas in the
  mind, before the senses have conveyed  any  in,  I
  conceive that ideas in the understanding are coeval
  with sensation.                           Locke.
5. To transfer; to deliver to another.
    The  earl of Desmond, before his breaking forth
  into rebellion, conveyed secretly all his lands to feof-
  fees in  trust.                          Spenser.
    Adam's property or private  dominion could not
  convey any sovereignty or rule to his heir, who, not
  having  a right to inherit all his father's possessions,
  eould not  thereby come to  have any sovereignty
  over his brethren.                        Locke.
6. To impart, by means of something.
    Men fill one another's heads  with  noise and
  sounds, but convey not thereby toeir thoughts.
                                         Locke.
    That which uses to produce the idea, though con-
  veyed in by the usual organ, not being taken notice
  of, there follows no sensation.              Locke.
    Some  single imperceptible  bodies must  come
  from them  to the eyes;  and thereby convey to the
  brain some motion which produces those ideas.
                                         Locke.
     They give energy to our expressions, and convey
  our  thoughts in more ardent and  intense phrases,
  than any in our own tongue.   Addison's Spectator.
 7.  To impart; to introduce.
     What obscured light the heav'ns did grant,
  Did but convey unto our fearful minds
  A doubtful warrant of immediate death.   Shaksp.
    Others  convey themselves into the mind by more
  senses  than one.               ,          Locke.
 8.  To manage with privacy.
     I will convey the business as  I  shall find means,
  and acquaint you withal.             Shakspeare.
     Hugh Capet also,  who usurp'd the crown,
  To fine his title with some shews of truth,
   Convey'd himself as heir to th' lady Lengare. Shak.
 Conve'yance,  kon-va'anse.  to.  s.  [from
    convey]
  1.  The act of removing any thing.
     Tell her, thou mad'st away her uncle Clarence,
  Her uncle Rivers; ay, and for her  sake,
  Mad'st quick conveyance with her good aunt Ann.
                         Shakspeare's Richard III.
 2.  Way for carriage or transportation.
     Following the river downward,  there  is  convey-
   ance into the countries named in the text. Raleigh.
     Iron works ought  to be confined to places where
   there is no conveyance for limber  to places of vent,
   so  as to quit the cost ofthe carriage.      Temple.
  3.  The method of removing  secretly from
    one place  lo another.
     Your  husband's here at  hand; bethink  you  of
   some conveyance: in the house you cannot hide him.
                                      Shakspeare.
       VOL. I.
i.  The means or instrument by which any
   thing is conveyed.
    We powt upon toe morning, are unapt
  To give or to forgive; but when we've stuff'd
  These pipes, and these conveyances of blood,
  With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls.
                         Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    How such a variety of motions should be regular-
  ly  conducted,  in such a wilderness of passages and
  distinct avenues,  by  mere impellents and material
  conveyances, I have not the least conjecture.
                                Gfan. San. Dog.
5.  Transmission; delivery from one to an-
   other.
    Our author has provided for toe descending and
  conveyance down of Adam's monarchical power, or
  paternal dominion, to posterity.             Locke.
6. Act of transferring property; grant.
    Doth not the act of the  parents,  in any  lawful
  grant or conveyance, bind  their heirs for ever there-
  unto?                        Spenser on Ireland.
7.  Writing  by which property is trans-
   ferred.
    The very conveyances of his lands will hardly lie
  in this box; and must the inheritor himself have no
  more?                         Shaksp. Hamlet.
    This begot a suit in the Chancery before the lord
   Coventry,  who found the conveyances in law to be
   so firm,  tliat in justice he must decree the land to
   the earl.                            Clarendon.
8. Secret  management; juggling artifice;
   private  removal; secret substitution of
   one  thing for another.
     It cometh  herein to pass with men, unadvisedly
   fallen into error,  as with them  whose state hath no
   ground to uphold it, but only the  help  which, by
   subtile conveyance, they draw out of casual events,
   arising from day to day, till at length they be clean
   spent.                                Hooker.
     Close conveyance, and each practice ill
   Of cosinage and knavery.     Spenser's Hub. Tale,
     I am this day come to survey the Tower;
   Since Hemy's death, I fear, there is conveyance.
                              Shaksp.  Henry VI.
     Can they not juggle, and with slight
   Conveyance play  with wrong and right?   Hudibras.
Conve'yancer, kon-va'an-sur. to.  s. [from
   conveyance.]   A   lawyer  who  draws
   writings  by  which  property, is trans-
   ferred.
Conve'yer,  kon-va'Ar.  to. s.  [from  con-
   vey.]    One  who carries  or transmits
   any thing  from  one place  or person to
   another.
     The  conveyers of  waters of these times  content
   themselves with one inch  of fall in six hundred feet.
                         Brerewood on Languages.
     Those who stand before earthly princes, in the
   nearest degree of approach, who  are  the  dispen-
   sers of their favours, and conveyers of their  will, to
   others, do, on that very account, challenge high ho-
   nours to themselves.                   Atterbury.
 To CONVl'CT,  kon-vikt'. v. a.  [convin-
    co, Lat.]
 1. To prove guilty; to detect in guilt.
     And  they which heard it, being convicted by their
   own conscience,  went out one by one. John viii. 9.
     Things, that  at the first shew seemed possible,
   by ripping up the performance of them, have been
   convicted of impossibility.     Bacon's Holy War.
 2. To confute;  to discover to be false.
     Although not only the reason of any head, but ex-
   perience of every hand, may well convict it,  yet will
   it not by divers be rejected.              Brown.
 3. To shew  by proof or evidence.
     If there be no such thing apparent upon  record,
   they do as if one should  demand a  legacy by virtue
   of some written testament, wherein there being no
   such thing specified, he pleadeto  that there  it must
   needs be, and  bringeth  arguments from the love
                       3G
  which always the testator bore hiin; imagining that
  these proofs will convict a testament to have that in
  it, which other men can no where by reading find.
                                       Hooker.
Convi'ct, kon-vikt'. adj. [rather the par-
   ticiple ofthe verb.] Convicted; detected
   in guilt.
    Before I be convict by course  of law,
  To threaten me with death, is most unlawful.
                               Shaksp. Rich. Ill.
    By the civil law, a person convict,  or confessing
  his own crime, cannot appeal.   Ayliffe's Parergon.
    Convict a papist he, and I a poet.        Pope.
Co'nvict,   kon'vikt.492  to.   s.  [from   the
   verb.]   A person cast at  the  bar;  one
   found   guilty  of the  crimes  charged
   against him; a criminal  detected at  his
   trial.
    On the score of humanity,  the civil law allows a
  certain space of time both to the convict and to per-
  sons confessing, in order to satisfy the judgment.
                              Ayliffe's Parergon.
Convi'ction,  kon-vik'shun.  to.  a.   [from
   convict.]
1. Detection of guilt, which is,  in law, ei-
   ther when a man is outlawed, or appears
   and confesses, or else is  found guilty by
   the inquest.                        Cowell.
    The third best absent is condemn'd,
  Convict by flight, and rebel to all law;
   Conviction to the serpent none belongs.
                              Milton's Par. Lost.
2. The act of convincing; confutation;  the
   act of forcing  others, by argument, to
   allow  a  position.
    When therefore the apostle  requireth liability to
  convict hereticks, can we think he judgeth  it a
  thing unlawful, and not rather  needful, to use toe
  principal instrument of their conviction, the light of
  reason?                               . Hooker.
    The manner of his  conviction was designed, not
  as a peculiar privilege to him,  but as a  standing
   miracle,  a lasting  argument  for the conviction of
   others, to the very end ofthe world.     Atterbury.
3.  State of being convinced.
    Their wisdom is only  of this world, to put false
   colours upon things, to call good evil, and  evil good,
   against the conviction of  their own consciences.
                                         Sioift.
Convi'ctive, kon-vlk'tiv."7  adj.  [from
   convict.]  Having  the  power  of con-
   vincing.

 To CONVI'NCE, kon-vlnse'. v. a. [con-
   vince, Lat.]
 1.  To force any one to acknowledge a con-
   tested position.
     That which I have all this while been endeavour-
   ing to convince men of, and to persuade them to,  is
   no other but what God himself doth particularly re-
   commend to us, as proper for human consideration.
                                       Tiffofson.
     But, having shifted ev'iy form to 'scape,
   Convinc'd of conquest, he resum'd his shape. Dryd.
     History  is all the light we  have in many cases;
   and we receive  from it  a great part  of toe useful
   truths we have, with a convincing evidence. Locke.
 2. To convict;  to prove guilty of.
     To convince all that are ungodly among them, of
   all their ungodly deeds.                 Jude, 15.
     The discovery  of a truth, formerly unknown, doth
   rather convince man of ignorance, than nature of er-
   rour.                                 Raleigh.
     O seek not to convince me of a crime,
   Which I can ne'er repent, nor can you pardon. Dryd.
 3. To evince; to  prove;  to  manifest;  to
    vindicate.  Not in use.
     Your Italy contains none so accomplished a cour-
   tier, to convince the honour of my mistress. Shaks.
     This letter, instead of a confutation, only urgeth 
C 0  N
C ON
C OO
  nn fo prove divers passages of my sermon, which
  M. Cheynel's part was to convince.    Dr. Maine.
4. To overpower; to surmount. This sense
  is now obsolete.
        There arc a crew of wretched souls
  That stay his cure; their malady conwoces
  The great essay of art.           Shaks. Macbeth.
        Knaves be such abroad,
  Who having, by their own  importunate suit,
  Or voluntary dotage of some mistress,
  Convinc'd or suppled them, they cannot chuse
  But they must  blab.              Shaks. Othello.
    When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains
  Will I with wine and wassel so convince,
  That memory, the warder of the brain,
  Shall be a  fume.               Shaks. Macbeth.
Convi'ncement,   kon-vlnse'ment.  «.  s.
   from convince.] Conviction.
    If that be not convincement enough, let him weigh
  the other also.                   Decay of Piety.
Convi'ncible, kon-vin'se-bl.  adj.  [from
   convince.]
 1. Capable of conviction.
2. Capable of being evidently disproved or
   detected.
    Upon what uncertainties, and also convincible
  falsities, they often erected such  emblems, we have
  delivered.                            Brown.
Convincingly,   k6n-vin'slng-l£.   adv.
   [from convince.]   In such a manner as
   to leave no room  for doubt or dispute;
   so as to produce conviction.
    This he  did so particularly and convincingly, that
  those ofthe parliament were in great confusion.
                                   Clarendon.
    The resurrection is so convincingly attested  by
  such persons,  with such circumstances, that they
  who consider and weigh  the testimony, at what dis-
  tance soever they are placed, cannot entertain any
  more doubt of the resurrection than the crucifixion
  of Jesus.                           Atterbury.
Convincingness, kon-vin'sing-nes. to.  s.
   [from convincing.]  The power  of con-
   vincing.
 To CONVI'VE, kon-vive'. v. a. [convi-
   vo, Lat.] To entertain; to feast. A word,
    I believe, not elsewhere  used.
     First, all you peers of Greece, go to my tent.
   There in the full convive you.            Shaksp.
 Convi'val, kon-vi'val.113  }  adj.  [convi-
 Convi'vial,  kon-viv'yal.  $  vialia, Lat.]
    Relating  to an entertainment;  festal;
    social.
     I was the first who set up festivals;
   \ot with high tastes our appetites did force,
   But fill'd with conversation and discourse;
   Which feasts, convivial meetings we did name.
                                      Denham.
     Your social and convivial spirit is such,  that it
   is a happiness to live and converse with you.
                                  Dr. Newton.

 Conu'ndrum,  ko-nun'drrim.  to. a.  A low
   jest; a quibble;  a mean  conceit: a  cant
    word.
     Mean time  he smoaks, and laughs at merry tale,
   Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint.  Philips.

 To CO'NVOCATE,  k6n'vo-kate.  v.  a.
   [convoco, Lat.] To call together; to  sum-
   mon to  an  assembly.
 Convoca'tion, kon-vo-ka'shun. to. s.  [con-
   vocatio, Lat.]
 1.  The act of  calling to an assembly.
    Diaphantus, making a general convocation, spake
   to them in this manner.                 Sidney.
2.  An assembly.
     On the  eighth day shall be an holy convocation
   unto you.                       Lev.  xxiii; 20.
3.  An assembly of the clergy for consul-
  tation  upon matters  ecclesiastical,  in
  time of parliament: and, as the  parlia-
  ment consists of two distinct houses,  so
  does  this;  the one called the  upper
  house, where the archbishops and bish-
  ops  sit  severally  by themselves; the
  other  the lower  house, where all the
  rest  of the clergy are  represented by
  their deputies.  *                Cowell.
    I have made an offer to his majesty,
  Upon our spiritual  convocation,
  As touching France, to give  a greater sum
  Than ever at one time  the clergy yet
  Did to his predecessors part withal.      Shaksp.
    This is the  declaration of our  church  about it,
  made by those who met in convocation. Stillingfleet.
To  CONVO'KE,  kon-voke'. v. a. [con-
  voco, Lat.]  To  call together; to  sum-
  mon to an assembly.
    Assemblies exercise their legislature at the times
  that their constitution, or toeir own adjournment,
  appoints, if there  be  no other way prescribed to
  convoke them.                          Locke.
 r   When next the morning warms the purple east,
  Convoke the peerage.                     Pope.
    The senate originally consisted all of nobles, the
  people being only convoked upon such occasions as
  fell into their cognizance.                Swift.

To CONVO'LVE, kon-volv'. v. a.  [con-
  volvo, Lat.]  To roll together; to roll
   one part upon another.
    He writh'd him to and fro convolv'd.    Milton.
    It is a wonderful artifice how newly hatched mag-
  gots, not the parent animal, because she emits  no
  web, nor hath any textrine art, can  convolve the
  stubborn leaf, and bind it with the thread it weaves
  from its body.                        Derham.
    Us'd to milder scents,  the  tender race
  By thousands tumble from their honey'd domes,
  Convolv'd and  agonizing in the dust.    Thomson.
Co'nvoluted, k6n-vo-lu't£d. part, [ofthe
   verb I have found no example.]  Twist-
   ed;  rolled upon itself.
    This differs from Muscovy-glass only in this, that
  the plates of that are flat and plain, whereas these
  are conrofwfecf  and inflected.          Woodward.

Convolution, kon-vo-hi'shiin. to. s.  [con-
   volutio, Lat.]
I. The act of rolling any thing upon itself;
   the state of being rolled upon itself.
     Observe the conuofwfion of  the said fibres in  all
  other glands, in toe same or  some  other manner.
                                       Greio.
     A thousand secret, subtle pipes bestow,
  From which, by num'rous convolutions wound,
  Wrapp'd with to' attending  nerve,  and twisted
          round.                    Blackmore.
2. The state  of rolling  together in  com-
   pany.
             And toss'd wide round,
  O'er the calm  sea, in  conuofwfion  swift
  The feather'd  eddy floats.             Thomson.
 To  CONVO'Y, kon-voe'. v. a. [convoyer,
   Fr. from conviare,  low Lat.] To accom-
   pany by land or sea, for the sake of de-
   fence: as,  he  was  convoyed by ships of
   war.

Co'nvoy,  kon'voe.492 n. s. [from the verb.
   Anciently  the accent was on  the last
   syllable; it is now  on the first.]
 1. Force attending  on the road  by way of
   defence.
     Had not God set peculiar value upon his temple,
   he would not have made himself his people's convoy
   to secure them in their passage to it.        South.
    My soul grows hard, and cannot death endure;
  Your convoy makes the dangerous way secure.
                                     Dryden.
    Convoy ships accompany their merchants, till
  they may prosecute the voyage without danger.
                                     Dryden.
2. The act of attending as a defence.
    Such fellows will learn you by rote where ser-
  vices were done; at such a breach, at such a con-
  voy.                        Shaksp. Henry V.
    Swift, as a sparkle of a glancing star,
  I shoot from heav'n to give him safe convoy. Milt.
3. Conveyance.  Not now in  use.
          Sister, as the winds give benefit,
  And convoy is assistant, do not sleep,
  But let me hear from you.               Shaksp.
Co'nusance,  kon'u-sanse.  n. s.  [conois-
   sance, Fr.]  Cognizance;  notice;  know-
   ledge. A law term.
To CONVU'LSE, kon-vulse'. v. a. [con-
   vulsus, Lat.] To give an irregular and
   involuntary motion to the parts of any-
   body.
    Follows the loosen'd, aggravated roar,
  Enlarging, deepening, mingling peal on peal,
  Crush'd horrible,  convulsing heaven and earth.
                                    Thomson.
Convu'lsion, kon-vul'shiln. to. s. [convul-
   sio, Lat.]
1. A convulsion is an involuntary contrac-
   tion of  the fibres and muscles, whereby
   the body and limbs are preternaturally
   distorted.                        Quincy.
    If my hand be  put  into  motion by  a convulsion,
  the indifferency of that operative faculty  is taken
  away.                                Locke.
2. Any irregular  and  violent motion;  tu-
   mult; commotion; disturbance.
    AH  have been subject to some concussions, and
  fall under the same convulsions of state, by dissen-
  sions or invasions.                     Temple.

Convu'lsive, kon-vul'siv.158 428 adj. [con-
   vulsif, Fr.] That which produces invol-
   untary motion; that which gives twitches
   or spasms.
    They are irregular and convulsive  motions, or
  strugglings of the spirits.                 Hale.
    Shew me the flying soul's convulsive strife,
  And all the anguish of departing life.      Dryden.
    Her colour chang'd, her face was not the same,
  And hollow groans from her deep spirit came;
  Her hair stood up; convulsive rage possess'd
  Her trembling limbs, and heav'd her lab'ring breast.
                                      Dryden.
                 In silence weep,
  And thy convulsive sorrows inward keep.    Prior.
CO'N Y, kun'ne. to. s. [kanin, Germ, connil
   or connin, Fr. cuniculus, Lat.] A rabbit;
   an animal that burroughs in the ground.
            With a short-legg'd hen,
   Lemons and wine for sauce; to these a cony
   Is not to be despair'd of, for our money. Ben Jons.
     The husbandman  suffers by  hares and conys,
   which eat the corn and trees.    Mortimer's Husb.
 Co'ny-borough,  kun'ne-bur-6. to. s.  A
   place where rabbits make their holes in
   the  ground.
 To Co'nyoatch,  kmYne-katsh. v. to.  To
   catch a cony, is, in the old  cant of thieves,
   to cheat; to bite; to trick.
     I have matter in my head  against you, and
   against your conycatching rascals.     Shakspeare.
 Co'nyoatcher, kun'ne-katsh-ur.  to. s. A
    thief; a cheat; a sharper; a tricking fel-
    low; a rascal.  Now obsolete.
  To Coo, k66.10 v. to. [from the sound.] To
    cry as a dove or pigeon. 
COO
coo
coo
    The stockdove only through the forest cooes,
  Mournfully hoarse.                   Thomson.
COOK, kodk.306 to. s. [coguus, Lat.]  One
  whose profession is to dress and prepare
   victuals for the table.
    One mistress Quickly is  in  the  manner of his
  nurse, or his dry-nurse, or his cook, or his laundry,
  his washer, and his wringer.          Shakspeare.
    The new-born babe by nurses overlaid,
  And toe cook caught within toe raging fire he made.
                                       Dryden.
    Their cooks could  make  artificial  birds  and
  fishes, in default  of the real ones, and which ex-
  ceeded them in the exquisiteness ofthe taste.
                            Arbuthnot on  Coins.

 Cook-maid,  kook'made.  to. s.  [cook and
   maid] A  maid that dresses provisions.
     A friend was complaining to me, that his wife
  had turned off one of the best  cook-maids in Eng.
  land.                                 •flcfcfison
 Cook-room, k66k'r66m. to. *.  [cook and
   room.] A  room in which provisions are
   prepared  for the  ship's  crew.   The
   kitchen of a  ship.
     The commodity of this new cook-room  the mer-
   chants having found  to be so great, as that in all
   their ships the cook-rooms are built in their fore-
   castles, contrary to that which had been  anciently
   used.                                Raleigh.
 To Cook, k66k. v.a. [coquo, Lat.]
 1. To prepare  victuals  for  the table.
     Had either of the crimes been  cooked  to their
   palates, they might have changed messes.
                                  Decay of Piety.
 2. To prepare  for  any purpose.
     Hanging is the word, Sir;  if you be ready for
   that, you are well coofef.             Shakspeare.
 Coo'kery, kook'ilr-re.e6a to. s. [from  cook]
    The art of dressing victuals.
                  Some man's wit
   Found to' art of cook'ry to delight his sense:
     More bodies are consum'd and kill'd with it,
   Than with the sword, famine, or pestilence.  Davies.
     Ev'ry one to cookery pretends.  King's Cookeiy.
     These are the ingredients of plants before they
   are prepared by cookery.   Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 COOL, k661.306 adj. [koelen, Dut.]
  I. Somewhat cold; approaching to cold.
      He set his leg in  a pail-full, as hot as he could
   well endure it, renewing it as it grew cool.  Temple.
 2. Not  zealous; not ardent; not angry; not
    fond; without passion: as, a cool friend,
    a cool deceiver.
 Cool, k661. to. a. Freedom from heat; soft
    and refreshing coldness.
      But see where Lucia, at her wonted hour,
   Amid the cool of yon high marble arch,
   Enjoys the noon-day breeze.           Addison.
      Philander was enjoying the cool of  the morning,
   among toe dews that lay on eveiy thing about him,
   and that gave the air a freshness.       Addison.
  To  Cool, k661. v. a. [koelen, Dut.]
  1. To make cool;  to allay heat.
      Snow they use in Naples instead of ice,  because
    as toey say, it cools or congeals any liquor  sooner.
                                Addison on Italy.
      Jelly of currants, or the jelly of any ripe  sub-
   acid fruit,  is cooling, and very agreeable to  the
    stomach.                           Arbuthnot.
  2.  To quiet passion; to calm anger;  to mo-
    derate zeal.
      My lord Northumberland will soon be cool'd.
                               Shaksp.  Henry IV.
      He will keep his jealousy to himself,  and repine
    in private,  because  he will be apt to fearsome ill
    effect it may produce in cooling your love to him.
                                  Addison's Spect.
      Had tliey thought they had been fighting only
  other people's quarrels, perhaps it might have coof-
  ecf their zeal.                            Swift.
To Cool, k661. v.n.
  To grow less hot.
  To grow less warm with regard to pas-
  sion or inclination.
   My  humour shall not cool; I will incense Ford
  to deal with poison; I will possess him with yellow-
  ness.                                  Shaksp.
    You never cool while you read Homer.  Dryden.
    I'm impatient till it be done; I will not give my-
  self liberty to think, lest I should cool.    Congreve.
Co'oler, k661'ur. to. s. [from cool.]
I. That which  has  the power of  cooling
  the body.
    Coolers are of two sorts; first, those which pro-
  duce an immediate sense of cold, which are such as
  have their parts in less motion than those of the or-
  gans of feeling; and secondly, such as, by particular
  viscidity, or grossness of parts, give a greater con-
  sistence to the animal fluids than they had before,
  whereby they cannot move so fast, and therefore
  will have less of that intestine force on which their
  heat depends. The former are  fruits, all acid li-
  quors,  and common water; and the latter are such
  as cucumbers, and all  substances producing visci-
  dity.                                 Quincy.
    In dogs or cats there appeared the same necessity
  for a cooler as in man.   Harvey on Consumptions.
     Acid things were used only as coolers.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 2.  A  vessel  in which  any thing  is made
  cool.
    Your first wort being thus boiled, lade off into
  one or more coolers, or cool-backs, in which leave
  toe fullage behind, and let it run off fine.
                         Mortimer's Husbandry.
Co'olly, k661'le. adv. [from cool.]
I. Without heat, or sharp  cold.
    She in the gelid caverns, woodbine wrought,
  And fresh bedew'd with ever-spouting streams,
  Sits coolly calm-             Thomson's Summer.
   Without passion.
    Motives that address themselves coolly to our rea-
  son, are fittest  to be  employed  upon reasonable
  creatures.                          Atterbury.
Co'olness, k661'nes. to. s.  [from cool]
I. Gentle cold; a soft  or  mild  degree of
  cold.
    This difference consisteth not in the heat or coof-
  ness of spirits; for cloves and other spices,  naptha,
  and petroleum, have exceeding hot spirits, hotter a
  great deal than oil, wax, or tallow, but not inflamed.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
     The toad loveth shade and coolness.     Bacon.
     Yonder the harvest of cold months laid up,
  Gives a fresh coolness to the royal cup;
  There ice, like crystal, firm and never lost,
  Tempers hot July with December's frost.  Waller.
     The sheep enjoy toe coolness of the shade.
                               Dryden's Virgil.
2. Want of affection; disinclination.
     They parted with  such coolness  towards each
  other,  as if they scarce hoped to meet again.
                                     Clarendon.
    Freedom from passion.
Coom, koom.308 to. a. [ecume, Fr.]
 1.  Soot that gathers over an oven's mouth.
                                    Phillips.
2.  That  matter  that works  out  of the
   wheels of carriages.             Bailey.
3.  It  is used in Scotland  for  the useless
   dust which falls  from large coals.
Coomb, or Comb,  k66m.  to.  s.  [comble,
   Fr.  cumulus, Lat. a heap, Skinner]  A
   measure of  corn containing four bush-
   els.                               Bailey.
 COOP, k66p. n. s. [kuype, Dut.]
                    3g2
l. A barrel; a vessel for the preservation
  or  liquids.
2. A cage; a  penn for animals, as poultry
  or sheep.
    Gracchus was slain toe day the chickens refused
  to eat out of the coop; and Claudius Pulcher under-
  went the like success, when he contemned the tri-
  pudiary augurations.                    Brown.
    There were a great many crammed capons to-
  gether in a coop.                    L'Estrange.
To  Coop,  koop.  v.  a.  [from the noun.]
  To shut up in  a  narrow compass; to
  confine;  to cage; to  imprison: when it
  is  used  absolutely,  it  has often,  per-
  haps always, the intensive  particle up.
    That pale, that white-fae'd shore,
  Whose foot spurns back the ocean's roaring tides,
  And coops from other lands her islanders.  Shaksp.
    The Englishmen did coop up the lord Ravenstein,
  that he stirred not; and likewise held in strait siege
  the town.                              Bacon.
    In the taking of a town  the poor escape  better
  than the rich;  for the one is let go,  and the other is
  plundered and cooped up.            L'Estrange.
    Twice conquer'd cowards, now your  shame is
        shown,
  Coop'd up a second time within your town!
  Who dare not issue forth in open field.   Dryden.
    One world suffie'd not Alexander's mind;
  Coop'd up he seem'd, in earth and  seas confin'd.
                               Dryden's Juvenal.
     Coop'd up in a narrow isle, observing dreams
  With flattering wizards.         Dryden's Juvenal.
    The Trojans, coop'd within their walls so long,
  Unbar their gates, and issue in a throng.  Dryden.
    The  contempt of all other knowledge, as if it
  were nothing  in comparison of law or physick, of
  astrology or chymistry, coops the understanding up
  within narrow bounds, and hinders  it from  looking
  abroad into other provinces ofthe intellectual world.
                                        Locke.
     They are cooped in close by the laws of their
  countries, and the strict guards of those whose in-
  terest it is  to keep them ignorant.         Locke.
     What! coop whole armies in our walls  again!
                                         Pope.
 Coope'e,  k66-pee\ to.  s. [coupe, Fr.]   A
   motion in  dancing.
 Co'oper, k66'pu.r.93 to. s. [from coop] One
   that makes coops or barrels.
     Societies of artificers and tradesmen, belonging to
  some towns corporate, such as weavers and coopers,
  by virtue of their charters, pretend to privilege and
  jurisdiction.                            Cftifd.
 Co'operage, k66'pilr-idje.90 n. s.  [from
   cooper.]   The  price paid for cooper's
    work.
  To COO'PERATE,  ko-op'er-ate.  v. to.
    [con and opera, Lat.]
  1.  To labour jointly with  another  to the
    same end: it has with before the  agent,
    and to before the end
      It puzzleth and perplexeth the conceits of many,
   that perhaps  would otherwise  cooperate  with  him,
   and makes a man walk almost alone to  his own
   ends.                                  Bacon.
      By giving man a free will,  he  allows man that
   highest satisfaction and privilege of cooperating to
   his own felicity.                         Boyle.
  2.  To  concur in producing  the same  ef-
    fect.
      His mercy will not forgive offenders,  or his be-
   nignity cooperate to toeir conversions.       Brencn.
      All these causes cooperative;, must, at last, weak-
    en their motion.     Chcyne's Pliilosoph.  Principles.
      The special acts and impressions by which the
    Divine Spirit introduces  this  charge, and how far
    human liberty cooyurates with it, ave subject* be-
    yond our comprehension.                 Rogers.
  Coopera'tion, ko-6p-er-a'shun. n.s. [from 
COP
COP
COP
  cooperate.] The act of contributing or
  concurring to the same end.
    We might work any effect without and against
  matter; and this  not holpen by the cooperation of
  angels or spirits, but only by the unity and harmony
  of nature.                  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Coo'perative, ko-op'er-a-tiv. adj. [from
  cooperate.]  Promoting  the same end
  jointly.
Coopera'tor, ko-6p'er-a-tijr. n. s. [from
  cooperate.] He that by joint endeavours,
  promotes the same end with others.
Coopta'tion, ko-op-ta'shun. n.a. [coopto,
  Lat.]  Adoption; assumption.
COORDINATE, ko-6r'de-nate.91  adj.
   [con and ordinatus, Lat.]  Holding the
   same rank; not being subordinate. Thus
   shell-fish  may be divided into two coor-
   dinate  kinds,  crustaceous and  testa-
   ceous; each of  which  is again divided
   into many species,  subordinate to the
   kind, but coordinate to each other.
     The word Analysis signifies the general and par-
  ticular heads of a discourse,with their mutual con-
  nexions, both coordinate and subordinate, drawn out
  into one or more tables.                 Watts.
Coo'rdinately,  ko-or'de-nate-le.   adv.
   [from coordinate.]  In  the same rank;
   in the same relation;  without subordi-
   nation.
Coo'rdinateness, ko-dr'de-nate-nes. to. s.
   [from coordinate.]  The state of being
   coordinate.
Coo'RniNATiON,  ko-or-de-na'shun. to.  s.
   [from coordinate.] The state of holding
   the  same  rank;  of standing in the same
   relation to something  higher;  collate-
   ralness.
     In this high court  of parliament there is a rare
  coordination  of power, a wholesome  mixture  be-
  twixt monarchy, optimacy, and democracy.
               Howel's Pre-eminence of Parliament.
     When these petty intrigues of a play are so ill
  ordered, that they have no coherence with toe other,
  I must grant  that Lysidius has reason to tax that
  want of due connexion; for coordination in a play
  is as dangerous and unnatural as in a state. Dryden.
 Coot, k66t.306 n.a. [maer-koet, Dut. cotee,
   Fr.]  A small  black  water-fowl,  seen
   often in fens and marshes.
                  A lake, the haunt
  Of coots, and of the fishing cormorant.     Dryden.
COP, kop.  to. a.   [kop,  Dut. cop, Sax.]
   The head; the  top  of any thing;  any
   thing  rising to  a head:  as, a cop, vul-
   garly  cock of hay; a cob-castle, properly
   cop-castle, a small castle or house on  a
   hill; a cob of cherry-stones,  for cop,  a
   pile of stones one laid  upon another;  a
   tuft on the head of birds.
Co'pal, ko'pal. to. s. The Mexican term
   for a gum.
CoPA'RCENARY,ko-par'se-na-re. n.s. [from
   coparcener] Joint succession to any in-
  heritance.
    In descent to all the daughters in coparcenary, for
  want of sons, the chief house is allotted to the eldest
  daughter.                              Hale
COPA'RCENER,  ko-par'se-nur. to.  a.
  [from  con and particepa,  Lat.]
    Coparceners are otherwise called parceners; and,
  in common law, are such as have equal portion  in
  the inheritance of the ancestor.          Cowell.
    This great lordship was broken and divided, and
  partition made between the five daughters: in every 1
  of these portions, the coparceners severally exercised
  the same jurisdiction royal, which toe earl marshal
  and his sons had used in the whole province. Davies.
Copa'rceny,  ko-par'se-ne. n. a. An equal
   share of coparceners.
                Phillip's World of Words.
COPA'RTNER, ko-part'nur.98  to. a. [co
   and  partner.]  One that has a share in
   some common stock or affair; one equal-
   ly concerned;  a  sharer; a  partaker;  a
   partner. Milton has used it both with of
   and  in.
                Our faithful friends,
   The associates and copartners of our loss.   Milton.
          Shall I to him make known
   As yet my change, and give him to partake
   Full happiness  with me?  Or rather not;
   But keep the odds of knowledge in my pow'r,
   Without copartner?        Milton's Paradise Lost.
                Rather by them
   I gain'd what I have gain'd, and with them dwell
   Copartner in these regions of the world.   Milton.
Copartnership, ko-part'nur-ship. to. s.
   [from copartner.] The state of bearing
   an equal part, or possessing ,an equal
   share.
    In case the father left only daughters, the daugh-
   ters equally succeeded to  their father as in copart-
   nership.                               Hale.
Co'patain, kop'a-tin.203 adj.  [from cop]
   High raised; pointed.          Hanmer.
     Oh, fine villain! a silken doublet, a velvet hose, a
   scarlet cloke, and a copatain hat.      Shakspeare.
Copa'yva, ko-pa'va. to. s. [It is sometimes
   written capivi, copivi, cupayva, copayva,
   cupaijva, cupayba]   A gum which dis-
   tils from a tree in  Brasil.   It  is  much
   used in disorders of the urinary  passa-
   ges.

Cope,  kope. n. s. [See Cop.]
1. Any thing with  which the  head is co-
   vered.
2. A sacerdotal cloak, or vestment worn
   in sacred ministration.
3. Any thing  which  is spread  over  the
   head,  as the concave of the skies:  any
   archwork over a door.
        All these things that are contained
   Within this goodly cope, both most and least,
   Their being have, and daily are increast.  Spenser.
            Over head the dismal hiss
   Of fiery darts in flaming volleys flew,
   And flying vaulted either host with fire;
   So, under fiery cope, together rush'd
   Both battles main.           Milton's Par. Lost.
     The scholar believes there is no man under the
   cope of heaven, who is so knowing as his master.
                                      Dryden.
To Cope,  kope. v.  a.  [from  the  noun.]
1. To cover, as with a cope.
    A very large bridge, that is all made of wood,
   and coped over head.           Addison on Italy.
2. To contend with; to oppose.
                Know my name is lost,
   By treason's tooth bare gnawn, and canker-bit;
   Yet am I noble as ihe  adversary
   I come to cope.                      Shakspeare.
3. To reward; to give  in return.
                  I and my friend
   Have, by your wisdom, been this day acquitted
   Of grievous penalties; in lieu whereof,
   Three thousand ducats, due unto toe Jew,
   We freely cope your courteous pains withal.  Shaksp.
To Cope, kope. v. n.
1. To contend; to struggle; to strive.  It
   has with before the  thing or person  op-
  posed.  [In this  sense it is a  word of
  doubtful etymology.  The conjecture of
  Junius derives it from koopen to buy, or
  some other word of the same import; so
  that to cope with signifies to interchange
  blows, or any thing else, with another.]
              Let our trains
  March by us, that we may peruse the men
  We should have cop'd withal.         Shakspeare.
        It is likely thou wilt undertake
  A thing, like death, to chide away this shame,
  That copes with death itself,to 'scape from it. Shak.
            But Eve was Eve;
  This far his over-match,  who, self-deceiv'd,
  And rash, beforehand had no better weigh'd
  The strength he was to cope with, or his own. Milton.
    They perfectly understood both the hares  and the
  enemy they were to cope withal.      L'Estrange.
                On every plain,
  Host cop'd  with host,  dire was the din of war.
                                      Philips.
    Their generals have not been able to cope with the
  troops of Athens, which I have conducted. Addison.
    If the mind apply  itself first to easier subjects,
  and things near a-kin to  what is already known; and
  then advance to the more remote and knotty parts of
  knowledge  by slow degrees, it will be able, in this
  manner, to cope with  great difficulties, and  prevail
  over them with amazing and happy success.   Watts.
2. To encounter; to interchange kindness
  or sentiments.
                    Thou fresh piece
  Of excellent witchcraft, who of force must know
  The royal fool thou cop'st with.        Shakspeare.
            Thou art e'en as just a man,
  As e'er my  conversation cop'cf withal.  Shakspeare.
To  Cope, kope. v.a.  To embrace. Notin
  use.
    I will make him tell the tale anew;
  Where, how, how oft, how long ago, and when,
  He hath, and is again to cope your wife. Shakspeare.
Co'pesmate, kopes'mate.  to. s. [perhaps
  for cutsmate, a companion in drinking,
  or one that dwells under the same cope,
  for house.] Companion; friend. An  old
  word.
    Ne ever staid in place, ne spake to wight,
  Till that the fox his copesmate he bad found.
                              Hubberd's Tale.

Co'pier, kop'pe-iir. to. s. [from copy.]
1. One that copies; a transcriber.
    A coin is in no danger of having  its  characters
  altered by copiers and transcribers.      Addison.
2. One that imitates;  a  plagiary; an imita-
  tor.
    Without  invention a painter is but a copier, and
  a poet but a plagiary of others.          Dryden.
    Let the faint copier, on old Tiber's shore,
  Nor mean the task, each breathing bust explore;
  Line after line with painful patience trace,
  This Roman grandeur, that Athenian grace. Ticket.
Co'ping, ko'ping. to. 8.  [from  cope.]  The
  upper tire of masonry which covers the
  wall.
    All these were of costly stones,  even from the
  foundation unto the coping.         1 Kings, vii. 9.
    The coping, the modillions, or dentils,  make a
  noble shew by their graceful projections. Addison-

CO'PIOUS, ko'pe us.  adj [copia, Lat.]
1. Plentiful; abundant; exuberant; in  great
  quantities.
    Rose, as  in dance, the stately trees, and spread
  Their branches hung with copious fi nit.   Milton.
              Full measure only bounds
  Excess, before the all-bounteous king, who show'r'd
  With copious hand, rejoicing in their joy.  Milton.
    This alkaline acrimony indicates the copious use
  of vinegar  and acid fruits.            Arbuthnot.
              The tender heart is peace, 
COP
COP
COP
  And kindly pours its copious treasures forth
  In various converse.                 Thomson.
2. Abounding in words or images; not bar-
   ren; not confined; not concise.
    Hail, Son of God, Saviour of men! thy name
  Shall be the copious matter of my song
  Henceforth, and never shall my harp toy praise
  Forget, nor from thy Father's praise disjoin. Milton.
Co'piously,  ko'pe-us-le.  adv. [from copi-
   ous.]
1. Plentifully; abundantly; in great quanti-
   ties.
2. At  large;  without brevity or concise-
  ness; diffusely.
    These several remains have  been so copiously de-
  scribed by abundance of travellers, and other wri-
  ters, toat it is very difficult to make any new disco-
  veries on so beaten a subject.           Addison.
Co'piousness, ko'pe-us-nes. n.s. [from co-
  pious.]
1. Plenty; abundance; great quantity; exu-
   berance.
2. Diffusion;  exuberance  of style.
    The Roman orator endeavoured to imitate the
  eopiousness of Homer,  and the Latin poet made it
  his business to reach the conciseness of Demosthe-
  nes.                                Dryden.
Co'pist, k6'pist.  to. s. [from copy.]  A co-
   pier; a transcriber; an imitator.
Co'pLAND,kop'land.TO.«. Apiece of ground
   in  which the  land terminates  with an
   acute angle.                       Diet.
Co'pped,  kop'ped  or kopt.368 adj. [from
   cop.]  Rising to a  top or head.
    It was broad in its basis, and rose copped like a
  sugar-loaf.                 Wiseman's Surgery.
    A galeated eschinus being copped and somewhat
  conic.                            Woodward.
Co'ppel, kop'pel. to. s.  [This word is va-
   riously spelt; as copel, cupel, cuple, and
   cupple; but I cannot find its etymology.]
   An instrument used in chymistry, in the
   form of a dish, made of ashes, well wash-
   ed, to cleanse them from all their salt; or
   of bones thoroughly calcined. Its use is
   to try and purify gold and silver, which
   is done by mingling lead with the metal,
   and exposing it in the coppel to a violent
   fire a long while.  The impurities of the
   metal will then be carried off in dross,
   which is called the litharge of gold and
   silver. The refiners call the coppel a test.
                                    Harris.
CO'PPER, kop'pur.98 n. s. [koper, Dutch,
   cuprum, Lat.]  One of the six primitive
   metals.
    Copper is the most ductile and malleable metal,
  after gold and silver.   Of a mixture of copper and
  lapis  calaminaris is formed  brass; a composition
  of copper and tin makes bell-metal; and copper and
  brass, melted in equal quantities, produce what the
  French call bronze, used for figures and statues.
                                   Chambers.
    Copper  is heavier than iron or  tin; but lighter
  than silver, lead, and gold.        Hill on Fossils.
    Two vessels of fine copper, precious as gold.
                                Ezra, viii. 27.
Co'pper,  kop'pAr. to. *. A vessel made of
   copper: commonly used for a boiltr larg-
   er than a moveable pot.
    They boiled it in a copper to the half; then they
  poured it into  earthen vessels.            Bacon.
Co'pper-nose, kop'pur-nose. to. s. [copper
   and nose]  A red nose.
    He having  colour enough, and the other higher,
  is too flaming a praise for a good complexion: I had
  as  lieve Helen's golden  tongue had commended
  Troilus for a copper-nose.            Shakspeare.
    Gutta rosacea ariseto in little hard tubercles, af-
  fecting the face all over with great  itching, which
  being scratched, looks red, and rises  in great welks,
  rendering the visage fiery; and makes copper-noses,
  as we generally express them.          Wiseman.
Copper-plate, k6p-pur-plate'. to.  s.  A
   plate on which  pictures  are engraven
   for the neater impression, distinguished
   from a wooden cut.
Copper-work, kop'pur-wurk, to. s. [cop-
  per and work.]  A place  where copper
   is worked or manufactured.
    This is like those wrought at copper-works.
                                  Woodward.
Co'pperas,  kop'pur-as. to. s. [kopperoose,
   Dutch, couperouse, French; supposed to
   be found in copper mines only.] A name
   given to three sorts of vitriol; the green,
   the bluish green, and the white,  which
   are produced in  the mines of Germany,
   Hungary, and other countries. But what
   is commonly sold here for copperas, is
   an artificial vitriol,  made of a kind of
   stones found on the sea-shore in Essex,
   Hampshire, and  so westward, ordinarily
   called gold stones from  their colour.
   They abound with iron, and are exposed
   to the weather in beds above ground, and
   receive the rains  and dews,  which  in
   time breaks and dissolves  the stones: the
   liquor that runs off is pumped into boil-
   ers, in which is first put old iron, which,
   in boiling, dissolves.  This factitious cop-
   peras, in many respects, agrees with the
   native green vitriol.     Chambers. Hill.
    It may be  questioned, whether, in  this operation,
  toe iron or copperas he transmuted, from the cogna-
  tion of copperas with copper, and toe iron remaining
  after conversion.                      Brown.
Co'ppersmith, kop'pur-smith. to. s. [cop-
  per and smith]  One that manufactures
   copper.
    Salmoneus, as toe Grecian tale" is,
  Was a mad coppersmith of Elis;
  Up at his forge by morning peep.          Swift.
Co'pperworm, kop'pur-wurm. to.*, [tere-
   do, Lat.]
1. A little worm in ships.
2. A worm that fretteth garments.
3. A worm breeding in one's hand.
                                Ainsworth.
Co'ppery, kop'pur-e. adj. [from copper]
   Containing copper; made of  copper.
    Some springs of Hungary, highly impregnated
  with vitriol ick salts,  dissolve the body of iron put
  into the spring, and  deposite,  in lieu of the irony
  particles carried off, coppciy particles brought with
  the water out of toe neighbouring copper-mines.
                         Woodward on Fossils
CO'PPICE, kop'pis.1*3 to.  s.[coupeaux,
   Fr. from couper, to cut or lop. It is oft-
   en written copse] Low woods cut at sta-
   ted times for fuel;  a place over-run with
   brush-wood.
    A land, each side whereof was bounded boto with
  high timber trees, and copses of far  more humble
   growth.                             Sidney.
            Upon the edge of yonder coppice,
   A stand, where you may have the fairest shoot.
                                  Shakspeare.
    In coppice woods, if you leave staddles too thick,
  they run to bushes and briars, and have little clean
  underwood.                           Bacon ■
    The willows, and the hazel copses green,
  Shall now no more be seen
  Fanning their joyous leaves to their soft lays.
                                     JVfifton.
    Raise trees in your seminaries and nurseries, and
  you may transplant toem for coppice ground, walks,
  or hedges.               Mortimer's Husbandry.
    The rate of coppice lands will fall upon the dis-
  covery of coal-mines.                   Locke.
Co'pple-dust, kop'pl-dilst. to. s. [probably
  for coppel, or cupel dust.]  Powder used
  in purifying metals, or the gross parts
  separated by the  cupel.
    It may be also tried by incorporating powder of
  steel, or copple-dust,  by pouncing into the quick-
  silver.                                Bacon.
Copple-stones, kop'pl-stones,  are  lumps
  and fragments of stone or marble, broke
  from the adjacent cliffs, rounded  by be-
  ing bowled and tumbled to and again by
  the action of the  water.     Woodward.
Co'ppled, kop'pldJJ*  adj.  [from  cop]
  Rising  in  a  conick  form; rising to a
  point.
    There is some difference in this shape, some be-
  ing flatter on toe top, others more coppled.
                          Woodward on Fossils.
Copse, kops. to. s. [abbreviated from cop-
  pice]  Short wood cut at a certain growth
  for fuel; a  place overgrown   with short
  wood.
    The east quarters of the shire are not destitute of
  copse woods.                          Carew.
    Oaks  and brambles, if the copse be  burn'd,
  Confounded lie, to the same ashes turn'd.   Waller.
    But in what quarter of the copse it lay,
  His eye by certain level could survey.     Dryden.
To  Copse, kops.  v. a.  [from  the noun.]
  To preserve underwoods.
    The neglect of copsing wood cut down, hath been
  of veiy  evil consequence.                Swift.
CO'PULA, kop'u-la.  to. *. [Lat.]   The
  word  which  unites the subject and pre-
  dicate of a  proposition;  as,  books  are
  dear.
    The copula is  the form of a proposition; it repre-
  sents the act of the mind, affirming or denying.
                              IFaffs's Logick.
To  CO'PULATE, kop'u-late. v. a. [copu-
  lo, Lat.] To unite; to conjoin; to link to-
  gether.
    If the force of custom, simple  and separate, be
  great, the force  of custom copulate, and conjoined,
  and collegiate, is far greater.             Bacon.
To Co'pulate, kop'u-late. v.n. To come
  together as different  sexes.
    Not only the  persons so copulating are infected,
  but also their children.       Wiseman's Surgery.
Copula'tion,  kop-u-la'shun. to. s.  [from
  copulate.]  The congress or embrace of
  the two sexes.
    Sundiy  kinds, even of conjugal copulation, are
  prohibited as unhonest.                Hooker.
Co'pulative,  kop'u-la-tiv.157 adj.  [copu-
  lativus, Lat.] A term of grammar.
     Copidative propositions are those which have more
  subjects or predicates connected  by  affirmative or
  negative conjunctions: as,  riches ancf honours are
  temptations to pride;  Caesar conquered tbe Gauls
  ancf the Britons; neither gold nor jewels will pur-
  chase immortality.                     Hafts.
CO'PY, kop'pe.482 n.  s. [copie, Fr.  copia,
   low Lat. quod  cuipiam facta est copia
   exscribendi.  Junius  inclines,  after his
   manner, to derive it from  xot®-, labour; 
COP
c oa
COR
  because, says he, to copy another's wri-
  ting is very painful and laborious.]
1. A transcript from the archetype or ori-
  ginal.
    If virtue's self were lost, we might
  From your fair mind new copies write.     Waller.
    I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to
  the original.                        Denham.
    He stept forth, not only the copy of God's hands,
  but also the copy of his perfections, a kind of image
  or representation of the Deity in small.     South.
    The Romans having sent  to Athens, and  the
  Greek cities of Italy, for  copies of the best laws,
  chose ten legislators to put them into form.  Swift.
2. An individual book; one of many books:
   as, a good or fair copy.
    The very having of the books of God was a mat-
  ter of no small charge, as they could not be had oth-
  erwise than in written copies.            Hooker.
3. The autograph; the original; the arche-
   type; that from which any thing is copied.
    It was the copy of our conference;
  In bed he slept not, for my urging it;
  At board he fed not,  for my urging it.     Shaksp.
    Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the
  letters in the vulgar alphabet.           Holder.
    The first of them  I have forgotten, and cannot
  easily retrieve, because the copy is at the press.
                                     Dryden.

4.  An  instrument by  which any convey-
   ance is made in law.
    Thou know'st that Banquo and his Fleance lives;
  But in toem nature's copy's not eternal.   Shaksp.
5. A picture drawn from another picture.
Copy-book, kop'pe-b66k. w. s. [copy and
   book.] A book in which copies are writ-
   ten for learners to imitate.
Copy-hold,  kop'pe-h6ld. to. s. [copy and
   hold.]   A  tenure, for which the tenant
   hath nothing to  shew but  the  copy of
   the rolls  made by  the steward of  his
   lord's  court; for the steward, as he  en-
   rolls  other  things  done  in the  lord's
   court,  so  he registers such  tenants as
   are admitted in  the court, to any parcel
   of land or tenement belonging to  the
   manor; and  the  transcript of this is call-
   ed the  court roll, the copy of which  the
   tenant  takes from him, and  keeps as his
   only ev idence.  This is called a base ten-
   ure, because it holds at the will of  the
   lord; yet  not simply, but  according to
   the custom  of  the manor;  so that if a
   copy-holder break not the custom of  the
   manor, and thereby forfeit his  tenure, he
   cannot be turned out at the lord's plea-
   sure.   These customs of manors  vary,
   in one  point or other, almost in every
   manor. Some copy-holds are finable, and
   some certain: that which is finable,  the
   lord rates at what fine or income  he
   pleases, when   the  tenant  is admitted
   into it; that which is certain, is a kind of
   inheritance, and called  in many places
   customary;  because  the  tenant dying,
   and  the hold being void,  the  next of
   blood paying the customary fine, as two
   shillings for an acre, or so, cannot  be
   denied  his admission. Some copy-hold-
   ers have,  by custom, the wood growing
   upon their own land, which by law they
   couid not have.  Some hold by the verge
   in  ancient demesne;  and though they
  hold by copy, yet are they, in account, a
  kind  of freeholder; for,  if such a  one
  commit felony, the king hath  annum,
  diem, and vastum, as in case of freehold.
  Some others hold by common tenure,
  called mere copy-hold; and, they com-
  mitting felony,  their land  escheats to the
  lord of the manor.              Cowell.
    If a customary tenant die, the widow shall have
  what the law calls her free bench in all his  copy-
  hold lands.                         Addison.
Copy-holder, k&p'pe-hol-dtir.«.«. [from
  copyhold.]  One  that  is possessed of
  land  in copyhold.
To  Co'py, kop'pe. v.a.  [from the noun.]
1. To transcribe; to write  after an origi-
  nal:  it has sometimes  out, a  kind of
  pleonasm.
    He who hurts a harmless neighbour's peace,
  Who loves a lye, lame  slander helps about,
  Who writes a libel, or who copies out. Pope's Epist.
2. To imitate; to propose to imitation; to
  endeavour to resemble.
    He  that borrows other men's experience, with
  this design of copying it onf, possesses himself of one
  of the greatest advantages.       Decay of Piety.
    Set toe examples, and their souls inflame
  To copy out their great forefathers' fame. Dryden.
    To copy her few  nymphs aspir'd,
  Her virtues fewer swains admir'd.        Swift.
 To Co'py, kop'pe.  v. to.
 I To do any hing   in imitation of some-
  thing else.
    Some imagine, that whatsoever they find in the
  picture of a master, who has acquired reputation,
  must of necessity  be  excellent; and never fail,
  when they copy, to follow the  bad as well as the
  good things.               Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. It has sometimes./row, before the thing
  imitated.
    When a painter copies from  the life,  he has no
  privilege to alter features and  lineaments,  under
  pretence that his picture will look better.  Dryden.
3. Sometimes  after.
    Several of our countrymen,  and Mr.  Dryden in
  particular, seem very often to have copied after it in
  their dramatick writings, and in their poems  upon
  love.                    Addison's Spectator.
 To  Coque't, ko-ket'.416 v. a.  [from the
  noun.]  To entertain with compliments
  and  amorous  tattle;  to  treat  with an
  appearance of amorous tenderness.
    You are coquetting a maid of honour, my lord
  looking on to see  how the gamesters play,  and I
  railing at you both.                     Swift.
 To Coque't, ko-ket'. v. to. To act the lo-
  ver;  to entice  by  blandishments.
    Phyllis, who but  a month ago
  Was married to  the Tunbridge  beau,
  I saw coquetting t' other night,
  In publick, with  that odious knight.         Swift.
Coque'try,  ko-ket're.  to.  s.  [coqueterie,
  Fr.]  Affectation  of amorous advances;
  desire of attracting notice.
    I was often in company with  a couple of charm-
  ing women, who had all toe wit and beauty one
  could desire in female  companions, without a dash
  of coquetry, that from time to time gave me a great
  many  agreeable torments.   Addison's Spectator.
COQUE'TTE,  ko-ket'. to. s.  [coquette,
  Fr. from  coquart, a prattler.]  A  gay,
  airy  girl;  a girl who  endeavours to at-
  tract notice.
    The light coquettes in sylphs aloft repair,
  And sp'irt and flutter in the fields of air.      Povr.
    A coquette and a tinder-box are sparkled.
                          Arbuthnot and  Pope.
Co'racle,  kor'a-kl.   to.  s.   [cwrwgte,
  Welsh, probably from corium, leather,
  Lat.]  A boat used in Wales by fishers,
  made by drawing leather or oiled cloth
  upon a frame of wicker work.
CO'RAL, kor'al.  to.  s. [corallium, Lat.]
I. Red coral is a plant of as great hardness
  and stony nature, while growing in the
  water, as it  has  after long exposure
  to  the air.   The  vulgar opinion, that
  coral is soft while  in the sea, proceeds
  from a soft and thin coat, of a  crusta-
  ceous  matter,  covering it  while  it  is
  growing, and which is taken off before
  it  is packed up  for use.  The whole
  coral  plant grows  lo a foot or more  in
  height, and is variously ramified.  It is
  thickest  at the  stem, and its branches
  grow gradually smaller.   It  grows  to
  stones, without a  root, or without any
  way penetrating  them;  but  as  it  is
  found to grow, and take in its nourish-
  ment, in the manner of  plants, and  to
  produce flowers and seeds, or at  least
  a matter analogous to seeds, it proper-
  ly  belongs to the vegetable kingdom.
                        Hill's Mat. Med.
    In toe sea, upon the south-west of Sicily, much
  coral is found. It is a submarine plant; it hath  no
  leaves; it brancheth only when it  is under water.
  It is soft, and green of colour; but being brought  in-
  to the air, it becometh hard and shining red, as  we
  see.                  Bacon's Natural History.
    This  gentleman, desirous to  find the  nature of
  coral, caused a man to  go down a hundred fathom
  into the sea, with express orders  to take  notice
  whether it were hard or soft in the place where it
  groweth.                           Brown.
    He hears the crackling sound of coral woods,
  And sees the secret source of subterranean floods.
                             Dryden's Virgil.
               A turret was inclos'd
  Within the wall, of alabaster white,
  And crimson coral, for the queen of night,
  Who takes in Sylvan sports her chaste delight. Dryd.
    Or where's the sense,  direct or moral,
  That teeth are pearl, or lips are coral?     Prior.
2. The piece of coral which children have
  about their necks, imagined  to assist
  them  in breeding teeth.
    Her infant grandame's coral next it grew;
  The bells she gingled, and the whistle blew.  Pope.
Coral-tree,  kor'ai-tree. to.  s.  [corallo-
  dendron, Lat.]
    It is a native of America, and produces very
  beautiful scarlet flowers; but never any  seeds  in
  the  European gardens.                 Miller.
Co'ralline, kor'al-in.160 adj. [corallinus,
  Lat.]  Consisting of coral; approaching
  to  coral.
    At such  time as the sea is agitated, it takes up
  into itself terrestrial matter of all kinds, and in
  particular the coralline matter, letting it fall again,
  as it becomes calm.                 Woodward.
Co'ralline, kor'al-in. to. s.  [from  the ad-
  jective.]
    Coralline is a sea plant used in medicine; but
  much inferior to the coral in hardness, sometimes
  greenish, sometimes yellowish,  often reddish, and
  frequently white.                       Hill.
    In Falmouth there is a sort of sand, or  rather
  coralline, that lies under the owse.     Mortimer.
Co'ralloid,   }  kor'al-loid.    C adj. [xa-
(.Vhalloidal, y  kor-al-loid'al. (  getXXou-
  fas]  Resembling  coral.
    Now that plants and ligneous bedies may indu- 
COR
COR
COR
  rate under water, without approachment of air, we
  have experiment in coralline, with many coralloidal
  concretions.                          Brown.
    The pentadrous, columnar, coralloid bodies, that
  are composed of plates set lengthways of the  body,
  and passing from the surface to the axis of it.
                           Woodward on Fossils.
Cora'nt, ko-rant'. n. s. [courant, Fr.] A
   lofty sprightly dance.
    It  is harder  to dance a corant well than a jigg;
  so in conversation, even, easy, and agreeable, more
  than points of wit.                     Temple
    I would  as soon  believe a widow in great  grief
  for her husband, because I saw her dance a corant
  about his coffin.                        Walsh.
Co'rhan, kor'ban.188 to.  *. [^np.] An alms-
   basket; a receptacle of charity; a  gift;
   an alms.
    They think to satisfy all obligations to duty by
  their corban of religion.            King Charles
    Corban stands for an offering or gift made to God,
  or his temple.  The Jews  sometimes swore by cor-
  ban, or the gifts offered unto God.  If a man  made
  all his fortune corban, or devoted it to God, he was
  forbidden to use it.  If all toat he was to give his
  wife, or his father and mother, was declared corban,
  he was no longer permitted to allow them necessary
  subsistence.  Even debtors were permitted to de-
  fraud their creditors, by consecrating their debt to
  God.  Our Saviour reproaches toe Jews, in the Gos-
  pel, with  these  uncharitable and irreligious  vows
  By this word such persons were likewise meant, as
  devoted themselves to the  service of  God and his
  temple.  Corban signifies  also the treasury of the
  temple, where the  offerings, which were made in
  money, were deposited.                Calmet
Corbe, kdrb. adj. [courbe, Fr.]  Crooked
    For siker thy head very tottie is,
  So toy cor6e shoulder it leans amiss.      Spenser
Co'rbeils, kor'belz. to. s. Little  baskets
   used in  fortification, filled  with earth
   and  set upon the parapet, to shelter the
   men firing upon the besiegers.

Co'rbel, kdr'bel. ra. *.  [In architecture.]
   The  representation of  a basket, some-
   times placed on the heads of the carya
  tides.
Co'rbel,} , >  ,,  %,  ^
„  .     ' > kor'bel. I n. s.
Co rbil, y          I
I.  A  short piece of timber sticking  out
   six  or eight inches  from a wall, some-
   times placed for  strength  under  the
   semigirders of a platform.
2.  A  niche  or hollow left in  walls  for
   figures or statues.            Chambers.

CORD, kord.  ra.  s. [cert, Welsh; chorda,
  Lat.; corde,  Fr.]
I.  A rope; a string composed  of several
  strands or twists.
    She let them down by  a cord through the win
  d0W-                                Jos.  ii. 5
    Form'd of the finest complicated thread,
  The num'rous cords are thro' toe body spread,
                                   Blackmore.
2.  The cords extended in setting up tents,
  furnish several metaphors in  scripture.
    Thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habita-
  tion,  a tabernacle that  shall not be taken down;
  none of (he stakes thereof  shall ever be removed,
  neither snail any of toe cords thereof be broken.
                             Isaiah, xxxiii. 20.
3. A quantity  of  wood for fuel,  supposed
  to be measured with  a cord; a pile eight
  feet  long, four high,  and four broad.
Cord-maker,  kdrd'rna-kur.  ra. s.  [cord
  and make.]  One whose trade is to make:
  ropes; a ropemaker.                     |
 Cord-wood, kord'wud.  ra. s.  [cord  and
   wood.]  Wood piled up for fuel, to be
   sold by the cord.
 To Cord, kord. v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To bind with ropes; to fasten with cords;
   to close by a  bandage.
 Co'rdage, kor'didje.90 to. a.  [from cord.]
   A quantity of cords; the ropes of a ship.
    Our cordage from her store, and cables, should
        be made,
  Of any in toat kind most fit for marine trade.
                                      Drayton.
    They fastened their ships, and rid at anchor with
  cables of iron chains, having neither canvas nor
  cordage.                              Raleigh.
    Spain furnished a sort of rush  called  spartum,
  useful for cordage  and other parts of shipping.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
 Co'rded, kor'ded. adj. [from cord] Made
   of ropes.
    This night he meaneth, with a corded ladder,
  To climb celestial Silvia's chamber window. Shak.
 Cordeli'er, kor-de-leer.276 to. a.  A Fran-
   ciscan  friar:   so  named from the cord
   which serves  him for a cincture.
    And who to assist but a grave cor-delier.   Prior.

 CO'RDIAL, kdr'je-al..294 "6  to. s.  [from
   cor, the heart, Lat.]
 1. A  medicine that  increases the force of
   the heart, or quickens the circulation.
 2. Any medicine that increases strength.
    A cordial, properly speaking, is not always what
  increaseto the force of toe heart; for, by increasing
  that, the animal may be weakened, as  in inflam-
  matory diseases. Whatever increaseto the natural
  or  animal strength, toe force of moving the fluids
  and muscles, is a cordial: these are  such substances
  as bring  the serum of the blood into the properest
  condition for circulation and nutrition; as broths
  made of animal substances, milk,  ripe fruits, and
  whatever is endued with a wholesome but  not pun-
  gent taste.               Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 3. Any thing that comforts, gladdens, and
   exhilarates.
    Then with some cordials seek for to appease
  The inward languor of my wounded heart,
    And then my body shall have shortly ease;
  But such  sweet cordials pass physicians' art.  Spens.
       Cordials of pity give me now,
    For I too weak for purges grow.        Cowley.
    Your warrior offspring that upheld the crown,
  The scarlet honour of your peaceful gown,
  Are the most pleasing objects I can  find,
  Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind.
                                      Dryden.
 Co'rdial, kor'je-al. adj.
 1. Reviving;  invigorating; restorative.
    It is a thing I make, which hath the king
  Five times redeem'd from death: I do not know
  What is  more cordial.        Shaksp. Cymbeline.
    He only took cordial waters, in which we infused
  sometimes purgatives.        Wiseman's Surgery.
 2. Sincere; hearty; proceeding from  the
   heart;  without hypocrisy.
    Doctrines are infused  among christians, which
  are apt to obstruct or intercept the cordial super-
  structing of Christian life of renovation, where the
  foundation is duly laid               Hammond.
        He, with looks of cordial love,
  Hung over her enamour'd.              Milton.

Co'rdiality, kor-je-al'e-te.  n. a.  [from
   cordial]
 I. Relation to the heart.
    That the ancients had any such respects of cor-
  diality, or reference  unto toe  heart, will much be
  doubted.                             Brown.
 2. Sincerity;  freedom from hypocrisy.
 Co'rdially,  kor'je-al-e. adv, [from cor-
   dial.]  Sincerely; heartily;  without hy-
   pocrisy.
     Where a strong inveterate love of sin has made
   any doctrine or proposition wholly unsuitable to the
   heart, no argument, or demonstration, no nor mira-
   cle whatsoever, shall be able to bring toe heart cor-
   dially to close with, and receive it.   South's Serm.
 Co'rdiner, kor'd'nur. to. s.  [cordonnier,
   Fr.]  A shoemaker. It is  so used in di-
   vers  statutes.
 CO'RDOjY, kor'don. ra. *. [Fr.]   In forti-
   fication,  a row  of stones jutting out be-
   fore  the  rampart and  the  basis of the
   parapet.                       Chambers.
 CO'RDWAIN, kord'wane.  to.  s.  [Cor-
   dovan leather, from Cordova in Spain.]
   Spanish leather.
     Her  straight legs most bravely  were embay'd
   In golden buskins' of costly cordwain. Fairy Qjueen.
 Cordwa'iner, kord-wa-nur.   «.  a. [un-
   certain whether from  Cordovan, Spa-
   nish  leather,  or  from  cord, of which
   shoes were  formerly  made,  and  are
   now used in the  Spanish West Indies.
   Trevoux.]   A shoemaker.
CORE, kore.  to. a. [coeur, Fr.; cor, Lat.]
 1. The  heart.
                Give me that man
  That is not passion's  slave, and I will wear him
  In  my heart's core; ay, in my heart of heart.  Shak.
2. The  inner part of any thing.
    In the core of the  square she raised a tower of a
  furlong high.      Raleigh's History of the  World.
    Dig out the cores below the surface.  Jlforfinter.
                They wasteful eat,
  Through buds and bark, into toe blacken'd core.
                                     Thomson.
3. The  inner  part of a fruit  which  con-
   tains the kernels.
    It is reported that trees, watered perpetually with
  warm water, will make a fruit with little or no core
  or  stone.                              Bacon.
4. The  matter contained in a boil  or sore.
                Launce the sore,
  And cut the head; for, till the core be found,
  The secret vice is fed, and gathers ground. Dryden.
5. It is used by Bacon for a body or collec-
   tion, [from corps,Fr. pronounced core.]
    He was more doubtful of the raising of forces to
  resist the rebels, than  of the  resistance itself; for
  that he was in a core of people whose affections he
  suspected.                  Bacon's Henry VII.
Coria'ceous,  ko-re-a'shus.  adj.   [coria-
   ceus,  Lat.]
 1. Consisting of leather.
2. Of a substance resembling  leather.
    A stronger projectile motion of toe blood must
  occasion greater secretions and loss of liquid parts,
  and from thence perhaps spissitude  and coriaceous
  concretions.              Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Coria'nder, ko-re-an'diir.98  to. s.  [corian-
   drum, Lat.]  A plant.
    The species are, 1. Greater coriander. 2. Smaller
  testiculated coriander.  The first  is cultivated for
  the seeds, which  are used in medicine:  the second
  sort is seldom found.                    Miller.
    Israel called the name thereof manna; and it was,
  like coriander seed, white,        Exodus, xiii. 31.
CO'RINTH, kur'ran.  n.s. [from the city
   of that name in  Greece.]  A small fruit,
   commonly called currant.
    Now will toe  corinths, now the rasps supply
  Delicious draughts.                   Philips.
    The chief riches of Zant consist in corinths, which
   the inhabitants have  in great quantities.   Broome.
Cori'nthian Order,  ko-rin'^Ae an, is ge-
   nerally reckoned  the  fourth,  but  by 
COR
COR
COR
    some the fifth, of the  five orders of ar-
    chitecture; and is the most hoble, rich,
    and delicate of them all.  Vitruvius as-
    cribes it  to  Callimachus, a  Corinthian
    sculptor, who is said to have taken  the
    hint by passing by the tomb  of a young
    lady, over which a basket with  some of
    her playthings had  been placed by her
    nurse,  and  covered  with  a tile;   the
    whole having been placed  over a root
    ol acanthus.   As it  sprung  up,  the
    branches encompassed  the basket;  but
    arriving at the tile, bent downwards un-
    der the corners of it, forming a kind of
    volute. Hence Callimachus imitated the
    basket  by the vase of  his capital, the
    tile in the abacus, and the leaves  in the
    volute.   Villalpandus imagines the Co-
    rinthian capital to have taken its origi-
    nal from  an  order in the temple of So-
    lomon,  whose leaves were those of the
    palm-tree. The capital is adorned with
    two  rows of leaves, between which  lit-
    tle  stalks arise, of which the sixteen
    volutes are formed, which support the
    abacus.                          Harris.
     Behind these figures are large columns of the
    Corinthian order,  adorned with fruit and flowers.
                                      Dryden.
 CORK, kork. ra.*. [cortex, Lat. korck, Dut.
    Hie dies,  anno redeunte, festus
    Corticem astrictum pice dimovebit
    Amphora fumum bibere institutes
                    Consule Tullo.  Hor.]
 1.  A glandiferous tree, in all respects like
    the  ilex, excepting the bark, which, in
    the cork tree, is thick, spongy, and soft.
                                     Miller.
     The cork tree grows near the Pyrenean hills, and
   in  several parts of Italy, and  the north of New
   England.                         Mortimer.
 2.  The  bark of the cork tree used  for
    stopples,  or  burnt  into  Spanish black.
    It is taken  off without injury to the
    tree.
 3.  A piece of cork  cut for the  stopple of
    a bottle or barrel.
     I pr'ythee take  the cork out of thy mouth, that
  I may drink thy tidings.             Shakspeare.
     Be sure, nay very sure, thy cork be  good;
  Then future ages shall of Peggy tell,
  That nymph that brew'd and bottled ale so well.
                                       King.
     Nor stop, for one bad cork, his butler's pay.
                                       Pope.
 Corking-pin, kor-klng-pin'.  to.  s.  A pin
   of the largest size.
    When you put a clean pillow-case on your lady's
  pillow, be sure to fasten it well with three  corking-
  pins, that it may not fall off in the night.   Swift.
 Co'rky, kor'ke.  adj. [from cork.]  Con-
  sisting of cork; resembling  cork.
    Bind fast his corky arms.   Shaksp. King Lear.
Co'rmorant, kor'mo-rant. to. s. [cormo-
  rant, Fr. from corvus marinus, Lat.]
1. A bird that preys upon fish.  It is near-
  ly of the bigness of a capon, with a wry
  bill and  broad  feet,  black on  his body,
  but  greenish  about  his  wings.   He  is
  eminently greedy and rapacious.
    Let fame, that all  hunt after in their lives,
  Liv'd register'd upon our brazen tombs;
  When, spite of cor-morant devouring time,
    Th' endeavour of this present breath may buy
    That  honour which shall 'bate his scythe's keen
       edge.                        Shakspeare.
      Those  called birds of prey, as the eagle, hawk,
    puttock, and cormorant.    Peacham on Drawing.
      Thence up he flew, and on the tree of life
    Sat like a cormorant.         Milton's Par. Lost.
      Not far from thence is seen a lake, the haunt
    Of coots,  and of the fishing cormorant.  Dryd. Fab.
     A glutton.
  CORN,  korn. to.  s.  [copn,  Sax.  korn,
    Germ. It is found in all the Teutonick
    dialects;  as, in an old Runick rhyme,
       Hagul er kaldaatur coma.
       Hail is the coldest grain.]
  1.  The seeds which grow in ears, not in
    pods; such as are made into bread.
      Except a corn of wheat fall  into the ground and
   die, it abideth alone.              John xii. 25.
      The people cry you mock'd them; and, of late,
   When corn  was given them gratis, you repin'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
  2.  Grain  yet unreaped,  standing in  the
    field upon its stalk.
         All the idle weeds that grow
   In our sustaining corn.        Sliaksp. King Lear.
      Landing his men  he burnt  the corn all there-
   abouts, which was now almost ripe.
                    Knolles's History ofthe Turks.
             Still a murmur runs
   Along the soft inclining fields of corn.  Thomson.
  3.  Grain  in the ear, yet unthreshed.
      Thou shalt come to thy grave in a full age, like as
   a shock of corn cometh in his season.   Job, v. 26.
  4.  An  excrescence on the feet, hard  and
    painful; probably so called from its
    form; though by some supposed  to be
    denominated from its corneous or horny
    substance.
            Ladies, that have your feet
   Unplagu'd with cor-ns, we'll have a bout with you.
                                  S/taA:speare.
         The man that makes his toe
       What he his heart should make,
         Shall  of a corn cry woe,
       And turn his sleep to wake.  Shak. King Lear.
     Even in men, aches and hurts  and corns do en-
   grieve either  towards rain or towards frost.  Bacon.
     The  hardest  part  of the corn  is usually in the
   middle, thrusting itself in a nail; whence it has the
   Latin appellation of clavis.             Wiseman.
     He first that useful secret did explain,
   That pricking corns foretold the gath'ring rain.
                               Gay's Pastorals.
     It looks as  there  were regular accumulations
   and gatherings of humours, growing perhaps in some
   people as corns.                    Arbuthnot.
     Thus Lamb, renown'd for cutting corns,
   An offer'd fee from Radcliff scorns.       Swift.

 To Corn,  korn. v. a. [from  the noun.l
 1.  To salt;  to sprinkle with salt.   The
   word  is  so used,  as  Skinner' observes,
   by the old Saxons.
 2. To granulate.
 Corn-field, korn'feeld. to.  s.   A field
   where corn is growing.
        It was  a lover and his fass,
      That o'er the green corn-field did pass. Shaksp.
    You may soon enjoy the gallant sights of armies,
  encampments, and standards waving over your bro-
  ther's cornfields.                       Pope.

Corn-flag,  korn'flag.  to.  s.  [corn  and
  fag.]  A plant.
     Miller enumerates eleven species of
   this plant, some  with red flowers, and
   some  with  white.
Corn-floor, korn'flore.  to. s.  The floor
   where corn is stored.
      Thou hast loved a reward upon every corn-floor,
                                    Hos. ix. 1.
  Lorn-flower, k6rn'fldu-ur. to. *.  [from
    corn  and flower/]
      There  be certain corn-flowers, which come sel-
    dom or never in other places, unless  they  be  set
    but only amongst com; as the blue-bottle,  a kind
    of yellow marygold, wild poppy, and furmitory.
                        Bacon's Natural History,
      Corn-flowers are of many sorts: some of them
    flower in June  and July, and others in August. The
    seeds should be sown in March: they require a good
    soil-                              Mortimer.
  Corn-land,  korn-land.  to.  s. [corn and
    land]  Land appropriated to the pro-
    duction of grain.
     Pastures and meadows are of such advantage to
    husbandry, that many prefer them to corn lands.
                          Mortimer's Husbandry.
  Corn-master,   korn-mas-tir.76 9s   n.s.
    [com and master]  One that cultivates
    corn for sale. Not in use.
     I knew a nobleman in England, that had  the
   greatest audits of any man in my time; a great gra-
   sier, a  great sheep-master, a great timber-man, a
   great collier, a  great cornrmaster,  and a great lead-
  0man-                                Bacon.
  Corn-marigold, korn-mar-re-gold.81  «.
    s. [from corn and marigold]  A flower.
  Corn-mill, korn-mil. to. s. [corn and  mill.]
    A mill to grind corn into meal.
     Save the more laborious work of-beating of hemp,
   by making toe axle-tree of the  cornrmills longer
   than ordinary,  and placing pins in it to raise large
   hammers.      ^                   Moi-timer.
 Corn-pipe,  korn-pipe.  to. s.  [from corn
   and pipe.] A pipe made by slitting the
   joint of a green stalk of corn.
     Now the shrill corn-pipes, echoing loud to arms,
   To rank and file reduce toe straggling swarms.
                                      Ticket.
 Corn-rocket, k6rn-rok-kit.fl9 «. s. [from
   corn and rocket.]  A plant.
 Corn-rose, korn-roze. to. s.  A species of
   poppy.
 Corn-sallad,  kdrn-sal-lad.  to.  s. [from
   corn and sallad.]
    Corn-sallad is an  herb, whose  top-leaves are a
  sallet of themselves.      Mortimer's Husbandry.
 Co rnage,  kor'nidje.9° to. s.  [from come,
   Fr. cornu.  Lat.]  A tenure which obliges
   the landholder to  give notice of an in-
   vasion by blowing a horn.
 Co'rnchandler,  korn'tshand-lur. to. s.
   [corn  and chandler.]   One  that retails
   corn.
 Co'rncutter,  korn'kut-tur.  to.  *. [from
   corn and cut]   A man  whose profes-
   sion is to extirpate corns from the foot.
    The nail was not loose, nor did seem  to press in-
  to the flesh; for  there had been a  corncutter, who
  had cleared it.                     Wiseman.
    I have known a corncutter, who, with aright
  education, would have been an excellent physician.
n ,      , , ,  ,,                 Spectator.
Co'rnel, kdr'nel.                   %

CoRNE'LiAN-TREE,kor-ne'le-an-tree. I n' *
  [cornus, Lat.]
    The cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly called
  the cornel or cornelian cherry, as well from the
  name of the tree, as the cornelian stone, the colour
  whereof it somewhat represents.  The wood is very
  durable, and useful for wheel-work.      Mortimer.
    Take  a service-tree,  or a cornelian-tree, or ail
  elder tree, which we know have fruits of harsh and
  binding juice, and set them near a  vine or fig-tree,
  and  see whether the grapes or figs will  not be tbe
  sweeter.              Bacon's Natural History. 
COR
C OR
COR
      A huntress issuing from toe wood,
  Reclining on her cornel spear she stood.   Diyden.
    Mean time the goddess, in disdain, bestows
  The mast and acorn, brutal food! and strews
  The fi uits of cornel, as toey feast around.   Pope.
    On wildings and on strawberries they fed;
  Cornels and bramble-berries gave the rest,
  And falling acorns furnish'd out a feast   Dryden.
Corne'lian-stone,    kor-ne'le-an-stone.
   See Carnelian.

COR'JVEMUSE, korn'muse. to. *. [Fr.]
   A kind of rustic flute.
Co'rnkous, kor'ne-ds. adj. [corneus, Lat.]
   Horny; of a substance resembling horn.
    Such as have corneous or horny eyes, as lobsters,
  and crustaceous animals, are generally dimsighted.
                                     Brown.
    The various submarine shrubs are of a corneous
  or ligneous  constitution,  consisting chiefly of a fib-
  rous matter.                      Woodward.
CO'RNER, kor'nui .98to. s. [cornel, Welsh
   cornier, Fr.]

1.  An angle; a place  inclosed  by  two
   walls  or  lines,  which  would intersect
   each other, if drawn beyond the point
   where they meet.
2.  A secret or remote place.
    There 's nothing I have  done yet, o' my con-
        science,
  Deserves a corner.      Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
    It is  better to  dwell in a corner of a house top,
  than with a brawling woman and in a wide house.
                              Proverbs, xxv. 24.
    I am persuaded  that none of these things are hid-
  den from him; for this thing was not done in a cor-
  ner.                           Acts, xxvi. 26.
    All the inhabitants, in every corner of the island,
  have been absolutely reduced under his  immediate
  subjection.                           Davies.
    Those vices, that lurk in the secret corners of the
  soul.                                Addison.

3.  The  extremities;  the  utmost limit:
   thus every corner is the whole  or every
   part.
    Might I but through my prison, once a day,
   Behold this maid, ail corners else o' th' earth
   Let liberty make use of.    Shakspeare's Tempest.
    I turn'd, and tried each corner of my bed,
  To find if sleep were there; but sleep was lost. Dryd.
Corner-stone, kdr'nur-stone'  to.  s. [cor-
   ner and stone.]   The stone that unites
   the two  walls at the corner;  the princi-
   pal stone.
    See you  yond' coin o' to'  capitol, yond corner-
  Sf one?                            Shakspeare.
    A mason was fitting a corner-stone.     Howel.

Corner-teeth  of a  Horse, kdr'n&r-tee/A,
   are the fore teeth between the middling
   teeth  and the tushes;  two  above and
   two  below, on each side  of the  jaw,
   which shoot  when  the  horse  is  four
   years and a half old. \    Farrier's Diet.

Co'rnerwise. kor'nur-wize adv. [corner
   and wise.]  Diagonally;  with the corner
   in front.
Co'bnet, kor'net." to s. [cornette, Fr.]
 I.  A musical  instrument blown with the
   mouth: Used anciently in war, probably
   in the  cavalry.
    Israel played before the Lord on psalteries, and
  -on timbrels, and on cornets.         2  Sam. vi. 5.
    Other wind instruments require a forcible breath;
   as trumpets, cornets, and hunter's horns.   Bacon.
    Cornets and trumpets  cannot reach his ear;
   Under an actor's nose, he 's never near.   Dryden.
 2.  A company or troop of horse;  perhaps
    VOL.  I.
   as many  as had a cornet belonging  to
   them.   This  sense is now disused.
    These noblemen were appointed, with some cor-
  nets of horse and bands of foot, to put themselves be-
  yond toe hill where toe rebels were encamped.
                                      Bacon.
    Seventy great  horses lay  dead in the field, and
  one cornet was taken.                Hayward.
    They discerned a body of five coi-nets of horse very
  full, standing in very good order to receive toem.
                                   Clarendon.
3. The officer that bears the standard of a
   troop.
4. Cornet of a Horse, is the lowest part of
   his  pastern,  that runs round the coffin,
   and is  distinguished  by the  hair  that
   joins  and  covers the upper part ofthe
   hoof.                      Farrier's Diet.
5. A scarf anciently worn by doctors. Diet.
6. A head dress.                     Diet.
7. Cornet of Paper, is described  by Skin-
   ner to be a cap of  paper,  made by re-
   tailers for small wares.
Co'rnetter, kor'net-tur. to. s. [from cor-
   net.]  A blower of the cornet.
    So great was  the rabble of trumpetters, cornet-
  ters, and other musicians, that even Claudius him-
  self might have heard them.            Hakewill.
Co'rnice, k6r'nis.142  to. s.  [corniche, Fr.]
   The  highest  projection of a wall or
   column.
    The cornice of the Palazzo Farnese, which makes
  so  beautiful an  effect below, when viewed more
  nearly, will be found not to have its just measures.
                           Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    The walls were massy brass, the cornice high
  Blue metals crown'd, in colours  ofthe sky.  Pope.
Cornice Ring. [In gunnery]  The next
   ring from the muzzle backwards.
                                 Chambers.
Co'RNicLE,k6r'nlk-kl.406 to.*, [fromcornu,
   Lat.]   A  little horn.
    There will be found,  on either side, two black
  filaments, or membranous strings, which extend un-
  to  the long and shorter cornicle, upon protrusion.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Corni'culate,   kdr-nlk'ku-late.91   adj.
   [from cornu,  Lat.]  A term in  botany.
     Corniculate plants  are such as  produce many
  distinct and horned pods; and coiniculate flowers are
  such hollow flowers as have on their upper part a
  kind of spur, or little horn.             Chambers.
Corni'fick,  kor-nif'fik.609   adj.   [from
   cornu and facio,  Lat.]  Productive  of
   horns; making horns.              Diet.
Corni'gerous, kor-nldje'e-rus. adj. [cor-
   niger, Lat.] Horned; having horns.
     Nature, in other cornigerous animals, hath placed
   the horns higher, and reclining;  as in bucks.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 CORNUCO'PIM, kor-nu-ko'pe-e. n.  s.
   [Lat.]  The  horn of plenty; a  horn top-
   ped with fruits and flowers in  the hands
  - of a goddess.
 To  Cornu'te,  kor-nute'. v. a. [cornutus,
   Lat.]  To bestow horns; to cuckold.

Cornu'ted, kor-nu'ted.  adj.  [cornutus,
   Lat.] Grafted with  horns; horned; cuck-
   olded.
Cornu'to, kor-nu'lo. n.  s. [from  cornutus^
   Lat.]  A man horned;  a  cuckold.
     The peaking comufo, her husband, dwelling in a
   continual larum of jealousy.           Shakspeare.
Co'rny, kor'ne. adj. [from  cornu, horn,
   Lat.]

                     3  H
1.  Strong or hard like horn; horny.
        Up stood the corny reed,
  Embattel'd in her field.       Milton's Par. Lost-
2.  [from corn] Producing grain or corn.
                Tell me why the ant,
  Midst summer's plenty, thinks of winter's want;
  By constant journeys careful to prepare
  Her stores, and bringing home the corny ear.
                                      Prior:
3.  Containing corn.
    They lodge in habitations not their own,
  By their high crops and corny gizzards known.
                                     Dryden.
Co'rollary,  kor'6-lar-e.168 n.  s.  [coral-
   larium, Lat. from corolla; finis coronal
   opus: corollair, Fr.]
1.  The  conclusion: a corollary  seems  to
   be a conclusion,  whether following from
   the premises necessarily or not.
    Now  since we have  considered the malignity of
  this sin  of detraction, it is but a natural corollary,
  that we enforce our vigilance against it.
                      Government of the Tongue.
    As a corollary to  this preface, in which I have
  done justice to others, I owe somewhat to myself.
                       Dryden's Fables, Preface-
2.  Surplus.
                Bring a corollary,
  Rather than want.          Shakspeare's Tempest-
CORO'NA, kor-6'na. w. s. [Lat.]  A large
   flat member of the  cornice, so called
   because  it crowns the entablature and
   the whole order.  It is called  by work-
   men the drip.                 Chambers.
    In a cornice the gola or cymatium of the corona,
  the coping,  toe modillions or dentelli, make a no-
  ble shew by their graceful projections.    Spectator.
Co'ronal, kor'6-nal.168 to. s. [corona, Lat.]
   A crown;  a  garland.
    Crown ye god Bacchus with a coronal,
  And Hymen also crown with wreaths of vine.
                                     .Spenser.
Co'ronal, ko-ro'nal. adj.   Belonging  to
   the top of the head.
    A man of about forty-five years of age came to
  me, with a round tubercle between the sagittal and
  coi-onal suture.                       Wiseman.
Co'ronary, kor'6-nar-e. adj. [coronarius,
   Lat.]
I. Relating to a  crown; seated on the top
   ofthe head like  a crown.
    The basilisk of older times was a proper kind of
  serpent, not above three palms long, as some  ac-
  count; and differenced  from other serpents by  ad-
  vancing his head,  and some white marks, or coro-
  nary spots, upon toe crown.             Brown.
2.  It is  applied in  anatomy  to  arteries,
   which are fancied  to encompass  the
   heart in the manner of a garland.
    The substance of the heart itself is most certain-
  ly made and nourished  by  the blood, which is con-
  veyed to it  by the coronary  arteries.      Bentley.
Corona'tion, kor-6-na'shun. to. s. [from
   corona, Lat.]
I. The act or solemnity of crowning a king.
    Fortune  smiling at her work therein, that a scaf-
   fold of execution should grow a scaffold of corona-
   lion.                               Sidney.
            Willingly I came to Denmark,
   To show my duty in your coronation.    Shakspeare.
    A cough, Sir, which  I caught ivith ringing in the
   king's affair upon his coronation day.   Shakspeare.
     Now empress fame had publisb'd  the renown
   Of Sh----'s coronation through the town. Dryden.
2. The  pomp or  assembly  present  at a
   coronation.
     In pensive thought recal the fancied scene,
   See coronations rise on eveiy green.        Pope 
COR
C OR
C O  R
Coroner, kor'o-nur. to. a. [from corona.]
   An officer whose  duty is  to  inquire, on
   the part  of  the king, how  any violent
   death  was occasioned;  for  which  pur-
   pose a jury is impannelled.
    Go thou and seek the coroner, and let him sit o
  my uncle; for he 's in the third degree of drink; he 's
  drowned.                          Shakspeare.
Co'ronet, kor'6-net. to. s. [coronetta, Ital.
   the diminutive  of corona,  a crown.]
I. An inferiour crown worn by the nobility.
   The coronet of a  duke is adorned with
   strawberry  leaves;  that  of  a  marquis
   has leaves with pearls interposed; that of
   an earl raises the pearls above the leaves;
   that of a  viscount is surrounded  with
   only pearls;  that  of a  baron  has  only
   four pearls.
                   In his livery
   Walk'd  crowns  and cor-onets; realms and islands
        were
   As plates dropt from his pocket.      Shakspeare.
    All the rest are countesses.
   ----Their coronets say  so. Shakspeare's Henry V"III.
    Nor could our nobles  hope their bold attempt,
   Who ruin'd crowns, would coronets exempt.  Dryd.
    Peers and dukes, and all their  sweeping train,
   And garters, stars, and  coronets appeal-.      Pope.
2.  An ornamental head-dress, in  poetical
   language.
    The rest was drawn into a coronet of gold, richly
   set with pearl.                         Sidney.
    Under a coronet his flowing hair,
   In curls, on either cheek play'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
Co'rporal,  kor'po-ral.168  to. a. [corrupted
   from caporal,  Fr.]   The lowest officer
   of  the  infantry, whose office is to place
   and remove  the sentinels.
    The cruel corp'ral whisper'd in my ear,
   Five pounds, if rightly tipt, would set me clear.
                                          Gay.
Co'rporal  of a  Ship, kor'po-ral.  An offi-
   cer that hath the  charge  of  setting  the
   watches   and  sentries,  and  relieving
   them;  who  sees  that  all  the  soldiers
   and sailors  keep  their arms neat and
   clean,  and  teaches  them  how to use
   them. He has a mate under him. Harria.
CO'RPORAL, kor'po-ral. adj. [corporel,
   Fr. corpua, Lat.]
 1. Relating to the body; belonging to the
   body.
    To relief of lazarsand weak age,
   Of indigent faint souls past corporal toil,
   A hundred alms-houses right well  supplied. Shaksp.
     Render to me some corporal sign about her,
   More evident than this.     Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
    That God hath been otherwise  seen, with corporal
   eyes, execedeth  the small proportion of my  under-
   standing.                             Raleigh.
    Beasts enjoy  greater sensual  pleasures, and feel
   fewer corporal pains; and  are utter strangers to all
   those anxious and tormenting  thoughts,  which per-
   petually haunt and disquiet mankind.   Atterbury.
2. Material;  not spiritual.  In the present
   language, when  body is   used  philoso-
   phically   in  opposition  to  spirit,  the
   word corporeal is  used,  as, a corporeal
   being;  but otherwise corporal.   Corpo-
   real is, having a  body;  corporal, rela-
   ting to the body. This distinction seems
   not ancient.
       Whither are they vanish'd?
   Into the air; and what seem'd corporal
   Melted, as breath, into the wind.     Shuksp. Mach.
    And from these corporal nutriments, perhaps,
  Your bodies may at last turn all to spirit.   Milton.
Corpora'lity, kor-po-rafe-te. to. s. [from
   corporal.] The  quality of being embo-
   died.
    If this light be not spiritual, yet  it approacheth
  nearest unto spirituality; and if it have any corporali-
  ty, then,  of all other, the most subtile and pure.
                             Raleigh's History.
Co'rporally,   kor'po-ral-e.  adv. [from
   corporal] Bodily.
    The sun is corporally conjoined with basiliscus.
                                      Brown.
CO'RPORATE,  kor'po-rate.s1 adj, [from
   corpus, Lat.]
 I.  United in  a body or community;  ena-
   bled to act  in legal processes as an in-
   dividual.
    Breaking forth like a sudden tempest, he overrun
  all  Munster  and Connaught, defacing and  utterly
  subverting all corporate towns that were not strongly
  walled.                     Spenser on Ireland.
    The nobles of Athens being not  at this time a
  corporate assembly, therefore the resentment of the
  commons was usually turned against particular per-
  sons.                                  Swift.
2.  General;  united.
    They answer  in a joint and corporate voice,
  That now they are at fall.         Shaksp. Timon.
Co'rporateness,  k6r'po-rate-nes. to.  s.
   [from corporate.] The state of a body
   corporate; a community.           Diet.
Corporation, kor'po-ra-shdo. to. s. [from
   corpus, Lat.]
    A corporation is a  body politick, authorized by the
  king's charter to have a common seal, one head of-
  ficer or more, and members, able, by their common
   consent, to grant or receive, in law, any thing within
   the compass of  their charter: even as one man may
  do by law all things, that by law he is not forbidden;
   and bindeth the  successors, as a single man binds his
   executor or heir.                       Cowell.
    Of angels we are not to  consider only what they
   are, and do, in regard to their own being; but that
   also which concerneth them, as they are linked into
   a kind of corporation amongst themselves, and of so-
   ciety with men.                       Hooker.
    Of this we find some foot-steps in our law,
  Which doth her root from God and nature take;
    Ten thousand men she doth together draw,
  And of them  all one corporation make.    Davies.
Co'rporature,   kor'po-ra-tshvire.  to.  s,
   [from corpus, Lat.]  The state of being
   embodied.                          Diet.

 Corpo'real, kor-po're-al. adj. [corporeus,
   Lat.]
 1.  Having a body; not immaterial; not spi-
   ritual.  See  Corporal.
    The swiftness of those circles attribute,
   Though  numberless, to his omnipotence,
   That to  corporeal substances could add
   Speed almost spiritual.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Having surveyed  the image of God in the soul,
   we are  not to  omit those characters that God im-
   printed upon the body, as much as  a spiritual sub-
   stance could be pictured upon a corporeal.   South.
     God being supposed to be a pure spirit, cannot be
   the object of any corporeal sense.        Tillotson.
     The course is finish'd which thy fates decreed,
   And thou from  thy corporeal poison freed.  Dryden.
     Fix thy corporeal  and internal eye
   On the young gnat, or new engender'd fly.  Prior.
 2.  It is used by Swift inaccurately for cor-
   poral.
     I am not in a condition to make a true step even
   on  Aimsbury Downs; and I declare, that a corporeal
   false step is worse than a political one.     Sicift.
 Corpore'ity,  kor-po-re'e-te.  to. s. [from
   corporeus, Lat.] Materiality; the quality
  of being embodied; the state of having
  a body; bodiliness.
    Since philosophy affirmeth, that we  are middle
  substances between the soul  and  the body, they
  must  admit  of  some  corporeity, which  supposeth
  weight or gravity.                      Brown.
    It is the saying of divine Plato, that man is na-
  ture's horizon,  dividing betwixt the upper hemis-
  phere of immaterial intellects, and this lower of
  corporeity.                   Glanville's Scepsis.
    The one attributed corporeity to God, aud the
  other shape and figure.             Stilling fleet.
Corporifica'tion,  k6r-po-rlf-e-ka'shun.
  to. s. [from corporify.] The act of giving
  body or palpability.
To  Corpo'riey, kor-por'e-fi. v. a. [from
  corpus, Lat.]  To embody;  to inspissate
  into body. Not used.
    A  certain spirituous substance, extracted out of
  it, is  mistaken for the spirit of the world corporified.
                                        Boyle.
Corps, kore. plural korz. ?        r
Corpse, k6rps.163          5 "* *'  LcorM
  Fr.  corpus, Lat.]
1. A  body.
                  That rude ribauld
  Laid first his filthy hands on virgin cleene,
  To spoil her dainty corse, so fair and sheene,
  Of chastity and honour virginal.          Spenser.
2. A body,  in  contempt.
    Though plenteous, all too little seems
  To stuff this man, this vast unhide-bound corps.
                                      Milton.
    He looks as man was made, with face erect,
  That scorns his brittle corps, and seems asham'd
  He's not all spirit.       Dryden's Don Sebastian.
3. A  carcase;  a dead  body; a  corse.
                  Not a friend
  Greet my poor corps, where my  bones shall be
        thrown.                     Shakspeare.
    There was the murder'd corps in covert laid,
  And violent death in thousand shapes display'd.
                               Dryden's Fables.
    See where the corps of thy dead son approaches.
                                      Addison.
    The corpse was laid out upon the floor by the em-
  peror's command:  he then bid every one light his
  flambeau, and stand about the dead body. Addison.
4. The body, in opposition to the soul.
          Cold numbness streight bereaves
  Her corps of sense, and th' air her soul receives.
                                      Denham.
5. A body of forces.
Co'rpulence, kor'pu-lense.   ") ». s.  [cor-
Co'rpulency, kor'pu-len-se.  \ pulentia,
   Lat.]
1.  Bulkiness of  body; fleshiness;  fulness
   of flesh.
           To what a cumbersome unwieldiness,
  Andburdenouscorpufence, my love had grown.
                                      Donne.
    It  is but one species of corpulency; for there may
  be bulk without fat, from the great quantity of mus-
  cular flesh, the case of robust people.   Arbuthwt.
2.  Spissitude; grossness of matter.
    The musculous  flesh  serves for  the vibration of
  the tail; the heaviness and corpulency of the water
  requiring a great force to divide it.          Ray.

Co'rpulent,  kor'pvi-lent. adj. [corpulen-
   tus, Lat.] Fleshy; buiky;  having  great
   bodily bulk.
     We say it is a fleshy stile, when there is much
  periphrases, and circuit of words;  and  when, with
  more than enough, it grows fat and corpulent.
                        BenJonson's Discoveries.
    Excess of nourishment is hurtful; for it maketh
  the child corpulent, and growing in  breadth rather
  than  in height.                         Bacon,
CO'RPUSCLE,  k6r/pus-sl.,5140a   to.  s. 
COR
G OR
COR
  corpusculum, Lat.]   A small  body;  a
  particle of matter; an atom; a little frag-
  ment.
    It will add much to our satisfaction, if those cor-
  puscles can be discovered with microscopes.
                               Newton's  Opticks.
    Who knows what are the figures of the little cor-
  puscles that compose and distinguish different bodies?
                                 Watts's Logick.

Corpu'scular, kor-pus'ku-lar.          ?
Corpuscula'rian, kdr-pvis-ku-la're-an. 5
  adj. [from corpusculum, Lat.]  Relating
  to bodies; comprising bodies.    It is the
  distinguishing epithet of  that  philoso-
  phy, which  attempts  the rational  solu-
  tion of all physical appearances by the
   action of one  body upon another.
    As to natural philosophy, I do not expect to see
  any principles  proposed, more comprehensive and
  intelligible than the corpuscularian or mechanical.
                                         Boyle.
    This may be said, that the  modern  corpuscula-
  rians talk, in most things, more intelligibly than the
  peripateticks.                           Bentley.
    The mechanical or corpwscwfar philosophy, though
  peradventure the eldest, as well as the best in the
  world, had lain  dead  for many ages in contempt and
  oblivion.                              Bentley,

Co'rracle, kor'ra-kl.  See Corricle.
To Corra'de, kor-ra.de'.168 v. a. [corrado,
  Lat.]  To rub off;  to wear away by  fre-
  quent rubbing;  to  scrape together.
Corradia'tion,  kor-ra-de-a'shun.  to.  s.
  [con and radius, Lat.]  A conjunction  of
  rays in one  point.
    The impression of colour worketh not but  by a
  cone of direct  beams, or  right lines, whereof toe
  basis is in the object, and the vertical point in the
  eye; so as  there is a corradiation, and conjunction
  of beams.              Bacon's Natural  History.

To CORRE'CT, kor-rekt'. v. a. [corrigo,
   correctum,  Lat.]
1. To punish; to  chastise; to discipline.
    Sad accidents, and a state of affliction, is a school
  of virtue;  it corrects  levity, and interrupts the con-
  fi dence of sinning. ~                      Taylor.
    After he has once been corrected for a lye, you
  must be sure never after to pardon it in him. Locke.
    Children being to be restrained by the parents
  only in  vicious things, a look or nod only  ought to
  correct them when they do amiss.          Locke.
2. To  amend; to take away faults in writ-
   ings,  life, or things.
    This is  a defect in the first make of some men's
  minds,  which  can scarce ever be  corrected after-
  wards, either by learning or age.         Burnet.
    Correcting Nature, from what actually  she is in
  individuals, to what she ought to be, and what she
  was created.                           Diyden.
    I writ,  because it amused me;  I corrected, be-
  cause it was as pleasant to me to correct as  to write.
                                  Pope's Preface.
    The mind may cool, and be at leisure  to  attend to
  its domestic concern: to consider what habit wants
  to be corrected, and what inclination to be  subdued.
                                         Rogers.

3. To obviate the qualities of one ingredi-
   ent by another, or by any method  of pre-
   paration.
    0 happy mixture! wherein things contrary do so
  qualify and correct the one the danger of the other's
  excess,  that neither boldness can make us presume,
  as iong as we are. kept  under with the sense of our
  own wretchedness; nor, while we trust in the mercy
   of God through Christ Jesus, fear be able to tyrannize
   over us.                              Hooker.
          As, in habitual gout or stone,
       The  only  thing that can be done,
      Is to correct your drink and diet,
      And keep the inward foe in quiet.      Prior.
    In cases  of acidity, water is the proper drink: its
  quality of  relaxing may be corrected by bailing it
  with some animal substances; as ivory or hartshorn.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To remark faults.
Corre'ot, kor-rekt'. adj. [correctus, Lat.]
   Revised or finished with exactness; free
   from faults.
    What  verse can do, he has perform'd  in this,
  Which he presumes the most coirect of his.  Dryden.
    Always  use  the most correct editions:  various
  readings  will be only troublesome where the sense
  is complete.                            Felton.
Corre'ction,  kor-rek'shun.  to.  e.  [from
   correct.]
1. Punishment;  discipline;  chastisement;
   penalty.
                 Wilt thou, pupil like,
  Take thy correction mildly, kiss the rod?    Shaksp.
                 An offensive wife,
  That hath enrag'd him on to offer strokes,
  As he is  striking, holds his infant up,
  And hangs resolv'd coi-rection in the arm
  That was uprear'd  to execution.        Shakspeare.
    We are all  but children  here  under the great
  master of  the family; and he is pleased, by hopes
  and fears,  by mercies and coirections, to instruct us
  in virtue.                               Watts.
    One fault was too great lenity to her servants,
  to whom she gave  good counsel, but too gentle cor-
  rection.                             Arbuthnot.
2. Alteration  to  a better state; the act of
   taking away faults; amendment.
    Another poet, in another age, may  take the same
  liberty with my writings; if, at least,  they live long
  enough to deserve correction.            Dryden.
3. That  which is  substituted in the  place
   of any thing wrong.
    Corrections or improvements should be adjoined,
  by  way  of note or commentary, in their proper
  places.                                 Watts.
4. Reprehension; animadversion.
    They  proceed with judgment and ingenuity, es-
  tablishing their assertions not only with great solidity,
  but submitting them also unto the correction of fu-
   ture discovery.                         Brown.
5. Abatement of noxious qualities, by the
   addition of something contrary.
    To make ambitious, wholesome, do not take
   A dram  of country's dulness; do not add
   Corrections, but as chymists purge the bad. Donne.
Corre'ctioner,  kor-rek'shiln-iir.  to.  s.
   [from correction]  One that has been in
   the house of correction; a jail-bird.  This
   seems to be the meaning in Shakspeare.
    I will  have you soundly swinged for this, you blue-
   bottle rogue! you filthy famished correctioner!
                          Shakspeare's Henry IV,
Corrective, kor-rek'tiv.ls7  adj.  [from
   correct]   Having  the power to alter or
   obviate  any bad qualities.
    Mulberries  are  pectoral, corrective of  bilious
   alkali.                             Arbuthnot.
Corrective, kor-rek'tiv. n. s.
 I. That which has the power  of altering
   or obviating any thing amiss.
     The  hair, wool, feathers,  and scales, which all
   animals of prey do swallow, are a seasonable  and
   necessary  corrective, to prevent  their greediness
   from filling themselves with too succulent a food.
                                           Say.
     Humanly speaking, and according to the method
   of  the world, and  the little correctives  supplied by
   art and  discipline, it seldom fails but an ill  princi-
   ple has  its course, and nature makes good its blow.
                                 South's Sermons.
 2. Limitation; restriction.
      There  seems to be such an instance in the resi-
                     3h2
  ment which the human soul exerciseth in relation to
  the body, that, with certain correctives  and excep-
  tions may  give some kind of explication or adum-
  bration thereof.        Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Corre'ctlt, kor-rekt'le. adv. [from  cor-
   rect]    Accurately;   exactly;   without
   faults.
    There are ladies, without  knowing  what tenses
  and participles, adverbs and prepositions are, speak
  as properly and as correctly as most gentlemen who
  have been bred up  in  the  ordinary   methods  of
  grammai- schools.            Locke on Education.
    Such lays as neither ebb nor flow,
  Correctly cold, and regularly low.           Pope.
Corre'ctness,  kor-rekt'nes. to.  s.  [from
   correct.] Accuracy; exactness; freedom
   from faults.
    Too much labour often takes away the spirit, by
  adding to the polishing; so that there remains no-
  thing but a dull correctness, a piece without any con-
  siderable faults, but with few beauties.     Dryden.
    The softness ofthe flesh, the delicacy of the shape,
  air, and posture,  and the correctness of design, in
  this statue, are inexpressible.     Addison on  Italy.
    Late, very late, correctness grew our care,
  When the tir'd nation breath'd from civil war.
                                         Pope.
    Those pieces have never before been printed from
  the  true copies, or with any tolerable degree of cor-
  rectness.                                Swift.
Corre'ctor,  kor-rek'tur.98 n.   s.  [from
   correct.]
1.  He that  amends, or alters, by punish-
   ment or animadversion.
    How many does zeal urge rather to do justice on
  some  sins, than to forbear all sin! How many ra-
  ther to he correctors than practisers of religion.
                               Spralt's Sermons.
    With all his faults, he sets up to be  an universal
  reformer and corrector of abuses, and a remover of
  grievances.                              Swift.
2. He that revises any thing to free it from
   faults; as  the corrector of the press, that
   amends the errours committed in print-
   ing.
    I remember a person, who, by his style and litera-
   ture,  seems  to have been the currector of a hedge
   press in Little-Britain, proceeding gradually to an
   author.                                 Swift.
3.  In medicine.
    Such an ingredient in  a composition, as guards
   against  or abates  the force of another; as the lixi-
   vial salts prevent the grievous vellications of resin-
   ous purges, by dividing their particles,and preventing
   their adhesion to the intestinal membranes; and as
   spices and carminative seeds assist (he  operation of
   some catharticks, by dissipating wind.   In making
   a medicine, such  a thing is  called  a corrector.
   which destroys or diminishes a quality that could not
   otherwise  be dispensed with;  thus turpentines are
   con-ectors  of quicksilver, by  destroying its  fluxility,
   and making it capable of mixture.         Quincy.
 To CO'RRELATE,  kor-re-late'.  v.  to.
   [from con and relatus, Lat.]  To  have a
   reciprocal relation, as father and son.
Co'rrelate,  kor'e-late. *to. s.    One   that
    stands in the opposite relation.
     It is one thing for a father to cease to be a fa-
   ther, by casting off his son; and another for him to
   cease to be so, by the death of his son: in this the
   relation is at an end for want of a correlate.  South.
Correlative,  kor-iel'a-iiv. adj. [con and
   relativus, Lat.]  IL.ving a reciprocal re-
    lation, so that the  existence  of one in a
    particular  state depends upon the ex-
    istence of another.
     Father and son, husband and wife,  and such
   other correlative  terms,  seem  nearly to beloivj, one
   to another.                              South.
      Giving is a relative  action,  and   so requires n 
COR
C 0  li
COIl
   correlative to answer it: giving on one part, trans-
   fers no property, unless there be an accepting on
   tue other-                              South.
 Corre'lativexess, kor-rel'a-tiv-nes. to. s,
    [from correlative.]  The state of  being
    correlative.

 Correction, kor-rep'shun. to. s. [corripio,
    correptum, Lat.]  Objurgation; chiding;
    reprehension;  reproof.
     If we must be talking of other people's faults, let
   it not be to defame, but to amend them, by convert-
   ing our  detraction into  admonition  and fraternal
   correption.            Government ofthe Tongue.
 To CORRESPO'ND, kor-re-sp6nd'. v. to.
    [con and respondeo, Lat.]
 1. To suit;  to answer; to be proportionate;
    to be adequate to; to be adapted to; to fit.
     The days, if one be compared with another suc-
   cessively  throughout the year, are found not to be
   equal, and will not justly correspond with any arti-
   ficial or mechanical equal measures of time.
                                Holder on Time.
     Words being but empty sounds, any farther than
   they are signs of our ideas, we cannot but assent to
   them,  as  they correspond to  those ideas we have,
   but no farther than that.                  Locke.
 2. To keep up commerce with another by
    alternate letters.
 Correspondence, kor-re-spon'dense.  }
 Correspo'ndency, kor-re-spon'den-se. 3
    to. s. [from correspond.]
 1. Relation; reciprocal adaptation of one
    thing to another.
     Between  the  law of their heavenly operations,
   and the actions of men in this our state of mortality,
   such correspondence there is as maketh it expedient
   to know in some  sort the  one, for the other's more
   perfect direction.                      Hooker.
     Whatever we fancy,  things keep their course;
   and their habitudes, correspondencies, and relations
   keep the same to one another.             Locke.
 2. Intercourse; reciprocal intelligence.
     I had  discovered those unlawful coii-espondencies
   they had used, and  engagements they had made to
   embroil my kingdoms.             King Charles.
       Sure the villains hold a correspondence
   With the  enemy, and thus they would betray us.
                                      Denham.
     It happens very oddly, that the pope and I should
   have the same thought much about the same time;
   my enemies  will be apt to say, that we hold  a cor-
   respondence together, and act by concert in this mat-
   ter.                                Addison.
 3. Friendship;  interchange  of offices or
    civilities.
     Let such  military persons be assured, and well
   reputed of, rather than factious and popular; hold-
   ing also  good correspondence  with the  other great
   men in the state.                        Bacon.

 Correspondent, kor-re-spon'dent.  adj.
   [from  correspond.]  Suitable;  adapted;
   agreeable; answerable.
     What good or evil is there  under the sun, what
   action  correspondent or  repugnant unto toe law
   which God hath imposed upon his creatures,  but in
   or  upon it God  doth work,  according to the law
   which himself hath eternally purposed to keep.
                                      Hooker.
    And as five zones th' etherial regions bind,
   Five cor-respondent are to earth assign'd.  Dryden.

Correspondent, kor-re-spon'dent.  to. s.
   One  with  whom intelligence  or   com-
   merce is  kept up by mutual messages
   or letters.
    He was pleased to command me to send to him,
  and receive from him all his letters from and to all
  his correspondents at home and abroad.   Denham.
Correspo'nsive,   kor-re-spon'siv.    adj.
   [from correspond.] Answerable; adapted
   to any thing.
     Priam's six gates i' th' city, with massy staples,
   And corresponsive and fulfilling bolts,
   Sperre up the sons of Troy.          Shakspeare.
 CO'RRID OR, k6r-re-dore'. to. a. [Fr.]
 1. [In fortification.] The covert way lying
   round  the whole  compass of the fortifi-
   cations of a place.
 2. [In architecture.]   A  gallery or long
   isle round about  a building,  leading  to
   several  chambers at a   distance from
   each other.                       Harris.
     There is something  very noble in the amphithea-
   tre,  though the high wall and  corridors toat went
   round it are almost entirely ruined.      Addison.
 Co'rrigirle,  kor're-je-bl. adj. [from  cor-
   rigo, Lat.]
 1. That which may be  altered or amend-
   ed.
 2. He  who is a proper object of punish-
   ment;  punishable.
     He was taken up very short, and adjudged cor-
   rigible for such presumptuous language.     Howel.
 3. Corrective; having  the  power to cor-
   rect. Not proper, nor used.
     Our bodies are  our  gardens,  to the which our
   wills are gardeners; so that, if we will either  have
   it  steril with idleness, or manured with industry, the
   power and corrigible authority of this lies in our
   will.                      Shakspeare's Othello.
 Corri'val, kor-ri'val.  to. s. [con and ri-
   val] Rival; competitor.
     They had governours commonly out of the two
   families of the Geraldines and Butlers, both adver-
   saries and corriuafs one  against the other.  Spenser.
     He, that doth  redeem her thence, might wear
   Without corrival all her dignities.    Shak. H. IV.
 Corri'valry,  kor-ri'val-re. to.  s.  [from
   corrival.] Competition;  opposition.
 Corro'borant, kor-rob'6-rant. adj. [from
   corroborate.] Having the  pov.'°r to give
   strength.
     There be divers sorts of bracelets fit to comfort
   the spirits; and  they be of three intentions, refri-
   gerant, corroborant, and aperient.         Bacon.
 To  CORRO'BORATE,  kor-r6b'6-rate.
   v. a.  [con and  roboro, Lat.]
 1. To confirm; to establish.
    Machiavel well noteth, though  in an ill-favoured
  instance, there is no trusting to the force of nature,
  nor to the bravery of words, except it be corroborate
  by custom.                            Bacon.

2. To strengthen; to make  strong.
    To fortify imagination there be three ways; the
  authority  whence the belief is derived, means  to
  quicken and corroborate the imagination, and means
  to repeat it and refresh it.               Bacon
    It was  said that the prince himself had, by toe
  sight of foreign courts,  and observations on the dif-
  ferent natures of people, and rules of government,
  much excited and awaked his spirits, and corrobo-
  rated his judgment.                     Wotton.
    As any limb well and duly exercised grows stron-
  ger, the nerves ofthe body are corroborated thereby.
                                        Watts.
Corroboration, kor-rob-6-ra'shu.n. to s.
   [from corroborate] The act of strength-
   ening  or confirming; confirmation  by
   some additional   security; addition  of
   strength.
    The lady herself procured a bull, for the better
  corroboi-ation of the marriage.            Bacon.
Corro'borative, kor-rob'6-ra-tiv.  adj.
   [from corroborate.]  Having  the power
   of increasing strength.
     In the cure of an ulcer, with a moist intempcrics,
   as toe heart is weakened by too much humidity, you
   are to mix  corroboratives of an  astringent faculty;
   and the ulcer also requireth to be dried.  Wiseman.
 To CORUO'DL, kor-rode'. v.  a. [corro-
    do, Lat.] To eat  away by degrees, as  a
    menstruum; to prey upon; to consume;
    to wear away  gradually.
     Statesmen purge vice with vice, and may corrode
   The bad with bad, a spider with a toad;
   For so ill thralls not them, but they tame ill,
   And make her do much good against her will.
                                        Donne.
     We know that aqua-fortis corroding copper, which
   is it that gives the  colour to verdigrease, is wont to
   reduce it to a green-blue solution.         Boyle.
     The nature of mankind, left to itself, would soon
   have fallen into dissolution, without the incessant
   and corroding invasions of so long a time.    Hale.
       Hannibal the Pyreneans past,
   And steepy Alps, the mounds that nature cast;
   And with coiroding juices, as he went,
   A passage through the living rock he rent. Dryden.
     Fishes, which neither chew their meat, nor grind
   it in their stomachs, do, by a dissolvent liquor there
   provided, corrode and reduce it into a chylus. Ray.
     The blood turning acrimonious, corrodes the ves-
   sels, producing almost all the diseases of the inflam-
   matory kind.                       Arbuthnot.
     Should jealousy  its venom once diffuse,
   Corroding every thought, and blasting all
   Love's paradise.              Thomson's Spring.
 Corro'dent, kor-ro'dent. adj. [from cor-
   rode.] Having  the power  of corroding
   or wasting any thing away.
 Corrodibi'lity,  kor-ro-de-bil'e-te.  n,  s.
   [from corrodible.]   The  quality of be-
   ing corrosible; possibility to be consum-
   ed by a  menstruum.

 Corro'dible, kor-ro'de-bl.  adj.  [from
   corrode.] Possible to be  consumed  or
   corroded.
     Metals, although  corrodible by waters, yet will
  not suffer  a liquation from the  powerfullest heat
  communicable unto toat element.         Brown.

 Co'brody,  kor'ro-de. to. s. [from corrodo,
   Lat.] A  defalcation from  an allowance
   or salary, for some  other  than the ori-
   ginal purpose.
    Besides these floating burgesses  of the  ocean,
  there are certain flying citizens of toe air, which
  prescribe for a corrody  therein.           Carew.
    In those days even noble  persons, and other mea-
  ner men, ordered corrodies and pensions to their
  chaplains and servants out of churches.    Ayliffe.
Corro'sible, k6r-ro.'se-bl. adj. [from cor-
   rode] Possible to  be  consumed  by a
   menstruum. This ought to be corrodible.
Corro'sibleness, kor-ro'se-bl-nes. to.  s.
   [from corrosible.]  Susceptibility of cor-
   rosion: rather corrodibility.         Diet.
Corro'sion, kor-ro'zhun.451  to.  s.  [corro-
   do, Lat.] The  power of eating or wear-
   ing away by degrees.
    Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of
  bodies, either  by an acid or a saline  menstruum.
  It is almost wholly  designed for  the  resolution of
  bodies most strongly compacted,  as bones and me-
  tals; so that the menstruums here employed have a
  considerable  moment  or  force.   These liquors,
  whether acid or urinous, are nothing but salts dis-
  solved in a little phlegm; therefore these being so-
  lid, and consequently containing a considerable quan-
  tity of matter, do  both attract one another more,
  and are also more attracted by the particles of the
  body to  be  dissolved:  so  when  the more solid
  bodies are put into saline nieustruums,  the attrac-
  tion is stronger than in  other solutions; and the mo-
  tion, which is always proportional to the attraction, 
COR
COR
C OR
   is more violent: so  that we may easily conceive,
   when the motion is in such a manner  increased, it
   should drive the salts into the pores of the bodies,
   and open and loosen their cohesion, though ever so
   firm.                                 Quincy.
     A kind of poison worketh either by corrosion, or
   by a secret malignity and enmity to nature. Bacon.
     That corrosion and dissolution of bodies, even
   toe most solid and durable, which is vulgarly ascri-
   bed to the  air,  is caused merely by the  action of
   water upon  them; the air being so far from injuring
   and preying upon the bodies it environs, that it con-
   tributes to their security and preservation.
                                     Woodward.
Corro'sive, kor-ro'siv.438 adj. [from  cor-
   rodo, Lat.   It was anciently pronounced
   witn the  accent  on  the  first syllable,
   now indifferently.]
 1. Having  the power  of consuming or
   wearing away.
     Gold, after it has been divided by corrosive li-
   quors into invisible parts, yet may presently be pre-
   cipitated, so as  to appear again in its own form.
                             Grew's Cosmologia.
    The sacred sons of vengeance, on whose course
   Corrosive famine waits,  and  kills the year.
                             Thomson's Spring.
2.  Having the quality to fret or vex.
     If the maintenance of ceremonies  be a  corrosive
   to such  as  oppugn  them,  undoubtedly to such as
  maintain them it can be no great pleasure,  when
  they behold toat which they reverence is oppugned.
                                       Hooker.
Corro'sive, kor-ro'siv.140 to. s.
1.  That wnich has the quality  of wasting
   any thing away, as the flesh of an ulcer.
      He meant his corrosives to apply,
   And with strict diet tame his stubborn malady.
                                  Faiiy Queen.
2.  That which has the  power  of fretting,
   or of giving pain.
     Such  speeches savour  not  of God  in him that
   useth them, and unto virtuously disposed minds they
   are grievous corrosives.                  Hooker.
     Away! though parting be a fretful corrosive,
   It is applied to a deathful wound.          Shaksp.
     Care is no cure, but rather corrosive,
   For things that are not to be remedied.    Shaksji.
Corro'sively, kor-ro'siv-le. adv.  [from
   corrosive]

 1. Like a corrosive.
     At first it tasted somewhat corrosively.     Boyle.
2. With the power of corrosion.
Corro'siveness,  kor-ro'siv-nes.   to.  s.
   [from corrosive/]  The  quality of corro-
   ding or eating away; acrimony.
     We do infuse, to what he meant for meat,
   Corrosiveness, or intense cold or heat.      Donne.
     Saltpetre betrays upon the  tongue no  heat nor
   corrosiveness at all, but coldness, mixt with a some-
   what languid relish retaining to bitterness.   Boyle.

Co'rrugant,  kor'ru-gant.603 adj.   [from
   corrugate.]   Having the power  of con-
   tracting into wrinkles.
To CO'RRUGATE,  kor'na-gate.^1 Vt a,
   [corrugo, Lat] To wrinkle or purse up,
   as the skin  is drawn  into wrinkles by
   cold, or any  other cause.        Quincy.
    The  cramp cometh of contraction of sinews:  it
  cometh either by cold or dryness;  for cold and dry-
  ness do both of them contract and corrugate. Bacon.
Corruga'tion,    kor-ru-ga'shdn.  to.  s.
   [from corrugate.] Contraction into wrin-
   kles-
    The pain of the solid parts is the corrugation or
   violent agitation of  fibres, when the spirits are ir-
  ritated by sharp humours.  Floyer on the Humours.
To CORRU'PT, kor-rupt'. v. a.[corrum-
  po, corruptus, Lat.]
1.  To turn  from  a sound to  a putrescent
   state; to infect.
2. To deprave; to destroy  integrity; to vi-
  tiate; to bribe.
    I fear lest by any means,  as the serpent beguiled
  Eve through his subtilty, so your minds  should be
  corrupted from toe simplicity that is in Christ.
                           2  Corinthians, xi. 3.
    Evil communications corrupt good manners.
                          1 Corinthians, xv. 33.
                   All that have miscarried
  By underhand, corrupted, foul injustice.   Shaksp.
    I have heard it said,  the fittest time to corrupt a
  man's wife, is when she's fallen out  with her hus-
  band.                             Shakspeare.
    But stay, I smell a man of middle earth;
  With trial fire touch me his finger-end;
  If he be chaste, the flame will back descend,
  And turn him to no pain; but if he start,
  It is the flesh of a corrupted heart.        Shaksp.
    Language being toe  conduit whereby  men con-
  vey their knowledge, he that makes an'ill use of it,
  though he does not corrupt the  fountains of know-
  ledge, which are in things, yet he stops toe pipes.
                                       Locke.
    Hear the black trumpet thro' the world proclaim,
  That not to be corrupted is the shame.      Pope.
3. To spoil; to  do mischief.
To Corru'pt, kor-riipt'. v. to. To become
  putrid; to  grow rotten;   to putrefy;  to
  lose purity.
    The  aptness or propension  of air or water to
  corrupt or putrefy, no doubt, is  to be found before
  it  break forth  into manifest effects of diseases,
  blasting, or the like.                    Bacon.
Corru'pt,  kor-riipt'. adj.  [from  To  cor-
  rupt]
1. Spoiled; tainted; vitiated in its qualities
    Coarse hoary moulded bread the  soldiers thrust
  upon  the points of their  spears,  railing against
  Ferdinand, who  with  such corrupt and pestilent
  bread would feed them.                 Knolles.
2. Unsound; putrid.
                 As superfluous flesh did rot,
  Amendment ready still at hand did wait,
  To pluck it out, with pincers fiery hot,
  That soon in him was left no corrupt jot.  Spenser.
3. Vitious; tainted with wickedness; with-
  out integrity.
    Let no corrupt  communication proceed out of
  your mouth, but  that which is good to the use of
  edifying.                     Ephesians, iv. 29.
    Corrupt, corrupt, and tainted in desire.  Shaksp.
    These kind of knaves I know, which in this plain-
        ness
  Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends;
  Than twenty silky ducking observants.    Shaksp.
    Some, who have been  corrupt in their morals,
  have yet been infinitely solicitous to have  their
  children piously brought up.      South's Sermons.
Corru'pter, kor-rup'tur. «.  s. [from cor-
  rupt.]  He  that taints  or  vitiates; he
  that lessens purity or integrity.
    Away, away, corrupters of my faith!   Shaksp.
    From the vanity  of the Greeks toe  corrupters
  of all truth, who without all ground of certainty
  vaunt  their antiquity, came the errour first of all.
                                      Raleigh.
    Those great corrupters of Christianity, and in-
  deed of natural religion, the Jesuits.    Addison.
Corruptibility, kor-rftp-te'bil-e-te. to. s.
  [from corruptible.]   Possibility  to be
  corrupted.
Corruptible,  k6r-rup'te-bl. adj.  [from
  corrupt]
1.  Susceptible  of destruction  by natural
  decay, or without  violence.
    Our corruptible bodies could  never live the life
  they shall  live,  were  it not that they  are joined
  with his body which is incorruptible, and that his
  is in ours as a cause of immortality.       Hooker.
    It is a devouring corruption of toe essential  mix-
  ture, which, consisting chiefly of an  oily moisture,
  is corrupfiofe through dissipation.         Harvey.
    The several  parts  of which the  world consists
  being in their nature  corruptible, it is more  than
  probable, that, in an  infinite  duration, this frame
  of things would long since have been  dissolved.
                                     Tiffofso?i.
2.  Susceptible of external  depravation;
  possible to be tainted or vitiated.
CoRRu'pTiBLENESs,k6r-riip'te-bl-nes.TO.s.
  [from corruptible.]   Susceptibility of
  corruption.

Corru'ptibly, kor-rfip'te-ble.  adv. [from
  corruptible.]  In such a manner as to be
  corrupted, or vitiated.
    It is too late; the life of all his blood
  Is touch'd corruptibly.           Shaksp. K. Lear.
Corru'ption, kor-rup'shiln. n.  s. [corrup-
  tio, Lat.]
1. The principle by  which bodies tend to
  the separation  of  their parts.
2. Wickedness; perversion of  principles;
  loss of integrity.
    Precepts of morality, besides the natural corrup-
  tion of our tempers, which makes us averse to toem,
  are so abstracted from  ideas of sense, that they sel-
  dom get an opportunity for descriptions and images.
                        Addison on the Georgicks.
    Amidst corruption, luxury, and rage,
  Still leave some ancient virtues to our age.  Pope.
3. Putrescence.
    The wise contriver on his end intent,
  Careful this fatal errour to prevent,
  And keep the waters from corruption  free,
  Mix'd them with salt, and season'd all the sea.
                                    Blackmore.

4. Matter or pus  in  a sore.
5. The tendency  to a  worse  state.
    After my death I wish no other herald,
  No other speaker of my living actions,
  To keep mine honour from corruption,
  But such an honest chronicler as Griffith.   Shaksp.
6. Cause, or means,  qf depravation.
    The region  hath by conquest and corruption of
  other languages, received new and differing names.
                                Raleigh's Hist.
    All those four kinds  of corruption  are very  com-
  mon in their language; for which reasons the Greek
  tongue is become much altered.        L'rerewood.
7. [In  law.]  An infection  growing to  a
  man attainted of felony, or treason,  and
  to   his issue; for as he loseth all to the
  prince, or other lord of  the  fee, so his
  issue cannot  be heir to him, or  to  any
  other  ancestor,  of whom they  might
  have claimed  by him; and  if  he were
  noble, or a gentleman, he and  his chil-
  dren are made ignoble and ungentle, in
  respect ofthe father.             Cowell.
Corruptive,  kor-rup'tiv. adj. [from cor-
  rupt.] Having the quality of tainting or
  vitiating.
    Carrying a settled habitude  into the con-uptire
  originals.                   Brou-n's Vu*.  Err.
    It should be endued  with an  acid ferment,  or
  some corruptive quality, for so speedy a  dissolution
  of the meat and  preparation of the chyle.     Ray.
Corru'ptless,  kor-rnpt'les. adj.  [from
  corrupt.]   Insusceptible of  corruption;
  undecaying.
                       All around
  The borders with corruptless myrrh are crown'd.
                                       Diyi!*,: 
COR
COS1
COS
Corru'ptly, kor-rupt'le. adv.  [from cor-
  rup t.]
l.With corruption; with taint;  with vice;
  without integrity.
    O that estates, degrees, and offices,
  Were not denv'd corruptly! that clear honour
  Were purchased by the merit ofthe wearer. Shak.
    We have dealt very coiruptly against thee, and
  have not kept thy commandments. Nehemiah, i. 7.
2. Vitiously; improperly; contrary  to pu-
   rity.
    We have corruptly contracted most names, both
  of men and places.           Camden's Remains.
Corru'ptness,  kor-rupt'nes. to. s.  [from
   corrupt.]   The  quality of  corruption;
   putrescence;  vice.
CO'RSAIR,kov'±kre.i68n. a. [Fr.]  A pi-
   rate;  one who  professes  to scour  the
   sea, and seize merchants.
Corse, korse. n. s. [coi-ps, Fr.]
 1. A body.   Not in use.
    For he was strong, and of so mighty corse,
  As ever wielded spear in warlike hand.    Spenser.
2.  A dead  body;  a  carcase;   a  poetical
   word.
    That from her body full of filthy sin,
  He reft her hateful head, without remorse;
  A stream of coal-black blood forth gushed from her
         corse.                         Spenser.
    Set down the corse; or, by saint Paul,
  I'll make a corse of him that disobeys.    Shaksp.
                 What may this mean ?
  That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel
  Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon,
  Making night hideous?          Shaksp.  Hamlet.
         Here lay him down, my friends,
  Full in my sight, that I may view at  leisure
  The bloody corse, and count those glorious wounds.
                                     Addison.
Co'rselet, kors'let.  to. a.   [corselet, Fr.]
   A light armour for the  forepart of the
   body.
     Some shirts of maile, some coats of plate put on,
   Some don'd a cuirace, some a corslet bright.  Fairf.
     They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
   Their corslets, and their thinnest parts explore.
                                      Dryden.
     But heroes, who o'ercome or die,
   Have their hearts hung extremely high;
   The strings of which, in battle's heat,
   Against their very corselets beat.         Prior.
 CO'RTICAL,  kor'te-kal.  adj.  [cortex,
   bark, Lat.]    Barky;  belonging  to the
   outer part;  belonging to  the rind; out-
   ward.
     Their last extremities form a little gland (all
   these little glands together make the cortical part of
   the brain), terminating in two little vessels.  Cheyne.
 Co'rticated, kor'te-ka-ted. adj.   [from
   corticatus, Lat.]  Resembling the bark
   of a tree.
     This animal  is a kind of lizard, a quadruped cor-
   ticated and depilous; that is, without wool, fur, or
   hair.                                 Brown
 Co'rticose, kor-te-kose'. adj. [from corti-
   cosus, Lat.] Full of bark.        Diet.
 Corve'tto, kor-vet'to. n. s.  The  curvet.
   ^you must draw  the horse in his career with his
  manage, and turn, during the corvetto and leaping.
                           Peacham on Drawing.

CORU'SCANT, ko-rus'kant. adj. [corus-
   co, Lat.]  Glittering  by  flashes; flash-
   ing.
Corusca'tion, kor-us-ka'shfin. to. a. [cor-
   uscatio, Lat.]  Flash; quick  vibration  of
   light.
    We see that lightnings, and coruscations, which
  are near at hand, yield no  sound.         Bacon.
    We  may learn that sulphureous steams  abound
  in the bowels of the earth, and ferment with mine-
  rals, and sometimes take fire with a sudden corus-
  cation and explosion.           Newton's Opticks.
    How heat and moisture mingle in a mass,
  Or belch in thunder, or in lightning blaze;
  Why nimble coruscations strike the eye,
  And bold tornados bluster in the sky.       Garth.
Cory'mbiated, ko-iim'be-a-ted. adj. [co-
  rymbus,  Lat.] Garnished with branches
  of berries.                          Diet.
Corvmbi'ferous,   kor-im-bif'er-us. adj.
  [from corymbus and fero, Lat.]  Bear-
  ing ft uk or berries in bunches.
    Corymbiferous plants are distinguished into such as
  have a radiate flower, as toe  sun-flower; and such
  as have a naked flower, as the  hemp-agrimony, and
  mugwort: to which are  added those a-kin here-
  unto, such as scabius, teasel, thistle, and the like.
                                      Quincy.
CORY'MBUS, ko-rim'bus. to. s. [Lat.]
    Amongst the ancient botanists, it was used to ex-
  press the bunches  or clusters of berries of  ivy:
  amongst modern botanists, it is used for a compound-
  ed discous  flower, whose seeds are not  papous, or
  do not fly  away in  down;  such are  the flowers of
  daisies, and common marygold.          Quincy.
Cosci'nomancy,  koz-se'no-man-se. to. s.
  [from koo-x-ivov, a sieve,  and /navreix, divi-
  nation.]  The art of divination by  means
  of a sieve.   A very ancient practice,
  mentioned by Theocritus, and still used
  in  some parts of England,  to find  out
  persons  unknown.            Chambers.
Cose'cant, ko-se'kant. to. *.  [In geome-
  try.]   The secant of an arch, which is
  the  complement of another to  ninety
  degrees.                        Harris.
Co'shering, kush'ring. to. s. [Irish.]
    Cosherings were visitations and progresses made
  by the  lord and  his followers  among his  tenants;
  wherein he did eat them (as the English  proverb is)
  out of house and home.                 Davies.
Co'sier, ko-zhe'ur to. s. [from couser, old
   Fr. to sew.]  A botcher.        Hanmer.
    Do you make an  alehouse  of my  lady's house,
  that ye squeak out your cosier catches, without any
  mitigation  or remorse of voice?          Shaksp.
Co'sine, ko'sine. to. s.    [In   geometry.]
   The right side of an arch, which is the
   complement of another to   ninety  de-
   grees.                          Harris.
Cosme'tick,   koz-met'ik. adj.  [x-ocrf^ri-
   xo$.]   Having the power of  improving
   beauty;  beautifying.
    No better cosmeticks than a severe temperance
  and purity, modesty and humility, a gracious  tem-
  per and calmness of spirit; no true beauty without
  the signatures of these graces in the very counte-
  nance.                   Ray on the Creation.
    First, rob'd in white, the nymph intent adores,
  With head uncover'd, the cosmetick pow'rs.    Pope.
CO'SMICAL, koz'me-kal. adj. [*«V8?.]
 1.  Relating to the world.
2.  Rising  or  setting  with the sun;  not
    acronycal.
    The cosmical  ascension of a star we term toat,
  when it ariseth  together with the  sun, or in the
  same degree of the ecliptick wherein the sun abid-
  e*n-                  Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
 Co'smioally,  koz'me-kal-e.  adv. [from
    cosmical.]   With the  sun;   not acrony-
    cally.
    From the rising of this star, not cosmically, that
  is, with the sun,  but heliacally, toat is, its  emersion
  from the rays of the sun,  the ancients computed
  their canicular days.                    Brtu-n.
Cosmo'gony,   k6z-mog'g6-ne.6ia   n. s.
   [x.oirfM$ and  yov»j.]  The rise or birth of
   the world; the creation.
Cosmo'grapher, koz-mog'gra-fur.518 to. s.
   [xoT/Mi and yf oi<pu/]  One who writes  a
   description of the world;  distinct from
   geographer, who describes the situation
   of particular countries.
    The ancient cosmographers do place the division
  ofthe east aud western hemisphere, that is, the first
  term  of longitude, in the Canary or Fortunate
  Islands, conceiving these parts the extremest habi-
  tations westward.        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cosmogra'phioal,     koz-mo-grafe-kal.
   609 adj. [from cosmography]  Relating
   to the general description of the  world.
Cosmogra'phically,  koz-mo-graf'e-kal-
   e.  adv. [from cosmographical.]   In  a
   manner relating to the science by which
   the structure of the world is discovered
   and described.
    The terrella, or spherical magnet, cosmographir
  cally set out with circles of the globe.
                            Broicn's Vulg. Err.
COSMO'GRAPHY,  koz-mog'gra-fe.«»
   w. s. [xde-^e? and ypii,<p<»] The science of
   the general system or affections  of the
   world;  distinct from geography,  which
   delivers the situation and  boundaries of
   particular countries.
    Here it might see the world without travel; it
  being a lesser scheme of the creation,  nature con-
  tracted, a little cosmography or map ofthe universe.
                                       South.
Cosmopo'litan, koz-rno-pol'e-tan. ?
                  4     4  11        \- •»»  JO
Cosmo polite, koz-mop o-hte.166
   [xoo-jttAs and ttoAj'tjjs.]  A citizen
   world;  one who  is  at home in
   place.
Co'sset, kos'sit. to. s.  A lamb brought up
   without the dam.
      If thou wilt bewail my woeful teen,
   I shall thee give yond' cosset for thy pain.   Spenser.
COST, kost.  to. s.  [kost, Dut. As  this
   word  is  found  in  the remotest Teuto-
   nick dialects, even in the  Islandick,  it
   is not probably derived to  us from the
   Latin  consto; though it is not unlikely
   that the French  couster comes from the
   Latin.]
 1. The price of any thing.
 2.  Sumptuousness; luxury.
                   The city woman bears
   The cost of princes on unworthy shoulders. Shaksp.
       Let foreign princes vainly boast
     The rude effects of pride and cost
     Of vaster fabrics, to which they
     Contribute nothing but the pay.         Waller.
 3. Charge; expense.
     While he found his daughter maintained without
   his cost,  he was content  to be deaf to any noise of
   infamy.                              Sidney.
       I shall never hold that man my friend,
   Whose tongue shall ask me for one penny cost,
   To ransom home revolted Mortimer.      Shaksp.
     Have we eaten at all ofthe king's cost? or hath he
   given us any gift?               % Sam. xix. 42.
       And wilt thou, 0 cruel boast!
     Put poor nature to such cost2
     0! 'twill undo our common mother,
     To be at charge of such another.      Crashaw.
     It is strange to see any ecclesiastical pile,  not by
   ecclesiastical   cost  ai»u  influence,   rising  above
   ground;  especially  in  an age in   which  men's
of the
 every 
COS
COT
C 0  U
  mouths are open against the church,  but their hands
  shut towards it.                 South's Sermons.
    He whose tale is best, and pleases most,
  Should win his supper at our common cost.    Dryd.
    Fourteen thousand pounds are paid by Wood  for
  the purchase of his patent: what were his other vi-
  sible costs, I know not; what his latent, is variously
  conjectured.                             Swift.
4. Loss;  fine; detriment.
    What they had  fondly wished, proved afterwards
  to their costs over  true.             Knolles's Hist.
To Cost, kost.  v. n. pret.  cost;  particip.
   cost, [cous ter, Fr.]  To be  bought for;
   to be had at a price.
    The dagger and poison are always in readiness;
  but to bring the action to extremity,  and then reco-
  ver all, will require the ait of a writer, and cost4him
  many a pang.                         Dryden.
Co'stal,  kos'tal. adj.  [costa, Lat. a rib.]
   Belonging to  the ribs.-
    Hereby are excluded all cetaceous and cartilagi-
  nous fishes; many pectinal,  whose ribs are rectili-
  neal ; and many costal, which have  their  ribs em-
  bowed.                                Brown.
Co'stard,  kos'tard. to.  s.  [from coster, a
   head.]
1. A head.
    Take him over the costard with the belt of  thy
  sword.                            Shakspeare.
2.  An apple round and  bulky like the
   head.
    Many countiy vicars are driven to shifts; and if
  our greedy patrons  hold us to such conditions, they
  will make us turn costard mongers, grasiers, or  sell
  ale.                     Burton on Melancholy.
CO'STIVE, kos'tlv.157 adj. [conatipatus,
   Lat. constipe, Fr.]
I. Bound in the body; having the  excre-
   tions obstructed.
    When the passage of the gall becomes obstruct-
  ed,  the body grows costive, and the excrements of
  toe belly white.                        Brown.
    While faster than his costive brain indites,
  Philo's quick hand in flowing letters writes;
  His case appears  to me like honest Teague's,
  When he was run away with by his legs.     Prior.
2. Close; unpermeable.
    Clay in dty seasons is costive, hardening with the
  sun and wind, till  unlocked by industry, so as to  ad-
  mit of the air and heavenly influences.  Mortimer.
Co'stiveness,  kos'tiv-nes.  to.  s.   [from
   coative.] The state ofthe body in which
   excretion is obstructed.
    Costiveness disperses malign  putrid fumes out of
  the guts and mesentery into all parts of the body, oc-
  casioning head-aches, fevers, loss of appetite,  and
  disturbance of concoction.               Harvey.
    Costiveness  has ill effects, and is hard to be dealt
  with by physick;  purging medicines rather increas-
  ing than removing the evil.                Locke.
Co'stli.ness,  kost'le-n^s.   to.  s.   [from
   costly.]   Sumptuousness;   expensive-
   ness.
    Though not with curious costliness, yet with clean-
  ly sufficiency, it entertained me.           Sidney.
    Nor have the frugaller  sons of fortune any reason
  to object the costliness; since  they  frequently  pay
  dearer for less advantageous pleasures.  Glanville.

Co'stly, kost'le. adj.  [from cost.]  Sump-
   tuous; expensive; of a high price.
     Costly thy habit as thy purse  can buy,
   But not exprest in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
   For the apparel oft proclaims the man.    Shaksp.
    Leave for a while thy costly country-seat;
   And, to be great  indeed, forget
   The nauseous pleasures of the great.       Dryden.
     The chapel of St. Laurence will be perhaps the
   most costly piece  of work on the  earth, when com-
   pleted.                               Addison.
     He is here speaking of  Paradise, which he rcpre-
Coat, kote
   cottage.
COT, kot. to
  sents as a  most  charming  and delightful place;
  abounding with things not only  useful and conve-
  nient, but even toe most rare  and valuable, the
  most costly and desirable.   Woocfioarcf's Nat. Hist.
Co'stmary, k6st'ma-re. to. a. [costus, Lat.]
  An herb.
Co'strel,  kos'trel. to. a.  [supposed to be
  derived from coster.]  A  bottle.    Skin.
Cot, kot.   "j At the end of the names of
Cote, kote. } places,   come    generally
                  from  the  Saxon  cot,  a
                                      Gibson.
               s.  [coc,  Sax. cwt, Welsh.]
  A  small house; a cottage; a hut; a mean
  habitation.
              What that usage  meant,
  Which in her cot she daily practised.  Fairy Queen.
    Besides, his cot, his flock, and bounds of feed,
  Arc now on sale; and at our sheep cot now,
  By reason of his absence, there is nothing
  That you will feed on.                Shakspeare.
    Hezekiah made himself stalls for  all manner of
  beasts, and cots for flocks.       2 Chron.  xxxii. 28.
    A stately temple shoots within the skies;
  The crotchets of their cot in  columns rise;
  The pavement, polish'd  marble they behold;
  The gates with sculpture grae'd, the spires and tiles
      of gold.                         Dryden.
    As Jove vouchsaf'd on Ida's top, 'tis said,
  At poor Philemon's cot to take a bed.     Jenfon.
Cot,  kot.  to.  *.  An abridgment  of  cot-
  quean.
Cota'ngent, ko-tan'jent. to.  s. [In geo-
  metry.] The tangent of an arch which is
  the complement of another to ninety de-
   grees.                            Harris.
To Cote, kote.  v. a. This word, which I
  have  found only in Chapman, seems to
  signify the same as lo leave behind, To
  overpass.
          Words her worth had  prov'd with deeds,
  Had more ground been allow'd the race, and coted
      far his steeds.             Chapman's Iliad.
Cote'mporary, ko-tem'po-ra-re. adj. [con
  and  tempus,  Lat.] Living  at the same
  time; coetaneous;  contemporary.
    What would not,  to  a rational man, cotemporary
  with the first voucher, have  appeared  probable, is
  now used as certain, because several  have since,
  from him, said it one after another.        Locke.
Co'tlano,  kot'land.  n.s.  [cot  and land]
   Land appendant to a cottage.
Co'tquean,  kot'kwene. to.  s.  [probably
   from coquin,  Fr.] A man  who busies
   himself with women's affairs.
    Look to the bak'd meats,  good Angelica;
  Spare not for cost.----
  ----Go, go, you cofgwean, go;
  Get you to bed.           Shak. Romeo and luliet.
    A stateswoman is as ridiculous a creature  as a
  cotquean: each of the  sexes should  keep within its
  bounds.                             Addison.
    You have given us a lively picture  of husbands
  hen-peck'd; but you have  never touched upon one
  of the quite different character,  and who goes by the
  name of cotquean.                     Addison.
Co'ttage, koi'tage.90 «. s. [from cot] A
   hut;  a  mean  habitation; a  cot;  a little
   house.
     The sea coast shall be dwellings and cottages for
  shepherds, and folds for flocks.         Zeph. ii. 6.
     They were right  glad to take  seme corner of a
  poor cottage, and there to serve God upon their knees.
                                        Hooker.
     The self-same sun that shines upon his court,
  Hides not his  visage from our cottage, but
  Looks  on both alike.       Shaksp. IVinter's Tale.
     Let  the women of noble  birth and great fortunes
  nurse their children, look to the affairs of the house,
  visit poor cottages, and relieve their necessities.
                            Taylor's Holy Living.
    It is difficult for a peasant, bred up in the obscu-
  rities of a cottage, to fancy in his mind the splendors
  of a court.                              South.
    Beneath our humble cottage let us haste,
  And here, unenvied, rural dainties taste.     Pope.
Co'ttager,  kot'ta-jur.  to. s.  [from  cot-
   tage.]
1. One who lives in a hut or cottage.
              Let us from our farms
      Call forth our cottagers to arms.        Swift.
    The most ignorant Irish cottager will not sell his
  cow for a groat.     Swift's Address to Parliament.
2. A cottager, in law,  is one that  lives on
   the common, without  paying rent, and
   without any  land of his own.
    The  husbandmen and plowmen be but as their
  work-folks and labourers;  or else mere cottagers,
  which are but housed beggars.            Bacon.
    The yeomenry, or middle people,  of a condition
  between gentlemen and cottagers.          Bacon.
Co'ttier, kol'yer.113  to. s. [fromcot.] One
   who inhabits a cot.                  Diet.
CO'TTON, kot'tn.1?0 to.  s.  [named, ac-
   cording to Skinner, from  the down that
   adheres to the mala cotonea, or quince,
   called  by the Italians  cotogni;  whence
   cottone, Ital. cotton, Fr.]
1. The down of the cotton-tree.
    The pin ought to be as thick as a rowling-pin,
  and covered  with cotton, that its hardness may not
  be offensive.                          Wiseman.
2. Cloth made of cotton.
Co'tton, kot'tn. to. *.  A plant.
    The species are, 1. Shrubby cotton.  2. The most
  excellent American cotton, with a greenish seed. 3.
  Annual shrubby cotton, of the island of Providence.
  4. The tree cotton.  5. Tree cotton, with  a yellow
  flower.   The first sort is cultivated  plentifully in
  Candia, Lemnos,  Cyprus,  Malta, Sicily, and at
  Naples; as also between Jerusalem and Damascus,
  from whence the  cotton is brought annually into
  these  northern parts of Europe.   The cotton is the
  wool which incloses or wraps up the seeds, and is
  contained in  a kind of brown husk,  or seed-vessel,
  growing upon this shrub.  It is from this sort toat the
  vast quantities of cotton  are taken,  which furnish
  our parts of the world.   The second and third sorts
  are annual: these are cultivated in the West Indies
  in great plenty.  But the fourth and fifth sorts grow
  in Egypt: these  abide many years, and often arrive
  to be trees of great magnitude.            Miller.
 To Co'tton, kot'tn. v. n.
 1. To rise with a knap.
2. To cement;  to unite with; a cant word.
    A quarrel will end in one of you being turned off,
  in which case it will not be easy to cotton with ano-
  ther.                                   Swift.
 To  COUCH,   koutsh.313 v. to. [coucher,
   Fr.]
 1. To lie down on a place of repose.
    If I  court more women, you'll couch with more
  men.                                  Shaksp,
         Doth not the gentleman
    Deserve as lull, as fortunate a bed,
    As ever Beatrice shall  couch upon?       Shaksp.
                 When love's fair goddess
   Couch'd with her husband in his golden bed. Dryd.
 2.  To lie  down on the  knees, as a beast to
   rest.
    Trees bent their heads to hear him sing  his
         wrongs,
   Fierce tygers couch'd around,  and loll'd their fawnr
         ing tongues.             Dryden's Virgil.
                  These, when death
   Comes like a rushing lion, couch like spaniels,
   With lolling tongues, and tremble at the paw. I), yef.
 3. To lie down in secret, or  in ambush. 
eou                                         cov                                     cov
    We'll couch i' th' castle-ditch, till  we see  the
  light of our fairies.                   Shakspeare.
    The earl of Angus couched in a furrow, and was
  passed over for dead, until a horse was brought for
  his escape.                           Hayward.
4. To lie in a bed, or stratum.
    Blessed of the Lord be his land, for the dew, and
  for the deep that couclieth beneath.          Deut.
5. To  stoop or  bend  down;  to lower in
   fear, in pain, in respect.
    These couchings, and these lowly courtesies,
  Might stir the blood of ordinary men.  Shakspeare.
    Issachar is  a strong ass couching down between
  two burdens.                    Genesis, xlix. 14.
 To Couch, koutsh.  v. a.
 1. To repose; to lay on a place of repose.
    Where unbruis'd youth, with unstuff'd  brain,
  Doth coweft his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
 2.To lay down any thing in a bed, or stra-
   tum.
    If the weather be  warm,  we immediately couch
  malt about a foot thick; but if a hotter season  re-
  quire it, we spread it on the floor much thinner
                           Mortimer's Husbandry.
    The sea and the land  make one  globe; and  toe
  waters couch themselves, as  close as may be, to the
  centre of this globe, in a spherical convexity.
                     Burnet's Theory ofthe Earth.
 3. To bed; to hide in another body.
    It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds,
  or vessels of earth, in their walls,  to  gather the wind
  from  the  top,  and to pass it down in  spouts into
  rooms.                      Bacon's  Nat. Hist.
 4. To involve; to include; to comprise.
    But who will call those noble, who deface,
  By meaner acts, the glories of their race;
  Whose only title to their father's fame
  Is couch'd in the dead letters of their name?   Dryd.
    That great argument for a future state, %vhich St.
  Paul hath couched in the words I have read to you.
                             Atterbury's Sermons.
 5. To include secretly; lo hide: with under-
    The foundation of all parables, is some analogy
  or similitude between the topical or allusive  part of
   the parable, and toe thing couched under  it,  and
   intended by it.                          South.
     There is all this, and  more, that lies naturally
   couched under this allegory.          L'Estrange.
    The true notion ofthe institution being lost, the tra-
   dition ofthe deluge, which was couched under it, was
   thereupon at length suspended and lost. Woodward.
 6.  To lay  close to another.
     And over all with brazen scales was arm'd,
   Like plated coat of steel, so couched near,
   That nought might pierce.              Spenser.
 7. To fix the  spear in the rest, in the pos-
   ture  of attack.
     The knight 'gau fairly couch his steady spear,
   And fiercely ran at him with rigorous might.
                                       Spenser.
                     Before each van
   Prick forth the aery knights, and couch toeir spears,
   Till thickest legions close.     Milton's Par. Lost.
               The former wav'd in air
  His flaming sword; ./Eneas couched his spear.
                                Dryden's AZneid.
 8. To depress the  condensed  crystalline
   humour or  film  that  overspreads the
   pupil  of the  eye.   This  is improperly
   called  couching the   eye, for couching
   the  cataract:  with  equal  impropriety
   they sometimes speak of couching the
  patient.
          Some artist, whose nice hand
  Couches the cataracts, and clears his sight,
  And all at once a flood of glorious light
  Comes rushing on his eyes.              Dennis.
    Whether the cataract  be  wasted by being sepa-
  rated from its vessels, I  have never known positive-
  ly, by dissecting one that had been couched. Sharp.
Couch, koutsh. to. a.  [from the verb.]
I. A seat of repose, on which it is common
   to lie down dressed.
    So Satan fell; and straight a fiery globe
  Of angels on full sail of wing flew nigh,
  Who on their plumy vans receiv'd him soft
  From his uneasy station, and upbore,
  As on a floating couch, through the blithe air.
                          Milton's Par. Regained.
    To loll on couches rich with citron steds,
  And lay their guilty limbs in Tyrian beds.
                       Dryden's Virgil's Georgics.
    O ye immortal pow'rs, that guard the just,
  Watch round his coweft, and soften his repose!
                                 Addison's Cato.
2. A bed; a place of repose.
    Let not the  royal bed of Denmark be
  A couch for luxury and damned incest.     Shaksp.
    Dire was the tossing, deep the groans! despair
  Tended toe sick, busiest from couch to couch.  Milt.
    This gentle knight, inspir'd by jolly May,
  Forsook his early couch at early day. Dryd. Fables.
3. A layer, or stratum.
    This heap is called by maltsters a couch, or bed,
  of raw malt.              Mortimer's Husbandry.
Co'uchant,  koutsh'ant.  adj.  [couchant,
   Fr.J Lying down; squatting.
    If  a lion were the coat of Judah, yet were it not
  probably  a lion rampant, but  rather couchant or
  dormant.                              Brown.
    As a tiger, who by chance hath spy'd,
  In some purlieu, two gentle fawns at play,
  Straight couches close; then rising, changes oft
  His couchant watch.          Milton's  Par. Lost.
CO'UCHEE, koo'shee.  n. s.  [Fr.]  Bed-
   time; the time of visiting late at night.
    None of her sylvan subjects made their court;
  Levees and couchees pass'd without resort.  Dryden.
Co'ucher, k"6u.tsh'ur. ra. s.  [from couch/\
   He that couches or depresses  cataracts.
Co'uchfellow, kou.tsh'fel-16. to. s. [couch
   andfellow]  Bedfellow;  companion.
    I have  grated upon my good friends for three re-
  prieves for you, and your couchfellow, Nim; or else
  you had  looked through toe grate like a geminy of
  baboons.                              Shaksp.
Co'uchgrass, kou.tsh'gras. to. s.  A weed.
    The couchgrass, for the first year, insensibly robs
  most plants in  sandy grounds apt to graze.
                           Mortimer's Husbandry.
COVE,  kove. to. s.
 1. A small creek or bay.
2.  A  shelter; a  cover.
CO'VENANT,  kuv'e-nant.l6s  B03  to. a.
   [covenant, Fr. conventum, Lat.]
 1. A contract; a  stipulation.
    He makes a covenant never to destroy
  The  earth again by flood; nor let the sea
  Surpass his bounds.           Milton's Par. Lost.
    The English make the ocean their abode,
  Whose ready  sails with ev'ry wind can fly,
  And  make a cou'nanf with th' inconstant sky.
                                       Waller.
    Some men live as if they had made  a covenant
  with  hell: let divines, fathers,  friends, say  what
  they will, they stop their ears against them.
                                    L'Estrange.
2. An agreement on certain terms; a com-
   pact.
    A covenant  is a mutual compact, as we now con-
  sider it, betwixt God and man; consisting of mer-
  cies,  on God's  part, made over to man; and of con-
  ditions, on man's part, required by God.
                  Hammond's Practical Catechism.
3.  A  writing  containing  the  terms  of
   agreement.
    I shall but lend my diamond till your return; let
  there be covenants drawn between us.      Shaksp.
To Co'venant, kuv'e-nant. v. to. [from the
   noun.]
I. To bargain; to stipulate.
    His lord used commonly so to covenant with him,
  which if at any time the tenant disliked, he might
  freely depart at his pleasure.
                         Spenser's State of Ireland.
    It had been covenanted between him and the king
  of England that neither of toem should treat of
  peace or truce with the French king.
                         Hayward on Edward VI.
    By words men come to know one another's minds;
  by these they covenant and confederate.    Stuth.
    Jupiter covenanted with him, that it  shoulu  be
  hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or windy, as the tenant
  should direct.                       L'Estrange.
2. To agree with another on certain terms:
   with for befo«e   either the  price or the
   thing purchased.
    They covenanted with him for  thirty pieces of
  silver.                               Matthew.
          Pointing to a heap of sand,
  For ev'ry grain, to live a year demand;
  But, ah!  unmindful of to' effect of time,
  Forgot to covenant for youth and prime.
                                  Garth's Ovid.
Covenante'e, kuv'e-nan-tee'. «. s.  [from
   covenant.]   A  parly to a  covenant; a
   stipulator;   a bargainer.
    Both of them were respective rites of their ad-
  mission into the several  covenants,  and the  cove-
  nantees become thereby entitled to the respective
  privileges.                    Ayliffe's Parergon.
Covena'nter, kuv'e-nan-tiir.  to. s.  [from
   covenant.]  One who takes a covenant.
   A word introduced in  the  civil  wars.
    The covenanters shall have no more assurance of
  mutual assistance each from other, after the taking
  ofthe covenant, than they had before.
              Oxford Reasons against the Covenant.
Co'venous, kuv'en-us. adj. [from covin.]
   Fraudulent; collusive;  trickish.
    I wish some  means devised for the restraint of
  these inordinate and covenous leases of lands, holden
  in chief, for hundreds or thousands of years.
                      Bacon's Office of Alienation.
To  CO'VER, kuv'ur.1" v.   a.  [couvrir,
   Fr.]
 1.  To overspread any thing with  some-
   thing  else.
    The pastures are cloathed with flocks, the valleys
  also are covered over with corn.    Psalms lxv.  13.
             Sea cover'd sea,
  Sea without shore.                      Milton.
        The flaming mount appear'd
  In Dothan cover'd with a camp of fire.     Milton.
    Go to thy fellows, bid them cover the table, serve
  in the meat, and we will come in to dinner.
                      Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
2. To conceal under something laid over.
    Nor he their outward only with the skins
  Of beasts, but inward nakedness, much more
  Opprobrious, with his robe of righteousness
  Arraying, cover'd from his father's sight.   JVfiffon.
             Cover me, ye pines!
  Ye cedars with innumerable boughs
  Hide me, that I may never sec them  more.   Milt.
    In life's cool vale let my low scene be laid,
  Cover me, gods, with Tempe's thickest shade.
                                        Cowley.
    Or lead me to some solitary place,
  And cover my retreat from human  race.
                                Dryden's Virgil.
3. To hide by superficial appearances.
4. To overwhelm;  to bury.
    Raillery and wit  serve only  to  cover nonsense
  with shame, when reason has first proved it to  be
  mere nonsense.                          Watts.
5. To conceal  from notice or   punishment.
    Charity shall cover the multitude of sins.
                                  1 Peter, iv. 
cov
C 0  V
cov
                    Thou may'st  repent,
   And one bad act with many deeds well done
   May'st cover.                          Milton.
 6. To shelter; to protect.
                  His calm and blameless life
   Does with substantial blessedness abound,
   And  the soft wings of peace cover him round.
                                        Cowley.
 7. To incubate; to brood on.
     Natural historians observe, that  only the male
   birds have  voices; that their songs begin a liftle
   before breeding time, and end a little after; toat,
   whilst toe hen is covering her eggs, the male gene-
   rally takes his  stand upon a neighbouring bough
   within her heaiing, and by toat means amuses and
   diverts her with his songs during  the whole time of
   her sitting.                 Addison's Spectator.
 8. To copulate with a female.
 9. To  wear the hat,  or  garment  of the
   head, as a mark  of superiority or inde-
   pendence.
    That king had conferred the honour of grandee
   upon him, which was  of no other  advantage or sig-
   nification to him, than to be covered in the presence
   of toat king.                           Dryden.
 Co'ver,  kuv'ilr.98 n. s. [from the verb.]
 1. Any thing that is laid over another.
    The secundine is but a general  cover, not shaped
   according to the parts; toe skin is shaped according
   to the parts.                           Bacon.
    The fountains could be strengthened no other way
   than by making a strong cover, or  arch over them.
                                Burnet's  Theory.
                 Orestes' bulky rage,
   Unsatisfied with margins closely writ,
   Foams o'er the covers, and not finish'd yet.
                              Dryden's  Juvenal.
    With your hand, or any other cover, you stop the
  vessel so as wholly  to exclude the air.        Ray.

2. A concealment;  a  screen; a  veil;  a su-
   perficial appearance, under which some-
   thing is hidden.
    The truth and reason of things may be  artifici-
   ally and effectually insinuated, under the cover ei-
  ther of a real fact or of a supposed one.    L'Estr.
    As  the spleen  has great  inconveniencies, so the
   pretence of it is a  handsome  cover  for imperfec-
   tions.                    Collier on the Spleen.
 3. Shelter; defence from weather.
    In the mean  time,  by being compelled to lodge
   in the fields, which grew now to be very cold, whilst
   his army was under cover, they might be forced to
   retire.                            Clarendon.
 Cover-shame, kuv'ur-shame. to. s. [cover
   and  shame.]  Some appearance  used  to
   conceal infamy.
    Does he put on holy garments for a cover-shame
  of lewdness?             Diyden's Spanish Friar.
Co'vering,  kuv'ur-ing. to. s.  [from cover.]
   Dress;  vesture;  any thing spread over
   another.
    The women took and  spread a  covering over the
  well's mouth.                  2 Sam. xvii. 19.
    Bring some covering for this naked soul,
  Whom I'll intreat to lead me.   Shak. King Lear.
    Through her flesh methinks is seen
  The brighter soul that  dwells within;
  Our eyes the subtle covering pass,
  And see toe lily through its glass.         Cowley.
    Then from the floor he rais'd a royal bed,
  With cov'rings of Sidonian purple spread.  Dryden.
    Sometimes Providence casts things  so, that truth
  and interest lie the  same way; and when it is wrapt
  up in this covering, men can be content to follow it.
                                        Sowfft.
VOL.  I.
     Lay her in lilies and in violets,
   And silken curtains over her display,
   And odour'd sheets, and arras coverlets.    Spenser.
     This done, the host produc'd the genial bed,
   Which with no costly coverlet they spread.  Dryd.
     I was, for want of a house and bed, forced to lie
   on the ground, wrapt  up in my coverlet.     Swift.
 Co'vert, kuv'urt.98 to. s. [from cover; con-
   vert, Fr.]
 1. A shelter; a defence.
     Let mine outcasts  dwell with  thee,  Moab; be
  thou a covert to toem from the face of the spoiler.
                                  Isaiah, xvi. 4.
     There shall  be a tabernacle for a shadow in the
  day-time from the  heat, and for a place of refuge,
  and for a covert from storm and rain. Isaiah, iv. 6.
     They are by sudden alarm,  or watch-word, to be
  called  out to their military motions, under sky or
  covert, according to the season, as was the Roman
  wont.                     Milton on Education.
     It was the hour of night, when thus the Son
  Commun'd in  silent walk, then laid him down
  Under the hospitable covert nigh
  Of trees thick interwoven.               Milton.
     Now have a care your carnations  catch not too
  much wet, therefore retire them to covert.
                             Evelyn's Kalendar.
2. A thicket, or hiding place.
     Tow'rds him I made; but he was 'ware of me,
  And stole into the covert of the wood.     Shaksp.
        I shall be your faithful guide,
      Through this gloomy covert wide.    Milton.
     Thence to the coverts, and the conscious groves,
  The scenes of his past triumphs and his loves.
                                      Denham.
     Deep into some thick covert  would I run,
  Impenetrable to the stars or sun.          Dryden.
     The deer is  lodg'd;  I've  track'd her to  her
         covert:
  Be sure ye mind the word: and when I  give it,
  Rush in at once, and seize upon your prey.
                                 Addison's Cato.
Co'vert, kiiv'urt. adj. [couvert, Fr.]
I. Sheltered; not open; not exposed.
     You are, of either side the green, to plant a cot>-
  erf alley, upon carpenter's work, about twelve foot
  in  height, by  which you may  go in shade into the
  garden.                                Bacon.
     The  fox is a beast also very prejudicial  to the
  husbandman,  especially in places  that are nearer
  forest-woods and covert places.         Mortimer.
     Together let us beat this ample  field,
  Try what the open, what the covert yield.    Pope.
2. Secret; hidden; private; insidious.
     And let us presently go sit in council,
  How couerf matters may be best disclos'd,
  And open perils surest answered.          Shaksp.
                 By what best  way,
  Whether of open war, or covert guile,
  We now debate.          Milton's Paradise Lost.
Co'vert, kuv'urt. adj. [couvert, Fr.] The
  state of a woman sheltered by marriage
  under her   husband;  as covert  baron,
  feme covert.
     Instead  of  her being under covert baron, to be
  under  covert feme myself! to have my body disa-
  bled, and my head  fortified! Dryd. Spanish Friar.
Covert-wav,  kuv'ilrt-wa'.   to. s.  [from
  covert and way]
    It is,  in  fortification, a  space of ground level
  with the field,  on the  edge of the ditch, three or
  four fathom broad, ranging quite round the half
  moons, or other works toward the countiy.   One of
  the greatest difficulties in a siege is to make a lodg-
  ment on the covert-way, because usually  the  besie-
  ged pallisade it along the middle,  and undermine
  it  on all sides.   It is sometimes called the corridor,
  and sometimes'the counterscarp,  because it is on
  the edge of the scarp.                   Harris.
Co'vertly,  kuVtirt-le. adv.   [from co-
  vert.]  Secretly; closely; in  private; with
  privacy.

                   Si
     Yet still Aragnol (so his foe was hight)
   Lay lurking, covertly him to surprise.     Spenser
     How can'stthou cross this marriage?----
   —Not honestly, my lord;  but so covertly, that no
   dishonesty shall appear in me.            Shaksp.
     Amongst  the poets,  Persius  covertly strikes at
   Nero; some of whose verses he  recites with scorn
   and indignation.                        Dryden.
 Co'vertness, kuv'urt-n£s.  to. s. [from  co-
   vert.]  Secrecy; privacy.           Diet.
 Co'verture, kuv'dr-ture.  to. s. [from  co-
   vert]
 1. Shelter; defence;  not exposure.
     It may be it is rather  the shade, or other cotJer-
  fwre, that they take liking in, than the virtue of the
  herb.                  Bacon's Natural History.
     He saw their shame, that sought
  Vain covertures.             Milton's Par. Lost.
     The winds being so fierce, and so severe, as not
  to suffer any thing  to thrive  beyond the height of a
  shrub, in tose islands, unless protected by walls,
  or other like coverture.                Woodward.
2. [In law.]   The estate and condition  of
   a married woman, who, by the laws  of
   our realm,  is  in  potestate   viri,  and
   therefore  disabled to contract with any,
   to the  prejudice of herself or  her hus-
   band, without his  allowance  or  confir-
   mation.                            Cowell.
    The infancy of king Edward VI.  and the cover-
  fwre of queen Mary,  did, in  fact, disable  them to
  accomplish the conquest of Ireland.        Davies.
To CO'VET, kuv'et.99  v.  a.  [convoiter,
   French.]
1. To  desire inordinately; to desire beyond
   due bounds.
            If it be a sin to covet  honour,
  I am  the most offending man alive.        Shaksp.
                       I am yet
  Unknown to woman; never was forsworn;
  Scarcely have coveted what was mine own;
  At no time broke my faith.      Shaksp. Macbeth.
    0 father!  can it be, that souls  sublime
  Return to visit our terrestrial clime?
  And that the gen'reus mind, releas'd by death,
  Can covet lazy limbs and mortal breath?
                               Dryden's ALneid.
2. To desire earnestly.
    All things coveting as much as  may be to be like
  unto  God in  being ever; that which  cannot here-
  unto attain personally, doth seek  to continue itself
  another way, by offspring and propagation.
                                       Hooker.
    But covet earnestly the best gifts.  1 Cor. xii. 31.
To Co'vet, kuv'et. v. to.  To have a  strong
   desire.
    The love of money is the root of all evil, which
  while some coveted after,  they have erred from toe
  faith.                              l Tim.  vi.
Co'vetahl'e,  kuv'et-a-bl. adj.  [from co-
  vet.]   To be wished  for;  to be coveted.
                                        Diet.
Co'vetise,   kuv'e-tize.  to.   s. [convoitine,
   Fr.]  Avarice; covetousness  of money.
   Not in use.
    Most  wretched  wight,  whom  nothing might
        suffice,
  Whose greedy lust did lack in greatest store;
  Whose need had end, but no end  covetise. Fairy  Q.
Co'vetous, kov'e-tus. adj.  [convoiteux,
   Fr.]
I. Inordinately desirous;  eager.
    While cumber'd with my dropping cloaths I lay,
  The cruel nation, covetous of prey,
  Stain'd with my blood to' unhospitable coast.
                               Dryden's .Eneid.
2. Inordinately eager  of money;   avari-
   cious.
Coverlet, kuv'ur-let.30 n. s.  [couvrelict,
   Fr.]  The outermost of the  bedclothes;
   that under  which  all  the rest are con-
   cealed. 
eou
eou
C 0  V
    An heart they have exercised with covetous prac-
  tices.                           2 Peter, ii.  14.
    What he cannot help  in his nature, you must
  not account a vice in him:  you must  in no ways
  ■■ay he is coi>efows.                       Shaksp.
    Lf.t never so much probability hang on one side
  of a covetous man's reasoning,  and money on the
  other, it is easy  to foresee which will outweigh.
                                        Locke.
3. Desirous; eager: in a  good sense.
                 Sheba was never
  More covetous of wisdom and fair virtue,
  Than this fair soul shall be.   Shaksp. Henry VIII.
    He that is envious or angry at a virtue that is not
  his own, at the perfection or excellency of his neigh-
  bour, is not covetous of the virtue, but of its reward
  and reputation, and  then his intentions are pollu-
  ted.                Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Co'vetously, kuv've-tus-le. adv. [from
   covetous.]   Avariciously; eagerly.
    If he care not for't, he will supply us easily; if he
  covetously reserve it, how shall's get it?    Sliaksp.
Co'vetousness,   kuv've-tus-nes.   to.  s.
   [from covetous.]
 I.  Avarice;  inordinate  desire of money;
   eagerness of gain,
     He that takes pains to serve the ends of couefoits-
   ness, or ministers to another's  lust, or keeps  a shop
   of impurities or intemperance, is idle  in the worst
   sense.                               Taylor.
     Covetousness debaseto a man's spirit, and  sinks
   it into the  earth.                      Tillotson.
 2.  Eagerness; desire: in a neutral sense.
     When workmen strive to do better than well,
   They do confound their skill in covetousness.
                             Shaksp. King John.
 Co'vey, kuVve.165 to. s. [couvee, Fr.]
 I.  A hatch; an old bird with her young
    ones.
 2.  A number of birds together.
     A flight of Wasps and covey of partridges went  to
   a fmner,  and begged a sup of him to quench their
   thirst.                            L' Estrange ■
     A covey of partridges springing in our front, put
   our infantry in disorder.      Addison's Freeholder.
     There would be  no walking  in a  shady wood,
   without springing a covey of toasts.       Addison.
 COUGH, k6f.321 to. s. [kuch, Dut.] A con-
    vulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some
    sharp serosity.
     In consumptions of the lungs, when nature  can-
   not expel the cough, men  fall into fluxes  of the
   belly, and then they die.       Bacon's Nat. Hist.
     For his dear sake long restless nights you bore,
   While rattling coughs his heaving vessels tore.
                                         Smith.
  To Cough, kof. v. to. [kuchen, Dut.]  To
    have  the  lungs convulsed; to  make a
    noise in endeavouring to  evacuate the
    peccant matter from the lungs.
                  Thou didst drink
    The stale of horses, and the gilded puddle
   Which beasts would cough at.            Shaksp.
      Thou hast quarrelled with a man  for coughing
   in the  sheet, because he hath wakened toy  dog
    that hath lain asleep in toe sun.          Shaksp.
      The first  problem enquireth why  a man doth
    cough,  but not an ox or cow; whereas toe contrary
    is often observed.                       Brown.
      If any humour be discharged upon the lungs, they
    have a faculty of casting it up by coughing.    Ray.
      I cough like Horace, and too' lean, am short.
                                  Pope's Epistles.

  lo  Cough,  kof.391 v.a.   To  eject  by a
    cough; to expectorate.
      If the matter be to be discharged  by expectora-
    tion, it must  first pass into the substance  of  toe
    lungs; then into the aspera arteria, or weasand;
    and from thence be coughed up, and spit out by  the
    mouth.                      Wiseman's Surgery.
Co'ugher, koffur.98 n
   One who coughs.
Co'vin,  \  , , „     C to
n  ,       <  kuv'ln
UO VINE, I
   .  [from cough.]
               Diet.
   s.   A  deceitful
agreement between
  two or more, to ihe  hurt of another.
                                     Cowell.
Co'ving,  ko'ving.  to. s.  [from  cove.]  A
  term  in building, used of  houses that
  project  over  the  ground-plot, and the
  turned  projecture arched  with timber,
  lathed and plastered.            Harris.
Could, kud.320  [the  imperfect  preterite
  of can.  See Can.]   Was able to; had
  power to.
    And if I have done well,  and  as is fitting  toe
  story, it is that which  I  desired; but if slenderly
  and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto.
                                 2 JVfac. xv. 38.
    What if he did not all the ill he could1)
  Am I oblig'd by that t' assist his rapines,
  And to maintain his murders?   Dryden's Span. F.
Co'ulter, kole'tur.318 to. s. [culter,  Lat.]
   The sharp  iron of the plough,  which
   cuts  the  earth  perpendicular to  the
   share.
    The Israelites went down to sharpen every man
  his share, and his coulter,  and his ax, and his mat-
  tock.                       1 Samuel, xiii. 20,
    Literature is the grind-stone to sharpen the conf-
  ters, to whet their natural faculties.    Hammond.
    The plough for stiff clay is long and broad;  and
  the coulter long, and very little bending; with a very
  large wing.                         Mortimer.
CO'UNCIL,  koun'sil.313 to. *. [concilium,
   Lat.]
 1.  An assembly  of persons met together
   in consultation.
     The chief priests, and all the council, sought false
  witness.                     Matthew, xxvi. 59.
     The Stygian council thus dissolv'd; and forth
  In order came the grand infernal peers.    Milton.
     In histories composed by politicians, they are for
  drawing  up  a perpetual  scheme of causes  and
  events, and preserving a constant correspondence
  between the camp and the council table.  Addison.
 2.  Act of publick deliberation.
                 The scepter'd heralds call
   To council in the city gates: anon
   Grey-headed men and grave, with warriors mix'd,
   Assemble, and harangues are heard.       Milton.
 3.  An  assembly  of  divines to  deliberate
    upon religion.
     Some borrow all their religion from the fathers
   of the Christian church,  or from their synods  or
   councils.                               Watts.
 i.  Persons called together to  be consul-
    ted  on any occasion, or to give advice.
     They  being thus assembled, are more  properly
   a council to the king, the great council ofthe king-
   dom,  to  advise his majesty  in those things  of
   weight and difficulty, which concern both  the king
   and people, than a court.                Bacon.
 5. The body  of privy counsellors.
                    Without the knowledge
   Either of king or conncif, you made bold
   To carry into  Flanders the great seal.     Slutksp.

 CouNciL-ROARn,   koun'sil-bord.    n.  s.
    [council and board.]  Council-table; ta-
    ble where  matters of state are deliber-
    ated.
                  He hath commanded,
   To-morrow morning to the council-board
   He be convened.             Shaksp. Hemy VIII.
      When  ship-money was  transacted at the  cown-
   cil-board, they looked upon it as a work of that
   power toey were obliged to trust.      Clarendon*
      And Pallas, if she broke the laws,
    Must yield her foe the stronger  cause;
  A shame to one so much ador'd
  For wisdom at Jove's council-board.        Swift.
CO'UNSEL,  kdun'sel.o9 n. s. [ consilium,
  Lat.]
1. Advice;  direction.
    There is as much difference between  the council
  that a friend giveth, and toat a man giveth himself,
  as there is between the cottnsef of a friend and of a
  flatterer.                               Bacon.
    The best counsel he could give him was, to go to
  his parliament.                       Clarendon.
                Bereave me not,
  Whereon I live, thy gentle looks, thy aid,
  Thy conncif, in  this uttermost distress.     Milton.
2. Consultation; interchange of opinions.
    I hold as little counsel with weak fear
  As you, or any Scot that lives.     Shak. Henry IV.
    Deliberation;  examination  of  conse-
   quences.
    They all   confess, therefore, in the  working of
  that first cause, that counsel is used, reason followed,
  and a way observed.                    Hooker.
   Prudence;  art; machination.
    0 how comely is the wisdom of old men, aud un-
  derstanding   and  counsel to men of honour.
                                 Ecclus. xxv. 5.
    There is  no wisdom,  nor  understanding, nor
  counsel, against the lord.          Prov. xxi. 30.
  . Secrecy; the secrets entrusted  in con-
   sulting.
    The players cannot keep counsel; they'll tell all.
                                        Shaksp.
6. Scheme; purpose; design. Not in use.
    The counsel  of toe Lord standeth for ever, the
  thoughts of his heart to all generations.     Psalms.
    0 God, from whom  all holy  desires, all good
  counsels, and all just works do proceed.  Com. Pray.
7.  Those that plead a  cause; the  counsel-
   lors. This seems  only an  abbreviature
   usual in  conversation.
     Your hand, a covenant; we will have these things
  set down by lawful conniel.       Shak. Cymbeline.
     For toe advocates and  counsel toat plead, pa-
  tience and gravity of learning is  an essential part  of
  justice; and  an overspeaking judge is no weli-tuned
  cymbal.                               Bacon.
     What says my cownsef learned  in the law? Pope.
 To  Co'unsel, koun'sel."  v. a. [consilior,
   Lat.]
 1.  To give advice or counsel to  any per-
   son.
     But say, Lucetta, now we are alone,
   Would'st thou then counsel me to fall in love?
                                        Shaksp.
              Truth shall nurse her;
   Holy and heav'nly  thoughts still counsel her. Shak.
     There is danger of being unfaithfully counselled,
   and more for the good of them that counsel than  for
   him  that is counselled.                    Bacon.
     Ill fortune never crushed that man whom good
   fortune  deceived hot; I  therefore have counselled
   my friends never to trust to her fairer  side, though
   she seemed to make peace with them. Ben Jonson.
     He  supports my poverty with his wealth, and I
   cownsef  and instruct him with my learning and  ex-
   perience.                              Taylor.
  2.  To advise any thing.
            The less had been our shame,
                counsell'd crime  which brands  the
  The less  his
      Grecian name.             Dryden's Fables.
Co'unsellarle, k6un'sel-a-bl. adj. [from
   counsel.]  VVilling to  receive and  fol-
   low the advice or opinions of others.
    Very few men of so great parts were more c'oun-
  sellable than he; so that he would seldom be in dan-
  ger of great errours, if he would communicate his
  own thoughts to disquisition.          Clarendon
Counsellor, koun'sel-lur. to.  s.  [from
   counsel.  This should rather be  written
   counseller.] 
eou
eou
eou
1. One that gives advice.
    His mother was his  counsellor to do wickedly.
                                2 Chron. xxii.  3.
    She would be  a counsellor of good  things,  and a
  comfort in cares.                 Wisdom, viii.  9.
    Death of thy soul!  Those  linen cheeks of thine
  Are counsellors to fear.          Shaksp. Macbeth.
2. Confidant; bosom friend.
    In such green  palaces the first kings reign'd,
  Slept in their shades, and angels entertain'd;
  With such old counsellors they did advise,
  And by frequenting sacred  groves grew wise.
                                        If offer.
3.'One whose  province  is to  deliberate
   and advise upon  publick  affairs.
              You are  a counsellor,
  And by that virtue no  man dare  accuse you.
                             Shaksp.  Heniy VIII.
    "Of counsellors there are two sorts; the first, con-
  siliarii nati, as 1 may term them; such are the  prince
  of Wales, and others of the king's sons; but the ordi-
  nary sort of counsellors are such as the king, out of
  a due consideration of their worth and abilities, and
  withal of their fidelity  to his person aud to his crown,
  calleth to  be of council  with him, in  his ordinary
  government.            Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
4.  One that  is consulted in a case of law;
   lawyer.
     A counsellor  bred  up  in the knowledge  of  the
  municipal and statute  laws, may honestly inform a
  just prince how far his prerogative extends. Dryden.
Co'unsellorship, koun'sel-lnr-ship. to. s.
   [from counsellor.]  Tne office or post  of
   a privy counsellor.
     Of the great offices and  officers of the kingdom,
  the most part are such as  cannot well be severed
  from the counsellorship.  Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
To COUNT,  kouut.  v.  a.  [compter, Fr.
   computare, Lat.]
 I.  To number; to tell.
     Here thro' this grate I can count every one,
  And view the Frenchmen.      Shaksp. Henry VI.
     The vicious cownf their years;  virtuous their acts.
                                        Johnson,
     For the preferments of the world, he that would
  reckon up all toe accidents that they depend upon,
  may as well undertake to cownf the sands, or to sum
  up infinity.                              South.
         When men in sickness ling'ring lie,
  They count the  tedious hours by months and years.
                                        Dryden.
       Argos now rejoice, for Thebes lies low;
  Thy siaughter'd  sons  now smile, and  think they
           won,
  When toey  can count more Theban ghosts than
           theirs.                        Dryden.
2.  To preserve a reckoning.
     Some people in America  counted their years  by
  the coming of certain birds amongst them at their
  certain seasons, and leaving them at others.   Locke.
3.  To reckon; to place to an account.
     He believed  in  the Lord, and he counted it to
  him for righteousness.              Genesis xv. 6.
    Not barely the ploughman's pains is  to be count-
  ed into the bread we eat; the labour of those who
  broke the oxen,  must  all be charged on the account
  of labour.                                Locke.
4.  To esteem;  to   account; to reckon;  to
  consider   as having  a certain charac-
  ter, whether  good or evil.
    When  once it comprehendeth any thing  above
  this, as the  differences of time, affirmations, nega-
  tions, and contradictions  in  speech,  we then cownf
  it to have some use of natural reason.      Hooker.
    Count not thine handmaid  for  a daughter  of
  Belial.                                 1 Sam.
    Nor shall I count it  heinous to enjoy
  The publick marks of honour and reward
  Conferr'd upon me.             Milton's Agonistes.
    You would not wish to cownf this man a foe!
  In friendship, and in hatred, obstinate.      Philips.
rt. To impute to; to charge  to.
    All th' impossibilities, which poets
  Cownt to extravagance of loose description,
  Shall sooner be.      Row's Ambitious Stepmother.
To  Count, kovint.313. v. n. To found an ac-
  count or scheme:  with upon.
    I think it a great errour to count upon the genius
  of a nation, as a standing argument in all ages.
                                         Swift.
Count, kovint. to.  s.  [ compte, Fr. compu-
  tus, Lat.]
1.  Number.
    That we up to your palaces may mount,
  Of blessed saints for to  increase the count.   Spen.
2.  Reckoning; number summoned.
                 By my count,
  I was your mother much upon these years.   Shaksp.
              Since I saw you last,
  There is a change upon you.----
  ------Well, 1 know not
  What counts hard fortune casts upon my face. Shak.
Count,  kount. to.  s.  [comte,  Fr.   comes,
   Lat.]   A title of foreign nobility, sup-
   posed equivalent to an earl.
Countable, koun'ta-bl. adj. [from count]
   That which may be numbered.
     The evils which you desire to be  recounted are
  very many, and almost countable with those which
  were hidden in the basket of Pandora.     Spenser.
CO'UNTEiNANCE, koun'te-nanse. n. s.
   [contenance, Fr.]
1. The form of the face; the system of the
   features.
2.  Air; look.
     A made  countenance about her mouth, between
  simpering and smiling;  her head,  bowed some-
  what down, seemed to languish with over-much idle-
  ness.                                  Sidney.
     Well, Suffolk, yet thou shalt not  see me blush,
  Nor change my countenance for this arrest:
  A heart unspotted is not easily daunted.    Shaksp.
     So spake our sire, aud by his countenance seem'd
  Entering on studious thoughts abstruse.    MUton.
     To whom, with count'nance calm, and soul sedate,
  Thus Turnus.                  Dryden's Aimcid.
3.  Calmness of look; composure of face.
     She smil'd severe; nor ivith a troubled look,
  Or trembling hand,  the funeral present took;
  Ev'n kept her count'nance, when toe  lid remov'd
  Disclos'd the heart unfortunately lov'd.    Dryden.
     The two maxims of any great man  at court
  are, always to  keep his countenance, and never to
  keep his word.                           Swift.
4.  Confidence of  mien;  aspect of assur-
   rance:   it  is commonly  used  in these
   phrases,  in  countenance, and  out  of
   countenance.
     The night beginning to persuade  some retiring
  place, the gentlewoman, even  out of countenance
  before she began her speech, invited me  to lodge
  that night with  her father.                 Sidney.
     We will not  make your countenance to fall by the
  answer ye shall receive.     Bacon's New Atlantis.
     Their best friends were owt of countenance, because
  they found that the imputations, which their enemies
  had laid upon them, were well grounded.     Claren.
     Your  examples will meet it at every  turn, and
  put it owt  of countenance in every place: evsn in
  pri\ate corners it will  soon lose confidence.  Spratt.
     If the outward profession of  religion and virtue
  were once in practice and countenance pt court, a
  good treatment ofthe clergy would be the necessary
  consequence.                            Swift.
     If those preachers would  look about, they would
  find one part of their congregation onf of counten-
  ance, and the other asleep.                Swift.
     It is a kind of ill manners to offer objections to a
  fine woman, and a man would be owt  of countenance
  that should gain the superiority in such a contest:
  a coquette logician may be rallied, but not contradict-
  ed.                       Addison's Freeholder.
     It puts the learned in countenance,  and gives them
                    3i2
  a place among the fashionable part of mankind. Add.
5. Kindness or ill-will, as it appears upon'
   the face.
    Yet the  stout fairy, 'mongst the middest crowd,
  Thought all their glory vain in knightly view,
  And that great princess too, exceeding proud,
  That to  strange knight  no better countenance al-
      low'd.                             Spenser.

6. Patronage;  appearance of favour;  ap-
   pearance on any side; support.
    The church of Christ, which held that profession
  which had  not the publick allowance  and cownten-
  ance of authority, could  not use the exercise of the
  Christian religion but in private.           Hooker.
    His majesty maintained an  army here,  to give
  strength and countenance to toe civil magistrate.
                               Davies on Ireland.
               Now then we'll use
  His cownfenance for the battle; which being done,
  Let her who would be rid of him devise
  His speedy taking off.          Shaksp. King tear.
    This is the magistrate's peculiar province, to give
  countenance to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice
  and profaneness.                     Atterbury.
7.  Superficial appearance;  show;  resem-
   blance.
    The election being done, he made countenance
  of great discontent thereat. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
         Oh, you blessed ministers above!
  Keep me in patience, and withripen'd time
  Unfold the evil, which is here wrapt up
  In countenance.      Shaksp. Measure for Measure.
                  Bianca's love
  Made me exchange my state with Tranio,
  While he did bear my countenance in the town. Shak.
To  Co'untenance,  koun'te-nanse. v. a.
   [from  the noun.]
1.  To  support; to patronise; to vindicate.
    Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man in his
  cause.                                 Exodus.
    This conceit, though cownfenanced by learned men,
  is not made  out either by experience or reason.
                                        Brown.
    This national fault, of being so very  talkative,
  looks natural and graceful in  one that has  grey hairs
  to cowntenance it.                      ^cfefison.
2.  To make a show  of.
    Each to these ladies love did countenance,
  And to his mistress each himself strove to advance.
                                        Spenser.
3.  To act suitably to any thing; to keep
   up any appearance.
              Malcolm!  Banquo!
  As from your graves rise up,  and walk like sprites,
  To countenance this horror.               Shuksp.
4.  To encourage;  to appear in defence.
    At the first descent on shore he was not immured
  with a wooden vessel,  but he did countenance the.
  landing in  his long-boat.                 Wotton.
Co'untenancer,  koun'te-nan-sfir.  to.  »•
   [from countenance.]  One that counte-
   nances or supports another.
Co'unter, koun'tur.98 to. s.  [from count.]
I.  A false piece of money used as a means
   of reckoning.
            Will you with counter sum
   The vast proportion of his infinite?        Shaksp.
    Though these half-pence are to be received as
   money in the Exchequer, yet in trade tbey are no
   better  than  counters.                     Swift.
2.  Money, in contempt.
    When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous,
   To  lock such rascal counters from his friends,
   Be  ready,  gods! with all your thunder-bolts
   Dash him  to pieces.         Shaksp. J\Uins Ccesar.
3.  The table on which goods  are  viewed,
   and money told, in a shop.
    A fine gaudy minx, that robs our counters every
   night; aud then goes out, and spends  it upon our
   cuckold-makers.                        Drvden. 
C  0  li
eou
eou
    Inhalf-whipt muslin needles useless lie,
  And shuttlecocks across the counter fly.       Gay.
    Sometimes you would see  him behind his coun-
  ters  selling broadcloth, sometimes measuring linen.
                                    Arbuthnot.
    Whether thy cownter shine with sums untold,
  And toy wide-grasping hand grows black with gold.
                                        Swift.
4. Counter of a  horse,  is that  part of a
   horse's fore-hand that  lies between the
   shoulder and under the neck. Far. Diet.
Co'unter, koun'tur. adv. [contre, Fr. con-
   tra, Lat.]
1. Contrary to; in opposition to: it is com-
   monly used with the verb run, perhaps
   by  a metaphor from the old tourna-
   ments.
    Shall we erect two wills in God's, and make the
   will of his purpose and intention run counter to the
   will of his approbation?                   Sowfft.
    The profit of the merchant, and the gain of the
   kingdom, are so far from being always parallels, toat
   frequently they run counter one to the other. Cftifcf.
    He thinks it brave, at his  first setting out, to sig-
   nalize himself in running counter to all the rules of
   virtue.                                Locke.
2. The wrong way;  contrarily to the right
   course.
    How cheerfully on the false trail they cry,
   Oh, this is counter, you false Danish dogs!  Shaksp.
3. Contrary ways.
    A man, whom I cannot deny, may oblige me to
   use  persuasions to  another, which, at the same
   time I am speaking, I may  wish may not  prevail
   on him: in this case, it is plain, the will and toe de-
   sire run counter.                        Locke.
4. The face,  in  opposition to  the  back.
   Not in use.
    They hit one another  with darts, as  the other do
   with their hands, which toey never throw counter,
   but at the back of the flyer.      Sandys's Journal.
5. This word is often found in composition,
   and may be placed before either nouns
   or verbs used in a sense of opposition.
     That design was no sooner known, but others of an
   opposite party were  appointed to set a  cownfer-peti-
   tion on  foot.                       Clarendon.
  To  Countera'ct,  kotm-tiir-akt'.  v.  a.
    [counter and act.] To hinder any thing
    from its effect by  contrary agency.
     In this case we can find  no principle within him
   strong enough to counteract that principle,  and to
   relieve him.                            South.
  To Counterbalance,  koun-tur-bal'lanse.
    493  v. a.  [counter  and balance.]  To
    weigh against;  to  act  against with  an
    opposite weight.
     There was  so much air drawn out of the vessel,
   that the remaining air was not able to counterbalance
   the mercurial cylinder.                   Boyle.
     Few of Adam's children are not born with some
   bias, which it is the business of education either to
   take off, or counterbalance.                Locke.
  Counterbalance,   koun'tilr-bal-lanse.
    to. s. [from the verb.] Opposite weight;
    equivalent power.
     But peaceful kings, o'er martial people set,
   Each other's poise and counterbalance are.    Dry.
     Money is the counterbalance to all other things
   purchaseable  by it, and lying, as it were, in the op-
   posite scale of commerce.                 Locke.
  To  Counterbu'ff, koun-tvir-btif7. t>.  a.
    [from counter  and buff] To  impel in a
    direction  opposite  to  the former im-
    pulse; to strike back.
     The giddy ship, betwixt the winds and tides
   Forc'd back and forwards, in a circle rides,
  Stunn'd with the difPrent blows; then shoots amain,
  Till counterbuff'd she stops, and sleeps again.  Dry.
Counterbu'ff,  koun'tur-buf. to. s. [coun-
   ter and  buff.]   A blow in a contrary di-
   rection; a stroke that produces a recoil.
    He at the second gave him such  a counterbuff,
  that, because Phalantus was not to be driven from
  the saddle, the saddle with broken girths was driven
  from the horse.                       Sidney.
    Go, captain Stub, lead on, and show
  What house you come of, by the blow
  You give Sir Quintin, aud the cuff
  You 'scape o' th' sandbags counterbuff.  B. Jonson.
Co'untercaster, kdun'tur-kas-tiir.  to.  s.
   [from counter, for a false piece of money,
   and caster.] A word of contempt for an
   arithmetician;  a book-keeper; a caster
   of accounts; a reckoner.
    I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof
   At Rhodes, at Cyprus, must be let and  calm'd
   By debtor and creditor,  this counter caster. Shaksp.
Co'unterchange,  ko&n'tlir-tshanje.  to. s.
   [counter  and  change]  Exchange;  reci-
   procation.
    She, like harmless lightning, throws her eye
   On him, her brothers, me, her master, hitting
   Each object with a joy.   The  counterchange
   Is sev'rallyin all.             Shaksp. Cymbeline.
 To  Co'unterchange,  koun'tiir-tshanje.
   v. a.   To give and receive.
Countercha'rm, kou.n'tur-tsharm. «.  s.
   [counter and charm.] That  by which  a
   charm  is dissolved; that  which has the
   power  of  destroying the  effects  of  a
   charm.
     Now touch'd by countercharms toey change again,
   And stand majectick, and recall'd to men.  Pope.
 To  Countercha'rm,   koun'tilr-tsharm.
   v. a. [from counter and charm.] To de-
   stroy the effect of an enchantment.
     Like a spell it was to  keep us invulnerable, and
   so countercharm all our crimes, that they should on-
   ly be active to please, not hurt us.  Decay of Piety.
 To Counterche'ck, koun-tur-tshek'. v. a.
   [counter and check.] To oppose; to stop
   with sudden opposition.
 Counterche'ck,  koun'tur-tshek.  to.  s.
    [from the  verb.] Stop;  rebuke.
     If  again I said his  beard was not well cut, he
   would say  I lye: this is called the countercheck
   quarrelsome.                         Shaksp.
 To Counterdra'w, koun-tur-draw'. v. a.
    [from counter and draw.]   With paint-
    ers, to  copy  a design  or  painting  by
    means of a fine linen cloth, an oiled  pa-
    per, or other transparent matter, where-
    on the  strokes, appearing through,  are
    traced with a pencil.          Chambers.
 CouNTERE'viDENCE,koun-tur-ev'e-dense.
    to. s. [counter and evidence.] Testimony
    by which the deposition  of  some for-
    mer witness is opposed.
     Sense itself detects its more palpable deceits by a
   counter-evidence, and the more ordinary impostures
   seldom outlive the first experiments.        Glanv.
     We have little reason to question his testimony in
   this point, seeing it is backed by others of good cred-
   it; and ail because there is no cownfer-evictence, nor
   any witness that appears against  it.       Burnet.
  To CO'UNTERFEIT, koun'tur-flt. v. a.
    [contrefaire, Fr.]
  1. To copy with an intent to pass the copy
    for an  original; to  forge.
                   What art thou,
   That counterfeits the person of a king? Shakspeare.
   It came into this priest's fancy to cause this lad
 to counterfeit and  personate the  second son of Ed-
 ward IV. supposed to be murdered. Bacon's H. VII.
   There have been  some that could counterfeit the
 distance of voices, which is a secondary object of
 hearing, in such sort,  as,  when they stand fast by
 you, you would  think the speech came from afar off
 in a fearful manner.     Bacon's Natural History.
   Say, lovely dream, where couldst thou find
 Shadows to counterfeit that face?         If "after.
   It happens, that not one single line or thought is
 contained in this imposture, although it appears that
 toey who counterfeited me had heard of the true
 one.                                  Swift.
 .  To imitate; to  copy; to resemble.
   And, oh, you mortal engines!  whose rude throats
 Th' immortal Jove's dread clamours counterfeit,
 Farewel!                  Shakspeare's Othello.
    O Eve! in evil  hour thou did'st give ear
 To that false worm, of whomsoever taught
 To counterfeit man's voice.    Milton's Par. Lost.
    To counterfeit,  is to put on the likeness and ap-
 pearance of some real excellency:  Bristol-stones
 would  not pretend to be diamonds, if there  never
 had been diamonds.                   Tillotson.
Counterfeit, koun'tur-fit. adj.  [from
   the verb.]
1.  That which is made in imitation of ano-
   ther, with intent to pass for the original;
   forged; fictitious.
                        I learn
  Now of my own experience, not by talk,
  How counterfeit a coin they are, who friends
  Bear in their superscription; in prosperous days
  They swarm, but in adverse withdraw their head.
                                      Milton.
    General observations drawn from particulars,  are
  the jewels of knowledge, comprehending great store
  in a little room; but they are therefore to be made
  with the greater  care  and caution, lest, if we take
  counterfeit for true, our shame be the greater, when
  our stock comes to a severe scrutiny.       Locke.
2.  Deceitful;  hypocritical.
    True friends appear less moved than counterfeit.
                                  Roscommon.
Co'unterfeit, koun'tur-fit. to.  s. [from
   the verb.]
 1. One  who personates another;  an impos-
   tor.
    I am no counterfeit; to die is to be a counterfeit;
  for he is but the  counterfeit of a man, who hath not
  the life of a man.                  Shakspeare.
    This priest, being utterly unacquainted with the
  true person, according to whose pattern he should
  shape  his counterfeit, yet could  think it possible for
  him to instruct his player, either in gesture or fash-
  ions, or in fit answers to questions, to come near the
  resemblance.                          Bacon.
     But bust  me, child, I'm much inclin'd to fear
  Some  counterfeit in this your Jupiter.     Addison.
 2. Something made in imitation of another,
   intended to pass for that  which it resem-
   bles; a forgery.
          My father was I know not where,
   When I was stampt. Some coiner, with his tools,
   Made me a counterfeit; yet my mother seem'd
   The Dian of that time.   Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
     There would be  no counterfeits but for the sake of
   something real;  though pretenders seem to be what
   they really are not, yet they pretend to be something
   that really is.                         Tillotson.
 Counterfeiter,   ko&n'tvlr-fit-ur.  to. s.
   [from counterfeit.]  A  forger; one who
   contrives copies to pass for originals.
     Henry the  Second altered  the coin, which was
   corrupted by counterfeiters, to the great good of the
   commonwealth.                       Canwfen.
 Co'unterfeitly,  koun'tur-f it-le.   adv.
   [from counterfeit.] Falsely; fictitiously;
   with forgery.
     Since the wisdom of their choice is rather to have 
eou
eou
eou
   my cap than my heart, I will practise the insinua-
   ting nod, and be off to them most counterfeitly. Shak.
 Counter FE'RMEXT,k6un-tur-fer'ment.w.*.
   [counter and ferment.] Ferment  oppo-
   sed to ferment.
    What unnatural motions and counterferments must
   a medley of intemperance  produce  in toe body!
   When 1 behold a fashionable table, I fancy I see in-
   numerable distempers lurking in ambuscade among
   the dishes.                Addison's Spectator.
 Counterfe'sance, kdun-tur-fe'sanse. ra. s.
   [contrefaisance, Fr.] The act of counter-
   feiting; forgery.  Not in use.
    And his man Reynold, with fine counterfesance,
   Supports his credit and his countenance.  Hubberd.
    Such is the face of falsehood, such the sight
   Of foul Duessa, when her borrow'd light
   Is laid away, and counterfesance known.  Fairy Q.

 Go'unterfort, komi'tir-fort. to. s. [from
   counter and fort.]
    Counterforts, buttresses or spurs, are pillars serv-
   ing to support walls or ten-asses subject to bulge.
                                   Chambers.
 Counterga'ge, kovin'tur-gaje. ra. s. [from
   counter and gage.] In carpentry,  a me-
   thod used to measure the joints,by trans-
   ferring the breadth  of a  mortise  to the
   place where the tenon is to be, in order
   to make them fit each other. Chambers.

 Countergua'rd,  kotm'tur-gard.92  ra. s.
   [from counter and guard] A small ram-
   part with  parapet  and ditch,  to cover
   some part of the body of the place.
                             Military Diet.

 Counterli'ght,  koun'tur-lite.393   to.  s.
   [from counter and light.]  A  window or
   light opposite to any thing, which  makes
   it  appear to a disadvantage.  Chambers.

 To Counterma'no, koun-tdr-mand'.79 v.
   a.  [contremander, Fr.]
 1. To order the contrary to what was or-
   dered or  intended before; to contradict,
   annul, or  repeal a command.
    In states notoriously irreligious, a secret and irre-
   sistible power countermands toeir deepest projects,
   and smites their policies with frustration and a curse.
                                      Sowfft.
 2. To oppose; to contradict the orders of
   another.
    For us to alter any thing, is to lift up ourselves
   against God, and, as it were, to countermand him.
                                     Hooker.
3. To prohibit.
    Avicen  countermands letting blood in cholerick
  bodies, because he esteems the blood a bridle of the
  gall.                               Harvey.
Counterma'no, koun'tur-mand. to.*, [con-
   tremand, Fr.] Repeal of a former order.
    Have you no countermand for Claudio yet,
  But must he die to-morrow?          Shakspeare.
To Counterma'rch, koun-tur-martsh'. v.
   to.  [counter and march.]  To march
   backward; to march  in indirect ways.
Counterma'rch,  koun'tiir-martsh.  to. s.
   [from the verb.]
1. Retrocession;  march backward; march
   in  a different direction from the former.
    How are such an infinite number of things placed
  with such order in the memory, notwithstanding the
  tumults, marches, and countermarches of the animal
  spirits.                    Collier on Thought.
2. Change of measures; alteration of con-
   duct.
    They make him dp and undo, go forward and back-
  wards by such countermarches and retractions, as we
  do not willingly impute to wisdom.       Burnet.
Counterma'rk,   koun'tur-mark.   n.   s.
   [counter and mark.]
1. A second  or third  mark put on a bale
   of goods  belonging to  several  mer-
   chants, that it may  not  be opened but
   in the presence of them all.
2. The mark of the goldsmiths' company,
   to shew the metal is standard, added to
   that of the  artificer.
3. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of
   horses, that have outgrown their natu-
   ral mark, to disguise their aire.
4. A mark added to  a medal  a long time
   after it is struck, by which the curious
   know the several changes in value which
   it has undergone.            Chambers.
lo Counterma'rk,  koun'tur-mark. v. a.
   [counter and mark.]
    A  horse is said  to be countermarked, when his
  corner teeth are artificially made  hollow; a false
  mark being made in the hollow place, in imitation
  of the eye of a bean, to conceal the horse's age.
                               Farrier's Diet.
Countermi'ne, koun'tur-mine. to.*, [coun-
   ter and mine.]
1. A well or  hole  sunk into the ground,
   from which a gallery or branch runs out
   under  ground, to seek out the enemy's
   mine, and disappoint it.  Military Diet.
    After this they mined the walls, laid the powder,
  and rammed the mouths; but the citizens made a
  countermine, and thereinto they poured such a plen-
  ty of water, toat the wet powder could not be fired.
                                  Hayward.
2. Means of opposition; means of counter-
   action.
    He  thinking  himself contemned,  knowing  no
  countermine against contempt but terror, began to
  let nothing pass, which might bear toe colour of a
  fault, without sharp punishment.          Sidney.
3  A stratagem by  which any contrivance
   is defeated.
    The matter being brought to a trial of skill, the
  countermine was only an act of  self-preservation.
                                 L'Estrange,
To Countermi'ne, koun-tur-mine'.  v. a-
   [from the noun.]
1. To delve  a passage into  an  enemy's
   mine, by which the powder may  evapo-
   rate without mischief.
2. To counterwork;  to defeat  by secret
   measures.
    Thus infallibly it must be, if  God do not miracu-
  lously countermine us, and do more for us than we
  can do against ourselves.         Decay of Piety.
Countermo'tion, koun-tiir-mo'shiln. to. s.
   [counter and motion.] Contrary  motion;
   opposition  of motion.
    That resistance is a countermotion, or equivalent
  to one, is  plain by this, that any body which is press-
  ed must needs press again on the body that presses
  '*•                        Higby on the Soul.
    If any  of the returning spirits should happen to
  fall foul upon others which are outward bound, these
  countermotions would overset toem, or occasion a la-
  ter arrival.                           Collier.
Countermu're, komVtrir-mure. n. s. [eon-
   tremur, Fr.] A  wall built up behind ano-
   ther wall, to supply its place.
    The great shot flying through the breach, did beat
  down houses; but the countennure, new built against
  the breach, standing upon a lower ground, it seldom
  touched.                            Knolles.
Counterna'tural,  koun-tur-natsh'u-ral.
   adj. [counter and natural/] Contrary to
   nature.
    A consumption is a counternatural hectick extenu-
  ation of the body.      Harvey on Consumptions.
Counterno'ise,  kdun'ttir-noeze.  to.  s.
   [counter and noise.]  A sound by which
   any other noise is overpowered.
    They endeavoured, either by a constant succes-
  sion of sensual delights to charm and lull asleep, or
  else by a counternoise of revellings and  riotous ex-
  cesses to drown,  the softer whispers of  their  con-
  science.                    Calamy's Sernums.
Countero'pening,  koun-tur-6'pn-ing. w.
   s. [counter and opening.]  An   aperture
   or vent on the contrary side.
    A tent,  plugging up the  orifice, would make the
  matter recur to the part  disposed to receive it, and
  mark the place for a counter opening.      Sharp.
Counterpa'ce, kovin'tur-pase. n.s. [coun-
   ter and pace.]  Contrary  measure;  at-
   tempts  in opposition to any scheme.
    When the least counterpaces are made  to these
  resolutions, it will then be time enough  for our
  malecontents.                        Swift.
Co'unterpane, koun'tur-p&ne. to. s. [con-
   trepoint, Fr.] A coverlet for a bed, or any
   thing  else woven in squares. It  is some-
   times  written,  according to etymology,
   counterpoint.
    In ivory coffers I have  stuff'd my crowns;
  In cyprus chests my arras counterpanes.     Shaksp.
Counterpart,  koun'tur-part. to. s. [coun-
   ter and  part.]  The correspondent part;
   the part which answers to another, as
   two papers of a contract; the part which
   fits another, as the  key of  a cypher.
    In some things the laws of  Normandy agreed
  with toe laws of England; so that  they seem to be,
  as it were, copies or counterparts one of another.
                        Hale's Law of England.
    An old fellow with a young wench, may pass for
  a counterpart of this fable.          L'Estrange.
                   Oh counterpart
  Of our soft sex; well are you made our lords:
  So bold, so great, so god-like are you form'd,
  How can you love so silly things as women? Dryden.
    He is to consider the thought of his author, and
  his words, and to find out the cownferparf to each in
  another language.                    Dryden.
    In the discovery, the two different plots look  like
  counterparts and copies of one another.    Addison.
Counterple'a,  koun'tur-ple. to.  s. [from
   counter and  plea.]  In law, a  replica-
   tion:  as, if a stranger to  the action  be-
   gun, desire to be  admitted to say what
   he can  for the safeguard  of his estate,
   that  which  the  demandant   allegeth
   against  this request is called a  counter-
  plea.                             Cowell.
To Counterplo't, koun-tur-plot'.  v.   a.
   [counter and plot] To oppose  one ma-
   chination by another; to obviate art  by
   art.
Countv  rplo't, koun'tiir-plot. ra.  *. [from
   the verb.]  An artifice opposed to an  ar-
   tifice.
    The wolf that had a plot upon the kid, was con-
  founded by a counterplot of tbe kid's upon the wolf;
  and such a counterplot as the wolf, with  all his sa-
  gacity, was not able to smell out.     L'Estrange.
Co'cnterpoint,  koun'tur-polnt.  ra. .v.   A
   coverlet woven in squares,  commonly
   spoken counterpane. Sec Counterpane.
To Counterpoise, kuiin-tur-poczc'. v. a.
   [counter and poise.] 
eou
eou
eou
1. To  counterbalance;  to be equiponde-
  rant to; to act against with equal weight.
    Our spoils we have brought home
  Do more than counterpoise a full third part
  The charges of the action.            Shakspeare.
    The force and the distance of weights counterpoi-
  sing one another, ought to be reciprocal.   Digby.
2.  To  produce  a contrary  action  by  an
  equal weight.
    The heaviness of bodies must be cowwferpenseef by
  a plummet fastened about the pulley to the axis.
                                     Wilkins.
3. To  act with equal power  against any
   person  or cause.
    So many freeholders of English will be able to
  beard and to counterpoise the rest.        Spenser.
Co'unterpoise, koun'lur-poeze. n.s. [from
   counter and poise.]
 I. Equiponderance; equivalence of weight;
   equal force in  the opposite scale of the
   balance.
               Take her by the hand,
  And tell her she is thine; to whom I  promise
  A countei-poise, if not in thy estate,
  A balance more replete.             Shakspeare.
    Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a me-
  talline counterpoise into the opposite  scale.   Boyle.
 2.  The state of being placed in  the oppo-
   site scale of the balance.
     Th' Eternal hung forth his golden scales,
  Wherein all things created first he weigh'd,
   The pendulous round earth, with balanc'd air
   In counterpoise.                       Milton.
 3.  Equipolience; equivalence of power.
     The second nobles are a counterpoise to the high-
   er nobility, that they grow not too potent.   Bacon.
     Their generals, by their credit in the army, were,
   with the magistrates and other civil officers, a sort
  of counter-poise to the power of the people.   Swift.
 Counterpo'ison,  koun'tur-poe'zn.  ra. a.
   [counter and poison.]  Antidote; medi-
   cine by which the effects of poison are
    obviated.
     Counterpoisons must be adapted to the cause; for
   example,  in poison from sublimate, corrosive, and
   arsenick.                          Arbuthnot.
 Counterpre'ssure,   kdun-tur-presh'ure.
    to.  s. [counter and pressure.] Opposite
    force;  power  acting in contrary direc-
    tions.
     Does it not all mechanick heads confound,
   That troops of atoms from all parts around,
   Of equal number, and of equal force,
   Should to this single point direct their course;
   That so the counter-pressure ev'ry way,
   Of equal vigour, might their motions stay,
   And by a steady poise toe whole in quiet lay?
                                    Blackmore.
 Counterpro'ject, koun-tur-prod'jekt. to.
    s. [counter and project.] Correspondent
    part of a scheme.
     A clear reason why they never sent any forces to
   Spain, and why the obligation  not to enter into a
   treaty of peace with France, until  that entire mo-
   narchy was yielded as a preliminary, was struck out
   of the counterproject by the Dutch.          Swift.
  To  Counterpro've,   kdiin-ttlr-pr66v'.164
    v. a. [from counter and prove.] To take
    off a design in black lead, or red chalk,
    by  passing it  through the rolling-press
    with another piece  of paper, both being
    moistened with  a sponge.    Chambers.
      COUNTERRO'L, koun-tur-role.406
    v. a. [counter and roll. This is now ge-
    nerally written as it is spoken, control]
    To  preserve  the  power  of  detecting
    frauds by another  account.
Coi nterro'lment,   kotm'tur-role-meiit.
  n. s.  [from counierrol/] A counter ac-
  count; controlment
    This manner of exercising of this office, hath many
  testimonies, interchangeable warrants, and counfe?--
  rolments, whereof each, running through the hands,
  and resting in the power, of many several persons,
  is sufficient to argue and  convince all  manner of
  falsehood.                             Bacon.
Co'untersoarp,  koun'tilr-skarp.   to.  s.
   [from counter and scarp.]  That side of
   the  ditch  which  is  next the  camp,  or
   properly  the  talus  that  supports  the
   earth of  the covert-way;  although by
   this term is  often understood the whole
   covert-way,  with its  parapet and glacis:
   and so  it is to be understood when  it is
   said  the  enemy  lodged themselves on
   the counterscarp.               Harris.
To Countersign,  koun-tur-sine'. v.  a.
   [from counter and sign.] To sign an or-
   der or patent of a superiour,  in quality
   of  secretary, to render  it more authen-
   tick.  Thus  charters are  signed by the
   king, and countersigned by a secretary
   of  state, or lord chancellor.  Chambers.
Counterte'nor, koun-tur-ten'niir.  ra. s.
   [from counter and tenor.]   One of the
   mean or middle parts of musick; so  call-
   ed, as it were, opposite to the tenor.
                                     Harris.
    I am deaf: this deafness unqualifies  me for all
   company, except a few friends with countertenor
   voices.                               Swift.
Counterti'de, koun'tur-tide. to. s. [coun-
   ter and tide.] Contrary tide; fluctuations
   of the  water.
    Such were our countertides at land, and so
   Presaging of the fatal blow,
   In your prodigious ebb and flow.         Dryden.
Counterti'me, k6un'tur-tlme. to. s. [coun-
   ter and time; contretemps, Fr.]
 I. The defence or  resistance of a horse,
   that  intercepts  his cadence,  and  the
   measure of his manage. Carrier's Diet.
 2. Defence; opposition.
    Let cheerfulness on happy fortune wait,
   And give not thus the countertime  to fate. Dryden.
 CouNTERTu'RN,k6un'tur-tiirn. to. s. [coun-
   ter and turn]
    The catastasis, called by the Romans status, the
   height and full growth of the play,  we may call
   properly the counterturn, which destroys that expect-
   ation,  embroils the action in new difficulties, and
   leaves you far distant from that hope in which it
   found you.                           Dryden.
 To COUNTERVATL, koun-tur-vale'. v.
   a. [contra and valeo, Lat.] To be equi-
   valent  to; to have equal force or value;
   to act against  with  equal power.
     In some men there may be found such qualities as
   are able  to countervail those exceptions which might
   be taken against them, and such men's  authority is
   not likely to be shaken off.              Hooker.
     And therewithal he fiercely at him flew,
   And with important outrage him assail'd;
     Who,  soon prepar'd to  field, his sword forth drew,
   And him with equal valour countervail'd. F. Queen.
     The outward streams, which descend, must be of
   so much force as to countervail all that weight where-
   by the ascending side does exceed the other.
                             Wilkins's Daedalus.
     We are to compute, that, upon balancing the ac-
   count, the profit at last will hardly countervail the
   inconveniencies that go along with it.  L'Estrange.
Countervail, koun'to.r-\ale. ra. s. [from
  the  verb.]
I. Equal  weight;  power or value  suffi-
  cient to obviate  any  effect or objection.
2. That which  has equal weight or value
  with something  else.
    Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful  act is a
  poor  countervail  for  the bitterness  of the  review,
  which begins where  the action ends, and lasts for
  ever.                        South's Sermons.
Countervie'w, koun'lur-vu.  ra. *. [coun-
  ter  and view.]
1. Opposition;  a  posture in  which  two
  persons front each other.
    Mean while, ere thus was sinn'd and judg'd on
        earth,
  Within the gates of hell sat sin and death
  In cownferrieio.              Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Contrast; a  position  in  which  two dis-
   similar things illustrate each other.
    I have drawn some lines of Linger's character,
  on purpose to  place it in  counterview or  contrast
  with  that of the other company.            Swift.

To Counterwo'rk, koun-tlir-wurk'. v. a.
   [counter and work.]  To  counteract; to
   hinder any  effect by  contrary opera-
   tions.
    But heav'n's great view is one, and that the
        whole:
  That counterworks each folly and caprice;
  That disappoints th' effects of ev'ry  vice.   Pope.

Co'untess, koun-tes. ra. s. [comitisaa, Lat.
   comtesse, Fr.]   The lady of an earl or
   count.
    I take it, she that carries up the train,
  Is that old noble lady, the duchess of Norfolk.
  —It  is, and all the rest are countesses.   Skakspeare.
    It  is the peculiar happiness of  the countess of
  Abingdon to have been so truly loved by you while
  she was living,  and so gratefully  honoured after
  she was dead.                        Dryden.
Co'unting-house, koun'ting-house. ra. s.
   [count and house.]  The room appro-
   priated  by traders  to their books  and
   accounts.
     Men in trade seldom think of  laying  out money
  upon land, till their profit has brought them in more
  than their trade can well employ; and their idle
  bags cumbering their counting-houses, put them up-
  on emptying them.                      Locke.

 Co'untless, kount'les. adj. [from count.]
   Innumerable;  without  number;  not to
   be  reckoned.
     Ay, tear for tear, and loving kiss for kiss,
   Thy brother Marcus tenders on thy lips:
   0 were the sum of these that I should pay
   Cownffess and  infinite, yet would I pay them.
                                    Shakspeare.
     But oh, her mind, that orcus which includes
   Legions of mischief, countless multitudes
   Of former curses.                      Donne.
     By one countless sum of woes  opprest,
   Hoary with cares, and ignorant of rest,
   We find the vital springs relax'd and worn;
   Thus, thro' the round  of age, to childhood we re-
       turn.                            Prior.
     I  see, I cried, his woes, a countless train;
   I see his friends o'erwhelm'd beneath the main.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
  CO'UNTRY, kun'tre. ra. s.  [contree, Fr.
    contrata, low  Lat. supposed to be  con-
    tracted from conterrata]
  1. A tract of land;  a region,  as distin-
    guished from other regions.
     They require to be examined concerning the de-
   scriptions of those countries of which they would be
   informed.                            Spratt. 
*
c ou
eou
eou
2. The parts of a region distant from ci-
   ties or courts;  rural parts.
    Would I a house for happiness erect,
  Nature alone should be the architect;
  She'd build it more convenient than great,
  And doubtless in the country chuse her seat.
                                      Cowley.
    I see toem hurry from cownfry to town,  and then
  from the town back again into the country.  Sped.
3. The place which any man inhabits, or
   in which he  at present resides.
    Send out more horses,  skirre toe country round,
  Hang  those that talk of fear.    Shaksp. Macbeth.
4. The  place  of one's birth; the  native
   soil.
    The king set on foot a reformation  in the orna-
  ments and advantages of our country.      Spratt.
    0 save my countiy, heay'n! shall be your last.
                                        Pope.
5. The inhabitants of any region.
          All the country in a general voice,
  Cried  hate upon him; all  their pray'rs and love
  Were  set on Hereford.        Shaksp. Henry IV.
Cou'ntrv,  k&n'tre.  adj.
1. Rustick; rural;  villatick.
    Cannot a country wench know, toat, having re-
  ceived a shilling from one that owes her three, and
   a shilling also from another that owes her three,
   the remaining debts in  each  of their hands are
   equal ?                                Locke
    I never meant any other,  than that Mr.  Trott
   should confine himself to country dances. Spectator.
    He comes no nearer to a positive, clear idea of a
   positive infinite, than the country fellow had of the
   water which was yet to pass the channel  of the ri-
   ver where he stood.                     Locke.
    Talk but with country people,  or young people,
   and you shall  find  that the notions they apply this
   name  to, are so odd, that nobody can  imagine they
   were taught by a rational man.            Locke.
    A country gentleman,  learning  Latin in the uni-
  versity, removes thence to his mansion-house.
                                       Locke.
    The low mechanicks of a country town do some-
   what outdo him.                        Locke.
    Come, we'll e'en to our country seat repair,
   The native home of innocence and love.   Norris.
2.  Of an interest opposite to that of courts,
   as, the country party.
3. Peculiar to a  region or people.
    She laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn,  spake  in
   her country language.        2 Maccabees, vii. 27.
4. Rude; ignorant; untaught.
    We make a country man dumb, whom we will
   not allow to speak but by the rules of grammar.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Co'untryman, kun'tre-man.88 ra. s. [from
   country  and man.]
 1.  One born in the same country,  or tract
   of ground.                        Locke.
             See, who comes here?
   My countryman; but yet I know him not.   Shaksp.
     Homer, great bard! so fate ordain'd, arose;
   And,  bold as were his countrymen in  fight,
     Snatch'd their fair actions from degrading prose,
   And set their battles in eternal light.       Prior.
     The British soldiers act with greater vigour under
   toe conduct of one whom they do not consider only
   as their leader, but as their countryman.  Addison.
 2. A rustick;  one  that inhabits the rural
    parts.
     All that have business to the court, and all cown-
   trymen coming up to the city, leave their wives in
   the country.                          Graunt.
  3. A  farmer;  a  husbandman.
     A  countryman took a boar in his corn.   L'Estr.
  Co'unty,  k6un'te. to. s. [comte, Fr. comi-
    tatus,  Lat.]
  1. A  shire;  that is, a circuit or portion of
    the realm, into which the whole land is
  divided, for  the administration of jus-
  tice;  so that there  is no  part  of the
  kingdom  but  what  lieth within  some
  county.  Every county is governed by a
  yearly officer, called a sheriff, who puts
  in  execution  all  the  commands and
  judgments  of the  king's  courts.  Of
  these counties  four are termed county-
  palalines,  as that of Lancaster, Chester,
  Durham  and  Ely.  A county-palatine
  is a jurisdiction  of so  high a nature,
  that the  chief  governors of these, by
  special charter from the  king, sent out
  all  writs in their own  name; and did all
  things touching justice as absolutely as
  the prince himself, only acknowledging
  him their superior and sovereign.  But
  this power  has, by a  statute in Henry
  VIII. his time, been much abridged.
  There  are likewise counties corporate,
  which are certain  cities  or  ancient bo-
  roughs  upon which  our princes have
  thought  good to bestow extraordinary
  liberties.  Of these London is one, York
  another, the city of Chester  a third, and
  Canterbury a fourth.  And to these may
  be  added  many more; as the county of
  the town of Kingston upon  Hull,  the
  county of the town of Haverfordwest,
  and the  county of Litchfield.  County
  is,  in another signification, used for the
  county-court.                    Cowell.
    Discharge your powers unto their several counties,
  As we will ours.              Shaksp. Henry IV.
    He caught his  death the last county sessions,
  where he would go to see  justice  done to a poor
  widow-woman, and her fatherless children.
                           Addison's Spectator.
2. An earldom.
3. [Compte]  A count; a lord.   Now  whol-
  ly obsolete.
    The gallant, young, and noble gentleman,
  The county Paris.      Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
    He made Hugh Lupus county palatine of Ches-
  ter,  and gave that earldom to him and his heirs, to
  hold the same ita libere ad gladium, sicut rex tene-
  bat Angliam ad coronam.                 Davies.
COUPE'E, k66-pee'.to. s.  [Fr.] A motion
  in  dancing, when one leg is a little bent
  and suspended from the  ground,  and
  with the  other a motion is made  for-
  wards.                           Chamb.
CO'UPLE, kup'pl.314 ra. s.[couple, Fr. co-
  pula, Lat.]
1.  A  chain or tie that  holds dogs  to-
  gether.
          I'll keep my stable-stand where
  I  lodge my wife; I'll go in couples with her,
  Than when  I feel and see no further trust her.
                                   Shakspeare.
    It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs
  in couples; they should be of the same size and hu-
  mour.                            L'Estrange.
2.  Two; a  brace.
    He was taken up by a couple of  shepherds, and
  by them brought to life again.             Sidney.
     A schoolmaster, who shall teach my son and yours,
  I will provide;  yea, though the three do cost me a
  couple of hundred pounds.               Ascham.
     A piece of chrystal  inclosed a couple of drops,
  which looked like water when they were shaken,
  though perhaps they are nothing but bubbles of air.
                              Addison on Italy.
     By adding one to one, we have the complex idea
  of a couple.                             Locke.
3.  A male and his female.
    So shall all the couples three;
  Ever true in loving be.   Shak. Mids. Night's Dr.
                        Oh! alas!
  I lost a couple, that 'twixt heaven and earth
  Might thus have stood, begetting wonder, as
  You gracious couple do.    Shaksp.  Winter's Tale.
    I have read of a feigned commonwealth,  where
  the married couple are permitted, before they con-
  tract, to see one another naked.  Bac. New Atlantis.
    He said: the careful couple join their tears,
  And then invoke the gods with pious prayers.
                                      Dryden.
    All succeeding generations of men are the pro-
  geny of one primitive couple.    Bentley's Sermons.
To Co'uple, kiip'pl.406 v. a. [copulo,  Lat.]
I.  To chain together.
    Huntsman,  I charge thee, tender well my hounds;
  And couple Clowder with the deep-mouth'd Brach.
                                   Shakspeare.
2.  To join one to another.
    What greater ills have the  heavens in store,
  To couple coming harms with sorrow past. Sidney.
    And wheresoe'er we went,  like Juno's  swans,
  Still we went coupled and inseparable.    Shaksp.
    Put the taches into the loops,  and cowpfe the tent
  together that it may be one.     Exodus, xxvi. 11.
    They behold your  chaste  conversation coupled
  with fear.                       1 Peter, iii. 2
    Thnr  concernments were  so coupled, that if na-
  ture had not, yet their religions would have made
  them brothers.                          South.
    That man makes a mean  figure  in the eyes of
  reason, who is measuring syllables and coupling
  rhimes, when he should  be mending his  own soul,
  and securing his own immortality.           Pope.
3.  To marry; to wed; to  join in wedlock.
    I shall rejoice to see  you  so coupled, as may be
  fit both for your honour and your satisfaction.
                                      Sidney.
    I am just going to assist with  the archbishop,  in
  degrading a parson who  couples all our beggars, by
  which I shall make one happy man.         Stvift.
To Co'uple, kup'pl. v. n.  To join in em-
  braces.
    Waters in Africa, being rare, divers sorts of beasts
  come from several parts to drink; and so being re-
  freshed, fall to couple, and many times with several
  kinds.                                Bacon.
            Thou, with thy lusty crew,
  Cast wanton eyes on toe daughters of men,
  And coupled with them,  and begot a race.
                     Milton's Paradise Regained.
    That great variety of brutes  in Africa, is by rea-
  son of the meeting  together of brutes  of several
  species, at water, and the promiscuous couplings  of
  males and females of several species.
                       Ho! '- Origin of Mankind.
                After thi allia ce
  Let tigers match with hii; •  and w>  es with sheep,
  And every creature coupl   itli his       Dryden.
Co'uple-reggar,  i.    pl-be  j   r.   n.   s.
   [couple  and begga,    One   at makes
   it his business to n<  ry  begg ,. s to each
   other.
     No couple-beggar in the iui.d
  E'er join'd such numbers hand in hand.     Swift.
 Co'uplet, kup'let   to. s. [Fr.]
 1.  Two verses; a  pair of rhimes.
     Then would they cast away toeir pipes, and hold-
   ing  hand  in hand,  dance by the only cadence  of
   their voices, which they would  use iu singing some
   short couplets, whereto  the one half beginning, the
   other half should answer.                Sidney.
     Then at the last, an only couplet fraught
   With some unmeaning  thing they call a thought;
   A needless Alexandrine ends the  song,
   That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length
         along.                           Pipe.
           In Pope I cannot read a line;
         But with a sigh  I wish it mine;
         When he can in oue  cot.plet fix
         Move sense than I can do in six, 
eou
eou
eou
         It gives me such a jealous fit,
         I cry, Pox take him and his wit!     Sioift.
 2.  A pair, as of doves.
     Anon, as patient as the female dove,
  Ere that her golden couplets are disclos'd,
  His silence will sit drooping.     Shaksp. Hamlet.
 CO'URAGE, kur'ridje.96 to. a. [courage,
   Fr. from cor, Lat.]  Bravery;  active for-
   titude; spirit of enterprize.
               The king-becoming graces,
  Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
  I have no relish of them.         Shaks. Macbeth.
                    Their discipline
  Now mingled with their courage.  Shak. Cymbeline,
     Hope arms their courage; from their tow'rs they
         throw
  Their darts with double force, and drive the foe.
                                       Dryden.
     Courage, that grows from constitution, very often
  forsakes a  man when he  has occasion for it; and
  when it is only a kind of instinct in the soul, it
  breaks out  on  all occasions, without  judgment or
  discretion.   That courage  which arises from the
  sense of our duty,  and from the fear of offending
  Him that made us, acts always in an uniform man-
  ner, and  according to the dictates of right reason.
                             Addison's Guardian.
     Nothing but the want of common courage was the
  cause of their misfortunes.                 Sioift.
 Coura'geous,  kur-ra'je-us.  adj.   [from
   courage.]

 1.  Brave; daring;  bold; enterprizing;  ad-
   venturous;  hardy; stout.
     And he  that is courageous among the mighty,
  shall flee away naked in that day.     Amos ii. 16.
     Let us  imitate the courageous example of St.
  Paul, who chose then to magnify his office when ill
  men conspired  to lessen it.            Atterbury.
 2.  It is used ludicrously by Shakspeare
   for outrageous.
     He is very courageous mad, about his throwing
  into the water.                      Shakspeare.
 Coura'geously,  kur-ra'je-us-le.   adv.
   [from  courageous.]   Bravely;  stoutly;
   boldly.
     The king the next day presented him battle upon
  the plain,  the  fields there being  open and  cham-
  paign: the earl courageously came down, and joined
  battle with him.             Bacon's Henry VII.
 Coura'geousness, kur-ra'je-us-nes. n. s.
   [from courageous.]  Bravery; boldness;
   spirit; "courage.
     Nicanor hearing of the manliness and the coura-
  geousness that  they had  to fight for their country,
  durst not try the matter by the sword.
                            2 Maccabees, xiv. 18.
 Coura'nt, kur-rant'.    ~)  to.  s.  [courante,
 Coura'nto, ki'ir-ran'to. 3  Fr.]   See  Co-
   rant.
 1.  A nimble dance.
     I'll like a maid the better,  while  LJiave a tooth
  in my head: why, he is able to lead hern, couranto.
                                    Shakspeare.
 2.  Any thing that spreads quick, as a pa-
   per of news.
 To Courb, k66rb.x>.TO. [courber, Fr.] To
  bend; to  bow; to stoop in supplication.
  Not in use.
    In the fatness of these pursy times,
  Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
  Yea, courb and woo, for leave  to do it good.
                            Shakspeare's Hamlet.
Co'urier,  k66'reer."6 to.  s. [courier, Fr.]
  A messenger  sent in  haste; an express;
  a runner.
    I met a courier, one mine ancient friend.
                                Shaksp. Timon.
    This thing the wary bassa  well perceiving, by
  speedy couriers advertised Solyman of the enemy's
  purpose, requesting him with all speed to repair
  with his army to Tauris.       Knolles's History.
COURSE,  korse.318  to.  *.  [course,  Fr.
   cursus,  Lat.]
 I.  Race; career.
    And some she arms with sinewy force,
  And some with swiftness in the course.     Cowley.
2.  Passage from place to place; progress.
   To this may be referred, the course of
   a river.
    And when we had finished our course from Tyre,
  we came to Ptolemais.              Acts xxi. 7.
    A light by which the Argive squadron steers
  Their silent course to Ilium's well known shore.
                                      Denham.
3.  Tilt;  act of running in the lists.
    But this hot knight was cooled with a fall, which,
  at the third course, he received of Phalautus.
                                       Sidney.
4.  Ground on which a  race is run.
5.  Track  or  line in which  a ship sails, or
   any motion is performed.
6.  Sail;  means by  which  the course is
   performed.
    To the courses we have devised studding-sails,
  sprit-sails, and top-sails.         Raleigh's Essays.
7. Progress from one gradation to  another;
   process.
    When the state of the  controversy is plainly de-
  termined, it must not be altered by another dispu-
  tant in the course ofthe disputation.        Watts.
8.  Order of  succession: as, every one in
   his  course.
    If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be
  by two, or at the most by three, and that by course;
  and let one interpret.             1 Cor. xiv. 27.
9.  Stated and  orderly method, or  manner.
                 If she live long,
  And in the end meet the old course of death,
  Women will all turn monsters.  Shak. King Lear.
    The duke cannot deny the course of law. Shaksp.
    If  God,  by his revealed declaration,  first gave
  rule to any man, he, that will claim by that title,
  must have the  same  positive grant of God for his
  succession; for, if it has not directed toe course of
  its descent and conveyance, no body can  succeed to
  this title  of the first ruler.                Locke.
10. Series of  successive  and methodical
   procedure.
    The glands did resolve during her course of phy-
  sick,  and she continueth very well to this  day.
                            Wiseman's Surgery.
11. The  elements  of  an  art  exhibited
   and  explained,  in  a methodical series.
   Hence our courses  of philosophy, ana-
   tomy, chymistry, and mathematicks.
                                  Chambers.
12. Conduct;  manner of proceeding.
    Grittus perceiving the danger he was in, began
  to doubt with himself what course were best for him
  to take.                              Knolles.
    That worthy deputy finding nothing but a com-
  mon misery, took the best course he possibly could
  to establish a commonwealth in Ireland.
                              Davies on Ireland.
    He placed commissioners there, who governed it
  only  in a course of discretion,  part martial,  part
  crv'l.                        Davies on Ireland.
    Give willingly what I can take by force;
  And know obedience is your safest course. Dryden.
    But if a right course be taken with children, there
  will not be so much need of common rewards and
  punishments.                            Locke.
              'Tis time we should decree
  What course to take.             Addison's Cato.
    The senate observing how, in all contentions, they
  were forced to yield to  the tribunes and people,
  thought it their wisest course to give way also  to
  time.                                  Swift.
 I 3. Method of  life; train of actions.
     A woman of so working a mind, and so vehement
   spirits, as  it was happy she took a good course; or
   otherwise it would have bSen terrible.     Sidney.
         His addiction was to courses vain;
   His companies unletter'd, rude, and shallow;
   His hours  fill'd up with riots, banquets, sports.
                           Shakspeare's Henry V.
     As the dropsy-man, the more he drinks, the drier
   he is, and  the more he still desires to drink; even
   so a sinner, the more he sins, the apter is he to sin,
   and more desirous to keep  still a course in  wicked-
   ness.                                 Perkins.
                   Men will say,
   That beauteous Emma vagrant courses took,
   Her father's house and civil life forsook.    Prior.
 14. Natural bent; uncontrolled will.
     It is best to leave nature  to her course, who is the
   sovereign physician in  most diseases.       Temple.
     So every servant took his course,
   And, bad at first, they  all grew worse.      Prior.
 15. Catamenia.
     The stoppage of women's courses, if not suddenly
  looked to, sets them undoubtedly into a consumption,
  dropsy, or  some other dangerous disease.   Harvey.
 16.  Orderly structure.
     The tongue defileth the whole  body, and setteth
  on fire the course of nature.          James, iii. 6.
 17.  [In architecture.]   A continued range
   of stones, level  or of the same height,
   throughout the  whole  length  of the
   building,  and not interrupted by  any
   aperture.                          Harris.
 18. Series  of consequences.
 19. Number of  dishes  set on at once  up-
   on the table.
    Worthy Sir, thou bleed'st:
  Thy exercise hath been too violent
  For a second course of fight.               Shaksp.
    Then with a second course the tables load,
  And with full chargers offer  to the god.
                               Diyden's  ALneid.
    You  are not to wash your hands till after you
  have sent up your second course.           Swift.
    So quick retires each flying course, you'd swear
  Sancho's dread doctor  and his wand  were there.
                                         Pope.
20. Regularity; settled rule.
21. Empty form.
    Men talk as if  they believed  in God,  but they
  live as if they thought there  was  none; their  vows
  and promises are no more than words of course.
                                    L'Estrange.
22.  Of course.   By  consequence.
    Wito a mind unprepossessed by doctors and com-
  mentators of any sect, whose reasonings, interpreta-
  tion, and language, which I have  been used to, will
  of course  make  all  chime that way; and make
  another, and perhaps the genuine  meaning of the
  author, seem harsh, strained, and uncouth to me.
                                        Locke.

23.  Of course.   By settled  rule.
     Sense is of course annex'd to  wealth and power;
  No muse is proof against a golden shower.   Garth.
     Neither  shall I be so far wanting to myself, as
  not to desire a patent, granted of course to all use-
  ful projectors.                            Swift.
 To Course,  korse. v. a. [from  the noun.]
 1. To hunt; to pursue.
               The big round tears
   Cours'd one another down his innocent nose
   In piteous chase.           Shaksp. As you like it.
     The king is hunting the deer;  I am coursing my-
   self.                               Shakspeare.
          Where's the thane of Cawdor?
   We cours'd him at the heels, and had a purpose
   To be his purveyor.            Shaksp.  Macbeth.
 2.  To pursue with dogs that hunt in view.
     It would be tried also in flying of  hawks, or in
   coursing of a deer, or hart, with greyhounds.
                        Bacon's Natural History. 
eou
eou
cot
    I am continually starting hares for you to course;
  we were certainly cut out for one  another; for my
  temper quits an amour just where thine takes it up.
                         Congreve's Old Bachelor.
3. To put  to speed; to force to run.
          When they have &n appetite
  To venery, let them not drink nor eat,
  And cottrse them oft, and tire them  in the heat.
                                   May's Virgil.
To Course, korse. v.  to. To run;  to  rove
   about.
    Swift as quicksilver it courses through
  The nat'ral gates and alleys of the body.
                                 Shaksp. Hamlet.
    The blood, before cold  and settled, left the liver
  white and pale, which is the  badge of pusillanimity
  and cowardice; but the sherris warms it,  and makes
  it course from the inwards to the parts extreme.
                                     Shakspeare.
    She did so  course o'er  my exteriours, with such
  a greedy intention, that  the appetite  of her  eye
  did seem to scorch me up  like a burning glass.
                  Shaksp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
    Ten brace and more of greyhounds, snowy fair,
  And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around
      his chair.                          Dryden.
                   All, at once
  Relapsing  quick, as quickly re-ascend
  And mix, and thwart, extinguish, and renew,
  All ether coursing in a maze of light.     Thomson.
Co'urser,  kor'sur.  w.  a.  [from  course;
   coursier, Fr.]

1. A swift horse; a war horse; a word not
   used in prose.
    He proudly pricketh on his courser strong,
  And  Atin  ay  him pricks with spurs of shame and
      wrong.                            Spenser.
    Then to his absent guest the king decreed
  A pair of coursers, born of heav'nly  breed;
  Who from  toeir nostrils breath'd etherial fire,
  Whom Circe stole from her celestial sire.  Dryden.
    The impatient courser pants in eveiy vein,
  And, pawing, seems to beat the distant plain;
  Hills, vales, and floods appear already cross'd,
  And, ere he starts, a thousand steps are lost.   Pope.
2. One who pursues the  sport of coursing
   hares.
    A leash  is a leathern thong, by which a falconer
  holds his hawk, or a courser leads his greyhound.
                                       Hanmer.

COURT, k6rte.31s to. s.[cour,  Fr. koert,
   Dut. curtis, low Lat.]
1. The place  where  the  prince resides;
   the  palace.
    Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires,
  Men so disorderly, so debauch'd and bold,
  That this our court, infected wito their  manners,
  Shews like a riotous inn; epicurism and lust
  Make it more like a tavern,  or a brothel,
  Than  agrac'd palace.         Shaksp. King Lear.
    It shall be an habitation  of dragons, and a court
  for owls.                       Isaiah, xxvi.  13.
    His exactness, that eveiy man  should have  his
  due, was  such,  that you would think he had  never
  seen a court: toe politeness  wito which this justice
  was administered,  would convince you he  never
  lived out of one.              Prior's Dedication.
    A suppliant to your royal court I come.     Pope.
2. The  hall or chamber where  justice
   is administered.
    Are you acquainted with the difference
  That  holds this present question In toe court?
                                        Shaksp.
     St.  Paul being brought  unto the highest court
  in Athens, to give an account of the doctrine he  had
  preached  concerning Jesus  and  the resurrection,
  took occasion to imprint on  those magistrates a fu-
  ture state.                           Atterbury.
3. Open space before  a  house.
    You must have, before  you come to  the front,
  three  courts; a green court plain, with a wall about

      VOL.  I.
  it; a second court of the same, but more garnished,
  with little turrets, or other embellishments, upon the
  wall; and a  third  cowrf, to square  with the front,
  not to be built but inclosed with a naked wall.
                                        Bacon.
    Suppose it were the  king's bedchamber, yet the
  meanest man in the  tragedy must come  and dis-
  patch his business, rather than in the lobby or court
  yard  (which  is  fitter for  him)  for fear  the stage
  should be cleared, and the scenes broken.     Dryd.
4. A small opening inclosed with houses
  and paved with broad stones, distinguish-
  ed from a street.
5. Persons who compose the  retinue of a
  prince.
    Their wisdom was so highly esteemed, that  some
  of them were always employed to follow  the courts
  of their kings, to advise them.           Temple.
6. Persons  who are assembled for  the ad-
  ministration of justice.
7. Any jurisdiction, military, civil, or eccle-
  siastical.
        If any noise or soldier you perceive
  Near to the wall, by some apparent sign
  Let us have knowledge at the court of guard. Shaksp.
                The archbishop
  Of Canterbury, accompanied with other
  Learned and reverend fathers of his order,
  Held late a court at Dunstable.          Shaksp.
    I have at last met with  the proceedings of the
  court baron, held in that behalf.        Spectator.
8. The art of pleasing; the  art of insinua-
  tion.
    Him the prince with gentle court did board.
                                       Spenser.
    Hast thou  been never  base? Did love  ne'er
      bend
  Thy frailer virtue, to betray toy friend?
  Flatter me, make thy court, and say it did,
  Kings in a crowd would have their vices hid. Dryd.
    Some sort of people, placing a great part of their
  happiness in strong drink, are always forward to
  make  cowrf to my young master, by offering  that
  which they love best themselves.           Locke.
    I have been  considering why poets have such ill
  success in making their cowrf, since they are allow-
  ed to be the greatest  and best of all flatterers; toe
  defect is, that they flatter only in print or in writing.
                                         Swift.
9. It is often used in composition  in  most
  of its senses.

To Court, korte. v.  to.  [from the noun.]
1. To  woo; to solicit a woman to  marriage
    Follow a shadow, it flies you;
  Seem to fly it, it will pursue:
  So court a mistress, she denies you;
  Let her alone, she will court you.      J5en Jonson.
    Fir'd with her love, and with ambition led,
  The neighb'ring princes cowrf her nuptial bed.
                               Diyden's AZneid.
    Alas! Sempronius, wouldst thou talk of love
  To Marcia, whilst her father's life's in danger?
  Thou might'st  as  well court the  pale  trembling
      vestal,
  While she beholds the holy flame expiring.
                                Addison's Cato.
    Ev'n now, when silent scorn is all they gain,
  A thousand court you, though they cowrf iu vain.
                                         Pope.
2. To solicit; to seek.
    Their own ease and satisfaction  would quickly
  teach children  to  court commendation, and avoid
  doing what they found condemned.          Locke.
3. To flatter; to endeavour to please.
Court-chai-lain,   korte-tshap'lin. to.  *.
  [court and chaplain]  One  who  attends
  the king  to  celebrate the  holy offices.
    The  maids of honour have been  fully  convinced
  by a famous court-chaplain.                Sioift.
Court-day, korte-tla'.  «.  s.  [court and

                     3k
   day.j  Day on  which justice is solemnly
   administered.
    The judge took time to deliberate, and the nex'
  court-day he spoke.           Arbuthnot and Pope.
Court-dresser, korte-di es'sur. n.s.[coui:
   and dresser/] One that dresses the court,
   or persons of  rank;  a flatterer.
    There are many ways of fallacy; such arts of giv-
  ing colours, appearances, and resemblances, by this
  court-dresser, fancy.                      Locke.
Court-favour,  korte-fa'vur.  n.  s.  Fa-
   vours or benefits bestowed by princes.
    We part with toe  blessings of both  worlds for
  pleasures,  courtfavours,  and  commissions;  and at
  last, when  we have sold ourselves to our lusts,t wc
  grow sick of our bargain.             L'Estrange
Court-hand, korte'hand. to. s.  [court and
   hand]  The hand or manner of writing
   used in   records and judicial proceed-
   ings.
    He can make obligations, and write court-hand.
                                        Shaksp.
Court-lady, korte-la'de. to. s.  [court  and
   lady] A lady conversant or  employed
   in court.
    The same study, long continued, is as intolerable
  to them, as the appearing long in the same clothes,
  or fashion is to a court-lady.               Locke.
Co'urteous, kur'tshe-us.314 adj. [courtois,
   Fr.]  Elegant of manners; polite;  well-
   bred;  full of acts of respect.
    He hath deserved worthily of his country; and his
  ascent  is not by such  easy degrees, as those  who
  have been supple and courteous to the people. Shak p^.
    They are one while cotcrfeows, civil, and obliging;
  but, within a  small  time  after,  are  supercilious,
  sharp, troublesome, fierce, and exceptious.   South.
Co'urteously, k&r'tshe-us-le  adv. [from
   courteous.]  Respectfully;  civilly;  com-
   plaisantly.
    He thought them to  be gentlemen of much more
  worth than their habits bewrayed, yet he let them
  courteously pass.                       Wotton.
    While Christ was upon earth, he was not only
  easy of  access, he did not only couiieously receive
  all that addressed themselves  to him, but also did
  not  disdain himself to  travel up  and down the
  country.                     Calamy's Sermons.
    Alcinous, being prevailed  upon by the glory of
  his name, entertained him courteously.     Broome.
Co'urteousness,  kur'tshe-us-nes.   to.  s.
   [from  courteous.]   Civility;   complai-
   sance.
Co'urtesan, ? , ,   iM   4  ,   <i n.  s.Vcorti-
,„ ,            > kur-te-zan'.  <       L  .
Courtezan, )                I    a ana,  low
   Lat.]  A women  of the town; a prosti-
   tute; a strumpet.
    'Tis a brave  knight to cool a courtezan.   Shaksp.
    Wito them  there  are  no  stews,  no  dissolute
  houses, no  courtesans,  nor any  thing of that kind;
  nay they wonder,  with detestation,  at you  in Eu-
  rope, which permit such tilings.            Bacon.
    The Corinthian is a column lasciviously  decked
  like a courtezan.                        Wotton.
    Chaicxus,  toe  brother of Sappho, in  love with
  Rhodope toe courtezan, spent his whole estate  upon
  her.                               _  Addison,
Co'urtesy, kur'te-se. «.  s. [courtousie, Fr.
   corte&ia, Itai. ]
1. Elegance of manners; civility; complai-
   sance.
    Sir, you  are very welcome to our house:
  It must appear in oilier ways than words,
  Therefore  1 scant this  breathing courttstj.   Shak^.
    Who have Men his estate,  his hospitality, his
  coiuttsy to  strangers.                    Peacham.
    He, who was compounded of all the elements oi
  affability and courtesy towards all kind of people, 
c ou
cow
C 0 w
  brought himself to a habit of neglect, and even of
i  rudeness, towards the queen.          Clarendon.
    Courtesy is sooner found in lowly shades
  With smoky rafters, than in tap'stiy halls,
  And courts of princes, whence it first was nam'd.
                                       Milton.
    So gentle of condition was he known,
  That through the court his courtesy was blown.
                                       Dryden.
2. An act of civility or respect.
    You spurn'd me such a day; another time
  You call'd me dog; and for these courtesies,
  I'll lend you  thus much  money.           Shaksp.
    Repose you there, while I to the hard house
  Return,  and force their scanted courtesy.   Shaksp
           When  I was last at Exeter
  ^Fhe mayor in courtesy shew'd me the castle. Shaksp
    Sound all the lofty instruments of war,
  And by that musick let us all embrace;
  For heav'n to earth some of us never shall
  A second time do such a courtesy.         Shaksp.
    Other states, assuredly, cannot be justly accused
  for  not staying for the first blow; or for not accepting
  Polyphemus's courtesy,  to be the last that shall be
  eaten up.                              Bacon.

3. The reverence made by  women.
    Some countiy  girl, scarce to a court'sy bred,
  Would I much rather than Cornelia wed;
  If, supercilious, haughty, proud, and vain,
  She brought  her father's triumphs in her train.
                                       Dryden.
    The poor  creature was as full of courtesies as if
  I had been her godmother:  the  truth on 't is, I en-
  deavoured to make her look something Christian-
  like.                      Cong. Old Bachelor.

4. A tenure, not of  right,  but by the fa-
   vour of others; as,  to hold upon courte-
   sy.

5.  Courtesy  of  England.   A  tenure  by
   which, if a  man  marry  an  inheritrix,
   that is, a woman seised of land, and get-
   teth a child  of her that conies alive in-
   to the world, though both the child and
   his wife die forthwith, yet, if she were in
   possession, shall dp keep the land dur-
   ing his life, and is called tenant per legem
   Anglia, or by the  courteay of England.
                                      Cowell.
 7ToCo'uRTESY,kurt'se.-y.TO.[fromthenoun.]
 1.  To  perform an act  of reverence: it is
   now only  used of women.
     Toby approaches, and courl'sies there to me.
                                        Shaksp.
              The petty traffickers,
   That court'sy to them, do them reverence.  Shaksp.
 2.  To make a reverence in  the manner of
    ladies.
          If I  should meet her in my way,
        We hardly court'sy to each other.     Prior,
 Co'urtier, korte'yur.113 to. s.[fromcourt]
 1. One that frequents or attends the courts
   of  princes.
     He hath been a courtier, he swears.----
  If any man doubts that, let him put me to my purga-
  tion.  I have trod a measure;  I have flattered  a
  lady; I  have been politick with my friend,  smooth
  with'mine  enemy; I have undone three taylors; 1
  have  had four  quarrels, and like to  have fought
                                        Shaksp.
  one.                          ,        „, .
     You are a flattering boy; now, I see you'll be a
  courtier.                              Shaksp.
    You know I am no courtier,  nor versed in state-
  affairs                                 Bacon-
     The principal figure  in a picture, is like a king
  among his courtiers, who ought to dim the lustre of
  his attendants.                        Dryden-
2.  One  that courts or solicits  the favour
   of another.
                           What
  Made thee, all honour'd, honest Roman Brutus,
  With the arm'd rest, courtiers of beauteous  free-
      dom,
  To drench the capitol?   Shaksp. Antony and Chop.
    There was not among  all our princes a greater
  courtier of the people than  Richard HI.;  not out of
  fear, but wisdom.                    Suckling.
Co'urtine, kur'tin.208  See CURTAIN.
Co'urtmke, korte'like.  adj. [court  and
  like.]  Elegant; polite.
    Our English tongue is, I  will not say as sacred as
  the  Hebrew, or as  learned as  the Greek, but as
  fluent as the Latin, as courteous as toe Spanish, as
  courtlike as the French, and as amorous as the Ital-
  ian.                        Camden's Remains.
Co'urtliness,  kort'Ie-nes.  to.  s.  [from
  courtly.]  Elegance  of manners;  grace
  of mien; complaisance;  civility.
    The slightest part that you excel in, is courtliness.
                 Lord Digby to Sir Kenelm Digby.
Co'urtling, korte'ling. n. s. [from court.]
  A  courtier; a retainer to a court.
    Courtling, I rather thou  should'st utterly
  Dispraise my work, than praise it frostily.  Jonson.
Co'urtly, korte'le. adj. [from court.] Re-
  lating or retaining  to the court; elegant;
  soft; flattering.
    In our own time (excuse some courtly strains.)
  No whiter page than Addison's remains.     Pope.
Co'urtly, korte'le. adv. In the manner of
  courts; elegantly.
    They  can produce nothing so courtly writ, or
  which expresses so much the conversation of a gen-
  tleman, as  Sir John Suckling.          Dryden.

Co'urtship,korte'ship. to. s. Tfrom court.]
I. The  act of soliciting favour.
    He paid his courtship with the crowd,
  As far as modest pride allow'd.           Swift.
2. The  solicitation of a woman to mar-
  riage.
    Be merry, and employ your chiefest thoughts
  To courtship, and such fair  ostents of love,
  As shall conveniently become you there.    Shaksp.
    In tedious courtship we declare our pain,
  And ere we kindness find,  first meet disdain. Dryd.
    Every man  in the time  of courtship, and in the
  first entrance of marriage, puts on a behaviour like
  my correspondent's holiday suit.          Addis.
3. Civility; elegance of manners.
    My courtship to an university,
  My modesty I give to soldiers bare;
  My patience to a gamester's share.       Donne.

CO'USIN, kuz'zn.314 "» to. *. [cousin, Fr.
   consanguineus,  Lat.]
 I.  Any one  col.ateraily related more re-
   motely than a brother or sister.
             Macbeth unseam'd him.
  Oh valiant cousin! worthy gentleman!      Shaksp
    Tybalt, my cousin! 0 my brother's child!
  Unhappy sight! alas, the blood is spill'd
  Of my dear kinsman.    Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
    Thou art, great lord,  my father's sister's son,
  And cousin german to great Priam's seed.  Shaksp.
2. A title given by the  king to a  nobleman,
   particularly to those ofthe council.
COW,  koh.323n. s. [in the  plural  ancient-
   ly kine,  or keen, now commonly  cows;
  cu. Sax. koe, Dut.]  The  female of the
   bull; the horned animal with cloven feet,
   kept for her milk and calves.
    We see that the horns  of oxen and cows, for the
  most part,  are larger than  the bull's; which  is caus-
  ed by abundance of moisture, which in the horns of
  the bull faileth.                        2?acon.
    After the  fever is diminished, asses and goats
  milk may be  necessary; yea, a diet of  cows milk
  alone.                      Wiseman's Surgery.
    Then, leaving in the fields his grazing coivs,
  He sought himself some hospitable house:
  Good Creton entertain'dhis godlike guest. Dryden.
To Cow, kou. v. a. [from coward, by con-
  traction.] To  depress  with  fear; to op-
  press with habitual timidity.
      Macduff was from his mother's womb
  Untimely ripp'd.------
  ------Accursed be that tongue that tells me so,
  For it hath cow'd my better part of man.   Shaksp,
    By  reason of their frequent  revolts, they  have
  drawn upon themselves the pressures of war so often,
  that it seems  to have somewhat cowed their spirits.
                          Howel's  Vocal Forest-
    For when men by their wives are  cow'd,
  Their horns of course are understood.    Hudibras.
Cow-herd,   kou'herd.  to.  s.  [cow,  and
   hypo, Sax.  a  keeper.]   One whose
  occupation is to tend cows.
Cow-house,  kou'house.  to. s.  [cow  and
  house] The house in which kine are kept.
    You must house your milch-cows, that you give
  hay to, in your coio-housc all night.      Mortimer.
Cow-leech, kou/letsh.   to. s.  [cow  and
  leech]   One who professes to cure dis-
  tempered cows.

To Cow-leech, kou'letsh. v.n.   To pro-
  fess  to cure cows.
    Though there are  many pretenders to the art of
  farriering and cow-leeching, yet many of toem are
  very ignorant, especially in toe country.
                         Mortimer's Husbarulry.
Cow-weed,  kou'wede.   n.  s.  [cow  and
  weed.]  A  species of chervil.
Cow-wheat,  kovi'hwete. to.  s. [cow  and
  wheat.]   A plant.

CO'WARD, kou'urd.88  333 n. s. [couard,
  Fr.  of uncertain derivation.]
1. A poltroon; a  wretch  whose predomi-
  nant passion is fear.
    Pyrocles did such wonders, beyond belief, as was
  able to lead  Musidorus to courage, though he had
  been born a couwd.                    Sidney.
    There was a soldier that vaunted,  before Julius
  Cssar, of the  hurts he had  received in his  face.
  Cssar, knowing him to be but a coivard, told him,
  You were best take heed, next time you run away,
  how you look back.                      Bacon.
    Some are brave one day, and cowards another, as
  great captains have  often  told me, from their own
  experience and observation.             Temple.
    A coward does not always  escape with disgrace,
  but sometimes also he loses bis life.        South.
    Tremble ye not, oh friends! aad cowards fly,
  Doom'd by the stern Telemachus to die!
                                 Pope's Odyssey.
2.  It is sometimes used  in  the  manner of
   an adjective.
    Having more man than  wit about me, I drew;
  And rais'd the house with loud and coward cries.
                                       Shaksp.
    Invading fears repel my coward joy,
  And ills foreseen the present bliss destroy.  Prior.
Co'wardice,  kou'ur-dis.142  to.  a.  [from
   coward.]   Fear;  habitual timidity;  pu-
   sillanimity;  want of courage.
    Certes, Sir knight, ye been too much to blame,
  Thus for to blot the honour of toe dead;
  Aud with foul cowardice his carcase shame,
  Whose living hands immortaliz'd his name.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     Gallant and fearless courage will turn into a na-
  tive and heroick valour, and  make them hate the
  cotoarcfice of doing wrong.     MUton on Education,
    None was disgiac'd; for falling is no shame,
  And cowardice alone is loss of fame:
  The vent'rous knight is from  the saddle thrown,
  But 'tis the fault of fortune, not his own.
                               Dryden's Fables. 
cow
COY
COZ
    This great, this ho'y, this terrible Being, is pre-
  sent to all our affections; sees every treacherous in-
  clination of our heart to desert his service; and
  treasures up, against the day of his wrath, the secret
  corvardice which deters us from asserting his cause;
  which prevails on us to compliment the vices of the
  great, to applaud the libertine, and laugh with the
  profane.                     Rogers's Sermons
Co'wardliness,  koii'urd-le-nes.   to.  s.
   [from cowardly.]  Timidity; cowardice.
Co'wardly,  kou'urd-le. adj. [from cow-
   ard.]
 1.  Fearful;  timorous; pusillanimous.
    An Egyptian soothsayer made Antonius believe
  that his genius, otherwise brave and confident, was
  in the presence of Octavius poor and cowardly.
                              Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2.  Mean;  befitting  a coward; proceeding
   from fear.
         I do find it cowardly and vile,
  For fear of what might fall, so to prevent
  The time of life.           Shaksp. Julius  Ccesar.
    Let all such as can enlarge their consciences like
  hell, and style a cowardly silence in Christ's cause
  discretion, know, that Christ will one day scorn
  them.                                 South.
Co'wardly, kou'urd-le. adv. In the man-
   ner of a coward;  meanly; vilely.
    He sharply reproved them as men of no courage,
  who had  most  cowardly turned their  backs upon
  toeir enemies.                        Knolles.
Co'wardship,  kou'urd-ship. to. s. [from
   coward]  The character or qualities of
   a coward; meanness:  a word not  now
   in use.
    A  very  paltry boy,  and more a coward than a
  hare:  his dishonesty appears in  leaving his friend
  here  in  necessity, and denying him; and  for  his
  cowardship, ask Fabian.                Shaksp.
To  Co'wer,   ko&'iir.233 v.  to. [cwrrian,
  Welsh;  courber,  Fr. or  perhaps  bor-
  rowed from the manner in which a cow
  sinks on her knees.] To sink by  bend-
  ing  the knees; to stoop; to shrink.
    Let the pail be put  over the man's head above
  water, then he cower down, and the pail be pressed
  down with him.                        Bacon.
    The splitting  recks coie'r'c? in the  sinking sands,
  And would not dash me with their ragged sides.
                                      Shaksp.
    As thus he spake, each bird and beast beheld,
  Approaching two and two; these cow'ring low
  With blandishment, each bird stoop'd on his wing.
                                      Jlfiffon.
    Our dame sits cow'ring o'er a kitchen fire;
  I draw fresh air, and nature's works admire. Dryd.
Co'wish, kou'ish. adj.  [from To cow,  to
  awe.]   Timorous;  fearful;   mean; pu-
  sillanimous;  cowardly.   Not in use.
    It is toe cowish terrour of his spirit,
  That dares not undertake:  he'll not feel wrong,
  Which tie him to an answer.   Shaksp. King Lear.
Co'wkeeper,  kou'ke-pur. to. s.  [cow and
  keeper] One  whose business is to keep
  cows.
    The terms cowkeeper and hogherd are not to be
  used in our poetry; but there are no finer words in
  the Greek language.                    Broome.
COWL, koul.338 n.  s.  [cugle, Saxon; cu-
  cullus, Lu.]
1.  A monk s hood.
    Von  may imagine that Francis   Cornfield did
  scratch his elbow, when he had sweetly invented, to
  signify his name, saint  Francis with his friery cowl
  inacorelkld.                         Camden.
    What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl?
  I'll tell you, friend, a wise man and  a fool.   Pope.
2.  [Perhaps from cool, cooler, a  vessel in
   which hot liquor is set to cool.] A vessel
   in which water is carried on a pole be-
   tween two.
Cowl-staff,  kckM'staf. to.  s.  [cowl and
   stuff.]   The staff on which  a  vessel is
   supported between  two men.
        Mounting him upon a cowl-staff,
    Which (tossing him something high)
    He apprehended to be Pegasus.       Suckling.
    The way by a coict-staff is safer: the staff must
  have a bunch in the middle, somewhat wedge-like,
  and covered with a soft bolster.         Wiseman.
Co'wslip, kdu'slip. [n. s. paralysis; cup-
   hnne, Sax. as  some think,  from their
   resemblance of scent to the breath of a
   cow; perhaps  from  growing much  in
   pasture grounds, and often meeting the
   cow's lip.]
    Coivslip is also called  pagil, grows wild in the
  meadows, and  is a species of primrose.     Miller.
    He might as well say, that a cowslip is as white as
  a lily.                                Sidney.
    Where the bee sucks, there suck I;
  In a cowslip's bell I lie.         Shaksp.  Tempest.
                      Thy little sons
  Permit to range the pastures: gladly they
  Will mow the cowslip posies, faiutly-sweet. Philips.
Cows-lungwort,  kous'iung-wurt.  to.  a.
   A  species of muliein.
Co'xcomb,  koks'kome.  n.  a.  [cock and
   comb,  corrupted from cock's comb.]
I.  The top of the head.
    As the cockney did to the eels, when she put them
  i' the  pasty alive;  she rapt them o'  th' coxcondis
  with a stick, and cried, Down, wantons, down!
                             Shaksp. King Lear.
2. The comb resembling that of a cock,
   which  licensed  fools wore formerly in
   their caps.
    There, take my cojreomo: why, this  fellow has
  banished two of his daughters, and did the third  a
  blessing  against his will: if thou follow him, thou
  must needs wear my coxcomb.           Shaksp.
3. A fop; a superficial  pretender to know-
   ledge or accomplishments.
                  I sent^to her,
  By this same coxcomb that we have i' to' wind,
  Tokens and letters,  which she did resend.    Shak.
    1  scorn, quoth she, thou coxcomb silly,
  Quarter or council from a foe.         Hudibras.
    It is a vanity for every pretending coxcomb to
  make himself one of the party still with his betters.
                                  L'Estrange.
    They overflowed  with smart repartees, and were
  only distinguished from the intended wits  by being
  called coxcombs, though they deserved not so scan-
  dalous a name.                       Dryden.
    Some  are bewilder'd in  the maze of schools,
  And some made coxcombs,  nature meant but fools.
                                        Pope.
4. A kind of red flower.

Coxco'mical, koks-kom'ik-al.  adj. [from
   coxcomb.]   Foppish;  conceited: a low
   word, unworthy of use.
    Because, as he was a very natural writer, and
  they were without prejudice, without prepossession,
  without affectation,  and without the influence of cox-
  comical, senseless cabal, they were at  liberty to re-
  ceive the impressions which things naturally made
  on their minds.                        Dennis.
COY,  koe. atf/'.[cof,Fr. from quietus,L.at]
I.  Modest; decent.
        Jason is as coy as is a maide;
  He looked piteously, but nought he said.   Chancer.
2.  Reserved;  not  accessible;  not  easily
   condescending to familiarity.
    And vain delight she saw the light did pass,
  A foe of folly and immodcs' toy;
                   6k2
   Still solemn sad, or still disdainful coy.     Spenser-
     Like Phoebus sung the no less am'rous boy:
   Like Daphne she, as lovely and as coy.     Waller.
     At this season eveiy smile cf the sun,  like the
   smile of a coy lady, is as dear as it is uncommon.
                                         Pope.
       The Nile's coy source.             Gi-ainger.
 To  Coy, koe.329 v.  n.   [from the  adjec-
   tive.]
 I. To behave with  reserve;  to  reject  fa-
   miliarity.
                   What, coying it again!
   No more; but make me happy to my gust,
   That is, without your struggling.          Diyden.
     Retire! I beg you, leave me.----
   ----Thus to coy it!
   With one who knows you too!    Rowe's J. Shore,
 2. To make difficulty; not to condescend
   willingly.
                   If he coy'd
   To hear Cominius speak, I'll keep at home.
                             Shaksp.  Coriolanus.
 To Coy, koe.329 v. a. [for decoy]  To  al-
   lure.    Not in use.
          I'll mountebank their loves,
   Coy their hearts  from them,  and  come home be-
        loved
  Of all toe trades in Rome.     Shaksp.  Coriolanus.
Co'yly, koe'le.  adv.  [from coy.]   With
   reserve; with disinclination to familiari-

   ty-
    This said, his hand he coyly snatch'd away
  From forth Antinous' hand.     Chapman's Odyssey.
Co'yness, koe'nes. to. s. [from coy.]   Re-
   serve;  unwillingness   to  become  fa-
   miliar.
    When the sun hath warmed the earth  and water,
  three or four male carps will follow a female; and
  she putting on a  seeming coyness, they force her
  through weeds and flags.                 Walton.
    When the kind nymph would coyness feign,
  And hides but to be found again.         Dryden.
Co'ystrel, koe'stril. to.   s.  A species of
   degenerate hawk.
    One they might trust,  their common wrongs to
          wreak:
  The musquet and the coystrel were too weak,
  Too fierce the falcon.    Dryd. Hind and Panther.
Coz, kuz. to. s.   A cant  or familiar word,
   contracted  from cousin.
          Be merry, coz;  since sudden sorrow
  Serves to say thus, some good thing comes to-mor-
        row.                            Sliaksp.
 To CO'ZEN, kiiz'zn.31* 169 v. a.  [To cose
   is in the  old  Scotch dialect, as Junius
   observes, to  chop or   change; whence
   cozen to cheat; because in such traffick
   there  is commonly  fraud.]  To  cheat;
   to trick; to defraud.
    Let the queen pay never so fully, let  the muster-
  master view them never so diligently, let the deputy
  or  general look to them never so exactly, yet they
  can cozen them all.                    Sprnser.
    Goring loved no man so well but that he would
  cozen him, and expose him to public mirth for hav-
  ing been co.ened.                    Clarendon.
    He that suffers a government to be abused  'y
  carelessness or neglect, does the same thing wito
  him that maliciously and  corruptly sets himself to
  cozen it.                          L,Lstrangr.
    You are not obliged to a literal belief  of what the
  poet says; but you are pleased with the image, with-
  out being cozened by the fiction.          Diyden.
    What if I please to lengthen out his date
  A day, aud take a pride to cozen fate.
                           Drydm's Avreng-tbe.
    Children may be cozened into a knowledge oftl.e
  letters, and be taught to read, without pen  ivin<  it
  to be any thing but a ^port.     Lorfr-on  K.vcitfm.
 Co'zenage,  kuz'zn-aje.9u  n. s.   [fron* 
C RA
CRA
CR  A
   cozen.]    Fraud; deceit; artifice; fal-
   lacy; trick; cheat; the practice of cheat-
   ing.
    They say this town is full of cozenage,
  As nimble jugglers that deceive  the eye,
  Disguised cheaters.                     Shaksp.
    Wisdom without honesty is meer craft and cozen-
  age; and therefore the reputation of honesty must
  first be gotten, which cannot be  but by living well:
  a good life is a main argument.
                         Ben Jonson's Discoveries.
    There's no such tiling as that we beauty call,
      It is meer cozenage all;
      For though some long ago
  Like certain colours mingled so  and so,
  That doth not tie me now from chusing new.
                                      Suckling.
    Imaginary appearances offer themselves  to our
  impatient minds, which entertain these counterfeits,
  without the least suspicion of their cozenage.
                               Glanville's Scepsis.
    Strange coz'nage! none would  live past years
        again,
  Vet all hope pleasure in what yet remain;
  And from the dregs  of life think to receive
  What the first sprightly running could not give.
                            Dryden's Aurengzebe.
    But all these are  trifles, if we consider the fraud
  and cozenage of trading men and shopkeepers.
                                         Swift.
Co'zener, kfjz'zn-ur.98 to.  s. [from cozen.]
   A cheater; a  defrauder.
    Indeed, Sir, there are cozeners abroad,  and there-
  fore it behoves men  to be wary.           Shaksp.
CRAB, krab. to.  s. [criabba, Sax. krabbe,
   Dutch.]
1.  A crustaceous fish.
    Those that  cast their shell are, the lobster, the
  crab, the crawfish, the hodmandod or dodman, and
  the tortoise.  The old shells are never found; so as
  it is like they scale off and crumble away  by de-
  grees .                       Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    The fox catches crab  fish with his tail,  which
  Olaus Magnus saith he himself  was  an eye-witness
  of.                                   Derham.
2.  A  wild apple;  the tree that  bears  a
   wild apple.
                    Noble stock
   Was graft with crab tree slip, whose fruit thou art.
                                        Shaksp.
     Fetch me a dozen  crab tree staves,  and strong
   ones;  these are but switches.              Shaksp.
     When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
   Then nightly sings the staring owl.        Shaksp.
     Tell why a graft, taking nourishment from a cra6
   stock, shall have a fruit more  noble than its nurse
  and parent.                             Taylor.
3.  A peevish morose  person.
4.  A wooden engine with  three claws for
   launching of ships, or heaving them into
   the dock.                        Phillips.
5.  The sijrn in  the zodiack.
     Then parts the Twins and Crab, the dog divides,
   And Argo's keel, that broke the frothy tides.
                                         Creech.

Crab, krab. adj.  It is used by way of con-
   tempt for any sour  or degenerate fruit;
   as, a crab cherry, a crab plum.
    Better gleanings their worn soil can boast
  Than the crab vintage ofthe  neighboring coast.
                                       Dryden.
Cra'bbed, krab'bed.366 adj.  [from crab.]
1.  Peevish; morose; cynical; sour.
    A man of years, yet fresh,  as mote appear,
  Of swarth  complexion, and, of crabbed hue,
  That him full of melancholy did shqtv.    Spenser.
                       Q, she is
  Ten times more gentle, than her father's crabbed;
  And he's compos'd of harshness,   Shak. Tempest.
2. Harsh;  unpleasing.
                     That was when
  Three crabbed months  had  sour'd themselves  to
        death,
  Ere I could make thee open thy white hand,
  And clepe thyself my love.   Shak. Winter's Tale.
    How charming is divine philosophy!
  Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose,
  But musical as is Apollo's lute,
  Aud a perpetual feast of nectar'd sweets,
  Where no crude surfeit reigns.            Milton,
3. Difficult; perplexing.
    Beside, he was a shrewd philosopher,
  And had read ev'ry text and gloss over;
  Whate'er the crabbed'st author hath,
  He understood b' implicit faith.         Hudibras.
    Lucretius had chosen a subject naturally crabbed.
                                       Dryden.
    Your crabbed rogues that read Lucretius
  Are against gods, you know.               Prior.
Cra'bbedly,   krab'bed-le.  adv.  [from
   crabbed.]  Peevishly;  morosely;  with
   perplexity.
Cra'bbedness,  krab'b£d-nes. to.  s. [from
   crabbed]
1. Sourness of taste.
2. Sourness of  countenance; asperity  of
   manners.
3. Difficulty; perplexity.

Cra'ber, kra'bur. to. s.
    The poor fish have enemies enough, beside such
  unnatural fishermen as  otters, the cormorant, and
  the craber, which some  call the water-rat.  Walton.
Crabs-eyes, krabsize. to. s.  Whitish bo-
   dies, rounded on one side,  and depress-
   ed on the other,heavy, moderately hard,
   and  without smell.  They are not the
   eyes of any creature, nor  do they belong
   to the  crab, but  are  produced  by the
   common crawfish: the stones are  bred
   in two  separate  bags, one  on  each side
   of the stomach.  They are alkaline, ab-
   sorbent, and in some degree diuretick.
                                         Hill.
    Several  persons had, in vain,  endeavoured  to
  store themselves wito crabs-eyes.            Boyle.
CRACK,  krak. to. s. [kraeck, Dut.]
I. A  sudden  disruption,   by which  the
   parts are separated but a little way from
   each other.
2. The chink, fissure, or vacuity made by
   disruption; a  narrow breach.
    Contusions, when  great,  do  usually  produce a
  fissure or crack of the scull, either in the same part
  where the blow was inflicted, or in the contrary part.
                                     Wiseman.
    At length it would crack, in many places; and
  those cracks, as  they dilated,  would  appear of a
  pretty good, but yet obscure and dark sky-colour.
                              JVetofon's Opticks.
3. The sound of any body bursting or fall-
   ing.
    If I say sooth, I must report they were
  As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks.
                                Shaksp. Macbeth.
    Now day appears, and with the  day the king,
  Whose early care had robb'd him  of his rest:
    Far off the cracks of falling houses ring,
  And shrieks of subjects  pierce his tender breast.
                                       Dryden.
4. Any sudden and quick sound.
                   A fourth?—start eye!
  What! will the line stretch out to th' craefcofdoom?
                                       Shaksp.
    Vulcan was employed in hammering out thunder-
  bolts,  that every now  and then flew up from the an-
  vil with dreadful cracks and flashes.      Addison.
5. Change of voice in puberty.
    And let us, Paladour, though now our voices
  Have got toe mannish cracfc, sing him to to' ground.
                                       Shaksp.
6. Breach of chastity.
                         I cannot
  Believe this crack to be in my dread mistress,
  So sovereignly being honourable.         Shaksp.
7. Craziness of intellect.
8. A man crazed.
    I have invented projects for raising millions, with-
  out burthening the subjects; but cannot get the par-
  liament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack
  and a projector.                       Addison.
9. A whore, in low language.
10.  A boast.
    Leasings, backbitings, and vain-glorious cracks,
  All those against that fort did bend their batteries.
                                       Spenser.
11. A boaster. This is only in  low phrase.
To Crack, krak. v a. [kraecken, Dut.]
I. To  break  into  clunks;  to  divide  the
   parts a little from  each other.
    Look to your pipes, and cover them with fresh and
  warm litter out of the stable, a good thickness, lest
  the frost crack them.                  Mortimer.
2. To break;  to split.
    0, madam, my heart is crack'd, it's crack'd.
                                       Shaksp,
    Thou wilt quarrel with a man for cracking nuts,
  having no other reason but because thou hast hazel
  eyes.                                 Shaksp.
    Should some wild fig-tree take her native bent,
  And heave below the gaudy monument,
  Would crack the marble titles, and disperse
  The characters of all the lying verse.   Dryd. Juv.
    Or as a lute, which in  moist weather rings
  Her knell alone, by cracking of her strings. Donne.
    Honour is like that glassy bubble,
  That finds philosophers such trouble;
  Whose least part crack'd, the whole does fly,
  And wits  are crack'd to  find out why.   Hudibras.

3.  To  do  any  thing  with quickness  or
   smartness.
    Sir Balaam now, he lives like other folks;
  He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes.
                                         Pope..
4. To break or destroy any thing.
    You'll crack & quart together! Ha, will you not?
                                       Shaksp.
    Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide:
  in cities, mutinies; in countries, discord; in  pa-
  laces, treason; and the bond cracked 'twixt son  and
  father.                      Shaksp. King Lear.
5. To craze;  to  weaken the intellect
    I was  ever of opinion,  that the philosopher's
  stone, and an holy war, were but the  rendezvous
  of cracked brains, that wore their feather in then-
  heads.                       Bacon's Holy War.
    He  thought none  poets  till  their brains were
        crackt.                      Roscommon.
To Crack, krak'. v. to.
1. To burst;  to open  in chinks.
    By misfortune, it cracked in the cooling, whereby
  we were reduced to make nse  of one part, which
  was straight and intire.                   Boyle.
2. To fall to  ruin
    The credit not only of banks, but of exchequers,
  cracfa when little comes in, and much goes out.
                                       Dryden.
3. To utter a loud and  sudden sound.
    I will board her, though  she chide as loud
  As thunder, when toe clouds in autumn crack.
                                       Shaksp.
4. To boast:  with of.
    To look like her, are chimney-sweepers black,
  And since her time are colliers counted bright,
    And Ethiops of their sweet complexion crack:
  Dark needs no candles now, for dark is light.
                                       Shaksp.
Crack-brained, krak-brand'. adj, [crack 
CRA
CRA
CRA
    and brained] Crazy; without right rea-
    son.
     We have sent you an answer to the ill-grounded
   sophisms of those crack-brained fellows.
                             Arbuthnot and Pope.
 Crack-hemp,  krak'hemp. n. s. [crack and
    hemp.]   A wretch fated to the gallows;
    a crack-rope: furcfer.
            Come  hither, crack-hemp.
   ---------1 hope I may chuse, Sir.
   —Come hither,  you rogue:
   What, have you forgot me?
                     Shakesp. Taming of theShrew.
 Crack-rope, krak'rope. to. s.  [crack  and
    rope.]  A fellow that deserves hanging.
 Cr\'ckicr, krak'ftr. to. s  [from crack.]
  1.  A noisy boasting fellow.
      What cracker is this same toat deafs our ears
    With this abundance of superfluous breath?
                              Shaksp. king John.
 2. A quantity of gunpowder confined so as
    to burst  with great noise.
     The  bladder, at its breaking, gave a great re-
   port, almost like a cracker.               Boyle.
     And when, for furious haste to run,
   They durst  not stay to fire a gun,
   Have done  't with bonfires, and at home
   Made squibs and crackers overcome.    Hudibras,
     Then furious he begins his march,
   Drives rattling o'er a brazen arch,
   With squibs and crackers arm'd, to throw
   Among the  trembling crowd below.        Swift.
  To  Cra'ckle, krak'kl.408  v.  to.  [from
    crack.]   To make  slight   cracks;  to
    make  small  and frequent noises; to de-
    crepitate.
         All these motions, which we saw,
   Are but as ice which crackles at a thaw.   Donne.
            I fear to try new love,
   As boys to venture on the unknown ice
   That crackles underneath them.          Dryden.
     Caught her dishevell'd hair and rich attire;
   Her crown and jewels  crackled in the fire.
                                Dryden's .lEneid.
     Marrow is a specifick in  that scurvy which occa-
   sions a crackling of the bones; in which case mar-
   row performs its natural function of moistening them.
                           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Cra'ckmel, krak'nel. to. s. [from  crack.]
    A  iv.ird brittle cake.
     Albee my love he seek with daily sute,
   His clownish gifts and  curtesies 1 disdain,
   His kids, his cracknels, and his early fruit.  Spenser.
     Pay tributary cracknek, which he sells;
   And with our offerings  heip to raise his vails.
                               Dryden's Juvenal.
 CR.VDLE, kra'dl.405 rc. *. [cjiabel, Sax.]
 I.  A moveable bed, on which  children or
   sick persons are agitated with a smooth
   and equal motion, to.make  them sleep.
     She had indeed, Sir, a son for her cradle, ere she
  had a husband for her bed.     Shaksp. King Lear.
               No jutting frieze,
  Buttrice, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
  Hath made his pendant bed and procreant cradle.
                                        Shaksp.
     His birth, perhaps, some paltry village hides,
  And sets his cradle out of fortune's way.   Dryden.
    A child  knows his nurse  and his cradle, and by
  degrees  the  playthings of  a little more advanced
  age.                                   Locke.
    The craeffe and the tomb, alas, so nigh!
  To live is scarce distinguish'd from to die.   Prior.
     Me let the tender office long engage,
  To rock the craeffe of reposing age;
  With lenient arts extend a mother's breath,
  Make languor smile, and smooth the bed of death.
                                         Pope.
2. It is used for infancy, or the  first part
  of life-
     He knew them to be inclined altogether to war,
  and  therefore wholly trained them up, even from
  their cradle, in arms and military exercises.
                               Spenser's Ireland.
     The new duke's daughter, her cousin, loves her;
  being ever, from their cradles, bred together.
                           Shaksp. As you like it.
     They should scarcely depart from a form of wor-
  ship, in which toey had been educated from their
  cradle.                             Clarendon,
  .  [With surgeons.] A case for a  broken
   bone, to  keep off  pressure.
4. [With shipwrights.] A frame of timber
   raised along the outside of a ship by the
   bulge, serving more securely and  com-
   modiously to help to launch  her.
                                      Harris.

 To  Cra'ole, kra'dl. v. a. [from the sub-
   stantive.]  To  lay in a cradle;  to rock
   in a cradle.
     He that hath  been cradled in majesty, will not
  leave the throne  to play with beggars.
                           Glanville's Apollonius.
     The tears steal from our eyes, when in the street
  With some betrothed virgin's herse we meet;
  Or infant's fun'ral, from the cheated womb
  Convey'd to earth, and cradled in a tomb.  Dryden.
     He shall be cradled in my ancient shield, so fa-
  mous through the universities.   Arbuth. and Pope.
Cradle-clothes, kra'dl-kloze. to. s. [from
   cradle  and  clothes.]  Bed-clothes be-
   longing to a  cradle.
             O could it be prov'd
  That some night-tripping fairy had exchang'd,
  In cradle-cloaths, our children, where they lay,
  And call mine Percy, his Plantagenet;
  Then would I have his Harry, and he mine.  Shak.
CRAFT,  kraft.79  to.   s.  [cp.3epc,  Sax.
   creft, in old Welsh.]
 I.  Vianual art; trade.
     I hear an objection, even from some well-meaning
  men, that these delightful cra/fs may be divers ways
  ill applied in a land.        Wotton's Architecture.
2. Art; ability; dexterity.
    A  poem is the  work ofthe poet; poesy is his skill
  or cro/f of making, the very fiction itself of the work.
                                   Ben Jonson.
3. Fraud;  cunning;  artifice.
    Th'offence is holy that she hath committed;
  And this deceit loses the name of craft,
  Of disobedience,  or unduteous title.        Shaksp.
    This gives us  a full  view of wonderful  art and
  craft in raising such a structure of power and ini-
  qujty-                                Ayliffe.
i. Small sailing vessels.

To Craft, kraft.  v.  to. [from the  noun.]
   To   play  tricks;   to   practise  artifice.
   Now out of use.
          You 've made fair hands,
  You and your crafts!  You 've crafted fair.
                            Shaksp. Coriolanus.
Cra'ftily, kraf'te-le. adv. [from crafty ]
  Cunningly; artfully;  with more art than
  honesty
    But that which most impaired his credit, was the
  common report that he did, in all things, favour the
  Christians; and had, for that cause,^craftily per-
  suaded Solyman  to  take in hand the unfortunate
  Persian war.                          Knolles.
      May he not craftily infer
    The rules of friendship too severe,
    Which chain him to a hated trust;
    Which make him wretched to be just?
  ha'ftixess,  kraf'tenes.  to.  s
  cr,.fti/]   Cunning; stratagem
    He taketh the wise in  their own crafi'mes
 Prior.
[from
Job.
Cra'ftsman, krafts'man. n. a, '[craft and
    man.] An artificer; a  manufacturer;  a
    mechanick.
     That her became, aspolish'd ivory,
   Which cunning craftsman's hand hath overlaid
   With fair vermillion.                   Spenser.
     What reverence he did throw away on slaves,
   Wooing poorcra/fsmen with the craft of smiles.
                                        Shaksp,
     What a  resemblance  this advice  carries  to the
   oration of Demetrius to his fellow craftsmen!
                                 Decay of Piety.
 Cra'ftsmaster,   krafts'mas-tur.   to.   a.
    [craft and master.]  A  man skilled in
    his trade.
     He is not his craftsmaster, he doth not do it right.
                                        Shaksp.
     There is art in pride: a man might as soon learn
   a trade.  Those who were not brought up to it, sel-
   dom prove their craftsmaster.      Collier on Pride.
 Cra'fty, krai'te. adj.  [from  craft.]   Cun-
    ning; artful;  full of artifices; fraudulent;
    sly.
    Nay, you may think my love was crafty love,
   And call it cunning.          Shaksp.  King John.
    This oppression did, of force  and necesity,  make
   the Irish a crafty people; for such  as are oppressed,
   and live in slavery, are ever put to their shifts.
                              Davies on Ireland.
    Before he came in sight, the crafty god
   His wings dismiss'd,  but still retain'd his rod.
                                       Dryden.
    No body was ever  so cunning as to conceal  their
   being so; and every  body is shy and distrustful of
   crafty men.                             Locke.
 CRAG, krag. to. a.
 1.  Crag is, \n British,  a rough steep rock:
   and is used in  the  same  sense in   the
   northern counties at this day.   Gibson,
 2.  The rugged  protuberances of  rocks.
    And as mount Etna vomits sulphur out,
   With clifts of burning crags, and fire and smoke.
                                      Fairfax.
    Who hath dispos'd, but thou, toe winding way,
   Where springs down  from the steepy crags do beat.
                                       Wotton.
    A lion spied a goat upon the crag- of a high rock.
                                   /.'Estrange.
 3.  The neck.
    They looken bigge, as bulls that been bate,
  And bearen the crag  so stiff and so state. Spenser.
 4.  The small end  of a neck  of mutton; a
   low  word.

 Cra'gged, krag'ged.366 adj. [from crag]
   Full of inequalities and  prominences.
                 On a huge hill,
  Cragged and steep, truth stands.        Crashaw.
Cra'ggedness, krag'ged-nes. to.  s. [from
   cragged.]  Fullness of crags or promi-
   nent rocks.
    The  craggedness or steepness of that mountain,
  maketh many parts of it in a manner inaccessible.
                                    Brerewood.
Cra'gginess, krag'ge-nes.  to,  s.  [from
   craggy.]   The state of being craggy.
Cra'ggy, krag'ge.383  adj. [from  crag.]
   Rugged;  full of prominences; rough  to
   walk on or climb.
            That same wick-d wight
  His dwelling has low in an hollow cave,
    Far underneath a craggy clift ypight,
  Dark, doleful, dreary, like a greedy grave. Spenser-.
    It was impossible to pass up the woody and craggy
  hills, without the loss of these commanders.
                              Raleigh's Essays
    Mountaineers that from Secerns  came,
  And from the craggy cliffs ul Tetrica.     Drydtn.
    The town and republick of St. Marino stands  on
  the top of a very high and  craggy mountain.
                              Addison on Italy. 
                  ORA

To  CRAM, kram. v. a. [cjiamman, Sax.]
I.  To stuff;  to fill with  more  than  can
  conveniently be  held.

  4     u ,.   As much love in rnyme,
 As would be cramm'd up in a sheet of paper,
 Writ an both sides the leaf, margent and all. Shak.
    Being thus crammed in the basket, a  couple of
 Ford's knaves were called.              shaksp
    1 hou hast spoke as if thy eldest son should  be  a
 tool, whose scull Jove cram with brains.
    „       .            Shaksp. Twelfth Night.
    tram not in people by sending too fast company
 alter company; but so as the number may live well
 in  the plantation, and not by surcharge be in penury.
                                      Bacon.
               CRA

tened a sharp graple, or cramp of iron, which may
be apt to take hold of any place where it lights.
                                   Wilkins.
CRA
  2. To fill with food beyond satiety.
      You'd mollify a judge, would cram a squire;
    Or else some smiles from court you may desire.
                                         King.
      I am sure children would be freer from diseases,
    if they were not crammed so  much as they are by
    fond mothers,  and were kept  wholly from flesh the
    first three years.                        Locke.
      As a man may be eating all day, and, for want
    of digestion, is  never nourished; so  these endless
    readers may cram themselves  in vain with intellec-
    tual food.                  Watts on the Mind.
             But Annius, crafty seer,
    Came cramm'd wito capon from where Pollio dines.
                                         Pope.
 3. To thrust in by force.
     You cram these words into mine ears, against
   The stomach of my sense.               Shaksp.
     Huffer, quoth Hudibras, this sword
   Shall down thy false throat cram that word.
                                     Hudibras
     Fate has cramm'd us all into one lease,
   And that even now expiring.  Dryden's Cleomenes
    In another printed paper it is roundly expressed^
   that he will cram his brass down our throats. Swift.

 To Cram, kram.  v. n.   To  eat  beyond
   satiety.
    The godly dame, who fleshly failings damns,
   Scolds with her maid, or with her chaplain crams.
                                        Pope.
Cra'mro,  kram'bo. to.  a.   [A  cant  word,
   probably without etymology.]   A play
   at  which  one  gives a  word, to which
   another finds a rhyme; a rhyme.
      So Marvius, when he drain'd his skull
    To celebrate some suburb hull,
    His similies in order set,
    And ev'ry crambo he could get.          Sioift.

CRAMP,  kramp. to.  s.  [krampe, Dut.
   crampe, Fr.]

1.  A spasm or contraction of the  limbs,
  generally removed by warmth and rub-
  bing.
    For this, be sure, to-night thou shalt have cramps,
 Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up.
                             Shaksp.  Tempest.
    In a retreat he  outruns any lacquey; marry, in
 coming on, he has the cramp.             Shaksp.
    The cramp  cometh  of  contraction of sinews;
 which is  manifest, in that it cometh either by cold
 or dryness.             Bacon's Natural History.
    Hares, said to live on hemlock, do not make good
 the tradition; and he that observes what vertigoes,
 cramps, and convulsions follow thereon, in these
 animals, will be of our belief.
                      Brown's Vulgar Errours
2. A restriction; confinement; obstruction;
   shackle.
    A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind, and
  lays a man under incapacities of serving his friend.
                                   L'Esirange.
3. A  piece  of iron bent  at  each  end, by
   which two bodies are held together.
    To the  uppermost of these  there should be fas-
   Cramp, kramp. adj.  Difficult; knotty:  a
      low term.
   To Cramv, kramp. v. a.  [from the noun.]
   1. To pain with cramps  or twitches.
       When the contracted  limbs were cramp'd,  ev'n
           then
     A waterish humour swell'd, and ooz'd again.
                                 Diyden's Virgil.
   2. To restrain; to confine; to obstruct; to
      hinder.
       It is impossible to conceive  the number of incon-
     veniencies that will ensue, if borrowing he cramped.
                                         Bacon.
       1 here are few but find toat some companies be-
     numb and cramp them, so toat in them they  can
     neither speak nor do any  thing toat is handsome.
                               Glanville's Scepsis.
       He who serves has still restraints of dread upon
     his spirits,  which, even in  toe  midst of action,
     cramps and ties up his activity.   South's Sermons.
       Dr. Hammond loves to contract and  cramp  the
     sense of prophecies.           Burnet's Theory.
      The antiquaries are for cramping their  subject
     into as narrow a space as they can, and for reducing
     the whole extent of a  science into a few general
    m™?-                     Addison on Italy.
      Manus  used all endeavours for depressing  the
    nobles,  and raising  the  people,  particularly  for
    cramping the former in their power of judicature.
                                         Swift.
                    No more
    Th' expansive atmosphere is cramp'd with cold
    But full of life, and vivifying soul.       Thomson.
     To bind with crampirons.

  Cra'mpfish, kramp'fish. to. a. [from cramp
    and fish.]  The  torpedo,  which  be-
    numbs the hands of those that touch it.
  Cra'mpiron,  kramp'i-iirn. to.   a.  [from
  ^ cramp and iron]  See  Cramp, sense 3.
  Cra'nage,  kra'nidje.90 to.  s. [cranagium,
    low Lat.]  A liberty to  use a crane for
    drawing up wares  from  the vessels, at
    any creek ofthe  sea  or wharf, unto the
    land, and to make profit  of it.  It signi-
    fies also the money paid and  taken  for
   the same.                        Cowell.

(CRANE, krane. to. s.  [cp.an,  Sax. kraen,
   Dut.]
 I. A bird with a long beak.
     Like a crane, or a swallow, so did I chatter.
     rn  ..    „  • /.                      Isaiah.
     1 hat small infantry warr'd on by cranes.   Milt.
2.  An instrument made with  ropes, pul-
   lies, and  hooks, by which great weights
   are raised.
     In case the mould about it be so ponderous as not
  to be removed by any ordinary force, you may  then
  raise it with  a crane.                 Mortimer.
     Then commerce brought into the publick walk
  The busy merchant, the big warehouse built,
  Rais'd the strong crane.       Thomson's Autumn.
3. A siphon;  a crooked  pipe for  drawing
  liquors out of a cask.

Cranes-bill, kranz'bil. to. a. [from crane
  and bill]                    u
   An herb.

2. A pair of pincers terminating in a point,
  used by surgeons.
CR^mUM,^kra'ne-um.6°7 to.*. TLat 1
  The  skull.                        L    J
   In wounds made by contusion, when the cranium
  is a little naked, you ought not presently to crowd in
  dossils; for if that contused flesh be well digested
     the  bone will incarn wito the wound without much
     difficulty.                   Wiseman's Surgery.
   t-KANK, krangk.408 to. s.  [This word is
      perhaps  a  contraction  of crane-neck,
      to  which it may bear some resemblance,
      and is part of the instrument called a
      crane.]
   1. A crank is the end of an iron axis turn-
      ed   square  down, and  again  turned
      square  to  the  first  turning down; so
      that on the last turning dowri a leather
      thong  is   slipt,  to tread  the treddle-
      wheel about.                   Moxon.
   2. Any bending or winding passage.
       I send it through the rivers of your blood,
     Even to the court, the heart; to th' seat o' to'brain-
     And through the cranks and  offices of man,
     The  strongest nerves, and small inferior veins,
     From me receive that natural competency
     Whereby they live.          Shaksp. Coriolanus.
  3.  Any  conceit  formed  by  twisting  or
     changing, in any  manner, the form or
     meaning of a word.
   '  Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee
    Jest and youthful jollity,
    Quips and cranks, and wanton whiles,
    Nods and becks, and wreathed smiles,
    Such as hang on Hebe's cheek,
   And love to live in dimple sleek.          Milton.
  Crank,  krangk. adj.  [from   onkranck,
     Dut.  Skinner.]
  1.  Healthy;  sprightly:   sometimes   cor-
    rupted to cranky.   Not in use.
      They looken bigge, as bulls that been bate,
   And bearen the crag so stiff and so state
   As cockle on his dunghill crowing cranke. Spenser.
  2.  Among sailors, a  ship  is  said to be
   crank, when, by the form of its bottom,
   or by  being loaded too much above, it
   is liable  to  be overset,  [from kranck,
   Dut. sick.]

 To   Cra'nkle,  krang'kl.406  v. n.  [from
   crank, as it signifies something bent.]
   To run in and out;  to  run  in  flexures
   and windings.
     See  how this river comes me crankling in,
  And cuts me from the best of all my land
  A  huge half moon, a monstrous cantle but.   Shak.
 To^  Cra'nkle, krang'kl. v. a.   To break
   into  unequal  surfaces;  to  break  into
   angles.
                 Old Vaga's stream,
  Forc'd  by the sudden shock, her wonted track
  Forsook, and drew  her humid train aslope
  Crankling her banks.                  Philips,
Cra'nkles,  krang'kls. to. a.  [from  the
   verb.]   Inequalities;  angular  promi-
  nences.
Cra'nkness, krangk'nes. TO.*.[from crank.]
   Health; vigour.
   Disposition to overset.
Cra'nnied, kran'ne-ed. adj. [from cranny/]
  Full of chinks.                         J
   A wall it is, as I  would have you think,
  That had in it a crannied hole or chink.    Shaksp.
   A very  fair fruit, and not unlike a citron;  but
  somewhat rougher chopt and crannied, vulgarly con-
  ceived the marks of Adam's teeth.         Brown
CRA'NNY, kran'r.e.  to. s. [eren, Fr. crena,
  Lat.]  A chink;  a cleft;  a fissure.
   The eye of the understanding is like the eye of
  the sense;  for as you may see great objects through
  small crannies or holes, so you may see great axioms
  of nature through small and contemptible instances.
                       Bacon's Natural History. 
CRA
CRA
CRA
    And therefore beat and laid about,
  To find a cranny to creep out.           Hudibras.
    In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be
  filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone, fitted to
  the crannies.                          Diyden.
    Within the  soaking of water  and springs, with
  streams and currents in the veins and crannies.
                               Burnet's Theory.
    He skipped from room to room, ran up stairs and
  down stairs, from the kitchen to the garrets, and he
  peeped into every cranny.            Arbuthnot.
Grape,  krape.  to. s. [crepa, low Lat.] A
   thin  stuff,  loosely woven, of which the
   dress of the clergy is sometimes made.
    And Proud Roxana, fir'd wito jealous rage,
  With fifty yards of crape shall sweep the stage.
                                         Swift.
          To thee I often call'd in vain.
        Against that assassin in crape.        Swift
    'Tis from high life high characters are drawn;
  A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.     Pope.
Cra'pulence, krap'pu-lens. to. s. [crapu-
   la, a  surfeit, Lat.] Drunkenness;  sick-
   ness by intemperance.              Diet.
Cra'pulous, krap'u-lus.31* adj.  [crapulo-
   sus, Lat 1  Drunken;  intemperate; sick
   with intemperance.                Diet.
To CRASH,  krash.  v.  to.  [a word pro-
   bably formed from the thing.]  To make
   a loud complicated  noise, as of  many
   things falling or breaking at once.
    There shall be a great crashing from  the hills.
                                    Zeph. i. 10.
    When convulsions cleave the lab'ring earth,
  Before the dismal yawn appears, the ground
  Trembles and heaves, the nodding houses crash.
                                         Smith.
To  Crash,  krash.   v.  a.  To  break or
   bruise
    My master is the great rich Capulet; and if you
  be not of the house  of Montague, I pray you come
  and crash a cup of wine.             Shakspeare.
     Mr Warburton has it,  crush a cup  of
   wine.
      To  crash, says Hanmer, is to be mer-
   ry: a  crash being a word still used  in
   some  counties for a merry bout.   It  is
   surely better to read crack.  See Crack.

Crash,  krash. to. s. [from the verb.]   A
   loud  sudden mixed sound, as of  many
   things broken at the  same time.
                        Senseless Ilium,
  Seeming to feel this blow, with flaming top
  Stoops to his base; and, with a hideous crash,
  Takes prisoner Pyrrhus' ear.      Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Moralizing  sat I by the  hazard-table: I looked
  upon the uncertainty of riches, the decay of beauty,
  and the crash of worlds, with as much contempt as
  ever Plato did                           Pope.
CRA'SIS,  kra'sis. to.  s.  [n,p«s-ig]  Tern-
   peratuie;  constitution  arising from the
   various  properties of humours.
    The fancies of men are so immediately diversified
  by the individual crasis, that every man owns some-
  thing wherein none is like him.         Glanville.
    A man may be naturally inclined to pride, lust,
  and anger; as  these inclinations are founded in a
  peculiar crasis  and  constitution  of the blood and
  spirits.                                  South.
CRASS, kras. adj. [crassus, Lat.] Gross;
   course;  not thin;  not comminuted; not
   subtle; not  consisting of small parts
    Iron,  in aquafortis, will fall into ebullition, with
  noise and emication; as also a cross and fumid ex-
  halation, caused from the combat of the sulphur of
  Iron with the acid and nitrous  spirits of aquafortis
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    Metals are intermixed with the  common  terres-
  trial matter, so as rot to be discoverable by human
  industry, or, if discoverable, so diffused and scatter-
  ed amongst toe crasser and more unprofitable mat-
  ter, that it would never be possible to separate and
  extract it.          Woodward's Natural History.
Cra'ssitude, kras'se-tude  «.  s.  [crassi-
   tudo, Lat.] Crossness; coarseness; thick-
   ness.
    They must be but thin, as  a leaf,  or  a piece of
  paper  or parchment; for, if  they have a greater
  crassifitde, they will alter in their own body, though
  they spend not.                         Bacon.
    The Dead Sea, which vomiteth up  bitumen, is of
  that crassifwefe, as living bodies, bound hand and
  foot, cast into it, have been born up, and  not sunk.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
    The terrestrial matter carried by  rivers into  the
  sea, is sustained therein partly by  the greater cras-
  situde  and gravity of the sea-water,  and partly by
  its constant agitation.                Woodward.
Crastina'tion,   kras-te-na'shiin.  to.   s.
   [from  eras, Lat. to-morrow.] Delay.
                                       Diet.
Cratoh, kratsh. to. s. [creche,  Fr. crates,
   Lat.]  The  palisaded  frame in  which
   hay is put for cattle.
    When being expelled out of Paradise  by reason
  of sin, thou wert held in the chains of death;  I was
  inclosed in the virgin's womb,  I  was laid in  the
  cratch, I was wrapped in swathling-cloaths.
                         Hakewill  on Providence.
Crava't, kra-vat'. to. s. [of uncertain  ety-
   mology.]  A  neckcloth; any  thing worn
   about  the neck.
    Less delinquents have been scourg'd,
  And hemp on wooden anvils forg'd;
  Which others for cravats have worn
  About their necks, and took a turn.       Hudibras.
    The restrictives were applied, one over another,
  to her throat:  then we put her on a cravat.
                             Wiseman's Surgery.

To CRAVE, krave. v. a. [criapian, Sax.]
1.  To  ask  with  earnestness;  to ask  with
   submission;  to beg; to entreat.
    What one petition is  there found in  the  whole
  Litany, whereof we shall ever be  able at any time
  to say, that no man living needeth the grace or bene-
  fit therein craved at God's hands?         Hooker.
    As for my nobler friends, I  crave their pardons;
  But for the mutable rank-scented many,
  Let them regard me as I do not flatter. Shakspeare.
    The poor  people, not knowing where to hide
  themselves from the fury of their  enemies, nor of
  whom to crave help, fled as men  and women dis-
  mayed.                               Knolles.
    I would crave leave here, under  the word action,
  to comprehend the forbearance too  of  any  action
  proposed.                              Locke.
    Each ardent nymph the rising current craves,
   Each shepherd's pray'r retards toe parting waves.
                                        Prior.
2.  To  ask insatiably.
    The subjects arm'd, the more their princes gave,
   Th' advantage only took the more to  crave.
                                      Denham.
    Him dost thou mean, who, spite  of all  his store,
  Is ever craving, and will still  be poor?
   Who cheats for halfpence, and who doffs his coat
   To save a farthing in a feny-boat? Dryden's Persius.
3.  To  long; to wish  unreasonably.
    Levity pushes us  on from one vain desire to an-
   other, in a regular vicissitude and  succession of
   crarwig-s and satiety.                L'Estrange.
    He is actually  under the power of a temptation,
   and the  sway of  an impetuous lust;  both hurrying
   him to satisfy the cravings of  it by some  wicked ac-
   tion-                                  South.
1.  To  call for importunately.
                         Bestow
   Your needful counsel to our businesses,
   Which crave the instant use.   Shaksp. King Lear.
    The antecedent concomitants and effects of such
  a constitution, are acids, taken in too great quanti-
  ties;  sour eructations, and a craving appetite, es-
  pecially of terrestrial and absorbent substances.
                                    Arbuthnot.
5. Sometimes  with for before the  thing
   sought.
      Once one may crave for love,
      But more would prove
    This heart too little, that too great.   Suckling.
Cra'ven, kra'vn.103 to.  s. [derived by Skin-
   ner from crave,  as  one  that craves or
   begs  his life:  perhaps it comes origi-
   nally  from the noise  made  by a  con-
   quered cock.]
1. A cock conquered and dispirited.
    What, is your crest a coxcomb?-------
  ----A combless  cock, so Kate will be my hen.
  —No cock of mine; you crow too like a craven.
                                    Shakspeare.
2. A coward;  a recreant; a weak-hearted
   spiritless fellow.
    Is it fit this soldier keep his oath?
   ----He is a craven and a villain else.       Shak.
Cra'ven, kra'vn. adj.  Cowardly; base.
                 Upon his coward breast
  A bloody cross, and on his craven crest
  A bunch of hairs discolour'd diversly.     Spenser.
                   Whether it be
  Bestial oblivion,  or some craven scruple,
  Of thinking too precisely on th' event;
  A thought which, quarter'd,  hath but one part wis-
        dom,
  And ever three parts coward.    Shaksp. Hamleh
    Yet if the innocent some mercy find,
  From cowardice, not ruth, did that proceed;
    His noble foes dust not his craven kind
  Exasperate by such a bloody deed.        Fairfax.
To  Cra'ven,  kra'vn.  v.  a.   [from  the
   noun.]  To make recreant or cowardly.
                 'Gainst self-slaughter
  There is a prohibition so divine,
  That cravens my weak hand.  Shaksp. Cymbeline.
Cra'ver, kra'v&r. to. s.  [from  crave.] An
   insatiable asker. It is  used in Clarissa.
To Craunch, krantsh.214x>. a. [schrantsen,
   Dut, whence the vulgar say more  pro-
   perly  to scraunch.]  To crush  in the
   mouth. The word is  used by Swift.
Craw, kraw. n. s. [kroe, Dan.] The crop
   or first stomach of birds.
    In birds there is no mastication or comminution
  of the meat in the mouth; but, in such as are not
  carnivorous, it is immediately swallowed  into the
  crop  or craw, or at least into a kind of antestomach,
  which I have observed in many, especially piscivo-
  rous birds.                 Ray on the Creation.
Cra'wfish, kraw'fish.  to. s.  [sometimes
   written  crayfish,  properly   crevice;  in
   Fr.  ecrevisse.]   A small  crustaceous
   fish found in brooks;  the small lobster
   of fresh water.
    Those  that  cast their  shell  are the lobster, the
  crab, the crawfish, the hodmandod or dodman, and
  the tortoise.                            Bacon.
    Let me to crack live crawfish recommend. Pope.
    The common crawfish, and  the large sea craw-
  fish, both produce the stones  called crabs eyes. Hill.
 To CRAWL,  kraui. v. to. [krielen, Dut.]
 1.  To creep;  to move  with a slow  mo-
   tion;  to  move  without rising from the
   ground, as a worm.
    I saw them under a green mantling vine,
   Thatcraiofs along the side of yon small hill. Milton.
    That crawling insect, who from mud began;
   Warm'd by my beams, and kindled into man!
                                       Dryden.
    The streams, but just contain'd within  their
         bounds, 
CRA
CRE
CRE
 By slow degrees into their channels crawl;
 And earth increases as the waters fall.    Dryden.
   A worm finds what it searches after, only by feel-
 ing, as it crawls from one thing to another.   Grew.
     The vile worm, that yesterday began
 Tocrau-f; thy fellow-creature, abject man.  Prior.
I.  To move weakly  and slowly, or timor-
  ously.
                  'Tis our first intent
 To shake all cares and business from our age,
 While we unburthen'd craiof tow'rd death.  Shaksp.
    They like tall fellows crept out of the  holes;  and
 secretly cratofing up the battered walls of the fort,
 got into it.                             Knolles.
    For the fleets of Solomon and the kings of Egypt,
 it is very apparent they went with great leisure, and
 eratcfecf close by the shore-side.           Heylyn.
    A look so pale no quartane ever gave;
 Thy dwindled legs seem crawling to a grave.
                               Dryden's Juvenal.
    He was hardly able to crawf  about the room, far
 less to look after a troublesome business.    Arbuth.
      Man is a very worm by birth,
         Vile reptile, weak and vain!
      A while he crawls upon the earth,
         Then shrinks to earth again.         Pope.
    It will be very necessary for the threadbare gown-
  man, and every child who  can crawl, to watch the
 fields at harvest-time.                     Swift.

3.  To advance slowly and slily.
                              Cranmer
  Hath crawl'd into the favour of the king,
  And is  his oracle.        Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
4.  To move  about hated and despised.
    Reflect upon that litter  of absurd opinions that
  cratcf about the world, to the disgrace of reason.
                                         South.
    How will the condemned sinner then  craicf forth,
  and appear in his filth, before that undefiled tribu-
  nal ?                                    South.
    Behold a rev'rend sire, whom want of grace
  Has made the father of a nameless race,
  Crawf  through  the street, shov'd  on, or  rudely
         press'd
  By his  own sons, that pass him by unbless'd!   Pope.
Cra'wler, kraw'lur. to.  a. [from  crawl]
   A creeper; any thing  that creeps.
Cra'yfish,  kraw'fish. to.  s. [See Craw-
   fish.] The river lobster.
     The cure of the muriatick  and armoniack salt-
   ness requires slimy meats;  as  snails, tortoises, jel-
   lies, and crayfishes.                      Floyer.
Cra'yon,  kra'&n. to. a. [crayon, Fr.]
 1.  A kind of  pencil; a  roll  of  paste to
   draw lines with.
     Let no day pass over you without drawing a line;
   that is to say, without working, without giving some
   strokes of the pencil or the crayon.        Dryden.
2.  A drawing or design done with  a pen-
   cil or crayon.

 To  CRAZE, kraze. v. a. [ecraser, Fr.  to
   break to pieces.]
 1. To  break; to  crush;  to weaken.
     In this consideration, the answer of Calvin unto
   Farrel, concerning  the children of popish parents,
   doth seemed crazed.                    Hooker.
     Relent, sweet Hennia;  and, Lysander, yield
   Thy crazed title to my certain right.   Shakspeare.
                  Till length of years,
   And sedentary numbness,  craze my limbs.  Milton.
     Then through toe fiery pillar, and the cloud,
   God looking forth will trouble all his host,
   And craze their chariot wheels.          Milton.
 '.1. To powder.
     The tin ore  passeth to the crazing mill, which,
   between two grinding stones,  bruiseto it to a fine
   sand.                          Carew's Survey.
 3. To  crack the brain;  to impair  the in-
   tellect.
                  I lov'd him, friend,
3.
  No father his son dearer, true, to tell thee,
  That gri cf hath craz'd my wits,   Shak. King Lear.
    Wickedness is a kind of voluntary frenzy, and  a
  chosen distraction; and every sinner does wilder and
  more extravagant things than any man can do that
  is crasecf and out of his wits; only with this sad dif-
  ference, that he knows better what he does.
                                      Tiffofson.
Cra'zeoness,  kra'zed-nes.366  to.  s.  [from
   crazed.]  Decrepitude; brokenness;  di-
   minution of intellect.
    The nature, as of men that have sick bodies, so
  likewise of the people in the crazedness of their
  minds, possessed with dislike and discontentment at
  things present, is to imagine that any thing would
  help them.                            Hooker.
Cra'ziness, kra'ze-nes. to. s. [from crazy]
 1. State of being crazy; imbecility; weak-
   ness.
    Touching  other places, she may be said to hold
  them as one  should do a wolf by the ears; nor will
  I speak now of the craziness of her title to many  of
  toem.                    Howell's Vocal For-est.
2. Weakness of intellect.
Cra'zy, kra'ze. adj. [ecraze, Fr.]
 1. Broken; decrepit.
                   Come, my lord,
  We will bestow you in some better place,
  Fitter for sickness and for crazy age.   Shakspeare.
    When people are crazy, and in disorder,  it is na-
  tural for them to groan.              L'Estrange.
    Hroken-witted;  shattered in  the  intel-
   lect.
    The queen of night, whose large command
   Rules all the sea and half the land.
   And over moist and crazy brains,
   In high spring-tides, at midnight reigns.  Hudibras.
    Weak;  feeble;  shattered.
     Physick can but mend our crazy state,
   Patch an old building, not a new create.   Dryden.
     Were it possible that the near approaches  of
   eternity, whether by a mature age, a crazy consti-
   tution, or a violent sickness, should amaze so many,
   had they duly considered.                 Wake.
 Creaght, krate to. s. [An Irish word.]
     In these fast places, they kept their  creaghts,  or
   herds of cattle, living by the milk of the cow, with-
   out husbandry or tillage.       Davies on Ireland.
 To  Creaght,  krate. v.  n.
     It was made penal to the English to permit the
   Irish to creaght  or graze upon their lands, or pre-
   sent them to ecclesiastical benefices.        Davies.
 To Creak, kreke.  v. to. [corrupted from
   crack.]
 I. To make a  harsh protracted noise.
     Let not the  creaking of shoes, nor  the rustling
   of silks, betray thy poor heart to women.    Shaksp.
     No door there was to' unguarded house to keep,
   On creaking hinges turn'd, to break his  sleep.
                                        Dryden.
 2. It is sometimes used of animals.
     The creaking locusts with my voice conspire,
   They fried with heat, and 1 with fierce desire.
                                        Dryden.
 CREAM, kreme.  to. *. [cremor, Lat.]
  I.  The unctuous  or oily  part   of milk,
    which, when it is cold, floats on the top,
    and  is changed by the agitation  of the
    churn into butter; the flower  of milk.
      It is not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
   Your bugle eye-balls, nor your cheek of cream,
   That can entame my spirits to your worship.
                                      Shakspeare.
      I am as vigilant as a cat to steal cream.   Shaksp.
      Cream is matured and made to rise  speedily, by
   putting in cold water, which, as it seemeth, getteth
   down the whey.         Bacon's Natural History.
      How toe drudging goblin swet,
   To earn his cream-bowl duly set;
   When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
  His shadowy flail hath thresh'd toe corn.   Jtfiffon.
    Let your various creams incireled be
  Wito swelling fruit, just ravish'd from the tree.
                                         King.
    Milk,  standing some  time, naturally separates
  into an oily  liquor  called  cream;  and a thinner,
  blue, and more ponderous  liquor, called skimmed
  milk.                    Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. It is used for the best part of any thing:
  as, the cream of a jest.
To  Cream,  kreme.  v. to.   [from  the
  noun.]  To gather croam.
    There are a sort of men, whose visages
  Do cream and mantle like a standing pond;
  And do a wilful stiffness entertain,
  With purpose to be drest in an opinion
  Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit.     Shaksp.
To Cream, kreme. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To skim off the  cream.
2. To take  the flower and quintessence
   of any  thing: so  used somewhere by
   Swift.
Cream-faced, kreme'faste.  adj. [cream
   and faced.]  Pale; coward-looking.
                   Thou cream-fae'd lown,
  Where got'st thou that goose-look?         Shaksp.
Cre'amy,  kre'me.   adj. [from  cream.]
   Full  of  cream;  having  the  nature of
   cream.
CRE'AJYCE,  kre'anse.  to.  s. [Fr.]  Is, in
   falconry,  a fine small line, fastened to a
   hawk's  leash when she is first lured.
CREASE,  krese.437  to. a. [from  creta, Lat.
   chalk. Skinner.] A mark  made by doub-
   ling any thing.
     Men of great parts are unfortunate in business,
  because they go  out of the common road: I once de-
  sired lord Bolingbroke to  observe, that the  clerks
  used an ivory knife, with  a  blunt edge, to  divide
  paper,  which cut it even, only  requiring a  strong
  hand; whereas a sharp penknife  would go out of toe
  crease, and disfigure the  paper.              Sioift.
 To  Crease, krese. v.  a. [from  the noun.]
   To mark any thing by doubling it,  so as
   to ieave the impression.
 To  CREA'TE, kre-ate'. v. a. [creo, Lat.]
 1.  To  form out of  nothing;  to cause to
   exist.
     In the beginning God created  the heaven and the
   earth.                                 Genesis.
     We having but imperfect ideas ofthe operations of
   our minds, and much imperfecter yet of the opera-
   tions of God, run into great difficulties about free
   created  agents,  which  reason cannot  well extricate
   itself out of.                             Locke.
 2. To produce; to cause;  to be the occa-
  sion of.
   Now is the time of help: your eye in Scotland
 Would create soldiers, and make women fight.
                                    Shakspeare.
   His  abilities were prone to creafe in him great
 confidence of undertakings, and this was like enough
 to betray him to great errours and many enemies.
                                  King Charles.
   They eclipse the clearest truths  by difficulties of
 their own creating, or no man could miss his way to
 heaven for wane of light.          Decay of Piety.
   None knew, till guilt creafecf fear,
 What darts or poison'd arrows were.  Roscommon.
   Must I new bars to my own joy creafe,
 Refuse myself what I had fore'dfrom fate? Dryden.
    Long abstinence is troublesome to acid constitu-
 tions, by toe uneasiness it creates in the stomach.
                                    Arbuthnot.
3. To beget.
        And the issue there creafe
      Ever shall be fortunate.              Shaksp.
4. To invest with any new character.
    Arise, my knights o' th' battle: I creafe you 
                    CRE

   Companions to our person, and will fit you
   With dignities becoming your  estates.     Shaksp.
 5. To give any  new qualities; to put any
    thing in a  new state.
     The best British undertaker had but a proportion
   of three thousand acres for himself,  wito power to
   create a manor, and hold a court-baron.     Davies.
 Crea'tion, kre-a'shun.   to. a.  [from cre-
    ate.]
 1. The act of creating  or  conferring ex-
    istence.
     Consider the immensity of the Divine Love,  ex-
   pressed in all the emanations  of his providence; in
   his creation, in his conservation of us.      Taylor.
 2-.  Tne act of investing witii new qualities
    or character;  as, the  creation of peers.
 3. The things created; the universe.
     As subjects  then toe whole creation came,
   And from their natures Adam them did name.
                                        Denham.
     Such was the saint, who shone with ev'ry grace,
   Reflecting, Moses-like, his master's face:
   God saw his image lively was express'd,
   And his own work as his creation bless'd.  Dryden.
     Nor could the tender new creation  bear
   Th' excessive heats or coldness of the year.  Dryd.
     In  days of yore, no  matter  where or when,
   Before the low creation swarm'd with men.  Parnel.
 A. Any thing produced,  or caused.
     Art thou not, fatal  vision, sensible
   To feeling as to sight? Or art  thou but
   A dagger  ofthe mind, a false creation,
   Proceeding from toe heat-oppressed brain?  Shaksp.
 Crea'tive, kre-a'tiv.187   adj.  [from  cre-
    ate.]
 1. Having the power to create.
     But come, ye generous minds,  in whose  wide
         thought,
   Of all his  works, creative beauty burns
   With warmest beam.           Thomson's Spring.
 2. Exerting the act of creation.
     To trace the outgoings of the ancient of days  in
   the first instance, and of  his  creative power, is a re-
   search too great for mortal inquiry.         South.
 Crea'tor, kre-a'tur.lH6 to.  s. [creator, Lat.]
   The being that bestows existence.
     Open, ye heavens, your living doors; let in
   The great creator, from his work return'd
   Magnificent; his six days work, a world.   Milton.
     When you lie down, close your eyes with a short
   prayer, commit yourself into the  hands of your
   faithful creator; and when you have done, trust him
   with yourself,  as you  must do when you are dying.
                       Taylor's  Guide to Devotion.
 Cre'ature, kre'tshure.461 462 to. s. [crea-
   tura, low Lat.]
 1.  A being  not  self-existent,  but  created
   by the  supreme power.
    Were these  persons idolaters for the worship they
   did not give to the creator, or  for the worship they
   did give to his  creatures?            Stillingfleet.
2.  Any thing  created.
    God's first creature  was light. Bacon's New. Atl.
    Imperfect the world, and all the creatures in it,
  must be acknowledged in many respects to be.
                                       Tiffofson.
 3. An  animal, not human.
    The queen  pretended satisfaction of her know-
  ledge only in killing creatures vile, as cats and dogs.
                              Shaksp. Cymbeline.
 4. A general term for man.
    Yet crime in her could never creature find;
   But for his love, and for her own self sake,
   She wander'd had from one to other Ind.   Spenser
    Most cursed  of all creatures under sky,
   Lo, Tantalus, I here tormented lie.        Spenser.
    Though he mittot burst his lungs to call for help,
  No creature would assist or pity hiin.  Roscommon
 5.  A  word  of contempt for a  human be-
   ing.
    VOL.   I.
                   CRE

     Hence! home, you idle creatures, get you home:
   Is this a holiday?           Shaksp. Julius Caesar.
                   He would into the stews,
   And from toe common creatures pluck a glove,
   And wear it as a favour.       Shaksp. Richard III.
     I've heard that guilty creatures, at a play,
   Have, by theveiy cunning ofthe scene,
   Been struck so to the soul, that presently
   They have proclaim'd toeir malefactions.  Shaksp.
     Nor think to-night of thy  ill nature,
   But of thy follies, idle creafnre.            Prior.
     A good poet no  sooner communicates his works,
   but it is imagined he is a vain young creafnre, given
   up to the ambition of fame.                 Pope.
6. A word of petty tenderness.
     And then,  Sir,  would he gripe  and wring my
        hand;
   Cry, Oh sweet creature! and then kiss me hard.
                                        Shaksp.
     Ah, cruel creature, whom dost thou despise?
   The gods, to live in woods, have left the skies.
                                 Diyden's Virgil.
     Some young creafureshave learnt their letters and
   syllables by having them pasted upon little tablets.
                                         Waffs.
7. A person who owes  his rise or  his for-
   tune to another.
     He sent to  colonel Massey to send him men,
   which he, being a creature of Essex's, refused.
                                     Clarendon.
     The duke's  creature he desired to be esteemed.
                                     Clarendon.
     Great princes thus, when  favourites they raise,
   To justify their grace, their  creatures praise. Dryd.
     The  design  was discovered  by a person whom
   every body knows to be the creature of  a certain
   great man.                             Swift.
Cre'aturely,  kre'tshure-le. adj.  [from
   creature.]   Having the  qualities  of  a
   creature.
     The several parts of relatives, or  creaturely in-
  finites, may have finite proportions to one another.
                 Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
Cre'britude, kre'bre-tude.  to. s.  [from
   creber,  frequent,  Lat.]   Frequentness.
                                         Diet.
Cre'brous,  kre'brus. adj. [from  creber,
   Lat.] Frequent.                     Diet.
CRE'DENCE. kre'dense. to. s. [from ere-
   do, Lat. credence, Norman Fr.]
I. Beiief;  credit.
    Ne let  it seem that credence this exceeds,
  For he that made the same was known right well
    To have done much more admirable deeds;
  It Merlin was.                         Spenser.
                   Love and wisdom,
  Approv'd so to your nfajesty, may plead
  For ample credence.                     Shaksp.
    They did not only underhand  give out that this
  was the true earl;  but the  friar,  finding some cre-
  dence in the people, took boldness in the pulpit to
  declare as much.                       Bacon.
2. That   which gives a  claim to credit or
   belief
    After they had delivered  to the king their letters
  of credence, they were led to a chamber richly fur-
  nished.                              Hayward.
CRE DP? WD A,  kre-den'da.  to. *. [Lat.]
   Things to  be believed; articles of faith:
   distinguished in  theology from agenda,
   or practical duties.
    These  were the great articles and credenda of
  Christianity, that so much startled  the world. South.
Cre'dent, kre'eient.  adj.  [credens,  Lat.]
1. Believing; easy of belief.
    Then weigh what loss your honour may sustain,
  If with too credent ear you list' his songs.   Shaksp.
2. Having  credit;  n *t  to  be  questioned.
   Less proper.
    My authority bears a credent bulk,
                     3l
                   CRE

  That no particular scandal once can touch,
  But it confounds tbe breather.         Shakspeare.
 Credential, kie-den'shal.  to.  s.  [from
   credens, Lat.]  That which gives a  title
   to credit;  the  warrant  upon  winch be-
   lief or authority is cl>n; ed.
     A few persons of an odious and  despised  country
  could not have filled the world with believers, had
  they not shewn undoubted credentials from the Divine
  Person who sent them on such a message. Addison.
 Credibility, kr£d-e-bii-6-te.  n.s.  [from
   credible.]  Claim to creak; possibility of
   obtaining belief; probability.
     The first of those opinions I shall shew to be al-
  together  incredible,  and the  latter to have all the
  credibility and evidence of which a thing of that na-
  ture is capable.                       Tillitson.
     Calculate the several degrees of credibility and
  conviction,  by which the one  evidence sui-^asseth
  the other.                           Atterbury.
 Cre'dible,  kred'e-bl.405  adj.  [credibilis,
   Lat.]   Worthy  of credit;  deserving  of
   belief;  having a just claim to belief.
     The ground of credit is toe credibility of things
  credited; and  things are made credible,  either iy
  the known condition and quality of the utterer, or
  by toe manifest likelihood of truth in themselves.
                                       Hooker.
     None can demonstrate to me, that there  is such
  an island as Jamaica; yet, upon the testimony of
  credible persons, I am free from doubt.    Tillotson.
Cre'dibleness, kred'e-hi-nes.  to.  a. [from
   credible.]  Credibility; worthiness  of be-
   lief; just claim  to beiitf.
    The credibleness of a good  part of these narra-
  tives has been  confirmed to me by a practiser of
  physick.                                Boyle.
Cre'diblv, kred'e-ble. adv.  [from credi-
   ble.]  In a manner that claims belief.
    This, wito the loss of so few of the English  as is
  scarce credible; being,  as bath been rather confi-
  dently  than credibly reported, but of one man,
  though not a few hurt.                    Bacon.
CRE'DIT, kred'it. to. s. [credit, Fr.]
 1. Beiief of; faith  yielded  to another.
    When the people heard these words,  they  gave
  no crecfif unto them, nor received them.
                                  1 Mac. x. 46.
    I may give credit to reports. Addison's  Spectator.
    Some secret truths, from learn'd pride conceal'd,
  To maids alone and children  are reveal'd:
  What though no credit doubting wits may give,
  The fair and innocent shall still believe.      Pope.
  ■ Honour; reputation.
    I published, because  I was  told I might please
  such as it was a crecfif to please.             Pope.
3. Esteem;  «ood  opinion.
    There is no decaying merchant,  or inward  beg-
  gar, hath so many tricks to uphold  the credit of iheir
  wealth, as these empty persons have to maintain :he
  crecfif of their sufficiency.                 Bacon.
     His learning, though a poet said it,
  Before a play, would lose no credit.         Swift.
    Yes, while I live, no rich or noble knave
  Shall walk the world in credit to his grave.   Pope.
 4. Failh;  testimony; that whicn  procures
   belief.
     We are contented to take  this  upon your credit,
  and to think it may  be.                 Hooker.
     The  things which we properly believe, be  only
  such as are received upon the crecfif of divine  testi-
  mony.                                 Hooker.
     The author would have done well to have left so
  great a paradox only to toe credit of a siugle asser-
  tion.                                   Locke.
 5. Trust  reposed, with regard to  proper-
   ty; correlative  to  debt.
     Credit is nothing but the expectation of monry,
  within some limited time.                 LocAv.
 6. Promise given. 
CRE
CRE
CRE
    They have never thought of violating the publick
  credit, or of alienating toe revenues to other uses
  than to what they have been thus assigned.
                                       Addison.
7. Influence; power not compulsive; in-
   terest.
    She employed his uttermost crecfif to relieve us,
  which was as great as a beloved son with a mother.
                                        Sidney.
    They sent him likewise a copy of their supplica-
  tion to the king, and desired him to  use his crecfif
  that a treaty might be entered into.     Clarendon.
    Having credit enough with his master to provide
  for his own interest, he troubled not himself for that
  of other men.                       Clarendon.
 To Cre'dit, kred'it. v. a. [credo, Lat.]
 I. To believe.
               Now I change my mind,
   And partly crecfif things that do presage.    Shaksp,
    To crecfif the unintelligibility both of this union
   and motion, we  need no more than to consider it.
                                      Glanville.
 2.  To  procure credit  or honour  to any
   thing.
         May here her monument stand so,
       To crecfif this rude age; and show
       To future times, that even we
       Some patterns did of virtue see.      Waller.
    It was not upon design to crecfif these papers, nor
   to compliment a society so much above flattery.
                                      Glanville.
    At present you crecfif the church as much by your
   government, as you did toe school formerly by your
   wit.                                    South.
 3. To trust; to confide in.
 4. To admit as a debtor.
 Cre'ditable,  kred'it-a-bl. adj.  [from cre-
   dit.]
 1. Reputable;  above contempt.
    He settled him in a good creditable way of living,
   having procured him by his interest one of the best
   places of tbe country.      Arbuthnot's John Bull.
 2. Honourable; estimable.
     The contemplation of things, that do not serve to
   promote our happiness, is but a more specious sort
   of idleness, a more pardonable and creditable kind of
   ignorance.                           Tiffofson.
 Cre'ditableness,  kred'it-a-bl-nes.  to. a.
   [from  creditable.]   Reputation; estima-
   tion.
     Among  all  these snares, there is none more en-
   tangling than the creditableness and repute of custo-
   mary vices.                      Decay of Piety.
 Cre'ditably, kred'it-a-ble.  adv.  [from
   creditable.]   Reputably;  without   dis-
   grace.
     Many will chuse rather to neglect their duty safe-
   ly and creditably, than to get  a broken  pate in the
   church's  service, only  to  be rewarded with that
   which will break their hearts too.          South.
 Cre'ditor, kred'it-tur.166 to. a. [creditor,
   Lat.]
 1. He to whom a debt is owed;  he that
   gives credit: correlative to debtor.
     There  came divers of Antonio's creditors in my
   company to Venice, that swear he cannot chuse but
   break.                                 Shaksp.
     1 am so used to consider myself as creditor and
   debtor, that I often state my accounts  after toe same
   manner, with regard to heaven and my own soul.
                              Addison's Spectator.
     No man of honour, as that word is  usually under-
   stood, did ever pretend that his honour obliged him
   to be chaste or temperate, to pay his creditors, to be
   useful to his country, to  do good to mankind, to en-
   deavour to be wise or learned, to regard  his word,
   his promise, or his oath.                  _ Swift.
 2. One  who  credits;  one  who believes.
    Not used.
         Many sought to feed
  The easy crecfifors of novelties,
  By voicing him alive.                   Shaksp.
Credu'lity, kre-du-le-te. to. *. [credulite,
   Fr. credulitaa, Lat.]  Easiness of belief;
   readiness of credit.
    The poor  Plangus, being subject to that only dis-
  advantage of honest hearts, crecfwfify, was persuad-
  ed by him.                            Sidney.
    The prejudice of credulity may, in some measure,
  be cured, by learning to set a high value on truth.
                                 Watts's Logick.
CRE'DULOUS,  kred'ju-lus.36?  293  adj.
   [credulus, Lat.]  Apt to believe; unsus-
   pecting;  easily deceived.
     A credulous father, and a brother noble,
  Whose nature is so far from doing harm,
  That he suspects none.        Shaksp. King Lear.
      Who now enjoys thee credulous all gold,
     Who always vacant, always amiable,
     Hopes thee, of flattery gales
     Unmindful, hapless he,
     T' whom thou untry'd seem'st fair.     MUton.
Cre'dulousness,  kred'ju-hls-nes.  to. s.
   [from  credulous.]  Aptness to  believe;
   credulity.
Creed,  kreed. to. s. [from credo, the first
   word ofthe apostle's creed.]
 I. A form  of  words in which the articles
   of faith are comprehended.
     The larger and fuller view of this foundation is
  set down in the creeds of the church.    Hammond.
     Will they, who decry creeds and creedmakers, say
  toat one who writes a treatise of morality ought not
   to make in it any collection of moral precepts?
                               Fiddes's Sermons.
2.  Any solemn profession of principles or
   opinion.
                     For me, my lords,
   I love him not, nor fear him;  there's my creed.
                                     Shakspeare.
 To  Creek, kreek. v.  a. [See To Creak.]
   To make a harsh noise.
                    Shall  I stay here,
   Creeking my shoes  on the plain masonry?  Shaksp.
 CREEK,  kreek.246  «. *.  [cjiecca, Sax.
   kreke, Dut.]
 1. A prominence or jut in a winding  coast.
     As streams, which with their winding banks do
         play,
   Stopp'd  by their creeks, run  softly through  the
         plain.                           Davies.
     They on the bank of Jordan,  by a creek,
   Where  winds with  reeds and oziers whisp'ring
         Play,
   Their unexpected loss and plaints outbreath'd.
                                        Milton.
 2. A small port;  a bay; a  cove.
     A law was made here to  stop their passage in
   every port  and creek.           Davies on Ireland.
 3. Any turn, or alley.
     A back-friend, a shoulder-clapper;  one that com-
   mands the  passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow
   lands.                             Shakspeare.
 Cre'eky,  kree'ke. adj. [from creek.] Full
    of creeks; unequal; winding.
     Who, leaning  on the belly of  a pot,
   Pour'd forth a water, whose outgushing flood
     Run bathing all the creeky shore a-flot,
   Whereon the Trojan prince spilt Turnus' blood.
                                        Spenser.
  To  CREEP, kreep.2*6 v.  to. pret.  crept.
    [criypan, Sax. krepan, Germ.]
  I.  To move with the belly to the ground,
    without legs, as a worm.
                    Ye that walk
   The earth, and stately tread, or  lowly creep!   Milt.
     And every creeping thing that creeps the ground.
                                         Milton.
     If they cannot distinguish  creeping from Jflying,
  let them lay down  Virgil, and take up Ovid  de
  Ponto.                               Dryden.
2. To grow along the ground, or on  other
   supports.
    The grottos cool, with shady poplars crown'd,
  And creeping vines on arbours weav'd around.
                                       Diyden.

3. To move  forward  without bounds  or  .
   leaps, as insects.
4. To move slowly and feebly.
    To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
   Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
  To the last syllable of recorded time.   Shakspeare.
                       Why should a man
  Sleep when he wakes, and creep into the jaundice
  By being peevish?        Shaksp. Merch. of Venice.
    He who  creeps after plain, dull, common sense,
  is safe from committing absurdities, but can never
  reach toe excellence of wit.              Dryden.
5. To move secretly and clandestinely.
    I'll creep up into the chimney.-----
    —There they always use to discharge their bird-
  ing-pieces: creep into the kiln-hole.        Shaksp.
                     Whate'eryou are,
   That in this desart inaccessible,
   Under the  shade of melancholy boughs,
   Lose and neglect the creeping hours of time.  Shaksp.
    Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and
  lead captive silly women.          2 Tim. iii. 6.
    Thou makest darkness, and it is night wherein all
   the beasts of the forest do creep forth. Psalm civ.  20.
    Now and then a work or two has crept in, to keep
   his first design in countenance.         Atterbury.

6. To move timorously without   soaring,
   or venturing* into  dangers.
    Paradise Lost is admirable; but am I therefore
   bound to maintain,  that there are no flats amongst
   his  elevations, when it is evident he creeps  along
   sometimes for above an hundred lines together?
                                       Dryden.
    We here took a little boat, to creep along the sea-
   shore as far as Genoa.           Addison on Italy.
7.  To come unexpected; to steal forward
   unheard and unseen.
    By those gifts of nature and fortune he creeps,  nay
   he  flies, into the favour of poor silly women.
                                        Sidney.
    It seems, the marriage of his brother's wife
   Has crept too near his conscience.-----
   ----No, his conscience
   Has crepf  too near another lady.       Shakspeare.
     Necessity enforced them, after they grew full of
   people, to  spread themselves, and creep out of Shi-
   nar, or Babylonia.                Raleigh's Hist.
     None pretends to know from how remote corners
   of  those frozen  mountains, some of those fierce  na-
   tions first crepf out.                     Temple.
     It is not to  be  expected that  every one should
   guard  his  understanding from being  imposed on
   by the sophistry which creeps into most of the books
   of  argument.                           Locke.
 8. To  behave with  servility; to  fawn; to
   bend.
       They were us'd to bend,
   To send their smiles before them to Achilles,
   To come as humbly as they  used to creep
   To holy altars,.      Shakspeare's Troilus and Cres.
 Cre'eper, kree'pur.98 to. s.  [from creep.]
  1. A plant that supports itself by  means of
    some stronger body.
     Plants  that put  forth their sap hastily,  have bo-
   dies not proportionable  to  their  length; therefore
   they are  winders or creepers, as ivy, briony, and
   woodbine.                             Bacon.
  2. An iron used to slide along the grate in
    kitchens.
  3. A kind of  patten  or clog worn by  wo-
    men.
  Cree'phole,  kreep'hole.  «. s.  [creep  and
    hole/] 
CRE
CRE
CR1
1. A hole into which any animal may creep
   to escape danger.
2. A  subterfuge; an excuse.
Cree'pingly,  kreep'ing-le.  adv.   [from
   creeping.]  Slowly;  after the manner of
   a reptile.
    The joy, which wrought into Pygmalion's mind,
  was even such as, by each degree of Zelmane's
  words, creeping/;/ entered into Philoclea's.   Sidney.
Cree'pl.c, krip'pl.408 n. s. [from creep.] A
   lame person;  a cripple.
    She to whom this world must itself refer
  As suburbs or the microcosm of her,
  She, she is dead, she's dead when thou know'st this,
  Thou know'st how lame a creeple this world is.
                                       Donne.
Crema'tion, kre-ma'shi\n. to.  s. [crematio,
   Lat] A burning.
CRE'MO H, kre'miir. n. s. [Lat.] A milky
   substance;  a  soft   liquor  resembling
   cream.
    The food is swallowed into the stomach, where,
  mingled with dissolvent juices, it is reduced into a
  chyle or cremor.                          Ray.
Cre'nated, kre'na-ted.  adj. [from crena,
   Lat.] Notched; indented.
    The cells are prettily crenated, or notched,  quite
  round the edges; but not straited down to any depth.
                                   Wbocficard.
Cre'pane, kre'pan. to. s. [With farriers.]
   An ulcer  seated in the midst of the fore-
   part of the foot.          Farrier's Diet.
To CRE'PITATE,  krep'e-tate.^ v.  to.
   [crepito, Lat.] To make a small crack-
   ling noise.
Crepita'tion, krep-e-ta'shu.n. to. s. [from
   crepitate.] A small crackling noise.
Crept, krept. particip. [from creep]
    There are  certain men crepf in unawares. Jude.
    This fair vine, but that her arms surround
  Her married  elm, had crepf along toe ground. Pope.
CREPU'SCULE,  kre-pus'kvne. n.s. [cre-
   pusculum, Lat.]  Twilight.        Diet
Crepu'sculous, kre-pus'ku-lus. adj. [ere-
   pusculum, Lat.]  Glimmering; in a state
   between light and darkness.
    A close apprehension of the one, might perhaps
   afford a glimmering light and crepusculous glance of
   the other.                             Brown.
    The beginnings of philosophy were in a crepuscu-
   lous obscurity, and it is yet scarce past the dawn.
                                      Gfant'iffe.
CRE'SCENT, kres'sent.  adj. [from cres-
   co, Lat.]  Increasing; growing; in a state
   of increase.
    I have seen him in Britain; he was then of a cres-
   cent note.                         Shakspeare.
                   With these in troop
   Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd
   Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns.
                                       Milton,
Cre'scent,  kres'sent. to. s. [crescens, Lat.]
   The moon in her state of increase;  any
   similitude of the moon increasing.
    My pow'r  's a crescent, and my auguring hope
   Says it will come to th' full.         Shakspeare.
       Or Bactrian sophy, from the horns
   Of Turkish crescent, leaves all waste beyond
   The realm of Aladule, in his retreat.      Milton.
       Jove in  dusky clouds involves the skies,
   And the faint crescent shoots by fits before  their eyes.
                                       Dryden.
    And two fair crescents of translucent horn
   The brows of all their young increase adorn. Pope.
 Cre'scive,  Ures si\ ."*'adj. [from cresco
   Lat] lucre "sim>; erowhvr.
     So the prince obscur'd his contemplation
  Under the veil of wildness, which no doubt
  Grew, like the summer grass, fastest by night,
  Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty.        Shaksp.
Cress, kres. to. *. [perhaps from  cresco, it
   being a quick grower; nasturtium, Lat.]
   An herb.
    Its flower consists of four  leaves, placed in form
  of a cross:  the pointal arises from the centre of the
  flower-cup, and becomes a roundish smooth fruit, di-
  vided into two cells, and furnished with seeds, gene-
  rally smooth.                          Miller.
    His court, with nettles and with cresses stor'd,
  With soups uubought, and sallads blest his board.
                                        Pope.
Cre'sset,  kreYset." to.  *  [croissette,  Fr.
   because beacons had crosses anciently on
   their tops.] A  great light set upon a
   beacon,  light-house,  or  watcn-tower.
   Hanmer. They stiil raise armies in Scot-
   land by carrying about the fire-cross.
                    At my nativity
  The front of heav'n was full of fieiy sparks,
  Of burning cressets.      Shakspeare's  Henry IV.
            i'rom the arched roof,
  Pendent  by subtle magic.;, many a row
  Of starry lamps, and blazing cressets, fed
  With naphtha and asphaitus, yielded light
  As from  a sky.           Milton's Paradise Lost.

CHEST, krest to. s.  [crista, Lut.]
I. The plume of feathers on the top ofthe
   ancient helmet; the helmet
    His valour, shewn upon our crests to-day,
  Hath taught us how to cherish such high deeds,
  Ev'n in the bosom of our adversaries.  Shakspeare
2.  The comb of  a cock: whence Milton
   calls him crested.
                Others on ground
  Walk'd firm; the crested cock, whose clarion sounds
  The silent hours.             Milton's Par. Lost.
3. The ornament ofthe  helmet in herald-
   ry.
    Of what esteem crests were,  in the time of king
  Edward  the Third's reign, may appear by his giving
  an eagle, which he himself had formerly born, for
  a cresf to William  Montacute, earl of Salisbury.
                             Camden's Remains.
                    The horn;
  It was a cresf ere thou wast  born:
  Thy father's father wore it.            Shakspeare.

4. Any  tuft or ornament on the  head; as
   some which the  poets assign to  serpents.
                  Their crests divide,
  And, tow'ring o'er his head, in triumph  ride. Dryd.
5. Pride; spirit;  fire; courage; loftiness of
   mien.
    When horses should endure toe bloody spur,
   They fall their crests.                Shakspeare.
Cre'sted, kres'ted.  adj.   [from  crest;
   cristatus, Lat.]

 I.  Adorned with a plume or crest.
                  The bold Ascalonites
   Then grov'ling soil'd  their cresfecf helmets in the
       dust.                             Milton.
    At this,  for  new replies he did not stay;
   But lae'd his cresfecf helm, and strode away. Dryden.
 2.  Wearing a tomb.
    The crasfecf bird shall by  experience know,
   Jove made not him his master-piece below. Dryden.
 Crest fallen,  krest'faln  adj. [crest  and
   full.]  Dejected; sunk; dispirited; cowed;
   heartless; spiritless.
    I warrant you,  they would whip me with  their
   fine wits, till I were as crest-fallen as a dried pear.
                                    Shakspeare
    They prolate their  words in  a  whining kind of
   querulous tone, as if they  were still  complaining
   and crestfallen.                       ftowell.
 Cre'stless,  krest'les.  adj.  [from crest.]

                    3l2
   Not dignified with coat-armour; not of
   any eminent family.
    His grandfather was Lionel duke of Clarence,
  Third son to the third Edward king of England,
  Sprung crestless yeomen from so deep a root. Shaksp.
CRETA CEOUS, kre-ta'shus. adj. [creta,
   chalk, Lat.]
1. Having  the qualities of chalk; chalky.
    What gives the light, seems hard to say; whether
  it be the cretaceous salt, the nitrous salt,  or some
  igneous particles.                        Grew.
2. Abounding with chalk.
    Nor from the sable ground expect success,
  Nor from crefoceons, stubborn and jejune.   Philips.
Creta'ted,   kre'ta-ted.   adj.  [cretatua,
   Lat.]  Rubbed  with chalk.         Diet.
Cre'vice,  kiev'is.140 n. s. [from crever, Fr.
   crepare,  Lat. to  burst.] A crack; a cleft;
   a narrow opening.
    I  pried me through the crevice of  a wall,
  When for his hand he had his two sons heads.
                                   Shal spears.
    I  thought it  no breach of good-manners to peep
  at a crevice, and look in at people so well employed.
                            Addison's Spectator.
To Cre'vice, krev'is.140 v. a. [from  the
   noun.] To  crack; to flaw.
    So laid,  they are more apt in swagging down to
  pierce wito their points, than in the  jaceut posture,
  and  so to crevice the wall.    Wotton's Architecture.
CREW, kr66.339  to. s.  [probably  from
   cjiub, Sax.]
I. A  company of people associated for any
   purpose; as gallant crew, for troops.
                               Chevy-chase.
                  There a noble crew
  Of lords and ladies stood on every side,
  Which with their presence fair the place much beau-
      tified.                            Spenser.
2. The company  of a ship.
    The anchors dropp'd, his crew the vessels moor.
                               Dryden's AZneid.
3. It  is now generally used in  a bad sense.
                One of the banish'd crew,
  I fear, hath ventur'd from the deep,  to raise
  New troubles.                Milton's Par. Lost.
    He, with a crew, whom like ambition joins
  W ith bim, or under him to tyrannize,
  Marching  from Eden tow'rds the west, shall find
  The plain.                   Milton's Par.  Lost.
    The last was he, whose thunder slew
  The Titan  race, a rebel creio.           Addison.
Crew, kroo.  [the preterite of crow.]
    The cock creto.                        Bible.
Cre'wel,  kr66'il." to. s.  [klewel, Dutc  ]
   Yarn twisted,  and  wound on #  knot or
   ball.
    Take silk or crewel, gold or silver  thread, and
   make these fast at the bent of the hook.   W.-itr.n.
CRIB,krib.TO. s.[cpybhe, Sax.cri£,Ci . ]
 I. The  rack or manger of a stable.
    Let a beast be lord of beasts, and his crib  shall
   stand at the king's messe.    Shakspeaie's Hamlet.
    The steer and lion at one crib shall meet,
   And harmless serpents lick the pilgrim's feet. Pope.
 2. Tic sull or cabin of  an ox.
 3. A small habitation; a cottage.
     Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoaky cribs.
   Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee,
   Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great?
                                    Shakspeare.
  To Crib, krib. v.  a. [from the noun.] To
    shut up in a  narrow habitation; to  con-
    fine; lo cage.
     N w I am cabbin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in
   To '■aucy doubts ai.d fears                Shaksp.
 Cri'bbage,  krib'bidje.90 n. s. A  game at
    cards. 
CRI                                      CRI                                     CRI
 Cri'bble, krib'bl. n. s. [cribrum, Lat.] A
   corn-sieve.                         Diet.
 Gribra'tiox, kri-bra'shun.123 to. s. [cribro,
   Lat.]  The act of sifting,  or separating
   by  a sieve.
 Crick, krik. to. a. [from cricco, ltal.J
 I. The noise of a door.
 2. [from cpyce, Sax.  a stake.]  A painful
   stiffness  in the neck.
 Cri'cket,  krik'kit." to. a.  [krekel, from
   kreken, to make a noise,  Dut.]
 1. An insect that squeaks  or chirps about
   ovens and fireplaces.
             Didst thou not hear a noise?----
   —I heard the owl scream, and  the crickets cry.
                                   Shakspeare.
       Far from all resort of mirth,
     Save  the cricket on the hearth.         Milton.
     The solemn death-watch click'd the hour she died,
   And shrilling crickets in the chimney cried.   Gay.
 2. [from cpyce, Sax. a stick.]  A sport at
   which the contenders drive a ball with
   sticks in opposition to each other.
     The judge, to dance, his brother serjeant call;
   The senator at cricket  urge the  ball.        Pope.
 3. [from kriechen,  Germ,  to creep.]  A
   low seat  or stool.

 Cri'cketing Apple, krik'kit-ing-ap-pl. to.
   a. A small species of apple.
 Cri'er,  kri'ur.98 n. s. [from  cry.]  The of-
   ficer whose business it is to cry or make
   proclamation.
     He openeth his mouth like"a  crier. Eccl. xx. 15.
     The criers command silence, and the whole multi-
  tude present stand in a suspense.      Brerewood.
          The crier calls aloud
  Our old nobility of Trojan blood,
  Who gape among the crowd for their precarious
       food.                            Dryden.
 CRIME, krime. to.  s. [crimen, Lat. crime,
   Fr.] An act contrary to right; an offence;
   a great fault; an act  of wickedness.
     High  God, be witness toat I guiltless am;
   But  if yourself, Sir Knight, ye  guilty find,
   Or wrapped be in loves of former dame,
   With crime do not it cover, but disclose the same.
                                      Spenser.
     Undergo with me one guilt, one crime,
   Of tasting.                           Milton.
               Like in punishment
  As in their crime.                     Milton.
     No crime was thine, if 'tis no  crime to love. Pope.
 Cri'meful, krime'ful. adj.  [from  crime
   and full.]  Wicked; criminal; faulty  in a
   high degree;  contrary to duty; contrary
   to virtue.
     You proceeded not against these feats,
  So crimeful and so capital in nature.   Shakspeare.
 Cri'meless, krirrie'l£s. adj.  [from crime.]
   Innocent;  without crime.
     My foes could  not procure me any scathe,
  So long as I am loyal, true, and crimeless.  Shaksp.
 Cri'minal, krim'e-nal.88arf/'. [from crime.]
 I. Faulty;  contrary  to  right;  contrary to
   duty; contrary to  law.
    Live thou,  and to thy mother dead attest,
  That clear she died from blemish criminal. Spenser.
    What we approve in our friend, we can hardly be
  induced to think criminal in ourselves.     Rogers.
2. Guilty; tainted with crime; not innocent.
    The neglect of any of the relative duties, renders
  us  criminal in the sight of God.           Rogers.
3. Not civil;  as,  a  criminal  prosecution;
  the  criminal law.
Cri'minal, krim'e-nal. to. a. [from crime.]
1. A man accused.
    Was ever criminal forbid to plead?
  Curb your ill-manner'd zeal.            Dryden.
2. A man guilty of a crime.
    All three persons that had held chief place of au-
  thority in their countries; all three ruined,  not by
  war, or by any other disaster, but by justice and sen-
  tence, as delinquents and criminals.       Bacon.
Cri'minally, krim'e-nal-le.  adv.  [from
   criminal.]   Not  innocently;  wickedly;
   guiltily.
    As our thoughts extend to all subjects, they may
  be criminally employed on all.           Rogers.
Cri'minalness, krim'e-nal-nes. to.*, [from
   criminal.]  Guiltiness, want of innocence.
Crimina'tion, krim-e-na'shiln.  to. <s. [cri-
   minatio, Lat.]  The  act of accusing; ac-
   cusation; arraignment; charge.
Cri'minatory,  krim'e-na-tiir-re.613  adj.
   [from crimina, Lat.] Relating to accusa-
   tion; accusing; censorious.
Cri'minous,  krim'e-nus.  adj. [criminosus,
   Lat.] Wicked; iniquitous;  enormously
   guilty.
    The punishment  that belongs  to that great and
  criminous guilt, is  the forfeiture of his right and
  claim to all mercies, which  are made over to him
  by Christ.                         Hammond.
Cri'minously, krlm'e-nus-le. adv. [from
   criminous.] Enormously; very wickedly.
    Some particular duties of piety and charity, which
  were most criminously omitted before.   Hammond.
Cri'minousness,   kiim'e-nus-nes.   n.  s.
   [from  criminous.]  Wickedness; guilt;
   crime.  .
    I could never be convinced of any such criminous-
  ness in him, as willingly to  expose his life to toe
  stroke of justice, and malice of his enemies.
                                King Charles.
Cri'mosin,   krim'zn.170   adj.  [crimosino,
   Ital.; commonly  written  as it  is pro-
   nounced,  crimson.]   A species  of red
   colour.
    Upon her head a crimosin coronet,
    With damask roses and daffadilie* set,      *'
        Bay leaves between,
        And primroses green,
    Embellish the white violet.           Spenser.
Crimp,  krimp.  adj.   [from crumble, or
   crimble.]
1. Friable; brittle; easily crumbled; easily
   reduced to powder.
              Now the fowler, warn'd
  By these good omens, with swift early steps,
  Treads the crimp earth, ranging through fields and
      glades.                         Philips.
2. Not consistent; not forcible: a low  cant
   word.
    The evidence is crimp; the witnesses swear back-
  wards and forwards, and contradict themselves; aud
  his tenants stick by him.              Arbuthnot.
To Cri'mple, krim'pl.406 v. a.[fromrum-
  ple, crumple, crimple.] To contract;  to
   corrugate; to  cause to shrink or con-
   tract.
    He passed the cautery through them, and accord-
  ingly crimpled them  up.              Wiseman.
CRI'MSON,  krim'zn.  to.  s. [crimosino,
   Italian.]
1. Red, somewhat darkened with blue.
    As crimson seems to be little else than a very deep
  red, with an eye of blue; so some  kinds of red seem
  to be little else than heightened yellow.    Boyle.
        Why does the soil endue
  The blushing poppy with a crimson hue?    Prior.
2. Red in general.
    Can you blame her then, being a maid yet rosed
  over with the virgin  crimson of modesty, if she deny
  the appearance of a naked blind boy, in her naked
  seeing self?                  Shaksp. Henry V
            Beauty's ensign yet
  Is crimson in thy lips, and in thy cheeks.     Shaksp.
    The crimson stream distain'd his arms around,
  And toe  disdainful soul came  rushing  through the
      wound.                         Dryden.
 To Cri'mson, krim'zn. v.  a. [from  the
   noun.]  To dye with crimson.
    Parden me, Julius.  Here wast thou bay'd, brave
        hart!
  Here didst thou fall; and here  thy hunters stand,
  Sign'd in thy spoil, and crimson'd in thy lethe. Shak.
Cri'ncum, kringk'um. to.  a.  [a cant word.]
   A cramp;  a contraction; whimsy.
      For jealousy is but a kind
    Of clap and crincum of the mind.     Hudibras.
Cringe, krinje. to. * [from  the  verb.] Bow;
   servile civility.
    Let me be grateful; but let far from me
  Be fawning cringe, and false dissembling looks.
                                      Philips.
 To CRINGE, krinje. v. a. [from kriechen,
   Germ.] To draw together; to contract.
                  Whip him, fellows,
  Till, like a boy, you see him cringe his face,
  And whine aloud for mercy.           Shakspeare.
 To Cringe,  krinje. v. to.  [kriechen, Ger-
   man.]  To bow; to pay court with bows;
   to fawn; to flatter.
    Flatterers have the flexor muscles so strong, that
  they are  always bowing and cringing.   Arbuthnot.
    The cringing knave, who seeks a place
  Without  success, thus tells his case.         Swift.
Crini'gerous, kri-nid'je-riis.1'''3  adj. [cri-
   nigtr, Lat.] Hairy; overgrown with hair.
                                       Diet.
To CRI'NKLE, kring'kl.  v. to.  [krincke-
   len, Dut.]  I'o go in and out;  to  run in
   flexures: diminutive of  crankle.
    Unless some sweetness at the bottom  lie,
  Who cares for all the crinkling of the pie?
                              King's Cookery.
To Cri'nkle, kring'kl.  v. a.   To mould
   into inequalities.
Cri'nkle, kring'kl. to. a. [from the  verb.]
   A wrinkle; a sinuosity.
CRI'NOSE,  kri-nose'. adj.  [from  crinis,
   Lat.] Hairy.                        Diet.
Crino'sity,  kri-nos'se-te.  to. s. [from  cri-
   nose.]  Hairiness.                  Diet.

CRI'PPLE,  krip'pl.4°« to. a. [cpypel, Sax.
   krepel, Dut.] A lame man; one that  has
   lost  or  never  enjoyed  the  use  of  his
   limbs.  Donne, with great appearance of
   propriety,  writes it  creeple, from creep.
    He, poor man, by your first order died,
  And toat a winged Mercury did bear:
  Some tardy cripple had the countermand,
  That came too lag to see him buried.      Shaksp.
    I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are
  in my mind, the reader must determine.  Dryden.
    Among the  rest there was a lame cripple from his
  birth, whom Paul commanded  to stand upright on
  his feet.                             Bentley.
    See the blind beggar dance,  the cripple sing,
  The sot a hero, luijatick a king.           Pope.
To Cri'pple, krip'pl. v.a. [from the noun.]
   To  lame;  to make lame;  to deprive of
   the use of limbs. .
     'Knots upon his gouty joints appear,
  And chalk is in his crippled fingers found.  Dryden.
    Tettyx, the dancing-master,  threw himself from
  the rock, but was crippled in the fall.    Addison.
Cri'ppleness, krip'pl-nes. to. s. [from crip-
  ple] Lameness; privation of the  limbs.
                                      Diet. 
C RI
CRI
CRO
 Cri'sis, kri'sis. to. a. [*jiV«s.]
 1. The  point in which the disease  kills, or
    changes to the better;  the decisive mo-
    ment when sentence is passed.
     Wise leeches will not vain receipts obtrude;
   Deaf to complaints, they wait upon the ill,
   Till some safe crisis authorize their skill.   Dryden.
 2. The point of  time  at which any  affair
    comes to the height.
     This hour 's the  very crisis of your fate;
   Your good or ill, your infamy or fame,
   And all the colour of your life, depends
   On this important now.                  Dryden.
     The  undertaking, which I am now laying  down,
   was entered upon in the ifery crisis of the late re-
   bellion, when it was toe duty  of every  Briton to
   contribute his  utmost assistance to the government,
   in a manner suitable to his station and abilities.
                             Addison's Freeholder.
 CRISP, krisp. adj. [crispus, Lat.]
 I. Curled.
     Bulls are more crisp on  the forehead than cows.
                                        Bacon.
     The Ethiopian black, flat nosed, and crisp haired.
                                          Hale.
 2. Indented; winding.
     You  nymphs, call'd  Naiads, of the winding
         brooks,
   With your sedg'd crowns,  and ever harmless  looks,
   Leave your crisp channels, and on this green  land
   Answer your summons;  Juno  does  command.
                                        Shaksp.
 3. Brittle;  friable.
     In frosty weather, musick within  doors  soundeth
   better; which may be by reason, not of the disposi-
   tion ofthe air, but of the wood or string of the in-
   strument,  which is  made more crisp,  and so more
   porous and hollow.            Bacon's Nat.  Hist.
 To Crisp, krisp. v. a. [crispo, Lat.]
 1. To   curl;  to  contract  into knots  or
   curls.
    Severn, affrighted with their bloody looks,
   Ran fearfully among the trembling reeds,
   And hid his crisp'cf  head in the  hollow bank.
                                Shaksp. Hen. IV.
        Young I'd have him too;
       Yet a man, with crisped hair,
       Cast in thousand snares and rings,
       For love's fingers, and his rings.  Ben Jonson.
     Spirits of wine is not only unfit for inflammations
   in general, but also crisps up the vessels of the dura
   mater and brain, and sometimes produces a gan-
   grene.                         Sharp's Surgery.
 2. To twist.
    Along the crisped shades and bow'rs
   Revels the spruce and jocund spring.     Milton.
 3. To indent;  to run in and out.
    From that saphine fount the crisped brooks,
   Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold,
   Ran nectar, visiting each plant.          Milton.

 Crispa'tion,  kris-pa'shun. to. *.    [from
   crisp.]
 1. The act  of curling.
 2. The state of being curled.
    Some  differ in the hair and  feathers, both in the
  quantity, crispat ion, and colours of toem; as he lions
  are hirsute, and have great manes; the  she's are
  smooth, like cats.                       Bacon.
Cri'sping-pin, kris'plng-pin. to. s.  [from
   crisp.]   A  curling iron.
    The changeable suits  of apparel,  and the  man-
  tles, and the wimples, and  the  crisping-pins.
                                  Isaiah, iii. 22.
Crispisu'loant,   kvls-pe-sul'kaat.   adj.
   [crispisulcans,   Lat.]  Waved,   or  un-
   dulating, as lightning is represented.
                                        Diet.
Cri'spness, krisp'nes.  to. s.  [from  crisp.]
   Curledness.
 Cri'spy, kris'pe. adj. [from crisp] Curled.
     So are those crispy snaky locks, oft known
   To be the dowry of a second head.        Shaksp.
 Crite'rion, kri-te're-un.m n.s. [*£ir^tev.]
    A  mark by  which any thing is judged
    of,  with regard to its goodness or  bad-
    ness.
     Mutual agreement  and  endearments was  the
   badge of primitive believers; but we may be known
   by the contrary criterion.      Glanville's Scepsis.
     We have here a  sure  infallible criterion, by
   which every man may discover and find out the gra-
   cious or ungracious disposition of his own heart.
                                         South.
     By what criterion do you eat, d'ye think,
   If this is priz'd for sweetness, that for stink?
                                 Pope's Horace.

 CRI'TICK, krit'ik. to. *. [xgmnf]
 I. A man skilled in  the  art of  judging of
   literature;  a  man able  to  distinguish
   the faults and beauties of writing.
     This settles truer ideas in men's minds of seve-
   ral things, whereof we read toe names  in ancient
   authors, than all the large and laborious arguments
   of criticks.                             Locke.
     Now learn what morals criticks ought to show,
   For 'tis but half a judge's task to know.      Pope.
 2. An examiner; a judge.
     But you with pleasure own your errours past,
   And make each day a critick on the last.     Pope.
 3. A snarler;  a carper; a caviller.
     Criticks I saw, that others names deface,
  And fix their own with labour in their place.  Pope.
     Where an author has many  beauties  consistent
  with virtue, piety, and truth, let not little criticks
  exalt themselves, and shower down their ill-nature.
                                        Watts.
 4. A censurer; a man apt  to find fault.
     My chief design, next to seeing  you, is to be a
  severe critick on you and your neighhour.    Swift.
 Cri'tick, krit'ik. adj.   Critical;  relating
   to criticism;  relating to the art of judg-
   ing of literary performances.
    Thence arts o'er all the northern world advance,
  But critick learning flourish'd most in France.
                                         Pope.
 Cri'tick, krit'ik. «. s.
 1. A critical examination; critical remarks;
   animadversions.
    I should be glad if I could persuade him to con-
  tinue his good offices, and write such another critick
  on any thing of mine.                  Dryden.
    I should as soon expect to see a  critique on the
  poesy of a ring, as on the inscription of a medal.
                            Addison on Medals.
 2. Science of criticism.
    If ideas and words were distinctly weighed,  and
  duly considered, they would  afford  us another sort
  of logick and critick than what we have been hither-
  to acquainted with.                      Locke.
    What is every year of a wise man's life, but a cen-
  sure and  critique on the past?              Pope,
    Not that my quill to criticks was confin'd;
  My verse  gave ampler lessons to mankind.   Pope.
 To Cri'tick, krit'ik.  v.  n.  [from  critick]
   To play the critick; to criticize.
    They do but trace over the paths  that have been
  beaten  by the ancients; or  comment, c; Hick,  and
  flourish upon them.                    Temple.
Cri'tical, krlt'e-kal. adj. [from critick.]
 1. Exact; nicely  judicious; accurate; dili-
   gent.
    It is submitted to the  judgment of more critical
  ears, to direct and determine what is graceful  and
  what is not.                           Holder.
    Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion, that
  he would  never have  brought  in such  prayers as
  these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman
  customs.                          Stillingfleet.
 2.  Relating to criticism:  as, he  wrote  a
    critical dissertation on the last play.
 3. Captious; inclined to find fault.
     What wouldst thou write of me, if thou shouldst
         praise me?—
   O, gentle lady, do not put me to't;
   For I am nothing, if not critical.   Shaksp. Othello.
 4. [from crisu.]  Comprising the time at
    which a great event is determined.
     The moon is supposed to be measured by sevens,
   and the  critical or decretory days to be dependent
   on that number.              Brown's Vulg. Err.
 5. Decisive; nice.
     Opportunity is in respect to time, in some sense,
   as time  is  in respect to eternity: it  is the  smali
   moment, toe exact point, the  critical minute, on
   which every good work so much depends.   Spratt.
     The people cannot but resent to see their appre-
   hensions of the power of France, in  so critical a
   juncture, wholly laid aside.                Swift.
 6. Producing a crisis  or change of the dis-
   ease:  as,  a critical sweat.
 CRi'TicALLYj'krit'e-kal-e. adv. [from cri-
   tical.]
 1. In a critical manner; exactly; curiously.
     Difficult it is to understand  the purity of English,
  and critically to discern good writers from bad, and
  a proper stile from a corrupt one.         Dryden.
     These  shells which are digged up out of the
  earth, several hundreds  of  which I now keep by
  me, have been nicely and  critically examined by
  very many learned men.              Woodward.
2. At  the exact point  of time.

Cri'ticalness, krit'e-kal-n<§s. to. a. [from
   critical]  Exactness;  accuracy;  nicety;
   incidence  at a particular  point of time.
 To Cri'ticise,  krit'e-size.le3 v.  to.  [from
   critick.]
 I. To play the critick; to judge; to write
   remarks upon any  performance of lite-
   rature; to point out faults and beauties.
    They who can criticise so weakly, as to imagine
  I have done my worst,  may be convinced, at  their
  own cost,  that 1 can write severely wito more ease
  than I can gently.                      Dryden.
    Know well each ancient's proper character;
  Without all this at once before your eyes,
  Cavil you may, but never criticise.         Pope.
2. To animadvert upon as  faulty.
    Nor would I have his father look so narrowly
  into these accounts, as to take occasion from thence
  to criticise, on his expences.                Locke.
To Cri'ticise, krit'e-size. v. a. [from cri-
   tick.]  To censure; to pass  judgment
   upon.
    Nor shall I look upon it as any breach of charity,
  to criticise the author, so long  as I keep clear of the
  person.                              Addison.
Cri'ticism,  krit'e-slzm.   to. s.  [from  cri-
   tick.]
I. Criticism, as it was first instituted  by
   Aristotle,  was  meant  a standard  of
   judging well.                    Dryden.
2. Remark;  animadversion;  critical  ob-
   servations.
    There is not a Greek or Latin  critick,  who has
  not shewn, even in the  style  of  his criticisms,  that
  he was master of all the eloquence  and delicacy of
  his native tongue.                      Addison.
To  CROAK, kroke. v. to. [cjiacezzaiij
   Sax.  crocare,  Ital. crocitare, Lat.]
1.  To make a  hoarse low  noise, like a
   frog.
    The subtle swallow flies about  the brook,
  And  querulous hogs in muddy pools do croak.
                                  May's Virgil.
    So when Jove's block descended from on high, 
CRO
CRO
CRO
  Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog,
  And the hoarse nation croak'd.             Pope.
    Blood, stuff'd in skins,  is British christians food;
  And France robs marshes of the croaking brood.
                                        Gay.
2. To caw, or cry like a raven or  crow.
                 The raven himself is hoarse,
  That croaks the fatal  entrance of Duncan
  Under my battlements.                 Shaksp.
    The hoarse raven, on the blasted bough,
  By  croaking from the left, presag'd the  coming
        blow.                          Diyden.
    At the same  time the walk of elms, with the
  croaking of toe ravens, looks exceeding solemn  and
  venerable.                          Addison.
3,  It may be used  in contempt   for  any
   disagreeable or offensive murmur.
    Their understandings  are but little  instructed,
  when all their whole  time and pains is laid out to
  still the croaking of their own bellies.      Locke.
Croak,  kroke. to. s. [from the verb.] The
   cry or voice  of a frog or  raven.
    The swallow skims the river's watry face;
  The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race.
                                      Dryden.
    Was that a raven's croak, or my son's voice?
  No matter which, I'll to toe grave and  hide me.
                                          Lee.
Cro'ceous,  kro'she-us.367 adj.  [croceus,
   Lat] Consisting of saffron; like saffron.
                                       Diet.
Crocita'tion,  kro-se-ta'shiin. to.  s.  [cro-
   citatio, Lat.] The  croaking of  frogs or
   ravens.                             Diet.
CROCK,  krok.  to.  s. [kruiek, Dut.]  A
   cup; any vessel made of earth.
Cro'ckery, krok'ur-e.666 to. s.   Earthen-
   ware.
   codilinua, Lat.]  Like a crocodile. Diet.
Cro'cus, kro'kds. to. a.  A flower.
    Fair handed spring unbosoms every grace,
  Throws out the snow-drop and the crocus first.
                                    Thomson,
Croft, kroft. to. a. [cpopt, Sax.] ^ A lit-
   tle close joining to a house, that is used
   for corn or pasture.
                This have I learn'd,
  Tending my flocks hard by, i' th' hilly crofts
  That brow this bottom glade.            Milton.
Croisa'de, kroe-sade'.  > to. a. [croisade,
Croisa'do, kroe-sa'do.   } Fr.  from croix,
   a  cross.] A holy war;  a war carried on
   against  infidels under the   banner of
   the  cross.
    See that he take the name of Urban, because a
  pope  of that name did  first institute the croisado;
  and, as with an holy trumpet, did stir up the voyage
  for the Holy Land.                     Bacon.
Cro'ises, kroe'sez. to. s.
1. Pilgrims who carry a cross.
2. Soldiers who fight against infidels un-
   der the banner of the cross.
Crone, krone, to. s.  [cp.one, Sax.  accor-
   ding to Verstegan; kronie, Dut.  accor-
   ding to Skinner.]
1. An old ewe.
    Fresh herrings plenty Michel brings,
  With fatted crones, and such old things.   Tusser.
2. In contempt, an old woman.
                Take up the bastard,
  Take't up, I say; give 't to thy crone.     Shaksp.
    The crone being in bed with him on the wedding
  night,  and finding his aversion, endeavours to win
  his affection by reason.                 Dryden.
Cro'net, kro'net. to. a.   The  hair  which
   grows over the top of an horse's  hoof.
Cro'ny,  kro'ne.  to. s.  [a cant word.]  An
   old acquaintance;  a companion of long
   standing.
    So when the Scots, your constant cronies,
  The espousers of your cause and monies.  Hudib.
        To oblige your crony Swift,
      Bring our dame a new year's gift.     Swift.
        Strange an astrologer should die
      Without one wonder in the sky!
      Not one of all his crony stars
      To pay toeir duty at his herse.        Swift.
CROOK, kr66k. i. *. [croc, Fr.]
1. Any crooked or bent instrument.
2. A sheephook.
    I sing the man who Judah's sceptre bore
  In that right hand which held the crook before.
                                      Cowley.
    He  left his crook, he left his flocks,
  And wand'ring through the lonely rocks,
  He nourish'd endless woe.                Prior.
3. Any thing bent; a meander.
    There fall those saphire-colour'd brooks,
  Which,  conduit-like, with curious crooks,
  Sweet islands make in that sweet land.    Sidney*
To Crook, kr66k. v. a.  [crocher, Fr.]
1. To bend; to turn into a hook.
    It is highly  probable, that this  disease proceeds
  from a  redundant  acidity,  because vinegar will
  soften  and croik tender bones.         Arbuthnot.
2. To  pervert  from  rectitude;  to  divert
   fr^m the original end.
    Whatsoever affairs pass such a  man's hands, he
  crooketh them to his own ends; which must needs
  be often eccentrick  to the ends of his master or
  state.                                Bacon.
To Crook, kr66k. v. to.  To  be bent; to
   have a ' u.  vamre.
    Their shoes  aid  pattens are srouted and piked
  more than  a finger long, crooking  upwards.
                                     Camden.
Cro'okrack,  krodk'bak. to. a.  [crook and
  back.] A term of reproach  for a man
  that has  gibbous shoulders.
    Aye,  crookback, here I stand to answer thee,
  Or any he the proudest of thy sort. Slutk. Hen. VI.
Cro'okracked, kr66k'bakt.369 adj.  Ha-
  ving bent shoulders.
    A dwarf as well may for a giant pass,
  As negroe for a swan; a crookback'd lass
  Be call'd Europa.            Dryden's Juvenal.
    There are millions of truths  that a man is not
  or may  not think himself concerned to know; as'
  whether our king Richard 111. was croofc&ocfcecf or
  no-                                   Locke.
Croo'ked, krddk'e'd.366 adj. [crocher, I r.l
   1. Bent;  not straight; curved.
    A bell or a cannon may  be heard beyond a hill
  which  intercepts  the sight of the sounding body,
  and sounds are  propagated  as readily through
  crooked pipes, as  through straight ones.  Newton.
    Mathematicians say of  a straight line, that it is
  as well  an index of its own rectitude as ol the ob-
  liquity of a crooked one.              Woodward,
2. Winding; oblique; anfractuous.
    A man  shall never want crooked paths to walk
  in, if he thinks that he is in  the right way, where-
  ever he has the footsteps of others to follow.  Locke.
    Among the crooked lanes, on every hedge,
  The glow-worm lights his gem.         Thomson.
3. Perverse;  untoward; without rectitude
   of mind; given to obliquity of conduct.
    They have corrupted themselves: they are  a per-
  verse and crooked generation.        Dewf. xxx. 5.
    Hence, heap of wrath; foul, indigested lump!
  As crooked  in thy manners as thy shape.    Shaksp.
    We were not  born crooked; we  learned thosa
  windings and turnings of the serpent.       South.
Croo'kedly, kr66k'ed-le.  adv.   [from
  crooked.]
1. Not in a straight line.
2. Untowardly;  not compliantly.
    If we walk perversely with God, he will walk
  crookedly towards us.                   Taylor.
Croo'kedness, krook'ed-n£s. to. s.  [from
  crooked.]
1. Deviation  from straightness;  curvity;
  the state of being inflected; inflection.
    He that  knoweth what is  straight,  doth even
  thereby discern what is crooked; because the ab-
  sence of straightness, in bodies capable thereof,  is
  crookedness.                          Hooker.
2. Deformity of a  gibbous body.
    When the heathens offered a sacrifice to toeir
  false gods,  they would make a severe search to see
  if there were any crookedness or spot, any unclean-
  ness or  deformity, in their sacrifice.       Taylor.
CROP, krop. to. s. [cjiop, Sax.] The  craw
  of a bird; the  first stomach into which
  its meat descends.
    In birds  there  is no mastication or comminution
  of the meat iu  the mouth; but in such as are not
  carniverous, it is immediately swallowed into the
  crop or craw.                            ftay%
    But fluttering there, they nestle near the throne,
  And lodge in habitations not their own,
  By their high crops and corny gizzards known.
                                      Diyden.
Cro'ffull, krop'ful. adj. [crop and fuil.]
   Satiated; with  a fml belly.
    He, stietch'd out all the chimney's length,
  Bask: at the fire his hairy strength;
  And, crop-full,  out of door he flings
  Ere the rirst cock his matin rings.        Milton.
Cro'fsick, krop'sik.  adj.  [crop and sick.]
   Sick  with  repletion;  sick with  txcess
  and debauchery.
    Strange  odds!  where crop-sick drunkards must
        e;:'-./e
  A hungry toe,  and  arm'd  with sober rage.
                                Tate's  Juvenal.
 CRO'CODILE, krok'6 dll.»« to. s. [from
   xpox.(&, saffron, and foiXw, fearing.]  An
   amphibious voracious animal, in shape
   resembling a lizard, and found in Egypt
   and  the   Indies.   It  is covered  with
   very hard scales, which cannot without
   great difficulty,  be pierced; except  un-
   der the belly,  where the skin is tender.
   It has a wide throat, with several rows
   of  teeth,  sharp  and separated,  which
   enter one another.   It  runs with great
   swiftness; but does not easily turn itself.
   It  is long lived, and  is  said  to grow
   continually to its death.  Some  are fif-
   teen or eighteen cubits  long.   Croco-
   diles  lay  their eggs, resembling goose-
   eggs, sometimes  amounting to sixty,
   near the  waterside, covering them with
   the sand,  that the heat of the sun may
   hatch them.                     Calmet.
                         Gloster's show
   Beguiles him; as the mournful crocodile
   With sorrow snares relenting passengers.   Shaksp.
     Crocodiles  were thought to be peculiar unto the
   Nile.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Caesar will weep,  the  crocodile will weep.
                                      Dryden.
     Enticing crocodiles, whose tears are death;
   Syrens, that murder with enchanting breath.
                                     Granville.
     Crocodile is also a little animal, otherwise called
   stinx, very much like  the lizard, or small cocodile.
   It lives  by land and  water; has four slier; small
   legs, a very  sharp muzzle, and  a short small  tail.
   It  is pretty enough to look at, being covered all
   over  vrito little scales ofthe colour of silver, inter-
  mix,  wif. 'irown, aud of a goii colour  upon the
  back.   1. always remains little.        T-e-ovx.
Cro'oodiline, krok'6-dil-ine.  adj. [cro-\ 
CRO
CRO
CRO
Crop, krop. n. a.  [cjioppa, Sax.]
1. The highest part  or end of any thing;
   as the head of a tree, the ear of corn.
2. The harvest;  the  corn gathered off  a
   field;  the product of the field;
    And this of all my harvest hope I have,
  Nought reaped but a weedy crop of care.   Spenser.
    Lab'ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop,
  Corn, wine, and oil.          Milton's Par. Lost.
    The fountain which from Helicon proceeds,
  That sacred stream, should never water weeds,
  Nor make the crop of thorns and thistles grow.
                                    Roscommon.
    Nothing is more  prejudicial to  your crop than
  mowing of it too soon.     Jlforfimer's Husbandry.
3. Any thing cut off.
     Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free,
   It falls a plenteous crop reserv'd for thee.   Dryden.
To Crop, krop. v. a. [from  the noun.]
1. To cut off the ends  of any thing;  to
   mow;  to reap;  to lop.
     Cropp'd are the flower-de-luces in your arms;
   Of England's coat, one half is cut away.  Shaksp.
             He, upon whose side
   The fewest roses are cropp'd from the tree,
   Shall yield the other in the right opinion.   Shaksp.
     All the budding honours on thy crest
   I'll crop, to make a garland for my head.    Shaksp.
     I will crop off from the top of his young twigs  a
   tender one, and will plant it upon an high mountain.
                                 Ezekiel, xvii. 22.
     There are some tears of trees, which are combed
   from the  beards of goats; for when the goats bite
   and crop them,  especially in the mornings, the dew
   being on,  the tear  cometh forth, and hangeth upon
   their beards.                Bacon's Natural Hist.
     No more, my goats, shall I behold you climb
   The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow'ry thyme!
                                  Dryden's Virgil.
2. To gather before it falls.
                    0 fruit divine!
   Sweet of thyself, but much more sweet thus cropp'd.
                                         Milton.
     Age,  like ripe apples, on earth's bosom drops;
   While force our youth, like fruits, untimely crops.
                                        Denham.
                             Death destroys
   The parent's hopes, and crops the growing boys.
                                         Creech.
 To Crop, krop.  v. to.  To yield harvest.
                    Royal wench!
   She made great Caesar lay his sword to-bed;
   He plough'd her, and she cropf.
                      Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
 Cro'pper,  krop'ptir. n. s. [from crop.] A
   kind  of pigeon with a large crop.
     There be tame  and  wild pigeons; and of tame
   there be croppers, carriers, runts. Walton's Angler.
Cro'sier, kro'zhe-er.4S1 i53  to. s.  [eroiser,
   Fr. from croix,  a  cross.]  The pastoral
   staff  of a bishop,   which  has  a  cross
   upon  it.
     When prelates are great, there is  also danger
   from them; as in the times  of Anselmus and Tho-
   mas Becket,  who, with their crosiers, did almost try
   it with the king's sword.                  Bacon.
     Grievances there were, I must confess, and some
   incongruities in my civil government; wherein some
   say the crosier, some say the distaff, was too busy.
                         Howel's England's  Tears.
     Her front erect with majesty she bore,
   The  crosier wielded, and the mitre wore.     Dryd.
 Cro'slet,  kros'let."8 to.  s. [eroisselet, Fr.]
  1.  A  small cross.
     T en Ui a Van to ask, if aught he knew,
   Or heard abroad, of that her champion true,
   That in his armour bare a croslet red.      Spenser.
      Here an unfinish'd diamond croslet lay,
   To which soft lovers adoration pay.      Gay's Fan.
 2. It stems to be printed in the following
    passage, by mistake, for corselet.
    The croslet some, and some the cuishes mould,
  With silver plated, and with ductile gold.  Diyden.
CROSS, kros. to. s. [croix, Fr. cocer, Ital.
  crux, Lat.]
1. One straight body laid  at right angles
  over another;  the  instrument by which
  the Saviour ofthe world suffered death.
    They make a little cross of a  quill, longways of
  that part of the quill which hath the pith, and cross-
  ways of that piece ofthe quill without pith.  Bacon.
    You are first to consider seriously the infinite love
  of your Saviour, who offered himself for you as a sa-
  crifice upon the cross.     Taylor's Guide to the Pen.
2. The ensign of the Christian religion.
    Her holy faith and Christian cross oppos'd
  Against the Saxon  gods.                  Rowe.
3. A monument with a cross upon it to ex-
  cite devotion, such as were anciently set
  in market-places.
                She doth stray about
  By holy a-osses, where she kneels and prays. Shaksp.
4. A line drawn through another.
5.  Any thing that  thwarts  or obstructs;
  misfortune; hindrance; vexation;  oppo-
   sition;  misadventure; trial of patience.
     Wishing unto me many crosses and mischances in
  my love, whensoever I should love.         Sidney.
     Then let us teach our trial patience,
  Because it is a customary cross,           Shaksp.
     Heaven prepares good men with crosses; but  no
  ill can happen to a good man.   Ben Jonson's Disc
     A great estate hath great crosses, and a mean for-
  tune hath but small ones.                 Taylor.
6. Money, so called  because marked with
   a cross.
     He  was said to  make soldiers spring up out of
  toe very earth to follow him, though he had  not a
  cross to pay them salary.     Howel's Vocal Forest.
     Whereas we cannot much lament our loss,
  Who neither carried back nor brought one cross.
                                        Dryden,
7.  Cross and Pile, a play  with money;  at
   which it is put  to  chance whether the
   side, which bears a cross, shall  lie up-
   ward, or the other.
     Whacum  had neither cross nor pile;
  His plunder was not worth toe while.     Hudibras.
     This  I  humbly conceive to be perfect boys play;
  cross, I win, and pile, you lose; or, what's your's  is
  mine, and what's mine is my own.          Swift.
8.  Church  lands in Ireland.
     The absolute palatines made their own judges, so
  as the king's writ did not run in those counties, but
  only in the church lands  lying within the same,
  which were  called the cross; wherein the king made
  a sheriff:  so in each of these counties palatines
  there was one sheriff of the liberty,  and another of
  the cross.                         Sir J. Davies.
Cross,  kros. adj.  [from the substantive.]
 1.  Transverse; falling  athwart something
   else.
     Whatsoever penumbra should be made in the
   circles by the cross refraction of the second prism,
   that penumbra would be conspicuous in  the right
   lines which  touch those circles.          Neioton.
     The sun,  in that space of time, by his annual
   contrary motion  eastward, will be  advanced near
   a degree  of the ecliptick, cross to the motion of the
   equator.                       Holder on Time.
     The ships must needs encounter, when they either
   advance towards one another in direct lines, or meet
   in the intersection of cross ones.           Bentley.
 2.  Oblique;  lateral.
                    Was this a face,
   To stand against the deep dread-bolted thunder,
   In the most terrible and nimble stroke
   Of quick  cross lightning?             Shakspeare.
 3.  Adverse, opposite; often with to.
     We're both love's captives; but with fate so cross,
   One must be happy by the other's loss.       Dryd.
    Cross to our interests, curbing sense and sin,
  Oppress'd without, andundeiuihAi within,
  It thrives through pain.                  Dryden.
    It runs cross fo the belief and apprehension ol the
  rest of mankind; a difficult}  which  a modest and
  good man is scarce abie to encouhier.    Atterbury.
4.. Perverse; untractabie.
    When, through the cross circumstances of a man's
  temper or condition, the  enjoyment  of a pleasure
  would certainly expose  him to a greater inconveni-
  ence, then religion bids him quit it.         South.
5. Peevish;  fretful;  ill-humoured.
    Did ever  any man  upon the rack  afflict himself,
  because he  had received  a cross  answer from his
  mistress?                                Taylor.
    All  cross and distasteful humours,  and whatever
  else may render the conversation of  men grievous
  and uneasy to one another, must be shunned.
                                       Tillotson.
6. Contrary; contradictory.
    The mind brings all the ends of a  long and va-
  rious hypothesis together;  sees how one part coheres
  with, and depends upon,  another; and so clears off
  all the appearing contrarieties and contradictions,
  that seemed to lie cross and uncouth, and to make
  the whole unintelligible.                   South.
7. Contrary to  wish; unfortunate.
    We learn the great  reasonableness of not only
  a contented, but also a thankful, acquiescence in any
  condition, and under the crossest and severest pas-
  sages of Providence.                       South.
    I cannot,  without some regret, behold the cross
  and unlucky issue of my  design;  for,  by  my dislike
  of disputes, I am engaged in one.       Gfanuiffe.
8. Interchanged.
    Evarchus made a cross marriage also  with Dori-
  laus's sister, and shortly left her with child  of the
  famous Pyrocles.                        Sidney.
     Cross marriages between the  king's son and the
  archduke's daughter; and again,  between the arch-
  duke's son and the king's  daughter.         Bacon.

Cross, kros. prep.
1. Athwart;  so as to intersect any thing;
   transversely.
    The enemy had, in  the woods before  them,  cut
  down great trees cross  the ways,  so toat their horse
  could not possibly pass  that way.          Knolles.
     Betwixt the midst and  these, the gods assign'd
  Two habitable seats of human kind;
  And cross their limits cut  a sloping way,
  Which the twelve signs in beauteous order sway.
                                 Dryden's Virgil.
     Cross his back, as in triumphant scorn,
   The hope and pillar ofthe house  was born. Dryden.
2. Over;  from side  to side.
     A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village.
                                     L'Estrange.

To Cross, kros. v.  a. [from the noun.]
 1. To   lay   one body, or draw one  line,
   athwart  another.
     This fore'd the stubborn'st, for the cause,
   To cross the cudgels to the laws;
   That what by breaking them  't had gain'd,
   By their support might be maintain'd.   Hudibras.
     The loxia, or cross-bill,  whose bill is thick and
   strong, with the tips crossing  one  another, with
   great readiness breaks open fir-cones,  apples,  and
   other fruit, to come at their kernels; as if the cross-
   ing of the bill was design'd for this service.
                       Derham's Physico- Theology.
     I shall most carefully observe, not to crossover or
   deface the  copy of your  papers for the  future,  and
   only to mark in the margin.                 Pope.
     A hunted hare tread-,  '<-- k her mazes, and crosses
   and confounds her former track.             Waffs.
 2  To sign with tt.e cross.
                           Friars
   Resort to farmers rich, and bless their halls,
   And  exercise the b^-ds, and cross the walls.  Dryden.
 3. To  cancel:  as,  to  cross  in article.
 4. To pass over.
     He conquer'd this proud Turk as  far as the Hel- 
CRO
CRO
CRO
  lespont, which he crossed, and made a visit to the
  Greek emperor at Constantinople.         Temple.
    We found toe hero, lor whose only sake
  We sought the dark abodes, and cross'd the bitter
        lake.                           Dryden.
5.  To   move   laterally,  obliquely,   or
   athwart; not  in opposition; not  in  the
   same line.
    But he them spying, 'gan to turn aside,
  For fear, as seem'd, or for some feined loss;
  More greedy they  of news, fast towards  him do
         cross.                          Spenser.
6. To thwart; to  interpose obstruction; to
   embarrass; to  obstruct;  to hinder; to
   counteract.
     Still do I cross this wretch, whatso he taketh in
   hand.                                 Hooker.
     The king no longer could endure
   Thus to be cross'd in what he did intend.   Daniel.
     He was so great an enemy to Digby and  Col-
   peper, who were only present in debates of the war
   with the officers, that he crossed all  they proposed.
                                      Clarendon.
     Buried  in private, and so suddenly!
   It crosses my design, which was t' allow
   The rites of funeral fitting his degree.      Dryden.
     Swell'd with our late successes on the foe,
   Which France and Holland wanted pow'r to cross,
   We urge an unseen fate.                Dryden.
              The firm patriot there,
   Though still by faction, vice, and fortune crost,
   Shall find the generous  labour was not lost.
                                  Addison's  Cato.
 7. To counteract; to be inconsistent with.
     Then their wills clash with their understandings,
   and their appetites  cross their duty.        Locke.
 8. To contravene; to hinder by authority;
    to countermand.
     No governor is suffered  to go on with  any one
   course, but upon the least information he is either
   stopped and crossed, or other courses appointed him
   from hence.                 Spenser on Ireland.
     It may make my case dangerous, to cross this  in
   the smallest.                        Shakspeare.
 9.  To contradict.
     In all this there is not a syllable which any ways
   erosseth us.                            Hooker.
     It is certain, howsoever it cross the received opi-
    nion, that sounds may be created without air.
                          Bacon's Natural History.
  10. To debar; to preclude.
      From his loins no hopeful branch shall spring,
    To cross me from toe golden time I look for.
                                         Shaksp.
  To Cross, kros. v. to.
  1.  To lie athwart another thing.
  2.  To be inconsistent.
      Men's actions do not always cross with reason.
                                         Sidney.
  Cross-bar-shot, kros'bar-shot.  to. s.   A
    round  shot,  or great bullet, with a  bar
    of iron put  through it.            Harris.
  To Cross-examine,  kros'£gz am'in.  v. a.
    [cross and examine.] To try the faith of
    evidence by  captious  questions of the
     contrary party.
      If we may but cross-examine and interrogate their
    actions against their words,  these will  soon confess
    the invalidity of their solemnest confessions.
                                  Decay of Piety.
      The judges shall, as they think fit, interrogate or
    cross-examine the witnesses.             Spectator.

  Cross-staff, kros'staf. to.  s. [from cross
    and  at off".]   An  instrument  commonly
    called  the fore-staff,  used  by  seamen to
    take the meridian altitude ofthe sun or
    stars.                              Harris.
  Cbo'ss-bite, kros'biie.  to.  s.  [croaa and
    bite.] A deception; a cheat.
    The fox, that trusted to his address and manage,
  without so much as dreaming of a cross-bite from so
  silly an animal, fell himself into the pit toat he had
  digged for another.                  L'Estrange.
To Cro'ssbite,  kros-bite. v. a.  [from the
  noun.]  To  contravene by deception.
    No rhetorick must be spent against cross-biting a
  countiy evidence, and frighting him out of his senses.
                                       Collier.
      That many knotty points there are,
    Which all discuss, but few can clear;
    As nature slily had thought fit,
    For some by ends, to cross-bite wit.        Prior:
Cro'ssbow, kros'bo. to. 8. [crossand bow.]
   A missive weapon,  formed by placing a
   bow athwart a stock.
    Gentlemen suffer their beasts to run wild in their
  woods and waste-ground, wh3re they are hunted
  and killed with cross-bows and pieces, in the manner
  of deer.                     Carew of Cornwall.
    The master of the cross-boics, lord Rambures.
                                       Shaksp.
    Testimony is like the shot of a long-bow,  which
  owes its  efficacy to the force of the shooter; argu-
  ment is like the shot of the cross-bow, equally forci-
  ble whether discharged by a giant or a dwarf.
                                         Boyle.
Cro'ssbower, kros'bo-iir.   to.  s.  [from
   cross-bow.]  A  shooter  with  a cross-
   bow.
    The French assisted themselves by land with the
  crossbowers of Genoa against the English.  Raleigh.
Cro'ssgrained, kros-grand'.  adj. [cross
   and grain.]
 I. Having the fibres transverse or irregu-
   lar
    If the stuff proves crossgrained in any part of its
   length, then you must turn your stuff to plane it the
   contrary way, so  far as  it runs crossgrained.
                                       Moxon
 2.  Perverse;  troublesome; vexatious.
               We find in sullen writs,
       And cross-grain'd works of modern wits,
       The wonder of the ignorant.        Hudibras.
     The spirit of contradiction, in a cross-grained wo-
   man, is incurable.                  L'Estrange.
     She was none of your cross-grained, termagant,
   scolding jades, that one  had as good  be hanged  as
   live in the house with.      Arbuthnot's John Bull.
     But wisdom, peevish and cross-grain'd,
   Must be oppos'd, to be sustain'd.           Prior.
 Cro'ssly, kros'ie. adv.  [from cross.]
  I. Athwart;  so as to  intersect  something
    else.
 2. Oppositely;  adversely; in opposition to.
     He that provides for this life,  but  takes no care
   for eternity, is wise for a moment, but a fool  for
   ever; and acts as untowardly and crossly to the rea-
   son of things,  as can be imagined.        Tillotson.
 3. Unfortunately.

 Cro'ssness,  kros'nes. to. s. [from cross.]
  1. Transverseness; intersection.
 2. Perverseness; peevishness.
     The  lighter sort of  malignity turneth but to a
   crossness or aptness to oppose; but toe deeper sort,
   to envy, or mere mischief.                Bacon.
     I deny nothing, fit to be granted, out of crossness
   or humour.                       King Charles.
     Who would have imagined that the stiff crossness
   of a poor captive should ever have had the power
   to make Haman's seat so uneasy to him?    L'Estr.
     They help us to forget the crossness  of men  and
   things,  compose our cares and our passions,  and  lay
   our disappointments asleep.               Collier.
  Cro'ssrow,  kros-ro'. «. s. [cross  and row.]
    Alphabet; so named because  a cross is
    placed at the beginning,  to  shew that
    the end of le  rning is piety.
      He hearkens after prophecies and  dreams,
    And from the crossrow plucks the letter Gi
  And says a wizard told him, that by G
  His issue disinherited should be.  Shaksp. Rich. III.
Cro'sswind,  kros'wind.  n.  s.  [cross  and
   wind.]  Wind blov. ing from the right or
   left.
    The  least  unhappy persons do, in so fickle and
  so tempestuous a sea as this world, meet with many
  more either crosswinds or stormy gusts  than  pros-
  perous gales.                           Boyle.
Cro'ssway,  kros'wa.  to. s.   [cross  and
   way.]  A small obscure path  intersect-
   ing the  chief road.
            Damn'd spirits all,
  That in crossicays and floods have burial,
  Already to their wormy beds are gone.      Shaksp.
Cro'sswort,   kros'wurt.166  to.  s.   [from
   croas and  wort]  A plant.
    It hath soft leaves, like the ladies bedstraw,  from
  which  it differs in  the  number of leaves that are
  produced at every joint; which in this are only four,
  disposed in form of a cross.                Miller.
Crotch,  krotsh. to. a. [croc, Fr.] A hook
   or fork.
     There is a tradition of a dilemma that Moreton
   used to raise the benevolence to higher rates; and
   some called it his fork, and some his crotch. Bacon.
     Save elms, ash, and crab  tree for cart  and for
      plough,   .
   Save step for a stile of the crotch and the bough.
                                        Tusser.
Cro'tchet, krotsh'£t." to s. [crochet, Fr.]
    I. [In musick.]  One  of the  notes or
   characters of time,  equal to half a minim,
   and  double a quaver.               Cham.
     As a good harper, stricken far in years,
   Into whose cunning  hands the gout doth fall,
   All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,
   But on his harp plays ill or not at all.      Davie*.
    A support; a piece of wood  fitted   into
    another  to  support a  building, [from
    croch. a fork.]
     A stately temple  shoots within the skies,
   The crotchets of their cot in columns rise.   Dryden,
 3. [In  printing.]  Hooks  in  which words
    are  included [thus.]
 I. A perverse conceii; an odd fancy.
     All the devices and crotchets of new inventions,
   which crept into her, tended either to twitch  or en-
   large the ivy.                          Howel.
     The horse smelt  him out, and presently a crotchet
   came in his head how he might countermine him.
                                     L'Esfrang-e.
 To  Crouch,  kroutsh.313  v. to. [crochu,
    crooked, Fr.]
 1. To stoop low;  to lie close to the  ground;
    as the lion crouchea to his master.
 2. To  fawn; to bend  servilely;  to stoop
    meanly
     Every one that is left in  thine house, shall  come
    and crouch to him for a  piece of silver and a morsel
    of bread.                         1 Sam. ii. 36.
                    At his heels,
    Leasht in like  hounds, should  famine, sword, anil
          fire,
    Crouch for employment.        Shaksp. Henry V.
     They  fawn and crouch to men of parts,  whom
    they cannot  ruin;  quote them, when they are pre-
    sent; and, when they are absent, steal their jests.
                                        Dryden.
      Too well the vigour of that arm they know;
    They lick the dust, and crouch beneath their fatal
          foe.                           Dryden.
      Your shameful  story shall record of me,
    The men all crouch'd, and left the women free.
                                        Dryden.
  CROUP, kr66p 31* n.  a. [croupe, Fr.]
  1  The rump of  a fowl.
  2. The buttocks of a horse.
  CRQUPA'nEs,   krdd'padz'.  to.  a.  [from 
C RO
CRO
CRO
   croup.] Higher leaps than those of cor-
   vets, that keep the fore and hind quar-
   ters of the  horse in an equal height,  so
   that he trusses his legs under his  belly
   without  yerking.         Farrier's  Diet.
CROW, kro.33*  to. s. [cjiahe, Sax.  cor-
 •  vus, Lat.]
1. A large black bird that feeds upon the
   carcasses of beasts.
    The crows and choughs, that wing the midway
        air,
  Shew scarce so gross as beetles. Shaksp. King Lear.
    To croies he like impartial grace affords,
  And choughs and daws, and such republick birds.
                                      Dryden.
2. To pluck a Crow, is to be  industrious
   or contentious about that which is of no
   value.
    If you dispute, we must even pluck a crow  about
  it,                              L'Estrange.
            Resolve, before we go,
  That you and I must puff a crow.       Hudibras.
3. A piece of iron, with a beak, used as a
   lever to  force open doors; as the Latins
   called a  hook corvus.
    The croic is  used as a lever to lift up the ends of
  great heavy timber, and then they thrust the  claws
  between the ground and the timber; and  laying
  some stuff  behind the crow, they draw  the other
  end ofthe shank backwards,  and so raise the timber.
                   Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
    Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
  Unto my cell.          Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
    Against the gate employ your crows of iron.
                                     Southern.
4. [From  To  crow.]  The voice of a cock,
   or the noise which he makes in his gaye-
   ty.

To Crow,  kro. v. to.  preterit. I crew, or
   crowed;  I have crowed,  [criapan, Sax.]
1. To make the noise  which a cock makes
   in gayety or defiance.
    But even then the morning cock crew loud.
                               Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Diogenes called an ill physician, cock.   Why?
  saith he.  Diogenes answered, Because when you
  crow, men use to rise.                   Bacon.
    That toe lion trembles at the croioing ofthe cock,
  king James upon trial found to be fabulous.
                                    Hakewill.
    Within this homestead liv'd, without a peer
  For crowing loud, the noble Chanticleer,
  So hight her cock.               Dryden's Fables.
2. To boast; to bully; to vapour; to blus-
   ter; to swagger.
    Selby is crowing, and, though always defeated by
  his wife, still crowing on.            Grandison.
CROWD, kroud.323 to. s. [cnub, Sax.]
1. A multitude confusedly pressed togeth-
   er.
2. A promiscuous medley,  without order
   or distinction.
    He could then compare the confusion of a  multi-
  tude to that tumult he had observed in the Icariau
  sea, dashing and  breaking among its croiccf of isl-
  ands.                                  Pope,

3. The vulgar; the populace.
    He went not with the crowd to see a shrine,
  But fed us by the way with food divine.
                               Dryden's Fables.
4. [From crwth, Welsh.] A fiddle.
     Hark how the minstrels 'gin to shrill aloud
  Their mrrry musick that resounds from far,
  The pipe, the tabor, and the trembling crcracf,
  That well agree withouten breach or jar.
                               Spenser's  Epith.
        His fiddle is your proper purchase;
       Won in the service of the churches;
       VOL. I.
      And by your doom must be allow'd
      To be, or be no more, a crcnocf.    Hudibras.
 To Crowd,  kroud. v. a. [from the  noun.J
 1. To fill with confused multitudes.
    A mind which is ever crowding its memory with
  things which it learns,  mav cramp the  invention it-
  self                                  Watts.
2. To press  close together.
    The time misorder'd, doth in common sense
  Crowd us and crush us  to this monstrous form,
  To hold our safety up.         Shaksp. Henry IV.
    It seems probable that the sea doth still grow
  narrower from age to age, and sinks more within
.--its channel and  the bowels of toe earth, according
  as it can make its way  into all those subterraneous
  cavities, and crowd the air out of them.
                               Burnet's Theory.
    As the mind itself is thought to take up no space,
  so its actions seem to require no time; but  many of
  them seem  to be crowded into an instant.   Locke.
              Then let us fill
  This little interval, this  pause of life,
  With all the virtues we can croiecf into it.
                                Addison's Cato.
3. To incumber by multitudes.
    How short is  life! Why will vain courtiers toil,
  And crowd  a vainer monarch for a smile?
                                    Granmffe.
4. To  crowd  Sail,  [a  sea  phrase.]  To
  spread wide the sails upon the yards.

To Crowd, krotid. v.n.
1. To swarm;  to  be  numerous  and  con-
  fused.
        They follow their undaunted king;
  Croiecf through  their gates; and, in the fields  of
        light,
  The shocking squadrons meet in mortal fight.
                               Dryden's Virgil.
2. To thrust among  a  multitude.
    A mighty man, had not some cunning sin
  Amidst so many virtues  crowded in.
                             Cowley's Davideis.
Cro'wder, krovi'd&r. to. s. [from crowd.]
  A  fiddler.
    Chevy-chase sung by a blind crowder.   Sidney.
Cro'wfoot, kro'fut. to. *.  [from  crow and
  foot; in Lat. ranunculus.]  A flower.
Cro'wfoot, kro'fut.  to. s. [from crow and
  foot.]   A  caltrop, or piece of iron  with
  four points,   two,  three, or four  inches
  long; so  that, whatever way it falls, one
  point is up.  It  is used in war for incom-
  moding the cavalry.      Military Diet.

Cro'wkeeper, kro'ke-pilr. to. a. [crow and
  keep.] A scarecrow.
    That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper.
                                      Shaksp.

CROWN, krotin.324 to.  a.  [couronne, Fr.
  kroone, Dut. corona, Lat.]
1. The ornament of  the  head which  de-
  notes imperial  and regal dignity.
    If thou be a king  where is thy crown?----
  —My crown is in my heart, not on my head:
  My crown is call'd content;
  A ci-own it  is  that seldom kings enjoy.
                             Shaksp. Henry VI.
            Look down, you gods,
  And on this couple  drop a blessed crown.
                               Shaksp.  Tempest.
    I would  the college of toe cardinals  .
  Would chuse him pope, and carry him  to Rome,
  And set the triple crown upon his head.
                             Shaksp. Henry. VI.
    Is it not as great a presumption in us to become
  God's sons; and to inherit kingdoms and  to  hope
  for croivns, and thrones, and sceptres, as it is to sit
  down with him as his guests?          Kettlewell.

2. A garland.
                    3  M
    Receive a crown for thy well  ordering  of the
        feast.                          Ecclus.
3. Reward; honorary distinction.
    They do it to obtain a corruptible crown, but we
  an incorruptible.                 1 Cor. ix ib.
    Let merit ermens, and justice laurels give,
  But let me happy by your pity live.    Dryd. Epist.
4. Regal power;  royalty.
    The succession of a crown in several countries
  places it on different heads.              Locke.
5. The top of the head, in a contemptuous
   sense.
                   If he awake,
  From toe to crown he'll  fill our skins with pinches,
  Make us strange stuff.            Shaksp. Tempest.
    While his head was working upon  this  thought,
  the toy took him in  the crown to send for the  song-
  ster.                              L'Estrange.
    Behold! if fortune or a mistress frowns,
  Some plunge in business, others shave toeir crowns.
                                        Pope.
6. The top of any thing, as of a mountain.
    Upon the crown o' th' cliff, what thing was that
  Which parted from  you?       Shaksp. King Lear.
    Huge  trunks of trees,  fell'd from  the steepy
        crown
  Of the bare mountains, roll with ruin down.
                              Di-yden's AZneid.
7. Part of the hat that covers the  head.
    I once  opened a remarkable atheroma: it was a-
  bout as big as the crown of a man's hat and lay un-
  derneath the pectoral muscle.      Shar-p's Surgery.
8. A  piece of money, anciently  stamped
   with a  crown; five shillings.
    Trust not to your servants, who may misinform
  you, by which toey may perhaps gain a few crowns.
                                       Bacon.
    But he that can eat beef,  and feed on bread which
        is so brown,
  May satisfy his appetite, and owe no man a croum.
                                    Suckling.
    An ounce of silver, whether in pence, groats, or
  crown-pieces, stivers or ducatoons, or in bullion, is,
  and eternally will be of  equal  value to  any other
  ounce of silver.                         Locke.
9. Honour; ornament;  decoration; excel-
   lence; dignity.
    Much experience is the crown of old men.
                                Ecclus. xxv. 6.
    Therefore, my brethren,  dearly beloved, and
  longed for, my joy and crown, stand fast in the Lord.
                                  Philip, iv. 1.
10. Completion; accomplishment.
Crown-imverial, kroun-im-pe're-ah n. *.
   [corona  imperialis, Lat.] A plant.
To Crown, kroun. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To invest with the crown or regal orna-
   ment.
    Had you not come upon your cue, my lord,
  William lord Hastings had pronoune'd your part;
  I mean your voice for crowning of the king.
                            Shaksp. Richard III.
      Her who fairest does appear,
    Crown her queen of all  the year.      Dryden.
2. To cover, as with a crown.
    Umbro,  the priest, toe proud Marrabians led,
  And peaceful olives crown'd his hoary head.
                               Dryden's AUneid.
3. To dignify;  to adorn;  to make  illus-
   trious.
    Thou hast made him a little lower than toe an-
  gels, and hast crowned him with glory and honour.
                                  Psalm viii. 5.
    She shall be, to toe happiness of England,
   An aged princess; many days  shall see her,
   And yet no day without a deed to croion it.
                                       Shaksp.
4. To reward; to recompense.
    Urge your success; deserve  a lasting name;
   She'll crown a grateful and a constant flame.
                                   Roscommon 
C RU
CRU
CRU
5. To complete; to perfect.
    The lasting and crowning privilege, or rather pro-
  perty, of friendship, is constancy.          South.
6. To terminate; to finish.
    All these a milk-white honeycomb surround,
  Which in the midst the country banquet crown'd.
c                             >      Dryden.
Cro'wnglass,  kroun'glas. to. a.   The fi-
   nest sort  of window-glass.
Cro'wnpost,  kroun'post. to. a.  A post,
   which, in  some  buildings, -;ands  up-
   right in the middle between two princi-
   pal rafters.
CRo'wNscABjkroun'skab. to. s. A stinking
   filthy scab, that breeds round about the
   corners of a horse's hoof, and is  a cance-
   rous and painful sore.   Farrier's Diet.
Cro'wn-thistle,  kroun'this'sl.*66 4™  to. s.
   [corona imperialis.] A flower.
Cro'wnwheel, krdun'hwele to. s. The up-
   per wheel of  a watch  next the  balance,
   which is driven by it.
Cro'wnworks, kr6u.n'wfirks. n.s. [Infor-
   tification.]  Bulwarks advanced to*  ards
   the field, to  gain some  hill  or  rising
   ground.                          Harris.
Cro'wnet, krou/n£t.  to. s. [from crown.]
1. The same  with coronet.
2. In the following passage  it  seems to
   signify chief end;  last purpose: proba-
   bly from finis coronat opus.
    Oh, this false soul of Egypt! this gay charm,
  Whose eye beck'd forth my wars and call'd  them
      home;
  Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end;
  Like a right gypsy hath,  at fast and loose,
  Beguil'd me to  the very heart of loss.
                   Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Cro'wtoe, kro'to.296  to. s.  [crow  and  toe]
   A plant.
    Bring the rathe primrose toat forsaken dies,
  The tufted crow-toe, and pale jessamine.   Milton.
Cro'ylstone, kroil'stone. n. s. Crystalliz-
   ed cauk.  In this the crystals are small.
                       Woodward's Eossils.
Cru'cial,   kr66'she-al.3S7   adj.  [crux,
   crucis,  Lat.J Transverse;  intersecting
   one another.
    Whoever has seen the practice of the crucial in-
   cision, must be sensible ofthe false reasoning used
  in its favor.                           Sharp.
 To Cru'ciate, kr66'she-ate. v. a. [crucio,
   Lat] To  torture; to torment; to excru-
   ciate.

Gru'cible, kroo'se-bl.  to. s.  [crucibulum,
   low Lat.]  A  chymist's  melting  pot,
   made of earth; so called,  because  they
   were formerly marked with a  cross.
     Take a quantity of good silver, and put it  in  a
  crucible or melting cruse, and set them on the toe,
   well covered round about with coals.
                          Peacham on Drawing.
Cruci'ferous, kroo'sif'e-nas. adj. [crux
   and fero, Lat.] Bearing the cross. Diet.
Cru'cifier, kr66'se-fi-flr. n. s. [from cru-
   cify.] He that inflicts the  punishment
   of crucifixion.
    Visible judgments were executed on Christ's cru-
  eifiers.                             Hammond.
Cru'cifix, kroo'se-fiks. to. a.  [crucipxua,
   Lat.] A representation in picture or sta-
   tuary of our Lord's passion.
    There stands at the upper end of it a large  cruci-
 fix, very much esteemed.  The  figure of our  Sa-
  viour represents him in his last agonies of death.
                             Addison on Italy,
Crucifi'xion, kroo-se-f ik'shun. n. a. [from
   crucifixus,  Lat.]  The  punishment  of
   nailing to a cross.
    This earthquake, according to the opinion of ma-
  ny learned men, happened at our  Saviour's cruci-
 fixion.                       Addison on Italy.
Cru'ciform, krdo'se-form. adj. [crux and
  forma,  Lat.]  Having the form  of a
   cross.
To CRU'CIFY,  kddr'se-fi.188 v. a. [cru-
   cifgo, Lat.] To put to death  by nailing
   the hands and  feet to a  cross  set up-
   right.
    They crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh,
  and put him to an open  shame.        Heb. vi. 6.
    But to the cross he nails thy enemies,
  The law that is against thee, and the sins
  Of all mankind, with him there crucify'd.  Milton.
Cruci'gkrous, krod-sij'e-rus. adj. [cruci-
   ger, Lat] Bearing the cross.
CRUD, kurd.  n.  s.   [commonly written
   curd. See Curd.] A concretion of any
   liquid into hardness or stiffness; coagu-
   lation.
CRUDE, krood.339 adj. [crudus, Lat.]
I. Raw; not subdued by fire.
2. Not changed by any process or prepa-
   ration.
    Common crncfe salt, barely dissolved in common
  aqua fortis,  will give it power of working upon
  gold.                                 Boyle.
    Fermented liquors have quite different qualities
  from the plant itself; for no fruit, taken crwcfe, has
  the intoxicating quality of wine. Arbuthnot on Alim.
3. Harsh; unripe.
    A juice so crwcfe,  as cannot be ripened to the de-
  gree of nourishment.          Bacon's Nat. Hist.
4. Unconcocted;  not well digested in  the
   stomach.
    While the body to be converted and altered is
  too strong for the efficient that should convert or al-
  ter it, whereby it holdeth fast the first form or con-
  sistence, it is crude and inconcoct; and the process
  is to be called crudity andinconcoction.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
5. Not brought to  perfection; unfinished;
   immature.
            In a moment up they turn'd
  Wide the celestial soil; and saw beneath
  Th' originals of nature in their crucfe
  Conception.                 Milton's Par. Lost.
6. Having indigested notions.
    Deep vers'd in books, and shallow in himself,
   Crude, or intoxicate, collecting toys.      Milton.
7. Indigested;  not fully  concocted in the
   intellect.
    Others, whom mere ambition fires, and dole
  Of provinces abroad, which they have feign'd
  To their crncfe hopes, and I  as amply promis'd.
                                  Ben Jonson.
    What peradventure may seem full to me, may ap-
  pear very crncfe and maimed to a stranger.
                             Digby on the Soul.
    Absurd expressions, crucfe abortive thoughts,
  All the lewd legions of exploded faults. Roscommon.
Cru'dely,  kr66d'le. adv. [from  crude]
   Unripely; without due preparation.
    Th' advice was true; but fear had seiz'd the most,
   And all good counsel is on cowards lost:
   The question crudely put, to shun delay,
   'Twas carried by toe major part to stay.   Dryden.
Cru'deness, krood'nes. to. s. [from crude.]
   Unripeness; indigestion.
Crudity, kr66'de-te. to. s. [from crude.]
 1. Indigestion; inconcoction.
    They are very temperate, whereby ihey prevent
  indigestion and crudities, and consequently  putre-
  scence of humors.                     Brown.
    A diet of  viscidTiliment creates flatulency  and
  crudities in the stomach.              Arbuthnot.
2. Unripeness; want of maturity.
To Cru'dle, kroo'dl v.a. [a word of un-
   certain  etymology.]  To coagulate;   to
   congeal.
            I felt my crutffed blood
  Congeal ivith fear; my hair with horror stood.
                              Dryden's AZnciA.
    The Gelons use it, when, for drink and food,
  They mix their cruddled milk with horses blood.
                               Dryden's  Virgil.
Cru'dy, kroo'de. adj. [from crud]
1. Concreted; coagulated.
    His cruel wounds, with crudy blood congeal'd,
  They binden up so  wisely as they may.    Spenser.
2. [from crude.]  Raw;  chill.
    Sherris sack ascends into the brain; dries  me
  there all the  foolish, dull, and crudy vapours  which
  environ it.                           Shaksp.

CRU'EL,   k66r'il.339  "  adj. [cruel,  Fr.
   crudelis, Lat.]
1. Pleased with  hurting others; inhuman;
   hard-heaited; void of pity; wanting com-
   passion; savage; barbarous; unrelenting.
    If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
   Thou should*' have said, Go, porter, turn the key;
  All crnef's else subscrib'd.     Shaksp. King Lear.
    If thou art that cruel god, whose eyes
  Delight in blood, and human sacrifice.
                      Dryden's Indian Emperor.
2. [Of things.] Bloody; mischievous;  de-
   structive; causing pain.
    Consider mine enemies; for they are many,  and
  they hate me with critel hatred.     Psafmxxv. 19.
    We beheld one of the crudest fights between two
  knights, that  ever hath adorned the most martial
  story.                               Sidney.
Cru'elly, kroo'il-le. adv. [from  cruel]
I. In a cruel manner;  inhumanly;  barba-
   rously.
    He relies upon a broken reed, that not only base-
  ly fails, but also cruelly pierces, the hand toat rests
  upon it.                               South.
    Since you  deny him  entrance, he demands
  His wife whom cruelly you hold in hands.
                          Dryden's Aurengzebe.
2. Painfully; mischievously.
    The Scottish  arrows being sharp and slender,
  enter into a man or horse most cruelly, notwith-
  standing they are shot forth weakly. Spen. on Ireland.
    Brimstone and wildfire, though they burn cruelly,
  and are hard to quench, yet make no such fiery
  wind  as gun-potccfer.                   Bacon.

CRu'ELNESs,kr66'!l-nes. to. s.[fromcruel.]
   Inhumanity; cruelty.
    But she more cruel and more savage wild,
  Than either  lion or the lioness,
    Shames not to be with guiltless blcod defil'd;
   She taketh glory in her cruelness.        Spenser.
Cru'elty,  kroo'il-te. to. s. [cruaute, Fr.]
 I. Inhumanity; savageness; barbarity;  de-
   light in tbe pain  or misery of others.
    The cruelty and envy of the people,
   Permitted by our dastard nobles,
   Have suffer'd me -by the voice of slaves to be
   Whoop'd out of Rome.       Shaksp. Coriolanus.

 2. Act of intentional affliction.
     There were great changes in the world by the re-
   volutions of  empire, the cruelties of conquering, and
   the calamities of enslaved nations.       Ten pie.
 Cru'entate,  kr66'en-tate.91 adj.  [cruen-
   tatus, Lat.] Smeared with blood.
     Atomical  aporrheas pass from the cmenfafe  cloth
   or weapon to the wound.       Gfantnffe's  Scepsis. 
CRU
CRU
CRU
Cru'et, kr66'it." to. a. [kruicke, Dut.] A
   vial for vinegar or oil,  with a stopple.
    Within thy reach I set the vinegar;
  And fill'd the cruet with the acid tide,
  While pepper-water worms thy bait supplied. Swift.
 Cruise, kr66s.339 to.  s.  [kruicke, Dut.]
   A small cup.
    I have not a cake,  but a handful of meal in a
  barrel, and a little oil in a cruise.        1 Kings.
    The  train prepare a cruise of curious mould,
  A cruise of fragrance, form'd of burnish'd gold.
                                 Pope's Odyssey.

CRUISE, krodz. n. a. [croise,Fr. from the
   original cruisers who bore the cross and
   plundered  only  infidels.] A voyage  in
   search of plunder.
 To  Cruise,  krddz.441  v.  to. [from  the
   noun.]  To  rove over the sea in search
   of opportunities to  plunder;  to  wander
   on the sea without any certain course.

Cru'iser, kr66'zir. to. s.  [from  cruise]
   One  that roves upon the  sea in   search
   of plunder.
    Amongst the  cruisers  it was complained, that
  their surgeons were too active in  amputating frac-
  tured members.                       Wiseman.
CRUM,   ?   ,  ,      Cto. s. crtuma, Sax.
CRUMB, $   krura-   I  kruyme,  Dutch,
   krummel, Germ.]
 1. The  soft part  of bread; not the  crust.
    Take of manchet about three ounces, the crumb
  only thin cut; and  let it be boiled in milk till it
  grow to a pulp.                         Bacon.
2. A  small particle or fragment of bread.
    More familiar grown, toe table crums
  Attract his slender feet.        Thomson's Winter.
 To  Cru'mble,  knlm'bl.406  v. a. [from
   crumb.] To break into small pieces; to
   comminute.
    Flesh is but the glass which holds the dust
  That measures all our time, which also shall
  Be crumbled into dust.                  Herbert.
    He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints,
  And crumble all  thy sinews.              Milton.
    By frequent parcelling  and  subdividing of in-
  heritances, in process of  time they became so di-
  vided and crumbled, that there were few persons of
  able estates.              ifafe's Law of England.
    At toe same time we were crnmfefecf into various
  factions and parties, all  aiming at by-interests,
  without any sincere regard for the public good.
                                    Atterbury.
    The bill leaves three hundred pounds a year to
  toe mother church; which they can  divide likewise,
  and  cmMi6fe as  low as toeir will and pleasure will
  dispose of toem.                        Swift,

To Cru'mble, knlm'bl. v.  to.  To fall into
   small pieces.
    There is so hot a summer in my brain,
  That all my bowels crumble up to dust.    Shaksp.
    Nor is the profit small the peasant makes,
  Who smooths with harrow,  or  who pounds with
         rakes,
  The crumbling clods.         Dryden's Georgicks.
    Ambition sigh'd: she found it vain to trust
  The faithless column, and  the crumbling bust.
                                         Pope.
    If the stone is brittle, it will  often  crumble, and
  pass in  the form of gravel.      Arbuthnot on Diet.
    What house when its materials crumble,
  Must not inevitably tumble?               Swift.
    For the little land that remains, provision is made
  by the  late act against popery,  that it will daily
  crumble away.                          Swift.
Cru'mexal, kru/men-al.  to. s. [from  cru-
   mena, Lat.]  A purse.
    The  fat ox, that woonnt ligye in the stall,
  Is now fast stalled in her crumenaf.       Spenser.
Cru'mmy, krum'me. adj.  [from  crum.]
   Soft; not crusty.
CRUMP,  knlmp.  adj.  [cjiump,  Sax.
   krom, Dut. krumm, Germ.] Crooked in
   the back.
    When toe workmen took measure of him, he was
  crump  shouldered, and  the right side higher than
  the left.                          L'Estrange.
To  Cru'mpLe,  krum'pl.   v.  a.  [from
   crump; or corrupted from rumple, rom-
  pelen, Dut.]  To draw into wrinkles; to
   crush logether in complications.
    Sir Roger alighting from his  horse, and exposing
  his palm to two or three, that stood by  him, they
  crumpled  it into all shapes, and diligently scanned
  every wrinkle toat could be made.        Addison.
Cru'mpling,  krump'ling.  to. *.  A small
   degenerate apple.
To Crunk, krunk.      ? v.  to.   To  cry
To Cru'nkle,  krun'kl. $  like a crane.
                                        Diet.
Cru'pper, krfip'pur.98 to. a. [from  croupe,
   Fr.  the buttocks  of the  horse.]   That
   part  of the  horseman's  furniture  that
   reaches from the saddle to the tail.
    Clitophon had  received such a blow, that he had
  lost the reins of  his horse, with his head well nigh
  touching the crupper of the horse.         Sidney.
    Where have you left the money  toat I gave you?
  ----Oh—sixpence, toat I had a Wednesday last,
  To pay the saddler for my mistress' crupper. Shaksp.
    Full oft the rivals met, and neither spar'd
  His utmost force, and each forgot to ward:
  The head of this was to the saddle bent,
  The other backward to the crupper sent.   Dryden.
Cru'ral, krod'ra.1. adj. [from crus, cruris,
   Lat.J Belonging to the leg.
    The sharpness of toe teeth, and the strength of
  the crural muscles, in lions and tygers, are toe cause
  of the great and habitual immorality of those ani-
  mals.                              Arbuthnot.
Crusa'oe, kr66-sade'. ? to. a.  See Croi-
Crusa'oo, kr66-sa'do. 5  sade.
1.  An  expedition  against the infidels.
2.  A coin stamped with a cross.
    Believe me, I had rather have lost my purse
  Full of crusadoes.           Shakspeare's Othello.
Cruse, kr66s.338  See Cruise.

Cru'set,  krod'sit." to.  *.  A goldsmith's
   melting pot.                     Phillips.
To CRUSH, kriish. v. a. [ecraser, Fr.]
1 •  To  press between two opposite bodies;
   to squeeze; to force by compression.
    The ass thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed
  Balaam's foot against the wall.   Numbers, xxii. 25.
    Cold causes rheums and defluxions from the head,
  and some astringent plasters crush out purulent mat-
  ter.                                  Bacon.
    He  cr-ushed treasure out of his subjects' purses, by
  forfeitures upon penal laws.               Bacon.
    Bacchus, that first from out the purple grape
  Crush'd the sweet poison of misused wine. Milton.
    I fought and fell like one, but deathdeceiv'd me:
  I wanted weight of feeble Moors upon me,
  To crwsfe my soul out.    Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2.  To  press with violence.
                     You speak him far----
  ----1  don't extend him, Sir: within himself
  Ci-ush him together, rather than unfold
  His measure fully.        Shakspeare's Cynibeline.
    When loud winds from diff'rent quarters rush,
  Vast clouds encount'ring one another crush. Waller.
3. To overwhelm;  to beat down.
    Put in their hands thy bruising irons of wrath,
  That they may crush down, with a heavy fall,
  Th' usurping helmets of our adversaries'!   Shaksp
    Vain is toe force of man, and heavVs as vain,
  To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Diyden.
                   3m2
4. To  subdue;  to  conquer  beyond resis-
   tance.
    They use them to plague their enemies, or to op-
  press and crush some of their own too stubborn free-
  holders.                     Spenser on Ireland.
                  Mine emulation
  Hath not that honour in  't it had;  for
  I thought to crush him in an equal force,
  True sword to sword.      Shakspeare's Coriolanus
                  This act
  Shall bruise the head of Satan, crush his strength,
  Defeating sin and death, his two main arms.
                                       Milton.
    What can that man fear, who takes care to please
  a Being toat is so able to crush all his adversaries?
  a Being that can divert  any misfortune from befall-
  ing him, or turn  any such misfortune to his  advan-
  tage?                      Addison's Guardian.
To Crush, kriish. v. to. To be condensed;
   to come in a close body.

Crush, kriish.  to. s.  [from the verb.]   A
   collision;  the act ol  rushing together.
      Thou shalt flourish  in immortal youth,
  Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
  The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds.
                                Addison's Cato.
CRUST, kriist. to.  s. [crusta, Lat.]
1. Any shell,  or external coat, by which
   any body is enveloped.
    I have known the statue of an emperor quite hid
  under  a crust of dross.        Addison on Medals.
2. An  incrustation;   collection  of matter
   into  a hard body.
    Were the river a confusion of never so many dif-
  ferent bodies, if they had been all actually dissolved,
  they  would  at  least  have formed one continued
  crust;  as we  see the scorium of metals always ga-
  thers into a solid piece.          Addison on Italy.
    The viscous crwsf stops the entry of the chyle into
  the lacteals.             Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The case of  a pie, made of meal, and
   baked.
    He  was never suffered to go abroad, for fear  of
  catching cold; when he should have been hunting
  down a buck, he was by his mother's side, learning
  how to season it, or put it in crust.        Addison.
4. The outer hard part of bread.
    Th' impenetrable crust toy teeth defies,
  And, petrified with age, securely lies.     Dryden.
5. A waste piece of  bread.
    V are liberal now; but when your turn is sped,
  You '11 wish me choak'd with every crnsf of bread.
                                      Diyden.
   Men will do tricks, like dogs, for crusts. L'Estrange.
To Crust, krust. v.  a. [from the  noun.]
1. To envelop;  to cover with a  hard case.
    Why gave you me a monarch's soul,
  And crushed it with base plebeian clay?    Dryden.
    Nor is it improbable but that, in process of time,
  the whole surface of it may be  crusted over, as the
  islands enlarge themselves, and the banks close  in
  upon them.                    Addison on Italy.
    And now their legs, and breasts, and bodies stood
  Crusted with bark, and hard'ning into wood. Addison.
    In some, who have run up to men without educa-
  tion, we may observe many great qualities darkened
  and eclipsed; their minds are crwsfccf over, like
  diamonds in the rock.                    Felton.
2. To foul with concretions.
    If your master hath many musty, or very foul and
  crusted bottles, let those  be the first you truck at the
  alehouse.                               Swift.
To Crust, krust. v.  to.  To gather or con-
  tract a crust;  to gain a hard c< v ring.
    I contented myself with a plaster upon the place
  that was burnt, which crusfecf and healed  in ^erJ
  few days.                             Tempfe.
Crusta'ceous, krus-ta'shils.367 adj. [from
  crusta,  Lat]   Shelly,  with joints; not
  testaceous; not with one continued un- 
                     CRY

     interrupted  shell.   Lobster is cruatace-
     oua, oyster testaceous.
       It is true toat there are some shells, such as those
     oi lobsters, crabs, and others of crustaceous kinds,
     toat are very rarely found at land.     Woodward.
  Crusta ceousness, krus-ta'shus-nes. to. a.
     [from cruataceoua.] The quality of hav-
     ing jointed shells.
  Cru'stily, krus'te-le. adv. [from cruaty]
     Peevishly;  snappishly;  harshly.
  Cru'stiness, krus'te-nes. n.s. [from crus-
     ty.]                            L

  1.  1 he quality of a crust.
  2.  Peevishness; moroseness.
  Cru'sty, kriis'te. adj. [from  crust.]
  1.  Covered with a crust.
       The egg itself deserves our notice: its parts with-
    in, and its crusty coat without, are admirably well
    fitted for the business of incubation.      Derham.
  2.  Sturdy; morose; snappish;  a low word.
  CRUTCH, krutsh.  to.  s.  [croccia,  Ital.
     croce, Fr. crucke, Ger.]
  1. A  support used by cripples.
      Ah, thus king Henry throws away his crutch,
    Before his legs be firm to bear his body.   Shaksp.
         Hence, therefore, thou  nice crutch;
    A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
    Must glove this hand.          Shaksp. Henry IV.
      On these new crutches let  them learn to walk.
                               Dryden's Georgicks.
      This fair defect, this helpless aid call'd wife,
    The  bending crnfcn of a decrepit life.     Dryden.
      Rhyme is a crwfc/t that lifts the weak along,
    Supports the feeble, but retards the strong.  Smith.
      The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
    And leap exulting like the bounding roe.     Pope.
  2. It is used for old age.
      Beauty doth varnish age, as if new born,
    And gives the crutch the cradle's infancy.    Shak.
  To Crutoh, knltsh. v.  a. [from crutch]
    To  support on crutches as a cripple.
      I hasten Og and Doeg to rehearse,
    Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dry
  To CRY, kri. v. to. [crier, Fr.]
  1. To  speak with vehemence and loudness.
      Methought I heard a voice cry, Sleep no more!
    Macbeth doth murther sleep! the innocent sleep.
                                      Shakspeare.
      While his falling tears the stream supplied,
    Thus  mourning to his mother  goudess cried. Dryden.
  2.  To call importunately.
     I cried, by reason  of  mine affliction, unto the
   Lord, and he heard me.              Jonah, ii. 2.
  3. To talk eagerly or incessantly; to repeat
    continually.
     They be idle; therefore they cry, saying, let us
  g°-                               Exodus, v. 8.
 4.  To  proclaim; to  make publick.
     Go  and cry in the ears of Jerusalem.  Jeremiah.
 5.  To  exclaim.
     Yet let toem  look they glory not in mischief,
  Nor build their evils on the graves of great men,
  For then my guiltless blood must cry against them.
                                     Shakspeare.
                    What's the matter,
  That in the several places  of the city
  You cry against the noble senate?  '   Shakspeare.
     If dressing, mistressing, and compliment,
  Take up thy day, the sun himself will cry
  Against thee.                          Herbert
     Lysimachus having obtained toe favour of seeing
  his ships and machines, surprised at the contrivance,
  cried out,  that they were built with more than hu-
  man art.                    Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. To utter lamentations.
                    We came crying hither.
  Thou know'st, the first time that we smell the air,
  We wawle and cry.       Shakspeare's King Lear.
    Behold, my  servants shall sing for  joy of heart;
                     CRY

   but ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and shall howl
   for vexation of spirit.             Isaiah, lxv. 14.
      When any evil has been upon philosophers, they
   groan as pitifully,  and cry  out  as loud,  as other
   men-                                Tillotson.
  '.  To squall as an infant.
      Should some god tell me, toat  I should be born,
   And cry again, his offer I should scorn.   Denham.
      Thus, in a starry night, fond children cry
   For the rich spangles that adorn the sky.    Waller.
      He struggles first for breath, and cries for aid;
   Then helpless  in his mother's lap is laid.   Diyden.
      The child certainly knows,  that  the worm-seed or
   mustard-seed it refuses, is not the apple or sugar it
   c™s for-                               Locke.
  .   1 o weep;  to shed tears.
     Her who still weeps with spungy eyes,
  And her who is dry cork, and never cries.    Donne.
  . To utter an inarticulate voice, as an an-
   imal.
     He giveth to the beast his food,  and to the young
  ravens which cry.                 Psalm cxlvii. 9.
    The beasts ofthe field cry also unto thee. Joel, i. 20.
 10.   To yelp,  as a hound on the scent.
     He cried upon it at the meerest loss;
  Trust me I take him for the better dog.     Shaksp.
 To Cry, kri.  v. a. To proclaim publickiy
   something lost or found,  in order to its
   recovery or restitution.
    She seeks, she sighs, but no where spies him:
  Love is lost, and thus she cries him.       Crashaw.
 To Cry  down, cri-ddtin'. v. a.

 I. To blame;  to depreciate; to decry.
    Bavius cries cfoicn an admirable treatise of philoso-
  phy, and says there 's atheism in it.         Watts.
    Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because
  they would not be under the restraints of it.
   „,                                 Tillotson.
2. lo prohibit.
    By all means cry down that unworthy course of
  late times, that  they should pay money.     Bacon.
3. To overbear.
                   I'll to the king,
  And from a mouth of honour quite cry down
  This Ipswich fellow's insolence.       Shakspeare.
To  Cry  out, kri-6ut'. v. to.
CRY
  l. To exclaim;  to scream;  to clamour.
     They make the oppressed to cry; they cry out bv
   reason ofthe arm ofthe mighty.              j00
     With that  Susanna cried with a loud voice, and
   the two elders cried out against her.      Sus. xxiv.
 2. To complain loudly.
     We are ready to cry out of an unequal manage-
   ment, and to blame the Divine administration.
                                      Atterbury.
 3- To blame; to censure: with of, against,
   upon.
         Are these things then necessities?
   Then let us meet them like necessities;
   And that same word even now cries out on us.
                    _.,,              Shakspeare.
                    Giddy censure
   Will then cry out o/Marcius: oh, if he
   Had borne the business.               Shakspeare.
    Behold, I cry out of wrong, but I am not heard.
     n           ,                    Job, xix. 1.
     Cry out upon the stars for doing
   III offices, to cross their wooing.        Hudibras
    Epiphamus cries out upon it, as rank idolatry, and
   destructive to their souls who did it.    Stillingfleet
   fwn   ' 8e*h°n» a™* rebellion, are  things that
   the followers of that hypothesis cry out against.

    I find every sect, as far as reason will help them!
   make use of it gladly; and where  it faih them
   they cry out, it is matter of faith, and above reason:

4. To declare loud.                    L°cke'
5. To be in labour.
            What! is she crying out?___
        So said her woman;  and that her suff'rance
           made
    Each pang a death.      Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
   lo Cry up, kri-up'. v. a.
   I. To applaud; to exalt;  to praise. .
      Instead of crying up all things which are brought
    from beyond sea, let us advance the  native com-
    modities of our own  kingdom.             Bacon
      The philosopher deservedly suspected himself of
    vanity  when criecf up by the multitude.   Glanville.
      The astrologer, if his predictions come to pass, it
    criecf up to  the stars  from whence he pretends to
    draw them.                             SoutL
      They slight toe strongest arguments that can be
    brought for religion, and cry up very weak ones
    a§ainst »*•                            Tillotson.
      He may out  of interest, as well as conviction
    cry up that for sacred, which, if  once  trampled on
    and profaned, he himself cannot be safe, nor secure.

      Poets, like monarchs on an eastern throne,
    Confin'd by nothing but their will alone,
    Here can cry up, and there as boldly blame,
    And, as they please,  give infamy or  fame.  Walsh.
      Those who  are fond of continuing the war, cru
    up our constant success at a most prodigious rate.
           .                              Swift.
  !.  To raise the  price by proclamation.
     All the effect that I conceive was made by crying
    up the pieces of eight, was to bring  in much more
    of that species, instead of others current here.
          ,                              Temple.
 Cry, kn. «. s. [cri, Fr.]
 ". Lamentation; shriek; scream.
     And all the first born in the  land of Egypt shall
   die, and there shall be a great cry throughout all the
   ,a"d;    .                            Exodus.
    Weeping; mourning.
   . Clamour;  outcry.
     Amazement seizes all; toe general cry
   Proclaims Laocoon justly doom'd to die.    Dryden.
     These narrow and selfish views have  so great an
   influence  in this  cry, toat there  are several of my
   fellow freeholders who fancy the church in danger
   upon the rising of bank stock.            Addison.

 4.  Exclamation of triumph or wonder,  or
   any other passion.
     In popish countries some  impostor cries out, a
   miracle!  a miracle! to confirm the deluded vulgar,
   in their errours; and so toe cry goes round, without
   examining into the  cheat.                 Swift.
 5.  Proclamation.
 6.  The hawkers' proclamation of wares to
   be sold in the street: as, the cries of Lon-
   don.
 7.  Acclamation;  popular favour.
             The cry went once for thee,
  And still  it might, and yet it may again.    Shaksp.
  .  Voice; utterance;  manner of vocal ex-
   pression.
    Sounds also, besides the distinct cries of birds and
  beasts, are modified by diversity of notes of differ-
  ent length, put together, which make that complex
  idea called tune.                         Locke.
9.  Importunate call.
    Pray not thou for this people, neither lift up cry
  nor prayer for them.                      Jer.
 10.  Yelping of dogs.
      He  scorns the dog, resolves to  try
    The combat next; but if their cry
    Invades again his trembling ear,
    He straight resumes his wonted care.    Waller.
 I 1. Yell;  inarticulate noise.
    There shall be the noise of a cry from the fish-
  gate, and  an howling from the second, and a great
  crashing from the hills.               Zeph. i. 10.
!2. A pack of dogs.
                  About her middle round,
  A cry of hell-hounds never ceasing  bark'd. Milton-
    You common cry of curs, whose breath I hate
  As reek o'th' rotten  fens; whose loves I prize 
CRY
CRY
CUB
  As the dead carcases of unburied men,
  That do corrupt my air.       Shaksp. Coriolanus.
Cry'al, kri'al.  to. s.  The heron.  Aina-
   worth.
Cry'er, kri'ur.166 See Crier.
Cry'er, kri'iir.166 to.  a. A  kind  of hawk,
   called the falcon  gentle, an  enemy to
   pigeons,  and very  swift.     Ainaworth.
CRY'PTIC AL, krip'te-kal. \         adj.
CRY'PTICK,  krip'tik.     \    [*/>uV?«.]
   Hidden;   secret;   occult; private;  un-
   known;  not divulged.
    The students of nature, conscious of  her more
  eryptick ways of working, resolve many strange ef-
  fects into the near efficiency of second causes.
                              Gfanmffe's Apol.
    Speakers, whose chief business is to amuse or de-
  light, do not confine themselves to any natural order,
  but in a cryptical or hidden method  adapt every
  thing to their ends.                     Waffs.
Cry'ptically, krip'te-kal-le.  adv. [from
   cryptical]  Occultly; secretly: perhaps,
   in  the  following  example, the author
   might have written critically.
    We take the word acid in a familiar sense, with-
  out cryptically distinguishing it from those sapors
  that are a-kin to it.                      Boyle.
Crypto'graphy,  krip-tog'gra-fe.518 to.  a.
   [ytgtwlu and yg&<pu]
I.  The act of writing secret characters.
2.  Secret characters; cyphers.
Crypto'logy, krip-tol'lo-je.618 to.  s. [*gu-
   ttIw and Aoy<^.] Enigmatical language.
CRY'STAL, kris'tal. to. s. [*f »V«aa®".]
1.  Crystals are  hard, pellucid, and  natu-
   rally colourless bodies, of regularly an-
   gular figures, composed of simple,  not
   filamentous plates, not  flexile or elas-
   tick, giving fire with steel, not ferment-
   ing  with  acid menstrua,  and  calcining
   in a strong fire.   There are many va-
   rious species of it produced  in different
   parts of the globe.       Hill on Fossils.
    Island crystal is a genuine spar, of an extremely
  pure,  clear, and  fine texture, seldom either ble-
  mished with flaws or spots,  or stained  with any
  other colour.  A remarkable property of this body,
  which has much employed the writers on opticks, is
  its double refraction; so that if it be laid over a
  black line, drawn on paper, two lines appear in the
  place of one.                           Hill.
    Water, as it seems,  turneth into crystal; as is
  seen  in divers caves, where the crystal  hangs  in
  stillicidiis.                             Bacon.
    If crystal be a stone,  it is not immediately con-
  creted  by the efficacy of cold, but rather by a mi-
  neral spirit.                          Brown.
    Crystal is certainly known and distinguished  by
  the degree of its diaphaneity and of its refraction,
  as also of its hardness, which are ever the same.
                                   FToocftoarcf.
2.  Crystal  is also used for a factitious bo-
   dy cast in the glass-houses, called also
   crystal glass, which is carried to a de-
   gree of perfection  beyond the common
   glass; though it comes far short of the
   whiteness  and  vivacity of  the  natural
   crystal.                        Chambers.
3.  Crystals [in chymistry] express salts
   or others matters  shot or congealed  in
   manner of crystal.            Chambers.
    If the menstruum be overcharged, within a short
  time the metals will shoot into certain crystals.
                                       Bacon.
Cry'stal, kris'tal. adjf
 1.  Consisting of crystal.
    Then, Jupiter, thou king of gods,
  Thy crystal window ope, look out.     Shakspeare.
2. Bright; clear;  transparent;  lucid;  pel-
   lucid.
    In groves we live, and lie on mossy beds,
  By crystal streams that murmur through the meads.
                                     Dryden.
Cry'stalline, krls'tal-line, or kris'tal-lin.
   148 149 adj. [crystallinus, Lat.]
1. Consisting of crystal.
    Mount eagle to my palace crystalline.   Shaksp.
    We provided ourselves with some small receivers,
  blown of crj/sfaffine glass.                Boyle.
2. Bright; clear;  pellucid;  transparent.
    The clarifying of water is an experiment tending
  to toe health; besides toe pleasure of the eye, when
  water is crj/sfaffine. It is effected by casting in and
  placing pebbles at the head of the current, that the
  water may strain through them.           Bacon.
    He on toe wings of cherub rode  sublime
  On the crystalline sky, in saphir thron'd
  Illustrious far and wide.                Milton.
Cry'stalline Humour, kris'tal-lin-u'mur.
   to. a.  The second  humour of the  eye,
   that lies immediately next to the aque-
   ous behind the uvea, opposite to the pa-
   pilla, nearer to the fore part than the
   back part of the globe.  It is the least
   of the  humours,  but much more solid
   than any of them.   Its figure, which is
   convex on both  sides, resembles two
   unequal segments of spheres, of which
   the  most  convex  is on its back  side,
   which  makes a small cavity in the glas-
   sy humour in which it lies.  It is co-
   vered with a fine coat, called aranea.
    The parts of the eye are made convex, and espe-
  cially the crystalline humour, which is of a lenticular
  figure, convex on both sides.  Ray on the Creation.
Crystalliza'tion, kris-tal-le-za'shun. to.*.
   [from crystallize.]
1. Congelation into crystals.
    Such a combination of saline particles as resem-
  bles the form of a crystal, variously modified, ac-
  cording to the nature and texture of the salts. The
  method is by dissolving  any saline body in  water,
  and filtering it,  to evaporate, till  a film appear at
  the top, and  then let it stand to shoot; and this it
  does by that attractive force which is in  all bodies,
  and particularly in  salt, by reason of its solidity:
  whereby,  when the menstruum or fluid, in which
  such particles flow,  is sated enough or evaporated,
  so toat the saline particles are within each  other's
  attractive powers, they draw one another more than
  they are drawn by the fluid, then will  they run into
  crystals.  And this is peculiar to those, toat, let toem
  be ever so much divided  and reduced into minute
  particles, yet when toey are formed  into crystals,
  they each of them resume their  proper shapes; so
  that one might as easily divest them of their salt-
  ness, as of their figure.  This being an immutable
  and perpetual law, by knowing the  figure of the
  crystals, we may understand what the texture of the
  particles ought to be, which can form those crystals;
   and,  on the other hand, by knowing toe texture of
   the particles, may be determined  toe figure of the
  crystals.                            Qjuincy.
2. The mass  formed by  congelation  or
   concretion.
    All natural metallick and mineral crystallizations
  were effected by the water, which first brought the
  particles whereof each consists, out from amongst
  the matter of the strata.   Woodward's Nat. Hist.
To Cry'stallize, kris'tal-lize. v. a. [from
   crystal.]  To cause to congeal  or con-
   crete in crystals.
    If  you dissolve copper in aquafortis, or spirit of
  nitre, you may, by crj/sfaffizing the solution,  obtain
  a goodly blue.                         Boyle.
To Cry'stallize,  kris'tal-lize.189  v.  n.
   To coagulate,  congeal,  concrete,  or
   shoot into crystals. -
    Recent urine will cri/sfaffize by inspissation, and
  afford a salt neither acid nor alkaline.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
CUB, kiib. to. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. The  young of a  beast;  generally of a
   fox or bear.
    I would outstare the sternest eyes that look,
  Pluck the young sucking cubs from toe she-bear.
                                   Shakspeare.
    This  night wherein the cu6-drawn  bear would
        crouch,
  The lion, and the belly-pinched wolf,
  Keep their fur dry.           Shaksp. King Lear.
    In the eagle's destroying one fox's cu6s, there's
  power executed with oppression.      L'Estrange.
2. The young  of a whale, perhaps of any
   viviparous fish.
    Two mighty whales, which swelling seas had tost,
  One as a mountain vast, and with her came
  A cub, not much inferior to his dame.     Waller.
3. In reproach or contempt, a young boy
   or  girl.
    O thou dissembling cw6.' what wilt thou be,
  When time hath sown a grizzle on thy case?
  Or will not else thy craft so quickly grow,
  That thine own trip shall be thine overthrow?
                                   Shakspeare.
    0 most comical  sight! a  country squire, with  the
  equipage of a wife and two  daughters, came to Mr.
  Snipwell's shop last night; but such two  unlick'd
  cubs!                              Congreve.
To Cur, kub. v. a.  [from the noun.] To
   bring forth: used of beasts, or of a wo-
   man in contempt.
    Cubb'd in a cabin, on a mattrass laid,
  On a brown george wito lousy swabbers fed:
  Dead wine, that stinks ofthe Borrachio, sup
  From a foul jack, or greasy maple cup.   Dryden.
Cura'tion,  ku-ba'shun. w. s.  [cubatio,
   Lat.]  The act of lying down.      Diet.
Cu'ratory, ku'ba-ttir-e.*12 adj. [from cu-
   bo, Lat.]  Recumbent.             Diet.
Cu'rature, ku'ba-ture. to. s. [from cube]
   The finding  exactly the solid  content
   of any proposed body.           Harris.
CUBE, kube.  to. s. [from kuGo<;,  a die.]
1. [In geometry]  A regular solid body,
   consisting of six  square and equal faces
   or  sides, and the  angles  all right, and
   therefore equal.              Chambers.
2. [In arithmetick.] See Cuhick Number.
    All the master planets move about the sun at se-
  veral distances, as toeir common centre, and with
  different velocities. This  common  law  being  ob-
  served in all of them,  that the squares of the times
  of the revolutions  are proportional to  the cwoes of
  toeir distances.              Grew's Cosmologia.
Cure  Root, kube'r66t.     > to.  *.  The
Cu'eigk Root,  ku'bik-rodt. $ original  of
   a  cubick number;  or a  number,  by
   whose  multiplication into  itself, and
   again into the product, any  given num-
   ber is formed: thus two is the  cube root
   of eight.                       Chambers.
Cu'heh, ku'beb. to.  s.  A small dried fruit
   resembling  pepper,  but  somewhat lon-
   ger, of a grayish brown  colour  on  the
   surface.   It has an aromatick  smell,
   and is acrid  to  the taste.   Cubeba   are
   brought from Java.                 Hill,
     Aromaticks, as cubebs, cinnamon, and  nutmegs
   are usually put into crude  poor wines, to  give them
   more oily spirits.         Floyer on the Humours 
cue
cue
CUD
Cu'rical, ku'be-kal. >   ,.  rr       ,  _
Cu'riok, ku'bik.^  $ adJ- Lfrom cubel
1. Having  the form  or properties  of a
   cube.
    A close vessel, containing ten cubical feet of air,
  will not suffer a wax candle of  an ounce to burn in
  it above an hour before it is suffocated.
                          Wilkins's Math. Mag
     It is above a hundred to one, against a particu-
  lar throw that you do not cast any given set of faces
  with four cu&icaf dice; because there are so many
  several combinations of the six faces of four dice.
                             Bentley's Sermons
 2.  It is applied to numbers.
     The number of four, multiplied into itself, pro-
   duceth the square number of sixteen; and that again
   multiplied by four, produceth the cubick number of
   sixty-four.  If we should suppose a multitude  actu-
   ally infinite, there must be infinite roots, and square
   and cwfricfc numbers; yet, of necessity the root  is but
   the fourth part of the square, and the sixteenth part
   of the cubick number.   Hale's Origin of Mankind.
     The number of ten hath been as highly extolled,
   as containing even, odd, long and plain, quadrate
   and cubical numbers.    Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Cu'eioalness, ku'be-kal-nes. to. *.  [from
   cubical.]  The state or quality of being
   cubical.
 Cuhi'culary, ku-bik'ku-lar-e. adj.  [cubi-
   culum, Lat.]  Fitted for  the  posture  of
   lying down.
     Custom,  by degrees,  changed their cubiculary
   beds into discubitory, and introduced a fashion to
   go from the baths unto these.   Brown's Vulg. Err.
 Cu'hiform, ku'be-form.  adj. [from  cube
   and form.]  Of the shape of a cube.
 CU'BIT, ku'bit. n.s. [from cubitus, Lat.]
   A measure in use  among the ancients;
   which  was originally the  distance from
   the elbow, bending inwards,  to the ex-
   tremity of the middle finger. This mea-
   sure is the fourth part of a well propor-
   tioned  man's  stature.   Some fix  the
   Hebrew  cubit  at  twenty inches  and  a
   half, Paris measure; and others at eigh-
   teen.                             Calmet
     From the tip of toe elbow to the end of the long
   finger, is half a yard, and a quarter of toe stature
   and makes  a cubit,  the first measure we read of,
   the ark of Noah being  framed  and  measured by
   cubits.                        Holder on  Time
     Measur'd by cubit,  length,  and breadth, and
         height.                        Milton.
     The Jews used two sorts of cubits; the sacred,
   and the profane or common one.      Arbuthnot
     When on toe goddess  first I cast my sight,
   Scarce seem'd her stature of a cn&if height.   Pope.
 Cu'hital,  ku'be-tal.  adj.  [cubitalis, Lat.]
    Containing only the length of a cubit
     The watchmen of Tyre might well be called
   pygmies, the towers of that city being so high, that
   unto men below they appeared in a cubital stature,
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours
 Cu'cKiNGST00L,kuk'ing-st661.3Q6 n.s. An
   engine invented for the  punishment of
   scolds and unquiet  women, which, in
   ancient times,  was called tumbrel.
                                      Cowell.
       These mounted on a chair-curule,
     Which moderns call a cucking-stool,
     March proudly to the river's side.    Hudibras.
 CU'CKOLD, kuk'kuld.166 n. s. [cocu, Fr.
   from coukoo.]  One  that is married to
   an adultress; one whose wife is false to
   his  bed
     But for all the whole world; why, who would not
   make her husband a cuckold, to  make him a mo-
   narch? I should venture purgatory for't.    Shaksp
               There have been,
 Or I am much deceiv'd, cuckolds ere now;
 And many a man there is, ev'n at this present.
 Now while I speak this, holds his wife by th' arm,
 That little thinks she has been sluie'd in's absence.
                                  S/iafcspeare.
   For though the law makes null to' adulterer's
       deed
 Of  lands to her, the cuckold may succeed. Dryden.
   Ever since the reign of King Charles II. the al-
 derman is made a cuckold, the deluded virgin is de-
 bauched,  and adultery and fornication are commit-
 ted behind the scenes.                   Swift.
To Cu'ckold, kuk'k&ld. v. a.
1. To corrupt a man's wife; to bring upon
  a man the reproach of having an  adul-
  terous  wife; to rob  a man of his wife's
  fidelity.
   If thou cans't  ewefcofef him, thou dost't thyself a
 pleasure, and me a sport.        Shaksp. Othello.
2.  To wrong a husband  by unchastity.
   But suffer not thy wife abroad to roam,
 Nor strut in streets with amazonian pace;
 For that's to cuckold thee before thy face. Dryden.
Cu'ckoldly,   kuk'kuld-le. adj.   [from
  cuckold.]  Having  the  qualities  of a
  cuckold; poor; mean;  cowardly; sneak-
  ing.
   Poor cuckoldly knave, I know him not: yet I wrong
 him to call  him  poor; they say the jealous  knave
 hath masses of money.             Shakspeare.
Cu'ckoldmaker, kiik'kuld-ma-kur.  to. *.
  [cuckold and maker.]  One that  makes
  a  practice of corrupting  wives.
   If I spared any that had  a head to hit,  either
 young or old, he or she, cuckold, or cuckoldmaker,
 4et  me never hope to see a chine again.    Shaksp.
  \)ne Hernando, cuckoldmaker to this city con-
 trived to  steal her away.   Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Cu'cKOLnoM,  kilk'kul-dim.  to. s.  [from
  cuckold.]
1.  The act of adultery.
   She is  thinking of  nothing but her colonel, and
 conspiring cuckoldom against me.       Dryden.
2.  The state of a cuckold.
   It is a  true saying, that the last man of the parish
  that knows of his cuckoldom, is himself.
                        Arburthnot's John Bull.
CU'CKOO, kuk'kdo."4 to.  a.  [cuculus,
  Lat. ewecw,  Welsh; cocu, French; cok-
  kock, Dutch.]
 1.  A bird  which appears  in  the spring,
  and is said  to suck  the eggs of other
  birds, and lay her own to be hatched in
  their place: from which practice, it was
  usual  to  alarm  a husband,  at the ap-
  proach of an adulterer, by calling cuc-
  koo;  which, by mistake, was in time ap-
  plied to the husband.   This bird is  re-
  markable for the uniformity of his  note,
  from which  his  name in most tongues
  seems to have been  formed.
    Finding Mopsa, like a cuckoo by a nightingale,
  alone with Pamela, I came in.           Sidney.
    The merry cuckoo, messenger of spring,
  His trumpet shrill hath thrice already sounded.
                                     .Spenser.
    The plain song cuckoo gray,
  Whose note full many a man doth mark,
  And dares not answer, nay.             Shaksp.
    Take heed, have open eye; for thieves do foot by
        night:
  Take heed ere summer comes, or cuckoo  birds af-
        fright.                     Shakspeare.
                        I  deduce,
  From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings,
  The symphony of spring; and touch a theme
  Unknown to fame; the passion ofthe grove.
                                    Thomson.
   It is a name of contempt.
    Why, what a rascal art thou, then, to praise him
  so for running!----A-horseback, ye cuckoo;—but
  a-foot, he will not budge a foot.  Shak. Henry IV
Cu'cKOo-nuD,kuk'k66-bud.        Ins
Cu'cKoo-FLo\VER,kuk'k66-fl6vi-ur. $
   [cardaminus, Lat.]  The name of a flow-
   er.
    When dazies pied, and violets blue,
  And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,
  Do paint the meadows much bedight.  Shakspeare.
                  Nettles, cuckoo-flowers,
  Darnel, and all the idle weeds. Shaksp. King Lear
Cu'okoo-spittle,  kuk'k66-spit-tl. TO.  S.
   [cuckoo  and spittle.]
    Cuckoo-spittle, or woodseare, is that  spumous dew
  or exudation, or both, found upon plants, especially
  about the joints of lavender and rosemary; observa-
  ble wito us about the latter end of May.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cu'cullate, ku-kiil'late.91   7 adj.  [cu-
Cu'cullated, ku-ktil'la-ted. 5    culatus,
   hooded,  Lat.]
 I. Hooded; covered,  as with  a  hood  or
   cowl.
2.  Having the resemblance or  shape of a
   hood.
    They are differently encwifafed, and capuched,
  upon the head and back.   Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cu'cumrer, kou'kum-biir.169 to. s. [cucu-
   mis, Lat.]  The name of a plant, and also
   of the fruit of that  plant.
    It hath a flower  consisting of one single leaf, bell-
  shaped, and expanded toward the top,  and cut into
  many segments; of which some are male, or barren,
  having  no  embryo, but  only a large style in  the
  middle, charged with the farina: others are female,
  or fruitful, being  fastened to an embryo, which is
  afterwards  changed into  a fleshy fruit, for the most
  part oblong and turbinated, which is divided into
  three or four cells,, inclosing many oblong  seeds.
  The species are, 1. The common cucumber. 2. The
  white cucumber.  3. The long Turkey cucumber.
                                      Miller.
    IJpw cucumbers along the surface creep,
  With crooked bodies and with bellies deep.
                               Dryden's Virgil.

CUCURBITA'CEOUS,  ku-kur-be-ta'-
   shiis.  adj.  [from  cucurbita,  Lat. a
   gourd.]
    Cucurbitaceous plants  are those which resemble a
  gourd; such as the pumpion  and melon.    Chamb.
Cu'currite, ku'kilr-bit.166 to.  s.  [cucur-
   bita, L,at.] A chymical vessel, common-
   ly called a body, made of earth or glass,
   in the shape of a gourd, and therefore
   called cucurbite.                  Quincy.
    I have, for curiosity's sake, distilled  quicksilver
   in a cucurbite, fitted with a capacious  glass head.
                             Boyle on Colours.
    Let common yellow sulphur be put into a cucur-
   bite glass, upon which pour toe strongest aquafortis.
                                    Mortimer.
 CUU, kud.  to. *. [cub, Sax.]   That food
   which is reposited  in the  first stomach
   in order to rumination, or  to  be chewed
   again.
    Many times, when my master's cattle came hither
   to chew their cucf in this fresh place, I might see the
   young bull testify his love.               Sidney.
             You range the pathless wood,
   While on a flow'ry bank he  chews the cucf.  Dryd.
 Cu'dden, kud'dn.  } to. a. [without   ety-
 Cu'ddy, kid'de.103 }  mology.] A clown;
   a stupid rustick; a low dolt; a low bad
   word.
    The slavering cudden, propp'd upon his staff,
   Stood ready gaping with a grinning laugh. Dryden. 
CUE
CUI
CUL
To Cu'dole, klid'dl.*05 v.n. [a low word,
   I believe, without  etymology.]  To lie
   close; to squat.
         Have you mark'd a partridge quake,
      Viewing the tow'ring falcon nigh?
         She cuddles low behind the brake;
      Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly.   Prior.
CU'DGEL, kud'jil. to. *. [kudse, Dut.]
1.  A stick to strike^with, lighter  than a
   club, shorter  than a pole.
    Vine twigs, while they are green, are brittle; yet
  the wood, dried,  is extreme tough; and was used
  by toe captains of armies, amongst the Romans, for
  their cudgels.                           Bacon.
         Do not provoke the rage of stones
      And cudgels to thy hide and bones;
      Tremble and vanish.             Hudibras.
     The ass was quickly given  to understand, with a
  good cudgel, the difference betwixt the one play-fel-
  low and the other.                   L'Estrange.
     His surly officer ne'er fail'd to crack
  His knotty cudgel  on his tougher back.     Diyden.
    This, if well reflected on,  would make people
  more wary in the use ofthe rod and the cudgel.
                                        Locke.
    The  wise Cornelius was convinced,  that these,
  being  polemical arts, could  no more  be  learned
  alone than fencing or cucfg-ef-playing.
                            Arbuthnot and Pope.
2.  To cross the  Cudgels  is to  forbear the
   contest, from  the  practice  of cudgel-
   players to lay one over the other.
     It is much better to give way, than it would be to
  contend at first, and then either to cross the cudgels,
  or to be baffled in  the conclusion.      L'Estrange.
To  Cu'ogel, kud'jil. v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]
1.  To  beat with a stick.
     My lord, he speaks most vilely of you, like a foul-
  mouthed man as he is; and said he would cudgel
  you.                    Shakspeare's Henry IV.
     The ass courting his master, just as the spaniel
  had done, instead  of being stroked and made much
  of, is only rated off and cudgelled for all his court-
  ship.                                  South.
    Three duels he  fought, thrice ventur'd his life;
  Went home, and was cudgell'd again by his wife.
                                        Swift.
2.  To beat in general.
     Cudgel  toy brains  no more about it; for your
  dull ass will not mend his pace with beating.
                                Shaksp. Hamlet.
     A good woman happened to pass by, as a com-
  pany of young  fellows were  cudgelling a  walnut-
  tree, and asked them what they did that for.
                                    L'Estrange.
Cudgel-proof, krid'jil-proof.  adj.  Able
   to resist a stick.
     His doublet was of sturdy buff,
  And though not sword, yet cudgel-proof. Hudibras.
Cu'dle, kild'dl. to. s.   A small  sea-fish.
    Of round fish there are britt, sprat, cucffes, eels.
                                        Carew.
Cu'dweed, kud'wede. to. s. [from cud and
   weed.]  A plant.                Miller.
Cue, ku. to. a. [queue a tail, Fr.]
I.  The tail or end of any  thing;  as,  the
   long  curl of a wig.
2.  The last words of a speech, which the
   player, who is to answer,  catches,  and
   regards as intimation to begin.
     Pyramus, you begin: when you have spoken your
  speech, enter into that brake;  and so eveiy one ac-
  cording to his cue.                       Shaksp.
3.  A hint; an intimation; a short  direction.
     What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,
  That he should weep for her? What would he do,
  Had he the motive and the cue for passion
  That I  have? He would drown the stage with tears.
                                        Shaksp.
    Let him know how many servants there are, of
  both sexes, who expect vails;  and give them their
  cue to attend in two lines, as he leaves the house.
                                         SwifK
■I. The part which  any man is to play in
   his turn.
                 Hold your hands,
  Both you of my inclining, and the rest:
  Were it my ewe to fight, I should have known it
  Without a prompter.             Shaksp. Othello.
    Neither is Otto here a much more taking gentle-
  man: nothing  appears in  his cue to move pity,  or
  any way make the audience of his party.
                 Rymer's Tragedies ofthe last Age.
5. Humour; temper of mind: a low  word.
CU'ERPO,k\v&r'pb. to. s. [Span.] To be
   in cuerpo, is  to be  without the  upper
   coat or cloke, so as to discover the true
   shape of the  cuerpo or body.
      Exposed in cuerpo to their rage,
    Without my arms and equipage.      Hudibras.
CUFF, kiaf. to. s. [zuffa,a battle; zuffare,
   to fight, Ital.]
1. A blow with the fist; a box;  a stroke.
            The priest let fall the book,
  And as he stoop'd again to take it up,
  The mad brain'd bridegroom took him such a cuff,
  That down fell priest and book, and book and priest.
                                       Shaksp.
    There was no money bid for argument, unless the
  poet and the player went to cuffs in the question.
                                       Shaksp.
    He gave her a cuff on  the ear, and she would
  prick him with her knitting-needle.
                           trbuthnot's John Bull.
    Their own  sects, which  now lie dormant, would
  be soon at cuffs  again with each other about power
  and preferment.                          Swift.
2. It is used  of birds that fight with their
   talons.
To Cuff, kiif. v. to. [from the noun.]  To
   fight; to scuffle.
    Clapping farces acted by the court,
  While the peers cuff to make the rabble sport.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
To Cuff, kiif.  v. a.
1. To  strike  with the fist.
    I'll  after him again, and beat him.------
  ----Do,  cuff him soundly; but  never draw thy
         sword.                          Shaksp.
    Where not you, my friend, abused,  and  cuffed,
  and kicked?            Congreve's Old Bachelor.
2. To  strike  with the talons.
    Those lazy owls, who, perch'd  near fortune's top,
  Sit only watchful wito their heavy wings
  To cicf/down new-fledg'd virtues, that would rise
  To nobler heights, and make the grove harmonious.
                                        Otway.
    The dastard crow, that to the wood made wing,
  With her loud kaws her craven kind does bring,
  Who, safe in numbers, cuff the noble bird. Diyden.
    They with their quills did all the hurt they cou'd,
  And cuff'd the tender chickens from their food.
                                       Dryden.
3. To strike with the  wings. This seems
   improper.
    Hov'ring about the coasts, they make their moan,
  And cuff the cliffs with pinions not their own.
                               Dryden's AZneid.
Cuff, kiif. n. s. [coeffe, Fr.]   Part  of the
   sleeve.
    He railed at fops; and,  instead of the common
  fashion, he would visit his mistress in a  morning
  gown, band, short cuffs, and a peaked beard.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Cui'nage, kwi'nldje.90 l66 to. s. The mak-
   ing up  of twine into such  forms, as it i
   commonly  framed into  for carriage  to
   other places.                      Cowell,
CUI'RASS,  kwe-ras.340 to.  a. [cuirasse,
   Fr. from  cuir, leather; coraccia, Ital.]
   A  breastplate.
    The lance pursued the voice without delay,
  And piere'd his cuirass, with such fury sent,
  And sign'd his bosom with a purple dint.   Dryden.
Cuira'ssier, kwe-ras-s^er'.-'76 to. s. [from
   cuirass]  A man  at  arms;  a soldier in
   armour.
    The field, all iron, cast a gleaming brown,
  Nor wanted clouds of foot, nor on each horn
  Cuirassiers, all in steel,  for  standing fight.  Milton.
    The picture of St. George, wherein  he is de-
  scribed like a cuirassier, or horseman  completely
  armed, is rather a symbolical image than  any pro-
  per  figure.              Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
Cuish,  kwis.340  «. s. [cuiaae,  Fr.]  The
   armour  that covers the thighs.
    I  saw young Harry, with his beaver on,
  His cuishes on his thighs, gallantly arm'd,
  Rise from the ground like feather'd Mercury.
                              Shaksp. Henry IV.
    The croslet some, and some the cuishes mould,
  With silver plated, and  with ductile gold.  Dryden.
    But what had our author  to wound iEneas with at
  so critical a time? And  how came the cuishes to be
  worse tempered than the rest of his armour?
                                       Dryden.
Cu'ldees, kul'deze. w.  a. [colidei, Lat.]
   Monks in  Scotland.

Cu'lerage, kfil'&r-aje. to. a.   The same
   plant with Arse-smart.     Ainsworth.
Cu'linary,  ku'le-nar-e.613 adj.  [culina,
   Lat.] Relating to  the kitchen;  relating
   to  the art of cookery.
    Great weight may condense those vapours  and
  exhalations, as soon as toey shall at any time begin
  to ascend from the sun, and make  them presently
  fall  back  again into him, and by that action in-
  crease his heat; much after the manner that, in our
  earth, the air increases the  heat of a culinary fire.
                                       Newton.
    To those who, by reason of their northern expo-
  sition,  will be still forced  to be at the expense of
  culinary fires, it will reduce the price of their manu-
  facture.                            Arbuthnot.
To CULL, kul.  v.  a.   [cuellir,Fr.]   To
   select from others; to pick out of many.
    The  best of every thing they had been cuffed out
  for  themselves, if there  was in their flocks  any poor
  diseased thing not  worth the keeping, they thought
  it good enough for the altar of God.       Hooker.
            Our engines shall be bent
  Against the brows of this resisting town:
  Call for our chiefest men of discipline,
  To  cuff the plots of best advantage.       Shaksp.
          Like the bee,  culling from ev'ry  flow'r,
  Our thighs are packt  with wax,  our mouths with
          honey.                        Shaksp.
    I do remember  an apothecary
  In tattcr'd weeds, wito overwhelming brows,
   Culling of simples.     Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
    Then in a moment fortune shall cull forth,
  Out of one side, her happy minion.       Shaksp.
    The  choicest of the British, the Roman, Saxon,
  and Norman laws, being  culled,  as it  were,  this
  grand charter was extracted.              Howel.
    When false flow'rs of rhetorick thou would'st cull,
  Trust nature, do not labour to be dull.     Dryden.
                 From  his  herd he cwffs,
  For slaughter, four the fairest of his bulls.
                                Dryden's Virgil.
    When the current pieces of the  same denomina-
  tion are of different weights, then  the traders in
  money cuff out the heavier,  and  melt tbem down
  with profit                            Locke.
    With humble duty, and officious haste,
  I'll  cuff the farthest mead for thy repast.    Prior.
    The various offrinj.s of the world appear:
   From each she nicely culls  with curious toil,
  And decks the goddess with the glitt'ring spoil.
                                         Popr 
CUL                                     CUL                                    CUM
Cu'ller, kul'lur.98 to. a. [from cull.]  One
   who picks or chooses.
CU'LLION, k&l'ytin.113 to. a.  [coglione, a
   fool, Ital. or perhaps from acullion.   It
   seems to import meanness rather than
   folly.]   A scoundrel; a mean wretch.
    Such a one as leaves a gentleman,
   And makes a god of such a cullion.       Shaksp.
   Up to the breach, you dogs; avaunt, you cuffions.
                                       Shaksp.
 Cu'llionly, kul'yun-le. adj.  [from cul-
   lion/] Having the qualities of a cullion;
   mean; base. •
    J'11  make a  sop  o' to' moonshine of you:  you
   wlioreson, cullionly, barber-monger, draw.
                              Shaksp. King Lear.
 Cu'llumhine, kuTlvim-bine. to. s. [more
   properly spelt Columrine.]   The flow-
   ers of this plant are beautifully  varie-
   gated with blue, purple, red, and  white.
                                      Miller.
     Her goodly bosom, like a strawberry bed;
   Her neck like to a bunch of ctdlumbines.  Spenser.
 CU'LLY, kul'le. to.  a. [coglione, Ital.  a
   fool.]   A man  deceived  or  imposed
   upon;  as by sharpers, or a strumpet.
     Why should you, whose mother-wits
   Are furnished with all perquisites,
   B' alloW'd to put all tricks upon
   Our cully sex, and we use none?       Hudibras.
     Yet the rich cullies may their boasting spare:
   They purchase but sophisticated ware.    Diyden.
     He takes it in mighty dudgeon, because  I won't
   let him make me over by  deed as his lawful cnffy.
                                     Arbuthnot.

 To Cu'lly, kuTle. v. a. [from  the  noun.]
   To befool; to  cheat;  to trick;  to  de-
   ceive;  to impose upon.
 Culmi'ferous,   kul-miffe-rus. adj. [cul-
   mus and fero, Lat.]
      Culmiferous plants are such as have a smooth
   jointed stalk, and usually hollow; and at each joint
   the stalk is wrapped about wito single, narrow, long,
   sharp-pointed leaves, and toeir seeds are contained
   in chaffy  husks.                        Qwincij.
      There  are also  several sorts of grasses, both  of
   the Cyprus and cuf mi/erous kinds; some with broad-
   er, others with narrower  leaves.
                             Woodward on Fossils.
      The properest food of the  vegetable kingdom is
   taken from toe farinaceous or mealy seeds of some
   culmiferous plants; as oats, barley, wheat, rice, rye,
   maize, panic, millet.                Arbuthnot.
v. TO.
to be
i. [from
To CU'LMINATE,  kul-me-nate.
   [culmen, Lat.]   To be vertical;
   in the meridian.
          Far and wide his eye commands;
  For sight no obstacle found here, or shade,
  But all sunshine;  as when his beams at noon
   Cufmi?iafe from to' equator.    Milton's Par. Lost.
Culmina'tion,   kul-me-na'shun.  «.   a.
   [from culminate.]   The  transit  of  a
   planet through the  meridian.
Culpabi'lity," kul-pa-bil'e-te.
   culpable.]  Blameableness.
CU'LPABLE,  kul'pa-bl. 40« adj. [culpa
   bilis, Lat.]
1. Criminal.
    Proceed no straiter 'gainst our uncle Glo'ster,
  Than from true evidence of good esteem
  He be approved in practice culpable.       Shaksp.
2. Guilty:  with  of
    These being perhaps culpable  of this crime, or
  favourers of their friends.               Spenser.
3. Blameable;  blameworthy.
    The wisdom of God setteth before us in Scripture
  sjo many admirable patterns of virtue, and no one of
 them without somewhat noted  wherein  they were
 culpable; to the end that to Him alone it might al-
 ways be acknowledged, Thou only art  holy,  Thou
 only art just.                          Hooker.
    All such ignorance  is voluntary,  and therefore
 culpable; forasmuch as it was in every man's pow-
 er to have prevented it.                  South.
Cu'lparleness, kuTpa-bl-nes. n. s. [from
  culpable.]   Blame;  guilt.
Cu'lpably,  kuTpa-ble. adv. [from culpa-
  ble.]   Blameably;  criminally.
    If we perform this duty pitifully and culpably, it
  is not to be expected we should communicate holily.
                                       Taylor.
Cu'lprit, kul'prit.  to.  a. [about this word
  there is great dispute.   It is  used  by
  the judge at criminal trials, who, when
   the prisoner declares himself not guilty,
   and  puts himself  upon  his  trial,  an-
   swers  Culprit, God aend thee a  good
   deliverance.  It is likely that it is a cor-
   ruption of Qu'il paroit,  May  it so ap-
  pear;  the wish of the  judge being that
   the  prisoner  may  be found innocent.]
   A man arraigned before his judge.
    The knight appear'd, and silence they proclaim;
  Then first toe culprit  answer'd to his name;
    And, after forms of law, was last requir'd
  To name the thing that woman most desir'd.  Dryd.
    An author is  in  the condition of a culprit; the
  publick are his judges: by allowing too much, and
  condescending too far, he may injure his own cause;
  and, by pleading and asserting too boldly, he may
  displease the court.                      Prior.
 Cu'lter, kul'tir. to. a. [culter,  Lat.]  The
   iron of the plough  perpendicular to  the
    share.   It is commonly written coulter.
                   Her fallow lees
  The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
  Doth root upon; while that the culter rusts
  That should deracinate such savagery.     Shaksp.
 To CU'LTIVATE,  kul'te-vate.  v.  a.
    [cultiver, Fr.]

 i.  To forward or improve the product of
    the earth  by manual industry.
     Those excellent seeds implanted in your birth,
  will, if cuftiuafecf, be most flourishing in production;
   and, as the soil is good, and no cost  nor care want-
   ing to improve  it,  we must  entertain hopes of the
  richest harvest.           jFeffon on the Classicks.
    To improve;  to meliorate.
     Were we but less indulgent to our faults,
   And patience had to cultivate our thoughts,
   Our muse would flourish.               Waller.
     To make man mild and sociable to man,
   To cultivate the wild  licentious savage
   With wisdom, "discipline, and liberal arts,
   Th' embellishments of life.        Addison's Cato.
 Cultivation, kul-te-va'shiin. to. a. [from
    cultivate.]
 1.  The  art or practice  of improving soils,
    and forwarding  or  meliorating vegeta-
    bles.
 2. Improvement  in  general; promotion;
    melioration.
     An innate light discovers toe common notions of
    good and evil, which, by cuftiuafion and  improve-
    ment, may be advanced  to higher and brighter dis-
    coveries.                             South.
     A foundation of good sense,  and a cultivation of
    learning, are required to give a seasoning to retire-
    ment, and make us taste toe blessing.     Dryden.
 Cultiva'tor, kiil'te-va-tiir.612 n. a. [from
    cultivate.]   One  who  improves, pro-
    motes, or meliorates;  or endeavours to
    forward any vegetable  product, or any
    thing else  capable of improvement.
    It has been lately complained of, by some cultiva-
  tors of clover grass, that from a great quantity ofthe
  seed not any grass springs up.             Boyle.
CU'LTURE, kul'tshure.401 to. «. [cultura,
   Lat.]
 1. The act of cultivation; the act of tilling
   the ground; tillage.
     Give us seed unto our heart, and cuffure to our
   understanding, that there may come fruit of it.
                               2 Esdras, viii. 6.
     These three last were slower than  the ordinary
   wheat of itself, and this culture  did rather retard
   than advance.                         Bacon.
     The plough was not invented till after toe deluge;
   the earth requiring little or no care or enftwre, but,
   yielding its increase freely, and without labour and
   toil.                              Wbocfwarcf.
     Where grows?—Where grows it not? If vain our
         toil,
   We ought to blame the cuffnre, not the soil.
   Fix'd to no spot is happiness sincere.       Pope.
             They rose as vigorous as the sun;
   Then to the cwffure of the willing glebe.  Thomson
 2. Art of improvement and melioration.
     One  might wear any  passion out of a family by
   culture, as  skilful gardeners blot a colour out of a
   tulip that hurts its beauty.                Taffer.
 To Cu'lture, ktil'tshure. v. a. [from the
   noun.]   To  cultivate;  to  manure;  to
   till.  It  is used by  Thomson, but with-
   out authority.
 Cu'lver, koTvur.98  to. s. [columba,  Lat.
   culprte, Sax.]  A  pigeon.  An old word.
     Had he so done, he had him snatch'd away,
   More light than culver in the falcon's fist.  Spenser.
             Whence, borne on liquid wing,
   The sounding cuft>er shoots.    Thomson's Spring.
 Cu'lverin, kul've-rin.  to.  s.  [colouvrine,
    Fr.]  A  species of ordnance;  originally
    a hawk.
     A whole cannon requires, for every charge forty
   pounds of powder, and a bullet of sixty-four pounds;
   a culverin,  sixteen pounds of powder, and a bullet
   of nineteen pounds; a demi-cuft-erin, nine pounds of
   powder, and a bullet of twelve pounds.   Wilkins.
     Here a well polish'd mall gives us the joy
   To see our prince his matchless force  employ:
   No sooner has he touch'd the flying ball,
   But 'tis already more than  half toe mall;
   And such a fury from his arm  't has got,
   As from a smoking culverin 'twere shot.    Waller.
 Cu'lverkey, kill'veT-ke.  to. s.  A flower.
     Looking down the meadows 1 could see a girl
   cropping culverkeys and cowslips, to make garlands.
                                Waffon's Angler.
  To CU'MBER, kum'bur.ss v. a. [komme-
    ren,  komberen, to disturb, Dut.]
  1. To embarrass; to entangle; to obstruct.
      Why asks he what avails him not in fight,
   And would but cumber and retard his  flight,
   In which his only excellence is plac'd?
   You give him death, that intercept his haste.
                                 Dryden's Fables.
      Hardly his head the plunging pilot rears,
    Clogg'd with his clothes, and cumber'd wito  his
            years.                       Dryden.
      The learning and mastery of a tongue, being un-
    easy and unpleasant enough in itself, should not be
    cumbered with any other difficulties, as  is done in
    this way of proceeding.                  Locke.
  2.  To  crowd or load with something use-
     less.
      Let it not cumber your better remembrance.
                                 Shaksp. Timon.
      The multiplying variety of arguments, especially
    frivolous ones, is not  only lost labour, but cumbers
    the memory to no purpose.               Locke.
  3. To  involve  in  difficulties and dangers;
     to distress.
      Domestick fury, and fierce civil strife,
    Shall cwmoer all the parts of Italy.        Shaksp. 
CUM
CUN
CUF
4. To busy; to distract with multiplicity
   of cares.
  Martha was cumoereci about much serving.   Luke.
5. To be troublesome in any place.
    Doth the bramble cumber  a  garden? It makes
  the better hedge; where, if it chances to prick the
  owner, it will tear the thief.               Grew.
Cu'mrer,   kum'bur. to. s. [komber, Dut.]
   Vexation; burdensomeness; embarrass-
   ment; obstruction; hindrance; disturb-
   ance; distress.
    By the occasion thereof I was brought to as great
  cumier and  danger, as lightly  any might escape.
                                       Sidney.
    Thus fade toy helps, and thus toy cumbers spring.
                                      Spenser.
    The  greatest ships are least serviceable,  go very
  deep in water, are of marvellous charge and fear-
  ful cumber.                          Raleigh.
Cu'mrersome, kiim'bur-su.m.  adj.  [from
   cumber.]
1. Troublesome; vexatious.
    Thinking it too early, as  long as they had  any
  day, to break off so pleasing a company, with going
  to perform a cumbersome obedience.        Sidney.
2.  Burdensome;  embarrassing.
    I was drawn in to write the first part by accident,
  and to write the second by some defects in the first:
  these are the cumbersome perquisites of authors.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3.  Unwieldy;  unmanageable.
    Very long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be
  readily  managed.              Newton's  Opticks.
Cu'mhersomely,  kum'bur-sflm-Ie. adv.
   [from cumbersome.]   In a troublesome
   manner;  in  a  manner  that  produces
   hindrance and vexation.

Cu'mhersomeness,  kum'bur-silm-nes.  to.
   s. [from  cumbersome.]   Encumbrance;
   hindrance; obstruction.
Cu'mbranoe,  kitm'branse. to.  a.  [from
   cumber.]  Burden; hindrance; impedi-
   ment.
    Extol not riches then, the toil of fools,
  The wise man's cumbrance, if not snare; more apt
  To slacken virtue, and abate her edge,
  Than prompt her to do aught may merit praise.
                                       Milton.

Cu'mbrous,  kum'bris. adj. [from cum-
   ber.]
1.  Troublesome;  vexatious; disturbing.
    A cloud of cumbrous gnats do him molest,
  All striving to infix toeir feeble stings,
  That from toeir noyance he no where can rest.
                                     Spenser.
2.  Oppressive; burdensome.
    Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong
  Life much!  Bent rather, how I may be quit,
  Fairest and easiest, of this cumbrous charge.  Milton.
      They rear'd him from the ground,
  And from his cumbrous arms his limbs unbound;
  Then lanc'd a vein.                   Dryden.
    Possession's load was grown so great,
  He sunk beneath the cumbrous weight.       Swift.
3. Jumbled; obstructing each other.
    Swift to their several  quarters hasted then
  The cumbrous elements, earth, flood, air, fire. Milt.
Cu'merey,  k&m'fre. to. s. [consolida.]   A
  medicinal part.
Cu'min, kuni'min.  to. s.  [cuminum,  Lat.]
   A plant.                          Miller.
    Rank smelling rue, and cumin good for eyes.
                                     Spenser.
To CU'MULATE, ku'mu-late.  v. a. [cu-
   mulo, Lat.]   To heap  together.
    A  man that beholds  the mighty shoals of shells,
  bedded and cumufafed, heap upon heap amongst
       VOL.  I.
  earth, will scarcely conceive which way these could
  ever live.                          Woodward.
Cumula'tion, ku-mu-la'shfln. to. s.   Tr?e
  act  of heaping together.           Diet.
Cuncta'tion, kfink-ta'shu.n. to. s. [cunc-
  tutio, Lat.] Delay;  procrastination; dil-
  atoriness.
    It  is most certain, toat the English made not
  their  best improvements of these fortunate  events;
  and that especially by two miserable errours, cunc-
  fafion in prosecuting, and haste in departure. Hayw.
    The swiftest animal, conjoined with a heavy body,
  implies that common moral, festina lente; and that
  celerity should always be  contempered with cunc-
  tation.                               Brown.
CUNCTA'TOR, kunk-ta'tur.  n. s. [Lat.]
  One given to delay; a lingerer; an idler;
  a sluggard.   Not in use.
    Others being unwilling to discourage such cunc-
  talors, always keep them up in good  hope, that, if
  they are not yet called, they may yet, wito the thief,
  be brought in at the last hour.
                      Hammond's  Fundamentals.
To Cund, ku.nd. v. to.  [from konnen, to
  know, Dut.]   To  give notice: a  pro-
  vincial or obsolete word. See Con der.
    They are  directed  by a balker or huer  on the
  cliff,  who,  discerning the course of the pilchard,
  cundeth, as they call it, toe master of each boat.
                     Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
CU'NEAL, ku'ne-al.  adj. [cuneus, Lat.]
  Relating to a wedge;  having the  form
  of a wedge.
Cu'neated,  ku'ne-a-ted.  adj.   [cuneus,
  Lat.]  Made in form of a wedge.
Cu'neiform,  ku-ne'e-form.   adj.  [from
  cuneus and forma,   Lat.]  Having  the
  form of a wedge.
Cu'neiform hones,  ku-ne'e-form-bones.
  to. s.  The fourth, fifth, and  sixth bones
  of the  foot,   thus  called   from  their
  wedge-like  shape,  being  large  above
  and narrow below.                 Diet.
Cu'nner,  kun'ntir. to. s. [lepas.]   A kind
  offish less than  an oyster,  that sticks
  close to the rocks.            Ainsworth.
CU'NNING, kun'nmg.410 adj. [from con-
  nan, Sax. konnen, Dut.  to know.]
1.  Skilful;   knowing;  well   instructed;
  learned.
    Schoolmasters will I keep within my house,
  Fit to instruct her youth.—To cunning men
  I  will be very kind; and liberal
  To mine own children, in good bringing up.  Shak.
    I do present you with a man of mine,
  Cunning in musick and toe mathematicks,
  To instruct her fully in those sciences.    Shaksp.
    Wherein is he good, but to  taste sack and drink
  it? Wherein cunning, but in craft? wherein  crafty
  but in villany?                        Shaksp.
    Send me now therefore  a man cunning to work
  in gold and in silver, and toat can skill to cut and
  to grave.                        2 Chronicles.
    When Pedro does the lute command,
  She guides the cunning artist's hand.        Prior.
2. Performed with skill; artful.
    And over them Arachne high did lift
  Her cunning web,  and spread her subtle net,
  Enwrapped in foul smoak,  and clouds more black
        than jet.                       Spenser.
    And there beside of marble stone was built
  An altar, carv'd with curming imagery;
    On which true Christians blood was often spilt,
  And holy martyrs often done to die.       Spenser.
              Once put out thy light,
  Thou cunning'st pattern of excelling nature,
  I know not where is that Promethean  heat,
  That  can toy light relumine.      Shaksp. Othello.
                  3n
8. Artfully deceitful; sly; designing; trick-
   ish;  full  of  fetches  and stratagems;
   subtle; crafty; subdolous.
    These small wares and petty points of cunning
  are infinite, and it were a good deed to make a list
  of them; lor nothing doth more hurt than that cun-
  ning men pass for wise.                  Bacon.
    Men will leave truth and misery to such as love it;
  they are resolved to be cunning: let others run the
  hazard of being sincere.                  South.
4. Acted with subtilty.
    The more he protested, the more his father
  thought  he dissembled, accounting his integrity to
  be but a cunning face of falsehood.       Sidney.
Cu'nning, kQn'ning. to. s. [cunninge, Sax.]
1. Artifice; deceit; siiness; sleight; craft;
   subtilty; dissimulation; fraudulent dex-
   terity.
    What if I be not so much the poet, as even that
  miserable subject of his cunning, whereof you speak?
                  •                    Sidney.
    We take cunning for  a sinister or crooked wis-
  dom; and certainly  there is great difference be-
  tween  a  cunning man and a wise man, not only in
  point of honesty, but in point of ability.    Bacon.
    Discourage cunning in a child; cunning- is toe
  ape of wisdom.                         Locke.

2.  Art;  skill;  knowledge;  right-hand
   cunning.

Cu'nningly, kun'ning-le. adv. [from cun-
   ning]     Artfully;  slily;  subtily;  by
   fraudulent contrivance;   craftily.
    Amongst other crimes of this nature, there was
  diligent enquiry made of such  as had raised and
  dispersed a bruit  and  rumour,  a little before the
  field fought, that toe rebels had the day,  and that
  the  king's army was overthrown, and the king  fled;
  whereby it was supposed, that many succours were
  cunningly put off and kept back.          Bacon
    I  must meet my danger, and destroy him first;
  But cunningly and closely.      Denham's Sophy.
    When stock is high, they come between,
  Making by second-hand their offers;
    Then cunningly retire unseen,
  With each a million in his coffers.          Swift.
Cu'nningman,  ko.n-ning-man'. to. s. [cun-
   ning and man]   A man who pretends
   to  tell  fortunes, or teach how to recover
   stolen  goods.
    He sent him for a strong detachment
  Of beadle, constable, and watchmen,
  T' attack the cunningman, for plunder
  Committed falsely on his lumber.       Hudibras.
Cu'nningness,  kun'ning-nes. to. s. [from
   cunning.]   Deceitfulness;  sliness.
CUP,  kiip.  to.   *.  [cup.  Sax. kop, Dut.
   coupe, Fr.]
I. A small vessel to drink in.
    Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand,
  after the former manner when thou wast his butler.
                                      Gt nesis.
            Ye heav'nly pow'rs that guard
  The British isles,  such dire events remove
  Far from fair Albion;  nor let civil broils
  Ferment from social cups.               Philips.
2. The liquor contained in the  cup;  the
   draught.
    Which when the vile enchantress perceiv'd,
  With cup thus charm'd imparting she deceiv'd.
                                     Spenser.
            AH friends shall taste
  The wages of their virtue, and all foes
  The cups of their deserving.              Shaksp.
    Will't please your lordship, drink a cup of sack.
                                      Shaksp.
        They toat never had the use
      Of the grape's surprising juice,
      To the first delicious cup
      All toeir reason render up.           Waller. 
C UP
c uu
CUR
    The best, the dearest fav'rite of the sky
  Must taste that cup; for man is born to die.  Pope.
3. [In the plural.]   Social entertainment;
   merry bout.
                   Then shall  our names.
  Familiar in their mouth as household words,
  Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd.
                               Shaksp- Henry V.
    Let us  suppose that I were reasoning, as one
  friend with another, by the fireside, or in our cups,
  without care,  without  any great affection  to either
  party.                                Knolles.
    It was near a miracle to  see an old man  silent,
  since talking  is  the disease of age; but,  amongst
  cups, makes fully a wonder.  J5e»i Jonson's Discov.
    Thence from cups to civil broils!       Milton.
    Amidst his cups with fainting shiv'ring seiz'd,
  His limbs disjointed, and all o'er diseas'd,
  His hand refuses to sustain the bowl.        Dryd.
 4.  Any thing hollow like a  cup:  as, the
   husk of an acorn;  the bell of a flower.
    A pyrites of the same colour and shape placed in
  the cavity of  another  of an hemispherick figure, in
   much the same manner as an acorn in its cup.
                            Woodward on Fossils.
 5.  Cup and  Can.   Familiar  companions.
   The can is the large vessel out of which
   the  cup is  filled, and  to  which it is a
   constant associate.
     You boasting tell us where you din'd,
   And how his lordship was so kind;
   Swear he's a most facetious man;
   That you and he arc cup and can:
   You travel with a heavy load,
   And quite mistake preferment's road.       Swift.

 6. [couper, Fr. to scarify.] A glass to draw
    the blood  in scarification.
     Hippocrates tells you, feat in applying of cups, the
   scarification ought to  be made with crooked instru-
   ments.                             Arbuthnot.
  To Cup, ki'ip. v. a.  [from the noun.]
  1. To supply with cups.   This sense is
   To supply with cups
  obsolete.
    Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne,
  In thy vats our cares be drown'd;
  With thy grapes our hairs be crown'd!
  Cup us, till the world go round.           Shaksp.
2. [couper, to cut, Fr.]   To  fix  a  glass
   bell or cucurbite  upon the  skin, to draw
   the blood  in scarification.
    The clotted blood lies heavy on his heart,
  Corrupts, and there remains in spite of ait:
  Nor breathing veins nor cupping will prevail;
  All outward remedies and inward fail.     Dryden.
    You have quartered all  the foul language upon me,
  that could be raked out of the air of  Billingsgate,
  without knowing who I am,  or whether I deserve to
  be cupped and scarified at this rate.     Spectator.
    Blistering, cupping,  and  bleeding, are  seldom of
  use but to the idle and intemperate.
                            Addison's Spectator.
    Him the danin'd doctors and his friendsimmur'd;
  They bled, they cupp'd,  they purg'd;  in short toey
         cur'd.                           Pope.
Cupee'arer, kup'ba-rur. to.  s.
1. An officer ofthe king's household-
     There is conveyed to Mr. Villiers an intimation
  of the king's  pleasure  to wait and to be sworn his
  servant, and  shortly after his cupbearer at large; and
  the summer following he was admitted in ordinary.
                                       Ifbffcn.
2. An attendant to give wine at a feast.
    This vine was said to be given to Tros, the father
  of Priam, by Jupiter, as  a  recompence for his car-
  rying away his son Ganymede to be his clearer.
                                       Broome.
Cu'phoard, kfib'bilrd.412 to. <s. [cup  and
   bopb,  a case  or receptacle,  Sax.]   A
   case  with shelves,  in which victuals or
   earthen ware is placed.
    Some trees are best for planchers, as deal; some
  for tables, cupboards, and desks, as walnut.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Codrus had but one bed; so short, to boot,
  That his short wife's short legs hung dangling out:
  His cupboard's head six earthen pitchers grac'd,
  Beneath them was his trusty tankard plac'd.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
    Yet their wine and then victuals these curmud-
        geon-lubbards
  Lock up from my sight, in cellars and  cupboards.
        1       3  °                     Swift.
To Cu'phoard, k&b'burd. v. a.  [from the
   noun.]   To treasure in a  cupboard; to
   hoard up.
            The belly did remain
  I' to' midst o' to' body; idle and unactive,
  Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing
  Like labour with the rest.                Shaksp.
Cupi'dity,  ku-pid'e-te.fi11 n. s. [cupiditas,
   Lat.] Concupiscence; unlawful  or un-
   reasonable longing.
CU'POLA, ku'po-la.n. s. [Ital.] A dome;
   the hemispherical  summit of a  build-
   ing.
    Nature seems to have designed the head as the
  cupola to the most glorious of her works; and when
  we load it with supernumerary ornaments, we  de-
  stroy the symmetry of the human figure.  Addison.
Cu'ppel, kup'peT to. s. See  Coppel.
    There be other bodies fixed, as we see in the stuff
  whereof cuppefs are made, which they put into fur-
  naces, upon which fire worketh not.         Bacon.
Cu'pper, kup'piir. «. s. [from cup]   One
   who applies cupping-glasses; a scarifier.
Cu'pping-glass,   kup'ping-glas.   to.   s.
   [from cup and glass.] A glass used  by
   scarifiers  to  draw out  the  blood  by
   rarefying the air.
     A bubo, in this case,  ought to be drawn outward
   by cwpping-g-fosses, and brought to suppuration.
                                     Wiseman.
Cu'preous, ku'pre-us. at//', [cupreus, Lat.]
   Coppery;  consisting of copper.
     Having, by the  intervention of a little  sal armo-
   niack, made copper inflammable, I took some small
   grains, and  put  toem under the wick of a burning
   candle; whereby they were with toe melted  tallow
   so kindled, that toe green, not blue, flame of the cu-
   preous body did burn.                   Boyle.
Cur, kiir. to. s. [korre, Dut. See Curtail.]
 L A worthless degenerate dog.
     'Tis a good dog.
   —A cur, Sir.----
   —Sir, he's a good dog, and a fair dog.     Shaksp.
     Here 's an old drudging cnr  turned off  to shift
   for himself, for want of toe very teeth  and heels
   that he had lost in his master's service. L'Estrange.
                 A cur may bear
   The name of tiger, lion, or whate'er
   Denotes the noblest or the fairest beast.      Dryd.
    A term of reproach for a man.
           What would you have, ye cnrs,
   That like not peace nor war?             Shaksp.
     This knight had occasion to inquire the way to St.
   Anne's Lane; the person, whom he spoke to, called
   him a young popish cur, and asked him, who made
   Anne a saint?                         Addison.
 Cu'rarle, ku'ra-bl.408  adj.  [from cure]
    That admits  a  remedy; that  may  be
    healed.
     A consumption of the lungs,  at the beginning,
   herein differs from all other curable  diseases, that
   it is not to be worn away by change of diet, or a
   cheerful spirit                         Harvey.
     A desperate wound must skilful hands employ,
   But thine is curable by Philip's boy.       Dryden-

 Cu'rahleness, ku'ra-bl-nes. ». s.  [from
    curable]  Possibility to be healed.
Cv RAcY,ku'ra.-se. to. s. [from curate.] Em-
   ployn.ent  of a  curate, distinct from  a
   benefice;  employment  which  a hired
   clergyman holds  under the  beneficiary.
    They get into orders as soon as they can, and, if
  they  be  very fortunate, arrive in time to a curacy
  here  in town.                            Swift.
CU'RATE, ku'rate.91 n. s. [curator, Lat.]
I. A clergyman hired to  perform the  du-
   ties of another.
    He spar'd no pains;  for cwrafe he had none,
  Nor durst he  trust another with his care.  Dryden.
   A  parish  priest.
    Bishops and curates, and all congregations.
                               Common Prayer.
    I thought the English of curate had  been an ec-
  clesiastical hireling.—No such matter; the proper
  import of the word signifies one who has the  cure
  of souls.                       Collier on Pride.
Cu'rateship,  ku'rate-ship. to.  s.  [from
   curate]   The same with curacy.
Cu'rative,  ku'ra-tiv.157 adj. [from cure]
   Relating to the  cure  of diseases;  not
   preservative.
    The therapeutick or curative physick, we  term
  that which restores the patient unto sanity.
                        Broion's Vulgar Errours.
    There may be taken proper useful indications,
  both preservative and curative, from the qualities of
  the air.                            Arbuthnot.
CU'RATOR,k\i-ra'tbr.** n. s. [Lat.]
   One that  has the  care and  superinten-
   dence of any thing.
    The curators of Bedlam assure us, that some lu-
  naticks are persons of honour.             Swift,
2. A guardian appointed by law.
    A  minor cannot appeal- as a defendant in court,
  but by his guardian and curator. Ayliffe's Parergon.
CURB, kurb.  to. *. [courber, to bend,  Fr.]
1. A  curb is an  iron chain, made fast to
   the upper  part of the branches of the
   bridle, in a hole called the eye, and run-
   ning over the beard of the horse.
                              Farrier's Diet.
    The ox has his  bow, the horse  his curb, and
   toe falcon his bells; so man hath his desires.
                           Shaksp. As you like it.
    So four fierce coursers, starting to the race,
   Scour through the plain, and lengthen ev'ry pace;
   Nor reins, nor curbs, nor threat'ning cries they fear.
                                       Dryden.
2.  Restraint;  inhibition;  opposition;   hin-
   drance.
    The Roman  state, whose course will on
   The way it takes, cracking ten thousand curbs
   Of more strong links asunder, than can ever
   Appear in your impediment.             Shaksp.
                 We remain
   In strictest bondage, though thus far remov'd
   Under th' inevitable curb, rescrv'd,
   His  captive multitude.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
     By these men, religion, that should be
   The curb, is made toe spur to tyranny.   Denham.
     Even they, who think us under no other tie  to the
   true interest of our country, will allow this to  be an
   effectual curb upon us.               Atterbury.
 3. A curb is  a hard  and  callous tumour,
   which runs along the inside of a horse's
   hoof;  that is, on  that part  of the   hoof
   that is opposite to the leg  of the  lame
   side.                       Farrier's  Diet.
 To Curb, kurb. v.  a. [from the noun.]
 1. To guide or  restrain  a horse  with a
   curb.
     Part  wield  their arms, part curb  the foaming
           steed.                       Milton.
 2. To  restrain;  to inhibit; to  check;  to
    confine j to hold  back. 
CUR
CUR
C UR
    Were not the laws planted amongst them at the
 first, and had  they not governours to curb and keep
 them still in awe and obedience?         Spenser.
    Then thou,  the mother of so sweet a child,
 Her false imagin'd loss cease to lament,
 And wisely learn to curb thy sorrows wild.  Milton.
    If sense and learning are such unsociable impe-
 rious things,  he  ought  to keep down the growth of
 his reason, and curb  his intellectuals.       Collier.
    Knowing when a muse should be indulged
 In her full flight, and when she should be curbed.
                                   Roscommon.
    At this she curb'd  a groan, that else had come;
 And, pausing, view'd the present in the tomb.
                               Dryden's Fables.
    Till force returns, his ardour we restrain,
  And curb his warlike wish to cross the main. Dryd.
    Some poor cottage on toe mountain's brow,
  Where pinching want must curb thy warm desires,
  And household cares suppress thy genial fires.
                                         Prior.
    Nature to all things fix'd the limits fit,
  And wisely curb'd proud man's pretending wit.
                                          Pope.
3.  Sometimes with from.
    Yet you are curb'd from that enlargement by
  The consequence of the crown.           Shaksp.
4. In the following passage it signifies,  I
   think, as in French, to bend.
    Though the course of toe sun be curbed between
   the tropics, yet are  not those parts directly subject
  to his perpendicular beams unhabitable or extreme-
  ly hot.                                   Ray.
CURD, kurd. to.  s. [See Crudle.]   The
   coagulation of  milk; the concretion of
   the thicker parts of any liquour.
    Milk of itself is such a compound of cream, curds,
  and whey, as it is easily turned and dissolved.
                                        Bacon.
    This night, at least, wito me forget your care;
  Chestnuts, and enrefs and cream, shall be your fare.
                                        Dryden.
    Let Sporus tremble.—What! that thing of silk?
   Sporus, that mere white curd of ass's milk?   Pope.
 To Curd, kurd. v. a [from the noun.] To
   turn to curds; to cause  to coagulate.
    Maiden, does it curd thy blood,
   To say I am  thy mother?                Shaksp
 To Cu'rdle, kurd'dl.405 v. to. [from curd]
    To  coagulate; to  shoot together;  to
    concrete.
    Powder of mint, and powder of red roses, keep
   the milk somewhat from turning or curdling in toe
   stomach.                               Bacon.
                    Some to the house,
   The fold, and dairy, hungry bend their flight,
   Sip round toe pail,  or taste the curdling cheese.
                              Thomson's Summer.
2.
1
I
To Cu'rdle, kurd'dl. v. a.   To cause to
  coagulate; to force into concretions.
    His changed powers at first themselves not felt,
  Till curdled cold  his courage 'gan t' assail. Spenser.
    Mixed with the sixth  part of a spoonful of milk,
  it burnt to  toe space of one hundred pulses, and the
  milk was curdled.                       Bacon.
                 My soul is all the same,
  Unmov'd with fear, and mov'd with martial fame;-
  But my chill blood is curdled in my veins,
  And scarce toe shadow of a man remains. Dryden.
    Ev'n now a fatal draught works out my soul;
  Ev'n now it curdles in my shrinking veins
  The lazy blood, and freezes at my heart.    Smith.
    There is in the spirit  of wine some acidity, by
  which brandy curdles milk.               Floyer.
Cu'rdy, kur'de. adj. [from curd.] Coagu-
   lated; concreted;  full of curds: curdled.
    It differs from  a vegetable emulsion, by coagula-
  ting into a curdy mass with acids.       Arbuthnot.
CURE, kure. n.s. [euro, Lat.]
1. Remedy; restorative.
          this league that we have made
 Will give her sadness very little cure;
 Brother of England, how may we content
 This widow lady?            Shaksp. King John.
   Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure,
 All these he must, and guiltless oft, endure. Diyden.
   Now we're ador'd, and the uext hour displease;
 At first your cure, and after your disease. Granville.
   Horace advises the Romans to seek a seat in some
 remote part,  by way of a cure for the corruption of
 manners.                               Swift.
 , Act of healing.
   I do cures to-day and to-morrow.  Luke, xiii. 32.
 , The benefice or employment of a curate
  or clergymen.
   If his cttre lies among the lawyers, let nothing be
 said against entangling property, spinning out causes,
 squeezing clients, and  making the laws a greater
 grievance than those who break them.      Collier.
 ~"o Cure, kure. v. a. [euro, Lat.]
 . To heal;  to restore to health; to reme-
  dy;  to  recover; with of before the dis-
  ease.  Used of  patients or diseases.
   The bones, in sharp colds, wax brittle; and there-
 fore all contusions of bones, in hard  weather,  are
 more difficult to cure.    Bacon's Natural History.
   Here toe poor lover, that has long endur'd
 Some proud nymph's scorn, of his fond passion's
      cur'ef.                             Waller.
    I never knew any man cured of inattention,.  Swift.
    Hear what from love unpractis'd hearts endure,
  From love, the sole disease thou canst not cure. Pope.
 .  To prepare in  any manner,  so as to be
  preserved from corruption.
    The beef would be so ill chosen, or so ill cured, as
  to stink many times before it came so far as Holland.
                                       Tempfe.
 Iu'reless, kure'les. adj. [cure and less.]
  Without  cure; without remedy.
    Bootless are plaints,  and cureless are my wounds;
  No way to fly,  nor strength to hold out flight. Shaks.
    Repair thy wit, good youth, or it will fall
  To cureless ruin. Shakspeare's Merchant of Venice.
                If, said he,
 Your grief alone is hard captivity,
  For love of heav'n, with patience undergo
  A cureless ill, since fate will have it so.    Dryden.
 'u'rer,  ku'rur.98 to. s. [from cure.]   A
  healer; a physician.
    He is a curer of souls, and you a cttrer of bodies:
  if you should fight,  you go against toe hair of your
  professions.                         Shakspeare.
    The indexterity and worst success of the most fa-
  mous of our consumption  curers, do  evidently de-
  monstrate their dimness in beholding its causes.
                        Harvey on Consumptions.
 !)u'rfew, kur'fu. to. s. [couvre feu, Fr.J
 . An  evening-peal, by which the   Con-
   queror willed  that  every man  should
   rake up his fire,  and  put out his  light;
   so that in many places, at this  day, where
   a bell is customarily rung towards  bed-
   time, it is said to  ring curfew.   Cowell.
                   You, whose pastime
  Is to make midnight mushrooms, that rejoice
  To hear the solemn curfew.  Shakspeare's Tempest.
      Oft on a plat of rising ground
    I hear the far off curfew sound,
    Over some wide-water'd shore,
    Swinging slow with sullen roar.        Milton.
2. A cover  for a  fire; a fireplate.
    But now for pans, pots, curfews, counters, and toe
  like, the beauty will not be so much respected, so as
  the compound stuff is like to pass.        Bacon.
Curia'lity, ku-re-al'e-te. to. s.  [from cu-
   rialis,  Lat.] The privileges,  preroga-
   tives, or perhaps  retinue, of a court.
    The court and curiality.       Bacon to Villiers.
Curio'sity, ku-re-os'e-te. to. s.  [from cu-
  rious.]
                   3  n2
l. Inquisitivcness; inclination to inquiry.
2. Nicety; delicacy.
    When thou wast in thy gilt, and thy perfume, they
  mocked thee for too much curiosity; in thy rags thou
  knowest none, but art despised for the contrary. Shak.
3. Accuracy;  exactness.
    Qualities are so weighed,  that curiosity in neither
  can make choice of either's  moiety.   Shakspeare.
    Our senses,  however armed or assisted, are too
  gross to discern the curiosity of toe workmanship of
  nature.                                  Ray.
4. An act of curiosity; nice experiment.
    There hath been practised also a curiosity, to sp!
  a tree upon the north side of a wall, and at a little
  height, to draw it  through the wall, and spread it
  upon the  south  side; conceiving toat the root and
  lower part of the stock should enjoy toe freshness of
  the shade, and the  upper boughs and fruit, the com-
  fort of the sun; but it sorted  not. Bacon's Nat. His!
5. An object of curiosity; rarity.
    We took  a ramble together to see the curiosities
  of this great town.           Addison's Freeholder.
CU'RIOUS,  ku're-ils.314  adj. [curiosus,
   Lat.]
1. Inquisitive; desirous of information; ad-
   dicted to inquiry.
    Be not curious in unnecessary matters; for more
  things are shewn unto thee than men understand.
                                  Ecclus. iii. 23.
    Even then to them the spirit of lies suggests
  That they were blind, because they saw not ill;
    And breath'd into their uncorrupted breasts
  A curious wish, which did corrupt their will. Davies.
    If any one too curious should enquire
  After a victory which we disdain,
    Then let him know the Belgians did retire
  Before the patron saint of injur'd Spain.   Dryden.
    Reader, if any curious stay
       To ask my hated name,
    Tell toem, toe grave  that  hides my clay
       Conceals me from  my shame.        Wesley^
2. Attentive to;  diligent about; sometimes
   with after.
    It is pity a gentleman so very curious after things
  that were elegant and  beautiful, should  not  have
  been as curious as to their  origin, their uses,  and
  their natural histoiy.                 Woodward.
3. Sometimes with of
    Then  thus a senior ofthe  place replies;
  Well read, and curious of antiquities.     Dryden.
4. Accurate; careful not to mistake.
    Till Arianism  had made it a matter of great
  sharpness and subtlety of wit to be a sound believ-
  ing Christian, men were not curious what syllables
  or particles of speech toey used.         Hooker,
5. Difficult to please; solicitous of perfec-
   tion; not negligent; full  of care.
    A temperate person is not curious of fancies and
  deliciousness; he thinks not much,  and  speaks not
  often, of meat and drink.                Taylor.
6. Exact; nice; subtle.
    Both these senses embrace their objects at greater
  distance, with more variety,  and with a more curious
  discrimination, than the other sense.       Holder.
7. Artful; not neglectful; not fortuitous.
    A vaile obscur'd the  sunshine of her eyes,
  The rose within herself her  sweetness clos'd;
    Each  ornament about her  seemly lies,
  By curious chance, or careless art, compos'd.
                                       Fairfax,
8. Elegant; neat; laboured; finished.
    Understanding to devise curious works, to work in
  g°ld- .                               jExodus.
9. Rigid; severe; rigorous.
    For curious I cannot be wito you,
  Signior Baptista, of whom I hear so well.   Shaksp.

Cl'riously, ku're-us-le. adv. [from curi-
   ous]
 1. Inquisitively;  attentively; studiously.
     He looked very curiously upon himself, sometimes 
CUR
CUR
C tTR
  fetching a little skip, as if he said his strength had
  not yet forsaken him.                    Sidney.
    At first I thought there had been no light reflected
  from  the water in that place; but observing it more
  curiously, I saw within it several smaller round spots,
  which appeared much blacker and darker than the
  iesf-                          Newton's Opticks.
2. Elegantly; neatly.
    Nor is it the having of wheels and springs, tho'
  never so curiously wrought,  and artificially set, but
  the winding of them up, that must give  motion to
  the watch.                             South.
3. Artfully; exactly.
4. Captiously.
Curl, ktirl. to.  «. [from the  verb.]
I. A  ringlet of  hair.
    She apparelled herself like a page, cutting offher
  hair, leaving nothing but the short curls to  cover that
  noble head.                           Sidney.
    Just as in act he stood, in clouds enshrin'd,
  Her hand she fasten'd on his hair behind,
  Then backward by his yellow cwrfs she drew;
  To him, and him alone, confess'd in view. Dryden.
2. Undulation;  wave; sinuosity; flexure.
    Thus it happens, if the glass of toe prisms be free
  from veins, and toeir sides be accurately plain and
  well  polished, without  those numberless waves or
  curls, which usually arise from the sand holes.
                               Newton's Opticks.
To CURL,  kurl. v. a. [krollen,  Dutch;
   cyprian, Sax. krille,  Dan.]
1. To turn the  hair in ringlets.
           What hast thou been?—
    —A serving  man,  proud in  heart and mind,
  that curled my hair, wore gloves in my cap, served
  the lusts of my mistress's heart,  and did  toe act of
  darkness with her.           Shaksp. King Lear.
2. To writhe; to twist.
3. To dress with curls.
    If she first meet the curled Antony,
  He'll make demand of her  a kiss.     Shakspeare.
                 They, up the trees -
  Climbing, sat thicker than the snaky locks
  That curf'd Megaera.         JWiffon's Par- Lost.
4. To raise in waves, undulations, or sinu-
   osities.
             The visitation of the winds,
  Who take toe ruffian billows by the top,
   Curling their monstrous heads.  Shaksp. Henry IV.
    Seas would be pools, without the brushing air
  To enrf toe waves.              Dryden's Fables.
 To Curl, kurl. v. to.
 1. To shrink into ringlets.
    Those  slender aerial bodies  are  separated  and
  stretched out, which otherwise,  by reason of their
  flexibleness and weight, would flag or curf.  Boyle.
2. To rise in undulations.
    To every nobler portion of the town
  The curling billows rowl their restless tide;
    In parties now they straggle up and down,
  As armies, unoppos'd, for prey divide.     Dryden.
    While curling  smoaks from village tops are seen.
                                         Pope.
3. To twist itself.
    Then round her slender waist he curf'cf,
  And stamp'd an  image of himself, a sov'reign ofthe
       world.                    Dryden's Fables.
Cu'rlew, kur'lu. to, a.  [courlieu, Fr.  ar-
   quata, Lat.]
1. A kind of water-fowl, with a large beak,
   of  a gray colour, with  red and  black
   spots.
    Among birds we reckon  creysers, curfews,  and
  puffins.                                Carew.
2. A  bird larger than a partridge,  with
   longer legs.   It runs very swiftly,  and
   frequents the  corn-fields in  Spain,  in
   Sicily, and sometimes in France.
                                    Trevoux.
CURMU'DGEON, kur-mud'jiin**9 «. *.
   [It is a  vitious  manner of pronouncing
   caiur mediant, Fr. an  unknown  corres-
   pondent.]  An  avaricious  churlish fel-
   low; a miser; a niggard; a churl; a gri-
   per.
    And when he has it in his claws,
  He'll not be hide-bound to the cause;
  Nor shalt thou find him acurmudgeon,
  If thou dispatch it without grudging.     Hudibras.
    A man's way of living is commended, because he
  will give any rate for it; and a man will give any
  rate rather than pass for a poor wretch, or a penuri-
  ous cur-mudgeon.                        Locke.
Curmu'dgeonly, kur-miid'jun-le.2*9 adj.
   [from  curmudgeon.]  Avaricious; cove-
   tous; churlish; niggardly.
    In a country where he that killed a hog invited
  the neighbourhood, a curmudgeonly fellow advised
  with his companions how he might save the charge.
                                   L'Estrange.
Cu'rrant, kur'rant. to. a. [ribea, Lat.]
1. The tree  hath  no prickles;  the leaves
   are large:  the  flower consists  of  five
   leaves,  placed  in  form of a rose: the
   ovary, which arises from the  centre  of
   the flowercup, becomes a globular fruit,
   produced in bunches.
2. A small dried grape: properly  written
   corinth.
    They butter'd currants on fat veal bestow'd,
  And rumps of beef with virgin honey stew'd;
  Insipid taste, old friend,  to them who Paris know,
  Where rocombole,  shallot,  and the rank garlick
      grow.                              King.
Cu'rrency,  kur'r&i-se. to. a. [from  cur-
   rent.]
1.  Circulation;  power   of passing  from
   hand to  hand.
    The currency of those half-pence  would, in  the
  universal opinion of our people, be utterly destruct-
  ive to this kingdom.                      Swift.
2. General reception: as, the report had a
   long currency.
3. Fluency;  readiness  of utterance; easi-
   ness of pronunciation.
4. Continuance; constant flow; uninterrupt-
   ed course.
    The currency of time to establish a custom, ought
  to be with  a continuando from toe beginning to the
  end of the term prescribed.    Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. General esteem; the rate at  which any
   thing is vulgarly valued.
    He  that thinketh  Spain to be some great over-
  match for this estate, assisted as it is, and may be,
  is no good mintman, but takes greatness of kingdoms
  according to their bulk and currency, and not after
  intrinsick value.                        Bacon.
6. The papers stamped in the English co-
   lonies by authority, and passing  for mo-
   ney.
CU'RRENT, kur'rent. adj. [currena, La-
   tin.]
I. Circulatory; passing from hand to hand.
    Shekels  of silver, current money with the mer-
   chant.                                  Gen.
    That there was current money in Abraham's time,
   is past doubt, though it is not sure that it was stampt;
   for he is said to be rich in cattle, in silver, and in
   gold.                              Arbuthnot.
2. Generally received; uncontradicted; au-
   thoritative.
    Many strange bruits are received for current.
                                       Sidney.
    Because such as openly reprove supposed disorders
  of state are taken for principal friends to the com-
  mon benefit of all, under this fair and plausible co-
  lour, whatsoever they utter passeth for good and cur-
  rent.                                 Hooker.
    I have collected the facts, with all possible impar-
  tiality, from toe current histories of those times.
                                         Swift.
3. Common; general.
    They  have been trained up from their infancy in
  one set of notions, without ever hearing or knowing
  what other opinions are current among mankind.
                                        Watts.
    About three months ago we had a current report
  of the king of France's death.           Addison.

4. Popular; such as is established  by vul-
   gar estimation.
    We are also to consider the difference  between
  worth and merit, strictly taken: that is a man's in-
  trinsick,  this his current, value;  which is less or
  more, as men have occasion for him.       Grew.
5. Fashionable; popular.
    Oft leaving what is natural and fit,
  The current folly proves our ready wit;
  And authors think their reputation safe,
  Which lives as long as fools are pleas'd to laugh.
                                        Pope.
6. Passable; such as  may be allowed  or
  admitted.
    Fouler than heart can think thee, thou canst make
  No excuse current, but to hang thyself.  Shakspeare.

7. What is now passing; what is at present
   in its course: as, the current year.

Cu'rrent,  kur'rent.  to.  a.
1. A running stream.
    The current, that wito gentle murmur glides,
  Thou know'st, being stopp'd, impatiently doth rage;
  But his fair course is not hindered;
  He makes sweet musick wito th' enamell'd stones.
                                    Shakspeare.
    These inequalities will vanish in one place, and
  presently appear in another, and seem  perfectly to
  move like waves, succeeding and destroying one ano-
  ther; save that their motion oftentimes seems to be
  quickest, as if in that vast sea they were carried on
  by a current, or at least by a tide.          Boyle.
    Heav'n her Eridanus no more shall boast,
  Whose fame in thine, like lesser current, 's lost;
  Thy nobler streams shall visit Jove's abodes,
  To shine among the stars, and bathe the gods.
                                      Denham,
    Not fabled Po more swells the poet's lays,
  While through the sky his shining currenf strays.
                                         Pope.
2. [In navigation.]  Currenta are  certain
   progressive motions of the water of the
   sea in  several places, either quite down
  lo the  bottom, or  to  a certain determi-
  nate depth;  by which a ship may  hap-
   pen to be carried more swiftly, or re-
   tarded  in her course, according to the
   direction of the current, with or against
   the way of the ship.              Harria.
3. Course; progression.
    The castle of Cadmus was taken, and Thebes in-
  vested by Phebidas the  Lacedemonian insidiously;
  which drew on a resurprize of the castle, a recovery
  of the town, and a current of the war, even into the
  walls of  Sparta.                         Bacon,
Cu'rrently, kur'rent-le. adv. [from cur-
   rent]
I. In a constant motion.
2. Without opposition.
    The very cause which maketh the simple and igno-
  rant to think they even  see  how  the word of God
  runneth currently on your side, is, that their minds
  are forestalled, and their conceits perverted before-
  hand.                         Hooker, Preface,
3. Popularly; fashionably;  generally.
4. Without ceasing. 
CUR
CUR
CUR
Cu'rrentness,  kur'rent-n^3. to.  a.  [from
   current.]
1. Circulation.
3. General reception.
3. Easiness of pronunciation.
    When substantialness combineth with delightful-
  ness, and currentness with stayedness, how can the
  language sound other than most full of sweetness?
                             Camden's Remains.
Cu'rrier, kur're-Qr. to. a. [coriariua, Lat.]
   One who dresses and pares  leather for
   those who make shoes, or other things.
    A currier bought a bear-skin of a huntsman, and
  laid him down ready money for it.     L'Estrange.
    Warn'd by frequent ills, the way toey found
  To lodge their loathsome carrion under ground;
  For useless to the currier were their hides,
  Nor could their tainted flesh with ocean tides
  Be freed from filth.                    Dryden.
Cu'rrish,  kiiKrish. adj. [from cur.] Hav-
   ing the qualities of a degenerate dog;
   brutal; sour;  quarrelsome;  malignant;
   churlish; uncivil;  untractable; impracti-
   cable.
    Sweet speaking oft a currish heart reclaims.
                                       Sidney.
    No care of justice, nor no rule of reason,
  Did thenceforth ever enter in his mind,
  But cruelty, toe sign of currish kind.   Hubb.  Tale.
    In fashions wayward, and in love unkind;
  For Cupid deigns not wound a currisn mind.
                                      Fairfax.
    I would she were in heaven, so she could
  Entreat some pow'r to change this currish Jew.
                                   Shakspeare.
    She says your dog was a cur; and tells you, currish
  thanks is good enough for such a present.    Shaksp.
To CU'RRY, kiir're. v. a. [corium, leath-
   er, Lat.]
1. To dress leather,  by beating and rub-
   bing it.
2. To beat; to drub; to thresh; to chastise.
        A deep design in 't to divide
      The well-affected that confide;
      By setting brother against brother,
      To claw and curry one another.    Hudibras.
    I may expect her to take care of her family, and
  cttrru her hide in case of refusal.        Addison.
3. To rub a horse with a scratching in-
   strument, so as to smooth  his coat, and
   promote his flesh.
    Frictions make the parts more fleshy and full; as
  we see both in men, and in the currying of horses:
  the cause is, for that they draw a greater quantity of
  spirits and blood to the parts.             Bacon.
4. To  scratch in  kindness;  to rub down
   with flatten-;  to tickle.
    If I had a suit to master Shallow, I would humour
  his men; if to his men,  I would curry with master
  Shallow.                          Sliakspeare.
b. To curry Favour. To become a favour-
   ite  by petty  officiousness,  slight kind-
   nesses, or flattery.
    He judged toem still  over-abjectly to fawn upon
  the heathens, and to curru/acour wito infidels.
                                       Hooker.
    This humour succeeded so wito the puppy, that
  an ass would go toe same way to work to curry fa-
  vour for himself.                   L'Estrange.
Cu'rrycomh, kur're-kome.  to.  s.  [from
   curry and  comb.]   An iron  instrument
   used  for currying or  cleaning horses.
    He has a clearer idea from a little print than
  from a long  definition; and so he would  have of
  strigil and sistrwm, if instead of a currycomb and cym-
  bal, he could see stamped in toe margin small pic-
   tures of these instruments.               Locke.

 To CURSE, kurse.  v.a. [cunrian, Sax.]
 1. To wish evil to; to execrate; to devote.
     Curse me this people, for they are too  mighty
  for me.                            Numbers.
     After Solyman had looked upon the dead body,
  and bitterly cursed  the same, he caused a great
  weight to be tied unto it, and so cast into the sea,
                                      Anoffes.
     What, yet again!  the third time hast thou cxtrsf
         me:
  This imprecation was for Laius' death,
  And thou hast wished me like him. Dryd. and Lee.
2. To mischief; to afflict; to  torment.
    On impious realms and barb'rous kings impose
  Thy plagues, and curse 'em with such sons as those.
                                       Pope.

To Curse, ko.rse. v. to.  To imprecate; to
  deny  or  affirm  with imprecation of di-
  vine  vengeance.
    The silver about which thou cwrsecfsf, and speak-
  est of also in my ears, behold the silver is with me.
                                  Jud. xvi. 2.
Curse,  kurse.  to.  s. [from the verb.]
1. Malediction; wish  of  evil to another.
    Neither have  I suffered  my mouth  to sin,  by
  wishing a curse to his soul.                 Job.
    I never went from your lordship but with a long-
  ing to return, or without a hearty curse to him who
  invented ceremonies, and put me on toe necessity
  of withdrawing.                       Dryden.
2. Affliction; torment; vexation.
     Curse on toe stripling! how he apes his sire!
  Ambitiously sententious!         Addison's Cato.
Cu'rsed, kur'sSd.363 participial adj. [from
   curae.]
1. Deserving a  curse; hateful; detestable;
  abominable; wicked.
                  Merciful pow'rs!
  Restrain in  me the cursecf thoughts that nature
  Gives way  to in repose.        Shaksp. Macbeth.
2.  Unholy;  unsanctified;  blasted  by  a
  curse.
      Come, lady, while heav'n lends us grace,
    Let us fly this cursed place,
    Lest the sorcerer us entice
    With some other new  device;
    Not a waste or needless sound,
    Till we come to holier ground.         Milton.
3. Vexatious; troublesome.
    This cursecf quarrel be no more renew'd;
  Be, as becomes a wife, obedient still,
  Though griev'd, yet subject to her husband's will.
                                     Dryden.
    One  day, I think, in Paradise he liv'd;
  Destin'd the next his journey to pursue,
  Where wounding thorns and cursed thistles grew.
                                       Prior.
Cu'rseoly,  kdr'sed-le. adv. [from  cur-
  aed]  Miserably;   shamefully:   a low
   cant word.
     Satisfaction  and restitution lies so cursedly hard
  on toe gizzards of our publicans.      L'Estrange.
     Sure  this is a nation that is cursedly afraid of
  being over-run with  too much politeness,  and can-
  not regain one great genius but at the expence of
  another.                              Pope.
Cu'rseoness,  kur'sed-nes.  to. *.  [from
   cursed.]  The  state of being under  a
   curse.
Cu'rship,  kur'ship. «. s. [from cur] Dog-
   ship; meanness; scoundrelship.
     How durst he, I say, oppose thy cursfrip,
  'Gainst arms, authority,  and worship?   Hudibras.
CU'RSITOR,  kur'se-tur. to. *. [Lat.] An
   officer or clerk  belonging  to the  Chan-
   cery,  that makes  out original  writs.
   They are  called  clerks of course,  in
   the oath of the clerks of  Chancery. Of
   these there are  twenty-four in number,
   which  have  certain  shires  allotted  to
   each  of them,  into which  they  make
   out such original writs as are required.
   They  are a corporation  among them-
   selves.                         °Cowell.
    Then  is the recognition and value, signed with
  the handwriting of toat justice, carried by the cur-
  sitor in  Chancery for toat shire where those lands
  do lie, and by him is a writ of covenant thereupon
  drawn, and ingrossed in parchment.        Bacon.
Cu'rsorary, kur'so-ra-re. adj.  [from cur-
   sus, Lat.] Cursory; hasty; careless.   A
   word,  I believe,  only found in the fol-
   lowing line.
    I have but with a cursorary eye
  O'erglanc'd the articles.         Shaksp. Hen.  V.
Cu'rsorily, kur'so-re-le. adv.  [from cur-
   sory.]  Hastily;  without  care;  without
   solicitous attention.
    This power, and no other, Luther disowns,  as any
  one that views the place  but cursorily must needs
  see.                              Atterbury.
Cu'rsoriness,  kur'so-re-nes.  to. s. [from
   cursory.]  Slight attention.
CU'RSORY, km'so-re. adj. [from curso-
   rius, Lat.]   Hasty;   quick;  inattentive;
   careless.
    The first, upon a cursory and superficial view, ap-
  peared like the head of another man.     Addison,
Curst, kurst. adj. Froward; peevish; ma-
   lignant;  mischievous; malicious; snarl-
   ing.
    Mr. Mason, after his  manner, was very  merry
  with both parties;  pleasantly playing both with toe
  shrewd touches of many curst boys,  and with toe
  small discretion of many lewd schoolmasters.
                         Ascliam's  Schoolmaster.
    Curst  cows have short horns.         Proverbs.
    I pray you, though you mock me, gentlemen,
  Let her not hurt me: I was never cursf;
  I have no gift at all in shrewishness;
  I am a right maid, for my cowardice;
  Let her not strike me.  Shaksp. Mids. NighVs Dr.
    I'll go  see if the bear be gone  from the gentle-
  man, and how much he hath eaten: they  are never
  cwrsf but when they are hungry.          Shaksp.
    Her only fault, and that is fault enough,
  Is, that she is intolerably cursf,
  And shrewd and froward, so beyond all measure,
  That were my state far worser than it is,
  I would not wed her for a mine of gold.    Shaksp.
    When I dissuaded him from his intent,
  And from him pight to do  it with cursf speech,
  I toreaten'd to discover him.             Shaksp.
                  And though his mind
  Be ne'er  so cursf, his tongue is kind.     Crashaw.
Cu'rstness, kurst'nes. to. s. [from curst]
   Peevishness, frowardness; malignity.
                  Then, noble partners,
  Touch you toe sourest points with sweetest terms,
  Nor curstness grow to the matter.         Shaksp.
    Her mouth she writh'd, her forehead taught to
        frown,
  Her eyes to sparkle fires to love unknown;
  Her sallow cheeks her envious mind did shew,
  And ev'ry feature spoke aloud toe  curstness of a
        shrew.                        Dryden.
Curt,  kftrt.  adj.   [from  curtus,  Lat.]
   Short.
To CU'RTAIL, kiAr-tale'.   v.  a.  [curto,
   Lat.   It was  anciently written curtal,
   which  perhaps is more proper; but dogs
   that had their tails cut being called cur-
   tal dogs, the  word  was  vulgarly  con-
   ceived to mean originally to  cut the tail,
   and was in time written   according  to
   that notion.] 
CUR
CUR
cus
\. To cut off; to cut short; to shorten.
   I, that am curtail'd of all fair proportion,
 Deloim'd, unfinish'd, sent before my time
 Into this breathing world.     Shaksp. Richard III.
     Then why should we ourselves abridge,
   And curfatf our own  privilege?      Hudibras.
   Scribblers send us over their trash in prose and
 verse, with abominable curtailings and quaint mo-
 dernisms.                              Swift.
   This general employ, and expence of their time,
 would as assuredly curtail and retrench the ordi-
 nary means of knowledge and erudition, as it would
 shorten the opportunities of vice.       Woodward.
    Perhaps this humour of speaking  no more than
 we must, has so miserably curtailed  some of our
 words;  and, in familiar writings and conversations,
  they often lose all but their first syllables. Addison.
2.  It has of before the thing cut off.
    The count assured the court, that Fact his antag-
  onist had taken a wrong name, having curtailed it
  of  three letters; for that his  name was not Fact,
  but Faction.                         Addison.
Cu'rtail Dog, kiir-tale'dog. to. s.  A  dog
   lawed, or mutilated according to the fo-
   rest laws, whose tail is cut off, and who
   is therefore hindered in coursing.  Per-
   haps  this word may be the  original  of
   cur.
    I, amazed, ran from  her as  a witch: and I think
  if my breast had not been made of  faith, and my
   heart of steel,  she had transformed me to a cur-
  tail dog, and made me  turn i'  th' wheel.
                      Shaksp. Comedy of Errours.
CU'RTAIN,   kur'tln.308  to. s.  [cortina,
   Latin.]
1.  A cloth contracted or expanded at plea-
   sure, to admit or  exclude the light;  to
   conceal or discover any thing, to shade
   a  bed; to darken a room.
    Their curtains ought to be kept open, so as to re-
  new the air.                Arbuthnot on Diet.
    Sol through white curtains shot a tim'rous ray,
  And op'd  those eyes that must eclipse the day.
                                        Pope.
    Thy hand, great Dulness!  lets the curtain fall,
  And universal darkness buries all.         Pope.
2. To draw the Curtain. To close it, so  as
   to  shut  out  the  light,  or  conceal the
   object.
     I must cfraio a cwrfain before the work for awhile,
   and keep your patience a little in suspense.
                               Burnet's Theory.
     Once more I write to you, and this once will be
  the last: the curiam will soon be draion between  my
  friend and me, and nothing left but to wish you a
  long good night.                        Pope.
 3. To open it, so as to discern the object.
      So soon as the all-cheering sun
   Should in toe farthest east begin to draw
  The shady curtain from Aurora's bed.     Shaksp.
      Let them sleep, let toem sleep on,
  Till this stormy night be gone,
  And to' eternal morrow dawn;
  Then toe cwrfain will be drawn.        Crashaw.
4. [In fortification.] That part of the wall
   or  rampart that  lies between two  bas-
   tion S-                     Military Diet.
     The governor, not discouraged, suddenly of tim-
  ber and boards raised up a curtain twelve foot high
  at the back of his soldiers.              Knolles.
Curtain-lecture,    kur'tin-lek'tshure.
   to. s.  [from curtain and lecture]  A re-
   proof given by a  wife to her husband in

   bed.
     What endless brawls by wives are bred!
  The curtain-lecture makes a mournful bed.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
     She ought to exert the authority  of the curtain-
  Ucture, and, if she finds him of a rebellious dispo-
  sition, to tame him.
See Cutlass.
Addlion.
To  Cu'rtain,  kur'tin.  v. a.  [from  the
  noun.]   To  inclose  or accommodate
  with curtains.
        Now o'er one half the world
  Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse
  The curtain'd sleep.            Shaksp. Macbeth.
            The wand'ring prince and Dido,
  When with a happy storm they were surpris'd,
  And curfain'cf with a counsel-keeping cave. Shak,
    But, in her temple's last recess  inclos'd,
  On Dulness' lap to' anointed head repos'd:
  Him close she curtain'd round with vapours blue,
  And soft besprinkled with Cimmerian dew.  Pope.
Cu'RTATE-£>fs/cTOce,ku.r'tate-dis'tanse.TO.s.
  [In astronomy.] The distance of  a pla-
  net's place from the sun, reduced to the
  ecliptick.
Curta'tiox, kur-ta'shun.  to.  s.    [from
  curto, to shorten, Lat.] The interval be-
  tween a planet's distance from the  sun
  and the curtate  distance.    Chambers.
CU'RTELASSE,?^,^  5
Cu RTELAX,  3          (
Cu'rtsy, kurt'se. See Courtesy.
Cu'rvated,  k&r'va-ted. adj.  [curvatua,
  Lat.]  Bent; crooked.
Curva'tion, kur-va'shun.  to. s.  [curvo,
  Lat.]  The act of bending,or crooking.
Cu'rvature, kur'va-lure.461 to. a.  [from
  curve] Crookedness; inflexion; manner
  of bending.
    It is bent  after the manner  of the catenarian
  curve, by which it obtains that curvature  that is sa-
  fest for the included marrow.             Cheyne.
    Flaccid it was beyond the activity of the  muscle,
  and curvature of the ossicles, to give it a due  tension.
                                       Hofcfer.
Curve, klirv. adj. [curvus, Lat.] Crook-
  ed; bent; inflected; not straight.
    Unless an  intrinsick principle  of gravity or at-
  traction may  make it describe a curue line about
  the attracting body.                    Bentley.

Curve, kurv. to. s.   Any  thing bent;  a
  flexure or crookedness of any particu-
  lar form.
    And as you lead it round, in artful cwrue,
  Wito eye intentive mark the springing game.
                                     Thomson.
 To Curve,  kurv. v. a.  [curvo, Lat.]  To
  bend;  to crook; to inflect.
    And the tongue is drawn back and curved.
                                       Holder.
 To CURVE'T,kur-vet'.T>.w. [corvettare,
   Ital.]
 1. To leap;  to bound.
    Cry holla! to thy tongue, I pr'ythee:  it curvefs
  unseasonably.            Shaksp. As you like it.
       Himself he on an earwig set,
    Yet scarce he on his  back could get,
    So oft and high he did curvet,
    Ere he himself could settle.    Drayt.  Nymphid.
    Seiz'd with unwonted pain, surpris'd with fright,
  The wounded steed curvets; and, rais'd upright,
  Lights on his feet before: his hoofs behind
  Spring up in  air aloft, and lash the wind.   Dryd.
 2. To  frisk; to  be  licentious.
 Curve't, ktir-vet'. to. a.  [from the verb.]
 1. A leap; a bound.
 2. A frolick; a  prank.
 Curvili'near, kur-ve-lin'yar. adj.  [cur-
   ious and linea, Lat.]
 1. Consisting of a crooked line.
     The impulse continually draws  the celestial body
  from  its rectilinear motion, and forces it into a
  curvilinear orbit; so that it must be repeated every
  minute of time.                        Clieyne.
2. Composed of crooked lines.
Cu'rvity, kur've-te. to. s.  [from curve.]
   Crookedness.
    The jointed ends of that bone and the incus rece-
  ding, make a more acute angle at that joint,  and
  give a greater curvity to the posture of the ossicles.
                             Holder on Speech
CU'SHION,  kush'ln or  kush'un.389 to. s.
   [kussen, Dut. coussin,  Fr.]   A pillow
   for  the seat; a soft  pad  placed  upon a
   chair.
    Call Claudius, and some other of my men;
  I'll have them sleep on cushions in my tent.  Shak.
                 If you are learn'd,
  Be not as common fools; if you are not,
  Let toem have cushions by you.  Shak. Coriolanus.
    But, ere they sat, officious Baucis lays
  Two  cushions stuffd with straw, the seat to raise,
  Coarse", but the best she had.     Diyden's Fables.
    An eastern king put a judge to death for an ini-
  quitous sentence; and ordered  his hide to be stuffed
  into a cushion, and placed  upon the tribunal, for
  the son to sit on.                        Sioift.
Cu'shioned, kush'ind.369  adj. [from cush-
   ion.]   Seated on a  cushion;  supported
   by  cushions.
    Many, who  are ewsfiioneef  upon thrones, would
  have remained in obscurity. Dissertation on Parties.
CUSP, kusp. to.  s.  [cuspis, Lat.] A term
   used to express the points or horns  of
   the moon  or other luminary.     Harris.
Cu'spated,  kiis'pa-ted.      ? adj.  [from
Cu'snnATED, kfts'pe-da-ted. $      cuspis,
   Lat.] A word expressing the leaves of
   a flower ending in a point.       Quincy.
Cu'stard,   kus'tilrd.88 to.  s.   [cwstard,
   Welsh.]  A kind of sweetmeat made by
   boiling eggs with  milk and  sugar  till
   the whole thickens  into a  mass.  It is
   a food  much used in city feasts.
    He cramm'd them, till their guts did ake,
  With cawdle, custard, and plumb cake  Hudibras.
    Now may'rs and shrieves all hush'd and satiate
        lay;
  Yet eat,  in dreams, the custard of the day.   Pope.
Cu'stody, ktis'to-de. to. s. [custodia, Lat.]
1. Imprisonment; restraint of liberty.
    The council remonstrauced  unto queen Elizabeth
  the conspiracies against  her life, and  therefore
  they  advised her, that  she should go less abroad
  weakly attended; but the queen answered, she had
  rather be dead than put in custody.        Bacon.
    For thus enslav'd, is custody severe,
  And  stripes, and arbitrary punishment
  Inflicted?                   JUiffon's Par. Lost.
2. Care; gaurdianship; charge.
    Under the custody and charge of toe sons of
  Merari, shall be the boards ofthe tabernacle.
                                Numb. iii. 36.
    We being strangers here, how dar'st thou trust
   So great a charge from thine own custody?  Shak.
    An offence  it were, rashly  to depart.out of toe
   city committed to their custody.           Knolles.
    There is generally but one  coin stampt upon toe
  occasion, which is made a present to the person who
   is celebrated on it: by this means  the whole fame
   is in his own custody.                  Addison.
3. Defence;  preservation; security.
    There was prepared a fleet  of thirty ships for the
   custody of the narrow seas.              Bacon.
CU'STOM, kus'tum.166  to. s.  [coustume,
   Fr.]
 I. Habit; habitual practice.
     Blood and destruction shall  be so in use,
   That mothers shall but smile when they behold
   Their infants quarter'd by the hands of war;
   All pity choak'd with custom of fell deeds.  Shaksp.
     Custom, a  greater power  than nature, seldom
   toils to make them worship.               Locke* 
C U  h
CUT
CUT
  ~. Fashion;  common way of acting.
      And  the  priest's custom with the people was,
    that when any  man offered  sacrifice, the  priest's
    servant came, while the flesh was in seething, with
    a flesh-hook of three teeth in his hands.  1 Sam. ii.
  3. Established  manner.
      According to the custom of the priest's office, his
    lot was to burn incense when  he went into the tem-
    ple of the Lord.                       Luke, i.
  4. Practice of buying of certain persons.
      You say he is assiduous in  his calling, and is he
    not grown rich by it? Let him have  your custom,
    but not your votes.                   Addison.
  5. Application  from buyers: as,  this tra-
     der has good custom.
  6. [In law.]  A law or right  not written,
    which, being established by long use,
    and the consent  of  our ancestors,  has
    heen,  and is  daily, practised.   We can-
    not say  that   this  or that is  a  custom,
    except we can  justify  that it  hath con-
    tinued so one hundred  years;  yet, be-
    cause   that  is  hard   to  prove,   it  is
    enough for the proof of a custom,  if two
    or  more  can depose  that they heard
    their  fathers  say,  that it was a  cus-
    tom all  their  time,  and that  their fa-
    thers  heard  their fathers also  say that
    it was likewise a custom  in their time.
    If it is to be proved by record, the conti-
    nuance of a  hundred  years will serve.
    Custom is either general or particular:
    general, that  which is current through
    England;  particular,  is that which be-
    longs to this or that  county; as gavel-
    kind to Kent,  or this or that lordship, ci-
    ty, or  town.  Custom differs from  pre-
    scription; for  custom is common to more,
    and prescription is particular to  this or
    that man:  prescription may be for a far
    shorter time than  custom.        Cowell.
 7. Tribute;  tax paid for goods  imported
    or exported.
     The residue of these ordinary finances be casual
   or uncertain,  as  be the escheats and foifeitures,
   the customs, butlerage, and imposts.       Bacon.
     Those commodities may be dispersed, after hav-
   ing paid  the ensfewns in England.         Temple.
     Customs to  steal is such a trivial thing,
   That 'tis their eharter to defraud their king.  Dryd.
     Strabo tells you, that Britain bore heavy taxes,
   especially the customs on the importation of the
   Gallick trade.                      Arbuthnot.
Customhouse, kus'tum-house.  «. s.  The
   house where  the taxes  upon goods im-
   ported or exported are  collected.
     Some customhouse officers, birds of passage, and
   oppressive thrifty  squires, are the only thriving peo-
   ple amongst us.                         Swift.
Cu'stomahle,   kus'tu.m-a.-bl. adj. [from
   custom.] Common; habitual; frequent.
Cu'stomarleness, kus-tum-a-bl-nes.  n.s.
   [from customable]
1.  Frequency; habit.
2. Conformity to custom.
Cu'stomarly, kiis'tlim-a-ble. adv. [from
   customable.]   According to custom.
    Kingdoms  have customably  been carried  away
  by right  of succession, according to proximity of
  blood.                             Hayward.
Cu'stomarily,    kus'tum-ar-e-le.    adv.
   [from  customary]   Habitually;  com-
   monly.
    To caU God to witness truth, or a lye perhaps;
  -or to appeal to him,on every  trivial occasion, in
    common discourse, customarily  without considera-
    tion, is one of the highest indignities and affronts
    that can be offered him.                  Ray.
  Cu'stomariness, kus'tiirn-ar-e-nes.  «. s.
    [from customary]   Frequency;  com-
    monness; frequent occurrence.
      A vice which for its guilt may justify the  sharp-
    est, and for its customariness the frequentest, invec-
    tives which can be made against it.
                       Government of the Tongue.
  Cu'stomary,  kus'tu.m-ar-e.  adj.  [from
    custom]
  1. Conformable to established custom; ac-
    cording  to prescription.
      Pray you now,  if it may stand with the tune of
   your voices, that I may  be consul: I have here toe
   customary gown.                    Shalcspeare.
      Several ingenious persons, whose assistance might
   be conducive to the advance of real and  useful
   knowledge, lay under the prejudices  of  education
   and customary belief.         Glanville's Scepsis.
  2. Habitual.
     We should avoid the profane and irreverent use
   of God's name,  by cursing, or customary swearing;
   and take heed of the neglect of his worship, or any
   thing belonging to it.                  Tillotson.
 3. Usual; wonted.
               Ev'n now I met him
   With customary compliment, when he,
   Wafting his eyes to th' contrary, and falling
   A lip of much contempt, speeds from me.   Shaksp.
 Cu'stomed, kfts'tu.md.369  adj. [from  cus-
   tom.] Usual;  common; that to  which
   we are accustomed.
     No nat'ral exhalation in the  sky,
   No common wind, no customed  event,
   But they will pluck away its nat'ral cause,
   And call toem meteors, prodigies, and signs.
                             Shaksp. King John.
 Cu'stomer, kus'tilm-ur. n, s.  [from cus-
   tom.]
 I. One  who frequents any place  of  sale
   for the sake of purchasing.
    One would think  it Overdone's house; for  here
  be many old customers.   Shaksp. Meas. for Meas.
    A wealthy poet takes more pains to hire
  A flattering audience, than poor tradesmen do
  To persuade customers to buy their goods.
                                  Roscommon.
    Lord Strut  has bespoke  his liveries at Lewis
  Baboon's shop: Don't  you see how that  old fox
  steals away your customers, and turns you out of
  your business every day?             Arbuthnot.
    Those papers are grown a necessary part in cof-
  feehouse furniture,  and may be read by customers
  of all ranks for curiosity or amusement.     Swift.
    I shewed  you a piece of black and white stuff,
  just sent from the dyer, which you were pleased to
  approve of, and be my customer for.        Swift.
2. A common woman.  This sense is now
   obsolete.
    1 marry her!—What, a customer? Pr'ythee bear
  some charity to  my wit; do  not think it so un-
  wholesome.                    Shaksp. Othello.
Cu'strel, ku-s'trel. «. s.
 1. A buckler-bearer.
2. A vessel for holding wine.  Ainsworth.
 To CUT, kit. v.  a.  pret.  cut.  part. pass.
   cut.  [probably from  the  French cou-
   teau, a knife.]
i. To penetrate wilh an edged instrument;
  to  divide any continuity by a sharp edge!
                Ah, cut my lace asunder,
  That my great heart may have some scope  to beat,
  Or else I swoon with this dead killing news.
                           Shaksp. Richard III.
    And when two hearts were join'd by mutual love,
  The sword of justice cufs upon toe knot,
  And severs 'em for ever.                Dryden.
    Some I have cut away with scissars.   Wiseman.
  2. To hew.
      Thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon.
                                    2 Chron.  ii.
  3. To carve; to make by sculpture.
      Why should a man whose blood is warm within,
    Sit like his grandsire cuf in alabasfer?    Shaksp.
      The triumphal is defaced by time; but the plan
    of it is neatly cuf upon the wall of a  neighbouring
    building.                            Addison.
  4. To form any thing by cutting.
      And they beat the gold into thin plates, and ctcf
    it into wires.                   Exod. xxxix. 3.
  5. To divide by passing through.
      Before the whistling winds the vessels fly,
    With rapid swiftness cuf the liquid way,
    And reach Gerestus at the point of day.     Pope.
  6. To pierce with any uneasy sensation.
      The man was cuf to the heart with these conso-
    lations.                             Addison,
  7. To divide packs of cards.
       Supine they in their heav'n remain,
      Exempt from passion and from pain;
      And frankly leave us, human elves,
      To cuf and shuffle for ourselves.         Prior.
       We sure in vain toe cards condemn,
   Ourselves both cuf and shuffled them.       Prior.
  0 Take a fresh pack, nor is it worth our grieving,
   Who cwfs or shuffles with our dirty leaving.
                                     Granville.
 8.  To intersect; to cross; as, one line cuts
    another at right angles.
 9.  To cut down. To fell; to hew down.
     All  the timber whereof was cuf  down in the
  mountains of Cilicia.                  Knolles.
 10. To  cut down.  To excel;  to overpow-
    er: a low phrase.
     So great  is his natural eloquence, that he cuts
  down the finest orator, and destroys the best con-
  trived argument, as soon as ever he gets himself to
  be hear<*.               Addison's Count Tariff.
 II. To cut off. To separate from the other
  parts by cutting.
     And they caught him, and^uf off his thumbs.
                                     Jud. i. 6.
 12. To cut offi  To destroy;  to extirpate;
  to put to death untimely.
    All Spain  was first conquered  by the Romans,
  and filled with colonies from them, which were still
  increased, and the native Spaniards still cut off.
                            Spenser on Ireland.
                     Were I king,
  I  should cuf off the nobles for their lands.
       .                       Shaksp. Macbeth.
    This g«|at commander was suddenly cuf off by a
  fatal stroke,  given him with a small contemptible
  instrument.                           Hmd
    Irenaeus was likewise cuf off by martyrdom.
                                     Addison.
    Ill-fated prince! too negligent of life!
  Cuf off in the fresh ripening prime of manhood,
  Even in the pride of  life.               Philips.

13.  To cut off. To rescind; to separate; to
  take away.
    Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine
  How to cuf ojFsome charge in legacies.    Shaksp
    He that cufs off twenty years of life,
  Cuts off so many years of fearing death.    Shaksp.
    Presume not on thy God, whoe'er he be;
  Thee he regards not, owns not, hath cuf off
  Quite from his people.        Milton's Agonistes.
    The proposal of a recompence from men, cufs off
  .the hopes of future rewards.          Smalridge,.

14.   To  cut  off. To intercept;  to hinder
  from union or return.
    The king of this island, a wise man and a great
  warrior, handled toe matter so, as he cuf off their
  land forces from their ships.              Bacon
    His party was so  much inferior to  the  enemv
  that it would infallibly be cuf off.       Clarendcnf
is.   To cut off.  1 o put an end to; to ob-
  viate. 
GUT                                      CUT                                     CUT
    To cuf off contentions, commissioners  were  ap-
  pointed to make certain the limits.      Hayward.
    To cuf o/fall fiirther mediation and interposition,
  the  king conjured him to give over all thoughts of
  excuse.                            Clarendon.
    It may compose our unnatural  feuds, and cuf off
  frequent occasions of brutal rage and intemperance.
                                      Addison.
 16. To  cutoff.  To withhold.
    We  are  concerned to cuf off all occasion from
  those who seek occasion, toat they may have where-
  of to accuse us.                        Rogers.
 17. To cut  off.  To preclude.
    Eveiy one who lives in the practice of any vo-
  luntary sin, actually cufs himself off from toe bene-
  fits  and profession of Christianity.         Addison.
    This only object of my real care,
  Cut off from hope, abandon'd to despair,
  In some few posting fatal hours is hurl'd
  From wealth, from pow'r, from love, and from the
         world.                          Prior.
    Why should those who wait at altars be cuf  off
  from partaking in toe general benefits of law, or of
  nature.                                Swift.
 18. To  cut off. To interrupt; to silence.
    It is no grace to  a judge to shew quickness of
  conceit in cuffing off evidence or counsel too short.
                                        Bacon.
 19. To  cut off.  To apostrophise; to abbre-
   viate.
    No vowel can be cuf off before another, when we
  cannot sink the pronunciation of it.        Dryden.
 20. To  cut out. To  shape; to form.
    By the pattern of mine own thoughts I cuf out toe
  purity of his.              Shaksp.  Winter's Tale.
    I, for my part, do not like images cuf out in ju-
  niper, or other garden stuff: toey be for children.
                                        Bacon.
    There is a large table at Montmorency cuf  out
  of toe thickness of a vine stock.          Tempfe.
    The  antiquaries being  but indifferent taylors,
  they wrangle prodigiously about toe cuffing owf the
  toga.                              Arbuthnot.
    They have a large forest cuf out into walks,  ex-
  tremely thick and gloomy.              Addison.
 21. To  cut out. To scheme;  to contrive.
    Having a most pernicious fire kindled within the
  very bowels of his own forest, he had work enough
  cuf  him out to extinguish it.              Howel.
    Every man had cuf ouf a place for himself in his
  own thoughts: I could  reckon up in our army  two
  or three lord-treasurers.                Addison.
 22.  To  cut out.  To adapt.
    You know I am not cuf ouf for writing a trea-
  tise, nor have a genius  to pen any thing exactly.
                                       Rymer.
 23.   To  cut out.  To debar.      b
    I am cuf ouf from any thing but common acknow-
  ledgments, or common discourse.          Pope.
 24.  To cut out. To  excel; to outdo.
 25.   To cut  short.   To  hinder from pro-
   ceeding by sudden interruption.
    Thus much he spoke, and more he would have
         said,
  But the stern hero turn'd aside his head,
  And cuf him short.              Dryden's ABme'id.
    Achilles cut him short; and thus replied,
  My worth,  allow'd in words, is in effect denied.
                                       Dryden.
 26. To cut short.  To abridge:  as, the sol-
  diera were cut short of their pay.
 27. To cut up.   To divide an animal into
  convenient pieces.
    The boar's intemperance, and toe note upon him
  afterwards, on the cuffing him up, toat he had no
  brains in his head, may be moralized into a sensual
  man.                             L'Estrange.
28. To cut up.  To eradicate.
    Who cuf up mallows by the bushes, and juniper-
  roots for their meat.                       Job.
    This  doctrine  cuts up all  government by  toe
  roots.                                  Locke.
To Cut, kilt,  v. «.
I. To make way  by dividing; to divide by
   passing through.
    When the teeth are ready to cuf, the upper part
  is rubbed with hard substances, which  infants, by
  a natural instinct, affect.              Arbuthnot.
2. To perform the operation of lithotomy.
    He saved the lives of thousands by his manner of
  cuffing- for the stone.                     Pope.
3. To interfere: as, a horse that cuta.
Cut,  kit. part. adj.  Prepared  for  use:
   a metaphor from  hewn timber,
       Sets of phrases, cuf and dry,
    Evermore thy tongue supply.            Swift.
Cut,  kilt. to. *. [from the noun.]
I. The action of a sharp or  edged instru-
   ment; the blow of an ax or sword.
2. The impression or separation of conti-
   nuity, made by an edge or sharp instru-
   ment:  distinguished from that made by
   perforation with a pointed  instrument.

3. A wound made by cutting.
    Sharp weapons, according to toe force, cuf into
  the bone many ways; which cufs are called secfes,
  and are reckoned among the fractures.   Wiseman.
4. A channel made  by  art.
    This great cuf or ditch  Sesostris the rich king of
  Egypt, and long after him  Ptolomeus Philadelphia,
  purposed to have  made  a great  deal wider and
  deeper, and thereby to have let toe  Ked Sea into
  the Mediterranean.                    Knolles.
5. A part cut off from  the rest.
    Suppose a board to be  ten  foot long,  and one
  broad, one cut is reckoned so many foot. Mortimer.
6. A small particle; a  shred.
    It  hath a number  of short cuts or  shreddings,
  which may be better called wishes than prayers.
                                     'Hooker.
7. A lot made by cutting a stick.
    My lady Zelmane and  my daughter Mopsa may
  draw cufs, and the shortest cut speak first.   Sidney.
    A  man may as reasonably draw cufs for his  te-
  nets, and regulate  his persuasion by the cast of a
  die.                                   Locke.
8. A near passage,  by which some angle
   is cut off.
    The ignorant took heart to enter upon this great
  calling, and instead of their cutting their way to it
  through the knowledge of the tongues, the fathers,
  and councils,  toey have taken another and a short-
  er cut.                                 South.
    There is a shorter cuf, an easier passage.
                                Decay of Piety.
    The evidence of my sense is simple  and  imme-
  diate, and therefore I have but a shorter cuf thereby
  to the assent to the truth of the things so evidenced.
                      Hale's Origin of Mankind.
    But the gentleman would needs see me part of
  my way, and  carry me a short cut through Ins own
  ground, which saved me half a mile's riding.
                              Swift's Examiner.
9. A picture cut or carved upon wood or
  copper, and impressed from it.
    In  this form, according  to his description, he is
  set forth in the prints or cufs of martyrs by Ceval-
  Icrius.                               Broron.
     It is, I believe, used improperly by
 Addison.
    Madam Dacier, from some old cufs of Terence,
  fancies that the larva or persona of the Roman ac-
  tors was not  only a vizard  for the face,  but had
  false hair to it.                Addison on Italy.
10. The stamp on which a picture  is car-
  ved, and by which it is impressed.
11. The act or practice of dividing a  pack
  of cards.
      How can toe muse her aid impart,
    Unskilled in all the terms of art?
    Or iu harmonious numbers put
    The deal, the shuffle, and the cuf?       Sioift.
 12.  Fashion;  form; shape;  manner of cut-
   ting into shape.
    Their clothes are after such a pagan cuf too,
   That,  sure, they 've worn out Christendom.
                            Shaksp. Henry VIII.
         His tawny beard was to' equal grace
       Both of his wisdom and his face;
       In cuf and dye so like a tile,
      A sudden view it would beguile.     Hudibras.
    They were so familiarly acquainted with him, as
   to know the very cuf of his beard.     Stillingflect.
    Children love breeches, not for their cuf or ease,
   but because the having them is a mark or step to-
   wards manhood.                        Locke.
    A third desires you  to observe  well the  toga on
   such a reverse; and asks you whether you can in
   conscience believe the sleeve of it to be ofthe true
   Roman cuf.                          Addison.
    Sometimes an old fellow shall  wear this or that
   sort of cut in his cloaths with great integrity.
                             Addison's Spectator,
    Wilt thou buy there some high heads of toe new-
   est cut for my daughter?             Arbuthnot.
 13. It seems anciently  to have signified a
   fool or cully.   To cut still signifies to
   cheat, in low language.
    Send her money, knight: if thou hast  her not in
   the end, call me cuf.      Slutksp. Twelfth Night.
 14. Cut and  long tail.   A  proverbial ex-
   pression for men of all kinds. It is bor-
   rowed from dogs.
    He will maintain you like a gentlewoman----
   Ay, that I will, come cut and long tail,  under the
   degree of a squire.                     Shaksp-
                 At quintain he,
    In honour of this bridal tee,
    Hath challeng'd  either wide countee.
    Come cuf ancf long tail for there be
    Six bachelors as bold as he.        Ben Jonson.
Cuta'neous, ku-ta'ne-ils. adj. [from cutis,
   Lat.] Relating to  the skin.
    The  serous, nutritious mass is more readily cir-
   culated into toe cutaneous or remotest parts of toe
   body.                     Floyer on  Humours.
    Some sorts  of cutaneous eruptions are occasion-
   ed by feeding much on acid unripe fruits and fari-
   naceous substances.                 Arbuthnot.

Cu'tiole, ku'le-kl.406 to. s. [cuticula, Lat.]
 1. The first  and outermost  covering  of
   the body,  commonly called  the  scarf-
   skin.   This is that soft skin which rises
   in  a  blister  upon   any burning, or the
   application  of a blistering plaster.  It
   sticks close to the  surface of  the true
   skin to  which it is also tied  by the ves-
   sels which nourish it,  though they are
   so small as not to  be seen.  When the
   scarf-skin is examined with  a  micros-
   cope, it appears to be made up of sev-
   eral  lays of exceeding small scales.
                                     Quincy.
    In each of the very fingers there are bones and
   gristles, and ligaments and membranes,  and mus-
   cles and tendons, and nerves and arteries, and veins
  and skin, and cuticle and nail.           Bentley.
2. A thin skin formed  on the  surface  of
   any liquor.
    When any saline liquor is evaporated  to cuticle,
  and let cool, the salt  concretes in  regular figures;
  which argues that tbe particles of the salt, before
  they concreted, floated  in  the liquor at  equal dis-
  tances in rank and file.         Newton's Opticks.
Cuti'cular,  ku-tlk'u-liir. adj.  [from cu-
   tis, Lat.]  Belonging to the skin.
Cuth, kuth.  signifies knowledge  or skill.
   So Cuthwin  is a  knowing conqueror; 
C UT
CYG
C YJS
    Cuthred, a knowing counsellor; Cuth-
   bert,  famous  for skill.   Much of  the
   same nature are  Sophocles and Sophi-
   anus.                 Gibson's Camden.
 Cu'tlass, kut'las. to. s. [coutelaa, Fr. This
   word is written sometimes cutlace, some-
   times  cuttleax; in  Shakspeare, curtle-
   axe; and in  Pope, cutlash]   A broad
   cutting sword:  the word is much in use
   among the seamen.
                   Were't not better
   That I did suit me all points like a man?
   A gallant curffeaxe upon my thigh,
   A boar-spear in my hand.  Shaksp. As you like it.
     To the lodgments of his herd he run,
   Where the  fat porkets slept beneath the sun;
   Of two his cutlash launch'd the spouting blood,
   These quarter'd, sing'd, and fix'd on forks of wood.
                                        Pope.
 Cu'tler, ktlt'liir.98 to. a.  [coutelier,  Fr.]
   One who makes or sells knives.
                   A paultry ring
   That she did give, whose poesy was
   For all the world like cutlers poetry
   Upon a knife; love me, and leave me not.   Shak.
     In  a bye cuffer's shop he  bought a  tenpenny
   knife: so cheap  was the  instrument of  this great
   attempt.                             Wotton.
     He  chose no  other instrument than an ordinary
   knife, which he bought of a common cutler.
                                    Clarendon.
 Cu'tpurse, kilt'piirse. n.s. [cutandpurse]
   One who steals by the  method  of cut-
   ting  purses:  a common practice when
   men wore their purses  at their  girdles,
   as was once  the  custom.  A  thief; a
   robber.
     To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble
   hand, is necessary for a cutpurse.         Shaksp.
                   A vice of kings,
   A cutpurse of the empire and the rule,
   That from a shelf the precious diadem stole,
   And put it in his pocket.         Shaksp. Hamlet.
         Was there no felony, no bawd,
       Cutourse, nor burglary abroad?    Hudibras.
     If we could  imagine a whole nation to be cuf-
  purses  and robbers, would there then  be kept that
  square dealing and equity in such a monstrous den
   of thieves?                  Bentley's Sermons.
 Cu'tter, kut'tilr.98 to. s. [from cut.]
 1. An  agent or instrument  that cuts any
   thing.
 2. A nimble boat that cuts the water.
 3.  [Incisores.]    The  teeth  that cut the
   meat.
     The molares,  or grinders, are behind, nearest
  the centre of motion, because there is  a greater
  strength or force required to chew the meat than
  to bite a piece; and the cutters before,  that they
  may be ready to  cut off a morsel from any solid
  food,  to be transmitted to the grinders.       Ray.
4. An officer in the  Exchequer  that pro-
   vides wood for the tallies, and cuts the
   sum paid upon them;  and  then  casts
   the  same into  the court to be  written
upon.
Cowell.
Cu't-throat,  k&t'throte. to. s.  [cut and
   throat.]  A ruffian; a murderer; a but-
  cher of men; an assassin.
    Will you then suffer these robbers, cut-throats,
  base people, gathered out of all the corners of Christ-
  endom, to  waste your countries, spoil your  cities,
  murder your people, and trouble all your seas?
                                      Knolles.
    Perhaps  the cut-throat may rather take his copy
  from the Parisian massacre, one of  the horridest
  instances of barbarous inhumanity that  ever was
  known.                              . South.
       VOL. I.
     The ruffian robbers by no justice aw'd
  And unpaid cut-throat soldiers are abroad;
  Those venal souls, who, harden'd in each ill,
  To save complaints and prosecution, kill. Dryden.
Cu't-throat, kilt'Mrote. adj.  Cruel; in-
   human;  barbarous.
    If to take above fifty in the hundred be extremity,
  this in truth can be none other than cut-throat and
  abominable dealing.                    Carew.
Cu'tting, kit'ting.  to. s. [from cut.]  A
   piece cut off; a chop.
    The burning of the cuttings of vines, and casting
  them upon  land, doth much good.         Bacon.
    Many are propagated above ground by slips or
  cuttings.                                Ray.

CU'TTLE, kut'tl.406 «. s. [svpia] A fish,
   which,  when  he is  pursued by a fish
   of  prey,  throws out a black  liquor,
   by which he  darkens  the  water and
   escapes.
    It is somewhat strange, that the  blood of all
  birds, and beasts, and fishes, should be of a red co-
  lour, and only toe blood  of the cufffe should be as
  black as ink.                         Bacon.
    He that uses many words for the explaining any
  subject, doth, like the cufffe fish, hide himself for
  the most part in his own ink.  Ray on the Creation.
Cu'ttle, kut'tl. to. s.   [from  cuttle]   A
   foul-mouthed  fellow;  a  fellow   who
   blackens the  character  of others.
                                   Hanmer.
    Away,  you cutpurse  rascal;  you  filthy bung,
  away: by  this wine I'll thrust my knife in your
  mouldy chaps, if you play the saucy cufffe with me.
                            Shaksp.  Heniy IV.
Cv'cle, si'kl.406TO. s. [syclus,  Lat.  kvk.x®^]
I. A circle.
2. A round of time; a space in which the
   same revolutions begin again; a  peri-
   odica) space of time.
    We do more commonly use these words, so as ta
  stile a lesser  space a cycle, and  a greater by the
  name of period; and you  may not improperly call
  the beginning of a large period the epocha thereof.
                              Holder on Time.
3. A method, or account of a method, con-
  tinued till the same course begins again.
    We thought we should not attempt an unaccepta-
  ble work, if here we endeavoured to present our
  gardeners with a complete cycle of what is requisite
  to be done  throughout every month in the year.
                            Evelyn's  Kalendar.
4. Imaginary orbs; a  circle in the  hea-
  vens.
            How build, unbuild, contrive
  To save appearances; how gird the sphere
  With centrick and excentrick,  scribbled o'er
  Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb!           Milton.
CY'CLOID,si'kloid. to. s. [from y.w.Xoel^,
  of y-vx-X©*, and ei'^©- shape.]    A  geo-
  metrical  curve, of  which the  genesis
  may  be  conceived  by  imagining a nail
  in  the  circumference  of  a wheel; the
   line which the nail  describes in the air,
  while the wheel revolves in a  right line,
  is the cycloid.
Cyclo'idal, se-kl6id'al.ac//.[from cycloid.]
   Relating to a cycloid;  as  the  cycloidat
   space, ib the  space contained  between
  the cycloid and its substance. Chambers.
Cyclopedia, si-klo-pe'de a. to. s. [y/vx-x^
   and Trxthix.]    A circle of  knowledge;
   a  course ofthe sciences.
Cy'gnet, slg'net. to. s. [from cycnus, Lat.]
   A young swan.

                    So
    I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan,
  Who chants a doleful hymn to his own death.
                                   S/iafcspear«
    So doth the swan her downy cygnets save,
  Keeping them pris'ners underneath her wings.
                             Shaksp. Henry VI.
    Cygnets, from grey, torn white.         Bacon.
    Young cygnets are good meat, if fatted with oats;
  but, fed with weeds, they taste fishy.    Mortimer.

CY'LINDER,  sil'in-dilr. n. s. [kI^ov.]
   A  body having two  fiat surfaces and
   one circular.
    The  quantity  of water which every revolution
  does carry, according to any incliuation of the cylin-
  der, may be easily found.               JVilhins.
    The square will make you ready for all manner
  of compartments, bases, pedestals, plots, and build-
  ings ; your cylinder, for  vaulted turrets, and round
  buildings.                           Peacham.

Cylindrical, se-lin'dre-kal. > adj.  [from
Cyli'ndriok, se-lln'drlk.    $  cylinder.]
   Partaking of the nature  of  a  cylinder;
   having the form of a cylinder.
    Minera ferri stalactitia, when several of the cy-
  lindrick stria? are contiguous, and grow together into
  one  sheaf, is called brushiron ore.     Woodward.
    Obstructions must be most incident to such parts
  ofthe body where the circulation and the  elastick
  fibres are both smallest, and those glands, which are
  the extremities of arteries  formed  into cylindrical
  canals.                 Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Cyma'r, se-mar'.  to. s. [properly written
   simir]  A slight covering;  a. scarf.
    Her comely limbs compos'd with decent care,
  Her body shaded with a slight cymar;
  Her bosom to the view was only bare.     Dryden.
CYMA'TIUM, si-ma'she-um. to. *. [Lat.
   from KvpoiTiov, a little wave.] A member
   of architecture, whereof one half is con-
   vex, and the other concave. There are
  two sorts, of which one is hollow below,
   as  the other is above.            Harris.
    In a cornice, the gola, or cymatium of the corona,
  toe coping, the modillions, or dentelli, make a noble
  shew by their graceful projections.      Spectator.
Cy'mhal, sim'bal.  to  s.  [cymbalum, Lat.]
   A  musical instrument.
    The trumpets, sackbuts, psalteries and fifes,
  Tabors and cymbals, and the shouting Romans,
  Make the sun dance.                    Shaksp.
    If mirth should fail. I'll busy her with cares,
  Silence her clamorous voice with louder wars;
  Trumpets  and  drums shall fright her from the
        throne,
  As sounding cymbals aid the lab'ringmoon.  Dryd.
Cyna'nthropy- se-nan'*Aro-pe. n. s. [x-vav,
   xw^-, and  ctv$-gui7r&']   A species  of
   madness in which men  have  the quali-
  ties of dogs.
Cynarcto'machy,      se-nark-tom'a-ke.
   [x.vm, ugxTos  fA-ayy/] A  word  coined by
   Butler, to  denote bear baiting with  a
   dog.
      That some occult design doth lie
    In bloody cynarctomachy,
    Is plain enough to him that knows
    How saints lead brothers by the nose.  Hudibras.
Cynege'ticks, sin ne-je'iks.  to.  s. [xv*c-
   yvTix-tt.] The art of hunting; the art of
   training and hunting with dogs.
    There are extant, in  Greek, four books  of cyne-
  geticks, or venation.       Brown's  Vulg. En-curs.
Cy'nioal, sin'ik-al. ? adj. [kmix.^.] Huv-
Cy'niok, sin'ik     £    mS  tMe  qualities
   of  a  dog;   currish;   brutal;   snarling;
   satirical.
    He doth believe that some new-fangled wit (it is 
                  C  YP

  his cynical phrase) will some time or other find out
 f,  ,  rt*   ,                        Wilkins
 Cy'nick,  sin'nik. to. a. [«w(g®,.] a philo-
   sopher  of the snarling or currish sort;
   a follower of Diogenes; a rude man;  a
   snarler; a misanthrope.
    How vilely doth this cynick rhime!—
  Get you hence, sirrah; saucy fellow, hence.  Shak
    Without these precautions the man degenerates
  into a cynick, the woman into a coquette; the man
  grows sullen and morose, the woman impertinent
  and fantastical.                      Addison.
 Cy'nosure, sin'6-sure, or si'no-sure.s3fi S37
   603 to. a. [from  x£i®>  ov$x/]   The  star
   near  the  north pole, by  which  sailors
   steer.
      Towers and battlements it sees
    Bosom'd high in tufted trees,
    Where perhaps some beauty lies,
    The cynosure of neighbouring eyes.    Milton.
Cy'on, si'un.166   See Cion.
    Gather cyons for graffs before the bud sprouts.
„,  .                                Evelyn.
Uy press-tree, si'pres-tree.  to. a.  [cu-
  preaaua, Lat.]
1.  The cypreaa  is a tall straight tree, pro-
  duced with great difficulty.   Its fruit ia
                C YP

   of no use; its leaves are  bitter, and the
   very smell and shade of  it are danger-
   ous. Hence  the Romans looked upon
   it to be a fatal tree, and made use of it
   at funerals,  and in mournful ceremo-
   nies. The cypreaa-tree is always green,
   and never either rots or is worm-eaten.
                                   Calmet.
    In ivory coffers I have stuff'd my crowns;
  In cypress chests my arras counterpanes.   Shaksp.
    He taketo the cypress and toe oak, which he
  strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the
  forest-                         Isa. xliv. 14.
    Poplars and alders ever quivering play'd,
  And nodding cypress form'd a fragrant shade. Pope.
2. Being anciently used  in  funerals, it is
   the  emblem of mourning.
                Poison be toeir drink,
  Their sweetest shade a grove of cypress trees. Shak.
Cy'prus, si'prus. to. a.  [I suppose from the
   place where  it was  made; or corruptly
  from cypreaa, as being used in mourn-
  ing.] A thin  transparent black stuff.
     Lawn as white as driven snow,
    Cypress black as e'er was crow.        Shaksp.
         A cypress, not a bosom,
  Hides my poor heart!                  Shaksp.
CZ A
«. a. [xur«{.]   A  bag
   containing  some
 CYST, sist.       ?
 CY'STIS,  sls'tis.5
   morbid matter.
     In taking  it out, the cystis  broke,  and shewed
   itself by its matter to be a meliceris.    Wiseman.
     There may be  a  consumption, with a purulent
   spitting, when the  vomica is contained in a cusf or
   bag; upon the breaking of which the patient is com-
 ^ monly suffocated.            Arbuthnot on Diet.
 Cy'stick, sis'tik. adj. [from  cyat, a bag.]
   Contained in a bag.
     The bile is of two  sorts: the  cystick, or that con-
   tained in toe gall-bladder, a  sort of repository for
   the gall; or the hepatick, or what flows immediately
   from the liver.                    Arbuthnot.
 CYSTo'TOMY,sis-t6t'to-me.«8 to. s.[Kvrn and
   Tipvu.]  The act or practice of opening
   encysted tumours, or cutting the bag in
   which any morbid matter is contained.
CZAR, zar. to.  a. [a Sclavonian  word
   written more properly tzar.]   The title*
   of the emperour of Russia.
Czari'na, za-re'na. to. s. [from tzar.] The
   empress of Russia.
D.
  T|  Is a consonant nearly approaching in
  -Lr? sound to T, but formed by a strong-
  er appulse  of the tongue to  the upper
  part of the mouth.  The  sound  of D in
  English is uniform, and it is never mute.
  DA CAPO, da-ka'po.  [Ital.]   A term in
    musick, which signifying from the head
    or the beginning, means  that  the  first
    part of the tune should be repeated at
    the conclusion.
  To  DAB,  dab.  v. a.  [dauber, Fr.]  To
    s'rike gently  with something  soft or
    moist.
     A sore should never be wiped by drawing a piece
   of tow or rag over it, but only  by dabbing it with
   fine liut.                            Sharp.
 Dab, dab. «. a. [from the verb.]
. 1. A small lump  of any  thing.
 2. A blow with something moist or soft.
 3. Something moist or slimy thrown upon
   one.
 4. [In  low  language.]  An artist; a man
   expert at something.   This is not used
   in writing.
5. A kind of small  flat fish.
    Of flat fish there are rays, flowks, dabs, plaice.
                                     Careio.
Da'b-ohick, -dab'tshik. to. a.  [colymbus]
  A small waterfowl, called likewise Dob-
   chick,  and  Didapper,  and  Dipchick.
                                      Ray.
    A dab-chiek waddles through the copse
  On feet  and wings, and flies, and wades, and hops.
                                      Pope.
To DA'BBLE, d4b/bl.*°« v. a. [dabbelen,,
    Dut.]  To  smear;  to  daub;  to  spat-
    ter;  to besprinkle; to wet.
     A shadow like an angel, with bright hair
    Dabbled in blood.           Shaksp. Richard III.
     I scarified, and  dabbled the wound  with oil of
    turpentine.                 Wiseman's Surgery.
     Mean while the South, rising with dabbled wings,
    A sable cloud athwart the welkin flings.    Swift.
  To Da'bble, dab'bl. v. to.
  1. To play  in water;  to move in water or
    mud.
     Neither will a spirit, that dwells with stars, dab-
   ble in this impurer mud.         Glanville's Apol.
     The little one complained of her legs, that  she
   could neither swim nor dabble with them.  L'£sfr.
     But when he found the boys  at play,
   And  saw them dabbling in their clay,
   He stood behind a stall to lurk,
   And  mark the progress of their work.       Swift.
 2. To do any thing in a slight, superficial,
   or shallow manner; to tamper.
    Shakspeare shall be put into your hands as clear
  and as fair as it came out of them; though you, I
  think, have been  dabbling here  and there with the
  text,  I have had more reverence for toe  writer and
  the printer, and left every thing standing.
                            Atterbury to Pope.
Da'bbler, dab'lur. to. s. [from dabble.]
1. One that plays  in water.
2.  One that  meddles  without mastery;
   one  that never goes to the bottom of an
   affair; a superficial meddler.
    He dares not complain of the tooth-ache, lest
  our dabblers in politicks should  be ready to swear
  against him for disaffection.              Swift.
Dace, dise. to. s. [of uncertain derivation:
   in  most provinces called  dare. Leu-
    ciaeua.] A small river fish, resembling
    a roach, but less.
     Let me live harmlessly, and near the brink
   Of Trent or Avon have a dwelling place;
     Where I may see my quill or cork down sink
   With eager bite of pearch, or bleak, or dace.
  \  i        .a. . .                   Walton.
 Da'ctyle, dak'tll."'  n. s.  [^ktvX^, a
    finger.]  A poetical  foot consisting of
    one long syllable  and two  short, like
    the  joints of a finger; as candidus.
 Dad, dad.       \  n s. [The child's way
 Da'ddy, dad'de. \    of expressing/c^er.
   It is remarkable, that, in all parts ofthe
   world, the  word  for  father,  as  first
   taught to children, is compounded of a
   and t,  or the kindred letter d, different-
   ly placed;  as  tad,  Welsh;  *r7«, Gr.
   atta, Gothick; tata, Lat. Father.
     I was never so bethumpt with words,
  Since first I call'd my brother's father cfacf. Shaksp.
    His loving mother left him to my care;
  Fine child, as like his cfacf as he could stare!  Gay.
To DADE, dade. v. a.   To hold up by a
  leading string
    The little children when they learn to go
  By painful mothers cfacfed to and fro.     Dravton
DM'DAL, de'dal. adj. [dtdalua, LatT'
1. Various; variegated.
2. Skilful: this is not the true meaning, nor
  should  be imitated.
       Nor hath
  The cfcecfaf hand of Nature only pour'd
  Her gifts of outward grace.             PAi«
DA'FFODIL,,daf'f6-dll.,
Daffodj'lly, daf-fo-dil'le.
Daffodowndi'lly, daf-f6-d6un-dil'
 Philip,


l'le.J 
DAG
DAI
DAI
   n. s. [Supposed by Skinner to  be cor-
   rupted from asphodelua.]
    This  plant hatha  lily-flower, consisting of one
  leaf, which  is bell-shaped, and cut into six seg-
  ments, which incircle its  middle like a crown; but
  the empalement, which commonly rises out of a
  membranous vagina, turns to an oblong or roundish
  fruit, which is triangular, and gapes in three parts;
  is divided into three cells, and full of roundish
  seeds.                                Miller.
    Strew me the green ground with daffodowndillies,
  And cowslips, and kingcups, and loved lilies.
                                      Spenser.
    Bid amaranthus all his beauty shed,
  And daffodillies fill their cups with tears,
  To strew toe laureate herse where Lycid  lies.
                                       Milton.
    The  daughters of the  flood  have search'd the
        mead
  For violets pale, and cropp'd the poppy's head:
  The short narcissus, and fair daffodil,
  Pancies  to please the sight, and cassia sweet to
        smell.                         Dryden.
To Daft, daft. v. a. [contracted from do
  aft;  that  is, to  throw  back,  to throw
   off.]  To toss aside; to put away with
   contempt; to throw  away slightly.  Not
   now in use.
    The nimble-footed mad-cap prince of Wales,
  And his comrades, toat daft the world aside,
  And bid it pass.               Shaksp. Henry IV.
    I would she had  bestow'd this dotage on me: I
  would have  daft all  other respects, and made her
  half myself.                           Shaksp.
Dag, dag. to. a. [dague, Fr.]
1. A dagger.
2.  A handgun;  a  pistol:  so called from
  serving the purposes of a dagger,  be-
  ing carried  secretly,  and  doing mis-
   chief suddenly.   It  is in neither sense
  now used.
To Dag, dag. v.  a. [from daggle.]   To
  daggle; to bemire; to let fall in the wa-
   ter: a low word.
D A'GGER, dag'ur.98 381 to. s. [dague, Fr.]
1. A short sword; a poniard.
    She ran to her son's  dagger, and struck herself a
  mortal wound.                         Sidney.
        This sword a dagger had his  page,
      That was but little for his age;
      And therefore waited on him so
      As dwarfs upon knights-errant  do.   Hudibras.
    He strikes himself with his dagger; but being in-
  terrupted by one of his  friends, he  stabs him, and
  breaks the dagger on one of his ribs.      Addison.
2. [In fencing schools.]   A blunt blade of
  iron with a basket hilt, used for defence.
3. [With printers.]  The obelus;  a mark
  of reference in form of a dagger; as [t].
Da'ggersdrawing,    dag'ilrz-draw-ing.
  to. s.  [dagger and draw.]   The act of
  drawing daggers; approach to open vi-
  olence.
    They always are at daggersdrawing,
  And one  another clapperclawing.       Hudibras.
    I have heard of a quarrel in a tavern, where all
  were at  daggersdrawing, till one desired to  know
  the subject of the quarrel.                Swift.
To  DA'GGLE,  dag'gl.406  v. a.   [from
  dag, dew; a word, according to Mr. Lye,
  derived from the Danish; according to
  Skinner,  from bag,  sprinkled, or bea-
  gan, to dip. They are probably all ofthe
  same  root.] To dip  negligently  in mire
  or water; to bemire; to besprinkle.
To  Da'ggle, dag'gl. v. to. To be in the
   mire;  to  run through wet or dirt.
    Nor like a puppy, daggled through toe town,
  To fetch and cany sing-song up and down.   Pope.
Da'ggledtail,  dag'gl-tale. adj. [daggle
   and tail]  Bemired; dipped in the water
   or mud;  bespattered.
    The gentlemen of wit and pleasure are apt to be
  choaked at the sight of so mtmy daggletail parsons,
  that happen to fall in their way.            Swift.
DATLY, da'le. adj.  [bajhc, Sax.]  Hap-
   pening  every day,  or very frequently;
   done everyday;  quotidian.
        Much are we bound to heaven
  In daily thanks, that gave us such a prince.   Shak.
    Cease, man of woman born! to hope relief
  From cfaify trouble, and continued grief.     Prior.
Da'ily, da'le. adv.  Every day; very often.
    Let that man with better sense advise,
  That ofthe world least part to us is read;
    And daily how through hardy enterprize
  Many great regions are discovered.   Fairy Queen.
    A man with whom I conversed almost daily for
  years together.                        Dryden.
Dai'ntily, dane'te-le. adv. [from dainty.]
1. Elegantly: delicately.
    Truth is a naked and open  day-light, that doth
  not shew the  masks and mummeries and triumphs
  of the world, half so stately and daintily as candle-
  light.                                 Bacon.
2. Deliciously;  pleasantly.
    There is no region on earth so daintily watered,
  with such great navigable rivers.          Howel.
    Those young suitors had been accustomed to no-
  thing but to sleep well; and fare daintily.  Broome.
3. Nicely; ceremoniously; scrupulously.
4. Squeamishly; fastidiously.
Da'intiness,  dane'te-nes.   «.  s.   [from
   dainty]
1. Delicacy; softness.
      What should yet thy palate please?
  Daintiness and softer ease,
  Sleeked limbs and finest blood?       Ben Jonson.
2. Elegance; nicety.
    The duke  exceeded in the daintiness of his leg
  and foot, and the carl in the fine shape of his hands.
                                      Woffon.
3. Delicacy; deliciousness.
    It was  more notorious for the cfainfiness of the
  provision which he served in it, than for the massi-
  ness of the dish.         Hakewill on Providence.
4. Squeamishness;  fastidiousness.
    Of sand, and lime, and clay, Vitruvius hath dis-
  coursed without any daintiness.           Wotton.

5. Ceremoniousness; scrupulosity.
DA'INTY,   dane'te.  adj.  [derived  by
   Skinner from  dain, an old French word
   for delicate; which  yet I cannot find  in
   dictionaries.]
1. Pleasing to the palate; of exquisite taste;
   delicious.
    Higher concoction  is required for sweetness, or
  pleasure  of taste, and  therefore  all  your  dainty
  plumbs are a little dry.                  Bacon.
2. Delicate; of acute sensibility;  nice;
   squeamish; soft; luxurious; tender.
    This is  the slowest, yet the daintiest sense;
  For ev'n the ears of such as have no skill
    Perceive a discord, and conceive offence;
  And knowing not what's good, yet find the ill.
                                       Davies.
    They were a fine and dainty people; frugal and
  yet elegant, though not military.           Bacon.
3. Scrupulous; ceremonious.
                  Which of you all
  Will now deny to dance? She that makes dainty,
  I'll swear hath corns.    Shaksp. Romeo and Juliet.
                  Therefore to horse;
  And let us not be dainty of leave-taking,
  But shift away.                 Shaksp. Macbeth.
                   3o2
4. Elegant; tenderly, languishing, or effe-
   minately beautiful,
                My house within the city,
  Is richly furnished with plate and gold,
  Basons and ewers, to lave her dainty hands.  Shak.
    Why should ye be so cruel to yourself,
  And to those dainty limbs, which nature lent
  For gentle usage and soft delicacy?       Milton.
5. Nice;  affeciedly fine: in contempt.
    Your cfainfu speakers have the curse,
  To plead bad causes down to worse.       Priot.
Da'inty, dane'te. to. a.
1. Something nice or delicate;  a delicacy;
   something of exquisite taste.
    Be  not desirous of his dainties; for they are de-
  ceitful meat.                 Proverbs, xxiii. 3.
    A worm breedeth in meal, ofthe shape of a large
  white maggot, which is given as a great dainty to
  nightingales.                          Bacon.
    She then produe'd her dairy store,
  And unbought dainties of the poor.       Diyden.
    The shepherd swains, with sure abundance blest,
  On the fat flock and rural dainties feast.     Pope.
2. A word of fondness formerly  in use.
    Why, that's my dainty; I shall miss thee:
  But yet thou shalt have freedom.   Shak. Tempest.
                There is a fortune coming
  Towards you, cfainfj/i'that will take thee thus,
  And set  thee aloft.                  Ben Jonson.
DA'IRY,  da're.  to. a. [from dey,  an old
   word for  milk.    Mr.  Lye.]
1. The occupation  or art of making vari-
   ous kinds of food  from milk.
    Grounds were turned much in England either to
  feeding or dairy; and this advanced  the trade of
  English butter.                        Temple.
2. The place where milk is manufactured-
            You have no more worth
  Than the coarse and country fairy,
  That doth haunt the hearth or dairy.   Ben Jonson.
    What  stores my dairies and my folds contain!
  A thousand lambs that wander on the plain.  Dryd.
      She in pens his flocks will fold,
    And then produce her dairy store.      Dryden.

3. Pasturage;  milk farm; ground  where
   milch  cattle are kept.
    Dairies, being well housewived, are exceeding
  commodious.                          Bacon.
    Children, in dairy countries, do wax more tall
  than where toey feed more upon bread and flesh.
                                       Bacon.
Dai'rymaid,  da're-made.  to.  a.  [dairy
   and maid.]  The woman servant whose
   business  is to manage the milk.
    The poorest ofthe sex have still an itch
  To know their fortunes equal to the rich:
  The dairymaid enquires if she shall take
  The trusty taylor, and toe cook forsake.     Dryd.
    Come up  quickly, or we shall conclude that thou
  art in love with one of Sir Roger's dahymaids. Add.

Dai'sy, da'ze.438 «. a.  [baejepeage, day's
   eye. Chaucer.]   A  spring flower.
    It hath a perennial root: the stalks are naked,
  and never branch out:  the cup of the flower is scaly
  and simple,  divided into many segments to the foot-
  stalk.   The  flowers are  radiated; aud the heads,
   after the petals are fallen off, resemble obtuse
  cones.                                Miller.
    When daisies pied, and violets blue,
  And lady smocks all over white,
    And cuckoo buds of yellow hue,
  Do paint the meadows much bedight.     Shaksp.
    As he passed, the woods put forth their blossoms,
   the  earth  her primroses and days-eyes, to behold
  him.                                 Howel.
    Now hawthorns blossom, now the daisies spring;
   Now leaves toe trees, and flow'rs adorn the ground
                                        Pmie.
    This will  find thee picking of cfaisies, or smelling
   to a lock of hay.                      Addiso,\. 
                     DAL

       Fair-handed Spring unbosoms every grace;
     The daisy, primrose, violet.            Thomson.
   Dale, .,ait. to. s. |_ dalei, Gothick; dal, Dut.
     and Germ.]  A  low place  between hills;
     a vale; a valley.
       Long tost with storms, and beat with bitter winds,
     High over hills, and low adowu the cfafe,
     She wand'red many  a wood, and  measur'd many a
       „  „ va'®*                      Fairy Queen.
       Before the downfall of toe fairy state,   '
     This cfafe, a pleasing region not unblest,
     This cfafe possess'd they, and had still possess'd.
                                          Tickell.
       He steals along the lonely dale.        Thomson.

   Da'lliance,  dai'le-anse. to. a.   Tfrom  dal-


   1. Interchange of caresses;  acts  of fond-
     ness.
       Look thou be true: do not give dalliance
     Too much the rein:  the strongest oaths are straw
     To th' fire i' to' blood.           Shaksp. Tempest.
       Nor gentle purpose, nor endearing smiles,
     Wanted; nor youthful dalliance, as beseems
     Fan- couple link'd in happy nuptial league,
     Alone as they.                          Milton.
               I'll head my people;
     Then think of dalliance when the danger's o'er:
     My warlike spirits work now another way,
     And my soul's tun'd to trumpets.        Dryden.
  3. Conjugal conversation.
       The giant, self-dismayed with the sound,
     Where he wito his Duessa dalliance found,
     In haste came rushing forth from inner bow'r.
                                    Fairy  Queen.
       That bower not mystick, where the sapient king
    Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse.
                                         ./Ififf on.
              Thou claim'st me for thy sire,
    And my fair son here show'sf me, the dear pledge
    Of dalliance had with thee in heav'n.     Milton.
  3. Delay; procrastination.
      Both wind and tide stay for this gentleman;
    And I, to blame, have held him here too long.—
    —Good lord, you use  this dalliance to excuse
    Your breach of promise.                Shaksp.

  Da'llier, dal'le'ur. to. a. [from dally.] A
     trifler; a fondler.
      The daily dalliers with pleasant words, ivith smi-
    ling countenances, and with wagers purposed to be
    lost before  they were purposed to  be made.
                                        Ascham.
  Da'llop, dal'lup.  to. *.  [of unknown ety-
    mology.]   A tuft, or clump: not  in use.
     Of barley the finest and greenest ye find,
   Leave standing in dallops till  time ye do bind.

  To DA'LLY,daTle. v.n.  [dollen. DutTto
    trifle.]
  1.  To  "trifle;   to play the fool;  to  amuse
    one's self with idle  play; to lose time  in
    trifles;  to procrastinate idly.
                  Take up toy master:
   If thou shouldst dally half an hour, his life,
   With thine, and all that offer to defend him,
   Stand in assured  loss.          Shaksp. King Lear.
         He left his cur, and laying hold
       Upon his arms, with courage bold
       Cried out, 'tis now no time to dally,
       The enemy begin to rally.          Hudibras.
     We  have trifled  too long already: it is madness
  co dally any longer, when our souls are at stake.
                                       Calamy.
    One  hundred thousand pounds must be raised;
  for there is no dallying wito hunger.        Swift.
3. To exchange caresses;  to play the wan-
  ton; to fondle.
    He is not lolling on a lewd love bed,
  But on his knees at meditation;
  Not dallying with a brace of courtezans,
  But meditating with two deep divines.     Shaksp.
DAM
DAM
   3. To sport; to play; to frolick.
       She her airie buildeth in the cedar's top,
    And cfafftes with the wind, and scorns the sun.
                                      Shakspeare.
   4. To delay.
       They that would not be reformed by that correc-
    tion, wherein he cfaffiecf wito them, shall feel a judg-
    ment worthy of God.           Wisdom, xii. 26.
   To  Da'lly,  dal'le. v. a. To put off; to de-
     lay;  to amuse  till a proper opportunity.
       He set down to  perform service, not by the  ha-
    zard of one set battle, but by dallying off the time
    with often skirmishes.          Knolles's History.
   Dam, dam. to. a.  [from  dame, which for-
     merly signified mother,  Had Nero ne-
     ver been an emperour, shulde never his
     dame  have been  slaine.  Chaucer]
   1. The mother:  used of beasts, or other
     animals not human.
      The dam runs lowing up and down,
    Looking the way her harmless young one went,
    And can do nought but wail her darling loss.  Shaksp.
      Mother, says a sick kite, let me have your pray-
    ers.—Alas, my child, says the cfam, which of  toe
    Gods shall I go to?                  L'Estrange.
      Birds bring but one morsel of meat at  a time,
    and have not fewer, it may be, than seven or eight
    young in their nest  together, which,  at the return
    of their dams,  do all at once, with equal greediness,
    hold up their heads  and gape.              Ray.
  2. A human mother,  in  contempt or de-
    testation.
              Thjs brat is none of mine;
    It is the issue  of Polixena:
    Hence with it, and,  together with toe cfam.
    Committhem to the fire.   Shaksp. Winter's Tale.
  Dam, dam. to. s.  [dam, Dut.]  A mole or
    bank to confine water.
     As when the sea breaks o'er its bounds,
    And overflows  the level grounds,
    Those banks and dams, that like a skreen
    Did keep it out, now keep it in.        Hudibras.
     Not with so fierce a rage the foaming flood
    Roars, when he finds his rapid course withstood;
    Bears down the dams with unresisted sway,
    And sweeps the cattle and the cots away.    Dryd.
     Let loose the reins to all your wat'ry store,
    Bear down the  cfams, and open every door.   Dryd.
     The inside of the  cfam must be very smooth said
   streight; and if it is made very sloping on each side,
   it is the better.^          Mortimer's Husbandry.
  To DAM,  dam.  v. a. [bemman,  porte-
    bernman, Sax.  dammen, Dut.]
  1. To confine, or shut up, water by moles
    or  dams.
     I'll have  the  current in this place damm'd up;
   And here the smug and silver Trent shall run
   In a new channel, fair and evenly.        Shaksp.
                   Home I would go,
   But  that my doors are hateful to my eyes,
   Fill'd and damm'd up with gaping creditors
   Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring.
    t>        *    r.                    Otway.
    Boggy lands are fed by springs, pent by a weight
  of earth,  that dams in the water,  and causes it to
  sPr,^ad-                             Mortimer.
    'Tis you must drive that trouble from your soul;
  As streams,  when damm'd, forget their ancient cur-
        rent;
  And, wond'ring  at their banks, in other channels
,  T .   flow\                          Smth.
2. It is used by Shakspeare of fire, and by
   Milton of light.
    The more thou cfamm'sf it up, the more it burns.

    Moon! if your influence be quite damm'd up  *'
  With black usurping mists, some gentle taper,
  Though a rush-candle  from toe wicker hole
  Of some clay habitation, visit us
  With thy long levell'd rule of streaming light.
                                      Milton.
   DA'MAGE,   dam'ldje.oo  to. s.  [damage,
     Fr.]
   1. Mischief; hurt; detriment.
       Gross errours and absurdities many commit for
     want of a friend to tell them of them, to the great
     damage both of their fame and fortune.     Bacon
       Such as were sent from thence did commonly do
     more hurt and cfamag-e to the English subjects than
     to the Irish enemies, by their continual cess and

     CXHti0"-  , a  ♦!.                     Da™°-
       He  repulsed  toe  enemy very much to their da-
     m^e-     .                       Clartndm.
   2. Loss; mischief suffered.
           His heart exalts him in the harm
     Already done, to have dispeopled heav'n,
     My damage fondly deem'd.              Milton
   3. The value  of mischief done.
       They believed toat they were not able,  though
     they should  be willing  to sell all  they have in Ire-
     land, to pay the damages which had been sustained
     by the war-                        Clarendon.
   4. Reparation of  damage;  retribution.
      The  bishop demanded restitution of the spoils
     taken by the Scots,  or damages for the same. Bacon.
      Tell  me whether, upon exhibiting  the several
    particulars which  I  have  related to  you,  I may
    not sue her for damages in a court of justice?
                                        Addison.
  5. [In law.] Any  hurt or hindrance that
     a man taketh in  his estate.  In the  com-
     mon law it particularly signifies a part
     of what the  jurors be  to  enquire  of;
     for, after verdict   given of  the  prin-
     cipal  cause,  they  are  likewise  asked
     their consciences touching  costs, which
     are the charges of suit,  and  damages,
     which contain the hindrance which the
    plaintiff or demandant hath suffered, by
    means of the wrong  done  him by  the
    defendant  or tenant.             Cowell.
     When the judge had awarded due damages to a
   person into whose field  a neighbour's oxen had
   broke, it is  reported that  he reversed his own sen-
   tence, when he heard that the oxen which nad done
   this mischief, were his own.               Watts.
 To Da'mage, dam'idje.90 v. a.  [from the
    noun.] To mischief;  to injure;  tp im*
    pair; to hurt; to harm.
     I consider time as an immense ocean, into which
   many noble authors are entirely swallowed up, many
   very much shattered and damaged,  some quite dis-
   jointed and broken into pieces.          Addison.

 To Da'mage, dam'idje. v. to. To take da-
   mage,  or be damaged.-
 Da'magearle,  dam'idje-a-bl.  adj.  [from
    damage.]
 1. Susceptible  of hurt:  as,  damageable
   goods.
 2. Mischievous;  pernicious.
     Obscene and immodest talk is offensive to the
   purity of God, damageable and infectious to toe in-
   nocence  of our neighbours, and most pernicious to
   ourselves.            Government  of the Tongue.
 Da'mascene,, dam'zn. to. *. [damascenus,
   from Damascus.]  A small  plum;  a
   damson, as  it is now  spoken.
     In April follow the cherry tree in blossom, the
  damascene and plum trees in blossom, and the white
  thorn in leaf.                           Bacm
    In fruits the white commonly is meaner, as in
  pear plums and damascenes; and the choicest plums
  are black.                              Bacon.
DA'MASK, dam'usk.ss n. s. [damasquin,
   Fr. damaschino,  Ital. from Damascus.]
1.  Linen  or  silk  woven in  a manner  in-
   vented  at Damascus, by which  part, by 
DAM
DAM
D A  M
   a various direction of the threads, exhi-
   bits flowers orotiier forms.
    Not any weaver which his work doth boast
  In diaper, damask, or in iyne.            Spenser.
    Wipe your shoes, for want of a clout, with a da-
  mask napkin.                          Swift.
2. It is  used  for red colour  in Fairfax,
   from the damask rose.
    And for some deale perplexed was her spirit,
  Her damask late, now chang'd to purest white.
                                      Fairfax.
 To Da'mask, dam'iisk.88  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]
 1. To form flowers  upon  stuffs.
 2. To variegate; to  diversify.
                   They sat recline
   On the soft downy bank, damask'd with flowers.
      %                               Milton.
    Around him dance the rosy hours,
  And damasking the ground with flow'rs,
  With ambient sweets perfume toe morn.  Fenfon.
3. To adorn steel-work with figures; prac-
   tised, I suppose, first at Damascus.
Damask-plum, dam'usk-pIAm. See plum.
Damask-rose,  dam'usk-roze.  to.*.  The
   rose  of  Damascus;  a  red rose.   See
   ROSE.
    Damask-roses have not been known in England
   above one hundred years, and now are so common.
                                       Bacon.
    No gradual bloom is wanting from the bud,
  Nor broad carnations,  nor gay spotted pinks,
  Nor, shower'd from ev'ry bush, the damask-rose.
                                     Thomson.
Da'maskening,   dam'iisk-en-ing.  to.  *.
   [from  damasquiner,  Fr.]   The art or
   act of adorning iron or steel,  by making
   incisions, and filling them up with gold
   or silver  wire:  used in  enriching  the
   blades  of swords, and locks of pistols.
                                  Chambers.
DAME,  dame.  to. s.  [dame,  Fr. dama,
   Span.]
 1. A lady; the old title of  honour to wo-
   men.
    The word dame originally signified  a mistress of
  a family, who was a lady;  and it is used still in the
  English law to  signify a lady: but in common use,
  now-a-days, it represents a farmer's wife or a mis-
  tress oi a family of the lower rank in the country.
                                Watts's Logick.
    Bless you, fair cfame! I am  not to you known,
  Though in your state of honour I am perfect.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Not all these lords do vex me half so much
  As that proud cfame, the lord protector's wife. Shak.
    Shut your mouth, cfame.'     Shaksp. King Lear.
    Sov'reign of creatures, universal dome.' Milton.

2.  It  is still used in poetry for women of
   rank.
    His father Faunus; a Laurentian cfame
  His mother, fair Marica was her name.   Dryden.
      Who would not repeat that bliss,
  And frequent sight of such a cfame
  Buy with the hazard of his fame?        Waffer.
3. Mistress of a  low family.
    They killed  the poor cock; for, say they,  if it
  were not for his waking our cfame, she would not
  wake us.                          L'Estrange.
4. Women in general.
    We've willing dames enough; there cannot be
  That vulture in you,  to devour so many
  As will to greatness dedicate themselves.   Shak.

Dames-violet, damz-vi'6-let.   to. s.    A
   plant, called also queen's gillyflower.
                                     Miller.
To DAMN,  d4m.*"v.  a. [damno, Lat.]
 I. To doom to eternal torments in a future

    It is most necessary, that the church, by doctrine
  and decree, do cfamn and send to hell forever those
  facts and opinions.                     Bacon.
2.  To  procure  or cause  to be eternally
   condemned.
    That which he continues ignorant of, having done
  the utmost lying in  his power that he might not be
  ignorant of it, shall not damn him.         South.
3.  To condemn.
                His own impartial thought
  Will damn, and conscience will record the fault.
                                     Dryden.
4.  To  hoot  or hiss any publick perform-
   ance; to explode.
    They damn themselves, nor will my muse descend
  To clap with such who fools and knaves commend.
                                     Dryden.
                For the great dons of wit,
  Phoebus gives toem  full privilege alone
  To damn all others, and cry up their own.   Dryd,
    You are so good a critick, that it is the greatest
  happiness of the modern poets that you do not hear
  their works;  and, next, that you are not so arrant a
  critick as to damn them, like toe rest without hear-
  ing.                                  Pope.
Da'mnable, dam'na-bl. adj. [from damn.]
I.  Deserving  damnation;  justly doomed
   to never-ending punishment.
    It gives him occasion of labouring  with greater
  earnestness elsewhere,  to  entangle unwary minds
  with the snares of his damnable opinion.   Hooker.
    He's a creature unprepar'd, unmeet for death;
  And to transport him in the mind he is
  Were damnable.                      Shaksp.
    As he  does not reckon  every schism of a damn-
  able nature, so he is far from closing  with the new
  opinion of those who make it no crime.     Swift.
2. It is sometimes  indecently used  in  a
   low and  ludicrous  sense: odious;  per-
   nicious.
    O thou damnable  fellow! did not I pluck thee by
  the nose for thy speeches?                Shaksp.
Da'mnably, dam'na-ble. adv. [from  dam-
   nable]
1. In such  a manner as to incur eternal
   punishment; so as to be excluded  from
   mercy.
    We  will propose the question, whether those who
  hold the  fundamentals of faith may deny Christ
  damnably, in respect of  those consequences that
  arise from them?              South's Sermons.
2. It  is  indecently used  in  a ludicrous
   sense;  odiously; hatefully.
    The more sweets they bestowed upon them,  the
  more damnably their conserves stunk.     Dennis.
Damna'tion,  dam-na'shun. to. s.  [from
   damn.]  Exclusion  from divine mercy;
   condemnation to eternal punishment.
    He that hath been affrighted with the fears of
  hell, or remembers  how often he has been spared
  from an horrible damnation, will not be ready to
  strangle his brother for a trifle.           Taylor.
                Now mince the sin,
  And mollify damnation with a phrase;
  Say you consented not to Sancho's death,
  But barely not forbade it.               Dryden.
Da'mnatory, datn'na-tlir-e.612 adj. [from
   damnatorius/]  Containing a sentence of
   condemnation.
Da'mned,  dam aid,  or dam'ned.362  part.
   adj. [from damn.]  Hateful; detestable;
   abhorred;  abominable.
                Not in the legions
  Of horrid hell can come a devil more  damn'd
  In evils to top Macbeth.         Shaksp. Macbeth.
    Let  npt the royal bed of Denmark be
  A couch for luxury and damned incest. Shakspeare-
    But, oh! what damned minutes tells he orer,
  Who doats, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves.
                                   S/io/cspeare.
                  Dare not
  To brand the spotless virtue of my prince,
  With falsehoods of most base and damn'd contriv-
      ance.                             Rowe.
Damni'fio,  dim-nif'ik. adj. [from damni-
  fy.] Procuring loss;  mischievous.
To Da'mnify, dam'ne-fi. v. a. [from dam-
   nifico, Lat.]
I. To endamage; to  injure; to cause loss
   to any.
    He, who has suffered the damage,  has a right to
  demand in his  own name,  and he alone can remit,
  satisfaction:  the damnified  person has the power of
  appropriating the goods or service of the offender,
  by right of self-preservation.              Locke.
2. To hurt;  to impair.
    When now he saw himself so freshly rear,
  As if late fight had nought him damnified,
  He was dismay'd, and 'gan his fate to fear.
                                  Fairy Queen.
Da'mningness, dam'ning-nes. to. s.  [from
   damning.] Tendency to procure damna-
   tion.
    He may vow never to return to those sins which
  he hath had such experience of,  for  toe emptiness
  and damningness of them,  and  so think himself a
  complete penitent.                   Hammond.
Damp, damp. adj. [dampe, Dutch.]
1. Moist; inclining  to wet; not  completely
   dry; foggy.
    She said no more: toe trembling Trojans hear,
  O'erspread with a damp sweat and holy fear. Dryd.
2. Dejected; sunk; depressed.
    All these and more came flocking, but with looks
  Downcast and damp: yet such wherein appear'd
  Obscure some glimpse of joy.            Milton.
DAMP, damp. to. *.
I. Fog; moist air; moisture.
          Night; not now, as ere man fell,
  Wholesome and cool, and mild; but with black air
  Accompanied, with damps and dreadful gloom.
                                      Milton.
    A  rift there was,  which from the mountain's
        height
  Convey'd a glimmering and malignant light;
  A breathing-place to draw the damps away,
  A twilight of an intercepted day.         Dryden.

2. A noxious vapour  exhaled  from the
   earth.
    The heat  of the sun, in  the hotter seasons, pene-
  trating the exterior parts of the earth, excites those
  mineral exhalations in subterraneous caverns, which
  are called damps: these seldom  happen but in the
  summer-time;  when,  the hotter  the weather is, the
  more frequent are  the damps.          Woodward,
3.  Dejection; depression  of spirit; cloud
   of the mind.
    Adam, by this from the cold sudden damp
  Recov'ring,  and his scatter'd spirits return'd,
  To Michael thus his humble words address'd. Milton.
    His name struck every where so great a damp,
  As Archimedes through toe Roman camp.    Rose.
    Ev'n now, while thus I stand blest in thy presence,
  A secret damp of grief comes o'er my thoughts.
                                      Addison.
    An eternal state he knows and confesses that he
  has made no provision for, that he is undone for ever:
  a prospect enough to cast a damp over his sprightli-
  est hours.                            R< gers.
    This commendable resentment against me, strikes
  a damp upon that spirit in all ranks and corporations
  of men.                               Swift.
To Damp, damp, v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To wet;  to moisten;  to make humid.
2. To depress; to deject; to chill; to dull.
    The very  loss of one pleasure is enough to damp
   the relish .of another.                L'Evtranvt. 
DAN
DAN
DAN
    Dread of death hangs over the mere natural man,
  and, like the hand-writing on the wall, damps all his
  jollity.                             Atterbury.
    It would be enough to damp their warmth in such
  pursuits, if they  could once  reflect, that in such
  course they will be sure to run upon the very rock
  they mean to avoid.                      Swiff.
3. To  weaken;  to abate;  to  hebetate;  to
   discourage.
    A soft body dampeth toe sound much more than a
  hard.                                  Bacon.
4. To  hebetate;  to abate  motion;  to dis-
   courage; to dull.
    Usury dulls and  damps all industries,  improve-
  ments, and new inventions,  wherein money would
  be stirring, if it were not for this slug.      Bacon.
          Unless an  age too late, or cold
   Climate, or years, damp my intended wing
   Depress'd.                            Milton.
Da'mpishness,  damp'ish-nes.  to.  s.  [from
   damp.]   Tendency  to  wetness;  foggi-
   ness; moisture.
     It hath  been used by some with  great success to
   make their walls thick; and to put a lay of chalk
   between the bricks, to take away all dampishness.
                                        Bacon.
Da'mpness, damp'nes. to. s.  [from damp.]
    Moisture; fogginess.
     Nor need they fear the dampness of the sky
   Should flag their wings, and hinder them to fly;
   'Twas only water thrown on sails too dry.   Dryden.
     By stacks toey often  have very great loss by the
   dampness of the ground, which rots and spoils it.
                                     Mortimer.
 Da'mpy, damp'e. adj. [from damp.] De-
    jected;  gloomy; sorrowful.
     The lords did dispell dampu thoughts, which the
   remembrance of his uncle might raise, by applying
   him with exercises and disports.        Hayward.

 Da'msel,  dam'zel.103TO.^.  [damoiselle, Fr.]
 1. A  young gentlewoman;  a young woman
    of distinction:  now only used in  verse.
     Kneeling, I my servant's smiles implore,
   And one mad damsel dares dispute my power. Prior.
 2. An attendant of the better rank.
     With her train of damsels she was gone
   In shady walks, the scorching heat to shun.  Dryden.
  3. A wench; a country lass.
     The clowns are  whoremasters, and the damsels
   with child.                              Gay.
  Da'mson,  dam'zn.170 to. s. [corruptly from
    damascene. j   A  small black plum.  See
    Damascene.
               My wife desir'd some damsons,
    And made me climb with danger of my life. Shaksp.
  Dan, dan. to. s.  [from dominus, as now don
    in  Span, and donna, Ital. from domina.]
    The old term of  honour for men, as we
    now say Master.  I know not that it was
    ever  used in prose,  and imagine it  to
    have been rather of ludicrous  import.
     Dan Chaucer well of English  undefiled.
                                      Douglas-
     This whimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy,
   This signior Junio's giant dwarf, dan Cupid. Shaksp.
     Dick, if this story pleaseth thee,
   Pray thank dan Pope, who told it me.       Prior.
  To DANCE, danse.7879 v, a. [danser, Fr
    dancar, Span, as some think from  tanza,
    Arab, a dance; as  Junius, who loves to
    derive from Greek,  thinks, from <5»vj>9-i5.]
    To move in measure;  to move with steps
    correspondent  to the sound  of  instru-
    ments.
     What say you to young Mr.  Fenton? He capers,
   he dances, he has eyes of youth, he writes verses.
                                    Shakspeare.

 To Dance  Attendance,  danse.  v. w.   To
  wait with suppleness and obsequious-
  ness.
   Men are sooner weary to dance attendance at the
 gates of  foreign lords, than to tarry the good leisure
 of their  own magistrates.        Raleigh's Essays.
                        It upbraids you,
 To let your father's friend, for three long months,
 Thus dance attendance for a word of audience.
                                      Dryden.
To Dance, danse. v. a.  To make to dance;
  to put into a lively motion.
          Thy grandsire lov'd thee well;
  Many a  time he danc'd thee on his knee.   Shaksp.
                  That I see thee here,
  Thou noble thing! more dances my rapt' heart,
  Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
  Bestride my threshold.               Shakspeare.
    In pestilences, the malignity of the infecting va-
  pour danceth the principal spirits.         Bacon.
Dance, danse.78 79  to. s. [from the verb.]
  A  motion of one  or many in concert,
  regulated  by musick.
    Our dance  of custom, round about the oak of
  Heme the hunter.                   Shakspeare.
    The honourablest part of talk is to give the occa-
  sion, and again to moderate and to pass to somewhat
  else; for then a man leads the dance.       Bacon.
    But you perhaps expect a modish feast,
  With am'rous songs and wanton dances grac'd.
                                      Dryden.
DA'NCER,dan'sdr. n. s.  [from dance]  One
  that practises  the art of dancing.
                He at Philippi kept
  His sword e'en like a  dancer, while I strook
  The lean and wrinkled Cassius.       Shakspeare.
    Musicians and dancers! take some truce
  With these your pleasing labours; for great use
  As much weariness as  perfection brings.    Donne.
    The  earl was so far from being a good dancer,
  that he  was no graceful goer.            Wotton.
    It  is  a usual practice for our funambulours, or
  dancers on the rope, to attempt somewhat like to fly-
  ing.                                 Wilkins.
    He, perfect dancer! climbs toe rope,
  And balances your fear and hope.           Prior.
    Nature, I thought, perform'd too mean a part,
  Forming her movements to the rules of art;
  And, vex'd, I found that the musician's hand
  Had o'er the dancer's mind too great command.
                                        Prior.
Da'ncingmaster,  dan'sing-mas-tiir.  «. s.
   [dance and master] One who teaches
   the art of dancing.
    The  apes were taught their apes tricks by a danc-
  ingmaster.                        L'Estrange.
    The  legs of a dancingmaster, and the fingers of a
  musician, fall, as it were, naturally, without thought
  or pains, into regular  and admirable motions.  Locke.
Da'noingschool,  dan'slng-skool.  to.  s.
   [dancing andschool.] The school where
   the art of dancing is taught.
    They bid us to the English dancingschools,
  And teach lavoltas high, and swift courantos;
  Saying our grace is only in our heels.    Shakspeare.
    A certain Egyptian king endowed a dancingschool
  for the  institution of apes of quality.    L'Estrange.
 Dandeli'on, dan-de-li'un. to. s.  [dent  de
   lion,  Fr.]  The name of a plant.
    It agrees in all  respects with the hawkweed, but
  only in its having a  single naked stalk,  with one
  flower upon the top.                     Miller.
    For cowslips sweet, let dandefions spread;
  For Blouzelinda, blithsome maid, is dead!    Gay.
 DA'sniPRAT,  dan'de-prat. to.  a. [dandin,
   Fr.]  A little fellow; an urchin: a word
   used  sometimes  in fondness,  sometimes
   in contempt.
 To DA'NDLE, dan'dl.406 v. a.  [dandelen,
   Dutch.]
 1. To shake  a child on the knee, or  in the
   hands, to  please and quiet him.
   Then shall ye suck, and shall be born upon her
  sides, and be dandled upon her knees.       Isaiah.
   Thy little brethren, which, like fairy sprights,
  Oft skip into our chamber those sweet nights,
  And, kiss'd and dandled on thy father's knee,
  Were brib'd next day to tell what they did see.
                                       Donne.
    Courts are but superficial schools
  To dandle fools.                         Bacon
    Sporting the lion ramp'd, and in his paw
  Dandled the kid.                       Milton.
    Motion occasions sleep, as we find by the common
  use of rocking froward children in cradles, or dand-
  ling them in their nurses aims.           Temple.
2. To fondle; to treat like a child.
            Their child shall be advanc'd
  And be received for the emperor's heir;
  And let the emperor dandfe him for his own.  Shaksp.
    They have put me in a silk gown, and a gaudy
  fool's cap; I am  ashamed to be dandled thus, and
  cannot look in the glass without blushing, to see my-
  self turned into such a little pretty master. Addison.
3. To delay; to procrastinate; to protract
   by trifles: not in use.
    Captains do so dandle their doings,  and  dally in
  the service, as if they would not have  toe enemy
  subdued.                             Spenser.
Da'ndler,  dand'l&r. to. s. [from  dandle.]
   He that dandles or fondles children.
Da'ndruff, dan'druf. to. a. [often written
   dendriff, from Can, the itch, and bnop,
   sordid,  filthy.]  Scabs in the head; scurf
   at the roots of the hair.
Da'newort, dane'wurt. «. a. A species of
   elder;  called  also dwarf-elder, or wall-
   wort.
DA'NGKR, dane'jiir.98 to. a. [danger, Fr.
   of uncertain derivation. Skinner derives
   it from damnum, Menage from angaria,
   Minshew  from  $~os.v<&, death,  to  which
   Junius  seems inclined.]  Risk;  hazard;
   peril.
    They that sail on the sea, tell of the danger.
                               Ecclus. xliii. 24.
    Our craft is in danger' to be set at naught.
                                   Acts, x. 27.
    He hath writ this  to feel my affection to your ho-
  nour, and to no other pretence of danger.    Shaksp.
    More danger now from man alone we find,
  Than from the rocks, the billows, and the wind.
                                       Waller.
 To  Da'nger,  dane'jur.  v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To put in hazard;  to endanger.
            Pompey's son stands up
  For the main soldier; whose quality going on,
  The sides o' th' world may danger.     Shakspeare.

 Da'ngerless,   dane'jur-les.   adj.  [from
   danger]   Without   hazard;   without
   risk; exempt from danger.
     He shewed no less magnanimity in dangerless de-
   spising, than others in dangerous affecting, the multi-
   plying of  kingdoms.                    Sidney.
 Da'ngerous,  dane'jur-us.S43  adj.  [from
   danger.]  Hazardous;  perilous;  full of
   danger.
     A man of an ill tongue is dangerous in his city.
                                     Ecclus. ix.
     All men counsel me to take away thy life, likely
   to bring forth nothing but dangerous and wicked ef-
   fects.                                Sidney.
     Already we have conquer'd half the war,
   And the less dangerous part is left behind.  Dryden.
 Da'ngerously, dane'jiir-fis-le. adv. [from
   dangerous.]    Hazardously;  perilously;
   with danger.
     But for your son, believe it, oh believe it,
   Most dang'rously you have with him prevail'd,
   If not most mortal to him.            Shakspeare
             A sort of naughty persons 
DAP
DAR
D AR
    Have practis'd dangerously against your state,
    Dealing with witches and with conjurors.   Shaksp.
      It is just with God to permit those, which think
    they stand so surely, to fall most dangerously.
                                      Hammond.
      Plutarch says, Telesilla, a noble lady, being dan-
    gerously sick, was advised to apply her mind to poe-
    try. _                               Peacham.
      If it were so, which but to think were pride,
    My constant love would  dangerously be tried. Dryd.

  Da'ngerousness,  dane'jur-ils-nes.  n.  a.
     [from  dangeroua.]   Danger;  hazard;
     peril.
      I shall not need to mind you of judging of the
    dangerousness  of diseases, by the nobleness of the
    part affected.                           Boyle.
  lo  DA'NGLE, dang'gl.*08  v. to.  [from
     hang,  according to Skinner;  as,  hang,
     hangle, dangle.]    To  hang loose  and
     quivering.
      Go, bind thou up yon dangling apricocks. Shaksp.
      He'd rather on a gibbet dangle,
    Than miss his dear delight to wrangle.  Hudibras.
      Codrus had but one bed; so short, to boot,
    That his short wife's short legs hung dangling out.
                                        Dryden.
      With dangiing-hands he strokes  to'imperial robe,
    And with a cuckold's air commands the globe.
                                         Smith.
      But have you not with thought beheld
    The sword hang dangling o'er the shield?    Prior.
  2. To hang  upon any  one; to  be an hum-
     ble, useless, harmless follower.
      The presbyterians, and other fanaticks that dangle
    after them, are well inclined to pull down the present
    establishment.                          Swift.
  Da'ngler, dang'glur. to.  a. [from dangle.]
    A man that hangs about women only to
    waste time.
      A dangler  is of neither sex.             Ralph.
  DANK,  dangk.408  adj.   [from tuncken,
    Germ.  Skinner.]  Dampj humid; moist;
    wet.
      He her toe maiden sleeping found
    On the dank and dirty ground.         Shakspeare.
                   Yet oft they quit
    The dank, and rising on stiff pinions tour
    The mid aereal sky.                     Milton.
      Through each thicket, danfc or dry,
    Like a black  mist, low creeping, he held on
    His midnight search.                    Milton.
      Now that the fields are dank, and ways are mire,
    Where shall we sometimes meet, and by the fire
    Help waste a sullen day?                Milton.
      By the rushy-fringed bank,
   Where grows the willow and the osier dank,
   My sliding chariot stays.                 Milton.
                   Me, in my vow'd
   Picture, the sacred wall declares t' have hung
   My dank and drooping weeds
   To the stern god of sea.                  Milton.
     To wash the skins of beasts and fowls herewith,
   would keep them from growing dank in moist weath-
   er.                                    Grew.
 Da'nkish, ciangk'ish. adj. Somewhatdank.
     They bound me, bore me thence,
   And in a dark and dankish vault at home
   There left me.                      Shakspeare.

 To Dap, dap  v. to.  [corrupted from dip]
    To let fall  gently  into the w ater: a word,
    I brliev-^, only used  by anglers.
     I have taught him how to catch a chub, by dapping
  with a grasshopper.                    Walton.

 Dapa'tioal, dap-at'e-kal.  adj.  [from  da-
   paticua, Lat] Sumptuous in cheer.
                                      Bailey.
DA'PPER, dap'pur.98  adj.'[dapper,  Dut.]
   Little and active;  lively without bulk. It
   is usually spoken in contempt.
    And on the tawny sands and shelves,
  Trip toe pert fairies and toe dapper elves.   Milton.
    A pert dapper spark of a magpye fancied the birds
  would never be governed till himself should  sit at
  the helm.                         L'Estrange.
 Da'pperling, dap'pur-ling.  to. a.  [from
   dapper.] A  dwarf; a dandiprat.
                                 Ainsworth.

 DA'PPLE, dap'P1-405 adj.  [from apple; as
  pommele/]   Marked  with   various  co-
   lours;  variegated; streaked;  imbricated:
   it is used chiefly of animals.
    My country neighbours do not find it impossi-
  ble  to think of a lame  horse, till  they have run
  over all beings that are, and then pitch on dapple.
                                       Locke.

 To Da'pple,  dap'pl. v. a.  [from the ad-
  jective.]  To streak; to vary; to diversi-
  fy  with colours.
    But under him a grey steed did he wield,
  Whose sides with dappled circles were endight.
                                      Spenser.
                     The gentle day
  Dapples the drowsy east with spots of grey,   Shaksp.
    Horses that are dappled turn white; and old squir-
  rels turn  grisly.                         Bacon.
        The lark begins his flight,
      From his watch-tower in the skies,
      Till the dappled dawn doth rise.        Milton.
    The dappled pink, and blushing rose,
  Deck my charming Chloe's hair.          Prior.
    The gods, to curse Pamela with her pray'rs,
  Gave the gilt coach and dappled Flanders mares.
                                       Pope.

Dar, dav.78 )  «. *.  A fish found in the Se-
Dart, dart. 3    vern.  Bailey.  Dart is the
  same with Dace.
To DARE, dare. v. to. pret. I durat;  the
  preterit  / dared belongs to the active
  dare;  part,  I  have dared.  [beap.rian,
  Sax. derren, Dut  ] To have courage for
  any purpose; not to be afraid; to adven-
  ture; to be adventurous.
    Darest thou be as good as thy word now?—
  Why, Hal, thou  knowest as thou art but a man,
  I dare; but as thou art a prince, I fear thee.  Shaksp.
    I dare do all toat may become a man;
  Who dares do more, is  none.           Shakspeare.
    They are both hanged; and so would this be, if
  he durst steal any thing adventurously.  Shakspeare.
    Neither of them  was of that temper as  to dare
  any  dangerous fact.                   Hayward,
    The father bore it with undaunted soul,
  Like one  who durst his destiny controul.   Diyden.
    Deliberate and well-weighed courage knows  both
  to be cautious and to dare, as occasion offers. Dryd,
    We dare not build much upon such a notion or
  doctrine,  till it be very fully examined.     Waffs.

To  Dare, dare v. a  pret. / dared,  not /
  durst.  To challenge; to defy.
                 I never in  my life
  Did hear  a challenge urg'd more modestly,
  Unless a  brother should a brother dare
  To gentle exercise and proof of arms.     Shaksp.
                Here  she stands:
  Take but possession of her with  a touch;
  I dare thee but to breathe upon my love.   Shaksp.
    He had many days come  half seas  over;  and
  sometimes passing further, came and lay  at the
  mouth of  toe harbour,  daring them to fight.
                                     Knolles.
    Masters of the arts  of policy thought that  toey
  might even defy and dare Providence to the face.
                                       South.
    All cold, but in her breast, I will despise;
  And  dare  all heat but that in Celia's eyes.
                                 Roscommon.
          Time! I dare  thee to discover
       Such a youth, and such a lover.    Dryden.
     Presumptuous wretch! with mortal art to dare
   Immortal power, and brave the tounderer.
                                      Granville,
 To Dare  Larks,  dare  larks.   To catch
    them by means  of a  looking-glass,  or
    by keeping a bird of prey  hovering aloft,
    which keeps them in amaze till caught;
    to  amaze.
     Shrimps  are dipped up in shallow water with  lit-
   tle round nets, not much unlike that which is used
   for daring larks.                        Carew.
     As larks  lie dar'd to shun the hobby's flight.
                                       Dryden.
 Dare, dare.  n. s. [from  the verb.]  Defi-
    ance; challenge.
                   Sextos Pompeius
   Hath given the dare to Cssar, and commands
   The empire ofthe sea.              Shakspeare.
 Dare, dare. to. a.  A small  fish, the same
    with dace.                     Leuciscus.
 Da'reful, dare'ful. adj. [dare and full.]
    Full of defiance: not in use.
     We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
   And beat them backward home.          Shaksp.
 Da'ring, da'ring. adj.  [from dare.] Bold;
   adventurous;  fearless; courageous; in-
   trepid; brave; stout.
     The last  Georgick has many metaphors, but not
   so daring as this; for human passions may be more
   naturally ascribed  to a hee than to an inanimate
   plant.                               Addison.
     The song  too daring, and the theme too great.
                                        Prior.
     Grieve not, 0 daring prince, that noble heart.
                                        Pope.
Da'ringly, da'rlng-le. adv. [from daring.]
   Boldly; courageously; fearlessly; impu-
   dently; outrageously.
    Some of the great principles of  religion  are every
  day openly and daringly attacked  from the press.
                                    Atterbury,
    Your brother, fir'd with his success,
  Too daringly upon the foe did  press.      Halifax,
Da'ringness, da'ring-nes. to. s. [from dar-
   ing.] Boldness.
DARK, dark. adj. [beonx, Sax.]
1. Not light; wanting light
    Fleance, his son, who keeps him company,
  Must embrace the fate of toat  dark hour.   Shaksp.
    While we converse with her, we mark
  No want of day, nor think it dark.        Waller.
2. Not of a  showy or vivid colour.
    If the plague be somewhat dark, and the plague
  spread not in the skin,  the priest shall pronounce
  him clean.                          Leviticus.
    In  Muscoyy the generality of tbe people  are more
  inclined to have darfc coloured hair than flaxen.
                                       Boyle.
3. Blind; without the enjoyment  of light.
    Thou wretched daughter of a darfc old man,
  Conduct my weary steps. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
4. Opake; not transparent:  as,  lead is  a
   dark body.
5. Obscure; not perspicuous.
    What may seem dark at the first,  will afterwards
  be found more plain.                   Hooker.
    Mean time we shall express our darter purpose.
                                   Shakspeare,
6. Not enlightened  by  knowledge; igno-
   rant.
    The age, wherein he liv'd was dorlfc; but he
  Could not want sight, who taught the world to see.
                                      Denham,
7. Gloomy; not cheerful.
    All men of dark tempers, according  to their de-
  gree of melancholy or enthusiasm,  may find convents
  fitted to their humours.           Addison on Jtalv
Dark, dark, n, s,                          "' 
D AR
D AR
DAS
i.  Darkness; obscurity; want of light.
                    Come thick night,
  And pall thee in the duiinest smoke of hell,
  That my keen knife see not the wound it makes;
  Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark,
  To cry, hold! hold!             Shaksp. Macbeth.
            Cloud and ever-during dark
  Surrounds me! from the cheerful ways of men
  Cut off.                               Milton.
    Whereas seeing requires  light, and a free me-
  dium, and a right line to the objects, we  can  hear
  in the dark immur'd, and by curve lines.   Holder.
2. Obscurity; condition of'one unknown.
    All he says of himself is,  that he is an obscure
  person; one, I suppose he means, that is in the dark.
                                     Atterbury.
3. Want of knowledge.
    Till  we ourselves perceive by our  own under-
  standings, we are as much in the darfc, and as void
  of knowledge, as before.                 Locke.
To Dark, dark.  v.a. [from the noun.] To
   darken; to obscure: obsolete.
    Fair  when  that cloud  of pride, which oft doth
         dark
   Her goodly light, with smiles she drives away.
                                       Spenser.
To Da'rken, dar'kn.408 v. a. [from dark.]
 1. To make dark; to deprive of light.
     Black with surrounding forests then it stood,
   That hung above, and darken'd all the flood. Addis.
     Whether the darken'd room to muse  invite,
   Or whiten'd wall provoke the skew'r to write. Pope.
2. To cloud; to perplex.
     Such was his wisdom, that his confidence did
   seldom darken  his foresight, especially in things
   near hand.                            Bacon.
3. To foul;  to sully.
     The lusts and passions of men do sully and darken
   toeir minds, even by natural influence.   Tillotson.
 To  Da'rken, dar'kn. v. to. To grow dark.
Da'rkling,  dark'ling.  [a participle, as  it
   seems,  from  darkle,  which yet I have
   never found; or perhaps a kind of dimi-
   nutive from dark, as young, youngling.]
   Being in the dark;  being without light:
   a word merely poetical.
     O, wilt thou darkling leave me? do not so. Shaks.
                     Darkling stands
   The varying shore o' th' world.       Shakspeare.
                 The wakeful bird
   Sings darkling, and, in shadiest covert hid,
   Tunes her nocturnal note.               Milton.
     Darkling they  mourn their fate, whom Circe's
          pow'r,
   With words and wicked herbs, from human kind
   Had alter'd, and in brutal shapes confin'd. Dryden.
 Da'rklv, dark'le. adv. [from dark.] In a
    situation void of light; obscurely; blind-
    ly; gloomily;  uncertainly.
     For well you know, and can record alone,
   What fames to future times conveys but darkly down.
                                        Dryden.
 Da'rkness, dark'nes. to. s. [from dark]
 1. Absence of light.
     Darkness was upon the face of the deep.  Genesis.
     I go whence I shall not return, even to the land of
   darkness and the shadow of death.           Job.
 2. Opakeness; want of transparency.
 3. Obscurity; want of  perspicuity;  diffi-
    cultness to the understanding.
 A. Infernal gloom; wickedness.
     The instruments of darkness tell us  truths;
   Win us with honest trifles,  to betray us
In deepest consequence
Shaksp.
 State  of being intellectually clouded;
 ignorance; uncertainty.
  All the light truth has, or can have, is from toe
clearness and validity of those proofs upon which it
is received; to talk of any other light in the under-
  standing, is to put ourselves in the dark, or in the
  power of the prince of darkness.           Locke.
   The empire of  Satan, or the Devil.
    Who hath  delivered us from the power of darn-
  ness, and translated us into the kingdom of his dear
  Son.                               Colossians-
Da'rksome,  dark'siim. adj. [from dark]
   Gloomy; obscure; not well enlightened;
   not  luminous.
    He brought him thro' a darksome narrow pass
  To a broad gate.                       Spenser.
    And her fair eyes,  like stars that dimmed were
  With darksome cloud, now shew their goodly beams.
                                      Spenser.
    You must not look to have an image in any thing
  lightsome, for even a face in iron, red-hot, will not
  be seen, the light confounding toe small differences
  of lightsome and darksome, which shew the figure.
                                       Bacon.
    A darksome cloud of locusts, swarming down
  Must eat, and on the ground leave nothing green.
                                      Milton-
                He, here with us to be,
  Forsook the courts of everlasting day,
  And chose with us a darksome house of mortal clay.
                                       .Miff on.
    Mistaken blessing, which old age they call,
  'Tis a long, nasty, darksome hospital.      Dryden.
    The darksome pines, that o'er yon rocks reclin'd,
  Wave high, and murmur  to the hollow wind.  Pope.
Da'rling,  dar'ling.616  adj.  [beortling,
   Sax.  diminutive  of dear.]   Favourite;
   dear; beloved; regarded with great kind-
   ness and tenderness.
    'Tis not for a generous prince to countenance op-
   pression and  injustice, even in his most darling fa-
   vourites.                           L'Estrange.
    Have a care lest some beloved notion, or some
   darling science, too far prevail over your mind.
                                        Watts.
Da'rling, dar'ling. to. a. A favourite; one
   much beloved.
    Young Ferdinand they suppose is drown'd,
   And his and my lov'd darling.            Shaksp.
    In Thames, the ocean's darling, England's pride,
   The pleasing emblem of his reign does glide.
                                      Halifax.
    She became the darftng-of the princess. Addison.
 To Darn, darn. v. a.  [of  uncertain origi-
   nal.]  To  mend holes by  imitating the
   texture of the  stuff.
     Will she thy linen wash, or hosen darn?    Gay.
    He spent  every day ten  hours in  his closet, in
   dai-ning his stockings, which he performed to admi-
   ration.                                 Swift.
 Da'rnel, dar'nil." to. a. [lolium.] A  weed
    growing in the fields.
               He was met ev'n now
   Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow weeds,
   Darnel, and  all the  idle weeds that grow
   In our sustaining corn.                  Shaksp.
               Want ye corn for bread?
   'Twas full of darnel; do you like the taste?  Shaksp.
     No fruitful crop the sickly fields return;
   But oats and darnel choak the rising corn.  Dryden.
 To Da'rrain, dar-iane'. v. a. [This  word
    is by Junius  referred to dare: it seems
    to  me more probably  deducible  from
    arranger la ba/taille.l
 1. To prepare for battle;  to range troops
    for battle.
     The town-boys parted in twain, the one side call-
   ing themselves Pompeians, the other Cresarians, and
   then darraining a kind of battle, but without arms,
   the Caesarians got the over hand.
                      Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
     Comes Warwick, backing of the duke of York;
   Darrain your battle; for they are at hand.  Shaksp.
 2. To  apply to the fight: of single com-
    batants.
    Therewith they 'gan to hurlen greedily,
  Redoubted battle ready to dairaine.      Spenser.
HART, cart. n.s. [dard, Fr.]
i. A missile weapon thrown by the hand; a
  small lance.
    Here one is wounded or  slain with a piece of *
  rock or flint; there  another  with a dart, arrow, or
  lance.                              Peacham.
    O'erwhelm'd with darts, which from afar thej
        fling,
  The weapons round his hollow temples ring.  Dryd.
2. [In poetry.]  Any missile  weapon.
To  Dart, dart. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To throw offensively.
    He whets his tusks, and turns, and dares the war;
  Th' invaders darf their jav'lins from afar.  Dryden.
2. To throw;  to emit; as, the sun darts his
  beams on the earth.
    Pan came,  and  ask'd what magick caus'd my
        smart;
  Or what ill eyes malignant glances darf.     Pope.
To Dart, dart. v. to.
1. To fly  as a dart.
2. To let  fly with hostile intention.
    Now, darting Parthia, art thou struck.   Shaksp.
To DASH, dash. v. a. [The etymology of
  this word,  in any of  its senses,  is Very
   doubtful.]
I. To throw  or strike any thing suddenly
  against something.
    If you dash a stone against a stone in the bottom
  of the water, it maketh a sound.            Bacon.
    A man  that  cuts himself,  and tears his own flesh,
  and dashes his head against  the stones, does not act
  so unreasonably as the wicked man.     Tillotson.
2. To break by  collision.
    They that stand high have many blasts to shake
        toem;
  And if they fall, toey dash themselves to pieces.
                                       Shaksp.
    David's throne shall  then be like a tree,
  Spreading and overshad'wing all the earth;
  Or as a stone,  that shall to  pieces dash
  All monarchies besides throughout the world.JWiffon.
   To throw water in flashes.
    Dashing water on them  may prove the best re-
  medy.                              Mortimer.
    Middling his head, and prone to earth his view,
  With ears and chest that dash the morning dew.     ,
                                        Ticket.
4. To bespatter;  to  besprinkle.
                     This  tempest,
  Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
  The sudden breach on't.     Shaksp. Henry VIII.
 5. To agitate any liquid, so as to make the
   surface fly off.
     At once the brushing oars and brazen prow
  Dash up toe sandy waves, and ope the depth below.
                                       Dryden.
 6. To mingle; to adulterate; to change by
   some worse admixture.
     Whacum, bred  to dash and draw,
   Not wine, but more unwholesome law.   Hudibras.
     I take care to dash the  character with  such par-
   ticular circumstances, as  may prevent ill-natured
   applications.                          Addison.
     Several revealed truths are dashed and adulterated
   with a mixture of fables and human inventions.
                              Spectator, No.  580.
 7.  To form or sketch in haste; carelessly.
     Never was  dash'd out, at one unlucky hit,
   A fool so just a copy of a wit.             Pope.
 8. To obliterate; to blot; to cross  out.
     To dash over  this  with a line, will deface the
   whole copy extremely, and to a degree that, I fear,
   may displease you..                     Pope.
  ). To confound; to make ashamed sudden-
    ly;  to  surprise with shame or  fear;  to
    depress; to suppress. 
DAS                                     DAT                                     DAI
                  His tongue
  Dropp'd manna, and could make the worse appear
  The better reason, to perplex and dash
  Maturest councils.                      Milton.
    Yearly enjoin'd, some say, to undergo
  This annual, humbling certain number'd days,
  To dash their pride and joy for man seduc'd. Milt.
    An unknown hand still check'd my forward joy,
  Dash'd  me with blushes.  Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
    To dash this cavil, read but the practice of Chris-
  tian emperors.                          South.
    After they had sufficiently blasted him  in his per-
  sonal capacity, they found it an easy work to dash
  and overthrow him in his political.          South.
    Nothing dashed toe confidence ofthe mule like the
  braying of toe ass, while he was dilating upon his
  genealogy.                        L'Estrange.
    The  nymph, when nothing could Narcissus move,
  Still dash'd with blushes for her slighted love.
                                      Addison.
    Some stronger pow'r eludes our sickly will;
  Dashes our rising hope with certain ill.      Prior.
 *  Dash the proud gamester in his gilded car;
  Bare toe mean heart that lurks beneath  a star.
                                        Pope.
To Dash, dash. v. to.
1. To fly off the surface by a  violent mo-
   tion.
    If the vessel be suddenly stopt in  its motion, the
  liquor continues its motion, and dashes over the sides
  of the vessel.                           Cheyne.
2. To fly in flashes with a loud noise.
    On each hand the gushing waters play,
  And down the rough cascade, all dashing, fall.
                                     Thomson.
3. To rush through water, so  as to make
  it fly.
    Doeg, too' without knowing how or why,
  Spurr'd boldly on, and dash'd thro' thick and thin,
  Thro' sense and nonsense, never out or in. Diyden.

Dash, dash. to. s. [from the verb.]
1. Collision.
         By the touch ethereal rous'd,
  The dash of clouds, or irritating war
  Of fighting winds, while all is calm below,
  They furious spring.                   Thomson.
2. Infusion; something worse mingled in a
   small proportion.
    There is nothing which one regards so much with
  an eye  of mirth and pity, as innocence, when it has
  in it a dash of folly.                    Addison.
3. A mark in writing; a line----, to note
   a pause or omission.
    He is afraid of letters and  characters, of notes
  and dashes, which, set together, do signify  nothing.
                              Brown's Vul. Err.
    In modern wit, all printed trash is
  Set off  with num'rous breaks and dashes.     Swift.

4. Sudden stroke; blow; act: ludicrous.
    Stand back, you lords, and  give us leave awhile.
  .----She takes upon her bravely at first dash. Shak.

Dash, dash. adv.  An  expression  of  the
   sound of water dashed.
          Hark, hark, the waters fall;
         And with a murmuring sound,
         Dash, dash, upon the ground,
         To gentle slumbers call.          Dryden.
D A'STARD, das'tard.88 to.*, [abapcjiija,
   Sax.] A coward; apoltron;  a man infa-
   mous for fear.
    The  cruelty and envy of the people,
  Permitted by our dastard nobles,
  Have^uffer'd me by th' voice  of slaves to be
  Whoop'd out of Rome.              Shakspeare.
    Who now my matchless valour dare oppose?
  How long will Dares wait his dastard foes?  Diyden.
    Dastard and drunkard, mean and insolent;
  Tongue-valiant hero, vaunter of thy  might,
  In threats the foremost, but the last in fight. Dryd.
    Bug-bear thoughts, in the minds of children, make
       VOL. I.
  them dastards, and afraid ofthe shadow of darkness
  ever after.                             Locke.
    Curse on their dastard souls, they stand astonish'd!
                                     Addison.
To Da'staru, d&s'tard.  v. a.  To terrify;
   to intimidate; to desert with cowardice;
   to dispirit.
    I'm weary of this flesh which holds us here,
  And dastards  manly souls wito hope  and fear.
                                      Dryden.
To Da'stardise, das'tar-dize. v. a. [from
   dastard.]  To intimidate: to deject with
   cowardice; to dispirit; to depress; to ter-
   rify; to make an habitual coward.
    He had such things to urge against our marriage,
  As, now declar'd, would blunt my sword in battle,
  And dastardise my courage.              Dryden.
Da'stardly, das'tard-le. adj.  [from das-
   tard] Cowardly;  mean;  timorous.
    Brawl and  clamour is so arrant a mark of a das-
  tardly wretch, that he does as good as  call himself
  so toat uses it.                     L'Estrange.
Da'stardy,  das'tar-de.  to.  s.  [from  das-
   tard.] Cowardliness; timorousness.
Da'tary, da'tur-e.  to. s.  [datarius.]   An
   officer of the chancery of Rome, through
   whose hands benefices pass.       Diet.
DATE, date. to. s. [datte, Fr. from datum,
   Lat.]
1. The  time at which a  letter is written,
   marked at the end or the beginning.
2. The time at which any event happened.
3. The time stipulated when any thingshall
   be  done.
          His days and  times are past,
  And my reliance on his fracted dafes
  Has smit my credit.              Shaksp. Timon.
    My father's promise ties me not to time;
  And bonds without a date, they say are void.
                                      Dryden.
4. End;  conclusion.
    What time would spare, from steel receives  its
        dafe;
  And monuments, like men, submit to fate.    Pope.
5. Duration; continuance.
    Could the declining of this fate, 0 friend,
  Our date to immortality extend?         Denham.
                    Then raise,
  From the conflagrant mass, purg'd and refin'd,
  New heav'ns, new earth, ages of endless dafe,
  Founded in righteousness.               Milton.
6. [from dactylus.]  The fruit of the date-
   tree.
    Hold, take these  keys, and fetch more spices,
        nurse.
  ----They call for dafes and  quinces in the pastry.
                                      Shaksp.
Date-tree, date'tree. to. s.  See Palm,  of
   which it is a species.
To Date,   date. v. a.  [from the  noun ]
   To note with the time  at  which  any
   thing is written or done.
    'Tis all one in respect of eternal duration yet be-
  hind, whether we begin the world so many millions
  of ages ago, or dafe from the late aera of about six
  thousand years.                       Bentley.
    To all their dafed backs he turns you round;
  These Aldus  printed, those Du Sueil has bound.
                                        Pope.
Da'teless,  date'les.  adj.   [from  date.]
   Without any fixed term.
    The fly-slow hours shall not determinate
  The dateless limit of thy dear exile.       Shaksp.
Dative, da'tiv.167 adj. [dativus, Lat.]
I. [In grammar.] The epithet of the case
   that signifies the person  to whom any
   thing is given.

                    3p
2. [In law.] Those are termed dative exe-
   cutors, who are appointed such by the
   judge's decree; as administrators with
   us here in England.              Ayliffe.

To DAUB, dawb.2" v. a.[dabben,  Dut.
   dauber, Fr.]
1. To smear with something adhesive.
    She took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed
  it with slime and with pitch.             Exodus
2. To paint coarsely.
    Hasty daubing will  but spoil  toe picture, and
  make it so  unnatural as must want false light  to
  set it off.                              Oftcay.
    They snatched out of his hands a lame imperfect
  piece, rudely dau&ed over with too little reflection.
                                      Dryden.
    If a picture is daubed with many bright and gla-
  ring colours, the vulgar admire it  as an excellent
  piece.                                 Waffs.
3.  To cover with something specious or
   gross, something  that disguises what it
   lies upon.
    So smooth he daub'd his vice with shew of virtue,
  He liv'd from all attainder of suspect.     Shaksp.
4. To lay on any thing  gaudily or osten-
   tatiously.
    Since  princes will have such things, it is better
  they should  be  graced with elegancy, than daubed
  with cost.                             Bacon.
    Let him be daub'd  with  lace, live high, and
        whore;
  Sometimes be lousy, but be never poor.   Dryden.
5. To flatter grossly.
    Let every one, therefore, attend the sentence of
  his conscience; for, he  may be sure, it will not dau6
  nor flatter.                              South.
To Daub, dawb.213  v.n.  To  play  the hy-
   pocrite:  this sense is not in use.
          I cannot daub it further;
    And yet I must.                     Shaksp.

Da'uber, daw'bur.98 to. s. [from daub.]
1. One who daubs.
2. A  coarse low painter.
    What they called his picture, had been drawn at
  length by the daubers of almost all nations, and still
  unlike him.                           Dryden.
    Parts of different species jumbled together, accor-
  ding to the mad imagination of the dauber, to cause
  laughter.                            Dryden.
    A sign-post dauber would disdain to paint
  The one-eyed hero on his elephant.      Dryden.
      The treacherous tapster,  Thomas,
    Hangs a new angel two doors from  us,
    As fine as daubers' hands can make it.     Sioift.
3. A low flatterer.
Da'ubry, daw'bre. to. s. [from  daub.] An
   old word for any thing artful.
    She works by charms, by spells, and such  daubry
  as this is beyond our element.            Shaksp.
Da'uby, daw'be. adj. [from daub.]  Vis-
   cous; glutinous; adhesive.
        Not in vain th'  industrious kind
  With dauby wax and flow'rs the chinks have lin'd.
                                      Diyden.
    Some" the gall'd ropes with  dauby marling bind,
  Or sear-cloth masts with strong tarpawling coats.
                                      Diyden.
Da'ughter, daw'tur.218  n. s.   [dauhtar,
   Goth, bohcep.,  Sax.  dotter, Runick;
   dohter, Germ, dochter, Dut.]
I. The female  offspring  of a man or wo-
   man.
          Your wives, your daughters,
  Your matrons, and your maids, could not fill up
  The cistern of my lust.                  Shaks}).
    Now Aurora, daughter ofthe dawn,
  With rosy lustre purpled o'er the lawn.      Pope.
2. A daughter in law, or son's  wife. 
DAW
DAY
DAY
o. A woman.
    Jacob went out to see the daughters of the land.
                                      Genesis.
4. [In poetry.] Any  descendant.
5. The female penitent of a confessor.
    Are you at leisure, holy father, now;
  Or shall I come to you at evening mass?
  —My leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now.
                                       Shaksp.
To DAUNT, dant.314.  v.  a.  [domter, Fr.
   domitare, Lat.] To discourage;  to fright;
   to intimidate.
    Fairfax, whose name  in arms thro' Europe rings,
  And fills all mouths with envy or with praise,
  And all her jealous monarchs with amaze,
  And rumours loud,  which daunt remotest kings.
                                       Milton.
    Where the rude  ax, with heaved stroke,
  Was never heard toe nymphs to daunt,
  Or fright them from their hallow'd haunt.   Milton.
     Some presences  daunt  and  discourage us, when
  others raise us to a brisk assurance.     Glanville.
Da'untless, dant'les. adj. [from daunt.]
   Fearless;  not dejected; not discouraged.
     Grow great by your example, and put on
  The daunffess spirit of resolution.          Shaksp.
       Dauntless he rose,  and to the fight return'd:
  With shame his glowing cheeks, his eyes with  fury
         burn'd.                  Dryden's Virgil.
           He, not by wants or woes oppress'd
  Stems the bold torrent with a dauntless breast.
                                      Dryden.
    The  utmost weight of affliction  from ministerial
  power and popular hatred, were almost worth bear-
  ing, for the glory of such a dauntless conduct as he
  has shewn under it.                      Pope.
Da'untlessness, dant'les-nes. to. 8. [from
   dauntless.]  Fearlessness.
Daw, daw. to.  s.  [supposed by  Skinner so
   named  from his note; by  Junius  to be
   corrupted from dawl; the German  tul,
   and dol in the Bavarian  dialect,  having
   the same signification.]  The name of  a
   bird.                           Menedulu.
    I will wear my heart upon my sleeve,
  For daws to peck it.             Shaksp. Othello.
    If death do quench us quite, we have great wrong,
  That daws, and trees, and rocks should last so long,
  When we must in  an instant pass to nought.
                                       Davies.
    The  loud daw, his throat displaying, draws
  The whole assembly of  his fellow daivs.    Waller.
DAWK, dawk. «. s.  A cant word among
   the workmen for a hollow, rupture, or
   incision, in their stuff.
    Observe if any hollow or dawks  be in the length.
                                      Moxon.
To Dawk, dawk. v.  a.  To  mark with an
   incision.
    Should they apply that side of  the tool the edge
  lies on,  toe swift coming about of toe work would,
  where a small irregularity of stuff should happen,
  jobb the edge into  the  stuff, and so dawk it.
                                      Moxon.
To  DAWN,  dawn, v. to.  [supposed by
  the etymologists to have been originally
  to dayen, or advance towards day.]
I. To grow luminous;  to  begin  to  grow
  light.
    I have been troubled in my sleep this night;
  But dawning day new comfort  hath inspir'd.
                                      Shaksp.
    As it  began to dawn, towards the first day of toe
  week, came Mary Magdelene to see the sepulchre.
                                     Matthew.
    All night I  slept,  oblivious of my pain;
  Aurora dawn'd and Phoebus shin'd in vain.   Pope.
3. To glimmer obscurely.
    A Romanist,  from the very first dawning of any
  notions in his understanding, hath this principle con-
  stantly inculcated, that he must believe as  the
  church.                               Locke.
3. To begin, yet faintly; to give some pro-
   mises of lustre or eminence.
    While we behold such dauntless worth appear
  In dawning youth, and souls so void of fear.
                                      Dryden.
      Thy hand strikes out some free design,
  When life awakes and dawns at every line.  Pope.

Dawn, dawn. to. s. [from the verb.]
1. The time between the first appearance
   of light  and  the sun's  rise,  reckoned
   from the time that the sun comes within
   eighteen degrees ofthe  horizon.
    Then on to-morrow's dawn your care employ
  To search  the land, but  give this day to joy.
                                      Dryden.
2. Beginning; first  rise.
    These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of se-
  renity over the soul.                      Pope.
               Such their guiltless passion was,
  As in the dawn of time inform'd the heart
  Of innocence and undissembling truth.   Thomson.
DAY, da.230 to. *.[b3es, Sax.]
1.  The time between the  rising and set-
   ting ofthe  sun, called the artificial day.
    Why stand ye here all the day idle?   Matthew.
    Of night impatient, we demand the day;
  The day arrives, then  for the night we pray:
  The night and day successive come and go,
  Our lasting pains no interruption know. Blackmore.
                       Or object new
  Casual discourse draws on, which intermits
  Our day's work.                       Milton.
2. The time  from noon to noon, or from
   midnight to midnight, called the  natu-
   ral day.
    How many hours bring about the day,
  How many days will finish up the year.    Shaksp.
3. Light; sunshine.
    Let us walk honestly, as in the day;  not in riot-
  ing and drunkenness.                  Romans.
    The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day:
  Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
  To gain the timely inn.                 Shaksp.
    Around the fields did nimble lightnings play,
  Which offer'd us by fits, and snatch'd the day:
  'Midst this was heard  the shrill and tender cry
  Of well pleased ghosts, which in the storm  did fly.
                                      Dryden.
    Yet are we able only to survey
  Dawnings of beams, and promises of day.   Prior.
4.  Any time  specified  and distinguished
   from other time; an age; the  time.   In
   this sense it is generally plural.
    After him reigned Gutheline his heir,
  The justest man and truest in his days.   Fairy Q.
    I think, in these days,  one honest man is obliged
  to acquaint another who are his friends.     Pope.
    We have, at this time of day  better and more
  certain means of information than  they had.
                                   Woodward.
5. Life:  in this sense it is commonly plu-
   ral. He never in his days broke  his word;
   that is, in his  whole life.
    He was never at a loss in his days for a  frequent
  answer.                 Carte's Life  of Ormonde.
6. The day of  contest; the  contest; the
   battle.
    His name struck fear, his conduct won the day;
  He came, he saw, he seiz'd the struggling prey.
                                  Roscommon.
    The noble thanes do bravely in the war;
  The day almost itself professes yours,
  And little is to do.             Sliaksp. Macbeth.
    Would you th' advantage ofthe fight delay,
  If, striking first, you were to win the day?  Dryden.
7. An appointed or fixed time.
    Or if my debtors do not keep their day,
  Deny their hands, and then refuse to pay,
  I must with patience all the terms attend.  Dryden.
8. A day appointed  for  some  commemo-
   ration.
                  The field of Agincourt,
  Fought on the day of Crispin Crispianus.   Shaksp.
9. From day to day; without certainty or
   continuance.
    Bavaria  hath been taught, that merit  and ser-
  vice doth oblige the Spaniard but from day to day.
                                       Bacon.
To-hay, t66-da'.  On this day.
    To-day,  if ye will hear  his voice, harden not
  your hearts.                           Psalm.
      The past is all by death possest,
    And frugal fate, tbat guards the rest,
      By giving, bids us live to-day.       Fenton.
Da'ybed, da'bed.  to. *  [day and bed] A '
   bed used for idleness  and luxury in the
   daytime.
    Calling my officers about me, in my branched
  velvet gown; having come down from a daybed,
  where I have left Olivia sleeping.         Shaksp.
Da'ybook, da'book. n.  s.  [from day and
   book.]  A tradesman's journal; a book
   in which all  the occurrences of the day
   are set down.
Da'ybreak,   da/brake,  to.  a.   [day  and
   break.]  The dawn;  the first  appearance
   of light.
    I watch'd the  early glories of her eyes,
  As men for daybreak watch the eastern skies.
                                      Dryden.
Dayla'bour, da-la'bur. to. a. [day and la-
   bour.]  Labour by the day; labour  divi-
   ded into  daily tasks.
    Doth God exact daylabour, light denied,
  I fondly ask?                          Milton.
    Daylabour  was but an hard and a  dry kind of
  livelihood  to  a  man that could get an estate with
  two or three strokes of his pen.            South.
Dayla'bourer, da-la'bur-ur.  to. s.  [from
   daylabour.]  One that works by the day.
    In one night, ere glimpse of morn,
  His shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn
  That ten daylabourers could not end.      Milton.
    The daylabourer in a country village, has com-
  monly but a small pittance of courage.      Locke.
Da'ylight,  da'lite. to. *.  [day and light.]
   The light of the day, as opposed  to that
   of the moon, or a taper.
    By this the drooping daylight 'gan to fade,
  And yield  his room to sad succeeding night.  F. Q.
            Thou shalt "buy  this dear,
  If ever I thy face by daylight see.
  Now go thy way.                      Shaksp.
    They,  by daylight passing through toe  Turks
  fleet, recovered  the haven, to the  joy of the besie-
  ged Christians.                        Knolles.
    He stands in  daylight, and disdains to hide
  An act, to which by honour he is tied.     Dryden.
    Will you murder a man in plain daylight? Dryd.
    Though rough bears in covert seek defence,
  White foxes stay, with seeming innocence;
  That crafty kind with daylight can dispense.
                                      Dryden,
    If bodies be illuminated by the ordinary prisma*
  tick colours, they will appear neither of their own
  daylight colours, nor of the colour of the light cast
  on them, but of  some middle colour between both.
                             Newton's Opticks.
Da'y-lily, da'le-le. to. a.  The same with
   Asphodel,  which see.
Da'ysman, daze'man.81 to. a. [day  and man.]
   An old  word  for umpire.   Ainsworth,
   Perhaps rather, surety.
                For what artthdii, 
D AZ
DEA
DE  A
   That mak'st thyself his daysman, to prolong
   The vengeance prest?              Fairy Queen.
 Da'yspring, da'spring.  «. s.  [day and
   spring] The rise of the day; the dawn;
   the  first appearance of light.
     So all ere dayspring, under conscious night,
   Secret they finish'd, and in order set.      Milton.
     The breath of heav'n fresh-blowing, pure and
         sweet,
   With dayspring born, here leave me to respire.
                                        Milton.
 Da'ystvr,  da'star.  to. s.  [day and star]
   The morning star.
     I meant to make her fair, and free, and wise,
   Of greatest blood, and yet more good than great:
     I meant the daystar should not brighter rise,
   Nor lend like influence from his lucent seat.
                                    Ben Jonson,
     Sunk though he be beneath the watry floor;
   So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed,
   And yetjanon uprears his drooping head.   Milton.
 Da'ytime, da'time.  to. s.  [day and time]
   The time in  which there is light: oppo-
   sed  to night.
     In  the daytime Fame  sitteth in  a watch-tower,
   and flieth most by night; she mingleth things'done
   with things not done, and is a terror to great cities.
                                        Bacon.
     My ants never brought out their corn but in  the
   night when the moon did shine, and kept it  under
   ground in the daytime.                  Addison.
 Da'ywork,   di'wiirk.  to.  s.  [day  and
   work.]  Work imposed by the day;  day-
   labour.
     True labour in the vineyard of thy lord,
   Ere prime thou hast to' imposed daywork done.
                                       Fairfax.
 To DAZE, daze. v. a. [bpses, Sax.]  To
   overpower with light;  to  strike  with
   too  strong lustre;  to  hinder  the act of
   seeing by too much light  suddenly in-
   troduced.
    They smote the glistering  armies, as they stand,
  With  quivering  beams, which daz'd toe wond'ring
         eye.                           Fairfax.
    Poor human kind, all daz'd in open day,
   Err after bliss, and blindly miss their way.  Dryd.
 Da'zied,  da'zid.282  adj.  [rather  dasied.
   See Daisy.]   Besprinkled with daisies.
                       Let us
   Find out the prettiest dazied plot we can,
   And make him a grave.        Shaksp. Cymbeline.
 To Da'zzle, daz'zl.406 v.a. [See DAZE.]
 1. To  overpower with light; to hinder the
   action of the sight  by sudden lustre.
    Fears use to be represented in such an imaginary
  fashion, as they rather dazzle men's  eyes than open
  them.                                 Bacon.
    How is it that some wits are interrupted,
  That  now  they dazzled are,  now clearly see?
                                       Davies.
2. To strike or  surprise with splendour.
                 Those heavenly shapes   J'
  Will dazzle now this earthly with their blaz"e
  Insufferably bright.                     Milton.
    The places that have either shining sentiments
  or manners, have  no occasion for them: a dazzling
  expression rather damages them, and serves only to
  eclipse their beauty.                      Pope.
    Ah, friend!  to dazzfe let the vain  design;
  To raise the thought, or touch the heart, be thine,
                                         Pope.
To  Da'zzle, daz'zl. v. to.   To  be over-
   powered with light; to  lose the power
   of  sight.
    Dazzle mine eyes?  or  do I see three suns?
                                       Shaksp.
    Come, boy, and go with me; thy sight is young,
  And you shall re*d when mine begins to dazzle.
                                       Shaksp.
    An overlight maketh the eyes dazzle, insomuch
  as perpetual looking against the sun would cause
  blindness.                              Bacon.
             I dare not trust these eyes;
  They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprize.
                                       Dryden.
DE'ACON,  de'kn.^o  w n. a. [diaconus,
   Lat.]
1. One  of  the lowest ofthe three orders
   of the clergy.
    Likewise must the deacons he grave. 2  Tim. iii. 8.
    The constitutions that the apostles made concern-
  ing deacons  and  widows, are  very  importunely
  urged.                          Bp.  Sanderson.
2. [In Scotland.]  An overseer ofthe  poor.
3. And also the master of an incorporated
   company.
De'aconess,  de'kn-nes.  to. s. [from dea-
   con.]   A female  officer  in the ancient
   church.
De'aconry, de'kn-re.    ?   to.  «.  [from
De'aconship, de'kn-ship. y  deacon] The
   office  or dignity of a deacon.
DEAD,  ded.234 adj. [beab, Sax.   dood,
   Dut.]
1. Deprived of life; exanimated.
             The queen, my lord, is dead.-
       ----She should have died hereafter.
                               Shaksp. Macbeth.
    A brute  or a man are another thing, when they
  are alive, from what they are  when dead.    Hale.
    She either from her hopeless lover fled,
  Or with  disdainful glances shot him dead.    Dryd.
2. With  of before the cause of death.
    This  Indian  told  them, that mistaking their
  course, the crew, all except himself, were dead of
  hunger.                             Arbuthnot.
3. Without life;  inanimate.
    All,  all  but  truth,   drops  dead-born  from  the
        press,
  Like the last gazette, or like the  last address. Pope.
4. Imitating death; senseless;  motionless.
    At thy rebuke, 0 God of Jacob, both the chariot
  and horse are cast into a dead sleep.       Psalms.
    Anointing of the forehead, neck, feet, and back-
  bone, we know  is used for procuring dead sleeps.
                                        Bacon.
5. Unactive; motionless.
    The tin sold  sometimes higher,  and sometimes
  lower, according to the quick vent  and abundance,
  or the dead sale and scarcity.             Carew.
    Nay, there's  a time when ev'n the rolling  year
  Seems to stand still: dead calms  are in the ocean,
  When not a breath disturbs the drousy main.  Lee.
    They cannot bear the dead weight of unemployed
  time lying upon their hands, nor the uneasiness it is
  to do nothing at all.                      Locke.
6. Empty; vacant.
    This colour  often carries the  mind away; yea,
  it  deceiveth the sense;  and it seemeth  to the  eye
  a shorter distance of  way, if it be all dead and
  continued, than if it have trees or buildings,  or any
  other marks whereby  the eye may divide it.
                                       Bacon.
    Nought but a blank remains, a dead void  space,
  A step of life, that promis'd such a race.  Dryden.
7. Useless; unprofitable.
    The commodities of  the  kingdom  they  took,
  though they lay dead upon their  hands for want of
  vent-                                 Bacon.
    Persuade a prince that he is irresistible, and he
  will take care not to let so glorious  an attribute lie
  dead  and useless by him.               Addison.
8. Dull;  gloomy; unemployed.
    Travelling over Amanus, then covered with deep
  snow, they came in the dead winter to Aleppo.
                                      Knolles.
    There  is  something  unspeakably chearful in a
  spot of ground which is covered with trees, that
  smiles amidst all the rigours of winter,  and gives
                   3p2
  us a view of the most  gay season in the midst of
  that which is the most dead and melancholy.
                                      Addison.
9. Still; obscure.
    Their flight was only deferred  until they might
  cover  their disorders by the dead  darkness of the
  night.                               Hayicard.
10. Having no  resemblance of life.
    At  a  second sitting,  though  I alter not  the
  draught, I must touch the same features over again,
  and change the dead colouring ofthe whole. Dryden.
11. Obtuse;  dull;  not sprightly; used of
   sounds.
    We took a bell of about two inches in diameter
  at the  bottom, which was  supported in the midst of
  the  cavity  of the receiver  by a bent stick, in
  which  when it was closed up,  the bell seemed to
  sound  more dead than it did when just before it
  sounded in toe open air.                  Boyle.

12. Dull; frigid; not animated; not affect-
   ing..
    How cold and  dead does a prayer appear, toat is
  composed in the most elegant forms of speech, when
  it is not heightened by solemnity of phrase from the
  sacred writings.                       Addison.
13. Tasteless; vapid; spiritless: used of li-
   quors.
14. Uninhabited.
    Somewhat is  left under  dead walls and  dry
  ditches.                            Arbuthnot.
15. Without the natural  force or efficacy:
  as, a  dead f re.
16. Without the power of  vegetation: as,
  a dead bough.
17. [In theology.]  The state of spiritual
   death, lying under the  power of sin.
    You hath he quickened, who  were dead in  tres-
  passes  and sins.                    Ephes. ii. 1.
The Dead, ded.334 to. s. Dead men.
    Jove saw from  high, with just disdain,
  The dead inspir'd wito vital life again.    Dryden.
    The ancient Romans generally buried their  dead
  near the great roads.                   Addison.
    That the dead shall rise  and live again, is  beyond
  the discovery of  reason, and is purely a matter of
  faith.                                  L>cke.
    The tow'ring bard had sung, in nobler lays,
  How the last trumpet wakes the lazy dead.  Smith.
Dead,  ded.234«. s.  Time  in which  there
   is remarkable stillness or  gloom; as at
   midwinter and  midnight.
    After this life, to hope for the favours  of mercy
  then, is to expect an harvest in the dead of winter.
                                        South.
    In the dead of the night, when the men and  their
  dogs were all fast asleep.            L'Estrange.
    At length, in dead of night, the ghost appears
  Of her unhappy lord.                   Diyden.

To Dead, ded.334 v. n. [from the noun.]
   To lose force, of whatever kind.
    Iron, as soon as it is out of the fire, deadeth strait-
  ways.                        Bacon's JVuf. Hist
To Dead, ded,           >
To De'aden, ded'dn.40* \ v' a'
I. To deprive of any kind of force or sen-
   sation.
    That the sound may be extinguished or deaded by
  discharging the pent air,  before it cometh to the
  mouth  of the  piece, and  to  the open  air,  is not
  probable.                              Bacon.
    It is  requisite that  the tympanum be tense, and
  bard stretched, otherwise the laxness of that mem-
  brane will certainly dead and damp the sound.
                                      Holder.
    This motion would be quickly deadened by coun-
  termotions.         Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
    We  will not oppose  any thing  to them  that is
  hard and stubbor.i, but by a soft answer cfeaden their
  force by degrees.               Bwnet's Theoiy 
                    D E  A

      Our  dreams are great instances of that activity
    which is  natural to the human soul,  and which is
    not in toe power of sleep to deaden or abate.
                                        Spectator.
      Anodynes are such things as relax the tension of
    the affected nervous fibres,  or destroy the particular
    acrimony which occasions the pain; or what deadens
    the sensation of the brain by procuring sleep.
                               Arbuthnot on Diet.
  2. To make  vapid, or spiritless.
      The beer and the wine,  as well within water as
    above, have not been palled or deaded at all.
                                          Bacon.
  Dead-doing, ded'do-ing. participial adj.
     [dead  and  do.]  Destructive;   killing;
     mischievous; having  the power to make
     dead.
      Hold, 0 dear lord, your dead-doing hand,
    Then loud he cried, I am your humble thrall.
                                         Spenser.
      They never care how many others
    They kill, without regard of mothers,
    Or wives or children, so they can
    Make up some fierce dead-doing man.    Hudibras.
  Dead-lift,  ded-lift'. to.  s. [dead and lift.]
     Hopeless  exigence.
      And have no power at all, nor shift,
    To help itself at a dead-lift.            Hudibras.
  De'adly, ded'le. adj. [from dead/]
  1. Destructive; mortal; murderous.
      She then on Romeo calls—As if that name,
    Shot from the deadly level of a gun,
    Did murther her.                       Shaksji.
      Dry mourning will decay more deadfu bring,
    As a  north wind burns a too forward spring;
    Give sorrow vent, and let the sluices go.   Dryden.
  2.  Mortal; implacable.
      The Numidians, in number infinite,  are deadly
   enemies unto the Turks.                 Knolles.
  De'adly, ded'le. adv.
  1.  In a manner resembling the dead.
     Like dumb  statues, or unbreathing stones,
   Star'deach on other, and look'd deadly pale. Shak.
     Young Arcite heard, and up  he ran with haste,
   And ask'd him why he look'd so deadly want?
                                        Dryden.
  2.  Mortally.
     I will break Pharaoh's arms, and he shall groan
   before him with the groanings of a deadly wounded
   man.                             Ez. xxx. 24.
  3.  Implacably; irreconcileably; destruc-
    tively.
  4.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  ludicrous
    sense, only to enforce the  signification
    of a  word.
       Mettled schoolboys, set  to  cuff,
   Will not confess that they have done enough,
   Though deadly weary.                   Orrery.
     John had got  an impression, toat Lewis was so
   deadly cunning a man, that he  was afraid  to ven-
   ture himself alone with him.           Arbuthnot.
 De'adness, ded'n£s. to. s. [from dead.]
 1.  Frigidity; want of warmth; want of ar-
   dour; want of affection.
     His grace removes toe defect of inclination, by
  taking off our  natural deadness and disaffection to-
  wards them.                           Rogers.
 2.  Weakness of the vital powers; languor;
   faintness; inactivity ofthe spirits.
     Your gloomy eyes betray a deadness,
  And inward languishing. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
 3.  Vapidness of liquors; loss of spirits.
    Deadness or  flatness in cyder is often occasioned
  by the too free  admission of air into toe vessels.
                                     Mortimer.
De'adnettle,  ded'net-tl.  to. s. A  weed;
  the same with archangel.
Dead-reckoning, ded rek-ning. to. s. [a
  sea term.]   That estimation or conjee-
                    DE A

    ture which the  seamen  make  of  the
    place  where a ship is,  by keeping  an
    account of her way  by the log, by know-
    ing the course they have steered by the
    compass, and by rectifying all with allow-
    ance for drift  or lee-way;  so that this
    reckoning is without any observation of
    the sun, moon and stars, and is  to be
    rectified as often as any good observa-
    tion can be had.

  DEAF, def.234 adj. [doof, Dut.]
  I.  Wanting the  sense of hearing.
      Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf.
                                        Shaksp.
                           Infected minds,
   To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets.
                                        Shaksp.
      The chief design here intended is to instruct such
   as are deaf and dumb, and dumb only by conse-
   quence of their want of heaiing.          Holder.
          If any sins afflict our life
        With that prime ill, a talking wife,
        Till death shall bring toe kind relief,
        We must be patient, or be deaf.        Prior.
          Thus you may still be young to me,
        While I can better hear than see:
        Oh ne'er may  fortune shew her spite,
        To make me deaf, and mend my sight.   Swift.
   . It has  to before the thing that ought to
   be heard.
     I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;
   Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase  out abuses.
                                        Shaksp.
        Oh, that men's ears should be
   To counsel deaf, but not fo flattery!        Shaksp.
     Whilst virtue courts them; but, alas, in vain!
   Fly from her kind embracing arms,
     Deaf to her  fondest  call, blind to her  greatest
        charms.                     Roscommon.
     Not so, for once indulg'd, they sweep the  main;
   Deaf to the call, or, hearing, hear in vain.   Dryd.
     Hope, too long with vain delusion fed,
   Deaf to the rumour of fallacious fame,
   Gives to the roll of death his glorious name.   Pope.
 3. Deprived of the power of hearing.
     Deaf with the noise, I took my hasty flight:
   No mortal courage can support the fright.    Dryd.
 4. Obscurely heard.
     Nor silence is within, nor voice express,
   But adea/noise of sounds that never cease;
   Confus'd and chiding like the hollow roar
   Of tides receding from th' insulted shore.  Dryden.
     The rest were seiz'd with sullen discontent,
   And a dea/murmur  through the squadrons went.
                                      Dryden.
 To Deaf, def.334 v. a. To deprive of the
   power of hearing.
    Hearing hath deaf'd our sailors; and if they
   Know how to hear, there's none know what to say.
                                       Donne.
    A swarm of their  aerial shapes appears,
   And, flutt'ring round his  temples, deafs his ears.
                                      Dryden.
 To De'afen, def'fn.405  v.  a. [from deaf]
   To deprive of the power of hearing.
    But Salius enters; and, exclaiming loud
   For justice, deafens and disturbs the crowd.  Dryd.
    From shouting men,  and  horns, and dogs, he
        flies,
 Deafen'd and stunn'd with their promiscuous cries.
                                      Addison.
De'afly, defie. adv.  [from  deaf]
1. Without sense of sounds.
2. Obscurely to the ear.
De'afness, def'nes. to. a. [from deaf.]
1. Want ofthe power of hearing; want of
   sense of sounds.
    Those who are deaf and dumb, are dumb by con-
  sequence from their deafness.            Holder.
DE A
      The Dunciad had never been writ, but at his re-
    quest, and for his deafness; for had he been able to
    converse with me, do you think  I had amused my
    time so ill?                             Pope.
  2. Unwillingness to hear.
      I found such a deafness, that no declaration from
    the bishops could take place.       King  Charles
  DEAL, dele^ to.*, [deel, Dut.]
  I. Part.
      A great deaf of that which had been, was  now
    to be removed out of the church.          Hooker.
  2. Quantity; degree of more or less.   It
    was   formerly   joined  with   different
    words, to limit its  meaning;  as, some
    deal, in some degree, to some amount:
    we now   either say, a great deal, or a
    deal without an  adjective;  but this  is
    commonly, if not always, ludicrous or
    contemptuous.
     When men's affections  do  frame  their opinions,
    they are in defence  of errour more earnest,  a great
    deal, than, for the most part, sound believers in the
    maintenance of truth, apprehending according to the
    nature of that evidence which scripture yieldeth.
                                       Hooker.
     There is, indeed, store of matters, fitter and bet-
    ter  a great deal  for teachers to spend time  and la-
    "O"*- i"                              Hooker.
     To weep with them that weep, doth ease some
         deal;
    But sorrow flouted at is double death.     Shaksp.
     What a deal of cold business doth a man mispend
    the  better part of life in! In scattering compliments,
    and tendering visits.                 Ben Jonson.
     The charge some deaf thee haply honour may,
    That noble Dudone had while here he lived.
                                       Fairfax.
     Possibly some never so much as doubted of the
   safety of their spiritual estate; and, if so, they have
   so much toe more reason, a great deaf to doubt of it.
                                         South.
     The author, who knew that such a design  as this
   could not be carried on without a great deaf  of arti-
   fice  and  sophistry, has puzzled  and  perplexed  his
   cause.                               Addison.
  .  [From the  verb  to  deal.]  The art  or
    practice of dealing cards.
         How can the muse her aid impart,
       Unskill'd in all the terms of art?
       Or in harmonious numbers put
       The deaf, the shuffle, and the cut?      Swift.
 4.  [deyl, Dut.]  Fii-wood, or  the   wood  of
    pines.
    I have  also  found, that a piece of deaf, far thicker
  than one  would easily imagine, being purposely  in-
  terposed betwixt my eye, placed in  a room, and the
  clearer daylight, was not only somewhat transparent,
  but appeared quite through a lovely red.
                               Boyle on Colours.
 To Deal, dele.22?  v. a. [deelen, Dut.]
 I.  To distribute;  to  dispose to  different
   persons.
    ±Deal thy bread to the hungry, and bring the poor
  thai  are cast out to thy house.       Isaiah lviii. 7.
    One with a broken truncheon deals his blows.
                                       Dryden.
    His lifted arms around his head he throws,
  And  deals in whistling air his empty blows.   Dryd.
    The business of mankind, in this life, being  rather
  to act than to  know,  their portion  of knowledge is
  deaff Uiem accordingly.                 Addison.
    How Spain prepares her banners to unfold,
  And  Rome deals out her blessings and her gold.
                                       Ticket.
    Had the great men  of antiquity been possessed of
  the art of printing, they would have made an advan-
  tage of it, in dealing out their lectures to the public.
                                      Addison.
    If  you  deaf out great quantities of strong  liquor
  to the mob, there will be many drunk.       Watts.
2.  To scatter; to throw about. 
DE A
DEA
DE A
    Keep me from the vengeance of thy darts,
  Which Niobe's devoted issue felt,
  When hissing through toe skies the feather'd deaths
      were deaff.                        Dryden.
3. To give gradually, or one after another.
    The nightly mallet deafs resounding blows. Gay.
4. To distribute the cards.

To Deal, dele. v. to.
T.  To  traffick;  to transact business;  to
   trade.
    It is generally better  to deal by speech than by
  letter;  and by a man himself, than by toe mediation
  of a third.                             Bacon.
    This is to drive a wholesale trade, when all other
  petty merchants deaf but for parcels.
                  \              Decay of Piety.
    They buy and sell, they deaf and traffick.  South.
    With the fond maids in palmistry he deafs,
  They tell the secret which he first reveals.   Prior.
2.  To  act between two persons; to inter-
   vene.
    Sometimes he that deafs between man and man,
  raiseth his own credit with both, by pretending great-
  erinterest than he hath in either.         Bacon.
3. To behave well or ill in any transaction.
    I doubt not, if he will deaf clearly and impartial-
  ly, but that he will acknowledge all  this to be true.
                                      Tillotson.
4.  To  act in any manner.
                 Two deep enemies,
  Foes to my rest, aud my sweet sleep's disturbers,
  Are they that I would have thee deal upon.  Shak.

5.  To deal by.  To treat well or ill.  This
   seems a  vitious use.
    Such an one deafs not fairly by his own mind, nor
  conducts his own understanding aright.     Locke.
6.  To deal in.   To have to do with;  to be
   engaged in;  to practise.
    Suiters are so distasted with delays and abuses,
  that plain-dealing,  in denying  to deaf  in suits at
  first, is grown not  only honourable,  but also gra-
  cious.                                  Bacon.
    The Scripture forbids even the  countenancing
  a poor man in his cause; which is a popular  way of
  preventing justice,  that  some men  have deaff in,
  though without that success which they proposed to
  themselves.                         Atterbury.
    Among authors, none draw upon themselves more
  displeasure than those who deaf in political matters.
                                      Addison.
    True logick is not that noisy thing that deals all
  in dispute, to which the former ages had debased it.
                                 Watts's Logick.
7.  To deal  with.    To treat in any manner;
  to  use well or ill.
    Neither can  the Irish, nor yet the English lords,
  think themselves wronged, nor hardly deaff with,  to
  have that which is none of their own given to them.
                               Spenser's Ireland.
              Who then shall guide
  His  people? Who defend?  Will they not deaf
  Worse with his followers, than with him they deaff?
                                       Milton.
    If a man would  have his conscience deal clearly
  with him, he must deaf severely with that.
                               South's Sermons.
    God did not only  exercise this providence towards
  his own people, but he deaff thus also ivith other na-
  tions.                                Tillotson.
    But  I will deqf  the more civilly  with his two
  poems, because nothing ill is to  be  spoken  of the
  dead.                                 Dryden.
    You wrote to me with the freedom  of a friend,
  dealing plainly with me in  the  matter of my own
  trifles.                                  Pope.
    Reflect on the merits of the cause, as well as of
  the  men, who have been thus deaff with by their
  country.                                Swift.

8.  To deal with.    To contend with.
    If she hated me, I should know what passion  to
  deaf with.                              Sidney.
    Gentlemen were commanded to remain in the
  country, to govern  the people, easy to be cfeaff with
  whilst they stand in fear.               Hayward.
    Then you upbraid me; I am pleas'd to see
  You're not so perfect, but can fail like me:
  I have no God to deaf with.              Diyden.
To DEA'LBATE, de-al'bate.  v.  a. [deal-
   bo, Lat.]   To whiten;  to bleach.

Dealba'tion, de-al-ba'shfin. to. 8.  [dealba-
   tio, Lat.] The act of  bleaching or whi-
   tening;  rendering  things white  which
   were not  so  before: a word in little use.
    All seed is white in viviparous animals, and  such
  as have preparing  vessels, wherein it  receives  a
  manifold dealbation.      Brown's Vulgar Errours.
De'aler, de'lur.98 to. s.  [from deal.]
1. One that has to do  with  any thing.
    I find it common with these small dealers in wit
  and  learning, to give themselves a title from  their
  first adventure.         .                 Sioift.
2. A trader or trafficker.
    Where fraud  is  permitted and connived  at, the
  honest dealer is always undone,  and the knave gets
  the advantage.                Gulliver's Travels.
3. A  person who deals the  cards.
De'aling, de'ling. n. a.  [from deal.]
1. Practice; action.
    Concerning the dealings of men, who  administer
  government,  and unto whom the execution of that
  law belongeth, they have  their judge who sitteth in
  heaven.                              Hooker.
               What these are!
  Whose own hard dealings teaeh them to suspect
  The thoughts of others.                  Shaksp.
    But  this was  neither one pope's fault, nor one
  prince's destiny: he must write a story of the  em-
  pire, that means to tell of all their dealings in this
  kind.                                Raleigh,
2. Intercourse.
    It were to be wished, that men would promote the
  happiness of one another, in all toeir private deal-
  ings, among those who lie within their influence.
                                       Addison.
3. Measure of treatment; mode  in which
   one treats another.
    God's gracious  dealings with men, are the aids
  and auxiliaries necessary to us in the pursuit of piety.
                                     Hammond.
4. Traffick; business.
    The  doctor must  needs die rich;  he had great
  dealings in his way for many years.         Swift.
DEAMBULA'TION,  de-am-bu-la'shun.
   n.s. [dcambulatio, Lat.] The act of walk-
   ing abroad.
Dea'mbulatory, de-am'bu-la-tur-e.  adj.
   [deambulo, Lat.] Relating  to the  prac-
   tice of walking abroad.
DEAN, dene.227  to. s.[decanus,  Lat. doyen,
   Fr.]
   'From the  Greek  word $tx.a.; in  English,  ten;
  because he  was anciently set  over  ten canons or
  prebendaries at least in some cathedral church.
                               Ayliffe's Parergon.
    As there  are  two  foundations of cathedral chur-
  ches in England, the old and the new (the new are
  those which  Henry VIII.  upon suppression  of ab-
  beys transformed from abbot or prior, and convent,
  to dean and chapter) so there are two means of cre-
  ating these deans;  for those of the old foundations
  are brought to their dignity much like bishops, the
  king first sending  out his conge  d'elire to the chap-
  ter, the  chapter then chusing and the bishop con-
  firming them, and giving his mandate to instal them.
  Those of the new foundation are,  by a  shorter
  course,  installed by virtue  of  the  king's  letters
  patent, without either election or confirmation.
    This word is also applied to divers, that are chief
  of certain peculiar  churches or chapels; as the  dean
  of the  king's chapel, the dean of the Arches, the
  dean of St. George's chapel at Windsor, and the
  dean of Bocking in Essex.                 Cowell.
     The dean and canons, or prebends, of cathedral
  churches, were of great use in the church; they were
  not only to be of counsel with the bishop for his re-
  venue, but chiefly for government in causes eccle-
  siastical.  Use  your best means  to prefer such to
  those places who are fit for that purpose.    Bacon.
De'anery, de'nur-re.98 to. s. [from dean.]
I.  The office of a dean.
     He  could no  longer keep the deanery of the
  chapel-royal.                         Clarendon.
2.  The revenue of a dean.
     Put  both deans  in one; or, if that's too much
         trouble,
  Instead of the deans, make the deanery double.
                                          Swift.
3.  The house  of a  dean.
     Take her by  the hand, away with her to the
  deanery, and dispatch  it quickly.          Shaksp.

De'anship, dene'ship.  to. s.  [from dean.]
   The office and  rank of a dean.
DEAR, dere.227  adj. [beop, Sax.]
1.  Beloved; favourite;  darling.
         Your brother Glo'ster hates you.
  —Oh, no, he loves me, and he holds me deal".
                                     Shakspeare.
    The dear, dear name she bathes in flowing tears,
  Hangs o'er the tomb.             Addison's Ovid.
    And the last joy was dearer than the rest.  Pope.
2. Valuable;  of high price;  costly.
    What made directors cheat the South-sea year?
  To feed on ven'son when it sold so dear.     Pops,
3. Scarce; not plentiful: as,  a dear year.
4. It seems to be  sometimes used in Shak-
   apeare for  deer; sad; hateful; grievous.
    What foolish boldness brought thee to their mer-
         cies,
  Whom thou in terms so bloody, and so dear,
  Hast made thine enemies?   Shaksp. Twelfth Night.
                   Let us return,
  And strain what other means is left unto us
  In our dear peril.                Shaksp. Timon.
                   Some dear cause
  Will in concealment wrap me up awhile:
  When I am known aright, you shall not grieve
  Lending me this acquaintance. Shaksp. King Lear.
    Would I had met my dearest foe in heav'n,
  Or ever I had  seen that day.       Shaksp. Hamlet.
    Thy other banish'd  son, with his dear sight
  Struck pale and bloodless.  Shak. Titus Andronicus.
Dear, dere.  to.  s. A word of endearment;
   darling.
                        That kiss
  I carried from thee, dear; and my true lip
  Hath virgin'd  it e'er since.    Shaksp. Coriolanus.
    Go, dear; each minute does new danger bring.
                                        Diyden.
                      See, my dear,
  How lavish nature has adorn'd the year.   Dryden.
De'arbought, dere'bawt. adj.  [dear and
   bought.] Purchased at an high  price.
                     O fleeting joys
  Of Paradise, dearbought with lasting woe. MUti.n,
    Such dearbought blessings happen ev'ry day,
  Because we know not for  what things to pray.
                                        Dryden.
    Forget not what my ransom cost,
  Nor let my dearbought soul be lost.    Roscommon.
De'arlinCt,  darTing. to.  *.  [now  written
   darling.] Favourite.
    They do feed on nectar, heavenly wise,
  With Hercules and  Hebe, and the rest
  Of Venus' dearlings, through her bounty blest.
                                        Spt user.
De'arly,  dere'le. adv.  [from dear.]
I. With great fondness
    For the unquestionable virtues of her pc rson and
  mind, he loved her dearly.           #    Wotton.
2. At an high price. 
                      DEA

       It is rarely bought, and then also bought dearly
     enough with such a fine.                 Bacon
       Turnus shall dearly pay for faith forsworn;
     And corps, and swords, and shields, on Tyber born.

       My father dotes, and let him still dote on; ^^
     He  buys his mistress dearly with his throne. Dryden.
   ToiDeahn, darn. v. a. [bynnan, Sax.  to
      hide.]  1 o  mend clothes. See  Darn.
   De'arxess, dere'nes. to. s. [from dear.]
   1. Fondness; kindness; love.

     i  Mhbr0utl!er  h0,ds  y°u well>  and in  dearness of
     Heart hath holp to effect your ensuing marriage.
       .p.   ,                          Shakspeare.
       ine whole senate dedicated  an altar to Friend-
     ship, as to  a goddess, in respect of the great cfear-
     Jiess of friendship between them two.       Bacon.
       He  who hates his neighbour mortally, and wisely
     too,  must profess all the dearness  and friendship,
     with readiness to serve him.               South.
   2. Scarcity; high price.
       Landlords prohibit tenants from plowing, which is
     seen in the dearness of corn.               Swift.

   De'arnly, darn'le. adv. [beojin, Saxon.]
     Secretly; privately; unseen. Obsolete.
       At last, as chanc'd them by a forest side
     To pass, for succour from the scorching ray,
     They heard a rueful voice, that dea?nfy cried
     With piercing shrieks.                  Spenser.
   Dearth, deivA.2^ n. s. [from dear]
   1. Scarcity which makes food  dear.
       In times  of dearth,  it drained much coin out of
    the kingdom, to furnish us with corn from foreign
    Pa^s-                                 Bacon.
       There have  been terrible years dearths of corn,
    and every place is strewed with beggars; butdeccrf/is
    are common in  better climates, and our evils here
    lie much deeper.                         Swiff.
  2.  Want;  need; famine.
      Pity the dearth that I have pined in,
    By longing for that food so long a time.    Shaksp.
      Of every tree that in  the garden grows,
    Eat freely with glad heart; fear here no  dearfft.
                                         Milton.
  3.  Barrenness;  sterility.
      The  French  have  brought  on themselves that
    dearth of plot, and narrowness of imagination, which
   may be observed in all their plays.       Dryden.
  To Dearti'culate,  de-ar-tik'u-late.  v. a.
    [de  and articulus, Lat.]   To disjoint; to
    dismember.                         Diet.
  DEATH, dethV> n.  s.[beap, Sax.]
  1. The extinction of  life; the departure of
    the  soul from the body.
     He is the mediator of  the New Testament, that
   by means of  death, for the redemption of the trans-
   gressions, toey which are called  might receive the
   promise  of eternal inheritance.       Heb. ix. 15.
     They  say there is divinity in odd numbers, either
   in nativity or deafft.                 Shakspeare.
             Death, a necessary end,
   Will come when it will come.         Shakspeare.
             He must his acts reveal,
   From the first moment of  his vital breath,
   To his last hour of unrepenting dcafA.     Diyden.
 2. Mortality; destruction.
                 How did you dare
   To trade and traffick wito Macbeth,
   In riddles and affairs of death?            Shaksp.
 3. The  state of the dead.
               In swinish sleep
   Their drenched natures lie, as in a death.   Shaksp.
4. The manner of dying.
    Thou shalt die the cfeafAs of them that are slain in
  the midst of the seas.           Ezekiel, xxviii. 8.
5. The image of mortality represented by
   a skeleton.
    I had rather be married to a death's head, with a
  bone  in  his mouth, than to either of these.   Shaksp.
      If I gaze now, 'tis but to see
DEA
DEB
       What manner of death's head 'twill be,
         When it is free
       From that fresh upper skin,
       The gazer's joy, and sin.             Suckling.
   6. Murder; the  act of destroying  life un-
     lawfully.
       As in manifesting the sweet influence of his mer-
     cy, on the severe stroke of his justice: so in this, not
     to suffer a man of deafft to live.           Bacon.
   7. Cause of death.
       They cried out,  and said, 0 thou man of God,
     there is death in the pot.          2 Kings, iv. 40.
       He caught  his death  the  last  county-sessions,
     where he would go to see justice  done  to a poor
     widow woman.                        Addison.
   8. Destroyer.
      All the endeavours Achilles used to meet with
     Hector,  and be the deaf a of him,  is  the intrigue
     which comprehends the battle of the last day.
                      Broome's View of Epic Poetry.
  9. [In poetry.] The instrument  of death.
        Deaths invisible come wing'dwith fire;
    They hear a dreadful noise, and straight expire.
                                        ■ Dryden.
      Sounded at once the bow, and swiftly flies
    The feather'd deafft, and hisses thro' the skies.
                                         Dryden.
      Oft, as in airy rings  they skim the heath,
    The clam'rous  lapwings feel the leaden death. Pope,
  10. [In theology.] Damnation;  eternal  tor-
     ments.
      We pray that God will keep us from all sin and
    wickedness, from our ghostly enemy, and from ever-
    lasting death.             _     Church Catechism.
  De'athbed,  deth'hed.  to.  *.  [death  and
     bed.]   The  bed  to which a man is con-
    fined by mortal sickness.
     Sweet soul, take heed, take heed of perjury;
    Thou art on thy death-bed.     Shakspeare's Othello.
     Thy death-bed is no lesser than the land
    Wherein thou liest in reputation sick  Shak. Rich. II.
     These are such things as a man shall remember
    with joy upon his death-bed; such as shall cheer and
    warm his heart, even in that last and bitter agony.
                                South's Sermons.
     Then round our deatli-bed ev'ry friend should run,
    And joy us of our conquest early won.    Dryden.
     A death-bed figure is certainly toe most humbling
    sight in the world.     Collier on the Value of Life.
     A  death-bed repentance ought not indeed to be
   neglected,  because it is the last thing that we  can
   do-                                 Atterbury.
     Fame can never make us lie  down contentedly on
   a death-bed.                            Pope.
 De'athful, de^'ful. adj. [death and full]
    Full of slaughter;  destructive; murder-
    ous.
     Your cruelty was such, as you would spare his life
   for many deathful torments.               Sidney.
     Time itself, under the deathful shade of whose
   wings-all things  wither, hath wasted that lively vir-
   tue of nature in man, and beasts, and plants.
                                       Raleigh.
     Blood, death, and deathful deeds, are in that noise,
   Ruin, destruction at the utmost point.      Milton.
                 These eyes behold
   The deathful scene; princes on princes roll'd. Pope.
 De'athless, defies, adj. [from death.]
   Immortal; never-dying; everlasting.
     God hath only immortality, though angels and hu-
  man souls be deathless.                    Boyle.
     Their temples  wreath'd with  leaves that still re-
        new;
  For deathless laurel is the victor's due.     Dryden.
    Faith and hope themselves shall die,
  While deathless charity remains.            Prior
De'athlike, de^'like.   adj.  [death and
   like]  Resembling death;  still; gloomy;
   motionless; placid;  calm; peaceful; un-
   disturbed;  resembling either  the  hor-
  rours or the quietness of death.
       Why dost thou let thy brave soul lie supprest
     In deathlike slumbers, while thy dangers crave
     A waking eye  and hand?               Crashaw
                   A deathlike sleep!
     A gentle wafting to immortal life!         Milton
       On seas, on earth, and all that in toem dwell,
     A deathlike quiet and deep silence fell.     Waller.
       Black melancholy sits, and round her throws
     A deathlike slumber, and a dread repose.     pope.

   Death's-ooor,  deM's-dore'. [death and
     door.]   A near approach to death; the
     gates of death, tu'a«i a^u/  It is  now a
     low phrase.
       I myself knew a person  of great  sanctity, who
     was afflicted to death's-door with a vomiting.  Taylor.
       There was  a poor young woman, that had  brought
     herself even  to death's-door with grief for her sick
     husband.                           L'Estrange.
  De'athsman, deMs'man.8* to. s.  [death and
     man.]  Executioner;  hangman; heads-
     man; he that executes the sentence of
     death.
             He  's dead; I'm only sorry
    He had no other deathsman.              Shaksp
      Asdeathsmen you have rid this sweet young prince!
                                      Shakspeare.
  Deathwatch, de^'wotsh.  to.  s.  [death
     and watch]   An insect that  makes  a
     tinkling noise like that of  a watch,  and
     is superstitiously imagined to prognosti-
     cate death.
      The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she died.
                                           Gay.
      We learn to presage approaching death in a fa-
   mily by ravens, and little norms, which we therefore
   call a deathwatch.                        Watts.
       Misers are muckworms, silkworms beaus,
   And deathwatches physicians.               Pope.
  To DEA'UR ATE, de-aw'rate. v.a. [deau-
    ro, Lat.] To gild, or cover with gold.
                                          Diet.
 Deaura'tion,  de-aw-ra'shdn. to. s.  [from
    deaurate]  The act of  gilding.
 Debaccha'tion, de-bak-ka'shun.TO.*. [de-
    bacchatio, Lat.] A raging;  a madness.
                                         Diet.
 To Deba'r, de-bar', v. a. [from  bar.] To
   exclude; to preclude;  to shut  out from
   any thing; to hinder.
     The same boats and the same buildings are found
   in countries debaired from all commerce by unpassa-
   ble mountains,  lakes, and deserts.        Raleigh.
     Not so strictly hath our Lord impos'd
   Labour, as  to dc&ar us when we need
   Refreshment, whether food, or talk between,
   Food of the mind.                      Milton,
     Civility, intended to make us easy, is employed in
  laying chains and fetters upon us, in debai-ring us of
  our wishes, and in crossing our most reasonable de-
  sires-                                  Swift.
 To  Deba'rh,  de-barb',  v. a. [from de and
   barba, Lat.] To deprive of his beard.
                                        Diet.
 To Deba'rk,  de-bark',  v. a.   [debarquer,
   Fr.] To  disembark.                Diet.
 To DEBA'SE, de-base', v. a. [from base.]
 I. To reduce  from  a higher  to a  lower
   state.
     Homer intended to teach, that pleasure and sen-
  suality debase men into beasts.           Broome.
    As much as you raise silver, you debase gold, for
  they are in the condition of two things put in oppo-
  site scales; as much as the one rises, the other falls.
                                        Locke.
2. To make mean; to sink into meanness;
  to make  despicable; to degrade. 
DEB
DEB
DEB
      It is a kind of taking God's name in vain, to de-
    base religion with such frivolous disputes.   Hooker.
      A man of large possessions has not leisure to con-
    sider of every slight expense, and will not deoose
    himself to toe management of every trifle. Dryden.
      Restraining others, yet himself not free;
    Made impotent by pow'r, debas'd by dignity.  Dryd.
  3. To sink; to vitiate with meanness.
      He ought to be careful of not letting his subject
    debase his  style, and betray him into a meanness of
    expression.                          Addison.
      Hunting after arguments to make good one side of
    a question, and wholly to refuse those which favour
    the other, is so far from giving truth its due value,
    that it wholly debases it.                 Locke.
  4. To adulterate; to lessen in value by base
    admixtures.
      He reformed the coin, which was much adultera-
    ted and debased in the times and troubles of king
    Stephen.                               Hale.
      Words so debas'd and hard, no stone
    Was hard enough to touch them on.     Hudibras.
 Deba'sement,  de-base'ment. to. a. [from
    debase.] The act of debasing or degra-
    ding; degradation.
     It is a wretched debasement of that sprightly facul-
    ty, the tongue, thus to be made the interpreter to a
    goat or boar.          Government of the  Tongue.
 Deba'ser, de-ba'sur.98  n. s.  [from debase]
    He that debases; he that adulterates; he
    that degrades another; he that sinks the
    value of things, or destroys the  dignity
    of persons.
 Deba'table, de-bate'a-bl.  adj. [from de-
    bate] Disputable; that which is, or may
    be, subject to controversy.
     The  French requested that the debatable ground,
   and the Scottish hostages, might  be restored to the
   Scots.                              Hayward.
 DEB A'TE, de-bate', to.  s. [debat, Fr.]
 1. A personal dispute; a controversy.
     A way that men ordinarily use, to force others to
   submit to their judgments, and receive their opinion
   in debate, is to require the adversary to admit what
   they allege as a proof, or to assign a better.   Locke.
     It is to diffuse a light over the understanding, in
   our enquiries  after truth, and not  to furnish the
   tongue with debate and controversy. Watts's Logick.
 2. A quarrel; a contest: it is not now used
    of hostile contest.
     Now, lords if heav'n doth give successful end
   To this debate that bleedeth at our doors,
   We will our youth lead on to higher fields,
   And draw no swords but what are sanctified. Shaksp,
     'Tis thine to ruin realms, o'erturn a state;
   Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate.  Dryden.
 To Deba'te, de-bate', v. a.  [debatre, Fr.]
    To controvert; to dispute; to contest.
    Debate thy cause ivith thy neighbour himself, and
   discover not a secret to another.   Proverbs, xxv. 9.
    He could not de&afe any thing without some com-
   motion, even when the argument was not of moment.
                                     Clarendon.
 To Deba'te,  de-bate', v. to.
 1. To deliberate.
                   Your sev'ral suits
   Have been consider'd and debated on.     Shaksp.
 2. To dispute.
    He presents that great soul debating upon the sub-
  ject of life and death with his  intimate friends.
                                        Tatler.
Deba'teful,  de-bate'ful. adj. [from de-
   bate.]
 1. [Of persons.]  Quarrelsome;  contenti-
   ous.
2.  [Of  things.]   Contested;  occasioning
   quarrels.
Deb.v'tement, de-bate'ment. n.  s.  [from
   debate.]  Controversy; deliberation.
     Without debatement further, more or less,
   He should the bearers put to sudden death. Shaksp.

 Deba'ter, de-ba'tur.98 «. *. [from debate]
    A disputant; a controvertist.
 To DEBA'UCH, de-bawtsh'.2« v. a. [des-
    baucher,  Fr. debacchari, Lat.]
 1. To corrupt; to vitiate.
     A man must have got his conscience thoroughly
   debauched and hardened, before he can arrive to the
   height of sin.                           Soufft.
     This it is to counsel things that are unjust; first, to
   debauch a king to break his laws,  and then to seek
   protection.              Dryden's Spanish Friar.
 2. To corrupt with lewdness.
     Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires,
   Men so disorder'd, so debauch'd and bold,
   That this our court, infected with their manners,
   Shews like a riotous inn.       Shaksp. King Lear.
 3. To corrupt by intemperance.
     No man's reason did ever dictate to him, that it
   is reasonable for him to debauch himself by intempe-
   rance and brutish sensuality.            Tillotson.
 Deba'uch,  de-ba.wtsh'.  to.  *.  [from  the
   verb.]
 1. A fit of intemperance.
     He will for some time contain himself within the
   bounds of sobriety; till within a little while he re-
   covers his former debauch, and is well again, and
   then his appetite returns.               Calamy.
 2. Luxury;  excess:  lewdness.
     The first physicians by debauch were made;
   Excess began, and sloth sustains, the trade. Dryden.

 Debauche'e, deb-aw-shee'.  to. s.  [from
   desbauche, Fr.]  A lecher;  a drunkard;
   a  man given to intemperance.
     Could we  but prevail with the greatest debauchees
   amongst us to change their lives, we should find it no
   very hard matter to change their judgments. South.
 Deba'ucher, de-bawtsh'iir.  to. s.  [from
   debauch.]  One who seduces others to
   intemperance or lewdness;  a corrupter.

 Debau'chery, de-bawtsh'iir-re. n.s. [from
   debauch]  The  practice of excess;  in-
   temperance; lewdness.
    Oppose vices by their contrary virtues; hypocrisy
   by sober piety, and debauchery by temperance.
                                        Sp-at.
    These  magistrates, instead of lessening enormi-
   ties, occasion just twice as much debauchery as there
   would be without them.                  Swift.

 Deba'uchment,  de-bawtsh'ment.   n.  a.
   [from debauch.] The act of debauching
   or vitiating; corruption.
    They told them ancient stories of the ravishment
   of chaste maidens, or the debouchment of nations, or
   the extreme poverty of learned persons.    Taylor.
 To DEBE'L, de-bel'.            )
 To DEBE'LLATE,de-bel'late.5  Vm   a'
   [debello, Lat.] To conquer; to overcome
   in  war: not  now  in use.
    It doth notably set forth the consent of all nations
  and ages, in the approbation of the extirpating and
  debellating of giants, monsters, and foreign tyrants,
  not only as lawful, but as meritorious even of divine
  honour.                     Bacon's Holy War.
                  Him long of old
  Thou didst dc&ef, and down from heaven cast
  With all his army.                      Milton.
Debellation, deb-bel-a'shiin. n. s. [from
   debellatio, Lat.]  The act of conquering
   in  war.
Debe'nture, de-ben'tshure to. a. [deben-
   tur, Lat. from debeo.] A writ or note, by
   which  a debt is  claimed.
    You modern wits, should each man bring his claim,
  Have desperate debentures on your fame;
   And little would beleftyou, I'm afraid,
   If all your debts to Greece and Rome were paid.
                                          Swift.
 De'bile,  deb'il.145   adj.   [debilis,   Lat]
    Weak;  feeble; languid;  faint;  without
    strength; imbecile; impotent.
       I have not wash'd my nose that bled,
   Or foil'd some debile wretch, which without note
   There's many else have done.            Shaksp.
 To DEBI'LITATE,  de-bil'e-tate.  v.  a.
   [debilito, Lat.]  To  weaken;  to make
   faint; to enfeeble;  to emasculate.
     In the lust of the eye, the lust of the flesh, and
   the pride of life, they seemed  as weakly to fail as
   their debilitated posterity ever after.
                         Broion's Vulgar Errours.
     The spirits being rendered languid, are incapable
   of purifying the blood, and debilitated in attracting
   nutriment.              Harvey on Consumption.
 Debilita'tion,   de-bil-e-ta'shfin.  to.   s.
   [from debilitatio, Lat.] The act of weak-
   ening.
     The weakness cannot return any thing of strength*
   honour, or safety to the head, but a debilitation and
   ruin.                            King Charles.
 Debi'lity, de-bll'e-te. to.*,  [debilitaa, Lat.]
   Weakness;  feebleness;  languor; faint-
   ness; imbecility.
     Methinks I am partaker of thy passion,
   And in thy case do class mine own-de&ifity-  Sidney.
     Aliment too  vaporous or perspirable will subject
   it to the inconveniences of too strong a perspiration,
   which are debility, faintness, and sometimes sudden
   death.                              Arbuthnot.
 DEBONA'IR, deb-6-nare'.  adj.  [debon-
   naire, French.]  Elegant; civil; well-
   bred; gentle; complaisant.  Obsolete.
     Crying, let be that lady debonair,
   Thou recreant knight,  and soon  thyself prepare
   To battle, if thou mean her love to gain.  Spenser.
     Zephyr met her once a maying;
   Fill'd her with thee, a daughter  fair,
   So buxom,  blithe, and debonair.           Milton.
     The  nature of the one is debonair and accostable;
   of the other, retired and supercilious; the one quick
   and sprightful, the other slow and saturnine.
                           Howel's  Vocal Forest.
     And  she  that  was not only passing fair,
  But was withal discreet and debonair,
  Resolv'd the passive doctrine to fulfil.      Dryden.
Debona'irly,  deb-6-nare'le.  adv.  [from
   debonair] Elegantly; with a genteel air.
DEBT, det.347 to. s.  [debitum, Latin: dette,
   Fr.]
1. 1 hat which  one man owes to another.
    There was one that died greatly in de&f.- Well,
  says one, if he  be gone,  then he hath carried five
  hundred ducats of mine with him into the other
  world.                    Bacon's Apophthegms.
    The  debt of ten thousand talents, which the ser-
  vant owed the king, was no slight ordinary sum.
                            Duppa's Devotions.
    To this great  loss a sea of tears is due;
  But the whole debt not to be paid by you.   Waller.
    Swift, a thousand pounds in debt,
  Takes horse, and in a mighty fret
  Rides day and night.                     Swift.
2.  That  which  any one is obliged  to do or
   suffer.
    Your son, my lord has paid a  soldier's de&f;
  He only liv'd but till he was a man,
  But like a man he died.                 Shaksp,
De'bted,  det'tecl. part,  [from  debt.  To
   Debt is not  found.] Indebted:  obliged
   to.
    Which do amount to three odd ducats more
  Than 1 stand debted to this gentleman.      Shaksp.
De'btor, det'tur.98  to. a. | debi/or, Lat.]
1.  He that owes something to another. 
DEC
DE  C
DEC
    I am a deifor both to the Greeks and to the Bar-
  barians, both to the wise and to the unwise.
                                      Romans.
2. One that owes money.
    I'll bring your latter hazard back again,
  And thankfully rest de&f or fbr the first.     Shaksp.
                If he his ample palm
  Should haply on ill-fated shoulder lay
  Of debtor, straight his body to the touch
  Obsequious, as whilom knights were  wont,
  To some enchanted castle is conveyed.     Philips.
    There died  my father, no man's debtor:
  And there I'll  die, nor worse, not better.    Pope.
    The case of debtors in Rome, for the  first  four
  centuries, was, after the set time for payment, no
  choice but either to pay,  or be the creditor's slave.
                                        Swift.
3. One side of an account book.
    When I look upon the de&for side, I find such in-
  numerable articles, that I want arithmetick to  cast
  nthem up; but when I look upon the creditor's side, I
  find little more than blank paper.        Addison.
DEBULLi'TiON,deb-ul-lish'un. to. a. [debul-
   litio, Latin.]   A bubbling or  seething
   over.                                Diet.
Decacu'minated,    de-ka-ku'me-na-ted.
   adj. [decacuminatua, Latin.]  Having
   the top or  point  cut off.            Diet.
Decade,  dek'ad.629  to. a. [<JVx«;   decas,
   Latin.] The sum often;  a number con-
   taining ten.
    Men were not only out in the number of some
  days, the latitude of a few years, but might be wide
  by whole olympiads, and divers decades of years.
              \         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    We make cycles and periods of years; as decades,
  centuries and  chiliads, chiefly for the.use of com-
  putations in  history, chronology, and astronomy.
                               Holder on Time.
    All rank by  ten; whole decades when they dine,
  Must want a Trojan slave to pour the wine. Pope.
De'cadency, de-ka'den-se.  to.  s.  [deca-
   dence, French.]  Decay; fall.       Diet.
De'cagon,  dek'a-gon.603 to. s. [from b^Ucc,
   ten, and ymi», a corner.]  A plain figure
   in geometry, having ten sides and angles.
DE'oALOGUE,dek'a-l6g.33S to.s. [^exaAeytgN.]
   The ten commandments given by God
   to Moses.
    The commands of God are clearly revealed both
  in the decalogue and other parts of sacred  writ.
                                    Hammond.
To DECA'MP,  de-kamp'. v. n. [decam-
   per, French.]   To shift the camp;  to
   move off.
Deca'mpment, de-kamp'ment. to. s. [from
   decamp.] The act of shifting the  camp.
To DECANT, de-kant'. v.  a.  [decanto,
   Lat. decanter,  Fr.]   To pour off gently
   by inclination.
    Take aquafortis, and dissolve  in it ordinary coin-
  ed silver, and pour the coloured solution into twelve
  times as much  fair water, and then decant or filtrate
  the mixture, that it may be very clear.      Boyle.
    They attend him daily as their chief,
  Decani his wine, and carve his beef.        Swift.
Decanta'tion,  dek-an-ta'shun. to. s. [de-
   cantation, Fr.]  The act of decanting or
   pouring off clear.
Deca'nter,  de-kan'tur.98 to. s. [from de-
   cant.]   A  glass  vessel made for pour-
   ing  off liquor  clear from the lees.
To Deca'fitate, de-kap'e-tate. v.  a. [de-
   capito, Latin.] To behead.
To DECA'Y, de-ka'.220  v. to.  [decheoir,
  Fr. from de and cadere, Latin-] To lose
   excellence; to decline from the state of
   perfection; to be gradually impaired.
             The monarch oak,
  Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
  Supreme in state, and in three more decays.  Dryd.
    The garlands fade, the  vows are worn away;
  So dies her love, and so my hopes decay.     Pope.

To  Deca'y,  de-ka'. v. a.  To impair; to
   bring to decay.
    Infirmity, that decays the wise,  doth ever make
  better the fool.                    Shakspeare.
    Cut off a stock of a tree, and lay that which you
  cut off to  putrefy, to see  whether  it will decay the
  rest of the stock.                       Bacon.
    He was of a very small and decayed fortune, and
  of no good education.                Clarendon.
    Decay'd by time and wars, they only prove
  Their former beauty by your former love.  Dryden.
    In Spain our springs, like old men's children, be
  Decayed and wither'd from their infancy.  Dryden.
    It  is so ordered, that almost every thing which
  corrupts the soul decays the body.        Addison.
Deca'y, de-ka'. to. a. [from the  verb.]
1. Decline from  the  state of perfection;
   state of depravation or diminution.
    What comfort to this great decay may come,
  Shall be applied.                    Shakspeare.
    She has been a fine lady, and paints and hides her
  decays very well.                    Ben  Jonson.
    And those decays, to speak the naked truth,
  Through the defects of age, were crimes of youth.
                                     Denham.
    By reason of the tenacity of fluids,  and attrition
  of their parts,  and the weakness of elasticity in so-
  lids, motion is much more apt to be lost than  got,
  and is always upon the decay.           Newton.
    Each may feel increases and decays,
  And see now clearer and now darker days.   Pope.
    Taught,  half by reason, half by mere decay,
  To welcome death, and calmly pass away.   Pope.
2. The effects  of diminution; the  marks
   of decay.
    They think,  toat whatever is called old must have
  the decay of time upon it, and truth too were liable
  to mould and rottenness.                 Locke.
3. Declension from prosperity.
    And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in
  decay with  thee, then thou shalt  relieve him.
                                    Leviticus.
            I am the very man
  That from your first of difference and, decay,
  Have follow'd  your sad steps.       '  Shakspeare.
4. The cause of decline.
    He that seeketh to be eminent amongst able men,
  hath  a great task; but that is ever good forthe pub-
  lick:  but he that plots to  be the only figure among
  cyphers, is  the decay of a  whole age.       Bacon.
Deca'yer, de-ka'fir.98 «. a. [from decay.]
   That which causes  decay.
    Your water  is a sore decayer of your whoreson
  dead  body.                         Shakspeare.
DEGE'ASE, de-sese'.23?  to. a.  [deceaaus,
   Lat.] Death; departure from  life.
    Lands are by human law, in some places,  after
  the owner's decease, divided unto all his children; in
  some, all descendeth to the eldest son.    Hooker.
To  Dece'ase, de-sese'.  v.  n.  [decedo,
   Latin.]  To die;  to depart from life.
    He tells us Arthur is deceas'd to-night.   Shaksp.
                You shall die
  Twice now, where others that mortality
  In her fair arms holds, shall but once decease.
                                    Chapman.
    His latest victories still  thickest came,
  As, near the centre, motion doth increase;
    Till he, press'd down by his own weighty name,
  Did like the vestal under spoils decease.  Dryden.
DECETT,  de-sete'.2fi°  n. ,.  [deceptio,
   Latin.]
I. Fraud; a cheat; a fallacy;  any practice
  by which falsehood is made to pass  for
  truth.
    My lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue
  utter deceit.                               Job.
2. Stratagem;  artifice.
            His demand
  Springs not from Edward's well-meant honest love,
  But from deceit  bred by necessity.         Shaksp.
3. [In law.]    A  subtile wily shift or de-
   vice; all manner of craft, subtilty, guile,
  fraud,  wiliness,  sleightness,  cunning,
   covin, collusion,  practice, and offence,
   used to  deceive  another man  by any
  means, which  hath no other proper or
  particular name but offence.    Cowell.

Dece'itful, de-sete'ful. adj. [deceit  and
  full.] Fraudulent; full of deceit.
            I grant him bloody,
  Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful.     Shaksp.
    The lovely young Lavinia once had friends,
  And fortune smil'd, deceitful, on her birth. Thomson,
Dece'itfully,  de-sete'ful-e.  adv. [from
  deceitful.] Fraudulently; with deceit.
    Exercise of form may be deceitfully dispatched of
  course.                               JFbffon.
DECE'iTFULNEss,de-sete'ful-nes.TO.*.[from
  deceitful.]   The quality of being frau-
  dulent; tendency to deceive.
    The care  of  this world, and the deceitfulness of
  riches, choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful.
                                     Matthew.
Dece'ivable, de-se'va-bl. adj.  [from de-
  ceive.]
1. Subject to fraud; exposed to imposture.
    Man was not only deceivable in his integrity: but
  the angels of light in all their clarity.      Brown.
    How would you use me now, blind, and thereby
  Deceivable, in most things as a child
  Helpless?  hence easily contemned and scorn'd,
  And last neglected.                      Milton.
2. Subject to produce errour; deceitful.
    It is good to consider of deformity, not as a sign,
  which is more deceivable, but as a cause which sel-
  dom faileth of the effect.                Bacon,
    He received  nothing but fair promises, which
  proved deceivable.                    Hayward.
            O everfailing trust
  In mortal strength!  and oh, what not in man
  Deceivable and vain?                    Milton.
Dece'ivableness,  de-se'va-bl-n£s. to. s.
  [from deceivable.] Liableness to be de-
  ceived, or to deceive.
    He that has a great patron, has the advantage of
  his negligence and deceivableness.  Gov- of Tongue.
To  DECETVE, de-seve'.as0 v. a. [decipio,
  Latin.]
1. To cause to mistake;  to bring  into er-
  rour; to impose  upon.
    Some have been deceived into an opinion,  that
  there was a  divine right of primogeniture to both
  estate and power.                       Locke.
2. To delude by  stratagem.
3. To  cut off from expectation: with  of
  before the thing.
    The Turkish general, deceived of his expectation,
  withdrew his fleet twelve miles off.        Knolles.
                I now believ'd
  The happy day  approach'd, nor are my hopes de-
        ceiv'd.                         Dryden.
4. To mock; to fail.
    They rais'd a feeble cry with trembling notes,
  But the weak voice deceiv'd their gasping throats.
                                      Dryden.
5. To deprive  by fraud or stealth.
    Wine is to be forborne in consumptions, for that
  the spirits of  the wine prey on the viscid juice of 
DEC
DE  C
DE  C
   the body, intercommon with toe spirits of the body,
   and so deceive and rob them of their nourishment.
                                        JSacon.
     Plant fruit-trees in large borders, and set therein
   fine flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they deceive
   the trees.                              Bacon.
 Dece'iver, de-se'v&r. to. s. [from deceive.]
   One that  leads  another into  errour; a
   cheat.
     Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more;
   Men were deceivers ever:
     One foot in sea, and one on shore;
   To one thing constant never.          Shakspeare.
     As for Perkin's dismission out of France, they in-
   terpreted it not as if he were detected for  a coun-
   terfeit deceiver.                         Bacon.
     Those voices, actions, or gestures which men have
   not by any compact agreed to  make the instruments
   of conveying their thoughts -one to another, are  not
   the  proper instruments of deceiving, so as to  de-
   nominate the person using them a liar or deceiver.
                                        South.
     It is to be admired how any deceiver can be so
   weak to foretel things near at hand^when a very
   few months must of necessity discover the imposture.
                                        Swift.
     Adieu the heart-expanding  bowl,
   And all the kind deceivers of  the soul.      Pope.
 Dece'mber, de-sem'bur.98 n.s.[december,
    Lat.]   The last month of the  year; but
    named  December, or the  tenth month,
    when the year began in March.
     Men are  April, when they woo, and December
   when they wed.                    Shakspeare.
             What should  we  speak of
   When we are old as you? When we shall hear
   The rain and wind beat dark December.   Shaksp.
 DECE'MPEnAL, de-sem'pe-dal. adj. [from
   decempeda, Lat.]  Ten feet in  length.
                                        Diet.
 Dece'mvirate,  de-sem've-rate.91   to.  *.
   [decemviratus, Lat]   The dignity and
   office of the ten  governours of Rome,
   who were appointed to rule the com-
   monwealth instead of consuls:  their au-
   thority subsisted only two years.   Any
   body of ten men.
 DE'CENCE, de'sense.  £  n.  s. [decence,
 DE'CENCY, de'sen-se. $  French; decet,
   Latin.]
 1. Propriety  of form;  proper formality;
   becoming ceremony: decence is seldom
   used.
     Those thousand decencies, that daily flow
   From all her words and  actions.          Milton.
     In good works there may be goodness in the ge-
   neral : but decence and gracefulness  can be only in
   the particulars in doing the good.          Sprat.
     Were toe offices of religion stript of all the ex-
   ternal decencies of worship, they would not make a
   due impression on the minds of those who assist at
   them.                             Atterbury.
    She speaksf behaves, and acts just as she ought;
   But never, never reach'd one gen'rous thought:
   Virtue she finds too painful an endeavour,
   Content to dwell in decencies for ever.       Pope.
2.  Suitableness to character; propriety.
    And must I own, she said, my secret smart,
  What with more decence were in silence kept.
                                      Dryden.
    The consideration immediately subsequent to the
  being of a thing; is what agrees or  disagrees with
  that thing;  what is suitable or unsuitable to it; and
  from  this springs the notion of decency or indecency,
  that which becomes or misbecomes.         SottfA.
    Sentiments which raise laughter, can very seldom
  be admitted with any decency into an heroick poem.
                                     Addison.
3.  Modesty; not ribaldry; not obscenity.
       VOL. I.
    Immodest words admit of no defence;
  For want of decency is want of sense.       Pope.
 Dece'nnial, de-sen'ne-al.113 adj.  [from
   decennium, Lat.]   What  continues for
   the space of ten  years.
 Decenno'val,   de-sen-6'val.   }     adj.
 Decenno'vary, de-sdn-6'va-re. £  [decern
   and novem, Lat.]  Relating to the num-
   ber nineteen.
    Meton, of old, in the  time of the Peloponnesian
  war, constituted a decennoval circle,  or of nineteen
  years; the same which we now call the golden num-
  ber.                                 Holder.
    Seven months are retrenched in  this whole deceiv-
  novary progress ofthe epacts, to reduce the accounts
  of her motion and place to those of the sun.  Holder.

 De'cent, de'sent. adj. [decens, Latin.]
 1. Becoming; fit; suitable.
    Since there must be ornaments both in painting
  and poetry, if they are not necessary, they must at
  least be decent; that is, in their due place, and but
  moderately used.                      Diyden.
 2. Grave; not gaudy; not ostentatious.
    Come, pensive nun, devout and  pure,
  Sober, stedfast, and demure,
  All in a robe of darkest grain
  Flowing with majestic train,
  And sable stole of Cyprus lawn
  O'er the decent shoulders drawn.          Milton.
 3. Not wanton;  not immodest.
 DE/cENTLY,de'sent-le.fldx'.[fromcie>cc?TO£.]
 1. In a  proper  manner;  with suitable be-
   haviour;  without meanness or ostenta-
   tion.
    They could not decently refuse assistance to a per-
  son, who had punished those who had insulted their
  relation.                            Broome.
    Perform'd what friendship, justice, truth require;
  What could he more, but decently  retire?    Swift,
 2. Without immodesty.
    Past hope of safety, 'twas his latest care,
  Like falling Caesar, decently to die.      Dryden.
 Deceptibi'lity, de-sep-te-bil'e-te.  to. s.
   [from deceit.] Liableness to  be deceiv-
   ed.
    Some errours are so fleshed in us, that they main-
  tain their interest upon the deceptability of our de-
  cayed nature.                       Glanville,

Dece'ptible,  de-sep'te-bl.405  adj. [from
   deceit] Liable to be deceived; open to
  imposture; subject to fraud.
    The first and father cause of common errour, is
  the common infirmity  of human nature; of whose
  deceptible condition, perhaps, there should not need
  any other eviction, than the frequent errours we shall
  ourselves commit.                      Brown.

Dece'ption, de-sep'shun. to. s. [deceptio,
  Latin.]
 I. The act or means of deceiving; cheat;
  fraud; fallacy.
    Being thus divided from truth in themselves, they
  are yet farther removed by advenient deception.
                                      Brown
    All  deception  is a misapplying of those signs,
  which, by compact or institution, were  made the
  means  of  men's signifying  or  conveying their
  thoughts.                              South.
2. The state of being deceived.
          Reason, not impossibly, may meet
  Some specious object by the foe suborn'd,
  And fall into deception unaware.          Milton.

Dece'ptious, de-sep'shils.314  adj.  [from
  deceit.] Deceitful; apt to  deceive.
    Yet there is a credence in my heart,
  That doth invert th' attest of eyes  and ears;
  As if those organs had deceptions functions,
  Created only to calumniate.          Shakspeare.
                   3q
 Dece'ptive, de-sep'tiv.1"7 adj. [from  de-
   ceit.]   Having the power of deceiving
                                       Diet.
 Dece'ptory, des'ep-tiir-e. adj.  [from  de-
   ceit.] Containing means of deceit. Diet.
 DECE'RPT, de-serpt'.  adj.  [deccrptus,
   Lat.] Cropped; taken off.         Diet.
 Dece'rptible,  de-serp'ie-bl. adj. [decer-
   po, Lat.] That may be taken off. Diet.
 Dece'rption, de-serp'shfin.  n. s. [from
   decerpt.] The act of  cropping or tak-
   ing off.                             Diet.
 Decerta'tion,  de-ser-ta'sluln. to. a.  [de-
   certatio, Lat.]  A contention; a  striving;
   a dispute.                          Diet.
 Dece'ssion,  de-sesh'un.  to. a. [decessio,
   Latin.]  A departure; a going away.
                                       Diet.
 To Decha'rm,  de'tsharm'. v.  a.  [dechar-
   mer, Fr.]  To  counteract  a  charm; to
   disenchant.
    Notwithstanding the help of physick, he was sud-
  denly cured by decharming the witchcraft. Harvey.
 To  DECI'DE,  de-side',  v.  a.  [decido,
   Latin.]
 1. To fix the  event of; to determine.
    The day approach'd when fortune  should decide
  Th' important enterprise, and give the bride. Dryd.
2. To determine a question or dispute.
    In counsel oft, and oft in battle tried,
  Betwixt thy master and the world decide. Granville.
    Who shall decide, when doctors disagree,
  And soundest casuists doubt?              Pope.
 De'cidence, des'se-dense.603 to. a. [deci-
   dentia, Latin.]
 1. The quality of being shed, or of falling
   off.
 2.  The act  of falling away.
    Men observing the decidence of their horn, do  fall
  upon toe conceit that it annually rotteth away,  and
  successively reneweth again.             Brown.
 Deci'der, de-si'diir.98 to. 8. [from decide.]
 1. One who determines causes.
    I cannot think that a jester or a monkey, a droll
  or a puppet, can be proper judges or deciders of con-
  troversy.                               Watts.
    The man is no ill decider in common cases of pro-
  perty, where party is out of the question.   Swift-
2. One who determines quarrels.
DECI'DUOUS, de-sld'u-us  or de-sid'ju-
   iis.293 adj. [deciduus, Latin.] Falling; not
   perennial; not lasting through the year.
    In botany, the perianthium, or calyx, is deciduous,
  with the flower.                       Quincyi
Deci'duousness, de-sid'u-us-nes. to.  a.
   [from deciduous.]  Aptness to fall; qua-
   lity of fading once a year.
 De'cimal, des'e-ma.1. adj.[decimus, Lat.]
   Numbered  by ten; multiplied by ten.
    In the way we take now to name numbers by mil-
  lions of millions of millions, it is hard to go beyond
  eighteen, or, at most, four  and twenty decimal pro-
  gressions, without confusion.             Locke.
 To DE'CIMATE, des'e-mate. v. a. [de-
   cimus, Latin.]   To  tithe,  to  take the
   tenth.
Decima'tion, d^s-se-ma'shiln.  to. s. [from
   decimate]
 1. A tithing; a selection of every  tenth by
   lot or otherwise.
 2. A  selection by lot of  every tenth sol-
   dier, in a general mutiny,  for punish-
   ment. 
DEC
DEC
DEC
    By decimation and a tithed death,
  Take thou toe destin'd tenth.            Shaksp.
    A decimation I will strictlj make
  Of all who my Charinus did forsake;
  And of each legion each centurion shall die. Dryd.
To DECI'PHER, de-si'fur. v. a. [dechiff-
  rer,  Fr.]
1. To  explain that which  is  written  in
  ciphers: this is  the  common use.
    Zelmane, that had  the same  character in her
  heart, could easily decipher it.            Sidney.
    Assurance is writ in a private character, not to be
  read,  nor  understood,  but  by the  conscience, to
  which the spirit of God has vouchsafed to decipher
  it.                                   SottfA.
2. To  unfold; to  unravel; to  explain: as,
   to decipher an ambiguoua speech.
3. To write out; to mark  down in charac-
   ters.
    Could I  give you a lively representation of guilt
  and horrour on this hand,  and paint out eternal
  wrath and decipher eternal vengeance on the other,
  then  might I shew you toe condition of a  sinner
  hearing himself denied by Christ.        SoufA.
    Then were  laws  of necessity  invented, that so
  every particular subject  might find his  principal
  pleasure deciphered  unto him, in the tables of  his
  laws.                                 Locke.
4. To stamp;  to characterise;  to mark.
            You are both decipher'd
  For villains mark'd with rape.           Shaksp.

Decipherer, de-si'fur-iir. to.  s. [deci-
  pher.]   One who explains  writings  in
   cipher.
DEci'siON,de-sizh'iin. to. a. [from  decide.]
1.  Determination of a difference, or  of a
   doubt.
            Tbe time approaches,
  That will with due decision make  us know
  What we shall say we have, and what we owe.
                                   Shakspeare.
            Pleasure and revenge
  Have ears more deaf than adders to the voice
  Of any true decision.                  Shaksp.
    The number of the undertakers, the  worth of
  some of them, and their zeal to bring the matter to
  a decision, are  sure arguments of the dignity and
  importance of it.                    Woodward.
    War is a direct appeal to God  for the decision of
  some dispute, which can by no other means be  de-
  termined.                           Atterbury.
2. Determination of an  event.
    Their arms are to the last decision bent,
  And fortune labours with the vast event.  Dryden.
3. It is used  in  Scotland  for a narrative,
   or  reports  of  the  proceedings of the
   court of session there.
Deci'sive, de-si'siv.lfi8  *28 adj.  [from de-
   cide.]
1. Having the power of determining any
   difference;  conclusive.
    Such a reflection, though it carries nothing per-
  fectly decisive in it, yet creates a mighty confidence
  in his breast, and strengthens him much in his opin-
  ion.                                Atterbury.
    This they are ready to look upon as a determina-
  tion on their side, and decisive of the controversy  be-
  tween vice and virtue.                  Rogers.
2. Having the power of settling any event.
                   For on to' event
  Decisive of this bloody day, depends
  The fate of kingdoms.                 Philips.
Decisively, de-si'siv-16. adv.  [from de-
   cisive.]  In a conclusive manner.
Deci'siveness,  de-si'siv-n^s.  to. s. [from
   decisive.]    The power of argument  or
  evidence lo terminate any difference,
  or settle an  event.
Deci'sory,  de-si'so-re.429 adj. [from de-
   cide.]  Able to determine or decide.
To Deck, dek. v. a. [decken, Dutch.]
I. To cover;  to overspread.
    Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise
  From hill or steaming lake, dusky or grey,
  In honour to the world's great Author, rise!
  Whether to deck with clouds to' uncolour'd sky,
  Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers,
  Rising or falling, still advance his praise.   Milton.
2. To dress; to array.
    Sweet ornament! that decks a thing divine. Shak.
    Long may'st thou live to wail thy children's loss,
  And see another, as I see thee now,
  Deck'd in  thy rights, as thou art stall'd in mine.
                                  Shakspeare.
    She sets to work millions of spinning worms,
  That in their green shops weave the smooth-hair'd
        silk,
  To deck her sons.                      Milton.
3. To adorn;  to embellish.
    But direful, deadly black, both leaf and bloom,
  Fit to adorn the dead, and deck the dreary tomb.
                                      Spenser.
    Now  the dew wito spangles deck'd the ground,
  A sweeter spot of earth was never found.  Dryden.
    The god shall to his vot'ries tell
  Each conscious tear, each blushing grace,
  That deck'd dear Eloisa's face.            Prior.
Deck, dek. to. s. [from the verb.]
1. The  floor of a ship.
                Her keel plows hell,
  And deck knocks heaven.            Ben Jonson.
    We have also raised our second decks, and given
  more vent thereby to our ordnance, trying on our
  nether overloop.                      Raleigh.
    If any,  born and bred under deck, had no other
  information but what sense affords,  he would be of
  opinion  that the ship was as stable as a house.
                                    Gfantnffe.
    On high rais'd decks  the haughty Belgians ride,
  Beneath whose shade our humble frigates go. Dryd.
    At sun-set to their ship they make return,
  And snore secure on decks till rosy morn.  Dryden.
2. Pack  of cards  piled  regularly on each
   other.
    Besides gems, many other sorts of stones are re-
  gularly figured: the amianthus, of parallel threads,
  as in the pile of velvet; and the selenites, of paral-
  lel plates, as in a deck of cards.           Grew.
De'cker, dek'kiir. to. s. [from deck.]   A
   dresser; one that  apparels or adorns; a
   coverer, as a table-decker.
To DECLA'IM, de-klame'.  v.  to.  [de-
   clamo, Latin.]  To  harangue; to speak
   to the passions; to rhetoricate; to speak
   set orations.
    What are his mischiefs, consul ? You declaim
  Against his manners, and corrupt your own.
                                  JSen Jonson.
    The splendid declaimings of novices and men of
  heat.                                 SoufA.
    It is usual for masters to make their boys declaim
  on both sides of an argument.             Swift.
    Dress up all the virtues in the beauties of orato-
  ry, and  decfaim aloud on toe praise of goodness.
                                       Watts.
Decla'imer, de-kla'milr. to. s. [from  de-
   claim.]  One who  makes  speeches with
   intent to move the passions.
    Your Salamander is a perpetual declaimer against
  jealousy.                            Addison.
Declama'tion,   dek-kla-ma'shiln.  to.  s.
   [declamatio, Lat.]' A discourse address-
   ed  to  the  passions;  an  harangue; a set
   speech; a piece of rhetorick.
    The cause why declamations prevail so greatly, is,
  for toat men suffer themselves to be deluded. Hooker.
    Thou mayest forgive his anger, while thou makest
  use of the plainness of his declamation.     Taylor.
Declama'tor, dek-kla-ma'tur. n. s. [Lat.]
   A declaimer;  an orator; a rhetorician:
   seldom used.
    Who could, I say, hear this generous declamator,
  without being fired at his noble  zeal.       Tatler.
Declaratory,  de-klam'ma-tur-e.  adj.
   [declamatorius, Latin.]
I. Relating to the practice of declaiming;
   pertaining to  declamation;  treated  in
   the  manner of a rhetorician.
    This awhile suspended his interment, and became
  a declamatory theme amongst the religious men of
  that age.                             Wotton.
2. Appealing  to the passions.
    He has run himself into his own declamatory way,
  and almost forgotten that he  was now setting up far
  a moral poet.                         Diyden.
Decla'rable, de-kla'ra-bl. adj. [from de-
   clare.]  Capable of proof.
    This is declarable from  the best writers.  Brown.
Declaration,   dgk-kla-ra'shun.  «.  s.
   [from declare.]
1. A  proclamation  or affirmation;  open
   expression;  publication.
    His promises are nothing  else but  declarations,
  what God will do for the good of men.    Hooker.
    Though wit and learning are certain and habitu-
  al  perfections of the mind, yet the declaration of
  them, which alone brings toe  repute, is subject to a
  thousand hazards.                       SoufA.
    There are no where so plain and full declarations
  of mercy and love to the sons of men, as are made
  in the gospel.                       Tillotson.
2. An explanation of something doubtful.
   Obsolete.
3. [In  law.] Declaration  (declaratio)  is
   properly the shewing  forth,  or  laying
   out, of  an action  personal in any suit,
   though it is  used sometimes for  both
   personal and real actions.       Cowell.
Declarative, de-klar'a-tiv.157 adj. [from
   declare.]
1. Making declaration; explanatory.
    The names of things should be always taken from
  something observably declarative of their  form or
  nature.                               Grew.
2. Making proclamation.
    To this we may add the vox populi, so declarative
  on the same side.                       Swiff,
Decla'ratorily, de-klar'a-tur-e-le. adv.
   [from declaratory.] In the form of a de-
   claration; not in a decretory form.
    Andreas Aleiatus the civilian, and Franciscus de
  Cordua, have both declaratorily confirmed the same.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Declaratory,  de-klar'a-tilr-e.613  adj.
   [from declare.] Affirmative; expressive;
   not decretory;  not promissory, but ex-
   pressing something before promised or
   decreed. Thus, a declaratory law, is  a
   new act confirming a  former law.
     These blessings  are not only declaratory of the
  good pleasure and intention of God towards them,
  but likewise ofthe natural tendency of the thing.
                                     Tiffofson.
To DECLA'RE, de-klare'. v. a. [declaro,
   Latin.]
1. To clear; to free  from  obscurity. Not
   in use.
     To declare this a little,  we must assume that the
  surfaces of such bodies are exactly smooth.   Boyle.
2. To make known; to  tell evidently and
   openly.
     It hath been  declared unto me of you, that there
   are contentions  among you.               1 Cor.
         The sun by certain signs declares 
DEC
DE  C
DEC
   Both when the south projects a stormy day,
   And when the clearing north will puff the  clouds
       away.                    Dryden's Virgil.
 3. To publish; to proclaim.
     Declare his glory among the heathen.  1 Chron.
 4. To show in open view; to show an opi-
    nion in plain terms.
     In Cesar's army somewhat  the soldiers  would
   have had, yet they would not declare toemselves in
   it, but only demanded a discharge.        Bacon.
     We are a considerable body, who, upon a proper
   occasion, would not fail to declare ourselves. Addis.
 To Decla're, de-klare'. v. to. To make a
    declaration;  to proclaim some resolution
    or  opinion,   or favour or  opposition:
    with for or against.
     The internal faculties of will and understanding
   decreeing and declaring against them.     Taylor.
     God is said not to have left himself without wit-
   ness in the world, there being something fixed in the
   nature of men, that will be sure to testify and de-
   clare for him.                 South's Sermons.
     Like fawning courtiers, for success they wait;
   And then come smiling, and declare for fate.   Dry.
 Decla'rement, de-klare'ment. to. s. [from
    declare.]  Discovery;  declaration; testi-
    mony.
     Crystal will calefy into electricity; that is, into
   a power to attract straws, or light bodies; and con-
   vert the needle  freely placed, which is  a declare-
   ment of very different parts.             Brown.
 Decla'rer, de-kla'rur.98  n. s. [from de-
    clare]  A  proclaimer; one that makes
    any thing  known.
 Decle'nsion, de-klen'shun. to. s. [declina-
    tio, Latin.]
 1. Tendency from a greater to a  less de-
    gree of excellence.
     A beauty-waning and distressed widow,
   Ev'n in the afternoon of her best days,
   Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his thoughts,
   To base declension.       Shakspeare's Richard III.
     Take the picture of a man in  the greenness and
   vivacity of his youth, and in the latter date and de-
   clension of his drooping years, and you will scarce
   know it to belong to the same person.      South.
 2. Declination; descent.
     We may reasonably  allow  as  much for the de-
   clension of the land from that place to the sea, as
-   for the immediate height of the mountain.
                               Burnet's Theory.
 3. Inflection; manner of changing nouns.
     Declension is only the variation or change  of the
   termination of a noun, whilst it continues to signify
   toe same thing.         Clarke's Latin Grammar.
 Decli'nable, de-kli'na-bl.406  adj. [from
    decline]   Having variety of termina-
   tions; as, a declinable noun.
 Declina'tion, dek-kle-na'shfin. to. s. [de-
   clinatio, Latin.]
 1. Descent;  change from  a better  to a
   worse state; diminution of vigour; decay.
    The queen, hearing of toe declination of a mo-
   narchy, took it so ill, as she would never after hear
   of his suit.                            Bacon.
     Two general motions all animations have, that is,
   their beginning and increase; and two more, that is,
   their state and declination.              Brown.
     Hope waits upon the flow'ry prime;
   And summer,  though it be less gay,
     Yet is not look'd on as a time
   Of declination or decay.                 Waller.
2. The act of bending down; as, a declina-
   tion of the head.
3. Variation from rectitude; oblique  uio-
   tion;  obliquity.
    Supposing there were a declination of atoms, yet
   will it not effect what they intend; for then they do
  all decline, and so there will be no more concourse
  than if they did perpendicularly descend.     Ray.
    This declination of atoms in their descent, was it-
  self either necessary or voluntary.  _      Bentley.
4. Deviation from moral rectitude.
    That a peccant creature should disapprove and
  repent of every  declination and violation ofthe rules
  of just and honest,  this  right  reason,  discoursing
  upon toe stock of its own principles, could not but
  infer.                         South's Sermons.
5. Variation  from  a fixed  point.
    There is no declination of latitude, nor variation
  of the elevation of the pole, notwithstanding what
  some have asserted.                  Woodward.
6. [In navigation.]  The variation of  the
   needle  from the direction of north and
   south.
7. [In astronomy.]  The  declination of  a
   star, we call its shortest distance from
   the equator.                     Brown.
8. [In grammar.]   The declension or in-
   flection of a noun  through its various
   terminations.
9. Declination of a Plane,  [in dialling.]
   The arch ofthe horizon, comprehended
   either between the  plane and the prime
   vertical circle,  if accounted  from   the
   east or west; or else between the meri-
   dian and the plane, if accounted from
   the north or south.               Harris.
Declina'tor, dek-le-na't&r.621 ~)   to.   s.
Decli'natory, de-klin'a-tur-e. 5   [from
   decline.] An instrument in  dialling, by
   which the declination, reclination,  and
   inclination of planes are determined.
                                  Chambers.
    There  are  several ways  to know  the several
  planes; but the  readiest is by an instrument called
  a declinatory,  fitted to the variation of your place.
                                      Moxon.
To DECLI'NE, de-kline'. v.  to. [declino,
   Latin.]
I. To lean downward.
    And then with kind embraces, tempting kisses,
  And with  declining head into his bosom,
  Bid him shed  tears, as being overjoy'd.    Shaksp.
2. To deviate; to run  into  obliquities.
    Neither shalt thou speak in a cause to decline af-
  ter many, to wrest judgment.            Exodus.

3. To shun; to avoid to do any thing.
4. To sink; to  be impaired; to decay. Op-
   posed to improvement or  exaltation.
    Sons  at perfect age, and fathers declining, the
  father should be as a ward to the son.     Shaksp.
    They'll be by th' fire, and presume to know
  What's done i' to' capital; who's like to rise,
  Who thrives, and whodecfines.           Shaksp.
    Sometimes  nations will decline so low
  From virtue, which is reason, that no wrong,
  But justice, and some fatal curse annex'd,
  Deprives them of their outward liberty.   Milton.
            That empire  must decline,
  Whose chief support and sinews  are of coin. Waller,
    And nature, which all acts of life designs,
  Not like ill poets, in  the last declines.    Denham.
    Thus then my lov'd Euryalus appears;
  He looks the prop of my declining years!  Dryden.
            Autumnal warmth declines;
  Ere heat is quite decay'd, or cold begun.  Dryden.
    Faith and morality are  declined among us. Swiff.
    God, in his wisdom, hath been pleased to load our
  declining years with many sufferings, with  diseases,
  and decays of nature.                   Swift.
To Decli'ne,  de-kline'. v.  a.
1. To bend downward; to bring down.
   And now fair Phoebus 'gan decline in haste
  His weary waggon to the western vale.    Spenser.
   And leaves  the semblance of  a lover, fixt
                   3q2
  In melancholy deep, with head declin'd,
  And love-dejected eyes.               Thomson.
2. To shun; to avoid; to refuse; to be cau-
   tious of.
     He had wisely declined that argument, though in
  their common sermons toey gave it.    Clarendon.
     Since the muses do invoke my pow'r,
  I shall no more decline that sacred bow'r,
  Where Gloriana, their great mistress, lies. Waller.
     Though I the business did decline,
  Yet I contriv'd the whole design,
  And sent them their petition.            Denham.
     If it should be said that minute bodies are indis-
  soluble, because it is toeir nature to be so, that would
  not be to render a reason ofthe thing proposed, but,
  in effect, to decline rendering any.          Boyle.
     Could Caroline have been captivated with the
  glories of this world, she had them  all laid before
  her; but she generously declined them, because she
  saw the  acceptance of them was inconsistent with
  religion.                             Addison.
    Whatever they judged to be most agreeable or dis-
  agreeable, they would pursue or decline.  Atterbury.
3. To modify a word by various termina-
   tions;  to inflect.
    You decline musa and construe Latin, by the help
  of a tutor, or with some English translation.  Watts.
Decli'ne, de-kline'. to. s. [from the verb.]
   The state of tendency to the less or the
   worse; diminution; decay. Contrary to
   increase, improvement,  or elevation.
    Thy rise of fortune did I  only wed,
  From its decline determin'd to recede.      Prior.
    Those fathers lived in the decline of literature.
                                        Swift.
DECLI'VITY, de-kliv'e-te.s" to. s. [de-
  clivis,  Latin.]  Inclination  or obliquity
  reckoned  downward;  gradual descent,
  not precipitous  or perpendicular;  the
   contrary to acclivity.
    Rivers will not flow unless  upon declivity, and
  their sources be raised above the  earth's ordinary
  surface,  so that they may run upon a descent.
                                   Woodward.
    I found myself within my depth; and the declivity
  was so small, that I walked near a mile before I got
  to the shore.                 Gulliver's Travels.
Decli'vous,  de-kli'vo-s.603  adj. [declivis,
   Latin.] Gradually descending;  not  pre-
   cipitous;  not perpendicularly  sinking;
   contrary to acclivous; moderately steep.
To DECO'CT, de-kokt'.  v. a. [decoquo,
   decoctum, Latin.]
I. To prepare by boiling for any use; to
   digest in hot water.
    Sena loseth its windiness by decoding; and subtile
  or windy spirits are taken off by incension or evapo-
  ration.                                Bacon.
2. To digest by the heat of the  stomach.
    There she decocts, and doth the food prepare;
  There she distributes it to ev'ry vein;
  There she expels what she may fitly spare.  Davies.
3. To boil in  water,  so as  to draw  the
   strength or  virtue of  any thing.
    The longer malt  or  herbs are decocted in liquor,
  the clearer it is.                       Bacon.
4. To boil up to a consistence; to strength-
   en or  invigorate  by  boiling: this  is no
   proper use.
    Can sodden water, their barley broth,
  Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat. Shaks.
DEco'cTinLE,de-k6k'te-bl. adj. [from de-
   coct.]  That maybe boiled, or prepared
  by boiling.                           Diet.
Deco'ction, de-kok'shdn. n. s. [decoctum,
  Lat.]
1. The act of boiling any thing, to extract
   its virtues. 
                 DEC

   "In infusion the longer it is, the greater is the part
  ofthe gross body that goeth into the  liquor; but in
  decoction though more goeth forth, yet it either pur-
  geth at the top, or settleth at the bottom.   Bacon.
    The lineaments of a white lily will remain  after
  the strongest decoction.               Arbuthnot.

2. A preparation made by boiling in water.
    They distil their husband's land
  In decoctions; and are mann'd
  With ten emp'rics, in their chamber
  Lying for the spirit of amber.        J5en Jonson.
  '  If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor
  is called toe decoction of the plant.     Arbuthnot.
Deco'cture, de-kok'tshure.461 to. s. [from
   decoct.]  A substance drawn by decoc-
   tion.
Decolla'tion, dek-kol-la'shfin. to.  s. [de-
   collation Lat.] The  act of beheading.
    He, by a decollation of all  hope, annihilated his
  mercy: this, by an immoderancy thereof, destroyed
  his justice.                            Brown.

DEoo.vipo'siTE,de-k6m-p6z'it.154 adj. [de-
   compositus,  Lat.]  Compounded a se-
   cond time; compounded with things al-
   ready  composite.
    Decomposites of three  metals, or more, are too
  long to inquire of, except there be some  composi-
  tions of them already observed.           Bacon.
Decomposition,  de-kom-po-zish'un. to. s.
   [decompusitus,   Lat.] The act of com-
   pounding things already compounded.
    We consider what happens in toe compositions
  and decompositions of saline particles.      Boyle.

To  DECOMPO'UND,  de-kom-pound'.
   v. a. [decompono, Latin.]
1. To  compose of things  already  com-
   pounded;  to compound  a  second time;
   to form by a second composition.
    Nature herself doth in the bowels of the  earth
  make decompounded  bodies, as we  see in vitriol,
  cinnabar, and even in sulphur itself.        Boyle.
    When a word stands for a very complex idea, toat
  is compounded and decompounded, it is not easy for
  men to form and retain that idea exactly.   Locke.
    If the violet, blue, and green be intercepted, the
  remaining yellow, orange,  and red will compound
  upon the paper  an  orange; and then, if the inter-
   cepted colours be let  pass, they will fall upon this
   compounded orange, and together with it, decom-
  pound a white.                       .Aewfon.
2. To resolve a  compound into  simple
   parts.    This is a sense that  has of late
   crept  irregularly into chymical books.
Decomfo'und, de-kom-pdund'. adj. [from
   the verb.] Composed of things or words
   already compounded; compounded  a se-
   cond time.
    The pretended salts and sulphur are so far from
  being elementary parts extracted out of the body of
  mercury, that they are rather, to borrow a term of
  the grammarians, decompound bodies, made up of
  the whole metal and the menstruum, or other addita-
  ments employed to disguise it.            Boyle
    Nobody should use any compound or decompound
  of the substantial verbs.      Arbuthnot and Pope.

De'corament, dek'ko-ra-mdnt. to. s. [from
  decorate.] Ornament;  embellishment.
                                        Diet.
To  DE'CORATE,  dek'ko-rate." v.  a.
  [decoro,  Lat.] To  adorn;  to embellish;
  to beautify.
Decora'tiox, d£k-k6-ra'shun.  to. s. [from
  decorate.]  Ornament;  embellishment;
  added  beauty.
    Tbe ensigns of virtues contribute to the ornament
                  DEC

  of figures; such as the decorations belonging to the
  liberal arts, and to war.                Dryden.
    This helm and heavy buckler I can spare,
  As only decorations of the war:
  So Mars is arm'd for glory, not for need.  Dryden.
Decora'tou, dek'ko-ra-tiir.821 n. s. [from
  decorate.] An adorner; an  embellisher.
                                       Diet.
Deco'rous,  de-ko'rus.603  adj.  [decorus,
  Lat.] Decent; suitable to  a character;
  becoming; proper; befitting; seemly.
    It is not so decorous, in  respect of God, that he
  should immediately do all the meanest  and trifling-
  est things himself, without any inferiour or subor-
  dinate minister.                         Ray.
To  DECO'RTICATE,   de-kor'te-kate.
  v. a. [decortico, Lat.]  To  divest of the
  bark or husk; to husk;  to peel; to strip.
    Take great barley, dried and decorticated, after it
  is well washed, and boil it in water.   Arbuthnot.
Decortication,  de-kor-te-ka'shun  to.  s.
  [from decorticate] The act of stripping
  the bark or husk.
DECO'RUM,  de-ko'rum. to. s. [Latin.]
  Decency;  behaviour contrary to licen-
  tiousness, contrary to levity; seemliness.
                If your master
  Would have a queen his beggar, you must tell him
  That majesty, to keep decorum, must
  No less beg than a kingdom.          Shakspeare.
    I am far from suspecting simplicity, which is bold
  to trespass in points of decorum.          Wotton.
    Beyond the fix'd and settled rules
  Of vice and virtue in the schools,
  The better sort shall set before 'em
  A grace, a manner, a decorum.           Prior,
     Gentlemen of the army should be, at least, ob-
  liged to external decorum: a profligate life and cha-
  racter should not be  a means of advancement.
                                       Swift.
     He kept with princess due decorum,
  Yet never stood in awe before 'em.         Swift.
To DECO'Y, de-koe'.32^. a. [from koey,
  Dutch, a cage.] To lure into a cage; to
   entrap; to draw into a snare.
     A fowler had taken a partridge, who offered to de-
  coy her companions into the snare.     L'Estrange.
             Decoy'd by the fantastic blaze,
  Now lost, and now renew'd, he sinks absorpt,
  Rider and horse.                    Thomson.

Deco'y, de-koe'.  to.  s. [from the  verb.]
   Allurement to mischiefs; temptation.
     The devil could never have had such numbers,
  had he not used some as decoys to ensnare others.
                       Government of the Tongue.
     These exuberant productions ofthe earth became
  a continual decoy and snare: they only excited and
  fomented lusts.                     Woodward,
     An old dramdrinker is the devil's decoy.  Berkley.
Deco'yduck, de-koe'duk. to. a. A duck
   that lures others.
     There is a sort of ducks, called  decoyducks, that
  will bring whole flights of fowl to their retirements,
  where are conveniences  made far catching them.
                                    Mortimer.
To DECRE'ASE, de-krese'.^  v. to. [de-
   creaco, Latin.] To grow  less; to be di-
   minished.
     From the moon is the sign of feasts, a light that
  decreaseth in her perfection.             Ecclus.
     Unto fifty years, as they said, the heart annually
  increaseto the  weight of one drachm; after which,
  in the same proportion, it decreaseth.      Brown.
     When the sun comes to his tropicks, days in-
  crease  and decrease  but a very little for a great
  while together.                       Newton.
To Deorea'se,  de-krese'. v. a.  To make
  less; to diminish.
                  DEC

            He did dishonorable find
  Those articles, which did our state decrease.
                                      Daniel.
    Nor cherish'd they relations poor,
  That might decrease their present store.     Prior.
    Heat increases the fluidity of tenacious liquids, as
  of oil, balsam,  and honey; and thereby decreases
  their resistance.                      Newton.
Decrea'se,  de-krese'.  to.  a.  [from  the
  verb.]
1. The state of growing less; decay.
    By weak'ning toil and hoary age o'erconie,
  See thy decrease, and hasten to thy tomb.   Prior-.
2. The wain; the  time  when  the  visible
  face ofthe moon  grows less.
    See in what time the seeds, set in the increase of
  the moon, come to a certain height, and how they
  differ from those that are set in the decrease of the
  moon.                               Bacon.
To DECRE'E,  de-kree'. v. to. [decretum,
  Latin.] To  make an edict; to establish
  by law; to determine; to resolve.
    They shall see the end of the wise, and shall not
  understand what God in his counsel hath decreed of
  him.                                Wisdom.
    Father eternal! thine is to decree;
  Mine, both in heav'n and earth, to do thy will.
                                      Milton.
    Had heav'n decreed that I should life enjoy,
  Heav'n had decreed to save unhappy Troy. Dryden.
To  Decre'e, de-kree'. v. a.  To  doom or
  assign by a decree.
    Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be es-
  tablished.                               Job.
             The king their father,
  On just and weighty reasons, has decreed
  His sceptre to the younger.               Rowe.
Decre'e, de-kree'. to. s. [decretum, Latin.]
I. An edict;  a law.
    If you deny me, fie upon your law!
  There is no force in the decrees of Venice. Shaksp.
    There went a decree from Caesar Augustus, that
  all the world should be  taxed.              Luke.
    Are we condemn'd by fate's unjust decree,
  No more our houses and our homes to see! Dryden.
    The Supreme Being is sovereignly good; he re-
  wards the just and punishes the unjust: and, the folly
  of man, and not the decree of heaven, is the cause of
  human calamity.                      Broome.
2. An established  rule.
    When he made a decree for the rain, and a way
  for the lightning ofthe  thunder.             Job.
3. A  determination  of a suit, or  litigated
   cause.
4. [In canon law.] An ordinance, which is
   enacted by  the pope himself,  by  and
   with the advice of his cardinals in coun-
   cil  assembled, without being  consulted
   by any one thereon. Ayliffe's Parergon.
De'crement, dek'kre-ment.603TO.s. [decre-
   mentum, Latin.]  Decrease; the state of
   growing less; the quantity lost by de-
   creasing.
    Upon  the tropick, and first descension from our
  solstice, we are scarce  sensible of declination; but
  declining farther, our decrement accelerates:  we set
  apace, and in  our last days precipitate into our
  graves.                Brown's Vulgar Errours,
    Rocks, mountains, and»theother elevations ofthe
  earth, suffer a continual decrement, and grow lower
  and lower.                         Woodward.
DECRE'PIT,  de-krep'it.  adj.  [decrefiu
   tus, Latin.] Wasted  and worn out with
  age; in the  last stage of decay.
    Decrepit miser! base, ignoble wretch.   Shaksp.
    Of men's lives, in this decrepit age of the  world,
  many exceed fourscore, and some an  hundred years.
                                     Raleigh.
    This pope is decrepit, and the bell goeth for him; 
DEC
DEC
DED
lake order that there be chosen a pope of fresh
years.
Bacon,
      Decrepit superstition, and such as had their na-
    tivity in times beyond all  history, are fresh in the
    observation of many heads.               Brown,
            And from toe north to call
    Decrepit winter.                        Milton.
      Who this observes, may in his body find.
    Decrepit age, but never in his mind.     Denham.
      Propp'd on his staff, and stooping as he goes,
    A painted mitre shades his furrovyM brows;
    The god, in this decrepit form array'd,
    The gardens enter'd, and toe fruits survey'd.
                                         Pope.
      The charge of witchcraft inspires  people with  a
    malevolence  towards those poor decrepit parts of
    our species, in whom human nature  is defaced by
    infirmity and dotage.                   Addison.
  To  DECRE'PITATE,   de-krep'e-tate.
    v. a. [decrepo, Lat.]  To calcine  salt
    till  it  has ceased  to  crackle   in the
    fire.
      So will it come to pass in a pot of salt, although
    decrepitated.           Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 Decrepita'tion, de-krep-e-ta'shun. to. s.
    [from   decrepitate.]    The  crackling
    noise which salt makes, when put over
    the fire in a crucible.            Quincy.
 Decre'pitness, de-krep'it-nes. ~)    to.  s.
 Decre'pitude, de-krdp'e-tude. 5    [from
    decrepit.]  The  last  stage of decay;
    the last effects of old age.
     Mother earth, in this her barrenness and decre-
   pitness of age, can procreate  such swarms of curi-
   ous engines.                           Bentley.
 Decre'scent,  de-kres'sent.   adj.  [from
    decrescens, Lat.]  Growing less;  being
    in a  state of decrease.
 De'cretal,  de-kre'tal  or dek're-tal. adj.
    [decretum, Lat.]  Appertaining  to a de-
    cree; containing  a decree.
     A decretal epistle is toat which the pope decrees
   either by himself or else by the advice of his cardi-
   nals; and this must be on his being consulted by
   some particular person or persons thereon.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
 De'cretal,  de-kre'tal. n. a.  [from  the
    adjective.]
 I.  A book of decrees or edicts;  a  body of
    laws.
         The second room, whose walls
  Were painted fair with memorable guests
  Of magistrates, of courts, of tribunals,
  Of laws, of judgments, and of decretals.   Spenser.
 2.  The  collection of the pope's decree.
     Traditions  and  decretals were made  of equal
  force, and as authentical as the sacred charter it-
  self.                    Howel's Vocal  Forest.

 De'cretist,  de-kre'tist.  to. s.  [from  de-
  cree.] One that studies or professes the
   knowledge of  the decretal.
    The  decretists had their rise and beginning under
  the reign of toe emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
 De'cretory, dek'kre-tur-e.6S7 adj. [from
   decree]
 1. Judicial; definitive.
    There are lenitives that friendship will apply, be-
  fore it will be brought to the decretmy rigours of a
  condemningsenHnce.           South's  Sermons.
 2. Critical; in wnich there  is some defi-
   nitive event.
    The motions of  the moon, supposed to be mea-
  sured by sevens, and the critical or decretory days,
  depend on toat number.                 Brown.
Decri'al, de-kri'll. to. a.  [from  decry]
   Clamorous censure; hasty or  noisy con-
   demnation;  concurrence in  censuring
   any thing.
 To  DECRY', de-kri'. v. a. [decrier, Fr.]
   To  censure;  to blame clamorously;  to
   clamour against.
         Malice in criticks reigns so high,
   That  for small errours they whole plays decry.
                                      Dryden.
     Those measures, which are extolled  by one half
   of the kingdom, are naturally decried by the other.
                                      Addison.
     They applied themselves to lessen their authority,
   decried them as hard and unnecessary restraints.
                                       Rogers.
     Quacks and impostures are still cautioning us to
   beware of counterfeits, and decry other cheats only
   to make more way for their own.          Swift.

 Decu'mbence, de-kiini'bense. > to. s. [de-
 Decu'muency, de-ktim'ben-se. 5   cumbo,
   Lat.] The act of lying down; the pos-
   ture of lying down.
     This must come to pass, if we hold  opinion they
   lie not down, and enjoy no decumbence at all; for
   station is properly no rest, but one kind of motion.
                                      Brown.
    Not considering the ancient manner of decum-
   bency, he  imputed this gesture of the beloved disci-
   ple unto rusticity, or an act of incivility.  Brown.

 Decu'mbiture,   de-kiim'be-ture.  to.  s.
   [from decumbo, Lat.]
 1. The time at which a man takes to his
   bed  in  a  disease.
 2. [In Astrology.]  A  scheme  of the hea-
   vens erected for that time, by which the
   prognosticks of recovery or  death are
   discovered.
    If but a mile she travel out of town,
  The planetary hour must first be known,
  And lucky moment, if her eye but akes,
  Or itches, its decumbiture she takes.       Dryden.

 De'cuple,  dek'u-pl.40s   adj.  [decuplus,
   Latin.]   Tenfold; the same number ten
   times repeated.
    Man's length,  that is, a perpendicular from the
  vertex unto the sole of toe foot,  is decupfe unto his
  profundity; that is, a direct line between the breast
  and the spine.                        Brown.
    Supposing there be a thousand sorts of insects in
  this island, if the same  proportion holds  between
  the insects of England and of the world, as between
  plants domestick and exotick, that is, near a decuple,
  the species of insects will amount to ten thousand.
                                        Ray.
Deou'rion, de-ku're-un. to. s.  [decurio,
   Lat.] A commander over ten; an  offi-
   cer subordinate  to the  centurion.
    He instituted  decurions through both  these co-
  lonies, that is, one over every ten families.
                                      Temple.
Decu rsion, de'kiir'shun. to. a. [decursus,
   Lat.] The act of running down.
    What is decayed by that decursion of waters, is
  supplied by the terrene fijeces which water brings.

Decurta'tion, dek-kor-ta'shfin.630   n.  s.
  [decurtatio,  Lat.]  The act of cutting
  short, or shortening.
To  DECU'SSATE,  de-kus'sate.  v. a.
   [drcusso, Lat.]  To intersect  at acute
   angles.
    This it performs by the action of a notable muscle
  on each side, having the form ofthe letter X, made
  up of many  fibres, decussating one another long-
  ways-                                  Ray.
Decussation,  dek-kus-sa'shnn.630  to.  s.
  [from decussate.] The act of  crossing;
    state  of being crossed at unequal  an-
    gles.
     Though there be decussation of toe rays in the
   pupil of the eye, and so the image of the object in
   the retina, or bottom of the eye, be inverted; yet
   doth not the object appear  inverted,  but in  its
   right or natural posture.                    Ray.
 To DEDE'CORATE,   de-dek'ko-rate.
   v. a. [dedecoro, Lat.]  To disgrace;  to
   bring a reproach upon.            Diet.

 Dedecora'tion, de-dek-ko-ra'shun. to. s.
   [from dedecorate.] The act of  disgra-
   cing;  disgrace.                     Diet.
 Deoe'corous, de-dek'ko-rus.  adj. [dede-
   cus,  Lat.]   Disgraceful;  reproachful;
   shameful.                           Diet.
 Dedenti'tion,  d£d-den-fish'un.630 to.  s.
   [de and dentitio, Lat.] Loss or shedding
   ofthe teeth.
    Solon divided life into ten septenaries,  because
  in every one thereof a man received some sensible
  mutation: in  toe first is dedentition, or falling of
  teeth.                                Brown.
 To DE'DICATE, ded'e-kate. v. a. [de-
   dico, Lat.]
 1.  To devote to some  divine power; to
   consecrate and set apart to sacred uses.
            A pleasant grove
  Was shot up high, full of the stately tree
    That dedicated is to Olympick Jove,
  And to his son Alcides.                 Spenser.
    The princes offered for dedicating the altar, in
  the day that it was anointed.           Numbers.
    Warn'd by the seer, to her offended name
  We rais'd, and dedicate,  this wond'rous frame.
                                      Diyden.
2. To appropriate solemnly to any person
   or purpose.
                There cannot be
  That vulture in you, to devour so many
  As will to greatness dedicate themselves!    Shaksp.
    Ladies, a gen'ral welcome from his grace
  Salutes you all: this night he dedicates
  To fair content and you.                 Shaksp.
    He went to learn the profession of a soldier, to
  which he had dedicated himself.       Clarendon.
                  Bid her instant wed,
  And quiet dedicate her remnant life
  To toe just duties of an humble wife.      Prior.
3. To inscribe to a patron.
    He compiled ten elegant books, and dedicated
  them to the lord Burghley.             Peacham.
De'dicate,  ded'e-kate. adj.  [from  the
  verb.]  Consecrate; devote;  dedicated;
  appropriate.
            Pray'rs from preserved souls,
  From fasting maids, whose names are dedicate
  To nothing temporal.                Shakspeare.
    This tenth part, or tithe, being thus assigned un-
  to him, leaveth  now to be of the nature of  the
  other nine parts, which are given us for our worldly
  necessities, and becometh as  a tiling dedicate  and
  appropriate unto God.                 Spelman.
Dedica'tion, ded-e ka'shian. to. s.  [dedi-
  catio, Lat.]
I. The act of dedicating to  any being or
  purpose;  consecration;  solemn  appro-
  priation.
    It cannot be laid  to many  men's charge,  that
  they  have been so curious as  to  trouble  bishops
  with  placing the first stone  in the churches; or so
  scrupulous as, after the erection of them, to make
  any great ado for their dedication.        Ilookir.
    Among publick solemnities  their is none so  glo-
  rious us that under the  re^n of l;ing Solomouf at
  the dedication ofthe temple.            Addison
2. An  address to a pairon.
    Proud as Apollo on his forked hill, 
1>EB
DEE
DEE
  Sat full-blown Bufo, puff'd by ev'ry quill;
  Fed by soft dedication all day long,
  Horace and he went hand in hand in song.   Pope.
Dedica'tor, ded'e-ka-to.r.S21  to.  s. [from
   dedicate.]  One who inscribes his work
   to a patron with  compliment  and ser-
   vility.
    Leave dang'rous truths to unsuccessful satires,
  And flattery to fulsome dedicators.          Pope.

De'Die atory, ded'e-ka-tur-e.S03 adj.[from
   dedicate]  Composing a dedication; com-
   plimental; adulatory.
     Thus I should begin my epistle,  if it were a de-
   dicatory one; but it is a friendly letter.     Pope.

Dedi'tion,  de-dlsh'un. to. s. [deditio, Lat.]
   The act of yielding up any thing; sur-
   rendry.
     It was not a complete conquest, but  rather a de-
   dition upon terms and capitulations agreed between
   the conqueror and the conquered.           Hale.
 To  DEDU'CE,  de-duse'.  v.a. [deduco,
   Latin.]
 1. To draw  in  a regular connected series,
   from one  time or one event to another.
     I will deduce him from his cradle, through the
   deep and  lubric waves of state and court, till he
   was swallowed  in  the gulf of fatality.
                                  Wotton Buck-
     0 goddess, say, shall I deduce my rhymes
   From the dire nation in its early times?     Pope.
 2. To form a regular chain of consequen-
   tial propositions.
     Reason is nothing but the faculty of deducing
   unknown truths from principles already known.
                                         Locke.
 3. To lay down  in  regular  order,  so as
   that the  following shall naturally rise
   from the  foregoing.
     Lend me your song, ye nightingales! oh pour
   The mazy-running soul of melody
   Into my varied verse! while I deduce,
   From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings,
   The symphony of spring.              Thomson.
 Dedu'cement, de-duse'ment. to. s.  [from
    deduce.]  The thing  deduced;  the col-
    lection of reason; consequential propo-
    sition.
     Praise and prayer are his due worship,  and  the
   rest  of those deducements which 1  am confident are
   the remote effects of revelation.          Dryden.
 Dedu'cible,  de-du'se-bl.  adj.  [from de-
    duce] Collectible by reason; consequen-
    tial; discoverable from  principles laid
    down.
     The condition  although deducible from many
   grounds, yet shall we evidence it but  from  few.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
      The general character of the new  earth is para-
   disaical; and the particular character, that it hath
   no sea: and both are  apparently deducible from its
   formation.                            Burnet.
      So far, therefore, as conscience reports any thing
   agreeable to or deducible  from  these,  it is to be
   hearkened to.                          South.
     All properties of a triangle depend on, and are
   deducible from, the complex idea of three lines,  in-
   cluding a space.                        Locke.
 Dedu'cive,  de-du'siv.  adj.   [from  de-
    duce.]    Performing the  act of deduc-
    tion.                                Dict-
 To DEDU'CT, de-dukt'. v. a.  [deduco,
    Latin.]
 1. To subtract; to  take  away;  to cut off;
    to defalcate.
     We  cfeducf from the computation of our years
   that part of our time which is spent in incogitancy
   of infancy.                            Norris.
2. To separate; to dispart; to divide. Now
   not in  use.
            Having yet, in his deducted spright,
  Some sparks remaining of that heavenly fire.
                                      Spenser.
Dedu'ction, de-d&k'shun. to. s. [deductio,
   Lat.]
I. Consequential collection; consequence;
   proposition drawn from principles pre-
   mised.
    Out of scripture such duties may be deduced, by
  some kind of consequence; as by long circuit of de-
  duction,  it may be that even all truth,  out of any
  truth may be concluded.                Hooker.
    Set before you the moral law of God, with such
  deductions from it as our Saviour hath drawn, or
  our own reason,  well informed,  can make.
                                       Duppa.
    That by diversity of motions we should spell out
   things not  resembled by them, we must attribute
   to some secret deduction; but what this deduction
   should  be, or by what  mediums this knowledge is
   advanced, is as dark as ignorance.      Glanville.
    You have laid the experiments together in such a
  way, and made such deductions from them, as I
   have not hitherto met with.                Boyle.
    All cross and distasteful humours are either ex-
  pressly or by clear consequence and deduction, for-
  bidden in the New Testament.          Tillotson.
    A reflection so obvious,  that natural  instinct
   seems to have suggested it even to those who never
   much attended to deductions of reason.     Rogers.
2.  That which is deducted; defalcation.
    Bring then these blessings to a strict account;
   Make fair deductions; see to what they mount.
                                         Pope.
Dedu'ctive, de-duk'tiv. adj.  [from de-
   duct] Deducible; that is or may be de-
   duced from a position premised.
    All knowledge  of causes  is deductive;  for we
   know none by simple intuition, but through the me-
   diation of their effects.                Glanville.
Dedu'ctively, de-diik'tiv-le.  adv.  [from
   deductive.]  Consequentially;  by  regu-
   lar deduction; by  a regular train of ra-
   tiocination.
    There is scarce a  popular errour passant in our
   days, which is not either directly expressed, or de-
   ductively contained, in this work.         Brown.

DEED,  deed. to. s.  [baeb,  Sax,  daed,
   Dutch.]
 1. Action,  whether good or  bad;   thing
   done.
     From lowest place when virtuous things proceed,
   The place is dignified by th' doer's deed.    Shaksp.
     The  monster  nought replied: for words were
         vain,
   And deeds could only deeds  unjust maintain.
                                       Dryden.
     The same had not consented to the council and
   deed.                                  Luke.
     We are not secluded from the expectation of re-
   ward for our charitable deeds.         Smallridge.
 2. Exploit;  performance.
                  I, on the other side,
   Us'd no ambition to commend my deeds;
   The deeds themselves,  too' mute, spoke  loud the
          doer.                           Milton.
     Thousands  were there,  in  darker fame that
          dwell,
   Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn. Dryd.
 3. Power of action;  agency.
                     Nor knew I not
   To be with will and deed created free.      Milton.
 4. Act declaratory of an opinion.
     They desire, with strange  absurdity, that to the
   same senate it should belong to give full judgment
   in  matter of  excommunication, and  to  absolve
   whom it pleased them, clean contrary to their own
   former  deeds and oaths.                 Hooker.
5.  Written evidence of any legal act.
    The solicitor gave an evidence for a deed, which
  was impeached to be fraudulent.            Bacon.
    He builds his house upon  the sand, and writes
  the deeds  by which  he  holds his  estate  upon the
  face of a river.                         South.
6.  Fact;  reality;  the contrary  to  fiction:
   whence the word indeed.
    0 that, as oft I have at Athens seen
  The stage arise, and the big clouds descend;
  So now in very deed I might behold
  The pond'rous earth, and all yon marble roof,
  Meet like the hands of Jove.      Lee's Oedipus.
Dee'dless,  deed'les.  adj.   [from  deed]
   Unactive;  without  action;  without  ex-
   ploits.
     Speaking in deeds, and deedless in his tongue.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Instant, he cried, your female discord end,
  Ye deedless boasters! and the song attend.    Pope.
 To  DEEM,  deem.  v. n. part,  dempt, or
   deemed,  [domgan, Gothick;  doeman,
   Dut. beman, Sax.]
 1. To judge; to conclude upon considera-
   tion; to think; to opine; to determine.
     Here eke that famous golden apple grew,
  For which th' Idean ladies disagreed,
   Till partial Paris dewipf  it  Venus' due.   Spenser.
     So natural  is the union of  religion with justice,
  that we may boldly deem there is neither, where
  both are not.                          Hooker-
             He who, to be  deem'd
  A god, leap'd fondly into ^Etna flames.    .Miffon.
     These blessings, friend, a deity bestow'd;
  For never can I deem him less than  god. . Dryden.
                 Nature  disturb'd,
  Is deem'd vindictive to have chang'd her course.
                                     Thomson.
2. To estimate; to make  estimate of:  this
   sense is now disused.
                 Do me not to dy,
  Ne deem thy force by fortune's doom unjust,
   That hath,  maugre her spite, thus low me laid in
        dust.                          Spenser.
     But they that skill not of so heavenly matter,
   All that they know not, envy, or admire,
     Rather than envy, let them wonder at her,
   But not to deem of her desert aspire.      Spenser.
 Deem, deem. n. s. [from the  verb.] Judg-
   ment;  surmise; opinion.    Not now  in
   use.
     Hear me, my love, be thou but true of heart,
   —I true! how now? what wicked deem is this?
                                    Shakspeare.
 Dee'mster, deem'stur. to. s.  [from deem]
   A judge:  a word  yet in  use in Jersey
   and the  Isle of Man.

 DEEP, deep.  adj. [beep, Saxon.]
 1. Having length downward; descending
   far; profound:  opposed to  shallow.
     All trees in high and sandy  grounds are  to be
   set deep, and in watry grounds more shallow. Bacon.
     The  gaping gulph low to the centre lies,
   And twice as deep as earth is distant from the skies.
                                        Diyden.
 2. Low in  situation; not high.
 3  Measured from the surface downward.
     Mr. Halley, in diving deep into the sea in  a di-
   ving vessel,  found, in a clear sun-shine day, that
   when he was sunk  many fathoms deep into the wa-
   ter, the  upper part of his  hand,  on which the sun
   shone directly, appeared of a red colour.   Newton.
 4. Entering  far;  piercing a  great way.
                  This  avarice
   Strikes deeper, grows with  more pernicious root.
                                    Shakspeare.
      For, even, in that season of the year,  the ways
   in that vale were very deep.          Clarendon.
      Thou hast not strength such labours to sustain: 
DEE
DEF
DEF
   Drink  hellebore, my  boy! drink deep,  and  scour
         thy brain.                     Dryden.
 5. Ear from the outer part.
     So the false spidei, when her nets are spread,
   Deep ambush'd in her silent den does lie.  Dryden.

 6. Not superficial; not obvious.
     If the matter be knotty,  and   the  sense lies
   deep, the mind  must  stop and buckle to it, and
   stick upon it with  labour and thought, and close
   contemplation.                        Locke.

 7. Sagacious;   penetrating;   having   the
   power to enter far into a subject.
          Who hath not heard it spoken
   How deep you were within the books of heav'n?
                                      Shaksp,
     The  spirit of deep prophecy she hath.   Shaksp.
     He's meditating with two deep divines.  Shaksp,
                 He in my ear
   Vented much policy and projects deep
   Of enemies, of aids, battles, and leagues,
   Plausible to the world, to me worth nought.
                                      Milton.
    I do not discover the helps which this great man
   of deep thought mentions.                Locke.
 8. Full of contrivance; politick; insidious.
    When I have most need to employ a friend,
   Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile,
   Be he to me.                         Shaksp.
 9. Grave; solemn.
     O  God! if my deep pray'rs cannot appease thee,
   But thou wilt be aveng'd on my misdeeds,
   Yet execute thy  wrath on me  alone.      Shaksp
    Nor awful Phoebus was on Pindus heard
   With deeper silence, or with more regard.  Dryd.
 10. Dark-coloured.
    With deeper brown the grove was overspread.
                                      Diyden.
 11. Having a great degree of  stillness, or
   gloom, or  sadness.
    And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon
  Adam.                               Genesis.
 12. Depressed; sunk; metaphorically,low.
    Their deep  poverty abounded into the riches of
  toeir  liberality.                  2 Corinthians.
 13. Bass; grave in sound.
    The sounds made by buckets in a well, are  deep-
  er and fuller than if the like percussion were twadc
  in toe open air.                        Bacon.
Deep, de?p.  n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The sea; the main; the abyss of waters;
   the  oce in.
    Yet we did  lift up our hearts and voices to God
  above, who sheweth his wonders in the deep.
                                       Bacon.
    What earth in her dark bowels could not keep
  From greedy man, lie« safer in the deep.   Waller.
    Whoe'er thou art, whom fortune brings to keep
  These rites of Neptune, monarch of the deep.
                                        Pope.
2. The most solemn or still part.
        There want not many that do fear,
  In deep of night,  to walk by this Heme's oak.
                                      Shaksp.
    The deep of night is crept upon our talk. Shaksp,
               Virgin face divine
   Attracts the hapless youth through storms and waves,
   Alone in deep of night.                 Philips.
 To De'epen, deep'pn.3"9 v.a. [from deep.]
 1. To make deep;  to sink far below the
   surface.
    The city of Rome would  receive a great advan-
   tage  from the  undertaking, as it would raise the
   banks and deepen the bed of the Tiber.   Addison.
2. To  darken; to cloud; to make dark.
    You must deepen your colours so, that the  orpi-
  ment may be toe highest.              Peacham
3. To  make sad or  gloomy.   See Deep.
   adj.
    Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,
  Shades ev'ry flow'r, and darkens ev'ry green,
Deepens the murmurs of the falling floods,
And breathes a browner horror on the woods.
Pope.
 Deep-mouthed, deep'mofrmd. adj. [deep
   and mouthed] Having a hoarse and loud
   voice.
    Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds;
  And couple Clowder with the deep-mouth'd Brach.
                               ,        Shaksp.
            Behold the English beach
  Pales in the flood with  men,  with wives and boys,
  Whose shouts and claps outvoice that deep-mouth'd
         sea.                            Shaksp.
    Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds were
         found,
  And deep-mouth'd dogs did forest walks surround.
                                      Dryden.
    Hills, dales, and forests far behind remain,
  While the warm scent draws on the deep-mouth'd
         train.                           Gay.
 Deep-musing, deep-mu'zing. adj.  [deep
   and   muse.]   Contemplative;  lost   in
   thought
    But he deep-musing o'er the mountains stray'd,
  Through mazy thickets of the woodland shade
                                        Pope.
 Dee'ply, deep'le. adv.  [from deep.]
 I. To a ureat depth; far below the surface.
    Fear is a passion that is most deeply rooted in our
  natures, and flows immediately from toe principle
  of self-preservation.                   Tillotson.
    Those impressions were made when the brain was
  more susceptive of them: toey have been  deeply en-
  graven at the proper season, and therefore they re-
  main.                                 Walts.
2. With great study or  sagacity;  not su-
   perficially; not carelessly; profoundly.
3. Sorrowfully;  solemnly;  with a  great
   degree  of seriousness or sadness.
    He sighed deeply in his spirit.           Mark.
    Klockins so deeply hath sworn ne'er more to come
  In bawdy-house, that he dares not go home.
                                      Donne.
    Upon the deck our careful general stood,
  And deeply mus'd on  the succeeding day.  Diyden.
4. With a tendency  to darkness  of colour.
    Having taken of toe deeply red juice  of buck-
  thorn berries, I let it drop upon white paper.
                                       Boyle.
5. In a  high degree.
    To keep his promise  with him, he had deeply  of-
  fended both his nobles and people.         Bacon.
De'epness,  deep'nes.  to. s   [from deep]
   Entrance far below the surface;  profun-
   dity;  depth.
    Cazzianer set forward with great toil,  by reason
  of the deepness of the  way,  and heaviness of the
  great ordnance.                       Knolles.
    Some fell upon stony places, and they withered,
  because they had no deepness of earth.    Matthew.
Deer,   deer.  to. s.  [beort, Saxon;  thier,
   Teutonick; %, Greek.]   That class of
   animals  which  is hunted for venison,
   containing  many  subordinate species;
   as the stag or  red deer, the buck  or
   fallow deer  the roebuck, and  others.
    You have beaten my men, killed my  deer,  and
  broke open my lodge.               Shakspeare.
    The pale that held my lovely deer.      Waller.

 To  DEFA'CE, de-fase'.  v. a.  [defaire,
   French.]   To destroy; to rase;  to ruin;
   to  disfigure.
    Give me leave to speak as earnestly in truly com-
  mending it, as you have done in untruly and unkind-
  ly defacing and slandering it.            Whitgift.
              Fatal this marriage,
  Defacing monuments of conquer'd France
  Undoing all..                       Shakspeare.
     Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond.
                                       Shaksp
     Whose statues, freezes, columns broken lie,
   And, though defae'd, the wonder of the eye.  Dryd.
     One nobler wretch can only rise,
   'Tis he whose fury shall deface
   The stoick's image in this piece.           Prior.
 Defa'cement, de-fase'ment. to. *. [from
   deface.]  Violation; injury; rasure; abo-
   lition; destruction.
     But what is this image, and how is it defaced?
   The poor men of Lyons will tell yOu, that the image
   of God is purity, and the defacement sin.    Bacon.
 Defa'cer, de-fa'sur.98 n.a. [from deface.]
   Destroyer; abolisher;  violator.
     That foul defacer of God's handywork
   Thy womb let loose, to chase us to our graves.
                                   Shakspeare.
Defa'ilance,  de-fa'lanse. to.  s.  [defail-
   lance, French.] Failure; miscarriage: a
   word not in use
    The affections were the authors of that unhappy
  defailance.                          Glanville.
 To DEFA'LCATE,de-fal'kate.8* ™ v. a.
   [from falx, falcis, a sickle;  defalquer,
   Fr ]  To  cut off;  to lop;  to take away
   part of  a pension or salary. It is gene-
   rally used of money.
Defalcation,  def-fal-ka'shun.680  «.  *.
   [from defalcate/]   Diminution;  abate-
   ment; excision of any part of a customa-
   ry allowance.
    The  tea-table  is set forth with its customary bill
  of  fare, and without any defalcation.     Addison.

To Defa'lk, de-fawk'. v.a. [See Defal-
   cate.]  To cut off; to  lop away.
    What he defalks from some insipid sin,  is but to
  make some other more gustful.     Decay of Piety.

Defama'tion, de-fam-ma'shun. n.s. [from
   defame.]  The acl of defaming or bring-
   ing infamy upon another;  calumny; re-
   proach;  censure; detraction.
    Defamation  is  the uttering of contumelious lan-
  guage of any one with an intent of raising an ill
  fame of the party; and  this  extends to writing, as
  by defamatory libels; and to deeds, as reproachful
  postures, signs, and gestures.              Ayliffe.
    Be silent, and  beware, if such you see;
  'Tis defamation but to say, that's he.     Dryden.
    Many dark and intricate motives there are to de-
  traction and defamation; and many malicious spies
  are searching into toe actions of a  great man.
                                     Addison.
Defa'matory, de-fam'ma-tur-e. adj. [from
   defame ]   Calumnious; tending to de-
   fame; unjustly  censorious;  libellous;
   falsely satirical.
    The most eminent sin is the spreading of defama-
  tory reports.          Government of the Tongue.
    Augustus, conscious to himself of many crimes,
  made an edict against lampoons  and satires, and
  defamatory  writings.                    Dryden.
 To DEFA'ME,  de-fame',  v. a.  [de and
  fama, Latin.]  To make  infamous;  to
   censure  falsely in publick;  to deprive
   of honour; to dishonour by reports;  to
   libel; to calumniate; to destroy reputa-
   tion by either acts or words.
    I heard toe defaming of many.            Jer.
    They live as if they professed Christianity merely
  in  spite, to defame it.             Decay of Piety.
    My guilt thy growing virtues did defame;
  My blackness  blotted thy unblemish'd name.
                                      Dryden.
Defa'me, de-fame', to.  s. [from the  verb.]
   Disgrace; dishonour.   Not in use. 
DEF
DEF
DEF
    Many doughty knights he in his days
  Had done to death,
  And hung their conquer'd arms for more defame
  On gallowtrees.                       Spenser.
Defa'mer, de-fa'milr. to. s. [from defame.]
   One that injures the reputation of ano-
   ther; a  detractor; a calumniator.
    It may be a useful trial of the patience of the de-
  famed, yet the defamer has not the less crime.
                      Government of the Tongue.
To DEFA'TIGATE, de-fat'e-gate. v. a.
   [defatigo, Lat.] To weary;  to  tire.
    The power of these  men's industries, never de-
  fatigated, hath been great.            Dr. Maine.
Defatiga'tion,  de-fat-e-ga'shun.  to.  s.
   [defatigatio, Lat.]  Weariness; fatigue.
                                       Diet.
DEFA'ULT, de-fawlt'. n.s. [defaut, Fr.]
1. Omission of that which we ought to do;
   neglect.
2. Crime; failure; fault.
    Sedition tumbled into England more by toe de-
  fault of governors than the people's.       Hayw.
    We, that know what 'tis to fast and pray,
  Are penitent for your default to-day.       Shaksp.
    Let me not rashly call in doubt
  Divine prediction: what if all foretold
  Had been fulfill'd, but through mine own default,
  Whom have I to complain of but myself?    Milt.
    Partial judges we  are of our own excellencies,
  and other men's defaults.                 Swift.
3. Defect; want.
    In default of the king's pay, the forces were laid
  upon the subject.                       Davies.
    Cooks could make  artificial birds and fishes, in
  default of the real ones.              Arbuthnot.
4. [In  law.]  Non-appearance in court at a
   day assigned.                    Cowell.
To Defa'ult, de-fawlt'. v. to.  [from  the
   noun.]   To  fail in performing any con-
   tract or stipulation; to forfeit by break-
   ing a contract.
Defa'ulter, de-fawlt'ur. to. s. [from  the
   verb.]  One that makes default.
DEFE'ASANCE, de-fe'zanse. to. s.  [de-
  faisance, Fr.]
1. The act of annulling or abrogating any
   contract or stipulation.
2. Defeasance  is a condition annexed to an
   act; as to  an obligation,  a recognizance,
   or statute, which performed by the ob-
   ligee, or the cognizee, the act is disabled
   and made void,  as if  it  had never been
   done.                            Cowell.
3. The writing in which  a defeasance is
   contained.
4. A defeat; conquest; the act of conquer-
   ing; the state of being conquered.  Ob-
   solete.
    That hoary king, with all his train,
  Being arrived where that champion stout,
  After his foe's defeasance, did remain,
  Him goodly greets, and fair does entertain.
                                      Spenser.
Defeasible,  de-fe'ze-bl.  adj. [from de-
  faire, Fr. to make void.]  That may be
   annulled or abrogated.
    He came to the crown by a defeasible title, so was
  never well settled.                     Davies.
DEFE'AT, de-fete', to. s. [from defaire,
   French.]
1. The overthrow of an army.
    End Marlb'rough's work, and finish the defeat.
                                      Addison.
2. Act of destruction;  deprivation.
    A king upon whose life
  A damn'd defeat was made.           Shakspeare.
To Defe'at, de-fete', v.a.[from the noun.]
I. To overthrow;  to undo.
    Defeat thy favour with usurped beard.   Shaksp.
    Ye gods, ye make the weak most strong;
  Therein, ye gods, ye tyrants do defeat.     Shaksp.
    They invaded Ireland, and were defeated by the
  lord Mountjoy.                         Bacon.
2. To frustrate.
              To his accusations
  He pleaded still not guilty, and alleg'd
  Many sharp reasons to defeat the law.     Shaksp.
                    Death,
  Then due by  sentence when thou didst transgress,
  Defeated of his seizure, many days,
  Giv'n thee of grace.                   Milton.
    Discover'd  and defeated of your prey,
  You skulk'd.                          Dryden.
    He finds himself naturally to dread a superior
  Being, that can defeat all his designs, and disappoint
  all his hopes.                         Tillotson.
3. To abolish; to undo;  to change.
Defe'ature, de-fe'tshiire.461 to. s. [from
   de  and feature.]   Change  of feature;
   alteration of countenance.   Not in use.
            Grief hath chang'd me,
  And careful hours, with time's deformed hand,
  Hath written strange defeatures in my face.
                                   SAafcspeare.
To DE'FECATE, def'fe-kate.603t;.a. [de-
  fceco, Lat.]
1. To purge  liquors from lees or foulness;
   to purify;  to cleanse.
    I practised a way to defecate the dark and muddy
  oil of amber.                           Boyle.
    The blood is not sufficiently defecated or clarified,
  but remains muddy.                    Harvey.
            Provide a brazen tube
  Inflext; self-taught and voluntary flies
  The defecated  liquor, through the vent
  Ascending; then, by downward tract convey'd,
  Spouts into subject vessels lovely clear.    Philips.
2.  To purify from  any extraneous  or
   noxious mixture;  to clear; to brighten.
    We defecate the notion from materiality, and ab-
  stract quantity, place,  and all kind of corporeity
  from it.                             Glanville.
De'fecate,  def'fe-kate.  adj.  [from the
   verb.]  Purged from lees or foulness.
    We are puzzled with contradictions, which are
  no absurdities to defecate faculties.       Glanville.
    The liquor  was  very  defecate, and of a pleasing
  golden colour.                         Boyle.
Defeca'tion, def-fe-ka/shun. to. s. [defce-
   catio,  Lat.]  Purification;   the  act of
   clearing or purifying.
    The spleen and liver are obstructed in their of-
  fices  of  defecation,  whence  vicious and dreggish
  blood.                               Harvey.
DEFE'CT, de-fekt'. to. s. [defectus, Lat.]
1. Want;  absence of something necessary;
   insufficiency;  the fault opposed to  su-
   perfluity.
    Errours have been corrected, and defects supplied.
                                      Davies.
    Had this strange energy been less
  Defect had been as fatal as excess.    Blackmore.
2. Failing; imperfection.
                 Oft 'tis seen
  Our mean secures us, and our mere defects
  Prove our commodities.                 Shaksp.
3. A fault; mistake;  errour.
    We had rather  follow  the perfections of them
  whom we like  not, than in defects resemble  them
  whom we love.                       Hooker.
              You praise yourself,
  By laying defects of judgment to me.     Shaksp.
    Trust not yourself; but, your defects to know,
  Make use of ev'ry friend—and ev'ry foe.    Pope,
4. Any natural imperfection; a blemish; a
   failure,  without  direct  implication  of
   any thing too little.
    Men,  through some defect in the organs, want
  words, yet fail not  to express their universal ideas
  by signs.                               Locke.

To  Defe'ct, de-fekt'.  v. n.  [from the
   noun.]  To be deficient; to fall short of;
   to fail.   Obsolete.
    Some lost themselves in attempts above humanity;
  yet the enquiries of most defected by the way, and
  tired within the sober circumference of knowledge.
                        Broion's Vulgar Errours.
Defectibi'lity, de-fek-te-bil'I-te.  to.  *.
   [from defectible.]  The  state of failing;
   deficiency; imperfection.
    The perfection and sufficiency of Scripture has
  been shewn, as also the defectibility of toat particu-
  lar tradition.       Lord Digby to Sir Ken. Digby.
    The corruption of things corruptible depends upon
  the intrinsical defectibility of the connection or union
  of the parts of things corporeal.           Hale.
Defe'ctible, de-fek'te-bl. adj. [from de-
  fect.] Imperfect; deficient; wanting.
    The extraordinary persons, thus highly favoured,
  were for a great part of their lives in a defectible
  condition.                              Hale.
Defe'ction, de-fek'shun.  to. s.  [defectio,
   Latin.]
I. Want; failure.
2. A falling away; apostasy.
    This defection and  falling away from God was
  first found in angels, and afterwards in men.
                                     Raleigh.
    If we fall away after tasting of the good word of
  God, how criminal must such a defection be.
                                    Atterbury.
    There is more evil owing to our original defection
  from God, and the foolish and evil dispositions that
  are found in fallen man.                   Waffs.
3. An abandoning of a king,  or state re-
   volt.
    He was diverted  and drawn from hence by the
  general defection of the whole realm.      Davies.
    Neither can this  be meant of evil governours or
  tyrants, but of some perverseness and defection in
  the very nation itself.                    Bacon.
Defe'ctive, de-fek'tiv.167 adj.  [from de-
  fectivus, Lat.]
1. Wanting the just quantity.
    Nor will  polished amber, although it send forth a
  gross and corporeal exhalement, be found a long
  time defective upon the exactest scales.    Brown.
2. Full of defects; imperfect; not sufficient;
   not adequate to the purpose.
    It subjects them to all the  diseases depending
  upon a defective projectile motion of  toe blood.
                                   Arbuthnot.
    It will very little help to cure my  ignorance, that
  this is the best of four or five hypotheses proposed,
  which are all defective.                   Locke.
    If it renders us perfect in one accomplishment,
  it generally leaves us defective in another.   Addis.
3. Faultv;  vitious; blamable.
    Our tragedy writers have been notoriously defect-
  ive in giving proper sentiments to the persons they
  introduce.                            Addison.
Defe'ctive or deficient  Nouns, de-fek'tiv.
   [in grammar.]   Indeclinable nouns, or
   such as want  a number, or  some par-
   ticular case.
Defe'ctive  Verb, de-fek'tiv.  [in  gram-
   mar.] A verb  which  wants some of  its
   tenses.
Defectiveness,   de-fek'tiv-nes.   to.  *.
   [from defective.]   Want;  the  state  of
   being imperfect; faultiness. 
                  DEF

     The lowness often opens the building in breadth,
   or the defectiveness of some other particular makes
   any single part appear in perfection.     Addison.
 DEFE'NCE,  de-fense'.  to.  a.  [defenaio,
   Lat.]
 I. Guard; protection; security.
     Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem,  and built cities
   for defence in Judah.                2 Chronicles.
     The Lord is your protection and strong stay, a
   defence from heat, and a cover from the sun.
                                        Ecclcs.
     Be thou my strong rock for an house of defence to
   save me.                             Psalms.
     Against all  this there seems to be no defence, but
   that of supporting one established form of doctrine
   and discipline.                          Swift.
 2. Vindication; justification; apology.
     Alexander beckoned wito  his hand, and would
   have made his defence unto the people.      Acts.
               The youthful prince
   With scorn replied, and made this bold defence.
                                      Dryden.
 3.  Prohibition:  this  is  a sense  merely
   French.
     Severe defences may be made against wearing
   any linen under a certain breadth.        Temple.
 4. Resistance.
 5. [In law.] The defendant's reply after
   declaration produced.
 6. [In fortification.]  The part that flanks
   another work.
 To  Defe'nce, de-fense'. v. a.  [defenaus,
   Lat.]  To defend  by fortification.   Not
   in use.
    The city itself he strongly fortifies,
  Three sides by six it well defenced has.   Fairfax.
 Defe'noeless,  de-fense'les.  adj.  [from
   defence.]
 1. Naked; unarmed; unguarded; not pro-
   vided with  defence; unprepared.
    Captain or colonel, or knight in arms,
  Whose chance on these defenceless doors may seize,
  Guard them, and him within protect from harms.
                                       Milton
    My sister is not so defenceless left
   As you imagine:  she has a hidden strength
   Which you remember not.               Milton.
                 Ah me! that fear
   Comes thund'ring back with dreadful revolution
   On my defenceless head.                 Milton.
                On a slave disarm'd,
   Defenceless, and submitted to  my rage,
  A base revenge is vengeance on myself.   Dryden.

 2. Impotent; unable to make  resistance.
    Will such a  multitude of men employ
  Their strength  against a weak defenceless boy?
                                      Addison.
 To DEFF/ND,  de-fend', v.  a. [defendo,
   Latin; defendre, French.]
 1. To stand in  defence of; to protect;  to
   support.
    There arose to  defend Israel, Tola the  son  of
  Puah.                                Judges.
    Deliver me from my enemies, 0 my God: defend
  me from them  that rise up against me.    Psalms.
    Heav'n defend your souls, that you think
  I will your serious and great business scant.  SAafc.
 2. To vindicate;  to uphold; to assert;  to
   maintain.
     The queen on the throne, by God's  assistance, is
   able to defend herself against all her majesty's ene-
  mies and allies put together.               Swiff.
 3. To fortify, to secure.
    And here th' access a gloomy grove defends,
  And here th' unnavigable lake extends.   Dryden.
    A village  near it was defended by the river. Clar.
4. To  prohibit;  to   forbid,    [defendre,
   French.]

       VOL. I.
                  DEF

    Where can you say, in any manner, age,
  That ever God defended marriage?       Chaucer.
    0 sons! like one of us man is become,
  To know both good and evil, since his taste
  Of that defended fruit.                   J»fiffon.
    The use of wine is little practised, and in some
  places defended by customs or laws.        Temple.
5. To  maintain a  place, or cause, against
   those that attack it.
    Let me be foremost to defend the throne,
  And guard my father's glories and my own.  Pope.
    So have I seen two rival wits contend,
  One briskly charge, one gravely wise defend. Smith.
Defe'ndable, de-fen'da-bl. adj. [from de-
  fend.] That may be defended.
Defe'noant, de-fen'dant. adj.  [from de-
  fendo, Lat.]  Defensive; fit for defence.
    Line and new repair our towns of war
  With men of courage, and with means defendant.
                                   Shakspeare.
Defe'ndant, de-fen'dant. to.  a. [from  the
   adjective.]
1. He that defends against assailants.
    Those high towers,  out  of which  the Romans
  might more conveniently fight with the  defendants
  on the wall, those also were broken by Archimedes'
  engines.                  Wilkins' Math. Mag.
2. [In law.]  The person accused or  sued.
    This is toe day appointed for the combat,
  And ready are th' appellant and defendant. Shaksp,
    Plaintiff dog, and bear defendant.     Hudibras.
Defe'nder, de-fen'dur.98 to. s.  [from de-
  fend.]
1. One that  defends; a champion.
    Banish your defenders, till at length
  Your ignorance deliver you,
  As most abated captives, to some nation
  That won you without blows.             Shaksp.
    Dost thou not mourn our pow'r employed in vain,
  And the defenders of our city slain?       Dryden.
2. An assertor; a vindicator.
    Undoubtedly there is no way so effectual to betray
  toe  truth, as to procure it a weak defender.  South.
3. [In  law.]   An  advocate; one  that  de-
   fends another in a court of justice.
Defe'nsative,  de-fen'sa-tiv.  to. s. [from
   defence.]
1. Guard; defence.
    A very unsafe defensative it is against the fury of
  tbe lion, and surely no better than virginity, or blood
  royal, which Pliny doth place in cock-broth.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    If the bishop has no other defensatives but excom-
  munication, no other power but that of the keys, he
  may surrender up his pastoral staff.         South.
2. [In surgery.]  A   bandage, plaster, or
   the  like, used to secure a wound from
   outward violence.
Defe'nsible, de-fen'se-bl. adj.  [from  de-
  fence.]
1. That may be defended.
                  A field,
  Which nothing but the sound of Hotspur's name
  Did seem to make defensible.             Shaksp.
    They must make toemselves defensible both against
  the natives and against strangers.          Bacon.
    Having often heard Venice represented as one  of
  the most defensible cities in the world, I informed
  myself in what its strength consists.      Addison.
2. Justifiable; right;  capable of  vindica-
   tion.
    I  conceive it very defensible to disarm an adversa-
  ry, and disable him from doing mischief.   Collier.
Defe'nsive, de-fen'siv.4-'8 adj. [defensif,
   French; from defendens, Latin ]
1. That serves to defend; proper  for de-
   fence; not offensive.
    He would not be persuaded by danger to offer any
                    3  R
                   DEF

  offence, but  only to stand upon the best  defensive
  guard he could.                         Sidney,
    My unpreparedness for war testifies for me that I
  am set on toe defensive part.        King Charles.
    Defensive arms lay by, as useless here,
  Where massy balls the neighbouring rocks do tear.
                                        Waller.
2. In a  state or  posture of defence.
               What stood, recoil'd,
  Defensive scarce,  or with pale fear surpris'd,
  Fled ignominious.                      Milton.
Defe'nsive, de-fen'siv.1S8 to. s. [from the
   adjective.]
1. Safeguard.
    Wars preventive, upon just fears, are true defen-
  sives, as well as on actual invasions.        Bacon,
2. State of defence.
    His majesty, not at all dismayed, resolved to stand
  upon the defensive only.                Clarendon.
Defe'nsively,  de-fen'slv-le. adv. [from
   defensive.]  In a  defensive manner.
Defe'nst, de-fenst'. part. pass, [from de-
  fence] Defended.  Obsolete.
    Stout men of aims, and wito their guide of power,
  Like Troy's old town defenst with Ilion's  tower.
                                       Fairfax.
To DEFE'R, de-fer'. v. to. [from differo,
   Lat.]
I. To put off;  to delay to act.
            He will not long defer
  To vindicate the glory of his name
  Against all competition, nor will long
  Endure it.                             Milton.
    Inure thyself betimes to the love and  practice of
  good deeds; for the longer  thou def err est to be ac-
  quainted with them, the less every day thou wilt find
  thyself disposed to them.              Atterbury.
2. To  pay  deference  or  regard to ano-
   ther's opinion.
To Defe'r, de-fer. v. a.
1. To withhold; to delay.
    Defer toe promis'd boon,  the goddess cries. Pope.
    Neither is this a matter to be deferred till a more
  convenient time of peace and leisure.      Swiff.
2. To refer to; to leave to another's judg-
   ment and determination.
    The  commissioners deferred the matter unto the
  earl of Northumberland, who was the principal man
  of authority in those parts.                Bacon.

De'ference,  def'er-ense.603 to   s.  [defe-
   rence, Fr.]
1. Regard; respect.
    Virgil could have excelled Varius in tragedy and
  Horace in lyric poetry, but out of deference to his
  friends he attempted neither.             Dryden.
    He may be convinced that he is in an errour, by
  observing those persons, for whose wisdom and good-
  ness he has the greatest deference, to be of a con-
  trary sentiment.                          Swift.
2. Complaisance; condescension.
    A natural roughness makes a man uncomplaisant
  to others; so that he has no deference for their incli-
  nations, tempers, or conditions.           Locke.
3. Submission.
    Most of our fellow subjects are guided either by
  the prejudice of education, or by a deference to the
  judgment of those who, perhaps, in their own hearts,
  disapprove toe opinions which they industriously
  spread  among the multitude.            Addison.
De'ferent,  def'er-ent. adj. [from defe-
   rens, of defero, Lat.] That carries  up
   and  down.
    The figures of pipes or concaves, through which
  sounds pass, or of other bodies deferent, conduce to
  the variety and alteration of the sound.     Bacon.

De'ferent, def'er-ent. to. a. ^trom the ad-
   jective.]   That   which   carries;  that
   which conveys. 
DEF
DEF
DEF
    It is certain, however it crosses the received opi-
  nion, that sounds may be created without air, though
  air be  the most favourable deferent of sounds.
                                        Bacon.
De'ferents, def'er-ents. to. s.  [In surge-
   ry.]  Certain  vessels in the human  body,
   appointed  for the   conveyance of hu-
   mours  from  one place to another.
                                  Chambers.
DEFI'ANCE, de-fi'anse.TO. s. [from deffi,
   Fr.]
 1. A challenge; an invitation to fight.
    The fiery Tybalt, with his sword prepar'd,
   Which, as he breath'd defiance to my ears,
   He swung about his head.               Shaksp.
             Nor is it just to bring
   A war, without a just defiance made.     Dryden.
 2. A challenge to make any impeachment
   good.
 3. Expression  of abhorrence or contempt.
    The Novatian heresy was very apt to attract well-
   meaning souls, who, seeing it bade such express de-
   fiance to  apostacy, could not suspect that it was it-
   self any defection from the faith.  Decay of Piety.
    Nobody will  so openly bid  defiance to common
   sense, as to affirm visible and direct contradictions.

 DEFI'CIENXE,  de-flsh'ense.  >    to. a.
 DEFICIENCY,  de-flsh'en-se.  $   [from
   drficio, Latin.]
 1. Want; something less than is necessary.
     What is to be considered in this case, is chiefly,
   if there be a sufficient fulness or deficiency of blood,
   for different methods are to be taken.   Arbuthnot.
     There is no burthen laid upon our posterity, nor
   any deficiency to be hereafter made up  by ourselves,
   which has been  our case in so many other subsidies.
                                       Addison.
 2. Defect; failing; imperfection.
     Scaliger, finding a defect in the reason of Aristo-
   tle, introduceth one of no less deficiency himself.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Thou  in thyself art perfect, and in thee
   Is no deficience  found.                   Milton.
     We find, in our own natures, too great evidence
   of intellectual deficience, and deplorable confessions
   of human ignorance.                 Glanville.
      What great  deficience is it, if we come short of
   others?                                 Sprat.
      The characters of comedy and tragedy are never
   to be made perfect, but always to be drawn with
   some specks of frailty and deficience, such  as they
   have been described to us in history.      Dryden.
  Defi'ctent,  de-flsh'ent.  adj.  [deficiens,
    from  deficio, Latin.]  Failing; wanting;
    defective; imperfect.
      0 woman! best of all things, as the will
    Of God ordain'd them: his creating hand
   Nothing imperfect or deficient left.         Milton.
      Figures are either simple or mixed: the simple be
   either  circular or angular; and of circular, either
    complete, as circles, or deficient, as ovals.   Wotton.
      Neither Virgil nor Homer were deficient in any of
    the former beauties.                   Dryden.
      Several thoughts of the mind, for which we have
   either none, or very deficient names,  are diligently
   to be studied.                           Locke.
  Deficient  Numbers,  de-fish'ent.  [in
    arithmetick] are those numbers, whose
    parts, added together, make less than
    the integer, whose  parts they are.
                                    Chambers.
 Depi'er, de-fi'ur.  to. s. [from deffi,  Fr.]
    A  challenger; a  contemner;  one that
    dares and defies.
      Is it not then high time that the laws should pro-
   vide, by the  most prudent and effectual means, to
   ourb those bold and insolent defers of Heaven?
                                      Tillotson.
To  DEFl'LE,  de-file',  v.  a.  [apilan, j
   S.ixon; from ful, foul.]
1.  To make foul or impure; to make nasty
   or filthy; to dirty.
    There is a thing, Harry, known to many in our
  land by the name of pitch; this pitch, as ancient
  writers do report, doth defile              Shaksp.
    He is justly reckoned among the greatest prelates
  of this age, however his character may be defiled by
  mean and dirty hands.                   Swift.

2.  To pollute; to make legally or ritually
   impure.
    That which  dieth of itself he shall not eat, to de-
 file himself therewith.                 Leviticus.
    Neither shall he defile himself for his father.
                                     Leviticus.
3.  To corrupt chastity; to  violate.
        Ev'ry object his offence  revil'd;
  The husband murder'd, and the wife defil'd. Prior.
4. To taint; to corrupt; to vitiate; to make
   guilty.
    Forgetfulness of  good  turns, defiling  of souls,
  adultery, and shameless uncleanness.       Wisd.
    God requires rather that we  should die, than de-
  file ourselves with impieties.          Stillingfleet.
    Let not any instances of sin defile your requests.
                                        Wake.
 To Defi'le, de-file', v. to.  [deffiler, Fr.]
   To march; to gooff file by file.
 Defi'le,  de-file', n.  a. [deffile,  Fr. from
   file, a line  of soldiers, which is derived
   from filum, a thread.]   A narrow  pas-
   sage; a  long narrow pass;  a lane.
     There is in Oxford a  narrow defile, to use the
   military term, where the partisans used to encoun-
   ter.                                Addison.
 Defi'lement,  de-file'ment.  to. a. [from
   defile.]  The state  of being  defiled; the
   act of defiling; nastiness; pollution; cor-
   ruption; defedation.
                   Lust,
   By unchaste looks, loose gestures, and  foul talk,
   Lets in defilement to the inward parts.     Milton.
     The unchaste are  provoked  to see their vice ex-
   posed,  and the chaste cannot rake into  such filth
   without danger of defilement.           Spectator.
 Defi'ler, de-fi'lur.98 to.  s. [from  defile.]
    One that  denies;  a corrupter;  a viola-
    tor.
      At the last tremendous day, I shall  hold forth in
   my arms my much wronged child, and call aloud for
   vengeance on her defiler.               Addison.
 Definable, de-fine'a-bl.  adj.  [from de-
   fine/]
 1. That may be defined; capable of defini-
    tion.
      The Supreme Nature we cannot otherwise define,
   than by saying it is infinite; as if infinite were de-
   finable, or infinity a subject for our narrow under-
   standing.                             Dryden.
 2. That may be ascertained.
      Concerning the time of the  end of the world, the
   question is, whether that time be  definable or no.
                                JBurnef's Theory.
  To  DEFI'NE, de-fine', v.  a.  [definio,
    Lat. definer, French.]
  1.  To  give  the  definition;  to  explain  a
    thing by its qualities and circumstances.
            Whose loss can'st thou  mean,
    Thou  dost so well toeir miseries define?    Sidney.
      Though defining be  thought the proper way to
    make known the proper signification, yet there are
    some words that will not be defined.      .Locke-
  2.  To  circumscribe; to mark the limit;  to
     bound.
      When the rings appeared  only black and  white,
    they were very distinct  and  well defined, and the
  blackness seemed as intense as that of the central
  spot.                                 N\ wlon.
To  Defi'ne, de-fine', v. to. To determine;
  to decide; to decree.
    The unjust judge is the capital remover of land-
  marks, when he definelh amiss of lands and proper-
  ties.                                  Bacon.
Defi'ner, de-fi'nu.r.  n.  s.  [from define.]
  One that  explains;  one that  describes
  a thing by its qualities.
          Your God, forsooth, is found
  Incomprehensible and infinite;
  But is he therefore found? Vain searcher! no:
  Let your imperfect definition show,
  That nothing you, the weak definer, know.  Prior.
DE'FINITE,  defe-nit.*03  «* adj. [from
  definitus,  Lat.]
1. Certain;  limited; bounded.
    Hither to your arbour divers times he repaired,
  and here, by your means, had the sight of the god-
  dess, who in a definite compass can set forth infinite
  beauty.                               Sidney.
   Exact; precise.
    Idiots, in this case of favour, would
  Be wisely definite.                      Shaksp.
    In a charge of adultery, the accuser ought to set
  forth, in the accusatory libel, or inquisition, which
  succeeds in the  place of accusation, some certain
  and definite time.            Ayliffe's Parergon.
De'finite,  def'e-nit.186  to. *.  [from  the
   adjective.] Thing explained or defined.
    Special bastardy is nothing else but the definition
  of the general; and the  general, again, is nothing
  else but a definite of the special.         Ayliffe.
De'finiteness,  def'e-nit-n£s. to. s. [from
   definite]  Certainty; limitedness.  Diet.
Debini'tion, def'e-nish-un.  to. s.  [defini-
   tio, Lat. definition, French.]
    A  short  description  of a  thing by its
   properties.
    I drew my definition of poetical wit from my par-
  ticular consideration of him; for propriety of thoughts
  and words is only to be found in him.     Diyaen.
    Decision;  determination.
    [In logick.]  The explication  of  the
   essence of a thing by its kind and differ-
   ence.
    What is man? Not a reasonable animal mere-
  ly;  for that is not an adequate and distinguishing
  definition.                            Bentley.
 Definitive,  de-fin'e-tiv. adj.  [definiti-
    vus, Lat.]  Determinate;  positive;  ex-
    press.
     Other authors write often dubiously; even in mat-
   ters wherein is expected a strict and  definitive
   truth.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     I  make haste to the casting and comparting of the
   whole work, it being indeed the very definitive sum
   of this art, to distribute usefully  and  gracefully a
   well chosen plot.                      Wotton.
 Definitively, de-fin'e-tiv-le. adv. [from
    definitive.]  Positively;  decisively;  ex-
    pressly.
     Definitively thus I answer you:
   Your love deserves my thanks; but my desert,
   Unmeritable, shuns your high request.    Shaksp.
     Bellarmine saith, because we think that the body
   of Christ may be in many places at  once, locally
    and visibly;  therefore we  say and hold,  that the
    same body may be circumscriptively and definitively
    in more places at once.                   Hall.
     That Metheuselah was the longest lived of all the
    children of  Adam, we need not grant; nor is it de-
   finitively set down by Moses.            2?rown.

  Defi'nitivexess,  de-fin'e-tiv-nes.  to. «.
    [from definitive.] Decisiveness.
  Deflagrabi'lity, def-fla-gra-bil'e-te. «.
    s. [from defiagro, Lat.]  Combustibi.U- 
DEF
DEF
DEF
  ty; the quality of taking fire, and  burn-
  ing totally away.
    We have spent more time than the opinion of the
  ready deflagrability, if I may so speak, of salt-petre
  did permit us to imagine.                 Boyle.
Defla'guable, de-fla'gra-bl.  adj.  [from
  defiagro,  Latin.] Having the  quality of
  wasting  away  wholly  in fire,  without
  any remains.
    Our chymical oils, supposing that they were ex-
  actly pure, yet they would be, as toe best spirit of
  wine is, but the more inflammable and deflagrable.
                                       Boyle.
Deflagra'tion, def-fla-gra'shi'm.  to.  s.
  [defiagratio,  Lat.]  A term frequently
  made use of in chymistry, for setting
  fire to several things in  their prepara-
  tion; as in making   iEthiops  with  fire,
  with sal  prunellse, and many  others.
                                    Quincy.
    The true reason why paper is not burned by the
  flame that plays about it seems to be, that the aque-
  ous part of the spirit of wine, being imbibed by the
  paper, keeps it so moist, that the flame of  the sul-
  phureous parts of the same spirit cannot fasten on
  it; and therefore  when the deflagration is over, you
  shall always find the paper moist.          Boyle.
 To DEFLE'CT, de-flekt'. v. to. [defiecto,
   Lat.] To  turn aside; to deviate from a
   true course or right line.
    At some parts of toe Azores the needle deflecteth
  not, but lieth in the true meridian: on the other side
  of the Azores, and this side of the equator, the north
  point of the needle wheeleth to  the west.   Brown.
    For, did  not some from a straight course deflect,
  They could not meet, they could no world  erect.
                                   Blackmore.
Defle'ction, de-flek'shun. to. a. [from de-
  fiecto, Lat.]
1. Deviation; the act  of turning aside.
    Needles  incline to the south on the other side of
  the  equator; and at the very line,  or middle circle,
  stand without deflection.                 Brown.
2. A  turning aside, or out of the way.
S. [In navigation.]   The  departure  of  a
   ship from its true course.
Defle'xure,  de-flek'shure.479 to.  s. [from
   defiecto, Lat.]  A bending down; a turn-
   ing aside, or out of the way.       Diet.
Deflora'tion, def-fi6-ra'shian'.S30TO.s. [de-
  floration, French; from defioratus, Lat.]
 1. The act  of deflouring; the taking away
   of a woman's virginity.
2. A  selection of that which is most  valua-
  ble.
    The laws of Normandy are, in a great measure,
  the defloration of the English laws, and a transcript
  of them.                                Hale.
To  DEFLO'UR, de-flour', v. a. [defiorer,

1. lo ravish; to take  away a woman's vir-
  ginity.
    As is the lust of an eunuch to deflour a virgin, so
  is he that executeth judgment wito violence.
                                      Ecclus.
    Now will I hence to seek my lovely moor,
  And let my spleenful sons this trull deflour.  Shaksp.
2. To take  away the beauty and grace of
  any thing.
             How on a sudden lost,
  Defac'd, deflour'd, and now to death devote!  Milt.
    If l;e died young, he  died innocent, and before
  the .v.veetness of his soul was devoured and ravished
  from him by the flames and follies of a froward age.
                                      Tat/for.

Deflou'uer, de-fl6u'rur.9s to. a. [from de-
  flour] A ravisher; one that takes away
   virginity.
    I have often wondered, toat those deflourers of
  innocence, though dead to all  the sentiments of vir-
  tue and honour, are not restrained by humanity.
                                     Addison.
Deflu'ous, deffiu-&s. adj. [defiuus, Lat.]
I. That flows down.
2. That falls off.
Deflu'x, de-fluks'. n. s.  [defiuxus, Lat.]
   Downward flow.
    Both bodies are clammy, and bridle the deflux of
  humours, without penning them in too much.
                                      Bacon.
Deflu'xion, de-flnk'shun. to. s. [defiuxio,
   Lat.] The flow of  humours downward.
    We sec  that  taking cold moveth  looseness,  by
  contraction of the skin and outward parts; and so
  doth cold likewise cause rheums and defluxions from
  the head.                             Bacon.
De'fly, def'le. adv. [from deft]  Dexter-
   ously;   skilfully.   Obsolete.  Properly
   deftly.
     Lo, how finely the graces can it foot
      To the instrument;
     They dauncen defly, and singen soote,
      In their merriment.               Spenser.
Defoeda'tion, def-fe-da'shun. to. s. [from
   defoedus, Lat.]   The act of making fil-
   thy; pollution. This is no English word;
   at least, to make it English, it should
   be written defedation.
     What native unextinguishable beauty must be
   impressed and instincted through the whole, which
   the defadalion of so many parts by a bad printer,
   and a worse editor, could not hinder from shining
   forth!                               Bentley.
Defo'rcement, de-forse'ment. to. s. [from
   force] A withholding of lands and tene-
   ments by force from the right owner.
To  DEFO'RM, de-form', v. to. [deformo,
   Lat.]
1. To disfigure; to make ugly; to  spoil the
   form of any  thing.
     I that am curtail'd of all fair proportion,
   Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
   Defoi-m'd, unfinished, sent before my time
   Into this breathing world, scarce half made up.
                                   SAafespeare.
                Wintry blasts
   Deform the year delight]ess.            Thomson.
2. To dishonour; to make ungraceful.
     Old men with dust deform'd their hoary hair.
                                      Diyden.
Defo'rm,  de-form',  adj. [deformis, Lat.]
   Ugly; disfigured; of an irregular  form.
                I did proclaim
   That whoso kill'd that monster most deform,
   Should have mine only daughter to his dame.
                                      Spenser.
     So spake the griesly terror; and in shape,
   So speaking and so threatening, grew tenfold
   More dreadful and defoi-m.              Milton.
     Sight so deform what heart of rock could long
   Dry-eyed behold?                      Milton.
Deformv'tion, def-fdr-ma'shun.fi5° to. s.
   [deformatio,  Lat:]  A  defacing; a disfi-
   guring.
Defo'rmed, de-for'med.  participial, adj.
   Ugly; wanting natural  beauty.
Defo'rmedly,   de-for'med-Ie.364  adv.
   [from deform.]  In an  ugly manner.
Defo'rmedxess,  de-for'med-nes.  to.  s.
   [from deformed.] Ugliness;  a disagree-
   able form.
                    3r2
Defo'umity, de-for'me-te. to. *. [deformi-
  (as, Latin.]
1. Ugliness; illfavouredness.
    I, in this weak piping time of peace,
  Have no delight to pass away the time,
  Unless to spy my shadow in the sun,
  And descant on my own deformity.      Shakspeare.
    Proper deformity seems not in the fiend
  So horrid as in woman.               Shakspeare.
    Where sits deformity to meek my body,
  To shape my legs of an unequal size,
  To disproportion me in eveiy part.     Shaksqieare.
             Why should not man,
  Retaining still divine similitude,
  In part from such deformities be free,
  And, for his Maker's image sake, exempt? Milton.

2. Ridiculousness; the  quality  of some-
  thing worthy to be laughed at, or  cen-
  sured.
    In comedy there is somewhat more of the worse
  likeness to be taken,  because it is often to produce
  laughter, which is occasioned by the sight of some
  defoi~mity.                            Dryden.
3. Irregularity; inordinateness.
    No glory is mere to be envied than that of due re-
  forming either church or state, when deformities are
  such, that the perturbation and novelty  are not like
  to exceed the benefit of reforming.  King Charles.
Defo'rsor, de-f6r'sur.166 to.  a. [from far-
  ceur,  French.] One that overcomes and
  casts  out by force. A  law term. Blount.
To DEFRA'UD, de-frawd'. v. a.  [de-
  fraudo, Lat.]  To rob or  deprive by a
  wile or trick; to cheat; to  cozen; to de-
  ceive; to  beguile:  with of before  the
  thing taken by fraud.
    That no man go beyond and defraud his brother
  in any matter, because that the Lord is the avenger
  of all such, as we have also forewarned you and tes-
  tified.                          Thessalonians.
    My son,  defraud not the  poor of his living,  and
  make not the needy eyes to wait long.     Ecclus.
    Churches seem injured and defrauded of their
  right, when places, not sanctified as they are, pre-
  vent them unnecessarily in  that pre-eminence  and
  honour.                              Hooker.
    There they, who brothers better claim disown,
  Expel their parents, and usurp the throne;
  Defraud their clients, and, to lucre sold,
  Sit brooding on unprofitable gold.         Dryden.
    But now he seiz'd Briseis' heav'nly charms,
  And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms.  Pepe.
    There is a portion of our lives  which every wise
  man may justly reserve for his own particular  use,
  without defrauding his native country.     Dryden.

Defraudation,  de-fraw-da'shun.  to.  s.
   [drfraudo, Lat.] Privation by  fraud.
    Their impostures are  worse than any other, de-
  luding not only into pecuniary defraudations, but the
  irreparable deceit of death.              Brown.

Defra'uder, de-fraw'dnr. to. a.  [from  de-
  fraud.]  A deceiver; one that cheats.
    Th?  profligate in morals grow severe,
  Dcfraudcrs just, and sycophants sincere. Blackmore.

 To DEFRA'Y, de-fra'. v.  a.  [defrayer,
   Fr.]  To bear  the  charges of;  to  dis-
   charge expenses.
    He would,  out of his own revenue, defray the
  charges belonging to the sacrifices.        2 Mac-
    It is easy to lay a charge upon any  town; but to
  foresee how the same may be answered and defrayed,
  is the chief part of good ad\i-t nient,      Spenser.
    It is  Ion?; since any stranger aniud  in (hii part,
  and therefore take ye no cure; the state will defray
  you all the time you stay; neither ;hall ycu stay one
  clay the less for that.                    Baco>.
Defra'yer,  de-fra'urv,s  n.  v.   [from  de-
  fray.] One that discharges expenses. 
DEF
DE  G
DEG
Defra'yment, de-fra'ment.  to.  *. [from
   defray/] The payment of expenses.
DEFT, deft, ac//\ [bsept, Sax.] Obsolete.
I. Neat; handsome; spruce.
2. Proper; fitting.
    You go not the way to examine: you must
  call the watch that are their accusers----
  ----Yea, marry, that's the deftest way.    Shaksp.
.1. Ready; dexterous.
    Loud fits of laughter seiz'd the guests, to see
  The limping god so deft at his new ministry. Dryden.
    The wanton calf may skip with many a bound,
  And my cur,  Tray, play deftest feats around.  Gay.
De'ftly, deft'le. adv. [from deft] Obso-
   lete.
 1. Neatly; dexterously.
              Come, high or low,
   Thyself and office deftly show.    Shaksp. Macbeth.
 2. In a  skilful manner.
    Young Colin Clout, a lad of peerless  meed,
   Full well could dance, and deftly tune the reed.
                                         Gay.
 DEFU'NCT, de-ffinkt'.  adj. [defunctua,
   Lat.]  Dead; deceased.
              1 therefore beg it not
   To please the palate of my appetite;
   Nor to comply with heat, the young affects,
   In me defunct, and proper satisfaction.  Shakspeare.
            Here entity and quiddity,
   The souls of defunct bodies, fly.        Hudibras.
 Defu'nct, de-funkt'.  to.  s. [from the ad-
   jective.]  One that is deceased; a dead
   man  or woman.
     Nature doth abhor to make his couch
   With the defunct, or sleep upon the dead.  Shaksp.
     In many cases the searchers are able to report the
   opinion of the physician who was with the  patient,
   as they  received the same from the friends of the
   defunct.                              Graunt.
 Defu'nction, de-rank'slmn. to.   s. [from
   defunct.] Death.
     Nor did the French possess the Salique land
   Until four hundred one and twenty years
   After d-/;cncfion of king Pharamond.   Shakspeare.
 To DEFY', de-fi'.  v. a. [deffier,  Fr. from
   defide decedere, or some like phrase, to
   fail  from  allegiance to  rebellion,  con-
   tempt, or insult.]
 1. To call to combat; to challenge.
                  I once again
   Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight.      Milton.
     Where seek retreat, now innocence is fled?
   Safe in that  guard, I durst even hell defy;
   Without it, tremble now when heav'n is nigh.
                                       Dryden.
     Agis, the Lycian, stepping forth with pride,
   To single fight the boldest foe defied.      Diyden.
 2. To  Treat  with contempt; to slight.
     As many fools that stand in better lace,
   G*ni3b'd like  him, that for a tricksy word
   Defy the matter.                   Shakspeare.
 Defy',  de-fi'. to.  a. [from the verb.]  A
   challe<i*e; an invitation  to fight:  this is
   now  hardly used.
     At this the challenger with fierce defy,
   His trumpet sounds;  the challeng'd makes reply:
   With clangour rings  the field, resounds the vaulted
       sky.                             Dryden.
 Defy'er, de-fi'ur. to. a. [from  defy] A
   challenger;  one  that invites  to fight:
   more properly defier.
     God may  revenge the affronts put upon toem by
   such impudent defyers of both, as neither believe a
   God, nor ought to be believed by man.      SoufA.
 Degeneracy, de-jen'er-a-se. to.  a. [from
   degeneratio, Latin.]
 1. A departure from the virtue of our an-
   cestors.
2. A desertion of that which is  good.
    'Tis true, we have contracted a great deal  of
  weakness and  impotency by our wilful degeneracy
  from goodness; but that grace, which the gospel of-
  fers to us for our assistance, is sufficient for us.
                                     Tillotson.
    The ruin of a state is generally preceded by an
  universal degeneracy of manners,  and contempt of
  religion, which is entirely our case at present.
                                       Swift.
3. Meanness.
    There is a kind of sluggish resignation, as well as
  poorness and degeneracy of spirit, in a state of sla-
  very.                               Addison.
To DEGE'NERATE, de-jen'er-ate. v. to.
   [degenerare, Lat.  degenerer, Fr. degen-
   erar, Span.]

1. To fall from  the virtue of ancestors.
2. To fall  from a more noble  to a base
   state.
    When wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates
  into insolence and impiety.             Tillotson.
3. To fall from its kind; to  grow  wild or
   base.
    Most of those fruits that use to be grafted, if they
  be set of kernels or stones, degenerate.    Bacon.

Dege'nerate,  de-jen'er-ate.  adj. [from
   the verb.]
1. Unlike  his ancestors;  fallen from the
   virtue and  merit of his ancestors.
             Thou art like enough
  To fight against me under Piercy^s pay;
  To dog his heels, and curt'sy at his frowns,
  To show how much thou art degenerate.   Shaksp.
    Yet thou hast greater cause to be
  Asham'd of them than they of thee;
  Degenerate from their ancient brood,
  Since first the court allow'd them food.     Swift.
2. Unworthy; base; departing from its kind
   or nature.
    So all shall  turn degen'rate, all deprav'd;
  Justice and temperance, truth, and faith, forgot!
  One man except.                      Milton.
    When a man so far becomes degenerate as to quit
   the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious
   creature, there is commonly an injury done to some
   person or other.                        Locke.
Dege'nerateness, de-jen'er-ate-nes. to.*.
   .[from degenerate.] Degeneracy;  a be-
   ing grown wild, or out of kind.

Deoenera'tion,  de-j£n-er-a'shun. to.  a.
   [from degenerate.]

 1. A  deviation from  the  virtue of  one's
   ancestors.
2. A falling from a  more excellent state
   to one of less worth.
3. The thing changed from its primitive
   state.
    In plants, these transplantations are obvious; as
   that of barley  into oats, of wheat into darnell; and
   those grains which generally  arise among corn, as
   cockle, aracus, cegilops, and other degenerations.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours,

Dege'nerous, de-jen'er-us. adj. [from de-
   gener, Lat.]
 1. Degenerated;  fallen from  the virtue
   and merit of ancestors.
2. Vile; base; infamous; unworthy.
    Let not  the tumultuary violence of some men's
   immoderate demands ever betray me to that dege-
   nerous and unmanly slavery, which should make me
   strengthen them by my consent.      King Charles.
    Shame, instead of piety, restrains them  from
   many base and degenerous practices.        South.
     Degenerous passion, and for man too base,
   It seats its empire in the female race;
  There rages, and to make its blow secure,
  Puts flatt'ry on, until toe aim be sure.    Dryden.
Dege'nerously,   de-jen'er-us-le.    adv.
   [from  degenerous.] In  a  degenerate
   manner; basely; meanly.
    How wounding a spectacle  is it to see heroes,
  like Hercules at  the distaff, thus degenerously em-
  ployed!                        Decay of Piety.
Degluti'tion,  deg-glu-tish'un.880  to.   s.
   [deglutition,  Fr.  from deglutio, Lat.]
   The act or power of swallowing.
    When the deglutition is totally abolished,  toe
  patient may be nourished by clysters.  Arbuthnot.
Degraoa'tion, deg-gra-da'shun.630  n.  s.
   [degradation, Fr.]
1. A  deprivation of dignity;  dismission
   from office.
    The word degradation is commonly used  to de-
  note a deprivation and removing of a man from his
  degree.                              Ayliffe.
2. Degeneracy; baseness.
    So deplorable is the  degradation of our nature,
   that whereas before we bore the image of God, we
   now retain only the image of men.         SoufA.
3. Diminution, with  respect  to strength,
   efficacy, or value.
4. [In painting.]   A  term made use  of to
   express  the  lessening and rendering
   confused the appearance of  distant ob-
   jects in a landscape, so as they may ap-
   pear there as they  would  do to  an eye
   placed at that distance from them.  Diet.

 To DEGRA'DE, de-grade', v. a. [degra-
   der, Fr.]
 1. To put one from his degree; to deprive
   him of his office, dignity, or title.
                         He should
   Be quite degraded, like ahedgeborn swain
   That doth presume to boast of gentle blood.
                                   Shakspeare,
2. To lessen; to diminish  the value of.
    Nor shalt thou, by descending to assume
   Man's nature, lessen or  degrade thine own. Milton.
    All higher knowledge in her presence falls
   Degraded.                             Milton.
3. To reduce  from  a higher  to a lower
   state, with  respect to qualities: as, gold
   is degraded into silver.

Degrava'tion,  de'g-gra-va'shiln.  w.   a.
   [from  d> gravatus, of degravo,  Lat.]
   The act of making heavy.          Diet.
DEGRE'E,  de-gree'.  to.  a. [degrt, Fr.
   from gradus, Latin.]
 1. Quality; rank; station;  place of dignity.
    It was my fortune, common to that age,
   To love a lady fair, of great degree,
    The which was born  of noble parentage,
   And set in highest seat of dignity.        Spenser.
    I embrace willingly the ancient received course
   and conveniency of that discipline, which teacheth
   inferior degrees and orders in  the church of God.
                                       Hooker.
     Sure  men of low degree are vanity, and men of
   high degree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they
   are altogether lighter than vanity.         Psalms.
     Well then, Coleville is your name, a knight is
   your degree, and your place the dale.  Shakspeare.
               Degree being vizarded,
   Th' unworthiest shews as fairly in the mask.
                                    Sliakspeare.
     This  noble youth to madness lov'd a dame
   Of high degree, Honoria was her name.    Dryden.
                     Farmers in degree;
   He a good husband, a good housewife she. Dryden.
     But is no rank, no station,  no degree,
   From this contagious taint of sorrow free?  Prior, 
DEH
DE  J
DEI
2. The comparative state and condition in
   which a thing is.
    The book  of Wisdom noteth degrees of idolatry,
  making that  of worshipping petty and vile idols
  more gross than simply the worshipping of toe crea-
ture.
Bacon.
     As if there were degrees in infinite,
   And Heav'n itself had rather want perfection,
   Than punish to excess.                 Dryden..
                     Poesy
   Admits of no degrees; but must be still
   Sublimely good, or despicably ill.     Roscommon.
 3. A step or preparation to any thing.
     Her first degree was by setting forth her beauties,
   truly in nature not to be misliked, but as much ad-
   vanced to toe eye, as abased to the judgment, by
   art                                 Sidney.
     Which si"ht the knowledge of myself might bring,
   Which to true wisdom is the first degree.  _ Davies.
 4. Order of lineage, descent of family.
     King Latinus, in the third degree,
   Had Saturn author of his family.         Diyden
 5. Order or class.
     The several degrees of angels may probably have
   larger views, and be  endowed with capacities able
   to set before them, as in  one picture, all their past
   knowledge at once.                      Locke.
 0. Measure; proportion.
     If all the  parts are equally heard as loud as one
   another, they will stun you to that degree, that you
   will fancy your ears were torn in pieces.  Dryden.
 7. [In  geometry.]  The three hundred and
    sixtieth  part  of  the circumference of a
    circie. The  space of one degree in the
    heavens is accounted to answer to sixty
   miles on earth.
     In minds and manners, twins opposed we see;
   In the same sign, almost the same  degree.   Dryd.
     To you who live in chill degree,
   As map informs, of fifty-three.           Dryden.
 8. [In arithmetick.]  A degree  consists  of
   three figures, viz. of three places,  com-
   prehending units,  tens, and  hundreds;
   so three hundred and sixty-five is  a de-
   cree.              Cocker's  Arithmetick.
 9. The division  ofthe lines upon several
   sorts of mathematical instruments.
 10. [In musick.] The intervals of sounds,
   which  are  usually marked  by   little
   lines.                              Diet.
 II. [In philosophy.]   The vehemence or
   slackness of the  hot or cold quality.
     The second,  third, and fourth  degrees of heat
   are more easily introduced than the first: everyone
   is both a preparative and a step to the next. SoufA.
 By Degrees, bi de-greez'. adv. Gradu-
   ally;  by little and little.
     Their bodies are  exercised in all abilities both
  of doing and suffering, and their minds acquainted
  by degrees with danger.                 Sidney.
     Doth not  this ethereal medium, in passing out
  of water,  glass, chrystal,  and  other compact and
  dense bodies, into empty  spaces, grow denser and
  denser by degrees.                     Newton.
     Exuiting in triumph  now swell the bold  notes;
  In broken air, trembling, the wild music floats;
       Till by degrees remote and small,
           The strains  decay,
           And melt away,
       In a dying, dying fall.                Pope.
     A person who  is  addicted to play or gaming,
  though he took but  little delight  in it at first,  by
  degrees contracts a strong inclination towards it.
                                    Specfafor.
fir gust a'tion,  deg-gus-ta'shun.830 to.  *•
   [degustatio, Latin.]  A tasting.
'fp  DEHO'RT, de-h6rt'. v. a. [dehortor,
  Latin.]  To  dissuade;  to  advise  to the
  contrary.
     One severely dehorted all his followers  from
   prostituting mathematical principles unto common
   apprehension or practice.               Wilkins.
     The apostles vehemently deAorf us from unbelief.
         r                              Ward.
 Dehorta'tion,   de-hor-ta'shun.   n.  s.
   [from dehortor,  Latin.]  Dissuasion;  a
   counselling  to  the  contrary;  advice
   against  something.
     The author  of this epistle, and the rest of the
   apostles, do every where vehemently and earnestly
   dehort from unbelief:  did they never read these
   dehortations?                Ward on Infidelity.
 Deho'rtatorv,   de-h6r'ta-tur-e.61*   adj.
   [from  dehortor,  Latin.] Belonging  to
   dissuasion.
 Deho'rter,  de-h6r'tur.  to.  a.  [from de-
   hort]  A dissuader; an  adviser to the
   contrary.
 DE'ICIDE,de'e-side.143 n.a. [from Deus,
   and cozdo, Latin.]  The murder of God;
   the act  of killing  God. It  is only  used
   in speaking of the death  of our blessed
   Saviour.
     Explaining how perfection suffer'd pain,
   Almighty languish'd, and Eternal died;
     How by her patient victor Death was slain,
   And earth  profan'd, yet bless'd, wito deicide?
                                       Prior.
 To  DEJE'CT,  de-jekt'. v. a.  [dejicio,
   Latin.]
 1. To cast  down; to afflict; to grieve; to
   depress;  to sink;  to  discourage;  to
   crush.
     Well, I am your  theme; you have the start of
   me; I am dejected; ignorance itself is a plummet
   o'er me; use me as you will.             Shaksp.
     The lowest, most dejected thing of fortune,
   Stands still in esperance; lives not in fear. Shaksp.
     Nor think to die dejects my lofty mind;
   All that I dread is leaving you behind!      Pope.
2. To change the form with grief; to make
   lo look sad.
    Eneas here beheld, of form divine,
   A godlike youth in glitt'ring armour shine,
   With great Marcellus keeping equal pace,
   But gloomy were his eyes, dejected was his face.
                                     Dryden.
Deje'ct, de-jekt. adj. [dejectus, Latin.]
   Cast down; afflicted; low-spirited.
    I am of ladies most dejecf and wretched,
  That suck'd the honey of his musick vows. Shaksp.
Deje'cteoly, de-jek'ted-le.  adv.  [from
   d-ject]   In a dejected  manner;  sadly;
   heavily.
    No man  in that passion  doth look  strongly, but
  dejectedly, and that repulsion  from toe eyes divert-
  eth the spirits,  and  gives heat more to the ears,
  and the parts by them.                 Bacon.
Deje'ctedness, de-jeVted-nes. to.*, [from
   dejected] The state of being cast down;
   a  lowness of spirits.                Diet.
Deje'ction, de-jek'shun. to. s. [dejection,
   Fr  from dejectio, Latin.]
1. Lowness of spirits; melancholy; depres-
   sion of mind.
                What besides
  Of sorrow,  and dejection, and despair,
  Our frailty  can sustain, thy tidings bring.  Milton.
    Deserted and astonished, he sinks into utter de-
  jection; and even hope itself is swallowed up in de-
  spair.                               Rogers.
2. Weakness; inability.
    The effects vC an alkalescent state, in any great
  degree, are thirst and ndejedinn of appetite, which
  putrid things occasion more thai,  any other.
                        Arbuthnot v/i ^ftmenfs.
 3. [In medicine.] Going to stool.
     The liver should continually separate the choler
  from  the blood, and  empty it into toe intestines;
  where  there is good use for it, not only to  provoke
  dejection, but also to attenuate toe chyle.     Ray.
 Deje'oture, de-jek'tshure.461 to. s.  [from
   deject.] The excrement.
     A disease opposite to spissitude is too great fluid-
  ity, the symptoms of which are excess of animal
  secretions; as of perspiration, sweat, urine, liquid
  dejectures, leanness, weakness, and thirst.  Arbuth.
 Dejera'tion,   ded-je-ra'shun.630   to.  s.
   [from  dejero,  Lat.] A taking of a so-
   lemn oath.                         Diet.
 Deifica'tion,  de-e-fe-ka'shiin. to. s. [dei-
  fication, French.]  The act of deifying,
   or making a god.
 Dei'form,  de'e-form.  adj.   [from  deus
   and forma, Latin.]   Of a godlike form.
 To  DEITY, de'e-fi. v. a. [deifier, French;
   from deus  and fio, Latin.]
 I. To make a god of; to adore as  a god;
   to transfer into the number of the divi-
   nities.
    Daphnis, the fields delight, the shepherds love,
  Renown'd on earth,and deified above.    Dryden.
    The seals of Julius  Caesar, which we  know to
  be antique,  have the star of Venus  over toem,
  though they were all graven after his death,  as a
  note that he was deified.               Dryden.
    Persu'ade  the  covetous  man not  to deify his
  money, and the proud man not to adore himself.
                                       SoufA.
                 Half of thee
  Is deified before thy death.                Prior.
2. To praise excessively; to  extol one as
  if he were a god.
    He  did again  so  extol  and deify the pope, as
  made all that he had said in  praise of  his master
  and mistress seem temperate and passable. Bacon.
To  DEIGN,  dane. x>.  to. [from  daigner,
  Fr. of dignor, Latin.] To vouchsafe; to
  think worthy.
    Deign to descend now lower, and relate
  What may no less perhaps  avail us known. Milton.
    O deign to visit our forsaken seats,
  The mossy fountains, and the green retreats.  Pope.
To  Deign,  dane.349  v. a. To  grant; to
  permit; to allow.
    Now Sweno, Norway's king, craves composition;
  Nor would we deign him burial of his men,
  Till he disburs'd ten thousand dollars.     Shaksp.
Dei'gning,  da'ning. to. a. [from deign.]
  A vouchsafing; a thinking worthy.
To   Dei'ntegrate,  de-in'te-grate. v.fi.
  [from  de  and integro, Lat.]  To  take
  from the whole; to spoil; to diminish.
                                       Diet.
Dei'parous,  de-ip'pa-rus.fi18 adj. [drj/ia-
  rus, Latin.] That brings forth a god: the
  epithet applied to the blessed Virgin.
                                       Diet.
DE'ISM, de'izm.  to.  a. [deisme,  French.]
  The opinion of those  that only acknow-
  ledge one God, without the reception of
  any revealed  religion
    Deism, or toe principles of natural worship,  are
  only the faint remnants or dying flames of revealed
  religion in the posterity of Noah.        Dryden.
De'ist,  de'ist.  n s. [delate, French.] A
  man who follows no particular religion,
  but only acknowledges the existence of
  God,  without any other article of f uh.
    In the second epistle of St. Peter, certain deists,
  as they seem to have been, laughed at the prophe-
  cy of the day of judgment.               Burnet 
DEL
DEL
DEL
D Kivnc al, de-is'te-kal. adj. [from deist]
   Belonging to the heresy of the deists.
    Weakness does not fall only to the share of chris-
  tian writers, but to some who  have taken the pen
  in  hand to support the  dcislical or antichrist!an
  scheme of our days.                     Wa'ts.
Dei'ty, de'e-te.  n.  .1.  [deite,  French;
   from deltas, Latin. !
1.  Divinity;  the  nature  and essence  of
   God.
     Some things he doth as God, because his deity
  alone is the  spring  from which they  How: some
  things  as man, because they issue from his mere
  human  nature; some things jointly as both  God
  and  man, because both natures  concur as princi-
  ples  thereunto.                       Hooker.
               AVith what arms
  AVe  mean to hold what anciently we claim
   Of deity or empire.                     Milton.
 2.  A  fabulous god: a term applied to the
   heathen gods  and goddesses.
     A\rill you  suffer a temple,  how poorly built so-
   ever, but yet a temple of your  deity, to be razed?
                                        Sidney.
     Give the gods a thankful sacrifice when it pleas-
   eth their deities to take the  wife  of a  man  from
   him.                                Shaksp.
 3.  The  supposed   divinity  of a heathen
    god; divine qualities.
     They on their former journey forward pass,
   With pains far passing that long wandering Greek,
   That for his love refused deity.          Spenser.
     Heard you not what an humble suppliant
   Lord Hastings was to her for his delivery?
   —Who humbly complaining to her deity,
   Got my lord chamberlain his liberty.        Shak.
     By what reason could the same deifu be denied
   unto Laurentia and  Flora, which was  given to Ve-
   nus?                               Raleigh.
 Delacera'tion,  de-las-ser-a'shun.  w. s.
    [from delacero, Latin.]    A  tearing in
    pieces.                             Diet.
 Delacryma'tion,   de-lak-kre-ma'shun.
    to.  s.  [delacrymatio,  Latin.]   A falling
    down of the humours; the  waterishness
    of the eyes, or  a weeping  much. Diet.
 DELACTA'TioN,del-ak-ta'shu.n.e3° n.s. [de-
    lactatio,  Latin.] A weaning  from  the
    breast.                             Diet.
 Dela'psed, de-lapst.389 adj.  [from  delap-
    sus, Latin. With physicians.] Bearing
    or falling down. It is used in speaking
    ofthe womb, and  the like.        Diet.
  To DELATE, de-late'.  v. a. [from dela-
    tus, Lat.]
  1.  To carry; to convey.
     Try exactly the time wherein sound is delated.
                                        Bacon.
  2.  To accuse; to inform  against.
  Dela'tion,  de-la'sh&n.  to.  s.  [delatio,
    Latin.]
  1.  A carnage;  conveyance.
     In delation of sounds, the iuclosure of them pre-
    serveth them, and  causeth them to be heard fur-
    ther.                                Bacon.
     It is certain toat  the delation of light is in an in-
   stant.                             ,   Bacon.
     There is a plain delation of the sound  from the
   teeth to the instrument of hearing.       Bacon.
 2. An  accusation; an impeachment.
 Dela'tor,   de-ia'tur."-86  n.  s.  [delator,
    Latin.]  An accuser;  an informer.
     AA'hat.wcre these  harpies but flatterers,  delators,
   and inexpleably  covetous?               Sandys.
     Men have proved their own  delators,  and dis-
   covered their own most important secrets.
                        Government ofthe  Tongue.
    No sooner was that  small colony,  wherewith
  the depopulated  earth was to he re planted, come
  forth ofthe ark, but we meet with Cham, a delator
  to his own father, inviting his brethren to that exe-
  crable spectacle of their parent's nakedness.
                      Gormimmt ofthe Tongue.
To  DELA'Y, de-la', v. a. [from  delayer,
  Fr.]
1. 1 o defer; to put off.
    And when the people saw that Moses delayed to
  come down out of the mount, toe people gathered
  themselves together unto Aaron.         Exodus.
    Cyrus he found, on him his force essay'd;
  For Hector was to the tenth year delaxfd.   Dryd.
2. To hinder; to  frustrate;  to   keep sus-
  pended.
3. To detain, stop, or retard the course of.
    Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delay'd.
  The huddling brook to hear his madrigal.  Milton.
    She flies the town, and mixing with the throng
  Of madding matrons, bears the bride along
  AVand'ring through  woods  and wilds, and devious
      ways,
  And with these arts the Trojan match delays.
                                      Dryden.
    Be mindful, goddess, of thy promise made;
  Must sad Ulysses ever be delay'd?         Pope.
To Dela'y, de-la', v.  to. To stop; to cease
  from action.
    There  seem to be certain  bounds to the quick-
  ness and slowness of the succession of those  ideas
  one to another in  our minds, beyond which they
  can neither delay nor hasten.             Locke.
Dela'y, de-la', to. s. [from the verb.]
1. A deferring; procrastination; lingering
   inactivity.
    1 have learn'd  that fearful commenting
  Is leaden  servitor to dull delay;
  Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary.
                                       Shaksp.
    The conduct of our lives, and the management
  of our great concerns, will not bear delay.   Locke.
2.  Slay; stop.
     The keeper charm'd, the chief without delay
  Pass'd on, and took th' irremeable way.   Dryden.
 Dela'yer,  de-la'ur.  w. s.  [from  delay]
    One  that defers;  a putter off.
 DELE'CTABLE, de-lek'ta-bl. adj.  [de-
    lectabilia, Lat.] Pleasing; delightful.
             Ev'ning now approach;
  For we have also our ev'ning, and our morn;
  AVc ours  for change delectable, not need.   Milton.
     He brought thee into this delicious grove,
  This garden planted with the  trees of God;
  Delectable both to behold and taste!        Milton.
     Some of his attributes, and  the  manifestations
  thereof, are not  only highly delectable to the  intel-
  lective faculty, but are suitably and easily concep-
  tible by us, because apparent in his works,  as his
  goodness, beneficence, wisdom, and power.   Hale.
            The apple's outward form,
   Delectable, the witless swain beguiles;
  Till that  with writhen mouth, and spattering  noise,
  He tastes the bitter morsel.              Philips.
 Dele'ctableness, de-lek'ta-bl-nes. «.  s.
    [from    delectable.]    Delightfulness;
    pleasantness.
 Dele'ctably,   de-lek'ta-ble.  czcix'.  De-
    lightfully; pleasantly.
 Delecta'tion, del-lek-ta-slmn. to. s.  [de-
    lectatio, Latin.] Pleasure; delight.
     Out break toe tears for joy and delectation.
                                   Sir T. More.
 To DE'LEGATE,  del-e'gate."1  v.   a.
    [delego, Latin ]
 I.  To  send away v
 2.  To send upon an embassy.
 3.  To  entrust;  to commit to  another's
    power and jurisdiction.
    As God hato imprinted his authority in several
  parts upon several estates of men, as princes,  pa-
  rents, spiritual guides; so he hath also delegated and
  committed part  of his care and  providence unto
  them.                               Taylor.
    As God is the universal monarch, so we have all
  the relation of fellow-subjects to him; and can pre-
  tend no farther jurisdiction over each  other, than
  what he has delegated to us.      Decay of Piety.
    Why does he wake the correspondent moon,
  And fill her willing lamp with liquid light;
    Commanding her, with delegated pow'rs
  To beautify the world, and bless the night?   Prior.

4. To appoint  judges   to hear and deter-
   mine a particular cause.
De'legate, del'le-gate."1 to. s. [delegatus,
   Latin.]  A  deputy; a commissioner; a
   vicar;  any one that is sent to act for, or
   represent, another.
                  If after her
  Any shall live, which dare true good prefer,
  Ev'ry such person is her delegate,
  T' accomplish  that which  should  have  been  her
      fate.                            Donne.
    They must be severe  exactors of accounts from
  their delegates and ministers of justice.    Taylor.
    Let the young Austrian then her terrours bear,
  Great as he is, her delegate in war.         Prior.
    Elect by Jove, his delegate of sway,
  "With joyous pride the summons I'd obey.    Pope.
De'legate, del'le-gate.503 adj. [delegatus,
   Latin] Deputed; sent to act for, or re-
   present, another.
    Princes in judgment, and their delegate judges,
  must judge the causes of all persons uprightly and
  impartially.                          Taylor.
De'legates, del'le-gates. [Court  of] A
   court  wherein all causes of appeal, by
   way of devolution  from  either of the
   archbishops,  are decided.
                        Ayliffe's Parergon.

Delega'tion,  del-le-ga'shun.  to. s.  [de-
   legatio,  Latin.]
 I. A sending away.
 2. A putting in commission.
 3. The assignment of a debt to another.
 Deleni'fical, del-le-nif'fe-kal. adj. [de-
   lenificus,  Latin.]  Having  virtue  to as-
   suage or ease pain.                 Diet.
 To DELETE, de-lele'. v. a. [from deleo,
   Latin.] To blot out.                Diet.
 Delete'rious, dei-e-te're-i}s.630ac#. [de-
   leterius, Latin.]   Deadly; destructive;
   of a poisonous quality.
     Many things, neither deleterious by  substance or
   quality, are yet  destructive by figure, or some oc-
   casional activity.                      Brown.
 De'letery, del'e-ter-e. adj. [from delete-
   rius, Latin.]  Destructive;  deadly; poi-
   sonous.
              Nor doctor epidemick,
   Though stor'd with deletery med'eines,
   AVhich  whosoever took is  dead since,
   E'er sent so vast a colony
   To both the under worlds as he.       Hudibras.
 Dele'tion,  de-le'shun.  to.  a.  [deletio,
    Latin.]
 1. Act of razing or blotting out.
 2. A destruction.
     Indeed if there be a total deletion  of every per-
   son of the opposing party  or country, then  the vic-
   tory is complete, because none remains to call it iu
   question.                               Hale.
 Delf,   ? d£if  ^n-  *•  [from  belpan,
 Delfe,  y     ' I Saxon, to  dig.]
  I. A  mine; a quarry; a pit dug. 
DEL
DEL
D  E L
    Yet could not such  mines, without  great pains
  and charges, if at all, be wrought: the delfs would
  be so  flown with waters, that no gins or machines
  could  suffice to lay and keep them dry.      Ray.
2. Earthen ware; counterfeit Chuia ware,
   made at Delft in  Hoiiand.
    Thus barter honour for a piece of det/.'
  No, not for China's wide domain itself.    Smart.

Deliba'tion, de-H-ba'shun. n. a. [deliba-
   tio, Latin ]  An essay; a taste.
To DELI'BERATE,  de-lib'er-ate."1 v. to.
   [delibero, Lat.]   To  think, in order to
   choice;  to  hesitate.
    A conscious, wise, reflecting cause,
  Which freely moves and acts by reason's laws;
  That can deliberate means elect, and find
  Their due  connection wito the end design'd.
                                    Blackmore.
    When love once pleads  admission to our hearts,
  In spite of all the virtue we can boast,
  The woman that deliberates is lost.      Addison.

Deliberate, de-lib'er-ate.B1 adj. [delibe-
   rate, Latin.]
I. Circumspect; wary; advised; discreet.
    Most Grave-belly was detioerafe,
  Not rash like his accusers.              Shaksp.
2. Slow; tedious: not sudden; gradual.
    Commonly it is  for virtuous considerations, toat
  wisdom  so far  prevaileto with men  as  to make
  toem desirous of slow and deliberate death, against
  the stream of their sensual inclination.     Hooker.
    Echoes are some more  sudden, and  chop  again
  as soon as the  voice is delivered, others are more
  deliberate,  that is, give more space between  the
  voice and  toe echo, which is caused  by the local
  nearness or distance.                    Bacon.
Deliberately,    de-lib'er-ate-le.  adv.
   [from deliberate]
1. Circumspectly; advisedly; warily.
    He judges to a hair  of little indecencies; knows
  better than any man what  is not to be written; and
  never hazards himself so far as to fall, but plods on
  deliberately; and, as a  grave man  ought, is sure to
  put his staff before him,                 Dryden.
2. Slowly;  gradually.
Deli'berateness,  de-lib-er-ate'nes. to.  a.
   [from   deliberate]    Circumspection;
   wariness; coolness;  caution.
    They would not  stay the fair production of acts,
  in the order, gravity, and deliberattness befitting a
  parliament.                      King Charles.
Deliberation, de-lib-er-a'shun. n. a. [de-
   liberate, Lat.]  The act of deliberating;
   thought in  order to choice.
    If mankind had  no power to avoid ill or choose
  good by free deliberation,  it should never be guilty
  of any thing that was done.           Hammond.
Deliberative, de-lib'er-a-tiv. adj. [deli-
  berative, Lat.] Pertaining to delibera-
  tion; apt to consider.
Deliberative, de-lib'er-a-tiv. to. s. [from
  the adjective.]  The  discourse  in  which
  a question is deliberated.
    In deliberatives, the point is, what is evil; and of
  good, what is greater; and  of evil, what is less.      ,
                                       Bacon.
DE'LIC\CY, del'e-ka-se.  n. s   [delica-
  tesse, Fr. of  delieia. Lat.]
I. Daintiness; pleasantness to the taste.
        On hospitable thoughts intent,
  What choice to choose  for  delicacy best.   Milton-
2. Nicety in the choice of food.
3. Any  thing highly pleasing to the senses.
                 These delicacies,
  I  mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs,  fruits, and
      flow'rs,
  Walks, and the melody of birds.          Milton.
A. Softness; elegance of feminine beauty-
     A man of goodly presence, in whom strong ma-
  king took not away delicacy, nor beauty fierceness.
                                        Sidney.
5. Nicety; minute accuracy.
     Van Dyck has even excelled him in the delicacy
  of his colouring, and in his cabinet pieces. Dryden.
     You may see into the spirit of them all, and form
  your pen from those general notions and delicacy of
  thoughts and happy words.               Felton.
6  Neatness; elegance of dress.
7. Politeness  of  manners:  contrary  to
  grossness.
8. Indulgence; gentle treatment.
     Persons born of families noble and rich, derive a
  weakness of constitution from the ease and luxury
  of their ancestors, and  the delicacy  of their  own
  education.     -                       Temple.
9. Tenderness; scrupulousness.
     Any zealous for promoting the interest of his
  country, must conquer all that tenderness and deli-
  cacy, which may make him afraid of being spoken
  ill of.                               Addison.
10.  Weakness of constitution.
11.  Smallness; tenuity.
De'licate, del'e-kate.91 bos a^j. [delicat,
   Fr.]
1. Nice; pleasing to the taste; of an agree-
   able flavour.
     The choosing of a delicate before a more ordinary
  dish, is to be done as other human actions are, in
  which there  are  no degrees  and precise  natural
  limits described.                        Taylor.
2. Dainty; desirous of curious meats.
3. Choice; select; excellent.
4. Pleasing to the  senses.
5. Fine;  not  coarse;  consisting  of  small
   parts.
     As  much blood passeth  through the lungs as
  through all the body; the circulation is  quicker, and
  heat greater, and their texture is extremely delicate.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. Of polite manners;  not gross,  or coarse.
7. Soft;  effeminate;   unable  to bear hard-
  ships.
     Witness this  army, of such mass and charge,
  Led by a delicate and tender prince.       Shaksp.
     Tender and  delicate persons must  needs be oft
  angry, they have  so many things?to trouble them,
  which more robust natures have little sense of.
                                        Bacon.
8. Pure; clear.
    Where they  most breed and haunt, I have ob-
      serv'd
  The air is delicate.                     Sliaksp.
De'licately,  del'e-kate-le.  adv.  [from
  delicate]
1. Beautifully; with  soft elegance.
    That which  will distinguish his style from all
  other poets,  is the elegance of his words, and the
  numerousness of his verse: there is nothing so deli-
  cately turned in all the Roman language.  Dryden.
    Ladies like variegated tulips show,
  'Tis to their changes half their charms we owe;
  Such happy spots the nice admirer take,
  Fine by defect, and delicately weak.        Pope.
2. Finely; not  coarsely.
3. Daintily.
     Eat not delicately, or nicely; that is,  be not trou-
  blesome to  thyself or others in the choice of thy
  meats, or the delicacy of thy sauces.       Taylor.
4. Choicely.
5. Politely.
6. Effeminately.
De'licateness, del'e-kate-nes. to.*, [from
  delicate]  The state of being delicate;
  tenderness; softness; effeminacy.
     Tbe delicate woman among you would not ad-
   venture to set the sole of her foot upon the ground,
   for delicateness and tenderness.             Devi.
 De'licates, del'e kats.  to.  s.  [from  deli-
   cate.]  Niceties; rarities; that which is
   choice and dainty.
         The shepherd's homely curds,
   His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle,
   All which secure and sweetly he enjoys,
   Are far beyond a prince's delicates.       Shaksp.
    They their appetites not only feed
   AVith delicates of leaves and marshy ""eed,
   But wito thy sickle reap the rankest land. Dryden.
    AVith abstinence all delicates he sees,
   And can regale himself wito toast and cheese.
                                King's Cookenj.
 De'lioes, del'e-sez. n. s. pi. [delieia, Lat.]
   Pleasures. This word ismerely French.
    And now  he has pour'd out his idle mind
   In dainty delices and lavish joys,
    Having his warlike weapons cast behind,
   And flows in pleasures and vain pleasing toys.
                                       Spenser.
Deli'cious, de-lish'i'is.807 adj.  [delicieux,
   Fr. from delicatus,  Lat.]  Sweet;  deli-
   cate;  that  affords  delight;  agreeable;
   charming;  grateful to the sense or mind.
    It is highly probable, that upon Adam's disobedi-
   ence Almighty God chased him out of Paradise, the
   fairest  and  most delicious  part of the  earth, into
   some other the most barren and unpleasant.
                                     Woodward.
    In his last hours his easy wit display:
  Like the rich fruit he seems, delicious in decay.
                                        Smifft.
    Still on that breast enamour'd let me lie,
   Still drink delicious poison from thy eye.    Pope.
Deli'ciously,  de-lish'i\s-le.  adv. [from
   delicious.]  Sweetly; pleasantly; delight-
   fully.
    How much  she hath glorified  herself and lived
   deliciously, so  much  torment and sorrow give her.
                                    .Rercetafion.
Deli'ciousness, de-lish'us-nes. n.s. rtrom
   delicious.]  Delight; pleasure; joy.
               The sweetest honey
   Is loathsome in its own deliciousness,
   And in the taste confounds the appetite.   Shaksp,
    Let no man judge of himself, or of the blessings
   and efficacy of the sacrament itself, by any sensible
   relish, by the gust and deliciousness, which he some-
   times perceives,  and at  other times does not per-
   ceive.                                Taylor.

Deliga'tion, del-le-ga'shun. to. s. [deliga-
   tio, Lat.]  A binding up in chirurgery.
    The third intention is deligation, or retaining the
  parts so joined together.      Wiseman's Surgery.

Deli'ght, de-lite'.393  n.s. [delice, French;
   from delector, Lat.]

1. Joy; content; satisfaction.
    Saul commanded his servants, saying, commune
  with David secretly, and say, behold the king hath
  delight in thee, and all his servants love thee.
                                     1 Samuel.
2. That which  gives delight.
    Come, sisters, cheer we  up his sprights,
   And shew the  best of our delights:
   AVe'll ch:>rm the air to give a sound,
   While you perform your  antick round.    Sliaksp.
    Titus Vespasian was not more the delight of hu-
   man kind: the universal empire made him only more
  known, and  more powerful, but could not make him
   more beloved.                         Dryden.
    She was his care, his hope, and his delight,
   Most in his thought, and  ever in his sight.  Diyden.

 To DELI'GHT,  de-lite'. v.a.  [delector,
   Lat.]  To please; to  content; to satisfv;
   to  afford  pleasure.
    The  princes delighting their conceits with con-
   firming their knowledge,  seeing wherein the sea- 
DEL
DEL
DEL
  discipline differed from the land service, had plea-
  sing entertainment.                     Sidney.
    Delight thyself also in the  Lord, and he shall
  give thee the desires of thine heart.       Psalms.
    Poor insects, whereof some  are bees, delighted
  witli  flowers, and their sweetness; others beetles,
  delighted with other kinds of viands.        Locke.
    He heard, he took, and pouring down his throat,
  Delighted, swill'd the large luxurious draught. Pope.
To Deli'ght, de-lite'. v. to.  To have de-
   light or pleasure in. It is followed by in.
    Doth my lord, the king, delight in this thing?
                                     2 Samuel.
    Blessed is the man  toat feareto the Lord, that
  delighteth greatly in his commandments.   Psalms.
Deli'ghtful, de-lite'ful.   adj.  [from de-
   light and full.] Pleasant; charming; full
   of delight.
    He was given to sparing in so immeasurable sort,
  that  he  did  not only bar himself  from the delight-
  ful, but  almost from the necessary, use thereof.
                                       Sidney.
    No spring nor summer, on the mountain seen,
  Smiles with gay fruits or with delightful green.
                                      Addison.
Deli'ghtfully, de-lite'ful-le. adv. Plea-
   sant, y; charmingly; with delight.
               O voice! once heard
  Delightfully, increase and multiply;
  Now death  to hear!                    Milton.
Deli'ghtfulness,  de-lite'fiil-nes.  n.   s.
   [from delight.]  Pleasure; comfort; sa-
   tisfaction.
    But our desires, tyrannical extortion,
  Doth force  us there to set our  chief delightfulness,
  Where but a baiting-place is  all  our portion.
                                       Sidney.
    This indeed shews toe  excellency of the object,
  but doth not altogether take away  the delightfulness
  of the knowledge.                     Tillotson.
Deli'ghtsome,  de-lite'su\m.  adj. [from
   delight.]   Pleasant; delightful.
    The words themselves being so ancient, the knit-
  ting  of them so  short and intricate, and the whole
  periods and  compass of his speech so delightsome for
  the roundness, and so grave for the strangeness.
                                       Spenser.
    God has furnished every one with toe same means
  of exchanging hunger and thirst for delightsome vig-
  our,                                   Grew.
Deli'ghtsomely,   de-lite'sum-le.   adv.
   [from delightsome.] Pleasantly; in a de-
   lightful manner.
Deli'ghtsomeness, de-lite'sum-nes. to. a.
   [from delightsome.]  Pleasantness; de-
   lightfulness.
To DELI'NEATE, de-lin'e-ate. v. a. [de-
   li neo,  Lat.]
1. To make the first  draught of a thing;
   to design; to sketch.
2. To paint; to represent  a true  likeness
   in a picture.
    The licentia pictoria is very large: with the same
  reason they may delineate old  Nestor like Adonis,
  Hecuba with Helen's face, and Time with Absa-
  lom's head.                           Brown.
3. To describe; to set forth in a lively man-
   ner.
    It followeth, to delineate the region in which God
  first planted his delightful garden.        Raleigh.
    I have not here time to delineate to you the glo-
  ries of God's heavenly kingdom: nor, indeed, could
  I tell you, if I had, what the happiness of that place
  and portion  is.                          Wake.
Delinea'tion, de-Hn-e-a'shun. to. s. [deli-
   neatio, Lat.]   The  first draught of a
   thing.
    In  the orthographical schemes, there should be a
  true deftneafton, and the just dimensions. Mortimer.
Dem'niment, de lin'e-ment. «. a. [delini-
  mentum, Lat.] A mitigating, or assuag-
  ing.                                  Diet.
DELINQUENCY, de-lmg'kwen-se. to. s.
  [delinquentia,  Lat.]  A fault; a failure
  in  duty; a misdeed.
    They never punish the greatest and  most intoler-
  able delinquency of the tumults, and their exciters.
                                 King Charles.
                     Can
  Thy years determine like the age of man,
  That thou should'st my delinquencies enquire,
  And with variety of tortures tire.         Sandys.
    A delinquent ought to be cited in the place or ju-
  risdiction where the delinquency was committed by
  him.                                 Ayliffe.
Delinquent, de-ling'kw&nt. to. s.  [from
  delinquens, Lat.] An offender; one that
  has committed  a crime or fault.
          Such an envious state,
  That sooner will accuse the magistrate
  Than the delinquent; and will rather grieve
  The treason is not acted, than believe.  Ben Jonson.
    All ruined, not by war, or any other disaster, but
  by justice  and sentence, as delinquents and crimi-
  nals.                                 Bacon.
    He had, upon frivolous surmises, been sent  for as
  a delinquent, and been brought upon his knees.
                                      Dryden.
To DE'LIQUATE del'le-kwate.*03 v. to.
  [deliqueo, Lat]  To melt; to be dissolv-
  ed.
    It will be resolved into a liquor very analogous to
  that which the chymists make of salt of tartar, left
  in moist cellars to deliquate.               Boyle.
    Such  an ebullition as we see made by the mix-
  ture of some chymical liquors, as oil of vitriol and
  deliquated salt of tartar.              Cudworth.
DELiquA'TiON,del-le-kwa'shiin. to. s.  [de-
  liquatio, Lat.]  A melting; a dissolving.
DELl'QUIUM,   de-lik'kwe-um.  to.  s.
  [Latin.  A  chymical term.] A distilla-
  tion  by  dissolving any calcined matter,
  by hanging it up in moist cellars,  into
  a lixivious humour.               Diet.
Deli'rament, de-lir'ra-ment. to,  s. [delira-
  mentum, Lat.]   A doting or foolish fan-
  cy.                                 Diet.
To DELI'RATE,de-lir'rate.t;.TO. [deliro,
  Lat.]  To dote;  to rave; to talk or act
  idly.                                Diet.
Delira'tion, de-llr-ra'shun.  «.  s. [delira-
  tio, Lat.] Dotage; folly; madness. Diet.
Deli'rious,  de-llr'e-us.507 adj.  [delirius,
  Lat.] Light-headed; raving; doting.
    The people about him said he had been for some
  hours delirious; but when I saw him he had his un-
  derstanding as well as ever I knew.         Swift.
                   On bed
  Delirious flung, sleep from his pillow flies.   Thorn.
DELIRIUM, de-lir'e-um. to. a. [Latin.]
  Alienation  of  mind;  dotage.
    Too great alacrity and promptness in answering,
  especially in persons  naturally of another  temper,
  is a sign of an approaching delirium;  and in a fe-
  verish delirium there is a small inflammation of the
  brain.                     Arburthnot on Diet.
Delitiga'tion,   de-lit-te-ga'shun.   to.  s.
  [from delitigo, Lat.] A striving;  a chi-
  ding; a contending.                Diet.
To DELI'VER, de-liv'ur. v. a. [delivrer,
  Fr.]
I. To set free; to  release.
    Thus she toe captive did deliver;
  The captive thus gave up  his quiver.       Prior.
2. To save; to rescue.
    Deliver me, 0 my  God, out of toe  hand of the
  wicked, out of the hand of toe unrighteous and cruel
  man.                                 Psalms.
    I was like to be apprehended for  the witch of
  Brainford; but that my admirable dexterity of wit,
  counterfeiting the action of an old woman, delivered
  me.                               Shakspeare.
3. To  surrender; to put into One's hands;
   to resign; to  give up; to yield.
    In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again
  when  the sun goeth down.          Deuteronomy,
    And David said to him, canst thou bring me down
  to this company' And he said, swear unto me by
  God,  toat  thou wilt neither kill me, nor definer me
  into the hands of my master, and I will bring thee
  down to this company.                1 Samuel.
    They obeyed not thy commandments, wherefore
  thou hast definered us for a spoil, and unto captivity.
                                        To&if.
4. To give;  to offer; to present.
    Now therefore  receive no  more money of your
  acquaintance, but deliver it for the breaches of the
  house.                               2 Kings.
    Thou shalt deliver Pharoah's cup into his hand,
  after the former manner when thou wast his butler.
                                      Genesis.
    It was no wonder that toey, who at such a time
  could be corrupted to frame and definer such a peti-
  tion, would not  be reformed by such an answer.
                                      Dryden.
5. To cast  away; to throw off.
    Charm'd with that virtuous draught, to' exalted
        mind
  All sense of woe delivers to the wind.       Pope.
6. To disburden a woman of a child.
            On  her fright and fears,
  She is something before her time deliver'd.   Shaksp.
    Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few
  verses, and those poor ones too.         Peacham.
7. To speak; to tell; to  relate; to utter; to
  pronounce.
              A mirth-moving jest,
  Which his fair tongue, conceit's expositor,
  Delivers in  such apt and gracious words,
  That aged ears play truant at his tales.     Shaksp.
            Tell me your highness' pleasure,
  What from your grace I shall deliver to him. Shaks.
    I knew a clergyman who appeared to definer his
  sermon without looking into his notes.       Swift.
8. To exert in motion. Not in use.
    Procles seemed so to overrun his age in strength,
  that Musidorus could  not perform any action on
  horse or foot more strongly, or deliver that strength
  more nimbly.                          Sidney.
To  Deli'ver  over, de-Hv'ftr-6'vur. v. a.
1. To put into another's hands; to leave to
  the discretion of  another.
    Deliver me not over unto the will of mine ene-
  mies;  for  false witnesses are risen up against me,
  and such as breathe out cruelty.          Psalms.
    The constables have delivered her over to me, and
  she shall have whipping enough, I warrant her.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
2. To give from hand to  hand;  to trans-
   mit.
    If a hue  account may  be expected by future
  ages from the present, your lordship will be deliver-
  ed over to posterity in a fairer character than I have
  given.                                Dryden.
To Deli'ver  up,  de-iiv'ftr-up.  v. a.  To
   surrender; to give up.
    He that spared not his own Son, but  dettt>ered
  him up for us all, how shall he not, with him also,
  freely give us all things?                Romans.
         Are the cities, that I got with wounds,
  Deliver'd up again with peaceful words?    Shaksp.
         Happy having such a son,
  That would definer up his greatness so
  Into toe hand of justice.             Shakspeare.
Deli'veranoe, de-!iv'ur-anse. n. a. [deliv-
   rance, Fr.] 
DEL
DEL
DEM
i.  The  act  of  freeing from   captivity,
   slavery, or any oppression; rescue.
    He hato sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to
  preach  deliverance to the captives, and recovering
  of sight to toe blind, to set at liberty those toat are
  bound.                                 Luke.
    0 God, command defiuerances for Jacob. Psalms.
    Whate'er befalls, your life shall be my care;
  One death or one defin'rance we will share. Dryden.

2.  Tne  act of  delivering  a thing to ano-
   ther;  now commonly  called delivery.
3.  The act of bringing children.
                     Ne'er mother
  Rejoic'd deliverance more.           Shakspeare.
    People have a  superstitious belief, toat in the la-
  bour of women it helpeth to toe easy deliverance.
                                       Bacon.
4. The  act  of  speaking; utterance; pro-
   nunciation: now  commonly delivery.
    If seriously I may convey my thoughts
  In this my light deliverance,  I have spoke
  With one that in her sex, her years profession,
  Wisdom and  constancy, hath amaz'd me more
  Than I dare blame my weakness.     Shakspeare.

Deli'verer, de-liv'ur-iir. to. s.  [from de-
   liver.]
 1. A saver;  a rescuer; a preserver; a re-
   leaser.
    It doth notably set forth  toe consent of all na-
   tions and ages, in the approbation of the extirpating
   and debellating of giants, monsters, and foreign ty-
   rants, not only as lawful, but as meritorious even of
   divine honour; and this, although toe deliverer came
   from toe one end of toe world unto the other. Bacon.
                     By that seed
   Is meant thy  great Deliverer, who shall bruise
   The serpent's head.                    Milton.
    Andrew Doria has a statue erected to him at the
   entrance of the doge's palace, with the glorious title
   of deliverer of the commonwealth.      Addison.
    Him their deliverer Europe does confess;
   All tongues extol him, all religions bless.   Halifax.
2.  A  relater;  one  that   communicates
   something by speech or writing.
    Divers chymical experiments, delivered by sober
   authors, have been believed false, only because the
   menstruums were not as highly rectified, or exqui-
   sitely depurated, as those that were used by the de-
   liverers of those  experiments.             Boyle.
Deli'very,  de-Iiv'ur-e. to.  a. [from the
   verb.]
 1. The act of delivering.
2. Release;  rescue; saving.
               He swore, with sobs,
   That he would labour my delivery.       Shaksp.
3. A surrender; act of giving up.
    After the delivery of your royal father's person
  into the hands of the army, I undertaking to toe
  queen  mother, that I would find some means to get
  access to him, she was pleased to send me. Denham.
    Nor did he in any degree contribute  to the delive-
  ry of his house, which was at first imagined, because
  it was so ill, or not at all defended.     Clar-endon.
4. Utterance; pronunciation; speech.
    We allege what the scriptures themselves do usu-
   ally speak, for the saving force of toe word of God;
   not wito restraint to any certain kind of delivery, but
   howsoever the same shall chance to be made known.
                                      Hooker.
    I was charmed with the gracefulness of his fig-
   ure and delivery,  as well as with his discourses.
                                     Addison.
5.  Use of the limbs; activity.
    Musidorus could not perform any action on horse
   or foot more strongly, or deliver that strength more
  nimbly, or become the delivery more gracefully, or
  employ all more virtuously.               Sidney.
    The earl was the taller, and much the stronger;
  but the duke  had the neater limbs, and freer de-
  livery.                               Wotton.

      VOL. I.
6. Childbirth.
    Like as a woman with child, toat draweth near toe
  time of her delivery, is in pain and crieto out.
                                       Isaiah.

Dell,  del. n. $.  [from dal, Dut.] A pit; a
  hole in the ground; amy  cavity  in   the
  earth,  wider  than a ditch and narrower
  than a valley.  Obsolete.
    The while, the same unhappy ewe
  Whose clouted leg her hurt doth shew,
  Fell headlong into a deff.               Spenser.
    I know each lane, and every alley green,
  Dingle, or bushy deff, of this wild wood.     Milt.
    But foes to sunshine, most toey took delight
  In deffs and dales, conceal'd from human sight.
                                       Ticket.
Delph, delf. to. a. [from  Delft,  the name
  of the  capital of Delftland.] A fine sort
  of earthen ware.
    A supper worthy of herself;
  Five nothings in five plates of delph.       Swift.
De'ltoide,  del'tdide.  adj.  [from  delta,
   the fourth letter ofthe Greek alphabet;
   so called  by reason of its resembling
   this letter.]   An  epithet  applied  to a
   triangular muscle arising from the cla-
   vicula,  and  from  the  process of  the
   same, whose action is  to raise  the arm
   upward.
    Cut still more of the deltoide muscle, and carry
  toe arm  backward.              Sharp's Surgery,
Delu'dable, de-lvi'da-bl.  adj. [from  de-
   lude]   Liable to  be deceived; that is
   easily imposed on: rather  deludible.
    Not well understanding omniscience, he is not
  so ready to deceive himself, as to falsify unto him
  whose cogitation is  no ways defudoWe.      Brown.
To  DELU'DE,  de-lude'. v.a.  [deludo,
   Latin.]
I.  To  beguile; to cheat; to  deceive; to
  impose on.
    O, give me leave, I have deluded you;
  'Twas neither Charles, nor yet the duke.   Shaksp.
    Let not  the Trojans, wito afeign'd pretence
  Of proffer'd peace, delude the  Latin prince.
                                      Dryden.
2.  To disappoint; to frustrate.

Delu'der, de-lu'chlr. to. s. [from delude]
   A beguiler;  a deceiver: an  impostor;
  a cheat; a false pretender.
    Say, flatterer, say, all fair deluder speak;
  Answer me this, ere yet my heart does break.
                                     Grcrninffe.
    And thus the sweet deiuders  tune their song.
                                        Pope.
To  DELVE, delv. v.  a.  [belpan;  Sax.
  delven, Dutch: perhaps from fo?«px%,  a
   hog.   Juniua]
1. To dig; to  open  the   ground  with  a
  spade.
                 It shall go hard
  But I will defne one yard below the mines,
  And blow them at the moon.             Shaksp.
    Delve of convenient depth your thrashing floor;
  With temper'd clay then fill and face it o'er.
                                      Dryden.
    The filthy swine wito delving snout
  The rooted forest undermine.             Philips.
2.  To fathom; to sift; to sound  one's opi-
  nion.  Figuratively.
                 What's his name and birth?
  —I cannot defne him to the root: his father
  Was call'd Sicilius.                    Shaksp.
Delve,  delv. to.  a. [from  the verb.]   A
  ditch;  a pit;  a pitfal;  a  den;  a cave.
                    3s
                 He by and by
  His feeble feet directed to toe cry;
  Which to that shady defne him brought at last,
  Where Mammon erst did sun his treasury. Spenser.
    Such a light and mettled dance
  Saw you never yet in France;
  And by leadmen, for the nonce,
  That turn round like grindle-stones,
  Which they dig out fro' toe delves,
  For their bairns bread, wives, and selves.
                                   Ben Jonson.
Delve of Coal, delv. A certain  quantity
  of coal dug in the  mine or pit.     Diet.
De'lver, del'v&r.98 to. a. [from delve]  A
  digger;  one that opens the ground with
  a spade.
DE'LUGE,del'luje. to. a.[deluge, Fr. from
  diluvium, Latin.]
1.  A  general inundation; laying entirely
  under water.
    The apostle doth plainly  intimate, that the old
  world was subject to perish by a deluge,  as  this is
  subject to perish by conflagration. Burnet's Theory.
2.  An overflowing of the natural bounds
  of a river.
    But if with bays and dams they strive to force
  His channel to a new or narrow course,
  No longer then within his banks he dwells,
  First to a torrent, then a deficge swells.    Denham.
3.  Any sudden and resistless  calamity.
To  De'luge, del'luje. v.  a.  [from  the
  noun.]
1.  To drown; to lay totally under water.
    The restless flood the land would overflow,
  By which the delug'd earth would useless grow.
                                    Blackmore.
    Still the battering waves rush in
  Implacable, till delug'd by toe foam,
  The ship sinks, found'ring in toe vast abyss.
                                       Philips.
2.  To overwhelm; to cause to  sink under
  the weight of any  calamity.
    At length corruption, like a general flood,
  Shall deluge all.                         Pope.
Delu'sion,  de-lu'zhun.  to.  s.  [deluaio,
  Latin.]
I.  The  act  of  deluding; a cheat; guile;
  deceit;  treachery;   fraud;   collusion;
  falsehood.
2.  The state of one deluded.
3. A false representation; illusion; errour;
  a chimerical thought.
               Who therefore seeks in these
  True wisdom, finds her not, or by delusion. MUton.
    I, waking, view'd with grief toe rising sun,
  And fondly mourn'd the dear delusion gone. Prior.
Delu'sive, de-lu'siv.168 428 adj. [from de-
  lusus, Lat.]   Apt to  deceive,   beguil-
  ing;  imposing on.
    Whenfir'd with passion, we attack the fair,
  Delusive sighs and brittle vows we bear.     Piior'.
    The happy whimsey you pursue,
  Till you at length believe it true;
  Caught by your own delusive art,
  You fancy first, and then assert.           Prior.
    While the  base  and gro\eling multitude .ere
  listening to the defwsine deities, those of a iiiore
  erect aspect and exalted spirit separated themselves
  from the rest.                           Tatler:
    Phenomena so delusive,  that it is very  hyrd to
  escape imposition and mistake.        WmUh iird.
Delu'sory,  de-lu'silr-e.667 *39  adj. [nom
   delusus, Latin.]    Apt to deceive.
    This confidence is  founded on no better founda-
  tion than a delusory prejudice.          Glawdle.
De'magogue, clem'a-gog.338 to. s. [hpcx-
   y»y(&>]   A ringleader of the rabble; a
  popular and factious orator. 
DE  M
DE M
DE M
Dema'in,    "1
Deme'an,   y
Deme'sne,  J
    Who were the chief demagogues a'.d patrons of
  tumults, to send for  them, to flatter and embolden
  •"em.                          King Charles.
    A plausible insignificant word, in the mouth of an
  expert demagogue, is  a dangerous and dreadful
  weapon.                              SoufA.
    Demosthenes and Cicero, though each of them
  a leader, or, as the Greeks call it, a demagogue, in
  a popular state, yet seem to differ in their practice.
                                      Swift.
                de-mene'. to.  a. [domaine,
                 Fr.]
 1.  That land which a man  holds origin-
   ally of himself, called dominium by the
   civilians, and opposed to feodum, or fee,
   which signifies those that are held of a
   superior  lord.  It  is  sometimes used
   also  for  a  distinction  between  those
   lands that the lord of  the manor has in
   his own  hands, or in the hands of his
   lessee, demised or let upon  a rent for a
   term of  years  or  life,  and such  other
   lands  appertaining to  the  said manor
   as belong to free or copyholders.
                                  Phillipa.
 2. Estate in land.
             Having now provided
 [ A gentleman of noble parentage,
  Of fair demesnes, youthful, and nobly allied.
                                 Shakspeare.
    That earldom indeed had a royal jurisdiction and
  seigniory, though the lands of that county in demesne
  were possessed for the most part by the ancient in-
  heritors.                             Davies.
 y.  Land adjoining to the  mansion,  kept
   in the lord's own hand.
    Those acts for planting forest trees have hitherto
  been wholly ineffectual, except about toe demesnes
  of a few gentlemen; and even there, in general,
  very unskilfully made.                   Swift.
 To DEMA'ND,  de-mand'."  v.  a.  [de-
   man der,  Fr.]
 1.  To claim;  to ask for with authority.
    The pound of flesh, which I demand of him,
  Is dearly bought; 'tis mine, and I will have it.
                                    Shaksp.
 2.  To question; to  interrogate.
    And when Uriah was come unto him, David de-
  manded of him how Joab did, and how the peo-
  ple  did, and how the war prospered?    2 Samuel.
    If any friend of Caesar's demand why Brutus rose
  against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I loved
  Caesar less, but toat I loved Rome more.  Shaksp.
                 Young one,
  Inform us of thy fortunes; for it seems,
  They crave to be demanded.            Shaksp.
    The oracle of Apollo being demanded, when the
  war and misery of Greece should have an end, re-
  plied, When they would double toe  altar in Delos,
  which was of a cubick  form. Peacham on Geometry.
 3.  [In  law.] To prosecute in  a  real ac-
   tion.
 Dema'nd, de-mand'. «.  a. [demande, Fr.]
 1.  A claim;  a challenging; the asking of
  any thing with authority.
    This matter is by  the decree ofthe watchers, and
  the demand by the word ofthe holy ones.  Daniel.
    Giving vent, gives life and strength, to our appe-
  tites; and he that has the confidence to turn his
  wishes into  demands, will be but a little way from
  thinking he ought to  obtain them.          Locke.
2.  A question; an interrogation.
 3.  The calling  for a  thing  in order  to
  purchase it.
    My bookseller tells me, the demand for those my
  papers increases/daily.                Addison.
4. [In law.]   The asking of what is due.
   It  hath also a proper signification dis-
   tinguished from plaint; for all civil ac-
   tions are pursued either by demands or
   plaints, anaY the  pursuer  is  called de-
   mandant  or pftintiff.  There are two
   manners  of demands, the one of deed,
   the other in law: in deed,  as in every
  pracipe, there is express  demand; in
   law, as every entry in land-distress for
   rent, taking or seizing of goods   and
   such like  acts,  which may be  don
   without any words, are demands  in law.
                                  Blount.
Dema'ndable, de-man'da-bl. adj. [from
   demand.]  That  may be  demanded;
   requested; asked for.
    All sums demandable, for licence of alienation to
  be made  of lands holden in chief, have been stayed
  in toe way to the hanaper.              Bacon.
Dema'ndant,  de-man'dant. to. s. [from
   demand.]
1. He who  is actor or plaintiff in a real
   action, because he demandeth lands.
                                     Coke.
2. A plaintiff; one that demands redress.
    One of the witnesses deposed, that dining on a
  Sunday with the demandant, whose wife had sat
  below the squire's lady at church, she the  said wife
  dropped some expressions, as if she toought her
  husband ought to be knighted.         Spectator,
Dema'nder,  de-man'dur,   to.   s.  [de-
   mandeur, Fr.]
1. One that requires  a thing with autho-
   rity.
2. One that asks a question.
3. One that asks  for  a thing in order to
   purchase it.
    They grow very fast and fat, which also bettereth
  their taste, and delivereth toem  to the demanders
  ready use at all seasons.               Carew.
4. A dunner;  one that demands a debt.
Deme'an, de-mene'. to. s. [from demener,
   Fr.]   A mien; presence;  carriage; de-
   meanour; deportment.
       At his feet, wito sorrowful demean,
  And deadly hue, an armed corse did lie.   Spenser.
To DEME'AN, de-mene'. v. a. [from de-
   mener,  Fr.]
I. To behave; to carry one's self.
    Those  plain and legible lines of duty requiring
  us to demean  ourselves to God humbly and de-
  voutly, to our governors  obediently, and to our
  neighbours justly, and to ourselves soberly and tem-
  perately.                             South.
    A man cannot doubt but that there is a God; and
  that, according as he demeans himself towards him,
  he will make him happy or miserable for ever.
                                   Tillotson.
    Strephon had long perplex'd his brains,
  How with so high a nymph he might
  Demean himself the wedding night.         Swift.
2. To lessen;  to debase; to undervalue.
    Now, out of doubt, Antipholis is mad;
  Else he would never so demean himself.   Sliaksp.
Deme'anour,  de-me'nur.3i* n.  a.  [deme-
   ner, Fr.]   Carriage;  behaviour.
    Of so  insupportable a  pride he was, that where
  his deeds might well stir envy, his demeanour did
  rather breed disdain.                  Sidney.
    Angels best like us, when we are most like unto
  them in all parts of decent demeanour.    Hooker
               His gestures fierce
  He mark'd, and mad demeanour, then alone
  As he suppos'd, all unobserv'd, unseen.    Milton.
        Thus Eve, with sad demeanour meek,
  111 worthy I.                         Milton.
    He  was of a courage not to be daunted, which
  was manifested in all his actions, especially  in his
  whole  demeanour at Rhee, both at the  landing,
  and upon toe retreat.               Clarendon.
Deme'ans, de-menz'. to.  a.  pi.  properly
   demeanea.   An  estate in  lands;  that
   which a man  possesses in  his  own
   right.
To DEME'NTATE, de-men'tate. v. to.
   [demento, Lat.]  To make mad.
Dementa'tion, de-men-ta'shun. to.  a. [de-
   mentatio, Lat.]   Making mad, or fran-
   tick.
Deme'rit, de-meT'lt. to. s.  [demerite, Fr.
   from demeritua, of demereor, Lat.]
I. The  opposite  to  merit;  ill deserving;
   what  makes one  worthy of blame  or
   punishment.
    They  should not  be able  once to stir, or to
  murmur, but it should beknown, and toey shortened
  according to their demerits.            Spenser.
    Thou liv'st by me, to me thy breath resign;
  Mine is the merit, the demerit thine.     Diyden.
    Whatever they acquire by their industry or in-
  genuity, should be  secure,  unless forfeited by any
  demerit or offence against the custom of the family.
                                     Temple.
2. Anciently the same with merit; desert.
            I fetch my life and being
  From men of royal siege; and my demerits
  May speak, unbonnetting, to as proud a fortune
  As this that I have reach'd.              Shaksp.
To Deme'rit, de-mer'it. v. a. [demeriter,
   Fr.]  To deserve blame or punishment.
Deme'rsed,de-mersd'. adj. [from demer-
   8ua, of demergo, Lat.]  Plunged; drown-
   ed.                                Diet.
Deme'rsion, de-mer'shun.TO. a. [demeraio,
   Lat.]
I. A drowning.
t. [In chymistry.]  The putting any  me-
   dicine in a dissolving liquor.      Diet.
Deme'sne, de-mene'.  See  Demain.
DE'MI,   d£m'e.   inseparable   particle.
   [demi,  Fr. demidium, Lat.]  Half;  one
   of two  equal parts.  This word is only
   used  in composition,  as demi-god; that
   is,  half human,  half divine.
Demi-cannon, dem'e-kan-nun. to. «.  [demi
   and cannon/]
Demi-cannon Lowest.  A great gun that
   carries a ball of thirty  pounds  weight
   and six inches  diameter.   The diame-
   ter of the bpre is  six inches two eighth
   parts.                             Diet.
Demi-cavnon  Ordinary.   A  great  gun
   six inches four eighths diameter in  the
   bore, twelve foot long. It carries a shot
   six inches one sixth diameter, and thir-
  ty-two  pounds  weight.            Diet.
Demi-cannon  of the  greatest Size.   A
   gun  six  inches and  six  eighth  parts
   diameter in the bore, twelve foot long.
   It  carries  a  ball  of  six  inches  five
   eighths diameter, and thirty-six pounds
   weight.                           Diet.
    What! this a sleeve? 'tis like ademi-cannon.
                                     Shaksp.
    Ten engines, toat shall be of equal force either
  to a cannon or demi-cannon, culverin or demi-cul-
  verin, may be framed at the same price that one of
  these wil) amount to.                Wilkins. 
DEM
DE M
DEM
 Demi-culverin,  dem'e-kul-ver-in.  n. a.
    [demi and culverin.]
 Demi-culverin of the  lowest Size.  A
    gun four inches  two  eighths diameter
    in the bore, and ten foot long.   It car-
    ries a  ball  four  inches diameter, and
    nine pounds weight.              Diet.
 Demi-culverin Ordinary.   A gun four
    inches four  eighths  diameter  in  the
    bore, ten foot long.   It carries  a ball
    four inches two eighths  diameter, and
    ten pounds eleven ounces weight.
 Demi-culverin elder Sort.   A gun four
    inches and six eighths diameter  in the
    bore,  ten foot one third in length.  It
    carries a ball  four  inches four  eighth
    parts diameter, and twelve pounds ele-
    ven ounces weight.     Military Diet.
     They continue a perpetual volley of demi-cuf-
   verins.                              Raleigh.
     The army left two demi-cufnerins, and two other
   good guns.                       Clarendon.
 Demi-oevil,  dem'e-dev'vl.  to. s.  [demi
    and devil.]  Partaking of infernal na-
    ture; half a devil.
     Will you, I pray demand that demi-denif,
   Why he hato thus ensnar'd my soul and body?
                                     Shaksp.
 Demi-god,  dem'e-god.  to. s.  [demi and
   god.]   Partaking of divine nature; half
   a  god; an hero produced by the coha-
   bitation of divinities with mortals.
     He took his leave of them, whose eyes bade him
   farewell wito tears, making temples to him as to a
   demi-god.                           Sidney.
    Be gods, or angels, demi-gods.          Milton,
    Transported demi-gods stood round,
   And men grew heroes at toe  sound,
   Enflam'd with glory's charms.            Pope.
    Nay, half in heaven, except (what's mighty odd)
   A fit of vapours clouds this demi-god.       Pope.
Demi-lance, dem'e-lanse. to.  s. [demi and
   lance.]   A light lance; a  short   spear;
   a half-pike.
    On their steel'd heads their demi-lances wore
   Small pennons, which their ladies colours bore.
                                    Dryden.
    Light demi-lances from afar they throw,
   Fasten'd with leathern thongs, to gall the foe.
                                    Dryden.
Demi-man, dem'e-man.  «.  s.  [demi and
   man.]  Haifa man: a term of reproach.
    We must adventure this battle, lest we perish by
  the complaints of this barking demi-mdn.  Knolles.
Demi-wolf, dein'e-wulf. n. s. [demi and
   wolf]   Half  a  wolf: a mongrel  dog
   between a dog  and  wolf: lycisca.
                Spaniels, curs,
  Showghs, water-rugs, and demi-ioolves, are  'cleped
  All by the name of dogs.               Shaksp.
Demi'se, de-mize'. to.  s. [from demetre,
   demis,  demise, Fr.] Death; decease. It
   is seldom used but in  formal and cere-
   monious language.
    About a month before toe demise of queen Anne,
  toe author retired.                      Swift.

To DEMI'SE, de-mize'. v. a. [demis, de-
   mise, Fr.]  To grant at one's death; to
   grant by  will;  to bequeath.
    My executors shall not have power to demise my
  lands to be purchased.         Swift's Last Will.
De mission, de-mlsh'ian. n.  s.  [demhsio,
   Lat.] Degradation; diminution of digni-
   ty; depression,
     Inexorable rigour is worse than a lasche demis-
   sion of sovereign authority.         L'Estrange.
 To DEMl'T, de-mit, v. a. [demitto, Lat.]
    To depress; to hang  down; to  let  fall.
                                      Diet.
     When they are in their pride, Aat is, advancing
   their train, if they decline tftir neck to the ground,
   toey presently demif and let fall the same.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 DEMO'CRACY, de-mok'kra-se.  to.  *.
   [^f<e*f«7U.]  One of the three  forms
   of government; that in  which the sove-
   reign power  is  neither lodged in one
   man, nor in the nobles, but in the  col-
   lective  body of the people.
     While many ofthe servants, by industry and vir-
   tue, arrive at riches and esteem, then the nature of
   the government inclines to a democracy.    Temple.
     The majority, having the whole power of toe
   community, may employ all toat power in  making
   laws, and  executing those laws; and there the form
   of the government is a perfect democracy.   Locke.
 Democra'tical, dem-6-krat'e-kal.630 adj.
   [from democracy.] Pertaining to a popu-
   lar government; popular.
     They are still within the line of vulgarity, and
   are democratical enemies to truth.         Brown.
     As the government of England  has a mixture of
   democratical in it, so the right is partly in the peo-
   ple.                             Arbuthnot.
 To DEMO'LISH, de-mol'lish. v. a. [de-
   molir, Fr.  demolior,  Lat.]  To  throw
   down buildings; to raze; to destroy.
    I expected the  fabric  of my book would long
   since have been demolished, and laid even with  the
  ground,                           Tillotson.
    Red lightning play'd along the firmament,
  And toeir demolish'd works to pieces rent.  Dryden.
Demo'lisher, de-moflish-ur. to. s.  [from
   demolish.] One that throws down build-
   ings;  a destroyer; a layer waste.
Demolition, dem-6-lish'iln. to. s.  [from
   demolish.]  The act of overthrowing or
   demolishing buildings; destruction.
    Two gentlemen should have the  direction of the
  demolition of Dunkirk.                  Swift,
DE'MON,  de'mon.  to.  s.  [demon, Latin;
   Pxipuv]  A spirit; generally an evil spi-
   rit;  a devil.
    1 felt him strike, and now I see him fly:
  Curs'd demonl Oibrever broken lie
  Those fatal shafts, by which I inward bleed! Prior.
Demoni'acal,   dem-6-ni'a-kal.   )
Demo'niack,   de-mo'ne-ak.606   $     J'
   [from demon.]
I. Belonging to the devil; devilish.
                  He, all unarm'd,
  Shall chase thee with the terror of his voice
  From thy demoniack holds, possession foul. Milton.
2. Influenced by the devil; produced  by
   diabolical possession.
  Demoniack phrensy, moping melancholy.   Milton.
Demo'niack, de-mo'ne-ak.50" to.*, [from
   the  adjective.]  One possessed by  the
   devil;  one whose mind is disturbed and
   agitated by  the power  of wicked and
   unclean spirits.
    Those lunaticks and demoniacks that  were re-
  stored to their right mind, were such as sought af-
  ter him, and believed in him.           Bentley.
Demo'nian, de-mo'ne-an. adj.  [from  de-
   mon.]  Devilish of the nature of devils.
    Demonian spirits now, from the element
  Each of his reign allotted, rightlier call'd
  Powers of fire, air, water.              Milton.
Demono'cracy,  de-mo-nok'kra-se.  to. *.
                  3s  2
   [fetlfiav and xf ctreu.] The power of  the
   devil.                             Diet.
 Demono'latry,  de-mo-nol'la-tre.  to.  s.
   [}xif*.av  and xxrpeiet.] The  worship  of
   the devil.                         Diet.
 Demono'logy,  dem-6-n61'6-je.S3°  «.  *.
   [Pxi'iu.vv and Xoy<^/] Discourse ofthe na-
   ture of devils.   Thus king  James inti-
   tled his book concerning witches.
 Demonstrable, de-mon'stra-bl. adj. [de-
   monstrabilis, Lat.] That may be proved
   beyond doubt or contradiction; that may
   be made not only probable but evident.
    The grand articles of our belief are as demonstra-
  ble as geometry.                    Glanville-
 Demonstrably,  de-mon'stra-ble.  adv.
   [from demonstrable] In such a manner
   as admits  of certain proof; evidently;
   beyond possibility of contradiction.
    He should have  compelled his ministers to exe-
  cute the law, in cases that demonstrably concerned
  the publick peace.                  Clarendon.
 To DEMONSTRATE, de-m6n'str£te."
   v. a. [demonstro, Latin.]  To prove with
   the highest degree of certainty; to prove
   in such a manner as reduces the  con-
   trary position to  evident absurdity.
    We cannot demonstrate these things so, as to shew
  that the contrary often involves a contradiction. Ttf.
 Demonstra'tion,  d£m-m6n-stra'shu.n.630
   to. s. [demonstrate, Latin.]
 1. The highest degree of deducible or ar-
   gumental evidence; the  strongest de-
   gree of proof; such  proof as not  only
   evinces the position proved  to be true,
   but shows the contrary position to  be
   absurd and impossible.
    What appearethto be true by strong and invinci-
  ble demonstration, such as wherein it is not by any
  way possible to be deceived, thereunto the mind doth
  necessarily yield.                     Hooker.
    Where the agreement or disagreement  of any
  thing is plainly and clearly perceived, it is called
  demonstration.                        Locke.
 2. Indubitable evidence of the senses  or
   reason.
    Which way soever we torn ourselves, we are en-
  countered with clear evidences and sensible demon-
  strations of a  Deity.                  Tillotson.
Demonstrative,   de-mon'stra-tiv.  adj.
  [demonatralivus, Latin.]
 l' .H*ving  tne power of demonstration;
  invincibly conclusive; certain.
    An argument necessary  and  demonstrative,  is
  such as, being proposed unto any man, and under-
  stood, the man cannot choose but inwardly yield.
                                    Hooker.
2. Having the power of expressing  clear-
  ly and certainly.
    Painting is necessary to all other arts, because of
  toe need which they have of demonstrative  figures,
  which often give more light to  the  understanding
  than the clearest discourses.            Dryden.
Demonstratively,   de-inon'stra-tiv-le.
  [adv. from demonstrative]
 1. With evidence not to be opposed  or
  doubted.
    No man, in matters of this life, requires an assu-
  rance either ofthe good which he designs, or uf the
  evil which he avoids,  from arguments  demonstra-
  tively certain.                         South.
    First, I demonstratively prove,
  That feet were only made to move.        Pi-ior.
 2. Ciearly;  plainly;  with certain know-
   ledge. 
DEM
DEN
DEN
    Demonsfi-afirefu understanding the simplicity of
  perfection,  it was not in the power of earth to work
  them from it.                        Brown.
Demons i'R\'TOR,dem-m6n-stra'tur.521n.«.
   [from demonstrate.] One that  proves;
   one that teaches; one that demonstrates.
Demonstra'tokv,  de-mons'stra-tu.r-e.e12
   adj.  [from  demonstrate]   Having  the
   tendency to demonstrate,
DEMu'LcENT,de-mul'sen!.arfy.[c/e7M«f"ce-TOs,
   Lat.] Softening, mollifying; assuasive.
    Pease,  being deprived of any  aromatick parts
   are mild and demulcenf in the highest degree, but,
   being full of aerial  particles, are  flatulent, when
   dissolved  by digestion.              Arbuthnot.
To  DEMU'R, de-mur'. v. n. [demeurer,
  French; dimorare, Italian; c/Vmorczri, Lat.]
1.  To delay  a process in  law  by doubts
  and objections.  See Demurrer.
    To this plea the plaintiff demurred.     Walton.
2.  To pause  in  uncertainty;  to  suspend
  determination; to hesitate; to delay the
  conclusion of an affair.
    Upon this rub the English ambassadours  thought
  it to 'lemur, and so sent into England to  receive di-
  rections from the lords of the council.  Hayward.
    Running into demands, toey expect from us a
  sudden  resolution  in things wherein the devil  of
  Delphos would demur.                  Brown.
    He must be of a vory sluggish or querulous hu-
  mour, that shail demur upon setting out, or  demand
  higher encouragements than the hope of heaven.
                                Decay of Piety.
    News of my death from rumour he receiv'd,
  And what he wish'd he easily believ'd;
  But long demurr'd, though from my hand he knew
  I liv'd,  so loth he was to think it true.     Dryden.
 3.  To doubt; to  have  scruples or difficul-
   ties; to deliberate.
    There  is something in our  composition that
  thinks and apprehends, and reflects  and deliberates,
  determines and doubts, consents and denies; that
  wills aud demurs, and resolves, and chuses, and
  rejects.                             Bentley.
 To Demu'r, de-mur'. v. a. To doubt of.
     The latter I demur; for in their looks
  Much reason, and in their actions,  oft appears.
                                      Milton.
 Demu'r, de-mur'. to.  a. [from the  verb.]
    Doubt; hesitation;  suspense of opinion.
     O progeny of Heav'n,  empyreal  thrones!
   With reason hath deep silence and demur
   Seiz'd us, though undismay'd.           MUton.
     Certainly the highest and  dearest concerns of a
   temporal life are infinitely less valuable than those
   of an eternal; and consequently ought, without any
   demur at all, to be sacrificed to them, whensoever
   they come iii competition with them.       Soufn.
     All my demurs but double his attacks,
   At last he whispers, Do,  and we go snacks.  Pope.
 DEMU'RE,  de-mure',  adj. [des  maurs,
    French.]
 I.  Sober; decent.
     Lo! two most lovely virgins came in place,
    With countenance demure, and modest grace.
                                      Spenser.
      Come, pensive nun, devout and  pure,
    Sober, stedfast, and demure.             Milton.
 2.  Grave; affectedly modest:  it  is  now
    generally  taken in a sense of contempt.
      \fter a demure travel of regard, I tell them I
    kcow my place, as I would they should do theirs.
                                    Shakspeare.
      There  be many  wise men,  that have secret
    hearts and transparent countenances; yet  this would
    fee done with a demure abasing of vur eye some-
    tines.                                Bacon.
   A cat lay and looked so demure as if there had
 been neither life nor soul in her.      L'Estrange.
   So cat, transform'd, sat gravely and demure,
 Till mouse appear'd and thought himself secure.
                                    Dryden.
   Jove sent and found, far in a country scene,
 Truth, innocence, good-nature, look serene;
 From which ingredients, first toe dex'trous boy
 Pick'd the demure, the aukward, and the coy. Swift.
To Demu're, de-mure',  v.  to.  [from the
  noun.] To look with  an  affected  mo-
  desty: not used.
   Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes,
  And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
  Demuring upon me.                Sliakspeare,
Demu'rely, de-mure'le. adv.  [from  de-
  mure]
1.  With affected modesty; solemnly; with
  pretended gravity.
              Put on a sober habit,
  Talk with respect, and swear but now and then,
  Wear prayer-books in my pocket, look demurely.
                                  Shakspeare.
     Esop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman, sat
  very demurely at the board's end, till a mouse ran
  before her.                           Bacon,
     Next stood hypocrisy with holy leer,
  Soft smiling and demurely looking down;
  But hid the dagger underneath toe gown.  Diyden.
2. In the following line it is the same with
   solemnly.
     Hark, how the drums demurely wake the sleepers!
                                  Shakspeare.
 Demu'reness, de-mure'nes.  to. *.  [from
   demure ]
 1.  Modesty; soberness;  gravity of aspect.
     Her eyes having in them such a cheerfulness, as
  nature seemed to smile in them;  though her mouth
  and cheeks obeyed to that pretty demureness, which
  the more one marked, the more one would judge the
  poor soul apt to believe.                Sidney,  i
 2.   Affected modesty;  pretended gravity.
 Demu'rrage, de-mur'rage, n.s. [from de-
   mur]  An  allowance  made  by  mer-
   chants to masters  of ships,  for  their
   stay in a port beyond the time appointed.
 Demu'rrer,  de-mur'tir.98  to. s. [demeur-
   er,  French; i. e. manere in aliquo loco,
   vel morari]  A kind  of pause  upon  a
   point of difficulty in an action; for, in
   every  action, the controversy  consists
   either in  the fact, or in the law:  if  in
   the fact, that is tried by the jury; if in
    law, then is the case plain to the judge,
    or so hard  and rare,  as it breedeth just
    doubt.   I call that plain to the  judge,
     wherein he is assured of the  law;  and
     in such  case the judge  with his associ-
     ates proceeds to judgment without far-
     ther work.   But when it is doubtful to
     him and  his  associates, then is  their
     stay made, and a time taken, either  for
     the court to  think farther upon it, and
     to agree, if they can; or else for all the
     justices to meet together  in the  Che-
     quer-chamber;  and, upon  hearing that
     which the  serjeants can  say  of both
     parts, to advise  and set down as  law,
     whatsoever they conclude firm, without
     farther remedy.                 Cowell.
      A prohibition was granted, and hereunto there
    was a demurrer.             Ayliffe's Parergon.
  DEN, den. n. s.  [ben, Saxon.]
  !.  A cavern  or hollow running horizontal-
     ly, or  with  a  small  obliquity, under
  ground;  distinct from  a  hole  which
  runs down perpendicularly-
   They here  dispersed, some  in the air, some  on
 toe earth, some in toe waters, some amongst toe
 minerals, dens, and caves, under the earth.
                                     Hooker.
I.  The cave of a wild beast.
   What, shall they seek the lion in his den,
 And fright him there ?               Shakspeare.
   The tyrant's den, whose use, though lost to fame,
 Was now the apartment ofthe royal dame;
 The cavern only to her father  known,
  By him was to his darling daughter shown. Dryden.
   'Tis then the shapeless bear his den forsakes;
  In woods and fields a wide destruction makes.
                                     Dryden.
3.  Den, the termination of a local name,
   may signify either  a valley or a woody
   place; for the Saxon ben  imports both.
                         Gibson'a Camden.
Dena'y, de-na'. to. *. [a word formed  be-
   tween deny and nay] Denial; refusal.
    To her in haste, give her this jewel: say,
  My love can give no place, bide no denay.
                                  Shakspeare,
Dendro'logy,  den-drol'16-je.616  to   s.
   [Mvfyov and tiyos.]  The natural history
   of trees.
Deni'able, de-ni'a-bl. adj. [from deny.]
   That  may be denied; that to which one
   may refuse belief.
    The negative authority is also deniaofe by reason.  -
                                      Brown.
Deni'al, de-ni'al. to. s. [from deny.]
1. Negation; the contrary to affirmation.
2. Negation; the contrary to confession.
    No man more impudent to  deny, where proofs
  were not manifest; no man more ready to  confess,
  with  a repenting  manner of aggravating his own
   evil, where denial would but make the fault fouler.
                                      Sidney.
3. Refusal; the contrary  to  grant, allow-
   ance,  or concession.
    Here comes your father; never make deniaf:
   I must and will have Catharine to my wife.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
    The  denial of landing,  and hasty warning  us
   away, troubled us much.                Bacon.
    He,  at ev'ry fresh attempt, is repell'd
   With faint denials, weaker than before.    Dryden.
4. Abjuration; the contrary  to  acknow-
   ledgment of adherence.
     We  may deny God in all those acts that are ca-
   pable of being morally good or evil: those are the
   proper scenes, in  which we act our confessions or
   denials of him.                         SoufA.
 Deni'er,  de-ni'ur.98 «. a. [from deny]
 1. A contradictor; an  opponent;  one that
   holds the negative of a proposition.
     By  the  word Virtue the  affirmer intends  our
   whole  duty to God and man,  and the denier by the
   word Virtue means only courage, or, at most, our
   duty towards our neighbour,  without including  the
   idea of the duty which we owe to God.     Watts.
 2. A disowner; one that does not own or
    acknowledge.
     If it was so fearful when Christ looked his denier
   into repentance, what will it be when he shall look
   him into destruction?                   South.
  3.  A refuser;  one that refuses.
     It may be I am esteemed by my denier sufficient
   of myself to discharge my duty to God as a priest,
   though not to men as a prince.      King Charles.
  Denie'r, de-nere'.  to.  *. [from  denuriua,
    Lat. It is pronounced as deneer, in two
    syllables.]   A small  denomination  of
    French  money; the twelfth part ofthe
    sous. 
                   DEN

    You will not pay for toe glasses you have burst?
  ----No, not a denier.               Shakspeare.
 To  DE'NIGRATE, de-ni'grate. v.  a.
   [denigro, Lat.] To blacken;  to make
   black.
    By suffering some impression from  fire, bodies
  are casually or artificially denigrated in their natural
  complexion: thus are charcoals made black by  an
  infection of their own suffitus.           Brown.
    Hartshorn, and other white bodies, will be  denir
  gratedhy heat; yet camphire would not at all lose
  its whiteness.                          Boyle.
 Denigra'tion, den-e-gra'shfin. «. a. [de-
   nigratio, Latin.] A blackening, or mak-
   ing black.
     These are  the advenient and  artificial ways of
  denigration, answerably whereto may be the natu-
  ral progress.                          Brown.
     In several instances of denigration,  the metals
  are «irn off,  or othenvise reduced into very minute
  par! -                                 Boyle.
 Dkmza'tion, den-ne-za'shiin. to.  *. [from
   denizen.]  The act of enfranchising, or
   making free.
     That the mere Irish were reputed aliens, appears
  by the charters  of denization,  which in all ages
  were purchased by them.                Davies.

 DE'NIZEN,?  ;fi ,,    10S170 >  TO.s.[from
 DE'NISON,  S               ' >    dynas-
   dyn, a man  ofthe city; or dinesydd, free
   of the city,  Welsh.]   A freeman; one
   enfranchised
     Denizen is a British law term, which toe Saxons
  and Angles found here,  and retained.      Davies.
     Thus th' Almighty Sire began: ye gods,
  Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes,
  From  whence these murmurs?           Dryden.
     A great many plants will hardly, with nursing, be
  made  to produce their seed out of their native soil;
  but corn, so necessary for all people,  is fitted to
  grow and to seed as a free denizen of toe world.
                                        Grew.
     He summons straight his denizens of air;
  The lucid squadrons round toe sails repair.  Pope.
 To  De'nizen, den'e-zn. v. a. [from  the
   noun.]  To enfranchise;  to make free.
    Pride, lust, covetize, being several
  To these three places, yet all are in all;
  Mingled thus, their issue is incestuous;
  Falsehood, is deniztn'd, virtue is barbarous. Donne,
 Deno'minable, de-nom'e-na-bl.  adj   [de-
   nomino, Latin,] That may be  named  or
   denoted.
    An inflammation consists of a sanguineous afflux-
  jon, or else is denominable from other humours, ac-
  cording to the predominacy of melancholy, phlegm,
  or choler.                            Brown.

 To DENOMINATE, de-nom'e-nate.  v.
  a.  [denomino,  Latin.]  To name;   to
  give a  name  to,
    The commendable purpose of consecration being
  not of every one  understood, they have been  con-
  strued  as though they had superstitiously meant ei-
  ther that those places, which were denominated  of
  angels and saints, should serve for the worship of so
  glorious creatures; or else those glorious  creatures
  for defence, protection, and patronage of such pla-
  ces.                                 Hooker.
    Predestination is destructive to all that is estab-
  lished  among men, to all that is  most precious  to
  human nature, to the two faculties that denominate
  us men, understanding and will:  for what use can
  we have of our understandings, if we cannot do what
  we know to be our duty? And if we act not volun-
  tarily, what exercise have we of our wills?
                                   Hammond.
Denomination, de-n&m-e-na'shun.  n.  s.
  denominatio, Latin.]  A name   given to
                  DEN

   a thing, which commonly  marks some
   principal  quality of it.
    But is there any token, denomination, or monu-
  ment ofthe Gauls yet remaining in Ireland, as there
  is ofthe Scythians?                    Spenser.
    The liking or  disliking of the  people gives the
  play the denomination of good or bad; but does not
  really make or constitute it such.         Dryden.
    Philosophy, the great idol of the learned pare ol
  the heathen world, has divided it into many sects
  and denominations; as Stoicks,  Peripateticks, Epi-
  cureans, and  the  like.                   South.
    All men are sinners: the most righteous among us
  must confess  ourselves to come under that denomi-
  nation.                              Rogers.

Deno'minative,   de-nom'e-na-tlv.   adj.
   [from denominate.]

 1. That  gives a name; that  confers a  dis-
   tinct  appellation.
 2.  That obtains  a  distinct appellation.
   This would be more analogically deno-
   minable.
     The least  denominative part of time is a minute,
   the greatest integer being a year.        Cocker.
 Denominator, de-nom'e-na-tur820  to.  s.
   [from denominate] The giver of a name;
   the person or thing that  causes an ap-
   pellation.
     Both the seas  of one name should have one com-
   mon denominator.                      Brown.

 Denominator of a Fraction, is the num-
   ber below the line, shewing  the nature
   and quality of the parts which any in-
   teger is  supposed to  be divided into:
   thus  in  |., 8 the denominator shows you
   that the  integer  is supposed to be di-
   vided into 8  parts, or half quarters; and
   t\e numerator 6 shows, that you take 6
   of such parts, i.  e.  three quarters of the
   whole.                           Harris.
     When a single broken number or fraction hath
  for its denominator a number consisting of an unit,
  in the first place  towards the left hand, and nothing
  but cyphers from toe unit towards the right hand, it
  is then more  aptly and rightly called a decimal frac-
  tion.                     Cocker's Arithmetick.
     Denominator of any  proportion, is the quotient
  arising from the  division of the antecedent by the
  consequent: thus  6, is  the denominator of the pro-
  portion that 30 hath to 5, because 5)  30 (6.   This
  is also called  the  exponent of the proportion, or ra-
  tio.                                 Harris.
Denota'tion. den-6-ta'shun. to. s.  [deno-
   tatio, Latin.] The act of denoting.
 To  DENO'TE, de-note', v.  a. [denoto,
   Latin.] To mark; to be a si'^ii of; to be-
   token;  to  show by signs: as,  a quick
   pulse  denotes a fever.
To DENOU'NCE, de-ndttnse'. v.a. [de-
   nuncio, Lat. denoncer, French.]
1. To threaten by proclamation.
    I denounce  unto you this day, that ye shall surely
  perish.                          Deuteronomy.
              He of their wicked ways
  Shall them admonish,  denouncing wrath to come
  On their impenitence.                  Milton.
    They impose their wild conjectures for laws upon
  others, and denounce war against all toat receive
  them not.                     Decay of Piety.
2. To threaten  by some outward sign or
  expression.
    He ended frowning, and his look denoune'd
  Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous
  To less  than gods.                     Milton.
    The sea grew white; the rolling waves from far,
  Like heralds,  first denounce the wat'ry war.  Dryd.
                   DEN

3. To give information against;  to delate;
   to accuse publicklv.
    Archdeacons ought to propose parts of the New
  Testament to be learned by heart by inferior cler-
  gymen, and denounce such as are negligent. Ayliffe.
Denouncement,  de-nounse'ment.  n.  s.
   [from denounce.]  The act of proclaim-
   ing- any menace; the proclamation of in-
   tended evil; denunciation.
    False is the reply of Cain upon the denouncement
  of his curse, My iniquity is  greater than can be for-
  given.                                Brown.
Denou'ncer,  de-noun'sur  to. a. [from de-
   nounce.]   One that declares some me-
   nace.
    Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate,
  To toll the mournful kne'Mf separation.  Dryden.
DENSE, dense,  adj.  [denaus,  Latin.]
   Chse; compact; approaching to solidi-
   ty naving small interstices between the
   constituent  particles.
    The cause of cold is the  density of toe body; for
  all dense bodies are colder  than most other bodies,
   as metals, stone, glass; and they are longer in heat-
  ing than softer bodies.                   Bacon.
    In the air the higher, you go, the less it is  com-
  pressed, and consequently the less dense it is; and
  so the upper part is exceedingly thinner than the
  lower part which we breathe.             Locke.
 To De'nshire,  den'shere. v.  a.  A barba-
   rous  term of husbandry.
    Burning of land, or burn-bating, is commonly
  called denshiring,  that is, Devonshiring or  Den-
  bighshiring, because most used or first invented
  there.                             Mortimer.
De'nsity, den'se-te. to a. [densitas, Latin.]
   Closeness; compactness; close adhesion,
   or near approach of parts.
    Whilst the densest of metals, gold, if foliated, is
  transparent, and all metals become transparent if
  dissolved in menstruums, or vitrified, the opacity of
  white metals ariseth not from their density alone.
                                      Newton.
    The air within the vessels being of a less density,
  the outward air would  press  their sides together;
  and, being of a  greater density, would expand toem
  so as to endanger the life of the animal. Arbuthnot.
DE'NTAL, den'tal. adj. [dentalis, Latin.]
1. Belonging or relating to the teeth.
2. [In grammar.] Pronounced  principally
   by the  agency ofthe  teeth.
    The Hebrews have assigned which letters are la-
  bial, which dental, and which guttural.     Bacon.
    The  dental  consonants  are  easy, therefore  let
  them be next:  first the  labial-cfenfafs, as also the
  lingual-denfafs.                        Holder.
De'ntal, den'tal. to. s. A small shellfish.
    Two small black and  shining pieces, seem, by
  toe shape, to have been formed in the shell of a
  dental.                             Woodward.
DENTE'LLl,  den-tel'li.  n.  s. [Italian.]
   Modillons.
    The modillons, or dentelli, make a noble show by
  graceful projections.                 Spectator.
Denticula'tion, den-tik-u-la'slmn. to.  s.
   [denticulatus, Latin] The state  of be-
  ing set with  small teeth, or prominences
   resembling teeth like those of a saw.
    He  omits the denticulation  of toe edges of the
  bill, or those small oblique incisions,  made for the
  better retention  of the prey.              Greio.
Denti'culated,  den-tik'u-la-ted.   adj.
   [denticulatus,  Lat.]   Set  with small
  teeth.
De'ntifrice,  den'te-frls.14a  to.  s. [dens
  av.dfrico, Lat.] A powder made to scour
  the teeth. 
DEN
DEP
DEP
    Is this grey powder a good dentrifice? Ben Jomon,
    The shells of all sorts of shell-fish, beinj;  burnt,
  obtain a caustick nature: most of them so ordered
  and powdered, make excellent dentifrices.    Grew.

To Denti'se,  den-tize'. v.  a.  [denteler,
   French.]  To have the teeth  renewed.
   Not in use.
    The old countess of Desmond, who lived till she
  was seven score, did demise twice or thrice, casting
  her old teeth, and others coming in their place.
                                      Bacon.
Denti'tion, den-tish'un.  to.  s.  [dentitio,
   Latin.]
1. The act of breeding the teeth.
2. The time at which children's teeth are
   bred.
To  DENU'DATE, de-nu'date.s" v.   a.
   [denudo, Lat.] To divest; to strip; to lay
   naked.
    Till he has denudated himself of all incumbran-
  ces, he is unqualified.            Decay of Piety.
Denuda'tion, den-nu-da'shtin. to. s. [from
   denudate.] The act of stripping, or  mak-
   ing naked.
To Denu'de, de-nude', v. a. [dermdo, La-
   tin.] To strip; to make naked; to divest.
    Not a treaty can be obtained, unless we would de-
  nude ourself of all force to defend us.   Clarendon.
  -  If in summer-time you denude  a vine-branch of
  its leaves, the grapes will never come to maturity.
                           Ray on the Creation.
    The eye, with the skin of the eye-lid, is denuded,
  to shew the muscle.                     Sharp.

Denunciation, de-nun-she-a'shun.  to.  s.
   [denunciatio, Lat.] The act of denounc-
   irfg; the proclamation of a threat; a pub-
   lick menace.
    In a denunciation or indiction of a war, the war
  is not confined to the place of the quarrel, but is left
  at large.                             Bacon.
    Christ tells the Jews, that, if they  believe not,
  toey  shall die in their sins: did they never read those
  denunciations?                         Ward.
    Midst of these denunciations, and notwithstanding
   the warning before me,  I commit myself to  lasting
  durance.                           Congreve.
Denunciator,  de-nun-she-a'tdr.  to.  a.
   [from denuncio, Latin.]
 I.  He that proclaims any threat.
2.  He that lays an information against an-
   other.
     The denunciator does not make himself a party in
   judgment, as the accuser does.           Ayliffe.
 To DENY', de-ni'. v. a. [denier,  French;
   denego, Latin.]
 I.  To contradict: opposed to affirm.
2.  To contradict an accusation; not to con-
   fess.
     Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was
   afraid.                             Genesis.
3.  To refuse; not to grant.
                     My young boy
   Ha'th an aspect of intercession, which
   Great nature cries—deny not.         Shakspeare.
            Ah, charming fair, said I,
   How long can you my bliss and yours dent/?  Dryd.
4. To abnegate; to disown.
    It  shall be therefore a witness unto you, lest you
  deny your God.                        Joshua,
5. To renounce; to  disregard; to treat  as
   foreign  or not belonging to one.
    The best sign and fruit of denying ourselves, is
  mercy to others.                         Spraff.
    When St. Paul says, If in  this life only we have
  hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable;
  he considers christians as denying themselves in the
  pleasures of this world, for the sake of Christ.
                                   Atterbury.
To DEOBSTRU'CT, de-ob-strukt'. v. a.
   [deobstruo, Latin.] To clear from impe-
   diments;  to free from  such things as
   hinder a passage.
    It is a singular good wound herb, useful for deob-
  structing toe pores of the body.             More.
    Such as carry off the faeces and mucus deobslruct
  the mouth of the lacteals, so as the chyle may have
  a free passage into the blood.   Arbuthnot on Diet.
Deo'bstruent,  de-ob'stm-ent. to. s. [de-
   obstruens, Lat.]  A  medicine that has
   the power  to resolve viscidities, or to
   open by any means the animal passages.
    All sopes are attenuating and deohstment, resolv-
  ing viscid substances.                 Arbuthnot.
De'odand, de'6-dand. to. s. [Deo  dandum,
   Latin.]   A thing  given or  forfeited to
   God for the pacifying his wrath, in case
   of any misfortune, by which any chris-
   tian comes  to a violent end,  without the
   fault of any reasonable  creature; as,  if
   a horse should strike his keeper, and so
   kill him;  if a  man,  in  driving a  cart,
   and endeavouring to  rectify  something
   about it, should fall, so as the  cart-
   wheels, by running  over him,  should
   press him  to  death; if one  should  be
   felling a tree,  and  giving  warning to
   company  by,  when the  tree was  near
   falling,  to  look to themselves, and any
   of them should nevertheless be slain by
   the fall  of the  tree; in these cases the
   horse, the cart-wheel, cart,  and horses,
   and the tree, are lo  be  given  to God;
   that is,  sold and distributed to the poor,
   for an expiation of this dreadful event,
   though   occasioned   by  unreasonable,
   senseless,  and  dead   creatures;  and
   though  this be  given to  God,  yet it is
   forfeited to  the king by law, as executor
   in this  case, to see  the price of these
   distributed  to the poor.       '  Cowell.
To DEO'PPILATE, de-6p'pe-late.  v. a.
   [de and oppilo, Latin.]  To  deobstruct;
   to clear a passage;   to  free from  ob-
   structions.
Deoppila'tion,  de-6p-pe-la'shun. to.  a.
   [from deoppilate.]  The act of clearing
   obstructions; the  removal of whatever
   obstructs the  vital passages.
    Though the grosser parts be  excluded again, yet
  are toe dissoluble parts extracted, whereby it be-
  comes effectual in deoppilations.          Brown.
Deo'ppilative, de-6p'pe-la-tiv. ad/.[from
   deoppilate.] Deobstruent.
    A physician prescribed him  a deoppilative and
  purgative apozem.                     Harvey.
Deosoula'tion,   de-6s-ku-la'shun.  to.  s.
   [deosculatio, Lat.]  The act of kissing.
    We have  an enumeration of the  several acts of
  worship required to be performed to images, viz.
  processions, genuflections, thurifications,  and deoscu-
  lations.                         Stillingfleet.
To  Depa'int,  de-pant',  v.  a.  [depient,
   French.]
1. To depicture; to  describe  by colours;
   to paint; to show by  a  painted  resem-
   blance.
    He did  unwilling worship to the saint
  That on his shield depainfed he did see.    Spenser.
2. To describe.
    Such ladies fair would I depaint
  In roundelay, or sonnet quaint.              Gay.
To DEPA'RT, de-part', v.  to. [depart,
   French.]
1. To go away from  a place:  with from
   before the thing left.
    When the people departed away, Susannah went
  into her garden.                    Susannah.
    He said unto him, go in peace; so he departed
  from him a little way.                 2 Kings.
    They departed quickly from the sepulchre, with
  fear and great joy, and did run to bring his disciples
  word.                             Matthew.
    He, which hato no stomach to this fight,
  Let him depart; his passport shall be made. Shaksp.
    Barbarossa, appeased with presents, departed out
  of that bay.                          Knolles.
    And couldst thou leave me, cruel, thus alone?
  Not one kind kiss from a departing son!
  No look, no last adieu!                 Dryden.
2. To desist from a practice.
    He cleaved  unto the sins of Jeroboam, he de-
  parted not therefrom.                 2 Kings.
3. To be lost; to perish.
    The good departed away, and the evil abode still.
                                    2 Esdras.
4. To desert;  to  revolt; to  fall away; to
   apost itize.
    In  transgressing and lying against the Lord, and
  departing away from our God.            Isaiah.
5. To  desist from a resolution or opinion.
    His majesty prevailed not with  any of them to
  depart from the most unreasonable of all their de-
  mands.                            Clarendon.
6. To  die; to decease; to leave the  world.
    As her soul was in departing; for she died. Gen.
    Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace,
  according to thy word.                   Luke.
    As you wish christian peace to souls departed,
  Stand these poor people's friend.       Shakspeare.

To Depa'rt,  de-part',  v. a.  To quit; to
   leave; to retire from. Not in use.
    You've had dispatch in private by the consul;
  You are will'd by him this evening
  To depart Rome.                   Ben Jonson.

To Depa'rt,  de-part',  v. a.  [partir,  Fr.
  partior, Latin.] To divide; to separate:
   a chymical  term.
Depa'rt, de-part', to.*, [depart, French.]
1. The act of  going away: now  departure.
    I had in charge, at my depart from France,
  To marry princess Margaret.         Shakspeare.
2. Death.
    When your brave father breath'd his latest gasp,
  Tidings, as swiftly as the post could run,
  Were brought me of your loss and his depart.
                        Shakspeare's Henry VI.

3.  [With chymists.]   An  operation  so
   named, because the  particles of silver
   are  departed or  divided from gold  or
   other metal, when they  were  before
   melted together in the  same mass,  and
   could not be separated any other way.
                                      Diet.
    The chymists have a liquor called  water of de-
  part.                                Bacon.

Depa'rter,  de-par'tur. to   a.  [from  de-
   part.] One  that refines metals by sepa-
   ration.
Depa'rtment, de-part'ment.to.*, [departe-
   ment, Fr.] Separate allotment; province
   or business assigned to a particular per-
   son: a French term.
    The  Roman  fleets, during their command at sea,
  had their several stations and cfeparfmenfs: the most 
DEP
DEP
DEP
  considerable was the Alexandrian fleet, and the se-
  cond was the African.                Arbuthnot.
Depa'rture, de-par'tshure.461 to. s. [from
   depart.]
1. A going away.
                  For thee, fellow,
  Who needs must know of her departure, and
  Dost seem so ignorant, we'll force it from thee
  By a sharp torture.                  Shakspeare.
                       What besides
  Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair,
  Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring;
  Departure from this happy place.         Milton.
    They were seen not  only all the while our Sa-
  viour was upon earth, but survived after his depar-
  ture out of this world.                  Addison.
2. Death; decease;  the act of leaving the
   present state of existence.
     Happy was their good prince in his timely depar-
  ture, which barred him from the knowledge of his
  son's miseries.                        Sidney.
3. A forsaking; an abandoning:  with from.
     The fear of the Lord, and departure from evil,
  are phrases of like importance.          Tiffofson.
Depa'suent, de-paVsent. adj. [depascens,
   Latin.] Feeding.
 To Depa'sture, de-pas'tshure. v.a. [from
   depascor, Laiin,] To eat up;  to consume
   by feeding upon it.
     They keep their cattle, and live  themselves in
   bodies pasturing upon the mountains, and removing
   still to fresh laud,  as they have depastured the for-
   mer.                                Spenser.
 To  Depau'perate, de-paw'per-ate.  v. a.
   [depaupero,  Lat.]   To make poor; to
   impoverish;  to consume.
     Liming does not depauperate; the ground will last
   long, and bear large grain.            Mortimer.
     Great evacuations, which carry off toe nutritious
   humours, depauperate  the blood.       Arbuthnot.
 Depe'ctible,  de-pek'te-bl. adj. [from de-
   pecto, Latin.]   Tough; clammy; tena-
   cious; capable of being  extended.
     It may be also, that some bodies have a kind of
   lentor, and  are of a more depectible nature than oil,
   as we see it evident in coloration; for a small quan-
   tity of saffron will tinct more than a very  great
   quantity of brasil or wine.               Bacon.
 To  Depe'inct, de-pinkt'. v.  a. [defiein-
   dre, French.]  To depaint;  to paint; to
   describe in colours. A word  of Spenser.
     The red  rose medlied with the white yfere,
   In either cheek depeincten lively here.    Spenser.
 To  DEP'END, de-pend'. v.  to. [dependeo,
   Latin.]
 I. To  hang from.
              From the frozen  beard
   Long icicles depend, and crackling sounds are heard.
                                      Diyden.
     From gilded roofs depending lamps display
   Nocturnal beams, that emulate the day.  Dryden.
     There is a chain let down from Jove,
   So strong, that from the lower  end,
   They say, all human things depend.        Swift.
     The direful monster was afar descried,
   Two bleeding babes depending at her side.   Pope.
 2. To  be in a state  influenced by  some ex-
   ternal cause; to  live subject to the will
   of other*.: with upon.
     We work by wit and not by  witchcraft;
   And wit depends on dilatory time.      Shakspeare.
     Never be without  money,  nor  depend upon the
   courtesy of others which may fail at a pinch. Bacon.
 3. To be in a state of dependance; to retain
   to others.
             Be then desir'd
   Of fifty to disquantity your train;
   And the remainders,  that shall  still depend,
  To be such men as may besort your age.  Shaksp.
4. To be connected with any thing, as with
   its cause, or something previous.
    The peace and happiness of society depend on the
  justice and fidelity, the temperance and charity, of
  its members.                          Rogers.
 i. To be in suspense; to be yet  undeter-
   mined.
    By no means be you persuaded to interpose your-
  self in any cause depending, or like to be depending,
  in any court of justice.                  Bacon.
    The judge corrupt,  the long depending cause,
  And doubtful issue of misconstrued laws.    Prior.
 5. To Depend upon.  To rely  on; to trust
   to; to rest upon  with confidence; to be
   certain of.
    He resolved no more to depend upon the one or
  to provoke the other.                 Clarendon.
    But if you're rough, and use him like a dog,
   Depend upon it—he '11 remain incog.    Addison.
    I am a stranger to your characters, further than
   as common fame reports them, lvhich is not to be
   depended upon.                          Swift.
 Depe'ndance, de-pen'danse.  > to.*.[from
 Depe'ndancy, de-pen'dan-se. )   depend]
 1. The state of hanging down from a sup-
   porter.
 2. Something hanging upon another.
     On a neighb'ring tree descending light,
   Like a large cluster of black grapes they show,
   And make a large dependance from the bough.
                                      Dryden.
 3. Concatenation;  connexion;  relation  of
   one thing to another.
     In all sorts of reasoning, the connexion and de-
   pendance of ideas should be followed, till the mind
   is brought to the source on which it bottoms. Locke.
 4. State of being at the disposal or under
   the sovereignty  of another: with upon.
     Every moment we feel our dependance upon God,
   and find that we can neither be happy without him,
   nor think ourselves so.                Tillotson.
 5. The  things or  persons  of which any
   man has the dominion or disposal.
     Never was there a prince bereaved of his depen-
   dancies by his council, except where there hath been
   either  an over-greatness in one  counsellor, or an
   over-strict combination in  divers.         Bacon.
     The second natural division of power, is of such
   men who have acquired large possessions, and con-
   sequently dependancies; or descend from ancestors
   who have left them great inheritances.      Swift.
 6. Relianc; trust; confidence.
     Their dependancies on him were drowned in this
   conceit.                              Hooker.
               They slept in peace by night,
   Secure of bread, as of returning light:
   And with such firm dependance on the day,
     That need grew pamper'd, and forgot to pray.
                                      Dryden.
 7. Accident; that of which the  existence
    presupposes the existence of something
   else.
     Modes I call such complex ideas, which, however
   compounded, contain  not in them the supposition of
   subsisting by themselves, but are considered as de-
   pendancies on, or affections of, substances; such are
   the ideas signified by the words triangle, gratitude,
   murder.                              Locke.
 Dependant, de-pen'dant.  adj.  [from de-
   fiend.]
 1. Hanging down.
 2. Relating to something previous.
 3. In the power of another.
     On God, as toe most high, all inferior causes in
   the world are dependant.                Hooker.
 Dkpe'ndant,  dt-pen'dant. n. s.  [from de-
   fiend.] One  who lives in subjection, or
   at the discretion of  another: a retainer.
    A great abatement of kindness  appears as well
  in the general dependants,  as in the duke  himself
  also, and your daughters.             Shakspeare.
    For a six-clerk a person  recommended a depend-
  ant upon him, who paid six thousand pounds ready
  money.                             Clarendon.
    His dependants shall quickly become his prose-
  lytes.                                 South.
Depe'ndence,  de-pen'dense. ? n. s.[from
Depe'ndency,  de-pen'den-se. 3 dependeo,
   Lat. This  word,  with many  others of
   the same termination, are  indifferently
   written with  ance or  ence, ancy or ency,
   as the  authors intended to derive them
   from the Latin or French.]
1. A  thing or  person  at the  disposal or
   discretion of another.
    We invade the rights of  our neighbours, not upon
  account of covetousness, but of dominion,  that we
  may create dependencies.                 Collier.
2. State of being  subordinate, or subject
   in   some  degree  to the  discretion of
   another; the  contrary to sovereignty.
        Let me report to him
  Your sweet dependency, and you shall find,
  A conqueror that will pray in aid for kindness,
  Where he for grace is kneel'd to.     Shakspeare.
    At their setting out they  must have their commis-
  sion, or letters patent, from the king,  toat so they
  may acknowledge their dependency upon the crown
  of England.                           Bacon.
  . That which is not principal; that  which
   is subordinate.
    We speak of the sublunary worlds,  this earth,
  and its dependencies, which rose out of a chaos about
  six thousand years ago.                  Burnen
4. Concatenation; connexion; rise of con-
   sequents from premises.
    Her madness hath the oddest frame of sense:
  Such a dependency of thing on thing,
  As e'er I heard in madness.          Shakspeare.
5. Relation of any thing to another, as of
   an effect to its cause.
    I took pleasure to trace out the  cause of effects,
  and the dependence of one thing upon another in the
  visible creation.                        Burnet.
6. Trust; reliance; confidence.
    The expectation of the performance of our de-
   sire, is that we call dependence upon him for help
   and assistance.                   Stilling fleet.
Depe'ndent,  de-pen'dent.  adj.  [defien-
   dens, Lat.]  This, as many other words
   of like termination,  are written with ent
   or  ant, as they are supposed to flow
   from  the Latin or  French.]   Hanging
   down.
    In the time of Charles the great, and long since,
   the whole furs in the tails were dependent; but now
   toat fashion is left, and the spots only worn, with-
   out the tails.                         Peacham.
 Depe'ndent,  de-pen'dent. to. s. [from de-
   pendens, Lat.]  One subordinate; one at
   the discretion or disposal of another.
     We are indigent,  defenceless beings; the crea-
   tures of his power, and the dependents of his pro-
   vidence.                              Rogers.
 Depe'nder, de-pen'dfir.98 to. a.  [from de-
   pend.]  A  dependant;  one that reposes
   on the kindness or power of another.
               What shalt thou expect,
   To be depender  on a thing that leans?      Shaksp.
 Deperdi'tion,  dep-er-dish'un."27   n.  a.
   [from deperditus, Lat.] Loss;  destruc-
   tion.
     It may be unjust to place all efficacy of gold ia
   the ncn-omission of weights, or deperdi/ion of any
   ponderous particles.                    Broivn. 
Dephlegma'tion, def-fleg-ma'shun.fi3° n.
  s. [fi om drphlegm/] An operation which
  takes away from the phlegm any spiri-
  tuous fluid  by repeated distillation, till
  it is at length left all behind.   Quincy.
    In  divers cases it is not enough to separate the
  aqueous parts by dephlegmation;  for some liquors
  contain also an unexpected quantity of small cor-
  puscles, of somewhat an earthy nature, which, be-
  ing associated with the saline ones, do clog and blunt
  them, and thereby weaken their activity.   Boyle.
 To DEPHLE'OM, de-flem'.3sa         /
 To DEPHLE'GMATE, de-fleg'mate. $
   v. a. [dephlegmo, \o*p  Lat.]  To clear
   from phlegm, or aqueous insipid mat-
   ter.
    We have sometimes taken spirit of salt, and care-
  fully dephlegmed it.                     Boyle.
 Dephle'gmedness, de-flem'ed-nes. to.  s.
   [from dephlegm.] The quality of being
   freed from phlegm or  aqueous matter.
    The proportion betwixt the coraline solution and
  the spirit of wine, depends so much upon the strengtn
  of the former liquor, and the dephlcgmedness of the
  latter, that it is scarce possible to determine gene-
  rally and exactly what quantity of each ought to be
  taken.                               Boyle.
 To Dep'ict, de-pikt'. v. a.  [depingo, dc-
  pictum, Lat.]
 1.  To paint; to portray;  to  represent  in
   colours.
    The cowards of Laced emon depicted upon  their
  shields the most terrible beasts they could imagine.
                                      Taylor.
 2. To describe; to represent an action  to
   the mind.
    When the distractions of a tumult are sensibly
  depicted, eveiy object and every  occurrence are so
  represented to your view, that while you read, you
  seem indeed to see them.               Felton.
 Depi'latorv, de-pil'la-ttir-e. to. a. [de and
   pilus, Lat.] An application used to  take
    away hair.
 De'pilous, de-pi'hls. adj.  [de and pilus,
    Lat.]  Without hair.
     This  animal is a kind of lizard, or quadruped
   corticated and depilous, that is,  without wool, fur,
   or hair.                              Brown.

 DEPLANTA'TioN,dep-lan-ta'shi\n. to.*, [de-
    filanto, Lat.]  The act of taking plants
    up from the bed.                 Diet.
 Deple'tion,  de-ple'shiin.  to.  s. [depleo,
    depletus, Lat.]  The act of emptying.
     Abstinence and a slender diet attenuates, be-
   cause depletion of the vessels gives room to the fluid
   to expand itself.                    Arbuthnot.
 Deplo'rable, de-plo'ra-bl.orfy.  [from de-
    ploro,  Lat.]
 I. Lamentable;  that  demands  or causes
    lamentation;  dismal;  sad; calamitous;
    miserable; hopeless.
     This was the deplorable condition  to which the
   king was reduced.                  Clarendon.
     The bill, of all weapons,  gives the most ghastly
    and deplorable wounds.                 Temple.
     It will be considered in how deplorable a state
   learning lies in that kingdom.             Swift.
 •2. It is  sometimes, in a  mere lax and jo-
    cular sense, used for contemptible; des-
    picable: as, deplorable nonsense, deplo-
    rable stupidity.
 Deplo'rableness, de-plo'ra-bl-nes.  to. s.
    [from deplorable/]  The state of being
    deplorable; misery; hopelessness. Diet.
 Deplo'rablt, de-plo'ra-ble. adv. [from
                 DEP

  deplorable.]   Lamentably;  miserably;
  hopelessly: often in a sense of contempt.
    Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and phi-
  losophy, God  knows, they are deplorably strangers
  to them.                             SoufA.
Deflo'rate, de-plo'rate.91 adj. [from de-
  ploratus, Lat.]  Lamentable; hopeless
    The case is then  most deplorable, when reward
  goes over to the wrong side.          L'Estrange.
Deplora'tion,  dep-lo-ra'shun-630  »•  *■
  [from drplore]   The act of deploring,
  or of lamenting.
To  DEPLO'RE,  de-pl6re'. v. a. [deploro,
  Lat.]  To lament; to bewail; to wail;  to
  mourn;  to bemoan;  to express sorrow.
    But chaste Diana, who his death dejilor'd,
  With jEsculapian herbs his life restor'd.  Diyden.
              If Arcite thus deplore
  His sufferings, yet Palemon suffers more.  Diyden
Deplo'rer,  de-pio'rflr. to.  a.  [from de-
  plore] A lamenter; a mourner; one that
  laments.
Depluma'tion,  dep-lu-ma'shun.627 n. a.
  [deplumatio, Lat.]
1. A pluming, or plucking off the feathers,
2. [In surgery.]   A  swelling of the  eye-
  lids, accompanied with the  fall of the
  hairs from the  eyebrows.      Phillips.
To DEPLU'ME, de-plume', v. a. [de and
  pluma, Lat.]  To strip of its feathers.
To DEPO'NE, de-pone',  v. a. [depono,
  Lat.]
1. To lay down as a pledge  or  security.
2. To risk upon the su-.cess of an adventure.
                On this I would depone
  As much as any cause I've known.      Hudibras.
Depo'nent,  de-po'nent.5a3  to. a. [from de-
  fiono, Lat.]
I. One  that  deposes  his  testimony  in a
   court of justice; an evidence, a witness.
2. [In graminar.] Such  verbs as have  no
   active voice are  called  deponents, and
   generally  signify action only: as,faieor,
   I confess.     Clarke's Latin Grammar.
To DEPOPULATE, de-pop'u-late.  v. a.
   [depopulor,  Lat.]  To unpeople; to lay
   waste; to destroy  inhabited countries.
            Where  is this viper,
  That would depopulate toe city, and
  Be every man himself.              Shakspeare.
    He turned  his arms upon  unarmed and unprovi-
  ded people, to spoil only and depopulate, contrary
  to the laws both of  war and peace.       Bacon.
    A land exhausted to the last remains,
  Depopulated towns and driven plains.     Dryden.
          Grim death, in different shapes,
  Depopulates the nations; thousands fall
  His victims.                         Philips.
 Depopulation,  de-pop-u-la'shun.  to. s.
   [from depopulate] The act of unpeo-
   pling;  havock;  waste;   destruction  of
   mankind.
     How didst thou grieve then, Adam! to behold
   The end of all thy  offspring, end so sad,
   Depopulation! Thee another flood,
   Of tears and sorrow a flood, thee also drown'd
   And sunk thee as thy sons.              Milton.
     Remote thou hear'st the dire effect of war,
   Depopulation.                       Philips.

 Depopula'tor,  de-pop'u-la-tur.; *  to. s.
   [from depopulate.] A dispeopler;  a  de-
   stroyer of mankind; a waster of inhabit-
    ed countries.
 To DEPO'RT, de-port7,  v. a.  [deporter,
               DEP

Fr.] To  carry; to demean; to behave:
it is used only with the reciprocal pro-
    Let an ambassador deport himself in the most
  graceful manner before a prince.          Pope.
Depo'rt, de-port', to. s.  [from  the  verb.]
  Demeanour;  grace of  attitude; beha-
  viour;  deportment.
                  She Delia's self
  In gait surpass'd, and goddess-like deport.  Milton.
    Of middle age one rising, eminent
  In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong.
                                     Milton.
Deporta'tion, dep-6r-ta'shun. n. s.  [de-
  portatio, Lat,]
I. Transportation; exile into a remote part
  of the dominion,  with  prohibition  to
  change the place of residence.
2. Exile  in general.
    An abjuration, which is a deportation  for ever
  into a foreign land, was anciently with us a civil
  death.                              Ayliffe.

Depo'rtment, de-port'ment.612 to. s. [de-
  portement, Fr.]
1. Conduct; management; manner of act-
  ing.
    I will  but sweep the way with a few notes touch-
  ing the duke's own deportment in that island.
                                     Woffon.
2. Demeanour; behaviour.
    The coldness  of his temper, and  the gravity of
  his deportment, earned him safe through many dif-
  ficulties,  and he lived and died in a great station.
                                      Swift.
To DEPO'SE, de-poze'.  v. a. [depono,
  Lat.]
1. To lay down; to lodge; to let fall.
    Its shores are neither  advanced one  jot further
  into the  sea,  nor its surface raised  by additional
  mud deposed upon it by the yearly  inundations of
  the Nile.                         Woodward.
2. To degrade from a throne or high sta-
  tion.
    First of the king: %vhat shall of him become.^
  —The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.
                                  Shakspeare.
    May your sick fame still languish till it die;
  Then, as the greatest curse that I can give,
  Unpitied be depos'd, and after live.      Drjden.
     Deposed consuls, and captive princes, might have
  preceded him.                       Tatler.

3. To take away;  to devest; to  strip of.
   Not in use.
     You may my glory and my state depose,
  But not  my griefs; still am I king of those. Shaksp.
   To give testimony; to attest.
     'Twas he that made you to depose;
   Your oath, my lord, is vain and frivolous.  Shaksp.
     It was usual for him that dwelt in  Soumwork, or
   Tothill-street, to depose the yearly rent or valuation
   of lands lying in toe north, or other  remote part of
   the realm.                           Bacon.
 5.  To examine any one on his oath.  Not
   in use.
                 According to our law,
   Depose  him in the justice of his cause.    Shaksp,
  To Depo'se, de-poze' v. to. To bear wit-
    ness.
      Love straight stood up and deposed, a lye could
   not come from the mouth of Zelmane.    Sidney.
  Depo'sitary, de-poz'e-tar-e.613 to. s. [de-
   positarius,  Lat.]  One with whom  any
    thing is lodged  in trust.
                 I gave you all.
   —Made you my guardians, my depositaries;
   But kept a reservation, to be follow'd
   With such a number.              Shakspeare. 
DEP
DEP
DEP
 To DEPO'SITE, de-poz'it. v. a. [deposi-
   turn, Lat.]
 I. To lay up: to lodge in any place.
    The eagle got leave here to deposite her eggs.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Dryden wants a poor square foot of stone, to
  shew where  the ashes of one of  the greatest poets
  on earth are doposiled.                  Garth.
    When vessels were open, and  the insects had
  free access to the aliment within them, Redi dili-
  gently observed, that no other species were produ-
  ced, but of such as he saw go in and feed, and de-
  posite their eggs there, which they would readily do
  in all putrefaction.                   Bentley.
 2. To lay up as a pledge, or  security.
 3. To place at interest.
    God commands us to return,  as to him, to  the
  poor, his gifts out of mere duty  and  thankfulness;
  not to deposite toem with him in  hopes of meriting
  by them.                              Sprat.
 4. To lay aside.
    The difficulty will be to persuade the depositing
  of those lusts which have, by I know not what fasci-
  nation, so endeared themselves.    Decay of Piety.
 Depo'site,  de-poz'it.164 to.  s. [depositum,
   Lat.]
 1. Any thing committed to the trust  and
   care of  another.
 2. A  pledge; a pawn; a thing given as a
   security.
 3. The state of  a thing pawned or pledg-
   ed.
    They had since Marseilles, and fairly left it: they
  had the other day the Valtoline,  and  now have put
  it in deposite.                         Bacon.

 Deposition, dep-po-zish'un. to. s.  [from
  depositio, Lat.]
 1. The act  of giving public testimony.
    If you will examine the veracity of the fathers
  by those circumstances usually considered in depo-
  sitions, you will find them strong on  their side.
                                Sir K. Digby.
    A witness is obliged to swear,  otherwise his  de-
  position is not valid.          Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The act of degrading a prince from so-
  vereignty.
3. [In  canon law.] Deposition properly
  signifies  a solemn depriving of a man
  of  his clerical orders.  Ayliffe's Parer.

Depository, de-poz'e-tiir-e.612  to. s, [from
  deposite] The place where any thing is
  lodged.  Depositary is properly used of
  persons, and depository of places; but in
  the   following example they  are  con-
  founded.
    The Jews  themselves are the  depositories of all
  the prophecies which tend to their own confusion.
                                    Addison.
Deprava'tion,  dep-ra-va'shun.530  to.  s.
  [depravatio, Lat.]
1. The act of making any thing bad; the
  act of corrupting; corruption.
    The three forms of government have their seve-
  ral perfections, and are subject to their several de-
  pravations:  however, few states are ruined by de-
  fect in their institution, but generally by corruption
  of manners.                           Swift.
2. The state of being made bad; degene-
  racy; depravity.
    We have a catalogue of the blackest sins that
  human nature, in its highest depravation, is capable
  of committing.                        South.
3. Defamation; censure: a sense not now
  in use.
    Stubborn criticks are apt, without a theme
  For depravation, to square all the sex.   Shaksp.
       VOLl   I.
 To DEPRA'VE, de-prave'. v. a. [depra-
   vo, Lat.]  To vitiate; to corrupt; to con-
   taminate.
    We admire the providence of God in the conti-
  nuance of scripture, notwithstanding the endeavours
  of infidels to  abolish, and the fraudulence of here-
  ticks to deprave, the same.             Hooker.
    Who lives  that's not depraved, or depraves? Shak.
    But from me what can proceed
  But all corrupt,  both mind and will deprav'd?
                                      Milton.
    A taste which plenty does deprave,
  Loaths lawful good, and lawless ill does crave.
                                     Dryden.
 Depra'vedness, de-pravd'nes. to. .9. [from
   deprave.] Corruption; taint; contamina-
   tion; vitiated state.
    What sins do you mean?  Our original"depra-
  vedness,  and  proneness  of our eternal part to all
  evil.                             Hammond.
 Depra'vement,  de-prave'ment.   to.   a.
   [from deprave.]  A vitiated state; cor-
   ruption.
    He maketh men believe, toat apparitions are ei-
  ther deceptions of sight, or melancholy depravements
  of fancy.                            Brown.
 Depra'ver, de-pra'vur. to.  s.  [from de-
   prave.] A corrupter; he that causes de-
   pravity.
 Depra'vity, de-prav'e-te.611 to. s.  [from
   deprave.] Corruption; a vitiated  state.
 To DE'PRECATE, dep'pre-kate." v. a.
 I. To beg off;  to  pray deliverance  from;
   to avert by prayer.
    In deprecating of evil, we make an humble ac-
  knowledgment of guilt,  and of  God's justice  in
  chastising, as well as clemency in  sparing, the
  guilty.                                Grew.
    Poverty indeed, in all its degrees, men are easily
  persuaded to  deprecate from themselves.    Rogers.
    The judgments which we would deprecate are not
  removed.                        Smallridge.
    The Italian entered toem in his prayer: amongst
  the  three evils he petitioned to be delivered from,
  he might have deprecated greater evils.    Baker.
2. To implore  mercy of:  this  is not pro-
  per.
                    At length he sets
  Those darts, whose points make gods adore
  His might, and deprecate his power.        Prior.
Depreca'tion,   dep-pre-ka'shun.  to.  s.
  [defirecatio, Lat.]
 1. Prayer against evil.
    I, with leave of speech implor'd,
  And humble deprecation, thus replied.    Milton.
   Sternutation toey generally conceived to be a good
  sign, or a bad one; and so upon this motion, they
  commonly used a gratulation for the one, and a de-
  precation for the other.                 Brown.
2. Intreaty;  petitioning.
   An excusing; a begging pardon for.
DE'pRECATivE,dep'pre-ka-fiv.       ~)
DE'pRECAToRY,dep'pre-ka-tur-e.s13 5   ^'
  [from  deprecate.]  That serves to depre-
  cate; apologetick; lending to avert evil
  by  supplication.
    Bishop Fox understanding that the Scottish king
  was still discontent, being troubled that the occasion
  of breaking of the truce should grow from his men,
  sent many humble and deprecatory letters to the
  Scottish king to appease him.            Bacon.
Depreca'tor,  dep-pre-ka'tiir.  to. *.  [de-
  precator,  Lat.] One that  averts evil by
  petition.
To DEPRF/CIATE, de-pre'she-ate."1 v.
  a. [depretiare, Lat.]
1. To bring a thing down to a lower price.
                    3t
2. To undervalue.
    They  presumed upon that mercy, which, iu all
  their conversations, they endeavour to depreciate and
  misrepresent.                        Addison.
    As there are none more ambitious of fame than
  those who are  coiners  in poetry, it is very natural
  for such  as have not succeeded in it to depreciate the
  works of those who have.             Spectator-

To DE'PREDATE, dep'pre-date.s*1 v. a.
   [depradari, Lat.]
1. To rob; to pillage.
2. To spoil; to devour.
    It maketh the substance of the body more solid
  and compact, and so less apt to be consumed and
  depredated by the spirits.                 Bacon.

Depreda'tion, dep-pre-da-shm"i. to. a. [de-
  pradatio, Lat.]
1. A robbing;  a spoiling.
    Commissioners were appointed to determine all
  matters of piracy and depredations between the sub-
  jects of both kingdoms.               Hayward.
    The land had never been before so free from
  robberies and depredations as through his reign.
                                      Wotton.
    Were  there not one who had said, Hitherto shalt
  thou come, and no farther;  we might  well expect
  such vicissitudes, such clashing in nature, and such
  depredations and changes of sea and land.
                                   Woodward.
2. Voracity; waste.
    The speedy depredation of air upon watery mois-
  ture, and version of the same into air, appeareth in
  nothing more visible than in toe sudden discharge
  or vanishing of  a little Jcloud of breath, or vapour,
  from glass, or  the blade of a sword,  or any such
  polished body.                          JBacon.

Depreda'tor,  dep'pre-da-tur.631   to. a-
   [depredator, Lat.] A robber; a devour-
   er.
    It is reported, that  the shrub  called our lady's
  seal,  which is a kind of briony, and coleworts, set
  near together, one or  both  will die; toe cause is,
  for that they be both great depredators of the earth,
  and one of toem starveth the other.        Bacon.
    We have three that collect the experiments,
  which are in all books; these we call depredators.
                                       Bacon.
To DEPREHE'ND, dep-pre-hend'. v.a.
   [deprehendo, Lat.]
1. To catch one; to take unawares; to take
   in the  fact.
    That  wretched creature, being deprehended in
  that impiety, was held in ward.           Hooker.
    Who can believe men upon their own authority;
  that are once  deprehended in so gross and impious
  an imposture.                          More.
2. To discover; to find out a thing; to come
   to the  knowledge or understanding of.
    The motions of the minute parts of bodies, which
  do so great effects,  are invisible,  and  incur not to
  the eye;  but yet they are to be deprehended by ex-
  perience.                             Bacon.
Deprehe'nsible, dep-pre-hen'se-bl.  adj-
   [from  deprehend.]
I. That may be caught.
2. That may be understood or discovered.
                                       Diet.
Deprehe'nsibleness, dep-pre-hen'se-bl-
   nes. to. a.
I. Capableness of being caught.
2. Intelligibleness;  easiness  to be under-
   stood.

Deprehe'nsion,  dep-pre-hen'shun.  to.  .9.
   [deprehensio, Lat ]
1. A catching or taking unawares.
2. A discovery. 
                  DEP

To DEPRE'SS, de-pres'. v. a.  [from de-
  pressus, of deprimo, Lat.]
1  To press orthurst down.
2. To let fall; to let down.
    The same thing I have tried by letting a globe
  rest, and raising or depressing the eye, or otherwise
  moving it, to make the angle of a just magnitude
                                     Jvetcton.
3. To humble;  to  deject;  to  sink.
    Others depress their own minds, despond at the
  fir<~t difficulty, and conclude that the making any
  progress  in knowledge is above their capacities.
                                       Locke.
    If we  consider how often it breaks the gloom,
  which is apt to dep. ess  the mind, with transient un-
  expected gleams of joy, one would take care not to
  grow too wise for so great a pleasure of life. Addis.
    Passion can depress or raise
    The heavenly, as the human mind.        Pope.
Deprf/ssion, de-presh'un.  to. s.  [dtprea-
   aio. Lat.J
 1. The act of pressing down.
    Bricks of a rectangular form, if laid one by ano-
  ther in a level  row  between supporters sustaining
  the two  ends, all the pieces between will necessari-
  ly sir-.k hy their own gravity; arid much more if they
  suffer'any depression by other weight above them.
                                       Wbffou.
2. The sinking or falling in of a surface.
    The beams of light are such subtile bodies, that,
  in respect of them, even surfaces, that are sensibly
  smooth,  are not exactly so: they have their own de-
  gree of roughness, consisting of little protuberan-
  ces and  depressions; and consequently such inequa-
  lities may sulice to give bodies different colours, as
  we see in marble that appears white or  black, or
  red, or  blue, even when most carefully polished.
                                        Boyle.
    If the bone be much depressed, and the fissure
  cons'd rably large, it is then at your choice, whether
  you wiil  enlarge that fissure  or continue  it for the
  evacuation of the matter, and forbear thenar ofthe
  trepan;  not doubting but a small depression of the
  bone will either rise,  or cast off, by  the benefit of
  nature.                             Wiseman.

3.  The  act of humbling; abasement.
     Depression of the nobility may make a king more
   absolute, but less safe.                  Bacon.
Depression, of an Equation [in algebra]
   is the  bringing it into lower and more
   simple terms by  division.          Dicr

 Depression of a Star [with astronomers]
   is the distance  of a star from .the hori-
   zon below, and is measured by the arch
   of  the verticle  circle or azimuth, pass-
   ing through the star, intercepted  be-
   tween the star and the horizon.    Diet.
 DEPRE'ssoR,de-pres'sftr.166 to.  a. [depres-
   sor, Lat.]
 1.  He that keeps or presses down.
2.  An oppressor.
Depre'ssor, de-pres'sur. [In anatomy.] A
   term  given to  several  muscles  of the
   body,  whose action  is  to depress  the
   parts  to  which they adhere.
 De'priment,  d£p'pre-ment.  adj.  [from
   deprimens, of deprimo, Lat.] An epithet
   applied to one  of the straight muscles
   that move the globe or ball  of the eye,
   its use being to pull it downward.
     The exquisite equilibrium of all opposite and an-
  tagonist muscles is effected partly by the natural
  posture  of the body and the eye, which is the case
  of the attollent and depriment muscles.   Derham.
Deprivation,  dep-pre va'shun.   to.   a,
   [from de and privatio, Lat.]
                  DEP

1. The  act of depriving, or taking away
   from.
2. The state of losing.
    Fools whose end is destruction, and eternal depri-
  vation of being.                      Bentley.
Deprivation, dep-pre-va'shin [inlaw] is
   when a clergyman, as a bishop, parson,
   vicar, or prebend, is deprived, or depo
   sed from his preferment, for any matter
   in  fact or  law.                  Phillips.
To DEPRI'VE, de-prive. v. a. [from de
   and privo, Lat.]
1. To bereave one  of a thing, to take it
   away  from him: with  >f.
    God hath tf< wired her of wisdom, neither hath he
  imparted to i> .  -.urici-standing.             Job
    He ia'oeiiie.  the loss of an excellent servant, and
  the horrid manner in which he had been deprived of
  him.                             Clarendon.
    Now wretched Oedipus, depriv'd of sight,
  Led a long death in everlasting night.      Pope.

2. To hinder; to debar from: Milton uses
   it without of.
    From his face I shall be hid, depriv'd
   His blessed countenance.               Milton,
    The ghosts rejected, are th' unhappy crew
   Depriv'd of sepulchres and fun'ral due.   Dryden.
3.  lo release; to iree from.
                 Most happy he
   Whose least delight suffice th to deprive
   Remembrance of all pains which him opprest.
                                     Spenser.
4. To put out of an office.
    A minister, deprived for  inconformity, said, that
   if they deprived him, it should cost an hundred men's
   lives.                               Bacon.

Depth, depfA. to.  a. [from deep, of diep,
   Dutch.]
 I. Deepness;  the measure of any  thing
   from the surface downward.
    As for men,  they had buildings  in many places
   higher than the depth  of the water.         Bacon.
     We have large and deep  caves of  several depths:
   the deepest are sunk six hundred fathoms.  Bacon.
     The left to that unhappy  region tends,
   Which to the depth of Tartarus descends. Dryden.
     For tho', in nature, depth and height
   Are equally held infinite;
   In poetry the height we know,
   'Tis only infinite below.                 Swift.

 2. Deep place; not a shoal.
     The false tides skim o'er the cover'd land,
   And seamen with dissembled depths betray. Dryden.

 3. The abyss; a gulf of infinite  profundi-
   ty-
     When he prepared the heavens I was there: when
   he set a compass upon toe face of the  depth, then I
   was by him.                         Proverbs.
 1. The middle or height of a season.
     And in toe depth of winter, in the night,
   You plough the raging seas to coasts unknown.
                                     Denham.
     The earl of Newcastle,  in the depffs of winter,
   rescued the city of York from the rebels. Clarendon.
 5. Abstruseness; obscurity.
     There are greater depths and obscurities in an
   elaborate and well-written piece of nonsense, than
   in the most abstruse tract of school-divinity. Addison.

 Depth of a Squadron  or J3attalion,isthe
   number of men  in a file. Military Diet.
 To DE'PTHEN, dep'^n."* v. a. [diepen,
   Dut.]  To deepen, or make deeper.
                                       Diet.
 To Depu'celate, de-pu'se-Jate. v. a. [de-
   puceler, Fr.] To deflour; to bereave of
    virginity.                         Diet.
                 DEP

Depu'lsion, de-pul'shun.177 «. *•  [defiul-
  sio, Lat.] A beating or thrusting away.
Depu'lsory,  de-parhur-e.440  adj.  [from
  depulsus,Lai.] Putting away; averting.
                                       Diet.

To  DE'PURATE,dep'u-rate.91v.a. [de-
  purer, Er. from depurgo, Lat.]  To pu-
  rify; to cleanse; to  free any thing from
  its impurities.
    Chemistry enabling us to depurate bodies, and in
  some measure to  analize them, and  take asunder
  their heterogeneous parts, in  many  chemical expe-
  riments we may, better than  in others, know what
  manner of bodies we employ.             Boyle.
De'plrate, dep'u-rate.s03 adj.  [from the
  verb.]
1. Cleansed; freed  from  dregs  and impu-
  rities.

2. Pure;  not contaminated.
    Neither can any boast a knowledge depurate from
  the defilement of a conUary, within  this atmosphere
  of flesh.                            Glanville.
Depura'tion, dep-u-ra'shun. to. s. [depu-
  ratio, Lat.]
1. The act of separating the pure from the
  impure part of any thing.
    Brimstone is a mineral body, of  fat and inflam-
  mable parts; and this  is either used crude, and call-
  ed sulphur vive; or it is of a sadder colour, and, after
  cfepurafion, such as we have in magdeleons, or rolls
  of a lighter yellow.                    Brown.
    What hath been  hitherto discoursed, inclines us
  to look upon the ventilation and depuration of the
  blood as one of the principal and  constant uses of
  respiration.                            Boyle.
2.  The  cleansing  of  a   wound  from  its
   matter.
 To Depu're, de-pure'. v. a.[depurer, Fr.]
 l. To cleanse; to free from impurities.
2. To purge; to free  from some  noxious
   quality.
    It produced  plants of such  imperfection  and
  harmful quality, as  the waters of toe general flood
  could not so wash out or depure, but that the same
  defection hath had continuance in  the very genera-
  tion and nature of mankind.             Raleigh.
 Deputa'tion, dep-u-ta'shfin. «. *. [depu-
    tation, Fr.]
 1.  The act of deputing,  or sending away
   with a special  commission.
 2.  Vicegerency;  the possession of  any
    commission given.
           Cut me off the heads
  Of all the fav'rites that the absent king
  In deputation left behind him here,
  When he was personal in the Irish war. Shakspeare.
     He looks not below the moon, but hath designed
   the regiment of sublunary affairs into sublunary de-
  putations.                           Brown.
     The authority of conscience stands founded upon
   its vicegerency and deputation under God.  South.  i
 To DEPU'TE,  de-pute'. v. a.  [deputer,
    Fr.]  To send  with a special commis-
    sion; to im power one  to transact instead
    of another.
     And Absalom said unto him, See thy matters are
   good and right, but there is  no man  deputed of the
   king to bear.                        2 Samuef.
     And Linus thus, deputed by the  rest,
   The heroes welcome and their thanks cxpress'd.
                                   Roscommon.
     A bishop, by deputing a priest or chaplain to ad-
   minister the sacraments, may remove him. Ayliffe.
 De'puty, dep'u-te. to. s. [depute, French;
 i   from deputatus, Latin.] 
DER
DER
DER
 L. A lieutenant; a viceroy; one that is ap-
   pointed by a special commission to go-
   vern or act  instead of another.
    He exerciseth dominion over them as the vicege-
  rent and deputy of Almighty God.           Hale.
    He was vouched his immediate deputy upon earth,
  and viceroy of  the creation, and lord lieutenant of
  the world.                             South.
 2. Any one that transacts business for an-
   other.
    Presbyters, absent through infirmity from their
  churches, might be said to preach by those deputies,
  who, in  their stead, did but read homilies. Hooker
     A man hath a body, and that body is confined to
   a place; but where friendship is, all offices  of life
  are, as it were, granted to him and his deputy;  for
   he may exercise them by his friend.       Bacon.
 3. [In law.] One that exercises any  office
   or other  thing in another man's right,
   whose forfeiture or misdemeanour shall
   cause the officer or person for whom he
   acts to lose his office.           Phillips.
 To Dequa'ntitate,  de-kwan'te-tate. v. a.
   [from  de and quantitas, Lat.]  To dimi-
   nish the quantity of.
     This  we affirm of pure gold; for that which is
   current, and passeth in stamp amongst us, by reason
   of its allay, which is a proportion of silver or copper
   mixed therewith, is  actually dequantitated  by fire,
   and possibly by frequent extinction.       Brown
 Der, dur. A term used in the beginning
   of names  of places.   It is generally  to
   be derived  from beop. a wild beast, un-
   less the place stands upon a river;  for
   then  it may rather be  fetched from the
   British dur, i. e. water.
                          Gibson's Camden.

 To DERA'ciNATE,de-ras'se-nate. v. a. [de-
   raciner,  Fr ]
 1. To pluck or tear up by the roots.
                        Her fallow lees
  The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory
  Doth root upon; while that toe culter rusts
  That should deracinate such savagery. Shakspeare.
 2. To abolish; to destroy; to extirpate.
 7*0  DERVIGN, >   ...   ,  C v.  a  [dis-
 To  DERATN,  \  ae"rane '  \ rationare,
   or dirationare, Lat.]
 1. To prove; to justify.
     When the parson of any church is disturbed to
  demand tithes in the  next parish by a writ of indi-
  cavit, the patron shall have a writ to demand  the
  advowson of the tythes being in demand:  and when
  it is deraigned, then shall the  plea pass in the court
  christian, as far forth as  it is deraigned in the king's
  court.                                Blount.

 2. To disorder; to turn out of course.  Diet.

 Dera'ignment,
 Dera'inment,
   [from deraign.]
 1. The act of deraigning or proving.
 2. A disordering or turning out of course.
 3. A discharge of profession; a departure
  out of  religion.
    In some places  the substantive deraignment  is
  used in the very literal signification with the French
  disrayer,  or  disranger,  that  is,  turning out  of
  course, displacing, or setting out of order;  as, de-
  raignment or departure out of religion, and deraign-
  ment or discharge of their profession, which  is spo-
  ken of those religious men who forsook their orders
  and professions.                       Blount.
D ra'v, de-ra'. n. s. [from desrayer, Fr. to
  turn out of the right way.]
 1. Tumult; disorder; noise.
de-rane'ment.  <  to.  s.
2. Merriment; jollity;  solemnity.  Not in
   use.                           Douglass.
To Dere, dere. v. a. [bepian, Sax.]  To
   hurt. Obsolete.  Some think that in  the
   example it means daring.
    So from immortal race he does proceed,
  That mortal hands may not withstand his might;
    Dred for his derring doe, and bloody deed:
  For all in blood and spoil is his delight. F. Queen.
Dereli'ction, der-e-lik'shiln. to. s. [dere-
   lictio, Lat.]
1. The act of forsaking or  leaving;  aban-
   donment.
2. The state of being forsaken.
    There is no other thing to  be looked for, but the
  effects of God's most just displeasure, the withdraw-
  ing of grace, deriliction in this world, and in  the
  world to come confusion.               Hooker
De'relicts, de're-likts.  to.*,  pi. [In law.]
   Goods wilfully thrown  away, or  relin-
   quished, by the owners.           Diet.
To DEHI'DE,  de-ride',  v.  a.'[derideo,
   Lat.] To laugh at; to  mock; to turn to
   ridicule;  to scorn.
    Before such presence to offend with any the least
  unseemliness, we would be surely as loth  as toey
  who most reprehend or deride what we do. Hooker.
    What shall be the portion of those who have de-
  rided God's word, and made a mock of every thing
  toat is sacred and religious.           Tillotson
    These sons, ye gods, who with flagitious pride,
  Insult my darkness, and my groans  deride.    Pope.
    Some, that adore Newton for  his fluxions, deride
  him for his religion.                   Berkley.
Deri'der, de-ri'dur.98«.s. [from the verb.]
I. A mocker; a scoffer.
    Upon the wilful violation of oaths, execrable
  blasphemies, and like contempts offered by deriders
  of religion,  fearful tokens of divine  revenge have
  been known to follow.                  Hooker.
2. A  droll; a buffoon.
Deri'sion,  de rizh'un.  to. s. [derisio, Lat.]
I. The act of deriding or laughing at.
    Are we grieved with the  scorn  and derision of
  the profane? Thus was  the blessed Jesus despised
  and rejected of men.                   Rogers.
    Vanity is the natural  weakness  of an ambitious
  man, which exposes him to toe secret scorn and de-
  rision of those he converses with.       Addison.
2. Contempt; scorn; a laughing stock.
    I am in derision daily; everyone mocketh me.
                                    Jeremiah.
    Thou makest us a  reproach to  our neighbours,
  a scorn and a derision to them that  are round about
  us.  -                               Psalms,
    Ensnar'd, assaulted, overcome; led bound,
  Thy foe's derision, captive, poor, and blind,
  Into a dungeon thrust.                  Milton.

Deri'sive,de-ri'siv.438  adj. [from deride.]
   Mocking; scoffing.
    O'er all the dome they quaff, they feast;
  Derisive taunts were spread from guest to guest,
  And each in jovial mood his mate address'd. Pope.

Deri'sory, de-ri'sur-e.429 B12  adj. [deriso-
   rius, Lat.] Mucking; ridiculing.
Debi'vable,  de-ri'va-bl. adj.  [from  de-
  rive.] Attainable by right of  descent or
  derivation.
    God has declared this  the eternal rule and stand-
  ard of all honour derivable upou me, that those who
  honour him shall be honoured  by him.      South.
Derivation, der-e-va'shtin.63" ra. s. [deri-
  vaiio, Lat.]
I. A draining  of water;  a turning of  its
   course.
    When the water began to swell, it would eveiy
  way  discharge itself by any descents or declivities
                   3t2
  ofthe ground; and these issues and derivations  be-
  ing once made, and supplied with new waters push.
  ing them forwards, would continue their course till
  they arrived at the sea, just as other rivers do.
                                       Burnet.
2. [In  grammar.]  The tracing of a word
   from its original.
    Your lordship here seems to dislike my taking no-
  tice that the derivation of the word  Substance fa-
  vours  the idea we have  of it; and your lordship
  tells me, that very little weight is to be laid on it,
  on a bare grammatical etymology.        Locke.
3. The transmission of any thing from  its
   source.
    As touching traditional  communication, and tra-
  dition  of those truths  that I  call connatural and
  engraven,  I  do  not  doubt  but many of those
  truths  have had the help of that  derivation. Hale.
4. [In  medicine ]  The drawing of a hu-
   mour from one part of the body to  an.
   other.
    Derivation differs from revulsion only in the mea-
  sure ofthe distance, and the force ofthe medicines
  used:  if we draw it to some very remote, or, it may
  be, contrary part,  we call  toat revulsion;  if only to
  some neighbouring place, and by  gentle means, we
  call it  derivation.                     Wiseman,
5. The thing deduced  or derived.   Not
   used.
    Most of them are the  genuine derivations of the
  hypothesis they claim to.               Glanville,
Deri'vative, de-riv'a.-tiv.  adj. [deriva-
   tive,  Latin.]  Derived or taken from
   another.
    As it is a derivative perfection,  so it is a distinct
  kind of perfection from that which is in God. Hale.

Deri'vative, de-riv'a-tiv.167 ra. s.  [from
   the adjective.]   The thing or word de-
   rived or taken from another.
                     For honour,
  'Tis a derivative from me to mine,
  And only that I stand for.            Shakspeare-
    The word Honestus originally and strictly signi-
  fies no more than creditable, and is but a derivative
  from Honor, which signifies credit or honour.
                                       South.
Deri'vatively,    de-riv'a-tiv-le.   adv.
   [from derivative.]    In  a  derivative
   manner.
To DERI'VE,  de-rive', v.  a.  [deriver
   Fr. from derivo, Latin.]
I. To  turn the course of  water from  its
   channel.
    Company lessens the  shame of vice by sharing
  it, and abates the  torrent of a common odium  by
  deriving it  into many channels.           South.

2. To  deduce;  as  from  a  root,  from a
   cause, from a principle.
    They endeavour to derive the varieties of colours
  from the various proportion of the direct progress
  or motion of these globules to their circumvolution
  or motion about their own centre.          Boyle.
    Men derive their ideas of duration  from their re-
  flection on  the train of  ideas they observe to suc-
  ceed one another in their own understandings.
                                       Locke.
    From these  two causes of the laxity and rigidity
  ofthe  fibres, the methodists, an ancient set of phy-
  sicians, derived all diseases of human  bodies with a
  great  deal of reason; for the fluids derive  then-
  qualities from the  solids.             Arbuthnot.
   To  communicate  to another, as from
   the origin and source.
    Christ having Adam's nature as we have, but in-
  corrupt, deriveth not nature, but incorruption, and
  that immediately from his own person, unto all that
  belong unto him.                       Hooker.
4. To  receive by transmission. 
DE S
DES
DES
  And through the watchmen who him never spied.
                                Hubberd's Tale.
    The spirit of deep prophecy she hath;
  What's past, and what's to come she can descry.
                                       Shaksp.
    That planet would, unto our eyes, descrying only
  that part whereon the light falls, appear to be horn-
  ed as lie moon seems.                  Raleigh.
    And now their way to earth they had descried,
  To paradise first tending.                Milton.
    Although the motion  of light be not descried, no
  argument can be made  from  thence to prove that
  light is not a body.                      Digby.
    A tow'r so high, it seem'd to reach the sky,
  Stood on toe roof, from whence we could descry
  All Ilium.                           Denham.
    Once more at least look back, said I;
  Thyself in that large glass descry.         Prior.
Descry',  de-skri'. to. s. [from  the verb.]
   Discovery;  thing  discovered.
             How near's the other army?
  —Near, and on speedy  foot, tbe main descry
   Stands on the hourly thought.            Shaksp.
 To  DE'SECRATE,  des'se-krate.  v.  a.
   [desacro, Lat.]   To uivert  from  the
   purpose to  which any thing  is  conse-
   crated.
     The founders of monasteries imprecated evil on
   those who should desecrate their donations.
                               Salmon's Survey,
 Desecra'tion,  des-se-kra'sbun.  to.   s.
   [from desecrate.]  The abolition of con-
   secration.
De'sert,  dez'ert. to. s.  [desertum,  Lat.]
   A wilderness;  solitude;  waste country;
   uninhabited  place.
                 Be alive again,
  And dare me to the desert with thy sword,
  If trembling I inhabit, then protest me
  The baby of a girl.                     Sliaksp.
    He, looking round on every side, beheld
  A pathless desert, dusk  with horrid shades. Milton.
De'sert, dez-ert'. adj. [drsertus, Latin.]
   Wild;  waste; solitary; uninhabited; un-
   cultivated;  untilled.
                 I have words
  That would be howl'd out in the desert air,
  Where hearing should not catch toem.    Shaksp.
     He found him in a desert land, and in the waste
  howling wilderness.               Deuteronomy.
     The promises and bargains between two  men in
  a deserf island are binding to them, though they are
  perfectly in a  state of  nature,  in reference to  one
  another.                               Locke.
 To  DESE'RT,  de-zert'.   v.a.  [deserter,
   Fr. desero, Lat.]
 1.  To forsake; to fall  away from; to quit
   meanly  or  treacherously.
     I do not remember one man, who heartily wished
  the passing of that bill,  that ever deserted them  till
  the kingdom was in a flame.            Diyden.
2.  1 o leave;  to abandon.
     What is it toat holds and keeps the orbs in fixed
  stations and intervals, against an incessant and in-
  herent tendency to deserf them.          Bentley.
3. To quit tne army,  or regiment, in which
  one is emisted.
Dese'rt, dez-zert'.  n. s.   [properly  dea-
  sert:  the word is originally  French.]
  The  last course; the fruit  or sweet
  meats with  which a feast is concluded.
  See Dessert.
Dese'rt, de-zeTt'. n. a. [from deserve.]
1. Qualities or conduct  considered  with
  respect   to   rewards or punishments;
  degree of merit or demerit.
    Being of necessity a thing common, it is, through
  the  manifold persuasions, dispositions, aud occa-
  sions of men, with equal desert both of praise and
  dispraise, shunned by some, by others desired.
                                      Hooker.
                The base o' to' mount
  Is rank'd with all deserts, all kind of natures,
  That labour on the bosom of this sphere,
  To propagate their states.                Shaksp.
    Use  every man after his desert, and who shall
  'scape whipping?                      Shaksp.
2. Proportional merit; claim to reward.
    All deserf imports an equality between the good
  conferred, and the good deserved, or made due.
                                       South.
3. Excellence; right of reward;  virtue.
                More to move you,
  Take my deserts to his, and join them both. Shaksp.
Dese'rter, de-zer'tur.98 «. s. [from de-
   sert]
1. He that has forsaken his  cause or  his
   post: commonly in  an ill sense.
    The members of both houses, who at first with-
  drew, were counted deserters, and outed of their
  places in parliament.             King Charles.
    Straight to their ancient cells, recall'd from  air,
  The reconcil'd deserters will repair.      Dryden.
    Hosts of deserters, who your honour sold;
  And basely broke your faith for bribes of gold.
                                      Dryden.
2. He that leaves the  army  in  which he
   is  enlisted.
    They are the  same deserters, whether they stay in
  our own camp, or run over to the enemy's.
                                Decay of Piety.
    A deserter who came out of the citadel, says the
  garrison is  brought to the  utmost necessity. Tatler.
3. He that forsakes another;  an abandon-
   er.
    The fair sex, if they had  the deserter in  their
  power, would certainly have shown him more mercy
  than toe Bacchanals did Orpheus.        Dryden.
    Thou false guardian of a charge too good,
  Thou mean deserter of thy brother's blood.   Pope.
Dese'rtion, de-zer'shun. to.  *. [from  de-
   sert.]
I. The act of forsaking or abandoning a
   cause or post.
    Every compliance that we are persuaded to by
  one, is a  contradiction to the  commands of the
  other; and our adherence to one, will necessarily in-
  volve us in  a desertion of the  other.      Rogers.
2. [In theology.]  Spiritual despondency;
   a  sense  of the  dereliction of God;  an
   opinion that grace is withdrawn.
    Christ hears and sympathizes with the spiritual
  agonies of a soul under desertion, or the pressures
  of some stinging affliction.                South.
Dese'rtless,  de-zert'les.  adj.  [from  de-
   sert.]  Without merit;  without claim
   to favour or  reward.
              She said she lov'd,
  Lov'd me desertless; who with shame confest,
  Another flame had seized upon my breast.   Dryd.

To DESE'RVE, de-zerv'. v. a. [deservir,
   Fr.]  To  be worthy of  either good  or
   ill.
    Those they honoured, as having power to work or
  cease, as men deserved of them.          Hooker.
    Some of us love you well;  and even those some
  Envy your great deservings, and good name.
                                   Shakspeare.
                All friends shall taste
  The wages  of their virtue,  and all foes,
  The cup of their deservings.             Shaksp.
    What he deserves of you and me I know.
                                      Shaksp.
          Yet well, if here would end
  The misery: I deserv'd it,  and would bear
  My  own deservings.                    Milton.
    A mother cannot give him death: though he
  Deserves It, he deserves it not from me.    Dryden.
    Since my Orazia's death I have not seen
  A beauty so desei-ving to be queen.        Dryden.
 To  Dese'rve,  de-zerv'. v.  to.   To  be
   worthy of reward.
    According to the rule of natural justice, one man
  may merit and deserve of another.          South.
    Courts are the places where best manners flou-
         rish,
  Where the deserving ought to rise.         Olway.
    He had been a person  of great  deservings from
  the  republick, was an admirable speaker, and very
  popular.                               Swift.
 Dkse'uvedly,    de-ser'ved-le.364    adv,
   [from deserve.]   Worthily; according
   to  desert, whether of good  or evil.
    For him I was not sent, nor yet to free
  That people victor once, now vile and base,
  Deservedly made vassal.                 Milton.
    A man deservedly cuts himself off from the affec-
  tions of toat community which he endeavours  to
  subvert.                             Addison.
 Dese'rver,  de-zer'viir.98 to.  a. [from de-
   serve.]   A man  who  merits rewards.
   It  is used, I think, only in a good sense.
    Their love is never link'd to the deserver,
  Till his deserts are pass'd.              Shaksp.
    Heavy, with some high  minds, is an over-weight
  of obligation; or otherwise great deservers do, per-
  chance, grow intolerable presumers.      Woffon.
    Emulation will never be wanting amongst  poets,
  when particular rewards and prizes are proposed to
  the  best deservers.                     Dryden.
 Desi'ocants,  de sik'kants. to.  a.  [from
   desiccate.]  Applications that  dry  up
   the flow of sores;  driers.
    This, in the beginning, may be prevented by
  desiccants, and wasted.                 Wiseman,

 To DE'SICCATE,  de-sik'kate.^  v. a.
   desicco, Lat.]
 1. To dry up; to exhaust of moisture.
    In bodies desiccated by heat or age, when the na-
  tive spirit goeth forth, and the moisture with it, the
  air with time getteth into the pores.       Bacon.
    Seminal ferments were elevated from the sea, or
  some desiccated places  thereof, by the heat of the
  8™«                                   Hale.
2. To exhale moisture.
    Where there is moisture  enough,  or super-
  fluous, there wine helpeth to digest and desiccate the
  moisture.                              Bacon.
Desicca'tion, des-ik-ka'shian. to. *. [from
   desiccate.]  The act of making dry; the
   state of being dried.
    If toe spirits issue out of the body, there followeth
  desiccation, induration, and consumption.    Bacon.
Desi'ccative, de-sik'ka-tiv.  adj. [from
   desiccate.]   That has the power of dry-
   ing.
 To Desi'derate,   de-sid'er-ate.   v.  a.
   [desidero, Lat.]   To want; to miss;  to
   desire in absence.   A  word  scarcely
   used.
    Eclipses are of wonderful assistance toward the
  solution of this so desirable and so much  deside-
  rated problem.                         Cheyne.
 DESIDERATUM,    de-sid-de-ra'lum.
   [Lat.]  Somewhat which  inquiry  has
   not yet been able to  settle  or discover:
   as, the longitude is  the desideratum of
   navigation.  The trisection  of an angle,
   and the quadrature  of a circle, are the
   desiderata of geometry.

Desi'diose, de-sid'e-oze. adj. [desidiosus,
   Lat.]  Idle; lazy; heavy.          Diet. 
DES
DES
DE S
To DESI'GN, de-slne'.*4? v. a. [designo,
   Lat. deaainer, Fr.]
1.  To purpose; to intend any thing.
2.  To form  or order  with  a  particular
   purpose: with for.
    The acts of religious worship were  purposely de-
  signed for  the acknowledgment of a  Being, whom
  the most excellent creatures are bound to adore as
  well as we.                        Stillingfleet.
    You are not for obscurity design'd,
  But like the sun, must cheer all human kind.
                                      Dryden.
3. To devote  intentionally:  with to.
    One of those places was designed by the old man
  to his son.                          Clarendon.
    He was born to  the inheritance of a splendid
  fortune; he was designed to the study of the law.
                                      Dryden.
4. To plan;  to project;  to form in idea.
    We are  to observe whether the picture or out-
  lines  be well drawn, or, as more  elegant artizans
  term  it,  well  designed; then, whether it be well
  coloured; which be the two general heads.
                                      Wotton.
    Thus while they speed their pace, the prince de-
          signs
    The new erected seat, and draws toe lines. Dryden.
  5. To  mark  out  by  particular  tokens
     Little used.
      'Tis not enough to make a man a subject, to
    convince him that  there is regal  power in  the
    world;  but  there must be ways of designing and
    knowing the person to whom this regal power of
    right belongs.  ^                         Locke.
  Desi'gn, de-sine', n. 8. [from the verb.]
  1. An intention; a  purpose.
  2. A scheme; a plan of  action.
      Is he a prudent man, as to his temporal  estate,
    toat lays designs only for a day, without any pros-
    pect to the remaining part of his life?    Tillotson.
  3.  A scheme formed to  the detriment  of
    another.
     A sedate settled design upon another man's life,
    put him in a state of  war wito him against whom
    he has declared such an intention.         Locke.
  4.  The idea which an artist endeavours to
    execute or express.
      I doubt  not but in  the designs of several  Greek
    medals, one may often see th°, hand of an Appelles
    or Protogenes.                        Addison.
     Thy hand strikes out some  new design,
    Where life awakes and dawns at every line.  Pope.
  Desi'gnable, de-sine'a-bl. adj. [designo,
    Lat.j   Distinguishable;  capable to be
    particularly marked  out.
     The power of all natural agents is limited: the
   mover must be confined to observe these propor-
   tions, and cannot pass over all these infinite design-
   able degrees in an instant.               Digby.
 Designation, des-sig-na'shun. to. s. [de-
   signate, Lat.]
 1.  The act of pointing or marking out by
    some  particular token.
     This is a plain designation of the duke of Marl-
   borough: one kind of  stuff used to  fatten  land  is
   called marie, and every body  knows that borough
   is a name for a town.                    Swift.
 2.  Appointment; direction.
     William the conqueror forbore to use that claim
   in the beginning, but mixed  it  with a titulary  pre-
   tence, grounded upon the will and designation of
  Edward the confessor.                   Bacon.
 3.  Import; intention.
     Finite and infinite seem to be looked upon by the
  mind as the modes of  quantity, and to be attri-
  buted primarily in  their first designation only to
  those things which have parts,  and are capable of
  increase or diminution.                   Locke.
Desi'gneuly, de-si'ned-le.38* adv. [from
     design.]   Purposely; intentionally;  by
     design or purpose; not ignorantly; not
     inadvertently;  not fortuitously.
      Uses  made things; that  is to  say, some things
    were made designedly, and on purpose, for such an
    use as they serve to.        Ray  on the Creation.
      The next thing  is  sometimes  designedly to put
    children  in pain; but care must be taken that this
    be done when the child is in good humour.   Locke.
  Oesi'gner,  de-si'nur.98  to.  s.  [from de-
    sign.]
  1.  One that designs, intends,  or purposes;
    a purposer.
  2.  A  plotter;  a  contriver;  one   that lays
    schemes.
      It has  therefore  always been both the rule and
   practice for such designers to suborn  the  publick
   interest, to countenance and cover their private.
                                  Decay of Piety.
  3.  One that forms the idea of any   tiling
    in painting or  sculpture.
      There  is a great affinity between designing and
   poetry; for the Latin  poets, and  the designers of
   the Roman  medals, lived  very near one another,
   and were bred up to the same  relish  for wit and
   fancy.              ^                 Addison.
  Designing,  de-si'ning. participial  adj.
    [from  design.]  Insidious; treacherous;
    deceitful; fraudulently artful.
      'Twould show me poor, indebted, and compell'd,
   Designing, mercenary,  and I know
   You would not wish to think I could be bought.
                                      Southern.
  Desi'gnless, de-sine'Ies. adj. [from de-
   sign.]   Without intention;  without de-
   sign; unknowing; inadvertent.

 Desi'gnLEssLY,de-sine'les-le. adv. [from
   designless.]  Without intention;  igno-
   rantly;  inadvertently.
     In this  great  concert of  his whole creation, the
   designlessly conspiring voices are as  differing as the
   conditions of the respective singers.         Boyle.
 Desi'gnment,  de-sine'ment.  to.  s. [from
   design.]
 1.  A purpose and intent.
     The sanctity of the  christian religion excludes
  fraud and falsehood  from  the  designments, and
  aims of its first promulgators.       Decay of Piety.
     'Tis a greater credit to know the ways of captiva-
  ting nature, and making her  subserve our purposes
  and designments,  than to have learned all the in-
  trigues of policy.                      Glanville.
 2. A scheme of hostility.
          News, lords! our wars are done!
  The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks,
  That their designment halts.             Skaksp.
     She received advice both of the king's desperate
  estate, and ofthe duke's designments against her.
                                     Hayward.
 3. The idea, or sketch of a work.
     The scenes which represent cities and countries
  are not really such, but only painted on  board  and
  canvass; but shall that excuse the ill painture or
  designment of toem?                   Dryden.
    When absent, yet we conquer'd in his right;
  For though that  some  mean artist's  skill   were
        shown
    In mingling colours, or in placing light,
  Yet still the fair designment was his own.' Dryden.
Desi'rable,  de-zi'ia-bl. adj.  [from  de-
  sire.]

  . That is to be wished  with earnestness
    Adjudged cases, collected by men  of great saga-
  city, will  improve his mind toward  acquiring this
  desirable amplitude and extent of thought.  Watts
    He cannot but confess, that it is a  thing the most
  tfestroofe to man,  and  most agreeable to  the
  goodness of God, that he should send  forth his light
   and his truth by a special revelation of this will.
                                         Rogers.
   .  Pleasing;  delightful.
      She then  let drop some  expressions about an
   agate snuff-box: I immediately took the hint, and
   bought one; being unwilling to omit any thing that
   might make me desirable in her eyes.    Addison.
      Our own sex, our kindred, our houses, and our
   very names, seem  to have something good and de-
   sirable in  them.                          Waffs.
 DEbl  RE, de-zire'. to. s. [d, sir, Fr.  deseo,
   Italian;  desiderium, Lat.] Wish; eager-
   ness to obtain or enjoy.
     Desire is the  uneasiness a man finds in himself
   upon the  absence of any thing,  whose present en-
   joyment carries the idea of delight with it.  Locke.
     Drink provokes, and unprovokes; it provokes the
   desire, but it takes away the performance.  Shaksp.
     Desire's the vast extent of human mind;
   It mounts above,  and leaves poor hope behind.
                                       Dryden.
     Iff is in  a man's power only to observe what the
   ideas are that take their turns in his understanding,
   or  else to direct the  sort, and call in such as he
   hath a desire or use of.                   Locke.
 To Desi're, de-zire'. v.  a.  [desirer, Fr.
   deaiderare,  Lat.]
 I.  To  wish; to long for;  to covet.
     Thou shalt not desire the silver or gold.   Deut.
 2. To express wishes; to appear to long.
    Jove beheld it with a desiring  look.     Dryden.
 3. To ask; to intreat
    Sir, I intreat you home with me to dinner.
  —I humbly do desire your grace  of pardon;
  I must  away this night.              Shakspeare.
    But since you take such int'rest in our woe,
  And Troy's disastrous end desire to know,
  I will restrain my tears, and briefly tell
  What in our last and fatal night befel.     Dryden.
4. To require; to demand. Not in use.
    A doleful case desires a doleful song,
  Without vain arts or curious compliments. Spenser.
Desi'rer, de-zi'rur.98 to. s.  [from desire.]
   One that is eager of any thing; a wisher.
    I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some popu-
  lar man, and give it bountifully to the desirers.
                                    Shakspeare.
Desi'rous, de-zi'ru.s.314 adj. [from desire.]
   Full  of   desire; eager;  longing  after;
   wishing  for.
    The same piety which  maketh them that are in
  authority desirous to please  and  resemble God by
  justice,  inflameth every way men of action with zeal
  to do good.                             Hooker.
   Be not desirous of his dainties; for they are de-
  ceitful meat.                        Proverbs.
   Men  are  drowsy and desirous to sleep before the
  fit of an ague, and yawn and stretch.  *    JSacon.
             Adam the while,
  Waiting desirous her return, had wove
  Of choicest flow'rs a garland.             JHiffcm.
             Conjugal affection,
  Prevailing over fear and timorous doubt,
  Hath led me on, desirous to behold
  Once more thy face.                     Milton.

Desi'rously, de-zi'rtis-le.  adv.  [from  de-
  sirous.] Eagerly;  with  desire; with  ar-
  dent wishes.
Desi'rousness, de-zi'rus-nes. n. s.  [from
  desirous.]  Fulness of desire, eagerness.
                                        Diet.
To  DESI'ST,  de-sist'.^ v.  n. [d^isto,
  Latin.]  To cease from any thing; to stop:
  with from.
           Desist,  thou art discern'd,
  And toil'st in vain: nor me in vain molest.   Milton.
    There are many  who will  not quit a  project!
  though they  find it pernicious or absurd;  hut will
  readily desist from it, when they are  convince   it is
  impracticable.                        .^.^ 
DES
DES
DES
Desi'stance, de-sis'tanse. to. s.  [from de-
   sist] The act of desisting; cessation.
    Men usually give freeliest where toey have not
  given before; and make  it both the motive and ex-
  cuse of their desistance from giving any more, that
  they have given already.                  Boyle.
Desi'tive, de-si'tiv.  adj. [desitus, Latin.]
   Ending;  concludent; final.
    Inceptive and desitive propositions are of this sort:
  the fogs vanish as the sun rises; but the fogs have
  not yet begun to vanish,  therefore the sun is not yet
  "sen.                                  Walts.
Desk, desk. «.  a. [disch, a table,  Dutch.]
   An inclining  table  for the use of writers
  ' or readers, made commonly  with a box
   or repository  under it.
               Tell her, in the desk,
   That's cover'd o'er wito  Turkish tapestry,
   There is a purse of ducats.           Shakspeare.
     He is drawn leaning on a desk, with his bible be-
   fore him.                      Walton's Angler.
     I have been obliged to leave unfinish'd in my desk
   the heads of two essays.                    Pope.
         Not toe desk with silver nails,
           Nor bureau of expence,
         Nor standish well japann'd, avails
           To writing of good sense.        Swift.
De'solate, deV so-late.91 adj. [desolatua,
   Latin.]
 1. Without inhabitants; uninhabited.
     Let us seek some desolate shade, and there
   Weep our sad bosoms empty.         Shakspeare.
     This hero appears at first in a desolate island, sit-
   ting upon toe side of the sea.            Broome.
2. Deprived of inhabitants; laid waste.
     This city will be desolate, without an inhabitant.
                                           Jer.
3. Solitary; without society.
 To DE'SOLATE, des'so-late. v. a.  [deso-
   lo, Lat.]  To  deprive of inhabitants; to
   lay waste; to  make desert.
     The island of Atlantis was not swallowed by an
   earthquake, but was desolated by  a particular de-
   luge.                                 Bacon.
                     Thick  around
   Thunders the sport of those, who with the gun
   And dog impatient bounding at the shot,
   Worse than the season desolate the fields. Thomson.
De'solatelv, des'so-late-le. adv.  [from
   desolate.] In a desolate manner.
Desola'tion, des-s6-la'shun. to. s.  [from
   de ao late.]
 1. Destruction  of inhabitants; reduction to
   solitude.
     What with your praises ofthe country, what with
   your discourse of the lamentable desolation thereof
   made by those Scots, you  have filled me wito a
   great compassion.                      Spenser.
     Without her follows to myself and thee,
   Herself, the land, and many a christian soul,
   Death, desolation, ruin, and decay.   Shakspeare.
2. Gloominess;  sadness; melancholy; des-
   titution.
     That dwelling-place is unnatural to mankind; and
   then  the terribleness of the continual  motion, the
   desolation of toe far being from  comfort, the eye
   and the ear having ugly images before it, doth still
   vex toe mind, even when it is best aimed against it.
                                        Sidney.
     Then your hose  shall be ungartered, and every
   thing about you demonstrate a careless desolation.
                                    Shakspeare.
     My desolation does begin  to make
   A better life.                      Shakspeare.
                  To  complete
  The scene of desolation, stretch'd around
   The grim guards  stand.                Thomson.
3. A place wasted  and forsaken.
     How is Babylon become  a desolation among the
  nations!                                  ^er*
DESPA'IR,  de-spare',  to.  s.  [deaespoir,
  French.]
1. Hopelessness; despondence; loss of hope.
    Despair is the toought of the unattainableness of
  any good, which works differently in men's minds;
  sometimes producing uneasiness or pain, sometimes
  rest and indolency.                      Locke.
    You  had either never attempted this change, set
  on wito hope; or never discovered it, stopt with de-
  spair.                                Sidney.
    We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed;
  we are  perplexed, but not in despair.      2 Cor.
    Wearied, forsaken, and pursueS at last,
  All safety in despair of safety plac'd,
  Courage he thence resumes, resolv'd to bear
  All their assaults,  since 'tis in vain to fear. Denham.
    Equal their flame, unequal was their care:
  One lov'd wito hope, one languish'd with despair.
                                       Dryden.
2. That which   causes  despair;  that of
  which there is no hope.
          Strangely visited people,
  All swoln and ulcerous, pitiful to  the eye;
  The mere despair  of surgery, he cures;
  Hanging a golden stamp about their necks,
  Put on with holy prayers.            Shakspeare.
3. [In theology .J Loss of confidence in the
  mercy of God.
    Are not all or most evangelical virtues and graces
  in danger of extremes? As there is, God knows, too
  often a defect on the  one side, so there may  be an
  excess on the other: may not hope in God,  or godly
  sorrow, be perverted into presumption or despair.
                                        Sprat.
To Despa'ir, de-spare',   v. to.  [despero,
  Latin.] To be without hope; to despond:
  with  of before a noun.
    Though thou drewest a  sword  at  thy friend yet
  despair not; for  there may be a turning.    JEccfws.
    We commend the wit ofthe Chinese, who despair
  of making of gold, but are mad upon making  of sil-
  ver.                                 Bacon.
    Never despair of God's blessings  here, or of his
  reward hereafter; but go on as you have begun.
                                        Wake.
Despa'irer,   de-spare'ur. to. *. [from de-
  spair.] One without hope.
    He cheers the fearful, and commends the bold,
  And makes despairers hope for good success.  Dryd.
Despa'irful, de-spare'fijl.  adj.  [despair
  and full.] Hopeless.  Obsolete.
    That sweet but  sour despairful care.     Sidney.
    Other cries among  the Irish savour of the Scy-
  thian barbarism;  as  the lamentations of their bu-
  rials, with despairful outcries.             Spenser.

Despairingly,de-spa'ring-le. adv. [from
  despairing.]   In a manner  betokening
  hopelessness  or  despondency.
    He speaks severely and despairingly of our socie-
  ty.                                    Boyle.
To DESPA'TCH, de-spatch'. v.  a.  [de-
  pec her, Fr.]
1. To send  away hastily.
    Doctor Theodore Coleby, a sober man,  I des-
  patched immediately to Utrecht, to bring toe  moxa,
  and learn the exact method of using it.    Temple.
    The  good ^Eneas, whose paternal care
  lulus' absence could no longer bear,
  Despatch'd Achates to the ships in haste,
  To give a glad  relation of the past.       Dryden.
2.  To send out of the world; to  put to
  death.
         Edmund, I think, is gone,
  In pity of his misery,  to despatch
  His knighted life.                   Shakspeare.
     And the company shall stone them with stones,
  and despatch them wito their swords.        Ezek.
     In combating, but two of you will fall;
  And we resolve we will despatch you all.   Dryden.
     Despatch me quickly, I may death forgive;
  I shall grow tender else, and wish to live. Dryden.
3. To perform a  business  quickly:  as  I
   despatched my affairs, and ran  hither.
    Therefore commanded he his cuai iot-man to drive
  without ceasing, and to despatch the journey, the
  judgment of God now following him.       2 Mac-
    No sooner  is one action despatched,  which, by
  such a determination as the will, we  are set upon,
  but another uneasiness is ready to set us on work.
                                         Locke.
4. To conclude an affair with another.
       What, are the brothers parted?
  —They have despatch'd with Pompey; he is gone.
                                    Shakspeare.
Despa'tch,  de-spatsh'.  to.  s.  [from  the
   verb.]
1. Hasty execution;  speedy performance.
    Affected despatch is one of the most  dangerous
  things that can be.                      Bacon.
    You'd see, could you her inward motions watch,
  Feigning delay, she wishes for despatch;
  Then to a woman's meaning would you look,
  Then read her backward.              Granville.
    The despatch of a good office is very often as be-
  neficial to the  solicitor as the good office itself.
                                      Addison.
2. Conduct; management.  Obsolete.
                 You shall put
  This night's great business into my despatch,
  Which shall, to all our nights and days to come,
  Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. Shaksp.
3. Express; hasty messenger or message:
   as, despatches were sent away.

Despa'tchful,  de-spltsh'fui.  adj. [from
   despatch.]   Bent  on haste;   intent on
   speedy execution  of business.
    So saying, with despatchful looks in haste
  She turns, on hospitable thoughts intent.   Milton.
    Let one despatchful bid some swain to lead
  A well-fed bullock from toe grassy mead.    Pope.
DE'SPERATE,  des'pe-rate.91  adj.  [des-
  peratus, Latin.]
1. Without hope.
    Since his exile she hath despis'd me most;
  Forsworn my company,  and rail'd at me,
  That I am desperate of" obtaining her.   Shakspeare.
2. Without care of safety;   rash;  precipi-
   tant; fearless of danger.
             Can you think, my lords,
  That any Englishman dare  give me counsel,
  Or be a known friend 'gainst his highness'pleasure,
  Though he be grown so desperate to be honest,
  And live a subject?                  Shakspeare.
    He who goes on without  any care or thought of
  reforming, such an one we vulgarly call a desperate
  person, and that sure is a most damning sin.
                                    Hammond.
3. Irretrievable; unsurmountable;  irreco-
   verable.
    These debts may be well called desperate ones;
  for a mad man owes toem.           Shakspeare.
    In a part of Asia the sick, when their case comes
  to be toought  desperate, are carried out and laid on
  the earth, before they are dead, and left there.
                                        Locke.
    I am a  man of desperate fortunes, that is, a man
  whose friends are dead; for I  never aimed at any
  other fortune than in friends.       Pope to Swift.
4. Mad;  hot-brained; furious.
    Were it not the part of  a desperate physician to
  wish his friend dead, rather than to apply the best
  endeavours of his skill for his recovery ?   Spenser.
5. It is sometimes used in a sense nearly
   ludicrous,  and only marks any bad qua-
   lity predominating in a high degree.
    Concluding all mere desp'rate sots and fools,
  That durst depart from  Aristotle's rules.     Pope.

Desperately, des'pe-rate-le.  adv. [from
   desp era te.] 
DES
DES
DES
l. Furiously;  madly; without attention to
   safety or danger.


    Your eldest daughters have foredone themselves,
  And desp'rately are dead.            Shakspeare.
    There might be somewhat in it, that he would not
  have done, or desired undone, when he broke forth
  as desperately as before  he had done uncivilly.
                        Brown's Vulgar Eirours.

2. In a great degree; violently: this sense
   is ludicrous.
    She fell desperately in love with him, and took a
  voyage into Sicily in pursuit of him.      Addison.
De'sperateness,  des'pe-rate-nes.  to.  a.
   [from desperate]   Madness;  fury; pre-
   cipitance.
    The going on not only in terrours and amazement
  of conscience, but also boldly, hopingly, confidently,
  in wilful habits of sin, is called a desperateness also;
  and the more bold thus, the more desperate.
                                    Hammond.
Despera'tion, d£s-pe-ra'sht!in. n.s.  [trom
   desperate.]  Hopelessness:  despair; de-
   spondency.
                  Desperation
  Is all the policy, strength, and defence,
  That Rome can make against them.    Shakspeare.
    As long as  we are guilty of any past sin, and have
  no promise of remission, whatever our future care
  be, this desperation of success chills all our industry,
  and we sin on because we have sinned. Hammond.
DESPICABLE, des'pe-ka-bl. adj. [des-
  pica bilis,  Lat.]   Contemptible;   vile;
   mean; sordid;  worthless.  It is applied
   equally to persons or things.
    Our case were miserable, if that wherewith we
  most endeavour to please God were in his sight so
  vile and despicable as men's disdainful speech would
  make it.                              Hooker.
              Their heads as low
  Bow'd down in battle, sunk before the spears
  Of despicable foes.                      Milton.
    All th' earth he gave  thee to possess and rule,
  No despicable  gift.                      Milton.
    Not less ev'n in this despicable hero,
  Than when my name shook Africk with affright,
  And froze your hearts beneath your torrid zone.
                                       Dryden.
    All toe quiet that could be expected from such a
  reign, must be the result of absolute power on the
  one hand and a despicabfe slavery on the other.
                                      Addison.
    When men of rank and figure pass away their
  lives in criminal pursuits and practices, they render
  themselves more vile and despicable than any inno-
  cent man can be, whatever  low station his fortune
  and birth have placed him in.           Addison.
De'spicableness,  des'pe-ka-bl-nes. to. s.
   [from despicable] Meanness; vileness;
   worthlessness.
    We consider the great disproportion between the
  infinity of the reward and the despicableness of our
  service.                         Decay of Piety.
De'spicably,  des'pe-ka-ble.  adv.  [from
   despicable.]  Meanly;  sordidly;  vilely.
    Here wanton Naples  crowns the happy shore,
  Nor vainly rich, nor despicably poor;
  The town in soft solemnities delights,
  And gentle poets to her  arms invites.     Addison.

Despi'sabi.e, de-spi'za-bl. adj. [from des-
   pise.]   Contemptible;   despicable;  re-
   garded with contempt.  A word scarce-
   ly used but in  low conversation.
    I am obliged to  you  for taking notice of a poor
  old distressed courtier, commonly the  most  despisa-
  ble thing in the world.         Arbuthnot to Pope.

To DESPI'SE, de-spize'. v. a.  [despiser,
   old French,  Skinner; deapicio, Latin.]  .
      VOL.  I.
1. To scorn; to contemn; to slight; to dis-

   respect.
    For,  lo, I will make thee small among the hea-
  then, and despised among men.               Jer.
    My sons their old unhappy sire despise,
  Spoil'd  of his kingdom, and depriv'd of eyes. Pope.
2. In Shakspeare it seems once to signify
   abhor, as from the Italian despettare.
    Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever,
  Which  shall possess toem with toe heaviest sound
  That ever yet they heard.             Shakspeare.
Despi'ser, de-spi'zur.  to. a. [from des-
  pise.]  Contemner; scorner.
    Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress,
  Or else  a rude despiser of good manners,
  That in civility thou seem'st so empty?     Shaksp.
    Wisdom is commonly, at long running, justified
  even of her despisers.    Government ofthe Tongue.
    Thus the atheists, libertines,  and despisers of re-
  ligion, usually pass under the name of free-thinkers.
             3V                          Swift.
DESFT'TE, de-spite', to. s. [spijt, Dutch;
   depit, French.]
1.  Maiice; anger;  malignity; malicious-
   ness;  spleen; hatred.
    Thou wretch' despite o'erwhelm thee!   Shaksp.
    With men  these considerations are usually the
  causes of despite, disdain,  or aversion from others;
  but with God toey pass for  reasons of our greater
  tenderness towards others.                 Spraf.
2. Defiance; unsubdued opposition.
    The life, thou gavest me first, was lost  and done;
  Till wito thy warlike sword, despite of fate,
  To my determin'd time thou gav'st new date.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
    My life thou shalt command, but not my shame:
  The one my duty owes; but my fair name,
  Despite  of death, that lives upon my grave,
  To dark dishonour's use thou shalt not have.  Shaks.
    Know I will serve the fair in thy despite. Dryden.
    I have not quitted yet a victor's right;
  I'll make you happy in your own despite.    Dryden.
    Say,  would the tender creature, in despite
  Of heat by day, and chilling dews by night,
  Its life maintain?                    Blackmore.
    Thou, with rebel insolence, didst dare
  To own and to protect that hoary ruffian;
  And, in despite ev'n of toy father's justice,
  To stir  toe factious rabble up to arms.       Rowe.
3. Act of malice; act of opposition.
    His punishment, eternal misery,
  It would be all his solace and revenge,
  As a despite done against the Most High,
  Thee once to gain companion of his woe.  Milton.
To Despi'te, de-spite', v. a.  [from the
   noun.] To vex; to offend; to disappoint;
   to  give uneasiness to.
    Saturn, with his wife Rhea, fled by night;  setting
  the town on fire, to despite Bacchus.       Raleigh.
Despi'teful,  de-spite'fui. adj.   [despite
   andfull.]  Malicious; full of spleen; full
   of hate; malignant;  mischievous:  used
   both  of persons  and  things.
    I, his despiteful Juno, sent him forth
  From courtly friends with camping foes to live,
  Where  death and danger dog the heels of worth.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Preserve us from the hands of our despiteful and
  deadly enemies.                   King Cliarles.
    Meanwhile the heinous and despiteful act
  Of Satan, done in Paradise, was known
  In heav'n.                            Milton.
Despi'iefully,    de-spite'ful-le.   adv.
   [from despiteful.]  Maliciously; malig-
   nantly.
    Pray for them that  despitefully use you and perse-
  cute you.                            Matthew.
Despi'tefulness, de-spite'ful-nes  to.  a.
   [from deapiteful.] Malice; hate; malig-
   nity.

                     3u
    Let us examine him with despitefulness and tor-
  ture, that we know his meekness, and prove his pa-
  tience.                                Wisdom.
Despi'teous, des-pitch'e-us.  adj.  |J:rom
   despite] Malicious; furious. Out of use,
    The knight of the red-cross, when him he spied
  Spurring so hot with rage despiteous,
  'Gan fairly couch his spear.         Fairy Queen
    Turning despiteous torture out of door.    Shaksp
Despi'teouslv,   des-pitch'e-ils-le.  adv.
   [from despiteous.] In a furious manner.
   Not in use.
    The mortal steel despiteously entail'd
  Deep in their flesh, quite thro' the iron walls,
■  That a large purple stream adown their giambeaux
      falls.                             Spenser.
To DESPO'IL, de-sp61i'. v. a. [despolio,
   Lat.]
1. To rob; to deprive: with of.
    Despoil'd of warlike arms, and knowen shield.
                                       Spenser.
                 You are nobly born,
  Despoiled of your honour in your  life.   Shakspeare.
    He waits, with hellish rancour imminent,
  To intercept thy way, or send thee back
  Despoil'd of innocence, of faith, of bliss.    Milton-
    He, pale as death, despoil'd of his array,
  Into the queen's apartment takes  his way.  Dryden-
                   Ev'n now thy aid,
  Eugene, with regiments unequal prest,
  Awaits:  this  day o/all his honours gain'd
  Despoils him, if toy succour opportune
  Defends not toe sad hour.                Philips.
2. To divest by any  accident.
    These formed stones, despoiled of their shells,
  and exposed upon the surface of the ground, in time
  moulder away.                      Woodward.
3. Simply to strip. Not in use.
                 A groom gan despoil
  Of puissant arms, and laid in easy bed.   Spenser.
Despolia'tion, des-p6-le-4'shun.630 to. a.
   [from despolio, hat]  The act of despoil-
   ing or  stripping.
To  DESPO'ND, de-spond'.  v.  a.  [de-
   spondeo, Lat.]
1. To despair;  to lose  hope; to become
   hopeless or desperate.
    It is every man's duty to labour in his calling,
  and not to despond for any miscarriages  or disap-
  pointments that were not in his  own  power to pre-
  vent.                              L'Estrange.
    There is no  surer remedy for superstitious and
  desponding weakness, than  first to govern  ourselves
  by the best improvement of that reason which pro-
  vidence  has given us for a guide; and then, when
  we hare done our own parts, to commit all cheer-
  fully, for the rest, to the good pleasure of heaven,
  with trust and resignation.            L'Estrange.
             Physick is their bane:
  The learned leaches in despair depart,
  And shake their heads, desponding of their art.
                                       Dryden.
    Others depress their own minds, despond at the
  first difficulty; and conclude, that making any pro-
  gress in knowledge, farther than serves their ordina-
  ry business, is above their capacities.        Locke.
2. [In theology.]  To lose hope of  the di-
   vine mercy.
    He considers what is the natural tendency of such
  a virtue, or such a vice: he is well apprized that toe
  representation of some of these things may convince
  the understanding, some may terrify the conscience,
  some may allure the slothful, and some encourage
  the desponding  mind.                     Watts.
Despu'ndkncy  de-spon'den-se. to a. [from
   desfwndent.]    Despair;  hopelessness;
   desperation.
Despondent, de-spon'dent. adj. [despon-
   dens,  Lat.]  Despairing; hopeless; with-
   out hope. 
DES
DES
DES
     It is well known, both from ancient and modern
   experience, that the very coldest atheists, out of
   their debauches and company, when they chance to
   be surprised with solitude or sickness, are the most
   suspicious, timorous, and despondent wretches in the
   world.                               Bentley.
         Congregated thrushes, linnets, sit
   On the dead tree, a dull despondent flock. Thomson.
 To  DESPO  NSATE, de-spon'saie.  v.a.
   [desponso, Lat.]  To betroth; to affiance;
   to unite  by reciprocal  promises of mar-
   riage.
 Desponsa'tion, des-pon-sa'shtin.630 to. s.
   [from desponsate.] The act of betroth-
   ing persons to each other.
 DE'SPOT, deVpot.  to. s.  [JVo-jj-otjj?.]  An
   absolute prince;  one that governs with
   unlimited  authority.  This word is  not
   in use, except as applied to  some Da-
   cian prince: as, the despot of  Servia.
 Despo'tical,  de-spot'e-kal. >  adj. [from
 Despo'tick, de-spot'ik.      3     despot.]
   Absolute in power; unlimited in autho-
   rity; arbitrary; unaccountable.
             Cod's universal law
   Gave to the man despotick power
   Over his female in due awe,
   Nor from that right to part an hour,
   Smile she or lower.                    Milton.
     In all its directions  of the inferior faculties,  rea-
   son conveyed its suggestions with clearness, and en-
   joined them with power: it had the passions in  per-
   fect subjection; though its command over them was
   but persuasive and political, yet it had the force of
   coactive and despotical.                  South.
     We may see  in a neighbouring government the
   Ul consequence of having a despotick prince; for not-
   withstanding there is vast extent of lands, and  ma-
   ny of them better than those of the Swiss and Gri-
   sons, the common people among the latter are  in a
   much better situation.                  Addison.
     Patriots were forced to give way to toe madness
   of the people, who were now wholly bent upon sin-
   gle and despotick slavery.                Swift.
 Despo'ticalness, de-spot-e'kal-nds.  to. *.
   [from despotical.]   Absolute authority.
 T)E.'svoTiSM,de'i'p6-t\zm.n.s.[despotisme,
   Fr. from despot.]  Absolute power.
 To  DESPU'MATE, des-pu'mate. v. to.
   [despumo, Lat.]  To throw off parts in
   foam; to froth; to work.
 Despuma'tion, des-pu-mi'shu.n. n.a. [from
   despumate.]   The act of throwing off
   excrementitious  parts in  scum or foam.
 Desquamation, des-kwa-ma'shun. to. a.
   [from aquama, Lat.] The act of scaling
   foul bones.  A term of chirurgery.
 Desse'rt,  dez-zert'. to. a.  [desserte, Fr.]
   The last course  at  an  entertainment,
   the fruit  or sweatmeats set on the table
   after the meat.
    To give thee all thy due, thou  hast the art,
   To make a  supper with a fine dessert.      Diyden.
    At your dessert bright pewter comes too late,
   When your  first  course was well serv'd up in plate.
                                        King.
 To DE'STIN ATE, des'te-nate. v. a. [de-
   atino, Lat.]  To design for any particu-
   lar end or  purpose.
    Birds are destinated  to fly among the branches of
   trees and bushes.                        "a1/-
Destina'tion, des-te-na'shun. to.  s. [from
   deatinate.] The purpose  for which any
   thing is appointed;  the ultimate design.
    The passages through which spirits are conveyed
  to the members, being almost infinite, and each of
  them drawn through so many meanders, it is won-
  derful that they should perform their regular desti-
  nations without losing their way        Glanville.
    There is a  great variety  of apprehensions and
  fancies of men, and the destination and application
  of things to several ends and uses.         Hale.

To  De'stine, des'tin.140  v.  a.  [destino,
   Lat.]
1. To doom; to devote; toappoint unalter-
   ably to any state or  condition.
                 Wherefore cease we then?
  Say they who council war: we are decreed,
  Reserv'd and destin'd to eternal woe;
  Whatever doing, what can we suffer more? Milton.
    All altars flame; before each altar lies,
  Drench'd in his gore, the destin'd sacrifice. Dryden
2. To appoint to any use or purpose.
    Too thin blood strays into the immediately subor-
  dinate vessels, which are destined to carry humours
  secreted from the blood.              Arbuthnot.
3. To devote;  to doom to punishment or
   misery:  used absolutely.
    May heav'n around this destin'd head
  The choicest of its curses shed.            Prior.
4. To fix unalterably.
         The infernal judge's dreadful pow'r
  From the dark urn shall throw toy destin'd hour.
                                        Prior.
De'stiny, des'te-ne. to. s. [destinee, Fr.]
I. The  power that spins the life, and  de-
   termines the fate, of living beings.
    Thou art neither like thy sire or dam;
  But,  like a foul mishapen stigmatick,
  Mark'd by the destinies to be avoided.     Shaksp.
2. Fate; invincible necessity.
    He said, dear daughter, rightly may I rue
  The fall of famous children born of me;
  But who can turn the stream of destiny,
  Or break the chain of strong necessity,
  Which fast is tied to Jove's eternal seat?  F. Queen.
    How can hearts, not free, be tried whether they
         serve
  Willing or no, who will but what they must
  By destiny, and can no other chuse?       Milton.
    Had thy great destiny but given thee skill
  To know, as well as pow'r to act, her will. Denham.
                 Chance, or forceful destiny,
  Which forms in causes first whate'er shall be.
                                      Dryden.
3. Doom; condition in future time.
             At the pit of Acheron
  Meet me i' to' morning; thither he
  Will come to know his destiny.        Shakspeare.
DESTITUTE, des'te-tute. adj.  [destitu-
   tus, Lat.]
1. Forsaken; abandoned: with  of.
    To forsake the true God of heaven, is to fall into
  all such evils upon the face of the earth,  as men, ei-
  ther destitute of grace divine, may commit, or un-
  protected from above, may endure.       Hooker.
2. Abject;  friendless.
    He will  regard the prayer of the desftfufe, and
  not despise their prayer.                Psalms.
3. In want  of.
            Take the destin'd way
  To find the regions destitute of day.       Dryden.
    Nothing  can  be  a  greater instance  of the love
  that mankind has for liberty, than  such a savage
  mountain covered with people, and  the Campania
  of Rome, which lies in the same country, destitute
  of inhabitants.                       Addison.
Destitution, des-te-tu'shfin.  w.  s. [from
   destitute.]   Want;  the  state  in which
   something is wanted: applied to per-
   sons.
    That desfifwfion in food and cloathing is such an
  impediment, as, till it be removed, suffereth not the
  mind of man to admit any other care.    Hooker.
    They which  want  furtherance unto  knowledge,
  are not left  in so great destitution, that justly any
  man should think the ordinary means of eternal life
  taken from them.                      Hooker.
    The order of paying the debts of contract or res-
  titution is set down by the civil laws of a kingdom:
  in  destitution or want of such rules, we are to ob-
  serve the necessity of toe creditor, the time of the
  delay, and the special obligations of friendship.
                                       Taylor.
To DESTRO'Y, de-strde'. v. a. [destruo,
   Lat. destruire, Fr.]
1. To overturn a city; to raze a building
   to ruin.
    The Lord will destroy this city.        Genesis.
2. To lay waste; to make desolate.
    Solyman sent his army, which burnt and destroy-
  ed  the country villages.                 Knolles.
3. To kill.
    A  people, great and many, and tall as the Ana-
  kims; but the Lord destroyed them before them, and
  they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead.
                                 Deuteronomy.
    'Tis safer to be that which we destroy,
  Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.  Shaksp.
    The wise Providence hath placed a certain anti-
  pathy between some animals  and  many  insects,
  whereby they  delight in their destruction,  though
  they use them not as food; as the peacock  destroys
  snakes and adders; the weasel, mice, and rats; spi-
  ders, flies; and some sorts of flies destroy spiders.
                                        Hale-
4. To put an  end to; to bring  to nought.
    Do we not see that slothful, intemperate,  and in-
  continent persons destroy their bodies with diseases,
  their reputations with disgrace, and their faculties
  with want?                           Bentley.
    There will be as many sovereigns  as fathers; the
  mother too hath her title,  which destroys the sove-
  reignty of one  supreme monarch.          Locke.

Destro'yer, de-stroe'ur.98 n.s. [from de-
   stroy.] The  person  that  destroys  or
   lays waste; a murderer.
    It is said that Assur both founded it and ruined it;
  it may be understood, that  Assur the founder was
  the son of Shem, and Assur the destroyer  was an
  Assyrian.                           Raleigh.
        Triumph, to be styl'd great conquerors,
  Patrons of mankind, gods, and sons of gods!
  Destroyers rightlier call'd, and slayers of men.
                                      Milton.
    Yet, guiltless too, this bright destroyer lives;
  At random wounds, nor knows the wound she gives.
                                        Pope.
DESTRU'CTIBLE, de-struc'te-bl. adj.
   [from  destruo, Lat.]  Liable to destruc-
   tion.

DESTRucTiHi'LiTY,de-stnlc-te-bIl'e-te. to.
   s. [from destructible] Liableness to de-
   struction.

Destruction,  de-struk'shun. w. s.  [de-
   structio, Lat.]
1. The act of destroying;  subversion;  de-
   molition.
2. Murder; massacre.
    'Tis safer to be that which we destroy,
  Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.  Shaksp.
3. The  state  of  being destroyed;  ruin;
   murder suffered.
    If  that your moody discontented souls
  Do through the clouds behold this present hour,
  Even for revenge mock my destruction.  Shakspeare.
    When that which we immortal thought
  We saw so near destruction brought,
  We felt what you did then endure,
  And tremble yet, as not secure.           Waller.
4. The cause of destruction; a destroyer;
   a  depopulator: as a consuming plague.
    The desfrucfionthat wasteth at noon day. Psalms.
5. [In theology]  Eternal death. 
DES
DET
DET
    Broad is toe way that leadeth to destruction.
                                     Matthew.
Destructive, de-strAk'tiv. adj .[destruc-
   tive, low Lat.]
1.  That has  the  quality  of destroying;
   wasteful; causing ruin and  devasti on;
   that brings  to destruction.
              In ports and roads remote,
  Destructive fires among whole fleets we send. Dryd.
    One may think that toe continuation of existence,
  with a kind of resistance to any destructive force, is
  the continuation of solidity.              Locke.
2. With of.
    He will put an end to so absurd a practice, which
  makes our most refined diversions destructive of all
  politeness.                           Addison.
    Both are defects equally destructive of true reli-
  gion.                                 R°sers-
3.  With to.
    In a firm building, even the cavities ought not to
  be filled wito rubbish, which is of a perishable kind,
  destructive  to toe strength.              Dryden.
    Excess of cold, as well as heat, pains us: because
  it is equally destructive fo that temper which is ne-
  cessary to toe preservation of life.         Locke.
Destru'ctively,  de-struk'tiv-le.   adv.
   [from  destructive.]   Ruinously;  mis-
   chievously;  with power  to destroy.
    What remains but to breath out Moses's wish? 0
  that men were not so destrwctiueft/ foolish!
                                Decay of Piety.
Destru'ctiveness, de-struk'tiv-nes. to. s.
   [from destructive.]  The quality  of de-
   stroying or ruining.
    The vice of professors exceeds the destructiveness
  of the most hostile assaults, as intestine treachery
  is more ruinous than foreign violence.
                                Decay of Piety.
Destru'ctor, de-struk'tftr.166 to. a. [from
   destroy.]  Destroyer; consumer.
    Helmont wittily calls the fire the destructor and
  the artificial death of things.              Boyle.
Desuda'tion, des-u-da'shun.  to. s.  [desu-
   datio, Lat.]  A  profuse and inordinate
   sweating, from what  cause soever.
DE'suETUDE,des'swe-tude.334 to. s. [desue-
   tudo, Lat.] Cessation from being accus-
   tomed;  discontinuance  of  practice or
   habit.
    By the eruption of numerous armies of barba-
  rous people, those countries were quickly fallen off,
  with .baroarism  and destcefude, from toeir former ci-
  vility and knowledge.                     Hale.
    We see in all things how desuetude does contract
  and narrow our faculties, so that we can apprehend
  only those things wherein we are conversant.
                      Government of the  Tongue.
De'sultory, des'Al-tur-e.812     }       ..
Desulto'rious, des-ul-to're-us. 5
   [desultorius, Lat.J  Roving from thing
   to  thing; unsettled;  immethodical; un-
   constant. Desultorious is not in use.
    'Tis not for a desultory thought to atone for a
  lewd course of  life;  nor for any thing but the su-
  perinducing of a virtuous habit upon a vicious one,
  to qualify an effectual conversion.     L'Estrange.
    Let but the least trifle  cross his way, and his de-
  sufforioits fancy presently takes the scent, leaves the
  unfmish'd and half-mangled notion, and skips away
  in pursuit of the new game.             Norris.
    Take my desultory thoughts in their native order,
  as they rise in my mind, without being reduced to
  rules, and marshalled according to art.      Felton.
To Desu'me,  de-sume'. v.  a.   [deaumo,
   Lat.]  To  take from  any thing;  to bor-
   row.
    This pebble  doth suppose, as pre-existent to it,
  the more simple matter out of which it is desumed,
  toe heat and influence of the  sun, and toe due pre-
  paration of the matter.                   Hale.
    They  have  left us relation suitable to those of
  /Elian and Pliny, whence they desumed toeir narra-
  tions.                                 Brown.
    Laws, if convenient  and useful, are never  the
  worse though toey be desumed and taken from the
  laws of other countries.                    Hale.
To DETA'CH, de-tatsh'. v. a.  [detacher,
   Fr.]
I. To separate; to disengage; to part from
   something.
    The heat takes along with it a sort of vegetative
  and terrestrial matter, which it detaches from the up-
  permost stratum.                    Woodward.
    The several  parts of it are  detached one from the
  other, and yet join again one cannot tell how. Pope.

2. To  send out part of a greater  body of
   men on an expedition.
    If ten men are in war with forty,  and  the latter
  detach only an equal number to the  engagement,
  what benefit do they receive from their superiority?
                                      Addison.
Deta'ohment, de-tatsh'ment. to. s. [from
   detach]  A  body of troops sent out from
   the  main army.
    The czar dispatched  instructions to send out de-
  tachments of his cavalry, to prevent toe king of Swe-
  den's joining his army.                   Tatler.
    Besides materials, which are brute and blind,
  Did not this work require a knowing mind,
  Who for toe task should fit detachments chuse
  From all the atoms?                 Blackmore.
To DETAIL, de-tale',  v.  a.  [detailler,
   Fr ] To relate particularly; to particu-
   larize; to display minutely and distinct-

    They will perceive toe mistakes of these philoso-
  phers, and be able to answer toeir arguments, with-
  out my being obliged to defaif them.       Cheyne.
Deta'il, de-taie'. to. a.  [detail, Fr.] A mi-
   nute and particular account.
    I chuse, rather than trouble the reader wito a de-
  tail here, to defer them  to their proper place.
                                    Woodward.
    I was unable to treat  this part of my  subject
  more in defaif, without becoming dry and tedious.
                                         Pope.
To DETATN, de-tane'.  v. a. [detineo,
   Lat.]
1. To keep what belongs to another.
    Detain not the wages of the hireling: for every
  degree of detention of it, beyond the time, is injus-
  tice and uncharitableness.                Taylor.

2. To withhold; to  keep back.
                 These  doings sting him
  So venomously, that burning shame detains him
  From his Cordelia.                 Shakspeare.
    He has described the  passion of Calypso, and the
  indecent advances she made to detain him from his
  country.                              Broome.
3. To restrain  from departure.
    Let us detain thee until we shall have made ready
  a kid.                                 Judges.
    Had Orpheus sung it  in the nether sphere,
  So much the hymn had  pleas'd the tyrant's ear,
  The wife had  been detain'd to  keep her husband
        there.                          Dryden.
4. To  hold in  custody.

Deta'inder,   de-tane'dur.98 to.  a.  [from
   detain.]  The name of a writ for holding
   one in custody.
Deta'iner, de-ta'niir. n.  a. [from detain.]
   He that holds  back any one's right;  he
   that detains any thing.
    Judge of the obligation that lies upon all sorts of
  injurious persons; the sacrilegious, the detainers of
  tithes, and cheaters of men's inheritances.   Taylor.
                   3u2
 To DETE'CT, de-tekt'. v.  a. [delectus,
   Lat.]
 1. To discover; to find out  any crime or
   artifice.
    There 's no true lover in the forest; else sighing
  every minute, and groaning every hour,  would de-
  tect the lazy foot of time as well  as a clock.
                                    Shakspeare
    Though should I hold my peace, yet thou
  Wouldst easily defect what I conceal.      Milton.
2. To discover in general.
    The utmost infinite ramifications and inoscula-
  tions of all the several sorts of vessels may easily
  be detected by glasses.                      Ray.
Dete'cter, de-tek'tur. to.*, [from detect.]
   A  discoverer;  one  that finds out what
   another desires to hide.
    Oh, heavens!  toat this treason were not; or not
  I toe detector.                      Shakspeare,
    Hypocrisy  has a secret hatred of its detector; that
  which will bring it to a test which it cannot pass.
                                Decay of Piety.
Dete'ction, de-t£k'shfl.n. to. a. [from  de-
   tect.]
1. Discovery  of guilt  or  fraud,  or  any
   other fault.
    Should I come to her wito any detection in my
  hand, I could drive her then from the ward of her
  purity.                             Shakspeare.
    That is a sign of toe  true evangelical zeal, and
  note for the detection of  its contrary:  it should
  abound more in the mild  and good-natured affec-
  tions, than in the vehement and wrathful passions.
                                        Sprat.
    Detection of the incoherence of loose discourses
  was wholly owing to toe syllogistical form.  Locke.
2. Discovery of any thing hidden.
    Not only the sea,  but rivers and rains also, are
  instrumental  to the detection of amber  and other
  fossils, by washing away the earth and dirt that con-
  cealed them.                        Woodward.
Dete'ntion, de-ten'shun. to. a. [from de-
   tain]
I. The  act   of  keeping what  belongs  to
   another.
    How goes the world, that I am thus encounter'd
  With clam'rous claims of debt, of broken bonds,
  And the detention of long since due debts,
  Against my honour?                     Shaksp.
2. Confinement;  restraint.
    This worketh by detention of the spirits, and con-
  stipation of the tangible parts.             Bacon.

To  DETE'R, de-ter'. v.  a.  [deterreo,
   Lat.]   To discourage  by  terrour;  to
   fright from any thing.
    I never yet the tragick strain assay'd,
  Deterr'dhy thy inimitable maid.          Waller.
    Many and potent enemies tempt  and  defer us
  from our duty; yet our case is not hard,  so long as
  we have a greater strength  on our side.   Tillotson.
    Beauty or  unbecomingness are  of more foroe to
  draw or defer imitation, than any discourses which
  can be made to them.                    Locke.
    The ladies may not be deterred from correspond-
  ing with me by this method.            Addison.
    My own face defers me from my glass;
  And Kneller only shews what Celia was.    Prior.
 To DETER'GE, de-terge. v. a. [detergo,
   Lat.]  To cleanse a  sore;  to purge any
   part from feculence  or obstructions.
    Consider the part and habit of body, and add or
  diminish your simples as you design  to deterge oi
  incara.                              Wiseman.
    Sea salt preserves bodies, through which it  pass-
  eth from corruption; and it detergeth the vessels,
  and keeps the fluids from putrefaction. Arbuthnot.
 Dete'rgent,  de-teVjent.  adj. [from de-
   terge.]   That has the power of cleans
   ing. 
DET
DET
DET
    The food ought to be nourishing and detergent.
                                     Arbuthnot.
Deterioration,de-te-re-6-ra'shiln.  n.  s.
   [from deterior, Lat.]   The act of mak-
   ing any thing  worse;  the state of grow-
   ing worse.
Determent, de-ter'ment. to. a. [from de-
   ter.]   Cause  of  discouragement;  that
   by which one is deterred. A  good word,
   but not  now  used.
    This will not be thought  a discouragement unto
  spirits which endeavour to advantage nature by art;
  nor will the ill success of some  be made a sufficient
  determent unto others.                    Brown.
    These are not all the determents that oppose my
  obeying you.                             Boyle.
Det e'r min a ble,   de-ter'me-na-bl.   adj.
   [from determine.]   Tiiat  may  be  cer-
   tainly decided.
    Whether all plants  have seeds, were more easily
  determinable,  if  we  could  conclude  concerning
  hart's-tongue, feme, and some others.     Brown.
    About this  matter, which seems so easily defer-
   minable by sense, accurate and sober men widely
   di agree.                                Boyle.
 To DE  1 E'RMINATE,  de-ter'me-nate.
   v. a. [determiner, Fr.]  To limit; to fix;
   to  determine;  to  terminate.   Not  in
   use.
    Tne fly-slow hours shall not determinate
   The dateless limit of thy dear exile.       Shaksp.
Determinate, de-teVme-nate.91 adj. [de-
   terminatus, Lat-]
 1.  Settled; definite;  determined.
    Demonstrations in numbers,  if they are not more
   evident and exact than  in  extension, yet they are
   more  general in their use, and determinate in their
   application                             Locke.
    To make all the planets  move  about the sun in
  circular orbs, there must be  given to each, by a
  determinate impulse,  those present particular  de-
   grees of velocity which  they now have, in propor-
   tion to  their  distances from the  sun, and  to the
   quantity of the solar matter.             Bentley.
 2.  Established;  settled  by rule; positive.
     Scriptures are read before the time of divine ser-
   vice; and without either choice or stint appointed
   by  any  determinate order.                Hooker.
 3. Decisive; conclusive.
               I' to' progress of this business,
   Ere a detei-minate resolution, he,
   I mean the bishop, did require a respite.   Shaksp.
 4.  Fixed: resolute.
     Like men disused in a long peace,  more defer-
   minate  to do, than skilful how to do.       Sidney.
 5. Resolved.
     My determinate voyage is mere extravagancy.
                                        Shaksp.
 Dete'rminately, de-ter-me-nate-le. adv.
   [from determinate.]
 1.  Resolutely;  with fixed  resolve.
    The queen obeyed the king's commandment, full
   of raging agonies, and deteiininately bent that she
   would seek all loving means to win  Zelmane.
                                        Sidney.
    In those errors they are so determinate^ settled, that
  toey pay unto falsity the whole sum  of whatsoever
  love is owing  unto God's truth.           Hooker.
3.  Certainiy; unchangeably.
    Think thus with yourselves, that you  have not
  toe making of things true  or  false; but  that the
  truth and  existence of things is already fixed and
  settled,  and  that the principles  of religion  are
  already either determinately true or false, before
  you think of them.                   Tillotson.
Determina'tion, de-ter-me-na'shun. n. s.
   [from determinate.]
\. Absolute  direction to a certain end.
    When we voluntarily waste  much of our lives,
  that remissness can by no means consist with a
  constant determination  of will or desire to the great-
  est apparent good.                       Locke.
2. The  result of deliberation; conclusion
  formed; resolution taken.
    They have acquainted me with their determina-
  tion,  which is to go home, and  to trouble you no
  more.                                Shaksp.
    The proper acts of the intellect are intellection,
  deliberation, and determination or decision.  Hale.
    It  is  much  disputed by divines,  concerning the
  power of man's will to good and evil in the state of
  innocence; and upon very  nice and dangerous pre-
  cipices stand their determinations on either side.
                                        SoufA.
    Consult  thy judgment,  affections, and inclina-
  tions, and make thy  determination upon every par-
  ticular; and be always as suspicious of thyself as
  possible.                              Calamy.
3. Judicial decision.
    He confined the knowledge of governing to jus-
  tice and lenity, and to the speedy determination of
  civil and criminal causes.               Gulliver.
Dete'rminative,   de-ter'me-na-tiv.  adj.
  [from determinate.]
I. That  uncontrollably  directs to  a  cer-
  tain end.
    That individual action, which is  justly punished
  as sinful in us, cannot proceed from the special in-
  fluence  and determinative power of a just cause.
                                     Bramhall.
2. That  makes a limitation.
    If toe term  added to make up the complex sub-
  ject does not necessarily or constantly belong to it,
  then  it  is determinative, and limits the subject to a
  particular  part  of its extention; as,  every  pious
  man  shall be happy.                     Watts.
Determina'tor, de-ter-me-na'tur.621  to. s.
  [from determinate.]  One  who deter-
  mines.
    They have  recourse unto the great determinator
  of virginity, conceptions, fertility, and toe inscruta-
  ble infirmities of the whole body.          Brown.
lo  DETE'RMINE,  de-ter'min.140 v.a.
   [determiner, Fr.  determino, Lat.]
1. To fix; to settle.
    Is  it concluded he shall  be protector?
  —It is determined, not concluded yet;
  But so it must be, if the king miscarry.    Shaksp.
    More particularly to determine the proper season
  for grammar, I do not see how it  can be made a
  study, but as an introduction to rhetorick.   Locke.
2. To conclude; to fix ultimately.
    Probability, in the nature of it,  supposes that a
  thing may or may not be so, for any thing that yet
  appears, or is certainly determined, on  the  other
  side.                                   South.
    Milton's subject was still greater than Homer's
  or Virgil's: it does not determine the fate of single
  persons or nations, but of  a whole species.
                                       Addison.
    Destruction hangs on every word we speak,
  On every thought, till the concluding stroke
  Determines all, and closes our design.     Addison.
3. To bound; to confine.
    The knowledge of men hitherto hath been defer-
  mined by the view or  sight; so that whatsoever is
  invisible, either in respect of the fineness of the
  body itself, or the smallness of the parts, or of the
  subtilty of the motion,  is little enquired.    Bacon.
    The principium individuationis is existence itself,
  which determines a being of any sort to a particu-
  lar time and place,  incommunicable to two beings
  of the same kind.                       Locke.
    No sooner have they climbed that hill, which
  thus deter-mines their view at a distance, but a new
  prospect is opened.                   Atterbury.
4. To adjust;  to limit; to define.
    He that has settled in his mind determined ideas,
  with  names affixed  to them, will  be able to dis-
  cern  their  differences one from another, which is
  really distinguishing.                     Locke.
5. To influence the choice.
               You have the captives
  Who were the opposite of this day's strife;
  We do require them of you, so to use  them
  As we shall find their merits and our safety
  May equally determine.                  Shaksp.
    A man  may suspend toe act of his choice from
  being determined for or against the thing proposed,
  till he has examined it.                   Locke.
    As soon as the studious man's hunger and thirst
  makes him uneasy, he, whose will was never deter-
  mined to any pursuit  of good cheer,  is by the un-
  easiness of hunger and thirst, presently determined
  to eating and drinking.                   Locke.
6.  To resoive.
    Jonathan knew that it was determined of his fa-
  ther  to slay David.                    1  Samuel.
7.  To decide.
    I do not ask whether bodies so exist,  that the
  motion of one cannot be without the motion of an-
  other: to  determine  this either way, is to beg the
  question for or against a vacuum.          Locke.
8.  To put an end to; to destroy.
    Now where is he, toat will not stay so long
  Till sickness hath determin'd me.         Shaksp.
 To Dh/i'e'rmine,  de-ter-min. v. to.
 1.  To conclude; to form  a  final conclu-
   sion.
    Eve! now expect great tidings, which perhaps
  Of us will soon determine, or impose
  New laws to be observ'd.                 Milton.
2.  To settle opinion.
    It is indifferent to the matter in hand which way
  the  learned shall determine of it.           Locke,
3.  To end;  to come to an  end.
    They were apprehended,  and,  after conviction,
  the danger determined by their deaths.   Hayward.
    All pleasure springing from  a gratified  passion,
  as most of the pleasure of sin does, must needs de-
  termine with that passion.                 South.
4-.  To make decision.
           She soon shall know of us
  How honourably and how kindly we
  Determine for her.                      Shaksp.
5.  To end consequentially.
    Revolutions of state, many times, make  way for
  new institutions and forms; and often defermine in
  either setting up some tyranny at home, or  bringing
  in some conquest from abroad.            Temple.
6.  To resolve concerning any thing.
    Now, noble peers, the cause why we are  met
  Is to determine of the coronation.          Shaksp.
Deterra'tion,  de-ter-ra'shim. to.  s.  [de
   and terra, Lat. deterrer, Fr.] Discovery
   of  any  thing  by removal of the earth
   that hides it;  the act of unburying.
    This concerns the raising of new mountains, de-
  terrations, or the devolution of earth down upon the
  valleys from the hills and higher grounds.
                                    Woodward.
Dete'rsion, de-tet'shtin. to. s.  [from  de-
   tergo,  Lat.]   The  act  of cleansing  a
   sore.
    I  endeavoured  detersion,  but the matter could
  not be discharged.                    Wiseman.
Dete'rsive, de-ter'siv.168 adj. [from de-
   terge.]   Having the power  to cleanse.
 Dete'rsive,  de-ter'siv.438 to.  s.  An ap-
   plication that  has the power of cleans-
   ing wounds.
    We  frequently  see simple ulcers afflicted with
  sharp humours, which corrode them,  and render
  them painful sordid ulcers, if not timely relieved by
  detersives and lenients.                Wiseman.
 To  DETE'ST, de-test', v.  a. [detestor,
   Lat.]  To hate;  to abhor; to  abominate.
    Nigh thereto toe ever-damned beast, 
DET
DET
DE  U
   Durst not approach; for he was deadly made,
   And all that life preserved did defesf. Fairy Queen.
     Glory grows guilty of defesfed crimes,
   When for fame's sake, for praise, an outward part,
   We bend to that the working of the heart. Shaksp.
     I've lived in such dishonour, toat the gods
   Defesf my baseness.                    Shaksp.
     There is that naturally  in  the heart  of  man
   which abhors sin as  sin,  and consequently would
   make him detest it both in himself and others too.
                                        South.
     Who dares think one thing, and another tell,
   My heart detests him as the gates of hell.    Pope.
 Dete'stable, de-tes'ta-bl. adj. [from de-
   test.]  Hateful; abhorred; abominable;
   odious.
     Beguil'd, divorc'd, wrong'd, spighted,  slain!
   Most detestable death.                  Shaksp.
     He desired him to consider that both armies con-
   sisted of christians, to whom nothing is more defesf-
   able than effusion of human blood.      Hayward.
 Dete'stably,  de-tes'ta-ble.  adv.  [from
   detestable.]    Hatefully;  abominably;
   odiously.
     It stands here stigmatized by the apostle as a
   temper of mind rendering men so detestably bad,
   that the great enemy of mankind neither  can nor
   desires to make them worse.              South
 Detesta'tion,  det-tes-ta'shiln.630   to.  s.
   [from detest.]
 1. Hatred; abhorrence;  abomination.
     Then only did misfortune make her see what she
   had done, especially finding in us rather detestation
   than pity.                            Sidney.
 2. It is sometimes used withybry but  of
   seems more proper.
     The detestation you express
   For vice in  all its glitt'ring dress.          Swift.
     Our love  of God will inspire us with a detestation
  for sin, as what is of all things most contrary to his
   divine nature.                          Swift.
 Dete'ster,  de-teVtiir.98 to. s. [from de-
   test]   One that hates or abhors.
 To Dethro'ne, de-fArone'. v. a. [dethroner,
   Fr. de and thronus, Lat.]   To devest of
   regality;   to  throw down  from   the
   throne;  to deprive of regal dignity.
 Deti'nue,  de-tin'u.603  to.  s. [detenue,  Fr.]
   A writ that lies  against him, who, hav-
   ing goods or chattels  delivered him to
   keep, refuses to deliver them again.
                                     Cowell.
 Detona'tion, det-6-na'shin. to. s.  [detono,
   Lat.]  A noise somewhat more forcible
   than the  ordinary crackling  of salts in
   calcination; as in  the  going  off of  the
   pulvis or aurum fulminans, or  the like.
   It  is also used for that noise which hap-
   pens  upon the mixture of fluids  that
   ferment with violence, as oil of turpen-
   tine with  oil  of vitriol, resembling the
   explosion of  gunpowder.        Quincy.
    A new coal is not to be cast on the nitre, till the
  defonafion occasioned by the former be either quite
  or almost altogether ended, unless it chance that the
  puffing matter do blow the  coal too soon out of the
  crucible.                              Boyle.
To DE'TONIZE,det't6-nize. v. a. [from
   detono, Lat.]   To calcine with  detona-
   tion.   A  chymical  term.
    Nineteen parts in twenty of detonized nitre is de-
  stroyed  in eighteen days.             Arbuthnot.
To DEro'RT, de-tort',  v.a. [detortus, ot
   detorqueo,  Lat.]   To  wrest  from the
   original import, meaning, or design.
    They have assumed what amounts to  an infalli-
  bility in the  private spirit, and have deforted text^
  of scripture  to the sedition, disturbance, and de-
  struction of the civil government.         Dryden.
 To DETRA'CT, de-trakl'. v. a. [detract-
   urn, Lat. detracter, Fr.]
 I.  To derogate; to  take  away  by  envy,
   calumny,  or  censure, any thing from
   the reputation of another;  with from.
    Those were assistants in private, but not trusted
  to manage the affairs in publick; for that would de-
  tract from toe honour of the principal ambassador.
                                        Bacon.
    No envy can detract from this; it will  shine in
  history, and,  like swans, grow whiter the longer it
  endures.                              Dryden.
 2.  To take away; to withdraw.
    By the largeness of the cornices they hinder both
  the light within, and likewise detract much from the
  view of the front without.                Wotton.
    The multitude  of partners does detract nothing
  from each private share, nor does the publickness
  of it lessen propriety in it.                Boyle.

 Detra'cter, de-trak'tiir. to. s.  [from de-
   tract.]   One  that takes away another's
   reputation; one that  impairs the honour
   of another injuriously.
    I am right glad to be thus satisfied,  in toat I yet
  was never able till now to choke the mouth of such
  detracters with the certain knowledge of their slan-
  derous untruths.                      Spenser.
    Whether we are so entirely sure of their loyalty
  upon the present  foot  of  government, as you may
  imagine, their detracters make a question.   Swift.
    Away the fair detracters went,
  And gave by  turns their censures vent.       Swift.
 Detra'ction,  de-trak'shun.  to.  s.  [de-
   tractio, Latin; detraction, French.]
    Detraction, in the native importance of the word,
  signifies the withdrawing or taking off from  a thing;
  and as it is applied to the reputation, it denotes the
  impairing or lessening a man in  point of fame, ren-
  dering him less valued and esteemed by others,
  which is the final aim of detraction.        Ayliffe.
    I put myself to thy direction, and
  Unspeak mine own detraction; here abjure
  The taints and blames  I laid upon myself,
  For strangers to my nature.              Shaksp.
    Fame, that her  high  birth to raise,
  Seem'd erst so lavish and profuse,
  We may justly now accuse,
  Of detraction from her praise.            Milton.
    If  detraction could  invite us, discretion surely
  would contain us from any derogatory intention.
                                       Brown.
    To put a stop  to the insults and detractions of
  vain men, I resolved to enter into the examination.
                                    Woodward.
    To consider an  author as the subject of  obloquy
  and detraction, we  may observe with what pleasure
  a work is received by the invidious part of man-
  kind, in which a writer falls short of himself.
                                     Addison.
Detra'ctory, de-trak'tur-e.657 adj.  [from
  detract.]    Defamatory by denial  of de-
  sert; derogatory.   Sometimes with to,
  properly from.
    This is not only derogatory unto the wisdom of
  God, who hath proposed the world unto our  know-
  ledge and thereby  the notion of himself; but  also
  detractory unto the intellect and sense of man, ex-
  pressedly disposed  for that inquisition.     Brown.
    In mentioning the joys of heaven, I use the ex-
  pressions I find less detractory from a theme above
  our praises.                             Boyle.
    The detractory lye takes from a great man the
  reputation that justly belongs to him.   Arbuthnot.

Detra'ctress,  de-trak'tr£s.  to.  s. [from
  detract.]    A censorious woman.
    If any shall detract  from  a lady's character,
  unless  she be  absent, the said detractress shall be
  forthwith ordered to the lowest place of the room.
                                     Addison,
 DE'TRIMENT,det-tre-ment.«. s. [den
   mentum,  Lat.]   Loss;  damage;  mis-
   chief; diminution; harm.
     Difficult  it must be for one christian church to
   abolish that which all had received and held for the
   space of many ages, and that without any detriment
   unto religion.                          Hooker.
                   I can repair
   That detriment, if such it be,  to lose
   Self-lost.                              Milton.
     If your joint pow'r prevail, to' affairs of hell
   No detriment need fear;  go, and be strong. Milton.
     There often fall out so  many  things to be done
   on the sudden, that some of them  must of necessity
   be neglected for that whole  year, which is the great-
   est detriment to this whole mystery.
                             Evelyn's Kalendar.
     Let a family burn but a candle  a night less than
   Ae usual  number, and toey may take  in the Spec-
   tator without detriment to their private  affairs.
                                      Addison.
 Detrimental,   d£t-tre-men-tal.   adj.
   [from detriment.]  Mischievous;  harm-
   ful;  causing loss.
    Among all honorary rewards, which are neither
   dangerous nor detrimental to the donor, I remem-
   ber none so remarkable as  the titles which are be-
   stowed by the emperor of China:  these are  never
   given to any subject till the subject is dead.
                                      Addison.
    Obstinacy in prejudices, which are defrimenfaf
  to our country, ought not to be mistaken for virtu-
   ous resolution and firmness  of mind.      Addison.
Detri'tion, de-trish'un.  to. s. [detero, de-
   tritus, Lat.]   The act of wearing away.
                                        Diet.
 To DETRU'DE, de-trddd'. v. a. [detrudo,
   Lat.]   To thrust down; to force into a
   lower place.
    Such as are detruded down  to hell,
  Either for shame they still toemselves retire,
   Or, tied in chains,  they in close prison dwell.
                                       Dames.
    Philosophers are of opinion, that the souls of men
  may, for their miscarriages, be detruded into  the
  bodies of beasts.                         Locke.
    At toy command the vernal sun awakes
  The torpid sap, detruded to the root
  By wintry winds.                     Thomson.
 roDETRU'NCATE,de-trung'kate.x;.a.
   [detrunco,  Lat.]   To   lop;  to cut;  to
   shorten by deprivation of parts.

Detrunca'tion,   det-riin-ka'shun.  w.  s.
   [from detruncate]  The act of lopping
   or cutting.

Detru'sion,  de-troo'zhun.  to. s.  [from
   detrusio, Lat.] The act of thrusting or
   forcing down.
    From this detrusion  of  the waters towards  the
  side, the parts towards the pole must be much  in-
  creased.                   Keil against Burnet.
Deturba'tion, de-tur-ba'shiln.  n. s. [de-
   turbo, Lat.] The act  of throwing down;
   degradation.                        Diet.

Devastation,  dev-as-ta'shun. n. a.  [de-
   vasto, Lat.]   Waste;  havock; desola-
   tion; destruction.
    By devastation  the rough warrior gains,
  And farmers fatten most when famine reigns.
                                       Garfft.
    That flood which overflowed Attica  in the days
  of  Ogyges, and that which drowned Thessaly  in
  Deucalion's time, made cruel havock and derasta-
  fion among toem.                    Woodward.
Deuce, duse. to.*, [deux, French.]
1. Two: a word used  in games.
    You are a gentleman and a  gamester; then, \ 
DEV
DE  V
DEV
  am sure,  you  know how much  the  gross sum  of
  deuce ace amounts to.                   Shaksp.
2. The devil.   See Deuse.
To Deve'lop, de-vel'tip. v. a. [developer,
   French.]   To  disengage  from  some-
   thing that enfolds and conceals;  to dis-
   entangle;  to clear from its covering.
      Take him to develop, if you can,
  And  hew the block off, and get out the man.
                                      Dunciad.
Deve'rgence, de-ver'jense. to. s. [dever-
   gentia, Latin.]  Declivity;  declination.
                                        Diet.
To Deve'st, de-vest', v. a. [devester, Fr.
   de and vestis, Lat.]
1. To strip;  to deprive of clothes,
                 Friends all but now,
   In quarter and in terms like bride and groom
   Devesting them for bed.                 Shaksp.
    Then of his arms Androgeus he devests,
   His sword, his shield, he takes, and plumed crests.
                                      Denham.
2.  To  annul;  to  take away  any  thing
   good.
    What are those breaches of the  law of nature
   and  nations, which  do forfeit and devest  all right
   and title in a nation to government?        Bacon.
3. To free from any thing bad.
    Come on, thou little inmate of  this breast,
   Which for thy sake from passions I devest.  Prior.
DEVE'X, de-veks'. adj. [devexus, Lat.]
   Bending  down;  declivous;  incurvated
   downward.
Deve'xity, de-v£k'se-te. w.  a.  [from de-
   vex.]   Incurvation  downward;  decli-
   vity.
To De'viate,  de've-ate.542  v. to.  [de via
   decedere, Lat.]
1.  To wander from the right or  common
   way.
    The rest to some faint meaning make pretence,
   But Shadwell never deviates into sense.    Dryden.
    Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to  take,
   May  boldly  deviate from  the common track.
                                         Pope.
    What makes all physical and moral ill?
   There nature deviates, and here wanders will.
                                         Pope.
    Besides places which may deviate from the sense
   of the author, it would be kind to observe any defi-
   ciencies in the diction.                   Pope.
2. To go astray;  to err; to sin; to offend.
Devia'tion, de-ve-A-shun. to. s. [from de-
   viate.]
I. The act of quitting  the right way; er-
   rour;  wandering.
    These bodies constantly move round in the same
   tracks, without making the least deviation. Cheyne.
3. Variation  from established rule.
    Having once surveyed toe true  and proper natu-
   ral alphabet, we may easily discover toe deviations
  from  it, in  all toe  alphabets in use, either  by
   defect of single characters, or letters, or by confu-
  sion of them.                          Holder.
3. Offence; obliquity of conduct.
    Worthy persons,  if inadvertently drawn into a
  deviation, will endeavour instantly to recover  their
  lost ground,  that they may not  bring errour into
  habit.                                Clarissa.
Devi'ce, de-vice', to. s.  [devise,  French;
   devisa, Italian.]
1. A contrivance;  a stratagem*
                 This is our device,
  That Falstaff  at that oak shall  meet with us.
                                       Shaksp.
    He intended it as  a  politick  device to lessen
  their interest, and keep them low in the world.
                                    Atterbury.
   A design; a scheme formed;  project;
  speculation.
   Touching the exchange of laws in practice with
  laws in device, which they say are  better for the
  state  of the church, if they might  take place; the
  farther we examine  them, the greater cause we find
  to conclude, although we continue the same we
  are, the harm is not great.              Hooker.
   His device is against Babylon, to destroy it.
                                     Jeremiah.
   There are  many devices in a man's  heart; ne-
  vertheless the counsel of the Lord shall stand.
                                     Proverbs.
  The emblem  on a  shield; the ensign
  armorial of a nation or family.
   Then change we shields,  and their devices bear;
  Let fraud supply the want of force in war.  Dryd.
   Hibernia's harp,  device of her command,
  And parent of her mirth, shall there be seen.
                                       Prior,
   They intend to let the world see  what party they
  are of, by figures and  designs upon these fans; as
  the knights-errant  used  to distinguish  themselves
  by devices on their shields.             Addison.
 . Invention; genius.
    He's gentle, never  schooled, and yet learned;
  full  of noble device, of all sorts enchantingly be-
  loved.                               Shaksp.

DE'VIL, dev'vl.164 to. s. [biopul, Saxon;
  diabolus, Lat]  It were more  properly
  written divel.]
1. A fallen angel; the tempter and spiri-
  tual enemy of  mankind.
                   Are you a man?
  ----Ay, and a bold one, that dare  look on that
  Which might appal toe devif.            Shaksp.
2. A wicked  man or woman.
                See thyself, devil:
  Proper deformity seems not in toe fiend
  So horrid as in woman.                 Shaksp.
3. A ludicrous term  for mischief.
    A war of profit mitigates the evil;
  But to be tax'd, and beaten, is toe detnZ. Granuiffe.
4. A  kind of expletive,  expressing won-
  der or vexation.
    The things,  we know, are neither rich nor rare;
  But wonder how the devil they got there!    Pope.
5. A kind of  ludicrous negative in an ad-
  verbial sense.
    The devil was well, the devil a monk was he.
                                    A Proverb.
De'vilish, dev'vl-ish. adj. [from devil.]
1. Partaking  of the qualities  ofthe devil;
  diabolical;  mischievous; malicious; de-
  structive.
    Gynecia mistrusted greatly Cecropia, because
  she had  heard much of the devilish wickedness of
  her heart.                           Sidney.
    For grief thereof, and devilish despight,
  From his infernal furnace forth he threw
    Huge flames, that dimmed all  the heaven's
        light,
  Enroll'd in duskish smoke and brimstone blue.
                                      Spenser.
    He trains his devilish engin'ry, impal'd
  On ev'ry side wito shadowy squadrons deep.
                                      Milton.
2. Having communication with  the  de-
  vil.
    The dutchess, by his subornation,
  Upon my life began her devilish practices.   Shak.
3. An epithet of abhorrence or contempt.
   A devilish knave! besides the knave is handsome,
  young, and blyth: all those requisites  are in  him
  that delight.    ^                      shaksp_
i. Excessive: in  a ludicrous sense.
    Thy hair and beard are of a different dve,
  Short of a foot, distorted of an eye;
  ^ ith all these tokens of a knave complete,
  If thou art honest, toou'rt a devilish cheat.  Addts.
De'vilishly,   dev'vl-ish-le.  adv. [from
  devilish] In  a manner suiting the devil;
  diabolically.
    Those trumpeters threatened them with continual
  alarms of damnation, if they did not venture  life,
  fortune,  and  all, in  that which wickedly and devil-
  ishly those impostures called the cause of God.
                                       Sowfft.
De'vilkin, dev'vl-kin.  to. s. [from devil/]
  A little devil.                   Clarissa.
De'vious, de've-fis.642 adj.  [devius, Lat.]
1. Out of the common track.
    Creusa kept behind: by choice we stray
  Through ev'ry dark  and  ev'ry devious way.  Dryd-
    In this  minute devious subject, I have been ne-
  cessitated to explain myself in more words  than
  may sf em needful.                     Holder.
2. Wandering; roving;  rambling.
                  Every muse,
  And every blooming  pleasure, wait without
  To bless the wildly  devious morning walk.
                                     Thomson.
3. Erring; going  astray from  rectitude.
    One devious step, at first setting out, frequently
  leads a person into a wilderness of doubt and er-
  rour.                               Clarissa.
    Some lower muse, perhaps, who lightly treads
  The devious  paths where wanton  fancy leads.
                                        Rowe,
4. It is  used likewise of persons.  Roving;
  idly  vagrant; erring from the way.

To  DEVTSE, de-vize'. v.  a.  [deviser,
  French, as of devisare, to look about.
                                    Skinner.
1. To contrive; to form by art; to invent;
  to  excogitate, to strike out  by thought.
    Whether they, at their first coming into the land,
  or afterwards,  by trading with other nations which
  had letters, learned them of them, or devised them
  among themselves, is very doubtful.       Spenser.
    He  could by his skill draw after him the weight
  of five thousand  bushels of grain, and devise those
  rare engines which shot  small stones at hand, but
  great ones afar off.                    Peacham.
    Ye sons of art, one curious piece Revise,
  From whose constructure motion shall arise.
                                    Blackmore.
2. To plan;  to scheme.
    Behold I frame evil  against you, and devise a
  device against you.                   Jeremiah.

To Devi'se, de-vize'. v. n.  To consider;
  to contrive;  to  lay plans;   to  form
  schemes:  anciently with of.
    Her merry fit she  freshly 'gan to rear,
  And did of joy and jollity derise,
  Herself to cherish and her guest to thear. Fahy Q,
    But sith now safe ye seized have the shore,
  And well arrived are, high God be blest,
  Let us devise of ease and everlasting rest.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Since we are so  far entered,  let us, I pray you,
  a little devise of those evils by which that country is
  held in this wretched case, that it cannot, as you
  say, be recured.              Spenser's Ireland.
    Devise but how you'll  use him when  he comes,
  and let us two  devise to bring him  thither.
                                    Shakspeare.
Devi'se, de-vize'. to. s.  [devise, a will,
  old  Fr.]
1. The act of  giving or bequeathing by
  will.
    This word is properly attributed, in our common
  law, to him  toat bequeaths his goods by his last
  will or  testament in writing;  and the  reason  is,
  because those that now appertain only to the  devi* 
DEV                                        DEV                                    DEV
  sour, by this act are distributed into many parts.
                                        Cotoeff.
    The alienation is made  by devise in a last  will
  only, and a third part of these  profits is there de-
  mandable.                             Locke.
2. Contrivance.    See Device.
    God hath omitted nothing needful to his purpose,
  nor left his intention  to be accomplished by our de-
  vises.                                 Hooker.
To Devi'se,  de-vize'.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To grant by will.   A law  term.
Devisee', de-vi-zee'. to. s.   He»jto-whom
   something is bequeathed by will.
Devi'ser, de-vi'zur.  to. s.  [from devise.]
   A contriver;  an inventer.
    Being  divided from truth  in toemselves, they
  are yet farther removed by  advenient deception; for
  true it is, if I say they are daily mocked into er-
  rour by devisers.                        Brown.
    The authors of useful  inventions, the devisers of
  wholesome laws, as were the  philosophers of anci-
  ent times, were honoured as  the fathers and pro-
  phets of their countiy.                   Greio.
Devi'sour, de-vi'zilr. w.  s. He that gives
   by will.  See   Devise.
DE'VITABLE, dev'e ta-bl. adj.  [devi-
   tabilis, Lat.]    Possible  to be  avoided;
   avoidable.                           Diet.
Devita'tion, ddv'e-ta'shun. to. s. [devita-
   tio, Lat.]  The act  of escaping or avoid-
   ing.                                 Diet.
Devo'id, de-void', adj. [yoide, Fr.]
1. Empty; vacant; void.
    When I awoke and found her place devoid,
  And nought but pressed  grass where she had lyen,
  I sorroiv'd all so much as erst I joy'd.    Fairy Q.
2. Without  any  thing, whether  good or
   evil;  free from;  in  want of.
    He flung it from him,  and devoid  of dread
  Upon  him lightly leaped without heed.   Fairy Q.
    That the soul and  angels are devoid of quantity
  and dimension, and  that they have nothing to do
  with proper locality, is generally opinioned.
                                     Glanville.
    The motion of this chariot will still be easier as
  it ascends  higher,  till at length it shall become
  utterly devoid  of gravity, when the least strength
  will be able to bestow upon it a swift motion.
                                      Wilkins.
    His warlike mind,  his  soul  devoid of fear,
  His high designing thoughts were figur'd there,
  As when, by magick, ghosts are made appeal".
                                      Dryden.
    We Tyrians are  not so devoid of sense,
  Nor so remote from Phcebus' influence.   Dryden.
Devo'ir, de-vw6r'.   to. s. [devoir, Fr.]
1. Service.  A sense  now not used.
    To restore again the kingdom of the Mamalukes,
  he offered him their utmost devoir and service.
                                      Knolles.
2. Act of civility  or obsequiousness.
    Gentlemen who do not design to marry, yet  pay
  their  devoirs to one particular  fair.      Spectator.
    Aukward, and supple each  devoir to pay,
  She flatters her good lady twice a-day.       Pope.

To DEVO'LVE,  de-volv'. v. a.   [devol-
   vo, Lat ]
1. To  roll down.
    Thro' splendid kingdoms he devolves his maze,
  Now wanders wild  through solitary tracts
  Of life-deserted sand.                 Thomson.
2. To move from one hand to another.
    Upon the duke of  Ormond the king had wholly
  devolved the care  and disposition of all affairs in
  Ireland.                              Temple.
    Because they found too much confusion in such
  a multitude of statesmen, they devolved their whole
  authority into the bands of the council of sixty.
                                      Addison.
    The whole power, at home and abroad, was de-
  volved upon that family.                .   Swiff.
    The matter which devolves from the hills down
  upon  the  lower grounds, does not considerably
  raise and augment them.             Woodward.
 To Devo'lve, de-volv'. v. to.
 1. To roll down.
2. To fall in succession into new hands.
    Supposing people, by wanting spiritual blessings,
  did  lose all  their right to temporal, yet that  for-
  feiture must devolve  only to the supreme Lord.
                                 Decay of Piety.
Devolu'tion, dev-6-lu'shiin.  «. s.  [devo-
  lutio, Lat.]
 1. The act of rolling down.
    The raising of new mountains,  deterrations, or
  toe  devolution of earth down upon the valleys from
  the  hills and high grounds, will  fall under our con-
  sideration.                         Woodward.
2. Removal successive from hand to hand.
    The jurisdiction exercised in those courts is de-
  rived from the crown of England, and the last de-
  volution is to the king by way of appeal.     Hale.
 Devora'tion,  de-vo-ra'shtin. to. s. [from
   devoro, Lat.]   The act of  devouring.
                                        Diet.
 To DEVO'TE, de-vote', v.  a. [devoveo,
   devotus,  Lat.]
 1.  To dedicate; to consecrate; to  appro-
   priate by vow.
    No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the
  Lord, of all that he hath, both of man and  beast,
  and of tbe  field of  his possessions, shall be sold or
  redeemed.                               Lev.
    What black magician conjures up this fiend,
  To  stop devoted charitable deeds?         Shaksp.
         They, impious, dar'd to prey
  On  herds devoted to the god of day.          Pope.
 2. To addict:  as to a sect, or study.
             While we do admire
  This virtue, and this moral discipline,
  Let's be no stoicks, nor no stocks, I pray;
  Or  so devote to Aristotle's checks,
  As Ovid be an outcast quite abjur'd.     Shaksp.
    If persons of  this  make should ever denote them-
  selves to-science, they should be well  assured  of a
  solid and strong constitution of body.       Watts.
3. To condemn; to resign to ill.
    Aliens were devoted to their rapine and despight.
                                Decay of Piety.
    Ah why, Penelope, this causeless fear,
  To render sleep's soft blessings insincere?
  Alike devote to sorrow's dire extreme
  The day reflection and the midnight dream.  Pope.
4. To addict; to give up to  ill.
    The Romans having once debauched their senses
  with the pleasures of  other nations, toey devoted
  themselves unto all wickedness.            Grew.
5.  To curse;  to  execrate;  to  doom  to
  destruction.
                       I fly
  Those wicked tents dewfed; lest the wrath
  Impendent, raging into sudden flame,
  Distinguish not.                        Milton.
    To destruction sacred and deuofe,
  He  with his whole posterity must die.     Milton.
    Goddess of maids, and conscious of our hearts,
  So keep me from the vengeance of thy darts,
  Which Niobe's devoted issue felt,
  When, hissing  through the  skies, the  feather'd
        deaths were dealt.               Diyden.
    Let her, like me, of ev'ry joy forlorn,
  Devote the hour when such a wretch was born;
  Like me to deserts and to darkness run.     Rowe.
 Devo'te, de-vote', adj.   For devoted.
                 How on a sudden lost,
  Defac'd, deflower'd, and now to death devote!
                                        Milton.
 Devo'tedness, de-vo'ted-nes. to. a.  [from
   devote.]   The  state  of being  devoted
   or  dedicated; consecration;  addicted^
   ness.
    Whatever may fall from  my pen to  her disad-
  vantage, relates to her but as she was, or may again
  be,  an obstacle to your devotedness to seraphick
  love.                                   Boyle.
    The owning  of our obligation unto virtue,  may
  be styled natural religion;  that is to say, a devoted-
  ness unto God, so as to act according to his will.
                                         Grew.

Devotee', de>-vo-tee.  to.  s.  [devot,  Fr.]
   One erroneously or superstitiously reli-
   gious;  a bigot.

DEVO'TION, de-vo'shun. to. s.  [devo-
   tion, Fr. devotio, Lat.]
I.  The state of being consecrated or de-
   dicated.
2.  Piety; acts of religion; devoutness.
    Mean time her warlike brother on the seas
  His  waving streamers to toe winds displays,
  And vows for his return with vain devotion pays.
                                       Dryden.
   An act of external worship.
    Religious minds are inflamed with the love of
  publick devotion.                       Hooker.
    For as I passed by and beheld your devotion, I
  found an altar wito this inscription, To the unknown
  God.                                    Acts.
    In vain doth man the name of just expect,
  If his devotions he to God neglect.       Denham-
4.  Prayer; expression of devotion.
            An aged holy man,
  That day and night said his devotion,
  No other worldly business did apply. Fairy Queen.
    Your devotion has its opportunity: we must pray
  always, but chiefly at certain times.        Sprat.

5.  The state of  the mind under a  strong
   sense  of  dependence  upon God;  de-
   voutness;  piety.
    Grateful to acknowledge  whence his good
  Descends, thither with heart,  and voice, and eyes
  Directed in devotion, to adore
  And worship God supreme, who made him chief
  Of all his works.                       Milton.
    From  the full choir when loud hosannas rise,
  And swell the pomp of dreadful sacrifice,
  Amid that scene, if some relenting eye
  Glance on the stone where  our cold reliques lie,
  Devotion's self shall steal a thought from heaven,
  One  human tear shall drop,  and be forgiv'n.
                                         Pope.
    Devotion may be considered either as an exer-
  cise  of  publick or private prayers at  set  times
  and occasions, or as a  temper of the mind, a state
  and disposition of the heart, which is rightly affect-
  ed with such exercises.                    Law.

6. An act of reverence,  respect, or cere-
   mony.
                 Whither away so fast?
  —Upon  the like devotion as yourselves,
  To gratulate the gentle princes there.     Shaksp.
7. Strong affection; ardent love;  such as
   makes the lover  the sole  property of
   the person loved.
    Be opposite all planets of good luck
  To my proceeding, if,  with pure heart's love,
  Immaculate devotion, holy thoughts,
  I tender not thy beauteous princely daughter!
                                    Shakspeare.
    He had a particular reverence for the person of
  the king, and the more extraordinary devotion for
  that of the prince, as he had had  the honour to be
  trusted with his education.             Clarendon.
8. Earnestness; ardour; eagerness.
    He seeks their hate with  greater devotion than
   toey can render it him;  and leaves nothing undone
  that may fully discover him their opposite. Shaksp,
9.  Disposal;  power; stale of dependance
   on  any one. 
DEV
DEW
D E W
    Arundel castle would keep that rich corner ofthe
  country at his majesty's devotion.      Clarendon.
Devo'tional,  de-vo'shun-al.  adj. [from
   devotion.] Pertaining to devotion;  an-
   nexed to worship;  religious.
    Nor are the soberest of them so apt for that de-
  votional compliance and juncture of hearts, which I
  desire to bear in holy offices, to be performed with
  me.                             King Charles.
    The favourable opinion and good word of men
   comes oftentimes at a very easy rate, by a few de-
   mure looks, wito  some devotional postures and gri-
   maces.                                South.
Dev'o'tionalist, de-vo'shun-al-ist.  to. s.
   [from  devotion]  A man  zealous with-
   out knowledge,  or  superstitiously de-
   voul.
 To  DEVO'UR,  de-vour7.  v. a. [devoro,
   Latin.]
 1. TV eat up ravenously, as a wild beast or
   animal ot prey.
     We will say some evil beast hath devoured him.
                                       Genesis.
     We 've willing dames enough: there cannot be
   That vulture in you, to devour so many
   As will to greatness dedicate themselves,
   Finding it so inclin'd.               Shakspeare.
     So looks the pent up lion o'er the wretch
   That-trembles under his devouring paws.  Shaksp.
 2. To destroy or consume  with  rapidity
   and violence.
     A fire devoureth before them, and behind them a
   flame burneth.                           Joef.
     How dire a tempest from Mycena? pour'd,
   Our plains, our temples, and our town devour'd;
   It was the waste of war.                Dryden.
     Notwithstanding that Socrates lived in the time
   of this devouring pestilence at Athens, he  never
   caught the least infection.               Addison.
 3. To swallow up; to annihilate.
     He seem'd in swiftness to devour the way.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Such  a pleasure as  grows  fresher upon enjoy-
   ment; and though continually fed upon, yet is never
   devoured.                              South.
     Death stalks behind thee, and each flying hour
   Does some loose remnant of thy life devour. Dryd.
 4. To enjoy with avidity.
     Longing they look, and gaping at the sight,
   Devour her o'er and o'er with vast delight.   Dryd.
 Devou'rer, rie-vou'rur.98 to. s  [from de-
    vour] A consumer; he  that  devours;
    he that preys upon.
     Rome is but a wilderness of tygers;
   Tygers must prey,  and Rome affords no prey
   But me and mine:  how happy art thou, then,
   From these devourers to be banish'd!   Shakspeare.
     Since those leviathans are withdrawn, the lesser
   devourers supply their place; fraud succeeds to vio-
   lence.                          Decay of Piety.
     Carp  and tench do best together, all other fish
   being devourers of their spawn.        Mortimer.
 DEVO'UT, de-vout'. adj. [devotus, Lat.]
 1. Pious; religious; devoted to holy duties.
     We must be constant and  devout in the worship
   of our God, and ready in all acts of benevolence to
   our neighbour.                         Rogers.
 2. Filu-d with pious thoughts.
     For this,  with soul devout, he thank'd the god;
   And, of success secure, return'd to his abode.
                                        Dryden.
 3. Expressive of devotion or piety.
     Anon  dry ground appears, and from his ark
   The aucient sire descends with all his train;
   Then with uplifted hands and eyes devout,
   Grateful to  heav'n.                    MlU<m-
 Devo'utly,  de-vdut'le.  adv. [from de-
    vout.]  Piously;  with  ardent  devotion;
    religiously.
   Her grace rose, and with modest paces
 Came to the altar, where she kneel'd;and saint-like
 Cast her fair eyes to heav'n, and pray'd devoutly.
                                   Shakspeare.
   One ofthe wise men having a while attentively
 and  devoutly viewed and contemplated this pillar
 and cross, fell down upon his face.        Bacon.
   Her twilights were more clear than our mid-day,
 She  dreamt decouffier than most use to pray.
                                       Donne.
   Think, 0 my soul, devoutly think,
      How, with affrighted eyes,
   Thou saw'st the wide extended deep
      In all its horrors rise.             Addison-
   To second causes we seem to trust, without ex-
 pressing, so devoutly as we ought to do, our  depend-
 ance on the first.  '                  Atterbury.
Deuse, duse. to.  «,  [more  properly than
  deuce, Junius, from Dusius, the name
  of a  certain species of evil spirits.] The
  devil: a ludicrous word.
    'Twas toe prettiest prologue, as he wrote it;
  Well, the deuse take me if I ha'n't forgot it.
                                     Congreve.

Deutero'gamy,  du-ter-og'a-me.618 to.  s.
  [febr$p(& and yx/n.^.] A  second mar-
  riage.                               Diet.

Deutero'nomy, du-ter-6n'6-me.s18 to.  *.
  [osivrep(&> and vejtc^.] The second book
  of  the law; the fifth book of Moses.
Deutero'scopy,   du-ter-6s'ko-pe.   to.  a.
  [osevTep&i and  a-x-oTea]  The second  in-
  tention; the  meaning beyond the literal
  sense. Not in use.
    Not attaining the deuteroscopy, or second inten-
  tion of the words, they are fain to omit their conse-
  quences, coherences, figures, or tropologies.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
DEW, du.  to. a.  [beap,  Saxon; daaw
   Dutch.]    The   moisture   upon   the
   ground.
    Fogs which  we frequently  observe after sunset-
  ting, even in our hottest months, are nothing but a
  vapour consisting of water; which vapour  was sent
  up in greater quantity all the foregoing day,  than
  now in the evening: but the sun  then being above
  the  horizon, taking it at toe  surface of toe earth,
  and rapidly mounting it up into the atmosphere, it
  was not discernible: the sun being now gone off, the
  vapour stagnates at and near the earth, and satu-
  rates the air till  it is so thick  as to be easily visible
  therein: and when at length the heat there is some-
  what further spent, which is usually about  the mid-
  dle  of the night, it falls down again in a dew, alight-
  ing upon herbs and other vegetables, which it cher-
  ishes, cools, and refreshes.           Woodward.
         Never yet one hour in bed
  Did I enjoy the golden dew of sleep,
  But with his tim'rous dreams was still awak'd.
                                    Shakspeare.
    That churchman bears a bounteous mind, indeed;
  A hand as fruitful as the land that feeds us;
  His dew falls ev'ry where.            Shakspeare.
               She looks as clear
  As  morning roses newly wash'd with dew.  Shaksp.
    Dews and rains are but the returns of moist  va-
  pours condensed.                       Bacon.
    Now sliding streams the thirsty plants renew,
  And feed their fibres with reviving dew.     Pope.

 To Dew, du. v.  a.  [from the noun.]  To
   wet as with  dew; to moisten;  to  bedew.
    A trickling stream of balm most sovereign,
  And dainty dear, which on the ground still fell,
  And overflowed  all the fertile plain,
  As  it had dewed been ivith timely rain.    Fairy Q
    With him pour we in  our country's purge
  Each drop of us.
  ■----Or so much as it needs
  To dew the sovereign flower, and drown the weeds.
                                    Shakspeare.
              Give me thy hand
 That I may dew it with my mournful tears. Shaksp.
    He ceas'd; discerning Adam with such joy
 Surcharg'd, as  had, like grief, been dew'd in tears.
 Without the vent of words which these he breath'd.
                                       •Miffon.
            Palemon above the rest appears
 In sable garments, dew'd with gushing tears.  Diyd.
            In Gallick blood again
 He dews his reeking sword, and strews the ground
 With headless ranks.                    Philips.

De'wberry, du'ber-re.  to. s. [from dew
  and berry.]
    Dewberries,  as they stand here among the more
  delicate fruits, must be understood to mean rasber-
  ries, which are also of the bramble kind. Hanmer.
    Feed him with apricocks and dewberries,
  With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries.
                                    Shakspeare.
Dewbespre'nt, du-be-sprent'. part, [deiv
  and besprent.] Sprinkled with dew.
    This evening late, by then the chewing flocks
  Had ta'en their supper on the savoury herb
  Of knot-grass dewoesprenf, and were in fold,
  I sat me down to watch upon a bank
  With ivy canopied, and interwove
  With flaunting honey-suckle.             Milton.
Dew-burmng,  du-biir'ning.  adj. [from
  dew and burning.] The meaning of this
  compound is doubtful.   Perhaps it al-
  ludes to the  sparkling of dew.
    He now, to  prove his late renewed might,
  High brandishing his bright dew-burning blade,
    Upon his crested scalp so sore did smite,
  That to the scull a yawning wound it made.
                                  Fairy Queen,
De'wdhof, du'drop. n. s. [dew and drop]
  A drop of  dew  which sparkles at sun-
  rise.
    I must go seek some dewdrops here,
  And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear.   Shaksp.
                   An host
  Innumerable as the stars of night.
  Or stars of morning, dewdrops which the sun
  Impearls on ev'ry leaf, and ev'ry flower.   Milton.
    Rest, sweet as dewdrops on the flow'ry lawns,
  When the sky  opens,  and the morning dawns!
                                        Tickel.
De'wlap, du'lap.  to.  *.  [from lapping or
  licking the dew.]
 1. The flesh that hangs  down  from the
   throat of oxen.
    Large rowles of fat about his shoulders flung,
  And from his neck the double dewlap  hung.
                                      Addison.
 2. It is used  in Shakspeare for a lip  flaccid
   witn age, in contempt.
     And sometimes lurk I in a gossip's bowl,
  In very likeness of a roasted crab;
  And when she drinks against her lips I boh,
  And on the wither'd dewlap pour the ale.   Shaksp.
 De'wlapt,  du'lapt. adj.  [from  dewlap]
   Furnished with dewlaps.
     Who would believe that there were mountaineers
  Dewlapt like bulls, whose throats had hanging at'em,
  Wallets of flesh ?                    Shakspeare.
     The dewlapt bull now chafes along the plain,
  While burning love ferments in ev'ry vein.   Gay.
 Dew-worm,  du'wurm.  to.  a.  [from clew
   and worm]  A worm  found in dew.
     For the trout, the dew-worm, which  some call
  the lob worm, and the brandling, are the chief.
                                        Walton.
 Dewy, du'e. adj. [from dew.]
 1.  Resembling dew: partaking  of dew.
             From the earth a dewy mist
   Went up, and water'd all the ground, and each
   Plant ofthe field.                       Milton.
            Where two adverse winds, 
DI  A
DI  A
DI A
  Sublim'd from dewy vapours in mid sky,
  Engage with horrid shock, the ruffled brine
  Roars stormy.                          Philips.
2. Moist with dew; roscid.
    The joyous day 'gan early to appear,
  And fair Aurora from her dewy bed
    Of aged Tithone 'gan herself to rear,
  With rosy cheeks, for shame as blushing red.
                                      Spenser.
           The bee with honied thigh,
  That at her flow'ry work doth sing,
  And the waters murmuring,
  With such consort as they keep,
  Entice the dewy feather'd sleep.          MiUon.
         His dewy locks distill'd
  Ambrosia.                     ,   .    Ml]t(m-
    Besides toe succour which cold Ancien yields,
  The rocks of Hernicus and dewy fields.    Dryden.
DE'XI ER,  cleks'ter. adj. [Latin.]   The
   right; not the left. A term used in her-
   aldry.
             My mother's blood
  Runs on the deader cheek,  and this sinister
  Bounds in my sire's.                Shakspeare.
DEXTE'RITY, deks-ter'e-te. n.  a.  [dex-
   teritas, Lat.]
 1. Readiness of limbs; activity; readiness
   to attain  skill; skill;  expertness.
2. Readiness of contrivance; quickness of
   expedient; skill of management.
    His wisdom, by often  evading from peril, was
  turned rather into  a dexterity  to deliver  himself
  from dangers when toey pressed him, than into a
  providence to prevent and remove them afar off.
                                        Bacon.
    They attempted to be knaves, but wanted art and
  dexterity.                              South.
    The  same protestants may, by  their dexterity,
  make themselves the national religion, and dispose
  the church-revenues  among their pastors.   Swift.
De'xterous,  deks'ter-ds.   adj.  [dexter,
   Latin.]
1. Expert at any manual  employment; ac-
   tive; ready: as, a dexterous workman.
    For both  their dexf'rous hands the lance could
        wield.                            Pope.
2. Expert in management;  subtle; full of
   expedients.
    They confine themselves,  and are dexterous ma-
  nagers  enough of the wares  and products of that
  corner with which they content toemselves.  Locke.
De'xterously, deks'ter-us-le. adv. [from
   dexterous.]   Expertly;  skilfully;  art-
   fully.
    The magistrate sometimes cannot do his own of-
  fice dexterously, but by acting toe minister.  Soufft.
    But then my study was to cog the dice,
  And dext'rously to throw the lucky sice.   Dryden.
De'xtral, deks'tral. adj. [dexter, Latin.]
   The right: not the left.
    As for any tunicles or skins, which should hinder
  the liver from enabling the dexfraf parts, we must
  not conceive it diffuseth its virtue by mere  irradia-
  tion, but by its veins and proper vessels.    Brown.
Dextra'lity,  deks-tral'e-te.  to. s.  [from
   dextral]    The  state of  being  on  the
   right, not the left, side.
    If there were  a determinate  prepotency in the
  right, and such as ariseth  from a constant  root in
  nature, we might expect  the same in other  ani-
  mals, whose parts are also differenced by dextrality.
                       Broion's Vulgar Errours.
Diabe'tes, di-a-be'tes. to. s. [eh«£-*/J»« ] A
  morbid copiousness of urine; a fatal col-
  liquation  by the urinary passages,
    An increase of that secretion may accompany
  the general colliquations; as in fluxes, hectic sweats
  aud coughs, diaocfes,  and other consumptions.
                     Derham's Physico- Theology.
      VOL. L
Diabo'lical, di-a-bol'e-kal. 7  adj. [from
Diabo'lick, di4-bol'ik.609  5    diabolus,
   Latin.]  Devilish; partaking  of the  qua-
   lities of the  devil; impious; atrocious;
   nefarious; pertaining to the  devil.
     This, in other beasts observ'd,
  Doubt might beget of diabolick pow'r,
  Active within, beyond toe sense of brute.  Milton.
     Does not the ambitious, the envious, and the re-
  vengeful man  know very well, toat the thirst of
  blood, and affectation of dominion by violence and
  oppression, is a  most diabolical outrage upon  the
  laws of God and nature.            L'Estrange.
     The practice of lying is a diabolical exercise, and
  they that use it are the devil's children.      Ray.
     Damned spirits must needs be all envy, despair,
  and rage; and have so much of a diabolical nature
  in them, as to wish all men to share their misery.
                                     Atterbury.
DIACO'DIUM, di-a-ko'de-um. to. s. [fix-
   fca$t«i.]  The syrup of poppies.
Diaco'ustics, di-a-ko&'stiks.  to.  s. [<JW
   Kxnitx.] The doctrine  of sounds.

D I'AD EM,   di'a-d£m.   to.  s.   [diadema,
   Latin.]
1.  A  tiara;  an ensign of royalty  bound
   about the head of eastern monarchs.
     The  sacred diadem in pieces rent,
  And purple robe gored with many a wound.
                                       Spenser.
     A list the coblers' temples ties,
  To keep toe hair out of their  eyes;
     From whence 'tis plain toe diadem,
  That princes wear, derives from toem.      Swift.
2. The  mark of royalty worn on the head;
   the crown.
                   A crown,
  Golden in shew, is but a wreath of thorns;
  Brings dangers, troubles, cares, and sleepless nights,
  To him who wears toe regal  diadem.       Milton.
     Why should he ravish then that diadem
  From your grey temples, which the hand of time
  Must shortly plant on his?             Denham.
     Faction, toat once made diadems her prey,
  And stopt our prince in his triumphant way,
  Fled like a mist before this radiant day.  Roscom.
Di'ademed, di'a-demd.359 adj. [from dia-
   dem.] Adorned with a  diadem; crowned.
     Not so, when diodern'd with rays divine,
  Touch'd with the flame  that breaks from virtue's
       shrine,
  Her priestless muse forbids the good to die,
  And opes the temple of eternity.           Pope.
Di'adrom, di'a-dro.m.166  «. s.  [}txfyop.ea]
  The time  in which any motion is  per-
  formed;  the time in which a pendulum
  performs its vibration.
     A gry is one tenth of a line, a line one tenth of
  an inch, an inch one tenth of a philosophical foot,
  a philosophical foot one third of a pendulum; whose
  diadroms, in toe latitude of forty-five degrees,  are
  each equal to one second of time, or  a sixtieth of a
  minute.                                Locke.
Di.<e'resis, di-er'e-sis.13* n. s. [friatpetrii;]
  The separation or  disjunction of sylla-
  bles; as  aer.
Diagno'stick, di-ag-nos'tik.   «.  s. [JW-
  yituTnt»/]  A symptom by  which a dis-
  ease is distinguished from others.
    I shall lay down some  indisputable marks of this
  vice, that whenever,  we see the tokens, we may
  conclude the plague is in  the house:—let  us hear
  your diagnosticks.              Collier on Pride.
    One of our physicians proved disappointed  of
  his prognosticks, or rather diagnosticks.    Harvey.
DIA'GONAL, di-ag'6-nal.11"  adj. [h*-
  yama.]   Reaching from  one  angle  to

                    3x
   another, so as to divide a parallelogram
   into equal parts.
     The monstrosity of the  badger  is ill-contrived,
  and  with some disadvantage; the  shortness being
  fixed  unto the legs of one side, that might have
  been more properly placed upon toe diagonal  mo-
  vers.                  Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     All sorts of stone composed of granules, will cut
  and rive in any direction, as well in a perpendicu-
  lar, or in a diagonal, as horizontally and parallel to
  the side of the strata.                Woodward.
 Dia'gonal, di-ag'6-nal.  to. *.  [from tne
   adjective.]  A line  drawn from angle to
   angle, and dividing a square into equal
   parts.
     When a man  has in his mind  toe idea of two
  lines, viz. toe side and diagonal of a square, whereof
  tlie diagonal  is an inch long, he may have the idea
  also of the division of that line into a certain num-
  ber of equal parts.                      Locke.
 Dia'gunally,  di-ag'6-nal-e.  adv.  [from
   diagonal.] In a diagonal direction.
     The right and left are not defined by philosophers
  according to common acceptation, that is, respec-
  tively from one man unto another, or any constant
  site in each, as though that should be the right in
  one, which, upon confront or facing, stands athwart
  or diagonally unto the other; but were distinguished
  according unto their activity, and predominant loco-
  motion, on the either side.    Brown's Vulgar Err.
Di'agram, di'a-gram.  to.  s. [i'txygccfiftx.]
   A delineation of geometricai figures;  a
   mathematical scheme.
     Many a fair precept in poetry is like a seeming
  demonstration in the  mathematicks; very specious
  in the diagram, but failing in the mechanick opera-
  tion.                                  Dryden,
     Why  do  not these  persons make a diagram of
  these cogitative lines  and angles, and demonstrate
  their properties of perception and appetite, as plain-
  ly as we know toe other properties of triangles and
  circles?                               Bentley.
Diagry'diates,  di-a-grid'e-ates.  to.   s.
   [from diagrydium, Lat.] Strong purga-
   tives made with diagrydium.
     All cholerick humours ought to be evacuated by
  diagrydiates,  mixed with tartar, or some acid, or
  rhubarb powder.                        Floyer.
DI'AL,  di'al.88 to. *.  [diale, Skinner]  A
   plate marked with lines, where a hand
   or shadow shows the hour.
     O, gentlemen, the time of life is short:
  To spend that shortness baseiy were too long,
  Though  life did ride upon a dial's point,
  Still ending at to' arrival of an hour.   Shakspeare.
     If the motion be very slow, we perceive it not:
  we have no sense  of the  accretive motion of plants
  or animals; and the sly shadow steals away upon the
  diaf,  and the quickest  eye can discover no more
  than  that it is gone.                   Gfanviffe.
Dial-plate,  di'al-plate.  to.  s.  [dial and
  plate.]    That on which hours or lines
   are  marked.
     Strada tells us toat the two friends, being each
  of them possessed of a magnetical needle, made a
  kind of dial-plate, inscribing it with the four and
  twenty letters, in  the same manner as the hours of
  the day are marked upon the ordinary dial-plate.
                             Addison's Spectator.
DI'ALECT, di'a-lekt.  to. *. [«$W£*t.5.]
 1.  The subdivision of a language:  as the
   Attic, Doric, Ionic, iEolic dialects.
2.  Style; manner of expression.
    When themselves do practice, that whereof they
  write, they change their dialect; and those  words
  they shun,  as if there were in  them some secret
  stinS-                                Hooker.
3. Language; speech.
                In her youth 
D  I A
DI A
DI A
  There is a prone and speechless dtafect,
  Such as moves men.                 Shakspeare.
    If the conferring of a kindness did not bind  toe
  person upon whom it was conferred to the returns
  of gratitude, why, in the  universal diafecf of the
  world, are kindnesses still called obligations?
                                        South.
Diale'ctioal, di-a-lek'te-kal. adj. [from
   dialectick.]   Logical;  argumental.
    Those dialecficaf subtleties, that the schoolmen
  employ about physiological  mysteries, more declare
  the wit of him that uses them, than increase the
  knowledge of sober lovers of truth.        Bovle.
DIALECTICK,  di-a-lek'tik.  to.  s.  [hx-
   Xuctik*).]   Logick; the art of reasoning.
Di'alling, di'al-ling. to. *. [from  dial]
   The sciaterick  science; the knowledge
   of shadow; the art of constructing dials
   on  which  the  shadow may show  the
   hour.
Di'alist, di'al-list. to.  s. [from dial.]   A
   constructor of dials.
     Scientifick dialists, by toe  geometrick considera-
   tions of lines, have found out rules to mark out the
  irregular motion of the shadow in all latitudes, and
   on all planes.                         Moxon.
Dia'logist,  di-al'16-jist.116  to. s.  [from
    dialogue.]    A  speaker in  dialogue or
    conference; a writer of dialogues.
 Dl'ALOGUE,  di'a-log.338  to.  s.  [h«-
    Xoyo$.]   A conference; a conversation
    between two or more,  either real or
    feigned.
     Will you hear the dialogue that the two learned
   men  have  compiled in  praise  of  the  owl and
   «uckoo?                           Shakspeare.
     Oh the impudence of this wicked sex!   Lasci-
   vious dialogues are innocent  with you.    Dryden.
     In easy dialogues is Fletcher's praise:
   He mov'd the mind, but had not pow'r to raise.
                                       Dryden.
 To Di'alogue,  di'a-log. v. a.  [from the
    noun.]   To  discourse with another; to
    confer.
      Dost dialogue with thy shadow?    Shakspeare,
 Dialy'sis, di-afe-sis.118 n. s.  [hxXvo-ti]
    The figure in rlietorick by which  sylla-
    bles or words are divided.
 DIA'METER, di-am'e-tilr.116 to.  s.  [hx
    and fce'r^av.]   The  line which, passing
    through  the centre of a circle, or other
    curvilinear figure, divides it into equal
    parts.
      The space between the earth and toe moon, ac-
   cording to Ptolemy, is seventeen  times the diameter
   of the earth, which makes, in a gross account, about
    one hundred and  twenty thousand miles.  Raleigh.
      The bay of Naples is the most delightful one that
    I ever saw: it lies in almost a round figure of about
   thirty miles in the diameter.             Addison.
 Dia'metral, di-am'me-tral.   adj.  [from
    diameter.]   Describing  the diameter;
    relating to the diameter.
 Dia'metrally,  dl-arn me-tral-e.   adv.
    [from diametral.]   According to the
    direction of a diameter; in direct oppo-
    sition.
      Christian piety is, beyond all other things, dta-
   mefraffw opposed to prophaneness and impiety of
      .• „                            Hammond.
   actions.                    .#•,*.      j-
 Diame'trical,  di-a-met'tre-kal.    adj.
    [from diameter.]
  1. Describing  a diameter.
 2.  Observing the direction of a diameter.
      The sin of calumny is set in a most diametrical
   opposition  to toe evangelical precept of loving our
  neighbours as ourselves.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Diame'trically, di-a-met'tre-kai-e. adv.
  [from diametrical.]   In  a diametrical
  direction.
    He persuaded the king to consent to what was
  diametrically against his conscience and his honour,
  and, in truth, his security.            Clarendon.
    Thus intercepted  in  its passage, the  vapour,
  which cannot penetrate the stratum  diametrically,
  glides along the lower surface of it, permeating the
  horizontal  interval, which is betwixt the said dense
  stratum and that which lies underneath it.
                                    Woodward,

 Di'amond, di'a-miind.  «. s. [diamant, Fr.
   adamas, Latin.]
     The diamond, the most valuable and hardes t of
  all the gems, is, when pure, perfectly clear and pel-
  lucid as the purest water;  and is eminently distin-
  guished from all other substances by its vivid splen-
  dour, and the brightness  of its  reflections.  It is
  extremely various in shape and size,, being found in
  the greatest quantity very small, and  toe larger
  ones extremely seldom met with.  The largest ever
  known is that in the possession of the great Mogul,
  which weighs two hundred and seventy-nine carats,
  and is computed to be worth seven hundred and
  seventy-nine thousand two hundred  and forty-four
  pounds.   The diamond bears  the force of the
  strongest fires,  except the concentrated  solar rays,
  without hurt; and even toat infinitely fiercest of all
  fires does it no injury, unless directed to its weaker
  parts.  It bears a glass-house fire for many days,
  and if taken  carefully out,  and suffered to cool by
  degrees, is found as bright and beautiful as before;
  but if taken  hastily  out,  it  will  sometimes
  crack, and  even  split  into two or three pieces.
     The places where we have diamonds are the East
  Indies and the Brazils; and though they are usually
  found clear and colourless, yet they  are sometimes
  slightly tinged  with the colours of the other gems,
  by the mixture of some metalline particles
                                 Hill on Fossils.
     Give me the ring of mine you had at dinner;
   Or, for the diamond, the chain you promis'd.
                                    Shakspeare.
     I see how  thine eye would emulate the diamond:
   thou hast  the right arched bent of the brow.
                                    Shakspeare
     The diamond is preferable and vastly superior to
   all others in lustre and beauty;  as also in hardness,
   which renders it  more durable and lasting,  and
   therefore much more valuable, than any other stone.
                                     Woodward.
     The diamond is by mighty monarchs worn,
   Fair as the star that ushers in the morn. Blackmore.
     The lively diamond drinks thy purest rays,
   Collected light, compact.              Thomson.
 Di'apase, di'a-paze.  to.  s.  [frix b-«!-o».]
    A chord  including all tones.   The old
    word for diapason.   See Diapason.
     And 'twixt them both a quadrant  was the base,
   Proportion'd equally by seven and nine;
   Nine was the circle set in heaven's place,
   All which compacted made a good diapase.
                                       Spenser.
     The sweet numbers and melodious measures,
   With which I wont the winged words to tie,
     And make a tuneful diapase of pleasures,
   Now being let to run at liberty.          Spenser.
 Diapa'son, di-a-pa'zon. to.  s. [hu ttxc-Zv.]
     Diapason denotes a chord  which includes all
   tones; it is the same with  that we call an eighth, or
   an octave; because there  are  but  seven  tones or
   notes, and then the eighth is the same  again with
   the first.                              Harris.
      It discovereto the true coincidence of sounds in-
   to diapasons, which is the return of the same sound.
                                        Bacon.
                  Harsh din
   Broke the fair musick that all creatures made
   To their great lord,  whose love their motion
         sway'd
  In perfect diapason, whilst they stood
  In first obedience, and their state of good. Milton.
    Many a sweet rise, many as sweet a fall,
  A full-mouth diapason swallows  all.     Crashaw.
     From harmony,  from heavenly harmony,
  This universal frame began;
    From harmony to harmony
  Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
  The diapason closing full in man.        Dryden.
DPAPER, di'a-par.9* to.  s. [diapre, Fr. of
   uncertain etymology.]
1. Linen   cloth  woven   in flowers,  and
   other  figures;  the finest  species  of
   figured linen after damask.
    Not any damsel, which her vaunteth most
  In skilful knitting of soft silkin twine;
    Nor any weaver, which his work doth boast
  In diaper, in damask, or in lyne,
  Might in their diverse cunning ever dare
  With this so curious net work to compare. Spenser.
2. A napkin;  a towel.
    Let one attend him with a silver bason
  Full of rose-water,  and bestrew'd with flowers;
  Another bear the ewer, a third n diaper.   Shaksp.
To  Di'aper,  di'a-pur. v.   a. [from the
   noun.]
I.  To variegate;  to  diversify;  to flower.
    For fear the stones her tender foot should wrong,
   The ground he strew'd with flowers all along,
   And diaper'd like the discolour'd mead.  Spenser.
    Flora useth  to  cloath our grand-dame Earth
   with a new livery, diapered with various flowers,
   and chequered with delightful objects.     Howel.
2.  To draw flowers  upon clothes.
    If you diaper upon folds, let your work be broken,
  and taken,  as it were, by the half;  for reason tells
  you, that your fold must cover  somewhat unseen.
                          Peacham on Drawing.
DiAPHANE'iTY,di-a-fa-ne'e-te. to. *. [from
   hxpxvu'x.]   Transparency;  pellucid-
   ness;  power of transmitting light.
    Because the outward coat of the eye ought to be
   pellucid, to transmit the light,  which, if the  eyes
  should always stand open, would  be  apt to grow
  dry and shrink, and lose  their diaphaneity; there-
  fore are the eye-lids so contrived as often to wink,
  that so  they may, as it were,  glaze and varnish
  them over with the moisture they contain.    Ray.
Diapha'nick, di-a-fan'ik.509 adj. [S~ix and
   pxi'vos.]   Transparent;   pellucid;  hav-
   ing the power to transmit light.
    Air is an element superior, and lighter than wa-
  ter, through whose vast, open, subtile, diaphanick,
   or transparent body, the light, afterwards created,
   easily transpired.                     Raleigh.
DIA'PHANOUS,   di-af'fa-nus.618   adj.
   [<J°<«  and  <pxiv6>.]   Transparent;  clear?
   translucent; pellucid;  capable to trans-
   mit light.
    Aristotle calleth light a quality inherent or cleav-
   ing to a diaphanous body.              Raleigh.
    When he had taken  off the  insect,  he found in
   the leaf very little and diaphanous  eggs, exactly
   like to  those which remained  in the tubes of the
   fly's womb.                             Ray.
Diaphore'tick,  di-a-fo-ret'lk. adj  [fou-
   <pof>i)Ttx.os.]   Sudorifick;  promoting   a
   diaphoresis or perspiration;  causing
   sweat.
     A  diaphoretick  medicine, or  a sudorifick,   is
   something that will provoke sweating.      Watts.
     Diaphoreticks,  or promoters of  perspiration,
   help the organs of digestion,  because the  attenua-
   tion of the aliment makes it perspirable.  Arbuth.
 Di'aphragm,   di'a-fram.88S  to.  s.  [Six-
   <Ppxyj*tx.]
 1. The midriff which  divides  the upper
   cavity of the body from  the lower. 
DIB                                      DIC                                      DID
2. Any division or partition which divides
   a hollow body.
    It consists of a fasciculus of bodies, round, about
  one sixth of an inch in diameter, hollow, and parted
  into numerous cells by means of diaphragms thick
  set throughout the whole length of the body.
                                   Woodward.
DIA H RHO E'A, di-ar-re'a. to. s. [hxppol*.]
   A dux ofthe belly, whereby   a  person
   frequently goes to stool,  and  is cured
   either by purging off the cause,  or  re-
   stringing the bowels.          Quincy.
    During his diarrhaa I healed up the fontanels.
                                   Wiseman.
Diarrhoe'tick, di-ar-ret'ik. adj.   [from
   diarrahaa.]     Promoting  the  flux of
   the belly; solutive;  purgative.
    Millet is diarrhcetic, cleansing, and useful in  dis-
  eases of the kidneys.                Arbuthnot.
Di'ary,  di'a-ie. n. a.  [diarium, Latin.]
   An  account of the transactions, acci-
   dents, and observations of every day;
   a journal.
    In sea voyages, where there  is nothing to be
  seen  but sky and  sea, men make diaries; but, in
   land-travel, wherein so much is to be observed,
   they omit it.                          Bacon.
    I go on in my intended diary.          Tatler.
Dia'stole, di-as'to-le.116 to. a. [S'txs-oXii.]
1.  A figure in  rhetorick, by which  a snort
   syllable  is made long.
2.  The dilatation of the heart.
    The systole seems to resemble the forcible bend-
  ing of a spring, and the diastole its flying out again
  to its natural state.                      Ray.
Dia'style,  di-as'tile.  [S'tx, and rt/A«s, a
   pillar.]    A  sort of edifice, where  the
   pillars stand at such a  distance from
   one another,  that  three  diameters  of
   their thickness are allowed for interco-
   lumnialion.                      Harris.
Diate'sseron,  di-a-tes'se-ron.   to.  s.  [of
   fix, and reo-a-epx, four.]   An interval in
   musick, composed of one greater tone,
   one lesser, and one  greater semitone:
   its  proportion being as four to  three.
   It is called, in musical composition, a
   perfect  fourth.                  Harris.

Diato'nick, di-a-ton'lk. adj. [of hxrivoi.]
   The  ordinary sort of  musick   which
   proceeds  by different tones, either in
   ascending or  descending.  It contains
   only the  two greater and lesser tones,
   and the  greater semitone.      Harris.
Diaze'utick  Tone,  di-azu'tik.  [of  fix
   and ^eoywftt]  In  the ancient  Greek
   musick, disjoined two-fourths, one  on
   each side of it; and  which, being join-
   ed to either, made a fifth.   This is, in
   our musick, from A to  B.
    They allowed to this dtazeuficfc tone, which is
  our La, Mi, the  proportion of nine to eight, as
  being the unalterable difference of the fifth  and
  fourth.                               Harris.
Di'bble, .dlb'bl.*0*  to. s.  [from  dipfel,
   Dutch,  a sharp  point, Skinner;  from
   dabble, Junius.] A small spade; a point-
   ed instrument  with  which the garden-
   ers  make holes for planting.
    Through  cunning, with  dibble, rake,  mattock,
        aud spade,
  By line and by level trim garden is made.
                          Tusser's  Husbandry.
Di'ustone, dib'stone. «. *. A little stone
   which children throw at another stone.
    I have seen  little girls exercise whole hours to-
  gether, and take abundance of pains to  be expert
  at dibstones.                           Locke.
L)icA'crrY,de-ka.s'se-te.124TO. s. [dicacitas,
   Lat.]   Pertness; sauciness.       Diet.

DICE,  dice,  to.  s.   The plural  of  die.
   Sec Die.
    It is above a hundred to one against any particu-
  lar throw, that you do not cast any given set of
  faces with four cubical dice; because there are so
  many several combinations of the six  faces of four
  dice: now, after you have cast all the trials but one,
  it is still as much odds at the last remaining time,
  as it was at the first.             .      Bentley.

To Dice, dice. v. «. [from the noun.] To
   game with dice.
    I was as virtuously given as a gentleman need to
  be; virtuous enough; swore little; diced not above
  seven times a week.                Shakspeare.
Di'ce-box,  dice'boks.  to. s.  [dice and
   box.]   The box from which  the dice
   are thrown.
    What would you say, should you see the sparkler
  shaking her elbow for a whole  night together, and
  thumping the table wito a dice-box?      Addison.
Di'cer, di'cer.98  «.  s. [from  dice.]   A
   player at dice;  a gamester.
            They make marriage vows
  As false as dicers' oaths.             Shakspeare.
Dich, dit.   This word seems  corrupted
   from dit for do it.
      Rich men sin, and I eat root;
  Mueh good dich thy good  heart, Apemantus.
                          Shakspeare's Timon.
Dicho'tomy, dl-kot-6-me. to. s. [eJ^aTp
   fJ».]   Distribution of ideas by  pairs.
    Some persons have disturbed the order of nature,
  and abused their readers by an affectation of dicho-
  tomies,  trichotomies, sevens,  twefves, &c.   Let
  the nature of the subject, considered together  with
  toe design which you have in view, always deter-
  mine the number of parts into which you divide it.
                                      Watts.
Di'ckens,  dik-inze.  A kind of adverbial
   exclamation,  importing,  as  it  seems,
   much the  same with the devils but I
   know not whence derived,
    Where had you this pretty weathercock?—
  —I cannot tell what the  dickens  his name is  my
  husband had him of.               Shakspeare.
    What a dickens does he mean by a trivial sum ?
  ----But ha'nt you found it, sir?       Congreve.
Di'cker of Leather,  dik'er.  w. s. [dicra,
   low Lat.]   Ten hides.            Diet.

To DI'CTATE,  dik'tate." v. a.  [dicto,
   Latin.]  To  deliver to another  with
   authority;  to declare with confidence.
    The spoils of elephants the roofs inlay,
  And studded amber darts a golden ray;
  Such, and not nobler, in  toe realms above,
  My wonder dictates is the dome of Jove.    Pope.
    Whatsoever is dictated to us by God himself, or
  by men  who are  divinely inspired, must be be-
  lieved with full assurance.               Watts.
Di'ctate,  dik'tate.81  to.  s.  [dictatum,
   Lat.]   Rule or maxim  delivered with
   authority;  prescription; prescript.
    Those right  helps of art, which will scarce be
  found by those who servilely confine themselves to
  toe dictates of others.                    Locke.
    I credit what toe Grecian dicfafes say,
  And Samian sounds o'er Scota's hills convey.
                                      Prior.
    Then let this dictate of my love prevail.   Pope.
Dicta'tion, dik-ta'shtin. to.  *.  [from dic-

                  3x2
   tate.]   The act or practice of dictating
   or prescribing.                     Diet.
 DICTA'TOR,  dlk-ta'tur.831 n. a. [Lat.]
 1.  A magistrate of Rome, made in times
   of exigence and distress, and invested
   with absolute authority.
    Kind dictators made, when they came home,
  Their vanquish'd foes free citizens of Rome.
                                      Waller.
    Julius with honour tam'd Rome's foreign foes;
  But patriots fell, ere the dictator rose.       Prior.
 2.  One invested with absolute  authority.
    Unanimous they all commit the care
  And management of this main enterprize
  To him,  their great dictator.             Milton.
 3.  One whose creditor authority enables
   him to direct the  conduct or opinion
   of others.                   ,
    Nor is it a small power it gives  one man  over
  another,  to have the authority to be the dictator of
  principles, and teacher of unquestionable truths.
                                       Locke.
    That riches, honours,  and outward splendor,
  should set up persons for dictators to all the rest of
  mankind, is a most shameful invasion  of the right
  of our understanding.                   Waffs.
Dictato'rial, dik-ta-to're-al. adj. [from
   dictator.]    Authoritative;   confident;
   dogmatical; overbearing.
    A young academick often dwells upon a journal,
  or an observator that treats of trade and politicks
  in a dictatorial stile, and is lavish in toe praise of
  toe author.                            Watts.
 Dicta'tors hip,  dik-ta'tur-shlp.   to.  a.
   [from dictator.]
 1.  The office of dictator.
    This is the solemnest title they can confer under
  the princedom, being indeed a kind of dictatorship.
                                     Wotton.
2.  Authority; insolent confidence.
    This is toat perpetual dictatorship which is exer*
  cised by Lucretius, though often in  the wrong.
                                     Dryden.
 Di'otature,  dik-ta'tshure.  to.  a. [dicta
   tura, Latin.]  The offiee of a dictator;
   dictatorship.                        Diet.
Di'ction,  dik'shun.  to.  *.  [diction,  Fr.
   dictio,  Lat.]   Style; language; expres-
   sion.
    There  appears in every part of  his diction, or
  expression, a kind of noble and bold purity.
                                     Dryden.
Dictionary, dik'shun-a-re. n. s. [diction-
   arium, Lat]  A  book  containing  the
   words  of any  language in alphabetical
   order,  with explanations of their mean-
   ing;  a lexicon; a vocabulary; a word-
   book.
    Some have delivered the polity of spirits,  and
  left an account that they  stand in awe of charms,
  spells, and  conjurations; that they are afraid of
  letters and characters, notes and dashes, which, set
  together, do signify  nothing; and not only  in  the
  dictionary of man, but in the  subtler vocabular, of
  Satan.                Brown't Vulgar Errours.
    Is it such a fault to translate simulacra images?
  I see what a good thing it is to have a good catho-
  lick dictionary.                    Stillingfket.
    An army, or a parliament,  is a  collection of
  men; a dictionary, or nomenclature, is a collection
  of words.                              Watts.

Did, did, of do. [bib,  Saxon.]
 I.  The preterit of do.
    Thou canst not say I did it.        Shak veart
    What  did that greatness in a woman's mini?
  Ill lodg'd, and  weak to act what it design'd.
                                     Dryden, 
DIE
D  IE
D  I E
2. The  sign  of  the  preter-imperfect
   tense, or perfect.
    When did his pen on learning fix a brand,
  Or rail at arts he did not understand?     Dryden.
3. It is sometimes used emphatically:  as,
   I  did really  love him.
DinA'cTicAL,de-dak'te-kal. > adj.[fofrxx-
Dida'ctick, de-dak'tik.12*  5 *"'*«5-] Pre-
   ceptive;  giving precepts;  as  a  didac-
   tick  poem  is a poem that  gives  rules
   for some art;  as the  Georgicks.
    The means used to this purpose are partly di-
  dactical, and partly protreptical; demonstrating the
  truth of the gospel, and then urging the professors
  of those truths to  be stedfast in the faith, and to
  beware of infidelity.          Ward on Infidelity.
Di dapper, di'dap-pur. to. a.  [from dip.]
   A bird that dives into the water.
Didasca'lick,  di-das-kal'ik.126  *09  adj.
   [$i2xTKx\tKos]   Preceptive;   didactic;
   giving precepts in some art.
    I found it necessary to form some story,  and give
  a kind of body to  the poem: under what species it
  may be comprehended, whether didascalick or  he-
  roick,  I leave to the judgment of toe criticks.
                                         Prior.
 To Di'dder, did'ur. v.  a. [diddern, Teut.
   zittern, Germ.]  To quake  with cold;
   to shiver.  A provincial word. Skinner.
Didst, didst.  The second person  of the
   preter tense of do.   See Did.
    Oh last and best of Scots! who didst maintain
  Thy country's freedom from a foreign reign.
                                        Dryden.
Didu'otion, de-dAk'shfin. «. s.  [diductio,
   Latin.]  Separation  by withdrawing one
   part  from  the other.
    He ought to shew what kind of strings they are,
  which, though strongly fastened to the inside of the
  receiver, and superficies of the bladder, must draw
  as forcibly one  as another, in comparison of those
  that within the  bladder  draw so as to  hinder the
  diduclion of its sides.                    Boyle.
 To DIE, di.  v. a.  [beaj, Sax, a colour.]
   To tinge;  to colour; to stain.
         So much of death her thoughts
   Had entertain'd, as died her cheeks wito pale.
                                        Jlfiffon.
    All white, a virgin saint she sought the skies;
  For marriage, though it sullies not, it dies.   Dryd.
Die, di.  to. s.  [from  the verb.]   Colour;
   tincture; stain; hue acquired.
                 It will help me nothing
   To plead mine innocence, for that die is on me,
  Which makes my  whit'st part black.      Shaksp.
     We have dainty works of feathers  of wonderful
  lustre, excellent dies, and many.          Bacon,
    Darkness we see emerges into light,
  And shining suns descend to sable night:
  Ev'n heaven itself receives another die,
  When wearied animals in slumbers lie
  Of midnight ease; another, when the gray
  Of  morn preludes the splendor of the day.
                                        Dryden.
    It is surprising to see toe images of toe mind
  stamped  upon toe aspect; to see toe eheeks  take
  the die of the passions, and appear in all the colours
  of toought.                  Collier ofthe Aspect.
To Die, di. v. to. [beabian, Sax.]
I. To lose life; to expire; to pass into an-
   other state of existence.
    Thou dost  kill me with  thy falsehood;  and it
  •rieves me not to die, but it grieves me toat thou art
  the murtoerer.                         Sidney.
    Nor did toe third his conquests long survive,
  Dying ere scarce he had begun to live.   Addison.
    Oh let me live my own, and die so too!
  To live and die is all I have to do.      Denham.
2. To perish by  violence or disease.
    The diia only served to confirm him in his first
  opinion, that it was his destiny to die  in the  ensu-
  ing combat.                           Dryden.
    Talk not of life or ransom, he replies;
  Patroclus dead, whoever meets me, dies:
  In vain a single Trojan sues for grace;
  But least the sons of Priam's hateful race;
  Die then, my friend! what boots it to deplore?
  The great, the good Patroclus is  no more!
  He, far thy better, was foredoom'd to die;
  And thou, dost thou, bewail mortality?      Pope.

3. It has by before an instrument of death.
    Their  young men shall die by the  sword; their
  sons and daughters shall die by famine.      Jerem.
4. Of before a disease.
    They often come into toe world  clear, and with
  the appearance of sound bodies; which,  notwith-
  standing, have been infected with disease, and have
  died of it, or at least have been very  infirm.
                                     Wiseman.
5. For  commonly before  a privative, and
  of before a positive  cause:  these  pre-
  positions  are  not always truly  distin-
  guished.
    At first she startles, then she stands amaz'd;
  At last with terror she from thence doth fly,
    And loaths the wat'ry glass wherein she gaz'd,
  And shuns it still, altho' for thirst she cfie.
                                       Davies.
    Ho in the  loaden vineyard dies for  thirst.
                                      Addison.
   Hipparchus being passionately fond of his own wife,
  who was enamoured of Bathyllus, leaped  and died
  of his fall.                           Addison.
6. To be punished with death.
    If I die for it, as no less is threatened  me, the
  king my old master must be relieved.     Shaksp.
    What is the love of our neighbour?—
  —The  valuing him as the  image of God, one for
  whom Christ died.                   Hammond.

7. To be  lost; to perish; to come to no-
  thing.
    How now, my lord, why do you keep alone?
  Of sorriest fancies your companion making,
  Using  those thoughts  which  should indeed have
    '    died
  With them toey think on.               Shaksp.
    If any sovereignty, on account of his property,
  had been vested  in Adam, which in  truth  there
  was not," it would have died with him.      Locke.
    Whatever pleasure any man may take in spread-
  ing whispers, he will find  greater  satisfaction by
  letting  the secret die within his own breast.
                                     Spectator.
8. To sink; to faint.
    His heart died within him;  and he became as a
  stone.                               1 Samuel.
9. [In theology.] To perish everlastingly.
    So long as God shall live, so long shall the damn-
  ed die.                  Hakewill on  Providence.
10.  To languish with pleasure or tender-
  ness.
    To sounds of heav'nly harps she dies away,
  And melts in visions of eternal day.         Pope.
11.  To vanish.
    This battle fares like to the morning's war,
  When dying clouds contend with growing light.
                                    Shakspeare.
    The smaller stains and  blemishes may die away
  and disappear, amidst the brightness that surrounds
  them;  but a blot of a deeper  nature casts a shade
  on all  the other beauties,  and darkens the whole
  character.                   Addison's Spectator.

12.  [In  the style of lovers.] To languish
  with affection.
    The  young men acknowledged,  in  love-letters,
  toat they died for Rebecca.               Tatler.
13.   To wither, as a vegetable.
    Except  a corn  of wheat fall  into the  ground,
  and die, it abideth alone; but if  it die, it  bringeth
  forth much fruit.                         John.
 14. To grow vapid, as liquor.
 Die, di. to. s. pi. D1CE dise.  [de,  Fr. dis,
    Welsh.]
 1.  A small cube marked  on its faces with
   numbers from one  to six, which game-
   sters throw in play.
     Keep a gamester  from the  dice, and a good  stu-
  dent from his book, and it is wonderful.     Shak.
         I have set my life upon a cast,
  And I will stand the hazard of the die.    Shaksp.
     He knows which way  the  lot and the die shall
  fall, as perfectly as if they were already cast.
                                         South.
 2. Hazard; chance.
     Eftsoons his cruel hand sir  Guyon staid,
  Temp'ring the passion with advisement slow,
     Andmust'ring might on enemy dismay'd;
  For th' equal die of war  he well did know.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     So both to battle fierce arranged are;
  In which his harder fortune was to fall
     Under my spear: such  is the  die of war.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     Thine is to' adventure, thine the victory;
  Well  has  thy fortune turn'd the die for thee.
                                       Dryden.
3. Any cubic body.
     Young creatures have learned spelling of words
  by having  them  pasted upon  little flat tablets or
  dice.  ^                                Watts.
Die, di. to. s. plur. dies, dize.  The  stamp
  used in  coinage.
     Such variety of  dies  made  use of by Wood in
  stamping his money, makes the discovery of coun-
  terfeits more difficult.                    Swift.
Di'er, di'iir.98 to. s.- [from die]  One who
  follows the trade of dying; one who dies
  clothes.
    The fleece, that has been by the dier stain'd,
  Never again its native whiteness  gain'd.    Waller.
    There were some of very low rank and  profes-
  sions who acquired great estates; coblers, diers,
  and shoemakers gave public shows to the people.
                                    Arbuthnot.
DI'ET, di'£t. to.  s. [diceta, low Latin;  ha-
  trx.]
1. Food;  provisions  for  the mouth; vic-
  tuals.
    They cared for no other delicacy of fare,  or curi-
  osity of dief, than to maintain life.       Raleigh.
               Time may come, when men
  With angels may participate; and find
  No inconvenient dief, nor too light fare.   Milton.
    No part of dief, in any season, is so healthful, so
  natural, and so agreeable to the stomach, as good
  and well-ripened fruits.                 Temple.
    Milk appears to  be a proper dief for human bo-
  dies, where acrimony is to be  purged or avoided;
  but not where toe canals  are  obstructed, it being
  void of all saline quality.            Arbuthnot.
2. Food  regulated by the rules of  medi-
  cine, for the prevention or  cure of any
  disease.
    I commend rather some dief for certain seasons,
  than  frequent use of physick; for those diets alter
  the body more, and trouble it less.         Bacon.
    I restrained myself to so regular a dief, as to eat
  flesh but once a-day, and little at a time,  without
  salt or vinegar.                         Temple.
3. Allowance of provision.
     For his dief, there was a continual dief given him
  by the king.                          Jeremiah.
 To Di'et, di'et. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To feed by the rules of medicine.
     She diefs him wito fasting every day,
  The swelling of his wounds to mitigate,
  And made him pray both early and eke late.
                                  Fairy Queen
      Shew a while like fearful war,
  To dief rank minds sick of happiness; 
DIF
DIF
DIF
  And purge the obstructions which begin to stop
  Our very veins of life.                  Shaksp.
    He was not taken well, he had not din'd:
  The veins unfill'd, our blood is cold; and then
  We powt upon the morning, are unapt
  To give or to forgive; but when we've stuff'd
  These pipes, and these conveyances of blood,
  With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls
  Than in our priestlike fasts; therefore I'll watch
        him
  Till he be dieted to my request.          Shaksp.
    I will attend my husband, be his nurse,
  Diet his sickness; for it is my office.      Shaksp.
                 Henceforth my early care
  Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease;
  Till, dieted  by thee, I grow mature
  In knowledge as the gods, who all things know.
                                       JWiffon.
    We have  lived upon expedients, of which no
  country had  less occasion:  we have dieted a heal-
  thy botly into a consumption, by plying it with phy-
  sick instead  of food.                     Swift.
2. To give food  to.
    I'm partly led to dief my  revenge,
  For that I do suspect the lusty Moor
  Hath leapt into my seat.                Shaksp.
3. To board; to supply with diet.
To Di'et, di'et. v. to.
1. To eat by rules of physick.
2. To eat; to feed.
    I join with thee calm peace and quiet:
  Spare fast, that oft the gods doth dief.     Milton.
Di'et-drink, di'et-drink. to.  s.  [diet and
   drink.] Medicated liquors; drink brew-
   ed with medicinal ingredients.
    The  observation  will do toat  better than the
  lady's diet-drinks, or apothecary's  medicines.
                                        Locke.
Di'et, di'et. to. s. [from dies, an appointed
   day,  Skinner; from  diet,  an  old Ger-
   man word signifying a  multitude, Ju-
   nius]   An assembly of princes or es-
   tates.
    An emperour in title without territory, who can
  ordain nothing of  importance but by a dief,  or as-
  sembly of the estates of many free princes, ecclesi-
  astical and temporal.                  Raleigh.
Di'etary,  di'et-a-re.  adj.   [from diet/\
   Pertaining to the rules of diet.     Diet.
Di'eter, di'et-tur.98 to.  s.  [from  diet]
   One who  prescribes rules for eating;
   one  who  prepares food by  medicinal
   rules.
    He saue'd our broth as Juno had been sick,
  And  he her dieter.                     Shaksp.
Diete'tical, di-e-tet'e-kal.  >  adj. [hxt-
Diete'tick,  di-e-tet'ik.   5 T*>rex.v>/] Re-
   lating  to  diet; belonging to the medici-
   nal  cautions about the  use of  food.
    He received no  other  counsel  than to refrain
  from cold drink, which was  but a diefeficaf caution,
  and such as culinary prescription  might have af-
  forded.                               Broion.
    This book of Cheyne's  became the subject  of
  conversation, and  produced even sects in the diefef-
  ick philosophy.                       Arbuthnot.
To DI'FFER, dif'fiir. v. to. [differo, Lat.]
1. To be distinguished  from;  to have pro-
   perties and qualities  not the same  with
   those of another person or thing.
    If the pipe be a little wet on toe inside, it will
  make a differing sound from toe same pipe dry.
                                       Bacon.
    Thy prejudices, Syphax,  won't discern
  What virtues grow from ignorance and choice,
  Nor how toe hero differs from the brute.
                                Addison's Cato.
    The several parts  of toe same  animal differ  in
  their qualities.                      Arbuthnot.
2. To contend; to be at variance.
    A man of judgment shall sometimes hear ignorant
  men differ, and know  well within himself that those
  which to differ mean one thing, and yet they them-
  selves never agree.                      Bacon.
    Here uncontroll'd you may in judgment sit;
  We'll never differ with a crowded pit.      Rowe-
8. To be of a contrary opinion.
    In things purely speculative, as these are, and
  no ingredients of our faith, it is  free to differ from
  one another in our opinions and  sentiments.
                                       Burnet.
    There are certain  measures to  be kept, which
  may leave a tendency rather to gain than to  irritate
  those who differ with you in their sentiments.
                                      Addison.
    Others differ  with me about the truth and reali-
  ty of these speculations.                Cheyne.
Difference, dif'fur-ense.665 to. s. [diffe-
   rentia, Lat.]
1. State of being distinct from something;
   contrariety lo  identity.
    Where the faith of the holy church is one, a dif-
  ference between  customs of the  church doth no
  harm.                               Hooker.
2. The quality by which one  differs  from
   another.
    This nobility,  or  difference  from the  vulgar,
  was not in  the beginning given  to the succession
  of blood, but to the succession of virtue. Raleigh.
    Thus, born alike, from virtue first began
  The diff'rence that distinguish'd man from man:
  He claim'd no title from descent of blood;
    But that which made him noble, made him good.
                                      Dryden.
    Though it be useful to discern every variety that
  is to be found in nature, yet it is not convenient to
  consider eveiy difference toat is in things, and di-
  vide them into distinct classes under  every such
  difference.                             Locke.
3. The disproportion  between  one  thing
   and  another, caused  by the qualities of
   each.
    You shall see great difference betwixt our Bohe-
  mia and your Sicilia.                   Shaksp.
    Oh  the strange difference of man and man!
  To thee a woman's services are due;
  My soul usurps my body.                Shaksp.
    Here  might  be seen a great difference between
  men practised to fight, and men accustomed only
  to spoil.                             Hayward.
4. Dispute; debate; quarrel; controversy.
    What was the  difference?----It was  a conten-
  tion in public.                          Shaksp.
    He is weary of his life, that hato a  difference
  with any of toem, and will walk abroad after day-
  light.                                 Sandys.
    Nothing could have fallen out more unluckily
  than that  there should be  such differences  among
  them about that which they pretend to be the only
  means of ending differences.             Tillotson.
5. Distinction.
    Our constitution does not only make a difference
  between the guilty and  the  innocent,  but,  even
  among the guilty, between such  as are more or
  less criminal.                         Addison.
6. Point  in question;  ground of contro-
   versy.
    Are you acquainted with the difference
  That holds this present  question in the  court?
                                       Shaksp.
7. A logical distinction.
    Some are never without a difference;  and com-
  monly, by amusing men wito a  subtilty,  blanch
  the matter.                            Bacon.
8. Evidences of distinction;   differential
   marks.
    Henry had toe title of sovereign, yet did  not put
  those things in execution, which are the  true marks
  and differences of sovereignty.             Davies.
9. Distinct kind.
    This is notoriously known iu some differences ot
  brake or fern.                          Brown.
To  Difference,   dlf'fijr-ense.   ;.  a.
   [from the noun.] To cause a difference;
   to  make  one thing not  the same as an-
   other.
    Most are  apt to  seek all the differences of let-
  ters in those articulating motions;  whereas several
  combinations of letters are framed  by  the very
  same motions of those organs which are commonly
  observed, and are differenced by other concurrent
  causes.                                Holder.
    Grass differenceth a civil and  well cultivated
  region from a  barren and  desolate wilderness.
                                          Ray.
    We see nothing  that differences toe courage of
  Mnestheus from that of Sergesthus.        Pope.

Di'fferent, dif'fur-ent. adj.   [from  dif-
  fer.]
I. Distinct; not the same.
    There  are covered galleries that lead from the
  palace to five different churches.        Addison.
2. Of contrary qualities.
                    The Britons change
  Sweet native home  for unaccustom'd air,
  And other climes, where diff'rent food and soil
  Portend distempers.                     Philips.
3. Unlike;  dissimilar.
    Neither the  shape of faces, nor  the age, nor
  the colour,  ought  to be alike  in  all  figures, any
  more  than the  hair; because men are as different
  from each  other, as the regions in which they are
  born are different.                      Dryden.
    Happiness consists in things which produce plea-
  sure, and in toe absence of those which cause any
  pain:  now these, to different men are very different
  things.                                Locke.
Differential  Method,  dif-fur-en'shal,
   is  applied to the doctrine  of  infinitesi-
   mals, or infinitely small quantities, cal-
   led the arithmetick of fluxions.  It  con-
   sists in descending  from whole quanti-
   ties to  their infinitely small differences,
   and  comparing together these  infinite-
   ly small  differences, of what kind so-
   ever they be:  and from  thence it takes
   the  name  of  the differential  calculus,
   or analysis of infinitesimals.     Harris.

Di'fferently, dif'fur-ent-le.  adv.  [from
   different.]  In a different manner.
    He may consider how differently he is affected
  by the same toought, which  presents itself  in a
  great writer, from  what he  is when he finds it de-
  livered by an ordinary genius.            Addison.

Di'fferingly, dif'filr-ing-le. adv.  [from
   differing.] In  a different manner.
    Such protuberant and concave parts  of  a surface
  may remit the light so differingly, as to vary a co-
  tow-                                   Boyle.
DI'FFICIL,   dif'fe-sil.   adj.   [difficilis,
   Latin.]
1.  Difficult; hard; not easy; not  obvious.
   Little used.
    That  that should give motion  to an  unwieldy
  bulk,  which itself  hath neither bulk  nor motion,
  is of  as diffwil apprehension as any mystery in na-
  ture-                                Gfanviffe.
             Latin was not more difficil,
  Than to a blackbird 'tis to whistle.      Hudibras*
2. Scrupulous; hard to  be persuaded.
    The cardinal finding the pope difficil in granting
  the dispensation, doth  use  it as a principal  argu-
  ment, concerning  the king's  merit, that he  had
  touched none of those deniers  which had  been le-
  vied by popes in England.               Bacon
Di'fficilness,  dif'fe-sll-nes. to. s.  [from
   difficil.]  Difficulty to be persuaded; in- 
DIF
DIF
DIF
   compliance; impracticability.   A word
   not in use,  but proper.
    There be that in their nature do not affect the
  good of others: the lighter sort of malignity turn-
  eth but to a crossness, or frowardness, or aptness
  to oppose, or difficilness, or the like; but the deeper
  sort, to envy or mere mischief.           Bacon.
D1T1TCULT,   dif'fe-kult. adj.   [from
   difficilis, Latin.]
 1. Hard; not easy;  not facil.
    It is difficult in  the eyes  of this people.
                                    Zachariah.
2. Troublesome; vexatious.
3. Hard to please; peevish; morose.
Difficultly,  dif'fe-kult-le. adv. [from
   difficult.]   Hardly;  with difficulty; not
   easily.
    A man who has always indulged himself in the
  full enjoyment of his station, will difficultly be per-
  suaded to think any methods unjust  that offer to
  continue it.                           Rogers.
Difficulty, dif'fe-kfll-te. to. s. [from dif-
  ficult; difficulty, Fr.]
 I. Hardness;  contrariety to easiness or fa-
   cility.
    The religion which, by this covenant, we engage
  ourselves to observe, is a work of labour and diffi-
  culty; a service that requires our greatest care and
  attention.                            Rogers.

2. That which is hard to accomplish; that
   which is not easy.
    They mistake difficulties for impossibilities: a per-
  nicious mistake certainly; and toe more pernicious,
  for that men are seldom convinced of it,  till their
  convictions do them no good.             South.
3. Distress; opposition.
    Thus, by degrees, he rose to Jove's imperial seat;
  Thus difficulties prove a soul legitimately great.
                                      Dryden.
4. Perplexity in affairs; uneasiness of cir-
   cumstances.
    They lie under some difficulties by reason of the
  emperor's displeasure, who has forbidden their ma-
  nufactures.                           Addison.
5. Objection; cavil.
    Men should consider, toat raising difficulties con-
  cerning the mysteries in religion, cannot make them
  more wise, learned, or virtuous.           Swiff.
 To DIFFI'DE,  dif-fide'.  v.  to.  [diffido,
   Lat.] To distrust; to have no confidence
   in.
                With hope  and fear
  The woman did the new solution hear;
  The man diffides in his own augury,
  And doubts toe gods.                   Dryden.
Di'ffidence, dif'fe-dense. «. s. [from dif-
  ftde]
 1. Distrust;  want of confidence in  others.
    No man  almost toought himself secure, and men
  durst scarce commune or talk one with another: but
  there was a general diffidence every where. Bacon.
            You have brought scandal
  To Israel, diffidence of God,  and doubt
  In feeble hearts, prepense enough before
  To waver.                            Milton.
2. Doubt; want of confidence in ourselves.
    If the evidence of its being, or toat this is its true
  sense, be only on  probable proofs, our assent can
  reach no higher than an assurance or diffidence ari-
  sing from the more or less apparent probability of
  the proofs.                             Loeke-
    Be silent always when you doubt your sense;
  4nd speak, though sure, with seeming diffidence.
                                        Pope.
    Whatsoever atheists think on, or whatsoever they
  look on, all do administer some reasons for suspicion
  and  diffidence, lest possibly they may be in  the
  wrong; and then it is a fearful thing to fall into the
  hands of  the living  God.                Bentley.
Di'ffioent,  dif'fe-dent. adj.  [from  dif-
  fide.]
I. Distrustful; doubting others.
                       Be not diffident
  Of wisdom; she deserts thee not, if thou
  Dismiss not  her, when most thou need'st her nigh.
                                      Milton.
    Pliny speaks of the Seres, toe same people with
  the Chinese, as being very shy and diffident in their
  manner of dealing.                 Arbuthnot.
2. Doubtful of  an event, used of things;
   uncertain.
    I was really so diffident of it, as to let it lie by me
  these two years, just as you now see  it.      Pope.
3. Doubtful of himself; not confident.
    I am not so  confident of my  own  sufficiency, as
  not willingly to admit the counsel of others; but yet
  I am not so diffident of myself,  as brutishly to sub-
  mit to any man's dictates.          King Charles.
    Distress makes the humble heart  diffident.
                                      Clarissa.
To DIFFI'ND, dif-find'.  v.  a  [diffindo,
   Lat.] To cleave in two; to split.   Diet.
Diffi'ssion,  dif-fish'un.   n.  s. [diffissio,
   Lat.]  The act of  cleaving or splitting.
                                        Diet.
Diffla'tion, dif-fla'shiin.  to.  s.  [difflare,
   Lat.] The  act of scattering with a blast
   of wind.                             Diet.
Di'ffluence, dif'flu-ense.  } «. s.  [from
Di'ffluency, dif'flu-en-se. y diffluo,L.at]
   The quality of falling away on all sides;
   the  effect  of  fluidity;  the  contrary  to
   consistency.
    Ice  is water congealed by the frigidity of the air,
  whereby it acquireth no new form, but rather a con-
  sistence or  determination of  its diffluency;  and
  omitteth not its essence, but condition of fluidity.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Di'ffluent, difflu-ent.818 adj. [diffiuens,
   Lat.] Flowing every way;  not  consist-
   ent;  not fixed.
DPFFORM, dif form. adj. [from forma,
   Lat.] Contrary lo uniform; having parts
   of different  structure;  dissimilar; un-
   like; irregular: as, a difform flower, one
   of which the leaves are unlike  each
   other.
    The unequal refractions of difform rays proceed
  not from any contingent irregularities; such as are
  veins, an uneven polish, or fortuitous position of the
  pores of glass.                       Newton.
Diffo'rmity,  dif-for'me-te.  n. s.  [from
   difform.] Diversity of form; irregulari-
   ty; dissimilitude.
    While they murmur against the present disposure
  of things, they desire  in them a diffbrmity from the
  primitive  rule, and the idea of that mind that form-
  ed all  things best.                      Brown.
Diffra'nchisement,  dif-fran'tshiz-mdnt.
   to. s. [franchise, Fr.J The act of taking
   away the privileges  of  a city.
To DIFFU'SE, dif-fuze'.  v. a. [diffusus,
   Lat.]
I. To  pour out upon a plane,  so  that the
   liquor may run every way; to pour with-
   out particular direction.
    When these waters began to rise at first, long be-
  fore toey could swell to the height of the mountains,
  they would diffuse themselves every way.   Burnet.
2. To spread; to scatter; to disperse.
                   Wisdom had ordain'd
  Good out  of evil to create; instead
  Of spirits malign, a better race to bring
  Into their vacant room, and thence diffuse
  His good to  worlds, and ages, infinite.     JVfiffon.
    No sect wants its apostles to propagate anddif-
 fuse it.                        Decay of Piety.
            A chief renown'd in war,
  Whose race shall bear aloft the Latian name,
  And through the conquer'd world diffuse our fame.
                                     Dryden
    His eyes diffus'd a venerable grace,
  And charity itself  was in his face.       Dryden
Diffu'se, dlf-luse'. adj. [diffusus, Lat.]
I. Scattered; widely spread.
2  Copious; not concise.
;)iFFu'sEn,  dif-fuzd'.169  participial adj.
   [from  diffuse]  This word seems to
   have signified, in Shakspeare's time, the
   same as wild, uncouth, irregular.
    Let them from forth a sawpit rush at once,
  With some diffused song.            Shakspeare,
        He grows like savages,
  To swearing and stern looks, diffus'd attire,
  And eveiy thing that seems unnatural.    Shaksp.
Diffu'sedly,  dif-fu'z£d-le 364 adv. [from
   diffused.]  Widely; dispersedly; in man-
   ner of  that which  is spread every way.
Diffu'sedness,  dif-fu'zed-n£s.366  «.  s.
   [from diffused.] The state of being dif-
   fused; dispersion.
Diffu'sely, dlf-fuse'le. adv. [from dif-
  fuse.]
I. Widely; extensively.
2. Copiously; not concisely.
Diffu'sion, dif  fu'zhun. to. a. [from  dif-
  fuse.]
I. Dispersion;  the state of being scattered
   everv way.
    Whereas all bodies act either by the communica-
  tion o> their natures, or  by the impressions and sig-
  natures of their motions, the  diffusion of species
  visible seemeth  to participate  more of the former
  operation, and the  species audible of the latter.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
    A sheet of very well  sleeked marbled paper did
  not cast distinct colours  upon the wall, nor throw its
  light with an equal diffusion; but threw its beams,
  unstained and bright, to this and that part of the
  wall.                        Boyle on Colours.
2. Copiousness;  exuberance of style.
Diffu'sive, dif-fu'siv.433 adj. [from dif-
  fuse.]
1. Having the quality  of scattering any
   thing every  way.
    Diffusive of themselves, where'er they pass
  They make that warmth in others they expect:
    Their valour works like bodies on a glass,
  And does its image on their men project. Dryden.
2. Scattered; dispersed; having the quali-
   ty of  suffering diffusion.
    All liquid bodies are diffusive; for their parts, be-
  ing in motion, have no connexion, but glide and fall
  off any way.                          Burnef.
    No man is of so general and diffusive a lust, as
  to prosecute his amours  all toe world over.  South.
    The stars, no longer overlaid with weight,
  Exert their heads from underneath the mass,
  And upward shoot, and  kindle as they pass,
  And wito diffusive  light adorn their heav'nly place.
                                      Dryden.
    Cherish'd with hope,  and fed with joy it grows;
  Its cheerful buds their opening bloom -disclose,
  And  round the happy soil diffusive odour flows.
                                       Prior.
3. Extended.
    They are not agreed among themselves where in-
  fallibility is seated; whether in the pope alone, or a
  council alone, or in both together, or in the diffu-
  sive body  of christians.                Tillotson.

Diffu'sively,  dif-fu'siv-le.  adv.   [from
   diffusive.]  Widely; extensively;  every
   way. 
DIG
DIG
DI  G
Diffu'siveness, dif-fu'siv-nes. n.a. [from
   diffusive.]
1. Extension; dispersion; the power of dif-
   fusing;  the state of being  diffused.
2. Want of  conciseness; large compass of
   expression.
    The fault  that I find with a modern legend, is its
  diffusiveness: you have sometimes the whole side of
  a medal over-run with it.              Addison.
To DIG,  dig.  v a. pret.  dug, or digged;
   part. pass, dug, or digged,  [bic, Sax. a
   ditch; dyger,  Danish, to dig.]
1. To pierce with  a spade.
    Then said he unto me, Son of man, dig now in
   the wall;  and when I had digged in the wall, I be-
   held a door.                          Ezekiel.
8. To form by digging.
    Seek with heart and mouth to build up the walls
   of Jerusalem, which you have broken down,  and to
   fill up the mines that you have digged by craft and
  subtlety, to overthrow the same.         Whitgift.
    He built towers in the desert, and digged many
   wells, for he had much cattle.        2 Chronicles.
3. To cultivate  the ground  by turning it
   with a  spade.
    The walks of your garden, without their furni-
   ture, look as ill as those of your house; so toat you
   cannot dig up your garden too often.      Temple.
     Be first to dig the ground, be first to burn
   The branches lopt.  "                 Dryden.
4. To pierce with a sharp point.
     A rav'nous vulture in his open side
   Her crooked beak and cruel talons tried;
   Still for the growing liver digg'd his breast,
   The growing liver still supplied the feast.  Dryden.
5. To gain  by digging.
    It is digged out of even the highest mountains,
   and all parts of toe earth contingently;  as the py-
   rites.                             Woodward.
    Nor was the  ground alone requir'd to bear
   Her annual income to toe crooked share;
   But greedy mortals,  rummaging her store,
   Digg'd from her entrails tost the precious ore.
                                Dryden's Ovid.
 To Dig,  dig.  v. n. To work with a spade;
   to work in making holes, or turning the
    ground.
     They long for death, but it cometh not; and dig
   for it more  than for hid treasures.            Job.
     The Italians have often dug into lands, described
 -. in old authors  as the places where statues or obe-
   lisks stood,  and seldom failed of success.  Addison.
 To Dig up, dig dp.  v. a.  To  throw up
   that which  is covered  with earth.
     If I digg'd up toy forefathers' graves,
   And hung their rotten coffins up in chains,
   It would  not slake mine ire.         Shakspeare.
 Di'gamy, dig'ga-me. to. 8. [hyx^lx.]  Se-
   cond  marriage; marriage to a  second
   wife after the death of the first: as  biga-
   my, having two wives at once.
     Dr. Champny only proves, that archbishop Cran-
   mer was  twice married; which is not denied: but
   brings nothing to prove toat such bigamy, or  digamy
   rather, deprives a bishop of toe  lawful  use of his
   power of ordaining.              Bishop Feme.
 Di'gerent,  de'je-rent.   adj.  [digerens,
    Lat.]  That has the power of digesting,
    or causing digestion.              Diet.

 Di'gest, di'jest.*" n. a.  [digesta, Latin.]
    The pandect of the civil law, containing
    the opinions of the ancient lawyers.
      I had  a  purpose  to make a particular  digest, or
   reconcilement to the laws of mine own nation.
                                        Bacon.
      Laws  in the digest shew that the Romans  applied
   themselves to  trade.         Arbuthnot on Coins.
To  DIGE'ST,  de-jest'.124 v. a. [digero,
  digeatum, Lat.]
1. To distribute into various classes or re-
  positories; to range or dispose methodi-
  cally.
  To concoct  in  the stomach, so as that
  the various particles of food may be ap-
  plied to their proper use.
    If little faults, proceeding on distemper,
  Shall not be wink'd at, how shall we stretch our eye,
  When  capital crimes chew'd, swallow'd, and digesf-
      '  ed,
  Appear?                  Shakspeare's Henry V.
    Each then has organs to digest his food;
  One to beget, and one receive, the brood.    Prior.
3. To soften by heat, as in a boiler, or in a
  dunghill: a chymical  term.
4. To range methodically in the mind; to
  apply  knowledge by  meditation to its
  proper use.
    Chosen friends, with sense refin'd,
  Learning digested well.               Thomson.
  To reduce to any plan, scheme, or me-
  thod.
                  Our play
  Leaps o'er the vaunt and firstlings of those broils,
  'Ginning i' to' middle: starting thence away
  To what may be digested in  a play.   Shakspeare.
  . To receive  without loathing or repug-
  nance; not to reject.
             First, let us go to dinner.
  —Nay, let me praise you while I have a stomach,
  —No, pray thee, let it serve for table-talk;
  Then, howsoe'er thou speak'st, 'mongst other things
  I shall digest it.                   Shakspeare.
    The pleasance of numbers is, that rudeness and
  barbarism might be the better  taste and digest the
  lessons of civility.                    Peacham.
  . To receive  and enjoy.
              Cornwal and Albany,
  With my two daughters' dowers, digest the third.
                                   Shakspeare.
8. [In chirurgery.] To dispose a wound to
   generate pus in order to a cure.
 To Dige'st, de-jest', v. to.  To generate
   matter, as a  wound, and tend to a cure.
Dige'ster, de-jes'tur. to. s. [from digeat]
   He that digests or disposes.
   He  that digests or concocts his food.
    People toat are bilious and fat, rather than lean,
  are great eaters and ill digesters.       Arbuthnot.
   A strong vessel or  engine, contrived
   by M. Papin,  wherein  to boil, with  a
   very strong  heat, any  bony substances so
   as to reduce them into a fluid state.
                                     Quincy.
 4. That  which causes or strengthens the
   concoctive  power.
    Rice is  of excellent  use for all illnesses of the
  stomach, a great restorer of health, and a great di-
  gester.                               Temple.
 Dige'stible,  de-jes'te-bl.  adj. [from di-
   geat.] Capable of being digested or con-
   cocted.
     Those medicines that purge by stool are, at the
  first,  not digestible by the  stomach, and therefore
   move immediately downwards to the guts.  Bacon
 Dige'stion, de-jes'tshun. to. a. [from di-
   gest]
    The act of  digesting or concocting food
    in the stomach.
     Now good digesfion wait on appetite,
   And  health on  both.                 Shakspeare.
     Digestion is  a fermentation begun, because there
   are all  the requisites of such a fermentation; heat,
   air, and motion: but it  is not a complete fermenta-
  tion, because that requires a greater time than the
  continuance of the aliment in toe stomach: vegeta-
  ble putrefaction resembles very much animal dig-es-
  tion.                    Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    Quantity of food cannot be determined by mea-
  sures and weights, or any general Lessian rules; but
  must vary with the vigour  or decays  of age or of
  health, and the use or disuse of air or of exercise,
  with the changes of appetite; and then, by what
  every man may  find or  suspect of the present
  strength or weakness  of digestion.         Tempfe.
    Every morsel to a  satisfied hunger, is only a new
  labour to a tired digestion.                South.
2. The preparation of matter by a chymi-
   cal heat.
    We conceive, indeed,  that a perfect good con-
  coction, or digestion, or maturation of some metals,
  will produce gold.             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Did chymick chance the furnaces prepare,
  Raise all the labour-houses of the air,
  And lay crude vapours in digestion there ? Blackmore.
3. Reduction to a plan; the act of method-
   ising; the  maturation of a design.
    The digestion of toe counsels in Sweden is made
  in senate, consisting of forty counsellors,  who are
  generally the greatest men.             Temple.
4. The act of disposing a wound to gene-
   rate matter.
5. The disposition of a wound or sore  to
   generate matter.
    The first  stage of healing, or the discharge of
  matter, is by surgeons called digestion.     Sharp.
Dige'stive, de-jes'tlv. adj. [from dige8t.]
1. Having  the  power to cause digestion,
   or to strengthen the stomach.
    A chillifactory menstruum, or a digestive prepa-
  ration, drawn from species  or individuals, whose sto-
  machs peculiarly dissolve lapideous bodies. Broivn.
2. Capable by heat to soften and subdue.
    The earth  and sun were in  that very state; the
  one active, piercing, and digestive, by its heat; the
  other passive, receptive, and stored with materials
  for such a production.                    Hale.
   Methodising; adjusting.
    To business ripen'd by digesfifle thought,
  This future rule is into method brought.   Dryden.

Dige'stive, de-jes'tiv. to. a. [from digeat.]
   An application  which disposes a wound
   to generate matter.
    I dressed it with digestives.           Wiseman.
Dige'sture, de-jes'tshure. to. a.  Concoc-
   tion.  Not  used.
    Neither tie yourself always to  eat meats of easy
   digesture; such as veal, sweetbreads.       Harvey.
Di'gger, dig'gflr.98 re. s. [from dig]  One
   that opens the ground with a spade.
     When we visited mines,  we have been told by
   diggers, that even when the sky seemed clear, there
   would suddenly arise a steam so thick, toat it would
   put out their candles.                    Boyle.
 To Dight,  dite.39* v. a. [bihean, to pre-
   pare, to regulate, Sax.]
 1. To dress; to deck; to  bedeck;  to em-
   bellish; to adorn.   It  seems always to
   signify the past: the participle  passive
   is dight, as dighted in Hudibraa is per-
    haps improper.
     Let my due feet never  fail
   To walk the studious cloisters pale;
   And love the high embowered roof,
   With antick pillar,  massy proof;
   And storied windows richly dight,
   Casting a dim religious light.            Milton.
     Just so the proud insulting lass
   Array'd and dighted Hudibras.         Hudibras.
   , To put on.
      On his head his dreadful hat he diglu,
   Which maketh him invisible to sight. Hubb. Tale 
DIG
DIL
DIL
 Di'git, dld'jit. to. s. [digitus, Lat.j
 I. The measure of length containing three
   fourths of an inch.
     If the  inverted tube of mercury be but twenty-
  five digits high, or somewhat more, the quick-silver
  will not fall, but remain suspended in the tube, be-
  cause it cannot press the subjacent mercury with so
  great a force as doth the incumbent cylinder of the
  air, reaching thence to the top of toe atmosphere.
                                       Boyle.
 2. The twelfth part of the diameter of the
   sun or moon.
 3. Any of the numbers expressed by single
   figures;  any  number to ten: so called
   from counting upon the fingers.
     Not only the numbers seven and nine, from con-
  siderations  abstruse, have been extolled  by  most,
  but all or most of other digits have been as mysti-
  cally applauded.                       Brown.
 Di'gitated, did'je-ta-ted. adj.  [from di-
   gitus, Lat.] Branched out into divisions
   like fingers: as a digitated leaf is a leaf
   composed of  many small leaves.
     For animals multifidous, or such as are digitated,
  or have several divisions in toeir feet, there are but
  two  that are uniparous;  toat is, men  and ele-
  phants.                    Brown's Vulg. Err.
 Digladia'tion, di-gla-de-a'shiin.1*6 to. s.
   [digladiatio,  Lat.]   A  combat  with
   swords;  any quarrel or contest.
     Aristotle seems purposely to intend the cherishing
  of controversial digladiations, by his own  affection
  of an intricate obscurity.             Gfanwffe.
 Di'gnified, dlg'ne-fide.382  adj.   [from
   dignify.] Invested  with some dignity:
   it is used chiefly of the  clergy.
    Abbots are stiled dignified clerks, as having some
  dignity in the church.                   Ayliffe.
 Dignifica'tion,  dlg-ne fe-ka'shun. to.  s.
   [from dignify]   Exaltation.
    I grant toat where a noble and ancient descent
  and merit meet in any man, it is a double dignifica-
  Hon of that person.                     Walton.
 To  DI'GNIFY,  dig'ne-fi.183 v. a.  [from
   dignua andfacio, Latin.]
 I. To advance;  to prefer;  to exalt. Used
   chiefly ofthe clergy.
 2. To honour; to  adorn; to give lustre to;
   to improve by some adventitious excel-
   lence, or honourable distinction.
                   Such a day,
  9o fought, so follow'd, and so fairly won,
  Came not till now to dignify the times
  Since Caesar's fortunes!                 Shaksp.
    Not toat  we think us worthy such a guest,
  But that your worth will dignify our feast.
                                   Ben Jonson.
           No turbots dignify my boards;
  But gudgeons, flounders, what my Thames affords.
                                        Pope.
 Di'gnitary, dig'ne-ta-re. to. a. [from  dig-
   nua, Lat.]  A  clergyman advanced to
   some dignity, to some  rank above  that
   of a parochial priest.
    If there be any dignitaries,  whose  preferments
  are perhaps not liable to  the accusation of super-
  fluity, they may be persons of superior merit.
                                       Swift.
Di'gnity, dlg'ne-te. re. a. [dignitaa, Lat.]
 1. Rank of elevation.
    Angels  are not any where spoken so highly of as
  our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and are not in
  dignity equal to him.                   Hooker.
2. Grandeur of mien;  elevation of aspect.
    Some men have a native  dignity, which will
  procure them more  regard by a look, than others
  can obtain by the most imperious commands.
                                     Clarissa.
3.  Advancement; preferment; high place
    Faster than spring-time show'rs comes thought on
           thought,
  And not a toought but thinks on dignity.   Shaksp.
                For those of old,
  And these late dignifies heap'd up to toem. Shaksp.

4.  [Among ecclesiasticks.]  By  a dignity
   we understand that  promotion or  pre-
   ferment to  which any jurisdiction is an-
   nexed.               Ayliffe's Parergon.
5.  Maxims;  general principles;   Kvpixi
   (Ja|<*/.
    The sciences concluding from dignifies, and prin-
  ciples known by themselves, receive not satisfaction
  from probable reasons, much less from bare asse-
  verations.                            Brown.
6.  [In astrology.]  The planet is in dig-
   nity when it is in any sign.

Digno'tion, dig-no'shun. n.  s. [from dig-
   nosco, Lat.]  Distinction;  distinguish-
   ing mark.
    That temperamental dignotions, and conjecture
  of prevalent humours, may be collected from spots
  in our nails, we are not averse to concede. Brown.

To DIG RE'SS, de-gres'.1*4 v.n. [digressus,
   Lat.]
1.  To turn aside out ofthe  road.
2. To depart from  the main design of a
   discourse, or  chief tenour of  an argu-
   ment.
    In the pursuit of an  argument there is hardly
  room to digress into a particular definition, as often
  as a man varies toe signification of any term.
                                       Locke.
3.  To wander; to expatiate.
    It seemeth (to digress  no farther) that the Tar-
  tarians, spreading so far, cannot be the Israelites.
                                   Brerewood.
4.  To go out of  the  right way, or  com-
   mon  track; to transgress; to deviate.
   Not in  use.
                I am come to keep my word,
  Though in some part am forced to digress,
  Which at more leisure I will so excuse
  As you shall be well satisfied.            Shaksp.
    Thy noble shape is but a form of wax,
  Digressing from the valour of a man.      Shaksp.
Digre'ssion, de-gr£sh'iin. ». a. [digressio,
   Lat.]
1.  A  passage deviating from  the mean
   tenour or design of a discourse.
    The good man thought so much of his late con-
  ceived commonwealth, that all other matters were
  but digressions  to him.                  Sidney.
          He, she knew, would intermix
  Grateful digressions, and solve high dispute
  With conjugal  caressess.                Milton.
    Here some digression I must make, t' accuse
  Thee, my forgetful and ungrateful muse. Denham.
    To content and fill toe eye of the understanding,
  the best authors sprinkle their works wito pleasing
  digressions, with which toey recreate the minds of
  toeir readers.                        Diyden.
2.  Deviation.
    The digression ofthe sun is not equal; but, near
  the equinoctial intersections, it is right and greater;
  near toe solstices more oblique and lesser.  Brown.
DuunicA'TioN,  di-ju-de-ka'shiln.-25 to. *.
  [dijudicatio, Lat.]  Judicial distinction.
Dike, dike. to. «. [bic, Saxon; dyk, Erse.]
I. A channel to receive water.
    The dykes are fill'd, and with a roaring sound
  The rising rivers float the nether ground.  Dryden.
    The king of dykes! than whom no sluice of mud
  With deeper sable blots the silver flood.     Pope.
2.  A mound to hinder inundations.
    God, that breaks up the flood-gates, of so grea<
  a deluge, and all tbe art and industry of man is not
  sufficient to raise up dukes and ramparts against it.
                  r  J                 Cowley.
 To  DILA'CERATE,   de-las'se-rate."4
   v. a. [dilacero, Lat.] To tear;  to  rend;
   to force in two.
    The infant at the accomplished period, struggling
  to come forth, dilacerates and  breaks  those parts
  which restrained him before.             Brown.
Dilacera'tion, de-las-se-ra'shun.  to.  a.
   [from  dilaceratio,  Lat.]   The  act  of
   rending in two.
    The greatest sensation of pain is by the obstruc-
  tion of the small vessels, and dilaceration  of the
  nervous fibres.                       Arbuthnot.
To Dila'niate, de-la'ne-ate.124 v. a. [di-
   lanio,  Lat.]  To tear; to rend in pieces.
    Rather than they would dilaniate the entrails  of
  their own  mother, and expose her  thereby to be
  ravished, they met half way in a gallant kind.
                                       Howel.
To DfLA'PIDATE, de-lap'e-date.  v.  n.
   [dilapido, Lat.]   To go to ruin; to fall
   by decay.
Dilapidation,  de-lap-e-da'shiln.124  to.  *.
   [dilapidatio,   Lat.]   The  incumbent's
   suffering  the  chancel,  or  any  other
   edifices of  his  ecclesiastical  living,  to
   go to  ruin or  decay,  by  neglecting  to
   repair  the  same:  and  it  likewise ex-
   tends to his committing, or suffering  to
   be  committed, any  wilful waste  in or
   upon the glebe-woods, or any other in-
   heritance of the church.
                        Ayliffe*8  Parergon.
    'Tis  the duty of all church-wardens to prevent
  the dilapidations of the chancel and mansion-house
  belonging to toe rector or vicar.          Ayliffe.
Dilatabi'lity,   de-la-ta-bil'e-te.  to.   *.
   [from  dilatable.]  The  quality of ad-
   mitting  extension.
    We take notice  of  the wonderful dilatability  or
  extensiveness of the gullets of serpents:  I have
  taken two adult mice out of the stomach of an ad-
  der, whose neck was not bigger  than my little fin-
  ger.                                    Ray.
    By  this  continual contractibility and difafafrifify,
  by different degrees of heat, the air is kept in a
  constant motion.                     Arbuthnot.
Dila'table, de-la'ta-bl.40s adj.  [from di-
   late.]   Capable of extension.
    The windpipe divides itself into a great number
  of branches, called bronchia: these end in small air
  bladders, dilatable  and contractible, capable to be
  inflated by the admission of air, and to subside  at
  the expulsion of it.                  Arbuthnot.
Dilata'tion, dll-la-ta'shin.*30 w. a. [from
   dilatatio, Lat.]
I. The  act  of  extending into  greater
   space: opposed to contraction.
    The motions of toe tongue, by contraction and
  dilatation, are so easy and so subtle, that you can
  hardly conceive or distinguish them aright. Holder.
2. The state of being extended; the state
  in which the parts are at more distance
   from each other.
    Joy causeth a cheerfulness and vigour  in the
  eyes: singing, leaping,  dancing, and  sometimes
  tears:  all these are toe effects of the dilatation, and
  coming forth of the spirits into the outward parts.
                                       Bacon.
    The image of the sun  should be drawn out into
  an oblong form, either by a dilatation  of every ray,
  or by any other casual inequality of the refractions.
                                     Newton. 
DIL
DI  L
DIM
 To DILA'TE,  de-late'.124  v. a. [dilato,
    Lat.]
 I. To extend;  to spread out; to enlarge:
    opposed to contract.
     But ye thereby much greater glory gate,
   Than had ye sorted with a prince's peer;
     For now your light doth more itself dilate,
   And in my darkness greater doth appear.  Spenser.
                   Satan al arm'd,
   Collecting all his might, dilated stood,
   Like Teneriff, or Atlas, unremov'd.       Milton.
                 Opener of mine eyes,
   Dim erst; dilated spirits, ampler heart,
   And growing up to godhead:  which for thee
   Chiefly I sought; without thee can despise. Milton.
     Through all the air his sounding strings dilate
   Sorrow, like that which touch'd our hearts of late.
                                       Waffer.
     Diffus'd, it rises in a higher sphere;
   Dilates its drops, and softens into air.      Prior.
     I mark the various fury ofthe winds;
   These neither seasons guide, nor order binds:
   They now difafe and now contract their force;
   Various their speed, but endless is their course.
                                       Prior.
     T/ie second refraction would spread toe rays one
   way as much as the first doth another, and so difafe
   toe image in breadth as much as  the first  doth in
   length.                              JVetofon.
 2. To relate at large; to tell diffusely and
    copiously.
     But he would not endure that woful tbeam
   For to dilate at large; but urged sore,
   With piercing words, and pitiful implore,
   Him hasty to arise.                Fairy Queen.
               I observing,
   Took once a pliant hour, and found good means
   To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart
   That I would all my pilgrimage dilate,
   Whereof by parcels  she had something heard,
   But not distinctly.                      Shaksp.
 To Dila'te, de-late'.  v.  to.
 1.  To widen; to grow wide.
     His heart difafes and glories in  his strength.
                                      Addison.
 2.  To speak largely and copiously.
     It may be behoveful for princes, in matters of
   grace, to transact the same publickiy, and by them-
   selves; or their ministers to difafe upon it, and  im-
   prove their lustre, by any addition or eloquence of
   speech.                           Clarendon.
 Dila'tor, de-la'tur.166 to. s.  [from dilate.]
   That which widens or extends.
     The buccinatores, or blowers up of toe cheeks,
   and  the dilators of the nose, are too strong in cho-
   lerick people.                      Arbuthnot.
 Di'latohiness, dil'la-tilr-e-nes. to.  s. [from
   dilatory]  The quality  of being dilatory;
   slowness; sluggishness.
DI'LATORY, dU'a-tilr-e.613  adj.  [dila-
   toirc, Fr. dilatoriua, Lat.]  Tardy; slow;
   given to  procrastination;  addicted to
   delay;  sluggish; loitering.
    An inferior council, after former tedious suits in
  a higher court, would be but dilatory, and so to little
  purpose.                           Hayward.
    What wound did ever heal but by degrees?
  Thou know'st we work by wit and not by witch-
        craft?
  And wit depends on dilatory time.         Shaksp.
    These cardinals trifle with  me;  I abhor
  This dilatory sloth and tricks  of Rome.     Shaksp.
           Dilatory fortune plays the jilt
  With the brave, noble, honest, gallant man,
  To throw herself away on fools and knaves.  Olway.
    A dilatory temper commits innumerable cruelties
  without design.                       Addison.
Dile'ction, de-lek'sh&n.12* n. s. [dileciio,
   Lat.]    The act of loving;  kindness.
    So free is Christ's diieefton, that toe grand con-
  dition of our felicity is our belief.          Boyle.
      VOL I.
Dile'mma, di-lem'ma.i19 to. *. [hxvwx.]
I. An  argument  equally  conclusive by
   contrary suppositions.   A young rhe-
   torician applied  to an old sophist to be
   taught the art  of pleading, and bargain-
   ed  for  a  certain  reward  to  be  paid,
   when  he  should gain  a  cause.   The
   master  sued  for nis reward,  and the
   scholar  endeavoured  to elude his claim
   by  a dilemma:  If I gain my cause, 1
   shall withhold  your  pay,  because the
   judge's award will be against you; if I
   lose it, I may withhold it,  because I
   shall not yet have gained a cause.  On
   the  contrary,  says  the master, if  you
   gain your cause, you  must pay me, be-
   cause you are  to  pay  me  when  you
   gain a cause;  if  you  lose it,  you  must
   pay me, because the  judge will award
   it.
    A dilemma, that Morton  used to raise benevo-
  lence, some called his fork,  and some his crutch.
                                       Bacon,
    Hope, whose weak being ruin'd is
  Alike if it succeed, and if it miss;
  Whom good or ill does equally confound,
  And both the horns of fate's dilemma wound.
                                      Cowley.
2. A difficult or  doubtful choice; a  vexa-
   tious alternative.
    A strong dilemma in a desp'rate case!
  To act with infamy, or quit the place.       Swift.
    A dire dilemma, either way I'm sped;
  If foes they write, if friends they read, me dead.
                                        Pope.
Di'ligence, dil'e-jense. to.  s.  [diligentia,
   Lat.]   Industry;  assiduity;  constancy
   in  business; continuance of endeavour;
   unintennitted application; the  contrary
   to  idleness.
    Do thy oifig-ence to come shortly unto me.
                                   2 Timothy.
    Brethren, give diligence to make your calling and
  election sure                          2 Pefer.
Di'LlGENT,  dil'e-jent.  adj. [diligens,
   Lat.]
1. Constant  in  application; persevering
  in endeavour;  assiduous; not idle;  not
  negligent; not lazy.
    Seest thou a man diligent in his business, he shall
  stand before kings.                   Proverbs.
2. Constantly  applied;  prosecuted  with
   activity and perseverance; assiduous.
    And the judges shall make diligent, inquisition.
                                 Deuteronomy.
Di'ligently, dil'e-jent-le.  adv.  [from
   diligent.]   With  assiduity;  with  heed
   and perseverance; not carelessly; not
  idly,  not negligently.
    If you inquire not attentively and diligently, you
  shall never be able to discern a  number of mecha-
  nical motions.                          Bacon.
    The ancients have diligently  examined  in what
  consists the beauty of good postures.      Dryden.
Dill, dil.  to. s.  [biie,  Sax.] An  herb,
  which hath  a  slender,  fibrose, annual
  root;  the leaves  are  like those of fen-
  nel;  the seeds are oval, plain, streaked,
  and bordered.
   Dill is raised of seed, which is ripe in August.
                                    Mortimer.
DfLU'CID, de-lu'sid.12* adj.  [dilucidus.
  Lat.]                          L
1. Clear;  not opaque.
                    3 Y
2.  Clear; plain;  not obscure.
 To   DiLu'cinATE,  de-lu'se-date.  v.  a.
   [from dilucidare, Lat.]  To make clear*
   or plain;  to explain;  to free  from  ob-
   scurity.
    I shall not extenuate, but explain and dilueidate,
  according to the custom of the ancients.    Brown.
DiLuomA'TiON,  c!e-lu-se-da'shfin.  to.  s.
   [from dilucidatio, Lat.] The act of mak-
   ing  clear;  explanation; exposition.
D FLUENT,   dll'lu-ent.  adj.   [diluens,
   Lat.]   Having the  power to  thin and
   attenuate other matter.
Di'luent, dll'lu-ent. to. s. [from  the  ad-
  jective.]   That  which thins  other mat-
  ter.
    There is no real difnenf but water; every fluid is
  diluent, as it contains water in it.       Arbuthnot.
To DILU'TE, de-lute'.124  v.  a.  [diluo,
  Lat.]
1. To make thin; to attenuate by the ad-
  mixture of other parts.
    Drinking a large dose of diluted tea, as she was
  ordered by a physician, she got to bed.     Locke.
    The aliment ought to be thin to difwfe, demulcent
  to temper, or acid to subdue.           Arbuthnot.
2. To make weak.
    The chamber was dark, lest these colours should
  be diluted and weakened by the mixture of any ad-
  ventitious light.                       .Afetcfon.
Dilu'te, de-lute. adj.  Thin; attenuated.
    If the red and blue colours  were more difwfe and
  weak, the distance of the images would be less than
  an inch: and if they were more intense and full,
  that distance would be greater.         .Afeiofon.
Dilu'ter, de-lu'tur. n. s. [from  dilute.]
  That which makes  any thing else thin.
    Water is the only difufer, and the best dissolvent
  of most of the ingredients of our aliment.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Dilu'tion, de-lu'shun. to. s. [dilutio, Lai.]
   The  act  of  making any ' thing thin or
  weak.
    Opposite to dilution is coagulation or thickening,
  which is performed by dissipating the most liquid
  parts by heat,  or by insinuating some substances,
  which make the parts of toe fluid  cohere more
  strongly.                           Arbuthnot.
Dilu'vian, de-lu've an.124 adj. [from di-
  luvium, Lat.]  Relating to the deluge.
    Suppose that this diluvian lake should rise to toe
  mountain tops in one  place, and nc t  diffuse itself
  equally into all countries about.          Burnet.
DIM,  dim.  adj.  [bimme,   Saxon;  dy,
  Welsh; doiv, Erse.]
1. Not having  a quick sight; not seeing
  clearly.
    For her true form how can  my spark discern,
  Which, dim by  nature, art did never clear?
                                       Davies.
2. Dull of apprehension.
    The understanding is dim, and cannot by its natu-
  ral light discover spiritual truths.          Rogers.
3. Not clearly seen; obscure; imperfectly
  discovered.
    We might be able to aim at some dim and seem-
  ing conception,  how matter might begin to exist
  by the power of that eternal first Being.    Locke.
    Something, as dim to our internal view,
  Is thus perhaps the cause of all we do.       Pope.
4.  Obstructing the act of vision; not  lu-
  minous; somewhat dark.
    Her face right wondrous fair did seem to be,
  That her broad beauty's beam  great brightness
        threw 
DI P
DIR
DIH
     He turn'd a tyrant in his latter days,
   And from the bright meridian where he stood,
   Descending, dipp'd his hands in lover's blood.
                                       Dryden.
     The kindred arts shall in their praise conspire,
   One dtp the pencil, and one string the  lyre.   Pope.
     Now, on fancy's easy wing convey'd,
   The king descended to th' Elysian shade;
   There in a dusky vale,  where Lethe rolls,
   Old Bavius sits to dip poetic souls.         Pope.
     So fishes, rising from the main,
   Can soar with moisten'd wings on high;
     The moisture dried,  they sink again,
   And dip their wings again to fly.           Swift.
 2. To moisten; to wet.
     And though not mortal, yet a cold shudd'ring
         dew
   Dips me all o'er, as when the wrath of Jove
   Speaks thunder.                        Milton.
 3. To be engaged in any affair.
     When men  are once dipf, what with the encou-
   ragements  of sense, custom, facility, and  shame of
   departing from what they have given themselves up
   to, they go on till they are stifled.     L'Estrange.
     In Richard's time, 1 doubt,  he was a little dipt
   in the rebellion of the commons.         Dryden.
 4. To engage as a pledge: generally used
    for the  first mortgage.
     Be careful still of the main chance, my  son;
   Put out toe principal in trusty hands,
   Live on the use, and never dip toy lands.  Dryden.
 To Dip, dip. v. «.
 1. To sink; toimmerge.
     We have snakes in our cups, and in our dishes;
   and whoever dips  too deep will find death  in the
   pot.                              L'Estrange.
 2. To enter; to  pierce.
     The vulture dipping in Prometheus'  side,
   His bloody beak wito  his torn liver dyed.
                                     Granviffe.
 3. To enter slightly into any thing.
     When I think all the repetitions are struck out
   in a copy, I sometimes find  more upon dipping in
   the first volume.                         Pope.
 4. To  take that which  comes  first;  to
    choose by chance.
     With what ill thoughts  of Jove art  thou pos-
         sess'd ?
   Would'st thou prefer him to some man? Suppose
   I dipp'd amongst the worst, and Staius chose?
                                       Dryden.
 Di'pchick, dip'tshik. «. a. [dip and chick.]
    The name of a bird.
     Dipchick is so named of his diving and littleness.
                                        Careto.
 Dipe'talous,  di-pet'a-lus. adj.  [J\$ and
    ■zrerxMv.] Having two flower leaves.
 Di'phthong, dip'thong. n.a.[hp3-ovy&'.]
    A coalition of two vowels to form one
     sound:  as, vain, leave, Casar.
     We see how many disputes the  simple and am-
   biguous nature of vowels created among  gramma-
   rians, and how it has begot the mistake concerning
   diphthongs: all that are properly so are  syllables,
   and  not diphthongs, as  is intended to  be signified
   by that word.                         Holder.
     Make a diphthong of the second efa and iofa,
   instead of their being two syllables, and the objec-
   tion is gone.                            Pope.
Di'ploe,  de'plo. to. s.  The inner plate or
   lamina ofthe skull.
Diplo'ma, de'plo'ma.134  to. s. [hirkupM.]
   A letter  or writing conferring  some pri-
   vilege;   so  called, because they  used
   formerly to be written on waxed tables,
   and folded together.
Di'pper, dip'ptir.98 n. a. [from dip.]  One
   that dips in the water.
Di'pping  J\Teedle,  dip'ping-nee-dl.   to.  a.
   A device which shows a particular pro-
   perty of the magnetick needle,  so that,
   besides its polarity or verticity, which
   is its  direction of  altitude,  or  height
   above the  horizon,  when duly  poised
   about an horizontal  axis, it will always
   point to a determined degree of altitude,
   or elevation above the horizon, in this or
   that place  respectively.        Phillips.
Di'psas, dip'sas. to. s.  [Latin, from S'i-^xu,
   to thirst.]  A  serpent,  whose bite pro-
   duces the  sensation  of unquenchable
   thirst.
     Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbcena dire,
  Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear,
  And dipsas.                           Milton.
Di'ptote, dip'tote. to.  s. [<JWt«t*.] A
   noun consistingof two cases only. Clark.
Di'ptych, dip'tik.  to.  s.  [diptycha,  Lat.
   two  leaves folded together.] A register
   of bishops  and martyrs.
     The commemoration of saints was made out of
  the diptychs of the church, as appears by multitudes
  of places in St. Austin.             Stilling fleet.
DIRE, dire. adj.  [dirus, Lat.]  Dreadful;
   dismal;  mournful;   horrible; terrible;
   evil  in a great degree.
                Women fight,
  To doft their dire distresses.         Shakspeare.
          More by intemperance die
  In meats,  and drinks, which on the earth shall bring
  Diseases dire; of which a monstrous crew
  Before thee shall appear.                Milton.
     Hydras, and gorgons, and chimeras dire. Milton.
     Or what the cross dire-looking planet smites,
  Or hurtful worm with canker'd venom bites
                                       Milton.
     Dire was the tossing, deep the groans, despair
  Tended the sick.                       Milton.
     Discord! dire sister ofthe slaughter'd pow'r,
  Small at her birth, but rising ev'ry hour;
  While scarce toe slues her horrid head can bound,
  She stalks on earth,  and shakes the world around.
                                         Pope.
DIRE'CT, de-rekt'."4 adj. [directus, Lat.]
1. Straight; not  crooked.
2. Not oblique.
     The ships would move in one and the same sur-
  face; and consequently must needs encounter when
  they either advance  towards one another in direct
  lines, or meet in toe intersection of cross lines.
                                      JBenffeu.
3. [In astronomy.]  Appearing  to  an eye
  on earth to move progressively through
  the zodiack; not retrograde.
     Two geomantick figures were display'd
  Above his head, a warrior and a maid,
  One when direcf, and one when retrograde.   Dryd.
4. Not collateral:  as,  the  grandson  suc-
   ceeds his grandsire  in a direct line.
5. Apparently tending to some end,  as in
   a straight line.
     Such was as then  the state of the king, as  it was
  no time by direct  means  to seek  her.  And  such
  was the state of his captivated will, as he  would de-
  lay no time of seeking her.              Sidney.
     He that does this, will be able to cast off all that
  is  superfluous; he will see what is pertinent, what
  coherent;  what is direct to what slides by, the ques-
  tion.                                  Ijocke.
6. Open; not  ambiguous.
     There be. that are in nature faithful and sincere,
  and plain  and direct,  not crafty and involved.
                                       .Bacon.
7. Plain; express.
     He no where, that I know, says it in direct words.
                                        Locke.
To DirE'ct, de-rekt'.117 v.  a.  [dirigo, di-
   rectum, Latin.]
1. To aim or < rive in a straight line.
    Two eagles from a mountain's height,
  By Jove's command, direct their rapid flight. Pope.
2. To point against,  as a mark.
    The spear flew hissing thro' the middle space,
  And piere'd his throat, directed at his face.   Dryd.
3. To regulate; to adjust
    It is not in man  that walketh to direct his steps.
                                      Jeremiah.
    Wisdom is profitable to direcf.          Ecclus.
    All that is in a man's power, is to mind what the
  ideas are that take their turns in his  understanding.
  or else to direct and sort and call in such as he de-
  sires.                                  Locke.
4. To prescribe certain measures; to mark
   out a certain  course.
    He directelh it under the whole heavens, and his
  lightning unto the ends of the earth.          Job.

5. To order; to command:  to direct  is a
   softer  term  than to command.
Dire'cter,  de-rek'tur.   to.  s.  [director^
   Latin.]
1. One that directs; one that prescribes.
2. An instrument that serves to guide any
   manual operation.
Dire'ction, de-rek'shun. to.  a. [directio,
   Latin.]
I. Aim at a certain point.
    These men's opinions are not the product of judg-
  ment, or the consequence of reason; but the effects
  of chance and hazard, of a mind floating at all ad-
  ventures, without choice, and without direction.
                                       Locke.
    The direction of good works  to  a good end, is the
  only principle that distinguishes charity, Smalridge.
2.  Tendency  of motion  impressed by  a
   certain impulse.
    No particle of  matter,  nor  any combination of
  particles, that is,  no body,  can either move of it-
  self, or of itself* alter the direction of its motion.
                                       Cheyne.
3. Order; command; prescription.
    From the counsel that  St  Jerome giveth Laeta,
  of taking heed how she read the apocrypha; as also
  by the help of other learned men's judgments, de-
  livered in like case, we may take direction. Hooker.
                   Ev'n now
  I put myself to thy direction.          Shalcspeare.
    The nobles of the people digged it by the  direc-
  tion of the law-giver.                 Numbers.
    Men's passions and God's direction seldom agree.
                                  King Charles.
    General directions for scholastic disputers is never
  to dispute upon  mere trifles.              Waffs.
4. Regularity; adjustment.
    All nature is but art unknown to thee;
  All chance, direction which thou canst not see.
                                        Pope.
Dire'ctive, de-rek'tiv. adj. [from direct.]
1. Having the power of direction.
    A law therefore generally taken,  is a directive
  rule unto goodness of operation.          Hooker.
    A power of command there is without all  ques-
  tion, though there be some doubt in  what faculty
  this command doth principally reside, whether in
  the will or the understanding.   The true resolution
  is, that the directive command  for counsel is  in the
  understanding;  and the applicative  command, or
  empire, for putting in execution of what is directed,
  is in the will.           Bramhall against Hobbes.
    On the directive powers of the former, and the re-
  gularity of the  latter, whereby it is  capable of di-
  rection, depends the generation of all bodies. Grew.
2. Informing;  showine the way.
    Nor visited by one directive ray,
  From cottage streaming, or from  airy hall.
                                      Thomson, 
Dill
DIR
DIS
 Dire'ctly, de-rekt'le.11? «*  adv.  [from
    direct.]
 1. In a straight line; rectilineally.
      The more a  body is  nearer to the eyes, and the
   more directly it is opposed to them, the more it is
   enlightened; because  the light languishes  and les-
   sens, the farther it removes from its proper source.
                             Dryden's Dufresnoy.
      There was no other place assigned to any of this
   matter, than that whereunto its own gravity bore it,
   which was only directly downwards, whereby it ob-
   tained that place in the globe which was just under-
   neath.                             Woodward.
      If the refracted ray be returned directly back to
   the point of incidence, it shall be refracted by the
   incident ray.                 Newton's  Opticks.
 2. Immediately;  apparently;  without cir-
    cumlocution;  without any  long train of
    consequence.
      Infidels, being clean without the church, deny di-
   rectly, and  utterly reject, the very principles of
   Christianity, which  hereticks embrace erroneously
   by misconstruction.                    Hooker.
     No man hath hitherto been so impious, as plainly
   and directly, to condemn prayer.         Hooker.
      By asserting the scripture to be toe canon of our
   faith, I have unavoidably created to myself enemies
   in the papists directly, because they have kept the
   scripture from us what they could.        Dryden.
      His work directly tends to raise sentiments of ho-
   nour and virtue in his readers.          Addison.
     No reason can be assigned, why it is best for the
   world that God almighty hath absolute power, which
   doth  not  directly  prove that no mortal man should
   have toe like.                           Swift.
 Dire'ctness,  de-rekt'nes. «. a. [from di-
   rect]    Straightness;  tendency  to  any
   point; the nearest way.
     They argued from celestial causes only, the con-
   stant vicinity of the sun, and the directness of his
   rays: never suspecting that  the body of the earth
   had so great an efficiency in the changes ofthe air.
                                       Bentley.
 Dire'ctor,  de-rek'tiar. to.  a.  [director,
   Latin.]
 1. One that has  authority  over  others; a
   superintendant; one that has the general
   management of a design or work.
     Himself stood director over  them, with nodding
   or stamping, shewing  he did like or mislike those
   things he did not understand.            Sidney.
     In all affairs thou sole director.          Swift.
 2. A rule; an ordinance.
     Common forms were not design'd
  Directors to a noble mind.                Sicift.
 3. An  instructor; one who shows the pro-
   per methods of proceeding.
     They are glad to use counsellors and directoi-s in
  all  their dealings of weight, as contracts, testaments.
                                      Hooker.
 4. One who is  consulted in cases of con-
   science.
    I am her  director and her guide in spiritual af-
  fairs.                                Diyden.
 5. One appointed to transact the affairs of
   a trading company.
    What made directors cheat in south-sea year.
                                        Pope.
 6. An instrument in surgery, by which the
   hand is guided in its operation.
    The manner of opening with a knife, is by sliding
  it on a director, the groove of which prevents its be-
  ing misguided.                Sharpe's Surgery.
Dire'ctory, de-rek'tur-e.812 to.  a. [from
  director.]  The book which the factious
  preachers published in the rebellion for
  the direction of their sect in acts of wor-
  ship.
    As to the ordinance concerning the directory, wc
   cannot  consent to  toe taking away of the book of
   common-prayer.   Oxford Reasons against the Cov.
 Di'reful, dire'fui. adj. [This word is fre-
    quent among the  poets, but has been
    censured as  not  analogical:  all  other
    words compounded with full consisting
    of a  substantive and full:  as, dreadful,
    or full of dread; joyful, or  full  of joy.]
    Dire; dreadful; dismal.
     Point of spear it never piercen would,
   Ne dint of direful sword divide the substance could.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     But yet at last, whereas the direful fiend
   She saw not stir, off shaking vain affright,
     She nigher drew, and saw that joyous end;
   Then God she pray'd,  and thank'd her  faithful
      knight.                      Fairy Queen.
     Direful hap betide that hated wretch
   That makes us wretched by the death of thee.
                                    S/Yafcspeare.
     The voice of God himself speaks in toe heart of
   men, whether they understand it or no; and by se-
   cret intimations gives the sinner a foretaste of that
   direful cup, which he is  like to drink more deeply
   ofhereafcr.                           South.
     I curs'd the direful author of my woes:
   'Twas told again, and thence my ruin rose. Dryden.
     Achilles' wrath, to Greeks the direful spring
   Of woes unnumber'd, heavenly goddess! sing. Pope.
 Di'reness,  dire'nes.  to.  s. [from  dire.]
   Dismalness; horrour; hideousness.
     Direness, familiar to my slaught'rous thoughts,
   Cannot once start me.      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
 Dire'ption, di-rep'shian.12B to. a. [direptio,
   Latin.]  The act of plundering.
 Dirge,  durje.  [This is  not  a contrac-
   tion  of the Latin dirige, in  the  popish
   hymn  Dirige gressus  meos, as  some
   pretend; but from  the  Teutonic dyrke,
   laudare, to  praise   and extol.  Whence
   it is possible their dyrke, and our dirge,
   was  a laudatory song to  commemorate
   and applaud the dead.  Verstegan. Ba-
   con apparently derives it from dirige.] A
   mournful ditty; a song of lamentation.
    Th' imperial jointress of this warlike state
  Have we, as 'twere, with a defeated joy,
  With mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage,
  In equal scale weighing delight and dole,
  Taken to wife.             Shakspeare's Hamlet.
    Meanwhile the  body of Richard, after  many in-
  dignities and reproaches, tbe dirges and obsequies
  of the common people towards tyrants, was obscure-
  ly buried.                              Bacon.
    You from above shall hear each day
  One dirg-e dispatch'd unto your clay;
  These your own anthems shall become,
  Your lasting epicedium.                 Sandys.
    All due measures of her mourning kept,
  Did office at the dirge, and by infection wept.
                                      Diyden.
Di'rigent, dir'e-jent.  adj.   [dirigens,
   Latin.]
    The diligent line in geometry is that along which
  the line describent is carried, in the generation of
  any figure.                            Harris.
DIRK, dork. to. s. [An Erse word.]   A
  kind  of dagger used in the Highlands of
  Scotland.
    In vain thy hungry mountaineers
  Come forth in all their warlike geers,
  The shield, the pistol, dirk, and dagger,
  In which they daily wont to swagger.       Ticket.
To  Dirke, durk. v. a. To  spoil; to  ruin.
  Obsolete.
    Thy waste bigness  but cumbew the ground,
  And dirkes the beauties of my blossoms round.
                                      Spenser.
 DIRT, diirt.108 to. *. [dryt, Dutch;  dirt.
    Islandick.]
 1. Mud; filth;  mire;  any  thing that sticks
    to the clothes or body.
     They, gilding dirf in noble  verse,
   Rustick philosophy rehearse.            Denham.
     Numbers engage toeir lives and labours to heap
   together a little dirf that shall  bury them in toe end.
                                         Wake.
     The  sea rises as high as ever, though the great
   heaps of dirf it brings alon^ with it are apt to choak
   up the shallows.                       Addison.
     Mark by what wretched steps  their glory glows;
   From dirf and sea-weed as proud Venice rose:
   In each hou guilt and greatness equal ran,
   And all that rais'd the hero sunk toe man.  Pope.
     Is yellow dirf the passion of thy life?
   Look but on Gripus, or on Gripus' wife.    P°Pe.
 2. Meanness; sordidness.
 To Dirt, durt. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   foul; to bemire; to  make filthy;  to be-
   daub; to soil; to pollute; to nasty.
     Ill company is like a  dog, who dirts those most
   whom he loves best.                     Sioift.

 Dirt-pie, dftrt-pi'. to.  s.  [dirt  and pie.]
   Forms moulded by children of clay,  in
   imitation of  pastry.
     Thou settest toy heart upon that which has newly
   left off making of dirt-pies, and is but preparing it-
   self for a green-sickness.               Suckling.

 Di'rtily, dilrt'e-ie. adv. [from dirty]
 1. Nastily; foully; filthiiy.
 2. Meanly; sordidly; shamefully.
     Such gold as that wherewithal
   Chimiques from  each mineral
   Are dirtily and desperately gull'd.        Donne.

 Di'rtiness, dnrt'e-n£s. to.  *. [from dirty.]
 1. Nastiness; filthiness; foulness.
 2.  Meanness; baseness;  sordidness.
 Di'rty, durt'e. adj. [from dirt.]
   Foul; nasty; filthy.
     Thy Dol and Helen of thy noble thoughts
   Is in base durance, and contagious prison,
   Haul'd thither by mechanic, dirty hands.  Shaksp.
 2. Sullied;  cloudy; not eleganti
     Pound an almond, and the clear white colour will
   be altered into a dirty one, and the sweet taste into
   an oily one.                            Locke.
  ■ Mean; base; despicable.
     Such  employments are toe diseases of labour, and
   the rust  of time,  which it contracts not by lying still,
   but by dirfu employment.                Taylor.
     Marriages would be made up upon more natural
  motives  than mere dirfv interests, and increase  of
  riches without  measure or end.           Temple.
    They  come  at length  to grow sots and epicures,
  mean in their  discourses,  and  dirty in their practi-
  ces-                                   SoufA.
 To Di'rty, durt'e. v. a. [from the  noun.]
 I.  To foul;  to soil.
    The lords Strutts  lived generously,  and never
  used to dirty their fingers with  pen, ink, and coun-
  ters-                              Arbuthnot.
2.  To disgrace; to scandalize.
DIRU'PTION, di-rup'shun."*  to. *. [di-
   ruptio, Lat.]
1.  The act of bursting, or  breaking.
2.  The state of  bursting, or breaking.
Dis, dis, or diz.428 43S An inseparable par-
   ticle  used   in  composition,  implying
   commonly  a  privative or negative sig-
   nification of  the word  to  which it is
   joined: as, to arm, to disarm; to join, to
   disjoin.  It  is  borrowed  from  des, used
   by  the French and Spaniards in  this
   sense:  as, desnouer, to untiej deaterrar, 
                   DIS

   to banish: from the Latin de; as, atruo,
   to build; destruo, to destroy.
 Disability, dis-a-bil'e-te.456  «.  a. [from
   disable]
 I. Want of power to do  any thing;  weak-
   ness; impotence.
     Our consideration of creatures, and attention unto
   scriptures, are not in themselves things of like dis-
   ability to breed or beget faith.           Hooker.
     Many withdrew themselves out of pure faintness,
   and disability to attend the conclusion.     Raleigh.
     He that knows most of himself, knows least of
   his knowledge,  and the exercised understanding is
   conscious  of its disability.               Glanville.
     The ability of mankind does not lie in the impo-
   tency or disabilities of brutes.             Locke.
 2. Want of proper qualifications for  any
    purpose; legal impediment.
     A suit is  commenced in a temporal court for an
   inheritance; and the defendant pleads, in disability,
   that the plaintiff is a bastard.   Ayliffe's Parergon.
     This disadvantage, which the dissenters at pre-
   sent lie  under, of a disability to receive church pre-
   ferments,  will be easily remedied by  toe repeal of
   toe test.                               Swift.
 To Disa'ble,  diz-a'bl.464 v.  a.   [dis  and
    able.]
 1. To deprive of force;  to weaken; to dis-
    qualify  for any act.
     The invasion and rebellion did not only disable
   this king to be a conqueror, but deprived him both
   of his kingdom and life.                 Davies.
             Nor so is overcome
   Satan, whose fall from heaven, a deadlier bruise
   Disabled not to give thee toy  death's wound. Milton.
     A Christian's life is a perpetual exercise, a wrest-
   ling and warfare, for which sensual pleasure disa-
   bles him, by yielding to that enemy, with whom he
   must strive.               Taylor's Holy Living.
 2. To hinder from action: used of things.
     I have known a great fleet  disabled for two months,
   and thereby  lose great occasions by an indisposition
   of the admiral.                        Te?npfe.
 3. To impair;  to diminish.
         I have disabled mine estate,
   By shewing something a more swelling port
   Than my faint means would grant continuance.
                                    S/iafespeare.
 4. To deprive of usefulness or efficacy.
     Farewel, Monsieur Traveller; look you lisp, and
   wear strange suits; disable  all the benefits of your
   own countiy.                      Shakspeare.
     Your days I will alarm, I'll haunt your nights,
   And worse than age disable your delights.  Dryden.
 5. To exclude, as  wanting proper qualifi-
    cations.
     I will not  disable any for proving a scholar, nor
   yet dissemble that I have seen many happily forced
   upon the course  to which,  by nature, they seemed
   much indisposed.                      Wotton.
 To Disabu'se, dis-a-buze'. v. a.  [dis and
   abuse.]  To set free  from  a mistake; to
   disentangle  from a fallacy; to set right;
   to  undeceive.
     The imposture and fallacy of our senses impose
   not only on common heads,  but  even more refined
   mercuries, who have the advantages of an improved
   reason to disabuse you.         Glanville's Scepsis.
     Those teeth fair Lyce must not show,
   If she would  bite: her lovers, though
   Like birds they stoop at seeming grapes,
   Are disabus'd when first she gapes.        Waller.
     If by simplicity you meant a  general defect in
  those that profess angling, I hope to disabuse you.
                               Walton's Angler.
     Chaos of thought and passion all confus'd;
  Still by himself abus'd or disabus'd.        Pope.
DisAccoMMODA'TioN,dis-ak-k6m-m6-da'-
   shiin.  «.  *.  [dis and  accommodation]
   The state of being unfit or unprepared.
                  DI S

    Devastations have happened in some places mo
  than in others, according to the accommodation or
  disaccommodation of them to such calamities.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 To DisAccu'sTOM,dis-ak-k.us'tum. v. a.[dis
   and  accustom.]   To  destroy  the force
   of habit by disuse or contrary practice.
 To   Disackno'wleoge,  dis-ak-nol'le'dj.
   v. a. [dis and acknowledge/] Not to ac-
   knowledge.
    The manner of denying  Christ's  deity here pro-
  hibited, was by words and oral expressions verbal-
  ly to deny and disacknowledge it.          South.
 Disacqua'intance, dis-ak-kwan'tanse. to.
   a.  [dis and acquaintance.]   Disuse  of
   familiarity.
    Conscience, by long neglect of, and disacquaint-
  ance wito itself,  contracts  an  inveterate rust or
  soil.                                 South.
 DisAnvA'NTAGE,  dis-ad-van'taje.90  to.  s.
   [dis and advantage.]
 I.  Loss;  injury to interest; as, he sold  to
   disadvantage.
 2.  Diminution  of any  thing desirable,  as
   credit,  fame, honour.
    Chaucer in many things resembled Ovid, and
  that with  no disadvantage on the side of toe modern
  author.                              Dryden.
    The most shining merit goes down  to posterity
  with disadvantage, when it is not placed by writers
  in its proper light.                    Addison.
    Those  parts already published  give reason to
  think, that the Iliad will appear with no disadvan-
  tage to that immortal poem.            Addison.
    Their testimony will hot be of much weight  to
  its  disadvantage, since toey are liable to toe  com-
  mon objection of condemning what they did not un-
  derstand.                               Swift.
 3.  A state not  prepared for defence.
            No fort can be so strong,
  Ne fleshly breast can armed be so sound,
    But will at last be won with batt'ry long,
  Or unawares at disadvantage found.  Fairy Queen.
 To Disadvantage, dis-acf-van'taje. v.  a.
   [from the noun.]  To injure in interest
   of any kind.
    All other violences are  so far from advancing
  Christianity, that they extremely weaken and disad-
  vantage it.                     Decay of Piety.
 Disadva'ntageable,  dis-ad-van'ta-ja-bl.
   adj. [from disadvantage.]   Contrary
   to profit;  producing loss.    Not used.
    In clearing of a man's  estate, he may  as well
  hurt himself in being too sudden, as  in letting it
  run on too long; for hasty selling is commonly  as
  disadvantageable as interest.             Bacon.
 DisADVANTA'GEous,dis-ad-van-ta'jfis.arf/.
   [from  disadvantage.]  Contrary to in-
   terest;  contrary to convenience;  unfa-
   vourable.
    A multitude of eyes will narrowly inspect every
  part of an eminent man, consider him nicely in all
  views, and not be a little pleased when they  have
  taken him in  the worst and most disadvantageous
 ^hghts-                              Addison.
 Disadvanta'geously,  dis-ad-van-ta'jus-
   le. adv. [from disadvantageoua.^   In a
   manner contrary to interest or profit;  in
   a manner not favourable.
    An  approving nod or smile serves  to drive you
  on, and make you display yourselves more disadvan-
  tageous^.            Government  ofthe Tongue.

Disadvanta'geousness,  dis-ad-van-ta'-
  jus-nes. to.  a. [from diaadvantageoua.]
  Contrariety to  profit;  inconvenience;
  mischief;  loss.
Disadve'nturous,   dis-ad-ven'tshu-rus.
                  D I S

   adJ- [dis and adventurou8.]  Unhappy;
   ""Prosperous.
   To hP n,»  Now h« hato left you here
   Anr„fthe re<*rd of his rueful loss,       _ _
   Andofmyii0,efuldisadi)cn(ur(msdeath.  F. Queen.
   o UisaffE'CT) dAs-af-fekt'. v. a.  [dia and
   offect.j   r0 fiu with disContent; to dis-
   content; to make  less faithful  or zeal-
   ous.
     They had attempted to disaffect and discontent his
   majesty's late army.                  Clarendon
 Disaffe'cted,  dis-af-fek'ted. part.  adj.
   [from   disaffect.]    Not   disposed to
   zeal or  affection.    Usually applied to
   those who are enemies to the  govern-
   ment.
     By denying  civil worship to the emperor's sta-
   tues, which the custom then was to give, they were
   proceeded against as disaffected to the emperor.
                                   Stillingfktt. '
 Disaffe'cteoly,  dis-af fek't£d-le.  adv.
   [from diaaffected.]   After a disaffected
   manner.
 Disaffe'ctedness,  dis-af-fek'ted-nes. n.
   a. [from  disaffected.]   The quality of
   being disaffected.
 Disaffection,  dis-af-feVshiln.  n.  s.
   [from disaffect.]
   Dislike;  ill-will.
     In making laws, princes must have regard to the
   public dispositions, to the affections and disaffections
   of the people, and must not introduce a law with
   public scandal and displeasure.
                     Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.

  .  Want  of zeal   for the  government;
   want of ardour for  the reigning prince.
     In this age,  every thing disliked by  those who
   think with the majority is called disaffection. Swift.
  . Disorder;  bad  constitution:  in a phy-
   sical sense.
     The disease took  its  original merely from the
   disaffection of the part, and not from the peccancy
   ofthe humours.                      Wiseman.
 Disaffirmance,  dis-af-feVmance. n. s.
   [dis and affirm.]  Confutation; negation.
     That kind of reasoning which reduceth the oppo-
   site conclusion to something toat is apparently ab-
   surd,  is a demonstration in disaffirmance of any
   thing that is affirmed.                   Hale.
 To  Disaffo'rest, dis-af-for'rest.  v. a.
   [dis  and forest.]   To  throw  open to
   common purposes; to reduce from the
   privileges of  a  forest  to  the  state of
   common ground.
     The commissioners of the  treasury moved  the
   king to disafforest some  forests of his, explaining
   themselves of such forests as lay out  of the way,
   not near any of the king's houses.         Bacon.
    How happy's he, which hath due place assign'd
   To his beasts, and disafforested his mind!  Donne.
 To Disagre'e, dis-a-gree'. v. to.  [dis and
   agree.]
  . To  differ; not to be the same.
    The mind clearly and infallibly perceives all dis-
   tinct ideas  to disagree; toat is,  the one not to be
   ** °*e£                             Locke.
2. I o differ; not to  be ofthe same  opinion.
|    Why both the bands in worship disagree,
   And some  adore the  flow'r, and some  the tree.
   „       .                          Dryden.
3.  1 o  be  in a  state  of opposition:  fol-
   lowed by from or with,  before the op-
   posite.
    It containeth many improprieties, disagreeing al-
   most in all things from the tree  and proper descrip-
   tion-                                Broum. 
DIS                                       DIS                                      DIS
    Strange it is, that they reject the plainest sense
  of scripture,  because it seems to disagree with what
  they call reason.                     Atterbury.
Disagre'ea^le,   dis-a-gree'a-bl.   adj.
   [from diaagree.]
1. Contrary; unsuitable.
    Some demon, an enemy to toe Greeks, had for-
  ced her to a  conduct disagreeable to her sincerity.
                                     Broome-
2. Unpleasing; offensive.
    To make the sense of esteem or disgrace sink the
  deeper, and  be of the more weight, either  agree-
  able or disagreeable things should constantly accom-
  pany these different states.               Locke.
Disagre'eableness, dis-a-gree'a-bl-nes.
   to. a. [from disagreeable.]
1. Unsuitableness; contrariety.
2. Unpleasantness; offensiveness.
    A father will  hug and embrace his beloved son,
  for all the dirt and foulness of his cloaths; the dear-
  ness of the  person easily apologizing for the dis-
  agreeableness of toe habit.                South.
Disagreement,   dls-a-gree'ment.   to.   *.
   [from disagree.]
1. Difference;   dissimilitude;  diversity;
   not identity;  not likeness.
    These  carry such plain and evident notes and
  characters,  either of disagreement  or affinity with
  one another, that the several kinds of toem arc
  easily distinguished.                Woodward.
2. Difference   of opinion;  contrariety  of
   sentiments.
    They seemed one to cross another,  as touching
  their  several opinions about the necessity of sacra-
  ments, whereas in  truth  their disagreement is not
  great.                              Hooker.
To Disallo'w, dis-al-16u/. v.  a.  [dis and
   allow.]
1. To deny authority to  any.
             When, said she,
  Were those  first counsels disallow'd by me?
  Or where did I at sure tradition strike,
  Provided still it were apostolic?         Dryden.
2.  To consider as unlawful; not to per-
   mit.
     Their usual kind of disputing sheweth, that they
  "do  not disallow only these Romish   ceremonies
   which are unprofitable, but  count all  unprofitable
   which are Romish.                    Hooker.
3.  To censure by some posterior act.
     It was known that the most eminent of those who
   professed his own principles, publickiy disallowed  his
   proceedings.                           Swift.
4.  To censure;  not to justify.
     There is  a secret, inward  foreboding fear, that
   some evil  or,other will follow the doing of that
   which a man's own conscience disallows him in.
                                       South.
 To  Disallo'w, dis-al-ldu'. v. to.   To re-
   fuse permission; not  to grant; not  to
   make or suppose lawful.
     God doth in converts, being married, allow con-
   tinuance  with  infidels, and yet  disallow that  the
  faithful,  when  toey are  free,  should enter into
  bonds of wedlock with such.             Hooker.
Disallo'wable, dis-al-16u'a-bl. adj.  [from
   disallow.]   Not allowable; not  to  be
   suffered.
Disallo'wance,  dis-al-16i'ance.   n.   s.
   [from  disallow.]  Prohibition.
     God accepts  of a thing suitable  for him to re-
  ceive, and for us to give, where  he does n e-  d.
  dare  his refusal and disallowance of it.     Souf '
To   Disa'nchor, diz-ank'kilr.464   v.  «.
   [from dis and anchor] To drive a ship
   from its  anchor.
To Disa'nimate,  diz-an'e-mate.454 v.  a.
   [dis and  animate]
I. To deprive of life.
2. To discourage;  to  deject;  to depress.
    The presence of a king engenders love amongst
  his subjects and his loyal friends, as it disanimates
  his enemies.                       Shakspeare.
    He was confounded and disanimated at his pre-
  sence, and added,  How can the servant of my lord
  talk with my lord?                     Boyle.
Disanima'tion,  diz-an-e-ma'shiin.  to.  a.
  [from disanimate.]   Privation of life.
    They cannot in reason retain that apprehension
  after death, as being  affections which depend on
  life, and depart upon disanimation.       Brown.
To  Disannu'l, dis-an-nul' v. a. [dis and
  annul.    This word  is  formed, contra-
  rily to analogy, by those who, not know-
  ing the meaning of the  word annul, in-
  tended to form a negative sense by the
  needless use of the  negative particle.
  It  ought therefore  to  be  rejected,  as
  ungrammatical and barbarous.]   To
  annul;  to deprive of authority; to va-
  cate; to make null;  to  make  void;  to
  nullify.
    The Jews ordinances for us to resume, were to
  check our Lord himself,  which hath  disannulled
  them.                               Hooker.
    That gave him power of disannulling of laws,
  and disposing of men's fortunes and  estates, and
  toe  like points of absolute power, being  in them-
  selves harsh and odious.                  Bacon.
          To be in both worlds full,
  Is more than God  was, who was hungry here:
  Would'st thou  his laws of fasting disannul?
                                     Herbert.
    Wilt thou my judgments disannul?   Defame
  My equal rule, to clear thyself of blame?  Sandys
Disannu'lment, dis-an-nul'ment.  to.  s.
   [from disannul.]   The act of making
   void.
To Disafpe'ar, dls-ap-pere'. v. to.  [dis-
  paroitre, Fr.]   To be  lost to view; to
   vanish out of sight;  to fly;  to go  away.
    She disappear'd, and left me dark!  I wak'd
  To  find her, or for ever to deplore.        Milton.
    When the night and winter disappear,
  The purple morning, rising with the year,
  Salutes the spring.                   Dryden.
    The  pictures  drawn in our minds  are  laid  in
  fading colours, and, if not sometimes refreshed,
  vanish and disappear.                    Locke.
    Criticks I saw that others names deface,
  And fix their own with labour  in their place;
  Their own, like others, soon their place resign'd,
  Or  disappear'd, and left the first behind.     Pope.

 To  Disappo'int, dis-ap-point', v.  a. [dis
   and appoint.]
 1  To defeat  of expectation; to balk; to
   hinder from something  expected.
    The  superior Being can defeat  all his designs,
  and disappoint all his hopes.            Tillotson.
    Whilst the champion, with  redoubled might,
  Strikes home the jav'lin, his retiring foe
  Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the blow.
                                     Addison.
    There's nothing like surprising the rogues: how
  will they be disappointed, when they hear that thou
  hast prevented their revenge!         Arbuthnot.
    We  are not  only tortured by  the reproaches
  which are offered us, but  are  disappointed by the
  silence of men when it is unexpected and humbled
  even by their praises.                 Addison.

2.  It has of before the thing lost by dis-
   appointment.
    The janizaries, disappointed by the bassas of the
  spoil, received of the bounty of Solyman  a great
  largess.                               Knolles.
Disappointment,  dls-ap-point'ment.  to.
  s.  [from disappoint.]  Defeat of hopes;
  miscarriage of expectations.
    It is impossible for us to know what are calami-
  ties, and what are blessings.  How many accidents
  have passed for misfortunes, which have turned to
  the welfare and prosperity of the persons in whose
  lot they have fallen!  How many disappointments
  have, in their consequences,  saved  a man from
  ruin!                              Spectator.
    If we hope for things,  of which we  have  not
  thoroughly considered the value, our disappointment
  will  be greater than our pleasure in the fruition of
  them.                               Addison.
Disapprobation, dis-ap-pr6-ba'shuTi.TO..s.
  [dis and  approbation.]  Censure;  con-
  demnation; expression of dislike.
    He was obliged to publish  his letters, to shew
  his disapprobation of the publishing of others.
                                       Pope.
To   Disappro've,  dis-ap-pr66v.'  v.   a.
  [desapprouver, French.]
1. To dislike; to censure.
    I reason'd much, alas! but more I lov'd;
  Sent and recall'd, ordain'd and disapprov'd. Prior.
    Without good breeding truth is disapprov'd;
  That oaly makes superior sense belov'd.    Pope.
   To reject as disliked;  not  to confirm,
  by  concurrence.
    A project for a treaty of barrier with the States
  was transmitted hither from Holland, and was dis-
  approved of by our courts.                Swift.
Di'sard, dis'ard.  to.  s.  [cup* °>PS> Sax.
  a fool,  Skinner;  diseur,  Fr. Junius]
  A  prattler;   a  boasting  talker.  This
  word  is  inserted both by  Skinner  and
  Junius;  but I do not remember it.
To Disa'rm, diz-arm'.464 v. a.  [disarmer,
  French.]
I. To spoil or divest of arms;  to deprive
  of  arms.
    An order was made by  both houses, for  disarm-
  ing  all the papists in England.         Cfarendon.
               [ am still toe same,
  By different ways still moving to one fame;
  And by disarming you I now do more
  To save the town, than  arming you  before. Dryd.
2. It has of before the arms taken  away.
    They would be immediately  disarmed  of their
  great magazine of artillery.              Locke.
To Disarra'y,  dis-ar-ra'. v. a. [dis and
   array]   To undress any one; to  divest
   of clothes.
    So, as she bad, the witch they disarray'd.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Now night is come, now soon her disarray,
  And in her bed her lay.               Spenser.
Disarra'y,  dis-ar-ra-'. to.  s.  [from  the
   verb.]
 1.  Disorder; confusion; loss of  the  re-
   gular order of battle.
    He returned towards toe river, to  prevent such
  danger as  the disarray, occasioned by the narrow-
  ness of the bridge, might cast upon them. Hayward.
    Disarray and shameful  rout ensue,
  And force  is added to the fainting crew.   Dryden.
2.  Undress.
Disassidu'ity,   dis-as-se-du'e-te.   n.  s.
   Absence of care  or attention.
    The  Cecilians kept him  back; as  very  well
   knowing that, upon every little absence or disassi-
   duity, he should be subject to take cold at his back.
                                       ff off on.
 DISA'STER, diz-as'tur484 n. s. [disastrc,
   Fr.]
 1.  The blast or stroke of an unfavourable
   planet.
     Stars shone with trains of fire,  dews  of blood
         fell; 
DIS
DI S
DIS
11. To  put away; to obliterate;  to  de-
  stroy.
    It is done by little and little, and with many es-
  says; but all this dischurgeth not the wonder.
                             Bacon's Nat. Hist.
    Trial would also be made in herbs poisonous and
  purgative, whose ill quality perhaps may be discharg-
  ed, or attempered, by setting stronger poisons or pur-
  gatives by them.                        Bacon.
12. To divest of any  office  or employ-
   ment; to dismiss  from service:  as, he
   discharged his steward; the soldier was
   discharged.
13. To dismiss;  to release;  to send away
   from any business or appointment.
  Discharge your pow'rs unto their several counties.
                                       Shaksp.
    When Casar would have discharged the  senate,
  in regard of a dream of Calphurnia,  this man told
  him, he hoped he would not dismiss the senate till
  his wife had dreamed a better dream.      Bacon.
14. To emit.
    The matter being  suppurated, I opened an in-
  flamed tubercle in  the great angle of the  left eye,
  and discharged a well-concocted matter. Wiseman.
To Discha'rge, dis-tshaije'. v.n. To dis-
   miss itself;  to break up.
    The cloud, if it were oily or fatty, would not dis-
  charge .                                Bacon.
Discha'rge, dis-tsharje'. n.s. [from the
   verb.]
1.  Vent; explosion;  emission.
    As the heat of all springs is owing to subterrane-
  ous fire, so wherever there are any  extraordinary
  discharges of this fire, there also are the neighbour-
  ing springs hotter than ordinary.       Woodward.
2.  Matter vented.
    The haemorrhage being stopped, the next occur-
  rence is a thin serous discharge.           Sharp.
3.  Disruption; evanescence.
    Mafk the discharge of the little cloud upon glass
  or gems, or blades of swords, and  you shall see it
  ever break up  first in the skirts, and last in the
  middle.                               Bacon.
4.  Dismission  from an office:  as, the go-
   vernour  solicited his discharge.
5.  Release from an obligation or penalty.
                   He warns
   Us haply too secure of our discharge
   From penalty, because from death releas'd
   Some days.                            Milton.

6.  Absolution  from a  crime.
    The text expresses the  sound estate of the con-
  science, not barely by its not accusing, but by its not
   condemning us: which word  imports properly  an
   acquittance or  discharge  of a man upon some pre-
   cedent accusation, and a full trial and cognizance
   of his cause.                            South.
7.  Ransom;  price of  ransom.
                 O, all my hopes defeated
   To free him hence! But death, who sets all free,
   Hath paid his ransom now and full discharge.
                                        Milton.
 8. Performance;  execution.
    The obligations of hospitality and  protection  are
   sacred; nothing can absolve us from the  discharge
   of those duties.                     L'Estrange.
9.  An acquittance from a debt.
 10. Exemption;  privilege.
    There is no discharge in  that war, neither shall
   wickedness deliver those that are given to it.
                                    Ecclesiastcs.
Discha'rger,  dis-tshar'jur.  «. «.  [from
   discharge.]
 1.  He that discharges in any manner.
2.  He that fires a gun.
    To abate the bombilation of gunpowder, a way is
  promised by Porta, by borax and butter,  which he
  says will make it so go off, as scarcely to be heard
  by the discharger.                       Brown.
Disci'nct,   dis-sinkt'.  adj.   [discinctus,
   Lat.] Ungirded; loosely dressed. Diet.
To  Disci'xd,  dis-sind'. v.  a. [discindo,
   Lat ]   To divide; to cut in pieces.
    We found several  concretions so soft,  that we
  could easily discind them betivixt our fingers.
                                        Boyle.
DISCI'PLE, dis-si'pl.405 to. *. [discipulus,
   Lat.] A scholar; one  that  professes to
   receive instructions from another.
    He rebuked disciples who would call for fire from
  heaven upon whole cities, for the neglect of a few.
                                 King  Charles.
    The commemorating the death of Christ, is the
  professing ourselves the  disciples of the crucified
  Saviour; and that engageth us to take up his cross
  and follow him.                     Hammond.
    A young disciple should behave himself  so well,
  as to gain the affection and toe ear of his instructor.
                                        Watts.
To  Disci'ple,  dls-si'pl. v. a. [from  the
   noun.]
1. To train; to bring up.
               He did look far
  Into the service of the time, and was
  Discipled of the bravest.                 Shaksp.
2. To punish;  to  discipline.   This word
   is not in use
    She, bitter pennance! with an iron whip
  Was wont him to disciple every day.       Spenser.
Disci'pleship,  dis-si'pl-ship.  to. s. [from
   disciple.]   The  state or function  of a
   disciple, or follower of a master.
    That to which justification is promised,  is the
  giving up of the whole soul entirely unto Christ, un-
  dertaking discipleship upon Christ's terms.
                                    Hammond.
Disciplinable, dis'se-plin-a-bl. adj. [dis-
   ciplinabilis, Lat.]   Capable of instruc-
   tion;  capable of improvement by disci-
   pline and learning.
Discipli'nableness, dis-se-plin'a-bl-nes.
   to. s. [from  disciplinable.]  Capacity of
   instruction,  qualification  for  improve-
   ment by  education and discipline.
    We find in animals, especially some of them, as
  foxes, dogs, apes, horses, and elephants, not only
  perception, phantasy, and memory, common to most
  if not all animals, but something of sagacity, provi-
  dence, and disciplinableness.                Hale.
Disctplina'rian,  dis-se-plin-a're-an. adj.
   [from discipline.]  Pertaining to disci-
   pline.
     What eagerness in disciplinarian uncertainties,
  when the love of God and our neighbour, evange-
   lical unquestionables, are neglected!     Glanville.
Disciplina'kian, dis-se-plin-a're-an. n. s.
   [disciplina, Latin.]
1. One who rules  or teaches with great
   strictness; one who allows no  deviation
   from stated  rules.
2.  A follower ofthe presbyterian  sect,  so
   called  from  their perpetual  clamour
   about discipline.
     They draw those that dissent into dislike with the
   state, as puritans, or  disciplinarians.
                             Sanders. Pax. Eccl.
Disciplinary,    dls'se-ptin-a-re.612   adj.
   [disciplina, Latin.]
 1. Pertaining to discipline.
2. Relating to government.
     Those  canons in  behalf of marriage were  only
   disciplinary, grounded on prudential motives.
                                  Bishop Feme.
3. Relating to a regular course of educa-
    These are the studies, wherein our noble and
  gentle youth ought to bestow their time m *a™cl-
  plinary way.                           Milton.
DISCIPLINE, dis-se-plin.150  «• *• [die-
   ciplina, Latin.]
1. Education;  instruction; the act of culti-
   vating the mind; the act of forming the
   manners.
    He had charge my discipline to frame,
  And tutors nouriture to oversee.          Spenser.
    The cold  of  the northern  parts is  tha$ which,
  without aid of discipline, doth make the bodies hard-
  est, and the courage warmest.             Bacon.
    They who  want that sense of discipline, hearing,
  are also by consequence deprived of speech.
                                        Holder.
    It is by the assistance of the eye and the ear es-
  pecially, which are called the senses of discipline,
  that our minds  are furnished  with various parts of
  knowledge.                            Wafts.
2. Rule of government; order;  method of
   government.
    They hold, that from  the very apostles time till
  this present  age, wherein yourselves  imagine ye
  have found out  a right pattern of sound discipline,
  there never was any time safe to be followed.
                                       Hooker.
    As we are to believe for ever the articles of evan-
  gelical doctrine, so the precepts of discipline we are,
  in like sort, bound for ever to observe.    Hooker.
              While we do admire
  This virtue and  this moral discipline,
  Let's be no  stoicks.                  Shakspeare.
3. Military regulation.
     This opens all your victories in Scotland,
  Your discipline  in war, wisdom in peace.   Shaksp.
            Let  crooked steel invade
  The lawless  troops which discipline disclaim,
  And their superfluous growth with rigour tame.
                                       Dryden.
4. A state of subjection.
     The most  perfect, who have their passions  in the
  best discipline, are yet obliged to be constantly on
  their guard.                            Rogers.

5. Any thing taught; art; science.
     Art may be said to overcome and advance nature
  in these mechanical disciplines,  which  in  this re-
  spect, are  much to be preferred.         Wilkins.
6. Punishment; chastisement;  correction.
     A lively cobler kicked and spurred while his wife
   was carrying him, and had scarce passed a day
   without giving her the discipline of the  strap.
                             Addison's Spectator.
7. External mortification.
     The love of God makes a man chaste without the
   laborious arts of fasting and exterior discipline; he
   reaches at glory without any other arms but those
   of love.                               Taylor.
 To   Discipline, dis'se-plin. v.  a.  [from
   the noun.]
 1.  To educate; to instruct; to bring up.
     We are wise enough to begin when they are very
   young, and discipline by times, those other creatures
   we would make useful and good for somewhat.
                                         Locke.
     They were with care prepared  and disciplined
   for confirmation, which  they could not  arrive at till
   they were found, upon examination, to have made
   a sufficient progress in the knowledge of Christiani-
   ty.            Addison on the  Christian Religion,
 2. To regulate; to keep in  order.
     They look to us, as we should judge of  an army
   of well disciplined soldiers at a distance.  Derham.
 3. To punish; to correct; to chastise.
 4. To advance by  instruction.
     The law appear'd imperfect,  and but <riv'n
   With purpose to resign thein in full time
   Up to a better covenant, disciplin'd 
DIS
DI  S
D  I  S
  From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit.
                                      Milton,
 To Discla'im, dis-klame'.  v.  a. [dis  and
   claim.] To disown; to deny  any know-
   ledge of; to retract any  union with;  to
   abrogate; to  renounce.
    You cowardly  rascal! nature  disclaims all share
  in thee, a taylor made thee.          Shakspeare.
    He calls toe gods to witness their  offence;
  Disclaims the war,  asserts his innocence.  Dryden-
    We find our Lord, on all occasions, disclaiming
  all pretensions to a temporal kingdom.    Rogers.
    Very few, among those who profess themselves
  christians, disclaim all  concern for their souls, dis-
  own the authority, or renounce the expectations, of
  the gospel.                           Rogers.
 Disclaimer, dis-kla'mur.98 to. e. [from
   disclaim]
 1.  One  that  disclaims,  disowns,  or  re-
   nounces.
2. [In law.] A  plea  containing an express
   denial or refusal.                 Cowell.
 To Disclo'se, diskloze'.  v. a. [discludo,
   Latin; dis and  close]
 1. To uncover; to produce  from a state of
   latitancy to open view.
    In this deep quiet, from what source unknown,
  Those seeds of fire their fatal birth disclose;
    And first few scatt'riug sparks about were blown,
  Big with the flames that to our ruin  rose.  Dryden.
    Then earth and ocean various forms disclose.
                                      Dryden.
    The shells being broken, struck off, and gone, the
  stone included  in them is  thereby disclosed and set
  at liberty.                          Woodward.
2. To hatch; to open.
    It  is reported by the ancients, that the ostrich
  layeth her eggs  under sand, where the heat of the
  sun discloseth them.                     Bacon.
3. To reveal; to  tell;  to  impart  what is
  secret.
    There may be a reconciliation, except for up-
  braiding,  or pride, or  disclosing of secrets,  or a
  treacherous wound; for from these things  every
  friend will depart.                     Ecclus.
            If I disclose my passion,
  Our friendship's at  an end; if I conceal it,
  The world will call me false.     Addison's Cato.
Disclo'ser, dis-klo'zur. to.  s. [from  dis-
   close.]  One that reveals or discovers.
Disclo'sure, dis-klo'zhure.4'33 to. s. [from
   disclose.]
1. Discovery; production  into  view.
    The producing of cold is a thing very worthy the
  inquisition, both for the use and disclosure of causes.
                                       Bacon.
2. Act of revealing  any thing  secret.
    After so happy a marriage between the king and
  her daughter, she was, upon  a  sudden mutability
  and disclosure of the king's mind,  severely handled.
                                       Bacon.
Disclu'sion, dis-klu'zhun.  to. s.  [disclu-
   sux, Latin.]  Emission.
    Judge what a ridiculous thing it  were, that toe
  continued shadow of the earth should be broken by
  sudden and miraculous  eruptions  and disclusions of
  light, to prevent  the art of the lanthorn-maker.
                                       More.
Discolora'tion,  dis-kol-6-ra'shun. to. a.
   [from discolour]
1. The act of changing the colour; the act
  of staining.
2. Change of colour; stain; die.
    In  a depravation of  the humours from a sound
  state to what the physicians call by a general name
  of a cacochymy, spots and d'iscolorations of the skin
  are. signs of weak fibres.              Arbuthnot.
To DISCO'LOUR, dls-kul'lur. v. a. [de-
  coloro, Lat.]  To change from the natu-
  ral hue; to stain.
    Many a widow'd husband groveling lies,
  Coldly embracing the discolour'd earth.    Sliaksp.
    Drink water, either pure, or but discoloured with
  malt.                                Tejnpfe.
    Suspicions, and fantastical surmise,
  And jealousy, wito jaundice in her eyes,
  Discolouring all she view'd.             Dryden.
    He who looks upon the soul through its outward
  actions, sees it through a deceitful medium, which
  is apt to discolour and pervert the object. Spectator.
    Have a care lest  some beloved notion,  or some
  darling science, so prevail over your mind as to dis-
  colour all your ideas.                    Watts.
To  DISCO'MFIT, dis-kum'fit. v.a. [des-
  confire, Fr. sconfiggere, Ital. as if from
  disconfigere,  Lat.]   To defeat; to con-
  quer; to  vanquish;  to overpower;  to
  subdue; to beat; to overthrow.
    Fight against that monstrous rebel, Cade,
  Whom, since, 1 heard to be discomfited.    Shaksp.
    Joshua discomfited Amalek  and his people with
  the edge of the sword.                  Exodus.
    He, fugitive, declin'd superior strength;
  Discomfited, pursued, in the sad chace
  Ten thousand ignominious fall.           Philips.
    While my gallant countrymen  are employed in
  pursuing rebels  half discomfited through  the con-
  sciousness of their guilt, I shall improve those victo-
  ries to the good of my fellow subjects.    Addison.
Disco'mfit, dis-kum'flt.  to.  *. [from  the
  verb.]  Defeat; rout; overthrow.
    Fly you must: incurable discomfit
  Reigns in the hearts of all our present party.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Dagon must stoop, and shall ere long receive
  Such a discomfit as shall quite despoil him
  Of all these boasted trophies.   Milton's Agonistes.
Disco'mfiture,  dis-korn'fit-yure.  to.  s.
  [from discomfit.]  Defeat; loss of battle;
  rout; ruin; overthrow.
    Sad tidings bring I to you out of France,
  Of loss, of slaughter, and discomfiture. Shakspeare.
    Behold every man's sword was against his fellow,
  and there was a very great discomfiture. 1  Samuel.
    What a defeat and discomfiture is  it to a man,
  when he comes to use this wealth, to find it all false
  metal!               Government of the  Tongue.
    He sent his angels to fight for  his people; and
  the discomfiture and slaughters of great hosts is at-
  tributed to their assistance.           Atterbury.
Disco'mfort,  dis-kum'fflrt.166 to.  s. [dis
  and comfort]  Uneasiness;  sorrow; me-
  lancholy; gloom.
    This himself did foresee, and therefore armed his
  church to the end they might sustain it without dis-
  comfort.                              Hooker.
        Discomfort guides my  tongue,
  And bids me speak of nothing but despair. Shaksp.
    In  solitude there is not only discomfort, but weak-
  ness also.                              South.
To  Disco'mfort, dis-kum'furt. v.a. [from
  the  noun.] To grieve; to sadden; to de-
  ject.
    Her champion went  away  discomforted  as much
  as discomfited.                        Sidney.
    His funeral shall not be in  our camp,
  Lest it discomfort us.                Shakspeare.
Disco'mfortable, dis-kum'fur-ta-bl. adj.
  [from discomfort.l
!. That is melancholy and refuses comfort.
    Discomfortable cousin know'st thou not
  That when the searching eye of Heav'n is  hid
  Behind the globe, it lights the lower world? Shaksp.
2. That causes  sadness.
    What! did that help poor Dorus, whose eyes could
  carry unto him no other news but discomfortable?
                                       Sidney.
To  Discomme'nd, dls-k6m-mend'. v. a.

                   3z2
   [dis and commend] To blame; to cen-
   sure;  to mention with disapprobation.
    Absolutely we cannot discommend, we  cannot ab-
  solutely approve, either willingness to live, or for-
  wardness to die.                       Hooker
    Now you will all be wits; and be, I pray,
  And you, that discommend it, mend the play.
                                      Denham.
    Neither do I discommend the lofty style in trage-
  dy, which is naturally pompous and magnificent
                                      Dryden.
Discomme'ndable,   dis-kom-men'da-bl.
   adj.   [from  discommend.]   Blamable;
   Gensurable;  deserving  blame.
    Pusillanimity is, according to Aristotle's morality,
  a vice very discommendable.    Ayliffe's Parergon.
DiscoMME'NDAiiLENESS,dis-kom-n»en'da-
   bl-n£s.  to.  s.  [from  discommendable.]
   Biamableness; liableness to censure.
                                        Diet.
Discommenba'tion,    dis-kom-men-da'-
   shiin.  to. s. [from discommend.]  Blame,;
   reproach; censure.
    Tully assigns three motives,  whereby, without any
  discommendation, a man might be drawn  to become
  an accuser of others.          Ayliffe's  Parergon.

Discomme'nder,  dis-kom-men'dur. to. s.
   [from discommend.]  One  that  discom-
   mends; a dispraiser.
To Discommo'de,  dis-kom-mode'.  v. a.
   [dis and commode, Fr.]  To put to incon-
   venience; to molest; to  incommode.
Discommo'dious,  dis-kom-mo'de-us   or
   dis-kom-mo'je-us.  adj. [from  discom-
   mode]  Inconvenient; troublesome; un-
   pleasing.
    So many thousand soldiers,  unfit for any labour,
  or other trade, must either seek service and employ-
  ment abroad, which maybe dangerous; or else em-
  ploy themselves here at home, which may be dis-
  commodious.                 Spenser on Ireland.

Discommo'dity, dls-kom-mod'e-te. to. s.
   [from discommode.] Inconvenience; dis-
   advantage; hurt; mischief.
    We speak now of usury, how the discommodities
  of it may be best avoided, and the commodities re-
  tained: or how, in the balance of commodities and
  discommodities, the qualities of usury are to be re-
  conciled.                               Bacon.
    It is better that a  ship should be preserved with
  some discommodity to the sailors, than that, the sai-
  lors being in health, the ship should perish.
                                     Hayward.
To DISCOMPO'SE, dis-kom-poze'. v. a.
   [decomposer,  French.]
I. To disorder; to unsettle.
    The debate upon the self-denying ordinance had
  raised many jealousies, and discomposed the confi-
  dence that had formerly been between many of
  them.                             Clarendon.
2. To ruffle; to disorder
    Now Betty from her master's bed had  flown,
  And softly stole to discompose  her own.      Swift.
3. To disturb the  temper;  to agitate by
   perturbation.
    No more, dear mother: ill in death it shows,
  Your peace of mind by rage to discompose. Dryden.
4. To offend; to fret;  to vex.
    Men  who possess all the  advantages of life, arc
  in a state where there are many accidents to disoi
  der and discompose, but few to please them. Swift.
5. To displace; to discard.  Not in use.
    Though he was a dark prince,  and infinitely sus
  picious,  he never put down or discomposed a coun-
  sellor or near servant.                    Bacon.
Discompo'surb, dis-k6m-po'zhure. to, e. 
D  1  fc
D I  S
DI fc>
    [from discompose.]   Disorder; pertur-
    bation.
     He threw himself upon his bed,  lamenting with
   much passion,  and with  abundance of tears; and
   continued in this melancholick discomposure of mind
   many days.                         Clarendon.
 To Disconce'rt, dis-k6n-sert'.  v. a. [dis
    and concert.]
 1. To unsettle the mind; to discompose.
     You need not provoke their spirits by outrages; a
   careless gesture, a word, or a look is enough to dis-
   concert them.                          Collier.
 2. To break a scheme; to defeat a machi-
    nation.
 Disconfo'rmity, dls-kon-for'me-te.  to. s.
    [dis and conformity.]   Want of agree-
    ment; inconsistency.
     Lyes arise from errour  and mistake,  or malice
   and forgery; they consist in the disagreement and
   disconformity betwixt the speech and the conception
   of t!ie mind, or the conception of the mind and the
   things toemselves, or the speech and the things.
                          Hakewill on Providence.
 Discongru'ity, dis-kon-gm'e-te. n.s. [dis
    and congruity.]  Disagreement; incon-
    sistency.
     There is want of capacity in the thing, to sustain
   such a duration, from the intrinsical  discongruity of
   the one to the other.                     Hale.
 Disco'nsolate, dis-kon'so-late.91 adj. [dis
    and console.]   Void of comfort; hope-
    less; sorrowful; melancholy.
           See Cassius all disconsolate,
   With Piudarus his bondman, on this  hill.  Shaksp.
     If patiently thy bidding they obey,
   Dismiss them not disconsolate.            Milton.
     The ladies and the knights, no shelter nigh,
   Were dropping wet, disconsolate and wan,
   And through their thin array receiv'd the rain.
                                       Dryden.
     The moon reflects the sunbeams to us, and so, by
   illuminating the air, takes away  in some measure
   the disconsolate darkness of our winter nights.  Ray.
 Disconsolately, dis-kon'so-lale-le. adv.
   [from  disconsolate.]   In  a disconsolate
   manner; comfortlessly.
 Disco'nsolateness,   dis-kon'so-late-nes.
   to. s. [from  disconsolate.]  The state of
   being disconsolate.
 Disconte'nt, dis-kon-tent'. to. s. [dis and
   content.]   Want of content; uneasiness
   at the  present  state.
     I see your brows full of discontent,
   Your hearts of sorrow, and your eyes of tears.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Not that toeir pleasures caus'd her discontent,
   She sigh'd, not that they stay'd, but  that she went.
                                         Pope.
 Disconte'nt,  dis-kon-tent'.  adj. [dis and
   content.]  Uneasy at the  present state;
   dissatisfied.
     They were of their own nature circumspect and
   slow,  discountenanced and discontent; and those the
   earl singled as fittest for his purpose.    Hayward.
 To Disconte'nt, dis-kon-tent'. v.a. [from
   the noun.]   To dissatisfy; to make un-
   easy at the present state.
    I know a discontented gentleman,
  Whose humble means match not his  haughty spirit.
                                    Shakspeare.
    The discontented now are only they
  Whose crimes before did your just cause betray.
                                      Dryden.
Disconte'nted, dis-kon-ten'teU partici-
  pial  adj.  [from discontent.]   Uneasy;
   cheerless; malevolent.
                 Let us know
  What will tie up your discontented sword.  Shaksp.
     These are, beyond comparison, the two greatest
   evils in  this world; a diseased body, and a discon-
   tented mind.                         Tillotson.
     The goddess, with a discontented air,
   Seems to reject him, too' she grants his pray'r.
                                         Pope.

 Disconte'ntedness, dis-kon-ten'ted-nes.
   n. s. [from  discontented.]   Uneasiness;
   want of ease; dissatisfaction.
     A beautiful bust of Alexander the great casts up
   his face to heaven with a noble air of grief, or dis-
   contentedness, in his looks.              Addison.
 Disconte'ntment, dis-kon-tent'ment. n.s.
   [from discontent.]   The state of being
   discontented; uneasiness.
     These are the vices that fill them  with general
   discontentment,  as though toe bosom of that famous
   church,  wherein they live, were more  noisome than
   any dungeon.                          Hooker.
     The politick  and artificial nourishing and enter-
   taining of hopes, and  carrying men from hopes to
   hopes, is one of the best antidotes against  the poi-
   son of discontentments.                  Bacon.
 Discontinuance, dis-kon-tin'u-anse. n.s.
   [from discontinue]
 1.  Want  of cohesion  of parts; want of
   union  of  one  part with  another;  dis-
   ruption.
     The stillicides of water, if there be enough to
  follow, will  draw themselves into a small thread,
  because  they will not discontinue; but if there be no
  remedy,  then they cast themselves into round drops,
  which is the figure that  saveth the body most from
  discontinuance.                         Bacon.
 2. Cessation; intermission.
     Let us consider whether our approaches to him
  are sweet and refreshing, and if we are uneasy un-
  der any long discontinuance of our conversation with
  him.                               Atterbury.
 3. [In the common law.] An interruption
   or breaking  off;  as  discontinuance  of
   possession, or discontinance of process.
   The effect of discontinuance of posses-
   sion is, that  a man may not enter upon
   his  own land or  tenement  alienated,
   whatsoever  his  right  be unto it, or by
   his  own authority; but must seek to re-
   cover  possession by law. The effect of
   discontinuance of plea,  is,  that the in-
   stance may  not be  taken  up again, but
   by a new writ to begin the suit afresh.
                                     Cowell.
Discontinua'tion,   dis-kon-tin-u-a'shiin.
   to. s. [from  discontinue.] Disruption of
   continuity; breach of union of parts; dis-
   ruption; separation.
    Upon  any discontinuation of parts,  made either
  by bubbles, or by shaking the glass, the whole mer-
  cury falls.                           Newton.
 To Discontinue, dis-kon-tin'u.  v. to. [dis-
   continuer, Fr.]
 I. To lose the cohesion  of parts; to  suffer
   separation or disruption of substances.
    All bodies, ductile and tensile, as metals,  that
  will be drawn into wires; wool and tow, that will
  be drawn into yarn, or thread; have in them the
  appetite  of not discontinuing strong, which  maketh
  them follow the  force that pulleth  out, and yet so
  as not to discontinue or forsake their own body.
                     .                 Bacon.
2. To  lose an  established or prescriptive
   custom or right.
    Thyself  shall discontinue from thine heritage
  that I gave thee,  and I will cause thee  to serve
  thine enemies.                      Jeremiah.
To Discontinue,  dis-kon-tin'u. v.  a.
 1. To leave off;  to cease any practice  or
   habit.
                 Twenty puny lies I'll tell,
  That men shall swear I've  discontinued school
  Above a twelvemonth.                  Shaksp.
    Examine thy customs of diet, sleep, exercise, ap-
  parel, and the  like; and try, in any  thou shalt
  judge hurtful, to  discontinue it by little  and little;
  but so, as if thou find any inconvenience by  the
  change, thou come back to it again.       JSacon.
 2. To break off;  to interrupt.
    There is that property in all letters, of aptness to
  be conjoined  in syllables and words, through  the
  voluble motions  of the organs from one stop or  fi-
  gure to another,  that they  modify and discriminate
  the voice, without appearing to  discontinue it.
                                       ifofefer.
 Discontinuity,  dis-kon-tin-u'e-te. to.  *.
   [dis and continuity.] Disunity of parts;
   want of cohesion.
    That discontinuity of parts is the principal cause
  of the opacity of bodies,  will  appear by consider-
  ing that  opaque  substances become transparent by
  filling their pores with  any substance of equal,  or
  almost equal, density with  their parts.     Newton.

 DiscoNVE'NiENCE,dis-k6n-ve'ne-ense.TO.0.
   [dis and  convenience.]     Incongruity;
   disagreement; opposition of nature.
    Fear ariseth many times out of natural antipa-
  thies of nature; but in these disconveniencies of na-
  ture, deliberation hath no  place at all.  Bramhall.
 DI'SCORD, dis'kord.*92 to. s.  [discordia,
  Lat.]
 1. Disagreement; opposition; mutual an-
   ger; reciprocal oppugnancy.
    See what a scourge is laid upon your hate,
  That heav'n finds  means  to kill  your  joys with
        love!
  And I, for winking at your  discords too,
  Have lost a brace of kinsmen             Shaksp.
    He is a false witness that speaketh lies, and that
  soweth discord among brethren.         Proverbs.
2. Difference or contrariety  of qualities,
  particularly of sounds.
    Take but degree away, untune that string,
  And hark what discord follows; each thing meets
  In mere oppugnancy.                   Shaksp.
    Discord, like that of music's various parts,
  Discord that makes the harmony of hearts;
  Discord, that only this dispute shall bring,
  Who best shall love the duke and serve the king.
                                      Dryden.
    All nature is but art unknown to thee;
  All chance, direction which thou canst not see;
  All discord, harmony not understood;
  All partial  evil, universal good.            Pojoe.
3. [In musick.] Sounds not of themselves
  pleasing,  but  necessary to be  mixed
  with others.
    It  is sound alone that doth immediately and in-
  corporeally affect most; this is most manifest in mu-
  sic, and  concords and  discords in music; for  all
  sounds whether  they be sharp or flat,  if they be
  sweet, have a roundness and equality; and if they
  be harsh,  are unequal: for a discord itself is but a
  harshness of divers sounds meeting.       Bacon.
    It is the lark that sings  so out of tune,
  Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps.
                                       Shaksp.
    How doth music amaze  us, when of discor-ds she
  maketh the sweetest harmony!          Peacham.

 To  Disco'rd dis-kord'.493 v. to. [diicordo,
  Latin.]   To  disagree;  not to suit with.
    Sounds do disturb and  alter the one the other;
  sometimes the one drowning the other, and making
  it not heard; sometimes the other one jarring and
  discording with the other, and making a confusion.
                                       Bacon.
Disco'rdance,   dis-k6r'danse.  }    «.   s.
Disco'kdancy, dis-kor'dan-se.5    [from 
DIS
DIS
DIS
   ■discord.]    Disagreement; opposition;
   inconsistency.
 Disco'rdant, dis-kor'dant. adj.  [discor-
   dans, Lat.]
 1. Inconsistent; at variance with itself.
     Myrrha was joy 'd the welcome news to hear,
   But, clogg'd with guilt, the joy was unsincere;
   So various, so discordant is the mind,
   That in our will a different will we find.   Dryden.
 2. Opposite; contrarious.
     The discordant attraction  of  some  wandering
   comets would certainly disorder the revolutions of
   the planets, if they approached too near them.
                                       Cheyne.
 3. Incongruous; not conformable.
     Hither conscience is to be referred; if by a com-
   parison of things done  wito the rule there be a con-
   sonancy,  then follows the  sentence of approbation;
   if discordant from it, toe sentence of condemnation.
                                         Hale.
 Disoo'rdantlv,    dls-kor'dant-le.   adv.
   [from  discordant.]
 1. Inconsistently;  in  disagreement with
   itself.
 2. In  disagreement with  another.
     Two strings of a musical instrument being struck
   together, making two  noises  that  arrive at the ear
   at the same time as to sense, yield a sound differing
   from either of them, and as  it were compounded of
   both; insomuch, that if they be discordantly tuned,
   though each of toem struck apart would  yield a
   pleasing  sound, yet being struck together they make
   a harsh and troublesome noise.             Boyle.
 3. Peevishly;  in a contradictious manner.
 To  Disco'ver, dis-kuv'ur. v. a.   [decou-
   vrir, Fr. dis and cover]
 1. To show;  to disclose;  to bring to light;
   to make visible.
 2. To expose to view.
     The cover  of the coach  was made with such
   joints, that as  they  might, to avoid the weather,
   pull  it up close, so they might put each end down,
   and  remain as discovered  and open-sighted as  on
   horseback.                             Sidney.
     Go draw aside the curtains and discover
   The several caskets'to this noble prince.   Shaksp.
     He discovereth deep things out of darkness,  and
   bringeth out to light the shadow of death.    Job.
 3. To show;  not to shelter; to expose.
     And now will I discover her lewdness.    Hosea.
     Law can discover sin, but not remove.   Milton.
 4. To make known;  not to  disguise;  to
   reveal.
     We  will pass over unto those men, and we  will
   discover ourselves unto them.            Isaiah.
                 Eve, who unseen
   Yet all had heard, with audible lament
   Discover'd from the place of her retire.    Milton.
 5. To ken; to espy.
     When we  had discovered  Cyprus, we  left it on
   the left hand.                            Acts.
 6. To find out; to  obtain  information.
     He shall never by any alteration in me, discover
   my knowledge of his mistake.             Pope.
 7. To detect;   to find though  concealed.
                   Up he starts,
   Discover'd and surpris'd.                Milton.
     Man with strength and free will arm'd
   Complete, to have discover'd  and repuls'd
   Whatever wiles of foe or  seeming friend.  Milton.
 8.  To  find   things or places  not known
   before.
     Some to discover islands far away.       Shaksp.
     Another part in squadrons bend their march
   On bold adventure, to discover wide
   That dismal world.                     Milton.
     So of thintrs.   The  Germans disco-
   vered printing and gunpowder.
9. To exhibit to the view.
                 Some high climbing hill
  Which to his eye discovers unaware
  The goodly prospect of some foreign land,
  First seen, or some renown'd metropolis
  With glistering spires and battlements adorn d.
       6      b v                      Milton.
    Not light, but rather darkness visible,
  Serv'd only to discover sights of woe.      Milton.

Disco'verable,   dis-kiiv'ur-a-bl.    adj.
   [from discover]
I. That may be  found out.
    That  mineral matter, which is so  intermixed
  with the common and terrestrial matter, as not to
  be discoverable by human industry; or, if discover-
  able, diffused and  scattered amongst the   crasser
  matter, can never be separated.        Woodward.
    Revelation may assert two things to be join'd,
  whose connection or  agreement is not  discoverable
  by reason.                             Watts.
2. Apparent; exposed to view.
    They were deceived by  Satan, and that not in
  an invisible situation, but in an open and discover-
  able apparition, that is, in the form of a serpent.
                                       Brown.
    It is concluded  by astronomers, toat  the atmos-
  phere of the moon hath no clouds nor rains,  but a
  perpetual and  uniform serenity; because nothing
  discoverable in the lunar surface is ever covered and
  absconded by the interposition of any clouds or mists.
                                      JSenffey.

Disco'verer, dis-kuv'ilr-ur. to. s.  [from
   discover.]
1. One that finds any thing not known be-
   fore;  a finder  out.
    If more be found out, they will  not recompense
  toe discoverer's pains, but will be fitter to be cast
  out.                                  Holder.
    Places receive appellations, according to the lan-
  guage of the discoverer, from observations made up-
  on the people.                        Broome.
    The Cape of Good Hope was  doubled  in those
  early times; and the Portuguese were not the first
  discoverers of that navigation.          Arbuthnot.
    An old maiden  gentlewoman is the greatest dis-
  coverer  of judgments; she can tell you what sin it
  was that set such a man's house on fire.    Addison.
2. A scout; one  who is put  to descry the
   posture or  number  of an  enemy;  spe-
   culator.
    Here stand my lords,  and send discoverers forth,
  To know the numbers of our enemies.  -   Shaksp.
Disoo'very, dis-kuv'iir-e.SSfi  to.  s.  [from
   discover.]
1. The act of finding any  thing hidden.
    Of all who since have us'd the open sea,
  Than the bold English none more fame have won;
    Beyond the year, and out of  heav'ns high way,
  They made discoveries where they see no sun.
                                      Dryden.
2. The  act of revealing or disclosing any
   secret.
    What, must I hold a candle to my shame?
  They in themselves, good sooth, are too, too light.
  Why 'tis an office of discoveiy, love,
  And I should be obscur'd.                Shaksp.
    Things that  appeared amiable by the light of
  this world, appear of a different odious hue in the
  clear discoveries of the next.               South.
    It would be  necessary to say something of the
  state to which  toe war hath reduced  us; such a
  discovery ought to be made as late as possible.
                                        Swift.
To Disco'unsel, dis-k6un'sel.  v.  a.  [dis
  and counsel.]  To dissuade; to give con-
  trary  advice. Obsolete.
    But him that palmer from that vanity,
  With temperate advice discounselled.     Spenser.
Di'soount, dis'kount.313 493 to. <s.  [dis and
  count.]  The  sum  refunded  in a bar-
  gain.
     His whole intention was, to buy a certain quan-
  tity of copper money from Wood, at a large dis-
  count, and sell them as well as he could.    Swift.
 To  Disoou'nt,  dis-kouit'. v. a.  [from
   the noun.] To count back; to pay back
   again.
     My father's, mother's, brother's death I pardon:
  My prayers and penance shall discount for these,
  And beg of heaven to charge the bill on me.
                                       Dryden.
     The farmers spitefully combin'd,
  Force him to take  his tithes in kind;
  And Parvisol discounts arrears
  By bills for taxes and repairs.             Swift.
 To  Discou'ntenance,  dis-koun'te-nans.
   v. a.  [dis and countenance]
 L To discourage by cold treatment.
     Unwilling they were  to discountenance any man
  who was willing to serve them.         Clarendon.
     The truly upright judge will always countenance
  right, and discountenance wrong.        Atterbury.
2. To abash; to  put to shame.
            Wisdom, in discourse with her,
  Loses discountenane'd,  and like folly shews.
                                       Milton.
    He came,  and with him Eve, more loth, though
        first
  To offend:  discountenane'd both and discompos'd.
                                       Milton.
    How would one look from his majestic brow,
  Seated as on the top of virtue's hill,
  Discount'nance her despis'd!             Milton.
Discou'ntenance, dis-koun'te-nans. to. «.
  [dia and countenance.] Cold treatment;
  unfavourable aspect; unfriendly regard.
    He thought a little discountenance upon those
  persons would suppress that spirit.      Clarendon.
    All  accidental misfortunes, how  inevitable so-
  ever, were still attended with  very apparent dis-
  counfenance.                         Clarendon.
    In expectation of the hour of judgment, he pa-
  tiently bears all  toe  difficulties  of  duty, and the
  discountenance he  meets with from a wicked and
  prophane world.                        Rogers-

Discou'NTENANCER,dis-koin'te.nan-sur.98
  to. *. [from discountenance.]   One that
  discourages by cold treatment; one that
  depresses by unfriendly regard.
    Rumours of scandal, and  murmurs against the
  king, and  his government, taxed him  for a great
  taxer of his people, and discountenancer- of his no-
  bility.                                 Bacon.
 To  DISCOU'RAGE,    dis-kur'idge.3^
  v. a. [decourager,  French; dia  and cou-
  rage.]
 I.  To depress;  to  deprive of confidence;
   to deject; to dastardise.
     I might neither  encourage the rebels insolence,
  nor discourage the protestants loyalty and patience.
                                  King  Charles.
     The apostle with great zeal discourages too un-
  reasonable a presumption.               Rogers.
2. To deter;  to   fright  from  any  attempt:
  with from before the thing.
    Wherefore discourage ye the heart  of toe chil-
  dren of Israel from going over into the land?
                                     Numbeis.
3. It is irregularly used  by Temple  with
  to before the following word.
    You may keep your beauty and your health, un-
  less you  destroy them yourself, or discourage them
  fo stay with you, by using them ill.       Temple.
Discou'rager,   dis-kur'ridje-ur.  to.   «.
  [from discourage.]  One that impresses
  diffidence  and  terrour.
    Most men in years, as they are generally discou-
  ragers of youth, are like  old trees, which, being past
  bearing themselves, will suffer no young plants  to
  flourish beneath them.                     Pope. 
DIS
DIS
DIS
Discou'ragement, dis-kurYidje-ment.90
   to. *. [fiom discourage.]
1. Tne act  of  deterring,  or depressing
   hope.
2.  Determent;  that which  deters  from
   any thing:  with from.
    Amongst other impediments of any inventions,
  it  is  none  of  the  meanest discouragements,  that
  they are so generally derided by common opinion.
                                       Wilkins
    The books read at schools and colleges are full
  of incitements to virtue, and discouragements from
  vice.                                   Swift.
3. The cause of depression,  or fear:  with
   to, less  properly.
     To things we would have them learn, the great
  and only discouragement is, toat they are called to
  them.                                 Locke.
DISCOU'RSE, dis-korse'.3i8 to. s.  [dis-
   cours, Fr. discursus, Lat.]
 1. The act of the  understanding, by which
   it  passes from premises to consequen-
   ces.
    By reason of that original weakness in the  instru-
  ments, without which the understanding part is not
  able in  this world  by discourse to work, the  very
  conceit of painfulness is a bridle to stay us.
                                       Hooker.
    Sure  he that made us with such large discourse,
  Looking before and after, gave us not
  That capability and godlike reason
  To rust in us unus'd.                   Shaksp.
    The act of the mind which connects propositions,
  and  deduceth conclusions from them,  the schools
  call discourse; and  we shall  not miscall  it, if we
  name it  reason.                       Glanville.
2.  Conversation;  mutual  intercourse  of
   language;  talk.
    He waxeth wiser than himself, more by an hour's
  discourse than by a day's meditation.       Bacon.
    In thy discourse, if thou desire to please,
   All such is courteous, useful, new or witty;
    Usefulness comes by labour, wit by ease,
   Courtesy grows in court, news in the city. Herbert.
     The vanquish'd party with the victors join'd,
   Nor wanted sweet discourse, the banquet  of the
         mind.                          Dryden.
 3.  Effusion of language;  speech.
     Topical and superficial arguments of which there
   is store  to be found on both sides, filling the head
   with  a variety  of thoughts, and the mouth with co-
   pious discourse, serve only to amuse the understand-
   ing and entertain company.               Locke.
 4.  A treatise; a dissertation either  written
   or uttered.
     The discourse here is about ideas, which he says,
   are real things, and seen in God.          LocJfce.
     Plutarch, in  his discourse upon garrulity, com-
   mends the fidelity of toe companions of Ulysses.
                                         Pope.
 Jo Discou'rse,  dis-korse'.  v. to.  [from
   the  noun.]
 1.  To converse; to  talk; to relate.
     How wert thou handled, being prisoner?
   Discourse, I pr'ythee, on this turret's top.  Shaksp.
     Of various things discoursing as hepass'd,
   Anchises hither bends.                  Diyden.
2. To  treat upon in  a solemn or set  man-
   ner.
    The general maxims we are discoursing of are
  not known to children, ideots, and a great part of
  mankind.                             .  Loc}ce.
3. To  reason;  to  pass  from premises to
   consequences.
    And yet the pow'rs of her discoursing thoughts,
  From the collection is a diverse thing.     Davies.
    Brutes do want that quick discoursing power.
                                        Davies.
 To  Disoou'rse,  dis-korse'. v. a.  [from
   the noun.]  To treat  of;  to talk  over;
   to discuss.
    Go with us into the abbey here,
  And let us there at large discourse all our fortunes.
                                       Sliaksp.
Discou'rser,  dis-kor'siir.  to. s.   [Irom
   discourse.]
1. A speaker; a haranguer.
                The tract of every thing
  Would by a good  discourser lose some life,
  Which action's self was tongue to.        Shaksp.
2. A writer  on any  subject; a dissertator.
    Philologers and critical discoursers, who look be-
  yond the obvious exteriors of things, will not be an-
  gry atour narrower exploration.           Brown.
    But it seems to me,  that such discoursers do rea-
  son upon short views, and a very moderate compass
  of toought.                             Swift.
Discou'rsive, dis-kor'siv. adj. [from dis-
   course.]
1. Passing by intermediate steps from pre-
   mises  to consequences.
                   The soul
  Reason receives, and reason is her being,
  Discoursive, or intuitive; discourse
  Is oftest yours, the latter  is most ours.     Milton.
2. Containing dialogue;  interlocutory.
    The epic is  eveiy where interlaced with dialogue,
  or discoursive scenes.                  Dryden.
Discou'rteous, dis-k\ir'tshus.  adj. [dis
   and courteous.] Uncivil; uncompluisant,
   defective in good manners.
    He  resolved to  unhorse the first discourteous
  knight he should meet.                 Motteux.
Discou'rtesy, dls-kdr'te-se. n. s.[dis  and
   courtesy.]   Incivility; rudeness; act of
   disrespect.
    As  if  chearfulness  had been tediousness,  and
  good entertainment had been turned to discourtesy,
  he would ever get himself alone.          Sidney.
    Be calm in  arguing; for fierceness makes
  Error a fault, and truth discourtesy.       Herbert.
    He made me visits, maundering as if I had done
  him a discourtesy.                    Wiseman.
Discou'rteously,  dis-kur'tshils-le. adv.
   [from discourteous.] Uncivilly; rudely.
Di'scous, dls'kvis. adj. [from discus, Lat.]
   Broad; flat; wide.   Used  by  botanists
   to denote  the  middle,  plain,  and  flat
   part of some flowers,  such  as  the  flos
   solis,  &c.                        Quincy.
DISCRE'DIT, dis-kred'it.  to. s.  [decre-
   diter, Fr.]   Ignominy; reproach;  lower
   degree  of  infamy;  disgrace;   imputa-
   tion  of a fault.
    Had I been the finder-out of this secret, it would
  not have relished among my other discredits.  Shak.
    Idlers will ever live like rogues, and not fall to
  work, but be lazy, and  then certify over their country
  to the discredit of a plantation.            Bacon.
    That they may  quit their morals without any dis-
  credit to toeir  intellectuals, they fly to several stale,
  trite, pitiful objections and cavils.         South.
    'Tis the duty of every christian to be concerned
  for the reputation or discredit his life may bring on
  his profession.                         Rogers.
     Alas! the small discredit of a bribe
   Scarce hurts toe  lawyer, but undoes the scribe.
                                         Pope.
 To DiscRE'niT, dis-kr£d'it. v. a.  [decre-
   diter,  Fr.]
 I.  To  deprive of credibility;  to  make  not
   trusted.
     He had framed to himself many deceiving  pro-
   mises of life,  which I have discredited to him, and
   now is he resolved to die.            Shakspeare.
2. To- disgrace;  to bring  reproach upon; to
  shame; to  make  less reputable or ho-
  nourable.
    You had left unseen a wonderful piece of work,
  which not to have been blest withal, would  have
  discredited you.                     Shakspeare.
    He is commended that makes a saving voyage,
  and least discredits his travels, who returns the same
  man he ivent.                          Wotton.
    He, like a priviledg'd spy, whom nothing can
  Discredit, libels now 'gainst each great man. Donne.
    Reflect how glorious it would be to appear in
  countenance of discredited duty, and by example of
  piety revive the declining spirit of religion. Rogers.
    Without care our best actions will lose much of
  their influence, and our virtues will be often discred-
  ited with the appearance of evil.         Rogers.
3. To distrust; not  to credit; not to hold
  certain.
DISCREE'T, dis-kreet'.   adj.  [diacret,
  Fr.]
I. Prudent; circumspect; cautious; sober;
  not rash; not precipitant; not careless;
  not hardily adventurous.
    Honest,  discreet, quiet, and  godly learned men,
  will not be withdrawn by you.           Whitgift.
          Less fearful than discreet,
  You love the fundamental part of state,
  More than  you doubt the charge of 't.     Shaksp,
    To elder years to be discreet and grave,-
  Then to old age maturity she gave.      Denham,
    It is the discreet man, not the witty, northe learn-
  ed,  nor the brave, who guides the conversation, and
  gives measures to society.               Addison.
2. Modest; not forward.  Not well  autho-
  rized.
    Dear youth, by fortune favour'd, but by love,
  Alas! not favour'd less, be still as now
  Discreet.                            Thomson,.
DiscREE'TLY.dis-kreet'le.achy, [from dis-
  creet.] Prudently; cautiously;  circum-
  spectly.
    Poets lose half the praise they should have got,
  Could it be known what they discreetly blot. Waller.
    The labour of obedience, loyalty, and subjection,
  is no more but for a man honestly and discreetly to
  sit still.                                SoufA.
    Profit springs from husks discreetly us'd.  Philips.
        The dullest brain,  if gently stirr'd,
  Perhaps may waken to a humming bird;
  The most recluse, discreetly open'd, find
  Congenial object in the cockle kind.       Pope.
Discree'tness, dis-kreet'nes.  to.  s. [from
  discreet.] The quality of being discreet;
  discretion.
DI'SCRKPANCE, dis'kre-panse.  to.  s.
  [discrepantia, Lat ]  Difference; contra-
  riety; disagreement.
    Diversity of education, and discrepancy of those
  principles wherewith men are at first imbued, and
  wherein all our after reasonings are founded.
                         Lord Digby to K. Digby.
Di'sorepant,  dls'kre-pant.  adj. [di&cre-
  pans, Lat.] Different; disagreeing; con-
   trary.
To Discre'te, dis-krete'. v. a. [discretus,
   Lot.]  To separate;  to discontinue.
    As for its diaphaneity, it enjoyeth that most emi-
  nently;  as having its earthly and salinous parts so
  exactly resolved, that its body is left imporous, and
  not discreted by atomical terminations.     Brown.
Discre'te,  dis-krete'.  adj.   [discretus,
   Lat.]
1. Distinct; disjoined;  not  continuous.
    Discrete quantity, or different individuals,  are
  measured  by number, without  any breaking conti-
  nuity; that is, in things that have continuity, as con-
  tinued quantity and motion.                Hale.
2. Disjunctive:  as,  / resign my life, but
   not my honour, is a discrete proposition. 
DIS                                      DIS                                      DIS
 3. Discrete  proportion is when  the ratio
    between two pairs of numbers or quan-
    tities is the same; but there  is not the
    same proportion between all  the four:
    thus, 6 : 8 :  : 3  : 4.              Harris.
 Discke'tion, dis-kresh'iln.607 to. a.  [from
    diseretio, Lat.]
 1. Prudence; knowledge to govern or di-
    rect  one's self; skill; wise management.
     Nothing  then was further thought upon for the
   manner of governing; but all permitted unto their
   wisdom and discretion which were to rule. Hooker.
     A knife may be taken away from a child,  without
   depriving them of the benefits thereof which have
   years and discretion to use it.            Hooker.
     It is not good that children  should  know any
   wickedness: old folks have discretion, and know the
   world.                           Shakspeare.
     All this was order'd by the good discretion
   Of the right reverend cardinal of York.   Shaksp.
     The pleasure of commanding our passions is to
   be preferred before any sensual pleasure; because
   it is the pleasure of wisdom and discretion. Tillotson
     But care in poetry  must still be had,
   It asks discretion ev'n in running mad.       Pope.
     There is no talent so useful towards rising in the
   world, or which puts men more out of the reach of
   fortune, than discretion,  a species of lower pru-
   dence.                                Swift-
 2. Liberty of acting at pleasure; uncon-
   trolled and unconditional power: as, he
   surrenders at discretion; that is, without
   stipulation.
 Discre'tionary,  dls-kresh'un-ar-e* adj.
   [from discretion] Left at large; unlimi-
   ted; unrestrained.
    A deacon may have a dispensation for entering
  into orders before he  is twenty-three years of age:
  and it is discretionary in the bishop to admit him to
  that order at what time he thinks fit.      Ayliffe.
    The  major being a person of consummate expe-
  rience, was invested with discretionary power.
                                       Tatler.
Discre'tive, dls-kre'tiv. adj. [discretus,
   Lat.J
 1. [In  logick.]   Discretive  propositions,
   are such wherein various, and seeming-
   ly opposite, judgments are made, whose
   variety or distinction  is  noted  by  the
   particles  but, though, yet, &c. as, tra-
   vellers may change their climate, but not
   their  temper;  Job was  patient, though
   his grief was great.              Watts.
2. [In grammar.]   Discretive distinctions
   are such  as imply opposition:  as,  not a
   man,  but a beast.
Discri'minable,   dls-krim'e-na-bl.   adj.
   [from  discriminate.] Distinguishable by
   outward  marks or tokens.        Diet.
To DISCRIMINATE, dis-krim'e-nate.
  v. a. [discrimino, Lat.]
1. To mark with  notes of  difference; to
   distinguish by certain tokens from  an-
   otl.er.
    Oysters, and cockles, and muscles, which move
  not, have no discriminate sex.             Bacon.
    There are three sorts of it,  differing in fineness
  from  each other, and discriminated by the natives
  by three peculiar names.                 Boyle.
    The right hand is discriminated from the left by a
  natural, necessary, and never to be confounded dis-
  tinction.                              South.
    Although  the features of his countenance  be no
 reason of obedience, yet they may serve to discrimi-
 nate him from any other person, whom she is not to
 obey.                            Stillingfleet.
   There may be ways of discriminating the voice;
   as, by acuteness and gravity, the several degrees of
   rising and falling from one tone or note to another.
                                       Holder.
 2. To select or separate from others.
     You owe little less for what you are not,  than for
   what you are, to that discriminating mercy, to which
   alone you owe your exemption from miseries. Boyle-
 Discri'minateness,  dis-krini'e-nate-nes.
    91 «. a. [from  discriminate.]   Distinct-
    ness; marked difference.          Diet.
 Discrimination, dis-krim-e-na'shun. to.
    s. [from  discriminatio, Lat.]
 1. The state of being distinguished from
    other persons or things
     There is  a reverence to be shewed  them on toe
   account of their discrimination from other places,
   and separation for sacred uses.        Stillingfleet.

 2. The act  of distinguishing one from an-
   other; distinction; difference put.
     A satire should expose nothing but what is corri-
   gible; and make a due discrimination between those
   that are, and those  who are not, the proper  objects
   of it.                               Addison.
     By that prudent discrimination made between toe
   offenders of different degrees, he obliges those whom
   he has distinguished as objects of mercy. Addison.
    The marks of distinction.
     Take heed of abetting any factions, or applying
   any public discriminations in matters of religion.
                                 King Charles.
     Letters arise from  the first original discrimina-
   tions of voice, by way of articulation,  whereby the
   ear is able to judge and observe the differences of
   vocal  sounds.                         Holder.

 Discriminative,  dis-krim'e-na-tiv. adj.
   [from discriminate.]
 1. That  makes the  mark of distinction;
   characteristical.
    The only  standing test, and  discriminative cha-
  racteristick,  of any metal  or  mineral, must  be
  sought for in  the constituent matter of it.
                                   Woodward.
 2. That observes  distinction.
    Discriminative Providence knew before  the na-
  ture and course of all things.             More.
 DiscRi'MiNOUs,dis-krim'e-nus.c6(/. [from
   discrimen, Lat.] Dangerous; hazardous.
   Not usual.
    Any kind of spitting  of blood imports  a very
  discriminous state unless it happens upon the  gaping
  of a vein opened by a plethory.          Harvey.

 Disc u'isiTORY,dis-ku'be-tur-e.sia adj. [dis-
   cubitorius, Lat.] Fitted  to  the posture
   of leaning.
    After bathing they retired to bed, and refreshed
  toemselves with a repast: and so that custom,  by
  degrees, changed their cubiculary beds into discubd-
  tory.                     Brown's Vulg. Err.
Discu'mbency, dis-kum'ben-se.TO. s. [dis-
   cumbens,   Lat.]  The act of leaning  at
   meat, after the  ancient manner.
    The Greeks and Romans used the custom  of dis-
  cumbency at meals, which was upon their left side-
  for so  their right  hand was free and ready for  all
  service.                   Brown's Vulg. Err.
To Discu'mber, dis-kiim'bflr.  v.  a. [dis
   and cumber.] To disengage  from any
   troublesome weight; to disengage  from
  impediment.
    His limbs discumber'd of the clinging vest
  He binds the sacred cincture round his breast. Pope.
To Discu're, dis-kure. v. a.  [decouvrir,
  Fr.]   To  discover;  to reveal.  A  word
  perhaps peculiar to Spenser.
    I will, if please you it discure, assay
  To ease you of toat ill.            Fairy Queen,
  DISCU'RSIVE, dis-kur'siv.158 adj, [dis-
    cursif, Fr. from discurro, Lat.]
  I. Moving here and there; roving; desul-
    tory.
     Some noises help sleep; as  the blowing  of the
   wind, and the trickling of water: they move a gen-
   tle  attention: and  whatsoever moveto attention,
   without  too much labour, stilleth the natural and
   discursive motion of the spirits.           Bacon.
  2. Proceeding by regular gradation  from
    premises to consequences; argumenta-
    tive.   This is  sometimes,  perhaps not
    improperly, written discoursive.
     There is a  sanctity of soul and body, of more efi-
   ficacy for the receiving of divine  truths, than the
   greatest pretences to discursive demonstration.
                        More's Divine Dialogues.
     There hath been much  dispute  touching  the
   knowledge  of brutes, whether they have a kind of
   discursive faculty, which some call reason.   Hale.
 Discu'rsively, dis-kur'siv-le. adv. [from
    discursive.] By due gradation of argu-
    ment.
     We have a principle within, whereby we  think,
   and we know we think; whereby we do discursively,
   and by way of ratiocination, deduce one thing from
   another.                                Hale.
 Discu'rsory, dls-kiir'sur-e. adj. [discur-
   sor, Lat.]  Argumental;  rational.
 DI'SCUS, dis'kfls. re. a. [Latin.]  A quoit;
   a heavy piece of iron thrown in the an-
   cient sports.
     From Elatreus' strong arm toe discus flies,
   And sings with unmatch'd force along the skies.
                                         Pope.
 To DISCU'SS, dis-kds'. v. a.  [discutio,
   discussum, Lat.]
 1. To  examine; to ventilate;  to clear by
   disquisition.
    We are to discuss only those general exceptions
  which have been taken.                Hooker.
    His usage was to commit the discussing of causes
  privately to certain persons learned in the law.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
    This knotty  point should you and I discuss,
  Or tell a tale?                           Pope.
 1.  To  disperse:  commonly applied  to  a
   humour or swelling.
    Many arts were used to discuss the beginnings of
  new affection.                         Wotton.
 3. To break to pieces.
    Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's trisulk,
  to burn, discuss, and terrebrate.          Brown.

 Discu'sser, dis-kus'sur.98 re. s. [from dis-
   cuss.] He  that discusses; an examiner.
 Discu'ssion,  dis-kus'slmn.  to. s. [from dis-
   cuss.]
 1. Disquisition;  examination; ventilation
   of a question.
    Truth cannot be found without some labour and
  intention  of the mind, and the thoughts dwelling a
  considerable time upon the survey and discussion of
  each particular.                        SoufA.
    Various discussions tear our heated brain:
  Opinions often  turn, still doubts remain;
  And who indulges thought, increases pain.  Prior.
 2. [In surgery.] Discussion or resolution
  is nothing else but breathing out the hu-
  mours by insensible transpiration.
                                  Wiseman.
Discu'ssive, dis-kfis'slv.429 adj. [from  dia-
  cuaa.]  Having the  power to discuss or
  disperse any noxious matter.
Discu'tient,   dis-ku/shent. to. a.  [diacu-
  tiena, Lat.]   A medicine that has power 
DIS
DIS
DIS
   to dispel or drive  back the matter of
   tumours in  the  blood.  It  sometimes
   means the same as carminative. Quincy.
    The swellings arising  from these require to be
  treated,  in their beginning, with moderate repel-
  lents and dis( utients.                 Wiseman.
 To DISDA'IN, diz-dane'.-y. a.[dedaigner,
   Fr.] To scorn; to consider as unworthy
   of one's character.
    There is nothing so great, which I will fear to do
  for you; nor nothing so small, which I will disdain
  to do for you.                          Sidney.
    They  do disdain as much beyond our thoughts,
  Which makes me sweat with wrath.       Shaksp.
    What safe and nicely I might well delay
  By rule of knighthood, I disdain and spurn.  Shaksp.
                     Tell him, Cato
  Disdains a life which he has power to offer.  Addis.

 Disda'in, diz-dane'.  w. s.  [sdegno, Ital.]
   Contempt; scorn; contemptuous anger;
   indignation.
    Children being  haughty, through disdain  and
  want of nurture, do stain the  nobility of their kin-
  dred.                                Ecclus.
    But against you, ye  Greeks, ye coward train,
  Gods! how my soul is mov'd with just disdain! Pope.
 Disda'inful, diz-dane'fvil.  adj. [disdain
   and full]   Contemptuous;  haughtily
   scornful; indignant.
    There will come a time when three words utter-
  ed wito charity and meekness, shall receive a far
  more blessed reward, than three thousand volumes,
  written with disdainful sharpness of wit.  Hooker.
          The queen is obstinate,
  Stubborn to justice, apt to accuse it,
  Disdainful to be tried by 't.           Shakspeare.
        Seek through this grove:
  A sweet  Athenian lady  is in love
  With a disdainful youth: anoint his eyes;
  But do it when the next thing he espies
  Shall be the lady.                   Shakspeare.
    But those I can accuse, I can forgive:
  By my disdainful silence  let them live.    Dryden.
    The disdainful  soul came  rushing through the
        wound.                        Dryden.
DisDA'iNFULLY,diz-dane'ful-e. adv.[from
   disdainful.]    Contemptuously;   with
   haughty scorn; with indignation.
            Either greet  him  not,
  Or else disdainfully, which shall shake him more.
                                    Shakspeare.
    It is not to insult and  domineer, to look disdainful-
  ly, and revile imperiously, that procures esteem from
  any one.                               South.
Disdainfulness,  diz-dane'ffil-nes. n. s.
   [from    disdainful.]   Contempt;   con-
   tempts usness; haughty scorn.
    Can I forget, when they in prison placing her
  With swelling heart, in spite and due disdainfulness,
  She lay for dead, till I  help'd  with unlacing her.
                                       Sidney.
    A proud disdainfulness of other men.  Ascham.
DISE A'SE, diz-eze'. to. *.  [dis and  ease.]
  Distemper; malady;  sickness;  morbid
   state.
    What's the disease he means?
  —'Tis call'd the evil.               Shakspeare.
    And Asa, in the thirty and ninth year of his reign,
  was diseased in his feet, and his disease was exceed-
  ing great;  and in his disease he sought not to the
  Lord but to the physicians.            Chronicles.
    It is idle to propose remedies before we are as-
  sured of the disease, or to be in pain till we are con-
  vinced of the danger.                   Swift.
                    Intemperance
  In meats  and drinks, which in  the earth shall bring
  Diseases dire.                          Milton.
            Then wasteful forth
  Walks the dire pow'r of pestilent disease. Thomson.
 To Disea'se,  diz-eze'.  v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]
 I. To afflict with disease;  to torment with
   pain or sickness; to  make morbid;  to
   infect.
             We are all diseased,
  And with our surfeiting and wanton hours
  Have brought ourselves into a burning fever. Shaks.
    Flatt'rers yet wear silk, drink wine, lie soft,
  Hug their diseas'd perfumes, and have forgot
  That ever Timon  was.                  Shaksp.
    Let her alone, lady: as she  is now, she  will but
  disease our better mirth.                 Shaksp.
    He was diseased in his  feet.          1 Kings.
    A lazar-house it seem'd, wherein were laid
  Numbers of all diseas'd, all maladies
  Of  ghastly spasm, or racking torture.      Milton.
 2. To put to pain;  to pain; to make uneasy.
    Though great light be insufferable to our eyes,
  yet  the highest degree of darkness does not at all
  disease them.                           Locke.
 Disea'sedness,  diz-e'zed-nes.36s  to.   s.
   [from  diseased.] Sickness; morbidness;
   the state  of  being diseased.
    This is a restoration to some former state; not
  that state of indigency and diseasedness.    Burnet.
 Dise'uged,  diz-edjd.3B9  adj.  [dis  and
   edge.]  Blunted; obtunded;  dulled.
              I grieve myself
  To think, when thou shalt be disedg'd by her
  Whom now thou tir'st on, how toy memory
  Will then bepang'd by me.          Shakspeare.
 To Disemba'rk, dis-em-bark'. v. a. [dis
   and embark.]  To carry  to land.
    I  must unto the road, to disembark
  Some necessaries.                  Shakspeare.
 To Disemba'rk, dis-em-bark'. v. to.   To
   land; to go on land.
    There disembarking on the green sea-side,
  We land our cattle, and the spoil divide.    Pope.
 To Disembi'tter, dls-em-bit'tilr.-y.cz. [dis
   and embitter.] To sweeten; to free from
   bitterness; to  clear from acrimony;  an
   unusual word.
    Encourage such innocent amusements as may dts-
  embitter the minds of men, and make them mutu-
  ally rejoice in the same agreeable satisfactions.
                                     Addison.
 DiSEMBo'niEn,  dis-em-bod'id.  adj. [dis
   and embodied.]  Divested of the body.
 To Disembo'gue,  dis-em-bogue'.33'' v. a
   [disemboucher, old  Fr.  Skinner]  To
   pour out at  the  mouth of a  river;  to
   vent.
                     Rivers
  In ample oceans disembogu'd, or lost.     Dryden.
      Rolling down, the steep Timavus raves,
  And through nine channels disembogues his waves.
                                     Addison.
 To Disembo'gue, dis-£m-bogue'. v.  to. To
   gain a vent;  to flow.
    By eminences placed up and down the globe, the
  rivers make innumerable turnings and windings,
  and at last disembogue in several  mouths into the
  sea.                                 Cheyne.
Disembo'welled, dis-em-bou'eld.  parti-
   cipial adj.  [dis  and embowel.]  Taken
  from out  the bowels.
            So her disembowell'd web
  Arachne in a hall or kitchen spreads,
  Obvious to vagrant flies.                Philips.

 To Disembro'il,  dls-em-broil'. v. a. [de-
  bouiller, Fr.]  To disentangle;  to free
  from perplexity; to reduce from confu-
  sion.
    Then earth from air, and  seas from earth were
       driv'n,
  And grosser air sunk from ethcrial heav'n;
  Thus disembroil'd, they take their proper place.
                                       Dryden.
    The system of his politicks is disembroiled, and
  cleared of all those incoherences  and independent
  matters toat are woven into this motley piece.
                                      Addison.
 To Disena'ble,  dis-en-a'bl. v. a. [dis and
   enable.]  To deprive of  power;  to dis-
   able; to sink into weakness; to weaken.
    Now age has overtaken me; and  want, a more
  insufferable evil, through the  change of the  times,
  has wholly disenabled me.                Diyden.
 To Disencha'nt, dis-en-tshant. v.  a. [dis
   and enchant.]    To free from the force
   of an enchantment;  to deliver from the
   power of charms or  spells.
    Alas! let your own brain disenchant you. Sidney.
    Muse, stoop thy  disenchanted wing  to truth.
                                     Denham.
    Haste to thy work: a noble stroke or two
  Ends all the charms, and disenchants  toe grove.
                                      Diyden.
 To Disencu'mber, dis-£n-kum'bur.  v. a.
  [dis and encumber.]
 1. To discharge  from  encumbrances; to
  free from  clogs and  impediments;  to
  disburden; to  exonerate.
    It will need the  actual intention, the  particular
  stress and application of the whole soul, to disen-
  cumber and set it free, to scour off its  rust, and re-
  move those hindrances which would otherwise clog
  and check the freedom of its operations.     Sprat.
               The  disencumber'd soul
  Flew off, and left behind the clouds and starry pole.
                                      Dryden
    Dreams look like toe  amusements of the soul,
  when she  is disencumber'd of her machine; her
  sports and recreations, when she has laid her charge
  asleep.                              Spectator.
2. To free from obstruction of any kind.
    Dim night had disencumber'd heaven.   Milton.
    The church  of St. Justina, designed byPalladio,
  is the  most handsome, luminous, disencumbered
  building in the inside, that I have ever seen.
                              Addison on Italy.
Disencu'mbranoe, dis-£n-kum'branse. n.
  s. [from tne verb.]    Freedom from en-
  cumbrance and obstruction.
    There are many  who make a figure below what
  their fortune or merit  entitles them to,  out of
  mere choice, and an elegant desire of ease and dis-
  encumbrance.                        Spectator.
To Disenga'ge, dis-en-gaje'. v. a. [dis and
  engage.]
1. To separate from any thing with which
  it is in union.
    Some others, being very light, would float up and
  down a good while before they could wholly disen-
  gage themselves and descend.    .Bumef's Theory.
2. To disentangle;  to  clear  from impe-
  diments or difficulties.
    From civil broils he did us disengage;
  Found nobler objects for our martial rage.  Waller.
    In the next paragraph, I  found my author pretty
  well disengaged from quotations.        Atterbury.
3. To withdraw,  applied to the affection;
  to wean;  to abstract the  mind.
    It is requisite that we should acquaint ourselves
  with God, that we should frequently disengage our
  hearts from earthly  pursuits.           Atterbury.
    The consideration toat should disengage our fond-
  ness from worldly things, is, that they are uncertain
  in their foundation; fading,  transient, and corrup-
  tible in  their nature.                    Rogers.
4. Tp free from  any  powerful detention.
    When our mind's eyes are disengaged and free»
  They clearer, farther, and distinctly see  Denham.
5. To release from an obligation. 
DIS
DIS
DIS
 To Disenga'ge, dis-en-gaje'.  v.  n.  To
   set one's self free  from;   to withdraw
   one's affections from.
    Providence gives us notice, by sensible declen-
  sions, that we may disengage from the world by de-
  grees.                      Collier on Thought.
 Disenga'geo, dis-en-gajd'.369 participial
   adj. [from disengage.]
 1.  Disjoined; disentangled.
 2.  Vacant;  at leisure; not  fixed  down  to
   any particular object of attention.
 3.  Released from obligation.
 Disenga'gkdness, dis-en-gajd'nes. «.  s.
   [from disengage/]    The  quality  of be-
   ing  disengaged; vacuity  of attention;
   freedom from  any  pressing business;
   disjunction.
 Disenga'gement, dis-en-gaje'ment.  n. s.
   [from disengage.]
 1.  Release from any engagement, or obli-
   gation.
 2.  Freedom  of attention;  vacancy.

 To  Disenta'ngle, dis-en-tang'gl. v.  a.
   [dis and entangle.]
 1.  To unfold or  loose  the  parts  of  any
   thing interwoven with one another.
    Though  in concretions particles so entangle one
  another, that they cannot in a  short time  clear
  themselves, yet they do incessantly strive to disen-
  tangle themselves, and get away.          Boyle.
 2.  To set free from impediments; to  dis-
   embroil;  to clear  from perplexity  or
   difficulty.
    Till they could find some expedient to explicate
  and disentangle themselves out of this  labyrinth,
  toey made no advance towards supplying their ar-
  mies.                            Clarendon.
    The welfare of their souls requires a better judg-
  ment than  their own, either to  guide them in  their
  duty, or to disentangle toem from a temptation.
                                      South.
3. To disengage; to separate.
    Neither can God  himself be otherwise under-
  stood by us than as a mind free  and disentangled
  from all corporeal mixtures.          Stillingfleet.
 To Disente'rre,  dis-en-ter'.  v.  a.  [dis
   and enterrer, French.]   To unbury;  to
   take out ofthe grave.
    Though the blindness  of some fanaticks  have
  savaged on the bodies of the dead, and have  been
  so injurious unto worms as  to disenferre  the bodies
  of tbe deceased, yet had they therein no design up-
  on the soul.                           Brown.
 To Disenthra'l,  dis-en-fAra.wl'.406 v.  a.
  [dis and enthral]   To  set free;  to re-
  store  to liberty; to rescue from  slavery.
    But God my soul shall disenthral;
  For I upon his name will call.            Sandys.
    If religion were false, bad men would  set the ut-
  most force of their reason on work to discover that
  falsity, and thereby disenthral themselves.  South.
 To  Disenthro'ne,  dis-en-Mrone'.  v.  a.
  [dis  and enthrone.]  To  depose from
   sovereignty; to dethrone.
    Either to disenthrone the king of heav'n
  We war, if war be best; or to regain
  Our own right lost.                    JMiffon.
 To Disentra'nce, dis-en-transe'. v. a.  [dis
  and  entrance.]   To  awaken  from  a
  trance, or deep sleep.
    Ralpho, by this time disentranc'd,
  Upon his bum himself advanc'd.'        Hudibras.

 To Disespo'use, dis-e-spoiize'.  v. a.  [dis
  and f  pouse.]   To  separate after faith
  plighted.
      VOL. I.
            Such was the rage
  Of Turnus, for Lavinia disespous'd.        Milton.
Diseste'em,  dis-e-steem'. to.  s. [dis and
   esteem.]   Slight  regard;  a  disregard
   more moderate  than  contempt.
    When any one, by miscarriage, falls into dises-
  teem, he will fall under neglect and contempt.
                                       Locke.
To Diseste'em dis-e-steem'. v.  a.  [from
   the noun.]   To  regard  slightly;  to con-
   sider with a slight degree of contempt.
                Should Mars see 't,
  That horrid hurrier of men, or she that betters him,
  Minerva, never so incens'd, toey could not disesteem.
                                   Chapman.
    But if this sacred gift you disesteem,
  Then cruel plagues shall fall on Priam's state.
                                    Denham.
    I would not  be thought to disesfeetn or  dissuade
  toe study of nature.                     Locke.
Disestima'tion, dfs-es-te-ma'shun. n. s.
   [dis and astimatio, Lat.]   Disrespect;
   disesteem.                          Diet.
Disfa'vour,  dis-fa'vur. «. s.  [dis and fa-
   vour, j
1.  Discountenance; unpropitious regard;
   unfavourable aspect;  unfavourable cir-
   cumstance.
2.  A state of ungraciousness or unaccept-
   ableness; a state  in  which one is not
   favoured.
    While free from sacrilege, he was at peace, as it
  were, wito God and man; but after his sacrilege he
  was in disfavour wito both.             Spelman.
3.  Want of beauty.
To Disfa'vour, dls-fa'vdr. v.  a.  [from
   the  noun.]    To  discountenance;   to
   withhold or withdraw kindness.
    Might not those of higher rank, and nearer ac-
  cess to her majesty,  receive  her own  commands,
  and be countenanced  or  disfavoured  according as
  toey obey?                            Swift.
Disfa'vourer, dis-fa'vur-ur to.  s. [from
   disfavour.]   Discountenancer; nota fa-
   vourer.
    It was verily thought, that  had it not  been for
  four great disfavourers of that  voyage,  toe  enter-
  prize had succeeded.                    Bacon,
Disfigura'tion, dis-fig-u-ra'shun.  to. s.
   [from  disfgure.]
1. The act of disfiguring.
2. The state of being disfigured.
3. Deformity.
To Disfi'gure, dis-fig'ure. v. a. [dia and
  fgure]   To change  any  thing  to a
   worse  form;  to deform;  to mangle.
          You are but as a form in wax
  By him imprinted, and within his pow'r
  To leave the figure, or disfigure it.       Shaksp.
    In this the antique and well-noted face
  Of plain old form is much disfigur'd.      Shaksp.
                  Abject is their punishment,
  Disfiguring not God's likeness but their own,
  Or, if his likeness, by themselves defac'd,  Jtfiffon.
        Uriel, on toe Assyrian mount,
  Saw him disfigur'd more than could befal
  Spirit of happy sort.                   Jtfiffon.
    A nose flatter, or a  mouth wider could have con-
  sisted, as well as the  rest of his figure, with such a
  soul and such parts as made him, disfigured as he
  was, capable to be a dignitary in the church. Locke.
    Nor would his  slaughter'd army now  have lain
  On Africk's sands, disfigur'd with their wounds,
  To gorge toe wolves and vultures of Numidia. '
                              Addison's Cato.
    His long absence, and travels which had dis/igur-
  ed him, made  him altogether  unknown.
                        Broome on Epic Poetry.
                    4a
Disfi'gurement,  dls-flg'ure-ment.  to. s.
   [from disfgure.]  Defacement of beau-
   ty;  change of a better form  to a worse.
    The  disfigurement toat travel or sickness has be-
  stowed upon him,  is not  toought great by the lady
  of the isle.                         Suckling.
    And  they, so perfect is their misery,
  Not once perceive their foul dis/ig-uremenf.  MUton.
 To Disfo'rest, dis-f6r'rest. v. a. [dis and
  forest.]   To reduce land from the pri-
   vileges of a forest to the stale of  com-
   mon land.
 To Disfranchise, dls-fran'tshiz.1*0 v. a.
   [dis  and franchise.]   To  deprive of
   privilegesor immunities.
Disfranchisement,  dis-fran'tshiz-ment.
   n. s. [from disfranchise.]  The act of
   depriving of privileges.           Diet.
 To Disfu'rnish, dls-fur'nish. v. a. [dis and
  furnish.]  To deprive; to unfurnish; to
   strip.
    My riches are these poor habiliments,
  Of which if you should here disfurnish me,
  You take the sum and substance that 1 have. Shaksp,
    He durst not disfurnish that country either of so
  great a commander, or of the wonted garrisons.
                              Knolles1 History.
To Disga'rnish, diz-gar'nish.436  v.  a.
  [dis and garnish.]
1. To strip of ornaments.           Diet.
2. To take guns from a fortress.
To Disglo'rify, diz-glo're-fi.  v.  a.  [dis
  and glorify.]   To deprive  of glory;  to
  treat with indignity.
    So Dagon shall be magnified, and God,
  Besides whom is no god, compar'd with idols,
  Disglorified, blasphem'd, and had in scorn. Milton.
To Disgo'rge, diz-gorje'. v. a. [degorger,
  Fr.  from gorge, the throat.]
I. To discharge by the mouth;  to spew
  out; to vomit.
    So, so, thou common dog, didst thou disgorge
  Thy glutton bosom ofthe royal Richard?
  And now thou wouldst eat thy dead vomit up.
                                     Shaksp.
      From the distant shore they loudly laught,
  To see  his heaving breast  disgorge  the   briny
          draught.                    Dryden-.
2. To pour out with violence.
    All toe embossed sores and beaded evils,
  That thou with licence of free foot hast caught,
  Wouldst thou disgorge into the general world?
    The deep-drawing barks do there disgorge
  Their warlike fraughtage.               Shaksp.
            They move along the banks
  Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge
  Into the burning lake their baleful streams.  Milt.
    Countries much annoyed with earthquakes have
  volcanoes;  and these  are constantly all in flames,
  whenever any earthquake happens:  they disgorging
  toat fire which "was the cause ofthe disaster.
                                     Derham.
Disgra'ce, diz-grase'.42*  n.  s.  [disgrace,
  Fr.]
1. State  of being out of favour.
2. State  of ignominy;  dishonour; state of
  shame.
            Like  a dull actor,  now
  I have forgot my part,  and I am out
  Even to a full disgrace.                Shaksp.
    Poetry, howsoever censured, is not fallen from
  the highest stage of honour to the  lowest stwrof
  disgrace.                           Pear\am.
3  Act of unkindness.   Obsolete
    To such  bondage he was for so many courses
  tied by her, whose disgraces to  him were graced by
  her excellence,                        Sidnen. 
DI  S
DI  S
D I  S
4. Cause of shame.
    And is it not a foul disgrace,
  To lose the boltsprit of thy face?        Baynard.
    And he whose affluence disdain'd a place,
  Brib'd by a title, makes it a disgrace.       Broicn.

To Disgra'ce, diz-grase'. v. a. [from the
   noun.]
1. To bring a reproach  upon;  to  disho-
   nour, as an agent.
    We may not so  in any one special kind admire
  her, that we disgrace her  in any other; but let all
  her ways be according unto their place and degree
  adored.                               Hooker.
    Men's  passions will carry  them far in misrepre-
  senting an opinion  which they have a mind to dis-
  grace.                                Burnet.
2. To bring to shame, as a  cause:  as, his
   ignorance disgraced him.
3. To put out of favour:  as, the  minister
   was disgraced.
Disgra'ceful,  dis-grase'ful.  adj. [dis-
   grace anufull.]  Shameful;  ignomini-
   ous;  reproachful;  procuring  shame.
    Masters must correct their servants with gentle-
  ness, prudence, and  mercy;  not  with upbraiding
  and disgraceful language, but with such only as may
  express and reprove the  fault, and amend  the per-
  son.               Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
    To retire behind their  chariots, was as little dis-
  graceful then, as it is now to alight from one's horse
  in a battle.                             Pope.
Disgra'cefully,  dlz-grase'ful-e. adv.
   [from disgraceful]  In disgrace; with
   indignity; ignominiously.
      The senate have cast you forth
  Disgracefully, to be the common tale
  Of the whole city.                  Ben Jonson,
Disgra'cefulness, dis-grase'ful-nes. to. s.
   [from disgraceful.]   Ignominy.
Disgra'oer, diz-gra'sur.98 n. s. [from  dis-
   grace.]  One  that exposes  to shame;
   one that causes  ignominy.
    I have given good advice to those infamous dis-
  grocers  of the sex and calling.            Swift.
Disgra'cious, diz-gra'shils. adj. [dis  and
   gracious]  Unpleasing.
    I do suspect I have done some offence,
  That seems disgracious in the  city's eye.    Shaksp.
To Disgui'se, dizg-yize'.92  l6° v.  a.  [de-
   guiser, Fr. dis and  guise.]
1. To conceal by an  unusual dress.
             How might we disguise him?
  ----Alas! I  know  not: there is  no woman's gown
  big enough for him.                    Shaksp.
    Disguis'd he came; but those his children dear
  Their parent soon discern'd through his disguise.
                                       Milton.
2. To hide by a  counterfeit appearance;
   to cloak by a false  show:   as, he disgui-
   sed his anger.
3. To disfigure;  to change the form.
    They saw toe faces, which too well they knew,
  Though then  disguis'd in death, and smear'd all o'er
  With filth obscene, and  dropping putrid gore.
                                       Dryden.
               More duteous at her call,
  Than at Circean call the herd disguis'd.   Milton.
    Ulysses wakes, not knowing the place where he
  was; because Minerva made  all things appear in  a
  disguised view.                           Pope.
4. To deform by liquor;  a low term.
    I have just left the right worshipful, and his myr-
  midons, about a sneaker  of five gallons;  the whole
  magistracy was pretty well disguised before I gave
  them the slip.                       Spectator.

Disgui'se, dizg-yize'.160  to.  s.  [from  the

   verb.]
1.  A dress  contrived to  conceal  the per-
  son that wears it.
    They generally act in a disguise themselves, ami
  therefore mistake all outward show and appearances
  for hypocrisy in others.                 Addison
    Since I in Arcite cannot Arcite find,
  The world may search  in vain wito all their eyes,
  But never penetrate through this disguise.    Dryd.
2.  A false  appearance;  counterfeit  show.
    Hence guilty joys, distastes, surmises,
  False oaths, false tears, deceits, disguises.   Pope.
3.  Disorder by drink.
    You see we 've burnt our cheeks; and mine own
        tongue
  Splits what it speaks: the wild disguise hath almost
  Antickt us.                             Shaksp.
Disgui'sement,   dizg-yize'ment.  to.  s.
  [from  disguise]  Dress of concealment.
    Under that disguisement I should find  opportunity
  to reveal myself to the owner of my heart.   Sidney.
    The marquis  thought best to dismask his  beard,
  and told him, that he was going covertly to  take a
  secret view ofthe forwardness of his majesty's fleet:
  this did somewhat handsomely heal the disguisement.
                                       Wotton.
Disgui'ser, dizg-yi'zur.160   to.  s.  [from
  disguise]
I.  One that puts on a disguise.
    I hope he is grown more disengaged from his in-
  tentness on  his own affairs, which is quite  the re-
  verse to you, unless you are  a very dexterous dis-
 guiser.                                 Swift.
2.  One  that conceals  another by a dis-
  guise; one that  disfigures.
    Death's a great dlsguiser.              Shaksp.
DISGU'ST, diz-gust'.43B  to. a.  [degout,
  French.]
1.  Aversion ofthe palate from anything.
2.  Ill-humour; malevolence; offence con-
  ceived.
    The manner  of doing is of more consequence
  than the  thing done, and upon that depends the sa-
 tisfaction or disgust  wherewith it is received.
                                       Locke.
    Thence dark disgust and hatred, winding wiles,
  Coward deceit, and ruffian violence.     Thomson.
To  Disgu'st, diz-i.rust'. v.  a.  [degouter,
  French;  degusto, Latin.]
I.  To raise aversion in  the  stomach; to
 -distaste.
2.  To strike with dislike; to  offend.   It
  is variously constructed with at or with.
    If a man were disgusted at marriage, he would
  never recommend it to his friend       Atterbury.
    Those unenlarged  souls are disgusted with toe
  wonders which the microscope has discovered.
                                        Watts.
3.  To produce aversion:  with from.
    What disgusts me from having to do with answer
  jobbers is, that they have no conscience-     Swift.
Disgu'stful,  diz-gust'ful. adj.  [disgust
  and full]  Nauseous; that causes aver-
  sion.
    I have finished the most disgustful task that ever
  I undertook.                            Swift.
DISH,  dish. to. s.  [birc,  Saxon;   dyse,
  Erse;  discus, Latin.]
 I. A  broad wide vessel,  in which food is
  served up at the table.
    Of these he murders one; he boils the flesh,
  And lays the mangled morsels in a dish.     Dryd.
    I saw among the ruins an old heathen altar, with
  this particularity in it, that it is hollowed like a dish
  at one end; but it was not this end on which the sa-
  crifice was laid.                      Addison.
2. A deep hollow vessel for liquid food.
    Who would rob a hermit of his weeds,
  His few books, or his beads, or maple dish;
  Or do his grey hairs any violence?        MUton
    A ladle for our silver dish,                .
  Is what I want, is what I wish.            Prior.
1. Trie meat scived in a dish;  any  parti-
  cular kind of food.
    I have here a dish of doves, that I would bestow
  upon your worship.                     Shaksp,
    Let's kill him boldly, but not wrathfully;
  Let's carve him as a dish fit for the gods,
  Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds.    Shaksp.
    The contract  you pretend with that base wretch,
  One bred of alms and foster'd with cold dishes,
  With scraps o' th' court; it is no contract, none.
                                       Shaksp.
    'Tis not the meat, but 'tis the appetite,
  Makes eating a delight;
  And if I like one dish
  More than another, that a pheasant is.   Suckling.
    The earth would have been deprived of a most
  excellent and wholesome fare, and very many deli-
  cious dishes that we have the use and benefit of.
                                    Woodward.
    Many people  would,  with  reason,  prefer the
  griping of an hungry belly, to  those dishes which
  are a feast to others.                    Locke.
4. A kind of measure among the tinners.
    They measure block-tin by toe dish,  which con-
  taineth a gallon.                       Carew.
To Dish, ciish. v. a. [from the noun.] To
  serve in a dish;  to  send up to  a table.
                   For conspiracy,
  I know not how it tastes, though it be dish'd
  For me to try.                         Shaksp.
Dish-clout,  dish'kloiit. to.  s. [dish  and
  clout.]  The cloth with which the  maids
  rub their dishes.
    A dish-clout of Jaquenetta's he wears next his
  heart for a favour.                      Shaksp.
    Send them up to their  masters wito a dish-clout
  pinned at their tales.                    Swift.
Dish-washer,  dish'wosh-tir.  to. a. [dish
  and washer;  mergus.]   The name  of a
  bird.
DISHABI'LLE,  dis-a-bil'. adj. [desha-
  bille, Fr.]   Undressed;  loosely or neg-
  ligently dressed.
    Queens are not to be  too negligently dressed or
  dishabille.                            Dryden.
Dishabi'lle,  dis-a-bil'.  to. s.    Undress;
  loose dress.
    A woman who would preserve a lover's respect
  to her person, will be careful  of her  appearance
  before him when in dishabille.           Clar-issa.
To Disha'bit, dis-hab'it. v.a. [This word
  I have found only  in  Shakspeare.]  To
  throw out of  place; to drive from their
  habitation.
    But for our approach  those sleeping stones,
  By the compulsion of their ordinance,
  By this time from their fixed beds of lime
  Had been dishabited,  and wide havock make.
                                    King Lear.
Disha'rmony, dis-har'mo-ne.  «. s.  [dis
   and harmony] Contrary  to harmony.
To Dishea'rten,  ciis-har'tn.103 v. a.  [dis
   and hearten.]   To  discourage;  to   de-
  ject;  to terrify;  to depress.
    To dishearten with fearful sentences, as though
  salvation could hardly be hoped for, is not so conso-
  nant with christian charity.              Hooker.
    Be not disheartened then, nor cloud those looks
  That wont to be more cheerful and serene. Milton.
    Yet neither thus disltearttn'd nor dismay'd,
  The time prepar'd, I waited.             Milton.
    It is a consideration that might dishearten those
  who are engaged against the eommon  adversaries,
  that  they promise themselves as much from  toe
  folly of enemies, as from the power of their friends.
                                    Stillingfleet- 
D*S
DIS
DIS
    Men cannot say, toat  toe greatness of an evil
  and danger is an encouragement to men to run upon
  it; and that the greatness of any good and happi-
  ness ought in reason to dishearten  men from the
  pursuit of it.                         Tillotson.
    A true christian fervour is more than the alli-
  ances of our potent friends, or even the fears of our
  disheartened enemies.                Atterbury.
Dishe'rison, dls-her'e-zn.170  to. s.  [dis
  and herison.] The act of debarring from
  inheritance.
To  Dishe'rit,  dis-her'lt. v.  a. [dia and
  inherit.]   To cut off from  hereditary
  succession;  to  debar from  an  inheri-
  tance.
     He tries to restore to their rightful heritage such
  good old English words as have been long time out
  of use, almost disherited.                Spenser.
    Nor bow the Dryads and toe woodland train
  Disherited, ran howling o'er the plain.    Dryden.
To  Dishe'vel, dlsh-shev'vel. v. a.  [de-
  cheveler, Fr.]    To  spread the hair dis-
  orderly; to throw the hair of a woman
  negligently about her head.  It  is not
  often used but in the passive  participle.
               A gentle lady all alone,
  With garments rent, and hair dishevelled,
  Wringing her hands, and making piteous moan.
                                      Spenser.
     After followed great numbers of women weeping,
  with dishevelled  hair, scratching their faces, and
  tearing themselves after the manner of the country.
                                       Knolles.
    A troop of Trojans  mix'd with these appear,
  And mourning matrons with dishevell'd hair.
                                      Dryden.
              The flames, involv'd in smoke,
  Of incense, from the  sacred altar broke,
  Caught her dishevell'd hair and rich attire.
                                      Dryden.
    You this morn beheld his ardent eyes,
  Saw his arm lock'd in her dishevell'd hair.   Smith.
Di'shing, dish'ing. adj. [from dish.] Con-
  cave:  a  cant term among artificers.
    For the  form of the wheels,  some make them
  more dishing, as  they call it, than others; that is,
  more concave, by setting  off" toe spokes and fellies
  more outwards.                      Mortimer.
Disho'nest, diz-6n'lst."  adj.  [dis  and
  honest]
1.  Void of probity; void of faith; faithless;
  wicked;  fraudulent.
    Justice then was  neither blind to discern, i)or
  lame to execute.  It was not subject to be imposed
  upon by a deluded fancy,  nor yet to be bribed by a
  glozing appetite, for an utile or  jucundum to turn
  the balance to a false or dishonest sentence.  South.
     He  lays it down as a principle, that right or
  wrong, honest and dishonest, are defined only by
  laws, and not by nature.                  Locke.
2.  Unchaste; lewd.
    To-morrow will we be married—I do desire it
  with all my heart; and I  hope it is no dishonest de-
  sire, to desire to be a woman of the world. Shaksp.
3.  Disgraced; dishonoured.
    Dishonest with lopp'd arms the youth appears,
  Spoil'd of his nose, and shorten'd of his ears.
                                      Dryden.
4.  Disgraceful; ignominious.  These two
   senses are scarcely  English, being bor-
   rowed from the  Latin idiom.
    She saw her sens with purple death expire,
  Her sacred domes involv'd in  rolling fire;
  A dreadful series of intestine wars,
  Inglorious triumphs,  and dishonest scars.      Pope.
Disho'nestly,  diz-on'ist'le. adv.  [from
  dishonest.]
1.  Without  faith;   without probity;   faith-
  lessly;  wickedly.
    I protest he had the chain of me,
  Tho' most dishonestly he doth deny it.     Shaksp.
2. Lewdiy;  wantonly;  unchastely.
    A wise daughter should bring an inheritance to
  her husband; but she toat liveth dishonestly is her
  father's heaviness.                Ecclesiasticus.
DisHo'NESTY,cliz-6n'nis-te. to.s. [from dis-
  honest]
1. Want  of probity; faithlessness; viola-
  tion of trust.
    Their fortune depends upon their credit,  and a
  stain of open public dishonesty must be to their dis-
  advantage.                              Swift.
2. Uncliastity;  incontinence;  lewdness.
    Mrs. Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife,
  the virtuous  creature, toat hath the jealous fool to
  her husband! I suspect without cause, mistress, do
  I?—Heaven be  my witness you do, if you suspect
  me in any dishonesty.                  Shaksp
Disho'nour,  diz-6n'niir. to.  s. [dis and
  honour.]
1. Reproach;  disgrace;  ignominy.
    Let not my jealousies be your dishonours,
  But mine own safeties.                 Shaksp.
    He was pleased to own Lazarus even in the dis-
  honours of the  grave, and vouchsafed him in toat
  despicable condition, the glorious title of his friend.
                                        Boyle.
    Take him for your husband and your lord;
  'Tis no dishonour to  confer your grace
  On one descended from a royal race.      Dryden.
2. Reproach  uttered; censure; report of
  infamy.
    So good, that no tongue could ever
  Pronounce dishonour of her; by my life
  She never new harm doing.             Shaksp.

To  Disho'nour, diz-on'ntir. t. a. [dis and
  honour]

I. To disgrace; to bring shame upon;  to
  blast  with infamy.
    It is no vicious blot, murther, or foulness,
  No unchaste action,  or dishonour'd step,
  That hath depriv'd me of your grace and favour.
                                      Shaksp
    This no more dishonours you at all,
  Than to take in a town with gentle words,
  Which else would put you to your fortune. Shaksp.
    A woman that honoureth her husband, shall be
  judged  wise  of all: but she toat  dishonoured
  him in her pride, shall be counted ungodly of all.
                                 Ecclesiasticus.
    We are not so much to strain ourselves to  make
  those virtues appear  in us which really we have not,
  as  to  avoid  those imperfections  which  may dis-
  honour us.                            Dryden.
2. To violate  chastity.
>. To treat with indignity.
    One glimpse of glory to my issue give,
  Grac'd for the little time he has to live:
  Dishonour'd by the king of men he stands;
  His rightful prize is ravish'd from his hands.
                                      Dryden.
Disho'nourable,  diz-on'nilr-a-bl.   adj.
  [from dishonour.]
I. Shameful;  reproachful; ignominious.
                 He did dishonourable find
  Those articles which did our state decrease.
                                      Daniel.
2. Being in a  state of neglect or dises-
  teem.
     He that is honoured in  poverty, how much more
  in  riches?  and  he that is dishonourable  in  riches
  how much more in poverty?              Ecclus.
Disho'nourer, diz-6n'nur-ur. to.  «. [from
  dishonour]
!. One that treats another with indignity.
     Preaching how meritorious with the gods
  It  would be, to ensnare an irreligious
  Dishonourer of Dagon.                  Milton.
                    4a2
2. A violator of chastity.
To  Disho'kn,  dis-horn'.  v. a.  [dis  and
   horn]   To strip of horns.
            We'll dishorn the spirit,
  And mock him home to Windsor.         Shaksp.
Dishu'mour, dis-u'mur. to. *. [dis and hu-
   mour.]  Peevishness;  ill-humour;  un-
   easy state of mind.
    Speaking impatiently  to servants, or any thing
  that betrays  inattention or dishumour,  are  also
  criminal.                           Spectator.
Disimpro'vement, dis-im-proov'ment. to.
   8. [dis  and  improvement]   Reduction
   from a better to a worse state;  the con-
   trary   to meliorate n;  the  contrary to
   improvement.
    The final issue of toe matter would be, an utter
  neglect and disimprovement of toe earth.    Norris.
    I cannot see how this kingdom is at any height of
  improvement, while four parts in five of the planta-
  tions, for thirty years past, have been real disim-
  provements                             Swift.
To Disincarcerate,  dis-ln-kar'se-rate.
   v. a.  [dis and incarcerate.]   To set at
   liberty; to free from prison.
    The arsenical bodies being now coagulated, and
  kindled into flaming atoms, require dry  and warm
  air, to open the earth for to disincarcerate the same
  venene bodies.                         Harvey.
Disinclina'tion, dis-in-kle-na'shiin. to.  s.
   [from  disincline]   Want  of affection;
   slight; dislike; ill-will not heightened
   to aversion.
    Disappointment gave him a disinclination to the
  fair sex, for whom he does not express all the re-
  spect possible.              Arbuthnot and Pope.
To  Disincli'ne, dis-in-kline. v. a.  [dis
   and incline.]    To  produce  dislike to;
   to make  disaffected; to  alienate affec-
   tion from.
    They were careful to keep up the fears and ap-
  prehensions in the people of dangers and designs,
  and to disincline them from any reverence or affec-
  tion to the queen, whom they begun every day more
  implacably to hate, and consequently to disoblige.
                                    Clarendon.
Disingenu'ity,  dis-in-je-nu'e-te'.  to.   a.
   [from disingenuous] Meanness of arti-
   fice;  unfairness.
    They  contract a habit of ill-nature and disinge-
  nuity necessary to their affairs,  and the temper of
  those upon whom they are to work.     Clarendon.
Disinge'nuous,  dis-in-jen-u-us. adv. [dis
   and ingenuous.]  Unfair;  meanly; artful;
   vitiously  subtle; sly; cunning; illiberal;
   unbecoming a gentleman;  crafty.
    'Tis disingenuous to accuse our age
  Of idleness, who all our powers engage
  In the same studies, the same course to hold,
  Nor think our reason for new arts too old.
                                      Denham
    It was a disingenuous  way of proceeding, to op-
  pose a judgment of charity concerning their church,
  to a judgment of reason concerning the nature of
  actions.                          Stillingfleet.
    There cannot be any thing so disingeinwus and
  misbecoming any rational creature, asnert to yield
   to plain reason, and the com iction of  clear argu-
   ments.                                lAxke.
DisiNGE'NUousLY,dis-ln-jen'u-iis-le.pc/t;.
   [from disingenuous]   in  a disingenu-
   ous  manner.
Disinge'nuousness,  dis-in-jen'u-us-nes.
   to. s. [from disingenuous.]   Mean  sub-
   tilty,  unfai'iiess;  low craft.
     I might press them with the unreasonableness, the 
DI  S
DIS
DI  S
  disingenuousness,  of  embracing a  profession  to
  which their own hearts have an inward reluctance.
                       Goternmenf ofthe Tongue.
Disinherison,  dis-in-hei'e-zn. to. *. [dia
   and inherit.]
1. The act of cutting off from any here-
   ditary succession; the act of disinherit-
   ing.
    If he stood upon his own title of the house of Lan-
  caster, inherent in his person, he knew it was a title
  condemned by parliament, and generally prejudged,
  in the common opinion of jthe realm, that it tended
  directly to the disinherison of toe line of York.
                                        Bacon.
    The chief minister ofthe revenue was obliged to
  prevent, and even oppose, such disinherison.
                                     Clarendon.
2. The state of being  cut off from an he-
   reditary right.
    In respect of the  effects and evil consequences,
  the  adultery of the woman is worse, as bringing
  bastardy into a family, and disinherisons or great
  injuries to the  lawful children.            Taylor.

To  Disinhe'rit, dls-ln-her it. v. a. [dis
   and inherit.]  To cut off from  an here-
   ditary  right;  to  deprive  of  an inheri-
   tance.
    Is it then just with us to  disinherit
  The unborn nephews for the father's fault?
                                       Davies.
    Unmufffe, ye faint stars; and thou, fair moon,
  Stoop thy pale visage through an amber  cloud,
  And disinherit chaos that reigns here
  In double night of darkness, and of slander. Milton.
    Posterity stands curs'd! fair patrimony,
  That I must leave ye, sons! O were I able
  To waste it all myself, and leave ye none;
  So disinherited, how would ye bless
  Me, now your curse!                    Milton.
    Of how fair a portion  Adam  disinherited  his
  whole posterity by one single prevarication!
                                        South.
To Disinte'r, dis-in-ter'. v. a. [from dis
   and inter.]  To unbury; to  take as out
   of  the grave.
    The philosopher, the saint, or the hero, toe wise,
  toe  good, or the great man, very often lie hid and
  concealed in a plebeian, which a proper education
  might have disinterred.                Addison.
Disi'nteressed,   diz-ln'ter-es-sed.  adj.
   [dis and  interesse, French.   It is writ-
   ten disinterested by those who  derive it
   immediately  from interest,  and I think
   more   properly.]   Void  of  regard   to
   private advantage;  not  biassed  by par-
   ticular views; impartial.
    Not that tradition's parts are useless here,
   When general, old, disinter ess'd, and clear.
                                       Dryden.
Disi'nteressment, diz-in'ter-es-ment  to.
   s.  [dis and interessement,  Fr.]   Disre-
   gard to  private advantage;  disinterest;
   disinterestedness.    This   word,  like
   charges in the same  sentence, is merely
   Gallick.
    He has managed some ofthe charges  of the king-
   dom with known  ability, and  laid them down with
   entire disinteressment.                   Prior.
Disi'nterest,  diz-in'ter-e'st.   to. s. [dis
   and interest.]
 1.  What  is  contrary  to  one's  wish   or
   prosperity; that  which any  one is con-
   cerned to  prevent.
    Tbey judge it the great disinterest to Rome.
                   >                  Glanville.
3. Indifference^to  profit; superiority  to
   regards of private advantage.
Disinterested   diz-in'ter-es-ted.   adj.
   [from  disinterest.]
I. Superiour to regard of private advan-
   tage; not influenced by private profit.
    As disinterested as you appear to the world, no
  man is more in the power of that prevailing favour-
  ite passion than yourself.                  Sioift.
2. Without any concern in an affair; with-
   out fear or hope.
Disi'NTERESTEnLY,   dlz-ln'ter-es-t£d-le.
   adv. [from disinterested.]   In a disin-
   terested manner.
Disinterestedness,   diz-ln'ter-es-t^d-
   nes.  n. s. [from  disinterested.]   Con-
   tempt   of private interest; neglect  of
   personal profit.
    These expressions of selfishness and disinterested-
  ness have bec;i used in  a very loose and indetermin-
  ate manner.                            Brown.

To Disi'ntricate,  diz-in'tre-kate. v.  a.
   [dis and intricate.]   To disentangle.
                                        Diet
To Disinvi'te, dis-in-vite'. v. a.  [dis and
   invite]   To retract an invitation.
                                        Diet.

To Disjoi'n,  dlz-join'. v. a. [dejoindre,
   Fr. dis and join.]   To separate; to part
   from each  other; to disunite;  to  sun-
   der.
              Never shall my harp thy  praise
  Forget, nor from  thy father's praise disjoin. Milton.
                 Lest different degree
  Disjoin us, and I then too late renounce
  Deity for thee, when fate will not permit.   Milton.
    Happier for me,  that all our hours assign'd
  Together we had liv'd; ev'n not in death disjoin'd.
                                      Dryden.
    Never let us lay down  our arms against France
  till we have utterly disjoined  her from the Spanish
  monarchy.                           Addison.
To  Disjoint, diz-joint'. v. a. [dis  and
  joint.]
1. To put out of joint.
    Be all their ligaments at once unbound,
  And their disjointed bones to powder ground.
                                       Sandys.
    Yet whatcould swords or poisons, racks or flame,
  But mangle and disjoint the brittle frame?
  More fatal Henry's words: they  murder Emma's
        fame.                           Prior.
2. To break at junctures; to separate at
   the part where  there is a cement.
    Mould'ring arches, and disjointed columns.
                                        Irene.
3. To break in pieces; to dilaniate.
           Rotation must disperse in air
  All things which  on the rapid orb appear;
  And if no power  that motion should controul,
  It must disjoint and dissipate the whole.  Blackmore.
    Should a barbarous  Indian, who had never seen
  a palace or a ship,  view the separate and disjointed
  parts, he would be  able to form but a very lame
  and dark idea of either of those excellent and use-
  ful inventions.                          FPaffs.
4. To carve a fowl.
5. To make incoherent;  to  break the re-
   lation  between  the  parts.
    The constancy of your wit was not wont to bring
  forth such disjointed speeches.            Sidney.
    But now her grief has wrought her into frenzy;
  The images her troubled fancy forms
  Are incoherent, wild; her words disjointed.  Smith.
 To Disjoi'nt, diz-joint'. v. n.   To fall in
   pieces.
    Let both worlds disjoint, and all things suffer,
  Ere we will eat our meal in fear.         Shaksp.
Disjoi'nt, diz-joint'. participle, [from the
   verb.]   Separated; divided.  We now
   write disjointed.]
                 Young Fontinbras,
  Holding a weak supposal of our worth,
  Thinks by our late dear brother's death
  Our state to be disfoinf and out of frame.   Shaksp.
Disjudica'tion,  diz-ju-de  ka'sfrun. to. s.
   dijudicatio, Lat.] Judgment; determina-
   tion: perhaps only mistaken for diju-
   dication.
     The disposition of the organ is of great import-
  ance in tbe disjudications we make of colours.
                                         Boyle.
iDisju'not, diz-j&nkt'.  adj.   [disjunctus,
|   Lat.]   Disjoined;  separate.
JDisju'nction, iliz-junk'siiun.  to.  s.  [from
   disjunctio,  Lat.]   Disunion;   separa-
   tion; parting.
             You may
  Enjoy your mistress now, from whom you see
  There's no disjunction to be made, but by
  Your ruin.                             Shaksp.
     Their  is a great analogy between the body natu-
  ral and politic, in which toe ecclesiastical or spirit-
  ual part justly supplies the part of toe soul;  and
  the violent separation of this from toe other, does as
  certainly infer death and dissolution, as the disjunc-
  tion of the body and the soul in the natural.
                                         SoufA.
 Disjunctive, diz-jilnk'tiv. adj. [disjunc-
   tivus, Lat.]
 I.  Incapable of union.
     Such principles, whose atoms are of that disjunc-
  tive nature, as not to be united in a sufficient num-
  ber to make a visible mass.               Grew.
2.  That marks  separation or  opposition:
   as, I love him, or fear him.
     There are such words as disjunctive conjunctions.
                                         Watts.
3.  In logick.
     A disjunctive proposition is  when the parts are
  opposed to one another by disjunctive particles: as,
  It is either day or night:  The weather is either shiny
  or rainy; Quantity is either length, breadth or depth.
  The truth of disjunctives depends on the necessary
  and immediate opposition of the parts, therefore
  only the last of these examples is true: but the two
  first are not strictly true; because twilight is a  me-
  dium between day and night; and dry cloudy wea-
  ther is a medium  between shining and raining.
     A  disjunctive syllogism  is when the  major pro-
  position is disjunctive: as, the earth moves in a cir-
  cle, or an ellipsis; but it does  not move in a circle,
  therefore it moves in an ellipsis.            JFaffs.

 Disju'nctively,   dls-junk'tiv-le.    adv.
   [from  disjunctive.]   Distinctly;  sepa-
   rately.
     What  he observes of the numbers disjunctively
  and apart,  reason suggests to be applicable to the
  whole body united.              Decay of Piety.
 DI^K, disk. to.  s. [discus, Lat.]
 I.  The face of  the sun, or  any planet,  as
   it appears to the eye.
     The disA; of Phoebus, when he climbs on high,
   Appears  at first but as a bloodshot eye.    Dryden.
     It  is  to be considered that the rays, which are
   equally refrangible, do fall upon a circle answering
  to the sun's disk.                       Newton.
                 Mercury's disk
   Can scarce be caught by philosophic eye,
  Lost in the near effulgence.            Thomson.
 2.  A broad piece  of iron thrown in the an-
    cient sports;  a quoit.
     The crystal of the eye,  which in a fish is a ball,
   in any land animal is a disk or bowl; being hereby
   fitted for the clearer sight of the object.     Grew.
     In areas varied with mosaic art,
   Some whirl the disk, and some the jav'lin dart.
                                         Pone, 
DIS
DIS
DI  S
Diski'ndness,  dlsk-yind'nes.180 to. s.  [dis
   and kindness.]
1. Want of kindness; want  of affection;
   want of  benevolence.
2. Ill turn; injury; act of malignity; detri-
   ment.
    This discourse is so far from doing any diskind-
  ness to toe cause, that it does it a real service.
                                    Woodward,
Disli'ke, diz-like'.*36 n.s. [from the verb.]
I. Disinclination; absence of affection; the
   contrary to fondness.
    He then them took, and tempering goodly well
  Their contrary dislikes with loved means,
    Did place them all in order, and compel
  To keep themselves within toeir sundry reigns,
  Together link'd with adamantine chains.  Spenser.
    Your dislikes, to whom I would be pleasing,
  Do cloud my joys with danger and with sorrow.
                                   Shakspeare.
    God's grace, that principle of his new birth, gives
  him continual dislike to sin.           Hammond.
    Our likings or dtsfifces are founded rather upon
  humour and fancy, than  upon reason.  L'Estrange.
    Soitow would have been as silent as toought, as
  severe as philosophy. It would have rested in in-
  ward senses, tacit dislikes.               South.
    The jealous man is not angry if you dislike an-
  other, but if you find those faults which are in his
  own character, you discover not only your dislike of
  another, but of himself.                Addison.

2. Discord; dissension; disagreement. This
   sense is not now in use.
    This said Aletes, and a murmur rose
  That shew'd dislike among toe christian peers.
                                      Fairfax.
To Disli'ke, diz-like'. v. a. [dis and like.]
   To disapprove;  to regard without affec-
   tion; to regard  with ill-will  or  disgust.
    What most he should dislike seems pleasant to
        him;
  What like offensive.                 Shakspeare.
                Ye dislike, and so undo
  The players, and disgrace the poet too.   Denham.
    Whosoever  dislikes  the digressions,  or  grows
  weary of them, may throw them away.    Temple.
Disli'keful, diz-like'ful. adj. [dislike and
  full.]  Disaffected; malign.  Not  in  use.
    I think it best, by  an union of manners, and con-
  formity of minds, to bring them to be one people,
  and to  put away the dislikeful conceit of toe one
  and the other.                        Spenser.

To Disli'ken, diz-li'kn.  v.  a. [dis and
   liken]  To make  unlike. Unusual.
                 Muffle your face,
  Dismantle you; and, as you can, disliken
  The truth of your own seeming.         Shaksp.
Disli'keness, diz-like'nes.  to. *. [dis and
   likeness.]   Dissimilitude;  not   resem-
   blance; unlikeness.
    That which is not designed to represent any thing
  but itself, can never be capable of a wrong repre-
  sentation, nor mislead us from the true apprehen-
  sion of any thing by its  dislikeness to it;  and  such,
  excepting those of substances, are all our own com-
  plex ideas.                            Locke.
Disli'ker, dlz-li'kur. to.  s. [from dislike.]
   A  disapprove^  one that is not pleased.
    There is a point, which whoever can touch, will
  never fail of pleasing a majority, so great that the
  dislikers will be forced to fall in with toe herd.
                                        Swift.
To Disli'mb, diz-lim'.-y. a. [dia and limb.]
   To dilaniate; to tear limb from  limb.
                                       Diet.
To Disli'mv,  dlz-lim'.436  v.  a.  [dia and
   limn.]  To unpaint; to  strike out  of  a
   picture.
    That which is now a horse, even wito a thought
  The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct
  As water is in water.                Shakspeare.
To Di'slocate, dis'16-kate. v. a. [dia and
   locus,  Lat.]
I. To put out of the proper place.
    After  some  time the strata on all sides of the
  globe were dislocated, and their situation varied, be-
  ing elevated in some places, and depressed in others.
                                    Woodward.
2. To put out of joint; to  disjoint.
            Were 't my fitness
  To let these hands obey my boiling blood,
  They 're apt enough to dislocate and tear
  Thy flesh and bones.                Shakspeare.
Dislocation, dis-16-ka'shun.  to.  s. [from
   dislocate.]
1. The act of shifting the  places of things.
2. The state of being displaced.
    The posture of rocks, often leaning or prostrate,
  shews that they had some dislocation from their natu-
  ral site.                              Burnet.
3. A luxation; a violent pressure of a  bone
   out of the socket, or correspondent part;
   a joint put out.
    It might go awry either within or without the up-
  per,  as often as it is forcibly pulled to it, and so
  cause a dislocation, or a strain.            Greic

To Dislo'dge, diz-lodje'.  v.  a.  [dis and
   lodge.]
1. To remove from a place.
    The shell-fish  which are resident in the depths
  live and  die there, and are never dislodged or re-
  moved by storms, nor cast upon the shores;  which
  toe littorales usually are.             Woodward.
2. To remove from  a habitation.
    These senses lost, behold a  new defeat,
  The soul dtsfodging from another seat.   Diyden.
3. To drive an enemy from a station.
    My sword can perfect what it has begun,
  And from your walls dislodge that haughty son.
                                     Dryden.
4. To remove  an army to other quarters.
            The ladies have prevail'd,
  The Volscians are dislodg'd, and Marcus gone.
                                   Shakspeare.
To Dislo'dge, diz-lodje'.  v. n.  To  go
   away to another place.
    Soon as midnight brought on the dusky hour,
  Friendliest to sleep, and silence, he resolv'd
  With all his legions to dislodge.          Milton
Disloy'al, dis-16e'al.435  adj.  [desloyal.
   Fr. dis and loyal.]
1. Not true to allegiance; faithless;  false
   to a sovereign; disobedient.
        Foul distrust, and breach
  Disloyal; on the part of man, revolt
  And disobedience.                     Milton.
2. Dishonest; perfidious.
    Such things, in a false disloyal knave,
  Are tricks of custom; but, in a man toat's just,
  They 're cold delations working from the heart,
  That passion cannot rule.            Shakspeare.
3. Not true to the marriage-bed.
    The lady is disloyal.
  ----Disloyal! The word is too good to paint out her
  wickedness.                        Shakspeare.
                Disloyal town!
  Speak, didst not thou
  Forsake thy faith, and break thy nuptial vow?
                                      Dryden
4. False  in love;  not constant.   The last
   three senses are now obsolete.
Dislo'yally, diz-loe'al-le. adv. [from dis
   loyal]  Not faithfully;  treacherously;
   disobediently.
Dislo'yalty, dlz-lde'al-te.M. a. [from dis-
   loyal.]
Milton.
Milton.
Milton.
1. Want of fidelity to the sovereign.
    Let the truth of that religion I profess be repre-
  sented to judgment, not in the disguises of levity,
  schism, heresy, novelty, and disloyalty.
             J                    King Charles.
2. Want of fidelity in love.  Obsolete.
    There shall appear such seeming truths of Hero's
  disloyalty, that jealousy shall be called assurance.
                                    Shakspeare.
DI'SMAL, diz'mal.438  adj. [dies malus,
   Lat. an evil day.]  Sorrowful; dire; hor-
   rid; melancholy; uncomfortable; unhap-
   py; dark.
    The thane of Cawder 'gan a dismal conflict.
                                    Shakspeare.
                   He hears
  On all sides from innumerable tongues
  A dismal universal hiss.
    Nor yet in horrid shade or dismal den,
  Nor nocent yet: but on the grassy herb
  Fearless, unfear'd he slept.
    The dismal situation waste and wild,
  A dungeon horrible!
    Such a variety of dismaf accidents must have bro-
  ken the spirits of any man.           Clarendon.
    Cn the  one hand set the most glittering tempta-
  tions to discord, and on toe other view the dismal
  effects of it.                    Decay of Piety.
          Dreadful gleams,
        Dismal screams.                   Pope.
Di'smally, diz'mal-le.  adv.   [from dis-
   mal.]  Horribly; sorrowfully;  uncom-
   fortably.
Di'sm alness, diz'mal-nes. to. s. [from dis-
   mal] Horrour; sorrow.
To Disma'ntle, diz-man'tl. v.  a. [dis and
   mantle/]
1. To deprive of a dress;  to strip; to  de-
   nude.
    He that makes his (prince despised and  under-
  valued, and beats him out of his subjects  hearts,
  may easily strip him of his other garrisons, having
  already dispossessed him of his strongest,  by dis-
  mantling him of his honour, and seizing his repu-
  tation.                                 South.
2. To loose; to throw  off a dress; to throw
   open.
            This is most strange!
  That she, who ev'n but now was your best object,
  Dearest and best,  should in this trice of time
  Commit a thing so monstrous, to dismantle
  So many folds of favour.             Shakspeare.
3. To strip a  town of its outworks.
    It is not sufficient to possess our own fort without
  toe dismantling and demolishing of our enemies.
                                     Hakewill,
4. To break down any thing external.
    His eyeballs, rooted out, are thrown to ground;
  His nose dismantled in his mouth is found;
  His jaws, cheeks, front, one undistinguish'd wound.
                                      Dryden.
To Disma'sk, diz-mask'. v. a.  [dis  and
   mask.]  To divest  of  a mask;  to unco-
   ver from concealment.
    Fair ladies mask'd are roses in the bud,
  Or angels veil'd in clouds; are roses  blown,
  Dismask'd, their damask sweet commixture shewn.
                                    Shakspeare,
    The marquis toought best to dismask his beard;
   and told him that he was going covertly.  Wotton.
To DISMA'Y, diz-ma'.4" v. a. [dismayar,
   Span.] To terrify; to discourage; to af-
   fright; to depress; to deject.
     Their mighty strokes toeir haberjeons dismay'd.
                                      Spenser.
     Enemies would not be so troublesome to the
   western coasts, nor that country itself would be so
   often dismay'd with alarms as they have of late
   years been.                           Ralejgk 
DIS
DIS
DIS
    He will not fail thee; fear not, neither be dis-
  mayed.                                Deut.
    Nothing can make him remiss in the practice of
  his duty; no prospect of interest can allure him, no
  fear of danger dismay him.            Atterbury.

Disma'y, diz-ma'.436 to. *. [dismayo, Span.]
   Fall of  courage;  terrour felt; desertion
   of mind; fear impressed.
             All sate mute,
  Pondering the dinger with deep thoughts; and each
  In other's countenance read his own dismay. Milton.
    This then, not minded in ditmay, yet now
  Assures me that  the bitterness of death
  Is past.                              Milton.
Disma'yeoness, diz-ma'ed-nes. to. s. [from
   dismay.]  Dejection of courage; dispi-
   ritedness.
    The valiantest feels inward dismayedness, and yet
  the fearfullest is ashamed fully to shew it. Sidney.
DTSME, dime.  n. s. [French.]  A tenth;
   the tenth part;  tithe.
    Since the first  sword was drawn about this ques-
         tion,
  Ev'ry tithe soul 'mongst many thousand dismes
  Hath been as dear  as Helen.         Shakspeare.
    The pope began to exercise his new  rapines by
  a compliance with  king Edward, in  granting  him
  two years disme from the clergy.         Ayliffe.
To Disme'mber,  diz-mein'biir. v.  a. [dis
   and member]  To divide member from
   member; to dilacerate; to cut in  pieces.
    I am with both, each army hath a hand;
  And in their rage, I having hold of both,
  They whirl asunder, and dismember me.   Shaksp.
    O, that we then could come by Caesar's spirit,
  And not dismember  Casar! but, alas!
  Cssar must bleed for it.             Shakspeare.
    A state can never arrive to its period in a more
  deplorable crisis, than when some prince lies hover-
  ing, like a vulture,  to devour or dismember its dying
  carcase.                              Swiff.
    Fowls obscene dismember'd his remains,
  And dogs had torn him on the naked plains.  Pope.
    Those  who contemplate  only the fragments or
  pieces  of science dispersed in  short unconnected
  discourses,  can never survey  an  entire  body of
  truth, but must always view it as deformed and dis-
  membered.                            Watts.
To DISMI'SS, diz-mls'.43S v.a. [dimissus,
   Lat.]
1. To send away.
              We  commit thee thither,
  Until his army be dismiss'd from him.    Shaksp.
    He dismissed the assembly.              Acts.
2. To give leave of departure.
    If our young lulus be no more,
  Dismiss our navy from your friendly shore. Dryden.
3. To discard; to divest of  an office.
Dismi'ssion, diz-mish'un.  to.  a. [from  di-
   missio, Lat]
1. Dispatch; act  of  sending away.
    So pois'd, so gently she descends from high,
  It seems a soft dismission from toe sky.   Dryaen.

2. An honourable discharge from any office
   or place.
    Not only thou degrad'st them, or remit'st
  To life obscure, which were a fair dismission;
  But throw'st them lower than thou didst exalt them
        high.                         Milton.
3.  Deprivation;  obligation to  leave  any
  post or place.
    You must not stay here longer; your dismission
  Is come from Caesar.                Shakspeare.
To Dismortgage, diz-mor'gaje. v.a. [dis
  and mortgage.] To redeem from mort-
  gage.
    He dismortgaged  the crown demesnes, and left
  behind a mass of gold.                 Howel.
 To Dismo'unt, diz-mount'. v. a. [demont-
   er, Fr.]
 1. To throw off a horse.
    From this flying steed unrein'd, as once
  Bellerophon, though from a lower clime,
  Dismounted, on th' Aleian field I fall     Milton.
 2. To throw from any elevation or  piace
   of honour.
 3. To throw a cannon from its carriage.
    The Turks artillery, planted against that tower,
  was by the christian  cannoneers dismounted with
  shot from toe tower, and many of the gunners slain.
                                      Knolles.
 To Dismo'unt, diz-moiint'. v. to.
 I. To alight from a horse.
    When he came within sight  of that prodigious
  army at Agincourt, he ordered all his cavalry to
  dismount, and implore upon their knees a blessing.
                                     Addison.
2. To descend from any  elevation.
 To Disna'turalize,  diz-natsh'u-ra-lize.
  v. a. [dis and naturalize.]  To alienate;
  to make alien;  to deprive of the privi-
  leges of birth.
 Disna'tured, dlz-na'tshurd.436  adj. [dis
  and nature.] Unnatural;  wanting natu-
  ral tenderness;  devoid of natural  affec-
  tion.  Unusual.
            If she must teem,
  Create her child of spleen, that it may live,
  And be a thwart disnatur'd torment to her. Shaksp.
 Disobe'dience, dis-6-be'de-ense. to.*, [dis
  and obedience.]
 1. Violation  of lawful command or prohi-
  bition; breach  of duty due to  superi-
  ours.
    Th' offence is holy that she hath committed;
  And this deceit loses the name of craft,
  Of disobedience or unduteous title.        Shaksp.
    Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
  Of that forbidden tree, sing heavenly muse. Milton.
    Murder,  adultery, or disobedience  to parents, have
  a general notion antecedently to laws. Stillingfleet.
    This  is not disobedience, but rebellion;  'tis dis-
  claiming the sovereignty of Christ,  and renouncing
  all allegiance to his authority.           Rogers.
 2. Incompliance.
    If planetary orbs the sun obey,
  Why should the moon disown his sovereign sway?
  Why in a whirling eddy of her own
  Around the globe terrestrial should  she run?
  This disobedience of the moon will prove
  The sun's bright orb does not toe planets move.
                                   Blackmore
 Disobe'oient, dis-6-be'de-ent.  adj. [dis
  and obedient.]  Not observant of lawful
  authority; guilty of the breach of law-
  ful commands, or prohibition.
    The man of God was disobedient unto the word
  of the Lord.                         1 Kings.
 To Disobe'y,  dis-6-ba'.  v.  a. [dis  and
   obey.]  To break commands, or  trans-
   gress prohibitions.
    She absolutely bade him, and he durst not know
  how to disobey.                         Sidney.
    He's loth to disobey the god's command,
  Nor willing to forsake this pleasant land.  Denham.
 Disobliga'tion, dis 6b-le-ga'shun. to.  s
  [dis and obligation.]  Offence; cause  of
  disgust.
    If he receded from what he had promised, it
  would be such a disobligation to the prince that he
  would never forget it.                Clarendon.
    There can be no malice,  and consequently  no
  crime or disobligation.               L'Estrange.
 To DISOBLI'GE, dls-6-blije, or  dis-6-
  bleeje'. v.a. [dis  and oblige.]  To offend;
   to disgust; to give offence to.   A term
   bv which offence is tenderly expressed.
    Ashley had been removed from that charge, and
  was thereby so much disobliged, that he quitted the
  king's party.                        Clarendon.
    Those, though In  highest  place, who slight and
  disoblige their friends, shall infallibly come to know
  the value of them, by having none when they shall
  most need them.                         SoufA.
    It is in the power  of more particular  persons in
  this kingdom, than in any other, to distress the gov-
  ernment, when they are disobliged.      Addison.
    My plan has given offence to  some  gentlemen,
  whom it would not be very safe to disoblige. Addison.
    We love and esteem our clergy, and are apt to lay
  some weight upon their  opinion, and would  not
  willingly disoblige them.                  Swift.
    If a woman suffers her lover to see she is  loth
  to disoblige him, let her beware of an encroacher.
                                     Clarissa,
Disobli'ging,  dis-6-bli'jing.111 participi-
   al odj. [from  disoblige.] Disgusting; un-
   pleasing; offensive
    Peremptoriness can befit no form of understand-
  ing: it  renders wise men disobliging and trouble-
  some, and fools ridiculous  and contemptible.
                     Government of the Tongue.
Disobli'gingly,  dls-6-bli'jing-le.   adv.
   [from disobliging.]  In a disgusting or
   offensive manner;  without attention to
   please.
Disobligingness, dis-6-bli'jing-nes. n. s.
   [from disobliging.]  Offensiveness; rea-
   diness to disgust.
Diso'rbed, dis-orbd'.369 adj.  [dis and orb]
   Thrown out ofthe proper orbit.
    Fly like children, Mercury from Jove,
  Or like a star disorb'd.               Shakspeare.

Diso'rder, dlz-or'dur. w. s.  [dia  and  or-
   der; deaordre, Fr.]
1. Want of regular disposition;  irregula-
   rity;  confusion;  immethodical distribu-
   tion.
    When I read an author of genius without method,
  I fancy myself in a wood  that abounds with many
  noble objects, rising among one another in  the
  greatest confusion and disorder.         Spectator.
2. Tumult; disturbance;  bustle.
    A greater favour this disorder brought
  Unto her servants, than their awful thought
  Durst entertain, when thus compell'd they prest
  The yielding marble of her snowy breast.  Waller.
3. Neglect  of rule; irregularity.
    From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part,
  And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art.  Pope-
4. Breach  of laws;  violation of  standing
   institution.
    There reigned in all men blood, manslaughter,
  disquieting of good men, forgetfulness of good turns,
  and disorder in marriages.              Wisdom
5. Breach  of that  regularity  in the animal
   economy which causes health; sickness;
   distemper.   It is used commonly  for  a
   slight disease.
    Pleasure and pain are only different constitutions
  of the mind, sometimes occasioned by disorders  in
  the body, or sometimes by thoughts in the mind.
                                        Locke.
6.  Discomposure  of mind;  turbulence of
   passion.
 To Diso'HnER, diz-6r'dur.  v. a. [dia  and
   order]
 I. To throw into  confusion;  to  confound;
   to put out of method;  to disturb;  to ruf-
   fle; to confuse.
               Eve,
  Not so  repuls'd. with tears that ceas'd not flowing, 
DIS
DI  S
DIS
    And tresses all disorder'd, at his feet
    Fell humble.                          Milton.
      Yon disorder'd heap of ruin lies,
    Stones rent from stones where clouds of dust arise.
                                        Dryden.
      The incursions of the Goths, and other barbarous
    nations disordered the affairs of the  Roman empire.
                                      Arbuthnot.
  2. To make sick; to disturb the body:  as,
    my dinner disorders  me.
  3. To discompose;  to disturb  the mind.
  4. To turn out of  holy orders;  to depose;
    to strip of ecclesiastical vestments.
      Let him  be  stripe,  and  disorder'd; I  would fain
    see him walk in querpo, that the world may behold
    the inside of a friar.                   Diyden.
  Diso'rdered, diz-6r'durd.389 adj.  [from
    disorder] Disorderly; irregular; vitious;
    loose;  unrestrained  in  behaviour;  de-
    bauched.
     Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires,
   Men so disorder'd, so debauch'd and bold,
   That this our court, infected with their manners,
   Shews like a riotous inn.   Shakspeare's King Lear.
  Diso'rderedness, diz-or'durd-nes. n. s.
    [from disordered] Irregularity; want of
    order; confusion.
     By that disorderedness of the soldiers, a great ad-
   vantage was offered unto the enemy.      Knolles.
  Diso'rderly, diz-dr'dur-le.   adj.  [from
    disorder]
  1. Confused;  immethodical;  without pro-
    per distribution.
     Those obsolete laws of Henry I. were but disor-
   derly, confused, and general things; rather cases and
   shells of administration than institutions.     Hale.
 2. Irregular; tumultuous.
     They thought it the extremest of evils to put them-
   selves at toe mercy of those hungry  and  disorderly
   people.                                Bacon.
     His thoughts, which are the pictures and results
   of passions, are generally such as naturally arise
   from those disorderly motions of our spirits.   Diyd.
     A disorderly multitude contending with the body
   of the legislature,  is like a man in a fit  under the
   conduct of one in  the fulness of his health  and
   strength.                            Addison.
 3. Lawless;  contrary to law;  inordinate;
    contiary to the rules of life; vitious.
     He reproved them for their disorderly assemblies
   against the peaceable people of toe realms.
                                      Hayward.
 Diso'rderly,  diz-6r'dt\r-le.  adv. [from
   disorder]
 I. Without rule;  without method; irregu-
   larly;  confusedly.
    Naked savages fighting disorderly with stones by
   appointment of their commanders, may  truly  and
   absolutely be said to war.               Raleigh.
 2. Without  law; inordinately.
    We behaved not ourselves disorderly among you.
                               2 Thessalonians.
 Diso'ruinate, dis-or'de-nate.91  adj.  [dis
   and ordinate]   Not living by  the rules
   of virtue; inordinate.
    These not disordinate, yet causeless suffer
   The punishment of dissolute days.        Milton.
 Diso'rdinately,  dis-6r'de-nate-le.  adv.
   [from  disordinate]   Inordinately;  viti-
   ously.
Diso'rientated,  dls-6're-en-ta-ted.  adj.
   [dis and orient.] Turned from the east;
   turned from the right direction;  thrown
   out of the proper place.         Harris.

To Diso'wn, diz-one'.v.a. [dis and own.]
1. To deny;  not to allow.
     Then they, who brother's better claim disown,
   Expel their parents, and usurp the throne. Drydtn.
 2. To abnegate; to renounce.
     When an author has publickiy disowned a spuri-
   ous piece, they have disputed his name with him.
                                         Swift.

 To DISPA'ND, dis-pand'. v. a. [dispan-
    do, Lalin.] To display; to spread abroad.
                                        Diet.
 Dispa'nsion, dis-pan'shun. to. s. [from dis-
   pansus,  Lit.]  The act of displaying;
   the  act of  spreading; diffusion; dilata-
   tion.
 To DISPA'RAGE, dls-parMdje."0 v. a.
   [from dispar, Latin.]
 I.  To  marry any  o:.e to another  of inferi-
   our  condition.
 2.  To  match unequally; to injure by union
   with something inferiour in excellence.
 3.  To  injure by a comparison with some-
   thing of less value.
 I. To  treat  with  contempt;  to mock; to
   flout; to reproach.
     Ahaz, his sottish conqueror, he drew
   God's altar to disparage and displace,
   For one of Syrian mode.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
     Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms,
   Which greatest heroes have in battle worn,
   Their ornament and safety.    Milton's Agonistes.
                They will defy
   That which they love most tenderly;
   Quarrel with mine'd pies, and disparage
   Their best and dearest friend, plum-porridge.
                                     Hudibras.
5. To bring reproach upon; to be the cause
   of disgrace.
    How shall frail pen, with fear disparaged,
  Conceive such sovereign glory and great bountihed?
                                      Spenser.
    His religion sat easily, naturally, and gracefully
  upon him, without any of those forbidding appear-
  ances  which sometimes disparage the actions of men
  sincerely pious.                      Atterbury.
Dista'ragement, dis-par'idje-ment. to. a.
   [from  disparage.]

1.  Injurious union or  comparison  with
   something of inferiour excellence.
    They take it for a disparagement to sort them-
  selves  with any other than the enemies of the public
  peace.                           L'Estrange.
2.  [It law.] Matching an heir in marriage
   under his or her degree,  or against de-
   cency.                            Cowell.
    You wrongfully do require Mopsa to  so great a
  disparagement as  to wed her father's servant.
                                      Sidney.
    She was much affectionate to  her own kindred,
  which  did stir great envy in the lords of toe king's
 side, who counted her blood a disparagement to be
 mingled with the king's.                 Bacon.
 , Reproach; disgrace; indignity.
                Gentle knight,
 That doth against the dead his hand uprear,
 His honour stains with rancour and despight,
 And great disparagement makes to his former might.
                                     Spenser.
    In a commonwealth, much disparagement is occa-
 sioned, when able spirits, attracted by a familiarity
 are inflamed with faction.                Wotton.
    'Tis  no disparagement to philosophy, that it can-
 not deify us.                         Glanville.
    Reason is a weak, diminutive light, compared to
 revelation; but it ought to be no disparagement to a
 star that it is not a sun.                  South.
    Rely upon your beauty:  'twere a disparagement
 of that  to talk of conditions, when you are certain of
 making your own terms.  '            Southern.
 4. It has to before the person or thing dis-
   paraged.
     Then to our age, when not to pleasure bent,
  This seems an honour, not disparagement. Denham.
     The play was never intended for the stage: nor,
  without disparagement to the author, could have suc-
  ceeded.                              Dryden.
Dispa'rager, dis-par'ridje-ur. to. a. [from
   disparage]   One  that  disgraces; one
   that treats with indignity; one that con-
   trives an unequal match.
Di'sparates, dis'par-ates. to.  s.  [dispara-
   ta, Latin.]  Things so unlike that  they
  cannot  be compared with each other.

Dispa'rity,  dis-par'e-te.S11  to.  s.  [from
  dispar, Latin.]
I. Inequality; difference in degree either
  of rank or excellence.
    Between Elihu and toe rest of Job's familiars,
 the greatest disparity was but in years.    Hooker.
    Among unequals, what  society
 Can sort, what harmony or true delight?
 Which must be mutual, in proportion  due
 Giv'n and receiv'd but in  disparity,
 The one intense,  the  other still remiss,
 Cannot well suit with either, but soon prove
 Tedious alike.            Milton's Paradise Lost.
    There was as great a disparity between the prac-
 tical dictates of the understanding, then and now,
 as there is between empire and  advice, counsel and
 command.                             South.
   Men ought not to associate and join  toemselves
 together in the same office, under a disparity of con-
 dition.                      Ayliffe's Parergon.
   Some members must preside, and others obey;
 and a disparity in the outward condition is necessary
 to keep several orders in mutual dependence on each
 other                                 Rogers.
 Dissimilitude; unlikeness.
 2

 To  Dispa'rk, dis-park'.  v.  a. [dis  and
   park]
 1. To throw open a park.
        You have fed upon my signiories,
  Dispark'd my parks, and fell'd my forest woods.
                                    S/Vafcspeare.
 2. To set at large; to release  from  enclo-
   sure.
              They were suppos'd
  By narrow wits to be inclos'd;
  Till his free muse threw down the pale,
  And did at once dispark them all.         Waller.
 To Dispa'rt, dis-part'.  v. a.   [dis  and
  part; departir,  French; dispertior,  La-
   tin.] To divide in  two; to separate; to
   break; to burst; to rive.
    The gate nor wood, nor of enduring brass,
  But of more worthy substance framed was;
  Doubly disparted, it did lock and close,
  That when it locked none might through it  pass.
                                      Spenser.
                On either side
  Disparted chaos overbuilt exclaim'd
  And with rebounding surge the bars assail'd,
  That scorn'd his indignation.             Milton.
           The  rest to several places
  Disparted, and between spun out the air.   Milton.
    Disparted Britain mourn'd their doubtful sway,
  And dreaded both, when neither would obey. Prior.
                The pilgrim oft
  At dead of night, 'mid his orison, hears,
  Aghast, the voice of time disparting  tow'rs.  Dyer,
Dispa'ssion,  dis-pash'un. to.  *.  [dis and
  passion.]  Freedom  from  mental per-
  turbation; exemption from passion.
    What is called by the Stoicks apathy, or dispas-
  sion, is called by  the Scepticks indisturbance, by
  the Molenists quietism, by common men peace of
  conscience.                            Temple. 
DIS
DIS
DIS
Dispassionate,  dis-pash'un-atc.91   adj.
   [from  dis and passionate/]   Cool; calm;
   impartial; moderate; temperate: it was
   sometimes written dispassionated.
    You have, as all dispassionated men may judge,
  fulfilled the poet's definition of madness. Dr. Maine.
    Wise and dispassionate men thought he had been
  proceeded with very justly.           Clarendon.
 To Dispe'l, dis-pel'. v. a. [dispello,  Lat.]
   To drive by scattering; to dissipate.
                    If the night
  Have gather'd aught of evil, or conceal'd,
  Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark. Milton.
    When the  spirit brings light into our minds, it
  iisjiels darkness: we see it, as we do that ofthe sun
  at noon, and need not the twilight of reason to shew
  it.                                    Locke.
 Dispe'nce,  dis-pense'.   to.  s. [despence,
   French.]  Expense; cost; charge;  pro-
   fusion.
    It was a vault ybuilt for great dispence,
   With many ranges rear'd along the wall,
    And one great chimney, whose long funnel thence
   The smoke forth drew.             Fairy  Queen.
 To DISPE'ND, dis-pend'. v. a. [dispendo,
   Latin.]  To spend;  to  consume; to ex-
   pend.
    Of their commodities they were now scarce able
   to dispend the third part.               Spenser.
 Dispe'nsary, dis-pen'sa-re.  «.  *.  [from
   dispense.]  The place  where medicines
   are dispensed.
    To thee toe lov'd dispens'ry I resign.     Garfn.
 Dispensa'tion, dis-pen-sa'shun. TO.s.[from
   dispensatio, Latin.]
 I. Distribution; the act of dealing out any
   thing.
    This perpetual circulation is constantly promoted
   by a dispensation of water promiscuously and indif-
   ferently to all parts ofthe earth.       Woodward.
 2. The  dealing of God with his creatures;
   method of  providence;  distribution  of
   good and evil.
    God delights in the ministries of his own choice,
   and the methods of grace, in  the oeconomy of hea-
   ven, and toe dispensations of  eternal happiness.
                    Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
    Neither are God's methods or intentions different
   in his dispensations to each private man.   Rogers.
    Do thou, my soul, the destin'd period wait,
   When  God shall solve the dark decrees of fate;
   His now unequal dispensations clear,
   And make all wise and beautiful appear.   Tickel.
 3. An exemption from some law; a  per-
   mission to  do something forbidden:  an
   allowance   to  omit  something  com-
   manded.
    A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Bar-
   row to marry.                          Ward.
 DisPENSA'TOR,dis-pen-sa'tvir.TO.s. [Latin.]
   One  employed in  dealing out any thing;
   a distributer.
    As her majesty hath made them dispensators of
   her favour towards her  people, so  it behoveth them
   to shew themselves equal distributers of the  same.
                                        Bacon.
 Dispe'nsatory,  dis-pen'sa-tur-e.612 to.  s.
   [from dispense.]  A book in which the
   composition of medicines  is described
   and directed; in the Greek, a Pharma-
   copeia.
    The description of the ointment is found in  the
   chymical dispensatory.    Bacon's Natural History.
    A whole dispensatory was little  enough to meet
   with and suffice to all their wants.      Hammond-
    Our materia medica is large enough; and to look
   into our dispensofories,  one would  think no disease
  incurable.                              Baker-
To DISPE'NSE, dis-pense'.  v. a.  [de-
   spenser, Fr.]
1. To deal out; to distribute.
    Those now, that were dispens'd
  The burden of many ages,  on me light
  At once by my foreknowledge.           Jlfiffon.
    Those to whom Christ has committed the dispens-
  ing of his gospel.                Decay of Piety.
    At length toe muses stand restor'd again,
  While you dispense toe laws and guide the state.
                                      Dryden.
    To them but earth-born life they did dispense;
  To us, for mutual aid, celestial  sense.       Tafe.
2. To make up a medicine.
3.  To  Dispense with.   To  excuse;  to
   grant dispensation for; to allow: before
   things.
        To save a brother's life,
  Nature  dispenses with toe deed..      Shakspeare.
    How few kingdoms are  there,  wherein, by dis-
  pensing with oaths,  absolving subjects from allegi-
  ance, and cursing, or threatening to curse, as long
  as their curses were  regarded,  the popes have not
  wrought innumerable mischiefs.         Raleigh.
    Rules of words may be dispensed with.    Watts.
4. To Dispense with: before persons.  To
   set free  from an  obligation. This con-
   struction seems ungrammatical.
    I could not dispense  with myself  from making a
  voyage to Caprea.             Addison on Italy.
5. To Dispense with. To obtain a dispen-
   sation from; to come to agreement with.
   This  structure is  irregular, unless it be
   here supposed  to mean,  as it  may, to
   discount; to pay an equivalent.
    Hast thou not sworn allegiance unto me?
  Canst thou dispense with heav'n for such an oath?
                                   Shakspeare.

Dispe'nse, dis-pense'.  to.  s.  [from the
   verb.] Dispensation:  exemption.  Not
   in use.
          Then reliques, beads,
  Indulgences, dispenses,  pardons, bulls,
  The sport of winds.                    Milton.
Dispe'nser, dis-pen'sur.98  to. s. [from dis-
   pense.]  One  that dispenses;  one that
   deals out any thing; a  distributer.
    The ministers of that household are the dispensers
  of that faith.                            Sprat.
    Those who stand before earthly princes, who are
  toe dispensers  of their favours, and conveyors of
  toeir will to others, challenge high honours.
                                    Atterbury.
To Dispe'ople, dls-pe'pl.  v.  a. [dis and
   people.]  To depopulate; to  empty  of
   people.
    The Irish, banished  into the mountains,  where
  toey lived only upon white meats, seeing their lands
  so dispeopled and weakened,  came  down into the
  plains.                               Spenser.
    Conflagrations, and great droughts, do not merely
  dispeople, but destroy.                   Bacon.
        His heart exalts him in  the harm
  Already done to have dispeopled heav'n.   Milton.
           Kings, furious and severe,
  Who claim'd the skies, dispeopled air and floods,
  The lonely lords of empty wilds and woods.  Pope.
Dispe'opler,  dis-pe'pl-ur. to. s. [from dis-
   people.] A depopulritor; a waster.
    Nor drain I ponds the golden carp to take;
  Nor trowle for pikes, dispeoplers of the lake.  Gay.

To Dispe'rge, dis-perdje'. v. a. [diaper-
   go, Latin.] To sprinkle; to  scatter.
                                 Shakspeare.
To DISPE'RSE, dis-perse'. v.a.  [dhper-
   sus, Latin.]
1. To scatter; to  drive to  different  parts.
    Audi  scattered them among the  heathen, and
  they were dispersed through the countries.   -kzeK.
2. To dissipate.                    OL  ,
    Soldiers, disperse yourselves.        Shakspeare.
                  If the night
  Have gather'd aught of evil, or conceal d,
  Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark.  Milton.
3. To deal about; to distribute.
    Being a king that loved wealth, he could not en-
  dure to have  trade sick, nor any obstruction to con-
  tinue in the gate vein which dispersefft that blood.
                                       Bacon,
Dispe'rseoly,    dls-per's6d-le.364    adv.
   [from dispersed.] In a dispersed man-
   ner; separately.
    The exquisite  wits of  some few, peradventurej
  are able, dispersedly here and there, to find now a
  word, and then a sentence, which may be more pro-
  bably suspected, than easily cleared, of errour.
                                       Hooker.
    Those minerals are either found in grains, dis-
  persedly intermixed  wito the corpuscles of earth or
  sand, or else  amassed into balls or nodules.
                                    Woodward.
Dispe'eseoness,  dls-per'sed-n^s.  n.  «.
   [from dispersed.] The  state  of being
   dispersed; dispersion.

Dispe'rseness, dis-perse'nes. n. s. [from
   disperse]  Thinness; scatteredness.
    The torrid parts of Africk are by Piso resembled
  to a libbard's skin, the distance of whose spots re-
  present the disperseness of habitations  or towns in
  Africk.                            Brerewood.
Dispe'rser, dis-per'sur. to.  s.  [from   dis-
   perse] A scatterer; a  spreader.
    Those who are pleased with defamatory libels so
  far as to approve the authors and dispersers of them,,
  are as guilty as if they had composed them.
                                     Spectator.
Dispe'rsion, dls-per'shiin. to. s. [from dis-
   persio, Lat.]
1. The act of scattering or spreading.
2  The state of being scattered.
    Noah began from thence his dispersion. Raleigh.
    After so many dispersions, and so many divisions,
  two or three of us may yet be gathered together.
                                        Pope.
To  Dispi'rit,  dis-pir'it. v.  a.  [dia  and
   spirit.]
1. To discourage; to deject; to depress; to
   damp; to terrify; to intimidate; to fright;
   to strike with fear.
    Certain it is, that the poor man appeared so dis-
  pirited, that he spoke but few words after he  came
  upon the scaffold.                    Clarendon.
    The providence of God  strikes not in with them,
  but dashes, and even dispirits, all their endeavours,
  and makes toeir designs heartless and ineffectual.
                                       South.
    Steady to my principles, and not  dispirited with
  my afflictions, I have overcome all difficulties.
                                      Dryden.
    Amidst all the honours toat are  paid him, he
  feels nothing in himself but a poor, weak,  dispt-
  rifed mortal,  yielding to the laws of corruption.
                                       Rogers.
2. To exhaust the spirits; to  oppress the
   constitution of  the body.
    He has dispirited himself by a debauch, and drank
   away his good humour.                  Collier.
Dispi'ritedness, dis-pir'it-ted-nes. to. s.
   [from dispirit.]  Want of vigour;  want
   of vivacity.                          Diet.
To  Displa'ce,  dis-plase'.  v. a.   [dis and
   place.]
1. To put out of place; to place in  an-
   other  situation: as,  the  chessmen are
   displaced. 
DIS
D  IS
DIS
 2. To put out  of any state, condition, of-
    fice, trust, or dignity.
     To displace any who are in, upon displeasure, is by
   all  means to be avoided, unless there be a mani
   fest cause for it.                        Bacon.
                  Abdal, who commands
   The city, is the prince's friend, and therefore
   Must be displac'd,  and thou  shalt strait  succeed
         him.                         Denham
     A religion established by  God himself,  should
   not be displaced by any thing,  under a demonstra-
   tion of that divine power that first introduced it.
                                         South.
     One then may be  displac'd, and one may reign;
   And want of merit render birth-right vain.  Dryd
 3. To disorder.
     You  have displac'd the mirth, broke the good
         meeting
   With most admir'd disorder.             Shaksp,
 Displa'cency, dis-pla'sen-se.  to.  s.  [dis.
   plicentia, Lat.]
 1. Incivility; disobligation.
 2. Disgust; any thing unpleasing.
     The displacencies  that he receives, by the conse
   quences of his excess, far outweigh all that is grate-
   ful  in it.                       Decay of Piety
 To   Displa'nt, dls-plant'. v. a. [dis and
   plant.]
 I. To  remove a plant.
 2. To  drive  a people from the place in
    which they have fixed  their residence
     All those countries, which lying near unto  any
   mountains, or Irish deserts, had  been planted with
   English, were shortly displanted and lost.   Spenser,
     I may justly account new plantations to be the
   children of former kingdoms; I  like a plantation in
   a pure soil; that  is, where people are not displanted.
                                         Bacon.
 Displanta'tion,  dis-plan-ta'shun.  to.  s.
   [from  dis and plantatio]
 1. The  removal of a plant.
 2. The ejection of a people.
     The Edenites were garrisoned to resist the Assy-
   rians, whose displantation  Senacherib vaunted of.
                                       Raleigh.
 To DISPLA'Y, dis-pla'. v. a. [desployer,
   Fr.]
 1. To spread  wide.
     The northern wind his wings did broad display
   At his command, and reared him up light.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     There he him found all carelessly display'd,
   In secret shadow from the sunny ray,
   On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid.  Fairy Queen.
 2. To exhibit to the sight  or mind.
     You speak not like yourself, who ever yet
   Have stood to charity, and display'd th' effects
   Of disposition gentle.                   Shaksp.
     Thou heav'n's alternate beauty canst display,
   The blush of morning and the milky way.  Dryden.
    The works of  nature, and the words of  revela-
   tion, display truth to mankind in  characters so visi-
   ble, that  those, who are  not quite blind, may read
                                         Locke.
    The storm the  dark Lycaean groves display'd,
   And first to light  expos'd the sacred shade.   Pope.
    Say how this instrument of love began;
   And in immortal  strains  display the fan.      Gay.
 3.  To carve;  to cut up.
    He carves, displays, and cuts up to a wonder.
                                      Spectatoi-.
 4. To talk without restraint.
           The very fellow which of late
  Display'd so  saucily against your highness. Shaksp.
 5. To ict ostentatiously to view.
    They are  all couched  in a pit, with  obscured
  lights; which, at  the very instant of our  meeting,
  tliey  will  at once display  to the night.      Shaksp
Displa'y. dis-pla'.  to. s.  [from the verb.]
   An exhibition of any thing to view.

       VOL.  I.
     Our ennobled understandings take the wings of
   the morning  to visit the world above us,  and have
   a glorious display of the highest form of created ex-
   cellencies.                          Glanville.
     We can with the  greatest  coldness  behold the
   stupendous displays of omnipotence, and be in trans-
   ports at toe puny essays of human skill. Spectator.

 Displea'sance, dis-ple'zanse. n. s. [from
   displease.]   Anger;  discontent.    Ob-
   solete.
     Cordell said, she lov'd him as behov'd;
   Whose simple answer, wanting colours  fair
   To paint it forth, him to displeasance mov'd.
                                   Fairy Queen.
 Displea'sant, dis-plez'ant.  adj.   [from
   displease.]  Unpleasing; offensive; un-
   pleasant.
     What to one is a most grateful odour, to another
   is noxious and displeasant; and it were  a misery to
   some to lie stretched on a bed of roses.
                               Glanville's Scepsis.
 To  Displea'se, dis-pleze'. v. a. [dis and
   please.]   To offend; to make angry.
     God was displeased with this thing.     1 Chron.
 To  Displea'se, dis-pleze'. v. to.  To  dis-
   gust;  to raise aversion.
     Foul sights do rather displease, in  that they  excite
   the memory of foul things, than  in toe immediate
   objects; and therefore, in pictures, those foul sights
   do not much offend.                     Bacon.
     Your extreme fondness was perhaps as displeasing
   to God before, as now your extreme affliction.
                                       Temple.
     Sweet and  stinking commonly serve our turn for
   these ideas which, in effect, is little more than to
   call them pleasing or displeasing; though  the smell
   of a rose or violet, both sweet,  are certainly very
   distinct ideas.                         Locke.
 Disple'asingness, dis-ple'zing-nes.  ».  s.
   [from  -disfileasing]     Offensiveness;
   quality  of offending.
     It is a mistake to think toat  men cannot change
   the displeasingness or indifferency, toat is in actions,
   into pleasure  and desire, if they will do but what is
   in their power.                        Locke.
 Disple'asure, dis-plezh'ure.  «. s. [from
   displease.]
 I.  Uneasiness; pain  received.
    When good is proposed, its absence  carries dis-
  pleasure or pain with it.                  Locke.
 2.  Offence;  pain given.
    Now shall I be more blameless than the Philis-
   tines, though I do them a displeasure.      Judges.
 3.  Anger; indignation.
    True repentance may be wrought in the hearts of
   such as fear God, and yet incur his  displeasure, the
   deserved effect whereof is eternal death.  Hooker.
    He should beware that he did not provoke Soc-
   man's heavy displeasure against him.     Knolles.
    Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn
   From his displeasure.                   Milton.
    Though the reciprocalness of the injury ought  to
  allay  the  displeasure at it, yet men so much  more
  consider what they suffer than what they do.
                                  Decay of Piety.
    Ou me alone thy just displeasure lay;
  But take thy judgments from this mourning land.
                                       Dryden.
    You've shown how much you my content design;
  Yet, ah! would heav'n's displeasure pass like mine!
                                       Drydtn.
    Nothing is in itself so pernicious to communities
  of learned  men, as the displeasure of toeir prince.
                                      Addison.
4. Sate of disgrace; state of being dis-
   countenanced: disfavour.
    He went into Poland, being in displeasure with
  toe pope for overmuch familiarity.      Peacham.
To  Disple'asure,   dis-plezh'ure.  v.  a
   [from the  noun.]   To  displease;   not
                     4b
   to gain favour;  not to win affection.  A
   word  not elegant, nor now in use.
     When the way of pleasuring or displeasuring lieth
   by toe favourite, it is impossible any other should
   be over great.                           Bacon.
 To  DISPLO'DE, dis-plode'. v.a. [dis-
   plodo, Latin.]  To disperse with a loud
   noise;  to vent with  violence.
       Stood rank'd of seraphim another row,
     In posture to displode their second tire
     Of thunder.                          .Miffon.
 Displo'sion, dls-plo'zhun.  to. s. [from  dis-
   plosus, Latin.]    The act of disploding;
   a sudden burst or dispersion with noise
   and violence.

 Dispo'rt, dis-port'. to. s.  [dis and sport.]
   Play;  sport;  pastime; diversion; amuse-
   ment;  merriment.
     She list not hear, but her disports pursued;
   And ever bade him stay, till time the tide renew'd.
                                        Spenser.
     His disports were ingenuous and manlike, where-
   by he always learned somewhat.        Hayward.
        She busied, heard the sound
   Of rustling leaves; but minded not, as us'd
   To such  disport before her through the field. Milt.
 To Dispo'rt,  dls-p6rt/.  v.  a. [from  the
   noun.]   To  divert.
     He often, but attended with weak guard,
   Comes hunting this way to disport himself.  Shaksp.
 To Dispo'rt, dis-p6rt'. v. to.  To play; to
   toy; to  wanton.
           Fresh gales and gentle airs
   Whisper'd it to the woods, and from their wings
   Flung rose, flung odours, from the spicy shrub
   Disporting!                            Milton.
    Loose to the winds their airy garments flew;
   The glitt'ring textures of the filmy dew
   Dipt in toe richest tincture of the skies,
   Where light disports in ever mingling dyes. Pope
Dispo'sal, dls-po'zal.  to. s. [from dispose.]
 1. The act of disposing or regulating  any
   thing;  regulation;  dispensation;  distri-
   bution.
    Tax not divine disposal; wisest men
   Have err'd, and by bad women been deluded.
                                        Milton.
2. The  power of distribution;  the right
   of bestowing.
    Are not toe blessings both of this world  and toe
   next in his disposal?                  Atterbury.
3. Government;  management;  conduct.
    We shall get more true and clear knowledge by
   one rule, than by taking up principles, and thereby
  putting our minds into the disposals of others. Locke.
4. Establishment in a new state;  dismis-
   sion into new hands.
    I am called off from public dissertations by  a
  domestic affair of  great importance, which is ne
  less than the disposal of my sister Jenny for life.
                                         Tatler.
 To DISPO'SE, dis-poze'. v. a. [disposer,
   French, dispono, Lat.]
1. To  employ  to various  purposes; to
   diffuse.
    Thus,  whilst she did her various pow'r dispose,
  The world was free from tyrants, wars, and woes.
                                         Prior.
2. To give;  to  place;  to bestow.
    Yet see, when noble benefits shall prove
  Not well dispos'd, the mind grown once corrupt,
  They turn to vie ious forms, ten times more ugly
  Than ever they were fair.                 Shaksp.
    Of what you gathered, as most  your own  you
  have disposed much in works of public piety. Sprat
3. To turn to any particular  end or con-
   sequence. 
D  I S
DI S
DI S
     Endure and conquer; Jove will soon dispose
   To future good our past and present woes.  Dryd
 4.  To adapt; to form for any purpose.
     These when  the knights beheld, they 'gan dis-
          pose
   Themselves to court, and each a damsel chose.
                                         Spenser.
     But if thee list unto the court to throng,
   And there to haunt after the hoped prey,
   Then must thou thee dispose another way.
                                  Hubberd's Tale.
 5.  To frame the mind;   to give a  propen-
    sion;  to incline; with to.
     Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to
   jealousy, and wise men to irresolution and melan-
   choly.                                  Bacon.
     The memory of what they had suffered, byteing
   without it, easily disposed them to do this.
                                       Clarendon.
        He knew the seat of Paradise;
   And, as he was dispos'd, could prove it
   Below the moon, or else above it.        Hudibras.
     This disposes men to believe what  it teaches, to
   follow what it advises.                  Temple.
     A man might do this now if he were  maliciously
   disposed, and had a mind to bring matters to extre-
   mity.                                 Diyden.
     Although the frequency  of prayer and fasting
   may be of no efficacy to dispose  God  to be more
   gracious, yet it is of great use to dispose us to be
   more objects of his grace.             Smalridge.
     If mere moralists  find  themselves disposed to
   pride, lust, intemperance, or avarice, they do not
   think their morality concerned to  check them.
                                          Swift.
 6.  To make  fit;  with/or.
     This may dispose me, perhaps, for the reception
   of truth; but helps me not to it.            Locke.

 7. To regulate;  to adjust.
     Wak'd by the cries, to' Athenian chief arose
   The knightly forms of combat to dispose.   Dryden.
 8.  To Dispose of.   To apply to any pur-
   pose;  to transfer to any other person or
   use.
     All men are naturally in a state of perfect free-
   dom to order their actions, and dispose of their pos-
   sessions and persons, as they think fit,  within  the
   bounds of law and nature.                 Locke.
     Dispose of the meat with the butler, or any other
   crony.                                  Swift.
 9.  To Dispose of.   To put into the hands
   of another.
     As she is mine, I may dispose of her;
   Which shall be either to this gentleman,
   Or to her death.                         Shaksp.
     I have disposed of her to a man of business,  who
   will let her see, toat to  be  well dressed,  in good
   humour,  and chearful  in her family, are the arts
   and sciences of female life.               Tatler.
 10.  To Dispose  of.   To give  away  by
   authority.
     A rural judge dispos'd of beauty's prize.  Waller.
 11.  To Dispose  of.   To direct.
     The lot  is cast into  the lap; but the  whole dis-
  posing thereof is of the Lord.             Proverbs.
 12.  To Dispose of.   To conduct;  to be-
   have.
     They must  receive instructions how to dispose of
   themselves when toey come, which must be in  the
  nature of laws unto them.                 Bacon.
 13.  To  Dispose  of.   To  place  in any
   condition.
           For toe remaining  doubt,
  What to resolve, and how dispose of me,
  Be warn'd to cast that useless care aside.   Dryden.

14.  To Dispose of.   To put away by any
   means.
    They require more water than can be found, and
  more than can be dispos'd of,  if it was found.
                                        Burnet,
  To Dispo'se, dis-p6ze'. v. to.  To bargain;
    to make terms.   Obsolete.
          When she saw you did suspect
   She had disposed with Caesar, and that your rage
   Would not be purg'd, she sent  word she was dead.
                                         Shaksp.
 Dispo'se, dis-poze'. to. s. [from the verb.]
  I.  Power;  management;  disposal;  with
    at or to.
     All that is mine I leave af thy dispose;
   My goods, my lands, my reputation.      Shaksp.
                  It shall be my task
   To render thee the Parthian at  dispose.     Milton.
     Of all your goodness leaves fo our dispose,
   Our liberty's the only gift we chuse.       Dryden.
 2. Distribution;  act of government;  dis-
    pensation.
       All is best,  though oft we doubt
     What th' unsearchable dispose
       Of highest wisdom brings about,
     And ever best found in the close.       Milton.
 3. Disposition; cast  of behaviour.   Ob-
    solete.
     He hath a person, and a smooth dispose,
   To be suspected; fram'd to make women false.
                                         Shaksp.
 4,. Disposition; cast of mind; inclination.
   Obsolete.
     He carries on  the stream of his dispose
   Without observance or respect of any,
   In will peculiar.                         Shaksp.

 Dispo'ser, dis-po'zur.98 to.  *.  [from dis-
   pose.]
 1. Distributer;  giver;  bestower.
     The magistrate is both the beggar, and the dispo-
   ser of what is got by begging.            Graunt.
 2. Governour;  regulator;  director.
     I think myself obliged, whatever my private ap-
   prehensions may  be of the success, to do my duty,
   and leave events to their disposer.          Boyle.
    All the reason of mankind cannot suggest any
   solid ground of satisfaction, but in making that God
   our friend, who  is  the  absolute disposer of all
   things.                                 SoufA.
    Would I had been disposer of thy stars,
   Thou  shouldst have had toy wish, and died in wars.
                                        Dryden.
    One  who  takes  from,  and  gives lo,
   whom he pleases.
    But brandish'd high, in an ill  omen'd hour,
   To thee, proud Gaul, behold thy justest fear,
   The master sword, disposer of thy pow'r.    Prior.

 Disposition, dis-po-zish'ftn. to. *.  [from
   dispositio, Lat.]
 1.  Order; method;  distribution.
    Touching  musical harmony, whether by instru-
   ment  or voice, it being of high and low, in due
   proportionable disposition, such  notwithstanding  is
   the force thereof, and so very  pleasing effects it
   hath, in that very part of man which is most divine,
   that some have been thereby induced to  think, that
   toe soul itself by nature is, or hath  in it, harmony.
                                        Hooker.
    Under this head of invention is placed the dispo-
  sition of the work, to  put all things  in a beautiful
  order and  harmony,  that the whole may be of a
  piece.                     Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    I ask whether the connection of  the extremes be
  not  more clearly  seen, in this simple and natural
   disposition, than in the perplexed repetitions and
  jumble of five or six syllogisms.            Locke.
2. Natural fitness; quality.
    Refrangibility of the rays of light is their dispo-
  sition  to be refracted, or turned out of their way, in
  passing out of one transparent body or medium in-
   to another.                            Newton.
3. Tendency to  any act or state.
    This argueth a great disposition to putrefaction,
  in the soil and air.                       Bacon.
    Disposition is when the  power  and ability of
   doing any thing is  forward, and  ready upon every
   occasion to break into action.              Locke.
     Bleeding is to be used or omitted  according to
   the symptoms which affect toe brain:  it  relieves ii*
   any inflammatory  disposition  of the coat of toe
   nerve.                       Arbuthnot on Diet.
 4. Temper  of  mind.
     I have suffered more for  their sakes,  more than
   the  villanous inconstancy of  man's  disposition is
   able to bear.                           Shaksp.
              Lesser had been
   The thwartings of your disposition, if
   You had not  shew'd them how you were dispos'd,
   Ere they lack'd power to cross you.       Sliaksp.
 5. Affection of kindness or ill will.
     I  take myself to be  as  well informed as most
   men in the dispositions of each people towards  the
   other.                                  Swift.
 6. Predominant inclination.
     As they pinch  one another by  the disposition, he
   cries  out, no more.                      Shaksp.
     The  love we  bear to our friends  is generally
   caused by our finding the same disposition in  them
   which we feel in ourselves.                Pope.
 7. Assortment;  adjustment  of  external
   circumstances: not used.
     I crave fit disposition for my wife,
   Due reference of place and exhibition,
   As levels with her breeding.  Shakspeare's Othello
 Dispo'sitive,  dis-poz'e-tiv.  adj.   [from
   dispose]   That implies disposal  of any
   property;  decretive.
    The words of all  judicial acts are  written nar-
   ratively, unless it be in sentences wherein dispositive
   and enacting terms  are made use of.
                              Ayliffe's Parergon.
Dispo'sitively,    dis-poz'e-tlv-le.   adv.
   [from dispositive.]
 1. In  a dispositive manner.
2. Respecting individuals; distributively.
    That  axiom in philosophy, that toe generation
  of one thing is the corruption of another, although
  it  be  substantially  true, concerning the form and
  matter, is also dispositively verified in  the efficient
  or producer.             Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Dispo'sitor,  dls-poz'e-tar.  to.  *.   [from
   dispose]  The  lord of that sign in which
   the planet is, and by which therefore it
   is overruled.
To  Dispossess,  dis-poz-zes'. v.  a. [dis
   and possess.]
1. To  put out of possession;  to deprive;
   to disseize.
    The blow from saddle forced him to fly;
  Else might it needs  down to his manly breast
  Have  cleft his head in  twain, and life  thence  dis-
        possess                   Fairy  Queen.
    Thou shalt hold  the opinion of Pythagoras, ere
  I will  allow of thy  wits;  and fear to  kill a wood-
  cock, lest thou dispossess the soul of thy grandame.
                      Shakspeare's Twelfth Night.
    Let us sit upon the ground, and tell
  How some have been depos'd, some slain in war,
  Some  haunted by the ghosts they dispossess'd.
                          Shakspeare's Richard II.
                   I will chuse
  Mine heir from forth the beggars of the world,
  And dispossess her all.       Shakspeare's  Timon,
    In thee I hope,  thy succours I invoke,
  To win the crown whence I am dispossess'd;
    For like renown awaiteto  on the stroke,
  To cast the haughty down, or raise to'  oppress'd.
                                       Fairfax.
    The children went to Gilead, and took it, and dis-
  possessed the Amorite which was in it.    Numbers.
    This inaccessible  high strength, the seat
  Of Deity supreme, us dispossess'd,
  He trusted to have seiz'd.                Milton.
                   Restless Amata lay
  Fir'd with disdain for Turnus dispossest,
  And the new nuptials of the Trojan guest. Dryden, 
                   DIS

'?.. It is generally used with of before  the
   thing taken away.
    Charles resolved, with a puissant army, to pass
  over, and to dispossess the pirate of Tunis.  Knolles.
                 No pow'r shall dispossess
  My thoughts of toat expected happiness.  Denham.
    O fairest of all creatures, last and best
  Of what heav'n made, how art thou dispossess'd
  Of all thy native glories!                Diyden.
    Nothing can create more trouble to a man than
  to endeavour to dispossess him of this conceit.
                                     Tillotson.
3. Formerly with from.
    They arrogate dominion undeserv'd
  Over their brethren, and quite dispossess
  Concord and law of nature from toe earth.
                                       Jlfiffon.
    It will be found a work of  no small difficulty  to
  dispossess and throw out  a vice from that heart,
  where long possession begins  to plead prescription.
                                        South.
Dispo'sure, dis-po'zhure.  to. s.  [from
   dispose]

1. Disposal; government; power; manage-
   ment.
    In-his disposure is the orb of earth,
  The throne of kings, and all of human birth.
                                        Sandys.
    They quietly surrendered both it and themselves
  to his disposure.               Sandy's Journey.
    Whilst they murmur against  toe present dispo-
  sure of things,  they do  tacitly desire in them a dif-
  formity  from the primitive  rule, and the  idea  of
  toat mind that formed all things best.      Brown.
2. State; posture.
    They remained in a kind of warlike disposure, or
  perhaps little better.                    Wotton.
Dispra'ise,  dis-praze.  to. s.   [dis  and
  praise.]   Blame; censure; dishonour.
                 If I can do it
  By ought that I can speak in his dispraise,
  She shall not long continue love to him.    Shaksp.
                 To me reproach
  Rather belongs,  distrust, and all dispraise.  Milton.
    Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail
  Or knock the breasts, no weakness; no contempt,
  Dispraise, or blame.                    Milton.
                 I need not raise
  Trophies to thee from other men's  dispraise.
                                      Denham.
    Looks fright not men: the general  has  seen
         Moors
  With as bad faces; no  dispraise to Bertian's.
                                       Diyden.
    If any writer shall do this  paper so much honour
  as to inscribe the title  of it to  others,  the whole
  praise or dispraise of such a  performance will be-
  long to some other author.              Addison.
    My faults will not be hid,  and it is no dispraise
  to me that  they will not; the clearness of  one's
  mind is  never better proved than in discovering its
  own faults.                              p°Pe-
To  Dispra'ise,  dis-praze'.   v.a.   [from
   the noun.]   To blame; to  censure;  to
   condemn.
    In praising Antony,  I've disprais'd Ca;sar.
                                        Shaksp.
     No abuse, Ned, in the world;honest Ned, none:
  I dispraised him before the wicked, that the wicked
  might not fall in love with him; in which doing, I
  have done the part of a  careful friend.      Shaksp.
    The critics,  while they like my  wares, may dis-
  praise my writing.                     Spectator.

Dispra'iser,  dis-pra'zilr.98 n. s.   [from
   dispraise.] A censurei; one  who blames.
                                        Diet.
Dispra'isible, dis-pra'ze-bl.  adj.   [from
   dispraise.] Unworthy of commendation.
                                        Dirt.

Dispra'isingly,   dis-pra'zing-le.   adv.
DIS
with
  [from  dispraise.]   With blame;
  censure.
                Michael Cassio!
  That came a wooing with you; many a time,
  When  I have spoke of you dispraisingly,
  Hath ta'en your part.                  Shaksp.
To  Dispre'ad, dis-spred'. v. a.  [dis  and
  spread.]  To spread different ways.  In
  this word, and a few others, dis has the
  same force as in Latin composition, and
  means different  ways; in different direc-
  tions.  This word is poetical.
    As morning sun her beams dispreaden clear,
  And in her  face fair truth and mercy doth appear.
                                      Spenser.
    Over him, art, striving to compare
  With nature, did an arbour green dispread,
  Framed of wanton ivy, flowing fair,
  Through which toe fragrant eglantine did spread
  His prickling arms, entrail'd with roses red.
                                      Spenser.
    Above, below, around, with art dispread,
  The sure inclosure folds the genial bed.     Pope.
Dispho'fit,  dis-prof'fit.  to. *.  [dis and
  profit/] Loss; damage; detriment. Diet.
Dispro'of, dis-pr6df. to. s. [dis andproof]
  Confutation; conviction  of  errour  or
  falsehood.
    His remark contains the grounds of his doctrine,
  and offers at somewhat towards toe disproof of mine.
                                    Atterbury.
    I need not  offer any thing farther in support of
  one, or in disproof of the other.          Rogers.
To  Dispro'perty, dis-prop'pur-te. v. a.
  [dis  and  property.]  To  dispossess  of
  any  property.                      Diet.

Disproportion,  dis-pro-por'shAn.  to. s.
  [dia  and proportion.]  Unsuitableness
  in form or quantity of one thing, or one
  part  of the same thing, to another; want
  of symmetry; disparity.
    Not to affect many proposed matches
  Of her own clime, complexion, and degree,
  Whereto we see in all things nature tends;
  Foh! one may smell, in such, a will most rank,
  Foul disproportion; thoughts unnatural.     Shak.
                 Reasoning, I oft admire
  How nature wise and frugal, could commit
  Such disproportions; with superfluous hand
  So many nobler bodies to create,
  Greater, so many fold, to this one use.   MUton.
    Perhaps from greatness, state and pride,
  Thus surprised, she may fall;
    Sleep does disproportion hide,
  And, death resembling, equals all.         Waller.
                 For their strength,
  The disproportion is so great, we cannot but
  Expect a fatal consequence.            Denham.
    What did the liquid to to' assembly call,
  To give their aid to form toe pond'rous ball?
  First tell us, why did any come? next, why
  In such a disproportion to the dry?     Blackmore.
    That we are designed for a more  exalted happi-
  ness than can  be derived from the  things of this
  life, we may infer from their vast dispropo'rtion  to
  the desires and capacities of our soul.     Rogers.
 To Dispropo'rtion,dis-pro-por'shun. v.a.
   [from the noun.] To mismatch; to join
   things unsuitable in  quantity or form;
   to join unfitly.
     There sits deformity to mock my body,
  To shape my legs of an unequal size,
  To disproportion me in every part.         Shaksp.
    Distance  and  men's  fears have so enlarged the
  truth,  and so disproportioned every thing, that we
  have made the little troop of discontents a gallant
  army,  and already measured by toe  evening  sha-
  dow                                Suckling.
    Music  craveth your  acquaintance: many are of
                    4b2
                   DIS

  such  disproportioned spirits, that  toey avoid hei
  company.                            Peacham.
    We on earth, with undiscording voice,
  May rightly answer that melodious noise;
  As once we did, till disproportion'd  sin
  Jarr'd against nature's chime.            Milton.
Dispropo'rtionable,  dis-pro-por'shun-
  a-bl.  adj.  [from disproportion.]  Un-
  suitable in  form  or  quantity;  not duly
  regulated in regard to something else.
    Doubts  and  fears  are the  sharpest  passions:
  through these false opticks all that you see is like
  toe evening shadows, disproportionable to the truth,
  and strangely longer than the true substance.
                                     Suckling.
    Had the obliquity been greater, the earth had
  not been able to endure the disproportionable dif-
  ferences of season.                     Brown.
    We are apt to set too great a value on temporal
  blessings,  and  have too low and disproportionable
  esteem of spiritual.                 Smalridge.
    There is no wine of so strong a body as to  bear
  such a disproportionable quantity of water as  sixty
  parts.                                 Broome.
Dispropo'rtionableness,   dis-pro- por7-
  shilna-bl-nes.  to. a.   [from  dispropor-
  tionable.]  Unsuitableness to something
  else.
Dispropo'rtionably, dis-pro-por'shin-a-
  ble,  adv.   [from disproportion.]   Un-
  suitably; not symmetrically.
    We have no reason to think much to sacrifice to
  God our dearest interests in this  world, if we  con-
  sider how disproportionably great the reward of our
  sufferings shall be in another.          Tillotson.
Dispropo'htional,    dis-pro-por'shAn-al.
  adj. [from  disproportion.]  Dispropor-
  tionable;  unsymmetrical; unsuitable in
  quantity or  form to something else.
Dispropo'rtionally,   dis-pro-por'shtin-
  al-le.  adv.  [from disproportionate  Un-
  suitably with respect  to  quantity or
  Value.
Disproportionate,   dis-pro-por'sh&n-
  ate.91 adj. [from disproportion.] Unsym-
  metrical;  unsuitable to something  else
  in bulk, form, or value.
    None of our members are crooked or  distorted,,
  or disproportionate to  the rest, either in excess  or
  defect.                                   Ray.
    It is plain that men have agreed to  a dispropor-
  tionate and unequal possession of toe earth.  Locke.
Dispropo'rtionately, dis-pro-por'shun-
  ate-le.  adv.   [from disproportionate/]
  Unsuitably; unsymmetrical ly.
Dispropo'rtionateness,    dis-pro-por'-
  shun-ate-nes. to.  s. [from disproportion-
  ate.]   Unsuitableness in bulk, form or
  value.
To Dispro've, dis-pr66ve'. v. a. [dis and
  prove]
1.  To confute an assertion;  to convict of
  errour or falsehood.
    This exposition they plainly disprove,  and  shew
  by manifest reason,  that  of David toe  words  of
  David could not possibly be meant.       Hooker.
                This  Westmoreland maintains,
  And Warwick shall disprove it.           Shaksp.
                 The traitor's odious name,
  I first return, and then disprove  thy claim. Dfydm.
    It is easier to affirm, than to disprove.   Hdder.
    That false  supposition I advanced  in  or-.le'- to
  disprove it, and by that means to prove the >r-n\< of
  my doctrine.                         Atterbury.
    We sec the same assertions produced a?ain. «ith-
  out notice of what has been said to disprove them.
                                         Strip.. 
DIS
DI  S
D I  S
2. To convict of a practice of errour.
    They behold those things disproved, disannulled,
  and rejected, which use had made in a manner na-
  tural.                                Hooker.
    If God did not forbid all indifferent ceremonies,
  then our  conformity with  the church of Rome in
  some such is not hitherto as yet disproved, although
  papists were unto us as heathens were unto Israel.
                                      Hooker.
3. To disapprove;  to disallow.
    Some things are good, yet in so mean a degree
  of goodness, that men are only  not  disproved, nor
  disallowed of God for toem.            Hooker.

Dispro'ver,  dls-pr66'vfir.98  to.  *. [from
   disprove.]
 1.  One that disproves or confutes.
2.  One  that blames;  a censurer:  if the
   following passage be not ill printed for
   disapprover.
     The single example that our annals have  yield-
   ed  of two extremes, within so short time, by most
   of  the same commenders and disprovers, would re-
   quire no slight memorial.               Wotton.

Dispunishable,  dis-ptin'ish-a-bl.    adj.
   [dis and punishable.]  Without  penal
   restraint.
     No leases of any part of the said lands shall ever
   be  made, other than leases for years not exceeding
   thirty-one, in possession, and not in reversion  or
   remainder, and not dispunishable of waste.  Swift.
 To Dispu'rse,  dis-ptirse'.  v. a.  [dis and
   purse.] To pay;  to disburse.   It  is not
   certain that the following passage should
   not  be written disburse.
     Many a pound of my own proper store,
   Because I would not tax the needy commons,
   Have I dispursed  to the garrisons,
   And never ask'd for restitution.           Shaksp.
 Dispu'table, dis'pu-ta-bl, or dis-pu'ta-bl.
   adj. [from dispute.]
 1. Liable to  contest;  controvertible;  that
    for which something may  be  alleged
    on opposite sides.
     If  they are not in themselves dispufaofe, why are
 •  they so much disputed?                  South.
 2. Lawful  to be  contested.
      Until  any point is determined to be a law, it re-
   mains;dispufa6fe by eveiy subject.          Swift.
 Di'sputant, dis'pu-tant.608 to. s.  [from
    dispute;  disputans, Latin.]  A contro-
    vertist;  an arguer; a reasoner.
     Notwithstanding these learned disputants, it was
   to  the unscholastick  statesman that toe  world owed
   their peace, defence, and liberties.        Locke
      Our disputants put me in mind of the  skuttle fish,
   that,  when he is unable to extricate himself, black-
   ens all  the water about him till he becomes invisi-
   ble.                                Spectatoi:
 Di'sputant, dis'pu-tant. adj.   Disputing;
    engaged in controversy.  Not  in use.
                 Thou there wast  found
   Amongst toe gravest rabbies disputant
   On points and questions  fitting Moses' chair.
                                        Milton.
 Disputa'tion,  dis-pu-ta'shiin. to. s.  [from
    disputatio, Lat.]
 I. The skill of  controversy;  argumenta-
    tion.
     Consider what the learning of disputation is, and
   how they are employed for the advantage of them-
   selves or others, whose  business  is only the vain
   ostentation of sounds.                   Locke.
 2. Controversy;  argumental  contest.
     Well do T find, by toe wise knitting together of
   your answer, that any disputation I can use is as much
   too weak as I unworthy.                 Sidney.
     Till some admirable or unusual accident happens,
  as it hath in some, to work the beginning of a bet-
  ter alteration in  the mind, disputation about  the
  knowledge of God commonly prevaileto little.
                                      Hooker.
Disputa'tious, dis-pu-ta'shus. adj. [from
  dispute.]   Inclined to  dispute; cavil-
  ling.
    A man  must be of a very disputatious temper,
  that enters into state controversies with any of the
  fair sex.                             Addison.
Dispu'tative, dis-pu'ta-tiv.612adj. [from
  dispute.]   Disposed to  debate;  argu-
  mentative.
    Perhaps this practice might not so easily be per-
  verted, as to  raise a  cavilling, disputative,  and
  sceptical temper  in the minds of youth.    Waffs.
To DISPU'TE, dis-pute'.  v.  to. [disputo,
  Lat ] To  contend  by argument; to  al-
  tercate; to debate;  to argue;  to contro-
  vert.
    If attempts of the pen have often proved unfit,
  those of the sword are more so, and  fighting  is a
  worse expedient  than disputing.     Decay of Piety.
    The atheist can pretend  no  obligation of con-
  science, why he should dispute against religion.
                                     Tillotson.
    Did not Paul  and  Barnabas dispute with vehe-
  mence about a very little point of conveniency'
                                     Atterbury.

To Dispu'te, dis-pute'. v.  a.
I. To  contend  for, whether  by words or
  action.
    Things were disputed before they  came to be 'de-
  termined: men afterwards were not to dispute any
  longer, but to obey.                   Hooker.
                 So dispute the prize,
  As if you  fought  before Cydaria's eyes.   Dryden.
    One says the kingdom  is his own:  a Saxon drinks
  the quart, and swears he'll dispute that with him
                                       Taffer.
2. To  question; to reason about.
    Now I am sent, and am not to dispute
  My prince's orders, but to execute.       Dryden.
3. To  discuss;  to think on. Not in use.
               Dispute it like a man.
  ----1 shall do so;
  But I must also feel it as a man.        Shaksp.
Dispu'te, dis-pute'. to. *. [from the verb.]
   Contest; controversy; argumental  con-
   tention.
    The question being about a fact,  it is begging it,
  to bring as a proof an hypothesis which is the very
  thing in disptcfe.                         Locke.
    The earth is  now  placed so conveniently,  that
  plants thrive and flourish in it, and animals live:
  this  is matter of fact, and beyond  all dispute.
                                      Bentley.
Dispu'teless,  dis-pute'les.   adj.  [from
   dispute.]   Undisputed;  uncontroverti-
   ble.                                 Diet.
Dispu'ter, dis-pu'tur.  to. s.   [from dis-
   pute.]   A controvertist; one given to
   argument and opposition.
     Both were vehement  disputers against the  hea-
  then idolatry.                      Stillingfleet.
     Those  conclusions have generally obtained,  and
  have  been acknowledged even  by  dispufers them-
  selves, till with  labour they had stifled  their con-
  victions.                              Rogers.
 Disqualification,    dis-kwol-e-fe-ka-
   shin.  to. s.  [from  disqualify.]  That
   which  disqualifies; that which makes
   unfit.
     It is recorded as a sufficient disqualification of a
  wife, that, speaking of her husband, she said, God
  forgive him.                         Spectator.
 To Disqua'lify, dis-kwol'e-fl. v. a.  [dis
   and qualify.]
I.  To make unfit; to disable by some na-
  tural or legal impediment.
    Such persons as shall confer benefices on unwor-
  thy and disqualified persons, after a notice or cor-
  rection given, shall for that turn be deprived ofthe
  power of presenting unto such benefices.    AyKffe.
2. It  has commonly for before the objec-
   tive noun.
    I  know no employment for which piety disguafi-
  fi*s-                                  Swift.
    My common  illness utterly disqualifies me for
  all conversation: I mean my deafness.      Sli-ifl.
3. To deprive  of a  right or claim by some
   positive restriction;  to  disable;  to ex-
   cept from any grant.  Swift has from.
    The church of England is the only body of christ-
  tians which disqualifies those, who are employed to
  preach its doctrine, from sharing in the civil power,
  farther than as senators.                  Swift.
To  Disqua'ntity,  dis-kwon'te-te.  v.  a.
   [dis and quantity.]   To lessen; to dimi-
   nish.   Not used.
                 Be entreated
  Of fifty to disquantity your train;
  And the remainders,  that shall still  depend,
  To be such men as may besort your age.   Shaksp.
Disqui'et, dis-kwi'et. n.   s. [dis and  qui-
   et.]  Uneasiness;  restlessness;  want of
   tranquillity; vexation; disturbance; anx-
   iety.
    He that, upon a true principle, lives without any
  disquiet of thought,  may be said to be happy.
                                   L'£sfrange.
    If we give way to our passions, we do but gratify
  ourselves for the present, in order to our future dis-
  quiet.                              Tillotson.
    I had rather live in Ireland than under the fre-
  quent disquiets of hearing you are out of order.
                                        Swift.
Disqui'et, dis-kwi'et. adj.  Unquiet; un-
   easy; restless.
    I pray you, husband, be not so disquiet;
  The meat was well if you were so content. Shaksp.
To Disqui'et, dis-kwi'et v. a. [from the
   noun.]   To disturb;  to  make  uneasy;
   to  harass; to vex; to fret; to deprive of
   tranquillity.
    The proud Roman  him disquieted.    F.  Queen.
    Why art thou so vexed, O my soul? and why art
  thou so disquieted within me?             Psalms.
    By anger and impatience toe mind is disquieted;
  and is not able easily to compose itself to prayer.
                                       Duppa.
    Thou, happy creature, art secure
   From all  the torments we endure;
   Despair, ambition, jealousy,
   Lost friends, nor love, disquiets thee.  Roscommon.
Disqui'eter,  dis-kwi'et-ur. to. «.  [from
   disquiet.] A disturber; a harasser.
Disqui'etly,   dls-kwi'et-le.  adv.  [from
   disquiet.] Without rest; anxiously; un-
   easily;  without  calmness.
    Treachery, and  all ruinous disorders, follow us
   disquietly to our graves.                 Shaksp.
    He rested disquietly that night;  but in the mor-
   ning I  found him calm.                Wiseman.
Disqui'etness,  dis-kwi'et-nes. to. s. [from
   disquiet.]    Uneasiness;   restlessness;
   anxiety; disturbance.
     All otherwise, said he, I riches  rede,
   And deem them root of all disquielness.  F. Queen.
     Arius won to himself both followers  and ^reat
   defenders; whereupon much  disquietness eusued.
                                       Hooker.
 Disqui'etuoe, dis-kwi'e-tude. to. *. [from
   disquiet.]   Uneasiness; anxiety; distur-
   bance; want of  tranquillity.
     Little  happiness attends a great character, and 
DI  S
DIS
D  I S
  to a multitude of disquietudes the desire of it sub-
  jects an ambitious mind.               Addison.
    'Tis toe best preservative from all those tempo-
  ral fears and disquietudes, which corrupt the enjoy-
  ment, and embitter the lives, of men.      Rogers.
Disquisi'tion, dis-kwe'zish'un. to. s. [dis-
  quisiiio, Lat.] Examination; disputative
  inquiry.
    God hath reserved many things to his own reso-
  lution, whose determinations we cannot hope from
  flesh: but with reverence  must suspend unto that
  great day, whose justice shall  either condemn our
  curiosity, or resolve our disquisitions.       Brown.
    'Tis indeed the proper place for this disquisition
  concerning the antediluvian earth.      Woodward.
    The royal society had a good effect, as it turned
  many of toe greatest geniuses of toat age to the dis-
  quisitions of natural knowledge.        Addison.
    The nature of animal diet may be discovered by
  teste, and other sensible qualities,  and some gene-
  ral rules, without particular disquisUion upon every
  kind.                              Arbuthnot.
To Disra'nk,  dis-rangk'.  v.  a. [dis  and
   rank.] To degrade from his rank. Diet.
Disrega'rd,  dls-re-gard'. to. s. [dis  and
   regard]  Slight  notice; neglect;  con-
   tempt.
 To Disrega'rd, dis-re-gard'. v. a. [from
   the noun.]  To slight; to neglect; to con-
   temn.
    Since we are to do good to the poor, to strangers,
   to enemies, those  whom nature is too apt to make
   us despise, disregard, or hate,  then-undoubtedly we
   are to do good  to all.                    Spraf.
    Those fasts which God  hath disregarded hitherto,
   he may  regard  for  the time to come.   Smalridge.
    Studious of good, man disregarded fame,
  And useful knowledge was his eldest aim. Blackmore.
 Disrega'rdful, dis-re-gard'ful. adj. [dis-
   regard and full.] Negligent;  contempt-
   uous.
 DisREGA'RDFULLY,dis-re-gard'ful-l£. adv.
   [from disregardful.]  Negligently; con-
   temptuously.
 Disre'lish, diz-rel'ish.4,30 to.  s. [dis  and
   relish.]
 1. Bad taste; nauseousness.
             Oft they essay'd,
   Hunger and thirst constraining; drugg'd as oft
   With hatefullest disrelish, writh'd their jaws
   With soot and  cinders fill'd.             Milton.
 2. Dislike of  the palate; squeamishness.
     Bread or tobacco may be neglected, where they
   are shewn not to be useful to health, because of an
   indifferency or  disrelish to them.           Locke.
 To Disre'lish,  diz-rel'ish. v. a. [from the
   noun.]
 1.  To make   nauseous; to infect with an
   unpteasant  taste.
             Fruits of taste to  please
   True appetite,  and not disrelish thirst
   Of nectarous draughts between, from milky stream.
                                       Milton.
     The  same anxiety and  solicitude that embitter'd
   the pursuit, disrelishes the fruition itself.   Rogers.
 2. To  want a  taste of; to dislike.
     The world is become too busy for me: every body
   is so concerned for the publick, that all private en-
   joyments are lost,  or disrelished.            Pope.
 Disreputa'tion, dis-rSp-u-ta'shun.  to.  *.
   [dis and reputation.]
 1. Disgrace;  dishonour.
     I will tell you what was the course in the happy
   days of queen Elizabeth, whom it is no disreputa-
   tion to follow.                          Bacon.
 2. Loss  of reputation; ignominy.
     The king fearing lest that the bad success might
   discourage his people, and bring  dwreptcfafion to
  himself, forbad any report to be made.  Hayward.
    Gluttony is not of so great disrepufafion amongst
  men as drunkenness.                    Taylor.
Disrepu'te, dis-re-pute'.  to. s. [dia  and
  repute.] Ill  character; dishonour; want
  of reputation.
    How studiously did they cast a slur upon the
  king's person, and bring his governing principles
  under a disrepute.                      South.
Disrespe'ct, dis-re-spekt'. to.  s. [dia and
  respect.] Incivility;  want of reverence;
  irreverence; an act approaching to rude-
  ness.
    Any disrespect to acts of state, or  to the persons
  of statesmen, was in no time more penal. Clarendon.
    Aristotle writ a methodical discourse concerning
  these arts, chusing a certain benefit before toe ha-
  zard that might accrue from the vain disrespects of
  igno  mt persons.                      WUkins.
    What is more usual to warriours than impatience
  of bearing toe least affront or disrespect?    Pope.
Disrespe'ctful,  dis-re-spekt'ful.   adj.
   [disrespect and full.] Irreverent; unci-
   vil.
Disrespe'ctfully,    dls-re-spekt'fvil-le.
   adv. [from disrespectful.] Irreverently;
   uncivilly.
    We cannot believe our posterity will think so dis-
  respectfully of their great grandmothers, as that they
  made themselves monstrous to appear amiable.
                                      Addison.
 To Disro'be, diz-robe'.4,35 v. a. [dis  and
   robe.]  To undress; to uncover; to strip.
    Thus when they had the witch disrobed quite,
  And all her filthy feature open shown,
  They let her go at will, and wander ways unknown.
                                      Spenser.
            Kill the villain straight,
  Disrobe him of the matchless monument,
  Thy father's triumph o'er the savages. Shakspeare.
    These two great peers were disrobed of their glory,
  toe one by judgment, the other by violence. Wotton.
    Who will be prevailed wito to disrobe himself at
  once of all his old opinions, and pretences to knowl-
  edge and learning, and turn himself out stark naked
  in quest afresh of new notions?            Locke.
Disru'ption,  diz-rup'slnin.436  to. s. [dis-
   ruptio, Lat.]
 1. The act of breaking asunder.
    This  secures them from disruption which  they
  would be in danger of, upon a sudden stretch or
  contortion.                              Ray.
2. Breach; rent; dilaceration.
    The agent which effected this disruption, and dis-
  location of toe  strata, was seated within  the earth
                                    Woodward.
    If raging winds invade the atmosphere,
  Their course its curious texture cannot tear,
  Nor make disruption in the threads of air.
                                    Blackmore.
Dissatisfa'otion, dis-sat-is-fak'shun. to. s.
   [dis and satisfaction.] The state of being
   dissatisfied;  discontent;  want of some-
   thing to complete the wish.
     He that changes his condition, out of impatience
  and dissatisfaction, when  he has tried a new one
  wishes for his old again.            L'Estrange.
     The  ambitious man has little happiness, but  is
  subject to much uneasiness and dissatisfaction.
                                      Addison,
     In  vain we try to remedy the defects of our ac-
  quisition, by varying toe objects: the same dissatis-
  faction  pursues us through toe circle of created.
  g-00lls-                               .Rogers.
 Dissatisfa'ctoriness, dis-sat-is-fdk'tur-
   e-nes. n.a.  [from  dissatisfactory]  Ina-
   bility to give content.

|DissATisFA'oTORY,dis-sat-is-fak'tur-e.arf/
  [from  dissatisfy/] Unable to give  con-
  tent.
To Dissa'tisfy, dis-sat'is-fi.T.a. [dis and
  satisfy.]
I.  To discontent; to displease.
    The advantages of life will not hold out to the
  length of desire; and, since they are not big enough
  to satisfy, they should not be big enough to dissatisfy.
                                       Collier.
2. To fail to please; to offend by the want
   of something requisite.
    I still retain some of my notions, after your lord-
  ship's having appeared dissatisfied with toem. Locke.
To DISSE'CT, dis-sekt'.434 v. a. [diaaeco,
   Lat.]
I. To cut in pieces.   It is used  chiefly of
   anatomical  inquiries, made  by separa-
   tion of  the parts of  animal bodies.
    No mask, no trick, no favour, no reserve:
  Dissect your mind, examine every nerve.
                                   Roscommon.
    Following life in creatures we dissect,
  We lose it in the moment we detect.         Pope.
2. To divide and examine minutely.
    This paragraph, that has not one ingenuous word
  throughout,  I have dissected for a sample. Atterbury.
Disse'ction, dis-sek'shun. to. a. [diasectio,
   Lat.]
1. The act  of separating the parts  of ani-
   mal bodies; anatomy.
    She cut her up; but, upon the  dissection, found
  her just like  other hens.               L'Estrange.
    I shall enter upon the dissection of a coquet's heart,
  and communicate  that curious piece of anatomy.
                                      Addison.
2. Nice examination.
    Such strict inquiries into nature, so true and  so
  perfect a dissection of human kind,  is toe work of,
  extraordinary diligence.               Glanville.
DissE'isiN,dis-se'zin. «. 8. [from disseisir,
   Fr.] An  unlawful dispossessing  a  man
   of his land, tenement, or other immove-
   able or incorporeal right.        Cowell.

To DISSE'IZE, dis-seze'. v. a. [disseiser,
   Fr.]  To dispossess;  to deprive.  It  is
   commonly used of a legal act.
    He so disseized  of his griping gross,
  The night his thrillant spear again assay'd
  In his brass-plated body to emboss.   Fairy Queen.
    If a prince should give a man, besides his ancient
  patrimony which his family had been disseized of, an
  additional estate, never before in the possession of
  his ancestors, he could not be said  to re-establish
  lineal succession.                        Locke.

Disseizor, dis-se'zor.166 to. s. [from dis-
   aeize.]  He that dispossesses another.

 To DISSE'MBLE, dis-sem'bl. v. a. [dis-
   simulo,   Lat.  semblance,  dissemblance,
   and probably dissembler, in  old Fr.]
 1. To hide  under false appearance;  to con-
   ceal; to pretend that not to be which re-
   ally is.
     She answered that her soul was God's; and touch,
   ing her faith, as she could not change, so she would
   not dissemble it.                     Hayioard.
 2. To pretend  that to  be  which  is not,
   This is not the true signification.
             Your son Lucentio
   Doth love my daughter, and she loveth him,
   Or both dissemble deeply their affections.  Shaksp,
     In vain on the  dissembled mother's tongue
   Had cunning art  and sly persuasion  hung;
   And real care in  vain, and native love,
   In the true parent's panting breast had strove. Prior,

 To Disse'mble, dis-sem'bl. v. to. 
DI  S
DI  S
DI  S
 1. To play the hypocrite; to use false pro-
    fessions; to wheedle.
     Ye  dissembled in your hearts when ye sent me
   unto the Lord your God, saying, Pray for us.
                                       Jeremiah.
     I would  dissemble with my nature, where
   My fortunes,  and my friends, at stake, requir'd,
   I should do so iu honour.           ' Shakspeare.
     Thy function toe will varnish o'er our arts,
   And sanctify dissembling.                 Rowe.
 2. Shakspeare uses  it for fraudulent;  un-
    performing.
     I that am curtail'd of this fair proportion,
   Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
   Deform'd,  unfinish'd.                Richard III.
 Dis.se'mbler,  dis-sem'blur.  to. s. [from
    dissemble]  A  hypocrite; a man  who
    conceals his true disposition.
     Thou dost wrong me, thou dissembler, thou.
                                     Shakspeare.
     The French king, in the business of peace, was
   the greater dissembler of the two.         Bacon,
     Such an  one, whose virtue forbiddeth him to be
   base and a dissembler,  shall evermore hang under
   the wheel.                            Raleigh.
         The queen, with rage inflam'd,
   Thus greets him: Thou dissembler, wouldst thou fly
   Out of my  arms by stealth?             Denham.
     Men will trust no farther than  toey judge a  per-
   son for sincerity fit to be trusted: a  discovered dis-
   sembler can achieve nothing great and considerable.
                                         South.
 Disse'mblingly, dis-sem'bling-le.  adv.
    [from  dissemble]  With dissimulation;
    hypocritically.
     They might all have  been either dbsemblingly
   spoken, or falsely reported of the equity of the bar-
   barous king.                          Knolles.
 To DISSE'MINATE, dls-sem'e-nate. v.
   a. [dissemino, Lat.]  To scatter as  seed;
   to sow; to spread every way.
     Ill uses are made of it many times in stirring up
   seditions, rebellions, in  disseminating  of heresies,
   and infusing of prejudices.           Hammond.
     There is a nearly uniform and constant fire or
   heat disseminated throughout the body of the earth.
                                     Woodward.
     The Jews are indeed disseminated through all the
   trading parts of the world.              Addison.
     By firmness of mind, and freedom of speech, the
   gospel was disseminated at first,  and must still be
   maintained.                         Atterbury.
 Dissemina'tion, dis-sem-e-na'shun. to. s.
   [disseminatio, Lat.] The  act of scatter-
   ing  like seed; the act  of  sowing  or
   spreading.
     Though now at the greatest distance from the be-
   ginning of errour, yet we are almost lost in the dis-
   semination,  whose ways are boundless,  and confess
   no circumscription.                     Brown.
Dissemina'tor,  dis-sem-e-na'tur.  n.  s.
   [disseminator, Lat.] He that scatters; a
   scatterer; a sower; a spreader.
     Men, vehemently thirsting after a name  in toe
  world, hope  to acquire it by being the disseminators
  of novel doctrines.               Decay of Piety.
DISSE'NSION, dis-sen'shun. to. s.  [dis-
   sensio, Lat.]  Disagreement; strife; dis-
   cord;  contention;   difference;  quarrel;
   breach of union.
             Friends now fast  sworn,
  Whose hours, whose bed, whose meal, whose exer-
         cise,
  Are still together: who twine, as 'twere, in love,
  Unseparablc, shall within this hour,
  On a dissension of a doit,  break out
  To bitterest  enmity.                 Shakspeare.
    Now join  your hands, and with  your  hands your
        hearts,
  That no dissension hinder government.    Shaksp.
     He appeased toe dissension then arising about re-
   ligion.                                Knolles.
                  Grown
   In wealth and multitude, factious they glow;
   But first among the priests dissension springs.
                                        Milton.
     Debates, dissensions, uproars are thy joy;
   Provok'd without offence, and practis'd to destroy.
                                        Dryden.
 Disse'nsious, dis-sen'shus. adj. [from dis-
   sension.] Disposed to discord; quarrel-
   some; factious;  contentious.
     Either in religion toey have a dissensions head, or
   in the commonwealth a factious head.    Ascham.
     Who are they that complain unto the. king
   That I am stem? They love his grace but lightly,
   That fill his ears with such dissensious rumours.
                                    Shakspeare.
             You dissensious rogues,
   That rubbing the poor itch of your opinion,
   Make yourselves scabs.              Shakspeare.

 To  DISSE'NT, dis-sent'. v. n. [dissentio,
   Lat.]
 1. To disagree in  opinion;  to think  in  a
   contrary manner.
     Let me not be any occasion to defraud toe pub-
   lick  of what is best, by any morose or  perverse dts-
   sentings.                        King  Charles.
     What cruelty of heathens has not been  matched
   by the inhumanity of dissenting  christians?
                                 Decay of Piety.
     There are many opinions in which multitudes  of
   men dissent from us,  who are as  good and wise  as
   ourselves.                           Addison.
 2. To differ;  to be of a contrary nature.
     We see a general agreement in the secret opinion
   of men, that every man ought to embrace the reli-
   gion which is true, and to shun, as hurtful, whatever
   dissenteth from it, but that most which doth farthest
   dissent.                               Hooker.
 3. To differ from  the established church.
     How will dissenting brethren relish?
   What will malignants say?             Hudibras.
 Disse'nt, dis-sent'.  to. s. [from the verb.]
    Disagreement;  difference  of opinion;
   declaration of difference of opinion.
     In propositions, where though the proofs in view
   are of most moment, yet there are grounds to sus-
   pect toat there is proof as considerable to be produ-
   ced on the contrary side; there suspense or dissent
   are voluntary actions.                    Locke.
     What could be the reason of this general dissent
   from the notion of the resurrection, seeing  that al-
   most all of them did believe the immortality of the
   soul?                       Bentley's Sermons.
 2. Contrariety of nature; opposite quality
   Not in use.
    The dissents of the menstrual  or strong waters
   may  hinder the incorporation, as well as the dissent
   ofthe metals. Therefore where  the menstrua are
   the same, and yet the incorporation followeth not,
   the dissent is in the metals.                Bacon.

 Dissenta'neous,   dis-sen-ta'ne-us.  adj.
   [from dissent.] Disagreeable; inconsist-
   ent; contrary.

 Uisse'nter, dis-sen'tur.93 to. s. [from dis-
   sent.]
 I.  One that disagrees, or declares his dis-
   agreement,  from  an opinion.
    They  will admit  of matter of  fact, and agree
  with  dissenters in that; but differ only  in assigning
  of reasons.                             Locke.

2.  One who,  for whatever reason, refuses
   the  communion of the English church.
Disserta'tion, dis-ser-ta'shun. to. s. [dis-
   sertatio, Lat.]  A  discourse; a disquisi-
   tion; a  treatise.
    Plutarch, in his dissertation upon  the Poets, quotes
   an instance of Homer's judgment in closing a ludi-
   crous scene with decency and instruction.  Broome.
 To Disse'uve, dis-serv.4*4 v. a. [dis and
    serve.] To do injury to; to mischief; to
    damage; to  hurt; to  harm.
     Having never done the king the least service, he
   took the first opportunity to disserve him, and enga-
   ged against him from the beginning of the rebellion.
                                     Clarendon.
     Desires of things of this world, by their tendency,
   promote or disserve our interests in  another. Rogers.
 Disse'rvioe, dis-ser'vis. to. *. [dia and ser*
    vice]  Injury;  mischief; ill turn:
     We shall rather  perform good offices unto truth,
   than any disservice  unto relators who have well de-
   served.                               Brown.
     Great sicknesses make  a sensible alteration, but
   smaller indispositions do a  proportionable disservice.
                                        Collier.
 Disse'rviceable,  dis-ser'vis-a-bl.   adj.
    [from disservice.] Injurious; mischiev-
    ous;  hurtful.
 DissE'RvicEABLENEss,dis-ser'v!s-a-bl-nes.
    n.s. [from disservice able.] Injury; harm;
    hurt; mischief; damage-.
     All  action  being for some end,  and  not the end
   itself,  its aptness to be commanded or forbidden
   must be founded upon its serviceableness or disserv-
   iCeableness to some end.                 Norris.

 To Disse'ttle, dis-seYtl.409 v. a. [dis and
   settle.] To unsettle; to unfix.
 To Disse'ver,  dis-seViir. v. a. [dia and
   aever.   In this  word  the  particle  dia
   makes no change in  the  signification,
   and therefore the word, though support-
   ed  by great authorities, ought to be
   ejected from our language.]  To  part
   in two; to break;  to divide; to sunder; to
   separate; to disunite.
    Shortly had the storm so dissevered the company,
  which  the day before had tarried together, that
  most of toem never met again, but  were swallowed
  up.                                  Sidney.
    The  dissevering of fleets hath been the overthrow
  of many actions.                      Raleigh.
    All downright rains dissever the violence of  outra-
  geous winds, and level the mountainous billows.
                                      Raleigh.
         Dissever your united strengths,
  And part your mingled colours once a?;ain.  Shaksp.
    The  meeting points the sacred hair dissever
  From the fair head, for ever and for ever.    Pope.

Di'ssmENCE, dis'se-dense. to. s.  [dissideo,
   Lat.] Discord;  disagreement.     Diet.
Dissi'LiENCE,dis-sil'yense.113 to. s. [dissi-
   lio, Lat.]  The act of starting asunder.
Dissi'lient, dis-sil'ydnt.  adj. [dissiliens,
   Lat.] Starting asunder; bursting in two.
Dissili'tion, dis-sil-ish'un, n. s. [dissilio,
   Lat.]  The act  of bursting  in two; the
   act of starting  different  ways.
    The air having much room to receive motion, the
  dissilition of that air was great.           Bojyfe.

Dissi'milar, dis-sim'e-lur.88 adj. [dis and
   similar.]  Unlike; heterogeneous.
    Simple oil is reduced into dissimilar  parts, and
  yields a sweet oil, very differing from salletoil.
                                        Boyle.
    The light, whose rays are all alike refrangible, I
 call simple, homogeneal, and similar; and toat,  whose
 rays are some  more refrangible than others,  I call
  compound, heterogeneal, and dissimilar.   Newton.
    If the fluid be supposed to consist of heterogene-
  ous particles, we cannot conceive how those dissimi-
  lar parts can have a like situation.       Bentley.
Dissimila'rity,  dls-sim-e-laVe-te.  to. ». 
DI S
DIS
DI S
    [from dissimilar.]  Unlikeness; dissimi-
    litude.
     If toe principle of reunion has not  its energy in
   this life, whenever the attractions of sense cease,
   the acquired principles of dissimUarity must repel
   these beings from their centre: so that the principle
   of reunion, being set free by death, must drive these
   beings towards God toeir centre; and the principle of
   dissimilarity, forcing him to repel them with infinite
   violence from him, must make them infinitely mise-
   rable.                                 Cheyne.
 Dissimilitude, dis-sim-mil'e-tude. to.  s.
    [dissimilitudo, Lat.] Unlikeness; want of
    resemblance.
     Thereupon grew marvellous dissimilitudes, and by
   reason thereof jealousies, heartburnings, jars, and
   discords.                             Hooker.
     We doubt whether toe Lord, in different  circum-
   stances, did frame his people unto any utter dissimi-
   litude, either wito Egyptians or any other nation.
                                        Hooker.
     The  dissimilitude between toe Divinity and ima-
   ges, shews that  images are not  a suitable means
   whereby to worship God.              Stillingfleet.
     As human society is founded  in the similitude  of
   some things, so it is promoted by some certain dis-
   similitudes.                             Grew.
     Women are curious observers of toe likeness  of
   children to parents, that they may, upon finding dis-
   similitude, have the pleasure of hinting unchastity.
                                          Pope.
 Dissimula'tion, dis-sim-u-la'shun. to. s.
   [dissimulatio, Lat.]  The  act of dissem-
   bling; hypocrisy; fallacious appearance;
   false pretensions.
     Dissimulation  is but a  faint kind of policy; for
   it asketh a strong wit, and a strong heart,  to know
   when to tell truth, and to do it.            Bacon.
     He added not;  and Satan, bowing low
   His grey dissimulation, disappear'd
   Into thin air diffus'd.                    Milton.
     Dissimulation  may be taken for a bare conceal-
   ment of one's mind; in which sense we commonly
   say, that it is prudence to dissemble injuries.
                                         South.
Di'ssipable, dis'se-pa-bl. adj. [from dis-
   sipate.]   Easily scattered; liable to dis-
   persion.
     The heat of those plants is very dissipable, which
   under toe earth is contained and  held in; but when
   it  cometh to the air it exhaleth.            Bacon.
     The parts of plants are very tender, as consisting
   of corpuscles which are extremely small and light,
   and therefore the more easily dissipable. Woodward.

To DI'SSlPATEjdis'se-pate.^-y. to. [dis-
   sipatus,  Lat.]
1. To scatter every way; to disperse.
     The heat at length grows so great, that it again
  dissipates and bears off those corpuscles which it
  brought.                            Woodward.
     It  is covered wito skin and hair to  quench and
  dissipate the force of any stroke, and retard the edge
  ef any weapon.                           Ray.
           The circling mountains  eddy in,
  From the bare wild, the dissipated storm.
                                      Thomson.
2. To scatter the attention.
     This slavery to his passions produced a life irre-
  gular and dissipated.              Savage's Life.
3. To spend a fortune.
               The wherry toat contains
  Of dissipated wealth the poor remains.     London.
Dissipation, dis-se-pa'shtin. n.  a. [dissi-
   patio, Lat.]
I. The act of dispersion.
    The  effects of  heat are most advanced when it
  worketh upon a body without loss or dissipation of
  the matter.                             Bacon.
    Abraham was contemporary with Paleg, in whose
  time the famous  dissipation of mankind,  and  dis-
  tinction of languages happened.            Hale.
 2. The state of being dispersed.
                    Now
   Foul dissipation follow'd, and fore'd rout.   Milton.
     Where the earth contains nitre within it, if that
   heat which is continually streaming out of the earth,
   be preserved, its dissipation prevented, and the cold
   kept off by some building, this alone is ordinarily
   sufficient to raise up toe nitre.         Woodward.
 3. Scattered attention.
     I have begun two or  three letters to  you by
   snatches, and been prevented from  finishing  them
   by a thousand avocations and dissipations.   Swift.
 To Disso'ciate, dis-so'she-ate.  v. a. [dis-
    soeio, Lat.]   To separate;  to  disunite;
    to part.
     In the dissociating action, even of  the gentlest
   fire, upon a concrete, there perhaps vanish  some
   active  and  fugitive particles, whose presence was
   requisite to contain the concrete under such  a de-
   terminate form                          Boyle.
 Disso'lvable, diz-z61'va-bl.   adj.  [from
    dissolve.]   Capable  of  dissolution; li-
    able  to be melted.
     Such things as are not  dissolvable by the mois-
   ture of the tongue, act not upon the taste. JVeiofon.
 Di'ssoluble,  dis'so-lu-bl.*01  adj. [disso-
    lubilis, Lat.]  Capable of   separation;
    having one part separable from another
    by heat  or moisture.
     Nodules  reposed in cliffs among the earth, being
   hard and not so dissoluble are left behind.
                                     Woodward.
 Dissolubi'lity,  dis-sol-lu-bil'e-te.  to.  s.
    [from  dissoluble.] Liableness to suffer
    a disunion of parts by  heat or moisture;
    capacity of being dissolved.
     Bodies seem to have an intrinsick  principle of
   alteration or corruption,  from the dissolubility of
   toeir parts,  and  the coalition of several particles
   endued wito contrary and destructive qualities  each
   to other.                                Hale.
 To DISSO'LVE,  diz-zolv'.424 v. a. [dis-
   solvo, Lat.]
 I.  To destroy  the form  of any thing by
   disuniting    the  parts  with  heat   or
   moisture; to melt; to liquefy.
    I have heard of anchovies dissolved in sauce.
                                       Dryden.
    The  whole  terrestrial globe was  taken  all to
  pieces,  and  dissolved at the deluge.     Woodward,
2. To break; to disunite in any  manner.
    Seeing then that all these things  shall  be  dis-
  solved,  what manner of persons ought ye to be?
                                       2 Pefer.
3.  To  loose; to  break  the  ties  of
   thing.
    Down fell the duke, his joints dissolv'd asunder,
  Blind with the light,  and stricken dead with won-
         der.                            Fairfax.
    Witness these ancient empires of the earth,
  In height of all their flowing wealth dissolv'd.
                                       Milton.
    The  commons live by no divisions rent;
  But the great monarch's death dissolves the govern-
         ment.                          Dryden,
4. To separate  persons united;  as, to dis-
   solve a league.
    She and I, long since contracted,
  Are now so  sure that nothing can dissolve us.
                                       Shaksp.
5. To break up  assemblies.
    By the king's authority alone, and by his writs,
  parliaments are assembled; and by him alone  they
  are prorogued and dissolved: but each house  may
  adjourn itself.                  Bacon to Villiers.
6.  To solve:  to clear.
    And  I have heard of thee, that thou canst make
  interpretations, and dissolve doubts.       Daniel.
   To break an enchantment.
any
     Highly it concerns his glory now
   To frustrate and dissolve the magick spells. Milton,
 8. To be relaxed by pleasure.
     Angels dissolv'd in hallelujah's lie.      Dryden.
 To Disso'lve, diz-zolv'. v. to.
 I. To be melted;  to be liquefied.
     All putrefaction, if it dissolve not in rarefaction,
   will in the  end issue into plants or living creatures
   bred of putrefaction.                     Bacon.
     As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run
   And trickle into drops before the sun,
   So melts the youth and languishes away.  Addisov,
 2. To sink  away; to fall to nothing.
     If there be more, more woeful, hold it in;
   For I am almost ready to dissolve,
   Hearing of this.                         Shaksp.
 3. To melt away in pleasures.
 Disso'lvent, diz-zol'vent. adj. [from dis-
   solve.]   Having the power of dissolv-
   ing or melting.
     In  man  and viviparous quadrupeds, the food,
   moistened with  the spittle, is first chewed, then
   swallowed into the stomach, where, being mingled
   with dissolvent juices, it is  concocted,  macerated,
   and reduced into a chyle.                   Ray.
 Disso'lvent, diz-zol'vent. to. s. [from the
   adjective.] That which has the power of
   disuniting the parts of any thing.
     Spittle is a great dissolvent, and there is a great
   quantity of it in toe stomach, being swallowed con-
   stantly.                              Arbuthnot.
 D sso'lver, diz-zol'vur. «.  s. [from dis-
   solve.]   That  which  has the  power of
   dissolving.
    Fire, and the more subtle dissolver, putrefaction,
   by dividing the particles of substances,  torn  them
   black.                               Arbuthnot,
    Hot  mineral waters are the best dissolvers  of
   phlegm.                             Arbuthnot.
 Disso'lvible,  diz-zol've-bl.  adj. [from
   dissolve.    It  is commonly written  dis-
   solvable; but less properly.]  Liable to
   derish by dissolution.
    Man,  that is even upon the intrinsick constitution
   of his nature dissolvible, must, by being  in an eter-
   nal duration, continue immortal.            Hale.
DI'SSOLUTE, dis'so-lute, adj. [dissolu-
   tus,  Lat.]   Loose; wanton;  unrestrain-
   ed; dissolved  in pleasures;  luxurious;
   debauched.
           A giant huge and tall,
   Who him disarmed, dissolute, dismay'd,
   Unawares surpris'd.                Fairy  Queen.
           Such stand in narrow lanes,
  And beat our watch, and rob our passengers;
  While he, young, wanton, and effeminate boy,
  Takes on the point of honour, to support
  So dissolute  a crew.                     Shaksp.
    A  man of little gravity, or  abstinence in plea-
  sures; yea, sometimes almost dissofufe.   Hayward.
           They, cool'd in zeal,
  Thenceforth shall practice how to live secure,
  Worldly, or dissolute, on what their lords
  Shall leave them to enjoy.                Milton.
    The  true spirit  of religion  banishes indeed all
  levity of behaviour, all vicious and dissolute mirth;
  but, in exchange,  fills the mind with a perpetual
  serenity.                              Addison.
    The beauty  of religion  the  most dissolute are
  forced to acknowledge.                  Rogers.
Di'ssolutely, dis'so-lute-le.  adv.  [from
   dissolute]  Loosely;  in   debauchery;
   without restraint.
    Whereas men have lived dissolutely and unright-
  eously,  thou  hast tormented  toem wito  their own
  abominations.                          Wisdom.
Di'ssoluteness,   dis'so-lute-nes.   to.  s.
   [from  dissolute.]  Looseness;  laxity of
   manners;  debauchery. 
DI  S
DIS
DIS
    If we look into the common management,  we
  shall have reason to wonder, in the great  dissolute-
  ness of manners which the world complains of, that
  there are any footsteps at all left of virtue.  LocAe.
Dissolution, dis-so-lu'shtin. n. a. [disso-
   lutio, Lat.]
1. The act of liquefying by heat or mois-
   ture.
2. The state of being liquefied.
3. The state of melting away; liquefaction.
    I am as subject to heat as butter; a man of con-
  tinual dissolution and thaw.              Shaksp.
4t. Destruction of any thing by the separa-
   tion of its parts.
    The elements were at perfect union in his body;
  and their contrary qualities served not for the dis-
  solution of the compound, but the  variety of the
  composure.                             South.
5.  The  substance  formed  by dissolving
   any body.
    Weigh iron and aqua-fortis severally; then dis-
   s6lve the  iron in the aqua-fortis, and weigh the dis-
 . solution.                               Bacon.
6. Death; the resolution of  the body into
   its constituent elements.
    The life of man  is always either increasing to-
   wards ripeness and perfection, or declining and de-
   creasing towards rottenness and dissolution.
                                       Raleigh.
                 We expected
   Immediate dissolution, which we thought
   Was meant by death that day.           Milton.
7. Destruction.
    He determined to make a present dissolution of
   the world.                            Hooker.
             He thence shall come,
   When this world's dissolution shall be ripe. Milton.
    Would they have mankind lay  aside all care of
   provisions by  agriculture or  commerce, because
   possibly  the dissolution of the world may  happen
   the next moment?                      Bentley.
8. Breach or ruin  of any thing compacted
   or united.
     Is a man confident  of wealth  and power? Why
   let him read  of those strange unexpected dissolu-
   tions of the  great monarchies and  governments of
   the world.                              South.
 9. The act of breaking  up an  assembly.
 10. Looseness of manners;  laxity; remiss-
   ness; dissipation.
     A longing afte* sensual pleasures is a dissolution
   ofthe spirit of a man, and makes it loose, soft, and
   wandering, unapt for noble  or spiritual employ-
   ments.                          Bishop Taylor.
     Fame  makes the mind loose and gayish, scatters
   tlie spirits, and leaves a kind of dissolution upon all
   the faculties.                           South.
     An universal dissolution of manners began to pre-
   vail, and a  professed disregard to  all fixed princi-
   ples.                               Atterbwy.
 Dl'SSONANCE, dis'so-nanse. «. <s [dis-
   aonana,   Latin;  dissonance,  Fr.]   A
   mixture  of harsh,  unpleasing, unhar-
   monious  sounds; unsuitableness of  one
   sound  to  another.
           Still govern thou  my song,
   But drive far off the barbarous dissonance
   Of Bacchus and his revellers.            MUton.
     The Latin tongue is a dead language, and  none
   can decide wito confidence on toe harmony or dis-
   sonance ofthe numbers of those times.      Garfft.
Di'ssonant,  dis'so-nant.  adj. [dissonans,
   Lat.]
 1. Harsh; unharmonious.
    Dire were the strain, and dissonant, to sing
   The cruel raptures of the savage kind.   Thomson.
2. Incongruous; disagreeing:  with from.
    What  can be more dissonant from reason and
   nature, than  that a man, naturally  inclined to cle-
  mency, should shew himself unkind and inhuman?
                        Hakewill on Providence.
3. With to: less properly.
    When conscience  reports any thing dissonant to
  truth, it obliges no more than toe falsehood report-
  ed by it.                              South-
To DJ SSUA'DE, dis-swade'. v.a.[dissua-
   deo,  Lat.]
I, To dehort; to divert by reason  or im-
   portunity from any thing.
          We submit to Casar, promising
  To pay our wonted tribute, from toe which
  We were dissuaded by our wicked queen.   Shaksp.
2. To represent any thing as unfit or dan-
   gerous.
              This would be worse;
  War therefore, open or conceal'd, alike
  My voice dissuades.                     Milton.
          Not diffident of thee, do I dissuade
  Thy absence from my sight.              Milton.
    I'd fain deny this wish, which thou hast made;
  Or, what I can't deny, would fain dissuade.
                                      Addison.

Dissua'der, dls-swa'dfir.98 to. s. [from dis-
   suade.]   He that dissuades.
Dissua'sion,  dis-swa'zhun 461 to. s. [dis-
   suasio, Lat.]  Urgency of reason or im-
   portunity against  any  thing;  dehorta-
   tion.
    Endeavour to preserve yourself  from  relapse by
   such dissuasions from love, as its votaries call  in-
   vectives against it.                       Boyle.
Dissua'sive,  dis-swa'slv.428 adj.  [from
   dissuade.]  Dehortatory; tending to di-
   vert or deter from any purpose.

Dissua'sive, dis-swa'siv. to.  s.   Denota-
   tion; argument or importunity employ-
   ed to turn  the mind  off from any pur-
   pose or pursuit.
    The meanness, or the sin, will scarce be dissua-
   sives to those  who have reconciled  themselves  to
   both.                       Gov.  of the Tongue.
 To Dissu'noer,  dis-sun'der.  v.  a.  [dis
   and sunder.   This is a barbarous word.
   See Dissever.]   To sunder; to separ-
   ate.
     But when her  draught the sea and earth dis-
         sunder'd,
   The troubled bottoms turn'd up, and she thunder'd.
                                     Chapman.
Dissy'llable, dis'sil-la-bl. n.  s.  [fora-oX-
   A«C(^.]   A word of two syllables.
    No man is tied, in modern poetry, to observe any
   further rule in the feet of his verse, but that they be
   dissyllables; whether  spondee, trochee,  or iam-
   bi que, it matters not.                   Dryden.
Di'staff.  dis'taf. to. s.  [bir*taep. Sax.]
 1. The staff from which the  ffax is drawn
   in spinning.
    In sum, proud Boreas never ruled fleet,
   Who Neptune's web on danger's distaff spins,
   With greater pow'r than she did make them wend
   Each way, as she thai age's praise did bend.
                                       Sidney.
    Weave thou to end this web which I begin;
   I will the distaff hold, come thou and spin.
                                       Fairfax.
    Ran Coll our dog, and Talbot, with the band;
   And Malkin, with her distaff in her hand. Dryden.
2. it is used as an  emblem of the female
   sex.   So the French  say, the crown ot
   France  never fills to the distaff.
    In my civil government some  say the crosier,
   some say toe distaff, was too busy.        Howel.
           See my royal master murder'd,
   His crown usurp'd, a distaff in the throne. Dryden.
Distaff-thistle, dls'taf-//ris-sl. to.'*.  A
   species of thistle.
To  Dista'in,  dis-tane.  v.  a.  [dis  and
   stain]
I. To stain;  to tinge with an adventitious
   colour.
    Nor ceas'd his arrows, till the shady plain
  Sev'n mighty bodies with toeir blood distain.
                                       Dryden.
    Place oa their heads  that crown distain'd with
          gore,
  Which those dire hands from my slain father tore.
                                         Pope.
2. To blot; to sully with infamy.
               He understood,
  That lady, whom I had to me assign'd,
    Had both distain'd her honourable blood,
  And eke the faith which she to me did  bind.
                                  JPairu Queen.
    The worthiness of praise distains his  worth,
  If he that's prais'd himself bring the praise forth.
                                       Shaksp.
    Some theologicians defile places erected for re-
  ligion,  by defending oppressions, distaining their
  professions by publishing odious untruths  upon re-
  port of others.               Sir John Hayward,

DI'STANCE,  dis'tanse.  w. s.  [distance,
   Fr. distantia, Lat.]
 1. Distance is space considered  barely in
   length between  any two beings, without
   considering   any thing  else   between
   them.                              Locke.
    It is very  cheap, notwithstanding the great dis-
   tance between the vineyards and the towns that sell
   the wine.                             Addison.
    As he lived but a few miles  distance from her
   father's house,  he had  frequent opportunities of
   seeing her.                           Addison.
 2. Remoteness in place.
    Caesar is still dispos'd to give us terms,
   And waits at cfisfance till he hear from Cato.
                                       Addison,
    These dwell at such convenient distance,
   That each may give his friend assistance.   Prior.
 3. The  space kept between two antago-
   nists in  fencing.
    We come to see fight; to see toy pass, thy stock,
   thy reverse, thy distance.
 4. Contrariety; opposition.
           Banquo was your enemy,
   So  is he mine, and in such bloody distance,
   That eveiy minute of his being thrusts
   Against my near'st of life.               Shaksp.
    A space  marked on the course where
   horses run.
    This  was the horse that ran the whole field out of
   distance, and won the race.           L'Esttange.
 6. Space of time.
    You must do it by distance of time.      2 Esd.
    I help my preface by a prescript, tr tell toat there
   is ten years distance between one and the other.
                                         Prior.
7. Remoteness in time either  past or fu-
   ture.
    We have as much assurance of these things,  as
   tilings future and at a distance are capable of.
                                      Tillotson.
    To judge right of blessings prayed for, and yet at
   a distance we must be able to know things future.
                                     Smalridge.
8. Ideal disjunction;  mental separation.
    The qualities that affect our senses are, in toe
   things themselves, so united and blended, that tiiere
   is no separation, no distance between them.  Locke.
 9.  Respect; distant beoaviour.
             I hope your modesty
   Will know what distance  to the crown  is due.
                                       Dryden.
     'Tis by respect and distance that authority is up-
   held-                              Atterburv. 
DIS
DIS
DIS
    If a man makes mo keep my distance, the com-
  fort is, he keeps his at the same time.      Swift.
10.  Retraction   of   kindness;   reserve;
  alienation.
            On the part of heav'n
  Now alienated, distance and distaste,
  Anger, and just rebuke, and judgment giv'n.
                                       Milton.
To Di'stance, dis'tanse.  v. a. [from the
  noun.]
1. To  place remotely;  to  throw off from
  the view.
    That  which  gives a  relievo to a bowl,  is the
  quick light, or while, which appears to be on the
  side  nearest to  us: and toe black by consequence
  distances the object.                    Dryden.
2. To leave  benind  at a  race the length
   of a distance; to conquer in a race  with
   great superiority.
    Each daring lover, with advent'rous pace,
  Pursued his wishes  in the dang'rous race;
  Like the swift hind the bounding damsel flies,
  Strains to the goal; the distanc'd lover dies.   Gay.
Di'stant, dis'tant. adj. \^distans, Lat.]
1. Remote in place;  not near.
            This heav'n which we behold
  Distant so high.                        Jlfiffon.
               I felt,
  Though distant from the worlds between.  JVfiffon.
     The wond'rous rock like Parian marble shone,
  And seem'd to distant sight of solid stone.     Pope.
     Narrowness of mind should  be cured by reading
  histories of past ages,  and of nations and countries
  distant from our own.                     Watts.
     The senses will discover things near us with suf
  ficient exactness, and things distant also,  so far as
  toey relate to our necessary use.           [Faffs.
2. Remote in time either  past or future.
3. Remote  to  a  certain  degree:  as,  ten
   years, ten miles, distant.
4. Reserved; shy.
5. Remote in nature;  not allied.
     What besides this unhappy servility  to custom
  can reconcile men, that  own Christianity, to a prac-
  tice so widely distant from it.  Gov. of the Tongue.
6.  Not obvious; not plain.
     It was one of the first distinctions of a well-bred
   man to express every thing obscene in modest terms
   and  distant phrases; while the clown clothed those
   ideas in plain homely terms that are toe most ob-
   vious and natural.                      Addison.
Dista'ste, dis-taste'. to. s. [dis and taste.]
 1.  Aversion of the palate;   disrelish; dis-
    gust.
     He gives the reason of the distaste of satiety,  and
   of the pleasure in novelty in meats and drinks.
                         Bacon's Natural History,
2.  Dislike; uneasiness.
     Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes,
   and adversity is not without comfort and hopes.
                                 Bacon's Essays.
?.  Anger; alienation  of affection.
     Julius Caesar was by acclamation termed king, to
   try how the people would take it: the people shewed
   great murmur and distaste at it.           Bacon.
     The king having tasted of the envy of the people,
   for his imprisonment of Edward  Plantagenet, was
   doubtful  to heap up any more distastes of that kind
   by the imprisonment of De la  Pole also.   Bacon.
         On the  part of heaven,
   Now alienated, distance and distaste,
   Anger, and just rebuke.    Milton's Paradise Lost.
            With stein distaste avow'd,
   To their own districts drive the  suitor crowd.
                                 Pope's Odyssey.
To Dista'ste, dis-taste'.  v. a. [from the
   noun.]
1. To fili the mouth with nauseousness, or
   disrelish.
       VOL.  i.
    Dangerous conceits are in their nature poisons,
  Which at the first are scarce found to disfasfe,
  But with a little act upon toe blood,
  Burn like the mines of sulphur.       Shakspeare.
2. To dislike; to loathe.
        I'd have it come to question;
  If he distaste it, let him  to my sister.   Shakspeare.
    I am unwilling to  believe toat he doth it with a
  design to play tricks, and fly-blow my words to make
  others disfasfe them.                 Stillingfleet.
3. To offend; to disgust.
    He thought it no policy to disfasfe toe English or
  Irish by a course of reformation, but sought to please
  them.                                 Davies.
4. To vex; to  exasperate; to sour.
    The whistling of  the winds is better musick to
  contented minds,  than  the  opera to the spleenful,
  ambitious, diseased,  distasted, and distracted souls.
                                         Pope.

Dista'steful, dis-taste'ful. adj. [distaste
   andfull.]
1. Nauseous  to  the palate; disgusting.
    What to one palate is sweet and delicious, to an-
  other is odious and distasteful.         Glanville.
2. Offensive; unpleasing.
    The visitation, though somewhat disfosfe/uf to the
  Irish lords, was sweet and welcome to the common
  people.                                Davies.
    None but a fool distasteful truth will tell;
   So  it be new and please, 'tis full as well.  Dryden.
     Distasteful humours,  and  whatever else may ren-
   der the conversation of men grievous and uneasy to
  one another, are forbidden in the New Testament.
                                      Tiffofson.
3.  Malignant; malevolent.
           After disfosfe/uf looks,
  With certain half-caps, and cold moving nods,
  They froze me into  silence.    Shakspeare's Timon.
    The ground might be the distasteful averseness of
   the Christian from the Jew.              Brown.

Diste'mper, dis-tem'pur. to.  s. [dis and
   temper.]
 1.  A  disproportionate  mixture of parts;
   want of due temper of ingredients.
2.  A disease; a malady; the  peccant pre-
   dominance of  some  humour; properly
   a  slight illness; indisposition.
     They heighten distempers to diseases.  Suckling.
     It argues sickness and distemper in the mind, as
   well as in the body, when a man is continually turn-
   ing and tossing.                         Soutk.
 3.  Want of due temperature.
     It was a reasonable conjecture,  that those coun-
   tries which were situated directly under the tropick,
   were of a distemper uninhabitable.  Raleigh's Hist.
 4. Bad constitution of the mind; predomi-
    nance  of any passion  or appetite.
     If little faults, proceeding on distemper,
   Shall not be wink'd at, how shall we stretch our eye
   At capital crimes?         Shakspeare's Henry V.
 5. Want of due  balance between contra-
    ries.
     The true temper of  empire is a thing rare, and
   hard to keep; for both temper and distemper consist
   of contraries.                           Bacon.
 6. Ill  humour of mind;  depravity of inch-
    nation
     I was  not forgetful of those sparks which some
   men's distempers formerly studied to kindle in par-
   liament.                         King Charles.
 7. Tumultuous disorder.
       Still as you rise, the state, exalted too,
   Finds no distemper while 'tis chang'd by you.
                                        Waller.
 8. Disorder; uneasiness.
               There is a sickness,
   Which puts some of us in distemper; but
   I cannot name the disease,  and it is caught
|   Of you that yet are well.             Shakspeare.
                     4 C
To Diste'mper, dis-tem'pur. v.  a.  [dis
   and temper.]
1. To disease.
    Young son, it argues a distemper'd head,
  So soon to bid good-morrow to thy bed.
                   Shakspeare's Romeo and Juliet.
2. To disorder.
                  In madness,
  Being full of supper and distemp'ring draughts,
  Upon malicious bravery dost thou come
  To start my guilt?            Shakspeare's Othello.
    He distempered himself one night with long and
  hard study.             Boyle's History of Fluids.
3. To disturb; to fill with perturbation; to
   ruffle.
    Thou see'st me much distemper'd in my mind;
  Pull'd back, and then push'd forward to be kind.
                                       Dryden?
4. To deprive of temper or moderation.
    Distemper'd zeal, sedition, canker'd hate,
  No  more shall vex the church and tear toe state.
                                       Dryden.
    They will have admirers among posterity, and be
  equally celebrated by those whose minds will not
  be distempered by interest,  passion, or partiality.
                            Addison's Freeholder.
5. To make disaffected, or malignant.
    Once more to-day well met, distemper'd lords;
   The king by me requests your presence straight.
                                    Shakspeare.
Diste'mperate, dls-t£m'piir-ate. adj.[dis
   and temperate.]   Immoderate.
    Aquinas  objecteth the  distemperate heat,  which
   he supposeth to be in  all places directly under the
   sun.                         Raleigh's History.

Diste'mperature,    dis-tem'ptir-a-ture.
   to. s. [from distemperate.]
 1. Intemperateness; excess of heat or  cold,
   or other qualities.
    Through this disfemperafure we see
   The seasons alter; hoary-headed frosts
   Fall in toe fresh lap of the crimson rose.   Shaksp.
    They were  consumed by the discommodities of
   the country, and toe disfemperafure  of the air.
                                          Abbot.
 2. Violent tumultuousness;   outrageous-
   ness.
 3. Perturbation ofthe  mind.
         Thy earliness doth me assure
   Thou art uprous'd by some distemperature. Shaksp.
 4. Confusion;  commixture of  contrarie-
   ties; loss of regularity.
                  At your birth,
   Our grandame earth, with this distemperature,
   In passion shook.          Shakspeare's Henry IV.
     Tell how the world fell into this disease,
   And how so great distemperature did grow. Daniei.

 To DISTE'ND, dis-tend'. v.  a. [distendo,
   Latin.]  To stretch out in breadth.
     Avoid enormous heights of seven stories, as well
   as irregular forms; and the contrary fault of low
   distended fronts is as unseemly.           Wotton.
     Thus all day long the full distended clouds
   Indulge their genial stores.             Thomson.

 Diste'nt, dis-tent'. part. pass, [distentusj
   Latin.]   Spread.  Not used.
     Some others were new driven and distent
   Into great ingots and to wedges square,
   Some  in round plates withouten moniment.
                                        Spenser.
 Diste'nt, dis-tent'. n. s. [from distend.]
    The space through  which  any thing is
    spread;  breadth.  Not much in  use.
     Those arches are the gracefullest, which, keeping
   precisely the same height, shall yet be distended
   one fourteenth part longer; which addition of distent
   will confer much to  their beauty,  and detract but
   little from their strength.                ^ottm. 
DIS                                        DIS                                       DIS
Distention, dis-ten'shun. n. s. [distensio,
   Latin.]
1. The  act of stretching; state  of things
   stretched.
    Wind and disfenfton of the bowels arc signs of a
  bad digestion in the intestines; for in dead animals,
  when there is no digestion at all, the distention is in
  the greatest extremity.                Arbuthnot.
2. Breadth; space  occupied  by  the thing
   distended.
3. The  act of separating one part from an-
   other; divarication.
     Our  legs do labour more in elevation than in dis-
   tention.                  Wotton's Architecture.
 To  Disthro'nize, dWthro'nize. v. a. [dis
   and throne.]   To dethrone; to  depose
   from sovereignty.  Not used.
           By his death he it recovered;
   But Peridure and Vigent him disthronized. Fairy Q.
 Distich  dis'tik.363 n.s.[distichon, Latin.]
   A couplet; a couple of lines; an epigram
   consisting only of two verses.
     The French compare anagrams,  by themselves,
   to gems; but when they are cast into  a distich, or
   epigram, to gems enchased in enamelled gold.
                              Camden's Remains.
       The bard, whose distich all commend,
   In power, a servant; out of power, a friend.   Pope.
 To  DISTI'L, dls'til. v. to. [distillo,  Lat.]
 1. To drop; to fall by  drops.
     In vain kind seasons swell'd the teeming grain;
   Soft show'rs distill'd, and suns grew warm in vain.
                                          Pope.
     Crystal drops from min'ral roofs distil.    Pope.
 2. To flow gently and  silently.
     The  Euphrates distilleth out of the  mountains of
   Armenia, and falleth into the gulph of Persia.
                               Raleigh's History.

 3. To use  a still; to practise the art of dis-
   tillation.
           Have I not been
   Thy pupil long?  Hast thou not learn'd me how
   To make perfumes, disfif, preserve?   Shakspeare.
  To  Disti'l, dls-til'. v. a.
  1. To let fall in drops; to  drop any thing
    down.
      They pour down rain, according  to toe vapour
   thereof, which the clouds do drop and disfif upon
   man abundantly.                          Job.
      The dew, which on the tender grass
   The evening had disfiff'd,
      To  pure rose-water turned was,
   The shades wito sweets that fill'd.       Drayton.
             From his fair head
   Perfumes disfif their sweets.               Prior.
      The roof is vaulted, and distils fresh water from
   every part of it, which fell  upon us as fast as the
   first droppings of a shower.              Addison.
  2.  To  force by fire through the vessels of
    distillation; to exalt, separate, or purify
    by fire: as distilled spirits.
      There hangs a vap'rous drop, profound;
   I'll catch it ere it comes to ground;
   And toat, distill'd by magick slights,
   Shall  raise up artificial sprights.        Shakspeare.
  *.  To  draw by distillation; to  extract  by
    the force of fire.
      The liquid distilled from benzoin is subject to fre-
   quent vicissitudes of fluidity and firmness.    Boyle.
  4.  To  dissolve  or melt.
      Swords by toe lightning's subtle force distill'd,
   And the cold sheath with running metal fill'd.
                                        Addison.
  Distilla'tion, dis-til-la'shun.». *. [di&til-
    latio, Latin.]
  1.  The act of dropping, or falling in drops.
 .2.  The act of pouring out in  drops.
   That which falls in drops.
   The act of distilling by fire.
    Water by frequent distillations changes into fixed
  earth.                              ,. ^f™-
    The serum of the blood, by  a strong dtsfiffacton,
  affords a spirit, or volatile  alkaline  salt, and two
  kinds of oil, and an earth.            Arbuthnot.
   The substance drawn by the still.
    I suffered the pangs of an egregious death, to be
  stopt in, like a strong distiUalion with cloaths.
    *                               Shakspeare.
Disti'llatory,   dis-til'la-tur-e.812  adj.
   [from distil.] Belonging to distillation;
   used in distillation.
    Besides  those grosser elements of bodies,  salt,
  sulphur, and mercury, ingredients of a more subtile
  nature, extremely little, and not visible, may escape
  at the junctures of the distillatory vessels.   Boyle.
Disti'ller, dis-til'liir.  to. a. [from distil.]
1. One who practises the art or trade of
   distilling.
    I sent for spirit of salt to a  very eminent distiller
  of it.                                  Boyle.
2. One who makes  and  sells  pernicious
   and inflammatory  spirits.
Disti'lment, dis-til'ment. to. s. [from dis-
   til.] That which is drawn by  distillation;
   that which drops.  Obsolete.
    Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole,
  And in the porches of mine ear did pour
  The leperous distilment.     Shakspeare's Hamlet.
DISTI'NCT, dis-tinkt'.  adj. [distinctus,
   Latin.]
  .  Different; not  the same  in number or
   in kind.
    Bellarmin saith, it is idolatry to give  the- same
  worship to an image which is due to God: Vasquez
  saith, it is idolatry to give distinct worship; there-
  fore, if a man would avoid idolatry, he must give
  none at all.                       Stillingfleet.
     Fatherhood and property are distinct titles, and
  began  presently, upon Adam's death, to be in dis-
   tinct persons.                           Locke.
 I.  Different;  separate;  being  apart, not
    conjunct.
     The intention was,  toat the  two armies, which
   marched out together, should afterwards be distinct.
                                     Clarendon.
     Men have immortal spirits, capable of a pleasure
   and happiness distinct from that of our bodies.
                                      Tillotson.
 3. Clear; unconfused.
                 Heav'n is high,
   High and remote, to see from thence distinct
   Each thing on earth.                    Milton.
 i. Spotted; variegated.
                Tempestuous fell
   His arrows from the fourfold-visag'd four,
   Distinct with eyes; and from toe living wheels
   Distinct alike with multitude of eyes.      Milton.
 5. Marked out; specified.
                 Dominion hold
   Over all living things that  move on th' earth,
   Wherever thus created, for no place
   Is yet distinct by name.                  Millcn.
 Distinction, dis-tink'shiin. to. a. [distinc-
    tio, Latin.]
  1. The act of discerning one as preferable
    to the other.
     In the wind and tempest of fortune's frown,
    Distinction, with a broad and powerful fan,
    Puffing at all, winnows toe light away. Shakspeare.
  2. Note of difference.
  3. Honourable note of superiority.
  4. That by which one differs from another.
     This faculty of perception puts the distinct ion be-
    twixt the animal kingdom and the inferior parts of
    matter.                                Locke.
i.  Difference regarded; preference or ne-
   glect  in  comparison  with  something
   else.
    Maids, women, wives, without distinction fall,
  The sweeping deluge, love, comes on and covers all.
                                       Drydeih
6.  Separation of complex notions.
             This fierce abridgment
  Hath to it circumstantial branches, which
  Distinction should be rich in.    Slutksp. Cymbeline,
7.  Division into different parts.
    The distinction  of tragedy  into  acts  was not
  known; or, if it were, it is yet so darkly delivered to
  us, that we cannot make it out.           Dryden.
8.  Notation of  difference between things
   seemingly  the same;  discrimination.
    The mixture of those things by speech, which by
  nature are divided, is  the mother of all error; to
  take away  therefore toat  error, which confusion
  breedeth, distinction is requisite.         Hooker.
    Lawfulness cannot be handled without limitations
  and distinctions.              Bacon's Holy  War.
    This will puzzle  all your logick and distinction to
  answer it.                     Denham's Sophy.
    From  this distinction of real and apparent good,
  some  distinguish happiness into  two sorts, real and
  imaginary.                            Norris.
9.  Discernment;  judgment.
Distinctive, dis-tink'tlv. adj. [from dis-
   tinct.]
I. That marks distinction or difference.
    For from toe natal hour,  distinctive names,
   One common right„the great and lowly claims.
                                 Pope's Odyssey.
2. Having the  power to distinguish  and
   discern; judicious.
    Credulous and vulgar auditors readily believe it,
   and the more judicious and distinctive heads do not
   reject it.                             Brown.

Distinctively, dis-tlnk'ti v-le. adv. [from
   distinctive.]    Particularly;  not confu-
   sedly.
          I did all my pilgrimage dilate,
   Whereof by parcels she had something heard,
   But not disfincfivefy.        Shakspeare's Othello.
Distinctly, dis-tinkt'le,  adv. [from dis-
   tinct.]
 1. Not confusedly;  without the confusion
   of one part with another.
     To make an echo that will report three, or four,
   or five words distinctly, it is requisite that the body
   percussing be a good distance off.         Bacon.
     On its sides it was bounded pretty distinctly, but
   on  its ends very confusedly and indistinctly.
                               Newton's Opticks.
 2. Plainly; clearly.
     The object I could first distinctly view,
   Was tall straight trees, which on the waters flew.
                                       Dryden.
     After the light of the sun was a little worn off my
   eyes, I  could see  all the parts  of it distinctly by a
   glimmering  reflection  that played upon them from
   the surface of the  water.               Addison.

 Distinctness,  dls-tlnkt'nes.  to.  *. [f:om
   distinct.]
 1. Nice observation of the difference be-
   tween different things.
     The membranes and humours of the eye are per-
   fectly pellucid, and  void of colour, for the clearness,
   and for the distinctness, of vision. Ray on tht Crea.
 2. Such discrimination of  things as makes
    them easy to  be observed.
 To  DISTINGUISH, dis-ting'gwish.**8
    v. a.  [diatinguo,  Latin.]
  1. To note the diversity of things.
      Rightly to distinevi h is, by conceit of the mind,
   to sever things different in nature, and to d:  rn
   wherein they differ.                    Hooker, 
DIS
DIS
DIS
?. To separate from others by some mark
   of honour or preference.
    They distinguish my poems from those of other
  men, and have made me their peculiar care.
                                       Dryden.
    Let us revolve that roll with strictest eye,
  Where, safe from time, disfingitis/i'd actions lie.
                                        Prior.
3. To divide  by proper notes of diversity.
    Moses distinguishes the  causes of the flood into
  those that belong to the heavens,  and those that be-
  long to the earth, the raius, and the abyss. Burnet.
4. To know one from another by any mark
   or note of difference.
                   So long
  As he could make me, wito his eye or ear,
  Distinguish him from others, he did keep
  The deck.              Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
    We have not yet been seen in any house,
  Nor can we be distinguish'd, by our faces,
  For man or master.                  Shakspeare.
    By our reason we are enabled to distinguish good
  from evil, as well as truth from falsehood.  Watts.
5. To discern critically; to judge.
    Sweet prince, th' untainted virtue of your years
  Hath not yet div'd into the world's deceit,
  Nor more can you disfinguts/i of a man,
  Than  of his outward shew.            Shakspeare.
6. To constitute difference;  to specificate;
   to make different from another.
    St.  Paul's Epistles contain nothing but points of
  christian instruction,  amongst which he seldom fails
  to enlarge on the great and distinguishing doctrines
  of our holy religion.                     Locke.
7. To  make known or eminent,
To  Distinguish,  dis-ting'gwish. v. to.
   To make distinction; to find or shew the
   difference.
    He  would warily  distinguish  between the profit
  of the merchant and the gain of the kingdom.
                      Child's Discourse on Trade.
    The readers must  learn by all means to distin-
  guish between proverbs, and those polite speeches
  which beautify conversation.              Swift.
Distinguishable,   dis-ting'gwish-a-bl.
   adj.  [from distinguish.]
1. Capable of being distinguished; capable
   of being  known,  or made known,  by
   notes of diversity.
    Impenitent, they left a race behind
  Like to themselves, distinguishable scarce
  From  gentiles, but by circumcision vain.   *1fiffon.
    The acting of the soul, as it relates to perception
  and decision, to  choice and pursuit, or aversion, is
  distinguishable to us.                      Hale.
    I shall distribute duty into its principal and emin-
  ent parts, distinguishable as they relate to God, our
  neighbour, and ourselves.   Govern, ofthe Tongue.
    liiing dissolved in  aqueous juices, itis by the eye
  distinguishable from the solvent body.       Boyle.
    A simple idea, being in itself uncompoundcd,
  contains nothing but one uniform appearance, or
  conception in  the mind, and is not distinguishable
  into different ideas.                      Locke.
2. Worthy of note; worthy of regard.
    I would endeavour that my betters should  seek
  me by the merit of something distinguishable, in-
  stead of my seeking them.                Swift.
Distinguished, dis-ting'gwisht.3^9/iar^z-
   cipial adj.  [from distinguish.]   Emi-
   nent; transcendent;  extraordinary.
    For sins committed, with many aggravations of
  guilt, the furnace of wrath will be seven times hot-
  ter, and burn with a distinguished fury.     Rogers.
    Never on man did heav'nly favour shine,
  With rays so strong, distinguish'd, and divine. Pope.
Disti'nguisher, dis-twlng'gwish-ur. n. s.
   [from distinguish.]
], A judicious observer;  one that accur-
  ately discerns one thing  from  another.
    If writers be just to  the memory of Charles II.
  they cannot deny him to have been an exact know-
  er of mankind, and a perfect distinguisher of their
  talents.                        /       Diyden.
2.  He that separates  one thing from ano-
   ther by  proper marks of diversity.
    Let us admire the wisdom of  God in this distin-
  guisher of times, and visible deity, the sun.
                        Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
DisTi'NGuisHiNGLY,dis-ting'gwish-ing-le.
   adv. [from distinguishing]   With dis-
   tinction;  with  some  mark of  eminent
   preference.
    Some call me a Tory, because the heads of that
  party have been distinguishingly favourable to me.
                                         Pope.
Disti'nguisument, dls-tlng'gwish-ment.
   n.  s.  [from  distinguish.]   Distinction;
   observation of difference.
    To make corrections upon the searchers reports,
  I consider whether any  credit  at all were to be
  given to their distinguishments.
                      Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
To DISTO'RT, dis-tort'. v.a. [dis tort us,
   Lat.]
I.  To  writhe;  to  twist;  to deform  by
   irregular motions.
    I see her taste each nauseous draught,
  And so obligingly am caught,
  I bless the hand from whence they came,
  Nor dare distort my face for shame.        Swift.
    Now mortal pangs distort his lovely form. Smith.
2.  To put out  of  the  true direction  or
   posture.
                 With fear and pain
  Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew
  Transform'd.                          Milton.
    Wrath and  malice,  envy and  revenge do darken
  and distort toe understandings of men.   Tillotson.
3.  To  wrest from the true meaning.
    Something must be distorted beside  the intent of
  the diviue inditer.           Peacham on Poetry.
Disto'rtion, dis-tor'shun.  «. s. [distortio,
   Lat.]   Irregular motion by which  the
   face is writhed, or the parts disordered.
    By his distortions he reveals his pains;
  He by his tears and by his sighs complains. Prior.
    In England we see people lulled asleep with solid
  and elaborate discourses of piety, who would be
  warmed and transported  out of themselves by the
  bellowings and distortions of enthusiasm.  Addison.
To DISTRA'CT,  dis-trakt'. v.  a. part.
   pass, distracted;  anciently distraught;
   and  sometimes  distract,   [distractus,
   Lat.]
1.  To  pull different ways at once.
    The needle  endeavours to conform unto  toe me-
  ridian; but, being distracted,  driveth that way
  where the greater and powerfuller part of the earth
  is placed.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2.  To  separate;  to  divide.
                 By sea, by sea.
  —Most worthy sir, you therein throw away
  The absolute soldiership you have by land;
  Distract your army, which doth most consist
  Of war-mark'd footmen.                 Shaksp.
3.  To turn from a single direction toward
   various  points.
    If he cannot wholly avoid the eye of the observer,
  he hopes to distract it by a multiplicity of the object.
                                        South.
4.  To  fill  the  mind with contrary  consi-
   derations;  to  perplex; to  confound; to
   harass.
    While I suffer thy terrors I am distracted. Psalm.
    Come, cousin, canst thou quake and change thy
        colour,
  M jrder thy breath in middle of a word,
                    ic 2
  And then again begin, and stop again,
  As if thou wert distraught and mad with terror?
                         Shakspeare's Richard III,
    It would burst forth; but I recover breath,
  And sense distract to know well what I utter.
                             Milton's Agonistes.
    He possesses a quiet and cheerful mind, not af-
  flicted with violent passions, or distracted with im-
  moderate cares.                          Ray.
    If our sense of hearing were  a thousand  times
  quicker than it  is, how would a perpetual noise dis-
  tract us!   We should,  in the quietest retirement, be
  less able to sleep or meditate than in the middle of
  a sea-fight.                             Locke.
5. To make mad:   properly, by an unset-
   tled and vagrant  fancy; but, popularly,
   to  make mad in whatever mode.
            Wherefore throng you hither?—
  —To fetch my poor distracted husband hence:
  Let us come in, toat we may bind him fast,
  And bear him home for his recovery.     Shaksp.
                 Better I was distract,
  So  should  my thoughts be severed from my griefs,
  And woes, by wrong imagination, lose
  The knowledge of themselves.           Shaksp.
    She was unable  in strength of mind to bear the
  grief of his disease, and fell distracted of her wits.
                                        Bacon.
    You shall find a distracted man fancy himself a
  king, and with a right inference require suitable at-
  tendance, respect, and obedience.         Locke.
Distra'ctedlt, dis-trak'ted-le. adv.[from.
   distract]   Madly; frantickly.
    Methought her eyes  had cross'd her tongue;
  For she did speak in starts distractedly.    Shaksp.

Distra'ctedness,  dis-trak'ted-nes. to. *.
   [from  distract.]   The state of  being
   distracted;  madness.
Distra'ction,  dis-trak'shiin.  w.  s.  [dis-
   tractio, Lat.]
1. Tendency  to different parts; separa-
   tion.
            While he  was yet in Rome,
  His power went out in such distractions, as
  Beguil'd all spies.    Shakspeare's Ant. and Chop.
2. Confusion;  state in which the attention
   is  called different ways.
    Never was known a  night of such distraction,
  Noise so confus'd and dreadful; jostling crowds,
  That run and knew not whither.          Diyden.
    What may we not hope from  him in a time of
  quiet and tranquillity,  since, during the late distrac-
  tions, he has done so much for the advantage of our
  trade?                    Addison's  Freeholder.
3. Perturbation of mind; violence of some
   painful passion.
    The irascible passions follow the temper of the
  heart;'the concupiscible distractions, the crasis of
  the  liver.                             Brown.
    The  distraction of  the children, who saw  both
  toeir parents expiring  together, would have melted
  the hardest heart.                       Tatler.
4r. Madness;   frantickness;  loss  of   the
   wits;  vagrancy ofthe mind.
    Madam, this is a meer distraction:
  You turn the good we  offer into envy.     Shaksp.
    So to mad Pentheus double Thebes appears,
  And furies howl in his distemper'd ears:
  Orestes so, with like distraction tost,
  Is made  to fly his mother's angry ghost.    Waller.
    Commiserate all those who labour under a set-
  tled distraction, and who  are shut out from all the
  pleasures and advantages of human commerce.
                                     Atterbury
5.  Disturbance;  discord;  difference  <.;f
   sentiments.
    The two armies  lay  quiet near each other,  with-
  out  improving the confusion  and  distraction  winch
  the  king's forces were  too much inclined to.
                                     Clarendon.
Distra'citve,  dis-tri'k-'tlv.   adj.  [trom 
DIV
D1V
DIV
    Swift to the queen the herald Medon ran,
  Who heard the consult of toe dire divan.    Pope
To  DIVA'RICATE,  dl-var'e-kate.1-' v
  to.  [divaricatus, Lat.]   To be  parted
  into two; to become bifid.
    The partitions are strained across: one  of them
  divaricates into two, and another into several small
  ones.                              Woodward.

To  Diva'ricate, di-var'e-ka.te. v. a.   To
  divide into two.
    A slender pipe is produced forward towards the
  throat, whereinto it is at last inserted, and is there
  divaricated, after the same manner as the sperma-
  tick vessels.                             Grew

Div'arica'tion, de-var-e-ka'shun.  to.  s
  [divaricatio, Lat.]
1. Partition  into  two.
    Dogs, running before their masters,  will stop at
  a divarication of toe way, till they see which hand
  toeir masters will take.                    Ray.
2. Division of opinions.
    To take away all doubt, or any probable divarica-
  tion, the curse is plainly specified.         Brown.
To DIVE, dive. v.n. [bippan,  Saxon.]
1. To sink voluntarily under water.
    I am  not yet informed, whether when a diver
  diveth, having his eyes open, and swimmeth upon
  his back, he sees things in the air greater or less.
                                        Bacon.
    Around our pole the spiry dragon glides,
  And like a winding stream, the bears divides,
  The less and greater; who, by fate's decree,
  Abhor to dive beneath the southern sea.   Diyden.
    That the air in the blood-vessels of live  bodies
  has a communication with the outward air, I think,
  seems plain from the experiments of human crea-
  tures being able to bear air of much greater density
  in diving, and of much less upon the tops of moun
  tains, provided the changes be made gradually.
                                     Arbuthnot.
2. To go  under water  in  search  of  any
  thing.
    Crocodiles defend those pearls  which lie in the
  lakes: the poor Indians are eaten up by them, when
  they dive for the pearl.                 Raleigh.
    The knave deserves it, when he tempts the main,
  Where folly fights for kings, or dives for gain.
                                         Pope
3.  To go deep into any question, doctrine,
   or science.
    The %vits that div'd most deep, and soar'd  most
         high,
  Seeking  man's pow'rs, have found his weakness
           such.                         Davies.
    He performs all this out of his own fund, without
  diving into the arts and sciences for a supply.
                                       Dryden-
    Whensoever we would proceed beyond those sim
  pie ideas,  and dive farther into the nature of things,
  we  fall presently into darkness and obscurity. Locke.
    You swim a-top, and on the surface strive;
  But to the depths, of nature never dive. Blackmore.
    You should have div'd into my inmost thoughts.
                                        Philips

4. To immerge into any business  or con-
  dition.
    Sweet prince, to' untainted virtue of your years
  Hath not yet div'd into the world's deceit,
  Nor can distinguish.                     Shaksp
5. To depart from observation; to sink.
    Dive, thoughts, down to my soul.        Shaksp
To Dive, dive. v. a.  To  explore by  di-
  ving.
    Then  Brutus, Rome's first martyr, I must name;
  The Curtii bravely div'd the gulf of fame. Denham

To  Dive'll, di-vef'. v.  a.  [divello, Lat.]
  To pull; to separate; to sever.
    They  begin to separate,  and may be easily dir
  velled or parted asunder.                Brown.
Di'ver, di'vilr. to. s.  [from dive.]
1. One that sinks voluntarily under water.
    Perseverance gains toe diver's prize.      Pope.
2. One that goes under water in search of
   treasure.
    It is evident, from the relation of divers and fish-
  ers  for pearls, that there are many kinds of shell-
  fish which lie perpetually concealed  in  the deep,
  skreened from our sight.              Woodward.
3. He that enters deep into knowledge or
   study.
    He would have him, as I conceive it, to be no
  superficial and floating  artificer; but a diver  into
  causes, and into the mysteries of proportion.
                                       Wotton
To DIVE'RGE,de-verje'.12*i/. to. [diver-
   go, Lat.]   To  tend  various ways  from
   one point.
    Homogeneal rays, which flow from several points
  of any object and fall perpendicularly on any re-
  flecting surface, shall  afterwards  diverge  from so
  many points.                          Newton
Dive'rgent,  de-ver'jent.134  adj.  [from
   divcrgens,  Lat.]   Tending  lo various
   parts from one point.
Di'vers,  di'verz. adj.  [diversus, Lat.
   Several; sundry;  more  than one.   Out
   of use.
    We have divers examples  in the church of  such
  as,  by fear,'being compelled to sacrifice to strange
  gods, repented, and kept still the office of preach-
  ing the gospel.                       Whitgift
    The teeth breed when the child is a year and a
  half old: then they cast them,  and new  ones come
   about seven years; but divers have backward  teeth
   come at twenty, some at thirty and forty.   Bacon.
    Divers letters were shot into the  city with ar-
  rows, wherein Solyman's councils were revealed.
                                       Knolles.
    Divers friends  thought  it strange,  that a white
   dry body should acquire a  rich colour upon the af-
   fusion of spring water.                    Boyle.
Di'verse, di'verse. adj. [diversus, Lat.]
 I. Different from another.
    Four great beasts came  up from the  sea, diverse
   one from another.                      Daniel.
2.  Different from  itself;  various; multi-
   form;  diffused.
    Eloquence  is a  great and diverse thing, nor did
   she yet  ever  favour any man so much  as to be
   wholly his.                        Ben Jonson.
3. In different directions.  It is  little used
   but in the last  sense.
                    The gourd
   And thirsty cucumber,  when they perceive
   Th' approaching olive, with resentment fly
   Her fatty fibres, and with tendrils creep
   Diverse, detesting contact.                Philips.
    To seize his papers,  Curl, was next toy care;
   His papers light fly diverse, tost in air.      Pope.
Diversification,  de-ver-se-fe-ka'shun.
   to. s.  [from diversify.]
 1. The act of changing forms or qualities.
    If you consider how variously several things may
   be  compounded, you will not wonder that such fruit-
   ful  principles, or manners of diversification, should
   generate differing colours.                 Boyle
2. Variation; variegation.
3. Variety of forms; multiformity.
4. Change; alteration.
    This, which is here  called a change  of will, is
   not a change of his will, but a change in the object,
   which  seems to  make a diversification ofthe  will,
   but indeed is the same will diversified.      .Hafe.
 To Dive'rsify, de-ver'&e-fi. v. a. [diver-
   sifier,  Fr.]
 1 To  make  different  from  another;  to
   distinguish; to discriminate.
    There may be many species of spirits, as much
  separated and diversified  one from another, as the
  species of  sensible  things arc distinguished  one
  from anoth  r.                           Locke.
    Malt souls arc diversified with  so many charac-
  ters, that ihe world bas  not variety of materials
  sufficient . j furnish out their different inclinations.
                                       Addison.
    It was easier for Homer  to find  proper senti-
  ments for Grecian generals, than  for Milton to dir
  v-.-yjfy his infernal council with proper characters.
                                       Addison.
2. To  make different from itself; to vary;
   to  variegate.
    The country being diversified between hills  and
  dales, woods and plains,  one  place more clear, an-
  other more darksome, it  is a pleasant picture.
                                        Sidney.
    There is, in  the  producing of some species,  a
  composition of matter, which may be much diversi-
  fied.                                  Bacon.
Dive'rsion,  de-ver'shmi.124  to.  s.  [from
   divert]
1. The act of turning any thing off from
   its course.
    Cutting  off toe  tops,   and pulling off toe buds,
  work retention of the sap for a time,  and diversion
  of it to the sprouts that were not forward.   Bacon.
    I have ranked this diversion of christian practice
  among the effects of our contentions. Decay of Piety.
2. The cause by which any thing is turned
   from its proper course or tendency.
            Fortunes, honour, friends,
  Are mere diversions from love's proper object,
  Which only is itself.                   Denham.
3.  Sport;  something that   unbends  the
   mind by  turning it off from care.  Di-
   version  seems to be something lighter
   than amusement, and  less  forcible than
   pleasure.
   1 You for those ends whole days in councils sit,
  And the diversions of your youth forget.    Waller.
    In the book of games and diversions, the reader's
  mind may be supposed to be  relaxed.     Addison.
    Such productions of wit  and humour as expose
  vice and folly, furnish useful diversions to readers.
                                       Addison.
4. [In war.]  The act or purpose of draw-
   ing  the enemy off from  some  design,
   by  threatening  or  attacking a distant
   part.
Dive'rsity,  de-ver'se-te. to. s.  [diversite,
   Fr.  from  diver sit as, Lat.]
1. Difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness.
    Then is there in this diversity no contrai-iety.
                                       Hooker.
    They cannot be divided, but they will prove op-
  posite;  and  not resting in  a bare diversity,  rise
  into a contrariety.                       South.
    The most common  diversity of human constitu-
  tions arises from the solid parts, as to their different
  degrees of strength and tension.        Arbuthnot.
2. Variety.
    The diversify of  ceremonies in this kind ought
  not to cause dissension in churches.       Hooker.
    Society cannot subsist without a diversity of sta-
  tions; and if God  should grant every one a middle
  station, he would defeat  the very scheme of happi-
  ness proposed in it.                     Rogers.
3. Distinct being; not identity.
    Considering  any thing as existing at any deter-
  mined time and place, we compare  it with itself
  existing at another time, and thereon form toe ideas
  of identity and diversity.                   Locke.
4. Variegation.
    A waving glow his bloomy beds display,
  Blushing in bright diversities of day.        Pope.
Di'versly, di'vers-le. adv. [from diverse]
1. In different ways; differently; variously.
    The lack we all have, as well of ghostly as  of 
DIV                                        DIV                                       DIV
   earthly favours, is in each kind  easily  known; but
   the gifts  of God are  so  diversly bestowed, that it
   seldom appeareth what all receive: what all stand
   in need of seldom lieth hid.              Hooker.
      Both of them do diversly work, as they have
   toeir medium diversly disposed.           Bacon.
      Whether the king did permit it to save his purse,
   or to communicate the envy of a business displeas-
   ing to his people, was diversly interpreted.  Bacon.
      Leicester bewrayed a desire  to plant him in the
   queen's favour, which was diversly  interpreted  by
   such as thought  that great artizan  of courts to do
   nothing by chance, nor much by affection. Wotton,
      The universal matter, which  Moses comprehend-
   eth under the names of heaven and  earth, is by di-
   vers  diversly understood.                Raleigh.
                  William's arm
   Could nought avail, however fam'd in war;
   Nor  armies leagu'd, that diversly assay'd
   To curb his power.                     Philips.
 2.  In  different   directions;  to different
    points.
      On life's vast ocean  diversly we sail;
   Reason the card, but passion is  the gale.     Pope.

 To DIVE'RT, de-vert'12*  v. a. [diverto,
    Lat.]
 1.  To  turn  off  from  any  direction or
    course.
      I rather will subject me to the malice
   Of a diverted blood and bloody brother.    Shaksp.
      Knots, by the conflux of the meeting sap,
   Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain,
   Tortive and errant, from his course of growth.
                                        Shaksp,
      He finds no reason  to have his rent abated, be-
   cause a greater part of it is diverted from his land-
   lord.                                  Locke,
      They diverted raillery from improper objects,
   and gave a new turn to ridicule.         Addison.
      Nothing more is  requisite for producing all the
   variety of colours,  and  degrees of refrangibility,
   than  that the rays  of  light  be  bodies of different
   sizes; the least  of which may make violet,  the
   weakest and darkest of the  colours, and be more
   easily diverted by refracting surfaces from the right
   course; and the rest, as they are bigger and bigger,
   make the stronger and more  lucid colours, blue,
   green, yellow, and red, and be more and more diffi-
   cultly diuerfed.                         Newton.
 2. To draw forces to a different part.
      The kings of England would have  had an ab-
   solute conquest of Ireland, if their whole power had
   been employed;  but still there  arose sundry occa-
   sions, which divided and diverted their power some
   other way.                            Davies.
 3. To withdraw  the mind.
      Alas, how simple, to these cates compar'd,
   Was that crude apple that diverted Eve!   Milton
     They  avoided pleasure,  lest they should have
   their affections  tainted  by any sensualitj, and di-
   uerfed from the  love of him who is  to be the only
   comfort                              Addison.
           Maro's muse, not wholly bent
   On what is gainful, sometimes she diverts
   From solid counsel.                     Philips.
 4. To  please; to exhilarate.   See Diver-
   sion.
     An ingenious gentleman did dit'erf or instruct the
   kingdom by his papers.                   Swift.
 5. To  subvert;  to destroy; in  Shakspeare,
   unless it belong to  the first sense.
           Frights, changes, horrours,
   Divert and crack, rend  and deracinate
   The unity and married calm of states.     Shaksp

Dive'rter,  de-ver'tfir.  n. s. [from  the
   verb.]   Any thing that diverts or alle-
   viates.
    Angling was, after tedious study,  a rest to his
  jnind,  a cheerer of his spirits, and a diverter of sad-
  ness.                                 Walton.
To DIVERTI'SE,  de-ver'tiz. v. a.  [di-
   vertiser, Fr. diverto, Lat.]   To  please;
   to exhilarate; to divert.   Littie used.
     Let orators instruct, let them ditertise, and let
   them move us: this is what is properly meant by the
   word saff.                            Dryden.
 Dive'rtisement,  de-ver'tiz-ment.  to. s.
   [divertissement,   Fr.]   Diversion;  de-
   light; pleasure.   Not much in use.
     How fond soever men are of bad divertisement,
   it will prove mirth which ends in heaviness.
                              Gov. ofthe Tongue.
 Dive'rtive, de-ver'tiv. adj. [from divert]
   Recreative; amusive; exhilarating.   A
   word  not fully authorized.
     I  would not exclude  toe common accidents of
   life, nor even things of a pleasant and divertive na-
   ture,  so they are innocent, from conversation.
                                        Rogers.
 To  DIVE'ST, de-vest'.1*4  v. a. [devestir,
   Fr.   The  English word is  therefore
   more properly written devest.  See De-
   vest.]  To strip; to  make naked;  to
   denude.
     Then of his arms Androgeus he divests;
   His sword, his shield, he takes, and  plumed crests.
                                      Denham.
     Let us diuesf the gay phantom of temporal happi-
   ness of all that false lustre and ornament in which
   the pride, toe passions, and the folly of men have
   dressed it up.                          Rogers.
 Dive'sture, de-ves'tshtire. to. s.  [from di-
   vest.]  The act of putting off.
     The divesture of mortality dispenses  them from
   those laborious and avocating duties  which are here
   requisite to be performed.               Boyle.
 Divi'dable,  de-vi'da-bl. adj.  [from  di-
   vide.]  Separate; different; parted.  Not
   used.
     How could communities maintain
   Peaceful commerce from dividable shores? Shaksp.
 Divi'nANT, de-vi'dant. adj. [from divide.]
   Different; separate. Not in use.
             Twinn'd brothers of one womb,
   Whose procreation, residence, and birth
   Scarce is dividant, touch with several fortunes.
                                     Shakspeare.
 To  DIVI'DE,  de'vide'.12*  v.  a.  [divido,
   Latin.]
 !. To  part one whole into different pieces.
     Divide the living child in two, and give half to
   the one, and half to the other.            1 Kings.
     Let old Timotheus yield the prize,
       Or both divide the crown;
     He rais'd a mortal to the skies,
       She drew an  angel down.           Dryden.
     They were divided into little independent socie-
   ties,  speaking different languages.         Locke.
 2. To  separate;  to keep apart,  by  standing
   as a partition  between.
     Let there be a firmament in toe midst of the wa-
   ters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
                                       Genesis.
                  You must go
   Where seas, and winds, and desarts will  divide you.
                                       Diyden.
 3, To  disunite by discord.
     There shall five in one house be divided.  Luke.
 4. To deal out; to give in shares.
     Then in the midst a tearing groan  did break
  The name of Antony: it was  divided
  Between her heart and lips.          Shakspeare.
     Divide the prey into two parts; between them
  that took the war upon them, who went  out to bat-
  tle; and between all the congregation.   Numbers.
    Cham and Japhet were heads and princes  over
  their families, and had a right to divide the earth by
  families.                               Locke
 To Divi'de, de-vide'.12* v.  to.
1.  To  part; to sunder.
2. To break friendship.
             Love cools, friendship falls off,
  Brothers divide.          Shakspeare's King Lear.
Di'vmEND,div'e-dend. n. s. [from divide.]
I. A share; the part allotted in  division.
    Each person shall adapt to himself his peculiar
  share, like other dividends.        Decay of Piety.
    If on such petty merits you  confer
  So vast a prize, let each his portion share:
  Make a just dividend; and, if not all,
  The greater part to Diomede will fall.    Dryden.
2. [In arithmetick ]   The  number given
   to be parted or divided.         Cocker.
Divi'der,  de-vi'ddr.98 «.  *. [from divide.]
1. That  which parts any thing into pieces.
    According as  the body moved, the divider  did
  more and more enter into  the divided body; so it
  joined itself to some new parts of tbe medium or di-
  vided body, and did in like manner forsake others.
                                        Digby.
2. A distributor; he  who deals out to each
   his share.                    '
    Who made me a judge or divider over you. Luke.
3. A disuniter; the  person  or cause  that
   breaks concord.
    Money, the great divider of the world, hath, by a
  strange revolution, been the great uniter of a divid-
  ed people.                               Swift.
4. A particular kind of compasses.
Divi'dual, de-vid'u-al, or de-vid'jik-al.293
   376  adj.  [dividuus,  Latin.]   Divided;
   shared or participated in common with
   others.
                  She shines,
  Revolv'd on heav'n's great axle, and her reign
  With thousand lesser lights dividual holds,
  With thousand thousand stars!           Milton.
Divina'tion, div-e-na'slnin.630 to. s.  [divi-
   natio,  Lat.]
1. Divination is a prediction or foretelling
   of future things,  which are of a secret
   and hidden nature, and cannot be known
   by any human means.            Ayliffe.
    Certain tokens they noted in birds,  or in  the en-
  trails of beasts, or by other the like frivoious divin-
  ations.                                Hooker.
    Surely there  is no enchantment against Jacob,
  neither is there any divination  against Israel.
                                      Numbers.
    His countenance did imprint an awe,
  And naturally all souls to his did bow;
    As wands of divination downward draw,
  And point to beds where sov'reign gold doth grow.
                                       Dryden.
    1 he excellency of the soul is seen by its power of
  divining  in dreams: that several such divinations
  have been made, none can question who believes
  the holy writings.                      Addison.
2. Conjectural presage or prediction.
    Tell thou thy earl his ^divination lies,
  And I will take it as a sweet disgrace.    Shaksp
DIVI'NE, de-vine'.1**adj. [divinus, Lat.]
1. Partaking of the  nature of God.
                   Her line
  Was hero-make, half human, half divine.  Dryden
2. Proceeding from God;  not natural; not
   human.
    The benefit of nature's light is not thought  ex-
  cluded as unnecessary, because the necessity of a
  divine light is magnified.                Hooker
             Instructed, you'd explore
  Divine contrivance, and a God adore.   Blackmore
3. Excellent m a supreme degree. In this
   sense it  may admit of comparison.
    The divinesf and the richest mind
  Both by  art's purchase and by nature's dower
  That ever was from heav'n to earth confin'd. Davies
4. Presageful; divining; prescient.
    Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill, 
DIV
DIV
DIV
  Misgave him; he the fault'ring measure felt.
                                        Jlfiffon.
Divi'ne,  de-vine'.12* to. s.
1. A minister  of the gospel;  a priest; a
   clergyman.
     Claudio must die to-morrow: let him be furnished
  with divmes, and have all charitable preparation.
                                     Shakspeare
     Give Martins  leave to proceed in the discourse
  for he spoke like a dirine in armour.       Bacon
     A divine has  nothing to say to the wisest congre-
  gation, which he may not express in a manner to be
  understood by the meanest among them.    Swift.
2. A man skilled in divinity; a theologian
     Th' eternal cause in their immortal lines
  Was taught, and poets were the first divines.
                                       Denham.
 To  Divi'ne,  de-vine'.124  v.   a.  [divino,
   Latin.]  To  foretel; to foreknow; to pre
   sage.
     Why dost thou say king Richard is depos'd?
  Dar'st thou, thou little better thing than earth,
  Divine his downfafl?                Shakspeare
 To  Divi'ne, de-vine'.12*  v.n.
 1. To  utter prognostication.
     Then is Caesar and he kept together.----If I were
  to divine of this unity, T would not prophesy so.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The prophets thereof divine for money.  Micah
2. To feel  presages.
                 If secret powers
  Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts,
  This pretty lad will prove our country's bliss.
                                    Shakspeare
3. To conjecture; to guess.
     The best of commentators can but guess at his
  meaning; none can be certain he has divined rightly.
                                       Dryden.
     He took it with a bow, and soon divin'd
  The seeming toy was not for nought design'd.
                                       Dryden.
     In change of torment would be ease:
  Could you divine what lovers bear,
     Even you, Prometheus, would confess"
  There is no vulture like despair.        Granville.
Divi'nely, de-vine'le. adv. [from divine]
I. By the agency or influence  of God.
     Faith, as we  use the word, called  commonly  di-
  vine faith, has to do wito no propositions but those
  which are supposed to be divinely inspired.  Locke
     This topick was very fitly and divinely made  use
  of by our apostle, in his conference with philoso-
  phers, and the inquisitive people of Athens. Bentley
2. Excellently; in the supreme degree.
     The Grecians most divinely have given to the ac-
  tive  perfection  of  men,  a  name expressing both
  beauty and goodness.                   Hooker.
     She fair, divinely fair, fit love for gods.  Milton.
     Exalted Socrates! divinely brave!
  Injur'd he fell, and dying he forgave;
  Too noble for revenge.                  Creech
3. In a manner noting a  deity.
            His golden horns appear'd,
  That on the forehead shone divinely bright,
  And o'er the banks diffus'd a yellow light. Addison

Divi'neness, de-vine'nes.  to. s. [from  di-
   vine.]
I. Divinity; participation ofthe divine na-
  ture.
     Is it then impossible to distinguish the divineness
  of this book from that which is humane?     Grew.
2. Excellence  in the supreme degree.
     By Jupiter, an angel! or, if not,
  An earthly paragon: behold divineness
  No elder than a boy.                Shakspeare.
Divi'ner, de-vi'nur.98 n.s.[fromTodivine.]
1. One that professes  divination,  or the
  art of revealing occult things by super-
  natural ■"• eans.
    This drudge of the devil, this diviner, laid claim'
  to me, called me Dromio, and swore I was assured
  to her; told me what privy marks I had about me.
                                    S/iafcspeare.
    Expelled bis oracles, and common temples of de-
  lusion, the devil runs into corners, exercising mea-
  ner trumperies, and acting his  deceits in witches,
  magicians, diviners, and such inferior seducers.
                        Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
2. Conjecturer; guesser.
    If he  himself be conscious of  nothing he then
  thought on, he must be a notable diviner of thoughts,
  that can assure him that he was thinking.   Locke.
Divi'neress, de-vine'res. n.  s.  [from di-
   viner.]  A  prophetess; a woman profes-
   sing divination.
    The mad divineress had plainly writ,
  A time should come, but many  ages yet,
  In which sinister destinies ordain
  A dame  should drown with all her feather'd train.
                                       Dryden.
Divi'nity, de-vin'e-te.611 to.  s.  [divinite,
   Fr. divinitas, Lat.]
1. Participation of the nature  and  excel-
   lence of God; deity; godhead.
    As with new wine intoxicated both,
  They swim in  mirth, and fancy toat they feel
  Divinity within them breeding wings,
  Wherewith to  scorn the earth.            Milton.
    When he attributes divinity to other things than
  God, it is only a divinity by way of participation.
                                   Sfiffing./feef.
2. God; the Deity; the supreme Being; the
   Cause of causes.
    'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us,
  'Tis Heav'n itself that points out an hereafter,
  And intimates eternity to man.          Addison.
3. False  god.
    Vain idols, deities that ne'er before
  In Israel's lands had fix'd their dire abodes,
  Beastly dMnifies, and  droves of gods.      Prior.
4. Celestial being.
    God doubtless can govern  this machine he  could
  create, by more direct and easy methods than em-
  ploying these subservient divinities.        Cheyne.
5. The science of divine things; theology.
    Hear him but reason in divinity,
  And, all admiring, with an inward wish
  You would desire the king were made a prelate.
                                    Shakspeare,
               Trust not my age,
  My reverence, calling, nor divinity,
  If this sweet lady lie not guiltless here
  Under some biting errour.            Shakspeare.
    Among hard words I number those which are pe-
  culiar to divinity,  as it is a science.        Swift,
6. Something supernatural.
    They say there is divinity in odd numbers, either
  in nativity, chance, or death.          Shakspeare.
DIVI'SIBLE, de-viz'e-bl.124 adj.  [divisi-
   bilis, Latin.]  Capable of being  divided
   into parts;  discerptible; separable.
    When we frame in our minds any notion of mat-
  ter, we  conceive nothing else  but extension and
  bulk, which is  impenetrable, or divisible and pas-
  sive.                                 Bentley.
Divisibility, de-viz-e-bil'e-te. to. s.  [di-
   visibilite, Fr.] The quality  of admitting
   division or  separation  of parts.
    The most palpable absurdities will  press the as-
  serters of infinite divisibility.           Glanville.
    This will easily appear to any one, who will let
  his thoughts loose in the vast expansion of space or
  divisibility of matter.                     Locke.
Divi'sibleness,  de-viz-'e-bl-nes.  to.  s.
   [from  divisible.]  Divisibility.
    Naturalists disagree about the origin of  motion,
  and the indefinite divisibleness of matter.    Boule.
Divi'sion, de-vizh'un. to.*, [divisio, Lat.]
1. The   act  of  dividing any thing  into
   parts.
2.  The state of being divided.
    Thou madest the  spirit of the firmament, and
  commanded it to part asunder, and to make a divi-
  sion betwixt toe waters.               2 Esdras.
3.  That by which  any thing is kept apart;
   partition.
4.  The part which is separated from the
   rest by dividing.
    If we look  into  communities and divisions of
  men, we observe that the  discreet  man, not the
  witty, guides the conversation.           Addison.
5.  Disunion;  discord; difference.
    There was a division among the people, because
  of him.                                 John.
    As to our divisions with the Romanists, were our
  differences the  product of heat,  they would, like
  small clefts in  the ground,  want but a cool season
  to cement them.                 Decay of Piety.
6.  One of the parts into which a discourse
   is distributed.
    In toe divisions I have made, I have endeavoured,
  the best I could, to govern myself by toe diversity
  of matter.                              Locke.
    Express the heads of your divisions in as few and
  clear words as  you can, otherwise I never can be
  able to retain them.                      Swift.
7.  Space between  the notes of musick, or
   parts of a musical composure; just time.
                 Thy tongue
  Makes  Welsh as sweet as ditties highly penn'd,
  Sung by a fair  queen in a summer's bower,
  With ravishing division, to her lute.        Shaks.
    Our tongue will run divisions in a tune; not miss-
  ing a note, even when our thoughts are totally en-
  gaged elsewhere.                     Glanville.
8.  Distinction.
    I will put a division between my people and thy
  people.                               Exodus.
9.  [In arithmetick.]   The   separation or
   parting  of  any number  or  quantity
   given, into any parts assigned.  Cocker.
10.  Subdivision; distinction of the  gene-
   ral into species.
                  Abound
  In the division of each several crime,
  Acting  in many ways.             Shaks. Macbeth.
Divi'sor,   de-vi'zur.166  to.  s.   [divisor,
   Lat.] The number given, by which the
   dividend is  divided; the number which
   shows how many parts the dividend  is
   to be divided into.

DIVO'RCE,  de-vorse'.12*  n.s. [divorce,
   Fr.  from divortium, Latin.]
1. The  legal  separation of  husband and
   wife.
    Divorce is a lawful  separation  of husband and
  wife, made  before  a  competent judge,  on due
  cognizance had of the cause, and sufficient  proof
  made thereof.                Ayliffe's Parergon.
          To restore the king,
  He counsels a divorce, a loss of her,
  That like a jewel has hung twenty years
  About his neck, yet never lost her lustre.
                              Shaks. Henry vm.
    He had in his eye  the divorce which had passed
  betwixt the emperor and Scribonia.      Dryden.
2.  Separation; disunion.
    Such motions may occasion a farther alienation
  of mind,  and divorce of  affections,  in her, from
  my religion.                       King Charles.
    These things, to be a bastard,  and  to be born
  out of lawful wedlock, are convertible the one with
  toe other; and 'tis hard to  make  divorce between
  those things  that are so near in nature  to each
  other, as being convertible terms.         Ayliffe.

3.  The  sentence by which  a marriage is
   dissolved.
4.  The cause of any penal separation. 
D  IU
DIZ
DO
    Go with me, like good angels, to my end;
  And, as the long divorce of steel falls on me,
  Make of your prayers one  sweet sacrifice,
  And lift my soul to heav'n.                Shaks.
To Divo'rce,  de-vorse'.124  v. a.   [from
  the noun.]
I. To separate a husband or wife from the
  other.
2. To force asunder;  to  separate  by vio-
  lence.
    Were it consonant  unto reason  to divorce these
  two sentences,   the former of which doth shew
  how the latter is restrained, and, not marking  the
  former, to conclude by toe latter of them? Hooker.
    The continent and the island were continued to-
  gether, within  men's  remembrance, by a draw-
  bridge: but are  now  divorced by the downfallen
  cliffs.               Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
    So seem'd her youthful soul not eas'ly fore'd,
  Or from so fair,  so sweet a seat divore'd.   Waller.
3. To  separate from another.
             If thou wert not glad,
  I would divorce me from thy mother's tomb,
  Sepulch'ring on adultress.                 Shaks.
    If so be it were possible,  that all  other orna-
  ments of mind might be had  in their full perfec-
  tion, nevertheless  the mind that should possess
  them, divorced from piety, could be but a spectacle
  of commiseration.                      Hooker.
4.  To take away;  to put away.
    I dare not make myself so guilty,
  To give up willingly that noble title
  Your master wed me to: nothing but death
  Shall e'er divorce my  dignities.           Shaks.
    Aerial  pasture the lungs with gentle force
  Constant embrace by turns, by turns  divorce.
                                    Blackmore.
Divo'rcement, de-vorse'ment. to. * [from
  divorce.] Divorce;  separation of mar-
  riage.
    Write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in
  her hand, and send her out of bis house.    Deut-
Divo'rcer,  de-vor'sur.  to. s.    [from  di-
  vorce.]   The  person or  cause  which
  produces divorce or separation.
    Death is the violent estranger of  acquaintance,
  the eternal divorcer of marriage.      Drummond,
Diure'tick, di-u-ret'ik.  adj.  [frixpyTi-
  k®-.] Having  the   power to provoke
   urine.
    Diureticks are decoctions, emulsions, and oils of
  emollient vegetables,  that relax  the  urinary pas-
  sages; such as relax ought to be tried before such
  as  force and stimulate.  Those emollients ought to
  be. taken in open air, to  hinder  them from  per-
  spiring, and on empty stomachs.       Arbuthnot.
    Graceful as John, she moderates the reins,
  And whistles sweet her diuretick strains.  Young.

DIU'RNAL,   di-ur'nal.116 adj.  [diurnus,
  Latin.]
1. Relating lo  the  day.
    We observe in a day, which is a short year,  the
  greatest heat about two in the afternoon,  when the
  sun is  past the meridian, which is  the diurnal
  solstice, and the same is evident from the thermo-
  meter.                  Brown's Vulgar Errours.
           Think, ere this diurnal star
  Leave cold  the  night, how we his gather'd beams
  Reflected, may with matter sere foment.   Milton.
2. Constituting the day.
    Why does he order the diurnal hours
  To leave earth's  other part, and rise in ours! Prior.
3. Performed  in a  day; daily;  quotidian.
           The prime orb,
  Incredible how swift, had thither rowl'd
  Diurnal.                              Milton.
    The  diurnal  and annual revolution of the  sun
  have been, from the  beginning of  nature,  con-
  stant,  regular,  and universally observable by all
  mankind.                              Locke.
       VOL. I.
Dii/rnal,  di-ur'nal.  n. s.  [diurnal, Fr.]
   A journal; a day-book.
Diu'rnally,   di-ur'nal-e.   adv.   [from
   diurnal.]  Daily; every day.
    As we make the enquiries,  we shall diurnally
  communicate them to the publick.          Tatler.
Diutu'kmty, di-u-tur'ne-te.  to. s. [diutur-
   nitas, Lat.]    Length of duration.
    Such a coming, as it  might  be said that that
  generation should not pass till it was fulfilled, they
  needed not suppose of such diuturnily.     Brown.
To Di VU'LGE, de-vulje'. v. a. [divulgo,
   Latin.]
I. To publish; to make public;  to  reveal
   to the  world.
    Men are better contented to have  their com-
  mendations  suppressed,  than  the contrary much
  divulged.                              Hooker.
    I will pluck  the  veil of modesty from the  so
  seeming  mistress Page,  and divulge Page himself
  for a secure and wilful Acteon.            Shaks.
    These answers, in the silent night receiv'd,
  The king himself divulg'd, the land believ'd.
                                       Dryden.
    You are  deprived of the right over your own sen-
  timents,  of  the privilege of  every human crea-
  ture, to divulge or conceal them.           Pope.
    The cabinets of the sick, and the closets of the
  dead, have  been ransacked to publish private let-
  ters,  and divulge to all mankind the most  secret
  sentiments  of friendship.                  Pope.
2. To proclaim; to  declare by a  publick
   act.
    This is true glory and renown, when God,
  Looking on th' earth, with approbation marks
  The just man, and divulges him through heav'n
  To all his angels, who with true applause
  Recount his praises.                    Milton.
Divu'lger, de-vfil'jiir.98  to.  s.  [from di-
   vulge]  A publisher;  one  that exposes
   to publick view.
    I think not any thing in my letters could tend so
  much  to my reproach,  as the  odious divulging of
  them did to toe infamy of the divulgers.
                                 King  Charles.
Divu'lsion, de-vfil'shun.  to.  s.  [divulsio,
   Lat.] The act of plucking away.
    Aristotle, in his Ethicks, takes up the conceit of
  the beaver,  and the divulsion of his testicles.
                             Brown's Vulg. Err.
To  Di'zen, di'zn.103  v.  a.  [This word
   seems corrupted from dight.] To dress;
   to deck;  to rig out.  A low word.
    Your ladyship lifts up the sash to be seen;
  For sure 1 had dizen'd you out like a queen.  Swift.
Di'zzard,  dlz'zard. to. s. [from dizzy.]  A
   blockhead; a fool.                   Diet.
Di'zziness, diz'ze-nes. n. s. [from dizzy.]
   Giddiness; whirl in the head.
    Fixed seriousness  heats the brain in some to dis-
  traction, and causeth  an aching  and  dizziness in
  sounder heads.                       Glanville.
Dl'ZZY, diz'ze. adj.  [biri, birij, Sax.]
1. Giddy; vertiginous; having in the  head
   the sensation of turning round.
    All  on a sudden miserable pain
  Surpris'd thee, dim thine eyes, and dizzy swam
  In darkness.                           mtmu
2. Causing giddiness.
                 How fearful
  And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low!    Shaksp.
3. Giddy;  thoughtless.
    What followers, what retinue canst thou gain?
  Or at thy heels the dizzy multitude,
  Longer than thou can'st feed them on thy  cost?
                                       Milton.
To Dizzy, diz'ze. v.a. [from the adject-
   ive.]  To whirl  round; to make giddy.
                     4 D
            Not the dreadful spout,
  Which shipmen do the hurricano call,
  Shall dizzy with more clamour Neptune's ear
  In his descent, than shall my prompted sword
  Falling on Diomede.                Shakspeare.
    To  divide  him  inventorially, would dizzy the
  arithmetick of memory.              Shakspeare.
To DO, d66.16* v. a. Thou dost*, he doth or
   does j preter did; part. pass. done, [bon,
   Sax. doen, Dut.]
1. To  practise or act any thing good or
   bad.
    Thou hast done  evil  above all that  were before
  thee.                                 l  Kings-
    Flee evil, and do good.               Psalms.
2. To perform; to achieve.
        They help,  who hurt so small;
  And he hath.nothing done, that doth not all. Daniel.
    Learn to live well, that thou may'st die so too;
  To live and die is all we have to do.     Denham.
    What is the reason a man's arm won't smile and
  frown, and do all  the intellectual postures  of the
  countenance?                          Collier.
3. To execute; to discharge.
    May one, that is a herald and a prince,
  Do a fair message  to his kingly ears?  Shakspearer
                Pindarus is come,
  To do you salutation from his master.  Shakspeare.
    The jury prayed of the senate a guard,  that they
  might do their consciences.               Bacon
4. To cause.   This structure is obsolete.
    A fatal plague which many did to dye.  Spenser.
    Nought can quench mine inly flaming side,
  Nor sea of liquor cold, nor lake of  mire,
  Nothing but death can do me to respire. F. Queen.
5. To transact.
    The thing was not done in a corner.        Acts.
6. To produce any effect  to another.
    If he did not care whether  he had their love or
  no, he waved indifferently 'twixt doing them neither
  good nor harm.                     Shakspeare.
    Thou hast, Sebastian, done  good feature shame.
                                    Shakspeare.
    If there be any good  thing to be done,
  That may to thee do ease, and grace to me,
  Speak to me.                       Shakspeare.
    'Tis true, I did so; nor was  it in  vain:
  She did me right, and satisfied my vengeance. Rowe.
    You do her  too much  honour: she hath neither
  sense nor taste, if she dares to refuse you.   Swift.
7. To have recourse to; to practise as the
   last  effort:  commonly in the form of a
   passionate interrogation.
    What will ye do in the end thereof?    Jeremiah.

8. Tc» perform for  the  benefit or  hurt of
   another.
    I know what God will do for me.       Samuel.
    Acts of mercy done to the poor, shall be accepted
  and rewarded as done to our Saviour himself.
                                     Atterbury.
9. To exert;  to put forth.
    Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me.
                                    2  Timothy.
10. To manage  by way of intercourse or
   dealing; to  have business; to  deal.
    I have  been deterred by an indisposition from
  having much to do with steams of so dangerous a
  nature.                                 Boyle.
    What had I to do with kings and courts?
  My humble lot had cast me far beneath them. Rowc

11. To gain; to effect by influence.
    It is much that a jest ivith a sad brow  will do
  with a fellow that  never had the ache in his shoul-
  ders.                              Shakspeare.
    His queen,  notwithstanding she  had presented
  him  with divers children, and with a crown also
   though he  would not acknowledge  it, could do no-
   thing with him.                         Bacon.
  2. To ma!-;:;  any thing  what it is not.
    Off with the crown, and with the crown his head, 
                        DO

       And whilst we breathe, take him to do him dead.
     i <j t-  £ • i         .              Shakspeare.
     13.  lo finish; to end.
                 As for this mercy,
      t?'k If ^tends for Lear and for Cordelia,
      The batUe done, and they within our power,
      Shall never see his pardon.           Sftafcspeare.
        1*0 to toe reading of some part of the New Testa-
      ment, not  carelessly, or in haste, as  if you had a
      mind to have done; but attentively, as  to be able to
      give some account of what you have read. Duppa.
        Oigantick hinds, as soon as work was done,
      1 o their huge pots of  boiling pulse would run.
    \a  T       i   j                      Dryden.
    14. lo conclude; to settle.
        They did their work and din'd.          Prior.
        When all is done, there is no man can serve his
      own interest better than by serving God.  Tillotson.
    15. To put.
        Why, Warwick, who should do the duke to death?
                                       <S7i«fopeare.
                The lord Aubrey Vere
      Was done to death.                 Shakspeare.
    16. The phrase, what to do ivith, signifies
      how to bestow; what  use  to  make  of;
      what course to take; how  to employ;
      which way  to get  rid of.
       Men are many times brought to that extremity,
     toat if it were  not  for  God, they would not know
     what to do with themselves, or how to enjoy them-
     selves for one hour.                   Tillotson.
   To Do, doo. v. to.
   1. To act or behave in any manner well or
      ill.
       Unto this day they do after the former manners:
     they fear not the Lord, neither do they after the law
     and commandment which the Lord commanded the
     children of Jacob.                     2 Kings.
      As every prince should govern as he would desire
    to be governed, so every  subject ought to obey as he
    would desire  to be obeyed, according to  the maxim
    of doing as we would be done by.         Temple.
  2. To make  an end;  to  conclude: only  in
     the compound preterit.
      You may ramble a whole day, and every moment
    discover something new;  but when you  have done,
    you will have but a confused notion of the place.
                                       Spectator.
  3. To cease to be concerned with;  to cease
     to care about; to desist  from notice or
     practice: only in the compound  preterit.
      No men  would make use  of disunited parties to
    destroy one body, unless they were sure to master
    them when they had done with them.  Stillingfleet.
      I have done with Chaucer, when I have answered
    some objections.                       Di-yden.
      We have not yet done with assenting to proposi-
    tions at first hearing,'and understanding their terms.
                                         Locke.
      Having done with such amusements, we give up
   what we cannot disown.                   Pope.
 4. To fare;  to be with regard to sickness or
    health.
      Good woman, how dosf thou?
   ----The better toat it pleases your good worship
   to ask.                            Shakspeare.
 5.  To succeed;  to fulfil a purpose.
     Come, 'tis no matter; we shall  do without him.
                                       Addison.
     You would do  well to  prefer a bill against all
  kings and parliaments since  the conquest; and if
  that won't do, challenge toe crown.        Collier.
 6. To deal with.
     No man, who halh to do with the king, will think
  himself safe, unless you be his good angel and guide
  him.                                  Bacon.
7. To Do is  used for any verb, to save the
  repetition of the word: as, / shall come,
  but if I do not, go aivay; that is, if I
  come not.
DOC
DOO
        Thus painters Cupids paint, thus poets do
      A naked god, blind, young, wito arrows two. Sidney.
        If any thing in  the world deserve our serious
      study and consideration, those principles of religion
      do.                                 Tillotson.
        Take all things which relax toe veins;  for what
      does so, prevents too vigorous a motion through the
      arteries.                           Arbuthnot.
    8. Do is a word  of vehement  command,
      or earnest request: as, help me, do; make
      haste, do.
       If thou hast lost thy land, do not also lose thy con-
     stancy; and if thou must die a little sooner, yet do
     not die impatiently.                     Taylor.
       ----Loose me.—I will free thee.
     —Do, and I'll be thy slave.              Dryden.
   9. To Do  is put before verbs  sometimes
      expletively:  as,  I do love, or / love; I
      did  love, or / loved.
       The Turks do acknowledge God the Father, cre-
     ator of  heaven and earth, being the first Person in
     toe Trinity, though they deny the rest.     Bacon..
       This just reproach their virtue does excite. Dryd.
       Expletives their feeble aid do join.        Pope.
   10. Sometimes emphatically; as, i" do hate
     him, but will not  wrong him.
               Perdition catch my soul
     But I do love thee; and when I love thee not,
     Chaos is come again.               Shakspeare.
   II. Sometimes by  way of opposition: as, /
     did love him,  but scorn him now.
   To Doat, dote. v.  to. See  To Dote.

  DO'CIBLE, d6'se-bl.4<*flrf/. [docilis, Lat.]
     Tractable; docile; easy to be taught.
      The asinine feast of sow-thistles and brambles is
    commonly  set before  toem, as all  the  food and  en-
    tertainment of their tenderest and most docible age.
                                         Milton.
  Do'cibleness,  d6'se-bl-n£s. to.  s.  [from
     docible.] Teachableness; docility; readi-
     ness to learn.
      I might  enlarge in commendation of the noble
    hound, as also of the docibleness of dogs in general.
  .^                                     Walton.
  DO CILE, dos'sil.14° adj. [docilis, Lat.]
  I.  Teachable; easily instructed;  tractable.
      Dogs soon grow accustomed to whatever they are
   taught, and, being docile and tractable, are very
   useful-                           Ellis' Voyage.
  2.  With to before the thing taught.
     Soon docile to the secret acts of ill,
   With smiles I could betray, with temper  kill.  Prior.

 Doci'lity, do-sil'le-te. to. s. [docilite, Fr.
    from  docilitas, Lat.]    Aptness  to be
    taught; readiness to learn.
     All the perfection toey allowed his understanding
   was aptness and docility, and all that they attributed
   to his win was a possibility to be virtuous.  SoufA.
     What is more admirable than the fitness of  everv
   creature for use?  the docility of an elephant, and
   the msitiency of a camel for travelling in desarts?
                                         Gvcw
 Dock, dok, to. s. [bocca, Sax.] A plant;  a
   weed.
     The species are  seventeen, ten of which grow
  wild, several of them being used in medicine; and
  the sort called the oriental burdock, is said to be the
  true rhubarb.                          Milkri
                 Nothing teems
  But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs.
  Losing both beauty and utility.       Shakspeare.
    My love* for gentle Dermot faster grows
  Than yon tall dock that rises to thy nose-
  Cut down the dock,  'twill sprout again; but know
  Love rooted out, again will never grow.     Swift
DOCK,  d6k. to. a.

1  The stump of the tail, which remains
  after docking.
    2. The solid part of the tail.
        The tail of a great rhinoceros is not well descri-
     bed  by Bontius.  The  dock is about half an inch
     thick,  and two inches  broad,  like  an apothecary's
     spatula                                 g^
    Dock, dok.  to. «. [as some imagine, of fo-
      X,eiov.] A place where water is let  in or
      out at pleasure, where ships are built or
      laid up.
       The boatswain and mariner may bring religion to
     what dock toey please.                  Hm .
       There are  docks for their gallies and men of waV
     as well as work-houses for all land and naval nreDaI
     rations.                               a v,. v
    lo Dock, dok. v. a. [from dock, a  tail 1
    1. To cut off a tail.              '       J
   2. To  cut any thing short.
       One or two stood constant centry,  who docked all
     favours handed down; and spread a huge invis.ble
     net between the prince and subject, through which
     nothing of value Qould pass.              Swift.
   3. To  cut off a  reckoning;  to  cut off an
     entail.
   4. To  lay the ship in a  dock.
   Do'cket, d6k'it.99 n. s.  A direction tied
     upon  goods;  a  summary of a  lareer
     writing.                             D\t

   DO'CTOR,  d6k'tur.1<>8 n.s. [doctor, Lat.]

   I. One that has taken the highest degree
     in the faculties of divinity, law, or phy-
     sick.  In  some  universities they have
     doctors of  musick.   In its original im-
     port, it means  a man so  well versed in
     his faculty, as to be qualified to teach it.
      No woman had it, but a civil doctor,
    Who did refuse three thousand ducats of me
    And begg'd the ring.                Shakspeare.
      I hen stood there up one  in the  council, a Phari-
    see, named Gamaliel, a doctor of laws.     Acts.
  2. A man  skilled  in any  profession.
     Then subtle doctors scriptures  made their pride,
    Casuists,' like cocks, struck out each others eyes.
     r ,      ,  ,     .                 Denham.
     Each proselyte would vote his doctor best,
    With absolute exclusion to the rest.     Dryden
  3. A physician;  one  who undertakes the
    cure  of diseases.
     By med'eine life maybe prolong'd, yet death
    Will seize the doctor too.             Shakspeare.
     How does your patient, doctor?—
   —Not so sick, my lord,
   As she  is troubled with thick coming fancies.
     ru-n     -..                    Shakspeare.
     Children will not take  those medicines from the
   doctor s hand, which they will from a nurse or mo-
     %•  ,  ,,            Government of the Tongue.
     To 'pothecanes let the learn'd  prescribe,
   I hat men may die without a double bribe;
   i.et them, but under their superiours, kill,
   When doctors first have sign'd the bloody bill.
     v~ a.  *        ,                   Dryden.
     He that can cure by recreation, and make plea-
   sure the vehicle  of health, is  a doctor  at it in good
   earnest.                               Collier
   DA1U ^L"1"?  parts in ten of those who  recover-
   ttr  ST-llVCS t0 the strenSth of na^e and a
  the docZ'      SUCh  a °ne haPPened  t0  °c
4. Any able or learned man.

  JX^S6'4 personuthat can bu* apprehend and
  Eft iTtoe SofTool™^ JUdgC °f tt  aS the ^
_                                     Digby.
To Do'ctor, d6k'tur.166  v, a> rfrom the

   noun.]   To physick; to cure; to treat
   with medicines.  A  low word
Do'ctoral, d6k'to-ral.  adj.  [doctoralia,
   Lat.] Relating to the degree of a doctor. 
DOD                                     DOE                                     DOG
 Do'otorally,  dok'to-ral-e.  adv. [from
   doctoral.]  In manner of a doctor.
     The physicians resorted to him to touch his pulse,
   and consider of his disease doctorally at their  de-
   parture.                            Hakewill.
 Do'ctorship,  dok'tur-ship.  to. s.  [from
   doctor.]  The rank of a doctor.
     From a scholar he became a fellow, and then the
   president of the college, after he had received all
   the graces  and degrees, the  proctorship and  the
   doctor ship.                         Clarendon.
 Do'ctrinal,  dok'tre-nal. adj.  [doccrina,
   Lat.]
 1. Containing doctrine, or something for-
   mally taught.
     The verse naturally affords us toe doctrinal prop-
   osition, which shall be our subject.         South.
 2. Pertaining to the act or means of teach-
   ing.
     To this end the word of God no otherwise serveth,
   than only in the nature of a doctrinal instrument.
                                       Hooker.
     What special property or quality is that, which,
   being no where found but in sermons,  maketh them
   effectual to save souls, and leaveth all other doctri-
   nal means besides destitute of vital efficacy? Hooker.
 Dootri'nal, dok-tre'nai. n. 8. Something
   that is part of doctrine.
     Not  such as assent to every word in scripture, can
   be said iu doctrinals to deny Christ.        South.
 Dootri'nally, dok'tre-nal-e. adv.  [from
   doctrine.]  In the form of doctrine; posi-
   tively, as necessary to be held.
     Scripture accommodates itself to common opin-
   ions, and employs the usual forms of speech, with-
   out delivering any thing doctrinally concerning these
  points.                                  Ray.
 Do'ctrine, ddk'trln.140 to.  a.  [doctrina,
   Lat.]
 1. The  principles or positions of any sect
   or master; that which is taught.
     To make new articles of faith and doctrine, no
  man toinketh it lawful: new laws of  government,
  what church or  commonwealth is there which ma-
  keth not, either at one time or other.     Hooker.
     Ye are the sons of clergy, who bring all their
   doctrines fairly to the light, and invite men with free-
  dom to examine them.               Atterbury.
     That great principle in natural philosophy is toe
  doctrine of gravitation, or mutual tendency of  all
   bodies toward each other.                Watts.
 2. The  act of  teaching.
     He said unto toem in his doctrine.       Mark.
 Do'cument, dok'u-ment. to. s. [documen-
   tum,  Lat.]
 1. Precept; instruction; direction.
     It is a most necessary  instruction and document
  for them, that as her majesty made them dispensa-
  tors of her favour, so it behoveth them to shew toem-
  selves equal distributors.                 Bacon.
     Learners should not be too much crowded with a
  heap or multitude of documents or ideas at one
  time.                    *             Watts.
 2. Precept,  in an ill  sense;  a precept inso-
   lently authoritative,  magisterially dog-
   matical, solemnly trifling.
     Gentle insinuations pierce, as oil is the most pene-
  trating  of all liquors; but in magisterial documents
  men think themselves attacked, and stand upon their
  guard.               Government of the Tongue.
     It  is not unnecessary to  digest the docitmenfs of
  cracking authors into several classes.     Harvey.
DO'DDER, dod'diir.98  n. s.  [touteren,  to
   shoot up, Dutch.  Skinner.]
     Dodder is a singular plant:  when it first shoots
  from  the seed it has little roots,  which pierce toe
  earth near the roots of other plants; but the capilja-
  ments of which it is formed soon after clinging about
   these plants, the roots wither away. From this time
   it propagates itself along the stalks of the plant,
   entangling itself about toem. It has no leaves, but
   consists of capillaments or stalks, brownish with a
   cast of red, which  run to great lengths. They have
   tubercles,  which fix them fast down to  the plant,
   and by means of which they absorb the juices des-
   tined for its nourishment.                  Hill.
 Do'ddered,  dod'd&rd. adj.  [from dod-
   der.] Overgrown with dodder;  covered
   with  supercrescent plants.
         Near the hearth a laurel grew,
   Dodder'd with age, whose boughs encompass round
   The household gods, and shade toe holy ground.
                                      Dryden.
         The peasants were enjoin'd
   Sere-wood, and firs, and dodder'd oaks to find.
                                      Diyden.
 Dode'cagon, do-dek'a-gon. to. s. [Pah*.*
   and yun*/\  A  figure of twelve sides.
 Dodecatemo'rion, do-de-ka-te-mo're-on.
   to.  s. [S-a^eneih^opiov/] The twelfth part.
          'Tis dodecatemorion thus describ'd:
   Thrice ten degrees, which every sign contains,
   Let twelve exhaust, that not one part remains;
   It follows streight, that every twelfth confines
   Two whole and one half portion of toe signs.
                                       Creech.
 To DonGE,  dodje.  v.  to. [probably cor-
   rupted from dog; to shift, and  play sly
   tricks,   like a  dog.]  The word  in   all
   its senses is low and  vulgar.
 1. To use craft; to  deal  with  tergiversa-
   tion;  to  play mean tricks;  to  use low
   shifts.
    If in good offices and due retributions we may
   not  be pinching and niggardly, it argues an earthly
   and  ignoble  mind, where we  have  apparently
   wronged, to higgle  and dodge in toe amends. Hale.
    The consideration should make men grow weary
   of dodging and  shewing tricks with God.   South.
 2. To shift place as another approaches.
    For he had, any  time these  ten years full,
  Dodg'd with him betwixt Cambridge and the Bull.
                                      Milton.
 3. To play fast and loose; to raise  expec-
   tations and disappoint them.
    You  know my passion for  Martha, and what a
  dance she has fed me;  she dodged with  me above
  thirty years.                          Addison.
    The  chaffering  wito dissenters,   and dodging
  about this or t'other ceremony, is but like opening
  ' a few wickets, and leaving toem a-jar,  by which
  no more than one can get in at a time.     Swift.
 Do'dkin, dod'kin. to. s.  [duytken, Dutch.]
   A  doitkin, or little doit;  a contemptuous
   name for a low coin.
    I  would not buy toem for a dodkin.       Lily.
 Do'dman,  dod'man.88 to.  s.  The name of
   a fish.
    Fish  toat cast their shell  are the lobster, the
   crab, the craw-fish, the hodmandod, or dodman,
   and the tortoise.                       Bacon.
 Doe, d6.  n. s. [ba, Saxon;  daa, Danish;
   dama, Latin.]  A she deer;  the  female
   of  a buck.
    Then but forbear your food a little while,
  While,  like a doe,  I go to find my fawn,
  And give it food.                       Shaks.
    Bucks have horns, does none.           Bacon.
                 The fearful doe
  And flying stag amidst the greyhounds go. Dryden.
Doe, do.  to. s.  [from  To  do.]  A  feat;
   what  one has to do; what one can per-
   form.
          No sooner he does peep into
  The world, but he has done  his doe.     Hudibras.
Do'er, d66'ur.288 n. s. [from To do.]

                   4d2
 1.  One that does any thing good or bad.
     So foul a thing, O! thou injustice art,
  That tort'rest both the doer and distrest.   Daniel.
     It may be indeed a public crime, or a national
  mischief; yet it is but a private act, and toe doer
  of  it may  chance to pay his head for his pre-
  sumption.                              South.
 2.  Actor;  agent.
     Sith thus far we open the things that have been
  done, let  not the principal doers toemselves  be
  forgotten.                             Hooker.
 3.  Performer.
     One judgeth the prize to the best doer, of which
  they are no less glad than great princes are  of
  triumphs.                             Sidney.
 4.  An active, or busy, or valiant person.
     Fear not, my lord, we will not stand to prate;
  Talkers are no good doers': be  assur'd,
  We go to use our hands, and not our tongues. Shaks.
     They are great speakers but  small doers; greater
  in shew than in deed.                   Knolles.
 5.  One that habitually  performs or prac-
   tises.
     Be doers of toe word, and not hearers only.
                               Common Prayer.
     In this we shew ourselves weak, and unapt to  be
  doers of his will, in that we take upon us to  be
  controllers  of his wisdom.               Hooker.

 Does, dilz.296  The third  person from do,
   for doth.
    Though lending to foreigners upon use, doth not
  at all alter the  balance of trade between those
  countries, yet it does alter toe exchange between
  those countries.                          Locke.
 To Doff,  dof.  v. a. [from do off.]   The
   word is  in  all  its  senses obsolete, and
   scarcely  used except by rusticks;  yet it
  is a pure and commodious word.
 I.  To put  off dress.
          You have deceiv'd our trust,
  And made  us doff our easy robes of peace,
  To crush our old limbs in ungentle steel.   Shaksp.
    Doff those links.                     Jtfiffon.
          Nature, in awe to him,
  Had doff'd her gaudy trim,
  Wito her great master so to sympathize.   MUton.
    That judge is hot, and doffs his gown.  Dryden.
    Alcides doffs the lion's tawny hide.       Rowe.
2.  To strip; to divest of any thing.
    Why art thou troubled, Herod?  What vain fear
  Thy blood-revolving breast doth move?
    Heav'n's king, who  doffs himself  our flesh  to
        wear,
  Comes not  to rule in wrath, but serve in love.
                                      Crashaw-
3.  To put  away;  to get rid of.
            Your eye in Scotland
  Would create soldiers, and make women fight,
  To doff their dire distresses.             Shaksp.
4.  To shift off; to delay;  to  refer to ano-
  ther time; to put off.
    Every  day thou  doff'st me  with some device,
  Iago; and rather keep'st from me  all  conveniency,
  than suppliest me with toe least advantage of hope.
                                       Shaksp.
    Away, I will not have to do with you.—
  —Canst thou so doff me?                Shaksp.
DOG, dog. to. s. [dogghe, Dutch; canis,
  Lat.]
I.  A domestick  animal  remarkably vari-
  ous  in  his  species;  comprising the
  mastiff,  the spaniel,  the bull-dog, the
  greyhound, the hound,  the terrier, the
  cur, with many  others.   The  larger
  sort are  used  as a guard;  the less for
  sports.
    Such smiling rogues as these  sooth every passion:
  Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks 
DOG
DOG
DOG
  With ev'ry gale and vary of their masters,
  As knowing naught, like dogs, but following. Shaksp.
    Why should we not think a watch and pislol as
  distinct specie? one from another, as a horse and a
  dog-                                 Locke.
    The clamour roars of men, and boys and di»gs.
                                    Thomson.
2. A constellation called Sirius,  or Cani-
  cula, rising and setting with  the  sun
  during  the canicular days, or dog-days.
    Among the southern constellations, two there are
  who bear  the name of the dog, the one in sixteen
  degrees latitude, containing on the left thigh a star
  of the first magnitude, usually  called Procyon, or
  Anticanus.                          Brown.
    It parts the twins and crab, the dog divides
  And Argo's keel that broke the frothy tides. Creech.
3.  A reproachful name for a man.
    I never heard a passion so confus'd,
  So strange, outrageous, and so variable,
  As the dog Jew did utter in the streets.    Shaksp.
    Beware of dogs, beware of evil works.
                                  Philippians.
4.  To give or send to  the Dogs;  to throw
  away.   To go to the Dogs; to  be ruin-
  ed,  destroyed, or devoured.
    Had whole Colepeper's wealth  been  hops and
        hoSs'                        „   n
  Could he himself have sent it to the dogs?  Pope.
5.  It is used as the term for  the   male of
   several species: as,  the dog fox,  the
   dog otter.
    If ever I thank any man, I'll thank you: but that
  they  call  compliments is  like the encounter of two
  dog apes.                             Shaksp.
    The same ill taste of sense will serve to join
  Dog foxes in the yoke, and sheer the swine. Dryden.
6.  Dog is a particle added to any thing,
   to mark  meanness, or degeneracy, or
   worthlessness:* as, dog rose.
 To Dog, d&g. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   hunt,  as  a dog, insidiously  and  inde-
   fatigably.
     I have dogg'd him like his murtherer.   Shaksp.
     I, his despiteful Juno, sent him forth
   From courtly friends, with camping foes to live,
   Where death and danger dog the heels  of worth.
                                      Shaksp.
           Sorrow dogging sin,
   Afflictions sorted.                    Herbert.
     I  fear  the dread events that dog them both,
   Lest some ill-greeting touch attempt the person
   Of our renowned sister.                Milton.
     These spiritual joys are dogged by no  sad sequels.
                                     Glanville.
     I have been pursued,  dogged, and  way-laid
    through several nations,  and even now scarce think
   myself secure.                         Pope.
     Hate dogs their rise, and insult mocks their fall.
                                V. of Human W.
  Dog-fisher, dog'flsh-ur. to. s.  [dog  and
    fisher.]  A kind of fish.
     The dog-fisher is good against  the falling sick-
    ness.                               Walton.
  Dog-teeth,  dog'teeM.  to. s.  [dog and
    teeth.]  The  teeth in the human head
    next to the grinders; the eye-teeth.
     The best instruments  for dividing of herbs  are
    incisor-teeth; for cracking of hard substances, as
    bones and nuts, grinders or mill-teeth;  for dividing
    of flesh, sharp-pointed or dog-teetft.     Arbuthnot.
  Dog-triok, dog'trik. n.s. [dog and trie*.]
    An ill-turn; surly  or brutal treatment.
     Learn better manners, or I shall serve you a dog-
    trick; I'll make you know your rider.     Dryden.
  Do'gbane, dog'bane. to. a. [dog and bane]
    A  plant.                         Miller.
  Dogberry-tree,   dog-ber-re-tr£e.   A
    kind of  cherry.
Do'gbolt, dog'bolt.  n.a. [dog and bolt.]
  Of this word I know not  the meaning,
  unless it  be, that when  meal or flour
  is sifted or bolted to a certain degree,
  the coarser  part  is called  dogbolt, or
  flower for dogs.
          His only solace was, that now
  His dogbolt fortune was so low,
  That either it must quickly end,
  Or turn about again and mend.        Hudibras.
Do'gbriar,  dog'bri-ur.  n. s.  [dog and
  briar.]  The  briar  that  bears the  hip;
  the cynosbaton.
Do'gcheap, dog'tsheep. adj.  [dog  and
  cheap.]   Cheap as dog's meat; cheap
  as the offal bought for dogs.
    Good store of harlots,  say you, and dogcheap?
                                     Dryden.
Do'gdays,  dog'daze. n.a. [dog and daya]
  The  days in  which  the  dogstar  rises
  and  sets  with the sun,  vulgarly  re-
  puted unwholesome.
    Nor was it more in  his power to be without pro-
  motion and titles,  than for a healthy man to  sit in
  toe sun, in the brightest dogdays,  and remain with-
  out warmth.                        Clarendon.
Do'gdraw,   dog'draw.  to. s.   [dog  and
  draw.] A manifest deprehension of an
  offender  against  venison  in  the forest,
  when he is found drawing after a  deer
  by the scent of a hound  which he leads
  in his  hand.                      Cowell.
 Doge,  doje.  to. s.  [doge, Italian.]   The
  title  of the chief magistrate of  Venice
   and Genoa.
     Doria has a statue at the entrance  of the  doge's
  palace, with the title  of deliverer of the common-
  wealth.                             Addison.
 Do'gfish,  d6g'fish.  to. a.  [from  dog and
  fish.]   Another name for a shark.
     It is part  of the jaw of a shark, or dog-fish.
                                   Woodward.
 Do'gfly, dog'fli. to. s. [dog and fly.]  A
   voracious biting  fly.
           Thump-buckler Mars began,
  And at Minerva with a lance  of  brass  he  head-
         long ran;
  These vile words ushering his blows,  Thou dog-fly,
         what's toe cause
  Thou makest gods fight thus?           Chapman.
 Do'gged,  dog'ged.366 adj.  [from dog.]
   Sullen;  sour; morose;  ill-humoured;
   gloomy.
     Your uncle must not know but you are dead:
   I'll fill these dogged spies with false reports. Shaksp.
     Dogged York, that  reaches at toe moon,
   Whose over-weening arm I have pluck'd back,
   By false accuse doth level at my life.     Shaksp.
     Few miles on horseback had toey jogged,
   But fortune unto them turn'd dogged.     Hudibras.
 Do'ggedly,  dog'ged-le. adv.  [from dog-
   ged.]  Sullenly;  gloomily;  sourly;  mo-
   rosely.
 Do'ggeoness,   dog'g£d-nes.  to. a.  [from
    dogged.] Gloom  of mind;  sullenness;
    moroseness.
 Do'gger,  dog'gur.98 n. a.  [from dog, for
    its meanness.  Skinner.] A small ship
    with  one mast.
 Do'ggerel,  dog'grel. adj.   [from  dog.]
    Loosed  from the  measures  or  rules of
    regular  poetry;  vile; despicable; mean:
    used of  verses.
     Then hasten Og and Doeg to rehearse,
 Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on veue
 Who by my muse to all succeeding times
 Shall live, in spite of toeir own dogg'rel rhymes.
              r                      Dryden.
    Your wit burlesque may one  step higher climb,
 And in his sphere may judge all dogg'rel rhyme.
                                     Diyden.
    It is a dispute among the criticks, whether bur-
 lesque poetry runs best in heroick  verse, like that
 of the Dispensary; or  in doggrel, like that  of
 Hudibras.                           Addison.
Do'ggerel,  dog'grel.  to. a.  Mean, des-
  picable, worthless verses.
    The hand and head  were never lost of those
 Who dealt in dogg'rel, or who pin'd in prose.
                                     Dryden.
    The vilest dogg'rel Grub-street sends,
 Will pass for yours with foes and friends.    Swift.
Do'ggish,  dog'gish.  adj.  [from  dog.]
  Churlish; brutal.
Do'ghearted, dog'har-ted. adj. [dog and
  heart.] Cruel;  pitiless;  malicious.
                His unkindness,
 That stript her from his benediction, turn'd her
 To foreign casualties, gave her dear rights
  To his doghearted daughters.            Shaksp.
Do'ghole, d6g'hole. to.s.  [dog and hole]
  A  vile hole;  a mean habitation.
    France is a doghole, and it no more merits the
  tread of a man's foot: to the wars.       Shaksp.
    But could you be content to bid adieu
  To the dear playhouse, and the players too,
  Sweet country  seats are purchas'd ev'ry where,
  With lands and gardens, at less price than here
  You hire a darksome doghole by the year. Dryden.
    Reverse your ornaments and hang them all
  On some patch'd doghole ek'd with ends of wall.
                                       Pope.
Do'gkennel, dog'k£n-nel. to. s. [dog and
   kennel] A little hut or house for dogs.
    A certain nobleman, beginning with a dogkennel,
  never lived to  finish the palace he had contrived.
                                     Diyden.
    I am desired to recommend a dogkennel to any
  that shall want a pack.                  Tatler.
Do'glouse,   dog'louse.   w. a.   [dog and
   louse.] An insect that harbours on dogs.
DO'GMA, dog'ma. to. s. [Latin.]
 I.  Established  principle;   doctrinal  no-
   tion.
     Our poet was a stoick philosopher, and all  his
  moral sentences are drawn from the dogmas of that
  sect.                                Dryden.
    [In canon law.]   Dogma is that deter-
    mination which  consists  in,  and has a
    relation to,  some  casuistical  point  of
    doctrine, or some doctrinal part of the
    christian faith.                   Ayliffe.

 Dogma'tical.  C dog-mat'ik.509.  ?   adj.
 Dogma'tick.   I dog-mat'e-kal.  5 [from
    dogma.] Authoritative;  magisterial; po-
    sitive;  in the manner  of a philosopher
    laying  down the  first  principles of a
    sect.
     The dim and bounded  intellect of man seldom
   prosperously  adventures  to  be  dogmatical about
   things that approach  to infinite, whether in vast-
   ness or littleness.                       Boyle.
     I laid by my natural diffidence and  scepticism
   for a while, to take up that dogmaftcaf way which
   is so much his character.               Dryden.
     Learning gives us a discovery  of our ignorance,
   and keeps us from being peremptory and dogmatical
   in our determinations.                  Collier.
     Criticks write in a positive dogmatick way, with-
   out either language, genius, or imagination, Specf.
     One of these authors is indeed  so  grave,  sen-
   tentious, dogmatical a rogue, that there is no en-
    during him.                            Swiff. 
                   DOI

Dogmatically,  d&g-mat-e-kal-le. adv.
  [from dogmatical]   Magisterially;  po-
  sitively.
    I shall not presume to interpose dogmatically in a
  controversy,  which I look never  to be decided.
                                       Soufft.
Dogma'tic alness, dog-mat'ti-kal-nes.n.».
  [from dogmatical.] The  quality of be-
  ing dogmatical; magisterialness; mock
  authority.
Do'gmatist, d6g-ma-tist. n.s. [dogmatiste,
  Fr.]  A magisterial teacher;  a positive
  asserter;  a bold advancer of principles.
    I could  describe the  vanity  of bold  opinion,
  which the dogmatists themselves demonstrate in all
  the controversies they are engaged in.   Glanville.
    A dogmatist in religion is not a great way off
  from a bigot, and is in high danger of growing up
  to be a bloody persecutor.                Waffs.
 To Do'gmatize, dog'ma-tize. v. n. [from
  dogma.]  To assert  positively;  to  ad-
  vance  without distrust;  to  teach ma-
   gisterially.
    These, with the pride of dogmatizing schools,
  Impos'd on nature arbitrary rules;
  Forc'd her their vain inventions to obey,
  And move as learned frenzy trac'd the  way.
                                   Blackmore.
 Dogmati'zer, dog'nui-ti-ziir.  n. a. [from
   dogmatize] An asserter; a magisterial
   teacher;  a bold advancer of  opinions.
     Such opinions, being not entered into the confes-
  sions of our  church, are not properly chargeable
  either on papists or protestants,  but  on  particular
  dogmatizers  of both parties.          Hammond.

 Do'grose,  dog'rose.  ». s. [dog and rose]
   The flower  of  the hip.
    Of the rough or hairy excrescence,  those on the
  briar, or dogrose, are a good instance.     Derham.
 Do'gsleep,  d6g'sleep.  to. s.  [dog  and
   sleep.]  Pretended sleep.
    Juvenal indeed mentions a drowsy husband, who
  raised an estate by snoring; but then he is repre-
  sented to have slept what the common people call
  dogsleep.                                Add.
 Do'gsmeat,  dogz'mete.   to. s. [dog and
   meat.]  Refuse; vile stuff; offal like the
   flesh sold to feed dogs.
     His reverence bought of me the flower of all the
  market; these are but dogsmeat to 'em.   Dryden.
 Do'gstar,  dog'star.  to. s.  [dog and star;
   canicula,  Lat.] The star which gives
   the name to the dogdays.
     All shun toe  raging dogstar's sultry heat,
  And from the half un-peopled town retreat. Addison.
 Do'gstooth,  dogz'tS6/A.  n.s. [from doq
   and tooth.]  A plant.             Miller.
 Do'gtrot,  dog'trot  to. s.  [rfo^and trot.]
   A gentle  trot like that of a dog.
     This said, they both advanc'd, and rode
  A dogtrot through the bawling crowd.    Hudibras.
 Dogwe'arv,  dog-we're.   adj.   [dog and
   weary.]   Tired  as a  dog;  excessively
   weary.
     Oh, master, master, I have watch'd so long,
  That I'm dogioeary.                    Shaksp.
 Do'gwood, dog'wtid. n. s. A  species  of
   cornelian cherry.
 D;;  ly, d6e'le.  n. s.  A species of wool-
   len stuff,  so called, I suppose, from the
   name of the first maker.
     We should be as weary of one set of acquaint*
  ain , though never so good, as we are of one suit,
  though never so fine: a fool,  and  a  doily  stuff,
                 DOL

  would now and then find days of grace, and be
  worn for variety.                     Congreve.
Do'rNGs, ddd'lngz. n.s. [from To do. This
   word has hardly any singular.]
1. Things done;  events;  transactions.
        I have but kill'd a fly.—
  __But how if that fly had a father and mother?
  How would he hang his slender gilded wings,
  And buz lamented doings in the air!      Shaksp.
2. Feats;  actions:   good or bad.
    The next degree  was  to mark all Zelmane's
  doings, speeches, and fashions, and to take them
  unto herself, as a pattern of worthy proceeding.
                                      Sidney.
    If  I'm traduc'd by tongues which neither know
  My faculties nor person,  yet will be
  The chronicles of my doing, let me say
  'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
  That virtue must go through.             Shaksp.
    At length a reverend sire among toem came,
  And  of their doings great dislike declar'd,
  And  testified against their ways.          Milton.
3. Behaviour; conduct.
    Never the earth on his round shoulders bare
  A maid train'd up from high or low degree,
    That in her doings better could compare
  Mirth with respect,  few words with courtesy.
                                      Sidney.
4. Conduct; dispensation.
    Dangerous it were for the feeble brains of man
  to  wade  far into the doings of the Most High.
                                      Hooker.
5. Stir; bustle; tumult.
    Shall there be then, in  the mean while, no doings?
                                      Hooker.
6. Festivity; merriment: as, jolly doings.
7. This word is  now only used in a ludi-
   crous sense, or  in  low mean  language.
    After such miraculous doings, we  are not yet in
  a condition of bringing France to our terms. Swift.

Doit, doit. n. s. [duyt, Dut. doyght, Erse.]
   A  small piece of money.
    When they will not give a cfoif to relieve a lame
  beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian.
                          Shakspeare's Tempest.
    In Anna's wars a soldier, poor and old,
  Had dearly earn'd a little purse of gold;
  Tir'd with a tedious  march, one luckless night
  He  slept,  poor dog! and  lost it to a doif.     Pope.

DOLE,  dole. n. s.  [from  deal;  baelan,
   Sax.]
 I. The act of distribution or dealing.
           It was your presurmise,
   That in the dole of blows your son might drop.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The personal fruition in any man cannot reach to
   feel  great riches;  there  is a custody of them, or a
   power of dofe and donative of them, Or a fame of
   them, but no solid use to the owner.       Bacon.
           At her general dole,
   Each receives his ancient soul.        Cleveland.
 2. Any thing dealt out or distributed.
    Now, my masters, happy man be his dole, say I:
   every man to his business.              Shaksp.
    Let us, that are unhurt and whole,
   Fall on, and happy man be 's dole.     Hudibras.
 3. Provisions or money distributed in  cha-
   rity.
    They had such firm dependence on the day,
   That need grew pamper'd, and forgot to pray;
   So sure the dofe, so ready at their call,
   They stood prepar'd to see the manna fall. Diyden.
    Clients of old were feasted: now a poor
   Divided dofe is dealt at  th' outward door,
   Which by the hungry rout is soon dispatch'd.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
 4. Blows dealt out.
    What if his eye-sight, for to Israel's God
   Nothing is hard, by  miracle restor'd,
   lie now be dealing dofe  among his foes,
                 DOL

  And over heaps of slaughtcr'd walk his way?
                                      Milton.
5. [from dolor]  Grief;   sorrow;  misery.
   Obsolete.
    Yonder they lie; the poor old man,  their father,
  making such pitiful dofe over toem, that all behold-
  ers take his part with weeping.       Shakspeare.
    Our sometime sister, now our queen,
  Have we, as 'twere, with a defeated joy,
  With mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage,
  In equal scale weighing delight and dole,
  Taken to wife.             Shalcspeare's Hamlet.
            They might hope to change
  Torment with ease, and soonest recompense,
  Dole with delight.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
To Dole, dole. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   deal;  to distribute.                  Diet.
Dole,  dole. to. s.  Void space left in til-
   lage.                                Diet.
Do'leful, dole'ful. adj. [dole and full.]
1. Sorrowful;  dismal;  expressing grief;
   querulous.
    She earnestly entreated to know the cause there->
  of, that either she might comfort or accompany her
  doleful humour.                       Sidney.
    For none but you, or who of you it learns,
  Can rightfully aread so doleful lay.       Spenser.
    With screwed face, and doleful  whine, they only
  ply with senseless harangues of conscience against
  carnal ordinances.                       South.
    Just then the hero cast a doleful cry,
  And in those ardent flames began to fry:
  The blind contagion rag'd within his veins. Dryden.
2. Melancholy; afflicted; feeling grief;  sor-
   rowful.
    How oft my doleful  sire cried to me, tarry, son,
  When first he spied my love!             Sidney,
3. Dismal; impressing sorrow; dolorifick.
    It watereth the heart to the end it may fructify;
  maketh the virtuous, in trouble, full of magnanimi-
  ty and courage; serveth as a most approved remedy
  against all doleful and heavy accidents, which befal
  men in this present life.                 Hooker.
    No light, but rather darkness visible,
  Serv'd only to discover sights of woe,
  Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace
  And rest can never dwell!               Milton,
    Happy the mortal man, who now at last
  Has through this doleful vale of mis'rypast;
  Who to his destin'd stage has carried on
  The tedious load, and laid his burden down. Prior.
Do'lefully, dole'ful-le. adv. [from dole-
  ful.]  In a doleful manner; sorrowfully;
   dismally; querulously.
Do'lefulness,  dole'ful-nes. to.  s. [from
   doleful]
1. Sorrow; melancholy.
2. Querulousness.
3. Dismalness.
Do'lesome, dole'sum.  adj. [from  dole.]
   Melancholy; gloomy; dismal; sorrowful;
   doleful.
    Hell-ward bending  o'er the beach descry
   The dolesome passage  to th' infernal sky.     Pope.
Do'lesomely,  dole'sum-ie.  adv.   [from
   dolesome.]  In a dolesome manner.
Do'lesomeness, dole'sum-nes.  to. s. [from
   dolesome]  Gloom; melancholy; dismal-
   ness.
Doll, dol. to. s.
I. A contraction of Dorothy.
     Doff Tearsheet.                  Shakspeare.
2. A little girl's puppet  or baby.
Do'llar, dol'iur.*13  «. *.  [daler, Dutch.]
   A Dutch and German coin of different
   value, from about  two shillings and six-
   pence to four and sixpence, 
DOM
DOM
DON
                 He disburs'd
  Ten thousand dollars for our gen'ral use.   Shaksp.
Dolori'fick, d6l-6-rif'ik.fi30 adj.[dolorifi-
   cus, Lat.]  That causes grief or pain.
    The pain returned, dissipating that vapour which
  obstructed the nerves, and giving the dolorifick mo-
  tion free passage again.                   Ray.
    This,  by the softness and rarity of the fluid, is
  insensible, and not dolorifick.      Arbuth. on Air.
Do'lorous, dol'6-rus.503 adj. [from dolor,
   Lat.]
1. Sorrowful; doleful; dismal; gloomy; im-
    pressing sorrow.
      We are taught, by his example, toat the presence
    of doloi-ous and dreadful objects,  even  in  minds
    most perfect, may, as clouds, overcast all seasona-
    ble joy.                             Hooker.
      You take me in too dolorous a sense:
    I spake t' you for your comfort.           Shaksp.
      Through many a dark and dreary vale
    They pass'd, and many a region dolorous,
    O'er many a frozen, many a fiery alp,
    Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of
         death.                          Milton.
     Talk not of ruling in this dol'rous gloom,
    Nor think vain words, he cried, can ease my doom.
                                          Pope.
 2. Painful.
     Their dispatch is quick, and less dolorous than
    the paw of the bear, or teeth of the lion.
                   Morc's Antidote against Atheism.
 Do'lour, do'lijr.314 to. s. [dolor, Lat.]
 1. Grief; sorrow.
     I've words too few to take my leave of you,
   When the tongue's office should be prodigal,
   To breathe th' abundant dolour of the heart.
                                    Shakspeare.
 2. Lamentation; complaint.
     Never troubling him either wito asking questions,
   or finding fault with his melancholy; but rather fit-
   ting to his  dolour dolorous discourses  of their own
   and other folks misfortunes.              Sidney.
 3. Pain; pang.
     A mind  fixed  and  bent upon  somewhat that is
   good, doth avert the dolours of death.      Bacon.
 Do'lphin, dol'fin. to. s. [delphin,  Latin;
    though the  dolphin is supposed to be
    not the same fish.]  The name of a  fish.
                  His delights
   Where dolphin like; they shew'd  his back above
   The element they liv'd in.              Shaksp.
     Draw boys riding upon goats, eagles,  and dol-
   phins.                             Peacham.
 DOLT, dolt. «. s.  [dol, Teutonick.]  A
    heavy  stupid fellow;  a   blockhead;  a
    thickskull; a loggerhead.
     Let doffs in haste some altar fair erect
   To those high pow'rs, which idly sit  above. Sidney.
     Thou hast not half that power to do me harm,
   As I have to be hurt: oh gull, oh doff,
   As ignorant as dirt!         Shakspeare's Othello.
     Like men condemn'd to thunder-bolts,
   Who, ere the blow, become mere  doffs;
   They neither have the hearts to stay,
   Nor wit enough to run away.           Hudibras.
         Wood's adulterate copper,
   Which, as he scatter'd, we, like doffs,
   Mistook at first for thunder-bolts.          Swift.
Doltish, dolt'ish. adj. [from  dolt.]  Stu-
   pid; mean; dull; blockish.
    Dametas, toe most arrant doltish clown that ever
   was without the privilege of a bauble.     Sidney.
Do'mable,   dome'a-bl.  adj.  [domabilis,
   Lat ] Tameable.                  Diet.
Doma'in, do-mane', to. *.  [domaine,  Fr.
   from dominium, Lat.]
1.  Dominion; empire.
    Rome's great emperor, whose wide domain
 Had ample territoiy, wealth and pow'r.   Milton.
    Ocean trembles for his green domain.  Thomson.
  2.  Possession; estate.
      A Latian field, with fruitful plains,
   And a large portion of the king's domains. Dryden.
  3.  The land about a mansion-house occu-
     pied by the lord.
  Dome, dome. n.s.  [dome, Fr. from domus,
     Lat.]
  1.  A building; a house; a fabrick.
      Best be he call'd among good men,
   Who to his God this column rais'd:
      Though lightning strike the dome again,
   The man who built it shall be prais'd.      Prior.
      Stranger! whoe'er thou art, securely rest
   Affianc'd in my faith, a friendly guest;
   Approach toe dome, the social banquet share. Pope.
  2.  A hemispherical arch;  a cupola.
  DOME'STIC AL, do-mes'te-kal. >     ,.
  DOME'STICK, do-mes'tik.      5   adJ'
    [domesticus, Lat.]
  I. Belonging to the house; not relating to
    things publick.
      The necessities of man had at toe first no other
   helps  and supplies than domestical; such as that
   which the prophet implieto,  saying, Can a mother
   forget her child?                      Hooker.
     The practical knowledge of the domestick duties
   is the principal glory of a woman.       Clarissa.
 2. Private; done at home;  not open.
     In this their domestical celebration of the pass-
   over, they divided supper into two courses. Hooker.
     Beholding thus, O happy as  a queen!
   We cry; but shift the gaudy, flatt'ring scene,
   View her at home in her domestick light,
   For thither she must come, at least at night.
                                     Gfanmffe.
 3. Inhabiting the house;  not wild.
     The faithfol prudent husband is an honest, tracta-
   ble, and domestick animal.             Addison.
 4. Not foreign; intestine.
     Domestical evils, for that we think we can master
   them at all times, are often permitted to run on for-
   ward, till it be too late to recall  toem.     Hooker.
     Equality of two domestick pow'rs
   Breeds scrupulous faction.            Shakspeare.
     Combine together 'gainst the  enemy;
   For these domestick and particular broils
   Are not the question here.           Shakspeare.
     Such they were who might  presume t'  have  done
   Much forthe king and honour of the state;
     Having the chiefest actions undergone,
   Both foreign and domestical, of late.      Daniel.
     Next to  the sin of those who began toat rebellion,
   theirs must needs be, who hindered the speedy sup-
   pressing of it, by domestick dissentions.
                                 King  Charles.
 To  Dome'sticate,  do-mes'te-kate.  v. a.
   [from domestick.]  To make domestick;
   to withdraw from  the publick. Clarissa.
 Dome'stick, do-mes'tik. «. s.  One kept
   in the same house.
     A servant dwells remote from all knowledge of
  his lord's purposes: he lives as a kind of foreigner
  under the same roof; a domestick, and yet a stranger
  t0°-                                   South.
 To  Do'mify,  dom'e-fi.  v. a.  [domifico,
   Lat.]  To tame.                     Diet.
 Do'minant, dom'e-nant.  adj. [dominant,
   Fr. dominans, Lat.]  Predominant; pre-
   siding; ascendant.
 To  DO'MINATE,d6m'e-nate.T;. a. [do-
   minatus, Lat.]  To predominate; to pre-
   vail over the rest.
            I thus conclude my theme,
  The dominating humour makes me dream. Dryden,
Domination, dom-e-na'shun. «. s. [domi-
   natio, Lat.]
1. Power; dominion.
            Thou and thine usurp
    The domination, royalties, and rights
    Of this oppressed boy.               Shakspeare.
  2. Tyranny; insolent authority.
      Maximinus traded with toe  Goths in the product
    of his own estate in Thracia, the place of his nati-
    vity: whither he retired, to withdraw from the un-
    just domination of Ophilius Macrinus.  Arbuthnot.
  3. One highly  exalted in power: used of
     angelick beings.
      He heav'n of heav'ns, and all the powers therein
    By thee created; and by thee threw down
    Th' aspiring dominations.               Milton
      Hear, all ye angels, progeny of light,
    Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues,  pow'rs!
  „  ,             A                     Milton.
  Do minative, dom'e-na-tiv. adj.  [from do-
    minate.] Imperious; insolent.      Diet.

  DOMIJSTA'TOR,  dbm'e-nk-tbv.™  to.  ,.
    [Lat.]  The  presiding  or predominant
    power  or influence.
      Jupiter and Mars are dominators  tor this north-
    west part of the world,  which  maketh the  people
    impatient  of servitude, lovers  of liberty, martial,
    and courageous.             Camden's Remains.
  lo Domine'er, dom-e-neer'. v.n. [domi-
    nor, Lat.]  To rule  with insolence;  to
    swell; to bluster; to act without control.
       Go to toe feast, revel, and domineer,
   Carouse full measure.               Shakspeare.
     The voice of conscience now is low and weak
   chastising  the passions,  as  old  Eli did his  lustful
   domineering sons.                        South
     Both would their little ends secure;
   He sighs for freedom, she for pow'r:
   His wishes tend abroad to roam,
   And hers to domineer at home.             Prior.
 Domi'nical, do-min'e-kal. adj.  [dominica-
    lis, Lat.] That notes the Lord's day, or
    Sunday.
     The cycle of the moon serves to shew the epacts,
   and that of the sun the dominical letter, throughout
   all their variations.                    Holder.
 Domi'nion, do-min'yin.113  to. s.  [domini-
   um, Lat.]
 I.  Sovereign authority; unlimited power.
              They on the earth
   Dominion exercise, and in the air,
   Chiefly on  man.                        Jlfiffcm.
     He gave  us only over beast, fish, fowl,
   Dominion  absolute; that right we hold
   By his donation: but man over man
   He made not lord.                     MUton.
     Blest use of pow'r,  O virtuous pride in kings!
  And like his bounty whence dominion springs.
            .                          Ticket.
2. Power; right of possession or  use, with-
   out being accountable.
     He could not have private dominion over that,
  which was under the private dominion of another.
        .                              Locke.
3. 1 erntory; region; district; considered
   as subject.
    The donations of bishopricks the kings of Eng-
  land did ever retain in all their dominions, when toe
  Pope's usurped authority was at toe highest. Davies.
4. Predominance; ascendant.
    Objects placed foremost ought to be more finished
  than those cast behind, and to have dominion over
  things confused and transient.           Dryden.
5. An order of  angels.
   • ?& hiDV W,ere  aI1 thinSs seated, visible and in-
  visible, whether  they  be thrones or dominions, or
  principalities or powers.              Colossians.
Don, don.  to. s. [dominus, Lat.]  The Spa-
   nish title for  a  gentleman:   as,   Don
   Quixote. It is with us  used ludicrously.
            To the great dons of wit,
  Phoebus gives them full privilege alone
  To damn all others and cry up their own. Dryden, 
DON
DO  0
DOO
 To Don, don.  v. a. [To do on]  To put
    on; to invest with: the  contrary to doff.
    Obsolete.
     The purple morning left her crimson bed,
   And cfon'd her robes of pure Vermillion hue.
                                       Fairfax.
     Her helm the virgin don'd.            Fairfax.
     What! should I don this robe,  and trouble you.
                                    Shakspeare.
 Do'nary, do'na-re. «. *. [donarium, Lat.]
    A thing  given  to sacred uses.
 Dona'tion,  do-na'slnln.  to. s.  [donatio,
    Lat.]
 1. The act of giving any thing; the act of
    bestowing.
     He gave  us only over beast, fish, fowl,
   Dominion absolute; that right we hold
   By his donation.                       Milton.
     After donation there is an absolute  change and
   alienation made of the property of the thing given:
   which being so alienated,  a man  has no more to do
   wito it than with a thing bought with another's mo-
   ney.                                  South.
 2.  The grant by  which any thing is given
    or conferred.
     Howsoever the  letter of  that donation may be
   unregarded by men, yet the sense thereof is so im-
   printed in their hearts, as if every one laid claim
   for himself unto that which was conferred upon all.
                                       Raleigh.
     The kingdoms of the world to  thee were giv'n,
   Permitted rather, and by thee usurp'd;
   Other donation none thou canst produce.   Milton.
 Do'native, don'a-tiv.603  to. s. [donatif, Fr.
    from donatus, Lat.]
 1.  A gift;  a largess;  a present;  a dole of
   money distributed.
     The Roman emperor's custom was,  at certain
  solemn times, to bestow on his soldiers a donative;
  which donative they received wearing garlands upon
  their heads.                           Hooker.
     They were entertained with publick  shews and
  don of ices, to make them more easily digest their lost
  liberty.                               Dryden.
 2.  [In law.] A benefice merely given and
    collated by the  patron to a man, without
    either  presentation  to the ordinary, or
   institution by the ordinary, or induction
   by his orders.                    Cowell.
     Never did steeple carry double truer;
  His is the donative, and mine the cure.   Cleveland.
 Done,  dun. The part. pass, of  To  do.
     Another like fair  tree eke  grew thereby,
  Whereof whoso did eat, eftsoons  did know
  Both good and evil: O mournful memory!
  That tree, through one man's fault, hath done us all
         to dye.                        Spenser.
Done, dun.  a  kind of interjection.  The
   word by  which  a wager  is concluded:
   when a wager is offered, he that accepts
   it says done.
    Done: the wager?                Sliakspeare.
    One thing, sweet-heart, I will ask;
  Take me for a new-fashioned mask.
  —Done: but my bargain shall be this,
  I'll throw my mask off when I kiss.     Cleveland.
    'Twas done and done, and the fox, by consent,
  was to be the judge.               L'Estrange.
Do'njon, dun'jun. to. *. [now corrupted to
  dungeon, from  domnionum,  low  Latin,
  according to Menage.] The highest and
   strongest tower of the castle, in which
  prisoners were kept; as in Chaucer,  It
 •is now used of subterraneous prisons.
    The grete toure, that was so thicke and strong,
 Which of the castle was the chief dongeon,
 Wherein the knightes were in prison,
   Was evin joynant to the garden-wall,
   Ther as this Emely had her playeing.    Chaucer.
 Do'nor, do'nor. to. s.   [from  dono,  Lat.]
   A giver; a bestower; one who gives any
   thing
     Litters thick besiege the donor's gate,
   And begging lords and teeming ladies wait
   The promis'd dole.                    Diyden.
     It is a mighty check to beneficent tempers to con-
   sider how often good designs are frustrated and per-
   verted  to purposes, which, could the donors toem-
   selves  have  foreseen, they would have been very
   loth to  promote.                    Atterbury.
 Do'nship,  don'ship.  to.  s. [from  don]
   Quality   or rank  of  a  gentleman  or
   knight.
               I'm none of those,
   Your bosom-friends, as you suppose;
   But Ralph himself, your trusty squire,
   Wh' has dragg'd your domhip out o'  th' mire.
                                    Hudibras.
 Doo'dle,  doo'dl.406 to. s.  [a  cant  word,
   perhaps  corrupted from do little: fai-
   neant.]  A trifler; an idler.

 To DOOM, doom. v. a. [beman, Sax.]
 I. To judge.
            Him through malice fall'n,
   Father of mercy and grace! thou didst not doom
   So strictly; but much more to pity incline.  Milton.
 2. To  condemn to  any  punishment;  to
   sentence.
    He may be doom'd to chains, to shame, to  death,
   While  proud Hippolitus shall mount his throne.
                                       Smith.
    Justly to' impartial fates conspire,
  Dooming that son to be the sire
  Of such another son.                 Granville.
 3. To pronounce condemnation upon any.
    Minos, the strict inquisitor, appeai-s,
  And lives and crimes, with his assessor, hears;
  Round  in his urn the blended balls he rowls,
  Absolves the just, and  docms toe guilty souls.
                              Dryden's JEneid.
 4. To command judicially or authorita-
   tively.
    Have I a tongue to doom my brother's death,
  And shall that tongue give pardon to a slave.
                                   Shakspeare.

 5. To destine; to command by uncontroll-
   able authority.
    Fate and the gods, by their supreme command,
  Have doom'd our ships to seek the Latian land.
                              Dryden's JEneid.
    I have no will but what your eyes ordain;
  Destin'd to love, as they are doom'd to reign.
                                    Granville.
 Doom,  doom.  to. s.   [bom,  Sax.  doem,
   Dutch.]
 I. Judicial sentence; judgment.
    He's fled, my lord, and all his pow'rs do yield;
  And humbly thus,  with halters en their necks,
  Expect  your highness' doom of life or  death.  Shak.
    To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied,
  Though in mysterious terms, judg'd as then best.
                                      Milton.
    And now without redemption, all mankind
  Must have been lost, adjudg'd to death and hell
  By doom severe.                      Milton.
    In the great day, wherein the secrets of all hearts
  shall be laid open, no one shall be made to answer
  for what he knows nothing of; but shall receive his
  doom, his conscience accusing or excusing him.
                                      Locke.
1.  The  great and final judgment.
   Search Windsor Castle, elves, within and out:
  Strew good luck, ouphes, on every sacred room,
  That it may stand till the perpetual doom.  Shaksp.
5.  Condemnation; judicial sentence.
                  Revoke thy doom,
    Or whilst I can vent clamour from my throat,
    I'll tell thee thou dost evil.    Shaksp. King Lear.
  4.  Determination declared.
      If friend or foe, let him be gently us'd.
    —Revoke  toat doom of mercy, for 'tis Clifford.
                                     Shakspeare.
  5.  The state to which one is destined.
             By day the web and loom,
    And homely  household task, shall be her doom.
                                 Dryden's Iliad.
  6.  Ruin; destruction.
      From the same foes, at last, both felt their doom;
   And the same age saw learning fall, and Rome.
                                          Pope.
  Doom'sday,  d66mz'dA. n.  s.  [doom and
    day]
  l.  The day  of final and universal judg-
    ment; the  last, the great day.
     Men, wives, and children stare, cry out, and run,
   As it were  doomsday.       Shaksp. Julius  Ccesar.
     They may serve for any theme, and never be out
   of date until doomsday.                 Brown.
     Our souls, not yet prepar'd for upper light,
   Till doomsday wander in the shades of night:
   This only holiday of all the year,
   We privileg'd in sunshine may appear.    Diyden.
 2. T;ie day of sentence or condemnation.
     All-soul's day is my body's doomsday.   Shaksp.
 Doomsday-book,  d66mz'da-b66k.   to.  s.
    [doomsday and book.]   A book  made
    by order of  William the conqueror, in
    which the estates of  the kingdom  were
    registered.
     The Danes  also brought in a  reckoning of money
   by ores, per oras, which is mentioned in doomsday-
   book.                                Camden.
 Door, dore.310   to. s. [bop., bupe, Saxon;
    dorris, Erse.]
 1. The gate  of a house; that which opens
    to  yield  entrance.   Door is  used of
   houses, and  gates of cities or publick
   buildings; except in the licence of poetry.
     All the castle quaked from the ground,
   And every door of free will open flew.     Fairy Q.
               In  the side, a door
   Contriv'd; and of provisions laid in large,
   For man and beast.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
     To the same end men sev'ral paths may tread,.
   As many doors into one temple lead.     Denham.
     For without rules there  can be no art, any more
   than there can be a house without a door to conduct
   y°u i«-   #  _                          Diyden.
 2.  In familiar language,  a  house: often in
   the plural, doors.
     Lay  one piece of fish or flesh in the  open air,
   and another of the same kind  and bigness within
   doors.                 Bacon's Natural History.
     Let  him  doubt whether his  cloaths  be warm,
   and so  go naked;  whether  his house  be firm, and
   live without doors.               Decay of  Piety.
     Martin's  office  is now  the second door in toe
   street, where he will see Parnel.      Arbuthnot.
     Lambs, though  they are bred within  doors, and
   never saw the actions of their own species, push at
   those who approach them with their foreheads.
                            Addison's Spectator.
     The  sultan entered  again  the peasant's house,
  and turned toe owner out of doors.       Addison.
3.  Entrance;  portal.
        The tender blades of grass appear;
  And buds, that yet the blast of Eurus fear,
  Stand at the door  of life,  and doubt to clothe the
         year.                         Dryden.
    Passage; avenue; means of approach.
    The indispensable necessity of sincere obedience
  shuts toe door against all temptations to carnal se-
  curity.                             Hammond.
5-  Out  of Door, or  Doors.   No  more
   to be found; quite gone; fairly sent away. 
DOR
DOS
DOT
    Should he, who was thy lord, command thee now,
  With a harsh voice and supercilious brow,
  To servile duties thou wouldst fear no more;
  The gallows and the whip are ouf of door. Dryden.
    His imaginary title of fatherhood is ouf of doors,
  and Cain is no prince  over his brother.     Locke.
6. At the Door of any one.   Imputable;
   chargeable upon him.
    In any of which parts if I have failed, toe fault
  lies wholly af my door.                 Diyden.
7. Next Door to.   Approaching to; near
   to; bordering  upon.
    A seditious word leads  to a broil, and a riot un-
  punished is but nex-f door to a tumult. V Estrange.
Do'orcase,   dore'kase.  to.  s. [door  and
   case] The frame in which  the door is
   enclosed.
    The making of frames for doorcases, is the fram-
  ing of two pieces of wood athwart two other pieces.
                                      Moxon.
Do'orkeeper,  dore'keep-lir. to.  s. [door
   and keeper.] Porter; one that keeps the
   entrance of a house.
    He that hath given the following assistances to
  thee, desires to be even a doorkeeper in God's house,
  and to be a servant to the meanest of God's  ser-
  vants.                       Taylor's Preface.
Do'quet, dok'it."  416 to. s.  A paper con-
   taining a warrant.
    Before the  institution of this office, no doquet for
  licence to alien, nor warrant for pardon of alienation
  made, could be purchased without an oath. Bacon.
Do'rmant,   dor'mant.   adj.   [dormant,
   French.]
1. Sleeping.
    He a dragon! if he be,  'tis a very peaceful one:
  I can insure his anger is dormant: or should he seem
  to  rouse,  'tis well lashing him, and he will sleep
  like a top.              Congreve's Old Bachelor.
    With this radius he is said to strike and kill his
  prey, for which he lies as  it were, dormant, till it
  swims within his reach.         Grew's Musozum.
2.  In a sleeping posture.
    If a lion were the coat of Judah, yet were it not
   a lion rampant, but rather couchant and dormant.
                                      Brown.
3. Private; not publick.
    There  were other  doiinant musters of soldiers
   throughout all parts of the realms, that were put in
   readiness but not drawn together.         Bacon.
4. Concealed; not divulged.
    It would be prudent to  reserve  these privileges
   dormant, never to be produced but upon great occa-
   sions.                                Swift.
5. Leaning;  not  perpendicular.
    Old dormant windows must confess
   Her beams: their glimmering spectacles,
   Struck wito the splendor of her face,
  Do th' office of a burning glass.         Cleveland.
Do'rmitory, dor'me-tur-e. to. s. [dormito-
   rium, Latin.]
1. A place to  sleep in; used commonly
   for a  room with many beds.
    Rooms  toat have thorough lights are left for en-
  tertainment, and those that have windows on one
  side for dormitories.                  Moi-timer.
    Naked mourns the dormUory wall,
  And Jones and Boyle's united labours fall.   Pope.
2. A burial place.
    The places where dead bodies are buried, are in
  Latin called ccemiteria, and in English dormitories.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
Do'rmouse,  dor'motise. to. s. [dormio, to
   sleep, and mouse.]   A  small  animal
   which passes a large part of the winter
   in  sleep.
    Come, we all sleep, and are mere dormice flies,
  A little  less than dead: more dulness hangs
  On us than on the m,oon-   &en Jonson's Cataline.
    After they have lain a little  while, they grow as
  drowsy as dormice, unless they  are roused. Collier.
Dorn, dorn. to. a. [from dom,  German,  a
  thorn.]  A  fish;  perhaps the same as
  the thornback.
    The coast is stored both  with shell-fish, as scal-
  lops and shcato-fish; and flat, as turbets, cforns, and
  holybut.                              Carew.
Do'rnick,  dor'nik.  n.  s. [of Deornick in
  Flanders, where  first made.]   A   spe-
  cies of linen cloth used in Scotland for
  the table.
To  Dorr,  dor. v. a.  [tor, stupid, Teuto-
  nick.] To deafen or stupify with noise.
  This  word I find only in Skinner.
Dorr, dor. n. s.  [so named probably from
  the noise which he makes.]   A kind of
  flying insect, remarkable for  flying with
  a loud noise.
    Some insects fly with  four wings,  as all the va-
  gimpennous, or sheath-winged, as beetles and doi~rs.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    The dorr or hedge-chafer's chief marks are these:
  his head is  small, like that of the common beetle:
  this, and his eyes, black: his shoulderpiece, and the
  middle of his belly also black; but  just under the
  wing-shell spotted with white. His wing-shells, legs,
  and the  end of his tail, which is long and  flat-
  pointed, of a light chestnut: his breast, especially,
  covered with a downy hair.      Greic's Musozum.
Do'rsel , dor'sil.  )  n.s. [froin dorsum,the
Do'rser, dor'sur. y  back.] A  pannier;  a
  basket or bag, one of which  hangs on
  either side a beast of burden, for the re-
  ception of things  of small bulk.   It is
  corruptly spoken, and perhaps written,
  dossel.
Dorsi'ferous, dor-slf'fe-rus.    ?     adj.
Dorsi'parous, dor-sip'pa-rus 618 y    [dor-
  sum and fero,orpario,L.at\n.]  Having the
  property of bearing, or bringing forth, on
  the back.  It is used of plants that have
  the seed on the back of their leaves, as
  fern; and may be  properly used of  the
  American  frog,   which  brings   forth
  her young from her back.
Do'rture, dor'ture. to. s. [contracted from
  dormiture;  dormitura,  Latin;  dortoir,
  Fr.]   A  dormitory; a place to sleep in.
    He led us to  a gallery like  a dorture, where he
  shewed  us along the one side seventeen cells, very
  neat.                                Bacon.
Dose, dose. to. s. [£!>ti<;]
1. So much of any  medicine  as is taken
  at one time.                    Quincy.
    The too vig'rous dose too fiercely wrought,
  And added  fury to toe strength  it brought.  Dryden.
    In a vehement pain  of toe  head  he prescribed
  the  juice of the thapsia in warm water, without
  mentioning the dose.                 Arbuthnot.
2. Any thing nauseous.
    If you can tell an ignoramus in power and place
  that he has  a wit and understanding  above  all the
  world, I dare undertake  that, as fulsome a dose as
  you give him, he shall readily take it  down.  South.
3. As much of  any thing as falls  to  u
  man's lot.  Ludicrously.
        No  sooner does he peep into
  The world, but he has done his doe;
  Married his punctual dose of wives,
  Is cuckolded, and breaks or thrives.    Hudibras.
4. Quantity.
    We pity or laugh at those fatuous extravagants,
  while yet ourselves have a considerable dose of what
  makes them so.                      Glanville.
5. It is  often used  ofthe  utmost quantity
  of strong liquor that a man can swallow.
  He  has  his dose; that is,  he can  carry
  off  no more.
To Dose, dose. v. a.
1. To proportion a medicine properly to
  the  patient or disease.
    Plants seldom  used in medicine, being esteemeD
  poisonous,  if corrected,  and  exactly  dosed,  may
  prove powerful medicines.             Derham.
2. To give physick, or any thing nauseous,
  to any man: in a ludicrous sense.
Do'ssil,  dos'sil.  to. s.  [corrupted  from
  dorsel, something laid  upon  the part.]
  A pledget; a nodule or lump  of lint to
  be laid on a  sore.
    Her complaints put me upon dressing with sucli
  medicaments as basilicon, with praecipitate,  upon a
  dossil.                             Wiseman.
Dost, dilst. The second person of do.
    Why then dosf treat me with rebukes, instead
  Of kind condoling cares and friendly sorrow.
                                     Addison,
Dot, dot. to. s.  [This is derived  by  Skin-
  ner  from dotter,  German,  the white of
  an egg;  and interpreted by him a grume
  of pus.   It has now  no  such significa-
  tion, and seems  rather  corrupted from
  jot,  a point.]   A small point or spot
  made to mark any place in a writing.
To Dot, dot. v. a.  To mark with specks.
To Dot, dot. v. n. [from the noun!]   To
  make dots or spots.
Do'tage, do'tadje.90 to.  s. [from  dote]
1. Loss of understanding;  imbecility of
  mind; deliriousness.
    The soul in ail hath one intelligence;
  Though too much moisture in an infant's brain,
    And too much driness in an old man's sense,
  Cannot the prints of outward things retain:
    Then doth toe soul want work, and idle sit;
  And this we childishness and dotage call.  Davies.
    I hold, toat perfect joy makes all our parts
  As joyfui as our hearts:
  Our senses  tell us, if we please not them,
  Our love is but a dotage, or a dream.    Suckling,
2. Excessive fondness.
    If on your head my fury does not turn,
  Thank that fond dotage which so much you scorn.
                                     Dryden.
Do'tal, do'tal.88 adj. [dotalis, Latin.]  Re-
  lating to the portion of a  woman; con- -
  stituting her  portion;  comprised in her
  portion.
    Shall I, of one poor dofaf town possest,
  My people thin, my wretched country waste,
  An exil'd prince, and on a shaking throne,
  Or risk my patron's subjects, or my own?    Garth.

Do'tard, do'tard.88  to. a. [from dote]   A
  man whose age  has impaired his  intel-
  lects; a  man  in his  second childhood,
  called in some provinces a twichild.
    Dotard, said he, let be thy deep advise,
  Seems that through many years  thy wits thee fail,
  And that weak old hath left thee nothing wise,
  Else never should thy judgment be so frail.
                                 Fairy  Quee«.
    The sickly dotard wants a wife,
  To draw off his last dregs of life.          Prior.
Dota'tion, do-ta'shmi. to. a. [dotatio, Lat]
  The act of giving  a  dowry or portion.
                                       Diet.
To DOTE, dote. v. to. [doten, Dutch; ra-
  doter, French.]
1. To  have the intellect  impaired by age
   or passion; to be delirious. 
DOT
DOU
DOU
    Unless the fear of death make me to dofe,
  I see my son.                          Shaksp.
    A sword is upon the liars, and they shall dofe: a
  sword is upon her mighty men, and they shall be
  dismayed.                                Jer.
    Time has made you dofe, and vainly tell
  Of arms imagin'd in your ionely cell:
  Go, be the temple and the gods your care;
  Permit to men the thought of peace and war. Dryd.
    When an old  woman  begins to  dofe,  and grow
  chargeable to her parish, she is turned into a witch,
  and fills the country with extravagant fancies.
                                      Addison.
 2.  To be in love to extremity.
    He was stricken with great affection towards me,
  which since is grown to such  a doting love, that I
  was fain to  get  this  place sometimes  to retire in
  freely.                               Sidney.
    I have long loved  her, and  bestowed much on
  her, followed her with a doting observance. Shaks.
 3.  To  Dote  upon.  To regard  with ex-
   cessive fondness; to love to excess.
           All their prayers and love
  Were set on Hereford, whom they dofed on,
  And bless'd, and grac'd.              Shakspeare.
    Forgive me, that I  do not dream on thee,
  Because thou seest me dofe upon my love. Shaksp.
    All the beauties of the court besides
  Are mad in love, and dofe upon your person.
                                      Denham.
    Mark those who dofe on arbitrary power,
  And you shall find 'em either hot-brain'd youth,
  Or needy bankrupts.                    Dryden.
    Would you so dofe  upon your first desire,
  As not to entertain a  nobler fire?         Dryden.
    We dofe upon this  present world, and the enjoy-
  ments of it; and 'tis not without pain, and fear, and
  reluctancy, that  we are torn from them,  as if our
  hopes lay all within  the  compass of this life.
                                       Uurnef.
    O death all eloquent! you only prove
  What dust we dofe on, when 'tis man we love.
                                        Pope.
 Do'ted, do'ted. adj. [from the verb.] Stu-
   pid.   Not used.
    His senseless speech and dofed ignorance
  The prince had marked well.           Spenser.

 Do'ter, do'tir.98 to. s. [from dote.]
 1.  One whose  understanding is  impaired
   by years;  a dotard.
    What should a bald fellow do wito  a comb, a
  dumb dofer  wito a pipe, or a blind  man with a
  looking-glass.                         Burton.
 2.  A man fondly, weakly, and excessively
   in  loye.
    If in black my lady's brow be deckt,
  It mourns toat painting and usurping hair
    Should ravish doters with a false aspect;
  And therefore she is  born to make black  fair.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Our doters upon red and white are incessantly
  perplexed by the incertainty both of the continu-
  ance of their mistress's kindness, and ofthe lasting
  of her beauty.                         Boyle.
Do'tingly, do'ting-le. adv. [from doting]
  Fondly; by excessive fondness.
    That he, to wedlock dotingly betray'd,
  Should hope in this lewd town  to find a maid?
                                      Dryden.
 Do'ttard,  dot'tard.88  to. s.   This word
   seems to signify  a tree kept low by cut-
  ting.
    For great  trees, we see almost all  overgrown
  trees in church-yards,  or near ancient buildings, and
  the like, are pollards  and dottards, and not trees at
  their full height.                        Bacon.

Do'tterel, dot'tdr-il.09 to.  s. [from dote.]
  The name of a bird that mimicks ges-
  tures.
    We see how ready apes and monkies  are to imi-
  tate all motions of mau; and in catching of dotterels,
      VOL.  I.
  we see how the foolish bird playeth the ape in ges-
  tures.                                Bacon.

DO'UBLE, dilb'bl.314 40fi adj. [double,Fr.
   duplex, Lat. duple, Erse.]
I. Two of a sort; one corresponding to the
   other; in pairs.
     All things are double  one  against another, and
  he hath made nothing imperfect.          Ecclus.
2. Twice as  much; containing the same
   quantity repeated. It is sometimes used
   with to, and sometimes without.
     Great honours are great burthens;  but on whom
  They are cast with envy, he doth bear two loads:
  His cares must still be douofe fo his joys
  In any dignity.                    Ben Jonson.
     This sum of forty thousand pounds is almost dou-
  ble to what is sufficient.                  Sivift.
3.  Having  one added to another;  having
   more than one in the same order or pa-
   rallel.
     It is a curiosity also to make flowers double,
  which is effected by often removing them into new
  earth; as, on the contrary part, dou&fe  flowers, by
  neglecting, and not removing, prove single. Bacon.
     I met a reverend, fat, old gouty friar,
  With a paunch  swoln so high, his double chin
  Might rest upon 't.      Dryden's Spanish Friar.
4. Twofold; of two kinds.
     Thus cursed steel, and more accursed gold,
  Gave mischief birth, and made that mischief bold;
  And double death did wretched man invade,
  By steel assaulted, and by gold betray'd.    Dryd.
     No star appears to lend his  friendly light;
  Darkness and tempest make a double  night.
                                      Dryden.
5. Two in number.
     And if one power did not both see and hear,
  Our sights and sounds would always douofe be.
                                       Davies.
6. Having  twice the effect or influence;
   having the  power of two.  Not  used.
          The magnifico is much belov'd,
  And hath in his effect a voice  potential,
  As double as the duke's.      Shakspeare's Othello.
7. Deceitful;  acting two parts, one open-
   ly,  the other in secret.
             I' to' presence
  He would say untruths, and be ever douofe
  Both in his words and meaning.      Shakspeare.
    Fifty thousand could keep  rank, toat were not
  of double heart.                   1 CAronicfes.
Double-plea, d&b'bl-ple. to. s.  [duplex
  placitum, Latin.]
    Is  that in which the  defendant alleges  for him-
  self two several matters, in  bar of the action,
  whereof either is sufficient to effect his desire in de-
  barring the plaintiff.                    Cowell.
Double quarrel, dfib'bl-kwor'ril.
    Is  a complaint made by any clerk or other to the
  archbishop of toe province, against an inferiour or-
  dinary, for delaying justice  in  some  cause ecclesi-
  astical.  The effect is, that the archbishop directs
  his letters,  under the authentical seal, to all clerks
  of his province,  commanding them to admonish the
  said ordinary within nine days  to do the justice re-
  quired, or  otherwise  to cite him to appear before
  him or his official; and  lastly to  intimate to the
  said ordinary, that if  he  neither perform the thing
  enjoined, nor appears at the day assigned, he him-
  self will proceed to perform the justice required.
  And  this seems to be termed a double quairel, be-
  cause it is most  commonly made against  both the
  judge, and him at whose petition justice is delayed.
                                       Cowell.
Double, dub'bl. adv. Twice over.
    I am not so old in  proportion to them as I for-
  merly was, which I can prove  by arithmetick; for
  then I was double their age, which now I am not.
                                        Swift.
Double, dilb'bl.  Is much  used  in com-
                    4e
   position, generally for doubly, two ways:
   as, double-edged,  having  an  edge  on
   each  side: or for twice  the number or
   quantity; as, double-died, twice died.
Double-biting, dub-bl-bi'tlng. adj. [dou-
   ble and bite.] Biting or cutting on either
   side.                                 /
    But  most their  looks  on  the  black  monarch
        bend,
  His rising muscles and his brawn commend;
  His double-biting ax, and beamy spear,
  Each asking a gigantick force to rear.     Dryden.
Double-buttoned, dub-bl-buVtn'd.170  369
   adj. [double and buttoned] Having two
   rows  of buttons.
    Others you'll  see, when  all the town's afloat,
  Wrapt in th' embraces of a kersey coat,
  Or double-button'd frieze.          Gay's Trivia.
Double-dealer,diib-bl-de'lAr.« s. [dou-
   ble and dealer.]  A deceitful, subtle, in-
   sidious fellow;  one  who acts two parts
   at  the  same  time;  one  who  says one
   thing and thinks another.
    Double-dealers may pass muster for a while; but
  all parties  wash toeir hands of them  in the con-
  clusion.                           L'Estrange.
Double-dealing,  dub-bl-de'llng.  to.  s.
   [double and  dealing] Artifice; dissimu-
   lation; low or wicked cunning;  the  ac-
   tion of one thing with the profession of
   another.
    Thou  shalt not be the worse for  me;  there's
  gold.—
  —But toat it would be double-dealing,  sir, I would
  you could make it another.           Shakspeare.
    Our poets have joined together such qualities as
  are by  nature most compatible; valour with anger,
  meekness wito piety, and  prudence with dissimula-
  tion ; this last union was necessary for the goodness
  of Ulysses; for,  without  toat, his dissimulation
  might have degenerated into wickedness and double-
  dealing.                             Broome.
To Double-die,  dub-bl-di'. v. a.  [double
   and die.] To die twice over.
        Yes, I'll to the royal bed,
  Where first the mysteries  of our love were acted,
  And double-die it with imperial crimson.
                               Dryden and Lee.
Double-founted,  d&b-bl-fount'ed. adj.
   [double   and  fount.]   Having  two
   sources.
         Here the douofe-/ounfed stream
  Jordan, true limit eastward.             MUton.
Double-handed,  dub-bl-hand'ed.  adj.
   [double  and hand.]  Having two hands.
    All things being double-handed, and having  the
  appearances both of truth  and falsehood, where our
  affections have  engaged us, we attend only to  the
  former.                     Glanville's Scepsis.
Double-headed,   dub-bl-hed'ed.   adj.
   [double  and head.]  Having the  flowers
   growing one to another.
    The double rich scarlet nonsuch is a large dou-
  ble-headed flower of the richest scarlet colour.
                                     Mortimer.
To DounLE-LocK, dub-bl-lok'. v. a.  [dou-
   ble and lock] To shoot the lock twice;
   to fasten with double security.
    He immediately double-locked his door, and sat
  down carefully to reading and comparing both his
  orders.                                 Taffer.
Double-minded,   dub-bl-mind'ed.  adj.
   [from double and mind.]  Unsettled; un-
   determined.
    A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways.
                                        James.
Double-shining, d&b-bl-shin'ing.359 adj. 
DOU
DOU
DOU
  [double and shine.] Shining with double
  lustre.
                 He was
  Among the rest that there did take delight
  To see the sports of double-shining day.    Sidney.

Double-tongued,   dii-bl-tung'd'.   adj.
  [double and tongue.]  Deceitful; giving
  contrary  accounts of the same thing.
    The deacons must be grave, not double-tongued,
  not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre.
                                     1 Timothy.
    For much she fear'd the Tyrians double-tongu'd,
  And knew the town to Juno's care belong'd.
                                Dryden's Virgil.
 To Do'uble, diWbl.  v.  a. [from the ad-
  jective.]
 1.  To enlarge any  quantity  by addition of
   the  same quantity.
    Rumour doth double voice and echo
  The numbers of the fear'd.      Shaks.  Henry IV.
    Pay him six  thousand, and deface the bond;
  Double six thousand, and then treble that.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Our foe's too proud the weaker to assail,
  Or doubles his dishonour if he fail.       Dryden.
    This power of repeating or doubling any idea we
  have of any distance,  and adding it  to the former,
  as often as we will, without being ever able  to
  come to any stop or stint,  is that which gives us the
  idea of immensity.                       Locke.
    This was only the value of the silver; there was
  besides a tenth part of that number of talents  of
  gold,  which, if gold was reckoned in a decuple pro-
  portion, will just double the sum.
                             Arbuthnot on  Coins.
 2.  To contain twice the  quantity.
    Thus reinforc'd against the adverse fleet,
  Still doubling ours, brave Rupert leads the way.
                                        Dryden.
 3.  To repeat; to add.
    He saw proud Arcite and fierce Palemon
  In mortal battle doubling blow on blow;
  Like  lightning flam'd toeir falchions to and fro.
                                        Dryden.
 4.  To add one to another in the same or-
    der or parallel.
     Thou shalt douofe toe curtain in the tabernacle.
                                        Exodus.
 5. To fold.
     He bought her sermons, psalms, and graces,
   And  doubled down the useful places.        Prior.
 6.  To puss round  a headiand.
     Sailing along the coast, he doubled the promon-
   tory of Carthage, yet famous for toe ruins of that
   proud city.                            Knolles.
     Now we have the Cape of Good Hope in sight,
   the trade-wind is our own, if we can but dou&fe it.
                                        Dryden.
  To Do'uble, dub'bl.  v. to.
  I. To increase to  twice the quantity.
      'Tis observed in particular nations,  that within
   toe space  of three hundred.years, notwithstanding
   all casualties, the number of men double.
                                 Burnet's Theory.
 2. To enlarge the stake to twice the sum
    in play.
     Throw Egypt's by, and offer in the stead,
   Offer—toe crown on  Berenice's head;
   I am resolv'd to double till I win.         Dryden.
 3. To turn back, or wind in running.
     Under  the  line the sun  crosseth toe line, and
   maketh two summers and two winters; but in  the
   skirts of the torrid zone it doubleth and goeth back
   a°-ain, and so maketh one long summer.
                          Bacon's Natural History.
     Who knows which way she points?
   Doubling and turning like a hunted hare!
   Find out the meaning of her mind who can.
                                         Dryden.
     So keen thy hunters, and thy scent so strong,
Thy turns and doublings cannot save thee long.
                                         Swift.
4. To play tricks; to use sleights.
Jo'uble, diib'bl.  to. s.
I. Twice the quantity or number.
    If the thief be found let him pay douofe.
                                       £a:odus.
    In all the four great years of mortality above
  mentioned,  I do not find that any week the plague
  increased to the  douofe of the precedent week above
  five times.                  Gr aunt's Mortality.
   Strong beer; beer of twice the common
   strength.
    Here's a pot of good double,  neighbour: drink,
  and fear'not your man.     Shakspeare's Henry VI.
3. A turn used to escape pursuit.
                 Man is frail,
  Convulsions rack his nerves, and cares his breast;
    His flying life is chas'd by rav'ning pains,
  Through all his doubles, in the winding veins.
                                     Blackmore.
4. A trick; a shift; an artifice.
    These  men  are  too  well acquainted  with the
  chase, to be flung off by any false steps or doubles.
                                       Addison.
Do'ubleness, dtib'bl-nes. to. s. [from dou-
   ble.]  The state of Seing double.
    If you  think well  to carry this as you may, the
  doubleness of toe benefit defends the deceit from re-
  proof.                              Shakspeare.
Do'ubler, dub'bl-ur. to. s. [from double]
   tie that  doubles any thing.
Do'ublet, dub-bl-et." to. s. [from double]
 1. The inner garment of a man;  the waist-
   coat: so  called  from  being double for
   warmth, or because it makes  the dress
   double.
     What  a pretty thing a man is, when he goes in
  his doublet and hose, and leaves off his wit.
                                     Shakspeare.
     His doublet was of sturdy buff,
   And though not sword yet cudgel  proof.
                                      Hudibras.
     It is common enough to see a countryman in the
   doublet and breeches of his great-grandfather.
                                Addison on Italy.
     They do but mimick ancient wits at best,
   As apes our grandsires, in their doublets drest.
                                          Pope.
 2.  Two; a pair.
     Those doublets on the sides of his tail seem to
   add strength  to the muscles which move the tail
   fins.                          Grew's Musozum.
 DOUBLO'JY, dub-bl-66n. to.  s. [French.]
   A Spanish coin containing  the value of
   two pistoles.
 Do'ubly,  dub'bl-e.  adv.  [from double.]
   In twice the quantity; to twice the de-
   gree.
     Young Hollis, on a muse by Mars begot,
   Born,  C»sar like, to write and act great deeds,
     Impatient to  revenge his fatal  shot,
   His right hand  doubly  to his left succeeds.
                                        Dryden.
     Haply at night he doth with horror shun
   A widow'd daughter, or a dying son:
   His neighbour's offspring he to-morrow sees,
   And doubly feels his want in their  increase.
                                          Prior.
  To  Doubt,  dout.313 v. n.  [doubter,  Fr.
   dubito, Latin.]
  I. To  question;  to  be in uncertainty.
     Even in matters divine,  concerning some things,
   we may lawfully doubf and  suspend  our judgment,
   inclining neither to one side or other; as, namely,
   touching the time of the fall both  of man and an-
   gels.                                  Hooker.
     Let no  man, while he lives here in  the world, I
   doubt whether there is any hell or no, and  there- j
  upon live so as if absolutely there were mnC'Sm((h

    I doubt not to make it appear to be a monstrous
  folly to deride holy things.              xiUotson.
    Can we conclude upon  Luther's instability, be-
  cause in  a single notion, no way  fundamental, an
  enemy writes that he had some doubfings?
                                     Atterbury,
2. To question  any event.
    Doubting things go ill, often hurts more
  Than to  be sure they do.  Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
    Admitting motion, this I urge to shew
  Invalid,  that which thee to doitbf it mov'd.
                                        Milton.
3. Sometimes with of'm both the forego-
   ing senses.
    Solyman said he had hitherto made war against
  divers nations, and always had  the victory, whereof
  he doubted not now also.                 Knolles.
    Have I not manag'd my contrivance well,
  To try your love, and make you doubt of mine?
                                        Dryden.
4. To fear;  to be apprehensive of ill.
    I doubf there's  deep resentment in his mind,
  For the  late  slight his honour suffer'd there.
                                        Olway.
    If there were no fault in the title, I doubf there
  are too many in the body of the work.      Baker.
    This is enough for a project, without any name;
  I doubt more than will be reduced into practice.
                                         Swift.
 ». To suspect; to have  suspicion.
    The king did all his courage bend
  Against those four which now before him  were,
  Doubting not who behind him doth aUend. Daniel.
 i.  To hesitate;  to be in suspense;  to wa-
   ver  undetermined.
    What fear we  then, why  dou&f we to incense
  His utmost ire?                        Milton.
    At first the tender blades of grass appear,
  And buds, that yet the blast of Eurus fear,
   Stand at toe door of life,  and doubt to clothe the
         year.                           Dryden,

 To Doubt, dout. v. a.
 1.  To  hold  questionable;  to  think  un-
   certain.
 2.  To think endangered.
     He from the terror of this arm so late
   Doubted his  empire.       Jlfiffon's Paradise Lost.
    To fear; to suspect.
     He did  ordain the interdicts and  prohibitions
   which we  have  to make  entrance of  strangers,
   which at that time was frequent, doubting novelties
   and commixture of manners.              Bacon.
         If they turn not back perverse;
   But that I doubt.                       Milton-
     You that  will be less fearful fhs>n discreet,
   That love the fundamental  part of state,
   More than you doubf the change  of it, prefer
   A noble life before a long.      Shak- Coriolanus
    To distrust; to hold suspected.
     To teach vain wits a science little known,
   T' admire superiour sense, and doubf their own.
                                          Pope.
 Doubt, dout. to. a.  [from the verb.]
  1. Uncertainty of mind;  suspense; unde-
   termined state of opinion.
     Could any difficulty have been proposed, the re-
   solution would have been as early as the proposal;
   it could not have had time  to settle into doubf.
                                          South.
     Those  who have examined it,  are thereby got
   past  doubf  in all the  doctrines  they profess.
                                          Locke.
  2. Question; point unsettled.
     Hippocrates commends  the flesh of Ae wild sow
   above  the tame; and no  doubf but the animal is
   more or less healthy, according to the air it lives  in.
                           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
                'Tis past a uoubt,
   All Bedlam or Parnassus is let out.         Pope. 
DOU
DOV
DOW
 3. Scruple; perplexity; irresolution.
               Our doubts are traitors,
   And make us lose, by fearing to attempt
   The good we oft might win.          Shakspeare.
 4. Uncertainty  of condition.
     And thy life shall hang in doubf before thee; and
   thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have no as-
   surance of thy life.                      Deuf.
                 I'm bound in
   To saucy doubts and fears.            Shakspeare.
 5. Suspicion; apprehension of ill.
     I desire to be  present  with you now, and  to
   change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
                                     Galatians.
 6. Difficulty objected.
     To every doubt your answer  is toe same,
   It so fell out, and so by chance it came.
                                    Blackmore.
 Do'ubter, dou'tur.98 to. s. [from  doubt]
    One who entertains  scruples;  one who
    hangs in uncertainty.
 Do'ubtful,  dout'fiil.   adj.  [doubt   and
   full.]
 1. Dubious; not settled in opinion.
     Methinks I  should know you,  and know this
         man;
   Yet 1 am doubtful.        Shakspeare's King Lear.
     Thus toey their doubtful consultations ended.
                                       Milton.
 2. Ambiguous;  not clear in its  meaning:
    as, a doubtful expression.
 3. That about which there is doubt;  that
    is not yet determined  or  decided;  ob-
    scure;  questionable;  uncertain.
     In handling the right of a war,  I am not willing
   to intermix matter doubtful with that which is out
   of doubt; for as in capital causes,  wherein but one
   man's life is in question, the evidence ought to be
   clear;  so much more in a judgment upon a war,
   which is capital to thousands.             Bacon.
    In doubtful cases, reason still determines for the
   safer side;  especially if the case be not only doubt-
  ful, but also highly concerning, and toe venture be
   a soul,  and an eternity.                  South.
    Themetes first, 'tis doubtful whether hir'd,
   Or so the Trojan destiny requir'd,
   Mov'd  that tbe ramparts might  be broken down.
                                      Dryden.
 4.  Hazardous; of uncertain event.
    We have sustain'd one day in doubtful fight,
   What heav'n's high Lord had powerfullest.
                                       Milton.
             New counsels to debate
   What doubtful may ensue.               Milton.
 5.  Not  secure; not without suspicion.
    Our manner is  always to cast a doubtful and a
  more suspicious eye towards that, over which we
  know we have least power.              Hooker.
 6.  Not  confident; not without fear.
    With doubtful feet, and wavering resolution,
  I come, still dreading thy displeasure, Samson.
                                      Milton.
              This was at first resolved
  If we were wise, against so  great a foe
  Contending, and so doubtful what might fall.
                                      Milton.
7.  Partaking different qualities.
                           Looks
  Downcast and damp, yet such wherein appear'd
  Some glimpse of joy, which on his count'nance cast
  Like doubtful hue.                     Milton.
Do'ubtfully,   dotit'ful-e.   adv.  [from
   doubtful.]
 1.  Dubiously;  irresolutely.
2. Ambiguously; with uncertainty of mean-
   ing.
    Knowing  how doubtfully all allegories may be
  construed, and this book of mine being a continual
  allegory, I have thought good to discover the gene-
                                      Spenser.
ral intention.
     Nor did the goddess doubtfully declare
   Her alter'd mind, and alienated care.     Diyden.
 Do'ubtfulness, doiit'ftil-nes.  to. s. [from
   doubtful.]
 1. Dubiousness;  suspense;  instability of
   opinion.
     Though doubf/ufness or uncertainty seems to be
   a medium between certain truth and certain false-
   hood in our minds, yet  there is no such medium in
   things themselves.                       Waffs.
 2. Ambiguity; uncertainty of meaning.
     In arguing, toe opponent uses "as comprehensive
   and equivocal terms as  he can, to involve his ad-
   versary in toe doubtfulness of his expressions: and
   therefore the answer, on his side, makes it his play
   to distinguish as much as he can.          Locke.
     Most of his philosophy is in broken sentences,
   delivered with much doubtfulness.          Baker.
 3. Hazard;  uncertainty of event or con-
   dition.
 Do'ubtingly,  doftt'ing-le.  adv.  [from
   doubt.] In  a doubting  manner; dubi-
   ously;  without confidence.
     Whatsoever  a man  imagineth doubfingfu,  or
   with fear, must needs do hurt,  if imagination have
   any power at all: for a man representeth toat oft-
   ener toat he feareth, than the contrary.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
 Do'ubtless, do&t'l£s.  adj.  [from  doubt.]
   Free from fear;  void of  apprehension of
   danger.
     Pretty child, sleep doubtless and secure,
   That Hubert, for the wealth of all the world,
   Will not offend thee.                    Shaksp.
             I am doubtless, I can purge
   Myself of many I am charg'd withal.     Shaksp.
 Do'ubtless, doftt'les. adv. Without doubt;
   without question; unquestionably.
    Doubtless he would have made a noble knight.
                                   Shakspeare.
    All toeir desires,  deserts, or  expectations  the
   Conqueror had no other means to satisfy, but by toe
   estates  of such as  had appeared open enemies to
   him, and doubtless many innocent persons suffered
   in this kind.                            Hale.
    Doubtless many men are finally lost, who yet
   have no men's sins to answer for but their own.
                                       South.
    Mountains have been doubtless much higher than
   they are at present: the rains have washed away
  the soil, toat has left toe  veins of stones shooting
  out of them.                       Woodward.
    Doubtless, oh guest! great laud and praise were
        mine,
  If,  after social rites and gifts bestow'd,
  I stain'd my hospitable hearth with blood.   Pope.
Douce't, du-set'.  to. s. [doucet, Fr.]  A
   custard. This word  I find only in Skin-
   ner, and in Ainsworth.
Do'ucker, duk'ur. n.  s. [colymbus; from
   To douck, corrupted from To duck.] A
   bird that dips in  the water.
    The colymbi, or douckers, or  loons, are admira-
  bly conformed for diving,  covered with thick plu-
  mage, and their feathers so slippery that water can-
  not moisten them.                        Ray.
DOVE,  dilv.163 to. s.  [palumbus;  duvo,
   old  Teutonick; taub, daub, Germ.]
I. A wild pigeon.
    So shews a snowy dove trooping wito crows,
  As yonder lady o'er her fellows  shows.    Shaksp.
    Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,
  Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove?
                                        Pope.
    Not half so swift the trembling doves can fly,
  When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky;
  Not half so swiftly the fierce eagle moves,
  When through the skies he drives toe trembling
        doves.                           Pope.
2. A pigeon.

                   4e2
     I have here a dish of doves, that I  will bestow
   upon your worship.                   Shakspeare.
 Do'vecot, duv'kot. to. s. [dove  and cot]
    A  small building in which  pigeons  are
    bred and kept.
     Like an eagle in  a dovecot, I
   Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioli;
   Alone I did it.                     Shakspeare.

 Do'vehouse, ddv'house. to. s. [dove and
    house] A house for pigeons.
     The hawk sets up for  protector,  and makes ha-
   vock in the dovehouse.              L'Estrange.
     But still the dovehouse obstinately  stood. Dryden.
 Do'vetail, diiv'tale. n. s. [dove and tail.]
    A form of joining two bodies together,
    where  that which  is  inserted has  the
    form of a wedge reversed,  and there-
    fore cannot fall out.
 Dough, do.318 n.  s. [bah, Saxon;  deegh,
    Dutch.]
 I.  The  paste of bread, or pies, yet unba-
    ked.
     When the gods moulded up the paste of man,
  Some of their dough was left upon toeir hands,
  For want of souls, and so they made  Egyptians.
                                      Dryden.
     You toat from pliant paste would fabricks raise,
  Expecting thence to gain immortal praise,
  Your knuckles try, and let your sinews know
  Their power to knead, and give the form to dough.
                                        King.
 2.  My cake is Dough. My affair has mis-
   carried;  my  undertaking   has  never
   come to maturity.
     My cake is dough, but I'll in among the rest,
  Out of hope of all, but my share of the feast.
                                   Shakspeare,
Doughba'ked, do-bakt'.  adj. [dough and
   baked.]   Unfinished; not hardened  to
   perfection; soft.
    For when, through  tasteless flat humility,
  In doughbak'd men some harmlessness we see,
  'Tis but his phlegm that's virtuous, and not he.
                                       Donne.
Do'ughty, dou'te.313  adj. [bohtij, Sax.
   deught,  virtue, Dut.]
   Brave;  noble; illustrious; eminent: used
   of men and things.
    Such restless passion did all night torment
  The flatt'ring courage of that  fairy knight,
    Devising how that doughty tournament
  With greatest honour he achieven might. F. Queen.
2. It is now seldom used but ironically, or
  in burlesque.
    If this doughty historian hath any honour or con-
  science left, he ought  to beg pardon.  Stillingfleet. ~
    She smil'd to see the doughty hero slain;
  But, at her smile, the beau reviv'd again.   Pope.
Do'ughy, do'e. adj.  [from dough.]  Un-
  sound; soft; unhardened.
    Your son was misled with a snipt taffata fellow
  there, whose villanous saffron would have made all
  the unbaked and doughy youth of a nation in his
  colour.                            Shakspeare.
To  DOUSE, douse.313  v. a.  [}u<rtii  but
  probably it is a cant word formed from
  the sound.]  To put overhead suddenly
  in the water.
To  Douse, douse, v. n.  To  fall suddenly
  into the water.
    It is no jesting, trivial matter,
  To swing i' to' air, or douse in water.   Hudibras,
Do'wager, dou'a-jilr.223 to. s. [douairiere

  Fr-J
I. A widow with a  jointure.
            She lingers my desires, 
♦   DOW
DOW
DOW
  Like to a stepdame or a dowager,
  Long wintering on a young man's revenue. Shaksp.
    Widows have a greater interest in property than
  either maius or wires; so that it is as unnatural for
  a dowager as a freeholder  to be an enemy to our
  constitution.                          Addison.
2. The  title given to ladies who  survive
   their husbands.
                 Catharine no more
  Shall be call'd  queen; but princess dowager,
  And widow to prince Arthur.         Shakspeare.
Dowdy, dou'de.22-1 to. s.  An awkward, ili-
   dressed, inelegant  woman.
    Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen wench; Di-
  do, a dowdy; Cleopatra, a gipsy; Helen and Hero,
  slidings and harlots.                 Shakspeare.
             The bedlam train of lovers use
  T' enhance the value, and the faults excuse;
  And therefore 'tis no wonder if we see
  They doat on dowdies and deformity.      Dryden.

 Do'wdy, dou'de.2a3 adj. Awkward.
    No housewifery the dowdy creature knew;
  To sum up all, her tongue  confess'd the shrew.
                                          Gay-
DO'WER, dou'dr.^
DO WERY, d6u'ur-e.
1
Fr.]
[douai
Southern.
   That wiiich the wife  brings to her hus-
  band in marriage.
    His wife brought in dotc'r Cilicia's crown,
  And in herself a greater dow'r alone.     Dryden.
    1 lis only daughter in a stranger's pow'r;
  For very want, he could not pay a dow'r.    Pope.
    Rich, though depri\ 'd of  all her little store,
  For who can seize fair virtue's better dow'r?
                                    Melmouth.
2. That which  the widow possesses.
    His patrimonial territories of Flanders were in
  dower to his mother-in-law.              Bacon.
3. Tne gifts of a  husband for a wife.
    Ask me never so much  dowery and gift,  and I
  will give according as you  shall say unto me;  but
  give me the damsel to wife.             Genesis.
4. Endowment; gift.
    What spreading virtue, what a sparkling fire,
  How great, how plentiful how rich a dow'r,
  Dost thou within this dying flesh inspire!   Davies.

Do'wered, dou/tird.3"9 adj. [from dower.]
   Portioned; supplied  with a portion.
    Will you, with those infirmities she owes,
   Unfriended, new adapted to our hate,
   Dower'd with our curse,  and stranger'd with our
         oath,
   Take her, or leave her?             Shakspeare.
Do'werless, doti'ur-les.  adj. [from dow-
   er] Wanting a fortune; unportioned.
    Thy dow'rless daughter, king, thrown to   my
         chance,
   Is queen of us, and ours, and our fair France.
                                    Shakspeare.
Do'wlas, dou'las.223 to. s.  A coarse  kind
   of  linen.
    Dowlas,  filthy dowlas; I have given them away
   to bakers' wives, and  they have made boulters of
   them.                             Shakspeare.
Down, do&n.333 to. *. [duun, Danish.]
1. Soft feathers.
          Virtue is the roughest way;
  But proves at night a bed of doion.       Wotton.
    Leave, leave, fair bride! your solitary bed,
  No more shall you return to it alone;
  It nurseth sadness: and your body's print,
  Like to a grave, the yielding down doth dint. Donne.
    We tumble  on our down, and  court the blessing
  Of a short minute's slumber.           Denham.
    A tender weakly constitution is very much owing
  to the use of down beds.                 Locke.
2. Any thing that soothes or mollifies.
    Thou bosom softness! down of  all my cares!
  I could recline my thoughts upon  this breast
  To a forgetfulness of all my griefs,
  And yet be happy.
   Soft wool, or tender hair.
            I love my husband still:
  But love him as he was when youthful grace,
  And the first down began to shade his face. Dryden.
        On thy chin the springing beard began
  To spread a doubtful down, and promise man.
                                        Prior.
4. The soft  fibres of plants which  wing
   the  seed.
    Any light thing that moveth, when  we find no
  wind, sheweth a wind at hand; as when feathers, or
  down of thistles, fly to and fro  in the air.  Bacon.
    Like scatter'd down, by howling Eurus blown
  By rapid whirlwinds from his mansion thrown.
                                       Sandys.
 DOWN, doun. to. s.  [bun, Saxon;  dune,
   Erse, a hill] A large open plain; pro-
   perly a flat on the top of a hill.
    On the downs we see, near Wilton fair,
  A hasten'd hare  from greedy greyhound go. Sidney.
    Lord of much riches which  the use renowns;
  Seven thousand broad-tail'd  sheep  graz'd ou his
         doicns.                         Sandys.
                 Not all the fleecy wealth
  That doth enrich those downs is worth a thought,
  To this my errand, and toe care it brought. Milton.
    Hills  afford pleasant  prospects;  as  they  must
  needs acknowledge who have been on the doions of
  Sussex.                                  Ray.
    How Will-a-wisp misleads night-fairing clowns
  O'er hills, and sinking bogs, and pathless downs.
                                          Gay.
    To compass this, his building is a town,
  His pond an ocean, his parterre a down.    Pope.
 Down,  doiiii. prep, [abuna, Sax.]
 I.  Along a descent; from a higher  place
   to a lower.
    Let  go thy hold when a great wheel runs down
   hill, lest it break thy neck with following it; but the
   great one toat goes upward, let him  draw after.
                                    S/tafcspeare.
     A man falling down a precipice, though in mo-
   tion, is not at liberty, because he cannot stop that
   motion if he would.                      Locke.
 2. Toward the mouth of  a river.
     Mahomet put his chief substance into certain
   boats,  to be conveyed down the river, as purposing
   to fly.                                Knolles.
 Down, doin.  adv. Not up.
  I. On  the ground; from  the height  at
    which any  thing was  to a lower situa-
    tion.
     Whom they hit, none on their feet might stand,
   Though standing else as rocks; but down they fell
   By thousands.                          Milton.
     Down sinks the giant with a thund'ring sound,
   His pond'rous limbs oppress the trembling ground.
                                       Dryden.
 2. Tending toward the ground.
 3. From former to latter  times: as, this
    has  been  the  practice down  from the
    conquest.
 4. Out of sight; below the horizon.
                How goes the night, boy?
   —The moon is down; I have  not heard the clock,
   And she goes down at twelve.         Shakspeare.
 5. To a total subjection:  used of men and
    things.
     What remains of the subject, after the decoc-
   tion, is continued to be boiled down, wito the addi-
   tion of fresh water, to a sapid fat.     Arbuthnot.
 6. Into disgrace; into declining reputation.
     He shar'd our dividend o' th' crown,
   We had so painfully preach'd down;
   And forc'd us, toough against the grain,
   T' have calls to preach  it up  again.     Hudibras.
     It has been still preached up, but acted down;
   and dealt with as the eagle in the fable did with the
  oyster, carrying it up on high, that, by letting it fall,
  he might dash it in pieces.                South.
    There is not a more melancholy object m  the
  learned world, than a man who has written himself
  down.                               Addison.
7. [answering to up.] Here and there.
    Let them  wander up and down for meat,  and
  grudge if they be not satisfied.           Psalms,
Down, doun. interj.
I. An exhortation to destruction or demo-
   lition.
    Go, some pull down toe savoy; others to the inns
  of courts: down wito them all.        Shakspeare.
    If there be ten, shrink not, but down with them.
                                    Shakspeare.
    But now they cry, doicn with the palace, fire it
  Pull out to'  usurping queen.             Dryden.
2. A contemptuous threat.
    Down, down to hell, and say I sent thee thither.
                                    Shakspeare.
Down, doun. [To goJ]  To be digested; to
   be received.
    If he be  hungry more than wanton, bread alone
  will down; and if he be not hungry, 'tis not fit he
  should eat.                             Locke.
    I know not how absurd this may seem to the mas-
  ters  of demonstration; and probably it will hardly
  down with any body, at first hearing.      Locke.
 To Down, doun.  v. a. [from the particle.]
   To knock; to  subdue;  to suppress;  to
   conquer.
    The hidden beauties seemed in wait to lie,
  To  down proud hearts that would not willing die.
                                        Sidney.
Do'wncast, ddun'kast.  adj.  [down and
   cast.]   Bent   down;  directed  to  the
   ground.
    Wanton  languishing  borrowed  of her eyes  the
   downcast look of modesty.                Sidney.
    My wiiy nurse by long experience found,
   And first discover'd to my soul its wound;
   'Tis love, said she; and then my downcast eyes,
   And  guilty  dumbness, witness'd my surprize.
                                        Dryden.
     Thy downcast looks, and thy disorder'd thoughts,
   Tell me my fate: I ask not toe success
   My cause has found.                   Addison.
 Do'wnfal, doun'fall.406 «.  s.  [down  and
   fall.]
 L Ruin; calamity; fall from  rank or stale.
     Why dost thou say king Richard is depos'd?
   Dar'st thou, thou little better thing than earth,
   Divine his  downfal?                 Shakspeare.
     We have seen some, by the ways by which they
   had designed to rise uncontrollably, to have directly
   procured their utter doivnfal.              South.
 2. A sudden fall, or body of things falling.
     Each downfal of a flood the mountains pour
   From toeir rich bowels, rolls a silver stream.
                                        Dryden,
 3. Destruction of fabricks.
     Not more aghast the matrons of renown,
   When tyrant Nero burn'd th' imperial town,
   Shriek'd for the downfal in a doleful  cry,
   For which their guiltless lords were doom'd to die.
                                        Diyden.
 Do'wnfallen,  dotin'faln. participial adj.
    [down andy*a//.j Ruined; fallen.
     The land is now divorced by the downfallen steep
   cliffs on the farther side.                 Careic

 Do'wngyred, doun'ji-red. adj. [down and
    gyre.]  Let  down  in circular wrinkles.
     Lord Hamlet, with his stockings loo6e,
   Ungarter'd, and downgyred to his ancles.  Shaksp.

  Do'wnhill,  doun'hii.  n. s.  [down  and
    hill.]  Declivity; descent.
      Heavy the third, and stiff, he sinks apace;
    And though 'tis downhill all,  but creeps along the
          race.                           Dryden. 
DOW
DO  Z
DRA
Do'wnhill, doun'hil. adj. Declivous; de-
   scending.
    And the first steps a downhill greensward yields.
                                     Congrece.
Do'wNLOOKEn,  doun'166kt.  adj.  [down
   and look.] Having a  dejected counte-
   nance; gloomy;  sullen;  melancholy.
    Jealousy, suffus'd with jaundice in her eyes,
  Discolouring all she view'd, in tawney dress'd;
  Downlook'd, and with a cuckoo on her  fist. Dryden.

Downly'ing, doun-li'ing. adj. [down and
   lie.] About to be in travail of childbirth.
Downri'ght, doun-rite'. adv. [down and
   right]
I. Straight or right down; down  perpendi-
   cularly.
                 A giant's slain in fight,
   Or mow'd o'erthwart, or cleft downright. Hudibras.
3. In plain terms:  without ceremony.
              Elves, away!
  We shall chide downright if I longer stay. Shaksp.
3. Completely;  witliout stopping short.
    This paper put Mrs. Bull in such a passion, that
   she fell downrigftf into a fit.           Arbuthnot.
Downri'ght, doun'rite. adj.
1. Plain; open;  apparent;  undisguised.
    An admonition from a dead author, or a caveat
   from an impartial pen, will  prevail  more than a
   doivnright advice, which may be mistaken as spo-
   ken magisterially.                      Bacon.
    It is downright madness to strike where we have
   no power to hurt.                  L'Estrange.
    The merchant's wife, who abounds  in plenty,  is
   not to have downright money: but the mercenary
   part of her mind is engaged with a present of plate.
                                     Spectator.
2. Directly tending to the point;  plain; art-
   less.
    I would rather have a plain downright wisdom,
   than a foolish and affected eloquence.  Ben Jonson.
3. Unceremonious; honestly surly.
    When it came to the count to speak, old Fact so
   stared him in the face, after his plain downright
   way, that the count was struck dumb.    Addison
4. Plain; without palliation.
    The idolatry was direct and downright in the peo
   pie, whose credulity is illimitable.        Brown
    Religion seems not in  danger from  downright
   atheism, since rational men  must  reject that for
   want of proof.                        Rogers.
Do'wnsitting, doun-sit'ting. to. a. [ddwn
   and sit] Rest; repose; the act of sitting
   down, or going to rest.
    Thou knowest my dowwsiffing and mine uprising;
   thou understandest my thoughts afar off.   Psalms

Do'wnward, ddun'wilrd.88)   ,   r-
Do'wnwards, doun'wurdz. 5 ° V' L  Une"
   peajib, Sax.]
1. Toward the  centres
    As you lift up the glasses,  toe drop will ascend
  slower and slower, and at length rest, being carried
   downward by its  weight, as much as upward by the
   attraction.                           Newton,
3. From a higher situation  to  a  lower.
    Look downward on that globe, whose hither side,
   With light from hence, shines.          Milton.
    Hills are ornamental to toe earth, affording plea-
   sant prospects to them toat look downwards from
   them upon the subjacent countries           Ray.
    What would this man? Now upward  will he soar,
   And, little less than angel, would be more:
  Now, looking downward, just as griev'd appears
  To want the strength of bulls, the fur of bears.
                                        Pope.
3. In a course of successive or lineal de-
   scent.
        A ring toe count does wear,
  That downward hath succeeded in his house,
  From son to son, some four or five descents. Shaksp.

Do'wNWARn, doun'wurd. adj.
1. Moving on a declivity; tending toward
   the centre; tending to the ground.
             With downivard force,
  That drove the sand along, he took his way,
  And roll'd his yellow billows to the sea.   Dryden.
2. Declivous;  bending.
    When Aurora leaves our northern sphere,
  She lights the downward heaven, and rises there.
                                      Dryden.
3. Depressed;  dejected.
    At the lowest  of my downward thoughts, I pulled
  up my heart to remember, that nothing is achieved
  before it be thoroughly attempted, and toat lying
  still doth never go forward.              Sidney.
Do'wny, dou'ne. adj.  [from down]
1. Covered with down or nap.
             By his gates of breath
  There lies a downy feather, which stirs not:
  Did he suspire, that light and weightless down
  Perforce must move.                Shakspeare.
    There be plants that have prickles, yet have
  downy or velvet rind upon their leaves, as stock-
  gillyflowers and  coltsfoot; which down or nap con-
  sisteth of a subtile spirit, in a soft substance.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
             In her hand she held
  A bough of fairest fruit, that downy smil'd,
  New gather'd and ambrosial smell diffus'd. Milton.
2. Made of down or soft feathers.
    A side breeze from westward waits their sails to
        fill,
  And rests in those high beds his downy wings.
                                      Dryden.
    Belinda still her downy pillow prest,
  Her guardian sylph prolong'd the balmy rest.  Pope.
3. Soft; tender; soothing.
    Banquo! Donalbain! Malcolm! awake!
  Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit,
  And look on death itself.             Shakspeare.
    The night's companion kindly cheating them
  Of all their  cares,  tam'd the rebellious eye
  Of sorrow with a soft and downy hand,
  Sealing all breasts in a lethean band.     Crashaw.
Do'wre, dour.323 7  to.  s. [douaire,  Fr.   It
Do'wry, dou're.  3  ought  to   be  written
   dower.]
I. A  portion  given  with  a  wife.   See
   Dower.
    I could marry this wench for this dowre.  Sidney.
    And ask no other dowre but such another jest.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The king must die, that I may make you great,
  And give a crown in dowry with my love.   Dryden.
    Tethys all her waves in down/ gives.    Dryden.
2. A reward paid for  a wife.
                Thine own hand
  An hundred  of the faithless foe shall slay,
  And for a dowre a hundred foreskins pay.   Cowley.
3. A gift; a fortune given.
Doxo'logy, dok-s6l'6-je.618 to. s. [e%|; * and
   Ao'y©-'.]   A  form  of  giving  glory  to
   God.
    David breaks forth into these triumphant praises
  and doxologies, Blessed be the Lord God of Israel,
  who has kept me this day  from shedding blood, and
  from avenging myself with my own hand.   South.
    Little did Athanasius imagine, that ever it would
  have been received in the christian church, to con-
  clude their books with a doxology to God and the
  blessed virgin.                     Stillingfleet.
Do'xy,  dok'se.  to.  s.  A  whore;  a  loose
   wench.
    When daffodils begin to pure,
  With heigh! the doxy over the dale.       Shaksp.
To DOZE, doze.  v. n.  [bpsef, Saxon;
   daes, Dutch.]
 1.  To slumber; to sleep lightly.
    There was no sleeping under his roof; if he hap
  pened to doze a little, toe jolly cobler waked him.
                                   L' Estrange.
 2.  To live in a state of  drowsiness; to be
   half asleep.
    It has happened to young men of the greatest wit,
  to waste their spirits wito anxiety and pain,  so far,
  as to doze upon toeir work with too much eagerness
  of doing well.                         Dryden.
    How to the banks, where bards departed doze,
  They led him soft.                       Pope.
    Chiefless armies doz'd out  the campaign,
  And navies yawn'd for orders on the main.    Pope.
 To DOZE, doze. v. a. To stupiiy; to  dull.
    He was now much decayed in his parts, and with
  immoderate drinking dozed in his understanding.
                                    Clarendon.
            Two satyrs, on the grotmd
  Stretch'd at his ease, their sire Silenus found
  Doz'd wito his fumes, and heavy with his load.
                                      Dryden.
Do'zen, d&z'zn.103  to. a.  [douzaine,  Fr.]
   The number  of twelve.   It is seldom
   used but on light occasions.
    We cannot lodge and board a dozen or fourteen
  gentlewomen, but we keep a bawdy house straight.
                                   Shakspeare.
    That the Indian figs bear such huge leaves, or
  delicate fruit, I could never find; yet I have travel-
  led a dozen miles together under them.   Raleigh.
    By putting twelve units together, we have the
  complex idea of a dozen.                Locke.
    The number of dissenters was something under a
  dozen with  them.                       Swift.
Do'ziness, do'ze-n£s.  to.  a.  [from dozy.]
   Sleepiness; drowsiness.  Little used.
    A man, by a violent fit of the gout in his limbs,
  finds a doziness in his head, or a want of appetite.
                                       Locke.
Do'zy,  do'ze.  adj.  [from doze.]  Sleepy;
   drowsy;  sluggish.
    The  yawning youth,  scarce half  awake, essays
  His lazy limbs and dozy head to raise.    Dryden.
 Drab, drab. n. a.  [briabbe, Saxon, lees.]
   A  whore; a  strumpet.
    That I, the son of a dear father murder'd,
  Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words,
  And fall a cursing like a very drab!      Shaksp.
    If your worship will take order for the drabs and
  the knaves, you need not fear the bawds.  Shaksp.
                    Babe,
  Ditch-deliver'd by a drab.            Shakspeare.
    Curs'd be the wretch so venal, and so vain,
  Paltry and proud as drabs in Drury-lane.      Pope.
Drachm, dram. to. *. [drachma, Latin.]
 I. An old Roman  coin.
    See here these movers, that do prize their honour
  At a crack'd drachm.               Shakspeare.
2. The eighth  part of an ounce.
DRAC U'JYCULUS, dra-kun'ku-l&s.  to. a.
   [Latin.]   A worm bred  in the hot coun-
   tries, which grows to many yards length
   between the  skin and flesh.
Drad, drad. adj. [for  dread, or the part.
   passive of To dread.]  Terrible; formi-
   dable; dreaded.
    Th' utmost sand-beach they shortly fetch,
  Whilst the  drad danger does behind remain.
                                  Fairy Queen.
DRAFF, draf.  to.  *. [bjioj;, dirty, Saxon;
   draf, Dutch, the sediment of ale.]
 I. Refuse; lees;  dregs: properly  some-
   thing fluid.
    You would think I had a hundred and fifty tatter-
  ed prodigals, lately come from  swineketping, from
  eating draff and husks.              Shakspeare.
    'Twcre simple fury, still thyself to waste
      On such as have no taste; 
DR A
DR A
D R A
    To offer them a surfeit of pure bread
      Whose appetite is dead!
    No, give them grains toeir fill;
    Husks, draff, to drink and swill.    Ben Jonson.
      I call'd and drew toem thither,
  My hell-hounds to lick up the draff and filth,
  Which man's polluting sin with taint had shed
  On what was pure.                     Milton.
    Here rather let me drudge, and earn  my bread,
  Till vermin, or the draff of servile food,
  Consume me.                          Milton.
2.  Refuse; sweepings. Perhaps improper.
    Younger brothers but the draff of nature. Dryd.
Dra'ffy,draf'fe. adj.[fromdraff]  Worth-
   less; dreggy.
Draft, draft, adj.  [corrupt  for draught.]
   Employed  to  draw.
    Ulysses and old Nestor yoke you like draft oxen,
  and make you plough up the wair.         Shaksp.
To DRAG, drag. v. a. [briajan,  Saxon.]
I.  To  pull  along the ground by  main
   force;  to draw heavily along.
    Such his aspect, when, soil'd with bloody dust,
  Dragg'd by the cords which through his feet were
        thrust.                        Denham.
    While  I have any ability to hold a  commerce
  with you, I will never be silent; and this chancing
  to be a day toat I can hold a pen, I will  drag it as
  long as I am able.                       Swift.
2.  To draw  any thing burdensome, any
   thing from which one cannot disengage
   one's self.
    'Tis long since I, for my celestial wife,
  Loath'd by the gods, have dragg'd a ling'ring life.
                                      Dryden.
           Can I, who lov'd so well,
  To part with all my bliss to save my lover,
    Oh! can I drag a wretched  life  without him?
                                       Smith.
3. To  draw  contemptuously  along, as a
   thing unworthy to be carried.
    He triumphs in St. Austin's opinion;  and is not
  only content to drag- me at his  chariot-wheels, but
  he makes a shew of me.             Stillingfleet.
4.  To pull about  with violence and igno-
   miny.
             They shall surprise
  The serpent, prince of air, and drag- in chains
  Through  all his realm, and there confounded leave.
                                       Milton.
    The constable  was no sooner espied but he was
  reproached with disdainful words, beaten and drag-
  ged, in so barbarous a manner, that he hardly escaped
  wito his  life.                      Clarendon.
5.  To pull roughly and forcibly.
             To fall, that's justice;
  But then,1o drag him after!  For to die,
  And yet  in death to conquer, is my wish.   Dryden.
    In my fatal cause your sword was drawn;
  The weight of my misfortunes  dragg'd  you down.
                                      Dryden.
To Drag, drag. v. to.  To hang so low  as
   to trail or grate  upon the ground.
    From  hence are heard the groans of ghosts, toe
           pains
  Of sounding lashes, and of dragging chains.  Dryd.
    A door is said to drag, when,  by  its ill hanging
  on its hinges, the  bottom edge of toe door rides in
  its sweep  upon the floor.                 Moxon.

Drag, drag. to. a.  [from the verb.]
1. A net  drawn  along the  bottom  of the
*  water.
    Casting nets were spread in shallow brooks,
  Drags in  the deep, and baits were hung on hooks.
                                      Dryden.
    The creatures are but instruments in God's hand:
  the returning our acknowledgments to  them is just
  the *• -;oe : bsurdity with theirs who burnt  incense
  to the drag; and sacrificed to the net.       Rogers.
2. An instrument with hooks to catch hold
   of things under water.
    You may in the morning find it near to some fix-
  ed place, and then take it up with a drag hook ov
  otherwise.                            Walton.
3. A kind of  car drawn by the hand.
    The drag- is made somewhat like  a low car: it is
  used for  the carriage of timber, and then is drawn
  by the handle by two or more men.       Moxon,
To  Dra'ggle,  drag'gl.405  v.  a.  [from
   drag.]  To  make dirty by dragging on
   the ground.
    You'll see a draggled damsel, here and there,
  From Billingsgate her fishy traffick bear.    Gay.
    He wore the same gown five years without dragg-
  ling or tearing.                        Swift.
To Dra'ggle, drag'gl. v. to.  To grow
   dirty by being drawn along  the  ground.
    His djraggling tail hung in the dirt,
  Which on his rider he would flirt.       Hudibras.
Dra'gnet, drag'net. to. a.  [drag and net.]
   A net  which is drawn along the bottom
   of the water.
    Dragnets were made to fish within the deep,
  And castingnets did rivers bottoms sweep.   May.
    Some fishermen, that had been out with a drag-
  net, and  caught nothing, had a draught towards the
  evening,  which put them in hope of a sturgeon at
  least.                             L'Estrange.
    One of our late great poets is sunk in his reputa-
  tion, because  he could never  forgive  any conceit
  which came in his way, but swept,  like a dragnet,
  great and small.                       Dryden.
    Whatsoever old Time, with his huge dragnet,
  has conveyed down to us along the stream of ages,
  whether it be shells or shell-fish, jewels or pebbles,
  sticks or  straws, seaweeds or mud, these are the an-
  cients, these are the fathers.              Watts.
DRA'GON, drag'un.168 to. .s. [draco, Lat.
   dragon, Fr.]
I. A kind of winged serpent, perhaps ima-
   ginary, much  celebrated in  the roman-
   ces of the middle ages.
                I go alone,
  Like to a lonely dragon, that his fen
  Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen. Shaksp.
    Swift,  swift, you dragons ofthe night! that dawn-
        ing
  May bear the raven's eye.            Shakspeare.
    And you, ye dragons! of the scaly race,
  Whom glittering gold and shining armours grace;
  In other nations harmless are you found
  Their guardian genii and protectors own'd.  Rowe.
    On spiry volumes there a dragon rides;
  Here, from our strict embrace, a stream he glides.
                                       Pope.
2. A fierce violent man or woman.
3. A constellation  near the north pole.
Dra'gon,  drag'un.   to.  a. [dracunculua,
   Lat.]   A plant.
Dra'gonet, drag'iin-et. to. a.  [from dra-
   gon]  A little dragon.
    Or in his womb might lurk some hidden nest
  Of many dragonets, his fruitful seed.   F. Queen.
DRA'GONFLY,drag'dn-fll. to. s. [dragon and
  fly: libella] A fierce stinging fly.
    The body of the cantharides is bright  coloured;
  and it maybe, that the delicate coloureddragonflies
  may have likewise some corrosive quality.  Bacon.
Dra'gonish, drag'un-Ish.  adj. [from dra-
   gon.]  Having  the form  of a  dragon;
   dragonlike.  An arbitrary word.
    Sometimes we see a cloud that's dragonish,
  A vapour sometimes like a bear or lion. Sliakspcare.
Dra'gonlike, drag'un-Iike. adj. [dragon
   and like.] Furious; fiery.
    He fights dragonlike, and does achieve
  As soon as draw his sword.           Shakspeare.
Dra'gonsblood, drag'Anz-blud. to.*, [dra-
   gon and blood.]  So called  from a talse
   opinion of ihe dragon's combat with the
   elephant.
    Dragonsblood is a resin, so named as to seem "to
  have been imagined an animal production.   HiU.
    Take dragonsblood, beat it in a mortar, and put
  it in a cloth with aqua  vitce, and  strain toem to-
  gether.                             Peacham.
DRA'GONSHEAn, drag'ilnz-hed. to. *. A
   plant.
Dra'gontree, drag'un-tree. «. a.  A  spe-
   cies  of palm.
DRAGO'ON, dra-goon'. to. s. [from  drh-
   gen, German, to carry.]  A kind of sol-
   dier that serves  indifferently either on
   foot or horseback.
    Two regiments of dragoons suffered much in the
  late action.                            Tatfer.
To Drago'on, dra-g66n'. v. a. [from the
   noun.]  To persecute  by  abandoning a
   place to the  rage of soldiers.
    In politicks I hear you're stanch,
  Directly bent against  the French;
  Deny to have your free-born  toe
  Dragoon'd into a wooden shoe.            Prior,
To DRAIN, drane. v. a. [trainer, Fr.]
I. To draw off gradually.
    Salt water, drained through  twenty  vessels of
  earth,  hath become fresh.                Bacon.
    The fountains  drain the water from  toe ground
  adjacent, and leave but sufficient moisture to breed
  moss.                                 Bacon.
    In times of dearth  it drained  much coin of the
  kingdom, to furnish us with corn from foreign parts.
                                       Bacon.
    Whilst a foreign war devoured our strength, and
  drained our treasures, luxury and expences increas-
  ed at home.                         Atterbury.
    The last  emperor  drained the  wealth of  those
  countries into his own  coffers, without increasing his
  troops  against France.                   Swift.
2. To empty, by drawing gradually away
   what it contains.
    Sinking waters, the  firm land to drain,
  Fill'd the capacious deep, and form'd the main.
                                  Roscommon.
    The royal babes a tawny wolf shall drain. Dryd.
    While cruel Nero only drains
  The mortal Spaniard's ebbing veins,
  By study worn, and slack with age,
  How dull, how thoughtless is  his rage!     Prior.
    Had the world lasted from all  eternity,  these
  comets must have been drained of all their fluids.
                                      Cheyne.
3. To make quite dry.
    When wine is to be bottled, wash your bottles,
  but do not drain  them.                  Swift.
Drain, drane. to. *. [from the verb.] The
   channel through which liquids are gra-
   dually drawn; a watercourse; a sink.
    If your drains be deep, that you fear cattle fall-
  ing into them, cover them.            Mortimer.
    Why should I tell of ponds and drains,
  What carps we met with for our pains?     Swift.
Drake,  drake, to. a. [of  uncertain  ety-
   mology.]
I. The male of the duck.
    The duck should hide her eggs  from the drake,
  who will suck them if  he finds them.   Mortimer.
2. [from  draco, dragon,  Lat.]  A sma
   piece of artillery.
    Two or three shots, made at them by a couple of
  drakes, made them stagger.           Clarendon.
DRAM, dram.  to.  *.  [frorn   drachm;
   drachma, Lat.]
I. In weight the eighth part of an ounce
    The trial  being made  betwixt lead  and  lead, 
DRA
DRA
DRA
   weighing severally seven drams in the air, the ba-
   lance in tbe water weigheth  only four drams and
   forty-one grains, and abateth of the weight in toe
   air two drams and nineteen grains: the balance kept
   the same depth in the water.             Bacon.
 2. A small quantity, in a kind of proverbi-
    al sense.
                One loving hour
   For many years of sorrow can dispense;
   A dram of sweet is worth a pound of sour.
                                   Fairy Queen.
      No dram of judgment with thy force is joiu'd;
   Thy  body is of profit, and my mind.      Diyden.
 3. Such a quantity of distilled spirits as is
    usually  drank at  once.
      1 could do this, and  that with no rash potion,
   But with a ling'ring dram, that should not work
   Maliciously like poison.              Shakspeare
      Every dram of brandy, every pot of ale that you
   drink, raiseth your character.              Swift.
 4. Spirit; distilled liquor.
      A  second see, by meeker manners known,
   And  modest as the maid that sips alone;
   From the strong fate of drams if thou get free,
   Another Durfy, Ward! shall sing in thee.   Pope.
 To Dram, dram. v.  to. [from  the noun.]
    In  low  language, to  drink  drams; to
    drink distilled spirits.
 DRA'MA,  dra'ma, or  dram'ma.  to. s.
    [fyctficc]  A poem accommodated to ac-
    tion;  a poem in which the action is  not
    related, but represented;  and  in  which
    therefore such rules are to be observed
    as make the representation probable.
     Many rules of imitating nature Aristotle drew
   from  Homer, which he fitted to the drama; furnish-
   ing himself also with observations from the thea-
   tre, when it flourished under  ^Eschylus, Euripides,
   and Sophocles.                        Dryden.
 Drama'tical, dra-mat'e-kal. }  adj. [from
 Drama'tick, dra-mat'ik.609   5    drama]
   Represented by action; not narrative.
     I hope to make it appear, toat, in the great dra-
   matick poem of nature, is a  necessity  of introdu-
   cing a God.                          Bentley.
 Drama'tically,   dra-mat'e-kal-e.  adv.
   [from dramatick.] Representatively; by
   representation.
     Ignorance and errours are severally reprehended,
   partly dramatically, partly simply.        Dryden.
 Dra'matist,  dram'a-tist."03  «.  s.  [from
   drama.]  The author of dramatick com-
   positions.
     The whole theatre resounds with the praises of
   the great dramatist, and toe wonderful art and order
   of the composition.                     Burnet.
Drank,  drank. The preterit of drink.
 To DRAPE, drape, v. to. [drap, Fr. dra-
   pus, low  Lat.]
 1. To make cloth.
    It was rare to set prices by statute; and this  act
  did not prescribe prices, but stinted them not to ex-
  ceed a rate, that the clothier might drape according-
  ly as he  might afford.                   Bacon.
2. To jeer, or salirize. [drapper, Fr.] It is
   used in this sense by the innovator Tem-
   ple,  whom nobody has imitated.
Dra'per, cira'pur.as to. s. [from  drape.]
   One who sells cloth.
    If a piece of cloth in a draper's shop be variously
  folded, it will appear of differing colours.   Boyle-
    The draper and mercer may measure her. Howel.
DRA'pERY,dra'piir-e. to  s. [drapperie, Fr.]
I.  Clothwork; the  trade of making cloth;
   woollen manufacture.
    He made statutes for the maintenance of drapery,
 and the keeping of wools within toe realm. Bacon.
     The reverend clergy should set us an example,
   by contenting toemselves with wealing gowns, and
   other habiliments,  of Irish drapery.        Swift.
  2.  Cloth;  stuffs of wool.
     The bulls and frogs  had served the lord Strutt
   with drapery ware for many years.     Arbuthnot.
  3. The dress of a picture or statue.
     Poets are allowed the same liberty  in their de-
   scriptions and comparisons, as painters in toeir dra-
   peries and ornaments.                    Prior.

 Dra'pet,  dra'put.  to.  s.  [from  drape.]
    Cloth; coverlet. Not in use.
     Thence she them brought into a stately hall,
   Wherein were many tables fair dispred,
     And ready dight  with drapets feastival,
   Against the viands  should be ministred.  F.  Queen.

 Dra'stick,  dras'fik.   adj.  [fyas-tK<&:]
   Powerful; vigorous; efficacious.
     It is used of a medicine toat works wito speed;
   as jalap, seammony, and the stronger purges.
                                       Quincy.
 Drave,  drave.  The  preterit  of  drive.
   Drove is more  used.
     He drave them beyond Amon's  flood,
   And  their  sad bounds mark'd deep in their own
         blood.                         Cowley.
     The foe rush'd furious as he pants for breath,
   And through his  navel drave the pointed death.
                                         Pope.
 Draugh, draf.331 to. s.  [corruptly written
   for draff.] Refuse; swill.  Si_e Draff.
     We do not act, that often jest and laugh:
   'Tis old, but true, still swine eat  all the draugh.
                                       Shaksp.
 Draught,  draft.215 393 to.*,  [from draw]
 I. The act of drinking.
     They slung up one of  toeir hogsheads, and  I
   drank it off at a draught; which I might well  do,
   for it did not hold half a pint.       Gul.Travcls.
 I. A quantity of  liquor drank at once.
     He had  once continued about nine days without
   drink; and he might have continued longer, if by
   distempering himself one night with hard  study,
   he had not had some inclination  to take a small
   draught.                               Boyle.
    Fill high  the goblets  with the  sparkling flood,
   And with deep draughts invoke our common god.
                                      Dryden.
    Long draughts of sleep his monstrous limbs en-
        slave;
   He reels, and falling fills the spacious cave. Dryden.
    I have cured some very desperate coughs by a
   draught  every morning of spring water, with  a
   handful of sage boiled in it.             Temple.
    Eveiy draught, to him who has quenched his
   thirst, is but a  further  quenching of nature; a
  provision for rheum and diseases.          South.
  . Liquor drank for pleasure.
    Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
   I would not taste thy treasonous offer.      Milton.
            Number'd ills, toat lie unseen
  In the pernicious draught: the word obscene,
  Or harsh, which, once elane'd, must ever fly
  Irrevocable;  the too  prompt reply.          Prior.
    Delicious wines to' attending herald brought;
  The gold gave lustre to the purple  draught.   Pope.
4. The act  of  drawing  or  pulling  car-
   riages.
   A general  custom  of using oxen for all sorts of
  draught, would be perhaps  the  greatest improve-
  ment.                                Temple.
    The  most occasion that  farmers have,  is for
  draught horses.                      Mortimer.
   Tne quality of  being drawn.
    The Hertfordshire wheel-plough is the best and
  strongest for most  uses, and of the easiest draught.
                                    Mortimer.
6. Representation by picture.
    Her pencil drew whate'er her soul design'd,
  And oft the happy draught surpass'd the image in
   her mind.                          Diyden.
  7.  Delineation; sketch; outline.
     A good inclination is  but the first rude draught
   of virtue; but the finishing strokes are from  the
   will.                                   SoufA.
     I have, in a short draught, given a view of  our
   original ideas, from whence  all  the rest are  de-
   rived.                                  Locke.
  8.  A picture drawn.
     Whereas in  other creatures we  have but  the
   trace of his footsteps, in man  we have the draught
   of his hand:  in him were united all the scattered
   perfections of the creature.                South.
  9.  The act of  sweeping with a net.
     Upon the draught of a pond, not one  fish was
   left, but two pikes grown-to an excessive bigness.
                                          Hale.
  10. The quantity  of fishes taken by  once
   drawing the  net.
     He laid down his pipe,  and  cast his net,  which
   brought him a very great draught.     L'Estrange.
  11. The act of shooting with the bow.
     Geffrey of Boullion, at  one draught of his bow,
   shooting  against  David's  tower  in  Jerusalem,
   broached three feetless birds called allerions.
                                       Camden.
 12. Diversion in war;  the  act of  disturb-
   ing the main design; perhaps sudden
   attack.
     I conceive the  manner of your handling of the
   service, by drawing sudden draughts upon the ene-
   my,  when he looketh not for you.        Spenser.

 13.  Forces  drawn  off  from   the   main
   army;  a detachment.
     Such a draught of  forces would lessen the  num-
   ber of  those that might otherwise be employed.
                                      Addison.
 14.  A sink; a drain.
     Whatsoever entereth in at the mouth goeth into
   the belly, and is cast  out into the draught.
                                      Matthew.
 15.  The depth which a vessel  draws, or
   sinks into the water.
     With roomy decks, her guns  of mighty strength,
   Deep in her draught, and warlike in her length.
                                       Diyden.
     With a  small vessel one might keep within  a
   mile of the shore, go amongst rocks, and pass over
   shoals, where a vessel of any draught would strike.
                                 Ellis's Voyage,
 16.  [In the plural, draughts.]   A kind of
   play resembling chess.
Dra'ucjhthouse,     draft'house.     to. s.
   [draught and house.] A house in which
   filth is deposited.
     And they brake down the  image  of Baal, and
  brake down the  house  of Baal, and made it  a
  draughthouse.                         2 Kings.
To DRAW, draw. v. a.  pret. drew; part.
   pass,  drawn,  [bnagan, Saxon.]
I. To pull along;  not to carry.
    Then shall all Israel bring ropes to that city, and
  we will draw it into the river.         2 Samuel.
2. To pull forcibly; to pluck.
    He could not drain  toe dagger out of his belly.
                                       Judges.
    The arrow is now drawn to toe head. Atterbury.
   To bring by violence; to drag.
    Do not rich men oppress  you, and draw you be-
  fore toe judgment-seats?                 James.
4. To raise out  of  a deep place.
    They drew up Jeremiah ivith cords, and took him
  up out of toe dungeon.               Jeremiah,
    Draw toe water for the siege.           Nath.
5. To suck.
    He hath drawn thee dry.               Ecclus.
    There was no war, no dearth, no stop of trade
  or  commerce; it was  only  the  crown  which had
  sucked too hard, and now being  full, upon the head
  of  a young king, was  like to drato less.    .Bacon. 
DRA
DRA
DRA
    Sucking  and drawing the breast dischargeth the
  milk as fast as it can be generated.      IViseman.
6. To attract; to call toward itself.
    We see that salt, laid to a cut finger, healeth it;
  so as it  seemeth  salt draweth blood, as well as
  blood draweth salt.                      Bacon.
    Majesty in an eclipse, like the sun, draws eyes
  that would  not have looked towards it if it had
  shined out.                           Suckling.
    He affected a habit different  from that of the
  times, such as men had  only  beheld in pictures,
  which dreio the eyes of most,  and the reverence of
  many, towards him.                   Clarendon.
7.  To draw as the  magnet does.
     She had all magnetic force  alone,
  To draw and fasten suudred parts in one.  Donne.
     Draw out with credulous desire, and lead
  At will the manliest, resolutest breast,
  As the magnetic hardest iron draws.       Milton.
     All eyes you draw, and with the eyes  the heart;
  Of your own pomp yourself the greatest part.
                                         Dryden.
 8.  To inhale.
     Thus 1 call'd, and stray'd I know not whither,
  From where 1 first drew air, and first beheld
  This happy light.                        Milton.
     While near the Lucrine lake, consum'd to death,
  I draw the sultry air, and gasp for breath,
  You taste the cooling breeze.            Addison.
     Why dreio Marseilles' good bishop purer breath,
  When nature sieken'd, and each gale was death?
                                           Pope.
 9.  To take  from any thing containing or
   holding.
     They drew out the staves of the ark.   2 Chron.
 10.  To  take  off the spit or broacher.
                  The rest
  They cut in legs and fillets for the feast,
  Which  drawn and  serv'd, their hunger they ap-
       pease.                            Dryden.
 11.  To take from a cask.
     The wine  of life is drawn, and the  mere  lees
   Are left this vault to brag of.             Shaksp.
 12.  To pull  a sword from the  sheath.
      We will our youth lead on to higher fields,
   And draw no swords but what are sanctified.  Shaks.
      I  will draw my  sword; my  hand shall destroy
   them.                                 Exodus.
      He proceedeth so far in his insolence, as to draw
   out his sword with an intent to kill him.   Dryden.
      In all your wars good fortune blew before you,
    Till in my fatal cause your sword was drawn;
   The weight of my misfortunes dragg'd  you down.
                                         Dryden.
  13. To  let  out any liquid.
      Some blood drown on me would beget opinion
    Of more fierce endeavour.               Shaksp.
      I opened  the tumour by the point of a  lancet,
   without drawing one drop of blood.      Wiseman.
  14. To  take bread out of  the oven.
      The joiner puts boards into ovens after the batch
    is drawn.                            Mortimer.
  15. To  unclose or slide  back  curtains.
      Go, draw aside the curtains, and  discover
    The sev'ral caskets to this noble prince.   Shaksp.
      Alarm'd, and with presaging heart he came,
    And drew the curtains, and expos'd the dame.
                                         Dryden.
      Shouts, cries, and groans first pierce my ears,
             and then,
    A flash of lightning draws the guilty scene,
    And shews new arms, and wounds,  and dying men.
                                         Dryden.
  16   To  close or  spread curtains.
    ' Philoclea intreated Pamela  to  open her  grief;
    who  drawing the curtain,  that  the candle might
    not complain of her blushing,  was ready ^s^.

  17   To extract.
      Herbs draw a weak juice, and have  a soft stalk.
                                           Bacon.
      Spirits, by distillations,  may  be drawn out of
  vegetable juices, which shall flame and fume of
  themselves.                             Cheyne.
18. To procure, as an agent cause.
    When he  finds the  hardships  of  slavery out-
  weigh the value  of life,  'tis in his power, by re-
  sisting his master, to draw on himself death. Locke.
19. To produce,  or bring,  as an efficient
   cause.
            When toe fountain of mankind
  Did draw corruption and God's curse, by sin,
    This was a charge toat all his heirs did bind,
  And all his offspring grew corrupt therein. Davies.
    Religion will requite all the honour we can do it,
  bv the blessings it will draw down  upon  us.
   J                                  Tillotson.
    Our voluntary  actions are the precedent causes
  of good and evil, which they draw after toem,  and
  bring  upon us.                           Locke.
    What would a man value land ready cultivated,
  and well stocked, where he had  no hopes of com-
  merce with other parts of the world, to draw  mo-
  ney to him by the sale of the product?     Locke.
    Those elucidations have given rise or increase to
  his  doubts,  and  drawn obscurity upon places  of
  scripture.                               Locke.
    His sword ne'er fell but on the guilty head:
  Oppression, tyranny, and  pow'r usurp'd,
  Draio all the vengeance of his arm upon 'em. Add.
20.  To convey secretly or  gradually.
    The Hers in wait draw themselves along. Judges.
    In process of time, and as their people increased,
  toey dreio themselves more westerly towards  the
  Red Sea.                              Raleigh.
21.  To protract; to lengthen;  to spin.
    How much her grace is alter'd on the sudden!
  How long her face is drawn! how pale she looks,
  And of an earthly cold.                  Shaksp.
             Hear himself repine
  At Fate's unequal laws;  and at the clue
  Which merciless in length toe midmost sister drew.
                                        Dryden.
    If we shall meet again with more delight,
   Then draw my life in length; let me sustain,
   In hopes of his embrace, the worst of pain. Dryden.
    In  some  similes, men  draw their comparisons
   into minute particulars of  no importance.  Felton.
22. To utter lingeringly.
     The brand, amid toe  flaming fuel thrown,
   Or drew, or  seem'd to draw, a dying groan. Dryden.
23. To represent by  picture,  or in fancy.
                I do arm myself
   To welcome the condition  of the time;
   Which cannot look more hideously on me,
   Than I have drawn it in  my fantasy.      Shaksp.
     With his other hand thus o'er his brow,
   He falls to such perusal of my  face,
   As he would draw it.                    Shaksp.
     Draw the whole world expecting  who should
         reign,
   After this combat, o'er toe conquer'd main. Waller.
     From toe soft assaults  of love
   Poets and painters never are secure:
     Can I, untouch'd, the fair one's passions move,
   Or thou draw beauty, and not feel its pow'r? Prior-.
 24.  To form a representative image.
     The emperor one day took up a pencil which fell
   from the hand of Titian, who was then drawing his
   picture; and, upon the  compliment which Titian
   made him upon that occasion,  he said, Titian  de-
   serves to be served by Caesar.            Diyden.
 25.  To  derive;  to have  from  some  ori-
    ginal cause  or donor.
      Shall freeborn men, in humble awe,
   Submit to servile shame;
      Who from consent and custom draw
     The same right to be  rul'dby law,
   Which kings pretend to reign?            Dryden.
      Several wits entered  into commerce with  the
   Egyptians,  and from them drew the rudiments of
   sciences.                              Temple.
  26.  To deduce, as from postulates.
      From the events  and  revolutions  of  these  go-
  vernments are dravm
  princes and statesmen.
27.  To
the usual
instructions  of
       Tenipfe.
         imply;   to produce  as  a  conse-
  quential inference.
    What shews the force of the inference but a view
  of all the intermediate ideas that draw in the con-
  clusion, or proposition inferred.            Locke
28.  To allure;  to entice.
    I'll raise such artificial sprights,
  As by the strength of their illusion
  Shall draw him on to his confusion.        Shaksp.
    We have drawn them from the city.       J0S
    Draw me not away with the wicked.     Psalms.
    Having the art, by empty promises and threats,
  to draw others to his purpose.           Hayward.
    The Spaniards, that were in the town,  had so
  good  memories  of  their losses,  in  their  former
  sallies, as the confidence of an army, which came
  for their deliverance, could not  draw them forth
  again.                                  Bacon;
29.  To lead, as a motive.
             Your way is shorter;
  My purposes do draw me much about.     Shaksp.
    Mneas wond'ring stood, then ask'd  toe cause
  Which to the stream toe crowding people draws.
                                        Dryden.
30.  To persuade to follow.
           I drew this gallant head of war,
  And call'd these fiery spirits from the  world
  To outlook conquest.                     Shaks.
                  The poet
  Did  feign that  Orpheus  drew trees,  stones, anil
         floods;
  Since nought so  stockish, hard, and full of rage,
  But musick,  for the time,  doth change his  nature.
31.  To induce;  to persuade.
    The English lords did ally toemselves with the
  Irish,  and drew them in to dwell among them, and
  gave their children to be fostered by them.  Davies.
    Their beauty or unbecomingness  are of  more
  force  to draw or deter  their imitation than  dis-
  courses.                                Locke.
32.  To win; to  gain: a  metaphor from
   gaming.
    This seems a fair deserving, and must draw me
  That which my father loses.              Shaksp.
33.  To receive;  to  take  up:  as, to draw
   money from the funds.
    For thy three thousand ducats here is six.—
  —If every ducat in six thousand ducats
  Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,
  I would not draw them, I would have my bond.
                                         Shaksp.
34.  To extort;  to force.
     So  sad an object, and so well express'd,
  Z>reu>  sighs and  groans  from the griev'd hero's
         breast.                         Dryden.
             Can you e'er forget
  The fond embraces, and repeated blessings,
  Which you drew from  him in your last farewell?
                                        .Addison.
35. To wrest;  to distort.
     I wish that both you and others would cease from
  drawing the scriptures to your fantasies and  affec-
  tions .                                 Whitgift.
 j6. To  compose;   to  form  in  writing:
   used of formulary or juridical writings.
     In  the mean time 1  will draw  a bill of proper-
   ties,  such as  our play  wants.             Shaksp.
     Clerk,  drate a deed of gift.           Shaksp.
     The report is not unartfully drawn, in the spirit
   of a  pleader who can  find  the  most plausible
   topicks.                                  Swift.
     Shall Ward draw contracts with  a statesman's
            skill?                           Pope.
 37. To withdraw from judicial notice.
     Go, wash  thy face, and draio thy action:  come,
   Thou must not be in this humour with me. Shaksp.
 38. To eviscerate;  to embowel.
     In  private  draw your poultry, clean your  tripe, 
DRA
DRA
DRA
To  contract; to  pull
    And from your eels toeir slimy substance wipe.
                                         King.
  39.  To Draw in.   To apply  to any pur-
    pose by distortion or violence.
      A dispute, where every little straw is laid  hold
    en, and every thing that can but be drawn in any
    way, to give colour to the  argument, is advanced
    wito ostentation.                        Locke.

  40.   To Draw  in.
    back.
      Now sporting muse, draw in  toe flowing reins:
    Leave the clear streams awhile for  sunny plains.
                                           Gay.
  41.  To Draw  in.  To inveigle; to entice.
      Have they invented tones to win
    The women and make them draw in
    The men,  as Indians with a female
    Tame elephant inveigle the male?      Hudibras.
      It was the prostitute faith of faithless miscreants
    that drew them in, and deceived them.      South.

  42.   To Draw off.  To extract by distilla-
    tion.
      Authors, who have thus drawn off the spirits of
    their thoughts, should lie still for  some time, till
    their minds have  gathered fresh strength, and by
    reading, reflecting, and conversation, laid in a new
    stock of elegancies, sentiments, and images of na-
    ture.                               Addison.
  43.   To Draw off. To drain out by a vent.
      Stop your vessel, and  have  a  little vent-hole
    stopped with a spill, which never allow to be pulled
    out till you draw off a great quantity.   Mortimer.
  44.   To Draw off.  To withdraw;  to  ab-
    stract.
      It draws men's  minds off from toe bitterness of
   Party-                              Addison.
 45.  To  Draw on.  To occasion; to invite.
     Under colour  of war,  which  either his negli-
   gence drew on, or  his practices procured, he levied
   a subsidy.                           Hayward.
 46.  To  Draw on.  To  cause; to bring by
    degrees.
     The  examination  of the subtile  matter would
   draw on the consideration of the nice controversies
   that perplex philosophers.                 Boyle.

 47.  To  Draw over. To raise in a still.
     I took rectified oil  of vitriol,  and by degrees
   mixed with it  essential oil of wormwood,  drawn
   over with water in  a limbeck.             JBowfe.
 48.  To  Draw over.   To persuade to re-
    volt;  to induce to change a party.
     Some might be  brought into his interests by mo-
   ney, others  drawn  over by fear.         Addison,
     One  of differing sentiments would have  drawn
   Luther over to his party.              Atterbury.
 49.  To  Draw   out.   To   protract;  to
   lengthen.
          He must  not only die the death,
  But thy unkindness shall his death draw out
  To  ling'ring sufferance.                SAafcsp.
50.  To Draw out.  To beat  out, as  is
   done to hot iron.
    Batter a piece of iron out, or, as  workmen call
  it, draio it ouf, till it comes to its breadth.  Moxon.
    Virgil has drawn out the rules of tillage and
  planting into two  books, which Hesiod has dis-
  patched in half a one.                Addison.
51.  To Draw out.  To extract; to pump
   out by insinuation.
    Philoclea  frimd her, and, to draw out more, said
  she, I have  often wondered  how such excellencies
  could be-                            Sidney.
52.  To Draw out.  To induce by motive.
   Whereas it is concluded, that the retaining diverse
  things in the church of England, which other re-
  formed churches have cast  out, must needs  argue
  toat we do not well, unless tve can  shew that they
have dono ill:  What needed this wre,t to draw oik
from us an accusation of foreign churches? Hooker.
     VOL. I.
  53. To Draw  out.   To  call to  action;
    to detach for service; to range.
          Draio ouf a file, pick man by man,
    Such who dare die,  and dear will sell their death.
                                       Dryden.
      Next of his men and ships he makes review,
    Draws out the best and ablest of the crew. Dryden.
  54. To Draw out.   To range in battle.
      Let him desire his superior officer, that the next
    time he is drawn out, the challenger may be posted
    near him.                            Collier.
  55. To Draw up.  To form  in  order of
    bottle.
          So Muley-Zedan found us
    Drawn up in battle, to receive toe charge.  Dryd.
  56. To Draw up. To form in writing; to
    compose in a formulary manner-
      To make a sketch, or a more perfect model of a
    picture, is, in the language of poets, to draw up the
    scenery of a play.                     Dryden.
      A paper may be drawn up, and signed by two or
    three hundred principal  gentlemen.         Swift.
  To  Draw, driw.  v. «.
  I.  To  perform the  office of a  beast of
    draught.
      An heifer which hath not been wrought with, and
    which hath not drawn in toe yoke.          Deuf.
      Think  every bearded fellow, that's  but  yok'd,
    May draw with you.        Shakspeare's Othello.
  2.  To act as a weight.
      They should keep a watch upon the particular
    bias in their minds, that it may not draw too much.
                             Addison's Spectator.
   .  To contract; to shrink.
      I have  not yet found certainly,  toat toe water
   itself, by mixture of ashes, or dust,  will shrink or
   draw into  less room.                     Bacon.
   .  To advance;  to move;  to  make  pro-
    gression any way.
     You were, Jupiter, a swan, for the love of Leda:
   Oh, omnipotent love! how near toe god drew to toe
   complexion of a goose.               Shakspeare.
     Draw ye near hither all  toe chief  of the people.
                                     1 Samuel.
     He ended; and to' archangel soon  drew nigh,
   Not in his shape celestial, but as man
   Clad to meet man.        Milton's  Paradise Lost.
     They returned to the camp where the king was,
   and the Scots dreio a little back to a  more conveni-
   ent post for their residence.           Clarendon.
     Ambitious meteors! how willing they are  to set
   themselves upon toe wing, taking every occasion of
   drawing upward to toe sun.              Dryden.
     Now nearer to toe  Stygian lake toey draw,
   Whom from the shore the surly boatman saw,
   Observ'd their passage through the shady wood,
   And mark'd their near approaches to  the flood.
                                       Dryden.
     And now I faint with grief; my fate draws nigh,
   In all the pride of blooming youth I die.
                                Addison's Ovid.
5.  To  draw together; to be collected; to
  ' come  together.
    They  muster  there,  and round the  centre
        swarm,
  And draw together in a globose form. Blackmore.
6.  To draw a sword.
            For his sake
  Did I expose myself, pure; for his love
  Drew to defend him, when he was beset.
                                   Shakspeare.
7.  To  practise the art of delineation.
    So much insight into  perspective, and  skill in
  drawing, as will  enable him  to represent tolerably
  on paper, any thing he sees, should be got.  Locke.
8. To take a card out of the pack; to take
   a lot.
    He has drawn a blank and smiles.      Dryderu
9. To make a sore  run by attraction.
10.  To Draw off. To retire; to retreat.
                     4f
     When the engagement proves  unlucky, the way
   is to draw off by degrees,  and not to come to an
   open rupture.                          Collier.
  11.  To  Draw  on.  To  advance; to  ap-
    proach.
     The fatal day draws on, when I must fall.
                                       Dryden.
  12.  To Draw up.   To form  troops  into
    regular order.
     The lord Bernard, wito the king's troops, seeing
   there was no enemy left on that side, drew up in a
   large field opposite to  the bridge.       Clarendon.
  13.  To Draw retains,  through all its  va-
    rieties of use, some  shade of its origi-
    nal meaning,  to pull.   It  expresses an
    action  gradual or  continuous,  and  lei-
    surely.  Thus we forge  a  sword  by
    blows, but we draw it by a continued
    line.   We pour  liquor quick,  but  we
    draw  it  in a continued  stream.  We
   force  compliance  by  threats,  but   we
    draw  it  by  gradual prevalence.  We
    write a letter with  whatever haste,  but
    we draw a bill with  slow  scrupulosity.
 Draw, draw. to.  s.  [from the verb.]
 I.  The act of drawing.
 2  The lot or chance drawn.
 Dra'wback,  draw'bak. to. s.  [draw  and
   back]  Money paid back for ready pay-
   ment, or any  other reason.
    In poundage and drawbacks  I lose half my rent;
  Whatever they give me,  I must be content.
                                        Swift.
 Dra'wbridgr,  draw'bridje. to. s.  [draw
   and bridge.]  A bridge made to be lift-
   ed  up, to  hinder or  admit communi-
    cation at pleasure.
    Half the buildings were raised  on the continent,
  and the other half on an  island, continued together
  by a drawbridge.                        Carew.
 Dra'wer, draw'&r. to. s. [from draw.]
 1. One employed in procuring water from
   the well.
    From the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of
  thy water.                      Deuteronomy.
 2.  One whose business is  to  draw liquors
   from the cask.
    Stand  in  some bye  room, while I question my
  puny drawer to what end he gave me the sugar.
                         Shakspeare's Henry IV-
    Let the drawers be ready with wine  and fresh
        glasses;
  Let the  waiters  have  eyes, toough  toeir  tongues
        must be tied.               Ben Jonson.
    A man of fire is a general enemy to all  waiters,
  and makes the drawers abroad  and his footmen at
  home know he is not to be provoked.       Taffer.
3. That which  has  the power of attrac-
  tion.
    Love is a flame,  and therefore we say beauty is
  attractive, because physicians observe that  fire is a
  great drawer.                           Swift
   A  box  in  a case,  out  of which it  is
  drawn  at pleasure.
    There  may be  other  and  different intelligent
  beings, of whose faculties he  has as little know-
  ledge, or apprehension, as a worm, shut up in  one
  drawer of a cabinet, hath of toe senses or under-
  standing of a man.                      Locke.
    We will suppose toe  China disbes taken off, and
  a  drawer of medals, supplying their room.
                             Addison on  Medals.
   [In the plural.]   The lower  part of a
  man's dress.
    The Maltese harden the bodies of their children,
  by makiM, them go stark naked, without  shirt or
  drawers, till they are ten years old.        Locke. 
DRA
DRE
DRE
Dra'wing, draw'ing.  to. «. [from draw.]
   Delineation; representation.
    They random drawings from your sheets shall
      take,
  And of one beauty many blunders make.     Pope.
Dra'wingroom,  draw'ing-rdom.   to.  s.
   [from draw and room.]
1. The room in which company assembles
   at court.
    What you heard of toe words spoken of you in
  the  drawing-room was not true: the sayings of
  princes are generally as ill related as the sayings of
  wits.                                  Pope.
2. The company assembled there.
Drawn, drawn, ttart. [from draw.]
    An army was drawn  together of near six thou-
  sand horse.                        Clarendon.
    So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow,
  With vigour drawn, must put the shaft below.
                               Dryden's Fables.
1. Equal;  where each party takes nis own
   stake.
    If we make a drawn game of it,  or procure but
  moderate  advantages,  every  British heart must
  tremble.                            Addison.
2. With a sword drawn.
    What, art thou drawn among those heartless
        hinds?                      Shakspeare.
3. Open;  put aside,  or unclosed.
    A curtain drawn presented to our view
  A town besieg'd.        Dryden's Tyrannic Love.
4. Eviscerated.
    There is no more faith in thee than in a stoned
  prune: no more truth in thee than in a drawn fox.
                                   Shakspeare.
5. Induced as from  some  motive.
    The Irish will  better be drawn to toe  English,
  than the English to the  Irish government.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
    As this friendship was drawn together by fear on
  both sides, so it was not  like  to be more durable
  than was the fear.                   Hayward.
Dra'wwell, draw'wel. to. s. [draw and
   well]  A deep well; a well out of which
   water is drawn by a long cord.
    The first conceit, tending to a watch, was a draio-
  well: the people of old were wont only to let down
  a pitcher  with a handcord, for as much  water as
  they could easily pull up.                 Grew.
 To Drawl, drawl, v. to. [from draw.]  To
   utter  any  thing  in  a   slow,  driveling
   way.
    Then mount the clerks, and in one lazy tone
  Through the long heavy page drawl on.     Pope.
DRAY, dra.               }  n.  s.  [bjiux,
DRA'YCART, dra'kart. £  Saxon.J The
   car on which  beer is carried.
    Let him be brought  into toe field of ^election upon
  his draycart, and I will meet him  there in a tri-
  umphant chariot.                      Addison.
    When  drays bound high, then never cross be-
        hind,
  Where bubbling yest is blown by gusts of wind.
                                         Gay.
Dra'yhorse, dra'horse.  «. s. [dray ami
   horse.]  A  horse  which draws a dray.
    This truth is illustrated by a discourse  on the
  nature of the elephant  and the drayhorse.   Taller.

Dra'yman, dra'man.88 to.  s.   [dray  and
   man]  One that attends  a drav or cart.
    A brace of draymen  bid God  speed him well,
  And had the tribute of his supple knee.   Shaksp.
    Have not coblers, draymen,  and mechanicks go-
  verned as well  as preached? Nay, have not they by
  preaching come to govern.                South.
Dra'yplough,  dra'plou.   to. s. [dray and
  plough.]   A  plough  of a  particular
  kind.
    The drayplough is the best plough in winter for
  miry clays.              Mortimer's Husbandry.
Dra'zel, draz'zl.103 406 n. s. [perhaps cor-
   rupted from drossel, the scum or dross
   of human nature; or from droslesse, Fr.
   a  whore.]  A  low,  mean, worthless
   wench.
    As the devil uses witches,
  To be toeir cully for a space,
  That, when the time's expired,, the drazels
  For ever may become his vassals.       Hudibras.
DREAD, dred.23* to. s. [opab, Saxon.]
I. Fear;  terrour;  affright; horrour either
   felt or impressed.
    Think'st thou  that  duty  shall  have dread to
        speak,
  When pow'r to flatt'ry bows?  To plainness honour
  Is bound, when majesty to folly falls.      Shuksp.
    Let not thy dread make me afraid.        Job.
    Was  ever  any wicked man free from the stings
  of a guilty conscience, from the secret dread of di-
  vine displeasure, and of the vengeance of another
  world?                             Tillotson.
    If our fears can be awakened with the dread of
  evil, he has armed his laws wito the terrour of eter-
  nal misery.                           Rogers.
2. Habitual  fear; awe.
    The fear of you, and the dread of you,  shall be
  upon every beast of the earth.           Genesis.
    The person or thing feared; the  cause
   of fear.
    Let him be your dread.                Isaiah.
    To thee of all our good the sacred spring;
  To thee, our dearest dread; to thee, our softer king.
                                       Prior.
Dread, dred. adj. [bjiaeb, Saxon.]
I. Terrible; frightful.
        That e'er this tongue of mine,
  That laid the sentence of dread banishment
  On yond' proud man, should take it off again
  With words of sooth!                Shakspeare.
    It cannot be, but thou hast murtoer'd him:
  So should a murtherer look, so dread, so grim.
                                   Shakspeare.
    To be expos'd against the warring winds;
  To stand against the deep dread bolted thunder.
                                   Shakspeare.
        Terrour seiz'd the rebel host,
  When, coming towards" them, so dread they saw
  The bottom of the mountains upward turn'd.
                                      Milton.
2.  Awful; venerable in  the  highest  de-
   gree
    Thou, attended gloriously from heav'n,
  Shalt in  the skies appear, and from thee send
  The summoning archangels to proclaim
  Thy dread tribunal.       Milton's Paradise Lost.
            From  this descent
  Celestial virtues rising, will appear
  More glorious and more dread than from no fall.
                                      Jhilton.
3.  This seems to  be the meaning of that
   controverted  phivse,  dread   majesty.
   Some  of  the old acts of parliament  are
   said in the preface to be  metuendissinu
   regis, our dread sovereign's.
To Dread,  dred. v. a.  [from the  noun.]
   To fea: in an  excessive  degree.
    You may despise that which terrifies others,  and
  which yet all, even  those who most dread it, must
  in a little time encounter.                Wake.
To Dread   cired.  v.  n. To be in fear.
    Ih-ead not, neither be afraid of them.     Deut.
Ure ader,  drSa'ar.w n. s. [from dread.]
   One that  lives in fear.
    I have  suspended  much of my pity towards the
  great dreaders of popery.                £wi„
Dre'adful, dred'iul.  adj.  [dread  and
  full.]
1.  Terrible; frightful;  formidable.
    The rigid interdiction which resounds
  Yet dreadful in mine ear.               Milton.
            The still night,
  Accompanied with damps and dreadful gloom.
                                      .Miff on.
    Thy love, still arm'd with fate,
  Is dreadful as thy hate.                GranvUle.
2.  Awlul; venerable.
    How dreadful is this place!           Genesis.
Dre'adfllly,   dreeful-e.  adv. [from
   dreadful.] Terribly;  fi ightfully.
    Not sharp revenge, nor hell itself, can find
  A fiercer torment than a guilty mind,
  Which day and night doth dreadfully accuse,
  Condemns the wretch, and still the charge renews.
                                      Dryden.
Dre'adfulness, dred'ffil-nes. to. s. [from
   dreadful.] Terribleness;  frighttulness.
    It may justly serve for matter of extreme ter-
  rour to the wicked, whether  they regard the dread.
 fulness  of the day in which they shall be tried, or
  the quality of the judge by whom  they are to be
  tried.                   Hakewill on Providence,
Dre'adlesness, dred'ies-nes,  to.  s. [from
   dreudless.] Fearlesness; intrepidity; un-
   dauntedness.
    Zelmane, to whom danger then was  a cause of
  dreadlesness, all the  composition of her elements
  being nothing  but  fiery, with swiftness of desire
  crossed him.                         Sidney.
Dreadless,  dred'les. adj.  [ from dread]
   Fearless;  unattVighteci;   intrepid;  un-
   shaken; undaunted, free  from terrour.
    Dreadless, said he, that shall I soon declare;
  It was complain'd, that thou hadst done great tort
  Unto an aged woman.              Fairy Queen.
    All night the dreadless angel, unpursu'd,
  Through heav'n's wide champaign held his way.
                                      Milton.
DREAM, dreme.a^TO. s. [droom, Dutch.
   This  word is  derived by Meric Casau.
   bon,  with  more  ingenuity  than  truth
   from  fyecfta  ra /S/y,  the comedy of life;
   dreams being,  as  plays  are,  a repre-
   sentation of something which does not
   really happen. This conceit Junius has
   enlarged by quoting an epigram;
   2*)j»» ar#s  o  /3c@- kcci -zrcttyvtav « /«.*&
           zrdt^etv,
   T»v a-jTsS'. v f*.tTet$-e7$,  »  tptQt T«5  oS'vveii.
                                    [Anthol.
 1. A phantasm  of sleep; the thoughts of
   a sleeping man.
    We eat our meat in fear, and sleep
  In the affliction of those terrible  dreams
  That shake us nightly.      Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    In dreams they fearful precipices tread;
  Or, shipwreck'd, labour to some distant shore.
                                      Dryden.
    Glorious dreams stand ready to restore
  The pleasing shapes of all you saw before.   Dryi.
2. An idle fancy; a wild conceit, a ground-
   less suspicion.
                     Let him keep
  A hundred knights; yes, that on  ev'ry dream,
  Each buz, each fancy, each complaint, dislike,
  He may enguard his dotage.          Shakspeare,
 To Dream, d: erne. v. n. preter.  dreamed,
   or dream:,  [from the  noun.]
 1. To  have the  representation of  some-
   thing in sleep.
    Dreaming is the having of ideas, whilst the out-
  ward senses are stopped,  not suggested  by any ex-
  ternal objects  or  known occasiens,  nor under the
  rule or conduct of the understanding.       Locke.
    I dreamed that 1 was conveyed into a wide and
  boundless plain,                         Tatler. 
DRE
DRE
DRE
 2.  It has of before the noun.
     I have long dream'd of such a kind of man,
  But, being awake, I do despise my dream.
                                    Shakspeare.
            I have nightly since
  Dreamt 0/encounters 'twixt thyself and me:
  We have been down together in my sleep,
  Unbuckling helms,  fisting each other's throat,
  And wak'd half dead with nothing.     Shakspeare.
 3.  To  think; to imagine.
    These boys know little they are sons to to' king,
  Nor Cymbeline dreams that toey are alive.
                                    Sftajfcspeare.
    He never  dreamed of the deluge, nor thought
  that first orb more than a transient crust.   Burnet.
     He little dream'd how nigh he was to care,
  Till treach'rous fortune caught him in toe snare.
                                      Diyden.
 4.  To  think idly.
     They dream on in a constant course of reading,
  but not digesting.                      Locke.
    I began to dream of nothing less  than the immor-
  tality of my work.                      Smith.
5.  To be sluggish; to idle.
    Why does Antony dream out his  hours,
  And tempts not fortune for a noble day?   Dryden.

 To  Dream,  dreme.  v.  a. To  see in  a
  dream.
    The Macedon, by Jove's decree,
  Was taught to dream an herb for Ptolemy.  Dryd.
    At length in sleep their bodies they compose,
  And dreamt toe future fight,  and early rose.
                                      Dryden
Dre'amer, dre'mfir98 to. s. [from dream]
    I teach the woods and waters to lament
  Your doleful dreariment. Spenser's Epithalamium.
2.  Horrour; dread; terrour.
    Almighty Jove, in wrathful mood,
  To wreak the guilt of mortal sins  is bent;
    Hurls forth his thundering dart  with deadly feud,
  Inroll'd in flames and smouldering dreariment.
                                  Fairy Queen.
DRE'ARY, dre're.  adj. [bneon. 5, Sax-
   on.]   This word is scarcely used  but in
   poetical diction.
1.  Sorrowful;  distressful.
    The messenger of death, the ghastly owl,
  With dreary shrieks did also yell;
  And hungry wolves continually did howl
  At her abhorred face, so horrid and so foul.
                                  Fairy Queen.
2. Gloomy; dismal; horrid.
    Obscure toey went through dreary shades,  that
        led
  Along the vast dominions of the dead.     Diyden.
    Towns, forests,  herds,  and men  promiscuous
        drown'd,
  With one great death deform the dreary ground.
                                       Prior.
DREDGE,  drddje.  to. s. [To  dretch,  in
   Chaucer, is  to  delay;   perhaps a net so
   often  stopped  may be  called from this.]
   A kind of net.
    For oysters they have a peculiar dredge; a thick,
  strong net, fastened to three  spills of iron,  and
  drawn at the boat's stern, gathering whatsoever it
  meeteth lying in the bottom.              Carew.
,   r\      u   u    j                u   u J M ° LJredge, dredie.-z;. a. rfrom the noun.l
I.  One  who  has  dreams;  one who has     q-      .   '   .  .J   ,    ,L               J
     fancies in  his sleep.
      The vision  said, and vanished from his sight;
    The dreamer waken'd in a mortal fright.    Dryd.
      If our dreamer pleases to try whether the glow-
    ing heat of a glass furnace be barely a wandering
    imagination in a drowsy man's fancy, by putting his
    head  into it,  he may perhaps be wakened into  a
    certainty.                             Locke.
  2. An idle fanciful man; a visionary.
          Sometime he angers me
    With telling of the moldwarp and the ant,
    Of dreamer Merlin,  and his prophecies.    Shaksp.
  3. A mope;  a  man lost in  wild imagina-
     tion; a reveur.
      The man of sense his meat devours,
    But only smells the peel and flow'rs:
    And he must be  an idle dreamer,
    Who leaves the pie and gnaws the streamer. Prior.
  4. A sluggard; an idler.
  Dre'am less, dreme'les. adj. [from dream.]
    Free from dreams.
     The savages of Mount Atlas,  in Barbary, were
    reported to be both nameless and dreamless.
                              Camden's Remains.
 Drear, drere.as7 to. s. Dread; terrour.
     The ill-fac'd owl, death's dreadful messenger;
   The hoarse night raven, trump of doleful drear.
                                       Spenser.
 Drear,  drere.  adj.  [bn.eop.15,  Saxon,
    dreary.]  Mournful; dismal; sorrowful.
     In urns and altars  round,
   A drear and dying sound
   Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.
                                       Milton.
 Dre'arihead,  drere'e-hed.   n. s.  [from
   dreary] Horrour; dismalness:  a word
   now no longer in use.
     That shortly  from the shape of womanhed,
   Such as she was when Pallas she attempted,
     She grew to hideous shape of drearihead,
  Pined with grief of folly late repented.    Spenser.

Dre'ariment, drere'e-ment.  n. s.  [iVom
   dreary.] This word is now obsolete.
1.  Sorrow; dismalness; melancholy.
    To gather with a dredge.
      The oysters dredged in toe Lyne find a welcome
   acceptance.                           Carew.
  Dre'dger, dred'jtir.  to. s. [from dredge.]
    One who fishes with a dredge.

  Dre'gginess,  dreg'ge-nes. to.  s.  [from
    dreggy.]   Fulness   of dregs  or  lees;
    foulness; muddiness; feculence.

  Dre'ggish, dreg'gish. adj. [from dregs.]
    Foul  with lees; feculent.
     To give a strong taste to this dreggish liquor,
   they fling in an incredible deal of broom or hops,
   whereby small  beer is rendered equal in mischief
   to strong.                            Harvey.
 Dre'ggy, dreg'ge.38*  adj.  [from dregs.]
    Containing dregs;  consisting of dregs;
   muddy; feculent.
     These num'rous veins, such is the curious frame,
   Receive the pure insinuating stream;
   But no corrupt or dreggy parts admit,
   To form the blood or feed the limbs unfit.
                                    Blackmore.
    Ripe  grapes being moderately pressed, their juice
   may, without much dregg-i/matter, be squeezed out.
                                        Boyle.
 DREGS, dregz. to.  *.  [brief ten, Saxon;
   dreggian, IsIandick.J
   The sediment of liquors;  the  lees;  the
   grounds; the feculence.
    Fain would we make him author of the wine,
  If for the dregs we could some other blame. Davies.
    They  often head destruction's horrid path,
  And drink the dregs of  the revenger's wrath.'
    txt  /.     ,        „                Sandys.
    W e from the dregs of life think to receive
  What the first sprightly running could not give.
    c.  .                               Diyden.
    bucn run on poets in  a raging vein,
  Ev'n to the dregs and squeezings of the brain. Pope
2. Any   thing   by  which  purity  is cor-
   rupted.
    The king by this journey purged a little the dregs
  and leaven ofthe northern  people, that were before
  in no good affections towards him.         Bacon
                   4>f2
  3. Dross; sweepings; refuse.
      Heav'n's favourite thou, for better fates design'd
   Than we, the dregs and rubbish of mankind. Dryd.
      What diffidence we must be under whether God
   will regard our sacrifice, when we have nothing to
   offer him but  the dregs and refuse of life, the days
   of loathing and satiety, and toe years in which we
   have no pleasure.                      Rogers.
  To Drein, drane.249 v. to. [See Drain.] To
    empty.   The  same  with  drain:   spelt
    differently perhaps by chance.
      She is the sluice of her  lady's  secrets; 'tis but
   setting her mill a-going,  and I  can drein her  of
   them all.                           Congreve.
      'Tis drein'd and emptied of its poison now;
   A  cordial draught.                     Southern.

  To DRENCH, drensh. v. a.  [bjiencan,
    Sax.]
  I. To wash; to soak; to steep.
      Our garments being as they were drenched in the
   sea, hold notwithstanding their freshness and glos-
   ses.                                  Shaksp.
     To-day deep thoughts learn with me to drench
   In  mirth, that after no repenting draws.    Milton.
     Now dam the ditches, and the floods restrain;
   Their moisture has already drench'd the plain.
                                       Dryden.
  I. To saturate with drink  or moisture:  in
   an ill sense.
             In swinish sleep
   Their drenched natures lie, as in a death.   Shaksp.
     Too oft, alas! has mutual hatred drench'd
   Our swords in native blood.             Philips.
  5. To physick by violence.
     If any of your cattle are infected, speedily let
   both sick and well blood, and drench them.
                                     Mortimer.
 Drench, drensh. n.s.  [from the  verb.]
 I. A draught;  a swill:  by way of abhor-
   rence or contempt.
    Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench
   Of that forgetful lake benumb not still,
   That in our proper motion we ascend.     Milton.
 2. Physick  for a brute.
    A drench is a potion or drink prepared for a sick
   horse, and composed of several drugs in a liquid
   form.                     Farrier's Dictionary.
    Harry, says she, how many hast thou kill'd to-
   day? Give my roan horse  a drench, says he; and
   answers, fourteen, an hour after.         Shaksp.
    A drench of wine has with success been us'd,
   And through a horn the gen'reus juice infus'd.
                                       Dryden.
 3. Physick that must be  given by violence.
    Their councils are more like a drench that  must
  be poured down,  than a  draught which  must be
  leisurely drank if I liked it.        King Charles.
 t. A channel ot water.

Dre'ncher, drensh'iir. to. 5.[from drench.]
1. One that dips or steeps any thing.
   One that  gives physick by  force.  Diet.

Drent, drent.  participle.  Probably cor-
   rupted from drenched, to make a  pro-
   verbial rhyme to brent, or burnt.
    What flames, quoth he, when  I the present see
  In danger rather to be drenf than brent? F. Queen.
To Dress, dies. v. a. [dresser, French.]
1. To clothe;  to invest  with clothes.
                The first request
  He made was, like his brothers to be dress'd;
  And, as his birth requir'd, above the rest.  Dryden.
1. To clothe pompously or elegantly.   It
  is used with up and out. to enforce it.
   Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is
  next the sun, or where they  look beautcou.lv; that
  is, as they come towards you to be enjoyed; tor then
  they paint and smile, and dress themselves vp in 
DRE                                       DRI                                      Dri
   tinsel, and glass gems, and counterfeit imagery.
                                        Taylor.
     Few admir'd the native red and white,
   Till poets dress'd them up to charm the sight.
                                       Dryden.
     Lollia Paulina wore, in jewels, when dressed out,
   the value of three hundred  twenty-two thousand
   nine hundred and sixteen pounds thirteen shillings
   and four-pence.                     Arbuthnot.
 3. To  adorn; to deck; to embellish; to fur-
   nish.
     Where was a fine room in the middle ofthe house,
   handsomely dressed up, for the commissioners to sit
   in.                                Clarendon.
     Skill is  used in dressing up power with all the
   splendour absoluteness can add to it.      Locke.
     The mind  loses its natural relish of real truth,
   and is reconciled insensibly to any thing thaf can be
   dressed up into any faint appearances of it.  Locke.
 4. To  cover a wound with medicaments.
     In time of my sickness another chirurgeon dressed
   her.                                Wiseman
 5. To curry;  to rub:  a term  of the stable.
     Our infirmities are so many, toat we are forced
   lo dress  and  tend horses and  asses, that they may
   help our needs.                        Taylor.
     Three hundred horses, in high stables fed,
   Stood ready, shining all, and smoothly dress'd.
                                       Dryden.
 6. To  break or  teach a  horse;  a term of
   horsemanship.
                 A steed
  Well mouth'd,  well manag'd, which himself did
        dress;
  His aid in war, his ornament in peace.    Dryden.
7. To  rectify; to adjust.
    Adam! well may we labour still  to dress
  This garden; still  to tend plant, herb, and flow'r.
                                       Milton.
    Well  must  the ground be digg'd,  and better
        dress'd,
  New soil to make, and meliorate the rest.    Dryd.
8. To prepare for any purpose.
    In Orkney  toey dress their leather with roots of
  tormentil instead of bark.             Mortimer.
9. To trim; to fit any thing for ready use.
   When he dresseth the lamps he shall burn incense.
                                       Exodus.
     When you dress your young hops, cut away roots
  or sprigs.                           Mortimer.
 10.  To prepare  victuals for the table.
     Thus the voluptuous youth, bred up to dress,
   For his fat grandsire some delicious mess,
  In feeding high his tutor will surpass,
  An heir apparent of the gourmand race.   Dryden.

Dress, dr£s.  to.  s. [from the  verb.]
 1. Clothes; garment; habit.
     Dresses laughed at in our forefathers' wardrobes
   or pictures, when, by  the circulation of time  and
  vanity they are brought about, we think becoming.
                       Government ofthe Tongue.
     A robe obscene was o'er his shoulders thrown,
  A  dress by fates and furies worn alone.      Pope.
2. Splendid clothes; habit of ceremony.
     Full dress creates dignity, augments conscious-
  ness, and keeps at distance an encroacher.
                                       Clarissa.
3. The skill of adjusting dress.
  The men of pleasure, dress, and gallantry.   Pope.

Dresser, dres'sur. to. s. [from dress]
1. One employed in putting on the clothes
   and adorning  the person of another.
    She hurries all her hand-maids to the task;
  Her head alone will twenty dressers ask.   Dryden.

2. One employed in regulating, trimming,
   or adjusting any  thing.
    Said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold
  these three years I come seeking  fruit on this fig-
  tree, and find none.                       Luke,
3. The bench in a kitchen on which meat
   is dressed or prepared for the table.
           'Tis buret, and so is all toe meat;
  What dogs are these? Where is the rascal cook?
  How durst you, villains! bring it from the dresser,
  And serve it thus to me that love it not?   Sliaksp.
     A maple dresser in her hall she had,
  On which full many a slender meal she made.
                                       Dryden.
     When you take  down dishes, tip a dozen upon
  the dresser.                              Swift-
Dre'ssing,  dres'sing. n. s. [from  dress.]
   The application made to a  sore.
     The second day after we took off the dressings,
  and found an eschar made by the catheretick.
                                     Wiseman.
Dre'ssingroom,   dres'sing-r66m.  «.  s.
  [dress and room.]   The room in which
  clothes are put on.
     Latin books might be  found every day  in his
  dressing-room, if it were carefully searched.  Swift.
Drest, drest.360/zczrc\ [from dress.]
    In flow'ry wreaths the royal virgin drest
  His bending horns,  and kindly clapt his breast.
                                      Addison.
To   Drib, drib. v.  a.  [contracted  from
  dribble.]   To crop;  to cut off;  to de-
  falcate.   A  cant word.
    Merchants' gains come short of half the mart;
  For he who drives their bargains dribs a part.
                                       Dryden.
To DRl'BBLE, drib'bl.*06*. n. [This word
  seems to have  come from  drop by suc-
  cessive alterations, such as are usual in
  living  languages:  drop, drip,  dripple,
  dribble,  thence  drivel   and   driveller
  Drip may indeed  be  the original word,
  from the  Danish drypp.]
1. To fall in drops.
    Semilunar processes on the  surface owe their
  form to the dribbling of water that passed over it.
                                    Woodward
    A dribbling, difficulty,  and  a momentary sup-
  pression of urine, may be  caused  by  the stone's
  shutting up the orifice of the bladder.   Arbuthnot.
2. To fall weakly and slowly.
    Believe not that toe dribbling dart of love
  Can pierce a complete bosom.            Shaksp.
3. To slaver as  a  child or ideot.
To   Dri'bble,  drib'bl. v.  a.   To throw
  down in drops.
    Let the cook follow with a ladle full of soup, and
  dribble it all the way up stairs.             Swift.
Dri'blet, drib'let. to.  *.  [from  dribble.]
  A small sum; odd money in a sum.
          Twelve long years of exile borne,
  Twice twelve we number'd since his blest return;
  So strictly wert thou just to pay,
  Even to the driblet of a day.             Diyden.
Dri'er,  dri'ir. to.  *.  [from  dry.]   That
  which  has   the  quality of  absorbing
  moisture; a desiccative.
    There is a tale,  that boiling of daisy  roots in
  milk, which it is  certain are great driers, will make
  dogs little.                             Bacon.
DRIFT, drift, to. s. [from  drive.]
1  Force impellent; impulse; overbearing
  influence.
    A man being under the drift of any passion, will
  still follow.the impulse of it till something  inter-
  pose, and, by a stronger impulse, turn him another
  waJ>                                  SoufA.
2. Violence; course.
    The mighty trunk, half rent with rugged rift,
  Doth roil adown the rocks, and  fall with fearful
        drift.                      Fairy Queen.
3. Any ihing driven at random.
     Some log, perhaps, upon the waters swam
  An useless drift, which rudely cut within,
    And hollow'd, first a floating trough became,
  Ana cross some nv'let passage did begin.  Diyden,
4. Any thing  driven  or  born  along in a
   body.
             The ready racers stand;
  Swift as on wings of wiud upborne they fly,
  And drifts of rising dust involve the sky.     Pope.
5. A storm; a shower.
           Our thunder from the south
  Shall rain their drift of bullets on this town. Shak.
6. A heap or stratum of any matter thrown
   together by the wind:  as, a  snowdrift,
   a deep body of snow.
7. Tendency or aim of action.
    The particular  drift  of every act, proceeding
  eternally from God, we are not able to discern, and
  therefore cannot always give the proper and certain
  reason of his works.                    Hooker.
    Their drift 'comes known and they discover'o; are-
  For some, of many, will  be false of course. Daniel.
8. Scope of a  discourse.
    The main drift of his book being to prove that
  what is true is impossible to be  false, he opposes
  nobody.                              Tillotson.
    The drift of the pamphlet is to stir up our com-
  passion towards the rebels.             Addison.
    This,  by the  stile, the manner, and the drift,
  'Twas thought could be the work of none  but Swift.
                                         Swift.
To Drift,  drift, v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To diive; to urge  along.
    Snow, no larger than so many grains of sand,
  drifted with the wind in clouds from every plain.
                                  Ellis' Voyage.
2. To throw together on  heaps.   Mot au-
   thorized.
             He wanders on
  From hill to dale, still more and more astray,
  Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps.
                                      Thomson.
To DRILL,  dril. v.  a.  [drillen,  Dutch;
   %<p.han, Sax. from burtgh, through]
I. To pierce any thing with a drill.
    The drill plate is only a piece of flat iron, fixed
  upon  a flat board, which iron hath an hole punched
  a little way into it, to set the blunt end ofthe shank
  of the drill in; when you drill a hole.      Moxon.
2. To  perforate;  to bore;  to  pierce.
    My body through and  through  he drill'd,
  And Whacum by my side lay kill'd.    Hudibras.
    Tell, what could drill and perforate the poles,
  And to to' attractive rays adapt their holes?
                                    Blackmore.
   To  make a hole.
    When a hole is drilled in a piece of metal, they
  hold the drillbow in the right hand; but, when they
  turn small work, they hold the drillbow in their left
  hand.                                 Moxon.
4. To  delay;  to  put  off:  in low  phrase;
   corrupted, I believe, from drawled.
    She bas bubbled him out of his youth; she drilled
  him on to five-and-fifty,  and she will  drop  him in
  his old age.                           Addison.

5. To  draw from  step to  step.  A low
   phrase.
    When by such  insinuations they have once got
  within him,  and are able to drill him on from one
  lewdness to another, by the same arts they corrupt
  and squeeze him.                         South.
6. To  drain; to draw  slowly.  This  sense
   wants  better authority.
    Dnll'd through the sandy stratum every way,
  The waters with the sandy stratum rise.  Thomson.
7. lo form to arms;  to teach the  military
   exercise     An old  cant word.
    The foe appear'd drawn up and drill'd
  Ready to charge them in the field.   '  'Hudibras.
Drill, dril. to. *. [from the  verb.] 
DRI                                      DRI                                     DRI
 I. An instrument  with  which  holes  are
   bored.  It  is  a   point  pressed  hard
   against  the thing  bored,  and turned
  'round with  a bow and string.
     The way of  tempering steels to make gravers'
  drills, and  mechanical  instruments, we have taught
  artinVers.                              Boyle.
     Drills are used for the making such holes  as
  punches will not serve for; as a piece of work that
  hath already its shape, and must have an hole made
  in it.                                Moxon.
 2. An ape; a baboon.
     Shall the difference of hair be a mark of a dif-
  ferent internal specifick constitution  between  a
  changling  and a drill, when they agree in shape and
  want of reason?                       Locke.
 3. A  small dribbling  brook.   This I have
   found no where  else,  and  suspect  it
   should  be rill.
     Springs  through toe  pleasant meadows pour toeir
         drills,
  Which snake like glide between toe bordering hills.
                                       Sandys.
 To  DRINK,  drink, v. to. preter. drank, or
   drunk;  part. pass, drunk  or drunken.
   [bruncan,  Sax.]
 1. To swallow liquors; to quench thirst.
           Here, between the armies,
  Let's drink together friendly, and embrace.  Shak.
     She said, drink, and 1 will give thy camels drink
  also; so I drank, and she made toe camels drink
  also.                               Genesis.
     He drank of the wine.               Genesis.
     When delight is the only end, and rests in itself,
  and  dwells there long, then eating and drinking is
  not a serving of God, but an inordinate action.
                                       Taylor.
 2. To feast; to be entertained with liquors.
     We came to fight  you.----For my part I am
  sorry it is turned to a drinking.          Shaksp.
 3. To drink  to excess;  to be a  habitual
   drunkard.   A colloquial phrase.
 4. To Drink to.  To salute in  drinking; to
   invite to drink by drinking  first.
     I take your princely  word for those redresses.
  —I gave it you, and will maintain my word;
  And thereupon  I drinfc unto your grace.   Shaksp.
 5. To  Drink  to.   To wish well to in the
   act of taking the  cup.
          Give  me some  wine; fill full:
  I drink to  th' general joy of the whole table,
  And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss.
                                      Shaksp.
     I'll drink  to master Bardolph,  and  to all the
  cavaleroes about London.              Shaksp.
 To  Orink, drink, v. a.
 1. To swallow; applied to liquids.
     He had  eaten no  bread, nor drunk any water,
  three days  and  three nights.            1 Samuel.
     We have drunken our water for money. Samuel.
 2. To suck up; to ibs<>rb.
     Set rows of rosemary with flow'ring stem,
  And  let the purple violets drink the stream.  Dryd.
     Brush not thy sweeping skirt too near the wall;
  Thy  heedless sleeve will drink  the colour'd oil.
                                         Gay.
 3. To take in by any inlet; to hear; to see.
     My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words,
  Of that tongue's uttering, yet I know the sound.
                                      /SAafcsp.
               Thither write, my queen;
  And  with mine  eyes I'll drink the words you send,
  Though ink he made of gall.            Shaksp.
     Phemius! let  acts of gods, and heroes old,
  What ancient bards in  hall and bow'r have told,
  Attemper'd to the lyre, your voice employ;
  Such the pleas'd ear will drink with silent joy.
                                        Pope.
     I drink delicious poison from thy eye.     Pope.
A. To act upon by drinking.
     Come, we have a hot venison pasty to dinner;
  come, gentlemen, I hope we shall drinA; down all
  unkindness.                           Shaksp.
     He will drown his health and his strength in his
  belly; and, after all his drunken trophies, at length
  drink down himself too.                  South.
5. To make drunk.
     Benhadad  was drinking  himself drunfc  in the
  pavilions.                            I  Kings.
6. It is used with the  intensive  particles
   off, up, and  in.   Off,  to  note  a single
   act of? drinking.
     One  man gives another a cup of poison, a thing
  as terrible as death; but at the same time he  tells
  him toat it is a cordial, and so he drinks it off, and
  dies.                                  Soufft.
7. Up, to note that the whole is drunk.
     Alexander, after he had drunk up a cup of four-
  teen pints, was going to take another.   Arbuthnot.
8. In, to enforce  the sense; usually of ina-
   nimate things.
     The  body  being  reduced  nearer unto the earth,
  and emptied, becometh more porous, and greedily
  drinketh in water.                      Brown.
Drink, drink, to. s.  [from the verb.]
I. Liquor  to be  swallowed;  opposed  to
   meat.
          When God made choice to rear
  His mighty champion, strong above compare,
  Whose drink was only from  the liquid  brook!
                                      Milton.
2. Liquor of any particular kind.
     We will give you rare and sleepy drinks. Shaksp.
     The juices of fruits  are either watery or oily: 1
  reckon  among the watery all the fruits out of which
  drink is expressed,  as the grape, the apple, and the
  pear.                                 Bacon.
     O madness, to think use of strongest wines,
  And strongest drinks, our chief support  of health.
                                      Milton.
     These, when th' allotted orb of time's complete,
  Are more commended than the labour'd drink.
                                      Philips.
     Amongst drinks,  austere wines  are apt to occa-
  sion foul eruptions.                   Arbuthnot.
Drink-money, drink'mun-e. to. a. [drink
  and money.]  Money  given to buy li-
  quor.
    Peg's servants were always asking  for  drink-
  money.                             Arbuthnot.
Dri'nkablk, drink'a-bl.  adj [from drink]
  Potable; such as may  be drank.
Dri'nker, drlnk'ur.88 «. 8. [from drink.]
  One that drinks to excess; a drunkard.
    It  were good for those that have moist brains,
  and are great drinkers, to  take fume of lignum,
  aloes, rosemary, and frankincense, about toe full of
  toe moon.                             Bacon.
    The  drinker and debauched person is toe object
  of  scorn and contempt.                  South.
    The urine of hard drinkers affords a liquor ex-
  tremely fetid, but no inflammable spirit: what is in-
  flammable stays in the blood, and affects the brain.
  Great drinkers commonly die apoplectick. Arbuth.
To DRIP, drip. v. to. [drippen, Dut.]
1. To fall in drops.
2. To have drops falling from it.
    The soil, with fatt'ning moisture fill'd,
  Is cloth'd wito grass, and fruitful to be till'd;
  Such as in fruitful vales we view from high,
  Which  dripping rocks, not rowling streams supply.
                                      Diyden.
    The finest sparks, and cleanest beaux,
  Drip from the shoulders to the toes.       Prior.
To Drip, drip. v. a.
1. To let fall in drops.
              Her flood of tears
  Seem like the lofty  barn of some rich swain,
  Which from tbe thatch drips fast a show'r of rain.
                                        Swift.
2. To drop fat in roasting.
    Let what was put into his  belly, and  what he
  drips, be his sauce.                     Walton.
    His offer'd entrails shall his crime reproach,
  And drip their fatness from the hazle breach. Dryd.
Drip,  drip.  to. s.  [from the  verb.]  That
   which falls in drops.
    Water may be procured for necessary occasions
  from the  heavens,  by preserving  the drips of the
  houses.                             Mortimer.
Diu'pping,  drip'ing.  to.   *.  [from  drip.]
   The fat which housewives gather from
   roast meat.                          v
    Shews all her secrets of housekeeping;
  For candles how she trucks her dripping.    Swift.
Dri'ppingpan, uiip ing-pan   n.  s.  [drip
   and pan.] The pan in which the fat of
   roast meat is caught.
    When the cook turns her back,  throw smoaking
  coals into  the drippingpan.                Swift.
Dri'pple, drip'pi adj. [from drip.]  Tnis
   word is used  somewhere  by   Fairfax
   for weak,  or rare: dripple ahot.
To DRIVE, drive,  v. a. prel. drove,  an-
   ciently   drave; part.  pass,  driven   or
   drove, [drtiban, Gothick; orupan, Sax.
   dryven, Dut.]
I. To produce  motion in any thing by vio-
   lence: as, the hammer d?-ives the nail.
2. To force along by impetuous pressure.
    He builds a bridge, who never drove apile. Pope.
          On helmets helmets throng,
  Shield press'd on shield, and man drove man along.
                                        Pope.
3. To expel  by  force  from any  place:
   with from.
    Driven from his native land to foreign grounds,
  He with a gen'rous  rage resents his wounds. Diyd.
    His ignominious flight the victors boast,
  Beaux  banish beaux,  and swordknots  swordknots
        drive.                            Pope.
4. To send by  force to any place: with to.
    Time drives the flocks from field fo fold,
  When rivers rage, and rocks grow cold.    Shaksp.
            Fate has driven 'em all
  Into the net.                          Dryden.
5. To chase; to hunt.
    To drive the deer with hound and horn
  Earl Percy took his way.           Chevy Chase.
6. To force or  urge in any direction.
    He stood and measured the earth: he beheld, and
  drove asunder the nations.                Hob.
7. To impel to greater speed.
3. To guide and  regulate  a carriage.
    He took off their chariot-wheels, that they drove
  them heavily.                         Exodus.
9. To convey  animals; to make  animals
  march along under guidance.
    There find a herd of heifers wand'ring o'er
  The neighb'ring hill and drive 'em to the shore.
                                     Addison.
10. To  clear any place by forcing away
   wliat  is in it.
    We come not with design of wasteful prey,
  To drive the country, force the swains away. Dryd.
11. To force; to compel..
    For the metre sake,  some words in him some-
  time be driven awry, which require  straighter  pla-
  cing in plain prose.                    Ascham.
12. To hurry on inconsiderately.
    Most miserable if such unskilfulness make them
  drive on their time by "the periods of sin and death.
                                       Taylor.
    He, driven to dismount, threatened, if I  did not
  the like, to do as much for my horse as fortune  had
  done for his.                           Sidney.
    The Romans did not  think that tyranny was  tho-
  roughly extinguished,  till they had driven one of 
DRI                                        DRI                                       DRO
  their consuls to depart the city, against whom they
  found not in the world what to object,  saving only
  that his name was Tarquin.             Hooker.
    He was driren by the necessities of times, more
  than led by his own disposition, to rigour.
                                  King Charles
13. To distress; to  straiten.
    This kind of speech is in the manner of despe-
  rate men far driven.                    Spenser.
14. To urge  by violence, not kindness.
    He taught the gospel rather than toe law,
  And forc'd himself to drive, but lov'd to draw. Dryd.
15. To impel by influence of passion.
    I drave my suitor from his  mad humour of love
  to a living humour of  madness.        Shakspeare.
    Discontents drave men into slidings. King Charles.
    Lord Cottington, being master of temper, and of
  the most profound dissimulation, knew too well how
  to lead him  into a mistake, and then drive him into
  eholer.                             Clarendon.
    It is better to marry than to burn, says  St Paul;
  where we may see what drives men into a conjugal
  life: a little burning pushes us more powerfully than
  greater pleasures in prospect.              Locke.
16. To urge;  to press to a conclusion.
    The experiment of wood that shineth  in the dark,
  we have diligently driven  and pursued; the rather
  for that, of all things that give light here below, it
  is the most durable, and hath least apparent motion.
                                        Bacon.
    We have thus the proper notions of the four ele-
  ments, and both them  and their qualities driven up
  and resolved into their most simple principles.
                                         Digby.
    To drive toe argument farther, let us inquire into
  toe obvious designs of this divine architect. Cheyne.
    The design of these orators was  to drive some
  particular point, either the condemnation or acquit-
  tal.                                     Swift.
17. To carry on; to keep in motion.
    As a farmer cannot husband his ground so well,
  if he  sit at a great rent; so the merchant  cannot
  drive his trade so well, if he sit at great usury. Bacon.
    The bees have common cities of their own,
  And common sort; beneath one law they live,
  And wito one  common stock their traffick drive.
                                       Dryden.
    Your Pasimond a lawless bargain drove,
  The parent could not sell the daughter's love. Diyd.
    The trade of life cannot be driven without  part-
  ners.                                  Collier.
18.  To  purify by  motion: so we  say to
   drive feathers.
    His thrice driven bed of down.      Shakspeare.
    The one  's in the plot, let him be never so inno-
  cent; and the other is as white as the driven snow, let
  him be never  so Criminal.            L'Estrange.
19.  To Drive out.  To  expel.
    Tumults and their exciters drove myself and many
  of both bouses out of their places.   King Charles.
    As  soon as they heard the name of Roscetes, they
  forthwith drave out thejr governour, and received
  the Turks into toe town.                Knolles.
To Drive, drive, v.  n.
1. To  go  as  impelled  by  any  external
   agent.
    The needle  endeavours to conform unto the me-
  ridian; but, being distracted, driveth toat way where
  the greater  and powerfuller part of the earth is pla-
  ced.                                   Brown.
    Love, fixt to one, still safe at anchor rides,
  And dares the fury of the winds and tides;
  But losing once that hold, to the wide ocean born,
  It drives away at will, to every wave a scorn. Dryd.
    Nor with the rising storm would vainly strive;
  But left the helm,  and let the vessel drive. Dryden.
2. To i ush with  violence.
    Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails,
  And rent the sheets.                     Dryden.
    Near as he  draws, thick harbingers of smoke
  With gloomy pillars cover all the place;
    Whose little intervals of night are broke
  By sparks that drive against his sacred  face. Dryd.
    Then with so swift an ebb the flood drove back-
         ward,
  It slipt from underneato the scaly herd.   Dryden.
    The bees drive out upon each other's backs,
  T' imboss their hives in clusters.         Dryden.
             W bile thus he stood,
  Peritoous' dart drove on, and nail'dhim to the wood.
                                       Diyden.
    As a ship, which winds and waves assail,
  Now with toe current drives, now with the gale;
  She feels a double force, by turns obeys
  Th' imperious tempest and th' impetuous seas. Dryd.
    The wolves scampered away, however, as hard as
  they could  drive.                    L'Estrange.
    Thick as autumnal leaves, or driving sand,
  The moving squadious blacken all the strand. Pope.
3. To pass in a carriage.
    There is a litter ready; lay him in 't,
  And drive tow'rd Dover.              Shakspeare.
    Thy flaming chariot-wheels that shook
  Heav'n's everlasting frame, while o'er the necks
  Thou drov'st of warring angels disarray'd. Milton.
4. To tend  to;  to consider as the scope
   and ultimate design.
    Authors  drive  at these, as the highest elegancies,
  which are but the frigidities of wit.       Brown.
    We  cannot widely mistake his discourse, when
  we have found out the point he drives at.    Locke.
    They look no further before them  than the  next
  line; whence it will inevitably follow, that they can
  drive to no certain point, but ramble from one sub-
  ject to  another.                         Dryden.
    We have done our work, and are come within
  view of the end  that we have been driving at.
                                       Addison.
5. To aim; to strike at  with fury.
    Four rogues in buckram let drive at me.  Shaksp.
    At Auxur's shield he drove, and at the blow
  Both shield and  arm to ground together go. Dryden.
6. To  drive in all its senses, whether  ac-
   tive or neuter, may be observed to retain
   a sense  compounded  of violence  and
   progression.

To DRI'VEL, driv'vl.10* v. to. [from drip,
   dripple, dribble, drivel.]
I. To slaver; to let the  spittle fall in drops,
   like a child, an ideot, or a  dotard.
    I met with this Chremes, a driveling  old fellow,
  lean, shaking both of head and hands, already half
  earth, and yet then most greedy of earth.   Sidney.
    No man could spit from him, but would be forced
  to drivel like some paralytick, or a fool.    Greto.
2. To be weak or foolish; to dote.
   This driveling love is like a great natural, toat runs
  lolling up and down to hide his bauble.    Shaksp.
    I hate to see a brave bold fellow sotted,
  Made sour and senseless, turn'd to whey, by love;
  A driveling hero, fit for a romance.       Dryden.
Dri'vel,  driv'vl. to. a. [from the verb.]
1. Slaver;  moisture shed from  the mouth.
    Besides th' eternal driref that supplies
  The dropping beard, from nostrils, mouth, and eyes.
                                        Dryden.
2. A fool;  an idiot; a driveller.  This sense
   is now out of use.
    What fool am I, to mingle that drtvef's speeches
  among my noble thoughts!                Sidney.
    Millions of years this old drivel Cupid lives,
  While still more wretch,  more wicked, he  doth
         Prove-                           Sidney.
Dri'veller,  driv'vl-ur. to. a.  [from  dri-
   vel] A  fool; an ideot; a slaverer.
    I have heard  the arrantest drivellers commended
  for their shrewdness even by men of tolerable judg-
  ment-                                  Swift.
Dri'ven,   driv'vn.103   The participle  of
   drive.
     They were driven forth from among men.   Job.
Dri'ver,  dri'vur. to.  a.  [from drive.]
I. The  person  or instrument  that  gives
   any motion by violence.
2. One who drives beasts.
    He from the many-peopled city flies;
  Contemns their labours and toe drivers cries. Sandys.
    The driver runs up to him immediately, and beats
  him almost to death.                L'Estrange.
    The  multitude or common rout, like a drove of
  sheep, or an herd of oxen, may be managed by any
   noise or cry which their driver shall accustom them
  to.                                     SoufA.
3. One who drives a  carriage.
    Not the fierce driver with more fury lends
  The  sounding lash, and, ere the stroke descends
  Low to the wheels his pliant body bends.   Dryden
To DRl'ZZLL,  driz'zl/'06 v. a [driselen
   German, to shed de w.] To shed in small
   slow drops, as  winter rains.
    When the sun sets, the air doth drizzle dew.
                                     Shakspeare
    Though now this face of mine be hid
  In sap-consuming winter's drizzled snow,
  And all the conduits of my blood froze up,
  Yet hath my night of life some memory.   Shaksp.
To Dri'zzle, driz'zl. v.n.  To fall in short
   slow  drops.
    And drizzling drops that often do redound,
  The firmest flint doth in continuance wear. Spenser,
    Her heart did melt in great compassion,
  And  drizzling tears did shed for pure affection.
    _-.  ,    ...                    Fairy Qmn,
    This day will pour down,
  If 1 conjecture aught, no drizzling show'r,
   But rattling storm of arrows barb'd wito fire. Milton,
    The neighbouring mountains, by reason of their
  height, are more exposed to the dews and drizzling
  rains than any of the adjacent parts.     Addison.
Dri'zzly,  driz'le.  adj. [from drizzle]
   Shedding  small rain.
    This during winter's drizzly reign be done,
  Till the new ram receives th' exalted sun. Dryden.
OROIL, droll, to. s. [oy Junius understood
   a contraction of drivel.] A drone; a slug-
   gard.
 To Droil, droll, v. to.  To work sluggish-
   ly and slowly;  to plod.
    Let such vile vassals, born to base vocation,
   Drudge in the world, and  for their living drotf,
   Which have no wit to live without entoyle. Spenser.
    Desuetude does contract and narrow our faculties,
  so that we can apprehend only those things in which
  we are conversant: the droiling peasant scarce thinks
   there is any world beyond the neighbouring markets.
                       Government of the Tongue.
DROLL, drole.406 to. s.  [droler, Fr.]
 1. One  whose business is to raise mirth by
   petty  tricks; a jester; a buffoon; a jack-
   pudding.
    As he was running home in all haste, a droll takes
   him  up by the way.                 L'Estrange.
    Why, how  now Andrew? cries his brother droll;
   To-day's conceit, methinks, is something dull.
                                          Prior.
    Democritus, dear droll! revisit earth,
   And with our follies glut thy heighten'd mirth. Prior,
2. A farce;  something  exhibited to raise
   mirth.
         Some as  justly fame extols,
   For  lofty lines in Smithfield drolls.         Swift
 To Droll, drole.  v.  n. [drole, Fr.]  To
   jest;  to play the buffoon.
    Such august designs as inspire your inquiries, used
   to be decided by  drolling fantasticks, that have only
   wit enough to make others and themselves ridicu-
   'T;   u.  .  •„                      Glonrille.
    Men  that will not be reasoned into their senses,
   may yet be laughed or  droffed into them.
    T  .         .   ,                 L'Estrange.
    Let virtuosos insult and despise on, yet toey never
   shall be able  to drofi away nature.          South. 
DRO
DRO
DRO
 Dro'llert, dro'lur-e.  «.  *.  [from droll.]
    Idle jokes; buffoonery.
      They hang between heav'n  and hell, borrow the
   christians faith, and the atheists drollery upon it.
                        Government of the Tongue
 Dro'medary, drum'e-da-re.l8s n. s. [dro-
    medare, Ital.] A  sort of camel, so call-
    ed from its swifmess, because it is said
    to travel a  hundred  miles a-day.
      Dromedaries are smaller than common camels,
   slenderer, and  more nimble; and  are of two kinds;
   one larger,  with  two small bunches, covered with
   hair, on its back; the other lesser, with one hairy
   eminence, and more frequently called camel: both
   are capable of great fatigue. Their hair is soft and
   short: they have  no fangs  and foreteeth, nor horn
   upon their feet, which are only covered with a fleshy
   skin; and they are about seven  feet and a half high,
   from the ground to the top of their heads.  See
   Camel                               Calmet.
      Straw for  the  horses and  dromedaries brought
   they unto the place                     1 Kings,
      Mules, after these camels and dromedaries,
   And waggons fraught with utensils of war.  JWiffon.
 DRON E, urone. to. s. [brtoen, Sax.]
 1. The bee which makes  no noney, and is
    therefore driven out by the rest.
      The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum,
   Delivering o'er to executors pale
   The lazy yawning drone.             Shakspeare.
      Luxurious kings are to their people lost;
   They live, like drones, upon the publick cost.
                                        Dryden,
      All, wito united force, combine to drive
   The lazy drones from the laborious hive.  Dryden.
 2. A sluggard; an idler.
             He sleeps by day
   More than the wild cat: drones hive not with me,
   Therefore 1 part with him.            Shakspeare-
         Sit idle on toe household hearth,
   A burd'nous drone, to visitants  a gaze.    Milton.
     It is my misfortune to be married to a drone, who
   lives upon what I get, without bringing any thing
   into the common stock.                 Addison.
 3. The  hum, or  instrument of humming.
     Here while his canting drone-pipe  scann'd
   The mystick figures of her hand,
   He tipples palmestry, and dines
   On all her fortune-telling lines.       Cleaveland.
 To  Drone, drone,  v  to. [from the noun.]
 1. To live in idleness; to dream.
     What have I  lost by my forefathers' fault!
   Why was not I the twentieth by descent
   From a long restive race of droning kings?  Dryd.
 2. To give  a  heavy  dull tone.
     Melfoil and honeysuckles pound,
   With these alluring savours strew the ground,
   And mix with tinkling brass the cymbal's droning
         sound.   ^                       Dryden.
Dro'nish, dio'nish.  adj.  [from  drone]
   Idle;  sluggish;  dreaming;  lazy; indo-
   lent;  unactive.
    The dronish monks, the scorn and shame of man-
         hood,
  Rouse aud prepare once more to take possession,
  To  nestle in their ancient hives again.      Rowe.
To  Droop,  drddp.  v. n.  [drotf, sorrow,
   Dutch.]
1. To languish with  sorrow.
    Conceiving the dishonour of his mother,
  He straight declin'd, droop'd, took  it deeply;
  FasU-n'd and fix'd the shame on't in himself.
        I droop, with struggling spent;
  My thoughts are on my sorrows  bent.       Sandys.
2.  1 o faint; to grow  weak;  to be dispi-
   rited.
    I find my zenith doth depend  upon
  A most auspicious star; whose influence
  If n,';w 1 court not, but omit, mv fortunes
  Will ever after droop.        S'liakspeare's Tempest.
Shaks.
     Good things of day begin to droop and drowse,
   While night's black agents to their prey do rouse.
                                     S/iafcspeare,
     When by impulse from heav'n Tyrtaeus sung,
   In drooping soldiers a new courage sprung.
                                     Roscommon,
     Can flow'rs but droop in absence of the sun
   Which wak'd toeir sweets? and mine, alas! is gone.
                                        Dryden.
     Time seems not now beneath his years to stoop,
   Nor do  his wings with sickly feathers droop. Dryd.
     When factious rage to cruel exile drove
   The queen of beauty and  the court of love,
   The muses droop'd with their forsaken arts.  Dryd.
     I'll animate the soldiers' drooping courage
   With love of freedom and contempt of life.
                                  Addison's Cato.
     I saw him ten days before he died, and observed
   he began very much to droop and languish.  Swift.
 3. To sink;  to lean downward: commonly
   by  weakness or grief.
     I never from thy side henceforth must stray,
   Where'er our day's work lies; though now enjoin'd
   Laborious,  till day droop.      Milton's Par. Lost.
             His head, though gay,
   Carnation,  purple, azure, or speck'd wito gold,
   Hung drooping, unsustain'd.    Milton's Par. Lost.
     On her heav'd bosom hung her drooping head,
   Which wito a sigh she rais'd, and this she said.
                                          Pope.
 DROP, drop,  to.  s. [brtoppa, Saxon.]
 I. A  globule of moisture; as much liquor
   as hills at  once when there is not a con-
   tinual stream.
     Meet we toe med'eine of our country's weal,
   And  with him pour we, in  our country's purge,
   Each drop of us.            Shakspeare's Macbeth.
     Whereas Aristotle tells  us,  that if a drop of wine
   be put into ten  thousand  measures  of water, the
   wine, being overpowered  by so vast a quantity of
   water, will  be turned into it; he speaks very im-
   probably.                               Boyle.
    Admiring in the gloomy shade
   Those little drops of light.                Jfoffer.
    Had I but known toat Sancho was his father,
   I would have pour'd a deluge of my blood
   To save one drop of his.    Dryden's Span. Friar.
2. Diamond  hanging in the  ear.
    The drops to thee, Brillante, we consign,
   And, Momentilla, let the watch be thine.    Pope.
Drop Serene, drop-se-rene'. to. s. [gutta
   serena, Lat.]  A disease of the eye, pro-
   ceeding  from  an inspissation  of the
   humour.
    So thick a drop serene hath quench'd their orbs,
   Or dim suffusion veil'd!        Milton's Par. Lost.
 To Drop, drop. v.a. [bnoppan, Saxon.]
 I. To pour in  drops or single globules.
    His heavens shall drop down dew.        Deuf
2. To let fall.
    Others o'er chimney tops and turrets row,
   And drop their anchors on  the meads below. Dryd.
             One only hag remain'd:
   Propp'd on her trusty staff, not half upright,
   And dropp'd an awkward court'sy to the knight.
                                       Dryden.
    St. John himself will scarce forbear,
   To bite his pen and drop a tear.            Swift.
3. To let go; to dismiss from the hand, or
   the  possession.
             Though I could
   With barefae'd power sweep him from my sight
   And bid  my will avouch it; yet I must not,
   For certain  friends that are both his and mine
   Whose loves I may not drop.          Shakspeare.
    Those who have assumed visible shapes  for a
  season, can  hardly be reckoned among this order of
  compounded beings; because they drop their bodies
  and divest themselves of those visible shapes.
                                 Watts's Logick.
4. To utter slightly or casually.
     Drop not thy word against the bowse of Isaac.

 5. To  insert  indirectly, or by way of di-
    gression.
     St. Paul's epistles contain nothing but points ot
   christian instruction, amongst which he seldom fails
   to drop in the great and distinguishing doctrines of
   our holy religion.                        LocAse.
 6. To intermit; to cease.
     Where the act is unmanly or immoral, we ought
   to drop our hopes, or rather never entertain them.
                               Collier on Despair.
     After having given this judgment  in  its favour,
   they suddenly dropt the pursuit.   Sharp's Surgery.
 7. To quit  a master.
     I have beat the hoof till I  have worn out these
   shoes in your service, and not one penny left me to
   buy more; so that you must even excuse me if I
   drop you here.                      L'Estrange.
 8. To let go a dependant, or  companion,
   without further association.
    She drilled him on to five-and-fifty, and Will drop
   him in his old age, if she can  find her account in
   another.                               Addison.
    They have no sooner fetched themselves  up to
   toe fashion of the polite world,  but the town has
   dropped them.                          Addison.
    Mention either" of the kings  of Spain or Poland,
   and he talks notably; but if you go out ofthe Ga-
   zette, you drop him.                    Addison.
9. To suffer to vanish, or come to nothing.
    Thus  was the fame of our Saviour perpetuated
   by such records as would preserve  the traditionary
   account of him to after-ages; and rectify it, if,  by
   passing through several  generations, it  might  drop
   any part that was material.              Addison.
    Opinions,  like fashions,  always descend from
   those of quality to the  middle  sort,  and thence  to
   the vulgar, where they are dropped and vanish.
                                          Swift.
 10.  To bedrop;  to  speckle;  to variegate
   with  spots.   Variis  stellatus   corpora
   guttis.
             Or sporting, with quick glance,
   Shew to  the sun  their wav'd coats, dropp'd with
        gold.                             Milton.
To Drop, drop. v. to.
1. To fall in drops,  or single  globules.
    The quality of mercy is not strain'd,
  It droppeth as the gentle rain from heav'n
  Upon the place beneath.             £ .akspeare.
2. To  let drops fall; to discharg<  itself in
   drops.
    The heavens dropped  at the presence of God.
                                         Psalms.
    While  cumber'd with my dropping cloaths I lay,
  The cruel nation, covetous of prey,
  Stain'd with  my blood th' uuhospitable coast.
                                Dryden's AEneid.
          Beneath a rock he sigh'd alone,
  And cold Lycsus wept from every dropping stone.
                                        Dryden.
3. To fall; to come  from a  higher place.
    Philosophers conjecture  that you  dropped from
  the moon, or one of the stars.      Gulliver's Trav.
    In every revolution, approaching nearer and near-
  er to the sun, this comet must at last drop into the
  sun's body.                              Cheyne.
4. To fail spontaneously.
    So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop,
  Into thy mother's lap; or be with  ease
  Gather'd, not harshly pluck'd.            Milton.
5- To fall in death;  to  die  suddenly.
             It was your presurmise,
  That in the dole of blows your son might drop.
                                    Shakspeare.
6. To die.
    Nothing,  says  Seneca, so soon reconciles us  to
  the thoughts  of our own death,  as the prospect of
  one friend after another dropping round  us.
                                  Digby to Pope. 
DRO
DRO
DRO
7. To sink into silence; to vanish; to come
   to  nothing: a familiar phrase.
    Virgil's friends toought fit  to let drop this  inci-
  dent of Helen.                Addison's Travels.
    I  heard of threats occasioned by my verses:  I
  sent to acquaint them where I was to be found, and
  so it dropped.                           Pope.
8.  To  come  unexpectedly.
    Either you come not here, or, as you grace
  Some old acquaintance, drop into the place,
  Careless and qualmish, with a yawning face. Dryd.
    He  could never make any figure in company.
  but by giving disturbance at his entry: and there-
  fore takes care to  drop in when he  thinks you are
  just seated.                          Spectator.
9.  To fall short of a mark.
    Often it drops or overshoots by toe disproportions
  of distance or application.                Collier.
Dro'pping, drop'ping. to.  s. [from drop.]
1.  That which falls in drops.
    Thrifty wench scrapes kitchen-stuff,
  And barrelling the droppings and the snuff
  Of  wasting candles.                     Donne.
2.  That which  drops  when the continuous
   stream ceases.
    Strain out the last dull droppings  of your sense,
  And rhyme with all the rage of impotence.  Pope.
Dro'plet, drop'ldt. ra. s.  A little drop.
    Thou abhorr'd'st in us our human griefs,
   Scorn'd our brine's flow, and those  our droplets
         which
  From niggard nature fall.            Shakspeare.
Dro'pstone, drop'stone.  ra.  s. [drop  and
   atone.] Spar formed into  the  shape  of
   drops.                            Woodw.
Dro'pwort, dr6p'wurt.  to. a. [drop  and
   wort] A plant of various species.
Dro'psical, drop'se-kal. adj. [from drop-
   sy.]   Diseased with a dropsy;  hydropi-
   cal; tending  to a  dropsy.
    The  diet of  nephritick and dropsical  persons
   ought to be such as is opposite to, and subdueth,
   the alkalescent nature of the salts in the serum  of
   the blood.               Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 Dro'psied,  drop'sld.383  adj. [from drop-
    ay.]  Diseased  with a dropsy.
     Where great  addition swells, and virtue none,
   It is a dropsied honour: good alone
   Is  good.                           Shakspeare,
 DRO'PSY, drop'se. «. a. [hydrops, Latin;
    whence   anciently   hydropisy,  thence
    dropisy, dropsy] A collection  of water
    in the body, from  too  lax a tone in the
    solids, whereby digestion is weakened,
    and  all the parts stuffed.        Quincy.
     An anasarca,  a species of dropsy, is  an extrava-
   sation of water lodged in toe cells of the membrana
   adiposa.                              Sharp.
 DROSS, dros. n. s.  [opoy, Saxon.]
 1. The recrement or dispumation of metals.
      Some scumm'd  toe dross  toat from the  metal
          came,
   Some stirr'd the molten ore with ladles great,
   And every one did swink, and every one did sweat.
                                        Spenser.
     Should the mixture of a little dross constrain the
   church to deprive herself of so much  gold, rather
   than learn how, by art and judgment, to make sepa-
   ration ofthe one from toe other?          Hooker.
2.  Rust; incrustation  upon metal.
    An emperor,  hid under a  crust  of  dross,  after
   cleansing, has appeared with all his titles fresh and
  beautifuf.                             Addison.
3.  Refuse;  leavings; sweepings; any thing
   remaining after the removal of the bet-
   ter part; dregs; feculence; corruption.
    Fair  proud, now  tell  me  why should fair be
         proud,
  Sith all world's glory is but dross unclean;
    And in the shade of death itself shall shroud,
  However now thereof ye little ween?      Spenser.
    That most divine  light only shiueth on  those
  minds which are purged from all worldly dross and
  human uncleanness.                    Raleigh.
    All treasures and all gain esteem as dross,
  And dignities and pow'rs, all but the highest.
       5         y                    Milton.
    Such precepts exceedingly dispose us to piety and
  religion, by purifying our souls from the dross and
  filth of sensual delights.               TUlotson.
Dro'ssiness, dr6s'se-nes. ». s. [from dros-
   sy.] Foulness; feculence; rust.
    The furnace  of affliction  refines us from earth-
  ly drossiness, and  softens us for the impression of
  God's stamp.                           Boyle.
Dro'ssy, dros'se. adj. [from dross.]
1.  Full   of scorious  or  recrementitious
   parts;  full of dross.
    So doth the fire the drossy gold refine.   Davies.
    For,  by  the fire, toey emit not only many drossy
  and scorious parts, but whatsoever they had receiv-
  ed either from earth or loadstone.         Brown.
2.  Worthless; foul; feculent.
             Your intention hold,
  As fire these drossy rhymes to purify,
  Or as elixir to change toem into gold.     Donne.
Dro'tchell,  drotsh'el.  to. s.  [corrupted
   perhaps  from dretchel.   To  dretch, in
   Chaucer, is to idle, to delay.  Droch, in
   Frisick,  is  delay.]  An  idle wench; a
   sluggard. In  Scotish it is still used.

Drove,  drove. «. s. [from drive.]
I.  A  body or number of cattle: generally
   used of  oxen or black-cattle.
    They  brought to their stations many droves of
  cattle, and within a few days were brought out of
  the country two thousand muttons.       Hayward.
    A Spaniard is unacquainted with  our northern
  droves.                                Brown.
2.  A  number  of sheep  driven.  To  an
   herd of  oxen we regularly  oppose, not
   a drove, but a flock, of sheep.
    A drove  of sheep, or an herd of oxen, may be
  managed by any noise or cry which toe  drivers
   shall accustom them to.                 South.
3.  Any collection of animals.
    The sounds and seas, with all their finny drove,
   Now to the moon in wavering morrice move. Milt.
4.  A  crowd; a tumult.
    But if to fame alone thou dost pretend,
   The miser will his empty palace lend,
   Set wide with doors, adorn'd with plated brass,
  Where droves, as at a city-gate, may pass.   Dryd.
Dro'ven,  dro'vn. part,  from drive.  Not
   now used.
             This is fought indeed;
  Had we so done at first, we had droven them home
  With clouts about their heads.        Shakspeare.

Dro'ver,   dro'vfir.  to. «.  [from  drove.]
   One that fats oxen for sale,  and drives
   them to market.
     The prince hath got your Hero.
   ----1 wish him joy of her.
   —Why, that's spoken like  an honest drover; so
   they sell bullocks.                   Shakspeare.
     The drover who his fellow drover meets
   In narrow  passages of winding streets.    Dryden.

 DROUGHT, dr6ut.3«s™ „. 8t [bnujobe,
    Saxon.]
 1.  Dry weather;  want of rain.
     0 earth! I will befriend thee more with rain
   Than youthful April shall with all his showers:
   In summer's drought I'll drop upon thee still.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Great droughts in summer,  lasting till the end of
   August, some gentle showers upon  them, and then
 Bacon.

MUton.
  some dry weather, portend a pestilent summerjkc
  year following.
            To south the Persian bay,
  And inaccessible th' Arabian drought.
    As torrents in the drowth of summer fail,
  So perish'd man from death shall never rise.
                                       Sandys.
    They were so learned in  natural philosophy, that
  they foretold earthquakes and storms, great droughts
  and great plagues.                      Tempfe!
    In a drought, the thirsty creatures cry,
  And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain. Dryd.
    Upon a shower, after a drought, earthworms and
  land-snails innumerable come out of their lurking.
  places.                                  Ray.
2. Thirst; want of drink.
    His carcase, pin'd with hunger and with drought.
                                       •MUton,
               One, whose drought
  Yet scarce allay'd, still eyes the current stream,
  Whose liquid murmur heard new thirst excites.
                                       MUton.
Drou'ghtiness,  drou'te-n^s. to. s. [from.
   droughty.]  The state of wanting rain.

Dro'ughty, dr6u'te. adj. [from drought]
I. Wanting rain; sultry.
    That a camel, so patient of long thirst, should be
  bred in such droughty and parched countries, where
  it is of such eminent  use for travelling over those
  dry and sandy desarts where no water is to be had,
  must be acknowledged an act of providence and de-
  sign.                         Ray on Creation.
2. Thirsty; dry with  thirst.
           If the former years
  Exhibit no supplies, alas! thou must
  With tasteless water wash  thy droughty throat.
To Drown, droun.323 v. a. [from drunden,
   below, German, Skinner; from bnunc-
   man, Saxon.  Lye/]

1.  To suffocate in water.
    They would  soon drown  those that refused to
  swim down the popular stream.      King Charles.
    When of God's image only eight he found
  Snatch'd from the wat'ry grave, and sav'd from na-
        tions drown'd.                    Prim.
2. To overwhelm in water.
            Or so much as it needs
  To dew the sovereign flow'r, and drown the weeds.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Galleys might be drowned in toe harbour with
  the great ordnance, before they could be rigged.
                                Knolles' History.
3. To overflow; to bury in an inundation;
   to deluire.
    Betwixt the prince and parliament we stand,
  The barriers of the state on either hand:
  May neither overflow,  for then they drown the land.
                                      Dryden.
4. To im merge; to lose in any thing.
    Most men being in sensual pleasures drown'd,
  It seems their souls but in their senses are.  Davies.

5. To iose in something that overpowers
   or covers.
    Who cometh next  will not follow that course,
  however good, which his  predecessors  held, for
  doubt to have  his doings droioned  in another man's
  Praise-                       Spenser on Ireland,
    That the brightness of the  sun doth drown our
  discerning of the lesser lights, is a popular errour.
    .,   .                              Wotton-
    My private voice is drown'd amid the senate.
    „        ,       ,                  Addison,
    Some aged man who lives this act to see
   And who in former times remember'd me '
   May say, the son, in fortitude and fame  '
   Outgoes the mark, and drowns his father's name.
 rn x~\         i  i »                      Dryden.
 To Drown, droun. x,. n. To be  suffocated
   in the waters. 
DRO
DRU
DRU
      There be, toat keep them out of fire, and yef was
    never burned; that beware of water,  and yet was
    never nigh drowning.                  Ascham.
      Methought what pain it was to drown!
    What dreadful noise of waters in my ears!   Shaks.
  To DROWSE, droftz.323  v. a. [droosen,
    Dutch.] To make heavy with sleep.
                There gentle sleep
    First found me, and with soft oppression seiz'd
    My droicsed senses uncontroul'd.          Milton.
  To Drowse, dr6iz v. n.
  1. To slumber; to trrow heavy with sleep.
              All their shape
    Spangled with eyes, more numerous  than those
    Of Argus; and more wakeful than to drowse,
    Charm'd wito Arcadian pipe.            Milton.
  2. To look heavy; not  cheerful.
      They  rather drows'd,  and hung their  eyelids
          down,
    Slept to his face, and render'd such aspect
    As cloudy men use to their adversaries.    Shaks.
  Dro'wsihed,  drou'ze-hed. to.  a.  Sleepi-
    ness; inclination to sleep. Obsolete.
      The royal virgin shook off drowsihed;
    And rising forth out of her baser boure,
    Look'd for her knight.              Fairy Queen.
  Dro'wsilv, droi'ze-le. adv. [from drow-
    sy ]
  i. Sleepily; heavily; with an inclination to
    sleep.
      The air swarms thick with wand'ring deities,
    Which drowsily like humming beetles rise.   Dryd.
  2. Skittishly; idly; slothfully; lazily.
      We satisfy our understanding with  the first things,
    and, thereby  satiated, slothfully and  drowsily  sit
    down.                               Raleigh.
  Dro'wsiness,  drou'ze-nes. to.  8.  [from
    drowsy.]
  1.  Sleepiness;  heaviness with  sleep;  dis-
    position to sleep.
     What a strange droicsiness possesses them!
                                     Shakspeare.
     In deep of night, when drowsiness
    Hath lock'd up mortal sense, then listen I
    To the celestial syren's harmony.         Milton.
     What succour can I hope the muse will send,
    Whose droiosiness hath wrong'd the muse's friend?
                                      Crashaw.
     He passes his whole life in  a dozed condition,
    between sleeping and waking, with a kind of drow-
    siness and confusion upon his senses.        South.
     He that from his childhood has made rising be-
    times familiar to him, will  not waste toe best part
    of his life in drowsiness and lying a-bed.   Locke.
     A sensation of drowsiness, oppression, and lassi-
    tude, are signs of a plentiful meal in young people.
                                     Arbuthnot.
 2.  Idleness;  indolence;  inactivity.
     It falleth out well  to shake  cff your drowsiness;
  for it seemed to be the trumpet of a war.   Bacon.
 Dro'wsy, dodu'ze. adj. [from drowse]
 I.  Sleepy; heavy with sleep; lethargick.
     Drowsy am I, and yet can rarely sleep. Sidney.
    Men drowsy, and desirous to sleep, or before toe
  fit of an ague, do use to yawn and stretch.
                         Bacon's Natural History.
    The flowers, call'd out of their beds,
  Start and raise up toeir drowsy heads.   Cleaveland.
     Drunken at last, and drowsy toey depart
  Each to his house.                    Dryden.
 2.  Heavy; lulling;  causing sleep.
     Sir Guyon, mindful of his vows yplight,
  Uprose from drowsy couch.         Fairy Queen.
    While thus she rested, on  her arm reclin'd,
  The hoary willows waving with the wind,
  And feather'd quires that warbled in the shade,
  And  purling  streams that through   the meadow
        stray'd,
  In drowsy murmurs lull'd toe gentle maid. Addison.
3. Stupid; dull.
    Those inadvertencies, a body would think, even
      VOL I.
   our author,  with all his drowsy reasoning, could
   never have been capable of.           Atterbuiy.
  To DRUB, drub. v.  a. [druber,  to kill,
    Dan.]  To thrash; to beat; to bang;  to
    thump;  to  thwack;  to  cudgel.    A
    word of contempt.
     He that is valiant, and dares fight,
   Though drubb'd, can lose no honour by't. Hudibras.
     The little thief had been soundly drubb'd with a
   good honest  cudgel.                 L'Estrange.
     Though the bread be not mine, yet,  if it had
   been less  than weight, I should have been drubbed,
                                         Locke.
 Drub, drib. ra. a. [from  the  verb.]    A
   tliu:r»p; a knock;  a blow.
     The blows and drubs I have receiv'd,
   Have bruis'd my body, and bereav'd
   My limbs  of strength.                 Hudibras.
     By setting an unfortunate mark on their follow-
   ers,  they have exposed them to innumerable drw6s
   and  contusions.                       Addison.

 To DRUDGE, drildje.  v.  ra. [brteccan,  to
   vex, Saxon; draghen, to cany,  Dutch.]
   To labour in mean offices; to loii  with-
   out honour or dignity; to work  hard;  to
   slave.
     And to  crack'd fiddle, and hoarse tabour,
   In merriment, did drudge and labour.    Hudibras.
     The poor sleep little; we  must learn to watch
   Our  labours late, and early every morning,
   Midst winter frosts; then clad and fed with sparing,
   Rise to our toils, and drudge away toe day. Otway.
     Advantages obtained by industry, directed  by
   philosophy, can never be  expected from drudging
   ignorance.                          Glanville.
             Soon he came to court,
   Proffering  for hire his service at toe gate,
   To dmcfg-e, draw water, and to run or wait.  Dryd.
     I made  no such bargain with you, to live  always
   drudging.                             Dryden.
     What is an age, in dull renown drudg'd o'er!
   One  little single hour of love is more.    Granville.
 Drudge,  drudje. ra. a.  [from  the verb.]
   One  employed in  mean labour; a slave;
   one doomed to servile occupation.
     To conclude, this drudge of toe  devil, this divi-
   ner,  laid claim to me.                  Shaksp.
    He sits above, and laughs tbe while
   At thee, ordain'd his drudge, to execute
   Whate'er his wrath shall bid.            Milton.
            Art thou our slave,
   Our captive,  at the publick mill our drudge,
   And  dar'st thou at our sending and command,
   Dispute thy coming?                    Milton.
    He is content to be toeir drudge,
  And  on toeir errands gladly  trudge.     Hudibras.
    The hard master makes men serve him for nought,
  who rewards  his drudges and slaves with nothing
  but shame, and sorrow, and  misery.     Tillotson.

Dru'dgeh, drudje'ur. ». *.[from drudge.]
I. A mean labourer.
2. The drudgingbox; the box out of which
   flower is thrown on roast meat.    Diet.
Dru'dgery,  drudje'ur-e.  to.  s.   [from
   drudge.] Mean  labour; ignoble toil; dis-
   honourable work; servile occupation.
    My old  dame will be  undone for one to do  her
  husbandry and her drudgery.            Shaksp.
    Were there not instruments for drudgery as well
  as offices of drudgery?  Were there not people to
  receive orders, as well as others to give and autho-
  rize them?                         L'Estrange.
    You do not know the heavy grievances,
  The toils, the labours, weary drudgeries
  Which they impose.                   Southern.
    To thee toat drudgery of pow'r I <rive;
  Cares be toy lot: reign thou,  and lefme live. Dry.
    Paradise was a place  of bliss, as  well as immor-
  tality, without drudgery, and  without sorrow. LocJfce.
                Even Drudgery himself,
                     4 G
   As at the car he sweats, or dusty hews
   The palace stone, looks gay.            Thomson.
     It is  now handled  by eveiy  dirty  wench, and
   condemned to do her drudgery.            Swift.
 Dru'dgingbox,  drildje'ing-b6ks.   to. *.
    [drudging and  box:.]   The box out of
    which  flower  is  sprinkled  upon  roast
    meat.
     But if it lies too long, toe crackling's pall'd,
   Not by the drudging-box to be recall'd. King's C
 Dru'dgingly, driidje'ing-le. adv.   [from
    drudging.]  Laboriously; toilsomely.
     He does now all the meanest and  triflingest
   things himself  drudgingly, without making use of
   any iuferiour or subordinate minister.        Ray.
 DRUG,  drAg. to.  s. [drogue, Fr.]
 I. An  ingredient  used in physick;  a me-
    dicinal simple.
                 A fleet descried
   Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds
   Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles
   Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring
   Their spicy drugs.                       Milton.
     Judicious physick's noble art to gain,
   He drugs and plants explor'd, alas! in vain. Smith*
     Bright Helen mix'd  a mirth-inspiring bowl,
   Temper'd with drugs of sovereign use, t' assuage
   The boiling bosom of tumultuous rage.      Pope.
     In the  names  of drugs and plants, the mistake in
   a word may endanger life.                Baker.
 2. It is used sometimes for  poison.
     Mortal drugs  I have; but Mantua's law
   Is death to any he that utters them.       Shaksp.
     And yet no doubts the poor man's draught con-
         trol;
   He dreads no poison in his homely bowl:
   Then fear the deadly drug, when  gems divine
   Enchase the cup, and sparkle in the wine.    Dryd.
 3. Any thing without  worth  or value; any
   thing of which no purchaser can  be
   found.
             Each noble vice
             Shall bear  a price,
           And virtue shall a drug- become:
             An empty name,
             Was all her fame,
           But now she shall be dumb.     Dryden.
 4. A  drudge.   This  seems  the meaning
   here.
    He from the first swath proceeded
   Thro' sweet degrees that this brief world affords,
   To such as may toe passive drugs of it
   Freely command.                      Shaksp.
 To Drug, driig. v. a. [from the noun.]
 I. To season with ingredients; commonly
   medicinal.
             The surfeited grooms
   Do  mock their charge wito snores.—I've drugg'i
         their possets,
   That death and nature  do contend about them.
                                       Shaksp.
 2. To tincture with something offensive.
                 Oft they assay'd,
   Hunger and thirst constraining; dragg'd as oft
  With hatefulest disrelish, writh'd their jaws
  With soot and cinders fill'd.             Milton.
 Dru'gget,  driig'git.99 to. s.   A slight
   kind of woollen  stuff.
    In druggets drest, of thirteen pence a yard,
  See Philip's son amidst  his Persian guard.   Swift.
Dru'ggist, drdg'gist.382 to. s. [from drug.]
   One who  sells physical  drugs.
    Common nitre we bought at toe druggist's.  Boyle.
 Dru'gster, drdg'stilr. n.a.  [from drug.]
   One who sells physical simples.
    Common oil of turpentine I bought at toe dru*-
  ster's-                                   Boyle-
    They set the  clergy below  their apothecaries 
DRU
DRY
DRY
  the physician of the soul below the drugsters of the
  body.                               Atterbury.
DRU'ID, dru'id. to. «.  [derio,  oaks,  and
   hud,  incantation.]   A  priest and philo-
   sopher ofthe ancient Britons.
DRUM,  driltn.  n.  a.  [tromme,  Danish;
   drumme, Erse.]
1. An instrument of military musick, con-
   sisting of vellum  strained over a broad
   hoop  on each  side, and beaten  with
   sticks.
     Let's march without the  noise of threatening
         drums.                          Shaksp-
     In drums, the  closeness round about, that pre-
   serveth the sound from  dispersing,  maketh the
   noise come forth at the drum-hole  far more loud
   and strong  than if you should strike upon the like
   skin extended in the open air.            Bacon.
     Tears trickling down their  breasts  bedew the
         ground,
   And drums and trumpets mix their mournful sound.
                                       Dryden.
                  Now no more toe drum
   Provokes to arms, or trumpet's clangor shrill
   Affrights the wives, and chills the virgin's blood.
                                        Philips.
 2. The tympanum of the ear, or the mem-
    brane which  perceives  the vibration of
    the air.
 To Drum, drum. v. ra.
 1. To beat a drum;  to beat a  tune on  a
    drum.
 2. To beat with a pulsatory motion.
                Now, heart,
   Set ope thy sluices, send the vigorous blood
   Through every active limb for my relief;
   Then take  thy rest within the quiet cell,
   For thou shalt drwm no more.            Dryden.
 To Dru'mble,  dr&m'bl.406 v. to. To drone;
    to be sluggish.                  Hanmer.
     Take up these cloaths here quickly: where's the
    cowlstaff?  Look, how  you drumble! carry them to
    the landress in Datchet mead.           Shaksp.
 Dru'mfish, drtWfish. to.  a. The name of
    a fish.
     The under-jaw of the drumfish from Virginia.
                                      Woodward.
  Drumma'jor,  driim-ma'jur.  to.  s. [drum
     and major.]   The chief drummer of a
     regiment.
      Such company may chance to spoil the swearing;
    And the drummajor's oaths of bulk unruly,
    May dwindle to a feeble—            Cfeauefand.
  Dru'mmaker, drum'ma-kux. «.  s. [drum
     and maker.]   He who deals in drums.
      The drummaker uses it, and the cabinetmaker.
                                       Mortimer.
  Dru'mmer,  drum'mur. to. s. [from dr-um.]
     He whose office it is  to beat the drum.
      Drummer, strike up, and let us march away.
                                         Shaksp.
      Here rows of drummers stand in martial file,
    And with their vellum-thunder shake the pile. Gay.
  Dru'mstick, drfim'stlk. to. a.  [drum  and
     etick.]   The stick  with  which a  drum
     is beaten.
  Drunk, drunk, adj. [from drink/]
  1. Intoxicated  with strong liquor; inebri-
     ated.
      This was the morn when issuing on toe guard,
    Drawn up in rank and file,  they stood prepar'd
    Of seeming arms to make a short assay;
    Then hasten  to  be drunfc, toe business ofthe day.
                                         Dryden.
     We generally conclude that mandrunfc, who takes
    pains to be thought sober.              Spectator.
  2  Drenched or saturated with  moisture.
  I will make mine arrows drunk with blood.  Deut.
Dru'nkard,   drunk'fird.88  ra. s.   [from
  drunk]   One given  to excessive use
  of strong  liquors;  one  addicted to  ha-
  bitual  ebriety.
    Some blood drawn on me would beget opinion
  Of my more fierce endeavour. I 've seen drunkards
  Do more than this in sport.                Shaks.
          My bowels cannot hide her woes,
  But, like a drunkard, 1 must vomit them.   Shaksp.
    God will not take the drunkard's excuse, that he
  has so  long  accustomed himself to intemperate
  drinking, that now he cannot leave it off.    South.
Dru'nken, drun'kn.103  adj.  [from drink.]
i. Intoxicated  with liquor; inebriated.
    O monstrous beast! how like a swine he lies!
  Sirs, I will practice on this drunken man.  Shaksp.
     Drunken men imagine every thing turneth round:
  they  imagine that things come  upon  them; they
  see not weil things afar off; those things that they
  see near hand, they see out  of their place, aud
  sometimes they see things double.         Bacon.
2. Given to habitual  ebriety.
3. Saturated with moisture.
     Then let the  earth be drunken with our blood.
                                       Shaksp.
4. Done  in a state of inebriation.
     When your carters, or your  waiting vassals,
  Have done a drunken slaughter, and defac'd
  The precious image of our dear Redeemer,
  You straight are on your knees for pardon, pardon.
                                       Sliaksp.
     We should for honour take
  The drunken quarrels of a rake.            Swift.
Dru'nkenlv,   drun'kn-le.   adv.   [from
   drunken.]   In a drunken manner.
     My blood already, like the pelican,
  Hast thou tapt out, and drunkenly carous'd. Shaksp.
Dru'nkenness, drun'kn-nes.  ra. *.  [from
   drunken]
 I. Intoxication  with strong liquor.
     Every going off from our natural and common
  temper, and our usual severity of  behaviour, is a
  degree of drunkenness.                  Taylor.
 2.  Habitual ebriety.
     The Lacedaemonians trained up their children to
   hate drunkenness, by bringing a drunken man into
   their company.                         Watts.
    Intoxication or inebriation  of any kind;
    disorder of the faculties.
     Passion is the drunkenness of the mind, and
   therefore in its present workings not controllable by
   reason.                               Spenser.
 DRY, dri. adj. [bp.15, Sax.]
  1.  Arid; not wet; not moist.
     If the pipe be a little wet  on the inside, it will
   make a differing sound from the  same pipe dry.
                                         Bacon-
              When God said,
   Be gather'd now, ye waters under heaven,
   Into one place, and let drw land  appear!   MUton.
            Of turbid elements the sport;
   From clear  to cloudy tost, from hot to cold,
   And dry to moist.                     Thomson.
  2.  Not rainy.
     A dry March and a dry May portend a wholesome
   summer, if there be a  showering April between.
                                         Bacon
     The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the sea-
   son.                                Addison.
  3.  Not  succulent; not juicy.
      I will drain him dry as hay;
    Sleep shall neither night nor day,
    Hang upon his penthouse lid:
    He shall live  a man forbid.              Shaksp.
  4.  Being without tears.
      Dry mourning will decays more  deadly bring,
    As a north wind burns a too forward spring:
    Give sorrow vent, and let the sluices go.   Dryden.
  5.  Thirsty; a-thirst.
    So dry he was for sway.       ,  ..         ™
    Void of a bulky charger near their npSi
  With which in often interrupted sleep,
  Their frying blood compels to irrigate
  Their dry fun'd tongues.                rlutips.
6. Jejune;  barren;  plain;  unembellished;
   without  pathos; without flowers.
    As we should take care that our stile in writing
  be neither dry nor empty, we should look again it be
  not winding or wanton with far-fetched desenptions:
  either is a vice.                    Ben Jonson.
    It rcmaineth to treat concerning ornaments within
  or without the fabrick; a piece not so dry as the
  mere contemplation of proportions: and therefore
  I hope therein somewhat to  refresh both the reader
  and myself.                           Wotton,
    That the fire burns  by heat  is an empty dry re-
  turn to the question, and leaves us still ignorant.
                                      GlanviUt,
    It is a dry fable, with little or nothing in it.
                                    L'Estrange.
     Authority and  friendship work  upon some, dry
  and sober reason works upon others.   L'Estrange,
     To clear  up this  theory,  1 was willing to lay
  aside  dry  subtilties with which the schools are fill-
  ed.                                  Burnet.
     These epistles  will become less dry, and more
  susceptible of ornament.                  p^
7. Hurd;  severe,    [drieti, anciently to en.
   dure;  dree, Scotish.]
     Of two noblemen, the one was given to scoff, but
  kept ever royal cheer  in his house; the other would
  ask of those  that had  been  at  his  table, was there
  never a flout or dry blow given ?           Bacon,
     I rather hop'd I should no more
   Hear from you 0' ft' gallanting score;
   For hard dry bastings us'd to prove
   The readiest remedies of love;
   Next a dry diet.                      Hudibras.
 To Dry, dri.  v. a.
 I.  To  free  from
                   moisture;  to arefy;  to
  exsiccate.
   The meat was well, if you were so contented.
 —I tell thee, Kate, 'twas burnt and dried away.
                                      Shaksf.
   Heat drieth bodies, that do easily expire, as parch-
 ment, leaves, roots, and clay; and so doth time arefy
                                       Bacon.
   Herbs and flowers, if they be dried in the shade,
 or dried in the hot sun a small time, keep best.
                                       Bacon.
          The running streams are deep:
  See, they have caught the father of toe flock,
  Who dries his fleece  upon the  neighbouring rock.
                                      Drydtn.
 , To exhale  moisture.
    'Twas grief no more, or grief and rage were one
  Within  her soul: at last 'twas rage alone;
  Which, burning upwards in succession,dries
  The tears that stood considering in her eyes. Dryd.
3.  To wipe away  moisture.
   Then wito her vest the wound she wipes and dries.
                                      Denham.
         See, at your blest returning,
            Rage disappears;
         The widow'd  isle in mourning
            Dries up her tears.          Dryden.
4. To scorch  with thirst.
    Their honourable men are famished, and  their
  multitude dried up with thirst.            isaiaA.
5. To drain; to exhaust.
            Rash Elpenor, in an evil hour,
  Dried an immeasurable bowl, and thought
  T' exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep,
  Imprudent: him death's iron sleep opprest. PhUipS.
6. To Dry  up.   To  deprive totally of
   moisture; to take all moisture away.
    The  water ofthe  sea, which formerly corered it,
  was in  time exhaled and dried up  by the sun.
                                     Woodward.
 To Dry, dri. v. to.  To grow dry;  to lose
   moisture; to be drained of its moisture. 
DRY
DUB
DUC
Dry'er, dri'ur.98  to. a. [from dry.]  That
   which  has  the   quality of absorbing
   moisture.
     The ill effects of drinking are relieved by this
  plant, which is a great dryer and opener, especially
  by perspiration.                        Temple.
Dry'kyed,  dri'ide. adj.  [dry and  eye.]
   Without tears; without weeping.
     Sight so deform what heart of rock could long
  Dryey'd behold? Adam could not, but wept. Milton.
Dry'ly, dri'le. adv. [from dry.]
 1.  Without moisture.
2.  Coldly; frigidly; without affection.
     The archduke, conscious  to himself how dryly
  the king had been used by his council, did strive to
  recover the king's affection.               Bacon.
     Wouldst thou to honour and preferments climb,
  Be bold in mischief, dare some mighty crime,
  Which dungeons, death, or banishment deserves;
  For virtue is but dryly prais'd, and starves. Dryd.
3.  Jejunely;  barrenly;  without ornament
   or embellishment.
     Some dryly plain, without invention's aid,
  Write dull receipts how poems may be made. Pope.

Dry'ness, dri'nes. to. *. [from  dry.]
 1.  Want of moisture; siccity.
     The Africans are  conceived to  be  peculiarly
  scorched and torrified by the sun, by dryness of the
  soil, from want and defect of water.       Brown.
     Such was the discord which did first disperse
  Form, order, beauty through the universe,
  While dryness moisture, coldness heat resists,
  All that we have, and that we are, subsists.
                                      Denham.
     The marrow supplies an  oil for the inunction of
  toe bones and ligaments in the  articulations, and
  particularly of the ligaments, preserving them from
  diyness and rigidity, and keeping them supple and
  flexible.                                Pay.
    Is the sea ever likely to be evaporated by the
  sun, or to be emptied wito  buckets?  Why then
  must we fancy this impossible dryness, and  then,
  upon that fictitious account, calumniate nature ?
                                       Uenffey.
2. Want of succulence.
                If he fill'd
  His vacancy with his voluptuousness,
  Full surfeits, and the dryness of his bones,
  Call on him for't.                       Shaksp.
     The difference of muscular flesh  depends upon
  the hardness, tenderness, moisture, or dryness  of
  the fibres.                          Arbuthnot.
3. Want of  embellishment; want  of  pa-
   thos; jejuneness; barrenness.
     Their new  flowers  and  sweetness do  as  much
  coreupt as others dryness and  squalor, if they chuse
  not carefully.                      Ben Jonson.
    Be faithful where the author excels, and  para-
  phrase where penury of fancy or dryness of expres-
  sion ask it.                             Garth.
4. Want of  sensibility  in devotion; want
  ofardour; aridity.
    It may be,  that by this dryness of spirit, God in-
  tends to make us the more fervent and resigned in
  our direct and solemn devotions,  by the perceiving
  of our weakness.                       Taylor.
Dry'nurse,  dri'nurse.  to. *.  [dry  and
   nurse.]
I.  A woman who brings up and  feeds a
  child without the breast.
2.  One who takes  care of another: with
  some  contempt  of the person  taken
  care of.
    Mrs. Quickly is his nurse, or his drynurse. or his
  cook, or his laundry, his washer, and his wringer.
                                       Shaksp.
To  Dry'nurse, dri'ntirse. t>. a.  [from the
  noun.]  To Iced without the  breast.
    As Romulus a wolf did rear,
  So he was drynurs'd by a bear.        HudUrras.
 Dry'shod, dri'sliod.  adj. [dry and shod.]
   Without  wet feet;  without   treading
   above the shoes  in the water.
    He had embarked us in such disadvantage, as we
  could not return dryshod.                Sidney.
    Dryshod to pass, she parts the floods in tway;
  And eke huge mountains from their native seat,
  She would command themselves to bear away.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Has honour's fountain  then  suck'd  back  the
         stream ?
  He has; and hooting  boys may dryshod pass,
  And gather pebbles from the naked ford.  Dryden.
Du'al,  dual.  adj. [dualis, Latin.]  Ex-
   pressing  the number two.
    Modern languages have only one variation,  and
  so toe Latin; but tiie  Greek and Hebrew have  one
  to signify two, and another  to signify more than
  two;  under  one variation the noun is said to be of
  the duaf number, and under the other, of the plural.
                            Clarke's Lat. Gram.
To DUB, dub. v. a. [oubban zo ri.berte,
   Sax. addubba till riddara, Islanuick, to
   dub a knight.  Addubba, in its primary
   sense,  signifies  to strike, knights  be-
   ing made by a blow  with the sword ]
I.  To make a man a knight.
    Knight, knight, good mother! Basilisco like.
  What! I am dubb'd, I have it on my shoulder.
                                       Shaksp.
    The robes which toe kings then allowed to each
  knight, when he was  dubbed,  of green,  or burnet,
  as toey spake in that age, appeareth upon record.
                                      Camden.
    The king stood up  under his cloth of state, took
  the sword from the lord protector,  and  dubbed  the
  lord mayor of London knight.          Hayward.
2.  To confer any kind  of dignity or new
   character.
    The jealous o'erworn widow and herself,
  Since that our brother dubb'd them gentlewomen,
  Are mighty gossips in this monarchy.      Shaksp.
                   He
  Gave thee no instance why thou should'st do treason,
  Unless to dub thee with toe name of traitor. Shaksp.
    Women commence by Cupid's dart,
  As a king hunting dubs a hart.        Cleaveland.
    A  plain gentleman, of an  ancient family, is of
  better quality than a new knight, though the reason
  of his dubbing was meritorious.           Collier.
    0 poet! thou hadst been  discreeter,
  Hanging the monarch's hat so high,
    If  thou hadst dubb'd thy star a meteor,
  That did but blaze, and rove, and die.      Prior.
    These demoniacks let me dub,
  With the name of legion club.            Swift.
    A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth:
  Venus shall give him form, and Anstis birth.  Pope.
Dub,  dub. to. s. [from the verb.]  A blow;
   a knock.
    As skilful coopers hoop toeir tubs
  With Lydian and with Phrygian dwbs.   Hudibras.
Dubio'sity, dti-be-os'e te. to.*, [from du-
   bious.] A thing  doubtful.  Not us.-d.
    Men often swallow  falsities for truths, dubiosities
  for certainties, feasibilities  for  possibilities,  and
  things impossible for possible.            Brown.

DU'B\OUS,du'be-us.s**adj.[dubius,Lat.]
I. Doubting; not settled  in an opinion.
I.  Uncertain;  that  of which  the truth is
   not fully  known.
    No quick reply to dubious questions make. Dcnh.
    We also call it a dubious or doubtful  proposition,
  when there are no arguments on either side. Watts.
3.  Not plain; not clear.
    Satan with less toil, and  now with ease,
  Wafts on the calmer wave, by dubious light. Jtfiffon.
4.  Having the event uncertain.
                   4g2
    His utmost pow'r with adverse pow'r oppos'd,
  In dubious battle on the plains of heav'n.  Milton.
Du'biously, du'be-us-le. adv.  [from du-
   bious.]   Uncertainly;  without any de-
   termination.
    Authors write  often dubiously, even in matters
  wherein is expected a strict definitive truth. Brown.
    Almanack makers wander  in generals, and talk
  dubiously, and leave  to the reader the business of
  interpreting.                            Swift.
Du'biousness,  du'be-iis-nes.  n.s. [from
   dubious.] Uncertainty; doubtfulness.
    She speaks with dubiousness, not with the cer-
  tainty of a goddess.                    Broome.
DU'BITABLE, du'be-ta-bl. adj. [dubito,
   Latin.] Douotful; uncertain;  what may
   be doubted.
D UBiTA'TioN,du-be-ta'shdn. n.s.[dubitatio,
   Lat.] Tne act of doubting;  doubt.
    Many of  the ancients denied  the antipodes; but
  the experience of our enlarged navigation can now
  assert them beyond all dubitation.         Brown.
    Dubitation may be  cailed a negative perception;
  that is,  when  1 perceive that  what I  see  is  not
  what I would see.                        Grew.
Du'cal, du'kal. adj. [from  duke.] Pertain-
   ing to a duke: as,  a ducal coronet.
Du'oat, duk'it.90  to. a.   [from duke.]  A
   coin struck by dukes;  in silver, valued
   at about four shillings  and sixpence; in
   gold, at nine shillings  and sixpence.
    I cannot instantly raise up toe gross
  Of full  three thousand ducats.           Shaksp.
    There was one who  died in debt; it was reported,
  where his creditors were, that he was dead: one
  said, he hath carried  five hundred ducats  of mine
  into the other world.                    Bacon.
DUCK,  duk. to. a.  [anas;  ducken, to dip,
   Dutch.]
i. A waterfowl, both wild  and tame.
    The ducks, that heard the proclamation cried,
  And fear'd a prosecution might betide,
  Full twenty mile from town their voyage take
  Obscure in rushes of the liquid lake.     Dryden.
    Grubs, if you  find your land subject  to, turn
  ducks into it.                        Mortimer.
2. A word  of endearment, or fondness.
    Will you buy any tape or lace for your cap,
  My dainty duck, my dear-a?             Shaksp.
3. A  declination of the  head:  so  called
   from the  frequent action  of a  duck in
   the water.
    Back, shepherds, back; enough your play
  Till next sunshine holyday:
  Here be without dwcfc or nod,
  Other trippings to be trod,
  Of lighter toes and such court guise
  As Mercury did first devise.              Milton.
4. A stone  thrown  obliquely on the water,
   so  as  to strike it and rebound.
    Neither cross and pile, nor ducks and drakes, are
  quite so ancient as handy-dandy.    Arb. and Pope.
To Duck, du.k.  v.  n. [from the  noun.]
I. To dive  under water as a duck.
    The varlet saw, when to the flood he came,
  How without stop or stay he fiercely leapt;
    And deep himself be ducked in the same,
  That in the lake his lofty crest was steept. F. Queen.
    Let the labouring bark climb hills of seas
  Olympus high, and duck again as low
  As hell's from heaven.                  Shaksp.
           Thou art wickedly devout;
  In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day.  Dryden.
2. To drop  clown the lieid, as a duck.
    As some raw youth in country bred,
  When at a skirmish first he. hears
  The bullets  whistling  round his ears,
  H ill duck his bead, aside will start,
  And feel a trembling  at his heart.          Swift. 
DUD
DUE
D UE
 3.  To bow low; to  cringe.    In  Scotish
   duyk, or juyk, to make obeisance, is still
   used.
          I cannot flatter and look fair,
  Smile in men's faces, smooth, deceive, and cog,
  Duck with French nods, and apish courtesy. Shaksp.
          The learned pate
  Ducfcs to the golden fool.                Shaksp.
 To Duck, duk. v. a. To put under water.
Du'cker, dik'ur.98 to. s. [from duck.]
 1.  A  diver.
2.  A  cringer.                         Diet
Du'ckingstool, duk'k!ng-st661.TO.s. [duck
   and stool.] A chair in which scolds are
   tied,  and put  under water.
    She in the duckingstool should take her seat,
  Drest like herself in a great chair of state Dorset.
    Reclaim the obstinately opprobrious and virulent
  women, and make the duckingstool more useful.
                                      Addison.
Duckle'gged,  dik'ieg'd.359  adj.  [duck
   and leg.] Short legged.
    Ducklegg'd, short waisted, such a dwarf she is,
  That she must rise on tiptoes for a kiss.  Dryden.
Du'ckling, duk'ling.  n. s. [from duck.]
   A young duck;  the brood of the duck
    Ducklings,  though hatched  and  led  by a hen,
  if she brings them to the brink of a river or  pond,
  presently leave her,  and in they go.         Ray.
             Ev'ry morn
  Amid the ducklings let her scatter com.     Gay.
Du'ckmeat,  duk'mete.   to. s.   [duck and
   meat; lenspalustris.]  A common plant
   growing in standing waters;  duckweed.
To Ducko'y, duk'koi. v. a. [mistaken for
   decoy:  the  decoy  being   commonly
  practised  upon  ducks,   produced  the
   errour.]   To entice to a snare.
    This fish hath a  slender membranous  string,
  which he projects and draws in  at pleasure, as a
  serpent doth his tongue;  with this he duckoys little
  fishes, and preys upon them.             Greio.
Ducko'y, cluk'koi.  n. s.   Any means of
   enticing and tis.iaring.
    Seducers  have found  it the  most compendious
  way  to their designs, to lead captive silly women,
  and make them the duckoys to their whole family.
                                 Decay of Piety.
 Du'cksfoot, duks'fut. n. s. Black snake-
   root, or May-apple.
 Du'ckweed,  duk'wede. to. s.  [duck and
   weed.]   The same with duckmeat.
    That we  call duckweed hath  a  leaf no bigger
  than a thyme leaf,  but of a  fresher green; and
  putteth forth a little string into the water, far from
  the b6ttom.                            Bacon.
 Duct,  dukt. n. s. [ductus, Latin.]
 1.  Guidance;  direction.
    This doctrine,  by fastening  all our actions by  a
  fatal decree at toe foot of God's chair, leaves  no-
  thing to us but only to obey our fate, to follow the
  ducf of the stars, or necessity of  those irony chains
  which we are born under.            Hammond.
2.  A  passage through which any thing is
   conducted:  a term chiefly used by ana-
   tomists.
    A  ducf from each of those cells ran into the root
  of toe tongue, where both joined  together, and
  passed forward in one comman duct to toe tip of it.
                                      Addison.
    It  was observed that'the chyle, in the  thoracick
  duct, retained the original taste of the aliment.
                                    Arbuthnot.
DU'CTILE,  duk'til.140  adj.  [ductilis,
   Latin]
1. Flexible; pliable.
          Thick woods and gloomy night
  Conceal toe happy plant from human sight.
  One bough it bears; but, wond'rous to behold!
  The ductile rind and leaves of radiant gold. Dryden.
2.  Easy to  be drawn out into length, or
   expanded.
    All bodies ducrife and tensile, as  metals, that
  will be drawn into wires; wool and tow, that will
  be drawn into yarn or thread; have the appetite of
  not discontinuing strong.                  Bacon.
    Gold, as it is the purest, so it is the softest and
  most ducrife, of all metals.               Dryden-
3.  1 ractabie;    obsequious;   complying;
   yielding.
           He generous thoughts instils
  Of true nobility;  forms toeir ductile minds
  To human virtues.                      Philips.
    Their  designing leaders  cannot desire a more
  ductile and easy people to work upon.     Addison.
Du'ctileness,   duk'til-nes.   to. s.  [from
   ductile] Flexibility;  ductibility.
    I,  when I value gold,  may toiuk upon
  The ductileness, the application;
  The wholesomeness,  the ingenuity,
  From rust, from soil,  from fire ever free.   Donne.
Ducti'lity, d&k'tii'e-te. to. s. [from duc-
   tile.]-
1.  Quality of  suffering  extension;  flexi-
   bility.
    Yellow  colour  and ductility  are properties  of
  gold: they belong to all gold, hut not only to gold;
  for saffron is also yellow,  and lead is ductile. Watts.
I.  Obsequiousness;  compliance.
Du'dgkon, du\d'jun.aa9 to. s.  [dolch, Ger-
   man.]
I.  A small dagger.
    It was a serviceable dudgeon,
  Either for fighting or for drudging.       Hudibras.
2.  Malice; sullenness; malignity;  ill-will.
           Civil dudgeon first grew high,
  And men  fell  out they knew not why.    Hudibras.
    The  cuckoo took this  a little in dudgeon.
                                   L'Estrange.
DUE, du. adj.  The part. pass, of  owe.
   [du, French.]
I.  Owed; that any one has a right to de-
   mand in consequence  of a compact, or
   for any other reason.
    Tbere is due from the judge to the advocate some
  commendation and gracing, where causes are well
  handled and  fair pleaded.   There is  likewise due
  to the publick a civil reprehension of advocates,
  where there appeareth cunning, gross neglect,  or
  slight information.                       Bacon.
    Mirth and cheerfulness are but the due reward of
  innocency of  life.                        More.
    A present blessing upon our fasts is neither ori-
  ginally due from God's justice, nor becomes due  to
  us from his veracity.                 Smalridge.
    There is a  respect dice  to mankind, which should
  incline  even the wisest of men to follow innocent
  customs.                               Waffs.
2.  Proper; fit;  appropriate.
    Opportunity may be taken to excite, in persons
  attending  on  those solemnities, a due sense of the
  vanity of  earthly satisfactions.         Atterbury.
3.  Exact; without  deviation.
    You might  see him come towards me beating the
  ground in so due time, as no dancer  can observe
  better measure.                         Sidney.
    And  Eve within, due at her hour, prepar'd
  For dinner savoury fruits.               Milton.
4.  Consequent to;  occasioned or effected
   by    Proper, but not usual.
    The motion of the oily drops may be in part due
  to some partial solution  made by the vinous spirit,
  which may tumble them to and fro.         Boyle.
Due,  du. adv. [from the adjective.] Ex-
   actly; directly; duly.   The  course  is
   due cast, or  due  west.
              Like the Pontick sea,
  Whose icy current, and compulsive course,
  Ne'er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on
  To the Propontick and the Hellespont.    Sliaksp.
Due, du. n. s.  [from the adjective.]
1. That which belongs  to one; that which
   may be justly  claimed.
    My due from thee is this  imperial crown,
  Which, as immediate from thy place and blood,
  Derives itself to me.                   Shaksp.
              The son of Duncan,
  From whom this tyrant holds toe due of birth,
  Lives in the English court.               Shaksp.
              Thou better know'st
  Effects of courtesy, dues of gratitude:
  Thy half o' th' kingdom thou hast not forgot,
  Wherein I tbee endow'd.                Shaksp.
    The due of honour in no point omit.    Shaksp.
    I take this  garland,  not as given by you,
  But as my merit and my beauty's dwe.     Dryden.
    No popular assembly ever knew, or proposed, or
  declared, what share of power was their due. Swift.
2. Ri;*ht;  just title.
    The key of this infernal  pit by due,
  And  by command of heaven's all powerful king,
  I keep.                               Mtton.
3. Whatever  custom  or law  requires to
   be  done.
                   Befriend
  Us, thy vow'd priests, till outmost end
  Of all thy dues be done, and uone left out. Milton.
    They pay the dead his annual dues.    Dryden.
4. Custom;  tribute;  exactions;  legal  or
   customary perquisites.
    In respect to  the exorbitant dues that are paid
  at  most  other ports,  this  deservedly  retains the
  name of free.                        Addison.
To Due, du. v.a.  [from the noun.]  To
   pay as  due; perhaps  for  endow.  It is
   perhaps only in this single passage.
    This is the latest glory of their praise,
  That I thy enemy due thee withal.        Shaksp.
DU'EL, du'il.  to. s. [duellum, Latin.]  A
   combat between two; a single fight.
    In many armies, if the matter should be tried by
  dwef between  two champions, the victory should ge
  on  the one side; and  yet,  if it be tried by the
  gross, go on the other side.              Bacon.
          Dream not of your fight
  As of a dwef, or the local wounds
  Of head or heel.                      Milton.
    'Twas  I that wrong'd you;  you my life have
          sought:
  No duel ever  was more justly fought.      Waller.
To Du'el, du'il.  v. to.   [from the noun]
   To fight a single combat.
    He must at length, poor man! die  dully  at
  home, when  here  he  might so  fashionably and
  genteelly have been duelled  or fluxed into another
  worid.                                South.
    The challenging and fighting with a man is called
  duelling.                               Locke.
To Duel, du'il.   v. a.  To attack or fight
   wilh singly.
                   Who single
  Duell'd their  armies rank'd in proud array,
  Himse'f an amr,, now unequal match
  To save hinvcli against a coward arm'd,
  At one spear's 'engch.                   Milton.
Du'eller, i:u'iUuT.99  n. s. [from duel]
   A  single cou.batant.
    They perhaps begii,  as single duellers,  but the»
  they  soon get their troops about them.
 . ,           .                  Decay of Pidy,
Duellist,  du'il-list. to s. [from duel]
I. A single  combatant.
    If  the king ends the  differences, the case will fall
  out no worse than when two duellists enter the field,
  where tue worsted party hath  his sword apin,
without further hurt.
Suckling. 
DUL
DUL
DUL
    Henceforth let poets, ere allowed to write,
  Be search'd like dueffisfs before they fight. Dryden.
2. One who professes to study the rules
   of honour.
    His bought arms Mung not lik'd, for his first day
  Of bearing them in field, he threw 'em away;
  And  hath no honour  lost, our dtteffisfs  say-
                                   Ben Jonson.
DUE'LLO, du-ei'lo.  to. *. [Italian.] The
   duel;  the rule of duelling.
    The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have
  one bout with you: he cannot by the  duello avoid
  •l                                    Shaksp.
DUE'JVJYJ, du-en'na. n.s. [Spanish.] An
   old woman  kept  to guard a younger.
    I felt toe ardour of  my passion increase as  the
  season advanced,  till in the month of July I could
  no lono-er contain; 1 bribed  her duenna,  was  ad-
  mitted0 to toe  bath, saw her undressed,  and  the
  wonder displayed.            Arbuthnot on Pope.
Dug,  diig. «. *.  [dfggia,  to give buck,
   Islandick.]
1. A  pap;  a  nipple;  a  teat:  spoken  of
   beasts, or in malice or contempt of hu-
   man beings.
          Of her there bred
  A thousand young ones, which she daily fed
  Suckling upon her poisonous dugs; each one
  Of sundry shape, yet all ill-favoured.    F. Queen.
    They are first fed and nourished with the milk of
  a strange dug.                         Raleigh.
    Then  shines toe goat, whose brutish dugs sup-
        plied
  The  infant Jove,  and  nurst his growing  pride.
                                        Creech.
2. It  seems to have been  used  formerly
   of the breast, without  reproach.
    It was a faithless squire that was toe source
  Of all my sorrow, and of these sad tears,
  With whom, from tender dug of common nourse,
   At once  I was up brought.             F. Queen.
    As mild and  gentle as the cradle-babe,
   Dying with  mother's dug between its lips. Shaksp.
Dug, dug. The pret. and part.  pass,  of
   dig.
    They had often found medals, and pipes of lead,
   as they dug among the rubbish.          Addison.
DUKli, duke.376 n. s. [due, French, dux,
   Latin.]   One of  the  highest order  of
   nobility in  England.
     The duke of Cornwall, and Regan his dutchess,
   will  be here with him this night.          Slutksp.
     Aurmarle, Surrey, and Exeter must lose
   The names of  dukes,  their titles, dignities,
   And whatsoever profits thereby rise.       Daniel.
Du'kedom, duke'dum.  n.  s. [from duke]
I. The seigniory or possessions of a duke.
                  Her  brother found a wife,
   Where he himself was lost; Prospero his dukedom
   In a  poor isle.                          Shaksp.
    The cardinal never resigned his purple for the
  prospect of giving an heir to the dukedom of Tus-
  cany.                                Addison.
2. The title or quality of a duke.
Du'lbrained, duTbrand.  adj.  [dull and
   brain.]  Stupid; doltish;  foolish.
             This arm  of mine hath chastis'd
   The  petty rebel, dulbrain'd Buckingham.  Shaksp.
Du'lcet,  dul'set.09 adj. [dulcis, Lat.]
1. Sweet to the taste; luscious:
           From sweet  kernels press'd,
   She  tempers dufcef creams; nor these to hold
   Wants she fit vessels pure.               Milton.
2. Sweet to the ear; harmonious;  melo-
   dious.
             I sat upon  a promontory,
  And  heard a mermaid, on a dolphin's back,
  Uttering such dufcef and harmonious breath,
  That the rude sea grew civil al her song.  Shaksp.
                 A fabric huge
  Rose like an exhalation, with toe sound
  Of dulcet symphonies, and voices sweet.   MUton.
Dulcifica'tion,  dul-se-fe-ka'shun. to.  s.
  [from dulcify] The act  of sweetening;
  the act of freeing from acidity, saltness,
  or acrimony.
    In colcothar,  toe exactest calcination, followed
  by an exquisite  dulcification, does not reduce the
  remaining body into  elementary earth: for after
  toe salt of vitriol, if toe  calcination have been too
  faint, is drawn out of the colcothar,  the residue is
  not earth, but a mixt body, rich in medical virtues.
                                        Boyle.
To  DU'LCIFY, dul'se-fi.18* v. a.  [dulci-
  fier, Fr.]  To sweeten; to  set free from
  acidity, saltness,  or  acrimony of any
  kind.
    A decoction of wild gourd, orcolocynthis, though
  somewhat qualified, will  not  from every hand be
  dulcified into aliment, by an addition of flour or
  meal.                                Brown.
    1 dressed him with a pledgit, dipt  in a dulcified
  tincture of vitriol.                    Wiseman.
    Spirit of wine dulcifies spirit of salt; nitre or
  vitriol have other bad effects.          Arbuthnot.
Du'lcimer, dul'se-mur.98  n.   a.  [dulci-
  mello, Skinner]  A musical instrument
  played by striking the brass wires with
  little sticks.
    You hear  the  sound of the cornet,  flute, harp,
  sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick.
                                       Danief.
To  DU'LCORATE, dul'ko-rate.91  v. a.
  [from dulcia, Lat.]
I. To sweeten.
    The ancients, for  the dulcoraling  of fruit, do
  commend swine's dung above all other dung. Bacon.
2. To  make le-s acrimonious.
    Turbith mineral, as it is sold in the shops, is a
  rough medicine; but, being somewhat dukorated,
  first procureto vomiting, and then salivation.
                                     Wiseman.
Dulcora/tion, dfil-ko-ra'sluin. to. s.  [from
  dulcorate/]   The act of sweetening.
    Malt  gathereth a sweetness  to the taste, which
  appeareth in the wort: the dulcoration of things is
  worthy to be tried to  toe full, for that dulcoration
  importeth a  degree to nourishment:  and the ma-
  king of things  inalimental  to become alimental,
  may be an experiment of great profit.      Bacon.
Du'lhead, dul'hed. to. s. [dull and head]
  A blockhead; a  wretch foolish and stu-
  pid; a dolt.
    This people be fools and dulheadsto all goodness;
  but subtle, cunning, and  bold in any mischief.
                                      Ascham.
Du'lia, du'la.  to. s.   [PxXetx.]   An infe-
  riour kind of adoration.
    Paleotus saith, that the same worship which  is
  given to toe prototype may be given to toe image;
  but with the different degrees of latria and  dulia.
                                    Stillingfleet.
DULL, dul. adj. [dwl, Welsh;  bole, Sax.
  dol, mad, Dutch.]
1. Stupid; doltish; blockish; unapprehen-
  sive; indocile;  slow of understanding.
    Such is their evil hap  to play upon duff  spirited
  men.                                Hooker.
    He toat hath learned no wit by nature,  nor art,
  may complain of gross breeding, or comes of a very
  dull kindred.                           Shaksp.
    Sometimes this perception, in some kind, of bo-
  dies, is far more subtile than the sense; so  that the
  sense is but a duff thing in comparison of it. Bacon.
    Every man, even the  duffesf,  is thinking more
  than the most eloquent can teach him how to utter.
                                       Dryden.
2. Blunt; obtuse.
    Meeting with Time, Slack thing, said J,
  Thy scythe is duff; whet it, for shame.    Herbert
3. Unready; awkward.
    Gynecia a great while stood still, with a kind of
  duff amazement, looking stedfastly upon her.
                                        Sidney.
    O help thou my weak wit, and sharpen my duff
        tongue.                     Fairy Queen.
    Memory is so necessaiy to all conditions of life,
  that we are not to fear it should grow duff for want
  of exercise,  if exercise would make it stronger.
                                        Locke.
4. Hebetated;  not quick.
    This people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears
  are  duff of hearing.                    Matthew.
    The princes of Germany had but a duff fear of
  the  greatness of Spain, upon  a general  apprehen-
  sion; now that fear is sharpened and pointed. Bacon.
5. Sad; melancholy.
6. Sluggish; heavy;  slow of  motion.
    Thenceforth the waters waxed dull and slow,
  And all that  drunk thereof did  faint and feeble
        grow.                          Spenser.
7. Gross; cloggy; vile.
    She excels each mortal thing
  Upon the dull earth dwelling.            Shaksp.
8. Not exhilarating; not delightful: as, to
   make dictionaries is dull work.
9. Not bright: as,  the mirror is dull,  the
  fire is dull.
    I'll not be made a soft and dteff-eyed fool,
  To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
  To christian intercessors.                 Shaksp.
10. Drowsy;  sleepy.
To Dull, dul. v.  a. [from the adjective.]
I. To stupify; to  infatuate.
    So was she duffed  with all, that we could  come
  so near  as  to hear her speeches,  and yet she not
  perceive toe hearers of her lamentation.    Sidney.
                   Those drugs she has
  Will stupify and dull the sense awhile.     Shaksp.
2. To blunt; to obtund.
    Borrowing duffs the edge of industry.    Shaksp.
    This  entrance of the battle did whet the  cou-
  rage ofthe Spaniards, toough it duffed their swords.
                                        Bacon.
3. To sadden; to make  melancholy.
4. To hebetate; to weaken.
    Now fore'd  to overflow with brackish tears,
  The troublous noise did dull their dainty ears.
                                        Spenser,
    Nothing hato more duffed the wits, or taken away
  the will  of children from learning, than care in ma-
  king of  Latin.                        Ascham.
5. To damp;  to clog.
    Prayers were short, as if darts thrown out with
   a sudden quickness; lest that vigilant  and erect at-
   tention of mind, which in prayer is very necessary,
   should be wasted or dulled through continuance.
                                        Hooker.
    In bodies, union strengtheneth and cherisheth any
  natural  action, and, on the other  side, weakeneth
   and dulleth any violent impression: and even  so it
   is of minds.                            Bacon.
6. To  make heavy, or  slow of motion.
    Usury duffs and  damps all industries,  wherein
   money would be stirring, if it were not for the slug.
                                        Bacon.
7. To  sully brightness.
    The breath duffs the mirrour.          Bacon.
Du'llaro, dfll'lard. to. s.  [from dull.] A
   blockhead;  a dolt; a  stupid  fellow;  a
   dunce.
    What! mak'st thou me a dullard in this act?
   Wilt thou not speak to me?              Shaksp
    Thou must make a dullard of the world,
   If toey not toought the profits of my death
   Were very pregnant and potential spurs
   To make thee seek it.                   Shaksp.

Du'llv, dul'le. adv. [from dull.] 
DUM
DUN
DUN
1. Stupidly;  doltishly.
    It is not sufficient to imitate nature in every cir-
  cumstance duffy,  literally, and meanly; but it be-
  comes a painter to take what is most beautiful.
                                       Diyden.
2. Slowly; sluggishly.
    The air if it be moist, doth in a degree quench
  the  flame, and howsoever maketh it burn more
  dully.                                 Bacon.
3. Not vigorously; not gayly; not brightly;
   not keenly.
    Not toat I think those pantomimes,
  Who vary action with the times,
  Are less ingenious in their art
  Than those who dully act one part.      Hudibras.
Du'lness, dul'n^s.  to. s. [from dull]
1. Stupidity; weakness ot intellect; indo-
   ciiity; slowness of apprehension.
    Nor  is toe dulness of the scholar  to extinguish,
  but rather to inflame,  toe charity of the teacher.
                                        South.
    Shadwel alone my perfect image bears,
  Mature in dulness from his tender years.   Dryden.
2. Want of quick perception.
    Nature, by a continual use of any thing, groweth
  to a satiety and dulness either of appetite  or work-
  ing.                                   Bacon.
3. Drowsiness; inclination to sleep.
                 Here cease more questions;
  Thou art  inclined to sleep.   'Tis a good dufness,
  And give  it way.                       Shaksp.
4. Sluggishness of motion.
5. Dimness; want of lustre.
6. Bluntness; want of edge.
Du'ly,  du/le. adv. [from due.]
1. Properly; fitly;  in a due manner.
    Ever since they firmly have retained,
  And duly  well observed his beheast.       Spenser.
                       My prayers
  Are not words duly hallow'd, nor my wishes
  More worth  than vanities; yet prayers and wishes
  Are all I can return.                    Shaksp.
    In toe  body, when  the principal  parts, as the
  heart and liver, do toeir offices, and all the  infe-
  riour smaller vessels act orderly and duly, there
  arises a sweet enjoyment upon the whole, which we
  call health.                             South.
    If attention be duly engaged to those reflections,
  they cannot fail of influences.            Rogers.
2. Regularly;  exactly.
    Seldom at church, 'twas such a busy life;
  But duly  sent his  family and wife.          Pope.
DUMB,  dfim.347  adj. [or|, he was silent;
   dumbs, Gothick;  oumbe, Saxon; dum,
   Danish; dom, Dutch, dull.]
l.-Mute;  incapable of speech.
    It hato pleased himself sometime to unloose the
  very tongues even of dumb  creatures, and  to teach
  toem to plead in their own defence, lest the cruelty
  of man should persist to afflict them.       Hooker.
                 They spake not a word;
  But like dumb statues, or unbreathing stones,
  Star'd each  on other.                   Shaksp.
    Some positive  terms signify a negative idea:
  blind implies a privation of sight, dumb a denial of
  speech.                        Watts's Logick.
2. Deprived of speech.
    They sung no more, or only sung his fame;
  Struck dumb, they all admir'd the godiike man.
                                       Dryden.
3. Mute;  not  using words.
    He is  a  proper man's picture; but,  alas! who
  can converse with a dumb  show.          Shaksp.
    His gentle dumb expression turn'd at length
  The eye of Eve to mark his play.        Milton.
    Her humble gestures made toe residue plain,
  Dumb eloquence persuading more than speech.
                                   Roscommon.
    For he  who covets gain in such excess
  Does by dumb signs himself as much express,
  As if in words at length he show'd his mind. Dryd.
    Nothing is more common than for lovers to com-
  plain, relent, languish,  despair, and  die  in dumb
  show.                               Addison.
4. Silent; refusing to speak.
             The good old seer withstood
  Th' intended treason, and was dumb to blood;
  Till tir'd with endless clamours and pursuit
  Of Ithacus, he stood no longer mute.      Dryden.
Du'mbly,  dilni'ie.  adv.   [from  dumb]
   Muteiy; silently;  without words.
Du'mbness, dum'nes. «. s.  [from dumb]
1. incapacity to speak.
2. Omission of speech;  muteness.
    There was speech in their dumbness, language in
  their very gesture, they looked  as they had heard
  of a world ransomed, or one destroyed.    Shaksp.
             To th' dumbness of the gesture
  One might interpret.                    Shaksp.
3. Refusal to speak;  silence.
    'Tis love, said she; and then my downcast eyes,
  And guilty dundiness witness'd my surprise. Dryd.
To Du'mfound, dun/found, v. a.   [from
   dumb]  To  confute; to strike   dumb.
   A low phrase.
    They had like to  have dumfounded  the justice,
  but his clerk came in to his assistance.  Spectator.
DUMP, dump. to. s.  [from  dom,  stupid,
   Dutch.]
I. Sorrow; melancholy; sadness.
        Sing no more ditties, sing no mo
          Of dumps so dull and heavy;
        The frauds of men were ever so,
          Since summer first was leafy.    Sliaksp.
    Visit by night your lady's chamber window
  With some sweet concert;  to their instruments
  Tune a deploring dump: the night's dead silence
  Will well become such sweet complaining grievance.
                                       Shaksp.
    Funerals with stately pomp
  March slowly on in solemn dump.      Hudibras.
    The squire who fought on bloody stumps.
  By future, bards bewail'd in doleful dumps.   Gay.
2. Absence of mind; reverie.   Locke uses
   dumps singularly.
    This shame dumps  cause to  well-bred people,
  when it  carries them away from the company.
                                       Locke.
Du'mpish,  dump'ish. adj.  [from dump.]
   Sad; melancholy; sorrowful.
    New year, forth looking out of Janus' gate,
  Doth seem to promise hope of new delight;
    And bidding th' old adieu, his passed date
  Bids  all old thoughts to die in dumpish spight.
                                      Spenser.
    The life which I live at  this age is not a dead,
  dumpish, and sour life; but chearful, lively and
  pleasant.                             Herbert.
Du'mplisg, d&mp'llng. to. s. [from dump,
   heaviness.]   A  sort of pudding.
    Pudding and dumplings burn  to pot.   Dryden.
Dun, diin. adj. [bun, Saxou.]
1. A colour partaking of brown and black.
    We are not to expect a  strong  and full white,
  such as is that of paper; but some  dusky obscure
  one, such as might arise from a mixture of light and
  darkness, or from white and black, that is, a grey,
  or dun, or russet brown.                Newton.
2. Dark;  gloomy.
                 Come, thick night!
  And pall thee in the dunnesf smoke of hell.  Shaksp.
                 He then survey'd
  Hell  and toe gulph between, and Satan there
  Coasting the wall of heaven on this  side,
  In the dun air sublime.                  Milton.
To Dun, dun.  v. a.  [bunan,  Sax.  to cla-
   mour.]  To  claim  a debt  with vehe-
   mence and importunity.
    Borrow of toy back, and borrow of thy belly
  they'll never ask thee again.  I shall  be  dunning
  thee every day.                         Bacon
    When thou dunn'st toeir parents, seldom they,
  Without a suit before the tribune, pay.    Dryden.
    I remember what she won:
  And hath she sent so soon to dun?         Swift.
Dun, diin. to. «. [from  the verb.]   A  cla-
   morous, importunate, troublesome  cre-
   ditor.
    Thus, while my joyless minutes tedious flow,
  With looks demure, and silent pace, a dun,
  Horrible monster! hated by gods and men,
  To my aerial citadel  ascends.            Philips,
    It grieves my heart to be pulled by toe sleeve by
  some rascally dun—Sir, remember my bill.
                          Arbuthnot's John Bull.
Dunce,  dfinse. n. s. [A word of uncertain
   etymology;  perhaps from dom, Dutch,
   stupid.]   A  dullard; a dolt; a thick-
   skull;  a stupid, indocile animal.
    Dunce at the best, in streets but scarce allow'd
  To tickle, on thy straw, the stupid crowd.  Dryden.
    Was Epipbanius so  great a dunce to imagine  a
  thing, indifferent in itself, should be directly oppo-
  site to the law of God?              Stillingfleet.
    I never knew this town without dunces  of figure
  who had credit enough to  give rise  to some new
  word.                                  Swift.
DUNG, dung. to. s. [btnej, Saxon.] Tne
   excrement  of animals  used to fatten
   ground.
    For dung, all excrements are the refuse and pu-
  trefactions of nourishment.                Bacon.
    I judge the likeliest way to be, the perforation of
  the  body of the  tree in several places, one above
  the.  other; and the filling of the holes with dung,
  mingled  with  the medicine; and the watering of
  those lumps of dung with squirts of an infusion of
  the  medicine  in dunged water, once in  three or
  four days.                              Bacon.
    For when from herbs the pure part must be won
  From gross by 'stilling, this is  better done
  By despis'd dung than by the fire or sun.   Donne.
    He soon would learn to think like me,
  And bless his ravish 'd  eyes to  see
  Such order from  confusion sprung,
  Such gaudy tulips rais'd from dung.        Swift.
To Dung, dung,  v  a.  [from  the noun]
   To manure  with dung.
    It was received of old, that  dunging of grounds
  when the west wind bloweth, and in the  decrease
  of the moon, doth greatly help.           Bacon.
    There, as his dream foretold, a cart he found,
  That carried compost forth to  dung  the ground.
                                       Dryden.
Du'ngeon,  diWjiln.259 to. s.  [from  donjon,
   the tower in which prisoners were kept,
  whence ail prisons eminently strong were
   in time called dungeons.] A close prison:
   generally  spoke  of  a  prison dark  or
   subterraneous.
    Then up he took the slumber'd senseless corse,
  And, ere he could out of his swoon awake,
  Him to his castle brought with  hasty force,
  And in a dungeon deep him threw without remorse.
                                      Spenser.
    We know not that the king of heav'n hath doom'i
  This place our dungeon; not our safe retreat
  Beyond his potent aim.                  MUton.
  ne „           Now from the north
  Of Norumbeque, and the Samoed shore,
  Bursting their brazen dungeon, arm'd with ice,
  And snow, and hail, come stormy gust and flaw.
    „  .                                Jtfiffcm.
    By imagination, a man in a  dung-eon  is capable
  of entertaining himself with scenes and landscapes,
  more beautiful than any that can be  found in the
  whole compass of nature.               Addison
Du'ngfork,  dong'fork. «. ,.  [dung  and
  fork.]   A  fork to toss  out  dung from
   stables.                            °
    Dungforks and paddles are common every where.
                                    Jtfortimer. 
DU P
DUK
DUR
Du'nghil, dnng'hil. to. s. [dung and hill.]
1. A heap or accumulation of dung.
    I, his brother, gain nothing under him but growth;
  for toe which his  animals on his dunghUs are as
  much bound to him as I.                 Shaksp.
    Two  cocks fought a duel for  the mastery of a
  dunghil.                          L'Estrange.
    Never enter into a league of friendship with an
  ingrateful person;  that is, plant not thy friendship
  upon a dungftif: it is too noble a plant for so base a
  soil.                                  South-
    The dungftif having raised a huge mushroom of
  short duration, is now spread to enrich othe* men's
  land.                                 SwiSl-
2. Any mean or vile abode.
    Perhaps a thousand other worlds that lie
  Remote from us,  and latent in the sky,
  Are IMiten'd by his beams, and  kindly nurst,
  Of which our earthly dunghil is the worst. Dryden.
3. Any situation of meanness.
    The poor he raiseth from the dust,
  Ev'o from the dunghil  lifts the just.       Sandys.
4. A term of reproach  for a man meanly
   born.
    Ouc, dungftif.' dar'st thou brave a nobleman?
                                       Shaksp.
Du'nghil, dung'hil.406 adj.  Sprung from
   the  dunghil;   mean;  low; , base;  vile;
   worthless.
     His dunghil thoughts, which do themselves enure
  To dirty dross, no  higher dare aspire.      Spenser.
Du'vgv, diing'e. adj. [from dung]  Full
   of dung; mean; vile; base; low; odious;
   worthless.
    We need no grave to bury honesty;
  There's not a grain of it, the face  to sweeten
  Of the whole dungy earth.               Shaksp.
Du'ngyard, dung'yard.  to.  s.  [dung and
   yard]   The place of the  dunghil.
    Any  manner  of vegetables cast into  the dung-
  yard.                               Mortimer.
Du'nner, dun'nilr.98«. s. [from dun.] One
   employed in soliciting  petty debts.
    They are ever talking of new silks, and serve the
  owners in getting them customers, as their common
  dunners do in making them pay.         Spectator.
Duode'cuple, du 6-dek'ku-pl. adj.  [duo
   and decuplus,  Latin.]   Consisting  of
   twelves.
     Grisepsius, a learned Polander, endeavours to es-
  tablish the duodecuple proportion among the Jews, by
  comparing some  passages of scripture together.
                                    .dr&ufftnof.
DUPE, dupe. to. a. [dupe, Fr. from dup/ie,
   a foolish bird, easily caught.] A credu-
   lous man; a man  easily tricked. A mo-
   dern  word hardly established.
    An  usurping  populace is its own dupe,  a  mere
  underworker, and  a purchaser in trust for some sin-
  gle tyrant.                             Swift.
    First slave to words, then vassal to a name,
  Then dupe to party; child and man toe same.
                                     Dunciad.
To Dupe, dupe. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
   trick; to cheat.
    The throne a bigot keep, a genius quit;
  Faithless through  piety, and dup'd through wit.
                                        Pope.
Du'ple, du'pl. adj. [duplus,hat.]  Double;
   une repeated.
To  DU'PLICATE,  du'ple-kate." v. a.
   [dufilico, Lat.]
1. To double; to enlarge by  the repetition
   of the  first number or quantity.
    And some  alterations in the brain duplicate that
  which  is  but a single object to our undistempered
  sentiments.                          Glanville.
2. To fold together.
Duplicate, du'ple-kate.91 adj. [from the
   verb.]
    Duplicate proportion is the proportion of squares.
  Thus, in a rank of geometrical proportions, the first
  term to the third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of
  the  first to the second, or  as its  square is to the
  square of the second: so in 2, 4, 8, 16,  the ratio of
  2 to 8 is a duplicate  of that of 2 to 4, or as the
  square of 2 to the square of 4.
                        Phillips. Harris. Bailey.
    It has been found, that toe attraction  is almost
  reciprocally in a duplicate proportion of the distance
  of the middle of the drop from toe concourse of the
  glasses, viz. reciprocally in a simple proportion, by
  reason of the spreading of the drop, and its touch-
  ing each glass in a larger surface; and again recip-
  rocally in a simple proportion, by reason of toe at-
  tractions growing stronger within the same quantity
  of attracting surface.           Newton's Opticks.
Du'plicate, du'ple-kate.91  to. s.  Another
   correspondent  to the first;  a  second
   thing of the same kind, as a transcript
   of  a paper.
    Nothing is more needful for perfecting the natu-
  ral history of bodies,  than  the subjecting them to
  the fire; to which end I have reserved duplicates of
  the  most considerable.               Woodward.
Duplication, du-ple-ka'shim. to. s, [from
   duplicate.]
1. The act of doubling.
    What great pains hath been taken concerning the
  quadrature of a circle, and the duplication of a cube,
  and some other mathematical problems.     Hale.
2. The act of folding together.
3. A  fold; a doubling.
    The  peritonaeum is a strong  membrane, every
  where double; in the duplications of which all the
  viscera of the abdomen are hid.         Wiseman.
Du'plicature, du'ple-ka-ture. to.*, [from
   duplicate/] A fold; any thing doubled.
    The lympheducts, either dilacerated or obstruct-
  ed,  exonerate toemselves into the foldings, or be-
  tween the duplicatures of the membranes.   Ray.
Dupli'city, du-plis'e-te. to.  s. [duplicis,
   Lat.]
1. Doubleness;  the number of two.
    This duplicity was ill contrived to place one head
  at both extremes, and had  been more tolerable to
  have set three or four at once.            Broivn.
    Do not affect duplicities nor triplicities,  nor any
  certain number of parts, in your division of things.
                                       Watts.
2. Deceit; doubleness of heart orof tongue.
Durability, du-r3.-bil'e-te.to. s. [durabi-
   lis, Lat.] The power of lasting; continu-
   ance; endurance.
    Stones, though in dignity of nature inferior unto
  plants, yet exceed toem in firmness of strength, or
  durability of being.                     Hooker.
    Our times upon the earth have neither certainty
  nor durability.                         Raleigh.
DURABLE, du'ra-bl.406 adj.  [durabilis,
   Lat.]
1. Lasting; having the quality of long con-
   tinuance.
    The bones  of his body we may compare to toe
  hard rocks and stones, and therefore strong and du-
  rable.                                Raleigh.
            With pins of adamant,
  And chains, they made all fast: too fast they made,
  And durable!                          Milton
    The  glories of her majesty's reign ought to be
  recorded  in  words  more durable than  brass, and
  such as our posterity may read a thousand years
  hence.                                Swift.
2. Having successive existence.
    Time,though in eternity, applied
  To motion, measures all things durable
  By present, past, and future.             Milton.
Du'kableness, du'ra-bl-nes.  «.  s. [from
   durable.] Power of lasting; continuance.
    The  different consistence and durableness  of the
  strata whereof they consist, are more or less.
                                    Woodward.
    A bad poet, if he cannot become immortal by the
  goodness of his verse, may by toe durableness of the
  metal that supports it.                  Addison.
Du'rably, du'ra-ble. adv.  [from durable.]
   In a lasting manner.
    There indeed he found his fame flourishing, his
  monuments ingraved in marble, and yet more dura-
  bly in men's memories.                  Sidney.
Du'rance, du'ranse. to. s.  [from duresse,
   law Fr.]
1. Imprisonment;  the custody or power of
   a jailer; a prison.
    Thy Dol, and Helen of toy noble thoughts,
  Is in base durance and contagious prison;
  Haul'd thither by mechanick dirty hands   Shaksp.
    A poor, innocent, forlorn stranger, languishing in
  durance, upon the false accusations of a lying, inso-
  lent, whorish woman.                    South.
    There's neither iron bar nor gate,
  Portcullis, chain, nor bolt, nor grate;
  And yet men durance there abide,         -
  In dungeons scarce three inches wide.   Hudibras.
    Notwithstanding the warning and example before
  me, I commit myself to lasting durance.  Congreve,
2. Endurance;  continuance; duration.  A
   doubtful word.
    Sick  nature at that instant trembled round,
  And mother earth sigh'd as she felt the wound:
  Of how short durance was this new made state!
  How far  more mighty  than heav'n's love,  hell's
        hate.                          Dryden.
Dura'tion,  du-ra'shun.   to.  s.  [duratio,
   Lat.]
i. A  sort of distance  or  length, the idea
   whereof we get, not from  the  perma-
   nent parts of  space, but from the fleet-
   ing and  perpetually perishing patts of
   succession.                        Locke.
2. Power of continuance.
    Duration is a circumstance so essential to hap-
  piness, that if we conceived it possible for the joys
  of heaven itself to pass from us in an instant, we
  should find ourselves not much concerned for the at-
  tainment of them.                      Rogers.
3. Length  of  continuance.
    Aristotle, by greatness  of action, does not only
  mean it should be great in its nature, but  also in its
  duration; that it should have a due length in it.
                                      Addison.
To DURE, dure. v.  to. [duro, Latin.] To
   last; to continue; to endure.
    The delights and pleasures of the world are most
  pleasing while they dure.               Raleigh.
Du'reful, dure'ful.  adj.   [from dure and
  full.] Lasting; of long continuance; du-
   rable. Not in use.
    The dureful oak, whose sap is not yet dried,
  Is long ere it conceive the kindling fire;
    But when it once doth burn, it doth divide
  Great heat, and makes his flames to heav'n aspire.
                                      Spenser.
Du'reless,  dure'les.  adj. [from dure.]
   Without continuance;  fading; transito-
   ry;  short.  Not in use.
    Yet were that aptitude natural,  more inclinable
  to follow and embrace toe false and dureless plea-
  sures of this stage-play world, than to become the
  shadow of  God.                       Raleigh.
DU'REUSE, du'res. «. s. [French; hard-
   ship, severity.]
1. Imprisonment; constraint; confinement.
2. In law.
    A plea used, by way of exception,  by  him who, 
DUS
DUT
DUT
  being cast into prison at a man's suit, or otherwise
  by threats, beating, &c. hardly used, seals any bond
  to him during  his restraint.  This the law holds as
  invalid, and supposes to be constrained.    Cowell.
Du'rixg, du'ring.   prep.  [This  word is
   rather a  participle from dure: as, du-
   ring life,  durante vita,  life continuing;
   during my pleasure, my pleasure  con-
   tinuing the same] For the time of the
   continuance  of; while any thing lasts.
    If during his childhood he be constantly and rigo-
   rously kept from  drinking cold liquor  whilst he i3
   hot, forbearance grows into a habit.       Locke.
 Du'rity, du're-te.TO. *. [durete, Fr. durus,
   Lat.]  Hardness;  firmness.
    Ancients did burn fragments of marble, which in
   time became marble again, at least of  indissoluble
   durity, as appeareth in the standing theatres.
                                       Wotton.
    Irradiancy or sparkling, found in many gems, is
   not discoverable in this; for it cometh short of their
   compactness and durity.                Brown.
 Durst,  dfirst.   The preterit of dare.
    The christians durst have no images of the Deity,
   because they would rather die than defile themselves
   wif9%u«h an impiety.               Stillingfleet.
 DUSK, diisk.  adj.  [duyater, Dut.]
 1. Tending to darkness.  See  Dusky.
 2. Tending to  blackness;  dark-coloured.
             The hills, to their supply,
   Vapour and exhalation, dusk and moist,
   Sent up amain.                        Milton.
 Dusk, dusk. to. s. [from the adjective.]
 1. Tendency to darkness;  incipient obscu-
   rity.
    I will wait on you  in the  dusk of the evening,
   with my show upon my back.          Spectator.
 2. Darkness of  colour; tendency to black-
  .ness.
    Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen,
   Whose dusk set  off the whiteness of toe skin.
                                       Dryden.
 To Dusk, chlsk. v.  a. [from the noun.] Tu
    make duskish.                     Diet.
 To Dusk, dusk. v. «.  To grow dark;  to
    begin to  lose  light  or brightness;   to
    have  lustre  diminished.           Diet.

 Du'skily, diisk'e-le.  adv.  [from dusky]
    With a tendency to darkness or black-
    ness.
 Du'skish, dusk'ish. adj.  [from dusk.]
  \. Inclining to darkness; tending to obscu-
    rity.
     From his infernal furnace forth he threw
    Huge flames, that dimmed all the heaven's light,
    Enroll'd in duskish smoke, and brimstone blue.
                                       Spenser.
  2. Tending to blackness;  dark-coloured.
      Sight is not contented with sudden  departments
    from one  extreme to another; therefore  rather a
    duskish tincture than  an absolute black.   Wotton.
 Du'sKisHLY,dilsk'ish-le. adv. [from dusk-
    ish.]  Cloudily;  darkly.
      The sawdust burned fair,  till part of the candle
    consumed; the dust gathering about toe snast, made
    the snast to burn duskishly.               Bacon.
 Du'sky, dusk'e. adj. [from dusk; duyster,
    Dut.]
  1. Tending to darkness;  obscure;  not lu-
    minous.
     Here lies the dusky torch of Mortimer,
   Choak'd with ambition of the meaner  sort. Shaksp.
     There fierce winds o'er dusky valleys blow,
   Whose every puff bears empty shades away. Dryd.
     Through the plains, of one continual day,
   Six shining months pursue toeir even way;
   And six succeeding urge their dusky flight,
  Obscur'd wito vapours and o'erwhelm'd in night.
                                       Prior.
2. Tending to blackness;  dark-coloured;
   not clear; not  biignt.
                They did plot
  The means toat dusky Dis my daughter got. Shaksp.
    It is not green, but of a dusky brown colour.
           5                           Bacon.
    When Jove in dusky clouds involves the skies,
  And the faint crescent shoots by fits before their eyes.
                                      Diyden.
    The surface is of a dusky yellow colour.
                                    Woodward.
    By mixing such powders, we are not to expect a
  strong and full white, such as is that of paper; but
  some dusky obscure one, such as might arise from
  a mixture of light and darkness, or from white and
  black; that is, a grey, or dun, or russet brown.
                              Newton's Opticks.
 3. Gloomy; sad;  intellectually clouded.
    While he continues in life,  this dusky scene  of
  horrour, this melancholy prospect of final perdition,
  will frequently  occur to his fancy.        Bentley.
    Umbriel, a dusky melancholy sprite,
   As ever sullied  the fair face of  light,
   Down to the central earth, his proper scene,
   Repairs to search the gloomy cave of spleen.  Pope^

 DUST, dtist.  to.  s.  [buye, Saxon; duust,
   Erse.]
 I. Earth or other matter reduced to small
   particles.
                   The dusf
   Should have ascended to the roof of heav'n,
   Rais'd by your populous troops.        Shakspeare,
    Dust helpeth the fruitfulness  of trees,  insomuch
   as they cast dust upon  them: that powdering,  when
   a shower cometh, maketh a soiling to the tree, being
   earth and water finely  laid on.            JSacon.
 2. The  grave; the state of  dissolution.
    The sceptre, learning, physick, must
   All follow this,  and come to dusf.      Shakspeare.
                   Thou
   Out of the ground wast taken, know toy birth,
   For dusf thou art, and  shalt to dusf return. Milton.
 3. A mean and dejected state.
    God raiseth  up the  poor out of the dusf, to set
   toem among princes.                 l Samuel.

 To Dust, dust. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To free from  dust.
 2. To sprinkle with dust.

 Du'stman, diist'man.88  to.  a.   [duat  and
   man.]  One whose employment  is to
   carry away the dust.
     The dustman's cart  offends thy clothes and eyes,
   When through  toe street a cloud of ashes flies.  Gay.
 Du'sty, dfis'te.  adj. [from du3t.]
 1. Filled with dust; clouded with dust.
     All our yesterdays have lighted fools
   The way to dusty death.             Shakspeare.
     Arms and the dusty fields I less admire,
   And soften strangely in some new desire.  Dryden.
 2. Covered or scattered with dust.
         Even Drudgery himself,
   As at the car he sweats, or  dusty hews
   The palace stone, looks gay.            Thomson.
 Du'tchess, dutsh'es. n.a. [ducheaae, Fr.]
 ]. The lady of  a duke.
     The duke of Cornwal, and Regan his dutchess,
   will be here.                       Shakspeare.
     The duke was  to command the army, and the
   dutchess, by the favour she possessed, to be near her
   maJestv-                               Swift.
     The gen'rous god who wit and gold refines,
   And ripens spirits as he ripens mines
   Kept dross for dutcliesses, the world 'shall know it,
   To you gave sense, good humour, and a poet. Pope.
 2. A lady who  has  the sovereignty of a
   dukedom.
 Du'tchy, dutsh'e.  «. a. [duche,  Fr.]  A
  territory which gives title to a duke, or
  has a duke for its  sovereign.
    Different states border  on  it; the kingdom  of
  France, the dutchy  of Savoy, and the  canton of
  Berne.                               Addison.
    France  might  have swallowed up his whole
  dutchy.                      i         Swift.
Du'tchy-court,  dutsh'e-kort.  n.  a.  A
  court wherein all matters  appertaining
  to the dutchy of Lancaster are decided
  by the decree of  the chancellor of that
  court.                            Cowell.
Du'teous, du'te-fis,  or  du'tshe-tis.*" 29*
  adj. [from duty.]
1. Obedient;   obsequious;  respectful to
  those who have natural or legal autho-
  rity.
    Great Aurengzebe did duteous care express,
  Vnd durst not push too far bis great success. Dryden.
    A female softness, with a manly mind;
  A duteous daughter, and a sister kind;
  In sickness patient, and in death resign'd. Dryden.
    Who  taught  the bee  with winds and rains te
         strive,
  To bring her burden to the certain hive;
  And through the liquid fields again to pass
  Duteous, andhark'ningto the sounding brass? Prior.
2. Obsequious; obedient  to  good or bad
   purposes: with to.
    I know thee well; a serviceable villain!
  As duteous to the vices of toy  mistress,
  As badness would desire.            Shakspeare.
    Every beast,  more duteous at her call,
  Than at Circean call the herd disguis'd.    MUton.
3. Enjoined by duty; enforced by the rela-
   tion of one to another.  This sense is not
   now used.
    With mine own tongue deny my sacred right,
  With  mine own breath release  all duteous ties.
                                   Shakspeare.
Du'tiful, du'te-ful. adj. [duty and full]
1. Obedient; submissive to  natural or legal
   superiours; reverent.
    She died in  an extreme old  age,  without pain,
  under the  care  of the  most dutiful son that I have
  ever known or heard of.           Swift to Pope.
2. Expressive of respect;  giving  token of
   reverence; respectful; reverential.
    There would she kiss the ground, and thank the
  trees, bless toe air, and do dutiful reverence to
  every thing she thought did accompany her at their
  first meeting.                          Sidney.
Du'tifully,  du'te-ful-e.  adv. [from du-
   tiful.]
1. Obediently; submissively.
2. Reverently; respectfully.
    His daughter Philoclea he found at that time du-
  lifully watching by her mother, and Miso curiously
  watching her.                         Sidney.
    He with joyful, nimble wing,
  Flew dutifully  back again,
  And made an humble chaplet  for the king.  Swift.
Du'tifulness, du'te-ful-nes. to. s. [from
   dutiful.]

 1. Obedience; submission to  just autho-
   rity.
    Piety, or dutifulness to parents, was a most popu-
  lar virtue among the Romans.           Dryden.
 i.  Reverence; respect.
    It is a strange kind of civility, and an evil dtcti-
  fulness in friends and relatives, to suffer him to
  perish without  reproof or medicine, rather than to
  seem unmannerly to a great sinner.        Taylor.
 Du'ty, du'te.  to. s. [from  due.]
 1.  That to which a man  is by any natural
   or legal obligation bound.
     When ye shall have done all those things which
   are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable sen- 
D WA
D  WE
DW1
   ants: we have done that which was our duty to da.
                                         Luke.
     The pain children feel from  any necessity of na-
   ture, it is toe duty of parents to relieve.    Locke.
 2. Acts  or forbearances required by reli-
   gion'or morality.  In this sense it has a
   plural.
                  Good my lord,
   You have begot me, bred me, lov'd me: I
   Return those dufies back, as are right fit;
   Obey you, love you, and most honour you.  Shaksp.
     All our duty is set down in our prayers, because
   in all our duty  we beg toe Divine assistance, and
   remember  that you are bound to do all those duftes,
   for the doing  of which  you have prayed for toe Di-
   vine assistance.            .           Taylor.
 3. Obedience  or submission  due  to pa-
   rents,  governours, or superiours; loyal-
   ty; piety to parents.
     Think'st  thou that duty shall have dread to speak,
   When pow'r  to flatt'ry bows? To plainness honour
   Is bound, when majesty to folly falls.   Shakspeare.
     God's party will appear small, and toe king's not
   greater;  it  being not probable, that those  should
   have sense of duty to him that had none to God.
                                 Decay of Piety.
 4. Act of reverence or respect.
               They both atone,
   Did duty to their lady as became.    Fairy Queen.
 5. The business of a soldier on guard.
     The regiment did duty there punctually.  Clarend.
     Otho, as  often as Galba supped with him, used
   to give every soldier upon duty an aureus. Arbuthnot.
 6. The business of  war service.
     The night came and severed them, all parties be-
   ing tired  with the duty of the day.      Clarendon.
     See how  the madmen bleed! Behold the gains
   With which their master, love, rewards their pains!
   For seven long years, on duty ev'ry day,
   Lo! their obedience, and toeir monarch's pay!
                                       Dryden.
7. Tax; impost; custom; toll.
    All the wines make their way through several
   dufies and taxes, before they reach the port. Addison.
     Such shekels as they now shew, were the old ones
   in which duty was to be  paid by their law.  Arbuth.
DWARF,  dworf.86 to. s. [bpeojig, Saxon;
   dwerg, Dutch.]
 1. A man below the common size of men.
         Get  you gone, you dwarf!
   You minimus, of hind'ring knot-grass made.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Such dwarfs were some kind of apes.   Brown.
        They,  but now who seem'd
   In bigness to surpass earth's giant sons,
   Now less than smallest  dwarfs, in narrow room
   Throng numberless.                    Milton.
2. Any animal  or plant  below its  natural
   bulk.
    In a delicate plantation of trees, all well grown
  fair and smooth, one dwarf was knotty and crooked
   and the rest had it in derision.       L'Estrange.
    Saw off the stock in a smooth  place;  and  for
  dwarf trees, graft them within four fingers of the
  ground.                             Mortimer.
3. An attendant on a lady or knight in ro-
   mances.
             The champion stout,
   Eftsoones dismounted from his courser brave,
   And to the dwarf awhile his needless spear he gave.
                                      Spenser.
4. It is used  often by botanists in compo-
   sition:  as, </wczr/-elder,   dwarf-honey-
   suckle.
To Dwarf, dworf. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To  hinder  from  growing to the natural
   bulk; to lessen; to make  little.
    It is reported that a  good strong canvas,  spread
  #ver a tree grafted low,%oon after it putteth forth,
  will dwarf it, and make  it spread.         Bacon.
      VOL.  I.
     The whole  sex  is in a  manner dwarfed,  and
   shrunk into a race of beauties,  toat seems almost
   another species.                       Addison.
 Dwa'rfish, dworf'ish. adj. [from dwarf]
    Below the natural bulk;  low; small;  lit-
    tle; petty; despicable.
             Their dwarfish pages were,
   As cherubins, all gilt.                Shakspeare.
     And are you grown so high in his esteem,
   Because I am so dwarfish and so low?       Shaks.
     This unheard sauciness, and boyish troops,
   The king doth smile at; and is well prepar'd
   To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms,
   From out the circle of his territories.       Shaks.
     A thicket close beside the  grove there stood,
   With briars and brambles choak'd, and dwarfish
         wood.                         Dryden.
     We should have lost oaks and cedars, and  the
   other tall  and lofty sons of toe forest, and have
   found nothing  but  dwarfish  shrubs, and creeping
   moss, and  despicable mushrooms.        Bentley.
 Dwa'rfishly,  dworf'ish-le.  adv.  [from
   dwarfish.] Like  a dwarf.
 Dwa'rfishness, dwdrf'ish-nes. to. s. [from
   dwarfish.]  Minuteness of stature;  lit-
   tleness.
     'Tis no wonder that science hath not outgrown
   toe dwarfishness of its  pristine stature, and that  the
   intellectual world is such a microcosm.    Glanville,

 To Dwaule, dwall. v. a.  [bpelian, Sax.
   to wander; dwaelen, Dutch.] To be de-
   lirious:  a provincial word mentioned  by
   Junius.
 To Dwell, dw£ll.  v.  to.  preterit dwelt,  or
   dwelled, [dualla, old Teutonick, is stay,
   delay;   duelia,  Islandick,  to  stay,  to
   stand  still.]
 1.  To inhabit;   to live in a place, to re-
   side; to  have  a  habitation.
    If thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen
  poor,  and be sold unto thee,  thou shalt not compel
  him to serve as a bond-servant.          Leinficus.
    He shall dtceff  alone; without the camp shall  his
  habitation be.                        Leviticus.
    John  Haywood and sir Thomas More, in the
  parish wherein I was born, dioeff and had  posses-
  sions.                                Peacham.
    Why are you  vex'd, lady? Why do you frown?
  Here dwell no frowns,  nor anger; from these gates
  Sorrow flies far.                        Milton.
2. To  live in any form of habitation.
    Abraham sojourned in the Land of Promise as
  in a strange country, dwelling in tabernacles.
                                      Hebrews.
3. To  be in  any state or condition.
    'Tis safer to be that which we  destroy,
  Than by destruction diceff in doubtful joy.  Shaks.

4. To  be  suspended  with  attention;  to
   hang upon with care or fondness.
    He in great passion  all this while did dwell;
  More busying his quick eyes her face to view,
  Than his dull ears to hear what she did tell. Spens.
                 Th' attentive queen
  Dictlt on his accents.                    Smith.
    Such was that face, on which I dweff with joy,
  Ere Greece assembled stemm'd the tides to Troy.
                                         Pope.
5. To  continue long speaking.
    He preach'd the joys  of heav'n, and pains of
        hell,
  And warn'd the sinner with becoming zeal:
  But on eternal mercy lov'd to dwell.     Dryden.
    We have dtoeff pretty long  on  the considerations
  of space and duration.                    Locke.
    Those who defend  our negotiators, dweff upon
  their zeal and patience.                   Swiff.
 To Dwell,  dwell,  v.  a.  To  inhabit.  Not
   used.
    I saw and heard; for we sometimes
                    4h
   Who dwell this wild,  constrain'd by want, come
         forth
   To town or village nigh.                 Milton.
 Dwe'ller, dwel'liir.98 to. s. [from dwell]
   An inhabitant;  one  that  lives in any
   place.
     The houses being kept up, did of necessity en-
   force a dweller; and the proportion of land for oc-
   cupation  being kept up,  did of necessity enforce
   that dweller not to be beggar or cottager, but a man
   of some substance.                       Bacon.
     Their cries soon waken all toe dwellers near;
   Now murmuring noises rise in every street.   Dryd.

 Dwe'lling, dwel'ling.  ». s. [from dwell.]
 1. Habitation;  place of residence; abode.
     His dwelling is low in a valley green,
   Under the foot of Rauran mossy hore.     Fairy Q,
     Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a de-
   solation for ever.                     Jeremiah.
     If he have several dwellings, let him sort them so,
   that what he wanteth in the one he may find in the
   other.                                 Bacon.
               God will deign
   To visit oft the dwellings of just men
   Delighted.                            Milton.
             All dwellings else
  Flood overwhelmed, and them with all their pomp
  Deep under water roll'd: sea cover'd sea,
   Sea without shore!                     JWiffon.
    The living few and frequent funerals then
  Proclaim'd thy wrath on this forsaken place;
    And now those few, who are return'd again,
  Thy searching judgments to their dwellings trace.
                                       Dryden,
    The force of fire ascended first on high,
  And took its dwelling in the vaulted sky.  Dryden.
2. State of life; mode of living.
    Thy dwelling shall be with toe  beasts of the
  field.                                 Daniel.
Dwe'llinghouse, dwel'ling-house..«. s.
   [from dwell and house.]  The  house at
   which one  lives.
    A person ought always to be cited at the place of
  his dwellinghouse, which he  has in respect of his
  habitation  and  usual residence; and  not  at the
  house which he has in respect of his estate, or the
  place of his birth.                      Ayliffe.

Dwe'llingplace,  dweTHng-plase.  «. *.
   [dwell and  place.]    The place of re-
   sidence.
    People do often change their dwellingplaces, and
  some must die, whilst other some do grow up into
  strength.                              Spenser.
To Dwi'ndle,  dwin'dl.406 v. to.  [bpinan,
   Saxon.]
1. To shrink; to lose bulk; to grow little.
    Thy dwindled legs seem crawling to the grave.
                                       Dryden.
    Proper  names, when  familiarized  in  English;
  dwindle to  monosyllables; whereas in other lan-
  guages they receive  a softer turn, by the addition of
  a new syllable.                       Addison.
    Our drooping days are dwindled down to nought,
  Their period finish'd ere 'tis well begun. Thomson.
2. To degenerate; to  sink.
    'Tis now dwindled down to light frothy stuff.
                                       Norris.
    If  there have been such a gradual diminution of
  toe generative faculty of the earth, toat it hath
  dwindled from nobler animals to puuy mice and in-
  sects, why  was there not the like decay in the pro-
  duction of  vegetables?                  Bentley.
    He found the expected council was dtctncffijig in-
  to a conventicle, a  packed  assembly of Italian bi-
  shops, not a free convention of fathers   Atterbury.
    Religious societies,  though beguu with excellent
  intentions,  are said to have dwindled into factious
  clubs-                                  Swift.
3. To wear away; to  lose health; to grow
   feeble. 
D YN
D Y  S
D Y  S
    Weary sev'nnights nine times nine,
  Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine.      Shakspeare.
    We see that some small part of the fool being
  injured by a wrench or a blow, the whole leg or
  thigh thereby loses its strength and nourishment,
  and dwindles away.                     Locke.
    Physicians, with toeir milky cheer,
  The love-sick maid and dwindling beau repair.
                                       Gay.
4. To fall  away;  to  be  diminished;  to
   moulder off.
    Under Greenvil, there  were only five hundred
  foot and three hundred horse  left; the rest were
  dwindled away.                     Clarendon
Dye, di. See  Die.
Dy'ing, di'ing.  The participle of die.
1.  Expiring;  giving up the ghost.
2.  Tinging; giving a new  colour.
Dy'nasty,  di-naVte, or  din'as-te803 to. a.
   [fvwrtt*.]  Government; sovereignty.
    Some account him fabulous,  because he carries
  up the Egyptian dynasties before the flood, yea, and
  long before the creation                  Hale.
    Greece was divided into several dynasties, which
  our author has enumerated under their respective
  princes.                              Pope.
DY'scRASY,dis'kra-se.to.*. [^vo-upctTiu.] An
  unequal  mixture  of  elements  in  the
  blood of nervous juice; a distempera-
  ture,  when  some humour or quality
  abounds in the body.               Diet.
    In this pituitous dyscrasy of blood, we must vomit
  off the pituita, and purge upon intermissions.
                        Floyer on the Humours.
Dyse'ntery, dis'sen-ter-e. to. *. [dysen-
  terie, French, from JWcvrcfi'a.] A loose-
  ness, wherein very ill humours flow off
  by stool,  and  are also  sometimes at-
  tended with blood.                Diet
    Prom an unusual inconstancy of the weather, and
  perpetual changes of the wind from east  to west,
  proceed epidemical dysenteries.        Arbuthnot.
Dyspe'psy,  dis'pep-se. to. s.  [JWwei^/*.]
  A difficulty of digestion, or bad fermen-
  tation in the  stomach or guts.     Diet.
Dy'sphony, dis'fo-ne.  n. s. [Xva-Qmiot/] A
  difficulty in  speaking  occasioned by an
  ill disposition of the organs.       Diet.
Dyspno'ea, disp-ne'a. to.  s. [J^e-aW*.] A
  difficulty  of  breathing; straitness  of
  breath.
Dv'suRY,dizh'u-re.460 461 462to. a. [<JWjy,«.]
  A difficulty in making  urine.
    It doth end in a dysentery,  pains of the hemor-
  rhoids, inflammation of any of the lower parts, dia-
  betes, a continual pissing, or a hot dysury, difficulty
  of making water.                     Harvey.
E.
~W?  Has two sounds;  long, as acene, and
■*-*  short, as men. E is the most frequent
   vowel in the English  language;  for it
   not only is used like the rest in the be-
   ginning  or end of words, but has the
   peculiar quality of lengthening the fore-
   going vowel, as, can, cane; man, mane;
   gap,  gape;  glad, gliude;  bred, brede;
   chin, chine; wip, wipe;  thin, thine;
   nod, node; tun, tune; plum, plume. Yet
   it sometimes occurs final, where yet the
   foregoing vowel is not  lengthened;  as
   gone, knowledge, edge, give. Anciently
   almost  every word ended  with e, as for
   can, canne;  for year, yeare;  for great,
   greate; for need, needc; for flock, flocke.
   It is probable that this e final had at first
   a soft sound, like the  female e of the
   French;  and that  afterward  it was  in
   poetry either mute or vocal, as the verse
   required, till at last it became univer-
   sally silent.
Ea has the sound of e long: the e is com-
   monly lengthened rather by the imme-
   diate addition of a than by the apposi-
   tion of e to the end of the word: as men,
   mean; sel, seal; met, meat; net, neat.
Each, etsh.98 227 pron. [elc, Saxon; elch,
   Dutch; ilk, Scotish.]
I. Either of two.
    Though your orbs of difPrent greatness be,
  Yet both are for each other's use dispos'd;
  His to inclose, and your's to be inclos'd.  Dryden.
2. Every one of any number.  This  sense
   is rare, except in poetry.
    Th' invention all admir'd, and each how he
  To be th' inventor miss'd.               MUton.
                    Let each
  His adamantine coat gird well, and each
  Fit well his helm.                    Milton.
    By hunger, that each other creature tames,
  Thou art not to be harm'd, therefore not mov'd;
  Thy temperance invincible besides.       Milton.
    Wise Plato said, the world with men was stor'd,
  That succour each to other might afford.  Denham.
To Each the correspondent word is other,
   whether it  be used of two, or of a great-
   er number.
    'Tis said they eat each other.       Shakspeare.
    Let eocn esteem other better than themselves.
                                      Phil.
    Loveliest of women! heaven is in thy soul;
  Beauty and virtue shine for ever round thee,
  Bright'ning each other! Thou art all divine.  Addi.
Ead, ed. [ad,  ed.]  in the compound, and
   eadig in the  simple names, denotes
   happiness, or blessedness.   Thus Ead-
   ward is a  happy preserver;  Eadulph,
   happy assistance; Eadgar,  happy  pow-
   er;  Eadwin,  happy conqueror;  which
   Macarius,  Eupolemus,  Fausta, Fortu-
   natua, Felicianua, &c. do in some  mea-
   sure resemble.  Ead may also in  some
   cases be derived from the Saxon  eath,
   which signifies easy, gentle, mild.
                        Gibaon'a Camden.
EA'GER, e'gur.3^ adj. [eajon, Saxon;
   aigre, Fr.]
1. Struck  with  desire;  ardently wishing;
   keenly  desirous; vehement  in desire;
   hotly  longing.
    Of action eager, and intent of thought,
  The chiefs your honourable danger sought. Dryden.
    Eager to read  the rest, Achates came.  Dryden.
    With joy th' ambitious youth his mother heard,
  And, eager, for the journey, soon prepar'd;
  He longs the world beneath him to survey,
  To guide the chariot, and to give the day.  Dryden.
    Love inflam'd, and eager on his bliss,
  Smother'd her words.                 Addison.
2. It is used sometimes with of, sometimes
   with for, sometimes with on or after be-
   fore the thing sought.
3. Hot of disposition;  vehement;  ardent;
   impetuous
    Apt as well to quicken the spirits as to allay that
  which is too eager.                    Hooker.
    Nor do the  eager clamours  of disputants yield
  more relief to eclipsed truth, than did the sounding
  brass of old to  the labouring moon.     Glanville.
    Imperfect zeal is  hot and eager, without know-
  ledge.                               Sprat.
    Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes. Dryden.
    A man, charged with a crime of which  he thinks
  himself innocent, is  apt to be too eager in his own
  defence.                           Dryden.
4. Quick; busy; easily  put in action.
                His Numidian genius
  Is well dispos'd to mischief, were he prompt
  And eager on it; but he must be spurr'd.  Addison.
5. Sharp; sour; acid.
    With a sudden vigour it doth posset
  And curd, like eager droppings into milk,
  The thin and wholesome blood.        Shakspeare.
6. Keen; severe; biting.
    The air bites shrewdly;  it is very cold.
  —It is a nipping and an eager air.     Shakspeare.
    The flesh shrinketh, but the bone resisteth, where-
  by the cold becometh more eager.        Bacon.
7. Brittle;  inflexible; not ductile.  A cant
   word of artificers.
    Gold will be  sometimes so eagery as artists call it,
  that it will as little endure the hammer as glass it-
  self-                                 Locke.
Ea'gerly, e'gur-le. adv. [from eaqer.]
1. With great ardour of desire; with im-
   petuosity of inclination.
    To the holy war how fast and eagerly did men go,
  when the priest persuaded them that whosoever died
  in that expedition was a martyr!           South. 
E AG
EAR
EAU
    How eagerly he flew, when Europe's fate
  Did for the seed of future actions wait.    Stepney
2. Ardently; hotly.
    Brutus gave the word too early,
  Who having some advantage on Octavius,
  Took it too eagerly; his soldiers fell to spoil,
  Whilst we by Antony were all inclos'd. Shakspeare.
3. Keenly; sharply.
    Abundance of rain froze so eagerly as it fell, that
  it seemed the depth of winter had of a sudden been
  come in.                              Knolles^
Ea'gerness, e'g&r-nes. n.s. [from eager]
1. Keenness of desire; ardour of inclina-
   tion.
    She knew her distance, and did angle for me,
  Madding my eagerness wito her restraint.  Shaksp.
    Have you not seen, when whistling from the fist,
  Some faulcon stoop'd at what her eye design'd,
  And, with her eagerness, the quarry miss'd. Dryden.
    The eagerness and strong bent of the mind aftei
  knowledge if not warily regulated, is often an hind-
  rance: to it.                             Locke.
    Detraction and  obloquy are received  with  as
  much eagerness as wit and humour.       Addison.
                 Juba lives to catch
  That dear embrace, and  to return it too,
  With mutual warmth and eagerness of love. Addis.
    His continued application  to publick affairs di-
  verts him from those pleasures, which are pursued
  with eagerness by princes who have not the publick
  so much at heart.                     Addison.
    The things of this world, with whatever eagerness
  they engage our pursuit,  leave us still empty, and
  unsatisfied wito their fruition.            Rogers.
2. Impetuosity; vehemence; violence.
    It finds them in the eagerness and height of their
  devotion; they  are speechless for the time that it
  continues, and prostrate and dead when it departs.
                                       Dryden.
    I'll kill thee with such eagerness of haste,
  As fiends, let loose, would lay all nature waste.
                                       Dryden.
EA'GLE,  e'gl.*2? 40S  «. s. [aigle, French;
  acjuilat Latin; ealler, Erse.]
1. A  bird of prey.
    The eag-fe, as it is reported, renews its age when
  it grows old.  It is also said not to drink at all, like
  other birds with sharp claws.  It is given  out, that
  when an eagfe sees its young so well grown as to
  venture upon flying, it hovers over their nest, and
  excites them to imitate it, and take their flight; and
  when it sees them weary, or  fearful, it takes them
  upon its back.  Eagles are said to be extremely
  sharp-sighted, and, when they take  flight, spring
  perpendicularly upward, with their eyes steadily fix-
  ed upon the sun.                       Calmet.
    Draw forth the monsters of th' abyss profound,
  Or fetch th' aerial  eag-fe to the ground.      Pope.
2. The standard  ofthe ancient Romans.
    Arts still followed where Rome's eagfes  flew.
                                         Pope.
Ea'gle-eyed, e'gl-ide.283 adj. [from eagle
  and eyed]  Sharp-sighted as an eagle.
    As he was quick and  perspicacious,  so was  he
  inwardly eagle-eyed, and versed in the humours of
  his subjects.                           Howel.
    Ev'ry one is eagle-eyed  to see
  Another's, faults and his deformity.        Dryden.

Ea'glespeed, e'gl-speed. ra. s. [eagle and
  speed.] Swiftness like that of an eagle
    Abrupt, with eagle-speed she cut toe sky,
  Instant invisible to mortal eye.              Pope.
Ea'glestone,  e'gl-stone. n. a.   A stone
  said  lo be found  at  the entrance  of the
  holes  in which the   eagles  make their
  nests,  and affirmed  to have a particular
  virtue in  defending the  eagle's  nest
  from thunder.                    Calmet
    The eaglestone contains, in a cavity within it, a
  small loose stone, which  rattles when it is shaken;
  and every fossil, with a nucleus in it, has obtained
  the name.  The analogy between a stone thus con-
  taining another within it, or, as the fanciful writers
  express it, pregnant with another, and a woman big
  with child, led people to imagine that it must have
  great virtues and effect in accelerating  or retarding
  delivery; so that, if tied to the arm of a  woman
  with child, it  prevents abortion; and if to the leg,
  it promotes delivery.   On such idle and imaginary
  virtees was raised all the credit which  this  famous
  fossil possessed for many  ages.             Hill.
    If you stop the hole of a hawk's bell  it will make
  no ring, but a flat noise or rattle; and so doth the
  setites, or eaglestone, which  hath a little stone within
  it.                                    Bacon.
Ea'glet, e'glet.  ». a.  [from eagle.]   A
   young eagle.
    This treason of his sons did the  king express in an
  emblem, wherein was an  eagle  with  three eaglets
  tyring on her breast,  and the fourth picking at one
  of her eyes.                            Davies.
Ea'gre, e'giir. to.  a. [ager, in Runick,  is
   the ocean; eggia, in Islandick, is to agi-
   tate, to incite.]   A  tide swelling  above
   another  tide, observable   in  the  river
   Severn.
    For as an eagre rides in triumph o'er toe tide,
  The tyrant passions, hope and fear,
  Did in extremes appear,
  And flash'd upon toe soul with equal force. Dryden.
Ea'loerman, el'dur-man. to. s.   [ealbep.-
   man,  Sax.]   The  name  of  a   Saxon
   magistrate;  alderman.
Eame, erne.   to.  a.  [earn,   Saxon;   eom,
   Dutch.]   Uncle: a word still used  in
   the wilder parts of Staffordshire.
    Daughter, says she, fly, fly; behold thy dame
  Foreshows the treason of toy wretched  eame!
                                      Fairfax.
EAR,  eer.227  to. a.  [eajie, Saxon; oor,
   Dutch.]
1. The whole organ of audition or hearing.
    What fire is in my ears?  can this be true?
 "Stand I condemn'd!                     Shaksp.
    His ears are open unto their cry.       Psalms.
    Valsalva discovered some passages into  the re-
  gion ofthe ear drum; of mighty use, among others,
  to make discharges of bruises.          Derham.
2. That part of the ear that  stands promi-
   nent.
    You have heard ofthe news abroad; I mean, the
  whisper'd ones; for they are yet but ear kissing ar-
  guments.                              Shaksp.
    His master shall bore his  ear through with  an
  awl.                                  Exodus.
3. Power of judging of harmony; the sense
   of hearing
    She has a delicate ear, and her voice is musick.
                                    Richardson.
4  The head;  or  the  person: in familiar
   language.
    Their warlike force was sore weakened, the city
  beaten down about their ears, and most of them
  wounded.                             Knolles.
    Better pass over an affront from one scoundrel,
  than draw the whole herd about a man's ears.
                                    L'Estrange.
    Be  not alarmed,  as if all  religion  was falling
  about our ears.                         Burnet.
5. Tne highest part of a man; the top.
    A cavalier was up  to toe ears in love with a very
  fine lady.                           L'Estrange.
6. The privilege of being readily and kind-
   ly  heard; favour.
    Aristippus was earnest suitor  to  Dionysius for
  some  grant, who would give no ear to  his suit;
  Ar.^tippus  fell  at his feet,  and then Dionysius
  granted it.                              Bacon.
    They being told there was small hope of ease,
                    4h2
  Were willing at the first to give an ear
  To any thing that sounded liberty.     Ben Jonson-
    If on a pillory, or near a throne,
  He gain his prince's ear, or lose his own.    Pope.

7. Disposition to like or dislike what is
   heard; judgment;  opinion; taste.
    He laid his  sense  closer,  and in  fewer words,
  according to toe style and ear of those times.
                                      Denham.
8. Any  prominences from  a larger body,
   raised for the  sake of holding it.
    There are some vessels, which, if you offer to lift
  by the belly or bottom, you cannot stir toem: but
  are soon removed, if you take them by the ears.
                                       Taylor.
    A quilted nightcap with one ear.      Congreve.
    A pot without an ear.                   Swift.
9. The  spike of corn;  that part which
   contains the seeds.
    He delivered to each of them a jewel, made in
  the figure of an ear of wheat, which they ever after
  wear.                                  Bacon.
          The leaves on trees not more,
  Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore.
                                       Dryden.
    From several grains he  had eighty  stalks, with
  very large ears full of large corn.       Mortimer.
10. To be by  the Ears.           ")    To
    To fall together by the Ears.  £■ fight; to
    To go together  by the Ears. J  scuffle;
   to quarrel.   [In  Dutch,  oorlogen.]   A
   familiar phrase.
    Poor  naked  men belabouring one  another with
  shagged sticks, or  dully fell together by the ears at
  fisty- cuffs.                               More.
    Fools go togetlier by the ears,  to have knaves run
  away with the stakes.                L'Estrange.
    All Asia now was by the ears,
  And gods beat up for volunteers.           Prior.
11. To set by the Ears.   To make strife;
   to  make to quarrel: in low language.
    A mean rascal sefs others together by the ears with-
  out fighting himself.                 L'Estrange.
    She used to  carry tales from one to another, 'till
  she  had  sef the neighbourhood together by the
  ears.                               Arbuthnot.
    It is usual to sef these poor animals by the ears.
                                      Addison.
Ea'rless, eer'les. adj. [from ear.] With-
   out any  ears.
    Earless on high  stood  unabash'd Defoe,
  And Tutchin flagrant  from the scourge below. Pope.
Ea'rring, eer'ring.  w. s. [ear  and ring]
   Jewels  set in a  ring and  worn  at  the
   ears;  ornament of  a  woman's  ear.
    With gold and silver  they increase his store,
  And gave toe precious earrings  which they wore.
                                       Sandys.
    A lady bestowed earrings upon a favourite lam-
  prey.                               Arbuthnot.
Ea'rshot, eer'shot.  «. a.   Reach of  the
   ear; space  within which  words  may be
   heard.
    Gomez, stand you out of earshot.—I have some-
  thing to say to your wife in private.       Diyden.
Ea'rwax, eer'wttks. n. s.  [ear and wax]
   The  cerumen  or  exudation  which
   smears the inside  ofthe ear.
    The  ear being to stand open,  because  there was
  some danger that  insects  might creep in thereat;
  therefore hath nature loricated  or plaistered over
  toe  sides of the hole with earwax, to entangle in-
  sects.                                   Ray.
Ea'rwig,  eer'wlg. to. s. [eap.e and pijja,
   a grub,  Sax.]
I. A  sheath-winged insect; imagined to
   creep into the ear.
    Himself he on au earwig set; 
EAR
EAR
EAR
   Yet scarce he on his back could get,
   So oft and high he did curvet.           Drayton.
     Earwigs and snails seldom infect timber.
                                      Mortimer.
     Doll never flies to cut her lace,
   Or throw cold water in her face,
   Because she heard a sudden drum,
   Or found an earwig in a plum.             Swift.
 2. By way of reproach, a whisperer; a pry-
   ing informer.
 Ea'rwitness, eer-wlt'nes.  w. a.  [ear  and
   witneaa.]   One  who attests,  or  can at-
   test, any thing as heard by himself.
     All present were made earwitnesses, even of each
   particular branch of a common indictment. Hooker.
     The histories of mankind, written by eye or ear-
   witnesses,  are built upon this principle.      Waffs.
 To Ear, eer.246 v.  a. [aro,  Lat.] To plow;
   to  till.   Obsolete.
     He that ears my land spares my team, and gives
   me leave to enjoy the crop.              Shaksp.
     Menecrates and Menas, famous pirates,
   Make the  sea serve them, which they ear and wound
   With keels of every kind.                Shaksp-
     A rough valley which is neither eared nor sown.
                                   Deuteronomy.
     Five years, in the which there  shall be  neither
   earing nor harvest.                     Genesis.
     The field of love, with plough of virtue ear'd.
                                        Fairfax.
 To  Ear, eer. v. to.  [from ear.]   To shoot
   into ears.
 Ea'red, eerd.3fi9 adj. [from ear.]
 1. Having ears,  or organs of hearing.
 2. Having ears, or ripe corn.
     The covert of the thrice ear'd  field
   Saw stately Ceres to her passion yield.       Pope.
 EARL, erl.23* 2S? to. s. [eojil, Sax.   eoryl,
   Erse.]    A  title   of nobility,  anciently
   the  highest  of  this  nation,  now  the
   third.
               Thanes and kinsmen,
   Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland
   For such an honour named.              Shaksp.
 Earl-makshai., erl'mar'shal. to. s.  [earl
   and marshal.]  He  that  has chief care
   of military solemnities.
     The marching troops through  Athens take their
           way;
   The great earl-marshal orders their array.   Dryd.
 Ea'rloom, erl'dum.186 to. s.  [from   earl.]
   The seigniory of an  earl;  the title and
   dignity  of an earl.
     The duke of Clarence having married the heir
   of toe earl of  Ulster, and  by  her having all the
   earldom of Ulster, carefully went about redressing
   evils.                                Spenser.
     When I am king, claim thou of me
   The earldom of Hereford.                Shaksp.
 Ea'rliness, er'le-nes. to. s. [from  early.]
   Quickness of any action with respect to
   something  else:   as,  earliness  in  the
   morning, the act  of  rising  soon with
   respect to the sun; earliness of growth,
   the  act of growing up soon in  compari-
   son  with other things of the same kind.
     The next morning  we, having striven with toe
  sun's  earliness,  were beyond the  prospect of the
  highest turrets.                         Sidney.
    The goodness of the crop is great gain, if the
  goodness answer the earliness of coming up. Bacon.
EA'RLY,  eVle.23* adj.  [aep, Sax. before.]
   Soon with respect to something  else:
   as, in the morning, with respect  to the
   sun; in  time, with respect  to  creation;
   in the season, in comparison with other
   products.
     I am a tainted wether of toe flock,
   Meetest for death:  toe weakest kind of fruit
   Drops earliest to the ground, and so let me. Shaksp.
     It is a curiosity to have  several  fruits upon one
   tree; and the more when some of toem come early
   and some come late.                    Bacon.
     God made all the world, toat  he might be wor-
   shipped in some parts of the world; and therefore,
   in the first and most early times of the church, what
   care did he manifest to have such places erected to
   his honour?                             South.
     The nymphs, forsaking every cave and spring,
   Their early fruit and milk-white turtles bring. Pope.
     Sickness is early  old age: it teaches us diffidence
   in our earthly state, and inspires us with thoughts
   of a future.                             Pope.
             Oh soul of honour!
   Oh early heroe!                         Smith.

 Ea'rly, er'le. adv. [from the  adjective.]
   Soon; betitne.
     Early before the  morn, with crimson ray,
   The windows of bright heav'n  opened had. Spenser.
     None in more languages can show
   Those arts,  which you so earfiy know.      Waller.
     The princess makes her issue like herself, by in-
   stilling early into then; minds religion, virtue, and
   honour.                              Addison.
 To  Earn, ern.234 371 v.  a.  [eapnian, Sax.]
 I. To gain  as  the reward  or wages of la-
   bour, or  any performance.
    Those that have joined with their honour  great
   perils, are less subject to envy; for men think  that
   they earn their honours hardly.           Bacon.
    Winning cheap the high repute,
   Which he through hazard huge must earn.  Milton.
                 I to the evil turn
   My obvious breast; arming to overcome
   By suffering, and earn rest from labour won. Milt.
                 Men may discern
   From what consummate virtue I have chose
   This perfect man, by merit call'd my Son,
  To earn salvation for the sons of men.      Milton.
    Since they all beg,  it  were  better for the state
  to keep toem, even although they earned nothing.
                                       Graunt.
    This is the great expence of the poor, that takes
  up almost all their earnings.              Locke.
    The poems gained toe plagiary %vealth, while the
  author hardly earned his  bread by repeating them.
                                         Pope.
    After toiling twenty days,
  To earn a stock of pence and praise,
  Thy labour's grown  the critick's prey.      Swift.
2. To obtain, as a consequence of action.
             I can't say whore;
  It does abhor me, now I speak the word:
  To do the act, that might to' addition earn,
  Not the world's mass of vanity could make me.
                                       Sliaksp.
EA'RNEST,  er'nest.23* adj.  [eormert,
   Sax.]
1. Ardent in any affection; warm; zealous;
   importunate.
    He which prayeth in due sort,  is  thereby made
  the more attentive to hear; and he which heareth,
  the more earnest to pray for the time which we be-
  stow, as well in toe one as the other.     Hooker.
2. Intent; fixed; eager.
            On that prospect strange
  Their earnest eyes were fixed; imagining,
  For one forbidden tree, a multitude
  Now ris'n, to work them further woe or shame.
                                       Milton.
    They are never more earnest to disturb us,  than
  when they see us most earnest in this duty. Duppa.

3. Serious;  important.   Some say in ear-
   nest, not in jest.
    They whom earnest lets do often hinder from
  being partakers of  the whole, have yet this  the
  length of divine service, opportunity for access unto
  some reasonable part thereof.           Hooker.
 Ea'rnest, er'nest. n. a. [from the adjec-
    tive.]
 1. Seriousness; a serious event, not a jest;
    reality, not a feigned appearance.
     Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to
   earnest.                                Sidney,
     I told you Klaius was the hapless wight,
   Who earnest found what they accounted play.
                                         Sidney.
     Therewith she laughed,  and did her earnest end
   in jest.                           Fairy Queen.
     That high All-seer, which I dallied with,
   Hath turned my feigned prayer  on my head,
   And giv'n in earnest what I begg'd in jest. Shaksp.
     Nor can I think that God, Creator wise!
   Though threat'ning, will in earnest so destroy
   Us, his prime creatures.                MUton.
     But the main business and earnest of the world
   is money, dominion, and power.      L'Estrange.
     We shall die in earnest,  and  it will not become
   us to live in jest.       Government ofthe Tongue.
     Sempronius, you have acted like yourself;
   One would have  thought you had been half in ear-
         nest.                          Addison,
 2. [ernitz penge, Danish; arrea, French.]
    Pledge; handsel;  first-fruits; token  of
    something of the same kind in futurity.
     The apostles term  it  the handsel  or earnest of
   that which is to come.                  Hooker.
     Which leader shall the doubtful vict'ry bless,
   And give an earnest of the war's success.   Waller.
     It may be looked upon as a pledge and earnest of
   quiet and tranquillity.                 Smalridge.
     The mercies received, great  as toey are, were
   earnests and pledges of greater.         Atterbury.
 3. The money  which is  given  in  token
   that a bargain is ratified.
    You have conspir'd against our person,
   Join'd  with  an  enemy  proclaim'd,  and from  his
         coffers
   Receiv'd the golden earnest of our death.   Shaksp.
    Pay  back the eamesf penny received from Satan,
 ^ and fling away his sin.            Decay of Piety.
 Ea'rnestly,  er'nest-le.  adv. [from  ear-
   nest.]

 1. Warmly; affectionately;  zealously; im-
   portunately; intensely.
             When earnestly they seek
   Such proof, conclude they then begun to fail.  Milt.
    Shame is a banishment of him from the good
   opinion of the world, which every man most ear-
   nestly desires.                           South.
    Earnestly invoke the goodness and power  of au
   all-merciful and almighty God.        Smalridge.
 2. Eagerly; desirously.
    Why so earnestly seek you to put up that letter?
                                        Shaksp.
    My soul, more earnestly releas'd,
   Will outstrip her's; as bullets blown before,
   A latter  bullet  may  o'ertake,  the powder  being
 p        more-                           Donne.
 Earnestness,  er'nest-nes.  ra.  *.  [from
   earnest.]

 1.  Eagerness; warmth;   vehemence;  im-
   petuosity.
    Often with a solemn earnestness,
  More than, indeed, belong'd to such a trifle,
  He begg'd of me to steal it.               Shak*.
    Audacity and confidence doth in business so great
  effects,  as a man may doubt, that besides the very
  ?!TCL ^fum' and P^^ing and importu-
  nity there should be some secret  binding, and stoop-
  ing of other men's spirits to such  persons.   Bad
    Marcus is overwarm; his fond  complaints
  Have somucki earnestness and passion in  them,
  I hear him with a secret kind of horror
  And tremble at his vehemence of temper. Addiso*.
2.  Solemnity; zeal;  seriousness
    There was never a charge maintained with such
 a shew of gravity and  earnests, which had a
 slighter foundation to support it.    '    Atterbury 
                   EAR

3. Solicitude; care; intenseness.
    With overstraining, and  earnestness of finishing
  their pieces, they often did them more harm than

Earsh, ersh. to.  s. [from  ear, to plow.]  A
   plowed field.  Not now in use.
    Fires oft are good on barren earshes made,
  With crackling flames to bum toe stubble blade.
                                         May.

EARTH, erth.234 287 to.  s. [eont, Sax.]
1. The  element distinct from air, fire, or
   water;  soil; terrene matter.
    The smiling god is seen; while water, earfft,
  And air attest his bounty.              Thomson.
2. The terraqueous globe; the  world.
    Nought so vile that on the earfft doth live,
  But to the earth some special  good doth S»ve^

    This solid globe we live upon is called the earth;
  which word taken in a more limited sense, signifies
  such parts of this  globe as are capable, being ex-
  posed to the air, to give  rooting and nourishment
  to plants, so toat they may stand and grow in it
                                        MaOCKG,
3. Different modification of terrene mat-
   ter.  In this sense it has a plural.
    The five genera of earffts are, 1. Boles. 2. Clays.
  3. Marls. 4. Ochres. 5. Tripelas.           Hill.
    Earths are opake, insipid,  and, when dried, fri-
  able, or consisting of parts easy to separate, and
  soluble in water; not disposed  to burn, flame, or
  take fire.                          Woodward.
4. This world opposed to other scenes of
   existence.
               What are these,
  So wither'd, and so wild in their attire,
  That look not like to' inhabitants o' th' earfft,
  And yet are on't?                       Shaksp.
    They can judge as fitly of his worth,
  As I can of those mysteries which heav'n
  Will not have earfft to know.             Shaksp.
9. The inhabitants of the  earth.
    The whole earth was of one language.   Genesis.
6. Country;  distinct region.
    In ten set battles have we driven back
  These heathen Saxons, and regain'd our earfft,
  As  earfft recovers  from the ebbing tide.    Dryden.
7. The act of  turning  up  the ground in
   tillage,  [from ear, to plow.]
    Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
  Two earffts, at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow.
                                       Tusser.
To Earth, erth. v. a. [from the  noun.]
1. To hide in earth.
    The fox is earthed; but I shall send my two tar-
  riers in after him.                      Dryden.
2. To cover with earth.
    Earfft up  with fresh mould the  roots of those
  auricula's which the frost may have uncovered.
                                       Evelyn.
To Earth, &rth.v. to.    To  retire under
   ground.
    Hence foxes earth'd, and wolves abhorr'd the day,
  And hungry churls ensnar'd the nightly prey. Ticfcef.
Ea'rthboard, erM'bord. to. s.  [earth  and
   board]  The board  ofthe plough that
   shakes off the earth.
    The plow  reckoned the  most proper  for stiff
  black  clays,  is one that is long, large, and broad,
  with a a deep head and a square eartliboard, so as to
  turn up a great furrow.                Mortimer.
EA,RTHBORN,erc'A'b6rn. adj.   [earth  and
   born]
1. Born ofthe earth;  terrigenous.
    The wounds I make but sow new enemies:
  Which from their blood,  like earfftoom  brethren
         rise.                           Diyden.
    The God for ever great, for ever king,
                  EAR

  Who slew the earfftoom race and measures rijht^
  To heav'n's great habitants.
2.  Meanly  born.                      0  ...
     EarfftJm Lycon shall ascend the throne. Smith
Ea'rthbound,  «Wb6und. adj.  [earth
   and  bound.] Fastened by the pressure
   of earth.
     Who can  impress the forest, bid the free
  Unfix  his earf/i&ound root?               Shaksp.
Ea'rthen,  er'thn.™  adj.   [from earth.]
   Made of  earth; made of clay.
                 About his shelves
  Green earfften pots, bladders, and musty seeds
  Were  thinly scattered.                  Shaksp.
     As a rustick was digging toe ground by  Padua,
  he found an  urn, or earfften pot, in which there was
  another urn, and in this lesser a lamp clearly burn-
  in~                                 Wilkins.
    The most brittle water-carriage was used among
  the Egyptians, who, as Strabo  saith, would sail
  sometimes in the boats made of earthen ware.
                                    ^rottfftnof.
Ea'rthflax, erM'fiaks. to.  .9.  [earth  and
  fax.]  A kind of fibrous fossil.
     Of English talc, the coarser sort is called plais-
  ter, or parget; the  finer, earthflax, or salamander's
  hair.                              Woodward.
Ea'rthiness,  erfV/e-nes. to. s.  The qua-
   lity of containing  earth; grossness.
Ea'rthling, eivA'ling. to. s. [from earth.]
   An inhabitant ofthe earth;  a mortal; a
   poor frail creature.
    To  earthlings, the footstool of God,  that stage
  which he raised for a small time, seemeth magnifi-
  cent.                             Drummond.
Earthly,  erfA'le. adj.  [from earth.]
1. Not heavenly;  vile; mean; sordid.
                 But I remember now
  I'm in this earthly world, where to do harm
  Is often laudable; to do good, sometime
  Accounted dangerous folly.              Shaksp.
    When  faith  and love,  which  parted from thee
        never,
  Had ripen'd thy just soul to dwell with God,
  Meekly thou didst resign this earthly load
  Of death call'd life.                   Jlfiffon.
2.  Belonging only  to  our  present  state;
   not spiritual.
     Our common necessities, and the lack which we
  all have as well of ghostly as of earthly favours, is
  in each kind easily  known.               Hooker.
            You have scarce time
  To steal from spiritual leisure a brief span
  To keep your earthly audit.               Shaksp.
    It must be our solemn business and endeavour at
  fit seasons, to turn the stream of our thoughts from
  earthly towards divine objects.          Atterbury.
3. Corporeal;  not mental.
     Great grace that old man to him given had,
  For God he often saw, from heaven hight,
  Ail were his earthly eyen both blunt and bad.
                                      Spenser.
     Sudden he view'd, in spite of all her art,
  An earthly lover lurking at her heart.       Pope.
4.  Any thing  in  the world: a female  hy-
   perbole.
    Oh! if to  dance all night, and dress all day,
  Charm'd the small-pox, or chas'd old age away,
  Who would  not scorn what housewife's  cares pro-
        duce?
  Or who would learn one earthly thing of use? Pope.
Ea'rthnut, er^A'niit. to. s. [earth and nut]
   A pignut; a root in shape and size like
   a nut.
     Where there are earthnuts in several patches,
  though the roots lie deep in  the ground,  and the
  stalks  be dead, the swine will by their scent root
  only where they grow.                      Ray.
Ea'rthquake,erfA'qwake.to. a. [earth and
                   EAR

   quake.]  Tremour or convulsion ofthe
   earth.
    This subterranean heat or fire  being in any part
  of the earth stopt,  by some accidental glut or ob-
  struction in the passages through which it used to
  ascend,  and  being  preternaturally  assembled  in
  greater quantity into one place, causes a great  ra-
  refaction and intumescence of the water of the abyss,
  putting it into very great commotions; and making
  the  like effort upon the earth, expanded upon the
  face of the abyss,  occasions that agitation and con-
  cussion which we  call an earthquake.    Woodward.
    These tumults  were like an earthquake, shaking
  the very foundations of all,  than which nothing in
  the world hath more of horrour.     King Charles.
    Was it his youth, his valour, or success,
  These might perhaps be found in other men:
  'Twas that respect, that awful homage paid me;
  That fearful love  which trembled in his eyes,
  And with a silent  earthquake shook his soul.  Dryd.
    The countiy, by reason of its vast  caverns and
  subterraneous  fires, has  been  miserably torn  by
  earthquakes, so that the whole face of it is  quite
  changed.                             Addison.
Ea'rthshaking,    erM'sha-king.    adj.
  [earth and shake.]   Having  power to
  shake  the  earth,   or to  raise  earth-
  quakes.
    By the earthshaking Neptune's mace,
  And Tethys' grave majestick pace.       Milton.
    Now scarce withdrawn the fierce earthshaking
        pow'r,
  Jove's daughter Pallas watch'd toe fav'ring hour;
  Back to their cave she bade the winds to fly,
  And hush'd the blust'ring brethren of the sky. Pope.
Ea'rthworm,  er^A'wurm.  to.  s.   [earth
  and  worm]
I. A  worm bred under ground.
    Worms are found in snow commonly, like earth-
  worms, and therefore it  is not  unlike toat it may
  likewise put forth plants                  Bacon.
    Upon a shower, after a drought, earthworms and
  landsnails innumerable  come out of their lurking
  places.                                  Ray.
2. A mean sordid wretch.
    Thy vain contempt, dull earthworm cease;
  I won't for refuge fly.                   Norris.
Ea'rthy, erM'e.  adj. [from earth.]
1. Consisting of earth.
    Long may'st thou live in Richard's seat to sit,
  And soon lie Richard in an earthy pit!    Shaksp.
    Lamps are inflamed by toe admission of new ah-,
  when  the sepulchres are opened, as we see in  fat
  earf% vapours of  divers sorts.            Wilkins.
    All water, especially that of rain,  is stored with
  matter, light in comparison of toe common earthy
  matter.                            Woodward.
2. Composed  or  partaking of earth;  ter-
  rene.
    To survey his dead and earfft]/ image,
  What were it but to make my sorrow greater.
                                       Shaksp.
    Him lord pronoune'd he, 0 indignity!
  Subjected to his service angel-wings,
  And flaming ministers to watch and tend
  Their earf% charge.                   MUton.
3. Inhabiting the  earth; terrestrial.
    Those earthy spirits black and envious are;
  I'll call up other gods of form more fair.  Dryden.
4. Relating to earth.
    Mine is the shipwreck, in a watry sign;
  And in an earthy, the dark dungeon thine. Dryden.
5. Not mental; gross;  not refined.
    Teach  me, dear creature, how to think  and
        speak;
  Lay open to my earthy gross conceit,
  Smother'd in errors, feeble, shallow, weak,
  The folded meaning of your words deceit.  Shaksp.
             Nor is my flame
  So earthy, as to need toe dull material force
l  Of eyes, or lips, or cheeks.             Denham 
EAS                                        EAS                                       EAS
 EASE, eze.23? «. *. [awe?, Fr.]
 1.  Quiet;  rest;  undisturbed  tranquillity;
   not solicitude.
     We should not find her half so brave and bold
   To lead it  to the wars and to the seas:
     To make it suffer watchings, hunger, cold,
   When  it might feed with plenty, rest with ease.
                                         Davies.
     The priest on skins of off'ring takes his ease,
   And nightly visions in his slumber sees.   Dryden.
 2. Freedom  from  pain; a neutral state be-
    tween pain and pleasure.
     That which we call ease is only an indolency, or
   a freedom  from pain.                L'Estrange.
     Is it a small crime to wound himself by anguish
   of heart, to deprive himself of all the pleasures, or
   eases, or enjoyments of life?             Temple.
 3. Rest after labour;  intermission of  la-
    bour.
     Give yourselves ease from the fatigue of waiting.
                                          Swift.
 4. Facility; not difficulty.
     The willing metal will obey thy hand,
   Following with ease, if favour'd by thy fate,
   Tkou art foredoom'd to view the Stygian state;
   If not, no labour can the tree constrain,
   And strength of stubborn arms aud steel are vain.
                                        Dryden.
 5. Unconstraint; freedom  from harshness;
    formality, forced behaviour or conceits.
     True ease in writing comes from art, not chance;
   As those move easiest who have learn'd to dance.
                                           Pope,
 6. At Ease.  In  a state of  undisturbed
    leisure;  without  pain; without anxiety.
     Lucan, content with praise, may lie af ease,
   In costly grotts ancl marble palaces.       Dryden.
     Men of  parts and penetration were not idly to
   dispute at their ease, but were to act according to
   the  result of their debates.               Locke.
     No body is under an  obligation to know  every
   thing: knowledge and science in general is the bu-
   siness only of those who are at ease and leisure.
                                         Locke.
 To Ease,  eze. v.  to. [from the noun.]
 1. To free from pain.
     Help and ease children the best you can: but by
   no means bemoan them.                 Locke.
 2. To assuage;  to mitigate; to alleviate.
     Thy father made our  yoke grievous, now there-
    fore ease thou somewhat the grievous servitude.
                                        2 Chron.
     Complain, queen Margaret, and tell thy grief;
    It shall be eas'd, if France can yield relief. Shaksp.
     As if with sports my sufferings I could ease.
                                        Dryden.
     Though he speaks of such medicines as procure
    sleep and  ease pain, he  doth not  determine their
   doses.                              Arbuthnot.
     Will he for sacrifice our sorrows ease?
   And can our tears reverse his firm decrees? Prior.
 3.  To relieve  from labour,  or  any thing
    that offends;  with of before the thing.
     If ere night toe gath'ring clouds we fear,
   A song will help the beating storm to bear;
   And that thou may'st not be too late abroad
   Sing, and I'll ease thy shoulders o/thy load.  Dryd.
     I  will ease  me of mine adversaries.      Isaiah.
     Nobody feels pain toat he wishes not to be eased
   of, with a desire  equal to that pain, and insepara-
   ble from it.                            Locke.

Ea'seful,  eze'fiil.  adj.  [ease  and full.]
   Quiet; peaceable;  fit for rest.
    I spy a black, suspicious, threat'ning cloud,
  That will encounter with  our glorious sun,
  Ere he attain  his easeful western bed.     Shaksp.
Ea'sement,  eze'ment. w. s. [from ease.]
 1.  Assistance; support;  relief from  ex-
   penses.
    He has the advantage of a free lodging, and
  some other easements.      ,               Swiff.
2.  [In law.]    A service  that one neigh-
  bour has of another by  charter  or  pre-
  scription,  without  profit;  as  a  way
  through  his  ground,  a sink,  or  such
  like.                              Cowell.

Ea'sily, e'ze-le. adv. [from  easy.]
1. Without difficulty.
    Sounds move swiftly, and at a great distance; but
  they require a medium well disposed,  and their
  transmission is easily stopped.             Bacon.
    She ask'd toe reason of his woe;
  She ask'd, but with an air and mein
  That made it easily foreseen
  She fear'd too much to know.              Prior.
2. Without pain; without disturbance;  in
  tranquillity.
    Is it not to bid  defiance to all  mankind to con-
  demn their universal opinions and  designs, if, in-
  stead of passing your life as well and easily, you
  resolve to pass it as ill  and as miserable as you can?
                                       Temple.
3. Readily; without reluctance.
    I can easily  resign to others the praise  of your il-
  lustrious family.                        Dryden.
    Not soon provok'd, she easily forgives;
  And much she suffers, as she much believes. Prior.
Ea'siness, e'ze-nes.  ra.  s.  [from easy.]
I. Freedom from difficulty.
    Believe me, friends, loud tumults are pot laid
  With half the easiness that they are rais'd.   Ben J.
    Easiness and difficulty are relative terms, and re-
  late to some power; and a thing may be  difficult to
  a weak man,  which yet may be  easy to the same
  person, when assisted with a  greater strength.
                                      Tillotson.
    The seeming  easiness  of Pindarick  verse has
  made it spread;  but it has not been considered.
                                       Diyden.
    You left a conquest more than half atchiev'd,
  And for whose easiness I almost griev'd.   Dryden.
    This plea, under a colour of friendship  to reli-
  gion, invites men to it  by the easiness of  the  terms
  it offers.                              Rogers.

2. Flexibility; compliance; readiness; not
  opposition; not reluctance.
    His yielding unto them  in one thing might hap-
  pily put them in hope, that  time  would  breed the
  like easiness of condescending further unto them.
                                       Hooker.
    Since the custom of easiness to  alter and change
  laws is so evil, no doubt but to bear a tolerable sore
  is better than to venture on a dangerous remedy.
                                       Hooker.
    Give to him, and he shall but laugh at your easi-
  ness; save his life,  but, when you have done, look
  to your own.                            South.
    The safest way to secure honesty, is  to lay the
  foundations of it early in liberality, and an easiness
  to  part with to  others whatever they have or like
  toemselves.                             Locke.
3. Freedom  from  constraint; not effort;
  not formality.
    Abstruse and mystic thoughts you must express
  With painful care, but seeming easiness;
  For truth shines brightest through the plainest dress.
                                   Roscommon.
4. Rest;  tranquillity; ease; freedom from
  pain.
    I think the  reason I have assigned hath a  great
  interest in that  rest and easiness we enjoy when
  as,eeP-                                  Ray.
EAST, eest.^ "*n. s. [eorc, Sax. heos,
  Erse.]
I. The quarter where the sun rises: oppo-
  site to the  west.
    They counting forwards towards the east, did al-
  low 180 degrees to the Portogals eastward. Abbot.
2. The regions in the eastern parts of the
   world.
    I would not be the villain that thou toinkest
  For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp,
  And the rich east to boot.                Shaksp.
    The gorgeous easf, with richest hand,
  Pours on her kings barbarick, pearl and gold.  MUt.
Ea'ster, ees'tilr.98 to. *. [ear-trie, Saxon;
   ooster, Dutch.]  The day on which the
   christian  church   commemorates our
   Saviour's resurrection.
    Didst thou not fall out with a taylor for wearing
  his new doublet before Easter.            Shaksp.
    Victor's unbrother-like heat towards the eastern
  churches, in the controversy about  Easter, fomented
  that difference into a schism.        Decay of Piety,

Ea'sterling,  ees'tiir-ling.   n. *.   [from
   east.]
 I.  A native  of some country  eastward to
   another.
             He oft in battle vanquish'd
  Those spoilful, rich, and swarming  Easterlings.
                                       Spenser.
2. A species of waterfowl.
Ea'sterly, ees'tur-le. adj. [from east]
I. Coming  from the parts toward the east.
    When the easterly winds or breezes are kept off
  by some high  mountains from the vallies,  whereby
  the  air wanting motion, doth  become exceedingly
  unhealthful.                          Raleigh,
2. Lying toward the  east.
    These give us a view  of the  most easterly, south-
  erly, and westerly parts of England.      Graunt.
3. Looking toward  the east.
    Water he chuses clear, light, without taste ot
  smell, drawn from springs with an easterly exposi-
  tion.                               Arbuthnot.
Ea'stern,  ees'tiirn. adj. [from east]
I  Dwelling or found  in the east; oriental.
    Like eastern kings a lazy state they keep. Pope.
    Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven
  Seclude  their bosom slaves.            Thomson.
2. Lying or being toward the  east.
    The eastern end of the isles rises up in precipices.
                                      Addison.
3. Going toward the east.
    A ship at sea has no certain method in either her
  eastern or western voyages, or even in her less dis-
  tant sailing from the coasts, to  know her longitude,
  or how much she is gone eastward  or westward, as
  can easily be known in any clear day or night how
  much  she is gone northward or  southward. Addison.
4. Looking toward  the east.
             Th' angel caught
  Our ling'ring parents, and to th' eastern gate
  Led them direct.                      Milton-
Ea'stward, eest'wurd.83 adv. [east an.; to-
   ward.]   Toward the east.
    The moon which performs its motion swifter than
  the sun, gets eastward out of his rays, and appears
  when  the sun is set.                     Brown.
    What shall we do, or where  direct our flight?
  Eastward, as far as 1 could cast my sight,
  From op'ning heav'ns, I saw descending light. Dry.
Ea'sy, e'ze. adj. [from ease]
I. Not difficult.
    The service of god, in the solemn assembly of
  the  saints, is a work,  though easy,  yet withal very
  weighty, and of great respect.             Hooker.
    How much  is it  in every one's  power  to make
  resolutions to himself, such as he may keep, is easy
  for every one to try.                     Locke.
2. Not causing difficulty.
    The whole island was  probably  cut into several
  easy ascents, and planted with a variety of palaces.
                                       Addison.
3. Quiet; at  rest; not  harassed; unmolest-
   ed; secure; not anxious.
    Those that are easy in their  conditions,  or their 
EAT
EAV
EBB
  minds, refuse  often to enter upon publick charges
  •r employment.                        Temple.
    Keep your thoughts easy and free, the only tem-
  per  wherein the mind is capable of receiving new
  informations.                           Locke.
    A marriage  of love is pleasant, a marriage of in-
  terest easy, and a marriage where both meet happy.
                                       Addison.
    When men  are easy in their circumstances,  they
  are naturally enemies to innovations.      Addison.
    A man should direct all his studies and endeavours
  •t making himself easy now, and happy hereafter.
                                       Addison.
    We plainly feel whether at this instant we are
  easy or uneasy, happy or miserable.     Smalridge.
A.  Free  from pain.
        Bold adventure to discover wide
  That dismal world, if any clime perhaps
  Might yield toem easier habitation.        MUton.
    Pleasure has been the business of my  life,
  And every change of fortune easy to me,
  Because I still was easy to myself.        Dryden.
5. Complying*  unresisting; credulous.
    Baited with reasons not unplausible,
  Win me into the easy hearted man,
  And hug him into snares.                MUton.
    With such deceits he gain'd their easy hearts,
  Too prone to credit his perfidious arts.     Dryden.
    The kindest father 1 have ever found him,
  Easy and good, and bounteous to my wishes.   Add.
6. Ready; not unwilling.
                 Pity and he are one;
  So merciful a king did  never live,
  Loth to revenge, and easy to forgive.      Dryden.
7. Free from want of more.
    They should be allowed each of them  such a rent
  as would make them easy.                 Swift.
8. Not constrained; not formal.
    Those move easiest that have learn'd to dance.
                                         Pope.
             Praise the easy vigour of a line,
  Where Denham's strength, and Waller's sweetness
        join.                             Pope.
To EAT,  ete.23? 229  v.  a.  preterit ate, or
   eat;  part, eat, or eaten,   [ecan,  Saxon;
   itan, Gothick; eick, Erse.]
1. To devour with the mouth.
    Locusts shall eat the residue of that which is es-
  caped from the hail, and shall eaf every tree which
  groweth.                              Exodus.
    Other states cannot be accused for not staying for
  toe first  blow, or for not accepting Polyphemus's
  courtesy, to be the last that shall be eafen up. Bacon.
    Even wormwood, eaf with bread, will  not bite,
  because it is mixed with a great quantity of spittle.
                                     «#r6utftnof.
2. To consume;  to corrode.
    Thou best of gold art worst of gold;
  Other less fine in carat is more precious,
  Preserving life in med'cine potable:
  But thou, most fine, most honour'd, most renown'd,
  Hast eaf thy bearer up.                Shaksp.
    They  entail a secret curse upon  their estates,
  which does either insensibly waste and consume it,
  •r eat out  toe heart and comfort of it.    Tillotson.
                 Eating cares,
                 Lydian airs.            Milton.
    There arises a necessity of keeping  the surface
  even,  either by pressure or eating medicines, that
  the eminence  of the flesh may not resist the fibres
  of the skin in their tendency to cover the wound.
                               Sharp's Surgery.
3. To swallow back; to retract.  Tins is
  only used of a man's word.
    They  cannot  hold,  but burst  out  those words,
  which afterwards they are forced to eaf. Hakewill.
               Credit were not to be lost
  B' a brave knight errant ofthe post,
  That eafs, perfidiously, his word,
  And swears his ears through a two-inch board!
                                      Hudibras.
To  Eat,  etc.  v. to.
 1. To go to meals; to take meals; to feed.
    He did eaf continually at the king's table.
                                      2 Samuel.
    And when the scribes and pharisees saw him eat
  with publicans and sinners,  they  said unto his dis-
  ciples, How is it that he eateth with publicans and
  sinners?                             Matthew.
2. To take food.
    He that will  not eaf till he  has a demonstration
  that it will nourish him, he that will not stir till he
  infallibly knows the business he goes about will suc-
  ceed, will have little else  to  do but sit still and
  perish.                                 Locke.
3. To be maintained in food.
    The righteous eafefft to the satisfying of his soul,
  but the belly of toe wicked shall want.   Proverbs.
    Thou art past the tyrant's stroke;
  Care no more to cloath and eaf.           Shaksp.
    But thanks to my indulgent stars, I eaf,
  Since I have found the secret to be great.  Prior.
4. To make way by corrosion.
    The  plague of sin has even altered his nature,
  and eaten into his very essentials.          South.
    A prince's court eafs too much into the income of
  a poor state.                           Addison.
Ea'table, e'ta-bl.406  adj. [from eat.] That
   may be eaten.
Ea'table, e'ta-bl. to. s.   Any  thing  that
   may be eaten.
    If you all sorts of persons would engage,
  Suit well your eatables to ev'ry age.         King.
Ea'ter, e'tilr.98 to. *. [from eat]
 i. One that eats any  thing.
    The Caribees and  the Cannibals, almost all, are
  eaters of man's flesh.                     Abbot.
    A knave, a rascal, an eafer of broken meats.
                                        Shaksp ■
    If the taste of this fruit maketh  the eofers like
  gods, why remainest thou a beast?         Brown.
    As if the lotus grew only here, the virtue of whose
  fruit is to cause in toe eaters an oblivion of all other
  soils.                                  Howel.
2. A  corrosive.
EATH, eth. adj. [eab, Sax.]   Easy;  not
   difficult.  An old word.
    Where ease abounds, it's eafft to do amiss.
                                   Fairy Queen.
    What works not beauty, man's relenting mind
  Is eafft to move with plaints and shews of woe.
                                       Fairfax.
    The way was strait and eath.          Fairfax.
Eath,  eth. adv.  [from  the  adjective.]
   Easily.   An old word.
               Who hato the world not try'd,
  From the right way full eafft may wander wide.
                                Hubberd's Tale.
Ea'tinghouse,  e'ting-house.  to.  s.  [eat
   and house]   A house where provisions
   are sold ready dressed.
    An hungry traveller stept into  an eatinghouse for
  his dinner.                         L'Estrange.
EAVES, evz.327 to. s. [eyeye, Sax.]  The
   edges of the  roof wincn overhang  the
   house.
         Every night he comes •
  With musick of all sorts, and songs compos'd
  To her unworthiness: it nothing stead us
  To chide him from our eaves; lor he persists,
  As if his life lay on't.                    Shaksp.
    His tears run down his beard, like winter drops
  From eaves of reeds.                    Sliaksp.
    If in the beginning of winter the drops of the
  eaves of houses come more slowly down than they
  use, it portendeth a hard and frosty winter. Bacon.
             Usher'd with a shower still,
  When the gust hath blown his  fill,
  Ending on the rustling leaves,
  With minute drops from off the eaves.      Milton.
    The icicles hang down from the eaves of houses.
                                      Woodward,
 To  EA'vEsnRop,  evz'drop. v.  a.  [eaves
   and drop]  To catch what comes from
   the eaves; in common phrase, to  listen
   under windows.
Ea'vesdropper,   evz'drop-pur.   to.   s.
   [eaves and dropper.]  A listener under
   windows; an insidious listener.
    Under our tents I'll play the eavesdropper,
  To hear if any mean to shrink from me.    Shaksp.
EBB, eb. to. s. [ebba,  eppiob,  Sax.  ebbe,
   Dut.]
   The  reflux of the  tide  toward the sea;
   opposed  to flow.
    The clear sun on his wide wat'ry glass
  Gaz'd hot, and ofthe fresh wave largely drew,
  As after thirst; which made their flowing shrink
  From standing lake, to tripping e&6, that stole
  With soft foot tow'rds toe deep.           Milton.
    Hither the seas at stated times resort,
  And shove the loaden vessels into port:
  Then with a gentle ebb retire again,
  And render  back their cargo to toe main.  Addison.
2. Decline; decay; waste.
    You  have finished all  the war, and brought all
  things to that low  ebb which you speak of.  Spenser.
    This tide  of man's life, after it once turneth and
  declineth.  ever runneth with a perpetual ebb and
  failing stream, but never floweth again.   Raleigh.
    Thus all the treasure of our flowing years,
  Our ebb of life for ever takes way.     Roscommon.
    The greatest age for poetry was that of Augustus
  Casar, yet painting was then at its lowest ebb, and
  perhaps sculpture  was also declining.      Dryden.
    Near my  apartment let him pris'ner be,
  That 1 his hourly ebbs of life may see.     Dryden.
             What is it he aspires to?
  Is it not this? To shed the slow remains,
  His last poor ebb of blood in your defence. Addison.
To Ebb, eb. v. to. [from the noun.]
1. To flow  back toward the sea; opposed
   Xoflow.
                  Though my tide of blood
  Hath proudly flow'd in vanity till now,
  Now it doth turn and ebb back to the sea.   Shaksp.
    From thence the tide of fortune left the shore,
  And ebb'd much faster than it flow'd before. Dryd.
   To decline; to decay; to waste.
             Well, I am standing water:
  ----I'll teach you how to flow
  ----Do so: toe&o
  Hereditary  sloth instructs me.             Shaksp.
    But oh, he ebbs! the smiling waves decay!
  For ever lovely stream, for ever stay!     Halifax,
E'ben,  eb'bn.    ] to. s.  [ebenus, Lat.]   A
E'bon,  eb'iin.    L   hard,  heavy,  black,
E'bony, eb'6-ne. J    valuable wood,which
   admits a fine gloss.
    If the wood be very  bard, as eoony or  lignum
  vitae, they are to turn; they use not toe same tools
  they do for soft woods.                   Moxon.
    Oft by the winds extinct the  signal lies,
  Ere night has half roll'd round her ebon throne. Gay.
Ebri'ety,  e-bri'e-te. to. s.  [ebrietas, Lat.]
   Drunkenness;  intoxication   by   strong
   liquors.
    Bitter almonds,  as an antidote against ebriety,
  hath commonly failed.                   Brown.
EBRI'LLADE,   e-brll'lade. to. s.  [Fr.]
   A check of  the bridle  which a horse-
   man gives a horse, by a jerk of one rein,
   when he refuses to turn.
Ebrio'sity, e-bre-6s'e-te.  to. s. [ebriositas,
   Lat.]   Habitual drunkenness.
    That religion which excuseto Noah in surprisal,
  will neither acquit ebiiosity nor ebriety in their in-
  tended perversion.                      Brown.
Ebullition, eb-ul-lish'iln.157 to. s. [ebul-
   lio, Lat.] 
E C  C
ECH
ECL
I adj.
 1. The act of boiling up with  heat.
 2. Any intestine motion.
     The dissolution of gold  and silver disagree; so
   that in their mixture there is great ebullition, dark-
   ness, and, in  the  end, a precipitation of a black
   Powder.                               Bacon.
     Iron, in aqua fortis, will  fall into ebullUion wito
   noise and emication; as also a crasse and fumid ex-
   halation, caused from the combat of the sulphur of
   iron with the acid and nitrous spirits of aqua fortis.
                                       Brown.
 3. That struggling or effervescence which
    arises  from the mingling together any
    alkalizate  and acid liquor; any intestine
    violent motion of the  parts of a fluid,
    occasioned  by  the struggling  of par-
    ticles of different  properties.    Quincy.
     When aqua  fortis,  or spirit of vitriol,  poured
   upon filings of iron, dissolves toe filings with a great
   heat and ebullition, is not the  heat and ebullition
   effected by a violent  motion  of the parts; and does
   not their motion argue, that the acid  parts of the
   liquor rush  towards the parts of the metal with vio-
   lence, and run  forcibly into  its pores, till toey get
   between its outmost particles and  the main mass of
   the metal?                           JVewfon.
     A violent cold, as well as heat, may be produced
   by this ebullition; for if sal ammoniack, or any pure
   volatile alkali, dissolved in water, be  mixed with  an
   acid, an eouffifion, with a greater degree of cold,
   will ensue.                         Arbuthnot.

 ECCE'NTRICAL,  ek-sen'tre-kal
 ECCE'NTRICK, ek-sen'trik.
   centricus, Lat.]
 1. Deviating from  the centre.
 2. Not having the  same  centre  with an-
   other circle: such circles were  supposed
   by the  Ptolemaick philosophy.
     Astronomers, to solve the phaenomena, framed to
   their conceit eccentricks and  epicycles, and a won-
   derful engine of orbs.                  Bacon.
           Thither his  course he bends
   Through the calm firmament; but  up or down,
   By centrick or eccentrick, hard to tell.     Milton.
             They build, unbuild, contrive,
   To save appearances; they gird the sphere
   With centrick and eccentrick, scribbl'd o'er,
   Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb.           Milton.
     Whence is it that planets move all one and the
   same way in orbs concentrick, while comets  move
   all manner of ways in orbs very eccentrick. JVewfon.
 3. Not terminating in the same point; not
   directed  by the  same principle.
     Whatsoever  affairs pass such a  man's hands, he
   crooketh them to his  own  ends; which  must  needs
   be often eccentrick to  the ends of his master. Bacon.
 4. Irregular;  anomalous;  deviating from
   stated and  constant methods.
     This motion, like  others of the times, seems  ec-
   centrick and irregular.             King Charles.
     A character of an  eccentrick virtue,  is toe more
   exact image of human life, because it is not wholly
   exempted from its frailties.              Dryden.
     Then from whate'er we can to sense  produce,
   Common and plain, or wond'rous and abstruse,
  From nature's constant or eccentrick laws,
  The thoughtful  soul this gen'ral inference draws,
  That an effect must presuppose the cause.   Prior.

Eccentri'city,  ek-sen-tris'e-te.   to.   s.
   [from eccentrick.]
1. Deviation from a centre.
2. The state of having a different centre
   from another circle.
    In regard of eccentricity, and the epicycle where-
  in it moveth, the motion ofthe moon  is unequal.
                                      jBroum.
    By reason of the sun's eccentricity to the earth,
  and obliquity to the equator,  he appears to  us to
  move unequally.                      Holder.
eman.
IS'")
 3. Excursion  from the proper orb.
     The duke at his return from his  eccentricity, for
   so I account favourites abroad, met no good news.
                                       Wotton.
 4. Eccentricity of the earth is the distance
    between the focus and the centre of the
    earth's  elliptick orbit.           Harris.
 Ecchy'mosis,    ek-ke-mo'sis.820   to.    *.
    [tK^v^wrn.]   Livid spots or blotches in
    the skin, made by extravasated blood.
                                      Quincy.
     Ecchymosis may be defined an extravasation of
   the blood in or under the skin, the skin remaining
   whole.                              Wiseman.
     Laxations are  accompanied with tumour  and
   ecchymosis.                          Wiseman.
 ECCLESIA'STICAL,  ek-kle-zhe-as'
    te-kal.
 ECCLESIA'STICK,   ek-kle-zhe-as
    tik.  adj. [ecclesiasticus,  Lat.]    Re-
    lating to the church; not civil.
    Is discipline  an  ecclesiastical matter or civil ? If
   an ecclesiastical, it  must  belong to  the duty of the
   ministers.                            Hooker.
    Clergymen, otherwise little fond of obscure terms,
   yet in their sermons are liberal of those which they
   find in ecclesiastical writers.               Swift.
    A church of  Englandman has a true  veneration
   for the scheme established among us of ecclesiastick
   government.                           Swift.
 Ecclesia'stick,  ek-kle-zhe-as'tik.  to.  s.
   [from  the adjective.]   A  person  dedi-
   cated to the ministries of religion.
    The ambition of the ecclesiasticks destroyed  the
  purity of the church.                   Burnet.
 Eccopro'ticks, ek-ko-prot'iks. to. s.  [ex.
   and xo7rf>&>.] Such medicines as gently
   purge the belly, so as to bring away  no
   more  than  the   natural   excrements
   lodged in the intestines.
    The body ought to be maintained in its daily
   excretions  by such means as are eccoprotick.
                                      Harvey
 Echina'te, e-ki-nate'.    >    adj. [from
 Echina'ted,  e-ki-na'ted. 5 echinus, Lat.]
   Bristled like  a  hedge-hog;  set  with
   prickles.
    An echinated pyrites  in shape  approaches  toe
  echinated chrystalline balls.           Woodward.
 E'CHIJYUS, e-ki'nus.6°3 to. s. [Latin.]
 1. A hedge-hog.
 2.  A shellfish  set with prickles.
 3. [With botanists.]   The  prickly head,
   cover  of the seed,  or top of any  plant.
 4. [In architecture.]  A member or orna-
   ment,  taking its name from the  rough-
   ness  of the carving,  resembling the
   prickly  rind  of a  chesnut, and  not un-
   like the  thorny coat of a hedge-hog.
    This ornament is used by modern  architects in
  cornices of the  Ionick, Corinthian, and Composite
  orders; and generally set  next to the abacus, being
  carved wito anchors, darts, and ovals or eggs.
          >                           Harris.
 E CHO, ek'ko. to. s. [q%U; echo, Lat.]
 1. Echo was supposed to have been once
   a nymph, who  pined into a sound for
   love of Narcissus.
    The pleasant  myrtle may teach the unfortunate
          Echo
  In these woods to resound the renowned name of a
          goddess.                     Sidney.
2.  lhe return or  repercussion  of  any
   sound.
    The sound, filling great spaces in arched lines, i
  cannot be guided; therefore there hath not been any
  means to make artificial echoes-           Bason.
3. The sound  returned.
    Babbling echo mocks the hounds,
  Replying shrilly to the well-tun'd horns,
  As if a double hunt were heard at once.   Shaksp
              Wilt thou hunt?
  Thy hounds shall make the welkin answer them
  And fetch shrill echoes from their hollow earth.'
                                       Shaksp,
    0 woods, 0 fountains, hillocks, dales and bow'rs'
  With  other echo late I taught your shades
  To answer, and resound far other song!    Milton
    To  you I mourn, nor to the deaf I sing;
  The woods shall answer, and the echo ring,  p^
    'Tis not enough no harshness gives offence;
  The sound must seem an echo to the sense.  Pope,
To E'cho, ek'ko. v. to.
1. To  resound;  to  give the  repercussion
   of a  voice.
             At  the parting
  All the church echo'd.                 Shaksp,
    Through rocks and  caves  the name of  Delia
        sounds;
  Delia  each cave and echoing rock rebounds.  Pott
2. To be sounded back.
    Hark, how the sound disturbs imperious Rome!
  Shakes her proud hills, and rolls from dome to dome!
  Her mitr'd princes hear the echoing noise,
  And, Albion, dread thy wrath and  awful voice.
To E'cho, eVkd. v. a.   To send back a
   voice; to return what has been uttered.
    Our separatists do but echo the same note.
                                 Decay of Piety,
    With peals of shouts the Tyrians praise the song.
  Those peals are echo'd by the Trojan throng.
                                      Dryden,
    One great death deforms the dreary ground?
  The echo'd woes from distant rocks resound. Prior.
ECLAIRCT SSEMENT,  ek-klare'siz-
   m£nt. to. s. [French.]  Explanation; the
   act of clearing  up  an affair  by verbal
   expostulation.
    The eclaircissement ended  in the discovery of the
  informer.                           Clarendon.
ECLA'T,  e-klkxv'.w   to.  *.  [French.]
   Splendour; show; lustre.
    Nothing more contributes to the variety, surprize,
  and ecfaf  of Homer's battles, than that artificial
  manner of gaging his heroes by each other. Pope.
Ecle'ctick, ek-lek'tik.  adj. [ex/exm®-.]
   Selecting; choosing at will.
    Cicero was of the eclectick sect, and chose out
  of each such positions as came nearest truth. Watts.
Ecle'gma, ek-kleg'ma.  to.  «.  [« and
   Aec^eiv.]  A form of medicine made by
   the  incorporation of  oils with syrups,
   and which is to be taken from a liquor-
   ice stick.                         Quincy.
ECLI'PSE, e-klips'. to.  *. [^ufn]
1. An  obscuration  of the  luminaries  of
   heaven: the sun is  eclipsed by the in-
   tervention  of the moon;  the  moon by
   the  interposition  of  the earth.   The
   word originally signifies departure from
   the place, to which Milton alludes.
                 Slips of yew,
  Silver'd in the moon's eclipse.            Shaksp.
    Planets, planet-struck, real ecfipse
  Then suffer'd.                          Millon.
    So  though the sun victorious be,
  And from a dark eclipse set free,
  The influence, which we fondly fear, •
  Afflicts our thoughts the following year.    Waller.
    An eclipse of the moon is when the atmosphere of
  toe earth, between  the sun  and the  moon, hinders
  the light  of toe sun from falling upon and being
  reflected by toe moon: if toe light of the sun is kept 
ECL
ECS
EDA
    off from toe whole  body of the moon, it is a  total
    eclipse;  if from a part only, it is a partial one.
                                         Locke.
  2. Darkness; obscuration.
      All the posterity of our first  parents suffered a
    perpetual eclipse of spiritual life.         Raleigh.
      Experience we  have  of  the  vanity of  human
    glory, in our scatterings and ecfipses.     King Ch.
  To  Ecli'pse,  e-khps'.  v.   a.  [from  the
    noun.]
  1. To darken a luminary.
      Let the eclipsed moon her throne resign. Sandys.
      Now if-the earth were flat, the darken'd moon
    Would seem to all  eclips'u as well as one.  Creech.
  2. To extinguish;  to put out.
      Then here I take my leave of thee, fair son,
    Born to eclipse thy life this afternoon.     Shaksp.
  3. To cloud;  to obscure.
      They had seen  tokens of more than common
   greatness, howsoever now eclips'd with fortune.
                                        Sidney.
           Praise him to his father:—
   —Lei the prince's glory
   Seem to eclipse, and cast a cloud on his.   Denham,
     Let other muses write his prosp'rous fate,
   Of conquer'd nations tell, and kings restor'd;
   But mine shall sing of his eclips'd estate,
   Which,  like the sun's, more wonders does afford.
                                       Diyden.
     He descended from his father, and eclips'd the
   glory of his divine majesty with a veil  of flesh.
                                       Calamy.
 4. To disgrace.
      She told the king that her husband  was eclips'd
   in Ireland by  the no-countenance his majesty had
   shewed towards him.                 Clarendon.
     Another now hath to himself engross'd
   All power, and us eclipsed.              Milton.
 Ecli'ptick,  e-klip'tik. to. a. [tx.XefrTiy.oi]
    A great circle  of the sphere,  supposed
   to be drawn through the  middle of the
    zodiack, and making an angle with  the
   equinoctial in the points  of Aries  and
   Libra, of 23°  30', which  is  the sun's
    greatest declination.   This is  by some
    called via aolia, or the way of the sun,
    because the sun,  in  his annual motion,
    never  deviates  from  this line.  This
    line is drawn on  the  globe:  but  in  the
   new astronomy the ecliptick is  that part
   among the  fixed stars,  which  the earth
   appears to  describe  to an  eye placed in
   the  sun, as ir. its annual motion  it runs
   round  the sun  from west to  east.   If
   you suppose  this circle to be  divided
   into twelve equal  parts,  they  will  be
   the twelve signs.                 Harris.
    All stars that have their distance from the eclip-
  tick northwards not more than twenty-three degrees
  and a half, may in progression of  time, have decli-
  nation southward, and move beyond the equator.
                                       Brown.
    The ten-aqueous globe had the same site and po-
  sition, in respect  of the sun, that it now hath: its
  axis was not parallel to that of the ecliptick, but in-
  clined in like manner as it is at present.    Woodw.
    Yo'i must conceive  an imaginary plane, which,
  passing through the centre of the sun and the earth,
  extends itself on all sides as far as the  firmament:
  this plane is  called  the ecliptick,  and  in  this  the
  centre of the  earth is perpetually  carried, without
  any deviation.                        Bentley.

Ecli'ptick,  e  k'ip'tik. adj.  Described by
   the ecliptick  line.
    The earth's rotation makes the night and day:
  The sun revolving through th' ecliptick way,
  Effects the various seasons of the year.  Blackmore
17clogue, ek'log.338 to.   a.   [UMyn]  A

      VOL. I.
    pastoral poem, so called because  Virg*
    called his pastorals eclogues.
     What exclaiming praises  Basilius gave this ec-
   logue any man may guess, that knows love is better
   than spectacles to make every thing seem great.
                                        Sidney.
     It is not sufficient that the sentences be brief, the
   whole eclogue should be so too.             Pope.

 Econo'mick, ek-ko-nom'ik.630  >       ..
 Econo'mioal, ek-ko-nom'e-kal. 5     ° ^'
   [from economy]
 1. Pertaining to the regulation of a house-
   hold.
     Her quick'ning power in every living part,
   Doth as a nurse, or as a mother serve;
     And doth employ her economick art,
   And busy care, her household to preserve. Davies.
     hi economical affairs, having proposed the go-
   vernment  of a  family,  we consider the proper
   means to effect it.                        Watts.
 2. Frugal.
     Some are so plainly economical, as even to desire
   that the seat be well watered, and well fewelled.
                                       Wotton.
 ECO'NOMY, e-k6n'6-me.s86  n. s. [•;«•-
   vofiict. This  word is often written,  from
   its derivation oeconomy; but oe being no
   diphthong in English, it is placed here
   with  the authorities for different ortho-
   graphy.]
 1. The management of a family;  the go-
   vernment of a  household.
     By St. Paul's economy the heir differs nothing
   from a  servant, while he is in his minority; so a
   servant should differ nothing from a child in the sub-
   stantial part.                          Tat/for.

 I. Distribution of expense.
     Particular sums are not laid out to the greatest
   advantage in his economy; but are sometimes suf-
   fered to  run waste, while he is only careful of the
   main.                               Dryden.
 i. Frugality; discretion of expense;  lau-
   dable parsimony.
    I have no other notion of economy, than toat it is
   the parent of liberty and ease.            Swift.
4. Disposition of things; regulation.
     All the divine and infinitely wise ways of econo-
   my that God could use towards a rational creature,
   oblige mankind  to that course of living which is
   most agreeable to our nature.          Hammond.

   The disposition of arrangement  of any
   work.
     In the Greek poets, as in Plautus, we see toe
   economy and disposition of poems better observed
   than in Terence.                   Ben Jonson.
     If this economy must be observed in  the minutest
   parts of an epick poem, what soul, though sent into
   the world with great adv antages of nature, cultiva-
   ted with  the liberal arts and sciences, can be suffi-
   cient to inform the body of so great a work? Dryd.
6. System of matter; distribution of every
   thing  active  or passive to its  proper
   place.
            These the strainers aid,
  That by a constant separation made,
  That may a due economy maintain,
  Exclude the noxious parts, the good retain. Blackm.

Ecphka'cticks. ek-fiak'tiks. to. s. [e* awl
   <Pfxr]a]   Such  medicines  as  render
   tough  humours more thin, so  as to  pro
   mote their discharge.            Quinev
    Procure th*e blood a free course, ventilation, and
  transpiration,  by suitable  purges and ecphractich
  medicines.                            Hai-vey.
K'CST ASY, eks'ta-se. to. a.  [i*r«««.]
i.  Any passion by which the thoughts are

                    4i
    absorbed, and in which the mind is  foi
    a time lost.
              Follow them swiftly,
    And hinder them from what this ecstasy
    May now provoke them to.              Shaksp.
                    'T may be
    No longer joy there, but an ecstasy.      Suckling.
     Whether what we call  ecstasy be not dreaming
    with our eyes open, I leave to be examined.  Locke.
 2. Excessive joy; rapture.
     0, love, be moderate! allay thy ecstasy!  Shaksp.
     The religious  pleasure of a well-disposed mind
   moves gently, and therefore constantly: it does not
   affect by rapture and ecstasy; but is like the plea-
   sure of health, still and sober.             South.
     Each delighted, and delighting gives
   The pleasing ecstasy which each receives.   Prior.
     A pleasure which no language can express;
   An ecstasy,  that mothers only feel,
   Plays round my heart.                  Philips.
 3. Enthusiasm; excessive elevation and
    absorption of the mind.
     He lov'd me well, and oft would beg me sing;
   Which when I did, he on the tender grass
   Would sit and hearken even to  ecstasy.   Milton.
 4.  Excessive grief or anxiety.  This is not
   now  used.
     Sighs and groans, and shrieks toat rend the air,
   Are made, not mark'd; where violent sorrow  seems
   A modern ecstasy.
             Better be with the dead,
   Than on toe torture of toe mind to lie
   In restless ecstasy.
 5.  Madness; distraction. This sense is not
   now in  use.
    Now see  that noble and most sovereign reason,
   Like sweet  bells jangled out of tune,  and harsh,
   That unmatch'd form, and feature of blown youth,
   Blasted with ecstasy.                    Shaksji.
 E'cstasied, eks'ta-sld.283 adj.  [from ec-
   ataay.]    Ravished;  filled with enthusi-
   asm.
    These are as common to the inanimate things as
  to the most ecsfasied soul upon earth.       Norris.
 Ecsta'tical, eks-tat'e-kal. >     .   r>/
 Ecsta'tiok,  eks-tat'ik.609  £  adJm  ^eKr*~
   TIKOS.]
 1. Ravished; rapturous;  elevated beyond
   the usual bounds of nature.
    There doth my  soul  in holy vision sit,
  In pensive trance, and anguish,  and ecstatick fit.
                                       Jlfiffon.
    When one of them, after an ecstatical manner,
  fell down  before an angel, he was severely rebuked,
  and bidden to worship God.          Stillingfleet.
    In trance ecstatick may thy pangs be drown'd;
  Bright clouds descend,  and  angels  watch thee
         round.                          Pope.
 2. Raised to the  highest degree of joy.
    To gain Pescennius one employs his schemes;
  One grasps a Cecrops in ecstatick dreams.   Pope.
   Tending to external objects.  This sense
   is,  1 think,  only  to be  found  once,
   though  agreeable enough to  the deri-
   vation.
    I find in me a great deal of ecstatical love, which
  continually curies me out to good without myself.
                                      S'lrris.
E'otype,  ek'tipe. to.*. [ex,Tv?r&-.] A copy.
    The complex ideas of substances are  ectypes, co-
  pies, but not perfect ones; not adequate.   Locke.
E'curie, ek'u-rl. n. s.   [Fr. equus, Lit.]
   A  place covered  for the lodging  or
   housing of horses.
Eda'cious, e-da'shus.  adj   [edax, Lat.]
   Eating;   voracious; devouring;  pivda-
   tory;  ravenous;  rapacious; irr^ei.'y
Eda'citv, e-das'e-te. n.a. [edacitaay Lat.] 
EDG.
ED  G
E DI
  Voracity; ravenousness; greediness; ra-
  pacity.
    The wolf is a beast of great edacUy aud digestion:
  it may be the parts of him comfort the bowels.
                                       Bacon
7*oE'DDER, ed'dtir.  v.a.[probablyfrom
  edge.]   To bind or interweave a fence.
  Not  in  use.
    To add strength to the hedge, edder it;  which is,
  bind  the  top of the stakes with  some small  long
  poles on each side.                  Mortimer.
E'doer, ed'd&r.98  to. a.  [from the verb.]
   Such fencewood  as is commonly  put
   upon the top of fences.  Not in use.
    In lopping and felling, save edder and stake,
  Thine hedges, as needeth, to mend or to make.
                                       Tnsser.
E'DD Y, ed'de. to. s. [eb, backward again,
   and ea, water, Sax.]
1. The water that by some  repercussion,
   or opposite wind, runs contrary to  the
   main stream.
    My praises  are as a bulrush upon  a stream: if
  toey sink not, 'tis because they are born  up by the
  strength of the current, which supports their light-
  ness; but they are carried round again, and return
  on the eddy where they first began.       Dryden.
2. Whirlpool; circular motion.
    The wild waves  master'd him, and suck'd him
         in,
  And smiling eddies dimpled on the main.   Diyden.
    So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend,  .
  Sudden to' impetuous hurricanes descend,
  Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play,
  Tear up the sands, and  sweep whole plains away.
                                      Addison.
E'ddy, ed'de. adj.    Whirling;  moving
   circularly.
    And chaff with eddy winds is whirl'd around,
  And dancing leaves are lifted from the ground.
                                       Dryden.
Eoemato'se, ed-em-a-toze'. adj. [•iS'viu,*.]
   Swelling; full  of humours: commonly
   written oedematous.
    A serosity obstructing the glands may be watery,
  edematose, and schirrous, according to the viscosi-
  ty of the humour.                   Arbuthnot.

Ede'ntated, e-den'ta-ted.  adj. [edenta-
   tua, Lat.]  Deprived of teeth.

EDGE, edje. to. s. [ecge, Saxon.]
1. The thin or cutting part  of a blade.
    Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o' to' sword
   His wife, his babes.                   Shaksp.
    He that will a good edge win,
  Must forge thick, and grind thin.         Proverb.
    The edge of war, like an ill-sheathed knife,
  No more shall cut his master.            Sliaksp.
                  ;jj'Tis  slander,
   Whose edge is sharper than the sword.     Sliaksp.
2. A narrow part arising from a broader.
    Some  harrow their ground over, and then plow
  it upon an edge.                      Mortimer.
3. Brink;  mi.rgin; extremity.
    The rays which  pass very near to the edges of
  any body, are bent a little by toe action of the  body.
                                       Newton.
    We have, for many years, walked  upon the edge
  of a precipice, while nothing but the slender thread
  of human life has held us from sinking into endless
  misery.                               Rogers.
    Yes, the last pen for freedom let me draw,
  When truth stands trembling on the ecfge of law.
                                          Pope.
4. Sharpness of mind;  proper  disposition
   for action or operation;  intenseness  of
   desire.
             Give him a further edge,
   And drive his purpose into these delights. Shaksp.
    But when long time  the wretches thoughts re-
        fin'd,
  When want had set an edge upon their mind,
  Then  various  cares  their working  thoughts em-
        ploy'd,
  And that which each invented, all enjoy'd. Creech.
    Silence and  solitude set an edge upon the genius,
  and cause a greater application.          Dryden.

   Keenness;  acrimony of temper.
    Abate the edge of traitors, gracious Lord!
  That would reduce these bloody  days again.  Shak.
6. To set teeth on Edge. To cause a ting-
   ling  uneasiness in  the teeth.
    A harsh grating tune  seffefft ffte feetft on edge.
                                       Bacon.

To Edge, edje. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To sharpen; to enable to cut.
    There sat she rolling  her alluring eyes,
  To ecfge her champion's  sword, and urge my ruin.
                                      Diyden.
2. To furnish with  an edge.
    I fell'd along a man of bearded face,
  His limbs all cover'd with a shining case;
  So wondrous hard, and so secure of wound,
  It made my sword, though ecfg'd with flint rebound.
                                      Dryden.
3. To border with  any thing; to fringe.
            Their long descending train,
  With rubies ecfg'd, and sapphires, swept toe plain.
                                      Diyden.
    I rid over hanging hills, whose tops were edged
  with  groves, and whose feet were  water'd with
  winding rivers.                          Pope.
4. To exasperate;  to embitter.
    By such reasonings the simple were blinded; and
  the malicious edged.                  Hayward.
    He vvas indigent and low in  money, which per-
  haps might have a little edged his desperation.
                                       Wotton.
5. To put forward beyond  a line.
    Edging by  degrees their chairs  forwards, they
  were in a little time got up close to one another.
                                        Locke.
To Edge, edje. v. to.  [perhaps from eb,
   backward,  Saxon.]   To move forward
   against  any power; going close upon a
   wind, as if upon its  skirts  or  border,
   and  so sailing slow.
    I must edge  upon a point of wind,
  And make slow way.                  Dryden.
E'uged,  edjd.359  participial adj.  [trom
   edge]   Sharp; not blunt.
    We find that subtile or edged  quantities do pre-
  vail over blunt ones.                     Digby.

E'dgeless,  edje'les.  adj.  [from  edge]
   Blunt;  obtuse; unable to cut.
    To-morrow  in the battle think on me,
  And fall thy edgeless sword; despair and die. Skak.
    They are edgeless weapons, it  hath to encounter.
                                Decay of Piety.
E'dgetool,  edje'todl.  to.  a.   [edge  and
   tool.]   A tool made sharp to cut.
    There must be no  playing with things sacred; no
  jesting with edgetools.               L'Estrange.
     Nurses  from toeir children keep edgetools.
                                        Dorset.
     I shall exercise upon steel, and its several sorts;
   and  what sort is fittest for edgetools, which for
   springs.                              Moxon.
E'dgewise,  edje'wize. adv.   [edge and
   wise.]   With  the  edge put into any
   particular  direction.
     Should the flat side be objected to the stream,  it
   would be soon turned edgewise  by the force of it.
                                          Ray.
E'dging, ed'jing. to. s.  [from edge.]
 1. WThat is added  to any thing by way of
   ornament.
    The garland which I wove for  you to wc^r,
  And border'd with a rosy edging round     Dryden.
    A woman  branches out into a long dissertation
  upon tlie edging of a petticoat.          Addison.
2. A narrow lace.

E'dible, ed'e-bl.803 adj.  [from edo, Lat.]
   Fit to  be eaten;  fit for food.
    Some  flesh is not edible,  as horses and dogs.
                                        •Bacon.
    Wheat and barley, and the like, are  made either
  edible or  potable by man's art and industry  More,
    Some  of the fungus  kind, gathered for edible
  mushrooms, have produced a difficulty of breathing.
                                    Arbuthnot.
    The edi&fe creation decks the board.       Prior.
E'dict,  e'dikt.  w. a.  [edictum, Lat.]  A
   proclamation  of  command or prohibi-
   tion; a kw promulgated.
    When an  absolute monarch  commandeth  his
  subjects  toat  which  seemeth good in his  own dis-
  cretion, hath not his edict the force of a law?
                                       Hooker.
                 The great King of kings
  Hath in  the table of his law commanded
  That toon shalt do no murder; will you then
  Spurn at his edief, and fulfil a man's.     Shaksp,
    Severe decrees may keep our tongues in awe,
  But to our thoughts what edicf can give law? Dryd.
    The ministers are always preaching,  and the go-
  vernours putting out edicts, against gaming and fine
  cloaths.                              Addison.
Edifica'tion, ed-e-fe-ka'shun. to. a. \_edi-
  Jicatio, Lat.]
1.  The act of  building up  a  man in the
   faith;  improvement  in holiness.
    Our blessed Saviour  told us,  that we must  ac-
  count for every idle word,  not meaning that every
  word not designed  for edification, or less  prudent,
  shall be  reckoned for a sin.               Taylor.
2. Improvement;  instruction.
    Out of these magazines  I  shall supply  the town
  with what may tend to their edification.    Addison.
E'uifice, ed'e-fis.14ii to.  a.   [cedifcium,
   Lat.]   A  fabrick;  a building; a struc-
   ture.
    My love was like a fair house built on another
  man's ground; so that  I have lost my edifice by
  mistaking the place where I erected it     Shaksp.
                   God  built
  So spacious, and his line stretch'd out so far,
  That man may know he dwells not in his own;
  An edifice too large for him to fill.         Milton.
    The edifice, where all were met to see him,
  Upon toeir heads and on his own he pull'd.  Milt.
    As Tuscan pillars owe their original to this coun-
  try, toe architects always give them a place in edu-
  ces raised in Tuscany.                  Addison.
    He must be an  idiot  that cannot discern more
   strokes of workmanship in toe structure of an ani-
  mal, than in  toe most elegant edifice.     Bentley.
E'difier, ed'e-fi-lir. «.  a.   [from  edify.]
   One that improves or instructs another.
 To E'DIFY, ed'e-fi. v. a.  [edifco, Lat.]
 I.  To build.
    There was a holy chapel edify'd,
   Wherein the hermit wont to say
   His holy things eaeh morn and eventide.  Spenser.
                 Men have edify'd
   A lofty temple, and perfum'd an altar  to thy name.
                                      Chapman.
 2. To  instruct;  to improve.
     He who speaketh no more than edifieth, is unde-
   servedly reprehended for much speaking.   Hooker.
     Men  are edified, when either their understanding
   is taught somewhat whereof, in  such actions, it be-
   hoveth all men to consider, or when their hearts
   are moved with any affection suitable thereunto.
                                        Hooker.
     Life  is no life, without the blessing of  a friendly
   and an  edifying conversation.         L'Estrange.
     He gave, he taught; and edify'd the more, 
EDU
EFF
E FF
   Because he shew'd, by proof, 'twas easy to be poor.
                                       Dryden.
 3. To  teach; to persuade.   This  is now
    either obsolete or ludicrous.
     You  shall  hardly edify me, that those nations
   might not, by the law of nature, have been subdued
   by any nation that had only policy and moral virtue.
                                        Bacon.
 E'dile, e'dile.140 to. s. [cedilis, Lat.] The
    title  of  a  magistrate in  old  Rome,
    whose office seems in some particulars
    to have resembled  that of our justices
    of peace.
     The edife, ho! let him  be apprehended.   Shak.
 EDITION, e-dish'un. n. s. [editio,  Lat.]
 1.  Publication of any  thing,  particularly
    of a book.
     This English edition is not so properly a transla-
   tion, as a new composition upon  the same ground.
                                        Bacon.
 2. Republication:  generally with  some
    revisal or correcting.
     These are of the second edition.        Shaksp.
     The business of our redemption is,  to  rub over
   the defaced  copy of the creation, to reprint God's
   image  upon the soul, and to  set forth nature in a
   second and a fairer edition.               South.
     I cannot go so far as  he who published the last
   edition.                              Dryden.
     The Code, composed hastily, was forced to un-
   dergo an emendation, and to come forth in a second
   edition.                               Baker.
 E'ditor, ed'e-tur.168 to. s. [editor,  Latin.]
    Puuiisher; he that revises or  prepares
    any work for publication.
     When a different reading gives us  a  different
   sense, or a new elegance in an author, the editor
   does very well in taking notice of it.     Addison.
     This nonsense got into all the editions by a mis-
   take ofthe stage editors.                   Pope.
 To E'DUCATE, ed'ju-kate.fli v. a.[edu-
   co, Lat.]   To  breed;  to bring up;  to
   instruct youth.
     Their young succession all their cares employ;
   They breed,  they brood, instruct and educate,
   And make provision for the future state.   Dryden.
     Education  is worse, in proportion to the grandeur
   ofthe parents; if the whole world were under one
   monarch, the heir of that monarch would be  the
   worst educated mortal since the creation.    Swift.
 Educa'tion, ed-ju-ka'shfln.  to.  s.  [from
   educate]    Formation   of manners  in
   youth; the manner of  breeding  youth;
   nurture.
     Education  and instruction  are the means, the
   one  by  use,  the other by precept, to make our
   natural  faculty of reason  both the better and the
   sooner to judge  rightly between truth  and  error,
   good and evil.                         Hooker.
    All nations have  agreed in the necessity of a
   strict education,  which consisted  in the observance
   of moral duties.                         Swift.
 To EDU'CE, e-duse'. v. a. [educo, Lat.]
   To bring  out;  to extract;  to  produce
   from a state  of occultation.
    That the world was educed  out of the power of
   space, give that as  a reason of its original;  in this
   language, to grow rich, were to educe money out of
   the power of  the pocket.               Glanville.
    This matter must have lain eternally confined to
   its beds of earth, were there not this agent  to edace
   it thence.                          Woodward.
    Th' eternal art educes good from ill,
   Grafts on this passion our best principle.    Pope

EDu'cTiON,e-du.k'shAn.TO.  s. [from educe.]
   The act of bringing any thing into view".

To EDU'LCORATE, e-dul'ko-rate. v. a.
   [from dulcis, Lat.] To sweeten. A chy-
   mical term.
 ^dulcora'tion, e-dfil-ko-ra'sh&n.  to.  s.
   [from edulcorate.] The act of sweeten-
   ing.
 To  Eek, eek. v. a.  [eacan, ecan, ican,
   Saxon; eak, Scotish; eek,  Erse.]
 I. To make bigger by the addition of an-
   other piece.
 2. To supply any deficiency.  See Eke.
     Hence endless penance for our fault I pay;
   But that redoubled crime, with vengeance new,
   Thou biddest me to efce.            Fairy Queen.
 Eel, eel. to. a. [eel, Saxon; aal, German.]
   A serpentine  slimy fish,  that  lurks in
   mud.
           Is the adder better than the eef,
   Because his painted skin contents the eye? Shaksp.
     The Cockney put the eefs i' th' pasty alive. Shaks.
 E'en, een.  adv. Contracted from even.
   See Even.
     Says the satyr, if you have a trick of blowing hot
   and cold out of the same mouth,  I have e'en done
   with you.                         L'Estrange.
 Eff, If. to. <s.  Commonly  written Eft. A
   small lizard.
 E'ffable, ef'fa-bl.406 adj. [effabilis, Lat.]
   Expressive; utterable; that may be spo-
   ken.                                Diet.
 To  Effa'ce,  ef-fase'. v. a. [effacer, Fr.]
 I. To destroy any  thing painted,  or carv-
   ed.
 2. To make no more legible or visible; to
   blot out; to  strike out.
     Characters on dust, the first  breath of wind effa-
   ces.                                   Locke.
     It was ordered,  that his name should be  effaced
   out of all publick registers.             Addison.
     Time, I said, may happily ejface
   That cruel image of the king's disgrace.    Prior.
     Otway fail'd to polish or refine,
   And fluent Shakspeare scarce effae'd a line.  Pope.
 3. To destroy; to wear away.
     Nor our admission shall your realm disgrace,
   Nor length of time our gratitude efface.   Dryden.
 Effe'ct, ef-fekt'.98 to. a. [effectus, Lat.]
 I. That which is produced  by an opera-
   ting cause.
     You may see by her example,  in herself wise,
   and of others beloved; that neither folly is the cause
   of vehement  love, nor reproach the effect.  Sidney.
     Effect is the substance produced, or simple idea
  introduced into any subject, by the exerting of pow-
  er.                                  Locke.
     We see the pernicious  effects of luxury in the an-
   cient  Romans, who immediately  found themselves
  poor as soon as this vice got footing among them.
                                     Addison.
 2. Consequence;  event.
     No man, in  effect, doth accompany with others,
  but he  learneth, ere he is aware, some gesture, or
  voice, or fashion.                       Bacon.
    To say of a celebrated  piece  that there are faults
  in  it, is, in effect, to say  that the author of it is a
  man.                               Addison.
 3. Purpose; meaning; general intent.
    They spake to her to that effect.       2 Chron.
 i. Consequence intended; success; advant-
   age.
    Christ is become of no effect unto you.      Gaf.
    He should depart  only with a title, the  effect
  whereof he should not be possessed of, before he
  deserved it.                         Ctanndon.
    The institution has hitherto proved without effect,
  and has neither extinguished crimes,  nor lessened
  t'.-e numbers of criminals.              Temple.
5. Completion; perfection.

                   4>i2
    Not so worthily to be brought to heroical effect by
  fortune or necessity, like Ulysses and iEncas, as by-
  one's own choice and working.           Sidney.
    Semblant art shall carve toe fair ej"ecf,
  And full atchievement of thy great designs.  Prior.
6. Reality; not mere appearance.
    In shew, a marvellous indifferently composed se-
  nate ecclesiastical was to govern, but in effect one
  only man should, as the spirit and soul of the  resi-
  due, do all in all.                      Hooker.
    State and wealth, the business and the crowd,
  Seems at this distance but a darker cloud;
  And is to him, who rightly things esteem!1,
  No  other in effect than what it seems.     Denham.
7. [In the plural.]  Goods; moveables.
            What form of prayer
  Can serve my turn?  Forgive me my foul murther!
  That cannot be, since I am still possest
  Of  those effects for which I did the murther,
  My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The  emperor knew that  they could not convey
  away many of toeir effects.              Addison.
To Effe'ct,  ef-fekt'. v. a. [effi-cia, Lat.]
1. To bring to pass; to  attempt with suc-
   cess;  to achieve; to  accomplish as an
   agent.
    Being consul, I doubt not t' effect
  All  that you wish.                  Ben Jonson.
2. To produce as  a cause.
    The change made  of that syrup into a purple co-
  lour, was effected by the vinegar.          Boyle.
Effe'ctible, ef-fek'te-bl. adj. [from  ef-
  fect.]  Performable;  practicable; feasi-
  ble.
    That a pot full of ashes will still contain as much
  water as it would without them, is not effectUrle upon
  toe  strictest experiment.                Brown.
Effe'otive,  ef-fek'tlv. adj. [from effect.]
I. Having the power to produce effects;
   efficacious; effectual: with of.
    They are not effective of any thing, nor leave no
  work behind them.                      Bacon.
    If any mystery, rite, or sacrament be effective of
  any  spiritual blessings, then this much more, as hav-
  ing  toe prerogative  and principality above eveiy
  thing else.                             Taylor.
    There is nothing in words and stiles but suitable-
  ness, that makes them acceptable and effective.
                                     Glanville.
2. Operative; active; having the quality of
  producing effects.
    Nor do they speak properly who say that time
  consumeth all things; for time  is not effective, nor
  are  bodies destroyed  by it.              Brown.

3. Producing effects;  efficient.
    Whosoever is an effective real cause of doing his
  neighbour wrong is criminal, by what  instrument
  soever he does it.                       Taylor.
<*. Having the power of operation; useful:
  as, effective men in an army.
Effectively,  ef-fek'tiv-le. adv. [from
  effective.]  Powerfully; with real opera-
  tion.
    This effectively resists the devil, and suffers us to
  receive no hurt from him.                Taylor.
Effe'ctless, ef-fekt'l£s.  adj. [from  ef-
  fect]  Without effect; impotent; useless;
  unmeaning.
            I'll chop off my hands;
  In bootless prayer have they beeii held up,
  And they have served me to effectless use.  Shaksp.
Effe'ctor,  ef-fek'ulr.166  n. s. [tffectort
  Lat.]
I. He that produces any effect; perform-
  er.
2. M 'ker;  creator.
    We commemorate the creation, and pay worship 
EFF
E FF
EFF
  to toat infinite Being who was the effector of it.
                                     Derham.
Effe'ctual, ef-fek'tshu-al.463 adj. [effect-
  uel, Fr]
1. Productive of effects; powerful to a de-
  gree  adequate  to the occasion;  opera-
  tive; effic acious.
    The reading  of scripture is effectual, as well to
  lay even the first foundation, as to add degrees of
  farther perfection, in the fear of God.    Hooker.
    The communication of thy faith may become ef-
  fectual, by the acknowledging of eveiy good thing.
                                    Philemon.
2. Veracious; expressive of facts. A sense
  not in use.
    Reprove my allegation, if you can;
  Or else conclude my words effectual.      Shaksp.
Effk'ctually,    ef-fek'tshu-al-le.    adv.
  [from effectual.]  In a manner  product-
  ive of the consequence  intended; effica-
  ciously.
    Sometimes the  sight of the altar, and decent
  preparations for devotion, may compose and recover
  the wandering mind more effectually than a sermon.
                                       South.
    A subject of that vast latitude, that the strength
  of one man will scarcely be sufficient effectually to
  carry it on.                         Woodward.
To Effe'ctuate,  ef-fek'tslm-ate.  v. a.
  [.ffectuer, Fr.]  To bring to  pass; to
  futfii.
    He found means to acquaint himself with a no-
  bleman,  to whom discovering what he was, he found
  him a fit instrument to effectuate his desire. Sidney.
Effe'minacy,  ef-feni'e-na-se. to. a.  [from
  effeminate.]
1. Admission of  the qualities  of a woman;
  sofness;  unmanly delicacy; mean sub-
  mission.
    But foul effeminacy held me yok'd
  Her bond siave: O indignity, O blot
  To honour and religion!                Milton.
2. LnsciviousiK-ss; loose pleasure.
    So long as idleness is quite shut out from our
  lives, all the sins of wantonness, softness, and fffe-
  minacy are prevented.                  Taylor.
EFFE'MINATE,  ef-fem'e-nate.91  adj.
  [effeminalus, Lat.]
1. Having the  qualities of a woman; wo-
  manish; soft to an unmanly degree;  vo-
  luptuous;  tender; luxurious: of persons.
    The king, by his voluptuous life and mean mar-
  riage, became effeminate,  and  less sensible of ho-
  nour.                                 Bacon.
2. Resembling the  practice of a woman;
  womanish: of  things.
    After  toe slaughter of so many peers,
  Shall we at last conclude effeminate peace? Shaksp.
    From  man's effeminate slackness it begins,
  Who should better hold his place.        Milton.
    The more effeminate and soft his life,
  The more his fame to struggle to the field.  Dryden.
3. Womanlike; soft; without  reproach. A
  sense not in use.
    As well we know your tenderness of heart,
  And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse.     Shaksp.
To  Lffe'minate, ef-fem'e-natc.9198 v. a.
  [effemino, Lat.] To make womanish; to
  weaken; to emasculate;  to  unman.
    When one is sure it will not corrupt or effeminate
  children's minds, and make toem fond of trifles, I
  think all things should be contrived to  their satis-
  faction.                               Locke.
To  Effe'minate, ef-fem'e-nate. v. to.  To
  grow womanish; to weaken; to melt into
  weakness.
    In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate
  and manners corrupt.                     Pope.
Effemina'tion,  ef-fem-e-na'shiin.  to.  a.
   [fom effeminate]  The state  of  one
   grown   womanish;   the  state  of  one
   emasculated or unmanned.
    Vices the hare figured:  not  only feneration, or
  usury, from its fecundity and superfetation, but de-
  generate effemination.                   Bacon.
To EFFEKVE'SCE, ef-fer-ves'. v. n. [,f-
  fervesco, Lat.] To generate heat by in-
   testine motion.
    The compound spirit of nitre, put to oil of cloves,
  will effervesce even to a flame.            Mead.
Efferve'scence, ef-fer-ves'sense.610 to. s.
   [from efferveo. Lat.]  The  act of  grow-
   ing hot; production of heat by intestine
   motion.
    In the chymical sense, effervescence signifies an
  intestine motion, produced by mixing two bodies to-
  gether that lay at rest before; attended sometimes
  with a hissing noise, frothing, and ebullition.
                                   Arbuthnot.
    Take chalk, ignite it in a crucible, and then pow-
  der it: put  it into strong spirit of nitre,  till it be-
  comes sweetish, and makes no effervescence upon the
  injection of the chalk.                    Grew.
    Hot springs do not owe their heat to any colluc-
  tation or effervescence of the  minerals in  them, but
  to subterranean heat or fire.           Woodward.
Effe'te,  ef-tete'. adj. [rffcetus,  Lat.]
1. Barren; disabled from generat on.
    It is probable that females have in them the seeds
  of all the young they will afterwards bring forth,
  which, all spent and exhausted, the animal becomes
  barren and effete.                         Ray.
    In most countries the earth would be so parched
  and effete by the drought, that it would afford but
  one harvest.                          Bentley.
2. Worn out with age.
    All that can be allowed him now, is to refresh his
  decrepit, ej'efe sensuality, with, toe history of his
  former life.                            South.
EFFICA'CIOUS, ef-fe-ka'shus. adj. [effi.
  cax, Lat.]  Productive cf effects; pow-
  erful  to  produce  the  consequence in-
  tended.
    A glowing drop with hollow'd steel
  He takes, and, by one efficacious breath,
  Dilates  to cube or square.               Philips.

Effica'ciously,   ef-fe-ka'shus-le.   adv.
  [from efficacious]  Effectually;  in such
  a manner as to produce the consequence
  desired.
    If we find that any other body strikes efficaciously
  enough upon it, we cannot doubt but it will move
  that way in which the striking body impels it. Digby.

E'FFicACY,ef'fe-ka-se. to. s. [from efficax,
  Lat.]  Power to produce  effects; pro-
  duction of the consequence intended.
    Whatsoever  is spoken concerning the efficacy or
  necessity of God's word, they tie and restrain only
  into sermons.                          Hooker.
    Whether if they had tasted  the tree of life be-
  fore that of good and evil, they had suffered the
  curse of mortality;  or whether the e^cacu of the
  one had not overpowered the penalty of the other,
  we leave it unto God.                  Brown.
    Efficacy is a power of speech which represents a
  thing, by presenting to our minds the lively ideas or
  forms.                              Peacham.
    The apostle  tells us of the success and  efficacy of
  the gospel upon the minds of men; and, for this rea-
  son, he calls it toe power of God unto salvation.
                                     Tillotson.
    The arguments drawn from the goodness of God,
  have a prevailing efficacy to induce men to repentr
                                      Rogers.
EFFi'ciENCK,ef-f]sh'yense.  ? 9s„.,.[frorn
EFFi'ciE.Ncv,ef tlsh'yen-se. S
   efficio, Lat.]  The act of  producing ef-
   fects; agency.
    The manner of  this divine efficiency being far
  above us, we are no more able to conceive by our
  rei'-on, than creatures unreasonable by their sense
  are able to apprehend  after what manner we dis.
  pose and order the  course of our affairs.   Hooker,
    That  they are cairied by the  manuduction oi  a
  ri'le, is evident; but what that regulating efficiency
  should be, is not easily ctitermiiircl.     Gfaniiffe.
    Sinning  against  conscience has no special pro-
  ductive efficiency of this particular sort of sinning
  more than of any other.                 South.
    A pious will is the means to enlighten the under-
  standing in the truth of Christianity upon the account
  of a natural efficiency: a will so disposed, will en-
  gage the mind in a severe search.         South.
    Gravity  does  not proceed from the  efficiency of
  any  contingent and unstable agents;  being entirely
  owing to the direct concourse of the power of the
  Author of nature.                   Woodward.
Effi'cient, ef-fish'y£nt. n.s. [efficio, Lat.]
 I. The cause   which  makes efftcts to be
   what they are.
    God,  which moveth meer natural agents as an
  efficient only, doth otherwise n.ove intellectual crea-
  tures, and especially his holy angels.      Hooker,
2. He that mnkes; the effector.
    Observations  of the  order of nature carry the
  mind  up to the  admiration ol the great efficient of
  the  world.                              Hale.
EFFi'cfENT, ef-fish'ye'nt.113  adj.  Causing
   effects; that makes the effect to be what
   it is.
    Your answering in the final cause, makes me be-
  lieve you are at a loss for the efficient.     Collier.
To EFFI'GlATE,ef-fij'e-ate.t;. a.  [effi-
  gio, Lat.] To form in semblance; to im-
  age.
Effigia'tion, ef-fij-e-a'sluin. «.  a. [from
  effigiate.] The  act of imaging,  or form-
  ing the resemblance of things or per-
  sons.                                Diet.

Effi'gies, ef-fid'jes. ? to. s.  [effigies, Lat.
L'ffigy, ef'fti-je.       5   erhgy i*>  from be-
  ing in effigy.] Resemblance; image in
  painiing  or  sculpture; representation;
  idea.
    We behold the species of eloquence in our minds,
  the effigies or actual image of which we seek in the
  organs of our hearing.                  Dryden.
    Observe those numerous wrongs in effigy,
  The gods have saved from the devouring  sea.Garfft.
Efflore'scence, ef-flo-res'sense.
Efflore'scency, ef-flo-res'sen-se.
  a. [tffloresco, Lat.]
1. Production of  flowers.
    Where there  is less heat, there the spirit of the
  plant is digested, and severed from toe grosser juice
  in efflorescence.                         Bacon.
2. Excrescencies in the form of flowers.
    Two white sparry incrustations, with efflorescen-
  cies in form of shrubs, formed by the  trickling of
  water.                             Woodward.
3. [In physick.]  The breaking  out  of
   some humours in the  skin,  in distem-
   pers called  exanthematous; as in the
   measles, and the like.           Quincy.
    A wart beginneth in the cutis, and seemeth to be
  an efflorescence of the serum of the blood.
                                     Wiseman.
Efflorescent, eF-flo-res'sent. adj  [efflo-
   resco,  Lat.]  Shooting  out in form  of
   flowers.
TO. 
EFF
EFF
EFT
     Yellow efflorescent sparry incrustations on stone.
                                    Woodward.
 Efflu'ence,  ef'flu-ense.   to.  a.  [effluo,
    Lat.]  That  which  issues from  some
    oti.er principle.
     Bright effluence of bright essence increate.
                                       MUton.
     These scintillations are  not the ascension of toe
   air upon the collision of two hard bodies, but rather
   the inflammable effluences discharged from tbe bach-
   es collided.                           Brown.
     From the bright efflv-ence of his deed
   They borrow that reflected light,
     With which the lasting lamp they feed,
   Whose beams dispel the damps of envious night.
                                        Prior.
 Efflu'via, ef-flu've-a.      ? ».  *•  [from
 Efflu'vium, ef-flu've-um.  S effluo, Lat]
    Those small particles which are conti-
    nually flying oft' from bodies; the subtil-
    ty of'which  appears from their being
    able, a long time  together, to produce
    very sensible effects, -* ithout any sensi-
    ble diminution of the body from whence
    they arise.                      Quincy.
     If the earth were an electrick  body,  and the air
   but  the eluvium thereof,  we might believe that
   fi-..m attraction, and by effluxion, bodies tended to
   the earth.                            Brown.
     Neither the earth's diurnal revolution upon its
   axis, nor any magnetick effluvia  of the earth, nor
   toe air, or atmosphere, which environs the earth,
   can produce gravity.                 Woodward.
     If these effluvia, which do upward tend;
   Because less heavy than the air, ascend;
   Why do they ever from their height retreat,
   Aud why return to seek their central seat?
                                    Blackmore.
 E'fflux, ef'fluks.492 to. *. [effluxus, Lat.]
 1. The act of flowing out.
     Through the copious efflux of matter  through the
   orifice of a deep ulcer, he was reduced to a skele-
   ton.                                 Harvey.
 2. Effusion;  flow.
     The first efflux of men's piety,  after receiving of
   toe faith, was the selling and consecrating their pos-
   sessions.                          Hammond.
 3. That which flows from something else;
    emanation.
               Prime chearer, light!
   Of all material beings first  and best!
   Efflux divine!                       Thomson.
 4. The act of flowing is more properly ef-
   fluence, and that which flows more pro-
   perly efflux.
 To Efflu'x,  ef-fluks'.BS  v.  to.  [effluo,
   Lat.]  To  run out; to flow away.   This
   is not often in use.
    Five thousand  and some odd centuries of years
   are effluxed since the creation.            Boyle.
Efflu'xion, ef-fluk'slmn. to. s. [effluxum,
   Lat.]
1. The act of  flowing out.
    By effluxion and attraction  bodies  tend towards
  the earth.                            Brown.
2. That which flows  out; effluvium; ema-
   nation.
    There are some light effluxions from spirit to
  spirit, when  men are one  with another; as from
  body  to body.                          Bacon.
To Ekfo'rce, ef-f6rse'. v. a. [efforcer, Fr.]
1. To force;  to hreak through by  violence.
    In all that room was nothing to  be seen,
  But huge great iron chests and coffers strong,
    All  barr'd with double bonds  that ne'er could
        ween
  Them to efforce by violence or wrong. Fah-y Queen.
2. To force; to ravish; to violate  by force.
     Then 'gan her beauty shine as brightest sky,
   And burnt his beastly heart t' efforce her chastity.
                                      Spenser.
 3. To strain; to exert with effort or vehe-
   mence. This word is not now used.
     The palmer lent his ear into the noise,
   To wheet who called so importunely;
   Again he heard a more efforced voice,
   That bade him come in haste.           Spenser.
 To  Effo'rm,  ef-form'. v. ».  [eff'ormo,
   Lat.]  To  make in any certain manner;
   to shape;  to fashion.
     Merciful  and  gracious, thou gavest  us  being,
   raising us from nothing, and efforming us after thy
   own image.                           Taylor.
 Efforma'tion, ef-for-ma'shun. to. s. [from
   efform] The act of fashioning or giving
   form  to.
     Nature begins to set upon her work of efforma-
   tion.                                  More.
     They pretend to solve phenomena, and to give
   an account of the production and efformation of the
   universe.                               Ray.
 E'ffort, effort,  to. s. [effort, Fr.]  Strug-
   gle;  strain; vehement action; laborious
   endeavour.
    If, after having gained victories,  we had made
   the same efforts as if we had  lost  them,  France
   could not have withstood us.            Addison.
    Though the same sun, with all diffusive rays,
   Blush in the rose, and in the diamond blaze,
   We prize the stronger effort of his pow'r,
   And always set the gem aiove the flow'r.    Pope.
 Effo'ssion, ef-fosh'un. to. s. [effodio, Lat.]
   The act of digging up from the ground;
   deterration.
     He set apart  annual sums for the recovery of
  manuscripts,  the  effossion of coins,  and  the pro-
   curing of mummies.                Arbuthnot.

 Fffrai'abi.e, ef-fra'a-bl. adj.  [effroyable,
   Fr.]   Dreadful; frightful; terrible.  A
   word  not used.
    Pestilential symptoms declare nothing a propor-
  tionate efficient of their effraiable nature but arseni-
  cal fumes.                            Hai-vey.
 Effro'ntery,  ef-frun'ter-e. to. s.  [effron-
   terie,  Fr.]  Impudence;  shamelessness;
   contempt  of  reproach.
    They could hardly contain themselves within one
  unworthy act, who had effrontery enough to commit
  or  countenance it.                King Charles.
    Others with ignorance and  insufficiency  have
  self-admiration and effrontery to set  up toemselves.
                                       Watts.
    A bold man's effrontery, in company with women,
  must be owing to his low opinion of  toem, and his
  high one of himself.                   Clarissa.
 To  Effu'lge, ef-falje'. v. n.  [effulgio,
   Lat.]    To send forth lustre  or  efful-
   gence.   1  know not  that this word is
   used.
            The topaz charms the sight,
  Like these effulging yellow streams of light. Savage.
 EFFu'LGENCE,ef-ful'jense.i77 9S to. s. [efful-
   gio, Lat.]   Lustre; brightness;  clarity;
   splendour.
                On thee
  Impress'd, to' effulgence of his glory  abides.  Milt.
    Thy lustre, olest effulgence can dispel
  The clouds of errour, and the gloom  of hell.
                                   Blackmore.
Effv'lgknt, ef-fal'jent.  adj.  [effulgens,
   Lat.]    Shining; bright; luminous.
    How soon to' effulgent emanations fly
  Through the blue gulph of interposing sky!
                                   Blackmore.
            The downward sun
  Looks out effulgent, from amid' the flash
  Of broken clouds.                    Thomson.
 Effumabi'lity,  ef-fu-ma-bil'e-te.  n.  s.
   [fumus,  Lat.]  The  quality of  flying
   away, or  vapouring in fumes.  An use-
   ful word, but not adopted.
     They seem to define  mercury  by volatility, or,
  if I may coin such a word, effumability.     Boyle.
 To  EFFU'SE,  el'fuze'.*3'' v. a. [effusus,
   Lat.]  To pour out; to spill; to shed.
             He fell, and deadly pale,
  Groan'd out his soui, with gushing blood effus'd.
                                       MUton.
     At last emerging from his nostrils wide,
  And gushing mouth, effus'd  the briny tide.    Pope.
 Effu'se, ef-fuze'. to. *.  [from  the verb.]
   Waste; effusion.   Not used.
     The  air bath got into my deadly wounds,
  And much effuse of blood doth make me faint.
                                       Shaksp.
 Fffu'sion,   ef-fu'zhun.98  to.  s. [effusio,
   Lat.]
 1. The  act of pouring out.
    My heart hath melted at a lady's tears,
  Beiii£ an ordinary inundation;
  But this effusion of such manly drops,
  This show'r, blown up by tempest of the soul,
  Startles mine eyes, and makes me more amaz'd.
                                       Shaksp.
    Our blessed  Lord commanded toe representation
  of his death, and sacrifice on  the  cross, should be
  made by breaking bread and effusion of wine.
                                       Taylor.
    If the flood-gates of heaven were any thing dis-
  tinct from the forty days rain, their effusion,  'tis
  likely, was at this same time when  toe  abyss was
  broken  open.                          JBurnef.
2. Waste; the act of spilling or shedding.
    When there was but as yet one  only  family  in
  the world, no means of instruction,  human  or di-
  vine, could prevent effusion of blood.     Hooker.
    Stop  effusion of our christian blood,
  And 'stablish quietness.                 Shaksp.
    Yet shall she be restor'd, since public good,
  For private int'rest ought not to be withstood,
  To save to' effusion of my people's blood.  Dryden.
3. The act of pouring out  words.
    Endless and  senseless effusions  of indigested
  prayers, oftentimes disgrace, in a most insufferable
  manner, the worthiest part of christian duty towards
  God.                                Hooker.
4. Bounteous  donation.
    Such great force the gospel of Christ hath then
  upon men's souls,  melting them into that liberal
  effusion of all that they had.          Hammond.
5. The thing  poured out.
    Purge me with the blood  of my Redeemer, and
  I shall be clean; wash me with toat precious effusion,
  and 1 shall be whiter than snow.     King Charles.
Effu'sive,  ef-fu'slv.*99 42s adj. [from ef-
  fuse.]  Pouring  out;  dispersing.
    The north-east spends its rage; tb' effusive south
  Warms the wide air.                  Thomson.
Eft, eft. to. s. [ejreca, Sax.]  A newt; an
  evet:  a small  kind of lizard  that lives
  generally in the water.
    Peacocks are beneficial to the places where they
  are kept, by clearing of them from snakes, adders,
  and efts, upon which they will live.     Mortimer.
    The crocodile of Egypt is  the lizard of Italy, and
  the eft in our country.                  Nichols.
EFT, eft. adv. [epc, Sax ] Soon; quickly;
  speedily;  shortly.   Obsolete.
    Efl through the thick they heard one rudely rush
  With noise whereof he from his lofty steed
    Down fell to ground, and crept into a bush,
  To hide his coward head from dying dread.
                                  Fairy Queen,
            Quite consum'd with flame
  The idol is of that eternal maid; 
E GL
E JA
E JE
     For so at least I have preserv'd the same,
   With hands profane, from being eft betray'd.
  i- /            ,n   »                   Fairfax.
 L ftsoons,  eft-s66nz'.   adv.  [ej?t   and
    r-oon.] Soon afterward; in a short time;
    again. An obsolete word;  formed, as it
    seems, by the conjunction of two words
    of the same meaning.
     He in their  stead cftso'ons, placed Englishmen,
   who possessed all their lands.            Spenser.
     Eflsoons the nymphs, which now had flowers toeir
         fill,
   Run all in haste to see that silver brood.   Spenser.
     The Germans deadly hated the Turks, whereof
   it was to be thought that new wars should eftsoons
   ensue.                                Knolles.
     Eftsoons, 0 sweetheart kind, my love repay,
   And all the year shall then be holiday.        Gay.
 JS.  G. [exempli gratia]   Forthe  sake of
    an instance  or example.
 E'ger,  e'gt'ir. to. s.  [See Eagre.]   An
   impetuous or irregular flood or tide.
     From the peculiar disposition ofthe earth at the
   bottom, wherein quick excitations are made, may
   arise those egers and flows  in  some estuaries and
   rivers, as is observable about Trent and Humber in
   England.                              Brown.
 To Ege'st, e-jest'. v. a.  [egero, Lat.]  To
   throw  out food atthe natural vents.
     Divers creatures sleep all the winter; as the
   bear, the hedge-hog, the bat, and the bee; these all
   wax fat when they sleep, and egesf  not.     Bacon.
 Ege'stion,  e-jes'tsfnan.464 to. s. [egestus,
   Lat.]   The act of throwing out the di-
   gested food  at  the natural vents.
     The animal soul or spirits manage as  well  their
   spontaneous actions, as the natural  or involuntary
   exertions of digestion, egesfion, and circulation.
                                         Hale.
 Egg, 6g. to. s. [025, Saxon; ough, Erse.]
 1. That which  is laid  by feathered,  and
   some  other animals, from which their
   young  is produced.
     An egg was found having lain many years at the
   bottom of a  moat,  where the earth had somewhat
   overgrown it; and this egg was  come to the hard-
   ness of a stone, and toe colours of toe white and
   yolk perfect.                           Bacon.
     Eggs are perhaps the highest, most nourishing,
   and exalted of all animal food, and most indigesti-
   ble.                                Arbuthnot.
 2. The spawn or sperm of other creatures.
     Therefore think him as the serpent's egg,
   Which hatch'd,  would, as his  kind, grow mischiev-
        ous.                             Shaksp.
     Ev'ry insect of each different kind,
   In its own egg, chear'd by tbe solar rays,
   Organs involv'd  and latent life displays. Blackmore.
 3. Any thing fashioned in the shape of an

     There was taken  a great glass-bubble with a long
   neck, such as chymists  are wont to call a philo-
   sophical egg.                            £0yle.
 To Egg, eg. v. a. [eggia, to incite,  Islan-
   dick; eggian, Sax.]  To  incite;  to in-
   stigate; 10 provoke  to  action: for this,
   edge is, I think,  sometimes  ignorantly
   used.
    Study becomes pleasant to him who is pursuing
  his genius, and  whose ardour of  inclination eggs
  him forward, and carrieth him through every  ob-
  stacle.                               Derham.
E'glantine, eg'lan-tin.160 to.  s.  [esglan-
   tier, Fr.] A species of rose; sweetbriar.
    O'er canopied with luscious woodbine,
  With >w°et musk roses, and with eglantine. Shak.
    The \eaf of eglantine, not to slander,
  Out-sweetened not thy breath.            Shaksp.
    Sycamore with eglantine were spread,
  A hedge about the sides, a covering over head.
                                      Diyden.
E'GOTisM,e'g6-tizm.611530fi36TO.s. [from ego,
   Lat.]  The  fault committed in writing
   by the frequent repetition of  the word
   ego or /; too  frequent  mention  of  a
   man's self in writing or conversation.
    The most violent egotism, which I have met with,
  in the  course of my  reading, is that  of cardinal
  Woisey's; ego et rex mens, I and my king.    Sped.
E'gotist, e'go-tist. to. s. [from ego.] One
   that is always  repeating the word  ego,
   I;  a talker  of himself.
    A tribe of egotists, for whom I have always had
  a mortal aversion, are the authors of memoirs, who
  are never mentioned in any works but their own.
                                     Spectator.
To E'gotize, e'go-tize. v. to. [from ego.]
   To talk much  of one's  self.
 EGRE'GIOUS,  e-gre'je-us.  adj. [egre-
   gius, Lat.]
 I.  Eminent; remarkable; extraordinary.
     He might be able to  adorn this present age, and
  furnish history with the records of egregious exploits
  both of art and valour.                   Moore.
             One to empire born;
  Egregious prince; whose manly childhood shew'd
  His mingled parents, and portended joy
  Unspeakable.                          Philips.
     An egregious and pregnant instance how far vir-
  tue surpasses ingenuity.              Woodward.
 2.  Eminently  bad;  remarkably   vitious.
   This is the  usual sense.
     We may be bold to conclude, that these last
  times, for insolence, pride, and  egregious contempt
  of all good order, are the worst.           Hooker.
        Ah me,  most credulous fool!
  Egregious murtoerer!                   Shaksp.
     And hence th' egregious wizzard shall foredoom
  The fate of Louis and the fall of Rome.     Pope.
 Egre'giously,  e-gre'je-iis-le.  adv. [from
   egregious.]   Eminently; shamefully.
     Make toe Moor thank me, love me, and reward
        me,
  For making him egregiously an ass,
  And practising upon his peace and quiet
  Even to madness.                       Shaksp.
     He discovered that, besides the extravagance of
  every article, he had been egregiously cheated.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 E gress,  e'gres.  «.  *.  [egressus,  Lat.]
  The power or act  of going out of  any
  place; departure.
             Gates of burning adamant,
  Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress.         Milton.
    This water would have been locked up within the
  earth, and its egr-ess utterly debarred, had the strata
  of stone and marble remained continuous.
                                    Woodward.
Egre ssion, e-gresh'un.  to.  s.  [egressio,
  Lat.]   The act of going  out.
    The vast  number of troops is expressed in the
  swarms; their tumultuous manner of issuing out of
  toeir  ships, and  the perpetual  egression,  which
  seemed without end, are imaged  in the  bees  pour-
  inSout                                Pope
E'gret, e'gret. «. s.  A fowl of the heron
  kind, with red legs.              Bailey.
E'griot,  e'gre-6t. to. s.  [aigret, French;
  perhaps from aigre,  sour.]   A species
  of cherry.
    The coeur-cherry, which inclineth more  to white,
  is sweeter  than the red; but the egriof is more sour.
                                       Bacon.
To  EJA'CULATE,   e-jak'u-late.   v.  a
  [ejaculor, Lat.]   To  throwj to  shoot;
  to dart out.
      Being rooted so little way in the skin, nothing
    near so deeply as  the quills of fowls, they are the
    more easily ejaculated.                    Grew.
      The mighty magnet from the centre darts
    This strong, though subtle force, through all the
          parts:
    Its active rays, ejaculated thence,
    Irradiate all the wide circumference.   Blackmore.
  Ejacula'tion, e-jak-u-la'slnln. to. *. [from
    ejaculate.]
  I. The act of darting or throwing out.
      There seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act
    of envy, an ejaculation or irradiation of the eye.
                                         Baton.
      There is to be observed, in  those  dissolutions
    which  will not easily incorporate, what the effects
    are: as the ebullition,  the precipitation to the bot-
    tom, the  ejaculation towards the top, the suspension
    in the midst, and the like.               Bacon

  2. A  short prayer darted out occasionally,
    without solemn retirement.
      In your dressing let there be ejaculations fitted to
    toe several actions of dressing; as at washing your
    hands, pray God to cleanse your soul from sin.
                                         Tat/for.
  EjA'cuLATORY,e-jak'u-la-tur-e.arf/.[from
    ejaculate.]
  1. Suddenly  darted out;  uttered in short
    sentences.
      The continuance of this posture might incline to
    ease and drowsiness; they used it rather upon  some
    short ejaculatory prayers,  than in their larger devo-
    tions-                                Duppa.
  2. Sudden; hasty.
      We are not to value ourselves upon the merit of
    ejaculatory repentances, that take us by fits and
   starts-            t                L'Estrange.
  To EJE'CT, e-jekt'. v. a. [ejicio, ejectum,
    Lat.]
  I. To throw out; to  cast forth; to void.
     Infernal lightning sallies from his throat!
   Ejected sparks upon the billows float!      Sandys,
     The heart, as said, from its contracted cave,
   On the left side ejecfs the bounding wave.
                                     Blackmore.
     1 ears may spoil the eyes, but not wash away the
   affliction; sighs may exhaust the man, but noteiecf
   toe burthen.                            Sou)h.
 2. To throw out or  expel from an office
    or possession.
     It was the force of conquest; force with force
   Is well ejected, when the conquer'd can.    Milton.
     The  French  king was again ejecfed when  our
   king submitted to the church.            Diyden.
 2. To expel;  to  drive  away; to  dismiss
    with hatred.
           We are peremptory to dispatch
   This viperous traitor; to ejecf him hence
   Were but our danger; and to keep him here,
   Our certain death; therefore it is decreed
   He dies to-night.                       ghaksp.
 4. lo cast away;  to reject;
     To have ejecfed whatsoever toe church doth make
   account of, be it never so harmless in itself, and of
   never so ancient continuance, without any other
   crime to charge it with, than only  that it hath been
   the hap thereof to be used by the church of Rome,
   and not to be commanded in the word of God, could
   not have been defended.                Hooker.
     Will any man say, that if the words whoring and
   drinking were by parliament ejected out of the Eng-
   lish tongue, we  should all awake next morning
   chaste and temperate.                    Siri/f
 Eje'ction,  e-jek'shun.  n. s. [ejectio, Lut.j
    1. The act of casting out; expulsion.
    These stories are founded on the ejection of thfr'
   fallen angels from heaven.              Broome.
 2. [In  physick]    The  discharge ol   any
   thing  by   vomit,  stool, or  any  other
I   emunctory.                      Quincy. 
EIS
EKE
ELA
 Eje'ctment,  e-jektWnt.  to.  a.  [from
    eject.]   A legal writ by  which any in-
    habitant of a  house,  or  tenant  of an
    estate, is commanded to depart.
 Eigh, ay. interj.  An expression of sudden
    delight.

 EIGHT, ayt. adj.  [eapta;  Saxon; ahta,
    Gothick; ucht,  Scotish.]   Twice  four.
    A  word of number.
     This island contains eight score  and eight miles in
   circuit.                       Sandy's Journey.
 Eighth, kytth. adj. [from eight.] Next in
    order  to  the  seventh;  the  ordinal of
    eight.
     Another yet?—A seventh! I'll see no more;
   And yet the eighth appears.             Shaksp.
     In the eighth month should be the reign of Saturn.
                                        Bacon.
     I  stay reluctant seven continued years,
   And water her ambrosial couch with tears;
   The eig7ifft she voluntarily moves to part,
   Or urg'd by Jove, or her own changeful heart. Pope
 Ei'ghteen, ay'teen. adj.  [eight and ten.]
    Twice nine.
     He can't take two from twenty, for his heart,
   And leave eighteen.                    Shaksp.
     If men naturally lived but twenty  years, we
   should be satisfied if they died about eighteen:  and
   yet eighteen years now are as long as eighteen years
   would be then.                        Taylor.
 Eighteenth,    ay'teen'A.   adj.   [from
    eighteen.]   The m xt  in  order to the
    seventeenth; twice ninth.
     In the eighteenth year of Jereboam died Abijam.
                                      1 Kings.
 Ei'GHTFOLn, ayt'fold. adj.  [eight and fold]
    Eight times the number or quantity.
 Ei'ghthly,  aytth'le. adv. [from  eighth]
   In  the eighth place.
     Eighthly, living creatures  have voluntary  mo-
   tion, which  plants have not.              Bacon.
 Eightieth,  ay'te-ef/i. adj. [from eighty.]
    The  next in order to the seventy-ninth;
    eighth tenth.
     Some balances are so exact as to be sensibly turn-
   ed with the eightieth part of a grain.      Wilkins.
 Ei'ghtscore, ayt'skore.  adj. [eight  and
    acore.]  Eight times  twenty;  a hundred
    and sixty.
     What! keep a week away? seven days and nights?
   Eightscore eight hours? and lovers absent hours,
   More tedious than the dial eightscore times?
   Oh weary reckoning!                   Shaksp.
 Ei'ghty,   ay'te.  adj.  [eight   and  ten.]
   Eight times ten;  fourscore.
     Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen,
   And each hour's joy wreck'd wito  a week of teen.
                                       Shaksp.
     Among all other climactericks three are most re-
   markable; that is, seven times  seven, or forty-nine;
   nine  times  nine,  or eighty-one; and  seven times
   nine, or the year sixty-three, which is conceived to
   carry with it the most considerable fatality. Brown-

 Eigne, ine. adj. [aisne, Fr.]  In  law, it
   denotes  the eldest or first-born.  Here
   it signifies unalienable, as being entailed.
     It happeneth not seldom, that, to avoid the yearly
   oath, for averment ofthe continuance of some estate
   for life, which  is eigne, and not subject to forfeiture
   for the  alienation that cometh  after it.  the party
   will offer to sue for a  pardon   uncompelled before
   the time; in all which, some mitigation of the utter-
  most  value may well and worthily be offered. Bacon.
Ei'sel, e'sil.  to. «  [eurul, Sax.]  Vinegar;
   verjuice; any acid. An  old word.
               Cast in thy mind
  How  thou rescmblest Christ, as with sowre poison,
   If thou painc thy taste; remember therewithal!,
   How Christ for thee tasted eisef and gall.    More.

 Ei'ther, e'THi'ir. pron.  [aegbep,  Saxon;
   auther,  Scotish.]
 1. Whichsoever of the two;  whether one
   or the other.
             Lepidus flatters both,
   Of both is flatter'd; but he neither loves
   Nor either  cares for him.                Shaksp.
    So like in arms these champions were,
   As they had been a very pair:
   So that a man would almost swear,
   That eiffter had been either.      Drayton's Nymp.
    Goring made a fast friendship with Digby,  either
   of them believing he could deceive the other.
                                    Clarendon.
    I do  not ask whether bodies do so exist,  that the
   motion of one body cannot  really be without the
   motion of another; to determine this eiffter way, is
   to beg the question for or against a vacuum. Locke.
 2. Each; both.
    In the process of natural beings, there seem some
  to be creatures placed, as it were, on the confines of
  several provinces, aad participating something of
  eiffter.                                 Hale.
    Sev'n times the sun has eiffter tropick view'd,
  The winter banish'd, and the spring renew'd.
                               Diyden's Virgil,
 3. It  is used  sometimes of more than two;
   any one  of a certain number.
4. Any of an  indeterminate number, as in
   the following  passage:
    Henry VIII. Francis I. and  Charles V. were so
  provident, as scarce a palm of ground could be got-
  ten by either of the three, but that the other two
  would set the balance of Europe upright again.
                                       Bacon.
Ei'ther, e'THUT.2"3 adv. [from the noun.]
   A  distributive adverb, answered by or:
   either the one  or the other.
    We never heard of any ship that had been seen
  to arrive upon any shore of Europe; no nor of either
  the East or West Indies.                 Bacon.
          What perils shall we find,
  If eiffter place, or time, or other course,
  Cause us to alter th' order now assign'd?   Daniel.
    Either your brethren have miserably deceived us,
  or power confers virtue.            Swift to Pope.

Ejula'tion, ed-ju-la'shun. to. s. [ejulatio,
   Lat.] Outcry; lamentation; moan; wail-
   ing.
    Instead of hymns and praises, he breaks out into
  ejulations and effeminate waitings.
                       Government of the Tongue.
            With  dismal groans
  And ejulation, in the pangs of death
  Some call for aid.                     Philips.
Eke, eke. adv. [eac, Saxon; ook, Dutch.]
   Also; likewise.
    If any strength we have, it is to ill;
  But all  the good is God's both power and efce will.
                                  Fairy Queen.
        Now if 'tis chiefly in the heart
  That courage does itself exert,
  'Twill be prodigious hard to prove,
  That this is eke the throne of love.         Prior.
 To Eke, eke. x<.  a. [eacan, Saxon.]
 I. To increase.
    I  dempt there much to  have eked my store,
  But such eking hath made my heart sore. Spenser.
    The little strength  that I have, I would it were
      wito you.
  —And mine to eke out her's.             Shaksp,
2. To supply; to liil up deficiencies.
            Still be kind,
  And eke out our performance with your mind.
                                      Shaksp.
          Your ornaments hung all
  On some patch'd doghole  ek'd with ends of wall.
                                       Pope.
 3. To protract; to lengthen.
     I speak too long; but 'lis to piece toe time',
  To eke it, and to draw it out in length,
  To stay you from election.              Shaksp.
 4. To spin  out by useless  additions.   In
   this sense it  seems borrowed from the
   use of our old poets, who put eke into
   their lines,  when  they wanted  a sylla-
   ble.
     Eusden ekes out Blackmore's endless line. Pope.
 To  ELA'BORATE,   e-lab'6-rate.  v.a.
   [elaboro, Lat.]
 I. To produce with  labour.
     They in dull joy elaborate a sigh.       Young.
 2. To heighten and improve by successive
   endeavours or operations.
     The  sap is diversified, and still more  elaborated
  and exalted, as it circulates  through the vessels of
  the plant.                          Arbuthnot.
 Ela'borate, e-15b'6-rate.fll adj.  [elabora-
   tus,  Lat.J   Finished  with  great  dili-
   gence;  performed with great  labour.
     Formalities of extraordinary zeal and piety are
  never more studied and elaborate than when politi-
  cians most agitate desperate designs. King Charles,
          At least, on her  bestow'd
  Too much of ornament of outward shew
  Elaborate; of inward, less exact.         Milton,
    Man  is thy theme, his virtue or his rage
  Drawn  to the life in  each elab'rate page.   Waller.
    Consider  the difference  between  elaborate dis-
  courses  upon important occasions delivered to par-
  liaments, and a plain sermon intended for the com-
  mon people.                             Swift.
 Ela'bc RATELY,e-lab'6-rate-le. adv. [from
   elaborate.] Laboriously; diligently; v. i;h
  great  study or labour.                  d
    Politick conceptions, so  elaborately formed an
  wrought, and grown at length  ripe for delivery, do
  yet prove abortive.                       Soutk
    Some coloured powders, which painters use, may
  have  their colours a  little  changed,  by being very
  elaborately and finely ground.            Newton.
    I will venture once to incur the censure of some
  persons  for being elaborately trifling.       Bentley.
    It  is  there elaborately shewn, that patents are
  good.                                  Swift.
Elaboration,e-lab-o-ra'shiin. to. s. [from
  elaborate.] Improvement by successive
  operations.
    To what purpose is there such an apparatus of
  vessels  for the elaboration of  the sperm and eggs;
  such  a tedious process of generation and nutrition.
                                         Ray.
 To  Ela'nce, e-lanse'.  v. a. [elancery Fr.]
  To throw out; to dart; to cast  as a dart.
          While thy  unerring hand elane'd
  Another, and another dart, the people
  Joyfully repeated Id!                     Prior.
    Harsh words, that once elane'd, must  ever fly
  Irrevocable.                            Prior.
 To Ela'pse, e-lapse'. v. n. [elapsus, Lat.]
  To  glide  away; to run out without no-
  tice.
    There is a docible season,  a learning time  in
  youth, which suffered to efopse, and no  foundation
  laid, seldom returns.                    Clarissa.
ELA'STICAL, e-las'te-kal. > adj.  [from
ELA'STICK,  e-las'tik.     $      ix«u.]
  Having the power of returning  to the
  form from which it is distorted or with-
  held;  springy; having  the power of a
  spring.
    By what elastick engines did she rear
  The starry roof, and roll toe orbs in air.  Blackmm-e.
    If the body is compact, and bends or yields in-
  ward  to pression, without any sliding of its parts
  it is hard and efasfkA;, returning to its figure with a 
ELB
ELD
E LE
 force rising from toe mutual attraction of its parts.
                                     Newton.
    The most common diversities of human constitu-
  tions arise from the solids, as to  their different de-
 grees of strength and tension; in  some being too lax
 and weak, in others too elastick and strong.
                                    •flrtntfftnot.
    A fermentation must be excited in  some assigna-
 ble place, which may expand itself by its elastical
  power, and break through, where it meets with the
  weakest resistance.                    Bentley.
Elasticity,  e-las'tls-e-te.  to. s.  [from
   elastick.]   Force in bodies, by which
   they endeavour to   restore themselves
   to the posture from whence they were
   displaced by any external force.
                                     Quincy.
     A lute-string will bear an hundred weight with-
  out rupture; but at the same time cannot exert its
  elasticity: take away fifty,  and immediately it rais-
  eth the weight.                     Arbuthnot.
     Me emptiness and dulness could inspire,
  And were my  elasticity and fire.            Pope.
 Ela'te, e-late'. adj. [elatus, Lat.] Flush-
   ed with success;  elevated with prospe-
   rity; lofty;  haughty.
     Oh, thoughtless mortals! ever blind to fate!
  To < soon dejected, and to soon efafe.'
  I, of mind efafe, and scorning fear,
  Thus with new taunts insult the monster's ear.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
 To E'late, e-late'. v.a. [from the adjec-
   tive.]
 1. To elevate with success; to puff up with
   prosperity.
 2.  To exult; to  heighten.  An  unusual
   sense.
     Or truth, divinely breaking on his mind,
  JEfafes his being, and unfolds his power.  Thomson.
 ELATE'R1UM, e-la-te're-um. to. s.  [La-
   tin.]   An inspissated juice,  light,  of a
   friable texture and an acid and pungent
   taste.   It is  procured from  the fruit of
   a  wild  cucumber.   It is a very violent
   and rough  purge.                    Hill.
 Ela'tion,  e-la'shun.   to. s.  [from elate]
   Haughtiness proceeding from  success;
   pride of prosperity.
     God began to punish this vain elation of mind, by
  withdrawing his favours.               Atterbury.

 E'LBOW, el'bo.32? «. a. [elboja, Saxon.]
 1. The next joint or curvature of the arm
   below the shoulder.
     In some fair evening, on your elbow laid,
  You dream of triumphs in  the rural shade.    Pope,
 2.  Any flexure or ant>;le.
     Fruit trees, or vines, set upon a wall between ef-
  boivs or buttresses of stone, ripen more than upon
  a plain wall.                          Bacon.
 3.  To be at the  Elbow.  To be  near; to
   be at hand.
             Straight will he come;
  Wear thy good rapier bare, and put  it home:
  Quick, quick; fear nothing, I'll  be at thy elbow.
                            Shakspeare's Othello.

 Elbowcha'ir,  el-bo-tshare'. to. s. [elbow
   and chair.]   A chair with arms to sup-
   port the elbows.
    Swans and elbowchairs, in the opera of Dioclesian,
  have danced upon the English stage with good suc-
  cess.                                   Gay
E'lbowroom, el'bo-rdom. to. a. [elbow and
  room.]   Room to stretch out the elbows
   on each  side;  perfect   freedom  from
   confinement.
        Now my soul hath  elbowroom;
  It would not out at windows nor at doors.  Shaksp.
    The natives are not so many, but that there may
  be ef6oicroo?n enough for them, and for the adven-
  tives also.                             Bacon.
    A politician must put himself into a state of li-
  berty to provide elbowroom for conscience to have
  its full play in.                         South-

To E'lbow,  erbo. v. a.  [from the noun.]
I. To push with the elbow.
    One efooics him, one jostles in the shole. Dryden.
2. To push;  to drive to a  distance; to en-
   croach upon.
          It thrusts and stretches out,
  And efocnes all the kingdoms round about.  Dryden.
    If fortune takes not off this boy betimes,
  He'll make mad work and elbow out his neighbours.
                                      Dryden.
To E'lbow, el'bo. v. to. To jut out in an-
   gles.
ELD,eld. to.*, [ealb,Saxon; eld, Scotish.]
1. Old age;  decrepitude.
    Her heart with joy unwonted inly swell'd,
  As feeling wond'rous comfort in her weaker efd.
                                      Spenser.
            Thy blazed youth
   Becomes assuaged, and doth beg the alms
   Of palsied  efd.                         Shaksp.
     He thought it touch'd his deity full near,
   If likewise he some fair one wedded not,
   Thereby to wipe away to'  infamous blot
   Of long uncoupled bed and childless efd.   MUton.

2.  Old  people; persons   worn   out  with
   years.
    They count him of their green-hair'd eld.
                                     Chapman.
E'loer, el'diir.98 to. a. [ellaya, Sax.  sam-
   bucus.]    A tree.
     The branches are full of pith,  having but little
  wood: the  flowers are monopetalous,  divided into
  several segments, and expand in form of a rose:
  these are, for the most part, collected  into an um-
  bel, and are  succeeded by soft succulent  berries,
  having three seeds in each.              Miller.
          Look for toy reward
  Amongst the  nettles at the efefer tree,
  Which overshades the mouth of that same pit.
                                   Shakspeare.
E'lder, el'dur.68 adj. The comparative of
   eld, now corrupted to old.   [ealb,  eal-
   bort, Saxon.]   Surpassing another  in
   years; survivor;  having the privileges
   of primogeniture: opposed  to  younger.
    They bring the comparison  of younger daughters
  conforming themselves in  attire to their elder sis-
  ters.                                Hooker.
          Let still the woman  take
  An efder than herself; so wears she to him,
  So sways she  levelin her husband's heart. Shaksp.
    How I firmly am resolv'd, you know;
  That is, not to bestow my youngest daughter
  Before I have a husband for the efder.     Shaksp.
    Among the Lacedemonians, the chief magistrates,
  as they were, so were they called,  elder men.
                                      .Rafeigft.
    The efder of his children comes to acquire a de-
  gree of authority among the younger,  by the  same
  means the father did among them.       Temple.
          Fame's high temple stands;
  Stupendous pile; not rear'd by mortal hands!
  Whate'er proud Rome, or  artful Greece beheld,
  Or efefer Babylon, its frame excell'd.       Pope.

E'LDERLY,el'dur-le. adj.  [from elder.] No
   longer young; bordering upon old age.
     I have a race of orderly elderly people  of both
  sexes at command, who can bawl when I am  deaf,
  and tread softly when I am giddy.          Swift.
E'lders, el'durz. to. a. [from elder.]
 I.  Persons whose age gives them a claim
   to credit and reverence.
    Rebuke not an efder, but entreat him as a father,
  and the younger men as brethren.         l i im.
            Our elders say,
  The barren, touched in this holy chase,
  Shake off their steril curse.               Shaksp,
    The blushing youth their virtuous awe disclose,
  And from their seats the reverend efders rose. Sandys.
2. Ancestors.
    Says the goose, If it will be no better, e'en carry
  your head as your elders have done before you.
                                   L'Estrange.
    I lose my patience, and I own it too,
  Where works are censur'd not as bad, but new;
  While, if our elders break all reason's laws,
  Those fools demand not pardon, but applause. Pope,
3. Those who are older  than  others.
    Many  nations are very superstitious and diligent
  observers of old customs, which they received by
  continual tradition from their parents, by recording
  of their bards and chronicles, in their songs, and bj
  daily use and ensampte of their elders.    Spenser.
    At the board, and in private,  it very well becom-
  eth children's innocency to pray, and their efders te
  say Amen.                           Hooker.
4. [Among the Jews.] Rulers of the peo-
   ple.
5. [In  the New Testament.]   Ecclesias.
   ticks.
6.  [Among  presbyterians.]   Laymen in-
   troduced  into  the kirk-poiity in  ses-
   sions,  presbyteries, synods,  and assem-
   blies.
    Flea-bitten synod, and assembly brew'd
  Of clerks and elders ana; like the rude
  Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide
  With the tame  woolpack clergy by their side.
                                     Cleveland.
E'ldership, el'dur-ship. to.a.[from elder]
1. Seniority;  primogeniture.
    The world,  while it had scarcity of people, un-
  derwent no other dominion than paternity and elder-
  ship.                                 Raleigh.
    That all should Alibech adore, 'tis true;
  But some respect is to my birthright due:
  My claim to her by eldership I prove.    Dryden.
          No were the eldership
  Of Artaxerxes worth our least of fears,
  If Memnon's interest did not prop his cause. Roice.
2. Presbytery; ecclesiastical senate; kirk-
   session.
    That controversy sprang up between Beza and
  Erastus,  about  the matter  of excommunications;
  whether there ought to be in  all  churches an elder-
  ship, having power to excommunicate, and a part of
  that eldership to be of  necessity certain  chosen out
  from amongst the  laity.                 Hooker.

E'loest, el'dest  adj. The superlative of
   eld, now changed to old. [ealb, ealboj*,
   eaibtrte, Saxon.]
1. The oldest; that has the right of primo-
   geniture.
    We will establish our estate upon
  Our eldest Malcolm, whom we name hereafter
  The prince of Cumberland.       Shaksp. Macbeth.
    The mother's and her efdesf daughter's grace,
  It seems, had brib'd him to prolong their space.
                                       Dryden.
2. That has lived most years.
    Efdesf parents signifies either  the oldest men and
  women that have  had children,  or those who have
  longest had issue.                       Locke.
Elecampa'ne, el-e-kam-pane'. to. a. [hele-
   nium,  Latin.] A plant, named also star-
   wort.   Botanists  enumerate thirty spe-
   cies.                               Miller.
    The Germans  have a method  of candying ele-
  campane root like ginger, to which they prefer it,
  and call  it German spice.                  Hill.
 To ELE'CT, e-leki'. v. a. [electua, Lat.] 
E LE
ELE
ELE
 1. To choose for any office or use; to take
   in preference to others.
     Henry his son is ehosen king though young;
   And Lewis of France, efecfed first beguil'd.  Daniel.
     This prince, in gratitude to the people, by whose
   consent he was chosen, elected a hundred senators
   out of the commoners.                    Swift.
 2. [In theology.]  To select as an object
   of eternal mercy.
 Ele'ct, e-lekt'. adj. [from the verb.]
 1. Chosen; takenby preference from among
   others.
            You have here, lady,
   And of your choice, these reverend fathers,
   Yea, the efecf of toe land, who are assembled
   To plead  your cause.                Shakspeare.
 2. Chosen to  an  office,  not yet in posses-
   sion.
     The bishop efeef  takes the  oath of supremacy,
   canonical  obedience, and  against simony; and then
   the dean of the arches reads  and subscribes the
   sentences.                   Ayliffe's Parergon.
 3. [In theology.]  Chosen as an object of
   eternal  mercy.
     A  vicious liver,  believing toat Christ died for
   none but the efect, shall have  attempts made upon
   him to reform and amend his life.      Hammond.
     Some 1 have chosen of peculiar grace,
   Efecf above the rest: so is my will.       Milton.
 Ele'otion, e-lek'shun.  to. a. [electio, Lat.]
 1. The act of choosing; the act of select-
   ing one or more from a greater number
   for any use or office;  choice.
     If the election of the minister should be commit-
   ted to every several parish, do you think that they
   would choose the meetest?             Whitgift.
         Him, not thy election,
   But natural necessity, begot.           , MUton.
     As charity is, nothing can more increase the  lus-
   tre and beauty than a prudent election  of objects,
   and a fit application of  it to them.         Sprat.
 2. The power of choice.
     For what is man without a moving mind,
   Which hath a judging wit, and chusing will?
     Now if  God's pow'r should her election bind,
   Her motions then would cease, and stand all still.
                                       Davies.
 3. Voluntary preference.
     He calls upon the sinners to turn themselves and
   live; he tells us, that he has set before us life and
   death, and referred it to our own election which we
   will chuse.                           Rogers.
 4.  Discernment;  distinction; discrimina-
   tion.
     The discovery of these colours cannot be done but
   out of a very universal knowledge of things; which
   so cleareth men's judgment and election, as it is the
   less apt to slide into error.               Bacon.
     In favour, to use men with much difference and
  election is good: for it maketh those preferred more
  thankful, and the rest more officious.       Bacon.
 5. [In theology.]   The  predetermination
   of God by which any  were selected for
   eternal life.
    The conceit  about absolute  election  to eternal
  life, some enthusiasts entertaining, have been made
  remiss in toe practice of virtue.        Atterbury.
6. The ceremony of  a  public  choice.
    I was sorry to hear with what partiality, and po-
  pular heat, efecticms were  carried in many places.
                                 King Charles.
    Since the late dissolution of  the club,  many per-
  sons pat up for the next election.       Addison.
Ele'ctive, e-lek'tiv. adj. [from elect.]
I. Regulated  or  bestowed by election  or
   choice.
    I will say positively and resolutely, that it is im-
  possible an elective monarchy should be so free and
  absolute as an hereditary.                Bacon.
      VOL. I.
     The last change of their government, from efec-
   tive to hereditary, has made it seem hitherto of less
   force, and unfitter for action abroad.      Temple.
 2. Exerting the power ot choice.
     To talk of compelling a man  to be good, is a
   contradiction; for where there is  force, there can
   be no choice: whereas all moral goodness consisteth
   in the elective act of the understanding will.   Grew.
 Ele'ctively,   e-lek'tiv-ie.   adv.   [from
   elect.]   By choice; with preference  of
   one to another.
     How or why that should have  such  an influence
   upon toe spirits, as to drive them into those muscles
   electively, I am not subtle enough to discern.   Ray.
     They work not electively, or upon  proposing to
   themselves an end of their operations.        Grew.
 Ele'ctor, e-lek'tur.98 to. a. [from elect.]
 I. He that has  a vote in the choice of any
   officer.
     From the new world her silver and her gold
   Came, like a tempest, to confound the  old;
   Feeding with those toe brib'd efecfors' hopes,
   Alone she gave us emperors and popes.     Waller.
 2. A prince  who has a voice  in the choice
   of the German emperour.
 Ele'ctoral, e-fek'to-ral. adj. [from elec-
   tor.]   Having the dignity of an elector.
 Elk'ctorate, e-lek'to-rate.91 to. a. [from
   elector.]   The territory of an  elector.
     He has a great and powerful king for his son-in-
   law; and can himself command, when he pleases,
   the whole strength of an  electorate in the empire.
                                      Addison.
 Ele'ctre, e-lek'tiir.98 418 to. a. [electrum,
   Latin.]
 I. Amber; which, having the quality, when
   warmed by friction, of attracting bodies,
   gave to one   species  of attraction the
   name   ,f  electricity, and to the  bodies
   that so attract the epithet electrick.
 2. A mixed metal.
     Change silver plate or vessel into the compound
   stuff, being a kind of silver efecfre,  and  torn toe rest
  into coin.                            Bacon.
 ELE'CTRICAL, e-lek'tre-kal. >     adj.
 LLE'CTRICK,  e-lek'trik.    $   [from
   electrum.   See Electre.]
 i. Attractive without magnetism; attract-
   ive by a  peculiar  property,   supposed
   once to belong chiefly to amber.
    By  electrick bodies do I conceive not such only
  as take up light  bodies, in which number the anci-
  ents only placed jet and  amber; but such  as,
  conveniently placed, attract all bodies palpable.
                                       Brown,
    An electrick body can by friction emit an exhala-
  tion so subtile, and yet so potent, as by its emission
  to cause no sensible diminution of toe weight of the
  electrick body, and to be expanded through a sphere,
  whose diameter  is above two  feet, and yet  to be
  able to carry up  lead, copper, or  leaf-gold,  at the
  distance of above a foot from the electrick body.
                                      Newton.
2. Produced by an  electrick body.
    If that attraction were not rather electrical than
  magnetical,  it was wondrous  what Helmont deli-
  vered  concerning a glass, wherein the magistery of
  loadstone was prepared, which retained an attract-
  ive quality.                            Brown.
    If a pece  of white paper, or a white cloth,  or
  the end of one's  finger, be held at about a quarter
  of an inch from the glass, the electrick vapour, exci-
  ted by friction, will, by dashing against the white
  paper, cloth, or finger, be put into such an agitation
  as to emit light.                       Newton.
ELECTRi'ciTY,e-lek-tiis'e-te. n.s.  [from
   electrick.  See Electke.]    A  property
   in some bodies, whereby,  when ruobed

                    4 K
   so as to grow warm,  they  draw  little
   bits of paper, or such like  substances,
   to them.                         Quincy.
     Such was the account  given a few years ago of
  electricity; but the industry of the present age, first
  excited by the experiments of Gray,  has discovered
  in electricity a multitude  of philosophical wonders.
  Bodies electrified by a sphere of glass, turned nim-
  bly round, not only emit  flame, but  may be fitted
  with such a quantity ofthe electrical vapour, as, if
  discharged at once upon a human body, would en-
  danger life. The force of this vapour has hitherto
  appeared instantaneous, persons at both ends of a
  long  chain seeming  to be struck at once.  The
  philosophers are now  endeavouring to intercept the
  strokes of lightning.
Ele'stuary, e-lek'tshu-ar-e. to. *. [electa-
  rium,   Calius   Aurel,  which is  now
  written electuary/]   A  form of  medi-
  cine made  of conserves and powders,
  in the consistence of honey.
    Electuaries made up with honey or syrup, when
  toe consistence is too thin, ferment;  and when too
  thick,  candy.  By both which the ingredients will
  be altered or impaired.                  Quincy.
    We meet with divers efecfuories, which  have no
  ingredient except sugar,  common to any two of
  toem.                                  Boyle.
Eleemo'synary,   el-e-moz'e-nar-e.  adj.
  [f Ae»j/M.#o-Jvj;.]
1. Living upon alms; depending upon cha-
  rity.  Not used.
    It is little better than an absurdity,  that the cause
  should be  an eleemosynary for its subsistence to its
  effects, as a nature posteriour to and dependent on
  itself.                               Glanville.
2. Given in charity.  This  is the  present
  use.
F'leganoe, eTe-ganse. £ to. s.  [elegan-
E'leganoy,  eTe-gan-se. $  tia, Latin.]
1. Beauty  rather  soothing than  striking;
  beauty without grandeur; the beauty of
  propriety not of  greatness.
    St. Augustine, out  of a kind of elegancy in wri-
  ting, makes some difference.            Raleigh.
    These questions, have more  propriety, and elegan-
  cy, understood of the old world.           Burnet.
2. Any thing  that pleases by its nicety. In
  this sense it has  a plural.
    My  compositions  in gardening are  altogether
  Pindarick, and run into  the  beautiful wildness of
  nature, without the nicer efegancies of art.    Spec.
E'LEGANT,  el'e-gant.  adj.   [elegana,
  Latin.]
1. Pleasing by minuter beauties.
    Trifles themselves are elegant in him.      Pope.
    There may'st thou  find some elegant retreat.
                                      London.
  Nice; not coarse; not gross.
    Polite wito candour, elegant with ease.     Pope.
E'legantly, el'e-gant-le. adv. [from ele-
  gant]
  In such a  manner as to please.
    Now read with toem those  organick arts which
  enable meu  to discourse  and write  perspicuously,
  elegantly, and accordiug to the fittest style of lofty,
  mean, or lowly.                        Milton.
            In a poem elegantly writ,
  I will not quarrel with a slight  mistake. Roscommon.
   NeaMy;  nicely;  with  minute  beauty;
  witli pleasing propriety.
    They describe her  in part  finely  and elegantly,
  and in part gravely and sententiously.     Bacon.
    Whoever would write elegantly, must have regard
  to the  different turn and juncture of  every period;
  there must be proper distances aud pai^es.    Pope.
Elegi'ack,   el-e-ji'ak. adj.   [eiegiacus,
  Latin.] 
E LE
ELE
ELE
l. Used in elegies. •
2. Pertaining to elegies.
3. Mournful; sorrowful.
             Let elegiac lay toe woe relate,
  Soft as the breath of distant flutes.          Gay.

E'legy, el'e-je. to. s. [elegus, Lat.]
l. A mournful song.
    He hangs odes upon hawthorns, and efegies upon
  brambles, all forsooth deifying the name of Rosa-
  lind.                                 Sliaksp.
2. A funeral song.
     So on Meander's banks, when death is nigh,
   The mournful swan sings her own elegy.  Dryden.
 3. A  short poem without  points or affect-
   ed  elegancies.
 E'LEMENT,el'e-ment. to. s. [elementum,
   Latin.]
 1. The first or constituent principle of any
   thing.
     If nature should intermit her course, those prin-
   cipal and mother elements of the world, whereof all
   things in this lower world  are made, should lose
   toe qualities which now they have.       Hooker.
     A man may rationally retain doubts concerning
   the number of those ingredients  of bodies, which
   some call elements, and others principles.    Boyle.
     Simple substances are either spirits,  which have
   no manner of composition, or the first principles of
   bodies, usually called efemenfs,  of which other bo-
   dies are compounded.                    Waffs.
 2. The four elements, usually so called, are
   earth,  fire, air, water,  of  which our
   world is composed.  When  it  is  used
   alone, element commonly means the air
     The king is but a man: the violet smells to him
   as it doth to me; and the element shews to him as it
   doth to me.                           Shaksp.
           My dearest sister fare thee well;
   The efemenfs be kind to thee, and make
   Thy spirits all of comfort.               Shaksp.
                    The king,
   Contending with the fretful efemenfs,
   Bids the wind blow the earth into the sea,
   Or swell the curled waters.              Shaksp.
     The heavens and the earth  shall  pass away, and
   the  efemenfs melt with fervent heat.        Peter.
     Here be four of you, able to make a good world;
   for you are as differing as the four elements. Bacon.
     He from his flaming ship his children sent,
   To  perish  in a milder element.           Waller.
  3. The proper habitation  or sphere of any
    thing; as water of fish.
     We are simple men; we do not know she works
   by charms, by spells, and such daubry as is beyond
   our efemenf.                          Shaksp.
     Our torments may, in length of time,
   Become our elements.                   Milton.
     They shew that they are  out of their efemenf,
   and that logick is none of their talent.     Baker.
  4. An ingredient; a constituent part.
          Who set the body and the limbs
   Of this great sport together, as you guess?
   -----One sure toat promises no efemenf
   In such a business.                     Shaksp.
  5. The letters of any language.
  6. The lowest or first rudiments of litera-
    ture or science.
     With religion  it fareth as with other sciences;
   the  first delivery of the efemenfs thereof must, for
   like consideration, be framed according to toe weak
   and slender capacity of young beginners.  Hooker.
     Every parish should  keep  a petty schoolmaster,
   which should bring up children in toe first efemenfs
   of letters.                            Spenser.
     We, when we  were children, were in  bondage
   under the elements of the world.             Gaf.
     There is nothing more pernicious to a youth, in
   toe elements of painting, than  an ignorant master.
                                       Dryden.
To E'lement,  el'e-ment. v. a. [from the
   noun.]
I. To compound of elements.
    Whether  any  one such body be met with, in
  those said to be elemented bodies, I now question.
                                        Boyle.
2. 1 o constitute; to make as a first princi-
   ple.
    Dull, sublunary, lover's  love,
  Whose soul is sense, cannot admit
    Of absence, 'cause it doth remove
  The thing which  elemented it             Donne.
Eleme'ntal, el-e-men'tal.  adj. [from ele-
   ment]
1.  Produced by  some of  the four ele-
   ments.
    If dusky spots are varied on his brow,
  And streak'd with red, a troubl'd colour show;
  That sullen mixture shall  at once declare
  Winds, rain, and storms, and elemental war. Dryd,
    Soft yielding minds to water glide away,
  And sip with nymphs their elemental tea.    Pope.
2. Arising from first principles.
    Leeches are by some accounted poison, not pro-
  perly, that is by temperamental contrariety, occult
  form, or so much as elemental repugnancy; but in-
  wardly taken, they fasten  upon toe veins, and occa-
  sion an effusion of blood.                Brown.
Elementa'rity, el-e-men-tar'e-te.  to.  s.
   [from elementary/]   The simplicity of
   nature, or absence of composition; being
   uncompounded.
    A very large class of creatures in the earth, far
   above the condition of elementarily.       Brown.
Eleme'ntary, el-e-inen'tar-e. adj. [from
   element.]
 1. Uncompounded;  having only one prin-
   ciple or constituent  part.
    All rain water contains  in  it a copious sediment
   of terrestrial matter, and is not a simple elementary
   water.                                 Ray.
    The elementary salts of animals are not toe same
   as they appear by distillation.          Arbuthnot.
2. Initial; rude.
Ele'mi, el-e'mi. to. .9.
    This drug is improperly called gum efemi, being
   a resin.   The genuine elemi is brought from A\.thi-
   opia in flattish masses, or  in cylinders, of a yellow-
   ish colour.  It is very rare in Europe, and supposed
   to be produced by a tree of the olive  kind.  The
   spurious or American efemi,  almost the only kind
   known, is of a whitish colour, with a greater or less
   greenish or yellowish tinge.   It proceeds from a tall
   tree, which the Brasilians wound,  and  collect the
   resin.                                  Hiff.
 Ele'nch, e-lensh'.  to.  s.   [elenchus, Lat.]
   An  argument; a  sophism.
     The first delusion Satan put upon Eve,  and his
   whole tentation might be the same elench continued,
   as when he said, Ye shall not die;  that  was, in his
   equivocation, you shall not incur present death.
                                        Brown.
     Discover the fallacies of our  common adversary,
   that old sophister, who puts the most abusive elenchs
   on us.                         Decay of Piety.
 Ele'ots, el-e'&tz. n. s.   Some name the
    apples in request in the cider  countries
    so;  not known by that name in several
    parts of  England.             Mortimer.
 E'lephant, ere-fant.  to. *.  [elephas, Lat.]
  I. The largest of all quadrupeds  of whose
    sagacity, faithfulness,  prudence, and
    even  understanding,  many  surprising
    relations  are given.  This animal feeds
   on hay, herbs,  and all sorts   of  pulse;
   and is  said to be extremely long  lifed.
   He is  supplied with  a trunk, or long
  hollow cartilage, which hangs between
  his teeth,  and  serves  him  for hands.
  His teeth are the ivory.          Calmet.
                He loves to hear,
  That unicorns may be betray'd with trees,
  And bears with glasses, elephants with holes. Shak.
    The elephant hath joints, but not for courtesy;
  His legs are for necessity, not flexure.     Shaksp.
2. Ivory; the teeth ol elephants.
    High o'er the gate, in elephant and gold,
  The crowd shall Caesar's Indian war behold.  Dryd,
Elephanti'asis,  el-e-ta.n-te'a-sis.  n. s.
  [elephantiasis, Lat.]  A species of le-
  prosy, so called from covering the skin
  with incrustations  like those on the hide
  of an elephant.
Elepha'ntine,   el-e-fan'tln.140 adj.   [ele.
  phantinus, Lat.]   Pertaining to the ele-
  phant.
To ELEVATE, el'e-vate.91  v. a. [clevo,
  Latin.]
I. To  raise up aloft.
    This subterranean heat  or fire, which elevates
  the water out of the abyss.           Woodward.
2. To exalt;  to dignify.
3. To raise  with great conceptions.
         Others apart sat on a hill retir'd,
  In thoughts more elevate, and reason'd high,
  Of providence, foreknowledge, will, and fate. Milt.
    In all that great extent, wherein the mind wan-
  ders, in those remote speculations  it may seem to
  be elevated with, it stirs not beyond sense or reflec-
  tion.                                   Loch.
    Now rising fortune elevates his mind,
  He shines unclouded, and adorns mankind. Savage.
4. To elate with vitious pride.
    To mischief swift, hope elevates,  and joy
  Brightens his crest.                     Milton.
5. To lessen by  detraction.   This sense,
   though  legitimately deduced from the
   Latin, is not now in use.
    When  the judgments of learned men are al-
  ledged  against  you, what do they but either elevate
  their credit, or oppose unto them the judgments of
  others as learned.                      Hooker.

E'levate, el'e-vate.91 part  adj.   [from
   elevfited.]   Exalted;  raised aloft.
    On each side an imperial city stood,
  With tow'rs and temples proudly efecafe
  On seven small hills.                   Milton.

Eleva'tion, el-e-va'shun. to.  *.  [elevatio,
   Latin.]
 I. The  act of raising- aloft.
    The disruption  of the  strata,  the  elevation of
  some, and the depression of others, did not fall out
  by chance, but were directed by a discerning prin-
  ciple.                             Wbodtoard.
2. Exaltation; dignity.
    Angels, in  toeir several degrees  of elevation
  above us,  may be endowed with more comprehen-
  sive  faculties.                           Locke.
 3. Exaltation  of  the mind  by noble  con-
   ceptions.
     We are therefore to love him with  all possible
  application and eferafion of spirit, with  all the
  heart, soul, and mind.                   Norris.
 4. Exaltation of style.
     His style was  an elegant perspicuity,  rich  of
  phrase, but seldom any bold metaphors;  and so far
  from tumid, that it rather wanted a little efevofion.
                                        Wotton.
 5. Attention to objects above us.
     All which different elevations of spirits unto God,
  are contained in the name of prayer.      Hooker.
 6. The height of any heavenly body with
   respect to the horizon.
     Some latitudes have no canicular days,  as those 
ELI
EL  I
ELM
  Svhich have more than seventy-lhrec  degrees of
   northern elevation, as Nova Zembla.      Brown.
 Eleva'tor, el'e-va-tiir.621  l8B to. s. [from
    elevate.]  A raiser or lifter up, applied
    to some chirurgical  instruments put to
    such uses.                        Quincy.
 ELE'VEN, e-lev'vn.103 adj.  [senblepen,
    Saxon.]  Ten and one;  one more than
    ten.
     Had  I a dozen sons, and none less dear than
   Marcius,  I had rather  eleven  die nobly for  their
   country,  than one voluptuously surfeit out of action.
                                       Shaksp.
 Ele'venth,  e-lev'vnfA.  adj.   [from ele-
    ven.]  The next in order to the tenth.
     In toe eleventh chapter he returns to speak of toe
   building of Babel.                    Raleigh.
 ELF,  elf. n. s. plural elves,  [elf, Welsh.
    Baxter's Gloss.]
 1. A wandering spirit supposed to be seen
    in wild unfrequented  places; a fairy.
     Through this house give glimmering light,
   By the dead and drowsy fire;
     Every elf, and fairy sprite,
   Hop as light as bird from briar.          Shaksp.
                   Fairy efces,
   Whose midnight revels by some forest side,
   Or fountain, some  belated peasant sees,
   Or dreams he sees.                     Milton.
     The king of elfs and little fairy queen
   Gambol'd on heaths, and danc'd on ev'ry green.
                                      Dryden.
     If e'er one vision touch'd thy infant thought,
   Of all the nurse and all the priest have  taught;
   Of airy elves by moon-light shadow seen,
   The silver token, and the circled green.     Pope.
 2. A devil.
     That we may angels seem, we paint them efves,
   And are but satires to set up ourselves.   Dryden.
     However it was civil, an angel or elf;
   For he ne'er could have fill'd it  so well of himself.
                                        Swift.
 To Elf, elf. v. a.  [from the  noun.]   To
   entangle hair in so intricate  a  manner,
   that it  is not to be unravelled. This the
   vulgar  have supposed to be the work
    of fairies in the night;  and  all  hair so
   matted together, hath had the  name of
   elf-locks.                      Hanmer.
             My face I'll grime with filth,
   Blanket my loins, e// all my hair in knots.  Shaksp.
 E'lfin, el'fln.  adj.  [from elf]  Relating
   to fairies; elfish; belonging  to  elves.
     Now when that idle dream was to him brought,
   Unto toat elfin knight he bade him fly,
   Where he slept soundly.               Spenser.
 E'lflock, elf'iok. n. s.  [elf and  lack.]
   Knots of hair twisted by elves.
        This is that veiy Mab,
  That plats the manes of horses in toe night,
  And cakes toe elf-locks in foul sluttish hairs,
  Which once untangl'd,  much misfortune bodes.
                                      Sliaksp.
 To ELI'CITE, e-lis'slt. v. a. [elicio, Lat.]
   To strike out;  to  fetch  out  by labour
   or art.
     Although toe same truths may be  elicited,  and
  explicated by the  contemplation of animals, yet
  they are more clearly evidenced in the contempla-
  tion of man.                            Hale.
    He elicits those acts out of the meer lapsed state
  of human nature.                      Cheyne.
Eli'cit, e-lis'slt.  adj.  [elicitus,  Latin.]
   Brought into act;  brought from possi-
  bility to real existence.
    It is the virtue of humility and obedience,  and
  not toe formal  eficif aet of meekness;  meekness
  being ordinarily annexed to these virtues. Hamm.
     The schools dispute whether, in morals,  the ex-
   ternal action superadds any thing of good or evil to
   the internal elicit act of the will.          South.
 Elicita'tion,  e-lis-se-t4'shun. to. a.  [from
   elicio,  Lat.]
     That  elicitalion which  toe schools intend, is  a
   deducing of the power of the will into act: that
   drawing  which  toey mention, is merely from the
   appetibility of the object.              Bramhall.
 To  Eli'de, e-lide'. v. a.  [elido, Lat.]  To
   break in pieces; to  crush.
     We are to cut off  that whereunto toey,  from
   whom these  objections proceed, fly  for defence,
   when the force  and strength of the argument is
   elided.                               Hooker.
 Eligibility,  el-e-je-bil'e-te. «. a.  [from
   eligible.]   Worthiness to be  chosen.
     The business of the will is not to judge concern-
   ing the nature of things, but to choose them in con-
   sequence of the report made by the understanding,
   as to their efigi&ififj/ or goodness.         Fiddes.
 E'LIGIBLE, ei'e-je-bl.*°s  adj.  [eligibilis,
   Lat.] Fit to be chosen; worthy of choice;
   preferable.
     A  British ministry ought to be satisfied, if, al-
   lowing to every particular man that  his  private
   scheme  is wisest, they can persuade him, that next
   to  his own plan,  that of the government is toe most
   eligible.                              Addison.
     Did they really think, toat going on with the war
   was  mere eligible for their country than  the  least
   abatement of those conditions?            Swift.
     That  toe most plain, short, and lawful way to
   any good end,  is more  eligible than  one  directly
   contrary in some or all of  these qualities.   Swift.
     Certainty,  in  a deep distress, is more  eligible
   than  suspense.                        Clarissa.
 Eligibleness, eTe-je-bl-nes. to. *. [from
   eligible.]   Worthiness  to ^be  chosen;
   preferableness.
 Elimination,  e-lim-e-na'shun.  to. s. [eli-
   mino, Lat.] The act of  banishing;  the
   act  of turning out of doors; rejection.
                                        Diet.
 Eli'sion, e-llzh'un. to. s. [elisio, Lat.]
 I. The act of cutting off; as, can't the at-
   tempt,  there is an elision of a syllable.
    You will observe the abbreviations  and elisions,
  by which consonants  of most obdurate sounds are
  joined together,  without any softening vowel to in-
  tervene.                                Swift.
 2. Division; separation of  parts.
    The cause given of sound,  that it would be an
  elision of the air, whereby, if  they mean any thing,
  they mean a cutting or dividing, or else an attenua-
  ting of the air, is but a term of ignorance.  Bacon.
Elixa'tion, el-ik-sa'shiln.633 53° to. s. [elix-
   us,  Lat.] The act  of boiling or stewing
   any thing.
    Even to ourselves, and more perfect animals, wa-
  ter performs no substantial nutrition; serving for re-
  frigeration, dilusion of solid aliments, and its efixa-
  fion in the stomach.                    Brown.
Eli'xir,  e-lik'siir.418  to. s. [Arabick.]
 I. A medicine  made by  strong  infusion,
   where the ingredients  are  almost dis-
   solved  in the menstruum, and give it  a
   thicker consistence than a tincture.
                                     Quincy.
    For when no healing art prevail'd,
  When cordials and elixirs fail'd,
  On your pale cheek he dropp'd the show'r,
  Reviv'd you like a dying flow'r.           Waller.
   The  liquor,  or  whatever it be,  with
   which  chymists hope to transmute me-
   tals  to gold.
   No chymist yet th© elixir got,
  But glorifies his pregnant pot,
                   4k2
   If by the way to him befal
   Some odoriferous thing, or medicinal.     Donne
 3.  The  extract  or  quintessence  of  any
   thing.
     In the soul, when the  supreme faculties  move
   regularly, the inferior passions and affections fol-
   lowing, there arises a serenity infinitely beyond the
   highest quintessence and efixir of wordly delight.
                                        SoufA.
 4. Any cordial; or invigorating substance.
     What wonder then, if fields and regions here
   Breathe forth elixir pure!               MUton.
 Elk, elk. n.  s. [aelc. Saxon.]  A large'and
   stately animal  of  the  stag kind.  The
   neck is short and slender; the ears nine
   inches in  length,  and  four in breadth.
   The colour of its coat in winter is grey-
   ish, in  summer it  is paler.  The horns
   of the male  are  short and  thick near
   the head, where it  by degrees expands
   inio  a great  breadth, with several pro-
   minences in its  edges.             Hill.
             And, scarce  his head
   Rais'd  o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk
   Lies slumb'ring silent in toe white abyss. Thomson.
 Ell, el. to. s. [eln, Sax.]
 1. A measure containing forty-five inches,
   or a yard and a quarter.
     They are  said to make yearly forty thousand
  pieces of linen cloth, reckoning two hundred effs to
  the piece.                            Addison.
 2. It is taken proverbially  for a  long mea-
   sure.
     Acquit thee bravely, play the man;
  Look not on pleasures as they come, but go:
     Defer not the last virtue; life's poor span
  Makes not an eff by  trifling in thy woe.   Herber-t.
 ELLI'PSIS, el-llp'sls.  n. s. \j\Xeuro~u;.]
 I. A figure of rhetorick, by which  some-
   thing is left out necessarily to be sup-
   plied by the hearer: as, the thing 1 love,
   for the thing which / love.
     The words are delivered  by way of ellipsis, Rom.
  iv. 18.                             Hammond,
 2. [In geometry.]  An  oval figure, being
   generated from  the section  of a cone,
   by a  plane cutting  both sides of  the
   cone, but not parallel to  the base, which
   produces a circle, and meeting with the
   base when produced.           Harris.
     On the cylinder inclined, describe an ellipsis, pa-
  rallel to the horizon.                   Wilkins.
    The planets could not possibly acquire such revo-
  lutions in circular orbs, or in ellipses very little ec-
  centrick.                             Bentley.
Elli'ptioal, el-lip'te-kal.  > adj. [from el-
Elli'ptick, el-llp'tik.     5  Upsia.] Hav-
   ing the form of an ellipsis; oval.
    Since toe planets move in elliptick orbits in one
  of  whose foci the sun is, and by a radius from toe
  sun describe equal areas  in equal times, which na
  other law of  a circulating fluid, but the harmoniral
  circulation, can account for; we must find out a law
  for the paracentrical  motion, that may make the or-
  bits elliptick.                          Cheyne.
    In animals, toat gather food from toe ground, toe
  pupil is oval or elliptical; the greatest diameter go-
  ing transversely from side to side.        Cheyne.
Elm, elm to. s. [ulmus, Lat. elm, Sax.]
 1.  A tree.
    The species are, the common rough-leaved elm;
  the witch hazel, or broad-leaved elm, by some called
  the British elm; the  smooth-leaved or witch elm.
  Neither of them  were originally natives  of  this
  country; but  they have propagated toemselves by
  seeds and suckers in such  plenty as hardly to be
 rooted out: especially in hedgerows, where there is 
ELO
ELS
E LU
  harbour for their roots.  They  are very proper to
  place in hedgerows, upon  the borders  of  fields,
  where they will thrive better than when planted in
  a wood or close plantation, and  their shade will not
  be very injurious to whatever  grows under  them;
  for they may be trained up in  form of an hedge,
  keeping them cut every year, to the height of forty
  or fifty feet: but they should not be planted too near
  fruit trees; because the roots of the efm will inter-
  mix wito toe roots of other trees, and deprive them
  of nourishment.                        Miller.
             The rural seat,
  Whose lofty elms and venerable oaks,
  Invite the rook, who high amid  toe boughs,
  In early spring, his airy city builds.      Thomson.
2. It was  used to support  vines, to which
   the poets allude.
    Thou art an efm, my husband; I a vine,
  Whose weakness married to thy stronger state,
  Makes me wito toy strength to  communicate.
                                    Shakspeare.
Elocu'tion, el-6-ku'shun. to. a. [elocutio,
   Lat.]
1. The  power of  fluent speech.
    A travelled doctor of physick, of bold and of able
  elocution.                             Wotton.
2. Power of speaking;  speech.
    Whose taste, too long forborne, at first essay
  Gave efocwfion to the mute, and taught
  The tongue not made for speech to speak thy praise.
                                       MUton.
3. The  power  of expression or  diction;
   eloquence; beauty of words.
    The third happiness of his poet's imagination is
  elocution, or the art of cloathing  or aciorning that
  thought so found, and varied, in apt, significant, and
  sounding words.                        Diyden.
    As I have endeavoured  to adorn it with noble
  thoughts, so much more to  express those thoughts
  with elocution.                        Diyden.
E'LOGY,ei'6-je.603».«. [eloge, Fr.] Praise;
   panegyrick.
    Buckingham lay under millions  of maledictions,
  which at the prince's arrival did vanish into praises
  and efogies.                            Wotton.
    If  I durst say all  I know of the efogies received
  concerning him, I should offend toe modesty of our
  author.                                Boyle.
    Some excellent persons, above my approbation or
  elogy, have considered  this subject.        Holder.
To E'loigne, eTldin. v. a.  [eloigner, Fr]
   To put at a distance; to  remove one far
   from another.  Now disused.
    From wordly care himself he did eloigne,
  And greatly shunned manly exercise. Fairy Queen.
    I'll tell thee now dear love! what thou shalt do
  To anger destiny, as she doth us;
  How I shall stay though she eloigne me thus,
  And how posterity shall know it too.       Donne.
To ELO'NG ATE, e-long'gate. v. a. [from
   longus, Lat.]
1. To lengthen; to  draw out; to protract;
   to stretch.
2. To put further off.
    The first star of Aries in the  time of Meton the
  Athenian, was placed in the very intersection which
  is now  eiong-afed and moved eastward twenty-eight
  degrees.                              Brown.
Tou Elo'ngate, e-16ng'gate.  v.n.  Togo
   off  to a  distance from any thing.
    About Cape Frio  in Brasilia, the south point of
  the compass varieth twelve degrees unto the west;
  but elongating from  tbe coast of Brasilia, towards
  toe shore of Africa, it varieth eastward.   Brown.
Elonga'tion,   el-6ng-ga'shun.633  to.  *.
  ffrom elongate.]
I. The act of stretching or  lengthening
   itself.
    To this motion of elongation of  the fibres, is ow-
  ing the union or conglutination of  the parte of the
  body, when they are separated by a wound. Arbuth.
2. The state of  being stretched.
3. [In medicine.]  An imperfect luxation,
   when the ligament of any joint is so ex-
   tended  or  relaxed  as to lengthen the
   limb, but yet not let the bone go quite
   out of its place.                 Quincy.
    Elongations are the effect of an humour soaking
  upon a ligament, thereby making  it liable to be
  stretched, and to be thrust quite out upon  every lit-
  tle force.                           Wiseman.
4. Distance;  space at which  one thing is
   distant from another.
    The distant points in the celestial expanse appear
  to the eye in so small a degree of elongation from
  another, as bears no proportion to what is real.
                                     Glanville.
5. Departure; removal.
    Nor then had it been placed in,a. middle point, but
  that of descent or elongation.            Brown.
To ELO'PE,  e-:6pe'. v. a. [loopen, to run,
   Dut.] To run away; to break loose;  to
   escape from law or restraint.
    It is necessary to treat women as members of the
  body politick, since great numbers of them have
  eloped from their allegiance.             Addison.
    What from the dame can Paris hope?
  She may as well from him efope.           Prior.
    The fool whose wife elopes some thrice a quarter,
  For matrimonial solace dies a martyr.       Pope.
Elo'pement,  e-iope'ment.  n. s.  [from
  elope]  Departure  from just restraint;
  rejection of lawful power: commonly
   used of a wife.
    An elopement is the voluntary departure of a wife
  from  her husband to live wito an adulterer, and
  with whom she lives in  breach of the matrimonial
  vow.                                  Ayliffe.
    The negligent husband, trusting to the efficacy of
  his principle, was  undone by his wife's elopement
  from  him.                          Arbuthnot.
E'lops, e'lops. to. s. [§AotJ'.] A fish: reck-
  oned however by Milton among the ser-
  pents.
    Scorpion and asp, and amphisbena dire,
  Cerastes horn'd, hydrus,  and efops drear,
  And dipsas.                           Milton.
E'loquence, el'6-kwense. to.  s. [eloquen-
  tia,  Lat.]
I. The  power of speaking with fluency
  and elegance; oratory.
    Action is eloquence, and the eyes of the ignorant
  More learned than the ears.         Shakspeare.
    Athens or free Rome, where eloquence
  Fiourish'd, since mute.                  Milton.
    His infant softness pleads a milder doom,
  And speaks with all the eloquence of tears. Heigh.
2. Elegant language uttered with fluency.
    Say she be mute, and will not speak a word;
  Then I'll commend her volubility,
  And say she uttereth piercing eloquence.    Shaksp.
    Fit words attended  on his weighty sense,
  And mild persuasion flow'd in eloquence.    Pope.
E'loquent, el'6-kwent. adj.  [eloquens,
  Lat.]  Having  t^e  power  of oratory;
   having the power of fluent  and elegant
   speech.
    The Lord of  hosts doth take away the captain of
  fifty, and the honourable man, and  the counsellor,
  and the cunning artificer, and the eloquent orator.
                                        Isaiah.
    Oh death! all efogwenf, you only prove
  What dust we dote on, when 'tis man we love.
                                         Pope.
Else, else, pronoun, [ellers Sax.] Other;
  one beside: it is applied.both to persons
  and things.
    To stand stained with  travel, and sweating wi«
  desire to see him; thinking of nothing the, putting
  all affairs efse in oblivion, as if there were nothing
  else to be done but to see him.        Shakspeare.
    Should he or any efse search, he will find evidence
  of tho Divine V\ isdom.                   Hale.
    He says, 'twas then with bim, as now with you;
  He did it when he had nothing efse to do. Denham.
Else, else. adv.
1. Otherwise.
             Dare not on thy life,
  Touch ought of mine beside,  by lot my due,
  But stand aloof, and  think profane to view:
  This faulchion, else, not  hitherto withstood,
  These hostile fields shall fatten with thy blood.
                                       Dryden.
    WThat ways are there  whereby we should be as-
  sured, but either by  an internal impression of the
  notion of a God upon our minds, or else by such ex-
  terna) and visible effects as our reason tells us  must
  be attributed to some cause?            TUloison,
2. Beside; except  that mentioned.
    Pleasures which no where  efse i\ ere to be found
  And all Elysium in a spot of  ground.     Dryden.
3. It has sometimes or before  it superflu-
   ously.
           Be more abstemious,
  Or else good night your vow.          Shakspeare.
E'lsewhere,else'liware.39? adv.[else  and
   where.]
1. In any  other place.
    There are here divers trees, which are not to be
  found elsewhere.                        Abbot.
    As he proved that  Pison was not Ganges, or Ge-
  hon, Nil us; so where to find them eisewliere he knew
  not.                                 Raleigh.
    For, if we chance  to fix our thoughts elsewhere,
  Though our eyes open be, we  cannot see.   Dories.
            Henceforth oracles are ceas'd,
  And thou no more with pomp and sacrifice
  Shall be enquir'd at Delphos, or elsewhere. MUton.
    Although seasoned bodies may and do live near
  as long in London as elsewhere, yet new-comers and
  children  do not.                        Grauwf.
2. In other places;  in  some other place.
    They which elsewhere complain, that injury is of-
  fered to the meanest minister, when the magistiate
  appointeth him what to wear,  think tbe gravest pre-
  lates no competent judges where it is'fit  for the
  minister to stand.                      Hooker.
    Let us no more contend, nor blame
  Each other, blam'd enough elsewhere.     Milton.
    Bestow, base man, thy idle  threats elsewhere;
  My mother's daughter knows not how to fear. Dryd.
    If it contradict what  he says elsewhere, it is no
  new or strange thing.                  Tillotson.

To Llu'cidate, e-Ju'se-date. v. a. [eluci-
  do, Lat.] To explain; to clear; to make
  plain.
    To elucidate a little the matter, let us consider
  it-     f                              Boyle.
Elucida'tion, e-lu-se-da'shtln. n.a. [from
  elucidate.]  Explanation; exposition.
    We shall, in order  to the efucicfation of this mat-
  ter,  subjoin the following experiment.      Boyle.
Elucida'tor, e-lu'se-da-tilriZl to. *. [from
  elucidate.]  Explainer;  expositor; com-
  mentator.
    Obscurity is brought over them by toe course of
  ignorance and age, and yet more by their pedanti-
  cal elucidat-rs.                          Abbot.

To ELU'DE, e-lude'. v.  a. [eludo, Lat.]
1. To escape  by stratagem; to  avoid  any
   mischief or danger by artifice.
    Several pernicious vices, notorious among us, es-
  cape or elude the punishment of any law yet invent-
  ed.                                    Swift.
    He who looks  no  higher for the motives of his
  conduct than the resentments  of human justice,
  whenever he can presume himself cunning enough 
ELY
EM A
EMB
  to elude, rich enough to bribe, or strong enough to
  resist it, will be under no restraint.        Rogers.
2. To mock by  an unexpected escape.
    Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
  Then, hid in shades, etudes her eager swain;
  But feigns a laugh to see me search around,
  And by that laugh the willing fair is found.  Pope.

Elu'dible, e-.u'de-bl. adj. [from elude]
   Possible to be defeated.
    There is not any common place more insisted on
  than the happiness of trials by juries; yet if this
  blessed part of our law be  efwdiofe by power and
  artifice, we shall have little  reason to boast. Swift.
Elves, eivz.  The plural of elf. See Ele.
            Fairy elves
  Whose midnight revels by some forest side,
  Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,
  Or dreams he sees.                  .  Milton.
    Ye sylphs and sylphids to your chief give ear;
  Fays, fairies, genii, elves,  and demons, hear. Pope.
E'lvelock, eiv'iok. to. s.  [from elves and
   lock.]  Knots  in the  hair superstitiously
   supposed to be tangled by the fairies.
    From the like might proceed toe fears of polling
  etoefocfcs, or complicated hairs of toe head. Brown.
E'lvish, el'vish. adj. [from elves, the plu-
   ral of elf: it had been  written more pro-
   perly elfish.]  Relating to elves, or wan-
   dering spirits.
    Thou elvish markt, abortive, rioting hog!
  The slave of nature, and the son of hell!   Shaksp.
    No muse hath been so bold,
  Or of the fatter or the old,
  Those elvish secrets to unfold,
  Which fie from others reading.         Drayton.
Elu'mbated, e-hlm'ba-ted. adj. [elumbis,
   Lat.] Weakened  in the loins.      Diet.
Elu'sion, e-lu'zhun.  to. s.  [elusio,  Lat.]
   An escape from  inquiry or examina-
[   tion; a fraud;  an artifice.
    An appendix, relating  to the transmutation of
  metals, detects the impostures and elusions of those
  who have pretended to it.             Woodward.
Elu'sive, e-lu'siv.143 428  adj. [from elude]
   Practising elusion; using arts to escape.
    Elusive of the bridal day, she gives
  Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives. Pope.
Elu'sory,  e-lu'sur-e.*29 6ia  adj.   [from
   elude.] Tending  to elude;  tending  to
   deceive;  fraudulent;   deceitful; falla-
   cious.
    It may be feared they  are but Parthian flights,
  ambuscade retreats and elusory tergiversation.
                                      .Brown.
To Elu'te, e-lute'.  v. a.  [eluo, Lat.]  To
   wash off.
    The more oily any spirit is, toe more pernicious;
  because it is harder to  be efufed by toe blood.
                                   Arbuthnot.
To Elu'triate, e-lw'tre-ate.91 v. a.  [elu-
   trio, Lat.]  To decant; or strain out.
    The pressure of the  air upon the lungs is much
  less than it has been computed by some; but still it
  is something, and the alteration of  one tenth of its
  force upon the  lungs must produce  some difference
  in elutiiating  the blood as  it passes through the
  lungs.                            Arbuthnot.
Ely'sian,  e-llzh'e-an."3   adj.  [elysius,
   Lut.] Pertaining  to elysium;  pleasant;
   deliciously  soft and soothing; exceed-
   ingly delightful.
    The river of life, through  midst of heaven,
  Rolls o'er elysian flowers her  amber stream. Milton.
EL Y'SIlfM, e-iizh'e-Am.  to.  *.  [Latin.]
   The place  assigned by  the  heathens to
   happy souls; any place exquisitely plea-
   sant.
    To have thee with thy lips to stop my mouth,
  So should'stthou either turn my flying soul,
  Or I should breath it so into thy body,
  And then it liv'd in sweet Elysium.    Shakspeare.
'Em, em.  A contraction of them.
    For he could coin and counterfeit
  New words with little or no wit;
  And when with hasty noise he spoke 'em,
  The ignorant for current took 'em.     Hudwras.
To EM A'C I ATE, e-ma'she-ate.642  v. a.
   [emacio, Lat.] To  waste; to deprive of
   flesh.
    Men after long emaciating diets wax plump, fat,
  and almost new.                       Bacon.
    All dying of the consumption, die emaciated and
  lean.                                Graunt.
To Ema'oiate, e-ma'she-ate. v.n. To lose
   flesh;  to pine; to grow  lean.
    He emaciated and pined away in toe too anxious
  enquiry  of the#sea's reciprocation,  although not
  drowned therein.                      Brown.
Emagia'tion, e-ma-she-a'shun. to. s. [ema-
   ciatus, Lat.]
I. The act of making lean.
2. The state of  one grown lean.
    Searchers  cannot tell whether this emaciation or
  leanness were from a phthisis, or from a hectick fe-
  ver.                                Graunt.
Emaoula'tion,  e-mak-u-la'shun.   to.  s.
   [emaculo, Lat.]  The act of freeing any
   thing  from spots or foulness.      Diet.
E'MANANT,e'ma-nant. adj. [emanans, Lat.]
   Issuing from something else.
    The first act of the divine nature, relating to the
  world, and his administration thereof, is an emanant
  act: the most wise counsel and purpose of almighty
  God terminates in those two great transient or ema-
  nant acts or  works, the work of creation and provi-
  dence.                                 Hale.
To E'manate, em'a-nate.81  v. to.  [emano,
   Lat.]  To issue or flow from something
   else.
EMANA'TioN,em-ma-na/sfmn.630TO.s.[ema-
   natio, Lat.]
1. The act of issuing or proceeding from
   any other substance.
    Aristotle said, that it streamed by connatural re-
  sult and emanation  from God,  the  infinite and
  eternal  Mind, as the light issues from the sun.
                                       South.
2. That  which  issues from  another sub-
   stance;  an efflux; effluvium.
    The experience of those profitable and excellent
  emanations from God, may be, and commonly are,
  the first motive of our love.              Taylor.
    Another way of attraction is delivered by a te-
  nuous emanation, or continued effluvium,  which,
  after  some  distance, retracteth unto itself; as  in
  syrups,  oils,  and viscosities, which spun,  at length,
  retire into their former dimensions.        Brown.
    Such were the features of her heav'nly  face:
  Her limbs were form'd wito such harmonious grace;
  So faultless was the frame, as if the whole
  Had been an emanation of the soul.      Dryden.
    The  letters, every judge  will see, were  by  no
  means efforts of the genius, but emanations  of the
  heart                      ,           Pope.
             Each emanation of his fires
  That beams  on earth, each virtue he inspires;
  Each art he  prompts, each charm he can create;
  Whate'er he gives, are giv'n for you to hate. Pope.
Ema'native, em'an-a-tiv. adj.  [from ema-
   no,  Lat.]  Issuing from another.    Diet.
 To  EM.VNC1PATE, e-man'se-pate. v.
   a. [emanc'tpo, Lat.]   To set free from
   servitude;  to resore to liberty.
     Having received  the probable inducements  of
   truth, we become emancipated from testimonial en-
  gagements.                            Brown.
    By the twelve tables, only those were called unt*
  the intestate succession of toeir parents toat were in
  the parents' power, excluding all emancipated chil-
  dren.                                Ayliffe.
    They emancipated themselves from dependence.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Emancipation,  e-man-se-pa'shun. to.  *.
  [from emancipate.]  The act of setting
  free; deliverance from slavery.
    Obstinacy in opinions holds the dogmatist in the
  chains of error, without hope of emancipation.
                                    Glanville.
To  Ema'rginate,   e-mar'je-nate.  v. a.
  [margo, Lat.]  To take away the mar-
  gin or edge of any thing.           Diet.
To  Ema'sculate,   e-mas'ku-late.  v. a.
  [emasculo, Lat.]
I. To castrate; to deprive of virility.
    When it is found how many ewes, suppose twenty,
  one ram will serve, we may geld nineteen, or there-
  abouts; fprif you emasculate but ten, you shall, by
  promiscuous copulation,  hinder the increase.
                                      Graunt.
2. To effeminate; to weaken; to vitiate by
  unmanly softness.
    From wars and from affairs of state abstain;
  Women emasewfafe a monarch's reign.    Diyden.
    Dangerous principles  impose  upon our under-
  standings, ewioscwfafe our spirits, and spoil our tem-
  per.                                 Collier.
Emascula'tion, e-mas-ku-la'shun.  to.  a.
  [from emasculate.]
1. Castration.
2. Effeminacy;  womanish  qualities;  un-
  manly softness.
To  Emba'le,  em-bale', v.  a.  [emballer^
  Fr.]
1. To make up into a bundle.
2. To bind up; to enclose.
    Below her ham, her weed did somewhat train,
  And her straight legs most bravely were embal'd
  In golden buskins of costly cordwain.    F. Queen.
To Emba'lm, £m-bam'.403 v. a. [embau-
  mer, French; embalsamer, Spanish.] To
  impregnate  a body  with aromaticks,
  that it may resist putrefaction.
            Embalm me,
  Then lay me forth; although unqueen'd, yet like
  A queen, and daughter to a king, inter me. Shaksp.
            I would shew future times
  What you were, and teach them  t'  urge towards
         such:
  Verse  embalms virtue,  and tombs or thrones of
         rhymes,
  Preserve frail transitory fame as much
  As spice doth bodies from corrupt air's touch.
                                       Donne.
    Muse! at that name thy sacred sorrows shed;
  Those tears eternal toat embalm the dead.   Pope.

Emba'lmer,  em-bam'er.4,08  ». *.   [from
   embalm.]   One that  practises  the  art
   of embalming and preserving bodies.
    The Romans were not so good embalmers as the
  Egyptians, so the body was utterly consumed.
                                       Bacon.
 To Emba'r, em-bar7, v. a. [from bar.]
 I.  To shut; to enclose.
    Themselves for fear into his jaws to fall,
   He fore'd to castle strong to  take their flight;
   Where fast embar'd in mighty brazen wall,
   He has toem now four years besieg'd to make toem
         thrall.                         Spenser.
    In form of airy members fair embar'd,
   His spirits pure were subject to our sight. Fairfax.
 2.  To stop; to  hinder by prohibition; to
   block up.
     Translating toe mart unto Calais,  he embared all
  further trade for the future.               Bacon. 
EMB
EMB
E MB
    If this commerce 'twixt heav'n and earth were
        not
  Embar'd, and all this traffick quite forgot,
  She for whose loss we have lamented thus,
  Would work more fully and pow'rfully on us. Donne.
Embarca'tion,  em-bar-ka'shun.   to.   s.
  [from embark.]
1. The act of putting on shipboard.
    The French gentlemen  were very solicitous for
  the embarcation of toe army, and for the departure
  of the fleet.                        Clarendon.
2. The act of going on shipboard.
Emba'rgo, em-bar'go.98 to. *. [embargar,
  Spanish.]    A  prohibition to pass; in
  commerce, a stop  put to trade.
     He knew that the subjects of  Flanders drew so
  great commodity from the  trade of England, as by
  embargo they would soon wax weary of Perkin.
                                       Bacon.
     After an embargo of our trading ships  in the
  river of Bourdeaux, and other points of sovereign
  affront, there did succeed the action of Rheez.
                                      Wotton.
     I was not much concerned, in my own particular,
  for the embargo which was laid upon it.   Dryden.

To  Emua'rk, em-bark', v. a. [embarquer,
   French.]
1. To put on shipboard.
     Of mankind so numerous late,
  All left in one small bottom swam emoarfc'd.
                                      Milton.
     The king had provided a good fleet, and  had
  caused a body of three thousand foot to be embarked
  on those ships.                     Clarendon.
     Straight to toe ships ^Eneas took his way,
  Embarkld his men, and skim'd along toe sea.
                                      Dryden.
2. To engage another  in any affair.
To  Emba'rk, £m-bark'. v. to.
1. To go on shipboard.
        I should with speed embark,
  And wito their embassy return to Greece. A. Philips.
2. To engage in  any affair.
To  EMBA'RRAS, em-bar'ras. v. a. [em-
   barasser, Fr.]  To perplex; to distress;
   to entangle.
     I saw my friend a little embarrassed, and turned
  away.                              Spectator.
Emba'rrassment,  em-bar'ras-ment. to. s.
   [from embarrass] Perplexity; entangle-
   ment.
     Let your method be plain, that your hearers may
  run through it without embarrassment, and  take a
  clear view of the whole.                 Waffs.
 To Emba'se, em-base', v. a. [from  base.]
 I.  To vitiate; to depauperate; to lower; to
   deprave; to impair.
     Grains are annual, so that the virtue of the seed
   is not worn out; whereas in a tree it is embased by
   toe ground.                            Bacon.
     I have no service or ignoble end in my  present
   labour, which  may, on either side, restrain or em-
   base the freedom of my poor judgment.    Wotton.
     I will rather chuse to  wear a crown of thorns,
   than to exchange that of gold for one of lead, whose
   embased flexibleness shall  be forced to bend.
                                  King Charles.
     A pleasure high, rational, and angelical; a plea-
   sure embased with no appendant sting; but such a
   a one as being honey in  the  mouth never turns to
   gall or gravel in the belly.               South.
 2.   i'o degrade; to villify.
     Joy of my life, full oft  for loving you
   I bless my lot, that was so lucky plac'd;
     But then the more your own mishap I rue,
   That are so much by so mean love embas'd. Spenser.
 Emba'ssadou, em-bas'sa-dur.98 «. s. [See
    Ambassadour.]  One sent on a  publick
    message.
    Mighty Jove's embassador appear'd
  With the same message.                DenAam.
    Myself, my king's embassador, will go.  Dryden.
Emba'ssadress, em-bas'sa-dr^s. to. s.  A
  woman sent  on a public message.
    With fear toe modest matron lifts her eyes,
  And to the bright embassadress replies.      Garth.
E'mbassage, em'bas-saje.9u / to. a. [It may
E'mbassy,  em'bas-se.       $    be    ob-
  served, that  though  our  authors  write
  almost indiscriminately  embassador or
  ambassador,  embassage, or ambassage;
  yet  there is  scarcely  an  example of
  ambassy, all  concurring to  write  em-
  bassy/]
1. A publick  message;  a message  con-
  cerning  business between  princes or
  states.
            Fresh embassy and suits,
  Nor from the state nor private friends hereafter,
  Will I lend ear to.                     Shaksp.
    When he was at Newcastle he sent a solemn em-
  bassage unto James king of Scotland, to  treat and
  conclude a peace with him.              Bacon.
    The peace polluted thus, a chosen band
  He first commissions to the Latian land,
  In threat'ning embassy.                Dryden.
2. Any solemn message.
    He sends the angels on  embassies with his de-
        crees.                          Taylor.
3. An errand, in an ironical sense.
    A  bird was made  fly with such art to carry  a
  written embassage among the ladies, that  one might
  say, If a live bird, how taught? If dead, how made?
                                       Sidney.
    Nimble mischance, that art so light of foot,
  Doth not toy embassage belong to me;
  And  am I last that know it?             Shaksp.
To  Emba'ttle, em-bat'tl.  v. a.  [from
  battle.]   To arrange in order  or array
  of battle.
             The English are embattled:
  To horse! you gallant princes, straight to  horse!
                                      Shaksp.
    I could drive  her from  the ward of her  reputa-
  tion, her marriage-vow, and a thousand other her de-
  fences, which now are too strongly embattled against
  me.                                 Shaksp.
     On their embattl'd ranks toe waves return,
  And overwhelm toe war!                MUton.
    Embattl'd nations strive in vain
  The  hero's glory to restrain:
  Streams arm'd with rocks, and mountains red wito
         fire,
  In vain against his force conspire.          Prior.
 To Emba'ttle, em-bat'tl. v. n.   To be
   ranged in battle array.
                 The night
  Is shiny, and toey say we shall embattle
  By toe second hour of the morn.           Shaksp.
 To Emba'y, em-ba'.98  v. a. [from  baigner,
   to bathe, French.]
 I. To bathe; to wet; to wash.  Not used.
     In her lap a little babe did play
  His cruel sport;
  For in her streaming blood he did embay
  His little hands, and tender joints embrew.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     Every sense the humour sweet embay'd
   And, slumb'ring soft, my heart did steal  away.
                                  Fairy Queen.
 2.  [from bay.]  To  enclose in a bay; to
    land lock.
             If that toe Turkish fleet
   Be not inshelter'd and embay'd, they're  drown'd.
                                       Shaksp.
  To   EMBE'LLISH,  em-bel'lish.  v.   a.
    [embellir, Fr.]   To adorn;  to  beautify;
    to  grace with ornaments; to decorate.
    How much more beauteous had toe fountain been
  Embellish'd with her first created green;
  Where crystal streams through living turf had run,
  Contented with an urn of native stone.    Dryden.
    The names of the  figures that  emoeffisfted  the
  discourses of those that understood toe art of speak-
  ing, are not the art  and skill of speaking well.
                                       Locke.
    That which was once the most beautiful spot of
  Italy, covered with palaces, emoeffisfted by em-
  perors, and celebrated by poets, has now nothing to
  shew but ruins.                       Addison.
Embe'llishment,  em-bel'llsh-ment. n. *.
  [from  embellish.]   Ornament; adventi-
  tious   beauty;  decoration;   adscititious
  grace; any thing that confers the power
  of pleasing.
    Cultivate the wild licentious savage
  With wisdom, discipline,  and liberal arts,
  The embellishments of life.             Addison.
    Apparitions, visions, and intercourses of all kinds
  between the dead and the living, are toe frequent
  and familiar embellishments  of the legends of the
  Romish church.                     Atterbury,

E'mbering, em'bur-lng. to.  s. The ember
  days.  A word  used by old  authors, now
  obsolete.
    For causes good so many ways,
  Keep emb'rings well,  and fasting days;
  What law commands we ought to obey,
  For Friday, Saturn, and Wednesday.      Tusser.

E'mbers, em'burz. to.  a. without a singu-
  lar, [semy-rua, Saxon, ashes;  cinmyria,
  Islandick, hot  ashes or cinders.]   Hot
  cinders; ashes  not yet  extinguished.
    Take hot embers, and  put them about a bottle
  filled with new beer almost to the very neck; let the
  bottle be well stopped, lest it fly out; and continue
  it, renewing toe embers every day for toe space of
  ten days.                              Bacon.
    If toe  air will not permit,
  Some still removed place  will fit,
  While glowing embers through the room
  Teach light to counterfeit a gloom.       Milton.
    While thus heav'ns highest counsels, by the low
  Footsteps of their effects,  he  trae'd too well,
    He tost his troubled eyes, embers that glow
  Now with new rage, and wax too hot for hell.
                                     Crashau}.
    He said, and rose, as holy zeal inspires;
  He rakes hot embers, and renews the fires. Dryden.
E'mberweek,  em'bur-week. to. 8.  [The
  original of  this  word  has  been much
  controverted: some  derive  it from  em-
  bers or ashes  strewed by penitents on
  their heads:  but JVelson  decides  in fa-
   vour of Mareschal,  who derives it  from
   ymbren or embren, a course or  circum-
   volution.] A week   in which an ember
   day falls.
     The ember days at the four seasons are the Wed-
  nesday,  Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday
  in Lent, the feast of Pentecost, September 14, De-
  cember  13.                   Common Prayer.
     Stated times appointed for fasting are Lent, and
  the four seasons  of the year called  emberweeks.
                                       Ayliffe.
 To EMBE'ZZLE, em-bez'zl. v.  a. [This
    word  seems corrupted  by an  ignorant
    pronunciation  from imbecile.]
 1.  To appropriate by  breach of trust; to
    turn what is  entrusted in his  hands to
    his own use.
     He had embezzled toe king's treasure,  and extort-
   ed money by way of loan from all men.  Hayward.
 2. To waste; to  swallow up in riot.
     When thou hast embezzl'd all thy store,
   Where's all thy father left?             Dryden. 
EMB
EMB
E MB
 Embe'zzlement,  em-bez'zl-ment.  to. s.
    [from embezzle.]
  1. Tne  act of  appropriating  to  himself
    that which  is  received in trust for an-
    other.
 2. The thing appropriated.
 To Embla'ze, em-blaze', v. a. [blasonner,
    Fr.]
 1.  To adorn with  glittering  embellish-
    ments.
           Th' unsought diamonds
   Would so emblaze the forehead of the deep,
   And so bestud with stars, toat they below
   Would grow inur'd to light.             MUton.
     No weeping orphan saw his father's stores
   Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors.  Pope.
 2. To blazon; to paint with ensigns armo-
    rial.
     Nor shall this blood be wiped from thy point,
   But thou shalt wear it as a herald's coat,
   T' emblaze  the honour which thy master got. Shak.
     He from the glittering staff unfurl'd
   Th' imperial ensign, streaming to the wind,
   With gems and golden lustre rich emftfaz'd,
   Seraphick arms and trophies.            Milton.
 To Embla'zon, em-b!a'zn. v. a. [blason-
    ner, Fr.]
 1. To adorn with figures of heraldry; to
    grace with ensigns armorial.
 2. To deck in glaring colours; to set  out
    pompously to show.
     We  find Augustus,  for  some  petty conquest,
   emblazoned by the poets to the highest pitch.
                                     Hakewill.
 Embla'zonry,  em-bla'zun-re. to. s. [from
   emblazon]  Pictures upon shields.
             Him  round
   A globe of fiery seraphim inclos'd
   Wito bright emblazonry and horrent arms.  Milton.

 E'MBLEM, em'blem. to. s. [fos;^.]
 1. Inlay; enamel;  any thing inserted into
   the body of another.
 2. An occult representation; an allusive
   picture; a typical designation.
     She had  all the royal makings of a  queen,
   The rod, and bird of peace, and all such emblems,
   Laid nobly on her.                     Shaksp.
     If you draw your  beast in an  emblem, shew a
   landscape of the country natural to the beast.
                                     Peacham.
              Gentle Thames,
   The mighty master's emblem, in whose face
   Sate meekness, heighten'd with majestick grace.
                                     Denham.
     He is indeed a proper emblem of knowledge  and
   action, being all head and paws.        Addison.
 To  E'mblem,  em'blem.  v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]   To  represent in an occult  or
   illusive manner. Not used.
    The primitive sight of elements doth fitly emblem
   that of opinions.                     Glanville.

Emblema'tical,   em-ble-mat'e-kal.fi09
Emblema'tick,  em-ble-mat'ik.
   adj. [from emblem.]
 1. Comprising an  emblem;  allusive; oc-
   cultly  representative.
             In the well fram'd models,
  With emblematick  skill and mystick order
    Thou shew'dst where tow'rs on battlements should
           rise,
  Where gates should open,  or  where walls should
           compass.                     Prior.
    The poets contribute to the explication of reverses
  purely emblematical, or when the persons are alle-
  gorical.                             Addison.
2.  Dealing in emblems; using emblems.
     By tongue and pudding to our friends explain
   What does your emblematick worship mean. Prior.
 Emblem a'tically,   em-ble-mat'e-kai-e.
   adv. [from emblematical.]   In the man-
   ner of emblems;  allusively;  with  oc-
   cult representation.
     Others have spoken  embematically  and hiero-
   gliphically, as to the Egyptians; and thephcenix was
   the hierogliphick of the sun.             Brown.
     He took a great stone, and put  it up  under the
   oak, emblematically joining the two great elements
   of masonry.                            Swift.

 Emble'matist, em-blem'a-tist. n. s. [from
   emblem.]   A writer or inventer of  em-
   blems.
     These fables are still maintained by symbolical
   writers,  emblematists, and heralds.         Brown.
 E'MBOLisM,em'bo-iizm. n. s.  [jnfieXto-fios.]
 I. Intercalation; insertion of days or years
   to  produce- regularity and equation of
   time.
     The civil constitutions of the year were  after
   different manner in several nations; some using the
   sun's year, but in divers fashions; and some follow-
   ing the moon, finding out embolisms or equations,
   even  to the  addition  of whole months, to make
   all as even as  they could.               Holder.
 2. The time inserted; intercalatory time.

 E'mbolus, em'bo-liis. n. s. [tptofos] Any
   thing  inserted and acting in another, as
   the sucker in a  pump.
     Our members make a sort of an hydraulick en-
   gine, in  which a chemical liquor, resembling blood,
   is driven through elastick channels by an embolus,
   like the  heart.                     Arbuthnot.
 To EMBO'SS, em-bos', v. a.  [from bosse,
   a protuberance, Fr.]
 1. To form with  protuberances; to cover
   with   something rising  into lumps or
   bunches.
    Timon hath made his everlasting mansion
   Upon the beached verge of the salt flood;
   Which once a-day, with his embossed froth,
   The  turbulent surge shall cover.         Shaksp.
            Thou art a bile,
   A plague sore, or embossed carbuncle,
   In my corrupted blood.                  Shaksp.
    Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss,
   And  all his people.                     MUton.
    All crowd in heaps, as at a night-alarm
   The bees drive out upon each other's backs,
  T' emboss their hives in clusters.         Dryden.
2. To engrave with relief,  or  rising work.
    Then o'er the lofty gate his heart  emboss'd
  Androgeo's death, and ofl'rings to his ghost. Dryd.
3. [from  emboister, French, to enclose in a
   box.]  To enclose; to include; to cover.
    The knight his thrilliant spear again essay'd
  In his brass-plated body to emboss.       Spenser.
    And in the way, as she did weep  and wail,
  A knight her met, in mighty arms emboss'd.
                                 Fairy Queen.
4. [emboscare, Italian.]   To  enclose in a
   thicket.
            Like that self-begotten bird
  In th' Arabian woods embost.             MUton.
5. To hunt hard.
    When a deer is hard run, and foams at toe mouth,
  he is  said to be emoosf: a  dog also when he  is
  strained  with hard ■unning, especially upon hard
  ground, will have his knees swelled, and then he is
  said to be embost, from bosse, French, a tumour.
                                     Hanmer.
              Oh, he is more mad
  Than Telamon for his shield; the boar of Thessaly
  Was never so emftosf.                   Shaksp.
    We have almost embost him: you shall see his fall
  t0-n'6nt-                              Shaksp,
 Embo'ssment, em-bos'ment. to.  s.  [from
    emboss]
 1.  Any thing standing out from the rest;
    jut; eminence.
     I  wish  also  in the very middle, a fair mount,
  with three ascents, and alleys  enough  for four to
  walk a-breast;  which 1 would have to be perfect
  circles,  without any bulwarks  or  embossments.
    t»  i- r   • •                        Bacon.
 i.  Relief;  rising work.
     They are at  a loss about toe  word pendentis;
  some fancy it expresses only the great enwossment
  of the figure, others believe  it hung off toe helmet
  in alto relievo.                        Addison.
 To Embo'ttle, em-bot'tl. v. a. [bouteilley
   Fr.]  To include in bottles; to bottle.
             Stirom, firmest fruit,
  Embottled long as Priamean Troy
  Withstood  the Greeks, endures.          Philips.
 To Embo'wel, em-bou'el.  v. a.  [from
   bowel.]   To eviscerate;  to deprive  of
   the entrails; to  extenerate.
                   The schools,
  Embowelled of their doctrine, have left off
  The danger to itself.                   Shaksp.
    Embowell'd will I see thee by and by;
  Till then, in blood, by noble Percy lye.    Shaksp.
                 The roar
  Embowell'd with outrageous noise toe air,
  And  all her entrails tore.               Milton.
    Fossils and minerals that th' em&cweff'd earth
  Displays.                            Philips.
 To EMBRA'CE, ern-brase'.  v. a.  [em-
   braaser,  Fr.]
 1. To hold fondly  in the arms; to squeeze
  in kindness.
    Embrace again, my sons! be foes no more;
  Nor stain your country with her children's  gore.
                                      Dryden.
 2.  To seize  ardently or eagerly;  to  lay
  hold on; to welcome; to accept willing-
  ly any thing  offered.
    I take it, your own business calls on you,
  And you em&roce th' occasion to depart.   Shaksp.
    At first her mother earth she holdeto dear,
  And doth embrace toe world,  and worldly things.
                                      Dories.
    They who are represented by the wise virgins,
  embraced the profession of the christian religion, as
  toe foolish virgins also had done.       Tillotson.
 3. To comprehend;  to  take in:  as natural
  philosophy embraces many sciences.
 4.  To comprise;  to enclose;  to contain;
  to encompass; to encircle.
    Low at his feet a spacious plain is plac'd,
  Between the mountain and toe stream embrac'd.
                                    Denham.
 5. To admit;  to receive.
          Fenton, Heav'n give thee joy!
  What cannot be eschew'd, must be embrac'd.
                                      Shaksp.
    If  a man can be assured of any thing,  without
  having examined, what is there toat he  may not
  embrace for truth?                      Locke.
6. To  find; to take.
                 Fleance, his son,
  Whose absence is no less material to me
  Than is his father's must emoroce the fate  •
  Of that dark hour.                     Shaksp.
7. To squeeze  in a hostile manner.
 To  Embra'ce,  em-brase'. v. to.   To  join
  in an embrace.
    Let me embrace with old Vincentio;
  And wander we to see thy honest son
  Who will of thy  arrival be full joyous.     Shaksp.
 Embra'ce, em-brase'.  «.  s.   [from  the
  verb.]
 I. Clasp; fond pressure in the arms; hug. 
EMB
EME
E ME
      Thames, the most lov'd of all the ocean's sons
    By his old sire, to his embraces runs.     Denham.
  2. A hostile squeeze; crush.

  Embra'cement,   em-brase'ment.  «. *.
    [from embrace.]
  1. Clasp in the arms; hug; embrace.
      Thus death becomes a rival to us all,
    And hopes with foul embracements her to get,
      In whose decay virtue's fair shrine must fall.
                                        Sidney.
      There cherishing one another with dear, though
    chaste embracements, with sweet, though cold kisses,
    it might  seem toat love was come to play  him
    there without darts.                    Sidney.
  2. Hostile hug;  grapple.
      These beasts, fighting wito any man, stand upon
    their hinder feet; and so this did, being  ready to
    give me a shrewd embracement.          Sidney.
  3. Comprehension.
      Nor can her wide embracements filled be. Davies.
  4. State of being  contained; enclosure.
      The parts in man's body easily reparable, as
    spirits, blood, and flesh, die in the embracements of
    the parts hardly reparable, as bones, nerves, and
    membranes.                           Bacon.
  5. Conjugal endearment.
      I would freelier rejoice in that absence wherein
    he won honour, than in toe embracements of his
    bed, where he would shew most love.     Shaksp.
 Embra'oer, £m-bra'sur. to. *.  [from em-
    brace.]  The person embracing.
      Yet are they the greatest embracers of  pleasure
   of any other upon earth; and they esteem of pearls
   as pebbles, so they may satisfy their gust, in point
   of pleasure or revenge.                 Howell.
 Embra'sure, em-bra'zure. w.  s.  [embra-
    sure^ French.]  An aperture in the wall,
    through which  the cannon  is  pointed;
    battlement.

 To  Embra've,  <!m-brave'.  v. a.   [from
    brave.]   To decorate;  to  embellish; to
    deck; to grace; to adorn.   Not now in
    use.
     So, both agree toeir bodies to engrave;
   The great earth's womb they open to the sky,
   And, with sad cypress, seemly it embrave.   F. Q.
 To E'MBROCATE,  em'br6-kate. v. a.
    [f*Gpex,*>.]  To  rub  any part diseased
    with medicinal liquors.
     I returned her a glass with oil of roses and vine-
   gar, to embrocate her arm.             Wiseman.
 Embroca'tion,   em-bro-ka'shun.   to.  a.
    [from embrocate/]
 1. The  act of rubbing any part diseased
    with medicinal liquors or spirits.
 2. The lotion with which any diseased part
    is washed or embrocated.
     We endeavoured to ease by discutient and emol-
   lient cataplasms, and embrocations of various sorts.
                               Wiseman's Surg.
 To EMBRO'IDER,  em-br6e'dur.  v.  a.
   [broder, Fr.] To border with ornaments;
   to decorate  with figured work; to diver-
   sify with needlework;  to adorn a ground
   with  raised figures of needlework.
     Such  an accumulation of favours  is like a kind
   of embroidering, or lifting of one favour upon ano-
   ther.                                Wotton.
    Embroider'd so with flowers it had stood,
   That it became a garden of a wood.       Waller.
    Let no virgin be allowed to receive her lover, but
   in a suit of her own embroidering.       Spectator.
    Embroider'd purple clothes the golden beds;
  This slave toe floor, and that the table spreads.
                                        Pope.
Embro'iderer,  £m-brde'dtir-ur.   n.   a.
    [embroider.]  One  that adorns clothes
    with needlework.
      Blue silk and purple, the work of toe embroider-
   er.                                  Eccles.
  Embro'idery, em-broe'diir-e. to. a.  [from
    embroider.]
  1.  Figures raised  upon a ground;  varie-
    gated needlework.
                    Write,
   In em'raid toffs, flow'rs purfled, blue and white,
   Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery,
   Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee.
                                    Shakspeare.
      Laces and embroideries are more costly than ei-
   ther warm or comely.                   Bacon.
      Next these a youthful train toeir vows express'd,
   Wito feathers crown'd, wito gay embroidery dress'd.
                                         Pope.
  2.  Variegation; diversity of colours.
     If the natural embroidery of Ihe meadows were
   helpt and improved by art, a man might make a
   pretty landskip of his  own possessions.  Spectator.
  To Embro'il,  em-broil,  v. a. [brouiller,
   French.]
  I. To disturb; to confuse; to distract;  to
   throw  into commotion; to  involve  in
   troubles by dissension and discord.
     I had no passion, design, or preparation to em-
   broil my kingdom in a  civil war.    King Charles.
             Rumour next, and chance,
   And tumult and confusion, all embroil'd,
   And discord with a thousand various mouths. Milt.
     When she found her venom spread so far,
   The royal house embroil'd in civil war,
   Rais'd on her dusky wings she cleaves the skies.
                                      Dryden.
 2. To perplex;  to entangle.
     The christian antiquities  at Rome, though of a
   fresher date, are so embroil'd with fable and le-
   gends, that one receives but little satisfaction.
                               Addison on Italy.
 3. In the following passage the word seems
   improperly used  for broil or burn.
     That knowledge, for which we boldly attempt to
   rifle God's cabinet, should, like the coal from the
   altar, serve only to embroil and  consume toe sacri-
   legious invaders.                Decay of Piety.
 To  Embro'thel, 6m-broTH'£l. v.a.  [bro-
   thel, brodel.]  To enclose in a brothel.
              Men, which chuse
   Law practice for mere  gain,  boldly repute,
   Worse than embrothel'd strumpets prostitute.
                                      Donne.
 E'mbryo, dm'bre-6.   }      .„  .
 E'mbryon, em'bre-6n.5  n-s'£fc^vm-
  .  The  offspring yet unfinished in the
   womb.
     The  bringing forth  of living creatures may be
   accelerated, if toe embryo ripeneth and perfecteto
   sooner.                              Bacon.
    An exclusion  before conformation,  before the
  birth can bear  the name of the parent, or  be so
  much as properly called an embryon.      Brown.
    The earth was form'd, but  in toe womb as yet
  Of waters, embryon immature involv'd
  Appear'd not.                         Jlfiffon.
    In that dark womb are the signs andrudiments of
  ** embryo world.                     Burnet.
     When the crude embryo careful nature breeds,
  See how she works, and how  her work proceeds.
            ___.                    Blackmore.
            While the promis'd fruit
  Lies yet a little embryo, unperceiv'd
  Within its crimson folds.              Thomson.
  . The  state of any thing yet  not fit for
   production, or yet unfinished.
    The company little suspected what a noble work
  Yjnaa then in embiyo.                    Swift.
Eme, erne. to. a. [eame, Saxon.]   Uncle!
  Obsolete.
     Whilst they were young, Cassibelan their erne-,
   Was by toe people chosen in their stead;
     Who on him took the royal diadem,
   And goodly well it long time governed.   Spenser.
  Emen'dable, e-men'da-bl.  adj.  [emendo,
    Latin.]   Capable of emendation; cor-
    rigible.
  Emenda'tion,   em-£n-da'shun.880   n. a.
    [emendo, Latin.]
  1. Correction; alteration of any thing from
    worse to better.
     The essence and  the relation of every thing in
   being,  is  fitted, beyond  any emendation, for  iti
   action aud use; and shews it to proceed from a mind
   of the highest understanding.              Grew.
 2. An alteration  made in  the text by ver-
    bal criticism.
 Emenda'tor, em-6n-da't6r.B21«. s. [etnen.
    do, Lat.]   A corrector;   an  improver;
   an alterer for the better.
  E'merald, em'e-rald.  to.  a.  [emeraude
   Fr. smaragdus, Lat.] A green precious
   stone.
     The emerald is evidently the same with the anci-
   ent  smaragdus; and,  in its most perfect state,  is
   perhaps the  most beautiful of all the gems.  The
   rough emerald  is usually of a very bright and na-
   turally polished surface, and is ever of a pure and
   beautiful green, without the admixture of any other
   colour.  The oriental emerald  is of the hardness of
   the saphire and ruby, and  is  second  only to the
   diamond in lustre and brightness.          fim.
     Do you not see the grass how in colour they excel
   the emerald?                          Sidney.
     The emerald is a bright grass green; it is found
   in  fissures of rocks, along with  copper ores.
                                    Woodward.
     Nor deeper verdure dies the robe of spring,
   When first she  gives it to the southern gale,"
   Than the green emerald shows.         Thomson
 To  EME'RGE, e-merje'. v. to.  [emergo,
   Latin.]
 1. To rise out  of any thing in which it  is
   covered.
    They emerged,  to the upper part of toe spirit  of
  wine, as much of them as lay immersed in the spirit.
                                       Boyle.
     The mountains emerged,  and became dry land
  again, when the waters retired.          Pwrnef.
    Thetis, not unmindful of her son,
  Emerging from the deep, to beg her boon,
  Pursued their track.                   Dryden.
2. To issue; to proceed.
    If the prism was turned about its axis that way
  which made the rays emerge  more obliquely out  of
  the second refracting  surface  of toe  prism, the
  image soon became an inch or two longer, or more.
        .                            JVhofon.
3. To rise; to  mount from a state of de-
   pression or obscurity; to rise into view.
    Darkness, we see, emerges into light;
  And shining suns descend to sable night.  Dryden.
    When, from dewy shade emerging bright
  Aurora streaks toe sky with orient light,
  Let each deplore his dead.                Pope.
    Then from ancient gloom emerg'd
  A rising world.                      Thomson.
Eme'rgence, e-mer'jense. > to.  *.  [from
Eme'rgency, e-mer-jen-se. 5  emerge]
I. The act of  rising out of  any fluid by
  which it is covered.
    We have read of a tyrant, who tried to prevent
  the emergence of murdered bodies.       Brown.

2. The act of rising or starting into view.
    The emergency of colours, upon  coalition of the
  particles of such bodies, as were neither of toem of
  toe colour of that mixture whereof they are ingre-
  dients, is very well worth our attentive observation.
                             Boyle on Colours. 
EMI
EMI
E M M
    The white colour of all refracted light, at its
  very first  emergence, where it appears as white as
  before its incidence, is compounded  of various co-
  lours.                               Newtvn.
3. Any sudden occasion;  unexpected ca-
   sualty.
    Most of our rarities have been found out by ca-
  sual emergency, and have  been  the works of tone
  and chance, rather than of philosophy.   Glanville-
4. Pressing necessity; exigence. Not pro-
   per.
    In any case of emergency, he would employ the
  whole  wealth of his empire, which he  had  tbus
  amassed together in his subterraneous exchequer.
                                     Addison.
Eme'rgent,   e-mer'jent.  adj.    [from
   emerge.]
\. Rising   out of that  which overwhelms
   or obscures it.
    Love made my emergent fortune once more look
  Above toe main, which now shall hit the stars.
                                  Ben Jonson-
    Immediately toe mountains huge appear
  Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave
  Into the clouds.                        Milton.
8. Rising  into view,  or notice,  or honour.
    The man that is once hated, both his good and
  his evil deeds oppress him; he is not easily emer-
gent.
Ben Jonson.
 3. Proceeding or issuing from anything.
     The stoics held a fatality, and a fixed unalter-
   able course of events; but then they held also, that
   they fell out by a necessity emergent from  and in-
   herent in the things themselves, which God himself
   could not alter.                         South.
 4. Sudden; unexpectedly casual.
     All the lords declared, that upon any emergent
   occasion, they  would mount their servants upon
   their horses.                    _  Clarendon.
 E'meroDc, em'er-ods.  > n. a. [corrupted
 E'meroids, em'er-oidz. 5 by    ignorant
   pronunciation from hemorrhoids,  at/A-op-
   poifcs.]   Painful  swellings of the  he-
   morrhoidal  veins; piles.
    He destroyed them, and smote them  with eme-
   rods.                               1 Samuel.
 Eme'rsion,  e-mer'shfin.  to.  s.    [from
   emerge.] The time when a star, having
   been obscured by its too near approach
   to the sun, appears again.
     The time was in the heliacal emersion, when it
   becomes at greatest distance from the sun.  Broion.
 E'mery, em'er-e.  to. s.  [smyris,  Latin;
   esmeril, French.]
     Emery is an iron ore, considerably rich.  It is
   found in the island of Guernsey, in Tuscany,  and
   many parts of Germany.  It has a near relation to
   the magnet.  The lapidaries cut the ordinary gems
   on their wheels by sprinkling the wetted  powder
   over them; but it will not cut diamonds.  It is  use-
   ful in cleaning and polishing steel.         Hill.
EMETIC VL, e-met'e-K.al. £ adj. [i/tim.]
E.ME'TICK, e-mer'ik.     5      Having
   the quality of provoking  vomits.
    Various  are toe temperaments and operations of
   h^rbsj^pme purgative, some emetick, and some su-
   dorifick.                               Hafe.
Eme'itcvlly, e-meVe-kal-e.  adv.  [from
   emetical.]  In such a manner as to pro-
   voke to vomit.
    It  has been complained of, toat preparations of
   silver have produced violeut  vomits; whereas  we
  ha\e not observed duly refined silver to work emefi-
  cally, even iu women and girls.            Boyle.
Emiua'tion, em-e-ka'shun.530 «.  *.  [r  mi-
   ca-io, L.itin.]  Sparkling; living off in
   smill parades, as sprightly liquors.
    Iron, in aqua fortis, wiil fall into ebullition with

      VOL. I.
  noise and emication, as also a crass and fumid ex-
  halation.                              Broi. n.
EiwionoN, e-mik'shun. to. s. [from  emic-
   tum,  Lat.] Urin^; what is voided by the
   urinary  passages.
    Gravel and stone grind away the flesh, and effuse
  toe blood apparent in a sanguine emicfion. Harvey.

To  E MIGRATE,  em'me-grate.   v.  a.
   [emigro, Latin.]  To remove from one
   place to another.

Emigra'tion,  em-e-gra'shun.  «. s. [from
   emigrate]    Change of habitation;  re-
   moval  iVom  one place  to another.
    We find the originals of many kingdoms either
  by victories, or by emigrafio.is, or intestine commo-
  tions.                                  Hale.
imminence, em'e-nense. ) to. *. [eminen-
E'mlnency, £m'e-nen-se. $ tia, Latin.]
I. Loftiness;  height.
2. Sunmit;  highest part.
    Mountains abound with  different vegetables,
  every vertex or eminency affording new kinds. Ray.
3. A  pari arisint; above thr rest.
    They must be  smooth,  almost imperceptible to
  the touch, and without either eminence or cavities.
                                      Dryden
4. A  place where one  is exposed to gene-
   ra! notice.
    A satyr or libel  on one of the common  stamp,
  never meets with that reception as what  is aimed
  at a person whose merit places him  upon an emi-
  nence, and gives him a more conspicuous figure.
                                     Addison.
5. Exaltation;   conspicuousness;  state  of
   being exposed  to view; reputation;  ce-
   lebrity; fame; preferment;  greatness.
    You've too a woman's heart, which ever yet
  Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty.     Shaksp.
    Alterations are attributed to the powerfullest un-
  der princes, where the eminency of  one obscureto
  the rest.                             Woffon.
            He deserv'd no such return
  From me whom he created what I was,
  In toat bright eminence; and with his good
  Upbraided none.                        Milton.
    Where men cannot arrive to any eminency of es-
  tate, yet religion makes a compensation, by teach-
  ing content.                         Tillotson.
    These two were  men of eminency, of learning
  as well  as piety.                   Stillingfleet.
6. Supreme degree.
    Whatever pure thou in the body enjoy'st,
  And pure thou wert created, we enjoy
  In eminence.                           Jlfiffon.
7. Notice;  distinction.
    Let your remembrance still  apply to Banquo:
  Present him eminence both with eye and tongue.
                                       Shaksp.
8. A title given to cardinals.

E'MINENT, em'e-nent. adj.   [eminens,
   Latin.]
I. IT'gh; lofty.
    Thou hast built unto thee an eminent place.
                                      Ezekiel.
    Satan, in gesture proudly eminenf,
  Stood like a tow'r.                      Jtfiffcm.
2. Dignified;  exalted.
    Rome for your sake shall push her  conquests on,
  And bring new titles home from nations won,
  To dignify so eminenf a son.             Dryden.
3. Conspicuous; remarkable.
    She is eminent for a sincere piety in the practice
  of religion.                          Addison.
                 Eminenf  he mov'd
  In Grecian arms, toe wonder of his foes.   Glover.

L'minently,  em'e-nent-le.  adv.   [from
   eminent.]

      4l
 l.'Conspicuously;  in a  manner that at-
   tracts observation.
               Thy love, which else
  So eminently never had been known.      MUton.
    Lady, that in the prime of earliest youth,
  Wisely has shunn'd the broad way and the green,
  And with those few art eminently seen,
  That labour up the hill of  heavenly truth.   MUt-
    Such as thou hast solemnly elected,
  With gifts and graces ^wiinenffi; adorned,
  To some great work.   '                 Jlfiffon.
2. In a high degree.
    All men are equal  in their judgment of what ic
  eminently best.                        Diyden.
    That simplicity, without which no human per-
  formance can arrive to perfection, is no where more
  eminently useful than  in this.              Swift.
E'missarv,  em'is-sar-re. to. s. [emiaaariua,
   Laiin.]
i. One sent  out on private messages; a
   spy;  a secret agent.
    Clifford, an emissary and spy of the king's, fled
  over into Flanders with his privity.        Bacon.
    You shall  neither eat nor sleep,
  No, nor forth your window peep,
  With your emissary eye,
  To fetch in the forms  go by.         Ben Jonson.
    The Jesuits send over emissaries, with instructions
  to  personate  themselves members of the several
  sects amongst us.                        Swift.
2. One that emits or sends out. A techni-
   cal sense.
    Wherever there are emissaries, there are absorb-
  ent vessels in the skin: and, by the absorbent ves«
  sels, mercury will pass into the blood.   Arbuthnot.
Emi'ssion, e-mish'un. to. a.  [emissio, Lat.]
   The act of sending out; vent.
    Tickling causeth laughter: the cause may be toe
  emission of the spirits, and so of the breath by a
  flight from tidilation.                    Bacon.
    Populosity naturally requireth transmigration and
  emission of colonies.          Brown's Vulg. Err.
    Cover them with glasses; but upon all warm and
  benign emissions of the sun, and sweet showers, give
  them air.                              Evelyn.
    Affection, in toe state of  innocence, was happily
  pitched upon its right  object: it flamed up in direct
  fervours of devotion to God, and in collateral emis-
  sions of charity to its neighbour.          South.
To EMIT* e-mit'. v. a. [emitto, Latin.]
1. To sendjforth; to let  go;  to  give vent
   to.
    These baths continually emif a manifest and very
  sensible heat; nay,  some of them,  at some times,
  send forth an actual and visible flame.   Woodward.
    The soil being fruitful and rich, emits  steams,
  consisting of volatile and active parts.   Arbuthnot.
2. To let  fly; to dart.
    Pay sacred rev'rence to Apollo's song,
  Lest, wrathful toe far-shooting good emit
  His fatal arrows.                        Prior.
3. To issue out juridically.
    That a citation be valid,  it ought to be decreed
  and emitted by the judge's authority, and at the in-
  stance of the party.                     Ayliffe.
Emme'nagogues,  em-men'a«g6gz.  n  s.
   [tm*Ji1t* and kyu/]  Medicines that pro-
   mote the  courses, either  by giving a
   greater force to  the  blood in  its circu-
   lation, or  by making it thinner  Quincy,
    Emmenagogues  are such as  produce a plethora,
  or  fulness of toe  vessels,  consequently  such  as
  strengthen the organs of digestion, so  as to make
  good blood.                        Arbuthnot.
E'mmet, em'mit."  n.s.  [aemecce, Sax.]
   An ant; a pismire.
    When cedars to the ground fall down by the
      weight of an emmet,
  Or when a rich ruby'i just price be the worth of a
      walnut.                           Sidney. 
E M P
EMP
E MP
To Emme'w, em-mu'. v.a. [from mew.]
   To  mew or coop up.
        This outward sainted deputy,
  Whose settl'd visage and delib'rate word
  Nips youth i' th' head, and follies doth emmew,
  As falcon doth the fowl, is yet a devil.    Shaksp.
TbEMMo'vE^m-modv'. v. a. [emmouvoir,
   French.]    To excite;  to rouse; to put
   into emotion.   N caused.
    One day when him high courage did emmove,
  He pricked forth.                  Fairy Queen.
Emo'llient, e-mol'yent.113 adj. [emolliens,
   Lat.]  Softening; suppling.
    Barley is emollient, moistening, and expectorat-
ing.
Arbuthnot.
    Diureticks are decoctions, emulsions, and oils,
  of emollient vegetables, so far as they relax the uri-
  nary passages: such as relax ought to be tried before
  such as stimulate.                  Arbuthnot.
Emo'llients,   e-mol'yents.   to. s.   Such
  things as sheath and soften the asperi-
  ties of the humours, and relax and sup-
  ple the solids at the same time.  Quincy.
    Emollients ought to be taken in open air, to hin-
  der them from perspiring, and on empty stomachs.
                                    Arbuthnot,
Emolli'tion,  em-mol-lish'un. n.s. [ernol-
  litio, Latin.]  The act of softening.
    Lassitude is  remedied by bathing, or anointing
  with oil and warm water; the cause is, for that all
  lassitude is a kind of contusion and compression of
  the parts, and bathing and anointing give a relaxa-
  tion or emollition.                      Bacon.
    Powerful menstruums are made for its emollition,
  whereby it may receive the tincture of minerals.
                                      Brown.
Emo'lument, e-mol'il-ment. «. s. [ernolu-
   mentum, Lat.]  Profit; advantage.
    Let them consult how politick  they were,  for a
  temporal emolument to throw away ekmity. South.
    Notning gives greater satisfaction than the sense
  of having dispatched a great deal of business to pub-
  lick emofuinenf.                       Tatler.
Emo'ngst, e-mlingst'./jre'/J. [so written  by
    Spenser.] Among.
         The merry birds of ev'ry sort
  Chaunted aloud their chearful harmony;
  And made emongst themselves a sweet consort,
  That quick'ned the dull sp'rit with musical comfort.
                                  Fairy Queen.
Emo'tiox, e-mo'shun. to. s. [emotion, Fr.]
    Disturbance  of  mind;  vehemence  of
    passion,  pleasing  or painful.
     I will appeal to any man, who has read this poet,
  whether he finds not the natural emotion of the same
  passion in himself, which the  poet describes  in his
  feign'd persons?                      Diyden.
     Those rocks and oaks that such emotion felt,
   Were rural maids whom Orpheus  taught to melt.
                                     Granville.
 To Empa'le,  em-pale', v. a. [empaler, Fr.]
 1.  To  fence with  a  pale.
     How happy's he, which hath due place assign'd,
   T' his beasts, and disaforested his mind!
   Empul'd himself to keep them out, not in;
   Can sow, and dares trust corn, where they have been.
                                       Donne.
 2.  To  fortify.
     All that dwell near enemies e?npafe villages, to
   save themselves from surprise.          Raleigh.
     The English empaled themselves with their pikes,
   and therewith Dare off their enemies.    Hayward.
 3.  To  enclose; to shut in.
     Round about her work she did empale,
   With a fair border wrought of sundry flow'rs.
                                       Spenser.
           Keep yourselves in breath,
   And when I have the bloody Hector found,
   Empale him with your weapons round about.
                                       Shaksp,
    They have empaf'd within a zodiack
  The free-born sun, and keep twelve signs awake
  To watch his steps: the Goat and Crab controul
  And fright him back.                   Donne.
            Thank my charms,
  I now empafe her in my arms.         Cleaveland.
    Impenetrable, empaf'd with circling fire,
  Yetunconsum'd.                       •nMon-
4. To put  to  death by  spitting on a stake
  fixed upright.
    Who can bear this, resolve to be empal'd?
  His skin fiead off and roasted yet alive.  Southerne.
    Let them each be broken on the rack;
  Then, with what life remains, empal'd and left
  To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake.
                                     Addison.
    Nay, I don't believe they will be contented with
  hanging; they talk of empaling,  or breaking on the
  wheel.                             Arbuthnot.
EMPA'NNEL,  em-pan'nel.  to. s.  [from
  panne,  Fr.]   The writing  or  entering
  the names of  a jury into  a parchment
  schedule, or roli of paper, by the sher-
  iff, which  he has summoned to appear
  for  the performance  of  such  publick
  service as juries are employed in.
                                     Cowell.
    Who can expect upright verdicts from such pack-
  ed, corrupt juries?  Why may we  not  be  allowed
  to make exceptions against this so incompetent em-
  pannel?                        Decay of Piety.

To Empa'nnel,  em-pan'nel.  v.a.  [from
  the noun.]   To summon to  serve on a
  jury.   A law term.
     I shall not need to empannel a jury of moralists
  or divines, every man's own  breast sufficiently  in-
  structing him.          Government of the Tongue.

Empa'rlance, em-par'lanse. n.  s.  [from
  parler,  Fr.]   In common law, a  desire
  or petition  in  court of a day  to  pause
   what is best.to do; and it is sometimes
   used for the conference of a jury in the
   cause committed to  them.       Cowell.

Empa'sm, em-pazm'.  to. s.  [tpxrcMs-G-o/]  A
   powder to  correct the bad scent of the
   body.
 To  Empa'ssion, £m-pash'un. v. a. [from
  passion.]   To move  with passion;  to
   affect strongly; to  throw off from equa-
   nimity.
     Unto my eyes strange shows presented were,
  Picturing that which 1 in mind embrac'd,
  That yet those sights empassion me full near.
                                      Spenser.
     So standing, moving, or to height upgrown,
  The tempter, all empassion'd, thus began.  Milton.

 To  Empe'ople, em-pe'pl. v. a. [from peo-
   ple.]   To  form  into  a  people or com-
   munity.
     He wonder'd much, and 'gan enquire
  What stately building durst so high extend
  Her lofty towers unto the  starry sphere,
   Aud what unknown nations there empeopled were?
                                       Spenser.
 E'mperess, em'pe-res.  to. a.  [from empe-
    rour, now  written empress.]
  I.  A woman invested with imperial power.
     Long, long, may you on earth our emperess reign,
   Ere you in heaven a glorious angel stand.  Davies.
  2.  The queen of an  emperour.
     Lavinia will I make my emperess,
   Rome's royal mistress, mistress of my heart.
                                       Shaksp.
  E'MPEIiOUR,em'per-ur.*66 n.a. [empt-
    reur, French; imperator, Lat.]   A mo-
  narch of title and dignity superiour to a
  king: at., the emperour of Germany.
            Charles the emperour,
  Under pretence to see the queen his aunt
  Makes visitation.                   Shakspeare,
F/mpery,  eni'per-e.'503 n.  s.  [empire, Fr.
  impenum, Lat.]   Eiv.pire; sovereignty;
  dominion.  Out  of use.
                  A lady
  So fair, and fasten'd to an empery,
  Would make the great'st king double.    Shaksp.
            Take on you the charge
  And kingly government of this your land;
  Not as protector, steward, substitute,
  But as successively from blood  to blood,
  Your right of birth, your empery, your own. Shaksp,
E'MPHAbfS,  em'ia-sis.  to.*.  [eV^*s-/{]
  A remarkable stress laid upon a word
  or sentence; particular force impressed
  by style or pronunciation.
           Oh, that brave Caesar!
  —Be choak'd with such another emphasis. Shaksp.
    Emphasis not so much regards the time as a cer-
  tain grandeur, whereby some letter, syllable, word
  or sentence is renuered more remarkable than the
  rest, by a more vigorous pronunciation, and a longer
  stay upon it.                          Holder.
    These questions have force and emphasis, if they
  be understood of the antediluvian earth.   Burnet,
Empha'tical, eai-lat'ik-a.1. >  adj.  [ippii.
Empha'tick, eTn-fal'ik.     3  **'•]
1. Forcible;  strong; striking.
     Where he  endeavours to dissuade from carniver-
  ous appetites, how emphatical is his reasoning.
                                       Garth.
    In proper and  emphatick terms  thou didst paint
  the blazing comet's fiery tail.         Arbuthnot,
2. Striking the sight.
    It is commonly granted that emphatical colours
  are light itself, modified by refractions.    Boyle.

EMPHA'TioALLY,eni-fat'e-kai-e.atfi>.[from
  emphatical.]
1. Strongly; forcibly;  in a striking man-
  ner.
    How emphatically and divinely does every word
  proclaim the  truth that 1 have been speaking of.
                                       South.
2. According to appearance.
    What is delivered of the incurvity  of dolphins,
  must be taken emphatically, not really, but in ap-
  pearance, when they leap above water, and sudden-
  ly shoot down again.                   Brown.
EMPHYSE'MA,em-fi-se'ma.w.*.[eV^f«"'J/«'*]
     Emphysema is a light puffy humour, easily yield-
  ing to the pressure ofthe finger, arising again in the
  instant you take it off.                 Wiseman.
Emphysematous, em-fi-se'ma-tus.  adj.
   [f\ om tf*^vT^«.]  Bloated;  puffed up;
   swollen.
     The signs of a gangrene are these: the inflamma-
  tion loses its redness, and becomes duskish and livid;
  the tenseness of the skin goes off, and feels to the
  touch flabby or emphysematous; and vesications, fil-
  led with ichor of different colours, spread all over
   it.                                   Sharp.
 To Empie'rce, em-perse'.360 v. a.  [from
   pierce.]  To pierce into; to enter into by
   violent appuise.
           The weapon bright,
  Taking advantage of his open jaw,
     Ran through his mouth with so importune might,
  That deep empiere'd his darksome hollow maw.
                                       Spe?iser.
 Empi'ght,  etn-pite'.  preterit,  and part.
    from To pight, or pitch.  [See Pitch.J
    Set; fixed;  fastened.
     But he was weary, and ere it empight
   In the meant mark, advane'd his shield atween.
                                       Spenser. 
                 EMP

E'MPIRE, em'pire.'-*0 n.a.  [empire,Fr.
   imperium, Latin.]
1. Imperial  power; supreme  dominion;
   sovereign command.
    Assert, ye fair ones, who in judgment sit,
  Your ancient empire over love and wit.     Rowe.
2. The region over wnich dominion is ex-
   tended.
    A nation extended over vast tracts of land, and
  numbers of people, arrives in time at toe ancient
  name of kingdom, or modern of empire.    Temple.
          Sextos Pompeius
  Hath given the dare to Caesar, and commands
  The empire of the sea.              Shakspeare.
3. Command  over any thing.     ^  ^
EMPFRICK, em'pe-rik or em-pir'ik. to.
   a. [ifivretei*®*-  This word seems to have
   been  pronounced  empirick by Milton,
   and empirick by Dryden. Milton's pro-
   nunciation is to be preferred.]  A trier;
   an experimenter; such persons as have
   no true education in, or knowledge of,
   physical  practice, but venture  upon
   hearsay  and observation only.  Quincy.
    The name of Hippocrates was more effectual to
  persuade such men as Galen,  than to move a silly
  empirick.                            Hooker.
    That every plant might receive  a name accord-
  ing unto the diseases it cureth, was the wish of Pa-
  racelsus; a way more likely to multiply empirics than
  herbalists.                           Brown.
    Such an aversion and contempt for all manner of
  innovators, as physicians are apt to have for empi-
  ricks, or lawyers for pettifoggers.          Swift.
    Th' illit'rate writer, emp'ricfc-like, applies
  To each disease unsafe chance remedies;
  The learn'd in school, when science first began,
  Studies with care th' anatomy of man.     Dryden.
Empi'rical, em-pir'e-kal.  }  adj.  [from
Empi'rick, em-pir'ik.       5  the  n°un.]
1. Versed in experiments.
                By fire
  Of sooty coal, toe empirick alchymist
  Can turn, or holds  it possible to turn,
  Metals of drossiest ore to perfect gold.    Milton.
2. Known only by experience;  practised
   only by rote, without rational grounds.
    The most sovereign prescription in Galen  is but
   empirick to this preservative.         Shakspeare.
    In extremes, bold counsels are the best;
   Like empirick remedies, they last are try'd,
  And by th' event condemn'd or justify'd.  Dryden.
EMPi'RicALLY!em-pir'e-kal-le.arfx'.[from
   empirical.]
1. Experimentally, according to experi-
   ence.
   We shall empirically and sensibly deduct the causes
  of blackness from originals by which we generally
  observe things denigrated.              Brown.
2. Without rational ground; charlatani-
   cally; in the manner of quacks.
Empi'ricism,  em-pir'e-sizm. to. s.  [from
   empirick.]  Dependence on experience
   without knowledge  or art; quackery.
EMPLA'STER, em-plas'tur.  to.*. [*%-
   jrA«r^av. This word is  now always pro-
   nounced and generally written plaster.]
   An application to a sore of an oleaginous
   or viscous substance, spread upon cloth.
   See Plaster.
    All  emplasters, applied to the breasts, ought to
  have a hole for the nipples.           Wiseman

To Empla'ster, em-plas'tur. v. a.  [from
   the noun.]   To cover with a plaster.
    They must be cut out to the quick, and the sores
  emplaslered with tar.                 Mortimer.
                 EMP

Empla'stick, em-plas'tik. adj. [![>**««■*-
  *©-.]   Viscous; glutinous; fit to be ap-
  plied as a plaster.
    Resin, by its emplastick quality, mixed with oil of
  roses, perfects toe concoction.          Wiseman,
    Emplastick  applications are not sufficient  to de-
  fend a wound from the air.           Arbuthnot.

To  Emple'ad,   em-plede'.   v. a.  [from
  plead.]   To indict;  to prefer a charge
  against; to accuse.
    To terrify and torture them, their tyrannous mas-
  ters did often emplcad, arrest, cast them into prison,
  and thereby consume toem to worse than nothing.
                                   Hayward.
    Antiquity thought thunder the immediate voice of
  Jupiter,  and empleaded them of impiety that refer-
  red it to natural casualties.            Glanville.
    Since once the living villains dare  emplead,
  Arraign  them in the persons of the dead.  Dryden.

To  EMPLO'Y, em-ploe'. v. a. [emploier,
  French.]
I. To busy; to keep at work; to exercise.
  It is used both as  agent, as,  the king
  employed the  minister; or cause, as the
  public credit employed the minister.
    For thrice, at least, in compass of the year,
  Thy vineyard must employ the sturdy  steer
  To turn the glebe.                    Dryden.
2. In the  following  quotations it is used
  with in, about, to, and upon,  before the
  object.   To seems less proper.
    Their principal learning was applied to the course
  of the stars, and the rest was employed in displaying
  the brave exploits of their princes.       Temple.
    Our reason is often puzzled, because of the im-
  perfection of the ideas it is employed about.  Locke.
    The proper business of the understanding is not
  that which men always  employ it fo.        Locke.
    Labour in the beginning gave a right of property,
  wherever any one was pleased to employ it upon
  what was common.                      Locke.
    On the happy change toe boy
  Employ'd his wonder and his joy.          Prior,
    This is a day in which the thoughts of our coun-
  trymen ought to be employed on serious  subjects.
                                     Addison.
3. To use as an instrument.
    The cleanly cheese-press she could never turn;
  Her awkward fist did ne'er employ the churn.  Gay.
4. To use as means.
    The money was employed to the making of gallies.
                                      2 Mac.
    Peace is not freed from labour, but from noise:
  And war more force, but not more pains employs.
                                     Dryden.
5. To use as materials.
    The labour of those who felled and  framed the
  timber employed about the plough, must be charged
  on labour.                             Locke.
6. To commission; to intrust with the ma-
  nagement of any affairs.
    Jonathan and Jahaziah were employed about this
  matter.                                Ezra.
    Jesus Christ is furnished with superior powers to
  the angels, because he is employed in superior works,
  and appointed to be the sovereign Lord of all the
  visible and invisible worlds.              Watts.
7. To fili up  with business.
    If you're idle you're destroy'd;
  All his force on you he tries,
    Be but watchful and employ'd,
  Soon the baffled tempter flies.           Motteux.
    To study nature will  toy time employ;
  Knowledge and innocence are perfect joy. Diyden.
8.  To pass or spend in business.
    Why, whilst we struggle in this vale  beneath,
  With want and sorrow, with disease  and death,
  Do they more bless'd perpetual life employ
  In songs of pleasure, and in scenes of joy?   Prior.
                    4l2
                 EMP

Emplo'y, em-ploe'. to. s. [from the verb.]
i. Business; object of industry.
    Present to grasp, and future still to find,
  The whole employ of body and  of mind.     Pope.
2. Public office.
    Lest animosities should obstruct the course of jus-
  tice, if one of their number had the distribution of
  it, they have always a foreigner for this employ.
                                     Addison.
    The honours and the burdens of great posts and
  employs were joined together.         Atterbury.

Emplo'yable,  em-ploe'a-bl.  adj.  [from
  employ.]   Capable to be used;  proper
  for use.
    The objections made against the doctrine of toe
  chymists, seem employable against this hypothesis.
                                       Boyle.
Emplo'yer, em-ploe'ur.  to. s.  [from em-
  ploy.]
1. One that uses or causes to be  used.
    That man drives a great trade, and is  owner or
  employer of much shipping, and continues and in-
  creases in trade and shipping.    Cftifd on Trade,
2. One that sets others-to  work.
Employment,  em-ploe'ment. «. s. [from
  employ.]
I. Business;  object of  industry;  object of
  labour.
2. Business; the state of being employed.
3. Office; post of business.
    If any station, any employment Jupon  earth  be
  honourable, theirs was.               Atterbury.
    Leaders on each  side, instead of intending the
  public weal, have their  hearts wholly set to get or
  to keep employments.                    Swift.
4. Business intrusted.
    Call not your stocks for me; I serve the king,
  On whose employment I was sent to you.   Shaksp.
To Empo'ison,  em-poe'zn.  v. a. [empoi-
  sonner, Fr.]
1. To destroy by poison; to destroy by ve-
  nomous food  or drugs;  to poison.
    Leaving no means unattempted of destroying his
  son, that wicked servant  of his undertook to empoi-
  son him.                             Sidney.
    Mushrooms cause the incubus, or mare in the sto-
  mach, therefore the surfeit of them may suffocate
  and empoison.                          Bacon.
2. To taint with poison; to envenom. This
  is the  more usual sense.
Empo'isoner, em-poe'zn-ur. n. s. [empoi-
  aonneur, Fr.] One  who destroys  ano-
  ther by poison.
    He is vehemently suspected to have been the em-
  poisoner  of his wife, thereby  to make vacant his
  bed.                                  Bacon.
Empo'isonment,  em-poe'zn-ment.  to.  a.
  [empoisonnement, Fr.]  The practice of
  destroying by poison.
    It were dangerous for secret empoisonments.
                                       Bacon.
Empore'tick, em-po-ret'ik. adj. [in-vpn-
   riKoi.]  That is used at markets, or in
   merchandise.
Empo'rium, em-po're-ftm. to. a. [tpirapu*/]
   A place of merchandise; a mart; a town
   of trade; a commercial city.
    And while this fam'd emporium we prepare,
  The British ocean shall such triumphs boast,
    That those who now disdain our trade to share,
  Shall rob like pirates on  our wealthy coast. Diyden.
    I take the prosperous estate  of this great empori-
  um to be owing to those  instances of charity.
                                    Atterbury.
 To EMPO'VERISH, em-pov'er-lsh. v. a.
   [pauvre, Fr.] 
EMP
EMP
E MP
  •  To make poor; to  depauperate;  to re-
    duce to indigence.
     Since they might talk better as thev lay together,
   they impoverished their cloathsto enrich their bed,
   wnich, for that night, might well scorn the shrine of
   Ve"US-,     ,                         Sidney.
     Your's sounds aloud, and tells us you  excel
   No less in courage than in singing well;
   While, unconcern'd you let your country know,
   They have empoverish'd toemselves, not you.
                                         Waller.
     For  sense of honour,  if it empoverisheth  a man,
   it is, in his esteem, neither honour nor sense. /SoufA.
              Fresh  roses bring,
   To strew my bed, 'till the empoverish'd spring
   Confess her want.                       Prior.
 2. To lesson fertility:  as, tillage empover-
    iahea-land.
 Empo'verishkr, e'm-pov'er-ish-ur.  to. s.
    [from empoverish.]
  1. One  that  makes others poor.
 2. That which  impairs fertility.
     They destroy the Weeds and fit the land for after-
   crops, being an improver, and not an empoverisher
   of land.                            Mortimer.
 Empo'verishment,  em-pov'er-ish-ment.
   w.  a.  [from  empoverish]  Depaupera-
   tion; cause of  poverty;  drain of wealth.
     Being paid as  it is, now some, and then some, it
   is no great burden  unto her, nor any great empove-
   rishment to her coffers.                 Spenser.
     All appeals for justice, or appellations for favour
   or  preferment to  another countiy, are so many
   grievous empoverishments.                 Swift.
 To Empo'wer, £m-pdu'ur. v. a. [from
   power.]
 1. To authorize;  to commission;  to give
   power or authority  to any purpose.
     You are empowered, when you please, to give the
   final decision of wit.                   Dryden.
     Tbe government shall be empowered to grant com-
   missions to all protestants whatsoever.       Swift.
 2. To give natural force; to enable.  -
     Does not the same power that enables them to
   heal, empower them to destroy?           Baker.
 E'mpress, em-pres. to. a. [contracted  from
   emperess, which is retained by  Jonson
   in the following lines.]
 1. The queen of  an emperour.
             Let your nimble feet
   Tread subtile circles, that may always meet
   In point to him; and figures, to  express
   The grace of him, and his great emperess,
                                   Ben Jonson.
 2. A female invested with imperial digni-
   ty; a female  sovereign.
    Empress of this fair world, resplendent eve!
                                       MUton.
    Yet, London, empress of the northern clime,
   By an high fate thou greatly didst expire.  Dryden.
    Wisdom, thou  say'st, from  heav'n receiv'd her
         birth;
   Her beams transmitted to the subject earth:
   Yet this great empress of the human soul,
   Does only with imagin'd power  controul,
   If restless passion, by rebellious sway,
   Compels the weak usurper to obey.         Prior.
Empri'se, em-prize', n. a. [empriae,  Fr.]
   Attempt of danger; undertaking of ha-
   zard; enterprise.
            Noble minds, of yore, allied were
  In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise.  F. Queen.
      A double conquest must you make,
  If you atchieve renown by this emprise.   Fairfax.
            Fierce faces threat'ning wars;
  Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise.   Milton.
    Thus, till the sun had travell'd half the skies,
  Ambush'd we lie,  and wait the bold emprise. Pope.
E'mptier, dm'te-ur. to. a.   [from empty.]
    One that empties; one that makes any
    place void by taking away what it con-
    tained.
      The emptiers have emptied them out, and marr-
    ed their vine-branches.                Nahum.
  E'mptiness, eWte-nes. to. s. [from empty]
  1. Absence of plenitude; inanity.
              Where cities stood,
    Well fene'd, and numerous, desolation reigns
    And emptiness; dismay'd, unfed, unhous'd,
    The widow and the orphan stroll.         Philips.
  2. The state of  being empty.
              His coffers sound
    With hollow poverty and emptiness.     Shakspeare.
  3. A void  space; vacuity; vacuum.
      Nor could another in your room have been,
    Except an emptiness had come between.  Dryden.
      The ordinary air in which we live and respire, is
    of so thin a composition, that sixteen thousand one
    hundred and forty-nine parts  of its  dimensions are
    mere emptiness and nothing; and the remaining one
   only, material and real substance.       Bentley.
 4. Want of substance or  solidity.
      'Tis this which causes the  graces and the loves
    to  take up their habitations in the hardest marble
    and to subsist in the emptiness of light and shadow.
                                       Drucfen.
 5. Unsatisfactoriness; inability to fill up
    the desires.
              O frail estate of human things,
   Now to our cost your emptiness we know.  Dryden.
     Form the judgment about the worth or emptiness
   of  things here, according as they are or are  not of
   use, in relation to what is to come after. Atterbury.
 6. Vacuity of head; want of knowledge.
     Eternal smiles his empfiness betray,
   As shallow streams run dimpling all the way.  Pope.
 E'mption, em'shiin. to. a.  [emptio, Latin.]
    The act of purchasing; a  purchase.
     There is a dispute among the lawyers, whether
   Glaucus his exchanging his golden armour wito the
   braxen one of Tydides, was emption or commuta-
   tion-                               Arbuthnot.
 E'MPTY,em'te.«3 adj. [semtig, Sax.]
 1. Void; having nothing in it; not full.
    I did never know so full a voice issue from so emp-
   ty a heart; but the saying is true, the empty vessel
   makes the greatest sound.             Shakspeare.
    The pit was empty, there was no water in it.
                                       Genesis.
    If you have two vessels to fill, and you empty one
   to fill the other, you gain nothing by that; there still
   remains one vessel empty.               Burnet.
 2.  Evacuated; no longer full.
    Himself he frees by secret means unseen,
   His shackles empty left, himself escaped clean.
                                      Spenser.
 3. Devoid;  unfurnished.
    Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress,
  That in civility thou seem'st so  empty? Shakspeare.
    Mr. Boyle has shewed, that  air  may be rarified
  above ten thousand times in vessels of glass; and the
  heavens are much emptier of air than any vacuum
  we can make below.                   JVewfon.
4. Unsatisfactory; unable  to  fill the mind
   or desires.
    Pleas'd in the silent shade with empty praise.
   ,  .                                  Pope.
5. Without any thing to  carry;  unburden-
   ed; unfreighted.
    They beat him, and sent him away empty.
    „,,                              Matthew.
    When ye go, ye shall not go  empty.     Exodus.
    He alledges that satyrs  carried  platters full of
  fruit in their hands; but if they had been empty
  handed, had they been ever the larger satyrs?
                                      JDrvdcTt
    Yet all the little that I got I spent;
  And still return'd as tmpty as I went!     Dryden.
6. Hungry.
      My falcon now is sharp and passing empty,
   And till she stoop, she must not be full-gorg'd,
   For then she never looks upon her lure.    Shaksp.
  7. Vacant of  head; ignorant; unskilful; un-
    furnished with materials for thought.
      How comes it that so many worthy and wise men
   depend upon so many unworthy and empty headed
   fools?                                Raleigh.
      His  answer is a handsome way of exposing an
   empty,  trifling, pretending pedant;  the wit lively
   the satyr courtly and severe.              Felton
  8. Unfruitful;  barren.
      Seven empty ears blasted with the east wind.
      ¥                                  Genesis.
      Israel is an empty vine.                Hosea
  9. Wanting  substance;  wanting solidity-
    vain.
      The  god of  sleep there hides his heavy head
   And empty dreams on every leaf are spread.^Drud,

  To  E'mpty, em'te. v. a. [from the adject-
   ive.]   To  evacuate; to exhaust;  to de-
   prive of  that which was contained in it.
              Boundless intemperance,
   In  nature is a tyranny: it hath been
   Th' untimely emptying of the  happy throne,
   And fall of many kings.              Shakspeare.
      The  emptiers have emptied  them out, and marred
   their vine-branches.                   Nuhum.
      Sheep are often blind  by fulness  of blood: cut
   toeir tails, and empty them of their blood. Mortimer.
     The Euxine  sea is conveniently situated for tiadej
   by  the  communication it  has both with Asia and
   Europe, and the great navigable rivers that empty
   themselves into it.                   Arbuthnot.
  To Empu'rple,  em-piirp'pl. v.  a.  [from
   purple.]  To  make of a purple colour;
   to discolour with purple.
    Now  in  loose  garlands, thick thrown off, the
         bright
   Pavement, that like a sea of jasper shone,
   Empurpled with celestial roses smil'd.    Milton.
             The deep,
   Empurpl'd ran, with gushing gore distain'd. Philips.
 To Empu'zzle, em-piiz'zl.  v. a.  [from
   puzzle.]  To perplex; to put  to a stand.
    It hath empuzzled the enquiries of others to ap-
   prehend, and enforce them unto strange conceptions
   to make out.                          Brom,
Empye ma,  em-pi-e'ma. to. s.  [I^J^.]
   A  collection of purulent mutter in any
   part whatsoever; generally used to sig-
   nify that  in the cavity of the breast  only,
   and  which sometimes happens upon the
   opening of abscesses, or ulcerations of
   the lungs, or  membranes inclosing the
   breast.                           Quincy,
    An empyema, or a  collection of purulent matter
  in the breast, if not suddenly cured, doth undoubt-
  edly impel the patient into a phthisical consumption.
                                      Harvey.
    There is likewise a consumption from an empye-
  ma,  after an inflammation of the lungs; which may
  be known from  a weight upon  the diaphragm, op-
  pression  of the lungs, a difficulty of breathing, and
  inability  to lie on one side, which is that which is
  sound.                             Arbuthnot.
Empy real, em-pir'e-al. adj. [tftirvp®*]
   Formed of the  element  of fire;  refined
   beyond aerial; pertaining to the highest
   and purest region of heaven,  Ticket ac-
   cents it on the penult.
            Now went forth the morn,
  Such as in highest heav'n, array'd in gold
  Empyreal.                            mUmh
   Go, soar with Plato to to' empyreal sphere,
  To the first good, first perfect, and first fair.   Pope.
   But empyreal forms, howe'er  in fight
  Gash'd and dismember'd, easily unite.     Tickel. 
E Ml
EMU
EN  A
 Empvre'an,  em-pl-re'an,  or em-pir'e-an.
   n.  8.  [tpiripts]   The  highest heaven
   where the  pure element of fire is sup-
   posed lo subsist.
         Almighty Father from above,
   From the pure empyrean, where be sits
   High thron'd above all height, bent down his eye.
                                      MUton.
           Under his burning wheel
   The stedfast empyrean shook throughout,
   All but the throne itself of God.         MUton.
           The empyrean rung
   With hallelujahs.                     Milton.
 E'mpyreum, em-pir're-ilm.  >  to. s. [iu.7ru-
 Empyre'uma, em-pe-ru'nia. 5  pevp*.] The
   burning of any matter in boiling or dis-
   tillation, which gives a particular offen-
   sive smell.                     Quincy.
     It is so far from admitting an  empyreum, that it
   bums clear away without leaving  any cinders or a
   •lust about it.                        Harvey.
     The hopes of an elixir insensibly evaporate, and
   ▼anish to air, or leave in the recipient a foul empy-
   reuma.                       Decay of Piety.
 Empyreuma'tical,   em-pe-ru-mat'e-kal.
   adj.  [from empyreuma.]   Having the
   smell or taste of burnt substances.
     Empyreumatical oils,  distilled by strong fires in
   retorts, may be brought  to emulate essential oils
   drawn in limbicks.                     Boyle,
 Empyro'sis,  em-pe-ro'sis.620 re. s. [tfvrv-
   p«u]  Conflagration; general fire.
     The former opinion that held these cataclisms and
   empyroses universal, was such as held that it put a
   total consummation unto things in this lower world,
   especially that of conflagration.            Hale.
 To E'MULATE,em'u-late.-i;.c.[cemtt/or,
   Lat.]
 1. To rival; to propose as one to be equal-
   led or excelled.
 2. To  imitate with  hope of equality, or
   superiour excellence.
             I would have
  Him emnfofe you: 'tis no shame to follow
  The better precedent.              Ben Jonson.
    Those fair ideas to my aid I'll call,
  And emulate my great original.         Dryden.
    What though no weeping loves thy ashes grace,
  Nor polish'd marble emufafe toy face.      Pope.
 .3. To be equal to; to rise to equality with.
    I see how toy eye would emulate the diamond.
                                  Shakspeare.
    We see no new-built palaces aspire,
  No kitchens emulate toe vestal fire.        Pope.
4. To imitate; to  copy; to resemble.
    It is likewise attended wito delirium, fury, and an
  involuntary laughter, the convulsion emulating this
  motion.                          Arbuthnot.
Emula'tion,  em-u-la'shun. to. a. [emula-
   tio, Lat.]
I. Rivalry; desire of superiority.
              Mine emulation
  Hath not that honour in't it had; for where
  I toought to crush him in an equal force,
  True sword to sword, I'll pitch at him some way,
  Or wrath or craft may get him.       Shakspeare.
    There was neither envy nor emwfafion amongst
  them-                           1 Maccabees.
    Aristotle allows that some emulation may be good,
  and may be found in some good men; yet envy he
  utterly condemns, as wicked in itself, and only to
  be found in wicked minds.               Sprat.
   The apostle  exhorts toe Corinthians to an holy
  and general emulation of the charity of the Mace-
  donians, in contributing  freely to  the relief of the
  poor saints at Jerusalem.                 SoufA.
   A noble emulation heats your breast,
  And your own fame now robs you of your rest:
  Good actions still must be maintaiii'd with good,
  As bodies nourish'd with resembling food. Dryden.
 2. Envy; desire of depressing another; con-
    test; contention;  discord.
         What madness rules in brainsick men,
   When for so slight and frivolous a cause,
   Such factious emulations shall arise!   Shakspeare.
 E'mulative, em'u-la-tiv. adj. [from emu-
   late.]  Inclined to emulation; rivalling;
   disposed to competition.
 Emula'tor, em'u-la-tfir.166 esl «. a. [from
   emulate] A rival;  a competitor.
     In superiours it  quencheth jealousy, and laycth
   their competitors and emulators asleep.     Bacon.
 To Emu'le, em-mule', v.a. [emulor, Lat.]
   To emulate. Not in use.
     He sitting me beside, in that same shade,
   Provoked me to play some pleasant fit:
   Yet emuling my pipe, he took in hand
   My pipe, before toat emuled of many,
   And plaid thereon; for well that skill he could.
                                      Spenser.
 To  Emu'lge,  e-mu.lje\  v. a. [emulgeo,
   Lat.]  To milk out.
 Emu'lgent,  e-inul'j£nt.  adj.  [emulgens,
   Lat.]
 I. Milking or draining  out.
 2. Emulgent vessels [in anatomy] are the
   two large arteries and veins which arise,
   the former  from the  descending  trunk
   of the aorta, or great artery; the latter
   from the vena  cava.  They are both in-
   serted into the kidneys;  the emulgent
   arteries carrying blood with the serum
   to them, and the emulgent veins bring-
   ing it back again, after the  serum has
   been  separated  therefrom by the kid-
   neys.                             Harris.
     It doth furnish the left emwfgenf with one vein.
                                      jBroum.
     Through toe emufg-enf branches of the blood is
   brought to the kidneys, and is there freed of its se-
   rum.                                Cheyne.
E'mulous,  £m'u.-hls.314  adj.   [emulus,
   Lat.]
1. Rivaling;  engaged in competition.
        What the Gaul or Moor could not effect,
   Nor emulous Carthage, with their length of spite,
   Shall be the work of one.           Ben Jonson.
     She is in perpetual diffidence, or actual enmity
   with her, but always emwfows and suspectful of her.
                                      .Hbicef.
2. Desirous of superiority; desirous to rise
   above  another; desirous  of  any excel-
   lence  possessed by another: with of be-
   fore the  object of emulation.
            By strength
  They measure all, of other excellence
  Not emufows, nor care who them excels.    Milton.
    By fair rewards our noble youth we raise
  To emulous merit, and to thirst of praise.    Prior.
    Good Howard, emulous of the Grecian art. Prior.
3. Factious;  contentious.
    Whose glorious deeds, but in the fields  of late,
  Made ewiufotcs missions 'mongst the gods themselves,
  And drave great Mars to faction.     Shakspeare.
E'mulously, em'u-hls-le. adv. [from em-
   ulous]  With  desire of excelling or
   outdoing another.
    So tempt they him, and emulously vie
  To bribe a voice, that  empires  would not buy.
                                   Granville.
Emu'lsion, e-muTshun. w. a.  [emulsio,
   Lat.]  A form of  medicine, by bruising
   oily seeds and kernels, and drawing out
   their substances  with some liquor, that
   thereby becomes milky.       Quincy.
 I    The aliment is dissolved by an operation resemr
 !  bling that of making an emulsion; in which opera-
   tion toe oily parts of nuts and seeds, being gently
   ground in a marble mortar,  and gradually mixed
   with some watery liquor, or dissolved into a sweet,
   thick,  turbid, milky liquor, resembling the chyle in
   an animal body.                    Arbuthnot ■
 Emu'nctories, e-nrunk'ti'ir-iz.667 ,J9 to. s.
    [emunctorium, Lat.]  Those parts of the
    body where any thing  excrementitious
    is separated and  collected, to be in rea-
    diness for ejectment.           Quincy.
     Superfluous matter deflows from  the body under
   their proper emunctories.                Brown.
     There are receptacles in the body of men, and
   emunctories to drain them of superfluous choler.
                           More against Atheism.
     Discoursing of toe lungs, I shew that they are
   the grand emunctory of the body;  toat the main end
   of respiration is continually to discharge and expel
   an excrementitious fluid out of toe mass of blood.
                                    Woodward.
     The regimen in quinsies, which proceed from an
   obstruction of the glands, must be to use such warm
   liquors as relax those glands, such  as, by stimula-
   ting, open the emunctories to secern the humour.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 En, en. An inseparable particle borrowed
   by  us  from  the  French, and by the
   French formed  from  the Latin in. Ma-
   ny  words are uncertainly written with
   en or in. In many words en is  changed
   into em for more  easy pronunciation.
 To  Ena'ble, en-a'bl.40s v. a. [from able.]
   To make able;  to empower; to supply
   with strength or ability.
     If thou would'st vouchsafe to overspread
   Me with the shadow  of thy gentle wtog,
   I should enaofed be thy acts to sing.       Spenser.
     His great friendship with God, might enable him,
   and his compassion might incline him.   Atterbury.
     He points out to him the way of life, strengthens
   his weakness, restores his lapses, and enoofes him
   to walk and persevere in it.              Rogers.
 To Ena'ct, en-akt'.  v. a. [from act.]
 1. To act; to perform; to effect.  Not now
   in use.
    In true  balancing of justice, it is flat wrong to
   punish the thought or purpose  of any before it be
   enacted.                              Spenser.
    Valiant Talbot, above human thought
   Enacted wonders with his sword and lance. Shaksp.
 2. To establish by law; to decree.
    It is enacted in the laws of Venice,
   If it be  proved against an alien
   He seeks the life of any citizen,
   The party, 'gainst the which he doth contrive,
   Shall seize on half his goods.            Shaksp.
    The senate were authors of all counsels in  the
  state; and what was by them consulted and agreed,
  was proposed to the people, by whom it was enacted
  or commanded.                        Temple.
 3. To represent by action.
    I did  enacf Hector.                   Shaksp.
Ena'ct,  en-akt'. to.  a.  [from  the  verb.]
   Purpose; determination.
Ena'ctor, en-ak'tiir.168 to. a. [from enact.]
 1. One that forms  decrees, or  establishes
   laws.
    The great author of our nature, and enactor of
  this law of good and evil, is highly dishonoured.
                                   Atterbury.
2. One  that practices  or performs any
   thing.   Not used.
    The violence of either grief or joy,
  Their own enactors with themselves destroy. SnaJt.
Ena'llage, en-al'la-je.  to. a. [ev*AA«yu.]
   A figure in  grammar,  whereby some
   change is made  in the  common modes 
EN A
ENC
ENC
   of speech, as when one mood or tense
   of a verb is put for another.
To Ena'mbush,  en-am'bush. v. a. [from
   ambush.]   To hide in ambush; to hide
   with hostile intention.
    They went within a vale, close to a flood, whose
        stream
  Us'd to give all their cattle drink, they there enam-
        bush'd them.                 Chapman.
To Ena'mel, en-am'el." v. a. [from amel.
   See Amel.]
l.To inlay; to variegate with colours, pro-
   perly with  colours fixed by fire.
                   Must I, alas!
  Frame and enamef plate, and drink in glass?
                                      Donne.
    See Pan with flocks, wito fruits Pomona crown'd;
  Here blushing Flora paints th' enamell'd ground.
                                        Pope.
    I bequeath to the earl of Orrery the enamell'd
  silver plates, to distinguish bottles of wine by. Swift.
2. To lay upon another body, so  as to vary
   it.
    Higher than that wall, a circling row
  Of goodliest trees, loaden with fairest fruit,
  Blossoms, and fruits at once of golden hue,
  Appear'd with gay enamell'd colours mix'd.   Milt.
To Ena'mel, en-am'el. v. to.  To practise
   the use of enamel.
    Though it were foolish to colour or enamef upon
  the glasses of  telescopes, yet to gild the tubes of
  them may render  them more acceptable  to  the
  users, without lessening the clearness ofthe object.
                                       Boyle.
Ena'mel, en-am'el.  to. s. [from the verb.]
1.  Any  thing enamelled,  or  variegated
   with colours fixed by fire.
    Down  from her eyes welled the pearles round,
  Upon the bright enamef of her face;
    Such honey drops on springing flowers are found,
  When Phoebus holds the crimson mom  in chase.
                                     Fairfax.
    There are various sorts of coloured glasses, pastes,
  enamels,  and factitious gems.         Woodward.
2. The substance inlaid in other  things.
Ena'meller, en-am'el-lur. «.  s.  [from
   enamel]  One that practises the  art of
   enamelling.
 To Ena'mour, en-am'ur.31* v. a. [amour,
   Fr.]   To  inflame  with  love; to make
   fond: with  of before the thing or person
   loved.
     Affliction is enaiiwur'd of thy parts,
   And thou art wedded to calamity.        Shaksp.
     My Oberon! what visions have I seen!
   I toought I was enamour'd of an ass.      Shaksp.
     You are very near my brother in his love; he is
   enamour'd on Hero.                   Shaksp.
           Or should she, confident
   As sitting queen, ador'd on beauty's throne,
   Descend with all her winning charms begirt,
   T' enamour, as the zone of Venus once
   Brought that effect on Jove, so fables tell.  Milton.
             He, on his side,
   Leaning half-rais'd, with looks of cordial love
   Hung over her enamour'd.              Milton.
             Your uncle cardinal
   Is not so far enamour'd of a cloister,
   But he will thank you  for toe crown.      Diyden.
     'Tis hard to discern whether is in  the greatest
   errour, he who is enamour'd  of all he does^ or he
   whom nothing of his own can please.      Dryden.
Enarra'tion, ei.-nar-ra'shun. to. *. [enar-
   ro, Lat.] Explanation;  exposition. Diet
ENARTHRo'sis,en-ar-^r6'sis.620  to.  s.  [«i
   and upB-poy.]   The insertion of one bone
   into  another to form a joint.
     Enarthrosis is where a good round  head enters
   into a cavity, whether it be a  cotyla,  or  profound
  cavity, as that of os coxa, receiving the head of the
  os femoris; or glene, which is more shallow, as in
  toe scapula, where it receives the humerus.
                                    Wiseman.
Enata'tion  e-na-ta'shun.  n.  s.   [enato,
   Lat.] The act of swimming out; escape
   by swimming.                      Diet
Ena'unter, e-nan'tur. adv.   An  obsolete
   word explained  by Spenser himself to
   mean lest that.
    Anger would not let him speak to the tree,
  Enaunter his rage might cooled be,
  But to the root bent his sturdy stroke.     Spenser.
To Enca'ge, en-kaje'. v. a.  [from cage.]
   To shut up in a cage; to  coop up; to
   confine.
          He suffer'd his kinsmanMarch,
  Who is, if every owner were right  plac'd,
  Indeed, his king, to be encag'd in Wales,
  There without ransom to lie forfeited.     Shaksp.
    Like Bajazet  encag'd, the shepherd's scoff,
  Or like slack-sinew'd Samson, his hair off.  Donne.
To Enca'mp, en-kamp'. v. to. [from camp.]
   To pitch tents; to sit down for a time in
   a march; to settle a temporal y habita-
   tion.
    He encamp'd at the mount of God.      Exodus.
    The French knew how to make war with the
  English, by not putting things  to the hazard of a
  battle, but wearing them by long sieges of towns,
  and strong fortified encampings:           Bacon.

To Enca'mp, en-kamp'.  v. a. To form an
   army into a  regular camp; to order to
   encamp.
    The people were encamped against Gibbethon.
                                       Kings.

Enca'mpment, en-kamp'ment. to. s. [from
   encamp]
1. The act of encamping, or pitching tents.
2. A  camp; tents pitched in order.
    Their enemies served to  improve them in  their
  encampments, weapons, or something else.   Grew.
          When a gen'ral bids the martial train
  Spread their encampment o'er the spacious plain,
  Thick rising tents a canvas city build.        Gay.
To Enca've, en-kave'. v.  a.  [from  cave.]
   To hide  as in a cave.
            Do but encave yourself,
  And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns,
  That dwell in every region of his face;
  For I will make him tell toe tale anew.    Shaksp.
ENCE'IJYTE, £n-sent'. to. *. [Fr.]    En-
   closure; ground enclosed with  a fortifi-
   cation.  A military term not yet natural-
   ized.
To Encha'fe, en-tshafe'. v. a. [eschauffer,
   Fr.] To enrage; to irritate; to provoke.
    The wind-shak'd surge, with high and monstrous
        main,
   Seems to cast water on the burning bear;
   I never did like  molestation view
   On the enchafed flood.                  Shaksp.
To Encha'in,  en-tshane'. v. a. [enchainer,
   French.]
1. To  fasten   with  a chain; to  hold in
   chains;  to bind;  to hold in  bondage.
    What should I do! while here I was enchain'd,
   No  glimpse of godlike liberty remain'd.    Dryden.
2. To link together; to concatenate.
    The one  contracts  and enchains his words,
   speaking pressingly and short; the other delights in
   long-breathed accents.                  Howel
 To ENCHA'NT, en-tshant'.™ v. a.  [en-
   chanter, Fr.]
 1. To give efficacy to any  thing by songs
   of  sorcery.
    And now about the cauldron sing,
  Like elves and fairies in a ring,
  Enchanting all that you put in.           Shaksp,
    These powerful  drops thrice on the threshold
        pour,
  And bathe with this enchanted juice her door;
  That door where no admittance now is found,
  But where my soul is ever hov'ring round.
                                    Granville.
2. To subdue by charms or spells.
    Arcadia was the charmed circle, where  all his
  spirits for ever should be enchanted.       Sidney.
    John thinks them all enchanted:  he enquires if
  Nick had not given  them some intoxicating potion.
                                    Arbuthnot.
3. To delight in a high degree.
    One whom the musick of his own vain tongue
  Doth ravish like enchanting harmony.     Shaksp,
    Too dear I priz'd a fair enchant ing face;
  Beauty unchaste, is beauty in disgrace.      Pope.

Encha'nter,  en-tshan'tur.98  to.  s.  [en-
  chanteu, Fr.]   A magician; a sorcerer;
  one who has spirits  or demons at his
  command; one  who has the  power of
  charms and  spells.
    Such phasms, such apparitions, are  excellencies
  which  men applaud in themselves, conjured up by
  the  magick of a strong imagination, and only seen
  within that circle in which the enchanter stands.
                                Decay of Piety.
    Gladio, by valour and stratagem, put to death ty-
  rants, enchanters, monsters, and knights.  Spectator,
    Ardan, that black enchanter, whose dire arts
  Enslav'd our knights, and broke our virgin hearts.
                                    Granville,
Encha'ntingly,  en-tshan'tlng-le.   adv,
  [from enchant.]   With the force of en-
  chantment.  It is improperly  used in a
  passive sense in the following  passage.
    He's gentle; never school'd, and yet learned; full
  of noble device; of all sorts enchantingly belov'd.
                                      SAafcsp.
Encha'ntment, en-tshant'ment. to. s.  [en-
  chantement, Fr.]
1.  Magical charms;  spells;  incantation;
  sorcery.
    The  Turks thought that  tempest was brought
  upon them by the charms and enchantments  of the
  Persian magicians.                     Knoles.
2. Irresistible influence; overpowering tie-
  light.
    Warmth of fancy will carry the loudest and most
  universal applause, which holds the heart of a read-
  er under the strongest enchantment.         Pepe.

Encha'ntress, en-tshan'tres. to.  *.  [en-
  chanteresse, Fr.]
1. A  sorceress; a woman versed in magi-
  cal arts.
    Fell banning hag! enchantress, hold thy tongue.
                                      Shaksp.
    I  have it by certain  tradition, that it was  given
  to the first who wore it by an enchantress.   Tatler.
2. A  woman whose beauty or excellencies
   give irresistible influence.
    From this enchantress all these ills are come;
  You are not safe till you pronounce her doom.
                                      Dryden.
    Oft with the enchantress of his soul he talks,
  Sometimes in crowds distress'd.         Thomson.

To Encha'se, en-tshase'. v. a. [enchasser,
   French.]
I. To infix;  to  enclose  in any other  body
   so as to be held fast, but not concealed.
    Like polish'd iv'ry beauteous to behold;
  Or  Parian marble, when enchas'd in gold.   Dryd.
    Words,  which in their natural situation, shine
  like jewels enchased in gold, look, when transposed
  into notes, as if set in lead.               JPelfcm. 
ENC
ENC
E JN  C
  2. To adorn by being fixed upon it.
      What see'st thou there ? King Henry's diadem
    Enchas'd with all the honours ofthe world!  Shak.
      They houses burn,  and household gods deface,
    To drink in bowls which glitt'ring gems enchase.
                                       Dryden.
  3. To adorn by raised or embossed work
      When  was old Sherwood's head more quaintly
          cm I'd,
    Or look'd the earth more green upon the world,
    Or nature's cradle more enchas'd aud j.url'd?
                                    Ben Jonson.
  Enche'ason, en-she'zon. n. s.[encheu6on,
     old law Fr.] Cause; occasion.
                    Skinner. Cowell. Bailey.
      Certes, said he, well  mote I should to tell
    The fond encheason that me hither led.  F. Queen.
  To Enci'kcle, en-sei'kl. v. a. [from cir-
     cle.] To surround;  to environ;  to en-
     close in a ring or circle; to enring.
      That stranger guest the Paphian realm obeys,
    A real defended with  encircling seas.       Pope.
      Beneath a sculptur'd arch he sits enthron'd;
    The peers encircfing,  form an a^fril round.  Pope.

  Enoi'rclet, en-serk'let.  to. s. [from cir-
     cle.] A circle; a ring.
      In whose  encirclets  if ye gaze,
    Your eyes may tread  a lover's maze-     Sidney.
  Encli'ticks, en-klit'iks. n.s. [tyx-to'Titcx.]
     Particles which throw back the  accent
     upon the foregoing syllable.

  To Enclo'se, £n-kl6ze'. v. a. [enclos, Fr.]
  1.  To  part  from things or  grounds com-
    mon by a fence.
      The protector caused a proclamation to be set
   forth against enclosures,  commanding that they who
   had enclosed lands,  accustomed to lie open, should
   lay them open again.                 Hayward.
      As much land as a man tills, and can use  the pro-
   duct of, so much he by his labour encloses from the
   common.                              Locke.
      For enclosing  of land, the usual way is with a
   bank set with quick.                  Mortimer.
  2. To  environ;  to  encircle; to surround;
    to encompass; to shut in between other
    tilings; to include.
      The fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and  a jas-
   per: toey  shall be set in  gold in their enclosing.
                                      Exodus.
      The peer now spreads the glitt'ring forfex wide,
   T' enclose the lock; now joins it to divide.    Pope.
  3. To hold by an exclusive claim.

  Enclo'ser, en-klo'zur.  «. s. [from  en-
    close.]
  1. One that  encloses or separates common
    fields into several  distinct properties.
     If God had laid all common, certainly
   Man would have been th' encloser; but since now
   God hath impal'd us, on  the contrary
   Man breaks toe fence.                 Herbert.
 2. Any thing in which another is enclosed.

 Enclo'sure,  en-kl6'zhtire.  n. s.  [from
   enclose]
 1. The act of enclosing or environing any
   thing.
     The membranes are  for the comprehension or
   enclosure of all these together.          Wilkins.
 2.   The separation  of common  grounds
   into distinct possessions.
     Enclosures began to be frequent, whereby ara-
  ble land was turned into pasture.          Bacon.
    Touching enclosures,  a  company of lands inclosed
  are thereby improved  in worth two or three  parts
  at the least.                        Hayward.
3. T'-e ;> impropriation of tbinsrs common.
    Let no  man appropriate  what God hath made
  common; that is against justice and charity,  and by
   miraculous accidents God hath declared his dis-
   pleasure against such encfosure.           Taylor.
  4. State of  being shut  up  in any place;
    encompassed, or environed.
     This expresses particularly the enclosure  of the
   waters within the earth.                Burnet.
     For the young, during its enclosure in the womb,
   there are formed membranes  inveloping it,  called
   seeundines.                              Ray.
  5. The space inclosed; the space  compre-
    hended within certain limits.
     And all, that else this world's enclosure base
   Hath great or glorious in  mortal eye,
   Adorns the person of her majesty.    Fairy Queen.
     They are to live all  in a body,  and generally
   within the same enclosure; to marry among  them-
   selves, and to eat no meats toat  are not prepared
   their own way.                       Addison.
  5. Several;  ground  enclosed;  ground se-
   parated from the common.
     'Tis not the common, but the enclosure, must
   make him rich.                        South.
 Enoo'miast, en-ko'me-ast. to. s. [iyxa/x-tx-
   s»js.]   A panegyrist; a  proclaimer  of
   praise;  a praiser.
     The Jesuits are the great encomiasts of the Chi-
   nese.                                 Locke.
 Encomia'stical,  en-ko-me-as'te-kal
 Encomi/v'stick,  en-ko-ine-as'tik.
   adj. [eyx.a(*,iccrtx.'&>.] Panegyrical;  lau
   datory;  containing  praise;  bestowing
   praise.
 ENCO'MIUM,   en-ko'me-um.    to.  a.
 [eyxafuov.] Panegyrick; praise; elogy.
     How eagerly do some men propogate every little
   encomium their parasites make of them!
                       Government  ofthe Tongue.
     A vile encomium doubly ridicules;
   There's nothing blackens like the ink of  fools.
                                         Pope.
 To  Enco'mpass, en-kum'pas. v. a.  [from
   compass.]
 1. To enclose; to encircle.
     Look how my ring encompasseth thy fiDger;
   Ev'n so thy breast encloseth my poor heart.  Shak.
     Two strong ligaments encompass the whole head
   of the femur.                        Wiseman.
     Poetick fields encompass me around,
   And still I  seem to tread on classick ground.
                                      Addison.
 2. To shut in; to surround; to environ.
     He, having scarce six thousand in his troop,
   By three and twenty thousand of the French
   Was round encompassed, and set upon.     Shaksp.
 3. To go round  any place: as,  Drake  en-
   compassed the world.
 Enco'mpassment, en-kum'pas-ment. to. s.
   [from encompass] Circumlocution; re-
   mote tendency of talk.
              Finding
  By this encompassment and drift of question,
  That they do know my son, come you more near.
                                      Shaksp.
EJVCO'EE,  ong-kore'.  adv.  [French.]
   Again; once  more.   A  word  used  at
   publick  shows when a  singer, or  fid-
   dler, or buffoon, is desired  by the audi-
   ence to do the same  thing again.
    To the same notes thy sons shall hum or snore,
  And all thy  yawning daughters cry encore.  Dunciad
ENCO'UNTER,  en-koun'tur.sis  „.  s,
   [encontre, Fr.]
   Duel; single fight; conflict.
            Thou hast beat me out
    Twelve several times, and 1 have nightly since
  Dreamt of encounters 'twixt thyself and me. Shak
    Let's leave this keen encounfer of our wits,
  And fall something into a slower method.   Shaksp.
     Pallas th' encounter seeks; but here he throws.
   To Tuscan Tiber thus address'd his vows:
   0 sacred stream, direct my flying dart,
   And give to pass the proud Halesus's heart.  Dryd.
  ■  Battle;  fight  in  which  enemies rush
   against each other.
               Two black clouds
   With heaven's artillery fraught, come rattling on
   Over the Caspian; then stand front to front
   Hov'ring a space, till winds the signal  blow
   To join their dark encounter in mid air.   Milton.
   Eager and warm conversation, either of
   love or anger.
     The peaking cornuto comes to me in the instant
  of our encounter, after he had spoke the prologue of
  our comedy.                          Shaksp.
   Accidental congress; sudden meeting.
     Propitious Pallas, to secure her care,
  Around him spread a veil of thicken'd air,
  To shun th' encounter of the vulgar crowd.   Pope.
   Accosting; transient or unexpected ad-
   dress.
     But in what habit will  you go along?
  —Not like a woman: for I would prevent the loose
  encounters of lascivious men.             Shaksp.
               Three parts of Brutus
  Is ours already; and the man entire,
  Upon the next encounter, yields him ours.  Shaksp.
 6. Casual incident; occasion.   This sense
   is scarcely English.
    An equality is not sufficient for the unity of char-
  acter: 'tis further necessary, that  the same spirit
  appear in all sort of encounters.             Pope.

 To Enco'unter,  en-kdvin'tur. v. a. [from
   the noun.]
 1. To meet face to face; to front.
             If I must die,
  I will encottnfer darkness as a bride.
  And hug it in mine arms.                Shaksp.
    The fashion of the world is to avoid cost, and you
  encounter it.                          Shaksp.
    Thou stronger may'st endure the flood of light;
  And, while in shades, I chear my fainting sight,
  Encounter the descending excellence.     Dryden.
 2. To  meet in a hostile manner;  to rush
  against in conflict.
    Putting themselves in  order of battle, they en-
  countered their enemies.                Knolles.
 3. To meet  with  reciprocal kindness.
    See they encownfer thee with their hearts thanks,
  Both sides are even.                    Shaksp.
 i. To attack; to meet in the front.
    Which way soever we  turn,  we are  encountered
  with clear evidences and sensible  demonstrations
  of a Deity.                          Tillotson.
 >. To oppose; to oppugn.
    Jurors are not bound to believe two witnesses, if
  the probability of toe fact does reasonably encounter
  them.                                 Hale.
6. To meet by accident.
    I am most fortunate thus to encounter you:
  You have ended my business, and 1 will merrily
  Accompany you home.                  Shaksp.

To  Enco'unter,  en-koun'tur. v. to,
1. To  rush together in  a hostile  manner;
  to conflict.
            Encounter so,
  As doth the fury of two desperate men,
  Which, in the very meeting, fall and die.  Shaksp.
            Five times, Marcius,
  Have I fought with thee;  so often hast thou beat
        me:
  And wouldst do so, I think, should we encounter
  As often as we eat.                     Shaksp,
I. To  engage;  to fight: it  has  with be-
  fore the thing.
            Our wars
  Will turn into a peaceful comick sport,
  When ladies crave to be encounter'd with.  Shaksp, 
ENC
ENC
END
     Both the wings of his fleet had begun to encount-
   er wUh the christians.                  Knolles.
     Those who have most dread of death, must be
   content to e»icounfer wUh it, whether they will or
   no.                                    Wake.
 3. To meet face to face.
 4. To come together by chance.
 Enco'unterer,   en-kdun'iur-ilr.    n. a.
    [from encounter.]
 1. Opponent; antagonist; enemy.
     The lion will not kick with  his feet,  but he will
   strike such a stroke with his tail, that he will break
   the  back of his encoccnferer with it.         More.
     Tbe doctrines of toe reformation have kept the
   field against all encounterers.          Atterbury.
 3. One that loves  to  accost  others.  An
    old term.
     Oh, these encounterers! so gilt of tongue,
   They give a coasting welcome ere it comes;
   And wide unclasp the tables of their thoughts
   To every ticklish reader.                Shaksp.
 To  Enco'urage,   en-kur'ridje.90   v.  a.
    [encourager; Fr.]
 I. To animate;  to incite to any thing.
     They encourage themselves in an evil matter.
                                       Psalms.
 2. To  give courage  to;  to  support  the
    spirits; to inspirit;  to embolden.
     Kinds of musick encourage men, and make them
   warlike, or make them  soft and effeminate. Bacon.
     I would neither encowag-e the rebels,  nor  dis-
   courage the protestants loyalty.      King Charles.
 3. To raise  confidence;  to  make confi-
    dent.
     I doubt not but there are ways to be found, to
   assist our reason in this most useful part; and  this
   the judicious Hooker encourages me to say.  Locke.
 Enoo'uragement, en-k&r'ridje-ment. n.a.
    [from encourage.]
 1. Incitement  to  any action  or practice;
    incentive.
 2. Increase of confidence.
             Such strength of heart
   Thy conduct and'example gives; nor small
   Encouragement, Godolphin, wise and just.  Philips.
 3. Favour;  countenance; support.
     For when he dies farewell all honour, bounty,
   All generous encouragement of arts.       Otway.
     The  reproach of immorality will lie heaviest
   against an established  religion, because those who
   have no religion will profess themselves  of that
   which has the encouragement of the law.   Rogers.
 Enco'urager,  e'n-K.ur'ridje-ur.814   n. a.
    [from encourage.]  One that supplies
   incitements to any thing; a favourer.
     Live then, thou great encourager of arts,
   Live ever in our thankful hearts.        Dryden.
     As the pope is a  master of polite learning, and
   a great encourager of arts; so at Rome those arts
   immediately thrive, under the encouragement of
   the prince.                          Addison.
 7^0 ENCRO'ACH,en-kr6tsh'.206-u.a.[ac-
   crocher, from croc, a hook, French.]
 1.  To  make  invasions  upon  the  right of
   another;  to  put a hook  into  another
   man's possessions to draw  them away.
    Those Irish captains of counties have encroached
  upon the queen's freeholders and tenants.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
2. To  advance  gradually and  by stealth
   upon that  to which  one  has no  right:
   with on before the subject.
    This hour is mine; if for the next I care, I grow
        too wide,
  And do encroach upon death's side.     Herbert.
    Tisiphone, let loose from under ground,
  Before her drives diseases and affright;
  And every moment rises to the sight,
   Aspiring to the skies, encroaching on the light.
                                       Dryden.
 To Encro'ach, en-krotsh'.235 v. to.
 1. To creep on gradually without right.
     The  superstition that riseth voluntarily, aud by
   degrees mingieth itself with the rites even of every
   divine service, done to the only true God,  must be
   considered of as a creeping and encroaching evil.
                                       Hooker.
     Th' encroaching ill you early should oppose:
   Flatter'd, 'tis worse, and by indulgence grows.
                                       Dryden.
 2. To pass bounds.
     They fabled how the serpent, whom they call'd
   Ophion, wito  Eurynome; the wide
   Encroaching Kv» perhaps, had first the rule
   Of high Olympus.                     Milton.
      Next,  fenc'd  with  hedges  and deep ditches
         round,
   Exclude to' encroaching cattle from toy ground.
                                       Dryden.
 Encro'acher, en-krotsh'iir. to. a.  [Ironi
    encroach.]
 1. One who seizes the  possession  of an-
    other by gradual and silent means.
             The bold encroachers on toe deep,
   Gain by degrees huge tracts of land,
     'Till Neptune, with one gen'ral sweep,
   Turns all again to barren strand.          Swift.
 2. One wiio makes   slow and gradual ad-
    vances beyond his rights.
     Full dress creates dignity, augments conscious-
   ness, and keeps at distance an encroacher.
                                      Clarissa.
 Encro'achment,  c5n-krotsh'ment.   to. s.
    [from encroach.]
 I.  An unlawful  gathering  in upon  an-
    other man. For example:  if two  men's
    grounds lie  together, the one presses
   too  far upon the other;  or  if  a  tenant
   owe two shillings rent-service to  the
   lord, and  the lord  takes three:  so  the
   Spensers   encroached   to  themselves
   royal power and  authority.     Cowell.
     But this usurper his encroachment proud
   Stays not on man: to God  his tow'r intends
   Siege and defiance.                    Milton.
     If it be a man's known principle to  depart from
   his right, ill men will make unjust encroachments
   upon him.                          Atterbury.
 2.  Advance into  the territories  or rights
   of another.
     As a man had a right to all he could employ his
   labour upon, so he had no  temptation to labour for
   more than he could make use of: this left no room
   for controversy about the title, nor for encroach-
   ment on the right of others.              Locke.
     The ancient Romans made many encroachments
  on the sea, and laid the foundations of their palaces
  within the very borders of it.           Addison.
     The people since the death of Solon, had already
  made great encroachments.                Sivift.
 To  Encu'mber, en-kiim'bur. v. a.  [en-
   combrer, Fr.]
 1. To clog; to load; to  impede.
     We have by this many years experience, found
  that exceeding great good, not encumbered with  any
  notable inconvenience.                 Hooker.
     Encumber'd  with his vest, without defence.
                                     Dryden.
2.  I o entangle; to embarrass; to obstruct.
  jvJhC ^erbal COpier is  numbered with so many
  difficulties at once, toat he can never discntano-le
  himself-                             Drydm.
                The god awak'd,
  And thrice in vain he shook his wing
  Encumber'd in the silken string.          Prior.
3.  To  load with  deM?.:  \s hia  estate  ia en-
   cumbered  with mortgages.
 Encu'mbranoe,   en-kum'branse.  n.  s.
   [from encumber.]
 I. Clog; load;  impediment.
     Philosophers agreed in despising riches,  at best
   considering  them as unnecessary encumbrances of
   life-                                  Temple.
     Dead limbs are an encumbrance to the body, in-
   stead of being of use to it.             Addison.
 2. Excrescence; useless addition.
     Strip from toe branching Alps their piny load
   The huge encumbrance of horrifick woods.
                                     Thompson,
 3. Burden upon an estate.
     In respect of the encumbrances of a living, con-
   sider whether it be  sufficient for his family, and
   to maintain hospitality.                  Ayliffe,

 Ency'clical, en-sik'le-kal.e3e adj.  [iyw.
   xA<*es.]   Circular;  sent round through
   a  large region.
     This council  was not received in  patriarchal
   sees,  which  is  evident  from Photius's encyclical
   epistle to the patriarch of Alexandria. Stillingjlut,

 Encvclope'dia, en-si-klo-pe'de-a. £
 Kncyclope S>y, en-si-kio-pe'de.    \ n'*'
   [iyxvxyosraioax.]   '1 ne circle  of sci-
   ences; the round  of learning.
     In  this encyclopozdia  and round of knowledge
   like the great wheels of  heaven, ive must observe
   two circles, that, while we are daily carried about,
   and whirled on by the swing and rapt of the one
   we may maintain a  natural and proper course in
   the sober wheel of the other.            Brown.
     Every science borrows from all the rest, and we
   cannot attain any single one without toe encyclnpa-
   dV-                                GlanvUle.
     This art may justly claim a place in the encyclo-
   pozdia, especially such as serves for a model  of edu-
   cation for an able politician.          Arbuthnot.

 Ency'sted, en-sls'ted.  adj. [**«-<$.]  En-
   closed in  a vesicle or bag.
    Encysted tumours  borrow  their  names from a
   cyst or bag in which toey are contained.     Sharp.
 END, end.  to. a. [enb, Saxon.]
 1.  The  extremity  of  the length of any
   thing materially extended.   Of bodies
   that  have equal  dimensions we do not
   use end:  the extremity of breadth is
   side.
    Jonathan put forth  the  end of the rod that was
  in his hand, and dipt  it in a honeycomb.    1 Sam.
2. Extremity or last part  in general.
    The extremity and bounds of all bodies we have
  no difficulty  to arrive at; but, when the mind is
  there,  it finds nothing to hinder its progress  into
  this endless expansion: of that it can neither find
  nor conceive any end.                    Locke]
3. The  lasi  part of any assignable dura-
   tion.
    Behold the day groweth to an end.      Judges.
    At the end  of two months she returned. Judges
    If the world's age and death be argu'd well
  By the  sun's fall, which now towards earth doth
        bend,
    Then we might fear, that virtue, since she fell
  So low as woman, should be near her end. Donne.
4. The conclusion or cessation of any ac-
   tion.
    Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons,
    ...   . ,                           Genesis.
    Yet vainly  most their age in study spend:
  No end of writing books, and to no end.  Denham.
    The causes and designs  of an action are the be-
  ginning; the effects of these causes, and the diffi-
  culties met with in the execution of these designs,
  are the  middle; and the unravelling and resolurioa
  of these difficulties, are the end.         Broome.
5. When end is not used materially, it is
   opposed to beginning. 
END
END
END
    Better is the end than the beginning thereof.
                                       Eccles.
6. The  conclusion or  last  part  of any
   thing: as, the end of a chapter; the end
   of a discourse.
7. Ultimate state;  final doom.
    Mark the  perfect man, and behold the upright,
  for toe end of that man is peace.         Psalms.
8. The point beyond which no progression
   can be made.
    They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken
  man, and are at their wits end!          Psalms.
9. Final determination; conclusion of de-
   bate or  deliberation.
    Mv euilt be on my head and there's an end!
      J B                              Shaksp.
 10. Death; fate; decease.
    I determine  to write the life  and  the  end the
   nature and the fortunes of George Villiers.  Wotton.
            The soul receives intelligence,
  By her near genius,  of the body's end,
  And so imparts a sadness  to toe sense.      Daniel.
    'Tis the  great business of life to fit ourselves for
  our end, and  no  man can live well that hath not
  death in his eye.                   L'Estrange.
            Remember Milo's end,
  Wedg'd in that timber which he strove to rend.
                                   Roscommon.
    My God, my father, and my friend,
   Do not forsake me in my end.        Roscommon.
    Unblam'd  through life, lamented in thy end.
                                        Pope.
 II.  Cessation;  period.
     What is the sign of the end of the world?
                                     Matthew.
    Great houses shall have an end.       .  Amos.
 12.  Limit; termination.
    There is no end of toe store.           Nahum.
 13. Abolition;  total loss.
    There would be an end of all civil  government,
  if the assignment of civil power were by such in-
  stitution.                              Locke.
 14. Cause of death; destroyer.
    Take heed you dally not before your king,
  Lest he toat is toe supreme King of kings,
  Confound your hidden  falsehood, and award
  Either of you to be  toe other's end.  *    Shaksp.
 15.  Consequence; conlusive  event; con-
   clusion.
             0,  that a man might know
   The end of this day's business ere it come!
   But it sufficeth  that the day will end.      Shaksp.
    The end of these things is death.     Romans.
 16.  Fragment; broken piece.
             Thus I clothe my naked villany
   With old odd ends, stol'n forth of holy writ,
  And seem  a saint.                      Shaksp.
 17.  Purpose;  intention.
    There was a purpose to reduce toe  monarchy to
  a repnblick, which was far from toe end and pur-
  pose of that nation.                  Clareiuion.
                 I have lov'd!
  What can  thy ends,  malicious beauty, be?
  Can he who kill'd thy brother,  live for thee?
                                       Dryden.
    Heav'n as its instrument, my courage  sends;
  Heav'n ne'er sent those who fight for private ends.
                                      Diyden.
    Others are apt to attribute them to  some false
  end or intention.                      Addison.
 18. Thing intented;  final design;  the ter-
   mination of intellectual  prospect.
    Wisdom may have  framed  one and  the  same
  thing to serve commodiously for divers  ends, and
  of those ends any one  may be sufficient  cause  for
  continuance, though the rest have ceased.  Hooker.
    All  those  things  which are done by him, have
  some end for  which they arc done; and the end for
  which they are done, is a reason of his will  to  do
  them.                                 Hooker.
    Her only end is never-ending bliss;
      VOL  I.
  Which is, the eternal face  of God to see,
  Who last of ends, and first of causes is;
  And to do this, she must eternal be.       Davies.
    The end of toe  commandment is  charity.
                                    1  Timothy.
    Two things I shall propound to you,  as ends:
  since the wise men of this world have made them
  theirs.                              Suckling.
    Such conditions did  fully comply with all those
  ends, for ivhich the parliament had first taken up
  arms.                              Clarendon.
            Hear and mark
  To what end  I have brought thee hither.   Jtftffon.
    Life with my Indamora, I would chuse;
  But, losing her, the end of  living lose.    Dryden.
    For when success a lover's toil attends,
  Few ask if fraud or force attain'd his ends.   Pope.
    The end of our fast is to please God, and make
  him propitious,                      Smalridge.
19. An End.  [Probably corrupted  from
   on end.]   Upright; erect: as, his hair
   stands an end.
20. An End has  a signification in low lan-
   guage  not  easily  explained; as:  most
   an  end,  commonly:  perhaps it  is pro-
   bably on end, at the conclusion; or cor-
   rupted from  some  old word  not easily
   recoverable.
             Stay'st thou to vex me here?
  Slave, that, still an end, turns me to shame!  Shak.
To End, end.  v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To terminate;  to conclude; to finish.
    They have ended all my harvest.         Ruth,
    He  would in one battle end quarrel with toem,
  either win or lose toe empire.           Knolles,
    That expensive war under which we have so long
  groaned, is not yet  ended.             Smalridge.
2. To destroy;  to put to death.
    The lord of Stafford dear to-day hath bought
  Thy likeness; for instead of thee, king Harry,
  This sword hato ended him.             Shaksp.
To End, end. v.  to.
1. To come to an end;  to be finished.
    Then ease your weary Trojans will attend,
  And the long labours of your voyage end. Dryden.
2. To die. [rtXtvT«.u/]
    Yet happy were my death, mine ending blest,
  If this I could obtain, toat,  breast to breast,
  Thy bosom might receive my yielded  spright.
                                      Fairfax.
3. To terminate; to conclude.
    Our laughing,  if it be loud and high,  commonly
  ends in a deep sigh; and all the instances of plea-
  sure have a sting in the tail.             Taylor.
4. To cease;  to fail.
    His sovereignty,  built upon either of these titles,
  could not have descended to his heir, but must have
  ended with him.                         Locke.
5. To  conclude action or discourse.
    The Angel ended, and in Adam's ear
  So charming left his voice.               Milton.

To  Enda'mage,  en-dam'idje.90    v.  a.
   [from  damage.]   To mischief; to  pre-
   judice; to harm.
    Nor ought he ear'd whom he endamaged
  By tortuous wrong, or whom bereav'd of right.
                                      Spenser.
    It cometh sometime to pass, that a thing unne-
  cessary in  itself doth notwithstanding appear con-
  venient to be still held, even without use, lest by
  reason of that coherence which  it hato with some-
  what most necessary, the removal ofthe one should
  endamage toe other.                   Hooker.
    Where your good word cannot advantage him,
  Your slander never can endamage him.     Shaksp.
    Gather our soldiers, scatter'd and disperst,
  And lay new platforms to endamage them. Shaksp.
    The trial hath endamag'd thee no way;
  Rather more honour left, and more esteem. Milton.
    When an erroneous opinion is published,  the
                    4 M
  publick is endamaged, and therefore it becomes pu-
  nishable by the magistrate.                SoufA.
    A great alteration doth seldom  any wise enda-
  mage or disorder the globe.           Woodward.
Endamagement, en-dam'idje-ment. to. *.
   [from endamage.]   Damage; loss.
    These flags of France that are advanced  here,
  Have hither march'd to the endamagement.
                                       Shaksp.
To  Enda'nger,  dn-clan'jur.   v. a. [from
   danger.]
1. To put into hazard; to  bring  into peril.
    Eveiy one desires his own preservation and hap-
  piness, and therefore hato a natural dread of ev ery
  thing that  can destroy his being, or endanger his
  happiness.                            Tiiiotson.
             He rais'd the rest,
    To force the foes from the Lavinian shore,
  And Italy's endanger'd peace restore.     Diyden.
    My kingdom claims your birth; my late defence
  Of our endanger'd fleet, may claim your confidence.
                                       Dryden.
    Volatile salts never exist in an animal body; the
  heat required to make them volatile, endangers the
  animal.                            Arbuthnot.
    The interest endangered is our title to heaven.
                                       Rogers.
2. To incur the danger of;  to hazard.
    He that turneth the humours back,  and maketh
  toe wound  bleed  inwards,  endangeref/i malign ul-
  cers.                                  Bacon.
To Ende'ar,en-deer.237v.a. [from dear.]
   To make dear;  to make beloved.
    All those  instances of charity which usually en-
  dear each  other,  sweetness of conversation,  fre-
  quent admonition,  all significations of love, must
  be expressed towards children.           Taylor.
    And in toe mixture of all these appears
  Variety, which all the rest endears.       Denham.
    The only thing  toat can endear  religion to your
  practice, will be to raise your affections above this
  world.                                  Wake.
Ende'arment, en-deer'ment. to. s. [from
   endear.]
1. The  cause  of  love; means  by which
   any thing is endeared.
    Her first endearments twining round the soul.
                                     Thomson.
2. The state of being endeared;  the  state
   of being loved.
    Is not the separate property of a  thing the great
  cause of its endearment amongst all mankind?
                                        South.
    When a man shall have done all that he  can to
  make one his friend, and emptied his purse to create
  endearment between them, he may,  in the end  be
  forced to write vanity and frustration.      South.
ENDEA'VOUR, en-dev'ur.3^ to. a. [de-
   voir.  Fr.  endevoir.]   Labour directed
   to  some  certain end; effort to obtain or
   avoid.
             My studied purposes went
  Beyond all man's endeavours.            Shaksp.
             Heav'n doth divide
  The state of man in divers functions,
  Setting endeavour in continual  motion.     Shaksp.
    Here their appointment we may  best discover,
  And look on their endeavour.             Shaksp,
    I take imitation of an author to be an endeavour
  of a later poet to write like  one who has written
  before him on the same subject.          Dryden.
    The bold and sufficient pursue their game with
  more passion, endeavour and application, and there-
  fore often succeed.                     Temple.
    She could not make the least endeavour towards
  the producing of any thing  that hath vital and or-
  ganical  parts.                           Ray.
    Such an assurance as will quicken men's endea-
  vours for the obtaining of a lesser  good, ought to
  animate men more powerfully in the pursuit of that
  which is infinitely greater.              Tillotson. 
END
END
END
    This is the hinge on which turns the liberty of in-
  tellectual beings, in their constant endeavours after,
  and steady prosecution of, true felicity.      Locke.
 To Endea'vour,  en-dev'iir.  v.n.  [from
 .  the noun.]  To labour to a certain pur-
   pose; to work for a certain end.   It has
   commonly after before the  thing.
    I could wish that more of our country clergy would
  endeavour after a handsome elocution.    Addison.
    Of old those met rewards, who could excel;
  And those were prais'd, who but endeavour'd well.
                                        Pope.
 To Endea'vour, en-dev'ur. v. a. To  at-
   tempt; to essay.
    To pray'r, repentance, and obedience due,
  Though but endeavour'd with sincere intent,
  Mine ear shall not be slow, mine ear not shut.
                                       Milton.
 Endea'vourer, en-dev'ur-flr. to. a.  [from
   endeavour.] One who labours to  a cer-
   tain end.
    He appears an humble endeavourer,  and speaks
  honestly to no purpose.                  Rymer.
 Ende'cagon, en-dek'a-gon. n.s. [hfox-cc-
   yo*.]    A plain  figure of eleven   sides
   and angles.
 Ende'mial, en-de'me-dl.    "1 adj.   QvJV»-
 Ende'mical, en-dein'e-kal. I   /k.©-.] Pe-
 Ende'mick, en-dein'ik.     J   culiartoa
   country:  used of any disease proceeding
   from  some cause peculiar to the  coun-
   try where it reigns;  such as the scurvy
   to  the northern climes.         Quincy
    We may bring a consumption, under the notion
  of a pandemick, orendemicfc, or rather a vernacular
  disease, to England.                    Harvey.
    Solenander, from the  frequency of the plants,
  springing up in any region,  could gather what en-
  demial  diseases the inhabitants were subject to.
                                        Ray.
    An endemial disease is what is common to the peo-
  ple of the country.                   Arbuthnot.
    What demonstrates the plague to be endemial to
  Egypt,  is its invasion and going  off at certain sea-
  sous.                              Arbuthnot.
 To Ende'nize, en-den'iz.169  v. a.   [from
   denizen.]   To  make free; to enfran-
   chise.
    The  English  tongue hath been beautified and en-
  riched  out of other tongues, by enfranchising  and
  endenizing strange words.              Camden.
 7-oENDI'CT,?  .   .,  ,   Cx>.  a.  [endi-
 7bENDI'TE,5  en-mte-  \ter, French;
   dictum, Latin.
 1. To charge  any man by a written  accu-
   sation before a court of  justice:  as,  he
   was  endited for felony.  It  is  often
   written indict.
 2. To draw up;  to compose; to write.
    How shall Filbert unto me indite,
  When neither I can read nor he can write?   Gay.
    Hear how learn'd Greece her useful rules indites,
  When to repress, and when indulge our flights!
                                        Pope,
 To Endi'te, en-dite'. v. to.  To compose.
    Your battles they hereafter shall indite,
  And draw toe image of our Mars in fight.   Waller.
ENDI^TMENT,?^^,^  < TOXOID
Endi'tement,5                C   cndite.]
  A bill or declaration made in form of
  law,  for  the benefit  of  the common-
  wealth; or an accusation for  some of-
  fence  exhibited  unto  jurours, and  by
  their verdict found to be true, before an
  officer can have  power  to punish the
  same offence.                    Cowell.
    'Tis necessary toat toe species of the crime be
  described in the libel or articles, which our English
  lawyers call an indictment or information.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
    We never draw any indictment at all against them,
  but think commendably even of them.      Hooker.
    The hand-writing against him may be cancelled
  in the court of heaven, and  yet the indiefmenf run
  on in the court of conscience.             South.
    Attend the court, and thou shalt briefly find
  In that one place the manners of mankind;
  Hear toe indwtm"nts, then return again,
  Call thyself wretch, and, if thou dar'st, complain.
                                      Dryden.
E'ndive,  en'div.  to. s.  [endive, French;
  intybum, Lat.]   A plant.
    Endive, or succory, is of several sorts; as toe
  white, the green, and the curled.       Mortimer.
E'ndless, end'l£s.  adj. [from end.]
I. Having no end; being without  conclu-
  sion or termination.
    Nothing was more endless than toe common me-
  thod of comparing eminent writers by an opposition
  of particular passages in them.             Peipe.
2. Infinite in longitudinal  extent.
    As it is pleasant to the eye to have  an endless
  prospect, so it is  some pleasure to a finite under-
  standing  to view unlimited excellencies.  Tillotson.
.}. Infinite in duration;  perpetual.
    None  of the heathens, how curious soever in
  searching out all kinds of  outward ceremonies,
  could ever once endeavour to resemble herein the
  church's  care for the endless good of her children.
                                      Hooker.
    But after labours long, and sad delay,
  Brings them to joyous rest, and  endless bliss.
                                     Spenser.
    All our glory extinct, and happy state,
  Here swallow'd up in endless misery.      MUton.
4. Incessant; continual.
    All the priests  and friars in my realm,
  Shall in procession sing her endless praise. Shaksp.
    Each pleasing Blount shall endless smiles bestow,
  And soft  Belinda's blush for ever glow.     Pope.
E'ndlessly, end'les-le.  adv. [from end-
  less.]
1. Incessantly; perpetually.
    Though God's promise has made a sure entail of
  grace to all those who humbly seek, yet it no where
  engages that it shall importunately and endlessly re-
  new its assaults on those who have often repulsed it.
                               Decay of Piety.
2. Without termination  of length.
E'ndlessness,   end'l£s-nes.  to. *.  [from
  endless.]
I. Extension without limit.
2. Perpetuity;  endless duration.
3. The quality of being  round without an
  end.
            The tropick circles have,
  Yea, and those small ones which the poles engrave,
  All the same roundness, evenness,  and all
  The endlessness ofthe equinoctial.         Donne.
E'ndlong, £nd'long, adv. [end and long.]
  In a straight line.
    Then spurring at full speed, ran endlong on,
^ Where Theseus sat on his imperial throne. Dryden.
E'ndmost, end'most. adj. [end and most.]
  Remotest; furthest; at the further end.
                                       Diet.
To  ENDO'RSE, en-d6rse'. v. a.  [endor-
  ser,  French; dorsum, Lat.]
1. To register on the back of a writing;
  To superscribe.
    A French gentleman speaking with an English of
  the law salique, the English said that was meant of
  the women toemselves, not of males  claiming by
  women.   The French gentleman  said, Where do
  you find that gloss?  The English answered, Look
  on the backside of the record of the law salique,
  and there you shall find it endorsed.        Bacon.
    Upon credential letters was endorsed this super-
  scription, to the king who hath toe sun for his hel-
  met.                                 Howel.
    Al! the letters I can find of yours I have fastened
  in a folio cover, and the rest in bundles endorsed.
                                 Swift to Pope.
2. To cover on the back.   Not used.
    Chariots, or elephants  endors'd wito tow'rs
  Of archers.                           MUton.
ENDo'RSEMENT,£n-d6rse'ment. to. s. [from
   endorse.]
1. Superscription; writing on the back.
2. Ratification.
    Th' endorsement of supreme delight,
  Writ by a friend, and with his blood.     Herbert.

To ENDO'W, en-c]du'.313 v. a. [indotare,
   Latin; endouairer, French.]
1. To enrich  with a portion.
    He shall surely endow her to be his wife. Exodus.
2. To supply with any external goods.
    An alms-house I  intend  to  endow very hand-
  somely for a dozen superannuated husbandmen.
                                      Addison.
3. To enrich  with any excellence.
           I at first with two fair gifts
  Created him endow'd; with happiness
  And immortality; that fondly lost,
  This other serv'd but to eternize woe.     Milton.
    Among those who are the most richly endowed by
  nature, and accomplished by their own industry,
  how few are there whose  virtues are not obscured!
                                     Addison.
    God did never command  us to believe, nor his
  ministers to preach, any doctrine contrary to the
  reason he hath pleased to  endow;  us with.   Swift.
4. To be the fortune of any one.
              I do not think
  So fair an outward, and such stuff within,
  Endows a man but him.                 Shaksp.
Endo'wment, en-dou'ment. to.*,  [from
  endow.]
1. Wealth bestowed to any  person or use.
2. The bestowing or assuring a dower;  the
  setting forth or  severing a  sufficient
  portion for  a vicar  towards  his perpe-
  tual maintenance, when the benefice is
  appropriated.                    Cowell.
3. Appropriation of revenue.
    A chapel will I build, with large endowment.
                                     Dryden,
4. Gifts of nature.   In this sense it is com-
  monly plural.
    By a desire of fame, great endowments  are not
  suffered to lie idle and  useless to toe  public.
                                    Addison.
    If providence shews itself even in the blemishes of
  these creatures, how much more does it discover it-
  self in their several endowments according to toe
  condition in which toey are posted!     Addison.
To  Endu'e, en-du'. v.a. [in[duo,Latin.]
I. To supply with mental excellencies; to
  invest with intellectual powers.
    .Endue them with thy holy Spirit.
                               Common Prayer.
    Wisdom was Adam's instructor in Paradise: wis-
  dom endued the fathers, who lived before  toe  law,
  with the knowledge of holy things.        Hooker.
    These banish'd men that I have kept withal,
  Are men endu'd wito worthy qualities.    Shaksp.
            With what ease,
  Endu'd with royal virtues as thou art,
  Might'st thou expel this monster from his throne?
                                      Milton.
    Whatsoever  other  knowledge  a man may be en-
  dued withal, he is but an  ignorant person who doth
  not know God, the author of his  being.  Tillotson.
    Every christian is endued with  a power,  whereby 
END
ENE
ENF
  he is enabled to resist and conquer temptations.
                                     Ttffofson.
2. In the following  passage it seems in-
   correctly printed for endow.
    Leah said,  God hath endued me with a good
  dowry.                                Genesis.
Endu'rance, en-du'ranse. n.s. [from en-
   dure.]
1. Continuance; lastingness.
    Some of toem are of very great antiquity and con-
  tinuance, others more late and of less endurance.
                                       Spenser.
2. Patience; sufferance.
           Great things of small
   One can create; and in what place soe'er
   Thrive under evil, and work ease out of pain,
   Through labour and endurance.          MUton.
    Their fortitude was most admirable in their  pa-
   tience and endurance of all evils, of pain, and of
   death.                                Tempfe.
3. State of suffering.
    I would fain know whether that man takes a ra-
   tional course to preserve himself, who refuses the
   endurance of these higher troubles,  to secure him-
   self from a condition infinitely more  miserable?
                                        South.
4. Delay; procrastination.  Obsolete.
    I should have ta'en some pains to bring together
   Yourself and your accusers, and have heard you
   Without endurance further.             Shaksp.
 To   Endu're,  en-dure'.  v. a. [endurer,
   French; durare, Lat.]
 1. To bear; to sustain; to support unbro-
   ken.
    The hardness of bodies is  caused chiefly by toe
   jejuneness of the spirits, and their imparity with the
   tangible parts, which makes them not only hard, but
   fragile, and less enduring of pressure.      Bacon.
    Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure,
   As  might toe strokes of two such arms endure.
                                       Dryden.
2. To bear with patience.
    So dear I love him, toat with him all deaths
   I would endure; without him, live no life.  Milton.
    The gout haunts usually the easy and the rich,
   toe nice and the lazy,  who grow  to endure  much,
   because they can endure little.           Temple.
     By thine own tongue  thou  art condemn'd,  and
       must
   Endure our law.                    Shakspeare.
     Taking into the city all such things as they thought
   needful for the enduring of the siege, toey destroy-
   ed all the rest.                        Knolles.
 3. To undergo; to sustain.
     I wish to die, yet dare not death endtcre.  Dryd.
 4. To continue in.   Not used.
     The deer endureth the womb but eight months,
   and is complete at six years.            Brown.
 To  Endu're, en-dure'. v. «.
 1. To last; to remain; to continue.
    Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for
   that meat which endureth unto everlasting life.
                                         John.
    Doth the crown endure to eveiy generation?
                                      Proverbs.
    By being able to repeat measures of time, or
   ideas of stated  length of duration  in our minds, we
   can imagine duration, where nothing does really
   endure or exist.                        Locke.
    A charm that shall to age endure,
   The mind benevolent and pure.           Anon.
2. To brook;  to bear; to admit.
    For how can I endure to see the evil  that shall
   come unto my people? Or how can I endure to see
   the destruction of my kindred?           Esther.
    Our great English lords could not endure that any
   kings should reign in Ireland but themselves; nay,
   they could hardly endure that the crown of England
   should have any power over toem.         Davies.
Endu'rer,  en-du'rilr.98   to. s.  [from en-
   dure.]
1. One that can bear or endure; sustainer;
   sufferer.
    They are very valiant and hardy; for the  most
  part great endurers of cold, labour, hunger, and all
  hardiness.                             Spenser.
2. Continuer; laster.
E'ndwise, end'wize. adv. [end and wise.]
   Erectly; uprightly; on end.
    A  rude  and unpolished America, peopled with
  slothful and naked Indians, living in pitiful huts and
  cabbins made of poles set endicise.          Ray.
To E'necate, en'e-kate. v. a. [eneco, Lat.]
   To kill; to destroy.
    Some plagues partake of such a pernicious de-
  gree  of malignity,  that, in the  manner of a most
  presentaneous poison, they enecafe in two  or three
  hours,  suddenly corrupting or extinguishing the
  vital  spirits.                           Harvey.
E'nemy, en'e-me.  to. s,  [ennemi, French;
   inimicus, Lat.]
I. A public foe.
    All these statutes speak of English  rebels and
  Irish enemies, as if the Irish had never been in con-
  dition of subjects, but always out of the protection
  of the law.                            Davies.
    The enemy thinks of raising threescore thousand
  men for the next summer.              Addison.
2. A private opponent; an antagonist.
    I say unto you, Love your enemies.        JMoff.
3. Any one who  regards another with ma-
   levolence; not a friend.
               Kent in  disguise
   Followed his enemy king, and did him service
  Improper for a slave.                Shakspeare.
4. One that dislikes.
    He toat designedly uses ambiguities,  ought to be
   looked on  as an enemy  to truth and knowledge.
                                        Locke.
    Bold is  the critick, who dares prove
   These heroes were no friends to love;
   And bolder he who dares aver,
   That they were  enemies to war.           Prior.
5. [In theology.]  The fiend; the  devil.
    Defend us from  the danger of toe enemy.
                                Common Prayer.
Energe'tick, £n-er-jet'ik.630 adj. [fveeyv-
   Tix.es.]
1. Forcible: active; vigorous; powerful in
   effect;  efficacious.
    These miasms entering the body, are not so ener-
  getick as to venenate the entire mass of blood in an
   instant.                               Harvey.
2. Operative; active; working; not at rest.
    If then we will conceive of God truly, and as far
   as we can, adequately, we must look upon him not
   only as an eternal  Being, but also as a Being eter-
   nally energetick.                        Grew.
E'NERGY, en'er-je.603 to. s. [Inpyei*.]
 1. Power  not exerted in action.
    They are not effective of any thing, nor leave no
   work behind them, but  are energies merely: for their
   working upon mirrours, and places of echo, doth not
   alter any thing in those bodies.           Bacon.
2. Force;  vigour; efficacy; influence.
    Whether with particles of heav'nly fire
   The God of nature did his soul inspire;
   Or earth, but new divided from the sky,
   And pliant still, retain'dth' ethereal energy.
                                        Dryden.
    God thinketh with operation  infinitely  perfect,
  with an omnipotent as well as an eternal energy.
                                         Grew.
    Beg the blessed Jesus to give an energy to your
  imperfect prayers, by his most powerful intercession.
                                     Smalridge.
           What but God!
  Inspiring God! who, boundless spirit all,
   And unremitting energy, pervades,
   Adjusts, sustains, and agitates toe whole. Thomson.
3. Faculty; operation.

                    4m2
    Matter, though divided into the subtilest parts,
  moved swiftly, is senseless and stupid, and makes
  no approach to vital energy.                 Ray.
    How can concussion of atoms beget self-conscious-
  ness, and powers and energies that we feel in our
  minds?                                Bentley.
4. Strength of expression; force of signi-
   fication; spirit;  life.
    Who did ever, in French authors, see
  The comprehensive English energy?  Roscommon.
    Swift and ready, and familiar communication is
  made by speech; and, when animated by elocution,
  it acquires a greater life and energy/, ravishing and
  captivating the hearers.                 Holder.
    Many words deserve to be thrown out of our lan-
  guage, and not a few antiquated to be restored, on
  account of toeir energy and sound.          Swift.
To Ene'rvate, e-ner'vate.91  v. a. [enervo,
   Latin.] To weaken; to deprive of force;
   to emasculate.
    Great empires, while they stand, do enervate and
  destroy the forces of the natives which they have
  subdued, resting upon their own protecting forces.
                                        Bacon.
    Sheepish softness often enervates those  who are
  bred like fondlings at home.               Locke.
    On each enervate string toey taught the  note,
  To pant, or tremble through an eunuch's throat.
                                         Pope.
    Footmen exercise toemselves, whilst their  ener-
  vated lords are softly lolling in their chariots.
                            Arbuthnot and Pope.

ENERVA'TioN,en-er-va'shun.630 to.*, [from
   enervate.]
I. The act of weakening;  emasculation.
2. The state of being  weakened,  effemi-
   nacy.
To Ene'rve, e-nerv'. v. a. [enervo, Lat.]
   To weaken; to break the  force of; to
   crush.
    We shall be able to solve and enerve their force.
                                        Digby.
    Such object hath the pow'r to soft'n and tame
  Severest temper, smooth the rugged'st brow,
  Enerve, and with voluptuous hope  dissolve. .Afiffon.
To  Enfa'mish,  en-fam'ish.   v. a.   [from
  famish.]   To starve; to famish;  to  kill
   with hunger.                        Diet.
To Enfe'eble,  en-fe'bl.  v.a. [fromfee-
   ble]   To weaken;  to enervate;  to  de-
   prive of strength.
             I've belied a lady,
  The princess of this country; and the air on't
  Revengingly enfeebles me.                Shaksp.
     My people are with sickness much enfeebled.
                                        Shaksp.
     Much hath hell debas'd, and pain
  Enfeebl'd me, to what I was in heav'n!     Milton.
     Some employ their time in affairs below the dig-
  nity of their persons; and being called by God, or
  the republick, to bear great burdens, do enfeeble
  their understandings by sordid and brutish business.
                                        Taylor.
     Sure, nature form'd me of her softest mold,
  Enfeebled all my soul with tender passions,
  And sunk me even below my own weak sex.
                                       Addison.

To ENFEOFF, en-feef.266 v.  a. [feoffa-
   mentum, low  Latin.]   To  invest with
   any  dignities  or  possessions.   A  law
   term.
    If the eldest  son  enfeoff the second, reserving
  homage, and that homage paid, and then the seconl
  son dies without issue, it will descend to the eldest
  as heir, and toe seignory is extinct.         Hale.

Enfeoffment,  en-feefment. to. s.  [from
   enfoff]
1. The act of enfeoffing. 
E N F
E N F
E NG
 2. The instrument or deed by which one
   is invested with possessions.
 To Enfe'tter, en-fet'tur. v. a. [from fet-
   ter.] ^  To  bind in fetters; to enchain.
   Not in use.
     His soul is so enfetter'd to her love,
   That she may make, unmake, do what she list.
                                        Shaksp.
 EJVFILA'DE, en-fe-lade'. «. *. [French.]
   A straight passage;  any thing through
   which a right line may be  drawn.  Mili-
   tary term.

 To Enfila'de, en-fe-lade'.  v.  a.  [from
   the noun.]  To pierce in a right line.
     The avenues, being cut through the wood in right
   lines, were enfiladed by the Spanish cannon.
                        ExpedUion to Carthagena.
 To  Enfi're,  en-fire', v.  a. [from fire.]
   To fire; to set on  fire;  to kindle. Obso-
   lete.
     So hard those heav'nly beauties be enfir'd,
   As things divine, least passions do impress. Spenser.
 To Enfo'rce, en-forse'.  v.  a. [enforcir,
   French.]
 1. To give  strength to;  to strengthen; to
   invigorate.
 2. To make  or gain by force.
     The idle stroke, enforcing furious way,
   Missing toe mark of his misaimed sight,
   Did fall to ground.                Fairy Queen.
     Sometimes with  lunatic bans, sometimes with
         pray'rs
   Enforce their charity.                  Shaksp.
 3. To put in act by violence.
               Sker away as swift as stones
   Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.     Shaksp.
 4. To instigate;  to provoke;  to urge on;
   to animate.
     Fear gave her wings, and rage enforc'd my flight
   Through woods and plains.         Fairy Queen.
     If you knew to whom you shew this honour,
   I know you would be prouder of the work
   Than customary bounty can enforce you.   Shaksp.
 5. To urge with energy.
                 All revoke
   Your ignorant election; enforce his pride,
   And his old hate to you.                Shaksp.
     He prevailed with him, by enforcing the ill con-
   sequence of  his refusal  to take the office, which
   would be interpreted to his dislike of the court.
                                    Clarendon.
     To avoid all appearance of disaffection, I have
   taken care to enforce loyalty by an invincible argu-
   ment.                                  Swift.
 6. To compel; to constrain.
     For competence of life I will allow you,
   That lack of means enforce you not to evil.  Shak.
     A just disdain conceived by that queen, that so
   wicked a rebel should prevail against her, did move
   and almost enforce her to send over that mighty
   army.                                Davies.
 7. To press with a charge.   Little  used.
     In this point charge him home,  that he effects
   Tyrannick pow'r: if he  evade us there,
   Enfrce him with his envy to the people,
   And that the spoils got  on the Antiates
   Was ne'er distributed.                  Shaksp.

 To  Enfo'rce, en-forse'. v. to.  To prove;
   to evince;  to snow beyond contradiction.
     Which laws in such case we must obey, unless
   there be reason shewed, which may necessarily en-
  force that die law of reason, or of God, doth enjoin
   the contrary.                          Hooker.

Enfo'rce, en-forse'.  «. *.  [from  force.]
   Power; strength.   Not used.
  « He now defies thee thrice to single fight,
   As a petty enterprize of small enforce.     Milton.
Enfo'rcedly, en-for'seu-ie.384 adv. [from
   enforce]   By violence; not voluntarily;
   not spontaneously; not by choice.
    If thou did'st put this sow'r cold habit on,
  To castigate toy pride, 'twere well, but thou
  Dost it enforcedly: thou 'dst courtier be,
  Wert thou not beggar.                  Shaksp.
 Enforcement, en-forse'ment. n. a. [from
   enforce.]
 1. An act of  violence;  compulsion; force
   offered.
    Confess 'twas hers, and by what rough enforce-
         ment
  You got it from her.                    Shaksp.
    He  that contendeth against  these enforcements
  may easily master or resist them.        Raleigh.
 2. Sanction;  that  which gives force  to a
   law.
    The rewards and punishments of  another life,
  which the Almighty has established as toe enforce-
  ment of his law, are of weight enough to determine
  the choice.                             Locke.
 3. Motive of conviction; urgent evidence.
    The personal descent of God himself,  and his
  assumption of our flesh to his divinity, was an en-
  forcement beyond all toe  methods of wisdom that
  were ever made use of in the world.    Hammond.
 4. Pressing exigence.
            More than I have said,
  The leisure and enforcement ofthe time
  Forbids to dwell on.                    Shaksp.
 Enfo'rcer,  en-for'sur.98 to. a.  [from en-
  force.]  Compeller; one  who effects by
   violence.
    When a man tumbles a cylinder or roller down
  a hill, 'tis certain that  toe  man  is  the violent en-
  forcer of toe first motion of it.         Hammond.
 Enfo'uldred,  Sn-fol'dred.  adj.  [from
  foudre, Fr.]  Mixed with lightning. Ob-
   solete.
    Heart cannot think what courage and what cries,
  With foul enfouldred smoak and flashing fire
    The hell-bred beast threw forth unto the skies.
                                  Fairy Queen.
 To Enfranchise,  en-fran'tshlz.1*9 v. a.
   [from franchise/]
 1. To admit  to the  privileges of a  free-
   man.
    The  English colonies, and some  septs of the
  Irishry, enfranchised by  special  charters, were ad-
  mitted to  the benefit of the laws.          Davies.
    Romulus was the natural parent of all those peo-
  ple that were  the first inhabitants of Rome,  or of
  those that were after incorporated and enfranchised
  into that name, city, or government.        Hale.
2. To set  free  from  slavery.
    Men,  forbearing  wine,  come from  drinking
  healths to a draught at  a meal;  and, lastly, to dis-
  continue altogether: but if a man have the fortitude
  and resolution to enfranchise himself at once, that
  is the best.                            Bacon.
    If they won a battle, prisoners became slaves,
  and continued so in  their  generations, unless en-
 franchised by their masters.              Temple.
3. To  free or release from custody.
              His mistress
  Did hold his eyes lockt in her crystal looks,
  —Belike, that now she hath enfranchis'd them,
  Upon some other pawn for fealty.        Slutksp.
4. To denizen; to endenizen.
    These words have been enfranchised amongst us.
                                       Watts.
Enfranchisement,   en-fran'tshiz-ment.
  to. s. [from enfranchise.]
1. Investiture of the privileges of a deni-
  zen.
    The  incorporating a man into any  society, or
  body politick.   For example, he that is by charter
  made denizen of England,  is said  to be enfran-
  chised; and so  is he that is  made i citizen of Lon-
  don, or other city, or burgess of any town corporate,
  because he is made partaker of those liberties that
  appertain to the corporation.              Cowell.
     His coming hither hath no farther scope,
  Than for his lineal royalties, and to beg
  Enfranchisement immediate on his knees.   Shaksp.
 2. Release from  prison or from slavery.
     Never did captive with a freer heart
  Cast off his chains  of bondage, and embrace
  His golden uncontroul'd enfranchisement.   Shaksp.
 Enfro'zen, en-fro'z'n.103 particip. [from
  frozen.]   Congealed  with  cold.   Not
   used.
     Yet to augment  toe anguish of my smart,
  Thou hast enfr ozeii her disdainful  breast,
  That no one drop of pity there doth rest.  Spenser.
 To  ENGAGE,  en-gaje'. v.  a.  [engager,

   Fr'J
 1. 1 o make liable for a debt to a creditor.
     I have engag'd myself to a dear friend,
  Engag'd my friend to his mere enemy
  To feed my means.                     Shaksp.
 2. To impawn; to stake.
     They most perfidiously condemn
  Those that engag'd their lives for them. Hudt'tVos,
 3. To enlist; to bring into a party.
     AH wicked men are of a party against religion:
  some lust or interest engageth them against it.
                                     Tiffofscm.
 4. To embark in an affair.
     So far had we  engaged ourselves, unfortunate
  souls, that we listed not to complain, since  our com-
  plaints could not but carry  the greatest accusation
  to ourselves.                            Sidney.
     Before I engage  myself in  giving any answer to
  this objection of incomsumptible lights, I would see
  the effect certainly  averred.              Digby,
 5. To unite; to attach;  to make  adherent.
  Good nature engages every body to him.   Addison.
 6. To induce; to win by  pleasing means;
  to gain.
     To every duty he could minds engage,
  Provoke their courage, and command their rage.
                                        Waller.
     His beauty these, and those his blooming age,
     The rest his house and his own fame engage.
                                       Dryden.
     So shall I court thy dearest truth
  When beauty  ceases to engage:
     So thinking on thy charming youth,
  I'll love it o'er again in age.              Prior,
 7. To bind  by  any  appointment  or  con-
  tract.
     We have been firm to our allies, without decli-
  ning any expense to which we had engaged our-
  selves, and we have even exceeded our engagement.
                                    Atterbury.
 8. To seize  by  the  attention:  as, he was
  deeply engaged in conversation.
9. To employ; to hold in  business.
    For I shall sing of battles, blood, and rage,
  Which princes and  their people did engage.  Dryd.
 10. To encounter; to fight.
     The rebel knave, who dares his prince engage,
  Proves the just victim of his royal rage.      Pope.
 To  Enga'ge, en-gaje'. v. to.
 1. To conflict; to fight.
    Upon  advertisement of toe Seots army, toe earl
  of Holland was sent with a body to  meet  and en-
  gage with it.                        Clarendon.
2. To embark in  any business; to enlist in
  any party.
    'Tis not indeed my talent to engage
  In lofty trifles, or to swell my page
  With wind and noise.                   Dryden.
 Enga'gement, en-gaje'mint. to. *. [from
  engage; engagement, Fr.]
 I. The act of engaging,  impawning, or
  making liable to a debt. 
ENG
ENG
ENG
   2. Obligation by contract.
       We have, in expence, exceeded our engagements.
                                       Atler'bury.
   3. Adherence to a party or cause;  parti-
      ality.
       This practice may be obvious to any who impar-
     tially, and without engagemenf,  is at the pains to
     examine.                              Swift.
   4. Employment ofthe attention.
       Play,  either by our too constant or too long en-
     gagement in it, becomes like an employment or pro-
     fession.                               Rogers.
   3. Fight; conflict;  battle.  A  word very
     poetical.
       Our army led by valiant Torrismond,
     Is now in hot engagement wito the Moors.   Dryd.
       Encourag'd by despair, or obstinate
     To fa!! like men in arms, some dare renew
     Feeble engagement, meeting glorious fate
     On the firm land.                      Philips.
   6. Obligation; motive.
       This is the greatest engagement not to  forfeit an
     opportunity.                       Hammond.
   To  Enga'oi.,  en-jale'.  v. a.  [from gaol]
     To iinpri ion;  t>  confine.
       Within my mouth you have engaol'd my tongue,
     Doubly portcullis'd w th my teeto and lips.  Shak.
   To   Enga'rrison,    en-ga.r're-s'n. v.   a.
     [from garrison.]   To  protect by a gar-
     rison.
       Neptune with a guard doth engarrison her strong-
     ly.                                 Howel.
   To Eyge'nder, en-jen'diir. v. a.  [engen-
     drer, Fr.]
   1. To beget between different sexes.
      This bastard love is engendered  bewixt lust and
    idleness.                              Sidney.
  2. To  produce; to form.
      Oh nature! thou, who ofthe self-same  mettle,
    Whereof thy proud child, arrogant man, is pufft,
    Engender'st the black toad and adder blue.  Shak.
      Again, if souls do other souls beget,
    Tis by themselves, or by the body's pow'r:
      If by themselves, what doth  toeir working let,
    But they might souls engender ev'ry hour?   Daries.
  3.  To exc-.e;  to cause; to  produce.
      Say, can you fast? Your stomachs are too young,
    And abstinence engenders maladies.       Shaksp.
      The presence of a king engenders love
   Amongst his  subjects and his loyal friends.  Shaksp.
          That engenders thunder in  his breast,
   And makes him roar these accusations forth. Shuk.
      It unloads the miud, engenders thoughts, and
   animates virtue.                      Addison-
  4.  To bring  forth.
      Vice  engenders shame, and  folly broods o'er
   grief-                                Prior.
  To Enge'nder, e'n-jen'duT.98 v.  n.  To be
    caused; to be produced.
     Thick clouds  are spread, and  storms  engender
   there.                                Dryden.
 E'NGINE,  en'jin. to. a.  [engin,  French;
   ingegno, Italian.]
 1. Any mechanical complication, in which
   various  movements and parts concur
   to  one effect.
 3. A military machine.
     This is our engine, towers that overthrows;
   Our spear  that hurts, our sword that  wounds our
         foCs-                          Fairfax.
 3. Any instrument.
     The sword, Ae arrow, the gun, with many terri-
  ble e?igines of death, will be well employed.
         .   .                         Raleigh.
     He takes the scissors and extends
  The little eng-ine on his fingers ends.        Pope.
4. Any  instrument to  throw water  upon
   burning houses.
      Some cut the pipes, and some the engines play;
    And some more bold, mount ladders to the fire.
                                        Dryden.
  5. Any means used to bring to pass, or to
     effect.   Usually in an ill sense.
      Prayer must be divine and heavenly,  wliich the
    devil, with all his eng-ines so violently opposeth.
                                         Duppa.
  6. An agent for another.  In  contempt.
      They had th' especial engines been, to rear
    His fortunes up into toe state they were.    Daniel.
  Engine'er, en-je-neer'. to. s.  [engenieur,
    Fi1.]   One  who manages engines;  one
    who directs the artillery of an army.
      For 'tis the sport to have the engineer,
    Hoist with his own petard.              Shaksp.
                  Him thus enrag'd,
    Descrying from afar, some engineer,
    Dext'rous to guide th' unerring charge, design'd
    By one nice shot, to terminate the war.    Philips.
      An author who points his  satire at a great man,
    is like the engineer who signalized himself by this
    ungenerous practice.                   Addison,
  E'nginery, en'jin-re. to. *. [from engine.]
  1. The act of managing artillery.
      They may descend in mathematicks  to fortifica-
   tion, architecture, enginery, or navigation. MUton.
  2. Engines of  war; artillery.
                  We saw the foe
   Approaching, gross and huge, in hollow cube
   Training his dev'lish enginery.           Milton.
  To Engi'rd, en-gird'.382 v. a. [from gird.]
    To  encircle; to surround;  to environ; to
    encompass.
     My heart is drown'd with grief,
   My body round  engirt with misery;
   For what's more miserable than discontent? Shak.
     That gold must round engirt these brows of mine.
                                        Shaksp.
 E'NGLISH,  Ing'gllsh.101  adj.  [engley,
    Sax.]   Belonging to England;  thence
   English is the language of England.
     He hato neither Latin, French, nor Italian; and
  you may come into toe court, and swear that I have
  a poor pennyworth in the English.         Shaksp.
     Of English talc, the coarser sort is called plais-
  ter, or parget; the finer, spoad.        Woodward.
 To E'nglish, ing'glish. v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]   To  translate into English.
    The hollow instrument terebra, we may english
  Piercer.                                Bacon.
    We find not a word in toe text can properly be
  rendered anise, which  is what the Latins call ane-
  thum, and properly englished dill.         Brown.

 To Englu't,  en-glut',  v.  a.  [engloutir,
   French.]
 1 .To swallow up.  It is now little used in
   any sense.
    Neither my place, nor ought I heard of business,
  Hath rais'd me from my bed; nor doth the general
  Take hold on me: for my particular grief
  Engluts, and swallows other sorrows.      Shaksp.
    Certainly thou art so near the gulf,
  Thou needs must be englutted.            Shaksp.
    How many  prodigal bits have  slaves and pea-
        sants
  This night englutted.                    Shaksp
2. To fill.                                 *'
    Whose grieved minds, which choler did englut
  Against themselves turning toeir wrathful spight.'
                                      Spenser.
3. To glut; to pamper.
    Being once englutted with vanity he will straight-
  way loathjall learning.                 Ascham.

To  Engo're, en-gore', v. a. [from gore.]
  To pierce; to prick.  Not used.
    As savage bull, whom two fierce mastiffs bait,
  When rancour doth with rage him once engore,
    Forgets with wary ward them to await,
  I  But with his dreadful horns them drives afore.
  I                                       Spenser.
  To  Engo'rge,  en-gorje'.  v.  a.  [from
    gorge, Fr.  a throat.]   To  swallow; to
    devour; to gorge.
      Then fraught with rancour and engorged ire,
    He cast at once him to avenge for all.    Spenser.
      That is toe gulf of greedines, toey say,
    That deep engorgeth all this world his prey. Spenser.
  To Engo'rge, en-gorje'.  v.  to.   To de-
    vour; to  feed with  eagerness  and vo-
    racity; to riot.
      Greedily she engorg'd without restraint,
    And knew not eating death!             Jtfiffcm.
  To Engra'il, en-grale'. v. a. [from grele,
    Fr. hail.] To variegate;  to  spot as with
    hail.  A  word  now used  only in her-
    aldry, for to indent in curve lines.
              /Eacides then shews
   A long lance and  a caldron, new engrail'd  with
          twenty hues.                  Chapman.
     Polwheel beareto a saltier engroif'd.    Carew.
  To ENGRA;iN,en-grane'. v.a. [fromgram.]
    To die deep; to die  in grain.
     See thou how fresh my flowers being spread,
   Dyed in lilie white and crimson red,
   Wito leaves engrain'd in lusty green.    Spenser.
  To Engra'pple,  dn-gntp'pl.406 v. to. [from
   grapple.]  To  close with;  to  contend
    with hold on each other.
     There shall young Hotspur, wito a fury led,
   Engrapple ivith thy  son, as fierce as he.    Daniel.
  To  Engra'sf,   en-grasp',   v.  a.  [from
   grasp.]   To seize; to hold  fast  in  the
   hand; to gripe.
     Now 'gar. Pyrocles wax as wood as he,
   And him affronted with impatient might;
   And both together fierce engrasped he,
   Whiles Guyon standing by, their uncouth strife does
         see.                           Spenser.
 To Engra've, en-grave', v. a.  preter.  en-
   graved; part. pass, engraved or  engra-
   ven, [engraver, Fr.]
 1. To picture by incisions in any matter.
    Her ivory forehead, full of bounty brave,
  Like a broad table, did itself dispread,
    For love his lofty triumphs to engrave,
  And write toe battles of his great godhead.
                                  Fairy Queen
    O'er all, the heav'n's refulgent image shines;
  On either gate were six engraven signs.   Addison.
    Names fresh engrav'd appear'd of wits renown'd:
  I look'd again, nor could their trace be found. Pope.
2. To mark wood or  stone.
  Engrave toe two stones with the names.    Exodus.
3. To impress deeply; to imprint.
    It would scarce seem possible,  that  God should
  engrave principles in men's  minds, in words of  un-
  certain signification.                      Locke.
    Our Saviour makes this return, fit to be engraven
  in the hearts of all promoters of charity, Atterbury.
    Sounds which address the ear, are lost and die
  In one short hour; but that which strikes the eye
  Lives long  upon the mind: the faithful sight
  Engraves the knowledge with a beam of light.
                                       ° Watts.
4. [from grave.] To bury; to inhume;  to
  inter.
    The son  had charge of toem, now being dead,
  In seemly sort their corses to engrave,
  And deck with dainty flowers their bridal bed.
                                     Spenser.
Lngra'ver, en-gra'vflr. to. *. [from  en-
  grave.]  A cutter in stone or other mat-
  ter.
   Images are not made  in the brain  itself, as the
  pencil of toe painter or engroeer makes the images
  in the  table, but are imprinted in  a wonderful me-
  thod in the soul.                         y,  . 
                  ENH

 To  Engrie've,  en-greev'.   v.  a.  [from
   grieve.]  To pain;  to vex; to afflict; to
   disconsolate.
    The gnawing anguish, and sharp jealousy,
  Which his sad speech infixed in my breast,
    Rankled so sore, and fester'd inwardly,
  That my engrieved mind could find no rest.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Aches, and hurts, and corns, do engrieve either
  towards rain, or towards frost.            Bacon.
 To  L.ngro'ss,  en-grose'.  v. a. [grossir,
   Fr.]
 1. To thicken; to make thick.
    But more happy he than wise,
  Of that sea's nature did him not avise;
    The waves thereof so slow and  sluggish were,
  Engross'd with mud, which did them foul agriese,
    That every weighty thing they did upbear.
                                  Fairy Queen.
 2. To increase in bulk.
    Though pillars, by channeling, be seemingly en-
  grossed to our sight, yet they are truly weakened in
  themselves.                           Wotton.
 3. To kitten; to  plump up.
    Not sleeping, to engross his idle body;
  But praying, to enrich his watchful soul.   Shaksp.
 4. To seize in the gross,- to seize the whole
   of any thing,
    If thou engrossest all the griefs as thine,
  Thou robb'st me of a moiety.        Shakspeare.
    Those two great things that so engross the desires
  and designs of both the nobler and ignobler sort of
  mankind, are to be found in religion; namely,  wis-
  dom and pleasure.                       South.
    A dog, a parrot, or an ape,
  Or some worse brute in human shape,
  Engross the fancies of the fair.            Swift.
 5. To purchase the whole  of any commo-
   dity  for the sake  of selling  at a high
   price.
 6. To copy in a  large hand.
    Here is to' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
  Which in a set hand fairly is engross'd.    Shaksp.
    A clerk, foredoom'd his father's soul to cross,
  Who pens a stanza when he should engross.   Pope.
 Engro'sser, en-gros'sur.98 to. s. [from  en-
   gross.] He that purchases  large quanti-
   ties of any commodity, in  order to sell
   it at a high price.
    A new sort of engrossers, or forestallers, having
  the feeding and supplying this numerous body of
  workmen in the woollen manufactures, out of their
  warehouses, set the price upon toe  poor landholder.
                                       Locke.
 Engrossment, ^n-gros'ment. to. s.  [from
   engross.]  Appropriation  of  things  in
   the gross; exhorbitant acquisition.
    Our thighs are pack't with wax,  our mouths with
        honey:
  We bring it to the hive; and, like the bees,
  Are murder'd for our pains! This bitter taste
  Yield his engrossments to a dying father.   Shaksp.
    Those  held their immoderate  engrossments of
  power and favour by no other tenure than presump-
  tion.                                  Swift.
 To Engua'rd, en-gard'.9* ™z v. a.  [from
  guard.] To protect; to defend; to sur-
  round as guards. Not used.
    A hundred  knights! yes, that on  ev'ry dream,
  He may enguard his dotage with their pow'rs,
  And hold our lives at mercy.         Shakspeare.

To Enha'nce, en-hanse'.79 v. a.  [hausser,
  enhausser, Fr.]
1. To lift up; to raise on high.  A  sense
  now obsolete.
    Both of them high at once their hands enhanc'd,
  And both at once their huge blows down did sway.
                                     Spenser.
                   ENI

 2. To  raise;  to advance;  to heighten in
   price.
     The desire  of money  is every where the same,
  its vent varies very little, but as its greater scarcity
  enhances its price, and increases the scramble.
                                       Locke.
 3. To  raise in esteem.
     What is it but the experience of want that en-
  fiances the value of plenty?          L'Estrange.
     The remembrance of the difficulties we now un-
  dergo, will contribute to enhance our pleasure.
                                    Atterbury.
 4. To  aggravate;  to increase from  bad to
   worse.
     To  believe  or pretend that whatever our hearts
  incite is the will of God within us, is  toe principle
  of villainy that hath acted in the children of dis-
  obedience, enhanced and improved with circumstan-
  ces of greater imprudence  than the most abomina-
  ble heathens were guilty of.          Hammond.
     The relation which  those children bore to the
  priesthood,  contributed to enhance their guilt, and
  increase their punishment.            Atterbury.
 Enhancement, en-hanse'ment. n.s. [from
   enhance]
 1. Increase; augmentation of value.
     Their yearly rents are not improved, the  land-
  lords making no less gain by fines than by enhance-
  ment  of rents.                         Bacon.
 2. Aggravation; increase of ill.
    Jocular slanders have, from toe slighlness of the
  temptation, an enhancement of guilt.
                      Government of the Tongue.
 ENI'GMA, e-nig'ma.  to. s. [enigma, Lat.
   limy/uct.] A riddle; an obscure question;
   a position expressed in remote and am-
   biguous terms.
         The dark enigma will allow
  A  meaning; which, if well 1 understand,
  From  sacrilege will free the god's command. Dryd.
    A custom was amongst toe ancients  of proposing
  an enigma at festivals, and adjudging a reward to
  him that solved it.                       Pope.
 Enigma'tical,  en-lg-mat'e-kal.630   adj.
   [from enigma.]
 I. Obscure; ambiguously or  darkly  ex-
   pressed.
    Your answer, sir, is enigmatical.       Shaksp.
    Enigmatical deliveries comprehend useful varie-
  ties; but being mistaken by liberal expositors at first,
  they have been misunderstood by most since.
                                       Brown.
    Whilst  they affect enig-mcrficaf obscurity, they
  puzzle the readers of their divulged processes.
                                       Boyle.
    Athenaus gives instances of the enigmatical pro-
  positions in  use at Athens, and of the forfeiiures
  and rewards upon toe solution or non-solution.
                                     Broome.
2.  Cloudy; obscurely conceived  or appre-
  hended.
    Faith here  is toe assent to  those things which
  come to us by hearing, and are so believed by ad-
  herence, or dark enigmatical knowledge, but here-
  after are seen or known demonstratively.
                                   Hammond.
Enigmatically, en-ig-mat'e-kal-e. adv.
  [from enigma.]   In  a  sense  different
  from that which the words in their fa-
  miliar acceptation imply.
    Homer  speaks enigmatically, and intends that
  these monsters  are merely the creation of poetry.
                                     Broome.
Fni'gmatist,  e-nig'ma-tist. to.  «.  [from
  enigma.] One who deals in obscure and
  ambiguous matters; a maker of riddles.
    That I may deal more ingenuously with my rea-
 der than the abovementioned enigmatist has done,
 I shall  present him with a key to my riddle. Addis.
                  ENL

 To ENJOTN, en-j61n'.3" v. a. [enjoindre,
   Fr.]  To direct; to order; to prescribe.
   It is more authoritative than  direct, and
   less imperious than command.
        To satisfy the good old man,
   I would bend under any heavy weight,
   That he'll enjoin me to.              Shakspeare.
    Monks and philosophers, and such as do continu^
   ally enjoin themselves.                   Bacon
    It endeavours to secure every man's interest, by
   enjoining that truth and fidelity be inviolably pre.
   served.          ^                   Ttffofson!
 Enjo'iner, en-join'iir. to.*, [from enjoin]
   One who gives injunctions.       Diet.
 Enjo'inment, en-join'ment. n. a. [from en-
   join.]  Direction; command.
    Critical trial should be made by publick enjoin-
   menf, whereby determination might be settled be-
   yond debate.                          Brmn
 To ENJO'Y, en-joe.329 v. a. [jouir, enjou-
   ir, Fr.]
 I. To feel or perceive with  pleasure; to
   have a pleasing sense of; to be delight-
   ed with.
    I could enjoy the pangs of death,
   And smile in agony.                   Addison,
 2. To obtain possession or fruition of.
    Edward the saint, in whom it pleased God, right-
   eous and just, to let England  see what a blessing
   sin  and iniquity would not suffer it to enjoy. Hooker.
        He, who, to enjoy
   Plato's elysium, leap'd into the sea,
   Cleombrotus.                         j^
 3. To please; to gladden; to exhilarate; to
   glad;  to  delight.  This  sense is usual
   with the  reciprocal pronoun,  and is de-
   rived from enjouir.
    Creatures are made to enjoy themselves, as well
   as to serve us.                         jflm
    When a man shall, with a sober,  sedate, diaboli-
   cal  rancour, look upon and enjoy himself in the sight
   of his neighbour's sin and shame, can he plead the
   instigation of any appetite in nature?      SoufA.
 To ENjo'y,£n-j6e'. v. to. To live in happi-
   ness.
             Then I shall be no more!
   And Adam, wedded to another Eve,
   Shall live with her enjoying-, I extinct.    Milton-
En jo'yer, <§n-jde'ur98. n. a. [from enjoy]
   One that has fruition or possession.
                                       Diet.
Enjo'yment, (in-joe'ment.  n.a.  [fromtfn-
   joy.]  Pleasure; happiness; fruition.
    His hopes and expectations are bigger than bi
  enjoyments.                         Tillotson-
To Enki'ndle, en-kin'dl.40fi v.  a.  [from
   kindle.]
1. To set on  fire;  to  inflame;  to put in a
   flame.
    Edmund, enkindle all the sparks of nature
  To quit this horrid act.              Shakspeare.
2. To rouse passions; to set the soul into
   a flame.
                 Your hand
  Gave sign for me to leave you; so I did,
  Fearing to strengthen that impatience,
  Which seem'd too much enkindled.    Shakspeare.
3. To incite to any act or hope.
   P° y°u n°t hope your children shall be kings,
  When those who gave the thane of  Cawder to me
  Promis'd no less to them?
  ------»That, trusted home,
  Might yet enkindle you unto the crown.   Shaksp.
To Enla'rge,  eii-larje'. v. a.  [enlargir,
   Fr.]
1.  To make  greater in  quantity or  ap-
   pearance. 
ENL
ENL
ENN
 ■    The wall, in lustre and effect like glass,
   Which o'er each object casting various dyes,
   Enfarg-es some, and others multiplies.       Pope.
 3. To increase any thing in magnitude; to
    extend.
     Where there is something both lasting and scarce,
   and so valuable to be hoarded up,  there men will
   not be apt to enlarge toeir possessions of land.
                                        Locke.
 3. To increase by representation;  to mag-
    nify; to exaggerate.
 4. To dilate;  to expand.
     0 ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you,
   our heart is enlarged.              2 Corinthians.
 5. To s^-t free from limitation.
     Though  she appear  honest to me, yet at other
   places, she enlargeth her  mirth so far, toat there is
   shrewd construction made of her.      Shakspeare.
 6. To ex.end to more purposes or uses.
     It hath grown from no other root than only a de-
   sire to enlarge the necessary use of the word of God,
   which desire hato begotten an errour, enlarging it
   farther than soundness of truth will bear.  Hooker.
 7. To amplify; to aggrandize.
     This is that  science which would truly enfarge
   men's miuds, were it studied.             Locfce.
     Could the mind, as iu number, come to so small
   a part of extension or duratiou as excluded divisi-
   bility, that would be toe indivisible unit, or idea;
   by repetition of which it would make its more en-
   farged ideas of extension and duration.     Locke.
 8. To release from confinement.
     Enlarge  the man committed yesterday,
   That rail'd against our person.        Shakspeare.
 9. To diffuse in eloquence.
     They enlarged themselves upon this subject  with
   all the invidious insinuations they could devise.
                                    Clarendon.
 To Enla'rge, en-larje'. v. to.
 1. To expatiate; to speak in many words.
     They appointed the chancellor of  the exchequer
   to enlarge upon any of those particulars. Clarendon.
     This is a theme so unpleasant, I delight not to
   enlarge on it; rather wish the memory of it were
   extinct.                       Decay of Piety.
 2. To be further extended.
     The caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which was
   in a fair way to have enfarged, until they fell  out
   among themselves.                    Raleigh.
 Enlargement, en-larje'ment.  to. a. [from
    enlarge.]
 1. Increase; augmentation; further exten-
    sion.
     The king afterwards enlarged the constant  obe-
   dience of the city with enlargement both of liberties
   and of revenues.                    Hayward.
     The ocean, which so long our hopes confin'd,
   Could give  no limits to his vaster mind:
   Our bounds enlargement was his latest toil,
   Nor hath he left us pris'ners to our isle.    Waller.
     There never were any islands, or other considera-
   ble parcels of land, amassed or heaped up; nor any
   enlargement, or addition of earth, made to toe con-
   tinent by  the mud that is carried down into toe sea
   by rivers.                          Woodward.
     The commons in Rome generally pursued the en-
   largement of their power by  more set quarrels of
   •ne entire assembly against another.        Swift.
     The Greek tongue received many enlargements
   between the time of Homer and that of  Plutarch.
                                        Swift.
2. Release from confinement or servitude.
                 Lieutenant,
   At our enfargemenf what are thy due  fees? Shaksp.
     If thou holdest thy peace at the time, then shall
   fteir enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews
  from another place.                     Esther.
3. Magnifying representations.
    And all who told it, added something new;
  And all who heard it, made enlargements too. Pope.
4. Expatiating speech; copious discourse.
     He concluded with an enlargement upon the vices
   and corruptions which were got into the army.
                                     Clarendon,
 Enla'rger,  en-lar'jiir.98  to. a. [from en-
   large.]  Amplifier; one that increases or
   dilates any thing.
     We  shall not contentiously rejoin,  but confer
   what is in us unto  his name and honour, ready to
   be swallowed in any worthy enlarger.      Brown.
 To  Enli'ght,  en-lite', v.  a.  [from light]
   To illuminate;  to supply with light; to
   enlighten.
     Wit  from the first has shone on ages past,
   Enlights the present, and shall warm the last.  Pope.
 To  Enli'ghten, en-li't'n.  v.  a. [from
   light.]
 I. To illuminate; to supply with light.
     God  will enlighten my darkness.       Psalms.
     As one sun shineth to the whole world, so there
   is  no faith but this one published, the brightness
   whereof must enlighten all that come to the knowl-
   edge of the truth.                     Hooker.
 2. To quicken  in the faculty of vision.
     His eyes were enlightened.            Samuel
     Love never fpils to master what he finds;
   The fool enlightens, and the wise he blinds. Dryden.
 3. To instruct:  to furnish with increase of
   knowledge.
     This doctrine is so agreeable to reason, that we
   meet with  it in the writings of  the eiUightened hea-
   thens.                              Spectator.
     'Tis  he  who enlightens our "understanding, cor-
   rects our wills, and enables us to subdue our  affec-
   tions to the law of God.               Rogers.
 4. To cheer; to exhilarate; to gladden.
 5. To illuminate  with divine knowledge.
     Those who were once enlightened.    Hebrews.
 Enli'ghtener, en-li't'n-ur. to. a. [from en-
   lighten.]
 1. Illuminator;  one that gives light.
             O, sent from heav'n,
  Enlight'ner of my darkness! gracious things
  Thou hast reveal'd.                    JMiffon.
 2. Instructor.
 To Enli'nk, en-link', v. a. [from  link.] To
   chain  to; to connect.
     Enlinkt to waste and desolation.    Shakspeare.
 To Enli'ven, en-liVn.103 v. a. [from life,
   live.]
 I. To make quick; to  make alive, to ani-
   mate.
2. To make vigorous or active.
    These great orbs thus radically bright,
  Primitive founts and origins of  light,
  Enliven worlds denied to human sight.      Prior:
    In a  glass-house the workmen often fling in  a
  small quantity of fresh coals, which seems to disturb
  toe fire, but very much enlivens it.         Swift.
3. To make sprightly  or vivacious.
4. To make gay  or cheerful in appear-
   ance.

Enli'vener,  en-li'v'n-iir. to. a. [from enli-
   ven.]  That which animates; that which
   puts in motion; that which invigorates.
    But fire to' enfivener  of the general frame,
  Is one, its operation still toe same,
  Its principle is in itself;  while ours
  Works, as  confederates war, with mingled powers.
                                      Dryden.
 To Enlu'mine, en-lu'min.140 v.  a. [enlu-
   miner, Fr.] To illumine; to illuminate;
   to enlighten. Not  in use.
    For having yet, in his deducted spright,
  Some sparks remaining  of that heav'nly fire,
  He is enfwmined with that goodly light,
  Unto like goodly semblance to aspire.     Spenser.
 E'nmity, en'me-te. to. a.  [from enemy;  as
   if enemity, inamity.]
 1.  Unfriendly  disposition;  malevolence;
   aversion.
     Their being forced to their books,  in an age at
  enmity with all restraint, has been the reason why
  many have hated books.                 Locifce.
 2. Contrariety of interests or inclinations;
   mutual malignity.
           They shall within this hour,
  On a dissension of a doit break out
  In bitterest enmUy.                  Shakspeare.
     Between thee and toe woman I will put
  Enmity: and between thine and her seed:
  Her seed shall bruise toy head, thou bruise his heel.
                                       MUton.
     How far these  controversies, and appearing en-
  mities of those glorious  creatures, may be carried,
  is  not my business to shew or determine.  Dryden.
 3. State of opposition.
     Know ye  not that the friendship of the world is
  enmity wito God?                       James.
     You must firmly be convinced, that every sin you
  commit sets you at enmity with heaven, and will, if
  not forsaken, render you incapable of it.    Wake.
 4. Malice; mischievous attempts.
        I abjure all roofs, and chuse
  To wage against the enmity o' th' air.     Shaksp.
     He who performs his duty  in a station of great
  power, must needs incur the  utter enmity of many,
  and the high displeasure  of more.       Atterbury.
 To Enma'bble,  en-mar'bl.  v. a.  [from
   marble.]  To  turn  to marble; to harden.
   Obsolete.
            Their dying to delay,
  Thou do'st enmarble the proud heart of her,
  Whose love before their life they do prefer. Spenser.
 To Enme'sh, en-mesh', v. a. [from meah.]
  To  net; to entangle; to entrap.
    So will I turn her virtue into pitch;
  And out of her own goodness make the net
  That shall enmesh toem  all.          Shakspeare,
 To Enpie'rce, en-peerse'. or en-prese'. v.
  a. [from pierce.] To transfix.
    I am too sore empierce'd wito his shaft
  To soar with his light feathers.       Shakspeare.
 Enne'agon, en-ne'a-gon.  «.  a. [cvnx  and
  ym)*/] A figure of nine angles.
 Ennea'tioal, en-ne-at'e-kal. adj.  [em*.]
   Enneatical days, are every ninth day of
  a sickness;  and enneatical years, every
  ninth year of one's life.
 To Enno'ble, en-no'bl.  v. a. [ennoblir,
  Fr.]
 I. To  raise from commonalty to nobility.
            Many fair promotions,
  Are given daily to ennoble those,
  That scarce  some two days since were worth a no-
        ble.                        Shakspeare,
2. To  dignify; to aggrandize; to exalt; to
  raise.
    God raised up the spirit of this great person, and
  ennoftfed his courage and conduct wito the entire
  overthrow of this mighty host.             South.
    What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards?
  Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards.  Pope.
3. To  elevate; to magnify.
    None so lovely, sweet and fair,
  Or do more ennoble love.                Waller.
4, To  make noble or illustrious.
    The Spaniards could not as invaders land in Ire-
  land, but only ennobled some of the coasts thereof
  with shipwrecks.                       Bacon.

Enno'blement, £n-no'bl-ment. to. *. [from
  ennoble.]
 1. The act of raising  to the rank of  nobi-
  liiy.
    He added, during parliament, to his former ere- 
ENO
ENP
ENR
  ations, the enno&femenf or advancement in nobility
  of a few others.                       Bacon.
2. Exaltation; elevation; dignity.
    The eternal wisdom enriched us with all enno-
  blements, suitable to the measures of an unstraitoed
  goodness.                           Glanville.
ENODA'TiON,<!n-6-da'shiln.e30 to. a. [enoda-
   tio, Lat.]
1. The act of untying  a  knot.       Diet.
2. Solution of a difficulty.
Eno'rmity, e-nor'me-te. to. a. [from enor-
   mous/]
1. Deviation from rule;  irregularity.
2. Deviation  from  right;  depravity;  cor-
   ruption.
    We shall speak  of the particular abuses  and
  enormities of the government.           Spenser.
    That this law will be always sufficient to bridle
  or restrain enormity, no man can warrant. Hooker.
    There are many little  enormities in  the world,
  which our preachers would be very glad to see re-
  moved; but at the same time dare not meddle with
  them, for fear of betraying the dignity of the pul-
  pit.                                 Addison.
3.  Atrocious  crime;  flagitious  villany;
   crimes  exceeding  the  common mea-
   sure.  In  this sense  it  has a plural.
    It is not  a bare speculation toat  kings may run
  into enormities; the practice may be proved by ex-
  ample.                               Swift.
ENO'RMOUS, e-n6r'mus.314 adj. [enor-
   mis, Lat.]
1. Irregular; out of rule; not  regulated
   by any stated measure.
    Wallowing, unwieldy, enormous in  their gait.
                                      Milton.
                Nature here
  Wanton'd, as in her prime; and play'd at will
  Her virgin fancies, pouring forth more sweets,
  Wild above rule, or art, enormous bliss!  Milton.
2. Excursive; beyond the limits of a re-
   gular figure.
    The enormous part of the light in the circumfe-
  rence of every lucid point, ought to be less discern-
  ible in shorter telescopes  than in longer, because
  the shorter transmit less light to toe eye.  Newton.
3. Disordered; confused.
             I shall find time
  From this enormous state, and seek to give
  Losses toeir remedies.                Shaksp.
4. Wicked  beyond common measure.
5. Exceeding in bulk the common mea-
   sures: always  used with some  degree
   of dislike, or horror, or wonder.
    A giant shepherd here his flock maintains,
  Far from toe rest, and solitary reigns,
  A form enormous! far unlike the race
  Of human birth, in stature, or in face.     Pope.
Eno'rmouslv, e-nor'mus-le. adv.  [from
   enormous.]   Beyond  measure.
    One  who could ever espouse a notion so  enor-
  mously absurd and senseless, as that the world was
  framed by chance.                  Woodward.
Eno'rmousness,   e-nor'mus-nes.  to.  s.
   [from enormous.]   Immeasurable  ex-
   cess.
    When those who have no opportunity to examine
  our faith, see toe enormousness of our works, what
  should hinder them from measuring toe master  by
  the disciples?                  Decay of Piety.
Eno'ugh, e-nuP.814 391 adj.  [jenoh, Sax.
  ganah, Gothick;  genoeg, Dutch.  It is
  not easy  to  determine  whether  this
  word  be an adjective or  adverb; per-
  haps when it is  joined with a substan-
  tive, it is an adjective, of which enow
  is  the plural.   In  other situations  it
   seems an adverb;  except that after the
   verb To have, or To be, either expres-
   sed or understood, it may be accounted
   a substantive.  It  is pronounced  as if
   it were written enuf]   In  a sufficient
   measure;  so as  may satisfy; so  as it
   may suffice.
    Why would'st thou go, with one consent they

  When thou hast gold enough and Emily? Diyden.
    When there was not room enough for toeir herds,
  toey by consent separated and enlarged their pas-
  ture.                                 Locke.
Eno'ugh, enuf. to. s.
I.  Something sufficient  in greatness  or
   excellence.
    'Tis  enough  for me to have endeavoured the
  union of my country, whilst I continued in  public
  employments.                        Temple.
    The indolency and enjoyment we have, sufficing
  for our present happiness, we desire not to venture
  the change, being content, and that is enough.
                                       Locke.
    Enough for me that to the list'ning swains,
  First in those fields I sung the sylvan strains. Pope.
    I will not  quarrel with  the present age:  it has
  done enough  for me, in making and keeping you
  two my friends.                         Pope.
2. Something equal to a man's powers  or
   faculties.
    Some great defects and main errours in his na-
  ture, customs, and proceedings, he had enough to
  do to save and help, with a thousand little indus-
  tries and watches.                     Bacon.
Eno'ugh, e-nuf.  adv.
1.  In a sufficient degree; in a degree that
   gives satisfaction.
2. It notes a slight  augmentation of the
   positive degree: as, J am ready enough
   to  guarrelj  that is, I am  rather quar-
   relsome than peaceable.
    I am apt enough to think, toat this same binari-
  um of a stronger and a weaker, like unto mascu-
  line and feminine, doth hold in  all living bodies.
                                      Bacon.
    It is sometimes pleasant enough to  consider the
  different notions which different persons have ofthe
  same thing.                         Addison.
    They are now in prison at Florence; and, as it
  is said, treated hardly enough.          Addison.
3. Sometimes  it notes diminution: as, the
   song is well enough; that is,  not quite
   well, though not much amiss.
4. An exclamation noting  fulness or sa-
   tiety.
          Macbeth, beware Macduff!
  Beware the thane of Fife! Dismiss me.—Enough.
                                     Shaksp.
            Henceforth I'll bear
  Affliction 'till it do cry out itself,
  Enough, enough, and die.              Shaksp.
Eno'w, e-noti'.323  The plural of enough:
   In a sufficient number.
    The earth has since born enoto bleeding witnes-
  ses, that it was no want of true courage.  Sidney.
    The walls of the church there are enow content-
  ed to build; the marbles are  polished, the roofs
  shine with gold, toe altar hath precious stones to
  adorn it, and of  Christ's ministers no choice  at all.
                                     Hooker.
          Man had selfish foes enow besides,
  That, day and night, for his destruction wait.
                                     Milton.
    My conquering brother will have slaves enow,
  To pay his cruel vows for victory.        Dryden.
    There are at Rome enow modern works  of ar-
  chitecture to employ any reasonable man.   Add
EJVPASSANT, 6ng-pa-sang. adv.  [Fr.]
   By the  way.
To Enra'ge, en-raje'. x>. a. [enrager, Fr.]
   To irritate;  to provoke, to make furi-
   ous;  to exasperate.
    The justice of their quarrel  should not so much
  encourage as enrog-e them, being to  revenge the
  dishonour done to their king, and to chastise deceit-
  ful enemies.                        Hayward.
    Enrag'd at this upon toe bawd I flew;
  And that which most enrag'd me was,  'twas true.
                                      Wahh.
To  Enra'nge,  en-ranje'.  v.  a.  [from
   range]   To place regularly; to put in
   order.
                In their jaw
  Three ranks of iron teeth enranged were. F. Queen,
    As fair Diana, in fresh summer's day,
  Beholds her nymphs tnrang'd in shady wood.
                                 fairy Queen.
To Enra'nk, en-rank', v. a. [from rank]
   To place in orderly ranks.
    No leisure had he to enrank his men.   Shaksp,
To Enra'pt,  en-rapt', v.  a.   [from rafit;
   the participle  preterit  seems to be en.
   rapt.]
1. To  throw into an ecstacy; to  transport
   with enthusiasm.
                I myself
  Am, like a prophet, suddenly enrapf
  To tell  thee that this day is ominous.     Shabp.
2. In the following quotation it seems er-
   roneously written for enwrapt, involv'd;
   wrapt up.
    Nor hath he been so enrapt in those studies as to
  neglect the polite arts of painting and poetry.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
To Enra'pture,    en-rap'tshure.  v. a.
   [from rapture.]  To transport with plea-
   sure;  to delight highly.
To Enra'vish,  en-rav'ish.  v.  a. [from
   ravish.] To thow into ecstacy; to trans-
   port with delight.
                What wonder,
  Frail men, whose eyes seek heavenly things to see,
  At sight thereof so much enravish'd be?  Spenser.
Enra'vishment,  en-rav'ish-ment.  n. «.
   [from enravish.]  Ecstacy of delight.
    They contract a kind of splendor from the seem-
  ingly obscuring vail, which adds to the enravish-
  ments of her transported admirers.      Glanvilk.
To Enrhe'um, en-r66m'. v. a. [enrhumer,
  French.]  To have rheum through cold.
    The physician is to enquire where the party hath
  taken cold or enrheumed.               Harvey.
To Enri'ch,  en-ritsh'. v.  a.  [enricher,
  French.]
1. To make wealthy;  to make opulent.
    The king will enrich him with great  riches, and
  will give him his daughter.            1 Samuel.
          Henry is able to enrich his queen,
  And not to seek  a queen to make him rich. Shak,
    Great and glorious Rome queen of the earth,
  So far renown'd, and with the spoils enrich'd
  Of nations.                           Milton,
    Those are so unhappy as to rob others, without
  enriching themselves.   "              Denham.
2. To fertilize; to make fruitful.
    See the sweet brooks in silver mazes creep,
  Enrich  the meadows, and supply the  deep.
                                   Blackmore.
3. To store; to supply with augmentation
   of any thing desirable.
    There is not any one among toem that could ever
  enrich his own understanding with any certain truth,
  or ever edify others therein.            Raleigh.
Enri'chment, en-ritsh'ment. to.  *.  [from
   enrich.]
1. Augmentation of wealth. 
ENR                                    ENS                                      ENS
  2. Amplification;  improvement  by  addi-
    tion.
     I have procured a translation of that book into
   the general language, not without great and ample
   additions, and enrichment thereof.         Bacon.
     It is a vast hindrance to the enricnmenf  of our
   understandings, if we  spend too much of our time
   and pains among infinites and unsearchables.
                                 Watts's Logick.
  To  Enri'oge, en-ridje'.  v.  a.  [from
    ridge.] To form with longitudinal  pro-
    tuberences  or ridges.
              He had a thousand noses,
   Horns walk'd and wav'd like theenridged sea;
   It was some  fiend.                    Shaksp.
  To Enri'ng, en-ring', v.a.  [from ring.]
    To bind round; to encircle.
                 Ivy so
   Enrings the barky fingers of toe elm.     Shaksp.
  To Enri'pen,  en-ri'p'n. v. a. [from ripe]
    To ripen;  to mature; to bring to  per-
    fection.
     The summer, how it enripen'd toe year;
   And autumn, what our golden harvests were. Donne
  To Enro'be, en-robe', v. a. [from robe.]
    To dress; to clothe; to habit; to invest.
             Her mother hath intended
   That quaint in green, she shall be loose enrob'd
   Wito ribbands pendant, flaring 'bout  her head.
                                       Shaksp.
  To  Enro'l, en-role'.*08  v.  a.   [enroller,
    French.]
  1. To insert  in a roll, list, or register.
     There be enrolled among the king's forces about
   thirty thousand men of the Jews.         1 Mac.
     We find ourselves enrolled in this heavenly fami-
   ly as servants, and as sons.                Sprat.
     The champions, all of high degree,
   Who knighthood lov'd, and deeds of chivalry,
   Throng'd to the  lists, and envy'd to behold
   The names of others, not their own enroll'd. Dryd.
     Mentes, an ever-honour'd name of old,
   High in Ulysses' social list enroll'd.
           Heroes and heroines of old,
   By honour only were enroll'd
   Among their brethren of the skies;
   To which, though late, shall Stella rise.
 2. To record, to leave in writing.
     He swore consent to your succession;
   His  oath enrolled in the parliament.
             Laws which none shall find
   Left them enroll'd; or what the spirit within
   Shall on the heart engrave.             Milton.
 3. To involve;  to inwrap.
     From his infernal furnace forth he threw
   Huge flame, that dimmed all the heav'n's light,
   Enroll'd in duskish smoak and  brimstone blue.
                                 Fairy Queen.
 Enro'ller, en-rol'lur. to. s. [from enrol.]
   He that enrols; he that registers.
 Enro'lment,  £n-r6l'ment. «.  *. [from
   enrol.]   Register; writing in which any
   thing is recorded;  record.
    The king himself caused to be enrolled, and tes-
  tified by  a notary publick; and delivered the enrol-
  ments, wito his own hands, to the bishop of Salis-
  bury.                               Davies.
 To Enro'ot, £n-r66t'.308 v. a. [from root.]
   To fix  by the root; to implant deep.
    He cannot so precisely weed this land,
  As his misdoubts present occasion:
  His foes are so enrooted with his friends,
  That, plucking to unfix an enemy,
  He doth unfasten so and shake a friend.

To Enro'uno,  en-rou7id.31* v. a
  round.]   To  environ; to  surround; to
  encircle;  to enclose.
    Upon his royal face there is no note
  How dread an army hath enrounded him. Shaksp.
   VOL. I.
Pope.
Swift.
Shaksp.
Shaksp.
[from
 EM'S, enz, to. a. [Latin.]
 I. Any being or existence.
 2. [In chymistry.]   Some things that are
    pretended to contain all the qualities or
    virtues ofthe ingredients they are drawn
    from in a little room.
 ENSA'MPLE, en-sam'pl. to. s. [essempio,
    Italian.] Example; pattern;  subject of
   imitation.   This  orthography  is  now
   justly disused.
     Such life should be the honour of your light;
   Such death the sad ensample of your night. Spenser.
     Ye have us for an ensampfe.             Phil.
     Such as would be willing to make  use of our en-
   sample to do toe same thing, where there is not the
   same necessity, may not be able to vouch our prac-
   tice for toeir excuse.                Sanderson.
 To Ensa'mple, en-sam'pl. v. a. [frum the
   noun.]  To exemplify; to  show  by ex-
   ample; to give as a copy.
     I have followed all the ancient  poets historical;
   first, Homer, who, in the person of Agamemnon,
   ensampled a good governour and a  virtuous man.
                                      Spenser.
 To  Ensa'nguine,  en-sang'gwln.3*0 v.  a.
   [sanguis,  Lat. ensanglanter,  Fr.]   To
   smear with gore; to suffuse with blood.
     With cruel  tournament the squadrons join,
   Where cattle pastur'u late; now scatter'd lies,
   With carcases and arms, the ensang-ain'd field
   Deserted.                            Milton.
 To Ensche'dule, en-sdd'ule. v.  a. [from
   schedule]   To insert in a schedule or
   writing.
             You must buy that peace
   With full accord to all our just demands,
   Enschedul'd here.                     Shaksp.
 To  Ensco'nce, en-skonse'. v.  a.  [from
   sconce.]  To cover as with a fort; to se-
   cure.                            Hanmer.
    I myself sometimes, hiding mine honour in my
   necessity, aud fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch;
   and yet your rogue will ensconce  your rags,  your
  cat-a-mountain looks under the shelter of your ho-
  nour.                                Shaksp.
    She shall not see me, I will ensconce me behind
  the arras.                            Shaksp.
    We make trifles of terrours, ensconcing ourselves
  in seeming  knowledge.                 Shaksp.
    A sort of errour to ensconce
  Absurdity and ignorance.             Hudibras.
    This he courageously invaded,
  And having enter'd, barricado'd,
  jEnsconc'd himself as formidable
  As could be underneath a table.        Hudibras.
To Ense'am,en-seme'.237v.a.[fromseam]
   To  sow up; to enclose by a seam or junc-
   ture of needlework.
    A name engraved in the revestiary of toe  tem-
  ple, one stole away, and enseamed it in his thigh.
                                     Camden.
To Ense'ar,  en-sere'.227 v. a. [from sear]
   To  cauterize;  to stanch  or  stop with
   fire.
    Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb;
  Let it no more bring out t' ingrateful man. Shaksp.
To Enshi'eld, en-sheeld.37* v. a.  [from
   shield.]  To shield; to cover; to protect.
                These black masks
  Proclaim an enshietd beauty, ten times louder
  Than beauty could display.              Shaksp.

To Enshri'ne,  en-shrine',  v.  a.  [from
   ahrine.]   To enciose in a chest or cabi-
   net; to preserve and  secure as a thing
   sacred.
                He seems
  A phcemx, gaz'd  by all; as that sole bird,
      4  N
   When to ens/trine his reliques in the sun's
   Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies.  .Miff
             The sots combine
   With pious care a monkey to enshrine.      Tate.
     Fair fortune next, with looks serene and kind,
   Receives 'em, in her ancient fane enshrin'd.  Add.
 E'nsiform, en'se-form.  adj. [ensiformis,
   Latin.]   Having the shape of a sword,
   as the xiphoeides or ensiform cartilage.
 E'NSIGN, en'sine'.385  to.  s.   [enseigne^
   French.]
 I. The flag or standard of a regiment.
    Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still. Shak.
    The Turks still pressing on, got up to the top of
   the walls with eight ensigns, from whence  they had
   repulsed the defendants.                Knolles.
     Men taking occasion from the  qualities,  wherein
   they observe often several individuals to agree,
   range them into sorts, in order to their naming un-
   der which individuals, according to their conformity
   to this cr that abstract idea, come to be ranked as
   under ensigns.                          Locke.
 2. Any signal  to assemble.
     He will lift up an ensign to the nations from far.
                                        Isaiah.
   Badge;  mark of distinction, rank, or
   office.
     Princes that fly, their sceptres left behind,
   Contempt or pity where they travel, find;
   The ensigns of our pow'r about we bear,
   And ev'ry land pays tribute to toe fair.    Waller.
     The marks or ensigns of virtue contribute, by
   their nobleness, to the ornament of the figures; as
   the decorations  belonging to  the liberal  arts, to
   war, or sacrifices.                     Dryden.
 4. The officer of foot who carries the flag.
   [formerly written ancient.]
 E'nsignbearer, en'sine-ba-rdr. to. a. [en-
   sign and  bear.]    He  that carries  the
   flag;  the ensign.
    If it be true that  the giants ever made war
  against heaven, he had been a fit ensignbearer for
  toat company.                          Sidney.

 To  Ensla've,  en-slave',   v.  a.   [from
   slave.]
 1. To reduce to servitude;  to deprive of
   liberty.
    The conquer'd also, and enslav'd by war,
  Shall, wito their freedom lost, toeir virtue lose.
                                       Milton.
    I to do this!  I, whom you once thought brave,
  To sell my country, and my king enslave.  Dryden.
    Long draughts of sleep his monstrous limbs en-
        sfaue;
  He reels, and falling fills the spacious cave. Dryd.
    He is certainly the most subjected, the most en-
  sfaved, who is so in his understanding.      Locke.
    While the balance of power is equally held, the
  ambition of private men gives neither danger nor
  fear, nor can possibly ensfave their country.  Swift.
 2. To make over to another as his  slave
   or bondman.
    No man can make another  man to be his slave,
  unless he hath  first  enslaved himself  to life and
  death, to pleasure or pain, to hope or  fear: com-
  mand  those passions,  and you are freer than the
  Parthian king.                          Taylor.
    The more virtuously any man lives, and the less
  he is enslaved to any lust, the more ready he is to
  entertain the principles of religion.      Titlo'son.
    A man,  not  having the power of his own  nfe,
  cannot by compact, or his own consent, ensfate him-
  self to any one, nor put himself under the absolute
  arbitrary power of another, to take away life whea
  he pleases.                             Locke.

Ensla'vement, en-slave'ment. to. s.  [from
   enslave]   The state of servitude;  sla-
   very; abject  subjection.
    The children of Israel, according to their method
  of sinning, after  mercies,  and thereupon returning 
ENT
EXT
ENT
    to a fresh  emfavement to their enemies, had now
    passed seven years in cruel subjection.     South.
  E.nsla'ver,  en-sla'vu.r.  n.  a.  [from  en-
    alave.]   He  that  reduces others  to a
    state of servitude.
     What indignation in her mind,
    Against enslavers of mankind!             Swift.
  To Ensu'e, en-su'. v. a. [ensuivre,  Fr.]
    To follow; to pursue.
     Flee, evil, and do good; seek peace and ensue it.
                                   Com. Prayer.
     But now these Epicures begin to smile,
    And say, my doctrine is more safe than true;
     And that I fondly do myself beguile,
    While these receiv'd opinions I ensue.     Davies.
  To Ensu'e, en-su'. v. to.
  1. To  follow  as a consequence to pre-
    mises.
     Let this be granted, and it shall hereupon plain-
    ly ensue, that the light of scripture once shining in
    the world,  all other light of nature is therewith in
    such sort drowned, that now we need it not. Hooker.
  2. To  succeed in a  train of events,  or
    course of lime.
           The man was noble;
    But wito his last attempt he wip'd it out,
    Destroy'd his country, and his name remains
    To the ensuing age abhorr'd.            Shaksp.
     Bishops  are placed by collation of the king, with-
    out any precedent election or confirmation ensuing.
                                      Hayward.
     Of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue. Milt.
     With mortal heat each other must pursue;
    What wars, what wounds, what  slaughter shall en-
          sue.                          Dryden.
     Impute not then those ills which may enswe
    To me, but those who with incessant hate
    Pursue my  life.                        Rowe.
     Then grave Clarissa graceful wav'd her fan;
    Silence ensu'd, and thus the nymph began.  Pope.
 Ensu'rance,  en-siiu'ra.nse.  to.   s. [from
    ensure.]
  1. Exemption  from hazard, obtained  by
    the payment  of a certain  sum.
 2. The sum paid for security.
 Ensu'rancer,  en-shu'ran-sur. to. s. [from
    ensurance.]   He who  undertakes   to
    exempt  from hazard.
             The  vain ensurancers of life,
   And they who most perform'd, and promis'd less,
   Ev'n Short  and Hobbes, forsook th' unequal strife.
                                       Diyden.

 To Ensu're, en-shure'. v. a. [from sure,
    assurer,  Fr.]
 1. To ascertain;  to  make  certain; to se-
    cure.
     It is easy to entail debts on succeeding ages, but
   how to ensure peace for any term of years is diffi-
   cult  enough.                           Swift.
 2. To exempt any thing from  hazard by
    paying a certain  sum,  on condition of
    being reimbursed for miscarriage.
 3. To promise reimbursement of any mis-
    carriage  for a certain reward stipulated.
    A mendicant contracted with a country fellow
   for a quantity of  corn, to ensure his sheep for that
   year.                              L'Estrange.
Ensu'rer,  en-shu'rur. to. s. [from ensure]
   One who makes contracts of ensurance;
   one who  for a certain sum exempts any
   thing from hazard.

Exta'blature,  en-tab'la-tiire. 7   to. s.
ENTA'BLEMENT,en-ta'bl-ment. 5  [from
   table.]  The architrave, frieze, and cor-
   nice of a  pillar; being in effect the ex-
   tremity of the flooring,  which is either
    supported by pillars, or  by  a wall, if
    there be no columns.            Harris.

  Enta'il,  er.-taie'.80* n. s. [feudum  tallia-
    tum, from the French entaille, cut, from
    tailler,  to cut.]
  1. The estate entailed or settled, with re-
    gard to the rule of its descent.
  2. The rule of descent settled  for any
    estate.
  3. Engraver's work; inlay.   Obsolete.
     Well it appeared to have been of old
   A work of rich entail, and curious mold,
   Woven wito anticks and wild imagery-  F. Queen.

  To Enta'il, en-taie'. v. a. [tailler, to cut;
    entailler, Fr.]
  1. To settle the descent of  any  estate,  so
    that it cannot be by any subsequent pos-
    sessor bequeathed at pleasure.
                  I here enfaif
   The crown to thee and to thine heirs for ever.
                                       Shaksp.
     Had Richard unconstrain'd resign'd the throne,
   A king can give no more than 'is his own:
   The title stood enfaif'd, had Richard had a son.
                                       Dryden.
 2. To fix  unalienably  upon  any person  or
    thing.
     None ever had a privilege of infallibility entailed
   to all he said.                         Digby.
     The intemperate and unjust transmit their bodily
   infirmities and diseases to their children, and entail
   a secret curse upon their estates.         Tillotson.
 J. To cut.   Obsolete.    In  the  following
    pasSage it is neuter.
     The mortal steel, dispiteously entail'd,
   Deep in their flesh, quite through the iron walls,
   That a large purple stream adown their giambeaux
         falls.                     Fairy Queen.

  To Enta'me," en-time', v. a. [from fame.]
    To tame;  to subjugate; to subdue.
     'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
   Your bugle eyeballs, and your cheek of cream,
   That can entame my spirits to your worship.  Shak.
 To Enta'ngle,  en-tang'gl.40s  v. a. [Of
    uncertain etymology.]
  I. To inwrap or insnare with something
    not easily  extricable, as a net; or some-
    thing adhesive, as briars.
 2. To lose in multiplied  involutions; as  in
    a labyrinth.
 3. To twist,  or confuse  in such a manner
   as  that  a  separation   cannot easily be
   made; to make an entangled knot.
 4. To involve in difficulties; to embarrass;
   to perplex.
               Now all labour
   Marrs what it does, yea very force entangles
   Itself with  strength.                    Shaksp.
     He knew not how to wrestle with desperate con-
   tingencies, and so abhorr'd to be entangled in such.
                                    Clarendon.
 5. To puzzle; to bewilder.
     The duke, being questioned, neither held silence
   as he might, nor constantly denied it, but entangled
   himself in  his doubtful tale.            Hayward.
    I suppose a great part of the difficulties that per-
   plex men's thoughts, and entangle their understand-
   ings, would be easily resolved.            Locke.
 6. To ensnare  by   captious  questions  or
   artful talk.
    The Pharisees took  counsel how they might en-
   tangle him in his talk.                 Matthew.
 7. To utstract with  variety of cares.
    No man  that warreth enfang-fef/i himself with the
I   affairs of this  life.                   2 Timothy.
 8. To multiply the intricacies  or difficul-
    ties of a work.
 L.n-ia'aglement  en-tang'gl-m£nt.  w.  s.
    [from entangle]
 1. Involution of any thing  intricate or ad-
    hesive.
 2. Perplexity; puzzle.
     The most improved spirits are frequently caught
   in the entanglements of a tenacious imagination.
                                      Gfanwife.
     There will be no greater entanglements, touching
   the notion of God and his providence.     More.
     It is to fence against the  entanglements of equi-
   vocal words, and the art of  sophistry, that distinc-
   tions have been multiplied.               Locke.
 Enta'ngler, en-taug'glur.  to.  s.  [from
    entangle.] One  that entangles.
 To E'NTER, en'ier.98 v. a. [entrer, Fr.]
 1.  To go or come  into any  place.
     1 with the multitude of my redeem'd
   Shall enter heav'n long absent.           MUton.
     A king of repute  and learning  entered the list
   against him.                        Atterbury.
 2.  To initiate in  a  business,  method or
   society.
     The eldest being thus entered, and then made the
   fashion, it would be impossible to hinder them
                                       Locke.
 3. To introduce or admit into any counsel.
     They of Rome are enter'd in our counsels,
   And know how we proceed.             Shaksp,
 4.  To set down in  writing.
     Mr. Phang, have you enfer'd the action?
  —It is enter'd.                        Shaksp.
     Agues and fevers are entered  promiscuously, yet
  in toe few bills they have been distinguished.
                                      Graunf.
 To E'nter, en'ter. v. to.
 I. To  come in; to go in.
    Be not slothful  to go and to enfer to possess the
  land.                                Judges.
          Other creature here,
  Beast, bird, insect, or worm, durst enfer none.
                                      MUton.
 2. To penetrate mentally; to  make intel-
   lectual entrance.
    He is particularly pleased with Livy for his man-
  ner of telling a story, and with Sallust for his enter-
  ing- into eternal principles of action.      Addison.
    They were not capable of entering into the nu-
  merous concurring springs of action.       Watts.
 3. To engage in.
    The French king hath often entered on several
  expensive projects, on purpose to dissipate wealth.
                                     Addison.
    Gentlemen did  not care to enfer upon business
  till after their moriiirg draught.            Tatler.
 4. To be initiated in.
    O pity and shame, that those who to live well
  Enter'd so fair, should turn aside!        Milton,
    As soon as they once entered into a taste of plea-
  sure, politeness, and magnificience, they fell into  a
  thousand violences, conspiracies,  and divisions.
                                      Addison.
Enterde'/vl, en-ter-dele'. to. a. [entre and
   deal.]  Reciprocal transactions.  Obso-
   lete.
    For he is practis'd well in policy,
  And thereto doth his courting most apply,
  To learn the enlerdml of princes strange,
  To mark th' intent of counsels, and the change
  Of states.                           Hubberd.
 E'ntering, en'ter-ing. «. *. [from entre]
   Entrance; passage into a  place.
    It is laid waste, so that there is no house, no en-
  tering in.                             Isaiah.
 To Enierla'ce, en-ter-lase'. v. a.  [enter-
   lasser, Fr.] To intermix;  to interweave.
    This lady walked «utright, till she might see her 
ENT
ENT
ENT
  enter into a fine close arbor; it was of trees, whose
  branches so lovingly enferfaced one another, that it
  could resist the strongest violence ofthe sight.
                                       Sidney.
 Entero'cele, e'n-te-ro'sele. to. a. [intero-
   cele, Lat.]   A rupture from the bowels
   pressing through or dilating  the peri-
   tonoeum, so  as  to  fall  down into the
   groin.   The remedy in  such  cases, is
   chiefly by trusses and bolsters. Quincy.
    If the intestine only is fallen, it becomes an en-
  terocele; if the omentum or epiploon, epiplocele; and
  if both,  enteroepiplocele.                 Sharp.
 Entero'logy, en-te-rol'6-je. to. a.  \jvrspov
   and Myog.]   The  anatomical  account
   of the bowels and internal parts.
 Entero'mfhalos,  en-te-rom'fa-los. to. a.
   [ivrepev   and  o^^Ao?.]   An  umbilical
   or naval rupture.
 Entekpa'rlance,  en-ter-paVlanse. to. s.
   [entre and parler, Fr.]  Parley; mutual
   talk; conference.
    During  the entei-parlance the Scots discharged
  against the English, not without breach of  the laws
  of the field.                         Hayward.

 Enterple'ader,   en-ter-ple'dur.  «. *.
   [entre and plead]  The discussing of a
   point  incidently falling  out, before the
   principal cause can take end.   For ex
   ample: two several persons, being found
   heirs  to land  by two several officers in
   one county, the king is brought in doubt
   whether livery ought to be made;  and
   therefore,  before livery be  made  to
   either, they  must  enterplead; that is,
   try between  themselves  who  is  the
   right  heir.                       Cowell.

 E'NTERPRISE, en'ter-prize. to.  *. [en-
   terprise, Fr.]   An undertaking of haz-
   ard; an  irduous attempt.
    Now is toe time to execute mine enterprise to the
  destruction of the enemies.              Judith.
     Whet on Warwick to this enterprise.    Shaksp.
     The day approach'd, when fortune should decide
  Th' important enterprise, and give the bride. Dryd.
 To  E'nterprise, en'ter-prise. v. a. [from
   the noun.]
 1. To undertake; to attempt; to essay.
     Nor shall I to the work thou enterpiisest
  Be wanting, but afford thee equal aid.     Milton.
     Princes  were only chiefs of  those assemblies, by
  whose consultations and authority the great actions
  were resolved and enterprised.            Temple.
    An epick poem, or  the  heroick action  of some
  great commander, enterprised for the common good
  and  honour of the christian  cause,  and  executed
  happily, may be as well written now, as  it was of
  old by the heathens.                    Dryden.
             Haste, then, and lose no time:
  The business must be enterpi-is'd this night;
  We must surprise the court in its delight.   Dryden.
2. To receive; to  entertain. Obsolete.
    In goodly garments, that her well became,
  Fair marching forth in honourable wise,
  Him at the threshold met, and well did enterprise.
                                      Spenser.
Enterpriser, en'ter-pri-zur. to. s. [from
  enterprise.]   A man of enterprise; one
  who undertakes great  things; one  who
  engages himself in  important and dan-
  gerous designs.
    They  commonly proved  great enterprisers with
  happy success.                      Hayward.
To   ENTER!WIN,  en-ter-tane'.  v.  a.
  [entretenir, Fr.]
 1. To converse with; to talk with.
    His head was so well stored a magazine,  that
  nothing could  be proposed which he was  not  rea-
  dily furnished to entertain any one in.       LocKe.
 2. To treat at the table.
    You shall find an apartment fitted up foryou, and
  shall be every  day entertained with beef or mutton
  of my own feeding.                    Addison.
 3. To receive hospitably.
    Be not forgetful to entertain strangers; for there-
  by some have entertained angels unawares.  Hebrews.
    Heav'n, set  ope thy everlasting gates,
  To entertain my vows of thanks and praise.  Shak.
 4. To keep in one's service.
    How many men would you require to the furnish-
  ing of this which you take in hand? And how  long
  space would you have them entertained?   Spenser.
    You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred; only
  I do not like the fashion of your garments. Shaksp.
                 I'll weep and  sigh,
  And, leaving so his service, follow you,
  So please you  entertain me.             Shaksp.
 5. To reserve in the mind.
    This purpose God can enferfain towards us.
                                Decay of Piety.
 6. To please; to amuse; to divert.
    David entertained himself with the meditations
  of God's law, not his hidden decrees or counsels.
                                Decay of Piety.
    They were capable of entertaining themselves on
  a thousand subjects, without running  into the com-
  mon topicks.                         Addison.
    The History of the Royal Society shews how well
  philosophy becometh  a narration: the progress of
  knowledge is as entertaining as toat of arms.
                                       Feffon.
    In gardens,  art can only reduce the beauties of
  nature to a figure which the common eye  may bet-
  ter take in, and is therefore more entertained wito.
                                        Pope.
 7. To admit with satisfaction.
    Reason can  never permit toe mind to  enferfain
  probability in opposition to knowledge and certainty.
                                        Locke.
 Enterta'iner, en-ter-ta'nur. to. s. [from
   entertain.]
 1. He that keeps others in his service.
    He was, in his  nature and constitution of mind,
  not very apprehensive of forecasting of future events
  afar off, but an entertainer of fortune by the day.
                                       Bacon.
 2. He that treats others at his table.
    He shews both to toe guests and to the entertainer
  their great mistake.                  Smalridge.
    It is little toe sign of a wise or good man to suffer
  temperance to be transgressed, in order to purchase
  the repute of a generous entertainer.    Atterbury.
 3. He that pleases, diverts, or amuses.

 Lnterta'inment, en-ter-tane'ment.  to. s.
   [from entertain.]
 1. Conversation.
 2. Treatment at the table; convivial pro-
   vision.
    Arrived there, toe little house they fill,
  Ne look for entertainment where none was;
    Rest is their feast, and all things at  their will-
  The noblest mind the best contentment has.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    With British bounty in his ship he feasts
  Th' Hesperian princes, his amazed guests
  To find that wat'ry wilderness exceed
  The entertainment of toeir great Madrid.  Waller.
 3. Hospitable reception.
 4. Reception; admission.
    It is not easy to imagine how  it should at  first
  gain entertainment, but much more difficult to con-
  ceive how it should be universally propagated.
                                     Tillotson.
5. The state of being in pay as soldiers or
  servants.

                   4n2
    Have you an army ready, say you r
  ----A  most royal one.  The  centurions and their
  charges distinctly billetted, already in toe enferfain-
  mcnf, and to be on foot at an hour's warning. Shak-
6. Payment of soldiers or servants.   Now
   obsolete.
    The entertainment of the general, upon his first
  arrival, was but six shillings and eight-pence.
                                       Davies.
    The captains did covenant with the king to serve
  him with certain  numbers of men, for certain wages
  and entertainment.                      Davies.
7. Amusement; diversion.
    Because he toat  knoweth least  is fittest  to ask
  questions, it is more reason, for the entertainment of
  the  time, fhat he ask me questions than that I ask
  you.                                  Bacon.
    Passions ought to be  our servants, and not our
  masters; to give us some agitation for entertainment,
  but never to throw reason out of its seat.   Temple.
8.  Dramatick  performanoe;   the  lower
   comedy.              ,
    A great number of dramatick entertainments are
  not comedies, but five-act farces.            Gay.
Enterti'ssued,  en-ter-tish'ude. adj. [en-
   tre and tissue.]  Interwoven  or  inter-
   mixed  with  various  colours  or sub-
   stances.
    The sword, the mace, the crown imperial,
  The entertissued robe of gold and pearl.    Shaksp.
To Enthro'ne,  en-Mrone'.  v. a.  [from
   throne.]
I. To place on  a regal seat.
    Mercy is above this scepter'd sway;
  It is enthroned in the hearts of kings;
  It is an attribute  to God himself.          Shaksp.
          On a tribunal silver'd,
  Cleopatra and himself, in chairs of gold,
  Were publickiy enthron'd.               Shaksp.
    Beneath a sculptor'd arch he sits enthron'd,
  The peers, encircling, form an awful round. Pope.
2. To invest with sovereign authority.
    This pope was no sooner elected and enthroned,
  but that he began to exercise his new rapines.
                                       Ayliffe.
Enthusia'sm,  eTWAu'zhe-azm.4S1  to.   s.
  [evB-HTtxtr/noe]
1. A vain beiief  of  private  revelation;  a
   vain confidence of divine favour or com-
   munication.
    Enthusiasm is  founded neither on reason nor di-
  vine revelation, but rises from toe  conceits of a
  warmed or overweening brain.           Locke.
2. Heat of imagination;  violence of pas-
   sion;  confidence of opinion.
3. Elevation of fancy; exaltation of ideas.
    Imaging is, in itself, the very height and life  of
  poetry,  which, by a kind of enthusiasm, or extraor-
  dinary emotion of soul, makes it seem to us that we
  behold those things which the  poet paints.    Dryd.

Enthu'siast, en-/Au'zhe-ast. to. s.[ev^aa-ix-


1. One who vainly imagines a  private re-
   velation; one  who has a vain confidence
   of his intercourse with  God.
    Let an enfftnsiasf be  principled that he or his
  teacher is inspired, and acted by an immediate
  communication of toe Divine spirit, and you in vain
  bring the evidence of clear reason  against his doc-
  trine.                                 Locke.
2. One of a het  imagination or violent pas-
   sions.
    Chapman seems to have been of an arrogant turn
  and an enthusiast in poetry.                Pope.
3. One  of elevated fancy, or exalted ideas.
    At last divine Cecilia came,
  Inventress ofthe  vocal frame;
  The sweet enthusiast, from her sacred store
  Enlarg'd the former narrow bounds, 
ENT
ENT
ENT
  And added length to solemn sounds,
  With nature's mother-wit, and artelmknown before.
                                        Dryden.
Enthusia'stio al, en-fVi u'zhe-as'te-kai
Enthusia'stick,  en-fAvi'zhe-as'tik.
   adj.  [fiS-vTictriKos/]
1. Persuaded of some communication with
   the Deity.
    He pretended not to any seraphick enffcusiasftcaf
   raptures, or inimitable unaccountable transports of
   devotion.                              Calamy.
2. Vehemently  hot in any cause.
3. Elevated in fancy;  exalted in ideas.
    An enf/mstasficfc or prophetick style, by reason of
   toe eagerness of toe fancy, doth not always follow
   the even thread of discourse.             ihtrnef.
               At last sublim'd,
   To rapture and enthusiastick heat,
   We feel Ae present Deity.             Thompson.
E'nthvmeme,  en'Me-meme. to.  s. [ev$6-
   wuct.]  An argument consisting  only of
   an antecedent and consequential  propo-
   sition; a syllogism where the major pro-
   position  is suppressed, and only the mi-
   nor and consequence produced in words.
    Playing much upon the simple or Iustrative argu-
   mentation, to induce their enthymemes unto the peo-
   ple, they take up popular conceits.        Brown.
    What is an enthymeme,  quoth Cornelius? Why
   an enthymeme, replied Cranibe, is when the major
   is indeed married to  the minor,  but the marriage
   kept secret.                Arbuthnot and Pi pe.
 To ENTI'CE, en-tise'. v.a. [of uncertain
   etymology.]   To allure;  to attract;  to
   draw by  blandishments  or  hopes  to
   something sinful or destructive.
    The readiest way to entangle the mind with false
   doctrine, is first to entice the will to wanton living.
                                        Ascham.
     If a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, he
   shall surely endow her to be his wife.     Exodus.
     So sang  the syrens, with enchanting sound,
   Enticing all to lister., and be drown'd.   Granville.
 Enti'cement,  en-tise'ment. to.  s. [from
    entice.]
 1. The  act or practice of alluring to ill.
     Suppose we that the sacred word of God  can at
   their hands receive due honour, by whose enticement
   toe  holy ordinances  of  the  church endure every
   where open contempt.                  Hooker.
     And here to every thirsty wanderer,
   By sly enficemenf gives his baneful cup
   With many murmurs mixt.              Milton.
 2. The means  by  which one  is allured to
    ill;  blandishment; allurement.
     In all these instances we must separate intreaty
   and enticements, from deceit or violence.   Taylor.
 Enti'cer, en-ti'si\r.fl6  to. s. [from  entice.]
    One that allures to ill.
 Enti'cingly, en-ti'sing-le. adv. [from en-
    tice.] Charmingly; in a winning manner.
     She strikes a lute well, and sings most enticingly.
                                        Addison.
 E'ntierty, en'ti-er-te. to. s. [entierte, Fr.]
    The whole;  not barely a part.
     Sometime the attorney torusteth into the writ the
   uttermost quantity; or, else setteth down an entierty,
   where but a moiety was to be passed.       Bacon.
 ENTl'RE, en-tire',  adj. [entier, Fr. inte-
    ger,  Lat.]
 I. Whole; undivided.
     It  is not safe  to divide, but to extol the enfire,
   still in general.                          Bacon.
 2. Unbroken;  complete in its parts.
     An antique model of the famous Laocoon is en-
   fire in those parts where the statue is maimed.
                                        Addison.
     Water and earth, composed of old  worn parti-
  cles, and fragments of particles,  would not be of
  the same nature and  texture  now with water  and
  earth composed of enfire particles in the beginning
                                      •Aetofoii
3. Full;  complete;  comprising all requi-
   sites in itself.
    The church of Rome hath rightly considered that
  publick prayer is a duty entire in itseif, a duty re-
  quisite to be performed much oftener than sermons
  can be made.                          Hooker.
    An action is enfire when it is complete in all its
  parts; or, as Aristotle describes it, when it consists
  of a beginning, a middle, and an end.   Spectator.
4. Sincere; hearty.
            Love 's not love,
  When it is mingled with regards that stand
  Aloof from to' enfire point.           Shakspeare.
    He run  a  course more enfire with the  king of
  Arragon, but more  laboured and officious with the
  king of Castile.                        Bacon.
5. Firm; suie; solid; fixed.
    Entire and sure  the monarch's rule must prove,
  Who founds her greatness on her subjects' love.
                                         Prior.
6. Unmingled; unallayed.
            Wrath shall be no more
  Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire. Milton.
7. Honest; firmly adherent; faithful.
    No man had ever a heart more entire to the king,
  the church, or his countiy; but he never studied the
  easiest ways to those ends.            Clarendon.
    They had many persons of whose enfire atiections
  they were well assured.               Clarendon.
8. In lull strength; with  vigour unabated;
   with power unbroken.
    Then back to fight again, new breathed and en-
        tire.                           Spenser.
Enti'rely, en-tire'le.  adv.  [from entire]
I. In the whole;  without  division.
    Euphrates,  running, sinketh partly into the lakes
  of Chaldea, and talis not entirely into the  Persian
  sea.                                  Raleigh.
2. Completely; fully.
    Here finish'd he, and all that he had made
  View'd and beheld! all was entirely good. MUton.
    Chyle may be said to be a  vegetable juice in the
  stomach and intestines; as it passeth into the lacteals
  it grows still more  animal, and when it has circula-
  ted often with the blood, it is entirely so. Arbuthnot.
    General consent entirely altered the whole frame
  of their government.                     Swift.
3.  With firm adherence; faithfully.
    Which when his pensive lady saw from far,
   Great woe and sorrow did her soul assay,
    As weening that the sad er d of the war,
   And 'gan to highest God entirely pray.  F.  Queen.
Enti'reness, en-tire'nes.  «.  *.  [from en-
    tire.]
 1.  Totality; completeness; fulness.
     In an arch, each single stone,  which, if severed
   from the rest, would be perhaps defenceless, is suf-
   ficiently secured by the solidity and entireness of the
   whole fabrick, of which it is  a part.        Boyle.
2.  Honesty;  integrity.
 To Enti'tle, en-ti'tl.40*  v.  a.  [entituler,
    Fr.]
 1. To grace  or dignify with a title or ho-
    nourable appellation.
 2. To give  a title or discriminative appel-
    lation: as, to entitle a  book.
     Beside  the Scripture,  the  books which they call
   ecclesiastical  were  thought  not  unworthy to  be
   brought into public audioce, aud wito that name
   they enfiffed the books which we term Apocryphal.
                                        Hooker.
             Next  favourable thou,
   Who highly thus to enfiffe me vouchsaf 'st
   Far other name deserving!               Milton.
 3. To superscribe, or prefix as a title.
     How ready zeal for party is to entiffe Christianity
  to their designs, and to charge atheism on those who
  will not submit.                  ,        Locke-
    We have been enfiffed, and have had our names
  prefixed at length to whole volumes of mean pro-
  ductions.                       #         Swiff.
4. To give a claim to any thing.
    But we, descended from your 6acred line,
  Entitled to your heav'n, and rites divine,
  Are banish'd earth.                    Dryden.
    God discovers the martyr and confessor without
  the trial of flames and  tortures, and will hereafter
  enfiffe many to the rewards of actions which they
  had never the opportunity of performing.  Addison.
    He entitled himself to the continuance ofthe di-
  vine protection and goodness, by humiliation and
  preyer.                             Atterbury.
    Hardly even is the penitent sinner saved; thus
  difficult is that duty,  by which alone he can be re-
  coneiied to his Creator, and enfiffed to the mercies
  of the gospel.                          .Rogers.
5. To grant any  thing as claimed by a ti-
   tle.
     This is to enfiffe God's care how and to what we
  please.                                 Locke.
E'ntity,  £n'te-te.  to.  s. [entitaa, low Lat.]
1. Something which really is; a real being.
     Dear hope, earth's dowry  and heav'n's debt,
  The entity of things that are not yet:
  Subt'lest, but surest being.            Crashaw.
     Fortune is no real entity, nor  physical essence,
  but a mere relative signification.         Bentley.
     Here entity and quiddity,
  The souls of defunct bodies fly.         Hudibras.
2. A particular specus of being.
     All eruptions of air, though small and slight, give
  an entity  of sound, which ne call crackling,puffing,
  and spitting; as in bay salt and bay leaves, cast inte
  the fire.                                Bacon.
     God's decrees of salvation and damnation, both
  Romish and  Reformed, affix  to men's particular
  entity, absolutely considered, without any respect to
  demeanours.                        hanmumd.
 To  Ento'il, en-toil', v. a. [from toil]  To
   insnare; to entangle; to bring into toils
   or nets.
     He cut off their land forces from their ships, and
  entoiled both toeir navy and their camp with a great-
  er power  than theirs, both by sea and land.  Bacon.

To Ento'mb, en-todm'. v. a. [from tomb]
   To put into a tomb; to bury.
     Processions were first begun for the interring of
  holy martyrs, and the visiting of those places where
  they were enfomfced.                    Hooker.
     The cry went once for thee, and yet it may again,
  If thou would'st not entomb thyself alive,
  And case thy reputation in a tent.     Shakspeare.
     They within the beast's vast womb,
   The choice and flow'r of all their troops entomb.
                                      Denham.

 E'ntrails, en'trils.208 «. *. without a sin-
   gular,  [entrailles, Fr. hrepx.]
 I.  The intestines; the inward  parts; the
    guts.
     What hath thy fiery heart so parch'd thine entrails,
   That not a tear can fall?             Shakspeare.
     The entrails are all  without bones; save toat a
   bone is sometimes found in toe heart of a stag.
                                         Bacon.
     I tear  that harden'd heart from out her breast,
   Which with her entrails makes my hungry hounds a
         fea.-t.                          Diyden.
 2. The internal  parts.
     A precious ring that lightens all the hole,
   And shows the ragged entrails of this pit.  Shaksp.
     He bad brought  to light  hut little of that trea-
   sure, that lay so  long hid  in the dark entrails of
   America.                               Locke.
                  The earth hath lost
   Most of  her ribs, as entrails; being now
   Wounded no less for marble than for gold.
                                     Ben Jonson- 
ENT
ENT
EN V
To Entra'il,  en'tril.  v.  a.  [intralciare,
   Ital.] To mingle;  to interweave;  to di-
   versify.
    Over him, art striving to compare
  With nature, did an arbor green dispread,
    Framed of wanton  ivy,  flow'ring fair,
  Through which the fragrant eglantine did spread,
  His pricking arms entrail'd with roses red
                                  Fairy Queen.
                 A little wicker basket,
  Made of fine twigs, entrailed curiously,
  In which they gathered  flowers.         Spenser.
E'ntrance, en'transe. n. s. [entrans, Fr.]
1. The  power of entering into a pkce.
    Whence are you, sir? Has the porter his  eyes in
  his head, that he giv ts entrance to such companions?
   Pray, get you out.                   Shakspeare.
     Where diligence opens toe door of the  under-
   standing, and impartially keeps it, truth is  sure to
   find both an entrance and a welcome too.    Soufft.
2. The  act of ei.tering.
    The reason that I gather, he is mad,
  Is a mad tale he told to  day at dinner,
  Of his own door being shut against his entrance.
                                    Shakspeare.
            Better far,  I guess,
  That we do make our entrance several ways. Shaks.
              All the world  's a stage,
   And  all the men and women merely players;
   They have their exits and their entrances.   Shaksp.

3. The  passage by which a place is  enter-
   ed; avenue.
     He  charged  them to keep the  passages of the
   hilly country; for by them there was an entrance into
   Jmlea.                                Judith.
     Palladio did conclude, that toe principal entrance
   was  never to be regulated by any certain dimen-
   sions, but by the dignity of the master.    Wotton.
         Many are the ways that lead
   To his grim cave, all dismal! yet to sense
  More terrible at th' entrance  than within.  ■ Milton.
    Let this, and every other anxious thought,
   At th' entrance of my threshold be forgot. Dryden.
4. Initiation; commencement.
     This is that which, at first entrance, baulks and
   cools them: they want their liberty.         Locke.
5. Intellectual ingress; knowledge.
     He  that travelleth the country before he hato
   some entrance  into the language, goeth to school,
   and not to travel.                       Bacon.
6. The  act of taking possession of an office
   or dignity.
     From the first entrance of this king to his reign,
   never was king either more loving or better beloved.
                                     Hayward.
7. The  beginning of any thing.
     St. Augustine, in the entrance of one of his ser-
   mons, makes a kind of  apology.        Hakewill.
     The  earl  of Holland we  have  had occasion to
   mention before in the first entrance upon this dis-
   course.                            Clarendon.
To Entra'nce, en-transe'.91  v. n.   [from
   trance; transe, Fr. from transeo, Lat.  to
   pass over;  to pass for a time from one
   region to another.]
I. To put  into a trance;  to withdraw  the
   soul wholly to other regions,  while the
   body  appears to  lie  in dead  sleep.
2. To put into an ecstacy; to make insensi-
   ble  of present objects.
    With delight 1 was entranced, and carried so far
  from myself, as that I am sorry that you ended so
  soon.                                Spenser.
    Adam, now enforc'd to close his eyes,
  Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranc'd.
                                       Milton.
    And I so ravish'd with her heav'nly note,
  I stood entranc'd and had no room for thought;
  But all  o'erpowVd with ecstacy of bliss,
  Was in a pleasing dream of  paradise.    Dryden.
To Entra'p, en-trap', v. a.  [from trap.]
I. To ensnare;  to catch in a trap or snare.
    Take heed, mine eyes, how ye  do stare
  Henceforth too rashly on that guileful net;
    In which, if ever eyes entrapped are,
  Out of her hands ye by no means shall get.
                                      Spenser.
    The fraud of England, not the force of France,
  Hath now enlrapt the noble-minded Talbot. Shaks.
2. To involve unexpectedly in difficulties
   or distresses; to entangle.
    Misfortune waits advantage to entrap
  The man most wary, in her  whelming lap.
                                  Fairy  Queen.
    He sought to enfrap me by intelligence. Shaksj'.
3. To take advantage of.
    An injurious person  lies in wait to enfrap thee in
  thy words.                             £ccfns.
To Entre'at, en-trete'.2" v. a.  [traeter,
   Fr.]
I. To petition; to  solicit; to  importune.
    Isaac enfreafed the Lord for his wife.    Genesis.
2. To prevail upon  by solicitation.
    I have a wife, whom I protest I love;
  I would she were in  heav'n so she could
  Entreat some pow'er to change this currish Jew.
                                    Shakspeare.
    The Lord was entreated of him, and Rebecca his
  wife conceived.                        Genesis.
    It were a fruitless attempt to  appease a power,
  whom no prayers could entreat, no repentance recon-
  cile.                                 Rogers.
3. To treat or use well or ill.
    Whereas thy servant worketh  truly, enfreaf him
  not evil.                               Ecclus.
    Must you, sir John,  protect my lady here?
  Entreat her not the worse in that 1 pray
  You use her well.                   Shakspeare.
    Well I entreated her, who well deserv'd:
  I call'd her often; for she always  serv'd:
  Use made her person easy to my  sight,
  And ease insensibly  produe'd delight.      Prior.

4. To entertain; to  amuse.  Not used.
    My lord, I must enfreaf the time alone.
  —God shield I should  disturb devotion.    Shaksp.
5. To entertain; to  receive.  Not in use.
    The garden of Proserpino this  hight,
  And in  the midst thereof a silver seat,
    With a thick arbour goodly overdight,
  In which she often us'd, from open heat,
  Herself to shroud, and pleasures to entreat.
                                   Fairy Queen.
To Entre'at, en-trete'. v.  to.

I. To offer a treaty or compact. Not used.
    Alexander was the first that enfreafed peace with
  toem.                              Jl/acca&ees.
2. To treat; to discourse. Not  used.
    The  most admirable  mystery of nature is the
  turning of iron, touched with the loadstone, toward
  toe north-pole, of which I shall  have farther  occa-
  sion to entreat.                       Hakewill.
3. To make a petition.
    They charged me, on pain of perpetual displea-
  sure, neither to speak of him, enfreaf for him, or
  any way sustain him.                Shakspeare.
    The janizaries enfreafed for them, as valiant men.
                                       Knolles.
Entre'atance,  en-tre'tanse.  to. *.  [from
   entreat.]  Petition; entreaty; solicitation.
   Not used.
    These two entreatance made they might be heard,
  Nor was their just petition long deny'd.    Fairfax.
Entrea'ty, en-tre'te.  n. s. [from entreat.]
   Petition; prayer;  solicitation;  supplica-
   tion;-  request.
             If my weak orator
  Can from his mother win the duke of York,
  Anon expect him here; but if she be
  Obdurate to entreaties, God forbid
  We should infringe the holy privilege
  Of sanctuary.                      Shakspeare.
EJVTREME'TS, en-tre-metz'. to. s.  [Fr.]
   Small plates set between the main dish-
   es.
    Chards of beet are plants  of white beet trans-
  planted, producing great tops, which, in the  midst,
  have a large white main shoot, which is the  true
  chard used in pottages and enfremefs.   MoiUmer.
Entry, entre.  ». *.  [from enterj  entree,
   Fr.]
I. The passage by which any one enters a
   house.
    Some there are that know toe resorts and  falls of
  business, that cannot sink into the main of it;  like
  a house that hath convenient stairs and entries, but
  never a fair room.                       Bacon.
    A strait long entry to the temple led,
  Blind with high walls, aud horror over head.
                                       Dryden.
             Is all this hurry made
  On this account, because thou art afraid
  A dirty hall or entry should offend
  The curious eyes of thy invited friend.     Dryden.
    We proceeded through the entry, and were ne-
  cessarily kept in order by the situation.      Tatler.
2. The act  of entrance; ingress.
    Bathing and anointing give a  relaxation or emol-
  lition ; and toe mixture of oil and water  is better
  than  either of them alone, because water entereth
  better into the pores, and oil after enfry softeneth
  better.                                 £acon.
    The lake of Constance is formed by the entry of
  toe Rhine.                            Addison.
    By the  entry of the chyle and air into toe blood,
  by the  lacteals, the animal may again revive.
                                    Arbuthnot.
3. The  act of taking possession of any es-
   tate.
4. The  act of registering or setting  down
   in writing.
    A  notary made an entry of this act.       Bacon.
5. The  act of entering publickiy into any
   city.
    The  day being come, he made his entry:  he was
  a man of middle stature and age, and comely.
                                         Bacon.
 To Enu'bilate, e-nu'be-late. v. a. [e and
   nubile, Lat.]  To clear from clouds.
                                         Diet.
 To Enu'cleate, e-nu'kle-ate. v. a.  [e.nu-
   cleo,  Lat.] To solve; to  clear; to disen-
   tangle.                               Diet.
 To Enve'lop, en-veTup. v. a. [enveloper,
   Fr.]
 I. To  in wrap; to  cover;  to  invest with
   some integument.
 2. To cover; to  hide; to surround.
    The best and wholesom'st spirits of the night en-
  velop you, good provost.              Shakspeare.
    A  cloud of smoke envefops either host,
  And  all at once the combatants  are lost:
  Darkling  they join  adverse, and shock unseen,
  Coursers with coursers justing,  men with men.
                                       Dryden.
    It  is but  to approach nearer, and that  mist that
  enveloped toem will remove.               Locke.
             Nocturnal shades
  This world envelop, and  th' inclement air
  Persuades men to repel benumming frosts. Philips.
 3. To line; to cover on the inside.
    His iron  coat, all overgrown  with rust,
  ■>\ as underaeath enveloped with gold,
  Darkened with filthy dust.         Fairy  Queen.
 ENVELO'PE,  6n-ve-iope'. to. s.  [Fr.] A
   wrapper; an outward  case; an  integu-
   ment; a cover.
    Send those to paper-sparing Pope;
  And, when he sits to write, 
EN V
ENU
E N V
    No letter with an envelope
  Could give him more delight.             Swift.

To Enve'nom, en-ven'um.166  v. a.  [from
  venom.]
1. To taint with poison; to poison,  to im-
  pregnate with venom.  It is never used
  of the person  to whom poison is  given,
  but  of the draught,  meat,  or instru-
  ment by which it  is conveyed.
    The treacherous instrument is in toy hand,
  Unbated and e?tvenom'd.             Shakspeare.
          Alcides, from Oechalia crown'd
  With conquest, felt th' envenom'd robe, and tore,
  Through pain, up by the roots Thessalian pines.
                                       Milton.
    Nor with envenom'd tongue to blast the fame
  Of harmless men.                      Philips.
2. To make odious.
    Oh, what a world is this, when what is comely
  Envenoms him that bears it!          Shakspeare.
3. To enrage; to exasperate.
    With her full force she threw the pois'nous dart,
  And fix'd it deep within Amata's heart;
  That thus envenom'd she might kindle rage,
  And sacrifice to strife her house and husband's age.
                                      Dryden.
E'nviahle, en've-a-bl.406 adj.[fromenvy.]
  Deserving envy;  such  as  may  excite
  envy.
    They, in  an enviable mediocrity of fortune, do
  happily possess themselves.              Carew.

E'nvier,  en've-ur.98  «. s.  [from envy.]
  One that  envies  another;  a maligner;
  one  that desires the downfal of another.
    Men had need beware how they be too perfect in
  compliments; for that enviers will give  them that
  attribute, to the disadvantage of their virtues.
                                Bacon's Essays.
          They ween'd
  To win the mount of God, and on his throne
  To set the envier of his state, the proud
  Aspirer; but their thoughts prov'd fond and vain.
                                       Milton.
    All preferments in church and state were given
  by him, all his kindred and friends  promoted,  and
  all his enemies and enviers discountenanced.
                                    Clarendon.
E'nvious, en've-tis.314  adj. [from envy.]

1. Infected with envy;  pained by the ex-
  cellence  or happiness of another.
    A man of the most envious disposition that ever
  infected toe air with his breath, whose eyes could
  not look right upon any happy man, nor ears bear
  the burden of any man's praise.           Sidney.
    Still in toy right hand carry gentle peace,
  To silence  envious tongues.              Shaksp.
2. Sometimes with against.
    Be not thou envious against evil men.    Prov.
3. Sometimes with at.
    Neither be thou envious af the wicked.   Prov.
4. Commonly with of.
    Sure you mistake toe precept, or the tree;
  Heav'n cannot envious of his blessings be. Dryden.
E'nviously, en've-iis-le.  adv. [from en-
  vious.]   With  envy;  with malignity;
  with ill-will, excited by another's good.
    Damned spirits,  being fallen from  heaven, en-
  deavour enviously  to obstruct toe ways that may
  lead us thither.                        Duppa.
    How enviously the ladies look,
  When they surprise me at my book!
  And sure as they 're alive at night,
  As soon as gone, will shew toeir spight.     Swift.

To  Envi'ron, en-vi'run.186 v. a. [environ-
  ner,  French.]
1. To surround; to encompass; to encircle.
          I stand as one upon a rock,
  Environ'd with a wilderness of sea.       Shaksp.
     The country near unto the city of Sultania is on
  every side environed with huge mountains. Knolles.
     The manifold streams of goodly navigable rivers,
  as so many chains, environed the  same site and
  temple.                              .  Bacon.
     Within the environing rocks stood the city.
                                       Sandys.
     Thought following thought, and step by step led
       on,
  He enter'd now the bordering desart wild,
  And with dark shades and rocks environ'd round,
  His holy meditation thus pursu'd.        MUton.
     God hato scattered  several  degrees of pleasure
  and pain in all the things that environ  and affect
  us, and  blended  them together in  almost all our
  thoughts.                               Locke.
2. To involve; to envelop.
     May never glorious sun reflect his beams
  Upon the country where you make abode!
  But darkness and  the gloomy shade of death
  Environ you, 'till mischief and despair
  Drive you to break your necks.           Shaksp.
     Since she must go, and I must mourn, come night,
  Environ me wito darkness whilst I write.   Donne.
3. To surround  in  a hostile  manner;  to
   besiege; to hem in.
     Methought a legion of foul fiends
  Environ'd me, and howled in mine ears.   Shaksp.
          In thy danger,
  If ever danger do  environ thee,
  Commend thy grievance to my holy prayer. Shaksp.
     I did but prompt the age to quit their clogs,
  By the known rules of ancient liberty,
  When straight a barbarous noise environs me.
                                       Milton.
4. To enclose;  to invest.
     The soldier, that man of iron,
  Whom ribs of horrour all environ.    Cleaveland.
Envi'rons, 6n-ve-ronz', or en-vi'runs.168
  to.*, [environs,Fr.] The neighbourhood,
  or neighbouring places round about the
  country.
To ENU'MERATE, e-nu'me-rate. v. a.
  [enumero, Lat.]   To reckon up singly;
  to count over distinctly; to number.
    You must not only acknowledge to God that you
  are a sinner, but  must  particularly enumerate the
  kinds of sin whereof you know yourself guilty.
                                        Wake.
    Besides enumerating  the gross defect of duty to
  the queen,  I show how all things were managed
  wrong.                                 Siuiff.
Enumeration,  e-nu-me-ra'slujin.   «.  s.
  [enumeratio, Lat.]  The act of number-
  ing or counting over; nun ber told out.
    Whosoever reads St. Paul's enumeration of duties,
  must conclude, toat well nigh the business of Chris-
  tianity is laid on charity.                 Spraf.
    The chemists make  spirit, salt, sulphur, water
  and earth their five elements, though they are not
  all agreed in this enumeration of elements.  Watts.
To EN U'NCIATE,  e-nun'she-ate.  v.a.
  [enuncio, Lat.] To declare; to proclaim;
  to relate; to express.
Enuncia'tion,   e-nfin-she-a'shun.   to. a.
  [enunciatio, Latin.]
I. Declaration;  publick attestation;  open
  proclamation.
    Preaching is to  strangers and  infants in Christ,
  to produce faith; but  this sacramental enunciation
  is the declaration and confession of it by men in
  Christ, declaring it to be done and owned,  and ac-
  cepted, and prevailing.                  Taylor.
2. Intelligence;  information.
     It remembers and retains such things as were ne-
  ver at all in toe sense; as the conceptions, enuncia-
  tions, and actions ofthe intellect and will.-  Hale.
3. Expression.
Enu'nciative, e-niin'she-a-tiv. adj. [from
  enunciate.]  Declarative; expressive.
    This presumption only proceeds in respect ofthe
  dispositive words, and not in regard ofthe enuncio-
  five terms thereof.                     •%'jfje
Enu'nciatively, e-min'sh6-a-tiv-le. adv,
   [from enunciative.]  Declaratively.
E'nvoy, en'voe. to. a.\envoye, French.]
 1. A public minister sent from one power
   to another.
             Now the Lycian lots conspire
  With Phoebus; now Jove's envoi/ through the air
  Brings  dismal tidings.                 Denham.
    Perseus sent envoys to Carthage, to  kindle their
  hatred  against the Romans.          Arbuthnot,
2. A publick messenger; in dignity below
   an ambassador.
3. A messenger.
    The  watchful sentinels at ev'ry gate,
  At ev'ry passage to the senses wait;
  Still travel to and fro the nervous way,
  And their impressions to the brain convey;
  Where their report the vital envoys make,
  And with new orders are commanded back.
                                    Blackmore.
To E'NVY, en've. v. a. [envier, French;
   invidere, Latin.]
1. To hate another for excellence; happi-
   ness, or success.
    Envy thou not the oppressor, and chuse none of
  his ways.                           Proverbs.
    A woman does not envy a man for fighting cou-
  rage, nor a man a woman for her beauty.  Collier.
2. To grieve  at any qualities of excellence
   in  another.
             I have seen the fight,
  When I have envied thy behaviour.       Shaksp.
    You cannot envy your neighbour's wisdom, if he
  gives you good counsel; nor his riches, if he supplies
  you  in your wants; nor his greatness, if he employs
  it to your protection.                    Smjt.
3. To grudge;  to impart  unwillingly; to
  withhold maliciously.
    Johnson, who, by studying Horace, had been ac-
  quainted with the  rules, seemed to envy others that
  knowledge.                           Dryden.
fo E'nvy,  en've.  v.n.  To feel envy, to
  feel pain at the  sight of excellence or
  felicky: with  at.
    In seeking tales and informations
  Against this man, whose honesty the devil
  And his disciples only envy at,
  Ye blew the fire that burns ye.          Shaksp.
    He that loves God  is not displeased at accidents
  which God chuses, nor envies at those gifts he be-
  stows.                                Taylor.
    Who would envy at the prosperity of toe wicked,
  and  the success of persecutors?            Taylor.

E'nvy, en-ve.182 to. a.  [from the verb.]
1. Pain felt and malignity conceived at the
  sight  of excellence or happiness.
    Envy is a repining at  the prosperity or good of
  another, or anger and displeasure at any good of
  another which we want, or any advantage another
  hath above us.                          Ray-
    Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave,
  Is emulation in the learn'd or brave.       Pope.
2. It is used sometimes with of.
    All the conspirators, save only he,
  Did that they did in envy of great Caesar.   Shaksp.
3. Sometimes witn to.
    Many suffered death merely in envy to their vir-
  tuous and superior genius.   '             Swift.
4. Rivalry;  competition.
    You may see the parliament of women, toe little
  envies of them  to one another.           Dryden.
5. Madce; malignity.
    Madam; this is  a mere distraction,
  You turn the good we offer into envy.      Shaksp.
6. Public odium; iii repute; invidiousness.
    Edward Plantageaet should be shewed  unto the 
EPA
EPI
EPI
   people;  to discharge the king of the  envy of toat
   opinion and bruit, how he  had been put to death
   priviiy.                              Bacon.
 To Enwhe'el,  en-wheel',  v. a. [from
   wheel.]  To encompass; to encircle.  A
   word  probably peculiar to  Shakspeare.
     Hail to thee, lady! and the grace of heav'n
   Before, behind thee, and on ev'ry hand
   Enwheel thee round.                  Othello.
 Tj   Enwo'mij,   en-w66n«'.  v.  a. [from
   womb.]
 1. Tu make pregnant.
     Me then he left enwombed of this child,
   This luckless child, whom thus ye see with blood.
                                     Spenser.
            I'm your mother,
   And put you in the catalogue of those
   That were enwombed mine.             Shaksp.
 2. To bury; to hide as in a womb.
     Or as the Africk Niger's stream enivomos
   Itself into the earth, and after comes,
   Having first made a natural bridge  to pass,
   For many leagues, far greater than  it was;
   May 't not be said, that her grave shall restore
   Her greater, purer, finer than before?    Donne.
 Eo'lipile, e-6'le-pile.  to.  s. [from Aeolus
   and pila.] A hollow ball of metal with a
   long pipe:  which ball, filled with water,
   and exposed to  the fire,  sends out,  as
   tiie water heats, at intervals, blasts  of
   cold wind through the pipe.
     Considering the structure of that globe, the exte-
   rior crust, and toe waters  lying around under it,
   both exposed to the sun, we may fitly compare it to
   an eolipile, or an hollow sphere with water in it,
   wiiich the heat of the fire  rarities,  and  turns into
   vapours and wind.                    Burnet.
 Epa'ot, e'pakt. n. s. [iTrtucrT).] A number,
   whereby we note the  excess ofthe com-
   mon  solar year above the lunar,  and
   thereby  may  find  out  the  age of the
   moon  every  year.   For the solar year
   consisting of 365 days, the lunar but  of
   354, the lunations every year get eleven
   days before the solar  year; and thereby,
   ii\ 19  years, the moon completes  20
   times 12  lunations,  or gets  up  one
   whole solar year;  and  having finished
   that circuit, begins again with the sun,
   and so from  19  to 19  years.   For  the
   first year afterwards  the moon  will  go
   before the sun but 11 days; the second
   year  22 days;  the third  33 days;  but
   30 being an intire lunation,  cast that
   away,  and  the remainder 3 shall be that
   year's epact,  and so  on, adding  yearly
   11 days.  To find the epact, having the
   prime or  golden number  given,  you
   have this rule:
    Divide by three; for each one left add ten;
  Thirty reject; the prime makes epacf then. Harris.
    As the cycle of the  moon  serves to  shew the
   epaefs, and  that of toe sun the dominical letter,
  throughout  all  their variations; so this Dionysian
  period serves to shew these two cycles both toge-
  thei, and how they proceed  or  vary all along, 'till
  at last they accomplish their period, and both toge-
  ther take their  beginning again, after every 532d
  year.                               Holder.

Epa'ulment, e-paul'ment. «. s. [French,
   from epaule, a shoulder.]   In fortifica-
   tion, a side-work made  either of earth
   thrown up, of bags of earth, gabions, or
  of fascines and earth.  It sometimes de-
  notes a scmibastion and a square orillion.
I   or mass of earth faced and lined with a
   wall, designed to cover the cannon of a
   cazemate.                       Harris.
Epe'nthesis, e-pen'Me-sis.  «. *. [iirevSe-
   <rn.]   In grammar,  the  addition of a
   vowel or consonant in  the middle of a
   word.                           Harris.
E'PHA, e'fa. n.s. [Hebrew.]  A measure
   among the Jews, containing fifteen solid
   inches.
    The epha and the bath shall be of one measure;
  toat the bath  may contain the  tenth part of an
  homer,  and the epfta the tenth part of an homer.
                                    £zefcief.
Ephe'mera, e-fem'e-ra. to. s. [tQnitupii]
1. A fever that terminates in one day.
2. An insect that lives only one day.
Ephe'meral, e-fem'e-rai/8   > adj. [s<pn-
Ephe'merick, e-fem'e-rik.B1° £    peptof]
   Diurnal; beginning and ending in  a day.
    This  was no more than a mere bubble or blast,
  and like an ephemeral fit of applause.     Wotton.
EPHE'MERiS, e-fem'e-ris. to.*,  [tpvpe-
   *'«.]
1. A journal;  an account of  daily transac-
   tions.
2. An  account of the  daily motions  and
   situations of the planets.
    When casting up his eyes against the light,
  Both month, and day, and hour, he measured right;
  And told more truly than the ephemeiis;
  For art may err, but nature cannot miss.  Dryden.
Ephe'merist,  e-fem'e-rist.   to. s.  [from
   ephemeris.]   One who consults the pla-
   nets; one who studies or practises astro-
   logy.
    The night before, he was discoursing of and slight-
  ing the  art  of foolish astrologers, and  genethiacal
  ephemerists, toat pry.into the horoscope of nativities.
                                     Howel.
Ephemeron-worm, e-fem'e-ron-wurm. to.
  s. [from ipy/x-epov and  worm.]  A sort of
  worm that lives but a day.
    Swammerdam observes of the ephemeron-worms,
  that toeir food is clay; and that they make their cells
  of the same.                        Derham.
F/phod, ef'od. to. s.  [.113N]  A sort of or-
  nament worn by the Hebrew priests.
    The ephod worn  by the  high priest was richly
  composed of gold, blue, purple, crimson, and twist-
  ed cotton: and upon the part which came over his
  two shoulders were two large precious stones, upon
  which were engraven the names of the twelve tribes
  of Israel, upon each stone six names.  Where the
  ephod crossed the high priest's breast, was a square
  ornament, called the breast-plate; in which twelve
  precious  stones were set, with the  names  of the
  twelve tribes of Israel engraved on them, one on
  each stone.   The ephods worn by  the other  priests
  were of plain linen.                   Calmet.
    He made the  ephod of gold, blue, and purple,
  and scarlet, and fine twined  linen.       £;rocfws.
    Array'd in ephods; nor so  few
  As  are those pearls of morning dew,
  Which hang on herbs and flowers.       Sandys.
E'pic, ep'ik.  adj.  [epicus,  Latin;  tVoj.]
  Narrative; comprising narrations,  not
  acted, but rehearsed.  It is usually  sup-
  posed to be heroick,  or to contain  one
  great  action  achieved by a hero.
   Holmes, whose name shall live  in epic song,
  While musick numbers, or while verse has feet.
                                    Dryden.
   The epic poem is more for toe manners, and the
  tragedy for the passions.               Diyden.
   From morality they formed that kind of poem
  and fable which we call epic.            Broome.
 Epice'dium, ep-e-se'de-fAm.  «. a. [inix.?,-
   ftog.]  An elegy; a poem upon a funeral.
    You from above shall hear each day
  One dirge dispatch'd unto your clay;
  These, your own anthems, shall become
  Your lasting epicedium.                Sandys
 E'PICURE, ep'e-kure.  to. s. [epicureus,
   Latin.] A follower of Epicurus; a man
   given  wholly to luxury.
            Then fly false thanes,
  And mingle with the English epicures.    Shaksp.
    The epicure buckles to study, when shame, or the
  desire to recommend himself to his mistress, shall
  make him uneasy in the want of any sort of  know-
  ledge.                               Locke.
 Epicu'rean, ep-e-ku-re'an. adj.  Luxuri-
   ous; contributing to  luxury.
    Tie up the libertine in a field of feasts,
  Keep his brain fuming; epicurean cooks,
  Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.  Shaksp.
    What  a damn'd epicurean rascal is this? Shaksp.
 E'picurism, ep'e-ku-rizm. n.s. [from epi-
   cure.] Luxury; sensual enjoyment; gross
   pleasure.
    Here you do keep a hundred knights and squires;
  Men so disorder'd, so debauch'd, and bold,
  That this our court, infected with their manners,
  Shews like a riotous inn; epicurism and lust
  Make it a tavern or a brothel.           Shaksp.
    There  is not half so much epicurism in any of
  their most studied luxuries, as a bleeding fame at
  their mercy.          Government of the Tongue.
    Some  good men have ventured to call munifi-
  cence, the greatest sensuality, a piece of epicurism.
                            Calamy's Sermons.
 To Epicuri'ze, dp-e-ku-rize'. v.  to. [from
   Epicurus.] To devour like an epicure.
   A word not used.
    While  1 could see thee full of eager pain
  My greedy eyes epicuriz'd on thine.     Flatman.
 Epicy'cle, ep'e-si-kl.  to. a. [eV* and kuk-
   A®-.]  A little circle whose centre is in
   the  circumference  of a greater;  or  a
   small orb, which, being fixed in the de-
   ferent of a planet, is  carried along with
   its motion: and yet, with its own pecu-
   liar  motion, carries the body ofthe pla-
  net fastened to it round about its proper
   centre.                           Harris.
    In regard of the epicycle, or lesser orb, wherein
  it moveth, the motion of the moon  is various  and
  unequal.                             Brown.
            Gird the sphere
  With centric and eccentric, scribbled o'er;
  Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb.           Milton.
Epioy'cloid, £p-e-si'kloid. to. s. [eVixt/x-
  Aee/^jj«.]   A curve generated by the re-
  volution of  the periphery  of  a circle
  along the convex or concave part of an-
  other circle.                     Harria.
ErmE'MicAL, ep-e-dem'e-kal. > adj.  [«V<
Epide'mick, ep-e-deni'lk.609   5   anc* ^~
  jtt©-.]
 I. That falls at once upon great numbers
  of people, as a plague.
    It was  conceived not to  be an epidemic disease,
  but to proceed from a maliguity in the constitution
  of the air, gathered by the predispositions of sea-
  sons.                                Bacon.
    As toe proportion of epidemical diseases shews toe
  aptness of the air to sudden and vehement impres-
  sions, the chronical diseases shew the ordinary tem-
  per of the place.                      Grannf.
2. Generally  prevailing;  affecting great
  numbers.
    The more epidemicaf and prevailing this evil is, 
EPI
EPI
EPI
  the more honourable are those who shine as excep-
  tions.                                South.
    He ought to have been busied in losing his mo-
  ney, or ii> other amusements equally laudable and
  eptdemicfc among persons of honour.        Swift.
3. General;  universal.  Not used, nor pro-
   per.
    They're citizens o' to' world, they're all in all;
  Scotland 's a nation epidemical.       Cleaveland.
Epide'rmis, ep-e-der'mis. n.s. [tsri&'^is.]
   The scarf-skin of a  man's body.
E'PIGRAM, ep'e-gram.  n.s. [epigram-
   ma, Latin.]   A short poem terminating
   in a point.
    A college  of witcrackers cannot  flout me out of
  my humour:  dost thou think I  care for a satire or
  an epigram?                         Shaksp.
    What can be more  witty than the epigram of
  Moor upon the name of Nicolaus, an ignorant phy-
  sician, that had been the death of thousands?
                                    Peacham-
                I writ
  An epigram that boasts  more truth than wit.  Gay.
EpiGRAMMA'TicAL,ep-e-grani-mat'e-kal.
Epigramma'tick, ep-e-gram-mat'ik.608
   adj. [epigrammaticus, Latin.]
1. Dealing in epigrams; writing epigrams.
    Our good  epigrammatical poet, old  Godfrey of
  Winchester,  thinketh no ominous forespeaking to
  lie in names.                        Camden.
2. Suitable to epigrams; belonging to epi-
   grams.
    He is every where  above conceits of epigramma-
  tic wit, and gross hyperboles: he maintains majesty
  in the midst  of plainness; he shines, but glares not;
  and is stately without ambition.          Addison.
    He has none of  those little points and peuerili-
  ties toat are  so often  to be met with in Ovid; none
  of the epigrammalick turns of Lucan; none of those
  swelling sentiments which are so frequent in Sta-
  tius and Claudian; none of those mixt embellish-
  ments of Tasso.                       Addison.
Epigra'mmatist,  c^p-e-gram'ma-tlst. to. a.
   [from epigram.]  One  who  writes or
   deals in epigrams.
    A jest upon a poor wit, at  first might have had
   an epigrammatist for its father, and been afterwards
   gravely understood by some painful collector. Pope.
     Such a customer the epigrammatist Martial meets
   withal, one  who, after  he had walked through the
   fairest street twice or  thrice, cheapening jewels,
   plate, rich hangings, came away with  a wooden
   dish.                               Peacham.
 Epi'graphe, ep-e'graf. n.s.  [iiriypaWv.]
    An inscription on a statue.         Diet.

 E'PILEPSY,  ep'e-lep-se. to. *. [iWa*J>««.]
    A convulsion, or convulsive motion of
    the whole body, or  of some of its parts,
    with a loss of sense. A convulsive mo-
    tion  happens when ti e  blood  or ner-
    vous  fluid,  runs into any  part with so
    great violence that the mind cannot re-
    strain them.                     Quincy.
     My lord is fell into an epilepsy:
   This is the  second fit.                  Shaksp.
     Melancholy distempers are deduced from spirits
   drawn from that cacochymia; the  phrenitis  from
   cholerick spirits,  and the epilepsy from fumes.
                                       Floyer.
 Epile'ptiok,  ep-e-lep'tik.609 adj. [from
    epil'psy.] Convulsed;  diseased with an
    epilepsy.
     A plague upon your epileptick visage!
   Smile you my speeches, as I were a fool? Shaksp.
     Epilepticks ought  to breath  a pure air unaffected
   with any steams, even such as are very fragrant.
                                    »flri» itf/mof.
 E'pilogue, ep'e-log.338  to. a. [epiiogus,
  Latin.]   The poem or  speech at the
  end of a play.
    If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 'tis
  true that a good play needs no epilogue; yet to good
  wine they do use good bushes, and good plays prove
  the better by toe help of good epilogues.    Shaksp.
            Are you mad, you dog?
  I am to rise and speak the epilogue.      Dryden.
Kpiny'ctis, ep-e-nik'tls. to. s.  [ejnvi/*/<«.]
  A sore atthe corner ofthe eye.
    The epinyctis is ofthe bigness of a lupin, of a dusky
  red, and sometimes of a livid and pale colour, with-
  great inflammation and pain.          Wiseman.
Epi'phany, e-pif'fa-ne. to. a.  [ivitpavtU.]
  A  church  festival,  celebrated  on  the
  twelfth  day after  Christmas in  com-
  memoration of our Saviour's being ma-
  nifested to the  world, by the appear-
  ance  of a  miraculous  blazing  star,
  which conducted the magi to the place
  where he was.                     Diet.
Epiphone'ma,  ep-e-fo-ne'ma.  to. a.   [eV<-
  tpuwi*,*/] An exclamation; a conclusive
  sentence not closely connected with the
  words foregoing.
    I know a gentleman, who made it a rule in read-
  ing to skip over all sentences where he spied a note
  of admiration  at the end.   If those preachers who
  abound in epiphonemos would but look about toem,
  they would  find one part of their congregation  out
  of countenance, and the other asleep,  except per-
  haps an old female beggar or two in toe isles; who,
  if they be sincere,  may probably groan at  the
  sound.                                Swift-
Epi'phora,  e-plf'fo-ra. to. *.   [iwtyop*.]
  An inflammation of any part,  but more
  especially  a defluxion of the humours on
  the eyes.                        Harris.
Epiphyllospe'rmous, e-p£-fil-16s-speV-
  mils.  adj.  [from tici, 0«JAA«v, and  o-jrip-
  jttet.]  It is applied to plants that bear
  their  seed on  the  back part of their
  leaves.                           Harris.
Epi'physis, e-pif'e-sls.e20 to. *. [iinQvo-is.]
   Accretion; the  part added by accretion;
  one bone growing to another by simple
   contiguity, without any proper articu-
   lation.                          Quincy.
    The epiphysis of the os femoris is a distinct bone
  from it in a child, whereas in  a man they do  en-
  tirely unite.                       Wiseman.
Epi'ploce,  e-pip'16-se. to.  s. [eV/^Aex^.]
   A  figure  of rhetorick,  by  which one
   aggravation, or striking circumstance,
   is added in due  gradation  to another:
   as, he not  only apared hia enemies, but
   continued  them in employment; not only
   continued, but  advanced them.
 Epi'scopacy, e-pis'ko-pa-se. to. s. [episco-
   patus,  Lat.]   The government  of bi-
   shops,  the  government of the church
   established by  the apostles.
     The bishops durst not contest with the  assembly
  in  jurisdiction; so that there was little more than
   the name of episcopacy preserved.      Clarendon.
     Prelacy itself cannot be proved by prescription,
   since episcopacy is not  prescribed by any time
   whatsoever.                          Ayliffe.
 Epi'scopal, e-pis'ko-pal. adj. [from epis-
    copus,  Lat.]
 1.  Belonging to a bishop.
     The plot of discipline sought to erect a popular
   authority of  elders, and to take away episcopal ju-
   risdiction.                           Hooker.
 2.  Vested in a bishop.
   The apostle commands Titus not  only to be a
  pattern of good works himself, but to use his episeo-
  paf authority in exhorting every rank and order of
  men.                                Rogers.
Im'i'scopate, e-pis'ko-pate.91 to. a.   [efii8.
  copatus, Lat.]  A bishoprick; the office
  and dignity of a  bishop.
E'PISODE, ep'e-sode.  n. a.  [istim,*,.]
  An incidental narrative or digression in
  a  poem, separable from  the main sub-
  ject, yet rising naturally from it.
    The poem  hath no other  episodes  than such ai
  naturally arise from the subject.        Addison,

Episodical, ep-e-sod'e-kal. >  adj.  [from
Episo'dick, ep-e-s6d'ik.e0B  3    episode]
  Contained in an episode; pertaining  to
  an episode.
    Episodical ornaments, such  as descriptions and
  narrations, were delivered to us from the observa-
  tions of Aristotle.                     Dryden,
    I discover toe difference between the epimdkk
  and principal action, as well  as the nature of epi-
  sodes.                   .Afofes on the Odyssey.
Epispa'stiok, ep-e-spas'tik. n. s. [tvi and
   Tirua/]
1. Drawing.
2. Blistering.   This is now the more fre-
  quent, though less proper sense.
    The  matter ought  to be solicited to  the lower
  parts, by fomentations,  bathing, epispasticks, and
  blistering.                         Arbuthnot.
EPl'STLE,e-pis'sl.472TO.s. [wroX*.]  A
  letter.  This word is seldom used but
  in poetry, or on occasions of  dignity and
  solemnity.
    When loose epistles violate chaste  eyes,
  She half consents, who silently denies.    Dryden.
Epi'stolary,  e-pis'to-lar-e.  adj.  [from
   epistle.]
l. Relating to letters;  suitable to letters,
2. Transacted by letters.
    I shall carry on an epistolary correspondence be-
  tween the two heads.                 Addison.

Epi'stler, e-pis'lur.98 to. a. [from epistle]
  A scribbler  of letters.

E'pitaph, ep'e-taf. to. a.  [in{]i.<p<««.]  An
  inscription upon a tomb.
     Live still, and write mine epitaph.       Shaksp.
     Some thy lov'd dust in Parian stones enshrine,
  Others immortal epitaphs design;
  With wit and strength, that only yields to thine.
                                      Smith.
Epithala'mium, 6p-e-Ma-la'me-um. n. s,
   [iiriOMAx(*,(&>/]   A nuptial song; a com-
   pliment upon marriage.
     I  presume to invite you to  the  sacred nuptials;
  toe epithalamium sung by a crowned muse. Sandys.
     The forty-fifth psalm is an epithalamium to Christ
  and the church, or to the lamb aiid his spouse.
                                      Burnet.
 E'pithem, ep'e-^em. to  *. [eV/3^*.]  A
   liquid  medicament exit rnally applied.
     Epithems, or cordial applications, are justly ap-
   plied unto the left breast.               Brown.
     Cordials and epithems are also necessary to re-
  sist the putrefaction and strengthen  the vitals.
                                     Wiseman.
 E'pthet, ep'e-Met. to. s. [Isn$f«».]
  1.  An adjective denoting any quality good
   or bad: as, the verdant grove, the crag-
   gy mountain's lofty head.
     I affirm with  phlegm, leaving the enifAefs of false,
   scandalous, and villanous, to the author.     Swift.
 2.  It  is used by some writers improperly
   for title} name. 
EPU
EQU
EQU
      The epifAef of shades belonged more properly to
    the darkness than the refreshment. Dec. of Piety.
  J. It is used improperly for phrase,  ex-
    pression.
      For which of my good  parts did you first suffer
          love forme?----
      Suffer love! a good epithet: I do suffer love in-
    deed; for I love thee against my will.     Shaksp.
  EPI'TOME,  e-pit'6-me. n.  s. [Itcitow]
    Abridgment;  abbreviature; compendi-
    ous abstract; compendium.
            This is a poor epitome of yours,
    Which by the interpretation of full time,
    May shew like all yourself.             Shaksp.
      Epitomes are helpful to the memory, and of good
    private use;  but set  forth for publick monuments,
    accuse the industrious writer of delivering much
    impertinency.                        Wotton.
      It would be well, if there were a short and plain
    epitome made, containing the most material heads.
                                         Locke.
      Such abstracts and epitomes may be reviewed in
    their proper places.                      Watts.
  To  Epi'tomise, e-pit'6-mize. v. a. [from
    epitome]
  i. To abstract; to contract  into  a narrow
    space.
      Who  did  toe whole world's soul contract, and
         drove
    Into the glasses of your eyes;
    So made such mirrours and such spies,
    That they did all to you epUomise.        Donne.
      If the  ladies take  a liking to such a diminutive
    race, we should see mankind epUomized, and the
    whole species in miniature.            Addison.
  2. Less properly, to diminish by amputa-
    tion; to  curtail.
     We have epitomised  many particular words to
   the detriment of our tongue.           Addison.
 Epi'tomiser, e-pit'6-mi-zur. > to. a. [from
 Epi'tomist,  e-pit'6-mist.    $ epitomise.]
    An abridger; an  abstracter;  a writer of
  epitomes.
 E'poch, £p'6k.     }  to.  a.  [£«•«#»}.]  The
 Epo'cha, ep'6-ka. $ time at which a new
    computation is begun; the  time  from
    which dates are  numbered.
     Moses distinctly computes by certain intervals,
   memorable aeras and epochas, or terms of time.
                                       Brown.
     These are the practices of the world, since the
   year sixty; the grand epoch of falsehood,  as well
   as  debauchery.                         South.
     Some lazy ages, lost in sleep and ease,
   No actions leave to busy chronicles:
   Such whose supine felicity but makes
   In story chasms, in epochas mistakes.     Dryden.
    The several epochas or beginnings, as from  the
   creation ofthe world,  from the flood, from the first
   olympiad, from the building of Rome, or from any
   remarkable passage or accident, give us a pleasant
   prospect into the histories of antiquity and of for-
   mer ages.                             Holder.
    Time is always reckoned from some known parts
   of the sensible world,  and from some certain epochs
   marked out to us by the motions observable in it.
                                        Locke.
    Time, by necessity compell'd, shall go
   Through scenes of war, and epochas of woe. Prior.
Epo'oe,  ep'ode.  to.  *.   [eV^©-.]    The
   stanza  following the  strophe and anti-
   strophe.
Epope'e, ep-6-pe'. n. a. [eVo^-a/.]  An  epic
   or heroick poem.
    Tragedy borrows from the epopee, and  that which
  borrows is of less dignity, because it has not of its
  own.                                Diyden.
Epula'tion, ep-u-la'shan. n. a. [epulatio,
   Lat.]  Banquet;  feast.

      VOL I.
     Contented wito bread and water, when he would
   dine with Jove, and pretended to epulation, he de-
   sired no other addition than a piece of cheese.
                                        Brown.
 Epulo'tick, ep-u-16t'ik.  «. *.   [t<7revXa>-
    tik®".] A cicatrizing medicament.
     The ulcer, incarned  with  common sarcoticks,
   and the ulcerations about it, were cured by oint-
   ment of tuty and such like epuloticks.    Wiseman.
 Equabi'lity, e-kwa-bil'e-te. to. s.  [from
    equable]  Equality to itself;  evenness;
    uniformity.
     For the celestial bodies, the  equability and con-
   stancy of then- motions argue toem ordained  by
   wisdom.                                 Ray.
     The equability  of the temperature of toe air ren-
   dered the Asiaticks lazy.              Arbuthnot.
 E'QUABLE, e'kwa-bl.*°« adj. [<squabi!is,
   Lat.]  Equal  to itself; even; uniform  in
   respect  to form, motion, or tempera-
   ture.
     He would  have the vast body of a planet to be
   as elegant and round as  a  factitious globe repre-
   sents it; to be every where smooth and equable, and
   as plain as the elysian  fields.             Bentley.
     Nothing abates acrimony of the blood more than
   an equable motion of it, neither too swift,  nor too
   slow; for too quick a motion produceth an alkaline,
   and too slow an acid acrimony.        Arbuthnot.
 E'quABLY,e'kwa-ble. adv. [from equable.]
   Uniformly; in the same  tenour; evenly;
   equally to itself.
    If bodies move equably in concentrick circles,
   and toe squares of toeir periodical times be as the
   cubes of their distances from  the common centre,
   their centripetal forces will  be reciprocally as the
   squares of the distances.                 Cheyne.
 E'qual, e'kwal.3688  adj. [equalia,  Lat.]
 1. Like another in  bulk,  excellence, or
   any other quality that admits compari-
   son;  neither  greater  nor less; neither
   worse nor better.
    If thou be among great men, make not thyself
   eguaf with them.                       Ecclus.
               ' Equal lot
  May join us; equal joy, as eguaf love.     Milton.
    Although there  were no man to take notice of it,
  every triangle would contain three angles eguaf  to
  two right angles.                        Hale.
 2. Adequate  to  any  purpose.
    The  Scots  trusted  not their own  numbers, as
  eguaf to fight with the  English.        Clarendon.
 3. Even; uniform.
    He laughs at all the  vulgar cares and fears,
  At their vain triumphs, and toeir vainer tears;
  An eguaf temper in his mind he found,
  When fortune flatter'd  him, and when she frown'd.
                                      Dryden.
    Think not of me: perhaps  my eguaf mind
  May learn to bear the  fate the gods allot me.
                                        Smith.
 i. In just proportion.
    It is not permitted me to make my commendation
  eguaf to your merit.                   Dryden.
 5. Impartial; neutral.
    Each to his  proper fortune stand or fall;
  Equal and unconcern'd I look on all:
  Rutilians, Trojans, are toe same to me,
  And both shall draw the lots  their fates decree.
                                      Dryden.
6.  Indifferent.
    They who are not disposed to receive them, may
  let them alone, or reject them; it is eguaf  to me.
                                       Cheyne.
7. Equitable;  advantageous alike to both
   parties.
    He submitted himself,  and sware to all  equal
  conditions.                              Mac.
8. Being upon the same terms.
                    4o
     They made the married,  orphans, widows, yea
   and the aged also, eguaf in spoils with themselves.
                                          Mac.
 E'qual, e'kwal. to.*, [from the adjective.]
 I. One not  inferiour  or superiour to an-
    other.
     He is enamour'd on Hero: I pray you, dissuade
   him from her; che is no egwaf for his birth.  Shak.
     He would make toem all equals to  the citizens
   of Rome.                             2 Mac.
     Those who were once  his equals,  envy and de-
   fame him, because they now see him their superi-
   our; and those who were once his superiours, be-
   cause they look upon him as their equal.  Addison.
     To my dear eguaf in my native land,
   My plighted vow  I gave: I his received:
   Each swore with  truth, with pleasure eachbeliev'd:
   The mutual  contract was to heav'n convey'd.
                                        Prior.
 I. One of the same  age.
     I profited in the Jews religion above many of my
   equals in mine own nation.                  Gal.

 To  E'qual, e'kwal. v. a. [from the noun.]
 I. To make one thing or person equal to
   another.
   To  rise to the same state with another
   person.
     I know no body so like to eguaf him,  even  at
  the age he wrote  most of toem as yourself.
                              Trumbull to Pope.
3. To be equal to.
     One whose all  not eguafs  Edward's moiety.
                                    Shakspeare.
4. To recompense fully; to answer in full
   proportion.
    She sought Sicheus through toe shady grove,
  Who answer'd all her cares,  and equall'd all her
        love.                           Dryden.
    Nor you, great  queen, these offices repent,
  Which he will eguaf, and perhaps augment. Dryd.

To  E'qualisk,   e'kwa-llze. v. a.  [from
   equal.]
1. To make  even.
    To equalise accounts we will allow three  hundred
  years, and so long a time as we can manifest from
  the Scripture.                          Brown.
2. To be equal to; a sense  not used.
    That would make the moved body,  remaining
  what it is, in regard of its bigness, to eguafise and
  fit a thing bigger than it is.               Digby.
    Ye lofty beeches, tell this matchless dame,
  That if together ye fed all one flame,
  It could not equalise the hundredth part
  Of what her eyes have kindled in my heart.
                                       Waller.
Equa'lity,  e-kwol'e-te.86   to.  a.   [from
   equal.]
   Likeness with regard  to  any qualities
   compared.
    Equality of two domestick powers,
  Breeds scrupulous  faction.               Shaksp.
   The same degree of dignity.
            One shall rise,
  Of proud ambition; who, not content
  With fair equality, fraternal state,
  Will arrogate dominion undeserv'd,
  Over his brethren.                     Milton.
    According  to this  equality  wherein  God hath
  placed all mankind, with relation to himself, in all
  the relations between man and man there is a mu-
  tual dependence.                        Swift.
3. Evenness;  uniformity;  constant tenour;
   equability.
    Measure out toe lives of men, and  periodically
  define the alterations of their tempers, conceive a
  regularity in  mutations, with  an equality in consti-
  tutions, aud  forget that variety which  physicians
  therein discover.                        Brown.
E'qually, e'kwal-le. adv.  [from equal.] ' 
ERA
E R  E
ERE
    No insect or animal did ever proceed equivocally
  from putrefaction, unless in miraculous cases; as in
  Egypt by the divine judgments.          Bentley.
Equi'vocalness,  e-kwiv'vo-kal-nes. to.  a.
   [from equivocal]   Ambiguity; double
   meaning.
    Distinguish the eguiuocafness or lassitude of the
  word, and then point out that determinate part which
  is the ground of my demonstration.        J^brris.
To Equi'vocate, e-kwiv'vo-kate.  v. to.
   [aquivocatio, Lat.]   To  use words of
   double meaning; to use ambiguous ex-
   pressions; to mean  one  thing and ex-
   press another.
    Not only Jesuits can equivocate.       Dryden.
    My soul disdain'd  a promise;—
  —But yet your false equivocating tongue,
  Your looks, your eyes, your ev'ry motion promis'd:
  But you are ripe in frauds, and learn'd infalshoods.
                                        Smith.
Equivoca'tion, e-kwiv-vo-ka'shun. n.  8.
   [equivocatio, Latin.]    Ambiguity  of
   speech; double  meaning.
    Reproof is easily  misapplied,  and, through equi-
  vocation, wrested.                      Hooker.
    I pull in resolution and begin
  To doubt toe equivocation of the fiend
  That lies like truth.                    Shaksp.

Equivoca'tor, e-kwlv'vo-ka-tur.631 n.  *.
   [from equivocate.]   One who uses am-
   biguous language; one who uses mental
   reservation.
    Here's an  equivocator, that could swear  in both
  the scales againsi either scale; yet could not equi-
  vocate to heaven.                      Shaksp.

Ek, er.  A syllable in the  middle of names
   or  places, comes  by  contraction from
   the Saxon papa, dwellers
                          Gibson's  Camden.
E'ra, e'ra.  to.  s. [era, Lat.]   The account
   of  time   from  any particular date  or
   epoch.
    From the blessings they bestow
   Our times are dated, and our eras move:
    They govern, and enlighten all below,
   As thou dost ali above.                  Prior.
 Eradia'tion,  e-ra-de-a'shiln.634  «.  s.  [e
   and radius,  Lat.]  Emission of radiance.
    God gives me a heart humbly to converse with him,
   from whom  alone  are all toe eradiations  of  true
   majesty.                         King Charles.
 To ERA'DICATE,  e-rad'e-kate.  v.  a.
   [eradico,  Lat.]
 1. To pull up  by the root.
     He suffered the poison of Nubia to be gathered,
   and aconite to be eradicated, yet this not  to be
   moved.                               Brown.
 2. To completely destroy;  to end;  to  cut
   off.
     If a gouty person can bring himself entirely  to a
   miik diet, he may so change the whole juices of his
   body as to eradicate the distemper.      Arbuthnot.
     If vice cannot wholly be eradicated  it ought at
   least to be confined to particular objects.    Swift.
 Eradica'tion, e-rad-e-ka'shim. to. *. [from
   eradicate.]
 1. The act of  tearing up by the  root; de-
   struction; excision.
 2. The state of being torn up by the roots.
    They affirm the roots of mandrakes give a shriek
   upon eradication, which is fake below confutation.
                                        Brown.
 Era'dicative, e-rad'e-ka-tiv. adj.  [from
   eradicate.]   That cures  radically;  that
   drives quite away.
To ERA'SE, e-rase'. v. a. [raser, Fr.]
I. To destroy; to exscind.
    The heads of birds, for the most part, are given
  erased; that is, plucked off.             Peacham.
2. To expunge; to rub out.
Era'sement, e-rase'ment.   «.   s.   [from
   erase.]
1. Destruction; devastation.
2. Expunction; abolition.
Ere, are.94 adv.  [aep,  Sax. air, Gothick;
   eer, Dutch.]   This word is  sometimes
   vitiously written e'er, as if from ever. It
   is likewise written or before  ever, op
   and aep in Saxon being indiscriminately
   written. Lye.]  Before; sooner than.
    Ere he would have hanged a man for the getting
  a hundred bastards, he wouldt have paid for the
  nursing a thousand.                  Shakspeare.
    The lions brake all  their bones in pieces or ever
  toey came to the bottom of the den,       Daniel.
            Just trial,  ere I merit
  My exaltation without change or end.     Milton.
    The mountain trees  in distant prospect please,
  Ere yet the pine descended to the seas;
  Ere sails were spread  new  oceans to explore.
                                       Diyden.
    The birds shall cease to tune their ev'ning song,
  The winds to breathe, the waving woods to move,
  And streams  to murmur, ere I cease to love.  Pope.
Ere, are. prep, before.
                   Our fruitful Nile
  Flow'd ere the wonted season.            Diyden.
Erelo'ng, are-long', adv.  [from  ere and
   long.]  Before a long  time had elapsed.
   Nee longum tempus.
    The  anger already began to  paint revenge  in
  many colours, erelong he had not only gotten pity
  but pardon.                           Sidney.
    The  wild  horse having  enmity wito  the stag,
   came to  a man  to desire aid, who,  mounted upon
   his back, and following the stag,  erelong slew him.
                                       Spenser.
    Nothing is lasting that is feigned: it will have
   another face than it had erelong.      Ben Jonson.
             They swim in joy,
   Erelong to swim at large, and laugh, for which
   The world erelong a world.of tears must weep.
                                       JVfiffon.
    I saw two  stock-doves billing, and  erelong
   Will take the nest.                     Dryden.
    It pleases  me to think, that I who  know so small
   a portion of the works  of  the Creator,  and with
   slow and painful steps creep  up and down  on the
   surface of this globe, shall  erelong shoot away with
   the swiftness of imagination, and trace the springs
   of nature's operations.                Spectator.
 Ereno'w, are-nou'.  adv. [from  ere and
   now.]  Before  this time.
    Ah, gentle soldiers, some short time allow;
   My father has repented him erenow.      Dryden.
    Had the world eternally  been, science  had been
   brought to perfection long erenoto.        Clieyne.
 Erewhi'le, are-hwile'.  ~) adv. [from ere
 Erewhi'les,  are-hwilz'. ^    and   while.]
   Some time ago;  before a little while.
     I am  as fair now as I was erewhile:
   Since night  you lov'd me,  yet since night you left
         me.                        S/tafcspeare.
     We sit down to our meals, suspect not the intru-
   sion of armed  uninvited guests, who  erewhiles we
   know were wont to surprise us.   Decay of Piety.
 To ERE'CT, e-rekt'. v. a.  [erectus, Lat.]
 1. To raise  in a straight line; to place per-
   pendicularly to the horizon.
 2. To Erect a perpendicular.  To  cross
   one line  by another at right angles.
 3. To raise; to build.
              Happier walls expect,
  Winch, wand'ring long, at last thou shalt ereef^

    There are many monuments erected to benefact-
  ors to the republick.                   Addison.
4. To establish anew; to settle.
    Great difference there is between their proceed-
  ings, who erecf a new  commonwealth which is to
  have neither regiment nor religion the same that
  was, and theirs who only reform a decayed state.
                                       Hooker.
    He suffers seventy-two distinct nations to be erecf.
  ed out of the first monarchy under distinct govern.
  ours.                                Raleigh.
5. To elevate; to exalt.
    I, who am a party, am not to erecf myself into a
  judge.                               Diyden.
    I am far from pretending infallibility: that would
  be to erecf myself into an apostle.         Locke.
    All the little scramblers after fame fall upon him,
  and have recourse  to their  own invention, rathet
  than suffer him to erecf himself into an author with
  impunity.                            Addison.
6. To raise consequences from premises.
    From fallacious foundations and misapprehended
  mediums, men erecf  conclusions no way inferrible
  from toe premises.                      Brown.
    Men being too hasty to erect to themselves gene-
  ral notions and illgrounded theories, find themselves
  deceived in their stock of knowledge.     Locke,
    Malebranche ereefs this proposicion, of seeing all
  things in God, upon their ruin.           Locke.
7. To animate; not to depress; to encour-
   age.
            Why should not hope
  As much erect our thoughts, as fear deject them?
                                      Denham.
To Ere'ct, e-rekt'. v. to. To rise upright.
    The trefoil against rain swell eth in the stalk, and
  so standeth more upright; for by wet, stalks do erect,
  and leaves bow down.                  Bacon.
Ere'ct, e-rekt'. adj. [erectus, Lat.]
I. Upright; not  leaning; not prone.
    Birds, far from proneness, are almost erecf; ad-
  vancing the head  and breast in progression, only
  prone in volitation.                     Brown.
    Basil tells us, that the serpent went erecf like man.
                                       Brown,
2. Directed upward.
            Vain were vows,
  And plaints and suppliant hands, to Heav'n erect.
                                       Philips.
3. Bold; confident;  unshaken.
    Let no vain fear thy gen'rous ardour tame;
  But stand erecf, and sound as loud as fame. Granville.
4. Vigorous; not depressed.
    That vigilant and erecf attention of mind, which
  in prayer is very necessary, is wasted or dulled.
                                      Hooker.
Ere'ction, e-rek'shun. to. s. [from erect]
l.The  act of'raising,'or  state  of being
   raised upward.
    We  are to consider only the erection of the hills
  above the ordinary land.             Brerewood.
2. The act of building  or raising edifices.
    The first thing which mo veto them thus to cast up
  toeir poison, are certain solemnities usual at the first
  erection of churches.                   Hooker.
    Pillars were set up above one thousand four hund-
  red and twenty-six years before the flood, counting
   Seth to be an hundred years old at the erection of
   toem.                                Raleigh.
3. Establishment;  settlement.
    It must needs have a peculiar influence upon the
   erection, continuance, and dissolution of every soci-
   ety.                                  SoufA.
4.  Elevation; exaltation of  sentiments.
    Her peerlessj height my mind to high erection
   draws up.                             Sidney.
5. Act of rousing; excitement to attention.
     Starting is an apprehension of the thing feared,
   and in that is a shrinking, and likewise au inquisi- 
ERO
ERR
E RR
   (ion what the matter should be; and in that it is of
   motion of erection: so that when a man would listen
   suddenly he started: for the starting is an erection of
   toe spirits to attend.                    Bacon.
 Ere'ctness, e-rekt'nes. «. s. [from erect]
   Uprightness of posture or form.
     We take erecfness strictly as Galen defined it;
   they only, sayetu he,  have an erect figure, whose
   spine aud thighbone are carried on right lines.
                                      Broion.
 E'REMITE, er'e-mite."» to.  s. [eremita,
   Latin; tp»f*.&.] One who lives in a wild-
   erness; one who lives in solitude; a her-
   mit; a solitary: we now say hermit.
     Antonius, the eremife,  findeto a fifth commodity
   not inferior to any of  these four.        Raleigh.
     Embryoes and idiots, eremites and friars,
   White, black, and grey, with all their trumpery.
                                      Milton.
 Eremi'tical, er-e-mit'e-kal.  adj.  [from
   eremite.]  Religiously solitary; leading
   the life of  a hermit.
     They have multitudes of religious orders, eremir
   tieif and cenobitical.               Stillingfleet.
 Ekepta'tion, e-rep-ta'shun. to. s. [crepto,
   Lat.]  A  creeping forth.        Bailey.
 Ere'ption, e-rep shun. to. s. [ereptio, Lat.]
   A snatching or taking away by force.
 E'ugot,  er'got.166 to.  s.  A sort of stub,
   like a piece of soft horn, about the big-
   ness of a chestnut,  which is placed be-
   hind and below the  pastern joint, and is
   commonly hid under the tuft of the fet-
   lock.                     Farrier's Diet.
 Eri'stical, e-ris'te-ka.1.  adj.  [^o's.] Con-
   troversial;  relating  to  dispute; contain-
   ing controversies.
 Erke, erk. to. a.  [eapg,  Sax.] Idle; lazy;
   slothful.  An old  word;  whence we now
   say irksome.
     For men therein would  hem delite;
   And of that dede be not erke,
   But oft sithes haunt that werke.        Chaucer.
 E'rmelin,  er'me-iin.  to. s. [diminutive of
   ermina; armelin, Fr.]  An  ermine. See
   Ermine.
               Silver skins,
   Passing the hate spot ermelins.           Sidney.
 E'R.VllNE, er'min.140 to.  s. [hermine, Fr.
   from armenius, Lat.] An animal found
   in cold countries, which very nearly re-
   sembles  a  weasel  in  shape;  having a
   white pile, and the  tip of the tail  black,
   and furnishing a valuable fur.  The fell-
   mongers  and furriers put upon it little
   bits  of Lombardy  lambskin,  which  is
   noted  for its shining  black  colour, the
   better to set off the whiteness off the
   ermine.                        Trevoux.
    Ermine is the fur of a little beast, about the big-
  ness of a weasel, called  Mus Armenius; for they
  are found in Armenia.                Peacham.
            A lady's honour must be touch'd;
  Which, nice as ermines, will not bear a soil.  Dryd.
E'rmined,  er/mind.3Ba adj. [from ermine.]
   Clothed with ermine.
    Arcadia's  countess, here in  ermin'd pride,
  Is their Pastora by a fountain side.         Pope.

E'rne, ern.   ) Do immediately flow from
E'ron, ei-6n. $  the Saxon epn, eapn, a
   cottage, or place  of  retirement.
                         Gibson's  Camdem.
To ERO'DE, e-rode'. v.  a. [erodo, Lat.]
   To canker; to eat away; to corrode.
     It hath been anciently received, that the sea-hare
   hath antipathy with the lungs, if it cometh near the
   body, and erodeth them.                 Bacon.
     The blood, being too sharp or thin,  erodes the
   vessel.                             Wiseman.
 Eroga'tion, er-ro-ga'sh&n. to. *. [erogatio,
   Lat.] The act of giving  or  bestowing;
   distribution.
 Ero'sion, e-i6'zhun.4sl to. s. [erosio, Lat.]
 I. The act of eating away.
 2. The state of being eaten away;  canker;
   corrosion.
     As sea-salt is a sharp solid body, in a constant
   diet of salt meat,  it  breaks toe  vessels, produceth
   erosions of the solid parts, and all toe symptoms of
   the sea-scurvy.                     Arbuthnot.
 To  EKR, er. v. to. [erro, Lat.]
 1. To wander; to ramble.
     A  storm of sirelces, well meant, with fury flies,
   And  errs about toeir temples, ears,  and eyes.
                                      Dryden.
     The rains arise, and fires their warmth dispense;
   And  fix'd and erring stars dispose their influence.
                                      Diyden.
 2. To  miss the right way; to stray.
     We have erred and strayed like lost sheep.
                              Common Prayer.
     I will not lag behind, nor err
  The way,  thou leading.                 Milton.
 3. To deviate trom any purpose.
     But errs not nature from this gracious end,
  From burning suns when livid deains descend. Pope.
 4. To commit errours; to mistake.
     It is a judgment maim'd and most imperfect,
   That will confess perfection so could en;
  Against all rules of nature.           Shakspeare.
     Do they not err that devise evil?      Proverbs.
     Possibly tlie man may err in his judgment of cir-
  cumstances, and therefore let him fear; out because
  it is not certain he is mistaken, let him not despair.
                                      Taylor.
    Nor has it only been the heat of erring persons
  that has been thus mischievous, but sometimes men
  of right judgments have too mucii contributed to the
  breach.                       Decay of Piety.
    The muses' friend, unto himself severe,
  With silent pity "looks on all that err.     Waller.
     He who from the reflecieci image of the sun in
  water would conclude of light and heat, could uot
  err more grossly.                       Cheyne.

E'RRABLE,er'ra-bl.406 adj. [from err.] Lia-
   ble  to err; liable to mistake.
E'rrableness, er'ra-bl-nes. re. a.  [from
   errable.] Liableness to errour; liable-
   ness to mistake.
    We may infer from the errableness of our nature,
  the reasonableness of compassion to the seduced.
                               Decay of Piety.

E'rrand,  ar'rand.  re. a.  [aepenb,  Saxon;
   arend, Danish.]  A message; something
   to be told or done  by a  messenger;  a
   mandate;  a commission. It is generally
   used now only in familiar language.
    Servants being  commanded to go,  shall stand
  still,  'till they have  their errand warranted unto
  them.                              Hooker.
    But hast thou done thy errand to Baptista?
  —I told him that your father was in Venice. Shaksp.
    A quean! have I not forbid her my  house?
  She comes of errands, does she?      Shakspeare.
    When he came, behold the captains  of the host
  were  sitting, and he said, I have an errand to thee,
  0 captain.                             Kings.
          From them I go
  This  uncouth errand sole.               Milton.
            His eyes,
  That run through  all the heav'ns, or  down lo th'
        earth,
  Bear his swift errands, over moist and dry,
  O'er  sea and land.                     .Miffon.
     Well thou do'st to hide from common sight
   Thy close intrigues, too bad to bear the light;
   Nor doubt I, but the silver-footed dame,
 ^ Tripping from sea, on such an errand came. Dryd.
 Erra'nt, er'rant. adj. [errans, Lat.  errant,
   Fr.]
 1. Wandering; roving; rambling.   Parti-
   cularly applied to  an  order of knights
   much celebrated in romances, who  ro-
   ved about the world in search of  adven-
   tures.
     It was thought toat there are just seven planets
  or errant stars, in toe lower orbs of heaven; but it
  is  now demonstrable unto sense, that there are many
  more.                                Brown.
     Chief of  domestick knights and errant,
  Either for chartel or for warrant.      Hudibras.
 2. Vile; abandoned; completely  bad.  See
   Arrant.
          Good impertinence:
  Thy company, if I  slept not very well
  A-nights, would make me an errant fool with ques-
        tions.             JSen Jonson's  Catiline.
 3. Deviating from a certain course.
     Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
  Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain,
  Fortive aud eiYant,  from his course of growth.
                                   Shakspeare.
 E'rrantry, er'rant-tre.TO. a. [from errant]
 1. An errant state; the condition of  a wan-
   derer.
    After a short space of errantry upon the seas, he
  got safe back to Dunkirk.              Addison.
 2. The employment of a knight errant.
 ERRA'TA, er-ra-ta. to.  a.  [Latin.]  The
   faults of  the printer inserted in the be-
   ginning or end of a book.
    If he meet with faults besides those that the erra-
  ta  take notice of, he will consider the weakness of
  the author's  eyes.                       Boyle.
 Erra'tick, er-rat'lk. adj. [erraticus, Lat.]
 1. Wandering;  uncertain; keeping no cer-
   tain order; holding no established course.
    The earth, and each erratick world,
  Around the sun their proper centre whirl'd,
  Compose but one extended vast machine.
                                    Blackmore.
     Through  the vast waves toe dreadful  wonders
        move,
  Hence named erraficA:.                   Pope.
 2. Irregular; changeable.
    They  are incommoded with a  slimy  mattery
  cough, stink of breath, and an erratick fever. Harvey.
 Erra'ticallv, er-rat-e-kal-e. adv. [from
   erratical  or  erratick.]   Without rule;
   without any  established method or or-
   der.
    They come not forth in generations erroficafft/, or
  different from each other; but in specifical and regu-
  lar shapes.                           Brown.

Errhi'ne,  er-rin'.  to. s. [tppivx/] Snuffed
   up the nose; occasioning sneezing.
    We see sage, or betony, bruised, sneezing pow-
  der, and other powders or liquors, which the physi-
  cians call errhines, put into the nose to draw phlegm
  from the head.                         Bacon.
Erro'neous, er-ro'ne-us. adj. [from erro,
  Lat.]
 1. Wandering, unsettled.
              They roam
  Erroneous and disconsolate, themselves
  Accusing, and their chiefs improvident
  Of military chance.                   Philips.
    This circle, by being placed here, stopped much
  of the erroneous light, which otherwise would have
  disturbed the vision.                  J\'ewton.
    Unblam'd, abundance crown'd the royal board,
  What time this done rever'd her prudent lord; 
ESP                                       ESS                                        ESS
     They had th' especial engines been, to rear
   His fortunes up.             Daniel's  CivU War.
 Especially, e-spesh'al-e.  adv. [from  es-
   pecial.]   Principally; chiefly;  particu-
   larly; in  an  uncommon  degree above
   any  other.
     I somewhat marvel,  that they especially should
   think it  absurd  to oppose church government,  a
   plain  matter of action,  unto matter of faith, who
   know that  themselves divide the  gospel into doc-
   trine and discipline.                     Hooker.
     Would you proceed especially  against Caius Mar-
   cius!                               Shakspeare.
     This delight children take in doing of mischief,
   but more especially the pleasure  they take to  put
   any thing to  pain that  is capable  of it, I cannot
   persuade myself to be any other than a foreign  and
   introduced disposition.                   Locke.
     Providence hath planted in all men a  natural de-
   sire and curiosity of knowing things to  come:  and
   such things especially as  concern our particular hap-
   piness, or the general fate of mankind.    Burnet.
 ESPERA'JVCE,  es-pe-ranse'. to. a. [Fr.]
   Hope.  Not  used.
                   To be worst,
   The lowest, most dejected things of fortune,
   Stands still in esperance, lives not in fear.   Shaks.
     Yet there is a credence in my heart,
   An esperance so  obstinately strong,
   That doth invert th'  attest of eyes and ears.  Shaks.
 ESPI'AL,  e-spi'al.  to. s. [Fr. from espi-
   er.]  A spy;  a scout; one sent  to bring
   intelligence.  Not used.
     Those four garrisons, issuing forth at such conve-
  nient times as they shall  have intelligence, or espial
  upon the enemy, will drive him from one  side to
  another.                    Spenser on Ireland.
             As he marched along,
  By your espiafs were  discovered
  Two mightier troops.                Shakspeare.
                   'Spials have informed me,
  The English in the suburbs close entrench'd
   Went through a secret grate.         Shakspeare.
     She had some secret espials  to look  abroad for
   graceful youths, to make Plantaganets.     Bacon.
 ESPLAJVA'DE,  es-pla-nade'. to. s. [Fr.]
   In fortification,  the same with  the gla-
   cis of  the counterscarp  originally; but
   now it  is taken for the empty space be-
   tween the glacis of  a citadel   and  the
   first houses  of the town.        Harris.
 Espo'usal, e-spdu'zal. adj.  Used in  the
   act of espousing or betrothing.
     The ambassador put his leg,  stript naked  to the
   knee,  between the espousal sheets: that the cere-
   mony might amount  to a consummation.   Bacon.
 Espo'usals, es-pou'zals.  to. s.  without a
   singular, [sponsialia, Latin; espous, Fr.]
   The  act  of  contracting or  affiancing a
   man and woman to each  other; the act
   or ceremony of betrothing.

 To  ESFO'USE, e-spduze'. v.a. [espou-
   ser,  French.]
 1. To contract or betroth to another:  with
   to.
     Deliver me my wife Michal, which I espoused to
  me.                                2 Samuel.
2. Or with.
     He  had received him as a suppliant, protected
  him as a  person  fled  for refuge, and espoused him
  with his kinswoman.                     Bacon.
3. To  marry; to wed.
    Lavinia will I make my empress,
  And in the sacred Pantheon her  espouse.   Shaks.
    With  flowers,   garlands,  and  sweet smelling
      herbs,
  Espoused Eve deck'd  first her nuptial bed. Milton.
    They soon  espoused;  for they with  ease  were
      join'd,
   Who were before contracted in the mind. Dryden.
                 If her sire approves,
   Let him espouse her to the peer she loves.    Pope.
 4.  To adopt; to take to himself.
     In gratitude unto toe duke of Bretagne,  for his
   former favours, he espoused that quarrel, and de-
   clared himself in aid of the duke.          Bacon.

 5.  To maintain;  to  defend.
     Their  gods did not only interest themselves in
   the event of wars, but  also espoused the  several
   parties in a visible corporeal descent.    Dryden.
     The city, army, court, espouse my cause. Diyden.
     Men espouse the well-endowed opinions in fashion,
   and then  seek arguments either to make good their
   beauty, or varnish over toeir deformity.     Locke.
     The righteousness of the best cause may be over-
   balanced by the iniquities of those toat espouse it.
                                     Smalridge.
     The cause of  religion and goodness, which is the
   cause of God, is ours by descent, and we are doubly
   bound to  espouse it.                   Atterbury.

 To  Espy', e-spi'. v. a. [espier, Fr.]
 I. To see things at a  distance.
     Few there  are of so weak capacity but publick
   evils they easily espy; fewer so patient as  not to
   complain, when the grievous inconveniences there-
   of work sensible smart.                 Hooker.

 2. To discover a thing intended to be hid.
     He who before he was espied was  afraid,  after
  being perceived was  ashamed, now being  hardly
  rubbed upon,  left both fear and  shame, and was
  moved to anger.                        Sidney.

 3. To see unexpectedly.
     As one of them opened his sack, he espied his
  money.                               Genesis.
 4. To discover as a spy.
     Moses  sent me  to  espy  out the  land, and  I
  brought him word again.                 Joshua.

 To  Espy', e-spi'. v. to. To watch; to look
   about.
     Stand by the way and espy; ask  him toat fleeth
  what is done.                         Jeremiah.

 Esqui're, e-skwire'.  to.  s.  [escuer, Fr.]
   See Squire.
 1. The  armour-bearer  or attendant  on a
   knight.
 2. A title of dignity, next in degree below
   a knight.
     Those to whom this title is now of right due, are
  all toe younger sons of noblemen, and their heirs
  male for ever; the four esquires ofthe king's body;
  the eldest sons of all baronets; so also of all knights
  of the Bath, and knights bachelors,  and their heirs
  male in the right line;  those that serve the king in
  any worshipful calling, as toe serjeant chirurgeon,
  serjeant of the ewry, master cook, &c. such as are
  created esquires by the king,  with a collar of SS,
  of silver, as the heralds and serjeants at arms. The
  chief of some ancient families are likewise esquires
  by prescription; those  that bear any superior office
  in  the commonwealth,  as high sheriff of any county
  who retains the title of esquire during his life, in
  respect of the great trust he has had of the posse
  comitatus.  He who is a justice of the peace has it
  during the time he is in commission,  and no longer
  Utter barristers,  in the acts of parliament for poll-
  money, were ranked among esquires.      Blount
            What are  our English dead?
  —Sir Richard Ketley, Davy Gam esonire. Shaksp.
 To ESS A'Y, es-sa'. v. a.  [essayer, Fr.]
 I. To attempt; to try;  to endeavour.
      While I this unexampled task essay,
  Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way,
  Celestial dove, divine assistance bring. Blackmore.
    Mo conquests she, but o'er herself desir'd-
  No arts essay'd, but not to be admir'd.    ' Pope,
2. To make experiment of.
3. To try the value and purity of metals.
    The standard in our mint being now settled, the
       i
   rules and methods of essaying suited to it should re-
   main unvariable.                        Locke.
 E'ssav, es'sa.493 «. *■  [from  the  verb.
   The accent is used on  either syllable]
 1. Attempt; endeavour.
     Fruitless our hopes, toough pious our essays;
   Yours  to preserve  a friend, and mine to praise.
                                         Smith.
 2. A  loose sally ofthe  mind: an irregular
   indigested piece; not a regular and or-
   derly composition.
     My  essays, of all  my other works,  have been
   most current.                           .Bacon.
     Yet modestly he does his works survey,
   And calls his finish'd poem an essay.
                            Poem to Roscommon.
 3. A  trial; an experiment.
     This treatise prides itself in no higher a title than
   that of an essay, or imperfect attempt at a subject.
                                      Glanville.
     He  wrote  this  but as an essay, or taste of my
   virtue-                               Shaksp.
     Repetitions wear us into a liking of what possibly
   in the first essay, displeased us.           Locke'.
 4. First taste of any thing;  first expert
   ment.
     Translating the first of Homer's Iliads, I intended
   as an essay to the whole work.           Druden
 E'SSENCE,  es'sense.  n.  s.  [essentia
   Latin.]
 1. Essence  is but  the very nature of any
   being, whether it be actually  existing
   or  no: a rose  in winter has an  essence;
   in summer it has existence also. Watts,
     One thinks the soul is air; another, fire;
   Another, blood diffus'd about the heart,
     Another saith, the elements conspire,
   And to her essence each doth give a part.  Daviet.
     I could wish the nature of a  spirit were more un-
   known to me than it is, that I might believe its ex-
   istence, without meddling at all wito its essence.
                         More's Divine Dialogues.
     He wrote  the nature of things upon their names:
   he could view essences in themselves,  and read
   forms without the comment of their respective pro-
   perties.                               South.
 2. Formal existence;  that which makes
   any thing to be what it  is.
    The visible church of Jesus is one in outward
   profession of those things, which supernaturally ap-
   pertain to toe very essence of Christianity, and are
   necessarily required in every  particular christian
   man._                                Hooker.
 3. Existence; the quality of being.
    In such cogitations have I  stood,  with  such a
   darkness and heaviness of mind, that I might have
   been persuaded to have resigned my very essence.
                                       Sidney.
 4. Being; existent person.
    As far as gods, and heav'nly essences
   Can  perish.                           Milton.

 5. Species of existent beings.
    Here be four of you, as differing as the four ele-
   ments;  and yet you are friends; as for Eupolis, be-
   cause he is temperate, and without passion, lie may
  be the fifth essence.                     Bacon.
 6. Constituent substance.
            For spirits when they please
   Can  either sex assume, or both; so soft
   And  uncompounded is  their essence pure;
  Not ty'd or manacled  with joint or limb. Milton.
7. The  cause of  existence.  This sense is
   not proper.
    She is my essence, and I  leave to be,
   If  I be not by her fair influence
   Foster»d, illumin'd, cherish'd, kept alive.  Shaksp.
 8. [In medicine.]   The chief properties
   or virtues of any simple, or composition
   collected  in a  narrow compass. 
ESS
EST
EST
  9. Perfume; odour; scent.
      Our humble province is to 'tend the fair;
    To save the powder from too rude a gale,
    Nor let to' imprison'd essences exhale.      Pope.
  To E'ssence,  es'sense.   v. a.  [from es-
     sence] To perfume; to scent.
      The husband rails from morning to night, at es-
    senced fops and tawdry courtiers.        Addison.
  ESSE'NTI AL, es-sen'shal. adj. [esaenti-
     alia, Lat.]
  1. Necessary to the constitution  or exist-
     ence of any thing.
      The discipline of our church, although it be  not
    an essenfiaf part of our religion, should not be rash-
    ly altered, as toe very substance of our religion will
    be interested in it.                     Bacon.
      From toat original of doing good, that is essenfiaf
    to toe infinite being of our Creator, we have an ex-
    cellent copy transcribed.                 Sprat.
      This power cannot be innate and essenfiaf to mat-
    ter;  and if it be not essential, it is  consequently
    most manifest it could never supervene to it, unless
    impressed and infused into it by an immaterial and
    divine power.                        Bentley.
      A great minister puts you a case,  and asks your
    opinion; but conceals an essential circumstance  up-
    on which toe whole weight of the matter turns.
                                         Swiff.
      And if each system in gradation roll,
    Alike essenfiaf to  the  amazing whole,
    The least confusion but in one, not all
    That system only, but the whole must fall.   Pope.
  2. Important in the highest degree; prin-
    cipal.
      Judgment's more essenfiaf to a general
    Than courage.                       Denham.
  3. Pure; highly  rectified;  subtilely elabo-
    rated;  extracted  so as to contain all the
    virtues of its elemental parts contracted
    into a narrow  compass.
     The juice of the seed is an essential oil or balm,
   designed by nature to preserve the seed from cor-
   ruption.                           Arbuthnot.
 Esse'ntial, es-sen'shal. to. *.
  1. Existence; being.
      His utmost ire to the height enrag'd,
    Will either quite consume us, or reduce
    To nothing this essential.               MUton.
 2. Nature;  first or  constituent principles.
      The plague of sin  has even alter'd his nature,
    and eaten into his  very essentials.          South.
 3.  The chief point; that which is in  any
    respect of great  importance.
 Esse'ntially, es-s£n'shal-le. adv. [esaen-
    tialiter,  Lat.]   By  the  constitution  of
    nature; really; according  to the  true
    state of things.
             He that loves himself,
   Hato  not essentially, but by circumstance,
   The name of valour.                   Shaksp.
     Body and  spirit are essentially divided, though
   not locally distant.                   Glanville.
     All sin essentially is, and must be mortal. South.
     Knowledge is toat  which, next to virtue, truly
   and essenfiaffj/ raises one man above another.
                                      Addison.
 Esso'ine, es-soin'. ra. s. [of the French es-
    aonie, or  exonnie.]
 1.  He  that  has  his presence  forborn or
    excused upon any just  cause: as  sick-
   ness.
 2.  Allegement of an excuse  for him that
   is summoned, or  sought for,  to appear
   and answer to  an  action  real, or  to per-
   form suit  to  a court-baron  upon just
   cause of absence.                Cowell.
3. Excuse; exemption.
   VOL. I.
      From every work he challenged essoin,
    For contemplation sake; yet otherwise
    His life he led in lawless riotise.    Fairy Queen.
  To EST A'BLISH, e-stab'lish. v. a. [etab-
    lir, French.]
  1. To settle firmly; to  fix unalterably.
      He may establish thee to-day for a people unto
    himself.                         Deuteronomy.
      I will establish my covenant wito him for an ever-
    lasting covenant.                       Genesis.
      The Normans never obtained this kingdom by
   such a  right of conquest, as did or might  alter  the
   established laws of the kingdom.           Hale.
  I. To settle in any privilege or possession;
    to confirm.
     Soon after the rebellion broke out, the presbyte-
   rian sect was established in all its forms by an ordi-
   nance of the lords and commons.           Swift.
  i. To make  firm;  to ratify.
     Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the
   soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband
   may make it void.                    Numbers.
 4. To fix or  settle in  an opinion.
     So were toe churches established in the  faith.
                                         Acts.
 5. To form or model.
     He appointed .in what manner his  family should
   be established.                      Clarendon.
 6. To found; to  build firmly;  to  fix im-
    moveably.  A sense not in use.
     For he hath founded it upon the seas, and esfafi-
   lished it upon  the floods.                 Psalms.
 7. To  make a settlement  of any  inherit-
    ance.  A  sense not in use.
     We will establish our estate upon
   Our eldest Malcolm, whom we name hereafter
   The prince of Cumberland.              Shaksp.
 Esta'blisher, e-stab'lish-iir. to. a.  [from
   establish.]   He who establishes.
    I reverence the holy fathers as divine establishers
   of faith.                            L. Digby.

 Establishment,   e-stab'ilsh-ment. to.  s.
   [from  establish; etablissement,  Fr.]
   Settlement; fixed state.
    All happy peace, and goodly government,
   Is settled there in sure establishment. Fairy Queen.
 2.  Confirmation  of  something  already
   done;  ratification.
    He had not the act penned by way of recognition
  of right; as, on the other side, he avoided to have
  it by a new law; but chose rather a kind of middle
  way, by way of establishment.             Bacon.
 3. Settled regulation; form; model of  a
   government of  family.
    Now come  into that general  reformation, and
  bring in that establishment by which all men should
  be contained in duty.                  Spenser.
 4.  Foundation;   fundamental   principle;
   settled law.
    The sacred order to  which you belong, and even
  the  establishment  on which it subsists, have often
  been struck at;  but in vain.           Atterbury.
5. Allowance; income; salary.
    His excellency, who had the sole disposal of the
  emperor's revenue, might gradually lessen your es-
  tablishment.                             Swift.
   Settled or  final rest.
    Whilst we set  up our hopes  and  establishment
  here, we do not seriously consider that God has pro-
  vided another and better place for us.       Wake.
Esta'te, e-state'.  to. a. [estat, Fr.]
 1. The general  interest; the  business  of
   the government;  the  publick. In this
   sense it is  now commonly  written state.
    Many times  the things adduced to judgment may
  be meum &r tuum,  when the reason and consequence
  thereof may reach to point  of esfafe; I call mat-
  ters of esfafe not only in the parts of sovereignty, but
      4p
   whatsoever introduceth  any great alteration, or
   dangerous precedent, or concerneto manifestly any
   great portion of people.                  Bacon.
 2. Condition of  life, with regard to pros-
    perity or adversity.
              Thanks to giddy chance,
   She cast us headlong from our high esfafe. Dryden.
 3. Condition;  circumstances in  general.
     Truth and"certainty are not at all secured by in-
   nate principles; but men are in toe same uncertain,
   floating esfafe with as without them.        Locke.
 4. Fortune;  possession:  generally meant
   of possessions  in  land,  or realities.
     She accused us to the king, as though we went
   about to overthrow him in his own esfafe.   Sidney.
     Go, miser! go:  for lucre sell  thy soul;
   Truck wares  for wares, and  trudge from pole to
         pole,
   That men may say, when thou art dead and gone,
   See what a vast esfafe he left his son!     Dryden.
 5. Rank; quality.
     Who hath not heard of the greatness of your es-
   fafe?   Who seeth not that  your esfafe  is much ex-
   celled with that sweet uniting of all beauties.
                                        Sidney.
 6. A person of high rank.  Disused.
     She is a dutchess, a great esfafe.       Latimer.
     Herod, on his birth-day, made  a supper to his
   lords, high captains, and chief esfafes of Galilee.
                                        Mark.
 To  Esta'te, e-state'.  v.  a.   [from the
   noun.]  To settle as a fortune.
             Why hath thy queen
   Summon'd me hither?
   —A contract of true love to celebrate,
   And some donation freely to esfafe
   On the blest lovers.                     Shaksp.

 To  ESTE'EM,  e-steem'. v. a.  [estimer,
   Fr. cestimo, Lat.]
 t.  To set a  value whether high  or low
   upon any thing.
    The worth of all men by their end esfeem,
   And then due praise, or due reproach toem yield.
                                      Sjienser.
    A knowledge in  the works  of nature they ho-
  nour, and esfeem highly profound wisdom; howbeit
  this wisdom saveth not.                 Hooker.
    I preferred her before sceptres and thrones, and
  esteemed riches nothing in comparison of her.
                                      Wisdom.
 2. To compare;  to  estimate  by propor-
   tion.
    Besides, those single forms she doth esfeem,
  And in her balance doth their values try.   Davies.
 3. To prize;  to rate high; to regard with
   reverence.
    Who would not be loved more, though he were
  esteemed less?                         Diyden.
 I. To hold in  opinion; to  think;  to  ima-
   gine.
    One  man esteemeth one day above another; an-
  other esteemeth every day alike.          Romans.

 To Este'em, e-steem'.  v. to.  To consider
   as to value: with of.
    Many would little esfeem of their own lives, yet
  for remorse of their wives and children, would be
  withheld from that heinous crime.       Spenser.
Este'km, e-steem'. «. s. [from the verb.]
   High value;  reverential regard.
            Who can see,
  Without esfeem for virtuous poverty,
  Severe Fahritius, or can cease t' admire
  The ploughman consul in his coarse attire? Dryden.
    Both those poets lived in much esteem with «,ood
  and holy men in orders.                 Drvden.
    I  am  not uneasy that many, whom I never had
  any esfeem for, are likely to enjoy this world after
  me.                                   Pope.
Este'emer, e-steem'Ar.  to. *.  [from es- 
EST
EST
ETC
   teem]  One that  highly  values;  one
   that sets a high rate upon  any thing.
     This might instruct the proudest esteemer of his
   own parts, how useful it is to talk and consult with
   others-                               Locke.
 E'STIMABLE, es'te-ma-bl.4°« adj. [Fr.]
 1. Valuable; worth a lanre price.
     A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man,
   Is not so estimable or profitable
   As flesh of muttons,  beefs, or goats.      Sliaksp.
 2. Worthy ol  esteem; worthy of some de-
   gree of honour and respect.
     A  lalv said  of her (wo companions, that  one
   was more amiable, the other more estimable.
     1 ou lost one who gave hopes of being, in time,
   every thing toat was estimable and good.   Temple.
 E'jTimablkne.-s,  eVte-ma-bl-nes.  to. s.
   [from estimable]   The   quality  of de-
   serving regai J.

 To  E'STI VIATE, es'te-mate. v. a.  [<es-
   timo, Lat.]
 1. To  rate;  to adjust  the value  of;  to
   judge of any thing by  ils proportion to
   something else.
     When a man shall sanctify his houseto toe Lord,
   then the priest shall  estimate it whether it be good
   or bad:  as the priest shall  estimate it, so shall it
   stand.                             Leviticus.
     It is by the weight of silver, and  not the name of
   the piece,  that men  estimate commodities  and  ex-
   change them.                          Locke.
2. To calculate; to compute.

E'stimate, es'te-mate.91  to. s.   [from the
   verb.]
1. Computation; calculation.
    Upon a moderate estimate and calculation of the
   quantity  of water now actually  contained  in  the
   abyss, I found that this alone "was full enough to
   cover the whole  globe to the height assigned by
   Moses.                            Woodward.
2. Value.
                 I'd  love
   My country's good, with a respect more tender,
   More holy and profound than mine own life,
   My dear wife's estimate, her womb's increase,
   The treasure of my loins.               Shaksp.
3. Valuation; assignment of proportional
   value; comparative judgment.
    The only way to come to a true estimate upon the
   odds betwixt a publick and a private life, is to try
   both-                            L'Estrange.
    Outward actions can never give a just estimate of
   us, since there are many perfections of a man which
   are not capable of appearing in  actions. Addison.

Estima'tion, es-te-ma'shun.  to. *.  [from
   estimate.]
1.  The  act  of  adjusting  proportional
   value.
    If a man should sanctify unto the Lord some part
  of a field, the estimation shall be according to the
  se^t*-      _                        Leuificws.
2. Calculation;  computation.
3. Opinion; judgment.
    In our own estimation we account such particu-
  lars more worthy than those that are already tried
  and known.                           Bacon.
4. Esteem; regard; honour.
   Crimes there were laid to his charge many, the
  least whereof being just, had bereaved him of es-
  timation and credit with men.            Hooker.
   Of your brace of unprizable estimations, the one
  is but frail,  and the other casual.         Shaksp.
            I know the gentleman
  To  be of worth and worthy estimation,
  And not without desert so well reputed.    Shaksp.
   I  shall have  estimation among  toe multitude,
 and honour with the elders.             Wisdom.
   A plain reason of toe publick honours due to tbe
   magistrate is, that he may be in due estimation and
   reverence.                         Atterbuiy.
 L'stimative,  es'te-ma-tlv.613 adj.  [from
    estimate.]  Having  the  power of com-
    paring and adjusting the preference.
     We find in animals an esfimafice or judicial fa-
   culty, an appetition or aversation,  and loco-motive
   faculty answering the will.                Hale.
     The error is not in the eye,  but  in the esfimafwe
   facujty, which mistakingly concludes that colour to
   belong to the wall, which indeed belongs to the ob-
   ject.                                 Boyle.
 Estima'tor, es-te-ma'tiir.621 to. s.  [from
    estimate.]  A settler  of rates; a com-
    putist.
 L'stival, es'te-val.88 adj  [cestivus, Lat.]
 I. Pertaining to the  summer.
 2. Continuing for the summer.
 Fstiva'tion, es-te-va'shun. ra. s.  [cestiva-
    tio, Lat.]   The act of  passing the sum-
    mer.
     A grotto is a place of shade, or esfirafion. Bacon.
 Fsto pel, es-top'el. ra. s.  [law term.] Such
    an  act as  bars any  legal  process.
 Fsto'vers,  es-to'vers. ra. s.  [law term.]
    Necessaries allowed by  law.
 Estra'de, es-trade'. to. s.  [French; stra-
    tum, Latin.]  An even or level space.
                                       Diet.
 To ESTRA'NGE,  e-stranje'. v. a. [es-
   tranger, Fr.]
 1.  To keep  at a distance; to withdraw.
     Had we not only  cut off their corruptions,  but
   also estranged ourselves  from them in things indif-
   ferent, who seeth not how greatly  prejudicial  this
   might have been to so good a cause?      Hooker.
     They know it is our custom of simple reading, not
   for conversion of infidels estranged  from the house
   of God, but for instruction  of men  baptized, bred,
   and brought up in the bosom of  the  church. Hooker.
            See, she weeps;
   Thinks me unkind, or false, and knows not why
  I thus estrange my person from her  bed.  Dryden.
2. To alienate; to  divert  from its original
   use or possessor.
    They have  estranged this place, and have burnt
  incense in it to other gods.             Jeremiah.
  ■  To  alienate from affection;  to  turn
   from  kindness to malevolence or indif-
   ference.
    How comes it now, my husband, oh, how comes it,
  That thou art thus estranged from thyself?
  Thyself I call it, being strange to me.      Shaksp.
    Adam, estrang'd in look, and  alter'd style,
  Speech intermitted, thus to Eve renew'd.  Milton.
    I came to grieve a father's heart  estrang'd;
  But little thought to find a mistress chang'd. Dryd.
    I do not know, to this  hour, what it is toat  has
  estranged him from me.                  Pope.
4. To withdraw or withhold.
    We must estrange our belief from eveiy thing
  which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced.
                                    Glanville.
Estrange'ment,  e-stranje'ment.   ra.  *.
   [from estrange.]  Alienation;  distance;
   removal; voluntary abstraction.
    Desires,  by  a  long estrangement  from better
  things come at length perfectly  to loath, and fly off
  from them.                            South
ESTRAPA'DE, es-tra-pade'. to. s.  [Fr.]
   The defence of  a  horse that  will not
   obey, who to get rid  of his  rider, rises
   mightily before; and  while his forehand
   is yet in the air, yerks  furiously with
   his hind legs.             Farrier's Diet.
Estre'ate,  es-trate'.  to.  s.  [extractum,
   Lat.]   The  true  copy  of an  original
   writing;  for  example, of amerciaments
   or penalties,  set  clown in the rolls of a
   court, to  be levied by the bailiff, or other
   officer, of every man for  his offence. A
   law  t-rm.                        Cowell.
 Estre'pement,  e-streep'ment.  «.  s.  r0f
   the  French  word  eatrepicr.]  Spoil
   made  by  the tenant for term of life upon
   any  lands or  woods,  to the  prejudice of
   him in th<. reversion.            Cowell.
 E'strich, es'tritsh. to.  s. [commonly writ,
   ten   ostrich;  struthiocamelus.]   Xhe
   largest of birds.
             To be furious,
  Is to be frighted out of fear; and, in that mood
  The dove will peck the estridge.           Shakm
     The peacock,  not at thy command, assumes
  His glorious train; nor eslrich her rare plumes.
                     ia              Sandys.
 Estuance,  es'tshu-anse.  to.  s.    Heat-
   warmth.   A  word rarely found.
     Averroes  restrained his hilarity, and made  no
  more thereof than Seneca commeudeth, and  was
  allowable in Cato; that is,  a sober incalescence, and
  regulated estuance from wine.            Brown
 E'stuary,  es'ishu-a-ie.461  to. <s.  [astuari-
   um,  Lat.]    An  arm   of the sea; the
   mouth  of a lake  or river in which the
   tide  reciprocities; a frith.
 To  E'stuaie, es'tshu-ate.91 v. a.  [estuo,
   Lat.] To swell and  fall reciprocally; to
   boil; to be in  a state of violent commo-
   tion.                               Diet.
 Estua'tion,  £s-tshu-a'shiln.  ra.  s. [from
   astuo, Lat ]   The stale of boiling; re-
   ciprocation of rise   and fall;  agitation;
   commotion.
    Rivers and lakes that want fermenting parts at
  the bottom, are not excited into est nations; therefore
  some seas flow higher than others.       Brown.
    The motion of the wil)  is  accompanied with a
  sensible commotion of the spirits, and an esf nation
  of the blood.                         Norris.
 E'sture, es'tshure. to.  s.  [astus,  Latin]
   Violence; commotion.
            The seas retain
  Not only their outrageous esfnre there,
  But supernatural mischief they expire.  Chapman.
 Esu'rient,   e-zu're-eiit.4™ adj. [esuriens,
 ^ Lat-]   Hungry; voracious.        Diet.
 E'surine, ezh'u-rine.4™ adj. [esurio, Lat]
  Corroding; eating.
    Over much piercing is the air of Hampstead, in
  which sort of air there is always something esurine
 ^ and acid.                           Wiseman.
Eto, et-set'e-ra. A  contraction of the two
  Latin words et cetera, which  signifies,
  and  so on; and the rest; and others of
  the like kind.

 To Etoh, etsh. v. a. [etzen, German.]
 1. A way used  in  making of  prints by
  drawing with  a proper needle  upon  a
  copper-plate,   covered  over  with  a
  ground of wax, isfc.  and  well blacked
  with the smoke of a link,  in  order to
  take  off the  figure  of  the  drawing or
  print; which  having  its backside tinc-
  tured with  white lead, will, by running
  over the strucken out iu>.es  with a stift,
  impress the  exact tiguie on  the black
  or red  ground; which  figure  is after-
  wards with needles drawn deeper  quite 
ETE
ETH
E T Y
    through the  ground, and all the sha-
    dows and hatchings put  in; and then a
    wax border being  made  all round the
    plate,  there is  poured on  a  sufficient
    quantity of well tempered aqua fortis,
    which insinuating into the strokes made
    by  the needles, usually eats, in about
    half an   hour,  into  the figure  of the
    print or drawing  on the copper-plate.
                                      Harris.
 2. To sketch; to  draw; to delineate:  [un-
    less this word be mistaken by Locke for
    eke.]
     There are many empty terms to be found in some
   learned writers, to which they had recourse to etch
   out their systems.                       Locke.
 3.  [This word is evidently mistaken  by
    Ray for edge.]  To move  forward to-
    ward one side.
     When we lie long awake in  the  night, we  are
   not able  to  rest one quarter  of an hour without
   shifting of sides, or at least etching  this way and
   that way, more or less.                    Ray.

 Etch, etsh.  to. *.   A country  word  of
    which I know not the meaning.
     When they sow their etch crops, they  sprinkle a
   pound or two of clover on an acre.      Mortimer.
     Where you  find dunging of land  makes it rank,
   lay dung upon  the efcA,  and sow it with bailey.
                                     Mortimer.
 ETE'RNAL,  e-ter'nal.  adj.  [aternus,
    Latin.]
 1. Without beginning or end.
     The eternal God is thy refuge.         Deuter.
 2. Without beginning.
     It is a question quite different from our having an
   idea of eternity, to know whether there  were any
   real being, whose duration has been eternal? Locke.
 3. Without end; endless; immortal.
     Thou know'st toat Banquo and his  Fleance lives.
   —But in them  nature's copy's not eternal.  Shaksp,
 4. Perpetual; constant;  unintermitting.
     Burnt ofPrings morn and ev'ning shall be thine,
   And fires efemaf in thy temple shine.     Dryden.
 5. Unchangeable.
     Hobbes believed the  efernaf truths which he op-
   posed.                              Dryden.
 Ete'rnal,  e-ter'nal. to.  s.  [eternel,  Fr.]
   One of the appellations  ofthe Godhead.
     That law whereby the Eternal  himself doth work.
                                       Hooker.
     The Eternal, to prevent such horrid fray,
   Hung out of heav'n his golden scales.      Milton.
 Ete'rnalist, e-ter'nal-list. to. s. [ceternus,
   Lat.]   One that holds the  past exist-
   ence of the  world  infinite.
     I would ask the elernalist what mark is there that
   they could expect  to desire of the  novelty of a world,
   that is not found in this?  Or what mark is there  of
   eternity that is  found in  this?            Burnet.

 To   Ete'rnai.ize.  e-ter'nal-lize.   v.   a.
   [from eternal.] To make  eternal.  Diet.

 Ete'rxally,  e-ter'nal-le. adv. [from eter-
   nal.]
 I. Without beginning or end.
 2. Unchangeably;  invariably.
     That which is morally good, or  evil, at any time,
  or in any case, must be also eternally and unchange-
  ably so, with relatii n to that time and to that case.
                                       South.
3. Perpetually; without  intermission.
    Bear me, some god, to Baja's gentle seats,
  Or cover me in  Umbria's green retreats,
  Where western gales eternally reside,
  And all the seasons lavish all their pride.  Addison,
 Ete'rne,  e-t&rn'.  adj. [ceternus,  Latin.]
    Eternal; perpetual; endless.
             The Cyclops hammers fall
   On Mars his armour, forg'd for proof eterne.  Shak.
 Ete'rnity,  e-ter'ne-te.  to. s.  [aternitas,
    Lat.]
 1. Duration without beginning or end.
       In this ground his precious root
   Still lives, which, when weak times shall be pour'd
         out
   Into eternity, and circular joys
   Dancing an endless round, again shall rise.
                                      Crashaw.
               Thy immortal rhyme
   Makes up this one short point of time,
   To fill up half the orb of round eternity.    Cowley.
     By repeating  the idea of any length of  duration
   which we have in our  minds, with all toe endless
   addition of number, we come by the idea of eternity.
                                        Locke.
 2. Duration without end.
             Beyond is all abyss,
   EternUy, whose  end no eye can reach!     MUton.
     Eternity, thou pleasing, dreadful thought!
   Through what variety  of untried being,
   Through what new scenes and  changes  must we
         pass!                         Addison.
 To Ete'rnize,  e-ter'nize. v. a. [ceterno,
    Lat.]
 1. To make  endless;  to perpetuate.
               I  with two fair gifts
   Created him endow'd: with happiness,
   And immortality; that fondly lost,
   This other serv'd but to eternize woe.      Milton.
 2. To  make for ever famous; to immortal-
   ize.
     Mankind by all means seeking to eternize him-
   self, so much the more as he is near his  end,  doth
   it by speeches and writings.              Sidney.
     And well beseems all knights of noble name,
   That covet in th' immortal book of fame,
   To be eternized,  that same to haunt.    F. Queen.
     I might relate of thousands, and their names,
   Eternize here on earth; but those  elect
   Angels, contented with their fame in heav'n,
   Seek not the praise of men.              MUton.
     The four  great monarchies have been celebrated
   by the writings  of many famous men, who have
   efernizecf their fame, and thereby  their own.
                                       Tempfe.
     Both of them  are set on fire by the great actions
   of heroes, and both endeavour to eternize them.
                                       Dryden.
3.   Creech seems to  have accented the first
   syllable.
     Hence came its name, in that the grateful Jove
   Hath eferniz'd the glory of his love.        Creech.
E'THER, e'ther. to s. [aether, Lat. ctiS-yp.]
1. An element  more fine  and subtile than
   air; air refined or sublimed.
     If any one should suppose  that ether,  like our
   air,  may contain  particles which endeavour to
   recede from one  another; for I do not know what
   this ether is; and that its  particles are exceedingly
   smaller than those of air, or even than those  of light,
   the exceeding smallness of its particles maycontribute
   to the greatness  of the force  by which those par-
  ticles may recede from  one another      Newton.
     The parts of other bodies are  held together by
  the eternal pressure of the ether, and can  have no
  other conceivable cause of their cohesion and union.
                                       Locke.
2.   The  matter  of the highest  regions
   above.
    There fields of light and liquid effter flow,
  Purg'd from  the pond'rous dregs of earth below.
                                     Dryden.
Ethe'real, e-Me're-al.88ad)'.[from ether.]
I   Formed of ether.
    Man feels  me,  when  I press to'  ethereal plains.
                                     Dryden.
                   4p2
 2. Celestial; heavenly.
     Go, heav'nly guest, ethereal messenger,
   Sent from whose sov'reign goodness I adore.   Milt■
     Thrones and imperial pow'rs, offspring of Heav'n,
   Ethereal virtues.                       Milton.
     Such as  these, being in good part freed from the
   entanglements of sense and body, are employed, like
   the spirits above, in contemplating the Divine Wis-
   dom in the works of nature; a kind of anticipation
   ofthe ethereal happiness and employment. Glanville.
     Vast chain of being, which from God began,
   Nature's ethereal, human; angel, man.      Pope.
 Ethe'reous,   e-the're-iis.   adj.  [from
   ether.]   Formed of ether; heavenly.
             Behold the bright surface
   Of this ethereous mould, whereon we stand. Milton.
 E'THICAL, eth'e-kal.8*   adj. [SSi*®-.]
   Moral; treating on morality.
 E'thically, e'th'e-kal-e. adv.  [from ethi-
   cal]   According  to  the doctrines  of
   morality.
     My subject leads me not  to  discourse ethically,
   but christianly of the faults of the tongue.
                             Gov.  ofthe Tongue.

 E'thick, eth'ik.  adj. p3<»©-.] Moral; de-
   livering precepts of morality.  Whence
   Pope entitled  part of his  works Ethick
   Epistles.
 E'thicks, e^A'Iks. to. a. without the singu-
   lar.    [riB-ix-tj]    The  doctrine of  mo-
   rality; a system of morality.
     For of all moral  virtues, she was  all
   That ethicks speak of virtues  cardinal.     Donne.
     I will never set politicks against ethicks; for true
   ethicks are but as a handmaid to divinity and reli-
   gion.                                 Bacon.
     Persius professes the stoick philosophy; the most
   generous amongst all the sects who have  given rules
   of ethicks.                            Dryden.
     If the atheists  would live  up  to the ethicks of
   Epicurus himself, they would make few or no prose-
   lytes from the christian religion.          Bentley.
 E'thniok, eM'nik.  adj.  [el9-v<*®-.]   Hea-
   then; pagan; not Jewish; not christian.
     Such contumely  as the ethnick world durst not
   offer him, is the peculiar insolence of degenerated
   christians.                   Gov. of the Tongue,
     I shall begin with  the agreement of profane,
   whether Jewish or ethnick, with the sacred writings.
                                        Grew.
 E'thnicks, e/A'niks. to. a.   Heathens;  not
   Jews; not christians.
     This first  Jupiter of the ethnicks  was then  the
   same Cain, the son  of Adam.            Raleigh.
 Etholo'gical,   e^-6-lodje'e-kal.S30  adj.
   [>0-®- and xdy(&>.] Treating of morality.
 Etio'logy, e-te-6l'6-je. to. s. [ecirtoMyix.]
   An account of the causes of any thing,
   generally of a  distemper.
     I have not particulars enough to enable me to
   enter into the etiology of this  distemper. Arbuthnot.
 Etymolo'gical,  et-e-mo-lodje'e-kal.  adj.
   [from etymology.]   Relating to etymo-
   logy; relating to the derivation of words.
    Excuse this conceit, this etymological observation.
                                       Locke.
Etymo'logist, et-e-mol'6-jist. to. s. [from
   etymology.]   One who   searches  out
   the  original of  words;  one  who shows
   the  derivation   of  words  from  their
   original.
 ETYMO'LOGY,  et-e-mol'o-je.   to.   s.
   [etymotogia, Latin; trv/^oi and Aoy®-.]
 1.  The descent  or  derivation of a ^ord
   from its original; the deduction of  for-
   mations  from  the  radical  word;  the 
EVA
  analysis of compound words into primi-
  tives.
    Consumption is generally taken for any universal
 diminution and colliquation of the body, which ac-
 ceptation its etymology implies.           Harvey.
    When words are restrained, by common  usage,
 to a particular sense, to run up to  etymology, and
 construe them by dictionary, is wretchedly  ridicu-
 lous.                                  Collier.
    Pelvis is used by comick writers for a looking-
 glass, by which means the etymology of the word is
 visible,  and pelvidera will signify a lady who looks
  in her glass.                          Addison.
    If the meaning of a word could be learned by its
  derivation or etymology, yet the original derivation
  of words is oftentimes very dark.           Walts.
2.  The   part  of grammar which delivers
  the  inflections of nouns and verbs.
E'tymon, e'te-mon.  ra. s. [trvftov.] Origin;
  primitive word.
    Blue hath its etymon from the High Dutch blaw;
  from  whence they call  himmel-blue, that which we
  call sky-colour or heaven's blue.        Peacham.
To Eva'cate, e-va'kate. v. a. [vaco, Lat.]
   To  empty out; to throw out.
    Dry air opens the surface of the earth to disin-
  carcerate venene bodies, or to evacate them. Harvey.
To  EVA'CUATE,  e-vak'u-are.   v.  a.
  [evacuo, Lat.]
1. To make empty; to  clear.
    There is no good way of prevention but by eva-
  cuating clean, and emptying the  church.  Hooker.
    We  tried  how far the air would manifest its
  gravity in so thin  a medium, as we could  make in
  our receiver, by evacuating it.              Boyle.
2. To throw out as noxious or offensive.
3. To void by any of the  excretory  pas-
   sages.
     Boerhaave gives an instance of a patient, who by
  a long  use of whey and water, and garden fruits,
  evacuated a great quantity of black matter, and re-
   covered his senses.                   Arbuthnot.
 4.  To make void; to  evacate; to nullify; to
    annul.
     The defect, though it would not evacuate a mar-
   riage,  after cohabitation and actual consummation;
   yet it was enough to make void a contract.   Bacon.
     If the prophecies recorded of  the Messiah are
   not  fulfilled in Jesus of Nazareth, it  is impossible
   to know when a prophecy is fulfilled, and when not,
   in any thing or person whatsoever, which  would
    utterly evacuate the use of them.           South.
 j. To quit; to withdraw from out of a place.
     As  this neutrality was never observed by the em-
    perour, so he never effectually evacuated Catalonia.
                                          Swift.
 Eva'cuant,  e-vak'u-ant. to. s.  [evacuans,
    Lat.] Medicine that procures evacua-
    tion  by any passage.
  Evacua'tion,  e-vak-u-a'shun. to. a. [from
    evacuate.]
  1. Such emissions as leave  a vacancy; dis-
     charge.
      Consider the  vast evacuations of men that Eng-
    land hath had by assistances lent to  foreign king-
    doms.                                  Hafe.
  2. Abolition; nullification.
      Popery hatb not been able to  re-establish itself
    in  any place,  after provision  made against it, by
    utter evacuation of all Romish ceremonies. Hooker.
  3. The practice of  emptying the body by
     physick.
      The usual practice of physick among us, turns ia
    a manner wholly upon evacuation, either by bleed-
    ing, vomit, or some purgation.            Temple.
  4. Discharges of the body by any vent na-
     tural or artificial.
  7b LVA'DE, e-vade'. v.  a. [evado, Lat.]
                  EVA

ll. To elude; to escape by artifice  or stra-
  tagem
    In this point charge him home, that he effects
  Tyrannick power:  if he evade us there,
  Inforce him with his envy to the people.    Shaksp.
    If thou covet death, as  utmost end
  Of misery, so thinking to evade
  The penalty pronoune'd, doubt not but God
  Hath wiselier arm'd his vengeful ire, than so
  To be forestall'd.                       Milton.
    He might euade the accomplishment of these af-
  flictions he now gradually endureth.       Brown.
2. To avoid; to decline by subterfuge.
    Our question thou euaef'sf; how did'st thou dare
  To break hell bounds?                  Dryden.
3. To escape or elude by sophistry.
    My argument evidently  overthrows all that he
  brings to evade the testimonies of the fathers.
                                   Stillingfleet.
4. To escape as imperceptible or  uncon-
   querable, as too  great or  too subtle to
   be seized or subdued.
    We have seen how a contingent event baffles
  man's knowledge and evades his power.     South.
To Eva'de, e-vade'. v.  to.
1. To escape; to slip away. It is now used
   with from.
    His wisdom, by often  evading from perils, was
  turned rather into dexterity  to  deliver himself from
  dangers, than into a providence to prevent. Bacon.
             Unarm'd they might
  Have easily, as spirits, ecacfecf swift
  By quick contraction, or  remove.          Milton.
2. To practise sophistry or evasions.
    The ministers of  God are not  to eracfe or take
  refuge in any of these two forementioned ways.
                                        South.
Evaga'tion, ev-a-ga'shun.630 to. s. [evagor,
   Lat.]  The act  of wandering; excursion;
   ramble;  deviation.
     These long chains of  lofty mountains, which run
   through whole continents east  and west, serve to
   stop the evagation of the vapours to the north and
   south in hot countries.                     Ray.
 Evane'scent,  ev-a-nes'sent.  adj. [evan-
    escens,   Lat.]   Vanishing;  impercepti-
    ble; lessening  beyond the perception of
    the senses.
     The canal grows still  smaller and slenderer, so as
   that the evanescent  solid and fluid will scarce  differ.
                                     •flrbttf/inof.
     The difference between right and wrong, on some
   petty cases, is almost euanescenf.        Wollaston.
     The downy orchard, and the melting pulp
   Of mellow fruit, the nameless nations feed
   Of evanescent insects.                 Thomson
  Evange'lical, e-van-jel'e-kal. adj. [evan-
    gelique, Fr. evangelicus,  Lat.]

  1. Agreeable  to gospel;  consonant to the
    christian law revealed in the holy  gos-
    pel.
      This distinction  between  moral goodness and
    evangelical perfection, ought to have been observed.
                                      Atterbury.
      God will indeed judge the world in righteousness;
    but 'tis by an evangelical, not a legal righteousness,
    and by the intervention of the  man Christ Jesus,
    who is the Saviour as well as the Judge of the
    worl<l-                             Atterbury.
  2. Contained in the gospel.
      Those evangeZicaf hymns they allow not to stand
    in our liturgy.                         Hooker.

  Eva'ngelism, e-van'je-lizm.  to. a. [from
    evangely.]   The  promulgation of the
    blessed gospel.
      Thus was this land saved from infidelity, through
    the apostolical and miraculous evangelism.  Bacon.
Eva'ngelist, e-van j
   ytX®- ]
EVA

      e-list.  •«.
[toxy-
  A  writer  of the  history  of our  Lord
  Jesus.
    Each of these early writers ascribe to the four
  evangelists by name their respective histories. Addis.
2. A promulgator of the christian la\<s.
    Those to whom he first entrusted the promulga-
  ting of the gospel, had instructions; and it were fit
  our new evangelists should show toeir authority.
                                Decay of Piety,
To   Eva'ngelize,   e-van'je-lize.  v.  a,
  [evangelizo, Lat  evxyyeto^u.]  To in-
  struct in the gospel, or law of Jesus.
                 The spirit
  Pour'd first on his apostles, whom he sends
  T' evangelize the nations; then on all
  Baptiz'd, shall toem with wond'rous gifts endue,
                                       MUton.
EVA'NGELY,  e-van'je-le. to.  s. [iv*ni.
  A<ov,that is, good tidings.] Good tidings;
  the message  of  pardon and salvation;
  the holy gospel; the gospel of Jesus.
                 Good Lucius
  That first receiv'd Christianity,
  The sacied pledge of Christ's evangely. F. Queen.
Eva'nid, e-van'id.  adj.  [evanidus,  Lat]
  Faint; weak; evanescent.
    Where there is heat and strength enough in the
  plant to make the leaves odorate, there the smell of
  the flower is rather evanid and weaker than that of
  the leaves.                             Bacon.
    The decoctions of simples, which bear the visible
  colours of bodies decocted,  are dead and evanid,
  without the  commixtion  of allum,  argol, and the
  like.                                 Brown.
    I put as great difference  between our new lights
  and ancient truths, as between the sun and an eva-
  nid meteor.                          Glanvillt.
 To Eva'nish, e-van'ish. v.  a. [evanesco,
    Lat.]  To vanish; to escape from notice
    or perception.
 Eva'porable, e-vap'6-ra-bl.40e adj.[[from
    evaporate.] Easily dissipated in fumes
    or vapours.
     Such cordial powders as are aromatick, their vir-
  tue lies in parts that are of themselves volatile, and
   easily evapcrdble.                        Grew,
  To EVA'PORATE, e-vap'6-rate.91 v.n.
    [evaporo, Lat.] To fly away in vapours
    or fumes; to waste insensibly as a vola-
    tile spirit.
     Poesy is of  so subtile a spirit, that in the pouring
    out of one  language into another it will all evapo-
    rate.                                Denham.
     Our works unhappily evaporated into words; we
    should have talked less, and done more.
                                  Decay of Piety.
     Being weary with attending the slow consumption
    of the liquor, we set it in a digesting furnace to ei-o-
    porate more nimbly.                     Boyle.
     This vapour falling upon joints which have not
    heat enough to dispel it, cannot be cured otherwise
    than by burning, by which it evaporates.   Tempk.
     The enemy takes a surer way to consume us, by
    letting our courage evaporate against stones and rub-
    bish.                                   Sictft.
  To Eva'porate, e-vap'6-rate. v.a.
  1. To drive away in fumes; to disperse in
    vapours.
      If we compute that  prodigious mass  of water
    daily  thrown into the sea from all  the rivers, we
    shall then know how much is  perpetually evapora-
    ted, and cast  again upon  the continents  to supply
    those innumerable streams.             Bentley.
      Convents abroad are so many retreats for tbe
    speculative, the melancholy, the proud, toe silent,
    the politick, and the morose,  to spend themselves,
    and evaporate the noxious particles.        Swift. 
EUC
EVE
EVE
    We perceive clearly that fire will warm or bum
  us and will evaporate water.              Waffs.
2. To give  vent to; to let out in ebullition
   or sallies.
    My lord of Essex evaporated his thoughts in a
  sonnet to be sung before the queen.       Wotton.
Evaporation, e-vap-o-ra'shfin. to.*, [from
   evaporate.]
I. The act of flying away in fumes or va-
   pours; vent;  discharge.
    They are but  the fruits of adusted choler, and
  the evaporations of a vindictive spirit.      Howel.
    Evaporations are at some times greater, accord-
  ing to the greater heat of the sun; so wherever they
  alight again in rain, 'tis superior in quantity to the
  rain of colder seasons.               Woodward.
2.  The  act  of attenuating matter,  so as  to
   make it fume away.
    Those waters,  by rarefaction and evaporation, as-
  cended.                              Raleigh.
3. [In pharmacy.] An operation by which
   liquids  are spent or driven away  in
   steams, so as to leave some part strong-
   er, or of a higher consistence than be-
   fore.                              Quincy.
Eva'sion,   e-va'zhtin.49  «.  s.   [evasum,
   Lat.]  Excuse; subterfuge;  sophistry;
   artifice; artful means of eluding or es-
   caping.
    We are too well acquainted with those answers;
  But his evasion, wing'd thus swift with scorn,
  Cannot outfly our apprehensions.      Shakspeare.
        Him, after all disputes,
  Forc'd I absolve: all my evasions vain,
  And reasonings, though through mazes, lead me still
  But to my own conviction.               Milton.
    In vain thou striv'st to cover shame with shame;
  Thou by evasions thy crime uncover'st more. Milton.
EvA'sivE,e-va'siv.1S8 428 adj. [from  evade.]
1. Practising evasion; elusive.
    Thus he, though conscious of th' etherial guest,
  Answer'd evasive  of the sly request.         Pope.
2. Containing an evasion; sophistical; dis-
   honestly artful.
Eva'sively,  e-va'siv-le.  adv. [from eva-
   sive]  By  evasion; elusively; sophisti-
   cally.
EU'CHARIST, yu'ka-rist.363  to.  a. [iv-
   %xpirtx.]  The act of giving thanks; the
   sacramental  act  in which the death of
   our Redeemer is  commemorated with
   a thankful remembrance; the sacrament
   of  the Lord's supper.
    Himself did better like of common bread to be
  used in the eucharist.                   Hooker.
    Some receive the sacrament as  a means to pro-
  cure great graces and blessings, others as  an eucha-
  rist and an office of thanksgiving for what they have
  received.                              Taylor.
Euchari'stioal,  yu-ka*-ris'te-kal.  adj.
   [from eucharist.]
1. Containing acts of thanksgiving.
    The latter part was eucharistical, whieh began at
  the breaking and blessing of the bread.   Brown.
    It would not be amiss to put it into the eucharisti-
  caf part of our daily devotions: we praise thee, 0
  God, for our limbs and senses.             Ray.
2. Relating to tiie sacrament of the sup-
   per of the  Lord.
Eucho'logy, yu-kol'6-je. to. s.  [tv%oXo-
   yiov ] A  formulary of prayers.
Eu'cuasv, yu'kra-se. to.  s.  [ivx.px<rtx] An
   agreeable well proportioned mixture of
  qualities, whereby a body  is  said to  be
  in a good state of health.        Quincy.
 Eve, eve.   > to. s. [aepen, Saxon; avend,
 E'ven, e'vn. 3   or avond, Dutch.
 1. The close of the day; the latter part of
   the  day;  the  interval between bright
   light and  darkness.
         They, like so many Alexanders,
  Have in these parts from mom 'till even fought,
  And sheath'd their swords for lack of argument.
                                   Shakspeare.
    When the  sun's orb both even and morn is bright,
  Then  let no fear of storms thy mind affright.  May.
    Such sights as youthful poets dream
  On summer eves by haunted stream.      Milton.
    O, nightingale, that on yon bloomy spray
  Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still.
                                      MUton.
    Th' unerring sun by certain signs declares,
  What the late ev'n, or early morn prepares.  Dryd.
    Winter, oft at eve, resumes the breeze,
  Chills the pale morn.                  Thomson.
2. The vigil or fast to  be observed before
   a holiday. In  this sense oniy eve is used,
   not even.
    Let the immediate preceding day be kept as the
  eve to this great feast.                  Duppa.

E'ven, e'vn.103  adj. [epen, Saxon;  even,
   Dutch; tzquus, Latin.]
I. Level;  not rugged; not unequal; smooth
   as opposed to rough.
    To see a beggar's brat in riches flow,
  Adds not a wrinkle to my even brow.     Diyden.
    The present face of Rome is much more even and
  level than it was formerly.             Addison.
    The superficies  of such  plates  are not even, but
  have many cavities and swellings, which, how shal-
  low  so ever,  do a little vary the  thickness of the
  plate.                               Newton.
2. Uniform;  equal to itself.
    Lay the rough paths of peevish nature ev'n,
  And open in each heart, a little heav'n.    Prior.
3. Level with; parallel to.
    That the net may be even to the midst of the
  altar.                                Exodus.
    And shall lay thee even with the ground.   Luke.
4. Not  having  inclination  any  wayj  not
   leaning to any  side.
                He was
  A noble servant to toem; but he could not
  Carry his honours even.              Shakspeare.
5. Not having  any  part higher or lower
  than the other.
    When Alexander demanded of one what was the
  fittest seat of  his empire, he laid a dry hide before
  him, and  desired him to set his foot on one side
  thereof; which being done, all the other parts of the
  hide did rise up; but when he did set his foot in the
  middle, all the other parts lay flat and even. Davies.
6. Equal on  both sides; fair; not favouring
   either.
    Upheld by  me, yet once more he shall stand
  On even ground against his mortal foe.    Milton.
7. Without  any thing  owed, either  good
  or ill; out  of  debt.
    We reckon wito your several loves,
  And make us even with you;
  Henceforth be earls.                Shakspeare.
    I will be even with thee, doubt it not.   Shaksp.
                I do  confess
  The blind lad's pow'r, while he inhabits there;
  But I'll be ev'n with him nevertheless.   Suckling.
    In taking revenge, a man is but et»en with his ene-
  my; but in passing it over, he is superior.   Bacon.
    Even reckoning makes  lasting  friends; and the
  way to make reckonings even is to make toem often.
                                       South.
    The publick is always even with an author who
  has not a just deference for them: the contempt is
  reciprocal.                          Addison.
    The true reason  of this strange doctrine  was to
  be even with  the magistrate, who was against them;
  and they resolved at any rate to be against him.
                                     Atterbury.
8. Calm; not subject  to elevation or de-
   pression; not uncertain.
    Desires compos'd, affections ever ev'n,
  Tears that delight, and sighs toat waft to heav'n.
                                         Pope.
9. Capable  to be divided into equal parts;
   not odd.
    Let him tell me whether the number of the stars
  be even or odd.                        Taylor.
    What variety there is in that numeral conceit in
  the lateral division of man by even and  odd, ascri-
  bing the odd unto the right side, and even unto the
  left.                                  Brown.
To E'ven, e'vn. v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To make even.
2. To  make out of debt;  to  put in a state
  in which  either good or ill is fully re-
  paid.
    Nothing can, or ever shall content my soul,
  'Till I am evened with him wife for wife. Shaksp.
3. To level; to  make level.
    This temple Xerxes  euenecf with the soil, which
  Alexander is said to have repaired.       Raleigh.
    Beat, roll, and mow carpet-walks and cammo-
  mile; for now the ground is supple, and it will even
  all inequalities.                       Evelyn.
To  E'ven, e'vn. v.n. To be equal to.  Now
  disused.
    A like strange observation taketh  place here as
  at  Stonehenge, that a  redoubled numbering never
  evenelh with the first.                    Carew.
E'ven,  e'vn.  adv.  [often  contracted  to
  ev'n.]
I. A word of  strong assertion; verily.
    Even so did  those Gauls possess the coast.
                                      Spenser.
                 Thou  wast a soldier
  Even to Cato's wish; not fierce and terrible
  Only in strokes.                    Shakspeare.
                 Dang'rous rocks,
  Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side,
  iVould scatter  all the spices on the stream,
  And, in a word, yea even now worth this,
  And now worth nothing.             Shakspeare.
    It is not much that the good man ventures; alter
  this life, if there be no God, be is as well as the
  bad; but if there be a  God, is infinitely better, even
  as much as  unspeakable and eternal  happiness is
  better than extreme and endless misery.  Tillotson.
    He might even as well  have employed his time,
  as some princes have done, in catching moles.
                                     Atterbury.
2. Notwithstanding; though it was so that.
    All I can say for those passages is, that I knew
  toey were bad enough  to please even when I wrote
  them.                                Dryden.
3. Likewise; not  only  so, but also.
    The motions of all the lights of heaven might af-
  ford measures of time, if we could number them;
  but most of  those motions are not evident, and the
  great lights are sufficient, and serve also to measure
  even the motions of those others.         Holder.
    Here  all  their rage,  and ev'n their murmurs
        cease,
  And sacred silence reigns, and universal peace.
                                        Pope.
4. So much as.
    Books give  the same turn to our  thoughts that
  company does  to our conversation, without loading
  pur memories, or making us even sensible  of toe
  change.                                Swift.
5. A word of exaggeration in which a se-
   cret comparison is implied: as,  even the
   great, that is, the great like the mean.
    Nor death itself can wholly wash your stains,
  But long contracted filth ev'n in the soul remains.
                                       Dryden.
    I have made  several  discoveries which appear. 
EVE
EVE
EVE
  new, even to those who are versed in critical learn-
  ing-                                  Addison.
6. A term of concession.
     Since you refined the notion, and corrected the
  malignity, I shall e'en let it pass.         Collier.

Evenha'ndeo, e'vn-han'ded. adj.  [even
   and hand.]  Impartial; equitable.
             Evenhanded justice
  Returns th' ingredients of our poison'd chalice
  To our own lips.                    Shakspeare.

E'vemng, e'vn-ing.410 to. a. [aepen, Saxon;
   avend, Dutch.]  The close of the day;
   the beginning  of night.
                  I shall fall
  Like a bright exhalation in the evening-,
  And no man see me more.            Shakspeare.
     The devil is now more laborious than ever,  the
  long day of mankind drawing towards  an evening,
  and the world's tragedy and time near at an end.
                                       Raleigh.
     Mean time the sun descended from the skies,
  And the bright evening star began  to rise. Dryden.
     It was the sacred rule  among the Pythagoreans,
  that  they should eveiy  evening  thrice run over the
  actions and affairs of the day.             Watts.

E'venly, e'vn-le. adv. [from even.]
1. Equally; uniformly; in an equipoise.
     In an infinite chaos nothing could be  formed; no
  particles  could convene by mutual attraction;  for
  every one there must have infinite matter around it,
  and therefore must  rest for ever, being evenly ba-
  lanced between infinite attractions.       Bentley.
2. Levelly; without  asperities.
     A  palish clearness, evenly and smoothly spread;
  not over thin and washy, but of a pretty solid con-
  sistence.                              Wotton.
3. Without inclination to either side;  in a
  posture parallel to the horizon; horizon-
  tally.
     The upper face of the sea is known to be level
  by nature, and evenly distant from the  centre, and
  waxes deeper and  deeper toe farther  one saileth
  from the shore.                      Brerewood.
4. Impartially; without favour or enmity.
     You serve a great and gracious master, and there
  is  a most hopeful young  prince; it behoves you to
  carry yourself wisely and evenly between them both.
                                        Bacon.
E'venness,  e'vn-nes. «. s. [from  even.]
1. State of being  even.
2. Uniformity;  regularity.
     The ether most readily yieldeth to the revolution s
  of the celestial bodies, and the making them with
  that evenness and celerity is requisite in them all.
                                         Grew.
3. Equality of  surface;  levelness.
4. Freedom from  inclination to either side;
  horizontal position.
     A  crooked stick is not straitned, unless it be bent
  as far on the clear contrary side, that so it may set-
  tle itself at the length in a middle state of evenness
  between both.                         Hooker.
5. Impartiality; equal  respect.
6. Calmness; freedom from perturbation;
  equanimity.
     Though he appeared to relish these blessings as
  much as any man, yet he bore the loss of them, when
  it  happened, with great composure and erenness of
  mind.                              Atterbury.

E'ven song, e'vn-song. to.  s. [even  and
  song.]
1. The form of worship used in the even-
  ing.
     Thee, 'chantress of the woods among,
  I woo to hear toy evensong-.              Milton.
     If  a man were but of a day's life, it is well  if he
  last 'till  evensong, and then says his compline  an
  hour before the time.                    Taylor.
2. The evening; the close of the day.
    He tun'd his notes both evensong and morn.
                                       Dryden.
Eventide, e'vn-tide. to. s. [even and tide.]
   The time of evening.
             A swarm of gnats at euenficfe
  Out of the fens of Allan do arise,
  Their murmuring small trumpets sounding wide.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Isaac went out to meditate at toe eventide.  Gen.
EVE'NT, e-vent'. to. s. [eventus, Lat.]
1. An incident;  any thing that  happens
   good or  bad.
    There is one evenf to the righteous and to the wick-
  ed.                                    Eccles.
    Oh heavy times, begetting such euenfs.   Shaksp.
2. The consequence of an action; the con-
   clusion; the upshot.
    Two spears from Meleager's hand were sent,
  With equal force but various in  th' evenf;
  The  first was fix'd in earth, the  second stood
  On the boar's bristled back, and deeply drank his
        blood.                          Dryden.
To  Eve'nterate,  e-ven'te-rate.91  v.  a.
   [eventero, Lat.]  To rip  up; to open  by
   ripping the belly.
    In a bear, which the hunters eventerated, or open-
  ed, I beheld toe young ones, with all their parts dis-
  tinct.                                 Brown.
Eve'ntful,  e-vent'ful.  adj. [event and
  full.]  Full of incidents;  full of changes
   of fortune.
             Last scene of all,
  That ends this strange eventful history,
  Is second childishness.               Shakspeare.
To  Eve'ntilate,   e-ven'te-late.  v.   to.
   [eventilo, Lat.]
1. To winnow; to sift out.
2. To examine; to discuss.            Diet.
Eve'ntual,  e-ven'tshu-al.  adj.    [from
   event]  Happening  in consequence  of
   any thing; consequential.

EvE'NTUALLY,e-ven'tshu-al-Ie.czc?v.[from
   eventual.]  In the event; in the last re-
   sult; in the consequence.
    Hermione has but intentionally, not eventually,
  disobliged you; and hath made your flame a better
  return, by restoring you your own heart.     Boyle.
E'ver, eViir.98 adv. [seprie, Sax.]
I. At  any time.
    Men  know by this time,  if ever they will know,
  whether it be good or evil which hath been  so long
  retained.                              Hooker.
    If  thou hast that, which I have greater reason to
  believe now than ever, I mean  valour, this might
  shew it.                            Shakspeare.
    You serve a master who is as  free from the envy
  of friends, as ever any king was.            Bacon.
    So few  translations deserve praise, that I scarce
  ever saw any which deserved pardon.     Denham.
    The most sensual man that ever was in the world
  never felt so delicious a pleasure as a clear con-
  science.                             Tillotson.
    By repeating any idea of any length of time, as
  of a minute, a year, or an age, as often as we will
  in our own thoughts, and  adding them  to one an-
  other, without ever coming to the end of such addi-
  tion,  we come by the idea of eternity.      Locke.
2. At  all  times; always;  without end.
    God hath had ever, and ever shall have, some
  church visible upon the earth.            Hooker
    I see things may serve long, but not serve ever.
    „. .      ,,                          Shaksp.
    Kiches  endless is as poor as winter

  T°i!11imJth.at eWr fears he shali be P°°r-     Shaksp.
    Blinded greatness, ever in turmoil,
  Still seeking happy life, makes life a toil.  Daniel.
    There under ebon shades, and low-brow'd rocks
  In dark Cimmerian desart ever dwell.      Milton
    The inclinations ofthe people must ever have a
  great influence.                         Temple.
    He shall ever love, and always be
  The subject of my scorn and cruelty.      Dryden.
    Mankind is ever the same, and nothing lost out of
  nature, toough every thing is altered.      Dryden.
    Ever since that time Lisander has been at the
  house.                                 Tatler.
    Immortal Vida! on whose honour'd brow
  The poet's bays and critick's ivy grow,
  Cremona now shall ever boast thy name,
  As next in place to Mantua, next in fame.    Popt
3. For ever.   Eternally;  to perpetuity.
    Men are like a company of poor insects, whereof
  some are bees, delighted with  flowers, and their
  sweetness; others beetles, delighted with other kinds
  of viands; which, having enjoyed for a season, they
  cease to be, and exist no more for ever.     Locke,
    We'll to the temple: there you'll find your son;
  And there be crown'd, or give him up for ever.
                                     A. Philips,
4. It is sometimes  reduplicated.
    For ever and for ever, farewell Cassius.  Shaksp,
    I know a lord,  who values no lease, toough for a
  thousand years, nor any estate toat  is not for ever
  and ener.                              Tempk,
    The meeting points the fatal lock dissever
  From the fair head for ever and for ever.   Pop(,
5. At one time, as ever and anon: that is,
   at  one time and another;  now and then,
    So long as Guyon wito her communed,
  Unto the ground she cast her modest eye^
  And ever and anon, with rosy red,
  The bashful blood her snowy cheeks did dye.
                                   Fairy Queen.
    The fat ones  would be  ever and anon making
  sport with the lean, and calling them starvelings.
                                    L'Estrange.
             He lay stretch'd along,
  And ever and anon a silent tear
  Stole down and trickled from his hoary beard.
                                       Dryden.
6. In any degree.
    Let no man fear that harmful creature ever the
  less, because he sees the apostle safe from that poi-
  son.                                    Hall.
    For a mine undiscovered,  neither the owner of
  the  ground or any body else are ever the richer.
                                        Collier,
    It suffices to the unity of any idea, that it be con-
  sidered  as one representation or  picture, though
  made up of ever so many particulars.      Locke.
    There must be  somewhere such a rank as man:
  And all the question, wrangle e'er so long,
  Is only this, if God has plac'd him wrong?   Pope.
7. A  word of enforcement, or aggravation.
  As  soon as ever he had done it; that is,
  immediately  after he had done it.   In
  this sense it  is  scarcely  used but in
  familiar language.
    That ever  this  fellow should have fewer words
  than a parrot, and yet the son of a woman. Shaksp.
    They brake all  their bones in pieces, or euer they
  came at the bottom of the den.            Daniel.
    That purse in your hand, has a twin-brother, is as
  like him as ever he can look.             Dryden.
    As soon as e'er  the bird is dead,
  Opening again, he lays his claim
  To half the profit, half the fame.         Prior.
    The title of duke had been sunk in  the family
  ever since the attainder of the great duke of Suffolk.
                                      Addison.
8. Ever  a.  [as ever y, that is, even ich-
  or  ever each  is  each one,  all.]   Any.
  This word is still retained in the Scotish
  dialect.
               I am old, I am old.
  —1  love thee better than I love e'er a scurvy young
  boy  of them all.                         Shaksp.
9. It  is often contracted  into e'er.
10. it is much used in composition  in the
  sense  of always:  as,  evergreen,  green 
EVE
EVE
E V  I
  throughout  the year;  everduring,  en-
  during without end.  It is added almost
  arbitrarily to neutral  participles and ad-
  jectives, and will be sufficiently explain-
  ed by the following instances:
Everbu'ubling,  ev-&r-bub'bling.   adj.
  [ever and bubbling.]   Boiling  up  with
  perpetual murmurs.
    Panting murmurs, still'd  out of her breast,
  That everbubbling spring.             Crashaw-
EvERBu'RNiNG,ev-dr-birn'ing. adj. [ever
  and burning.]   Unextinguished.
    His tail was stretched out in wond'rous length,
  That to the house of heavenly gods it raught;
    And wito extorted power  and borrow'd strength,
  The everburning lamps from thence it brought.
                                     Spenser.
              Torture without end
  Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed
  With everburning sulphur unconsum'd.   JVIiffon.
Evekdu'ring, ev-ur-du'rlng.410arf/. [ever
  and during.]  Eternal;  enduring with-
  out end.
    Our souls, piercing through the impurity of flesh,
  behold the highest heavens, and thence bring know-
  ledge to contemplate the everduring glory and term-
  less joy.                             Raleigh.
              Heav'n open'd wide
  Her everduring gates, harmonious sound!
  On golden hinges moving.               Milton.
Evergreen,  ev-ur-grten'.   adj.  [ever
   and  green.]   Verdant  throughout the
   year.
            There will I build him
  A monument, and plant it round  with shade
  Of laurel, evergreen, and branching palm.  Milton.
    The juice, when in greater plenty than can be ex-
  haled by the sun, renders the plant evergreen.
                                    Arbuthnot.
E'vergreen, ev'ur-green.  «.  s.  A plant
  that retains its verdure through all the
  seasons.
    Some of the hardiest evergreens  may be  trans-
  planted, especially if the weather be moist and tem-
  perate.                             Evelyn.
    1 find you are against filling  an English garden
  with evergreens.                      Addison.
Everho'noured, ev-ur-6n'nurd.arf/'. [ever
   and honoired]  Always held in honour
   or esteem.
    Mentes, an ecernonour'cf name, of old
  High in Ulysses' social list enroll'd.         Pope.
Everla'sting,  ev-iir-las'tlng.  adj. [ever
   and  lasting.]
I. Lasting or  enduring without end; per-
  petual; immortal; eternal.
    Whether we shall meet  again, 1 know not;
  Therefore our everlasting farewell take;
  For ever, and for ever, farewell Cassius.  Shaksp.
    The everlasting  life, both of body and soul, in
  toat future state, whether in bliss or woe, hath been
  added.                             Hammond.
    And what a trifle is a moment's breath,
  Laid in the scale wito everlasting death!  Denham.
2. It is used of past as  well as future eter-
  nity, though not so properly.
Everla'sting, ev-tir-las'tfng. to. a.  Eter-
  nity;  eternal  duration  whether past or
   future.
    From everlasting to everlasting thou art God.
                                      Psalms.
    Wo are in God through  the knowledge which is
  had of us, and the love which is born towards us,
  from everlasting.                     Hooker.
Evekla'stingi.y,  ev-ur-las'ting-le.   adv.
  [fi om everlasting]   Eternally; without
  end.
            I'll hate him everlastingly,
  That bids me be of comfort any more.     Shaksp.
    Many have made themselves everlastingly ridicu-
  lous.  '                               Swift.
Everla'stingness, ev-ur-las'ting-nes. to.
  s. [from  everlasting.]   Eternity;  per-
  petuity; an  indefinite duration.
    Nothing could make me sooner to confess,
  That this world had an everlastingness,
  Than to consider that a year is run
  Since both this lower world's and the sun's sun
  Did set.                              Donne.
Everli'ving, ev-ur-liv'ing. adj. [ever and
  living]  Living without end; immortal;
  eternal; incessant.
    Is not from hence the way, toat leadeth right
  To that most glorious house, that glist'rcth bright
  With burning stars and everliving fires?  F. Queen.
    In that he is  man,  he received life from the Fa-
  ther, as from the fountain of that everliving Deity.
                                      Hooker.
    God's justice in the one, and his goodness in the
  other, is  exercised for evermore,  as the everliving
  subjects of his reward and punishment.     Raleigh.
    The instinct of brutes and insects can be the ef-
  fect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a
  powerful everliving agent.              Newton.
Evermo're, ev-ur-more'. adv. [ever and
  more.]  Always;  eternally.  More seems
  an expletive  accidentally added, unless
  it signified  originally/ro7n this time: as,
  evermore,  always,  henceforward;  but
  this  sense  has  not  been  strictly  pre-
  served.
    It govern'd was, and guided  evermore,
  Through wisdom of a matron grave and hoare.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    Sparks by nature evermore aspire,
  Which makes them now to such a highness flee.
                                       Davies.
    Religion prefers those pleasures which flow from
  the presence of God for evermore, infinitely before
  the transitory pleasures of this  world.    Tillotson.
Evero'pen,  ev-ur-6'p'n. adj.  [ever  and
  open.]   Never closed;  not  at any time
  shut.
    God is toe great eye of the world, always watch-
  ing over our actions, and has an everopen ear to all
  our words.                             Taylor.
Everple'asing, ev-ur-ple'zing. adj. [ever
  and pleasing]   Delighting at all times;
  never ceasing to give pleasure.
   The evei-pleasing Pamela was content to urge a little
  farther for me.                         Sidney.
    Forsaking Sheria's everpfeasing shorej
  The winds to Marathon the virgin bore.     Pope.
To  Eve'rse,  e-verse'. v. a. [eversus, Lat.]
  To overthrow;  to  subvert; to  destroy.
  Not used.
    The foundation of this principle is totally eversed
  by  the ingenious commentator upon  immaterial
  beings.                             Glanville.
To  Eve'rt, e-vert'. v. a.  [everto, Latin.]
  To destroy; to overthrow.
    A process is valid, if the jurisdiction of the judge
  is not yet everted and overthrown.          Ayliffe.
Everwa'tchful,  ev-ur-wotsh'rul.   adj.
  [ever and watchful.]   Always vigilant.
    Plac'd at the helm he sat, and mark'd the skies,
  Nor clos'd in sleep his everwatchful eyes.     Pope.
E'very, ev'ur-e. adj.   [In  old  language
  everich, that is, ever each;  aepep ealc,
  Saxon.]
1. Each one of all.  Every has  therefore
  no plural signification.
    He proposeth unto God their necessities, and
  they their own requests for relief in every of them
                                      Hooker.
    All the congregation are holy, every one of them.
                                    A  n,i.ers.
    The king made this ordinance, that every  tweive
  years there should be set forth two ships.   Bacon
    The virtue and force of every of these  three is
  shrewdly allayed.                   Hammond.
    Aristotle has long since observed, how unreason-
  able it is to expect the same kind of proof for every
  thing which we have for some things.   Tillotson.
   Every one,  that has an idea of a foot, finds that he
  can repeat that idea, and, joining it to toe former,
  make the idea  of two feet.                 Locke.
    From pole to pole the thunder roars aloud,
  And broken lightnings flash from tv'ry cloud. Pope.
2. Every-where.   In all  places;  in  each
   place.
    The  substance of toe body of  Christ was not
  every-where  seen,  nor  did  it every-where suffer
  death; every-where it could not be entombed: it is not
  every-ichere now, being exalted into heaven. Hooker.
    If I send my son abroad, how is it possible to keep
  him from vice, which is every-where so in fashion?
                                        Locke.
    'Tis no-where to be found, or every-where.  Pope.
E'veryoung, ev'ur-yflng.  adj. [ever and
   young ]  N ot subject to old age, or de-
   caying; undecaying.
    Joys everyoung, unmix'd with pain or fear,
  Fill che wide circle  ofth' eternal year.      Pope.
E'vesdropper. ev'z'drop-pir.  to. s.  [eves
   and  dropper.]   Some mean fellow that
   skulks about a house in  the night  to
   listen.
    What makes you listening there? Get farther off;
  I preach not to thee, thou wicked evesdropper.
                                      Dryden.
    Do but think how becoming your function  it is to
  be disguised like a slave, and an evesdropper under
  the women's windows.                  Dryden.
To EvE'sTiGATE,e-ves'te-gate. v. a. [eves-
   tigo, Lat.]   To search out.
Eugh, y66. to. s.  [This word is so written
   by most writers; but since the original
   ip, Saxon, or Welsh ywen, more favours
   the  easier  orthography  of yew, I have
   referred it  thither.]   A tree.
    At the first stretch of both his hands he drew,
  And almost join'd the horns ofthe  tough eugh.
                                      Dryden.
To EVI'CT,  e-vikt'. v. a.  [evinco, Lat.]
1. To dispossess of by a judicial coursed
     The  law of England would  speedily evict them
  out of toeir  possession,  and therefore they  held it
  the best policy to cast off the yoke  of English law.
                                      Davies,
2. To  take away by a sentence of law.
     His lands were evicted from him.  King  James.
3. To prove;  to evince.  Little ustd.
    This nervous fluid has never been discovered in
  live animals by the senses, however assisted: nor
  its necessity  ericfecf by any cogent experiment.
                                      Cheyne.

Evi'ction,  e-vik'shun. to. s. [from evict.]
1. Dispossession  or deprivation by a defi-
   nitive sentence of a court of judicature.
     If any of the parties be laid asleep under pre-
  tence of arbitrement,  and the other party doth cau-
  tiously get the  start at common  law, yet the  preto-
  rian court will  set back ail things, and no respect
  had to eviction or dispossession.            Bacon.
2. Proof; evidence; certain testimony.
     A plurality  of voices carries  toe question, in all
  our debates, but rather as  au expedient for peace
  than an eviction of the right.          L'Estrange.
E'VlDENCE,ev e-dense. n. a. [Fr.]
I. The  slate  of being  evident; clearness;
   indubitable certainty; notoriety.
2. Testimony; proof. 
E VI
E VI
E V  I
    I had delivered the evidence of the purchase unto
  Baruch.                             Jeremiah.
    Unreasonable it is to expect the same  kind of
  proof and eincfence for  every  thing which we have
  for some things.                      Tillotson.
    Cato major, who had borne all  the great offices,
  has left us  an ericfence, under his own hand, how
  much he was versed in country affairs.      Locke.
    They bear  evidence to  a history in defence of
  Christianity, the truth  of which history was toeir
  motive to embrace Christianity.          Addison.
3. Witness; one that gives  evidence.   In
   this  sense it  is  sometimes  plural: as,
   the  evidence  were  aworn:  but some-
   times regularly  augmented,  as,  evi-
   dences.
    To swear he saw three inches through a door,
  As Asiatick evidences swore.              Dryden.
    There are books  extant, which toey must needs
  allow of as proper  evidence; even the mighty  vo-
  lumes of visible nature, and the  everlasting tables
  of right reason.                        Bentley.

To E'vidence, ev'e-dense. v. a. [from the
   noun.]
1. To prove; to evince.
    The  horses must  be emcfencecf by good testimo-
  nies to have been bred in  Ireland.        Temple.
    If they be principles evident of themselves, they
  need nothing to evidence them.          Tillotson.
    These things the christian religion  require, as
  might be evidenced from texts.           Tillotson.
2. To show; to make discovery of.
    Thou on earth had'st prospered, which thy looks
  Now also evidence.                      Milton.
    Although the same  truths be  elicited and expli-
  cated  by the contemplation  of animals,  yet they
  are more clearly evidenced in  the contemplation of
  man.                                   Hale.

E'vident, ev'e-dent.  adj.  [Fr.]   Plain;
   apparent;  notorious.
    It is evident, in the general frame  of nature,  that
   things  most manifest  unto  sense have proved ob-
   scure unto the understanding.            Brown.
     They are incapable of making conquests upon
   their  neighbours,  which  is eutcfenf to all that know
   their constitutions.                     Temple.
     Children minded not what was said, when it was
   evident to  them that no attention was sufficient.
                                         Locke.

 E'vioently,  ev'e-dent-le.   adv.   [from
    evident.]   Apparently;  certainly;   un-
    deniably.
     Laying their eggs, they evidently prove
   The genial power and full effects of love.   Prior.
     The printing private letters is the worst  sort  of
   betraying conversation, as it et>icfenffi/ has toe most
   extensive ill consequences.                Pope.
 E'VIL, e'vl.159 adj. [ypel,   Saxon;  euvel,
    Dutch.]
 1. Having bad  qualities  of any  kind;  not
    good.
     He hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin.
                                   Deuteronomy.
     An evil disease cleaveth fast unto him; and  now
   that he lieth, he shall rise up no more.    Psalms.
     The good figs very good,  and the evil very evU,
   that cannot be eaten they are so evil.    Jeremiah.
     That hour he cured many of etnf spirits.   Luifce.
 2. Wicked; bad; corrupt.
     Is thine eye evil because  I am good.    Matthew.
     The imagination of man's heart is evil from his
   youth.                                Genesis.
 3. Unhappy; miserable;  calamitous.
     And the officers  did see toat they were  in evU
   case.                                Exodus.
     All the days of the  afflicted are evil.    Proverbs.
 4. Mischievous; destructive; ravenous.
     It is my son's coat; an  evil beast hath devoured
   him.                                  Genesis.
E'vil, e'vl. to. s. [generally  contracted to
  ill.]
1. Wickedness; a crime.
          Not in the legions
  Of horrid hell can come a devil more damn'd
                                       Shaksp.
  In erifsto top Macbeth!
2. Injury; mischief.
    Whoso rewardeth evU for good, evU shall not de-
  part from his house.                  Proverbs.
    Let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my
  lord, be as Nabal.                     Samuel.
3. Malignity; corruption.
    The heart ofthe sons of men is full of evil.
                                   Ecclesiastes.
I. Misfortune;  calamity.
    Shall we  receive good at the hand of God, and
  shall we not receive evil?                   Job.
    A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth him-
  self.                                Proverbs.
    If we  will stand boggling at imaginary evils, let
  us never blame a horse for  starting at a shadow.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Evil is what is apt to produce or increase any
  pain,  or diminish any pleasure in  us; or else to
  procure us any evil, or deprive us of any good.
                                        Locke.
5. Malady; disease; as, the king's evil.
    What's toe disease he means?
—'Tis called toe euif.                     Shaksp.
E'vil, e'vl. adv. [commonly contracted to
   ill.]
 I. Not well in  whatever respect.
    Ah, froward Clarence, evil it beseems thee,
   To flatter Henry, and forsake thy brother!  Shaksp.
   Not well;  not  virtuously;   not  inno-
   cently.
     If I have spoken evil, bear witness  of the evil; but
   if well, why smitest thou me?              John.
   Not well;  not happily; not fortunately.
     It went evil with his house.       Deuteronomy.
   Injuriously; not kindly.
     The Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us.
                                  Deuteronomy.
 5. It is often used in composition to  give
   a bad meaning to a word;  but in  this,
   as in all other cases, it is in  the modern
   dialect generally contracted to ill.
 Evilaffe'cted,  e-vi-af-fek'ted. adj. [evil
   and affected.]   Not  kind; not disposed
   to kindness.
     The unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and
   made their minds erifqf/ecfecf against the brethren.
                                          Acts.
 Evildo'er,  e-vl-do'iir.  to.  s.  [evil and
   doer.]   Malefactor;  one  that  commits
   crimes.
     Whereas they speak evil against you  as evil-
   doers, toey may by your good works  glorify God.
                                         Pefer.
 Evilfa'voureo, e-vl-fa'vo.rd. adj. [evil
   and favour.]  Ill countenanced;  having
   no good aspect.
     Machiavel well noteth, though in  an evilfavoured
   instance, there is no trusting to the  force of nature,
   except it be corroborated by custom.      Bacon.
 Evilfa'vouredness,  6-vl-fa'vurd-nes.  to.
   a. [from evilfa: oured.] Deformity.
     Thou shalt not sacrifice  unto the  Lord  any bul-
   lock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfa-
   vouredness.                       Deuteronomy.
 E'villy,  e'vl-le. adv.  [from  evil.]  Not
    well.                             J
     This act, so evilly born, shall cool the hearts
   Of all his people, and freeze up their zeal. Shaksp.
 Evilmi'noed, e-vl-mind'ed. adj. [evil and
    mind.]   Malicious; mischievous;  malig-
 (   nant; wicked; insidious.
 3
    But most she fear'd, that travelling so late,
  Some einfmincfecf beasts might lie in wait,
  And, without witness, wreak their hidden hate.
                                       Dryden,
E'vilness, e'vl-nes. to. a. [from evil.] Con-
  trariety to  goodness; badness  of what-
  ever kind.
    The moral goodness and congruity, or evUness
  unfitness, and  unseasonableness of moral and natu-
  ral  action, falls not within the verge of a brutal
  faculty.                                 Hole.
Evilspe'aking,  e-vl-spe'king. to. s. [evii
   and   apeaking.]   Slander;  defamation;
   calumny; censoriousness.
    Wherefore  laying aside all malice and all guile,
  and hypocrisies and envies, and all evilspeakings.
                                        Peter.
Evilwi'shing,  e-vl-wish'lng. adj.  [evil
   and wish.]  Wishing evil to; having no
   good will.
    They heard of this sudden going  out, in a coun-
  try full of evilwishing minds towards him. Sidney,
Evilwo'rker,  e-vl-wurk'ur.  to. *.  [evil
   and work.] One who does wickedness.
     Beware of dogs, beware of evilworkers.   Phil.
 To  EVTNCE,   e-vinse'.  v.  a.  [evinco,
   Lat.] To  prove; to show;  to  manifest;
   to make evident.
             Doubt not but that sin
   Will reign among them as of thee begot;
   And therefore was law given them, to evince
   Their natural pravity.                 Milton.
     That religion, teaching a future state of souls, is
   a  probability; and  that its contrary cannot, with
   equal probability,  be proved, we have evinced.
                                        South.
     The greater absurdities  are, the more strongly
   they  evince  the  falsity of that supposition from
   whence they flow.                   Atterbvry.
 Evi'NoiBLE,e vin'se-bl.czcf/. [fromevince]
    Capable of proof;  demonstrable.
     Implanted  instincts in brutes are in themselves
   highly reasonable  and  useful to their ends, and
   evincible by true reason  to be such.         Hale.
 Evi'ncibly, e-vin'se-ble. adv. [from evin-
    cible.]  In such  a manner  as  to force
    conviction.
 To  E'virate, eVe-rate.  v. a.  [eviratus,
    Lat.] To deprive  of manhood; to emas-
    culate.
 To Evi'soerate, e-vls'se-rate. v. a. [evis-
    cero, Lat.]   To embowel;  to draw; to
    deprive of the entrails; to search with-
    in the entrails.
 E'vitable,   ev'e-ta-bl.   adj.  [evitabilis,
    Lat.]  Avoidable;  that  may be escaped
    or shunned.
      Of divers  things evil,  all  being not evUable, we
   take one; which one,  saving only in case of so
   great urgency, were not otherwise to be taken.
                                       Hooker,
  To  E'VITATE,  ev'e-tate.  v. a. [evito,
    Lat.]  To avoid; to shun; to escape.
            Therein she doth emtate and shun
   A  thousand irreligious cursed hours,
   Which forced marriage would have brought upon
          her.                           Shaksp.

 Evita'tion, ev-e-ta'shun."30  to. *.  [from
    evitate.]  The act of avoiding.
      In all bodies there is an appetite  of union and
   evitation, of solution  of continuity.         Bacon.
  Evite'rnal, ev-e-ter'nal. adj. [ceviternus,
    Latin.]   Eternal  in a  limited sense;  of
    duration  not  infinitely but indefinitely
    long.
 Evite'rnity,  ev-e-ter'ne-te.  «. *.  [avi- 
EVO
EWE
E X  A
   ternitas, low Latin.] Duration;  not infi-
   nitely, but indefinitely long.
Eu'logy,  yu'16-je. to. *. [iv and Aey<^.]
   Praise; encomium; panegyric.
    Many  brave  young  minds have  oftentimes,
  through hearing the praises and famous eufogies of
  worthy men, been stirred up to affect the like com-
  mendations.                         Spenser.
    If some men's appetites find more melody in dis-
  cord, than in the harmony of the angelick quires;
  yet even  those seldom miss to be affected with eu-
  logies given themselves.          Decay of Piety.
E'UNUCH, yu'nuk. to. *. [eW;e<§K] One
   that is castrated or emasculated.
    He hath gelded the commonwealth, and made it
  an eunuch.                         Shaksp.
    It hath been observed by the ancients, that much
  of Venus  doth dim  toe sight, and yet eunuchs,
  which are unable to generate, are nevertheless
  also dimsighted.                      Bacon.
    So charm'd you were, you ceas'd awhile to doat
  On nonsense gargled in an eunuch's throat, fenfon.
To Eu'nuchate, yu'nuk-kate. v. a.  To
   make an eunuch.
    It were an impossible act to ewntccfiafe or castrate
  toemselves.                         Brown.
Evoca'tion, ev-6-ka'shun. to. s. [evocatio,
   Lat.]  The act of calling out.
    Would truth dispense, we could be content with
  Plato, that knowledge were but remembrance, that
  intellectual acquisition were but reminiscential evo-
  cation.                             Brown.
    Instead of a descent into hell, it seems rather a
  conjuring up, or an evocation of the dead from hell.
                             •Yofes fo Odyssey.
Evola'tion, ev-6-la'shvin.S30 to. s.  [evolo,
   Latin.]  The act of flying away.

To EVO'LVE,  e-volv'.  v.  a.  [evolvo,
   Lat.]  To unfold; to disentangle.
    The animal  soul sooner expands and evolves it-
  self to its full orb and extent than the human soul.
                                      Hale.
    This little active principle, as the body increas-
  eto and dilateth, evolveth, diffuseth, and expandeth,
  if not his substantial existence, yet his energy. Hale.
To Evo'lve, e-volv'.  v. to.   To open it-
   self; to disclose itself.
            Ambrosial odours
  Does round the air evolving scents diffuse;
  The holy ground is wet with heav'nly dews.  Prior.
Evolu'tion, ev-6-lu'shun.630 to. s. [evolu-
   tus, Latin.]
1. The act of unrolling or unfolding.
    The spontaneous coagulation of the little saline
  bodies was preceded by almost innumerable evolu-
  tions, which were  so various toat the little bodies
  came to obvert to each other those parts  by which
  they might be best fastened together.       Boyle.
2. The series of things  unrolled or un-
   folded.
    The whole evolution of ages, from everlasting to
  everlasting, is so collectively and presentifically re-
  presented to God at  once, as if all things  which
  ever were, are, oi shall be, were at this very instant
  really present.                         More.
3. [In geometry.]  The equable evolution
   of  the  periphery of a circle,  or  any
   other curve, is such a gradual approach
   of  the  circumference  to rectitude, as
   that all its parts do meet together, and
   equally evolve or  unbend;  so that the
   same line becomes successively a less
   arch of a  reciprocally greater  circle,
   till at last they turn into a straight line.
                                   Harris.
4. [In tacticks.]   The motion made by a
   body of men in changing their posture
      VOL. I.
   or form  of drawing  up.   And  these
   evolutions are  doubling  of ranks  or
   files, countermarches, and wheelings.
                                    Harris.
5. Evolu'tion of Powers.  [In algebra.]
   Extracting  of roots  from  any  given
   power, being the reverse of involution.
                                    Harris.
Evomi'tion, ev-o-mlsh'dn.030 to.*, [evomo,
   Latin.]  The act of vomiting out.  Diet.
Eu'patory,  yu'pa-to-re. to.  s.  [eupato-
   rium.] A plant.
Eupho'nical,  yu-fon'e-kal. adj.   [from
   euphony] Sounding agreeably.   Diet.
EU'PHONY,  yu'fo-ne.  to.  s.  [ivtpmix]
   An agreeable sound; the contrary to
   harshness.
Eupho'rbium, yu-fdr'be-um. to. s.
1. A plant.
    It hath flowers and fruit like the spurge, and is
  also full of an hot sharp milky juice. The plants
  are angular, and shaped somewhat like the cereus
  or torch-thistle.  It is commonly beset with spines,
  and for toe most part hath no leaves.     Miller.
2. A gum resin, brought to us always in
   drops or grains, of a bright yellow be-
   tween a straw and a gold colour, and a
   smooth glossy surface.  It has no great
   smell, but its taste is violently acrid and
   nauseous.  It is used medicinally in si-
   napisms.                            Hill.
Eu'phrasy, yu'fra-se.  to.  s.  [euphrasia,
   Lat.] The herb eyebright; a plant sup-
   posed to  clear the sight.
    Then purg'd wito euphrasy, and rue,
  The visual nerve; for he had much to see;
  And from  the well of life three drops instill'd.
                                     Milton.
Euro'clydon, yu-rok'le-don. to. s. [ivgox-
   XvS'm.]   A wind which  blows between
   the east and north, and is very danger-
   ous in the Mediterranean.   It  is of the
   nature of a whirlwind, which falls sud-
   denly on ships, makes them tack about,
   and sometimes causes them to founder,
   as Pliny observes.              Calmet.
    There arose against it a tempestuous wind called
  euroclydon.                            Acts.
EU'RUS,  yu'rils. to. s.   [Lat.] The east
   wind.
    Eurus,  as all other winds, must be drawn with
  blown cheeks, wings  upon his  shoulders, and his
  body the colour of the tawny moon.     Peacham.
E'urythmy, yu'rkA-me. to. s. [evpvS-f^®^.]
   Harmony;  regular  and  symmetrical
   measure.
EUTHAJYA'SIA, yu-^an-a'zhe-a. )
Euthana'sy,   yu-^an-a'se.*s3     3
   [ivS-xvxo-ix.]   An easy death.
    A recovery, in my case, and at my age,  is im-
  possible: toe kindest wish of my friends is ewffta-
  nasia.                           Arbuthnot.
Evu'lsion,  e-vul'shun.  to.  s.   [evulsio,
   Lat.]  The act of plucking out.
    From a  strict enquiry we cannot maintain the
  evulsion, or biting off any parts.          Brown
EvuLGA'TioN,ev-iil-ga'shun. to. s. [evul-
  go,  Lat.]  The act of divulging; publi-
   cation.                             Diet.
Ewe,  y66.268 n. s. [eope, Sax.] The she
   slieep; the female of the ram.
    Rams have more  wreathed horns than eioes.
                                     Bacon.
                   lQ
            Haste the sacrifice;
  Sev'n bullocks yet unyok'd for Phoebus chuse;
  And for Diana seven unspotted ewes.      Dryden
E'WER, yu'ur.98 n.s. [from eau, perhaps
   anciently eu, water.] A  vessel in which
   water is brought for washing the hands.
    I dreamt of a silver bason and etcer to-night.
                                     Shaksp.
    Let one attend him with a silver bason
  Full of rosewater, and bestrew'd witk flowers;
  Another bear  the ewer;  a third a diaper:
  And say,  Wil't please your lordship cool your hands?
                                     Shaksp-
    The golden eicer a maid obsequious brings;
  Replenish'd from the cool translucent springs;
  With copious water the  bright vase supplies
  A silver laver, of capacious size:
  They wash.                    Pope's Odyssey.
E'wry, yu're. «. s. [from ewer]  An office
   in  the  king's household,  where  they
   take care of the linen  for the king's  ta-
   ble, lay  the cloth,  and serve up water
   in silver ewers,  after dinner.      Diet.
Ex, eks, or egz.42s   A Latin preposition
   often  prefixed  to  compounded words:
   sometimes meaning  out,  as  exhaust,
   to draw out; sometimes only enforcing
   the meaning,  and sometimes producing
   little alteration
To  EXACE'RBATE,   £gz-as'er-bate.
   v. a. [exacerbo,  Lat.]   To imbitter; to
   exasperate; to  heighten any malignant
   quality.
Exacerba'tion, £gz-as-£r-ba'shun.  to. s.
   [from exacerbate]
1. Increase of malignity; augmented force
   or severity.
2. Height of  a disease; paroxysm.
    The patient may strive, by little  and  little, to
  overcome the symptom in exacerbation; and so,  by
  time, turn suffering into nature.          Bacon.
    Watchfulness and delirium, and exacerbation,
  every other day.                   Arbuthnot.
Exacerva'tion, egz-as-ser-va'stmn. to. *.
   [acervus, Lat.]  The act of heaping up.
                                      Diet.
EX A'CT, egz-akt'.478 adj. [exactus, Lat.]
1. Nice;  not  failing; not deviating from
   rule.
    All this, exacf to rule, were brought about,
  Were but a combat in toe lists left out.      Pope.
2. Methodical; not  negligently performed.
    What if you and I enquire how money matters
  stand between us?—With all my heart, I love ex-
  act dealing; and let Hocus audit      Arbuthnot.
3. Careful; not negligent: of persons.
    Many gentlemen turn out  of the seats of their
  ancestors,  to make way for such new  masters as
  have been more exact in toeir accounts than them-
  selves.                            Spectator.
4. Honest;  strict; punctual.
    In my doings I was exact.              Eccles.
To Exa'gt, 6gz-akt'. v. a.   [exigo, exac-
   tus, Lat.]
I. To require authoritatively.
            Thou now exaef'sf the penalty,
  Which is a pound of this poor merchant's flesh.
                                     Shaksp.
    Of a foreigner thou mayest exacf it  again; but
  that which is  thine with thy brother, thine  hand
  shall release.                   Deuteronomy.
    Exact of servants to be faithful and diligent.
                                     Taylor.
    From us his foes pronoune'd glory he exacts.
                                     MUton.
    The hand of fate is over us, and Heaven
  £xacfs severity from all our thoughts.    .Mftson. 
E  X A
EX A
E X A
2. To demand  of right.
            Years of service past,
  From grateful souls exacf reward at last.   Dryden.
    Where they design a recompense for benefits re-
  ceived, they are less solicitous to make  it when it
  is exacted.                          Smalridge.
3. To summon; to enjoin; to  enforce.
    Let us descend now therefore from this top
  Of speculation; for the hour precise
  Exacts our parting hence.               Milton.
   k  J .   .       Dutv>
  And justice to my father's soul, exact
  This cruel piety.                      Denham.
To Exa'ct, egz-akt'. v. n.  To  practise
   extortion.
    The enemy shall not exacf upon him.   Psalms.

Exa'ct er, egz-ak'tar.98 to. s.- [from exact]
1. Extortioner; one who claims more than
   his due, or claims his due with outrage
   and  severity.
    The poller and exacter of fees justifies the com-
  mon  resemblance of the courts of justice to  the
  bush, whereunto  while the sheep flies for defence in
  weather, he is sure to lose part ofthe fleece. Bacon.
    I will also  make thy officers peace, and thine ex-
  acters righteousness.                     Isaiah.
2. He that demands by authority.
    Light and  lewd  persons, especially that the ex-
  acfer of the oath did neither use  exhortation,  nor
  examining of them for taking thereof, were easily
  suborned to make an affidavit for money.    Bacon.
3.  One who is severe in his  injunctions
   or h'is demands.
    No men are prone to be greater tyrants, and
  more  rigorous  exacters  upon others,  than  such
  whose pride was  formerly least disposed to the obe-
  dience of lawful  constitutions.       King Charles.
    The grateful person being still the most severe
  exacter of himself, not only confesses, but proclaims
  his debts.                              South.
    There is no way to deal with this man of reason,
  this rigid exacter of strict demonstration for things
  which are not capable of it.            Tillotson.

Exa'ction,   egz-ak'shtin. to.  s.    [from
   exact.]
1. The act of making an authoritative de-
   mand, or  levying by force.
    If he should break his day, what should I gain
   By the exaction ofthe forfeiture?         Shaksp.
2. Extortion; unjust demand.
             They vent reproaches
   Most bitterly on you, for putter-on
   Of these exactions.                     Shaksp.
     Remove violence and  spoil,  and  execute judg-
   ment and justice;  take away your exactions from
   my people.                           Ezekiel.
    As the first earl did first raise the greatness of
   that  house, by Irish exactions and oppressions; so
   Girald toe last earl did  at last ruin it by the like
   extortions.                            Davies.
3. A tribute severely levied.
    They have not made bridges over the rivers for
   the convenience of their subjects as well  as stran-
   gers,  who pay an unreasonable exaction  at every
   ferry upon the least using of the waters.  Addison.
Exa'ctly, egz-akt'le. adv. [from exact.]
   Accurately;  nicely; thoroughly.
    Both of 'em knew mankind exactly well; for both
   of 'em began that study in themselves.    Dryden.
    The religion they profess is such, that the more
  exactly  it is sifted by pure  unbiassed reason, the
  more reasonable still it will  be found.  Atterbury.
Exa'ctness, £gz-akt'nes. to.  *.    [from
   exact]
I. Accuracy; nicety;  strict conformity to
   rule or symmetry.
    The experiments were all made with toe utmost
  exactness and circumspection.         Woodward.
    In wit, as nature, what affects our hearts
  Is not th' exactness of peculiar parts;
  'Tis not a lip, or eye, we beauty call,
  But the joint force and full result of all.     Pope.
    The balance must be held by a third hand, who
  is to deal power with the utmost exactness  into the
  several scales.                           Swift.
2. Regularity  of conduct;  strictness ot
  manners; care not to deviate.
    I preferred  not the outward peace of my king-
  doms with men, before that inward  exactness  of
  conscience before God.            .King-  Charles.
    They think that their exactness in one duty will
  atone for their neglect of another.        Rogers.
To  EXA'GGERATE,   egz-adje'e-raie.
  v. a. [exaggero, Lat.]
I. To heap upon;  to accumulate.
    In the  great level  near Thorney, several  oaks
  and firs stand in firm earth below the moor, and
  have lain  there hundreds of years, still covered by
  the fresh and salt waters and moorish earth exag-
  gerated upon them.                       Hate.
2. To heighten  by  representation;  to en-
  large by hyperbolical  expressions.
    He had exaggerated,  as pathetically as he could.
  the sense toe people  generally had, even despair of
  ever seeing an end ofthe calamities.   Clarendon.
    A friend exaggerates  a man's virtues, an enemy
  inflames his crimes.                    Addison-
Exaggeration,  £gz-adje-e-ra'shun.  n.s.
  [from exaggerate.]
1. The act  of heaping  together;  a heap;
  an accumulation.
    Some  towns that were  anciently  havens and
  ports, are now, by  exaggeration of sand  between
  these towns and the sea, converted into firm land.
                                         Hale.
2. Hyperbolical  amplification.
    Exaggerations of  the prodigious  condescensions
  in the  prince to pass  good laws, would have an odd
  sound at Westminster.                   Swift.
To  Exa'gitate,  egz-adje'e-tate.   v. a.
  [exagito, Lat.]
1. To shake; to put in motion.
    The warm air of the bed exagitates the blood.
                                    Arbuthnot.
2. To reproach; to pursue  with invectives.
  This sense is now disused, being purely
   Latin.
    This their defect and imperfection I had rather
  lament in such case than exagitate.       Hooker.
Exagita'tion,  egz-adje e-ta'shun.  to. s.
  [from exagitate.]   The act of shaking
  or agitating.                        Diet.
To  EXALT,  egz-alt'.-y.a.  [exalter, Fr.
  altus, Latin; exalto, low Latin.]
I. To raise on high.
    And thou Capernaum, which  art exalted  unto
  heaven, shalt be brought down to hell.       Malt.
2. To  elevate to  power, wealth,  or dig-
  nity.
    Exaff him that is low, and  abase  him toat is
  high.                                Ezekiel.
    As yet exaltest thou thyself  against my  people,
  that thou wilt not let them go?           Exodus.
    How long shall mine enemy  be exaUed over me?
                                       Psalms.
3. To elevate to joy  or confidence.
    The covenanters, who understood their own want
  of strength, were very reasonably exaff ed with this
  success.                           Clarendon.
    How much soever the king's friends were dejected
  upon the passing of  those two  acts, it is  certain,
  they who toought they got whatsoever he lost were
  mightily exoffed, and thought themselves  now su-
  perior to any opposition.               Dryden.
4. To praise; to extol; to magnify.
    0 magnify the  Lord with me, and let us  exaff
  his name together.                     Psalms.
5. To raise up in opposition: a  scriptural
  phrase.
    Against whom hast toon eraffed  thy voice, and
  lift up thine eyes on high?               2 -Kings.
6. To intend; to enlorce.
    Now Mars, she said, let fame exaff her voice,
  Nor let thy conquests only be her choice.    Prior.
7. To heigliten; to improve;  to refine  by
   fire, as in chymistry.
    The wild animals have more exercise, have their
  juices  more elaborated and  exalted; but for  the
  same reason the fibres are harder.      Arbuthnot.
     With chymick art exaffs the min'ral pow'rs,
  And draws the aromatick souls of flow'rs.    Pope.
    They  meditate  whether the virtues of the one
  will exaff or diminish the force ofthe other, or cor-
  rect any of its nocent qualities.             Waffs.
8. To elevate in diction or sentiment.
    But hear, oh hear, in what exalted strains,
  Sicilian muses, through these happy plains,
  Proclaim Saturnian times, our own  Apollo reigns,
                                    Roscommon.
Exalta'tion,  egz-al-ta'shun. to. s.  [from
   exalt.]
 I. Tne  act of raising on  high.
2. Elevation to power, dignity, or excel-
   lence.
    She put off the garments of  widowhood, forthe
  exaltation of those that were oppressed.    Judith.
    The former was  an humiliation of Deity, the
  latter an humiliation of manhood;  for which cause
  there  followed  an exaltation of that which w?s
  humbled: for with power  he created the world, but
  restored it by obedience.                Hooker.
3.  Elevated state;  state  of greatness or
   dignity.
    I wonder'd at  my flight, and change
  To this high exaltation.                 Milton.
    In God all perfections, in their  highest degree
  and exaltation, meet together.          Tillotson,
    You  are as much esteemed, and as much be-
  loved, perhaps more dreaded, than ever you  were
  in your highest exaltation.                 Swift.
4. [In pharmacy.]   Raising a medicine  to
   a  higher degree of virtue, or  an in-
   crease  ofthe most remarkable property
   of any body.                       Quincy.
5. Dignity of a planet  in which its powers
   are increased.
    Astrologers tell us that  the sun receives his ex-
  altation in the sign Aries.                Dryden.

Exa'men, egz-a'men.603 to. s. [Lat.]   Ex-
  amination; disquisition; inquiry.
    This  considered together with a strict account
  and critical examen of reason, will also distract the
  witty determinations of astrology.         Brown.
Exa'minate, egz-am'e-nate. to. s. [exami-
  natus, Lat.]  The  person examined.
    In an examination where a freed servant, who
  having  power with Claudius,  very saucily had  al-
  most all the words, asked  in scorn  one of the exa-
  minates, who was likewise  a freed servant of  Scri-
  bonianus; 1 pray, sir, if Scribonianus had been em-
  peror, what would you have done? He answered, I
  would  have stood behind his chair and held my
  peace.                                 Bacon.

Examination, egz-am-e-na'shiin. to.  a.
  [examinatio, Lat.] The  act  of examin-
  ing by  questions, or experiment;  accu-
   rate disquisition.
    I have brought him forth, that, after examination
  had, I might have somewhat to write.       Acts.
    Different men leaving  out or putting in  several
  simple ideas, according to their various examina-
  tion, skill, or observation of the subject, have dif-
  ferent essences.                         Locke.

Examina'tor,    egz-am'e-na-tilr.   to.  a.
   [Lat.]  An examiner;  an inquirer.
    An inference, net of power to persuade a serious
I  examinator.            Brown's Vulgar Errours. 
EXA                                   EXA                                    EXC
To EXA'MINE, egz-am'in.14°t; . a. [exa-
   mino, Latin.]
1. To try a person  accused or suspected
   by interrogatories.
    Let them examine themselves whether toey re-
  pent them truly.              Church Catechism.
    If we this day be examined of toe good deed done
  to the impotent man.                    Acts.
    We ought, before it be too  late, to examine our
  souls, and provide for futurity.            Wake.
2. To interrogate a witness.
    Command his accusers to come unto thee, by ex-
  amining of whom thyself mayest take knowledge of
  all these things.                         Acts.
3.  To try  the  truth or falsehood of any
   proposition.
4.  To try by experiment,  or observation;
   to narrowly  sift;  to scan.
    To write what may securely stand the test
  Of being well read  over thrice at least,
  Compare each phrase, examine every line,
  Weigh ev'ry word, and ev'ry thought refine. Pope.
5. To make inquiry into; to search into;
   to scrutinize.
    When I began to examine the extent and  cer-
  tainty of our knowledge, I found it had a near con-
  nexion with words.                     Locke.
Exa'miner, egz-am'e-nilr. to. a.  [from
   examine.]
1. One  who  interrogates  a criminal  or
   evidence.
    A crafty clerk, commissioner, or examiner, will
  make a witoess speak what he never truly meant.
                       Hale's Law of England.
2. One  who  searches or tries any thing;
   one who scrutinizes.
    So much diligence  is not altogether necessary,
  but it will promote the success of the experiments,
  and by  a  very scrupulous examiner of things de-
  serves to be applied.          Newton's Opticks.
Exa'mplary,  egz-am'pla-re.  adj.  [from
   example.] Serving  for example or pat-
   tern; proposed to imitation.
    We are not of opinion that nature,  in working,
  hath before her certain examplary draughts or pat-
  terns, which subsisting in the bosom of the Highest,
  and being  thence  discovered, she fixeth her eye
  upon them.                         Hooker.
EXA'MPLE,  egz-am'pl.4?8 to. a. [exem-
   ple. French; exemplum, Latin.]
1.  Copy or pattern; that which  is propo-
   sed to be resembled or imitated.
    The example and pattern of those his creatures
  he beheld in all  eternity.       Raleigh's History.
2. Precedent;  former instance of the like.
    So hot a speed, with such advice dispos'd,
  Such temp'rate order in so fierce a course,
  Doth want example.      Shakspeare's King John.
3. Precedent of  good.
    Let us shew an example to our brethren. Judith.
    Taught this by his example,  whom I now
  Acknowledge my Redeemer ever blest!     MUton.
4. A person fit  to be proposed  as a pat-
   tern.
    Be thou an example of the believers.     1 Tim.
5. One  punrshed  for the  admonition  of
   others.
    Sodom and Gomorrah, giving themselves over to
  fornication, are set forth for an example, suffering
  the vengeance of eternal fire.             Jade.
6. Influence which disposes to imitation.
    When virtue is present, men take examph  at it;
  and when it is gone they desire it.       Wisdom.
    Example is a motive of a very prevailing force
  on the actions of men.                  Rogers.
7. Instance; illustration of a general posi-
  tion by some particular specification.
    Can we, for example, give the praise of valour to
  a man, who, seeing his gods profaned, should want
  the courage to defend them?           Dryden.
8. Instance in which a  rule  is  illustrated
   by an application.
    My reason is sufficiently  convinced both of  the
  truth and usefulness of his precepts: it is to pretend
  that I have, at least in some places, made examples
  to his rules.                         Dryden.
To Exa'mple,  egz-am'pl. v. a. [from the
   noun.]
1. To exemplify; to give an instance of.
    The proof whereof I saw  sufficiently exampled in
  these late wars of Munster.             Spenser.
2. To set an example.
    Do, villainy do, since you profess to do,
  Like workmen, I'll example you with  thievery.
                                  Shakspeare.
Exa'nguious,  ek-sang'gwe-us. adj.  [ex-
   anguis, Lat.] Having no blood; formed
   with animal juices, not sanguineous.
    Hereby they confounded the generation of perfect
  animals wito imperfect, sanguineous with exangui-
  ous.                                Brown.
    The insects, if we take the exanguiows, both ter-
  restrial and aquatick, may for number vie even with
  plants.                                Ray.
Exa'nimate, egz-an'e-mate. adj. [exani-
   matus, Latin.]
1.  Lifeless; dead.
2.  Spiritless;  depressed.
                  The grey morn
  Lifts her pale lustre on the  paler wretch,
  Exanimate by love.           Thomson's Spring.
Exanima'tion, £gz-an-e-ma'shun.   to.   «.
   [from  exanimate. ] Deprivation of life.
                                      Diet.
Exa'nimous, egz-an'e-mus. adj. [exani-
   mis, Lat.] Lifeless; dead; killed.
EX AKT HE'MAT A, eks-an-f/zem'a-ta. to.
   s.  [e%xvS->)f*,x1x/]  Efflorescences; erup-
   tions; breaking out; pustules.
Exanthe'matous, eks-an-c"Aem'a-tlis. adj.
   [from  exanthemata.] Pustulous;  efflo-
   rescent;  eruptive.
To EXA'NTLATE, egz-ant'late. v.  to.
   [exantlo, Latin.]
1. To draw out.
2. To exhaust; to waste away.
    By time those seeds are  wearied or exantlated,
  or unable to act their parts any longer.     Boyle.
Exantla'tion,  eks-ant-la'shfln.   to.   s.
   [from  exantlate.] The act of drawing
   out; exhaustion.
Exara'tion,  eks-ar-a'shfin.  to.  s. [exaro,
   Lat.] The manual act of writing; the
   manner of manual writing.        Diet.
ExARTicui.A'TioN,eks-ar-tik-u-la'shun. to.
   s. [ex  and articulus,  Lat.] The disloca-
   tion of a joint.                     Diet.
To EXA'Sl^ERATE,egz-as'per-ate.  v.
   a.  [exaspero, Latin.]
1. To provoke; to  enrage; to irritate;  to
   anger; to make furious.
                  To take  the widow,
  Exasperates, makes mad her sister Goneril.  Shak.
    The people of Italy, who  run into politicks, have
  something to exasperate them  against  toe  king of
  France.                            Addison.
2. To heighten a difference; to aggravate;
   to embitter.
    Matters grew more exasperate between toe kings
  of England  and France, for the auxiliary forces of
  French and English were much blooded one against j
  another.                             Bacon. \
                  4q2
    When ambition is unable to attain its end, it i=
  not only wearied, but exasperated at the vanity of its
  labours.                             Parnel.
 1.  To exacerbate; to heighten malignity.
    The plaster alone would pen the humour already
  contained in the part, and so exasperate it.  Bacon.
 Exaspera'teu,  egz-as'per-a-tilr.   to. *.
   [from exasperate.] He that exasperates,
   or provokes;  a provoker.
 Exaspera'tion,  egz-as-per-a'shiln.  to. s.
   [from exasperate.]
 1. Aggravation;  malignant representation.
    My going to demand justice upon the five mem-
  bers, my enemies loaded with all the obloquies and
  exasperations they could.           King Charles.
 2.  Provocation;  irritation; incitement to
   rage.
    Their ill usage and exasperations of him, and his
  zeal for maintaining his argument, disposed him to
  take liberty.                       Atterbury.
 To EXAU'CTORATE, egz-awk'to-rate.
   v.  a. [exauctoro, Latin]
 1. To dismiss from service.
 2. To depiive of a benefice.
    Arch hereticks, in the primitive  days of Christia-
  nity, were by the church  treated with no other pu-
  nishment than excommunication, and by exauctora-
  fing and depriving them of toeir degrees therein.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.

 Exauctora'tion, dgz-awk-to-ra'shun.«.
   s.  [from  exauctorate]
 I. Dismission from service.
 2. Deprivation; degradation.
    Deposition, degradation, or exauctoration, is no-
  thing else but the removing of  a person from some
  dignity or order in the church, and depriving him of
  his ecclesiastical preferments.           Ayliffe.
 Excande'scence, eks-kan-des'sense.510 >
 Excande'scency, £ks-kan-des'sen-se.  3
   to.  *.  [excandesco,  Latin.]
 I.  Heat; the state of growing hot.
 2.  Anger; the state of growing angry.
 Excanta'tion, eks-kan-ta'shiin. to. s. [ex-
   canto, Lat.] Disenchantment by a coun-
   tercharm.
 To Exca'rnate, eks-kar'nate.  v. a.  [ex
   and carnes, Lat.] To clear from flesh.
    The spleen is most curiously excarnated, and the
  vessels filled with wax, whereby its fibres and ves-
  sels are very well seen.                  Grew.
 ExcARNiFicA'TioN,eks-kar-ne-fe-ka'sh6n.
   to.  s. [excarnifco, Lat.]  The act of tak-
   ing away the flesh.
 To E'XCAVATE,eks-ka'vate.-y.c. [ex-
   cavo, Lat.] To hollow;  to cut into  hol-
   lows.
    The cups, gilt with a golden  border about the
  brim, were of that wonderful smallness, that Faber
  put a thousand of them into an excavated pepper-
  corn.                    Ray on the Creation.
    Though nitrous tempests, and clandestine death,
  Fill'd the deep caves, and numYous vaults beneath,
  Which form'd with art,  and wro ^ht with endless
      toil,
  Ran through the faithless excavated soil,
  See the unweary'dBriton delves •-' 'way,
  And to the caverns lets in war and day. Blaclanore.
    Flat thecse, some like hats, some like buttons,
  excavated in the middle.     Derham's Phis. Theo.
 Excava'tion, eks-ka-va'shiln. to. s. [from
   excavate.]
 1. The act of cutting inlo  hollows.
 2. The hollow formed; the cavity.
    While our eye measures tbe eminent and tbe hol-
  low parts of pillars, the total object appeartth the
I  bigger; and so, as much as those excavations do 
EX€
EXC
EXC
   subtract, is supplied by a fallacy of the sight.
                           Wotton's ArchUecture.
 To EXCE'ED,  ek-seed'.  v. a. [excedo,
   Latin.]
 1. To go beyond;  to outgo.
    Nor did any of the crusts much exceed half an
   inch in thickness.           Woodward on Fossils.
 2. To  excel;  to  surpass.
    Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth.
                                      1 Kings.
 To Exce'eo, ek-seed'. v.n.
 1. To go  too  far; to pass the  bounds of
   fitness.
    In your prayers, and places of religion, use reve-
   rent postures and great attention, remembering that
   we  speak  to God, in our reverence to whom we
   cannot possibly exceed.                 Taylor.
 2. To go  beyond any limits.
    Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.
                                Deuteronomy.
 3. To bear the greater proportion.
    Justice must punish the rebellious deed;
  Yet punish so, as pity shall exceed.        Dryden.
 Exce'eding, ek-see'ding, participial adj.
   [from exceed.]  Great  in quantity, ex-
   tent,  or duration.
    He saith that cities were built an exceeding space
  of time before the great flood.           Raleigh.
 Exce'eding,  ek-see'ding.  adv.   [This
   word is not analogical,  but  has  been
   long admitted and established.] In a ve-
   ry great degree; eminently.
    The country is supposed to be exceeding- rich.
                                        Abbot.
    The  Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea,
  and contended often with the Venetians for superi-
  ority.                                Raleigh.
    Talk no more so  exceeding proudly; let not arro-
  gance come out of your mouth.           1 Sam.
    The action of the  Iliad and  that of the jEneid
  were in themselves exceeding  short; but are  beau-
  tifully extended  and  diversified  by the  invention of
  episodes, and the machinery of the gods.  Addison.
    The serum of the  blood affords, by distillation,
  an exceeding limpid  water, neither acid nor alka-
  line.                              Arbuthnot.
ExcE'EDiNGLY,ek-see'ding-le. adv. [from
   exceeding.]  To  a great  degree;  great-
   ly; very much.
    They cried out  the  more  exceedingly,  Crucify
  him.                                  Mark.
    Isaac trembled exceedingly.           Genesis.
    The earl of Surrey, lieutenant of Ireland, was
  much feared of the king's enemies,  and exceedingly
  beloved ofthe king's  subjects.            Davies.
    Precious stones look exceedingly well, when they
  are  set in those places which  we would make to
  come out of the picture.                Dryden.
    Is not this medium exceedingly more rare and sub-
  tile  than the air, and exceedingly more elastick and
  active?                      Newton's Opticks.
 To EXCE'L, ek-sel'. v. a.  [excello, Lat.]
   To outgo  in good qualities, to surpass.
    Venus her myrtle, Phoebus has his bays;
  Tea both excels, which you vouchsafe to praise.
                                       Waller.
    How heroes rise, how patriots set,
  Thy father's bloom  and death may tell;
   Excelling others, these were great;
  Thou greater still, must these excel.      Prior.
To Exce'l,  ek-sel'. v. to.  To have  good
  qualities in a great degree; to  be emi-
  nent;  to be great.
   Then to Silvia let us sing,
  That Silvia is excelling.             Shakspeare.
   Reuben, unstable as water, thou shaft not excel.
                                      Genesis.
   Jt is not only in order of nature for him to govern,
  toat  is the more intelligent; but  there is no less re-
   quired, courage to protect, and, above all, honesty
   and probity to abstain from injury: so fitness to go-
   vern is a perplexed business  Some men, some na-
   tions, excel in the one ability, some in toe other.
                             Bacon's Holy War.
     Company are to be avoided that are good for no-
   thing; those to be sought and frequented that excel
   in some quality or other.                Temple.
     He match'd their beauties where they most ex-
       cel,
   Of love sung better,  and of arms as well.  Diyden.
     Let those teach others who themselves excel;
   And censure freely, who have written well.  Pope.
 E'xckllence, Ik'sel-lei.se   )  n. s.  [ex-
 E'xcei.lency, ek'sei-len-se. $    cellence,
   French; excellentia, Latin.]
 1. The  state  of abounding in any good
   quality.
 2.  Dignity; high rank in existence.
     Is it not wonderful, that  base  desires should so
   extinguish m men the sense of their own excellency,
   as to make them willing that their souls should be
   like tbe souls of beasts, mortal and corruptible with
   their bodies?                          Hooker.
     I know not why a fiend may not deceive a crea-
   ture  of more  excellency than himself,  but yet a
   creature.          Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
 3.  The state of excelling in any  thing.
     I have,  amongst men of parts and business, sel-
   dom heard any one  commended for having an ex-
  cellency in musick.                      Locke.
 4.  That in which one excels.
     The criticisms have been made rather to disco-
  ver beauties and excellencies  than their faults and
  imperfections.                        Addison.
 5. Purity; goodness.
     She loves him with that excellence,
  That angels love good men with.      Shakspeare.
 6. A title  of honour. It is now usually ap-
   plied to generals of an army, ambassa-
   dours, and  governours.
    They humbly sue unto your excellence,
  To have a goodly peace concluded of.     Shaksp.
 E'xcellent, ek'sel-lent. adj.  [excellens,
   Latin]
 I. Of  great  virtue;   of  great  worth;  of
   great dignity.
    Arts and sciences are excellent, in order to cer-
  tain ends.                             Taylor.
2. Eminent in any good  quality.
    He is excellent in power and in judgment.  Job.
 E'xcellently, ek'sel-lent-le. adv. [from
   excellent.]
 1. Well in a  high degree.
    He determines  that man was erect, because he
  was made with hands, as he excellently declareth.
                       .Bro.nm's Vulgar Errours.
    That was excellently  observed, says I,  when 1
  read  a passage in an  author, where his opinion
  agrees with mine.                       Swift.
2. To an  eminent degree.
    Comedy is both excellently instructive  and ex-
  tremely pleasant; satire lashes vice into reforma-
  tion ;  and humour represents folly, so as to render it
  ridiculous.                            Dryden.

 To EXCE'PT,  ek-sept'. v. a. [excipio,
   Latin.]
 1. To leave out, and specify as left out of
   a general precept, or  position.
    But when he saith, All things are put under him,
  it is manifest, that he is excepted which did put all
  things under him.                   Corinthians.
                  Adam behold
  Th' effects which toy original crime hath wrought
  In some to spring from thee, who never touch'd
  Th' excepted tree.         Milton's Paradise Lost.
To Exce'pt.  ek-sept'. v. to.  To object;  to
  make objections.
     A succession which our author could not excepf
   against.                                Locke.
 Exet'PT, ek-sept'. prep,  [from the  verb.
   Thisvvord, long taken as a preposition or
   conjunction, is originally the participle
   passive of  the verb;  which,  like most
   others, had for its participle  two termi-
   nations, except or excepted. All, except
   one,  is all, one  excepted. B.xcept may
   likewise be, according  to the Teutonick
   idiom, the imperative mood:  all, except
   one;  that  is,  all but  one,   which you
   must except.]
 I. Exclusively of; without inclusion of.
     Richard except, those whom we fight against,
   Had rather have us win than him they follow.
                                    Shakspeare.
             God and his  Son except,
   Nought valued he nor fear'd.            Milton,
 3.  Unless;  if it be not so that.
     It is necessary to know our duty, because  'tis ne-
   cessary for us to do it; and it is impossible to do it
   excepf we know it.                     Tillotson.
 ExcE'pTiNu,ek-sep'tlng.  prep, [from ex-
   cept. See Except.] Without inclusion
   of;  with  exception of.  An  improper
   word.
     May I not live without  controul and awe,
   Excepting still the letter of the law?       Dryden.
     People come into the world  in Turkey the same
   way toey do  here,  and yet,  excepting the royal fa-
   mily, they get but little by it.            Collier.

 Exce'ption, ek-sep'shiin. to. s. [frome\r-
   cept;  execptio, Latin.]
 1. Exclusion  from  the  things compre-
   hended in a precept, or position; exclu-
   sion of any person   from a general law.
     When God renewed this charter of man's sove-
  reignty over the creature to Noah and his family,
  we find no exception at all; but that Cham stood as
  fully invested with this right as any of his brethren.
                                        South.
     Let the money be raised on land, with an  excep-
  tion to  some of the more barren parts, toat might
  be tax-free.                           Addison.
2. It should  have from before the rule or
   law to which the exception refers; but
   it is sometimes  inaccurately  used  with
   to.
    Pleads, in exception to all gen'ral rules,
  Your taste of follies, with our scorn of fools.  Pope.

3. Thing excepted,  or specified  in ex-
   ception.
    Every act of parliament was  not previous to what
  it enacted, unless those  two, by which the earl of
  Strafford, and  sir John Fenwick lost toeir heads,
  may pass for exceptions.                  Swift.
     Who first taught souls enslav'd, and realms un-
      done,
  Th' enormous faith of many made for one;
  That proud exception to all nature's laws,
  T' invert toe world and counterwork its cause.
                                         Pope.
4. Objection;  cavil: with against or to.
    Your assertion hath drawn  us to make search
  whether these be just exceptions against the customs
  of  our church, when ye plead that they are the same
  which the church of Rome hath, or that they are
  not the  same which some  other reformed churches
  have devised.                          Hooker.
    He may have excepfio?is peremptory against the
  jurors, of which he then shall shew cause. Spenser.
    Revelations will soon be discerned to be extreme-
  ly conducible to reforming men's lives, such as will
  answer all objections and exceptions  of flesh and
  blood againsf it.                     Hammond.
     I will answer what exceptions they can have 
EXC
EXC
EXC
    against our account, and confute all the reasons and
    explications they can give of their own.   Bentley.
  5. Pcevisn dislike;  offence taken: some-
    times with to.
      I fear'd to shew my father Julia's letter,
    Lest he should take exceptions lo my love. Shaksp.
  6. Sometimes with at.
      He first took exception at this badge,
    Pronouncing that the paleness of this flow'r
    Bewray'd the faintuess of my master's heart.
                                     Shakspeare.
  7. Sometimes with  against.
      Roderigo, thou  hast taken against me an excep-
    tion; but I protest I have dealt most directly in thy
    affair.                             Shakspeare.
  8. In this sense  it is commonly used  with
    the  verb take.
      He gave sir James Tirrel great thanks; but foofc
    exception to toe place of their burial, being too base
    for them that were king's children.        Bacon.
  Exceptionable,  ek-sep'shun-a-bl.  adj.
    [from exception.]  Liable to objection.
     The only piece of pleasantry in Milton is where
    the evil spirits rally the angels upon toe success of
    their artillery:  this passage I look upon  to be the
    most excepfionabfe in the whole poem.     Addison.
  Exce'ptious, ek-sep'shfis. adj. [from  ex-
    cept.] Peevish; froward; full  of  objec-
    tions; quarrelsome.
     They are so supercilious, sharp, troublesome,
    fierce, and exceptious, that  they are not only short
    of the true character of friendship, but become the
    very sores of society.                    South.
  Exce'ptive,  ek-sep'tiv.  adj. [from   ex-
    cept] Including an exception.
     Exceptive propositions  will make  complex syllo-
   gisms, as none- but  physicians came to the consul-
   tation: the nurse is no physician, therefore the nurse
   came not to  the consultation.             Watts.
 Exce'ptless, ek-sept'les. adj. [from  ex-
    cept.]   Omitting  or neglecting  all ex-
    ception; general; universal.  Not  in use.
     Forgive my gen'ral and exceptless rashness,
   Perpetual sober gods!  I do proclaim
   One honest man.           Shakspeare's Timon.
 Exce'ptor, ek-sep'uir.186 to. s. [from ex-
    cept.] Oujector; one that makes excep-
    tions.
     The exceptor makes a reflection upon the impro-
   priety of those expressions.              Burnet.
 To  Exce'rn,  ek-sern'. v.  a.  [execrno,
    Latin.]  To strain out;  to separate or
    emit by strainers; to send out by excre-
   tion.
    That which  is dead,  or corrupted, or excerned,
   hath antipathy with toe same thing when it is alive
   and sound, and with those parts which do excern.
                                        Bacon.
    Exercise first sendeth nourishment into the parts;
   and secondly, helpeth to excern by sweat, and so
   maketh the parts assimilate.              Bacon.
    An unguent or pap prepared, with an open vessel
   to excern it into.           Ray on the Creation.
Exce'rption, ek-serp'slnan. n. s. [excerp-
   tio, Latin.]
1. The act of gleaning; selecting.
2. The thing gleaned or selected.
    Times have consumed his works,  saving some
  few exceptions.                      Raleigh.
EXCESS, ek-ses'. n. a.  [exceaaua,  Lat.]
1. More  than enough;  faulty  superfluity.
    Amongst the heaps of these excesses and super-
  fluities, there  is espied the want of a principal part
  of duty.                             Hooker.
    Goodness answers  to the theological virtue chari-
  ty, and admits no excess  but error: the desire of
 power in excess caused the angels to fall; the  desire
 •f knowledge in  excess, caused man to fall; but in
    charity there is no excess, neither can angel or man
    come in danger by it.                   Bacon.
      Members are crooked or distorted, or dispropor-
    tionate to the rest; either in excess or defect.  Ray.
  2. Exuberance; state of exceeding; com-
     parative exuberance.
      Let the superfluous and lust dieted man,
    That braves your ordinance, feel your power quickly;
    So distribution  shall undo excess,
    And each man  have enough.          Shakspeare.
      The several rays  in that white light retain their
    colorifick  qualities, by which those of any sort,
    whenever toey  become more copious than the rest,
    do by  their excess and predominance cause  their
    proper colour to appear.        Newton's Opticks.
  3. Intemperance; unreasonable indulgence
    in meat and drink.
     It was excess  of wine that set him on,
    And on his more advice we pardon him.   Shaksp,
     There will be need of temperance  in  diet; for
    the body, once heavy wito excess and surfeits, hangs
   plummets on the nobler parts.            Duppa.
  4. Violence of passion.
  5. Transgression of due limits.
     A  popular sway, by forcing kings to give
   More than was  fit for subjects to receive,
   Ran  to the same extremes; and one excess
   Made both, by striving to he greater, less. Denham.
     Hospitality sometimes degenerates into profuse-
   ness: even parsimony itself, which sits but ill upon
   a publick figure, is yet the more pardonable excess
   ofthe two.                         Atterbury.
 Exce'ssive,   ek-ses'siv.   adj.   [excessif
    French; from excess]
  1.  Beyond  the  common  proportion  of
    quantity or bulk.
     If panicum be laid below and about the bottom
   of a root, it will cause the root to grow to an exces-
   sive bigness.                           Bacon.
 2. Vehement beyond measure in kindness
   or dislike.
     Be not excessive toward any.            Eccles.
     The people's property it is, by excessive favour to
   bring great men  to misery, and then to be excessive
   in pity                             Hayward.
 Exce'ssively, ek-ses'siv-le. adv. [from
   excessive.] Exceedingly;  eminently; in
   a great degree.
     A man must be excessively stupid, as well as un-
   charitable,  who  believes toere is no  virtue but on
   his own side.                         Addison.
 To  EXCHA'NGE,  eks-tshanje'.  v.  a.
   [exchanger,  French;  excambiare, low
   Latin.]
 1. To give or quit  one thing for the  sake
   of gaining another.
    They shall not sell of it, neither exchange  nor
  alienate the first fruits.                 Ezekiel.
    Exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a spark-
  ling pebble, or a diamond.                Locke.
    Take delight in toe good things  of this world, so
  as to remember that we are to part with them, and
  to exchange them for more excellent and durable
  enjoyments.                        Atterbury.
2. To give  and  take reciprocally.
    Exchange forgiveness wito me, noble Hamlet;
  Mine and my father's blood be not upon thee,
  Nor thine on me.                   Shakspeare.
    Words having naturally no signification, the idea
  must be learned by  those who would exchange
  thoughts, and hold intelligible discourse with Others
                                       Locke.
    Here then exchange we mutally forgiveness,
  So may the guilt of all my broken vows,
  My perjuries to thee be all forgotten.      Rowe.
  It has with before the person with whom
  the  exchange is   made,  andybr before
   the thing taken in exchange.
    The king called in the old money,  and erected
    exchanges where  the weight of old money was ex-
    changed for new.                       Camden.
      Being  acquainted with the laws and fashions of
    his own country, he has something to exchange with
    those abroad.                           Locke.
  Excha'nge, eks-tshanje'.  to.  s. [from the
    verb.]
  1. The act of giving and receiving reci-
    procally.
      And thus they parted, with excliange of harms;
    Much blood the monsters lost, and they their arms.
                                         Waller.
      They lend their corn, they make exchanges; they
    are always ready to serve one another.    Addison.
  2. Traffick by permutation.
      The world is maintained by intercourse; and the
    whole course of nature is a great exchange, in which
    one good turn is, and ought to  be, the stated price
    of another.                            SoufA.
  3. The form  or act of  transferring, pro-
    perly by bills or notes.
     I have  bills for money by exchange
    From Florence, and must here deliver toem.
                                     Shakspeare.
  4. The balance of the money of different
    nations.
     He was skilful in the exchange beyond seas, and
   in all the circumstances and practices thereof.
                         Hayward on Edward YI.
  . The thing  given in  return  for some-
    thing received.
     If none appear to prove upon  thy person
   Thy heinous, manifest, and many treasons,
   There is my pledge; I'll prove it on thy heart.
   —There's my exchange; what in the world he is
   That names me traitor, villain-like he lies. Shaksp.
     Spend all I have,  only give me so much time in
   exchange of it.                      Shakspeare.
     It made not the silver coined go for more than its
   value in all things to  be bought; but just so much
   as the denomination was raised, just so much less
   of commodity had the buyer in exchange for it.
                                         Locke.
    If blood you seek, I will my own resign:
   0 spare her life, and in exchange take mine. Dtyd.
  .  The thing received in return for some-
   thing  given.
    The respect and love which was paid you by all
   who had the happiness to know you, was a wise  ex-
   change for the honours of the court.      Dryden.
    The place where the  merchants  meet
   to negotiate their affairs; place  of sale.
    He that uses toe same words sometimes in one,
  and  sometimes  in another signification, ought to
  pass, in the schools, for as fair a man, as he does in
  the market and  exchange,  who sells several things
  under the same name.                   Locke.
            No thing, no place is strange,
  While his fair bosom is the world's exchange.
                                      Denham.
Excha'nger,  £ks-tshan'jur.  «. *. [from
   exchange.]    One  who  practises  ex-
   change.
    Whilst bullion may be had for a small price more
  than the weight of our current cash, these exchan-
  gers generally chuse rather to buy bullion than run
  the risk of melting down our coin, which is criminal
  by toe law.                            Locke.
Exche'at, eks-tshete'. n.s. See Escheat.
    He by my ruins thinks to make them great:
  To make one great by others loss, is bad excheat.
                                       Spenser.
Exche'ator, eks-tshe'tur. «.  a. See Es-
  CHEATOR.
    These earls and dukes  appointed their special
  officers; as  sheriff, admiral, receiver, havener, cus-
  tomer, butler, searcher, comptroller,  gauger, ex-
  cheator, feodary,  auditor, and clerk of the market.
                                       Carew.
Exche'quer,  eks-tshek'ur. to. a. [exche- 
EXC
EXC
EXC
  quier,  Norman  French;  achaccarium,
  low Latin, from achatz, a treasure, Ger-
  man.]  The court to which are brought
  all  the   revenues  belorging  to  the
  crown. It consists of two parts; where-
  of one  dealeth specially in the hearing
  and deciding of all causes appertaining
  to the  king's coffers: the other is called
  the receipt of the exchequer, which is
  properly employed in the receiving and
  paying of money.   It is also a court of
  record, wherein all causes touching the
  revenues of the crown are handled.
                                     Harris.
    It will be cheater to toem both, and they shall
  be exchequers to me.                Shakspeare.
              Your treasures
  Are quite exhausted, the exchequer's empty. Denh.
    Clipped money will pass whilst the king's bank-
  ers and at last toe exchequer takes it.      Locke.
EXCI'SE, £k-size'. to. a.  [accijs, Dutch;
  excisum, Latin]  A  hateful tax levied
  upon commodities,  and adjudged not
  by the common judges of property, but
  wretches hired by those to whom excise
  is paid.
    The people should  pay a ratable tax for their
  sheep, and  an excise for every thing which they
  should eat.                         Hayioard.
    Ambitious now to take excise
  Of a more fragrant paradise.         Cfearefancf.
                   Excise
  With hundred rows of teeth the shark exceeds,
  And on all trades like cassawar she feeds.  Marvel.
    Hire large houses and oppress the poor,
  By farm'd excise.                     Dryden.
To   Exci'se, ek-size'.  v.  a. [from the
  noun.] To levy excise upon a person or
  thing.
    In south-sea-days, not happier when surmis'd
  The lord of thousands, than if now excis'cf.   Pope.
Exci'seman,  ek-size'man.8S to. s. [excise
  and  man]  An officer  who  inspects
  commodities,  and rates their excise.
Exci'sion,  ek-sizh'un.461  to.  s.  [excisio,
  Latin.] Extirpation;  destruction;  ruin;
  the act of cutting off; the state of being
  cut off.
    Pride is one of  the fatalest instruments of exci-
  sion                           Decay of Piety.
    Such  conquerors  are  the instruments  of ven-
  geance on those nations that have filled up the mea-
  sure of iniquities, and are grown ripe for excision.
                                    Atterbury.
Excita'tion, ek-se-ta'shlin.  to.  s.  [from
  excito, to  excite, Latin.]
1. The act of exciting or putting into mo-
  tion.
    All putrefactions come from  the ambient body,
  either by ingress of the ambient body into the body
  putrefied, or by excUation  and solicitation of the
  body putrefied, by toe body ambient.       Bacon.
2. The act of rousing or awakening.
    The original of sensible and spiritual ideas may
  be owing to sensation and reflection, the recollec-
  tion and fresh excitation of them to other occasions.
                                Watts's Logick.
To  EXCI'TE, ek-site'. v. a. [excito, Lat.]
1. To r use; to animate; to stir up;  to en-
  courage.
    The Lacedemonians were more excifecf to desire
  of honour with the excellent verses of the poet Tir-
  tsus, than with all the  exhortations of their cap-
  tains.                        Spenser's Ireland.
    That kind of poesy which excifes to virtue  the
  greatest men, is of greatest use to human kind.
                                     Dryden.
2. To put in motion; to awaken; to raise.
Exci'tement, ek-site'ment.  to. *.  [from
  excite.]   The  motive by which one is
  stirred up, animated, or put in action.
            How stand I then,
  That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd,
  Excitements of my reason and my blood,
  And let all sleep?          Shakspeare's Tempest.
Exci'ter, ek-si'tur. to. s. [from excite.]
1. One that stirs  up others, or  puts them
  in  motion.
    They never punished the delinquency of the tu-
  mults and their excifers.          King Charles.
2. The cause by which any thing is raised
  or put in motion.
  • Hope is the grand excUer of industry.
                                Decay of Piety.
To  EXCLATM,  eks-klame'. v.  to. [ex-
  clamo, Lat.]
1. To cry out with vehemence;  to make
  an  outcry; to cry out querulously  and
  outrageously.
                This ring,
  Which, when you part from, lose, or give away,
  Let it presage the ruin of your love,
  And be my 'vantage to exclaim on you.    Shaksp.
    Those who exclaim against foreign tyranny, do, to
  this intestine usurper, make an entire  dedition of
  themselves.                     Decay of Piety.
    The most insupportable of tyrants exclaim against
  the exercise of arbitrary power.       L'Estrange.
2. To declare with loud vociferation.
    Is Cade the son  of Henry the fifth,
  That thus you do excfaim you'll go  with him ?
                                   Shakspeare.
Excla'im, eks-klame'. to. s. [from  the
  verb.] Clamour; outcry. Now disused.
    Alas, the part I had in Glo'ster's blood
  Doth more solicit me than your exclaims,
  To stir against the butchers of his life.    Shaksp.
Excla'imer, eks-kla'mur. n. s. [from ex-
  claim.]  One that makes vehement out-
  cries; one that  speaks  with  great heat
  and passion.
    I must tell this exclaimer, that his manner of pro-
  ceeding is very strange and unaccountable.  Atterb.
Exolama'tion,   eks-kla-ma'shun.   ».  s.
  [exclamatio, Lat.]
I. Vehement outcry; clamour; outrageous
  vociferation.
    The ears of toe people are  continually  beaten
  with exclamations against abuses in the church.
                            Hooker, Dedication.
    Either be patient, or intreat me fair,
  Or with the clamorous report of war,
  Thus will I drown your exclamations.   Shakspeare.
2.  An emphatical utterance; a pathetical
  sentence.
    0 Musidorus! Musidorus! but what serve excfa-
  mafions, where there  are no ears  to  receive  the
  sound?                               Sidney.
i. A note by which a pathetical sentence
  is marked thus  [!]

Excla'matory,   eks-klam'a-tiir-e.512 6"
  adj. [from exclaim]
1. Practising exclamation.
2. Containing exclamation.
To  EXCLU'DE, eks-klude'. v.  a. [ex-
  clude, Latin.]
I. To shut out;  to  hinder  from  entrance
  or admission.
    Fenc'd with hedges and deep ditches round,
  Exclude the incroaching cattle from thy ground.
                              Dryden's Virgil.
    Sure I am, unless I win in arms.
  To stand exefutfeef from Emilia's charms.   Dryden.
    Bodies do each singly possess its proper portion,
  according to the extent of its solid parts, and there-
  by excfMcte all other bodies from that space. Locke.
    Though  these three  sorts of substances do not
  exclude one  another out of the same place, yet we
  cannot conceive but that they must necessarily each
  of toem exefnefe any of the  same kind out of the
  same place.                           Locke.
    If the church be so unhappily contrived as to
  exefude from its  communion such persons likeliest
  to have great abilities, it should be altered. Swift.
2.  To debar; to  hinder  from  participa-
   tion;  to prohibit.
    Justice, that sits and  frowns where public laws
  Exclude soft mercy from a private cause,
  In your tribunal most herself does please;
  There only smiles, because she lives at ease. Dryd.
    This is  Dutch partnership,  to share in all our
  beneficial bargains,  and exclude  us  wholly from
  theirs.                                Swift,
3.  To except in any position.
4.  Not  to  comprehend  in any grant or
   privilege.
    They separate from all apparent hope of life and
  salvation, thousands whom the goodness ofsdmightj
  God doth not exclude.                  Hooker.
5.  To dismiss from the womb or egg.
    Others ground this disruption upon their conti-
  nued or protracted  time  of delivery, wherewith
  excluding but one a-day, the latter brood impatient
  by a forcible proruption, antidates their period of
  exclusion.             Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Exclu'sion, eks-klu'shiin. n. s.  [from ex-
   elude.]
1.  The  act  of shutting out or denying ad-
   mission.
    In bodies  that need detention of spirits, the ea>
  clusion of the air doth good; but in bodies that need
  emission of spirits,  it doth hurt.          Bacon.
2. Rejection; not reception in any manner.
    If he is for an entire  exefusion of fear, which is
  supposed to have some influence in every law, he
  opposes himself to every government.    Addison.
3.  The  act  of  debarring from  any privi-
   lege or participation.
4.  Exception.
    There was a question asked at toe table, whe-
  ther the French king would agree to have the dis-
  posing of the marriage of Bretagne, with an ex-
  ception and exclusion that he should not marry her
  himself?                   Bacon's Henry VU.
5.  The  dismission of the young from the
   egg or womb.
    How were it possible the womb should contain
  the  child, nay sometimes twins, 'till they come to
  their due perfection and maturity for exclusion? Ray.
6.  Ejection; emission; thing emitted.
    The salt and lixiviated serosity,  with some por-
  tion of choler, is divided  between the guts and
  bladder, yet it remains undivided in  birds, and
  hath but a single descent by  the guts with the ex-
  clusions of the belly.                   Brown-
Exclu'sive, eks-klu-siv.168 428  adj. [from
   exclude.]
I.  Having the power of excluding or de-
   nying admission.
            They obstacle find none
  Of membrane, joint, or limb,  exclusive bars:
  Easier than air with air, if spirits embrace,
  Total they mix.          Milton's Paradise Lost.
2.  Debarring from  participation.
    In scripture there is no such thing as an heir that
  was, by right of  nature, to  inherit all, exefusireof
  his brethren.                           Locke-
3.  Not taking into an account or number:
   opposed to inclusive.
    I  know not whether he reckons the  dross, exclu-
  sive  or  inclusive, with his three hundred and sixty
  tons of copper.                         Swift,
4.  Excepting. 
EXC
EXC
EXC
Exclusively, eks-klu'slv-le. adv. [from
   exclusive.]
 1.  Without  admission  of another to par-
   ticipation: sometimes with to, properly
   with of.
    It is not easy to discern, among the many differ-
  ing substances obtained from the same portion of
  matter, which ought to be esteemed, exclusively to
  all the rest,  its inexistent elementary ingredients;
  much  less  what primogenial  and  simple bodies,
  convened together, compose  it.            Boyle.
    Ulysses addresses himself to toe queen chiefly or
  primarily, but not excfustrefy of the king. Broome.
2.  Without comprehension  in an account
   or number; not inclusively.
     The first part lasts from the date of ihe citation
  to the joining of issue, excficsivefi/: the second con-
  tinues to a conclusion in the cause, inclusively.
                             Ayliffe's Parergon.
 To Exco'ct, £ks-kokt'.   v.  a.  [excoctus,
   Lat.]  To boil up;  to make by boiling.
    Salt and sugar, excocted by heat, are dissolved by
  cold and moisture.       Bacon's Natural History.
 To Exco'gitate, eks-kodje'e-tate. v  a.
   [excogito, Lat.]   To  invent; to  strike
   out by thinking.
     if the wit of man had been to contrive this organ,
  what could he have possibly excogitated more accu-
  rate?                                 More.
     The tradition ef the origination of mankind seems
  to be universal: but the particular methods of that
  origination excogitated by toe heathen, were parti-
  cular.               Hale's Origin of Mankind.
     We  shall  find them to be little else than  exco-
  gitated and invented models, not much arising from
  tlie true image of the things  themselves.      Hale.
Exoommu'nicable,   eks-kom-mu'ne-ka-
   bl. adj.  Liable  or  deserving to  be ex-
   communicated.
    Perhaps  excommunicable; yea, and cast out for
  notorious improbity.                   Hooker.
To  Excommu'nicate,   eks-kom-mu'ne-
  kate.623   v.  a.   [excommunico,   low
   Latin.]  To eject from the communion
   of the visible church by an ecclesiasti-
   cal censure;  to interdict from  the par-
   ticipation of holy  mysteries.
    Thou shalt stand curst and excommunicate;
  And blessed shall he be, that doth revolt
  From his allegiance to an heretick.        Shaks.
    What if they  shall excommunicate me, hath toe
  doctrine of meekness any salve for me then ?
                                   Hammond.
     The Office is performed by the parish-priest at
  interment, but not unto persons excommunicated.
                                       Ayliffe.
Excommunica'tion, eks-kom-mu-ne-ka'-
   shiin. to. s. [from excommunicate.]  An
   ecclesiastical interdict; exclusion from
   the fellowship  of the  church.
    As for excommunication, it neither shutteth out
  from  the  mystical, nor clean from toe  visible
  church; but only from fellowship  with the visible
  in holy duties.                        Hooker.
To EXCO'RIATE, eks-ko're-ate.  v. a.
   To flay; to strip off the  skin.
    An hypersarcosis arises upon the excoriated eye-
  lid, and turneth it outward.            Wiseman.
    A  looseness proves  often  a fatal symptom in
  fevers;  for it weakens,  excoriates, and  inflames
  the bowels.                        Arbuthnot.
Exc>)Kia'tion,  eks-ko-re-a'shun.   to.  s.
  [from  excoriate]
I. Loss of skin; privation of  skin; the  act
  of flaying.
    The pituite secerned in  the nose, mouth, and
 intestines, is not an excrementitious, but a laudable
  humour, necessary for  defending those parts from
  excoriations.                       Arbuthnot.
2. Plunder; spoil;  the act  of stripping of
   possessions.
    It hato marvellously enhanced the revenues of
  the crown, though with a pitiful excoriation of the
  poorer sort.                           Howel.
Excortioa'tion, eks-kor-te-ka'shtin. n. s.
   [from ex and cortex, Latin.]   Pulling
   the bark off any thing.          Quincy.
To E'xcreate, £ks'kre-ate. v. a. [excreo,
   Latin.]   To   eject at  the  mouth  by
   hawking, or forcing  matter  from the
   throat.

E'XCREMENT, eks'kre-ment. n.s. [ex-
   crementum, Lat.]  That which  is thrown
   out as useless,  noxious,  or corrupted
   from the natural passages of the  body.
    We  see that  those  excrements, that are of the
  first digestion, smell the worst; as the excrements
  from toe belly.                         Bacon.
    It fares with politick  bodies as with the physical;
  each would convert  all into their own proper sub-
  stance, and cast forth as excrement what will not
  so be changed.                       Raleigh,
             Their sordid avarice rakes
  In excrements, and hires the very jakes.  Dryden.
    Farce, in itself, is of a nasty scent;
  But the gain smells not of the excremenf.    Dryd.
    You may find, by  dissection,  not  only their
  stomachs  full of meat, but their intestines full of
  excrement.                           Bentley.
    The excrements of horses are nothing but hay,
  and, as such, combustible.           Arbuthnot.
Excreme'ntal,   eks-kre-men'tal.   adj.
   [from excrement.]  That is voided as
   excrement.
    God hato given virtues to  springs, fountains,
  earth,  plants,  and the excremental parts  of  the
  basest living creatures.                 Raleigh.
Exorementi'tious, eks-kre-men-tish'us.
   adj.  [from excrement.]  Containing  ex-
   crements; consisting  of matter txcre-
   ted from the body; offensive or useless
   to the body.
    The excrementitious  moisture  passeth  in birds
  through a fairer and more delicate strainer than in
  beasts.                              Bacon.
    Toil of the mind  destroys  health, by attracting
  toe  spirits  from  their  task of concoction  to  the
  brain; whither toey carry along with them clouds
  of vapours and excrementitious humours.  Harvey.
    The lungs are the grand emunctory ofthe body;
  and the main end  of  respiration is continually to
  discharge and expel  an excrementitious fluid out of
  the mass of blood.                  Woodward.
    An  animal fluid no ways  excrementitious, mild,
  elaborated, and nutritious.           Arbuthnot.
Excre'scence, eks-kres'sense.
Excre'scency, eks-kres'sen-se.610 _
   [excre'sco, Latin.]   Somewhat growing
   out of another without use, and contrary
   to  the  common  order  of production;
   preternatural production.
    All beyond this is monstrous, 'tis out of nature,
  'tis an  excrescence, and  not a  living part of poetry.
                                     Dryden.
    We  have little more  than  toe excrescencies of
  the Spanish monarchy.                Addison.
    They are the excrescencies of our souls; which,
  like  our hair and beards, look horrid or becoming
  as we cut or let them grow.               Tatler.
    Tumours and  excrescencies of plants,  out  of
  which  generally issues  a fly or a worm, are at first
  made by such insects which wound the tender buds.
                                     Bentley.
Excre'soent,  eks-kres'sent.  adj.  [ex-
n. s.
   crescens, Latin.]  That grows out  of
   another  with preternatural  superfluity.
    Expunge the whole, or lop th' excrescent parts
  Of all, our vices have created arts:
  Then see how little the remaining sum,
  Which  serv'd  toe past, and  must  toe times to
      come.                             Pope.
Excre'tion, eks-kre'shun. to. s. [excretio,
   Latin.]
1. Separation of  animal substance;  eject-
   ing somewhat  quite out of the body, as
   of no  further  use,  which is called ex-
   crement.                        Quincy.
    The symptoms of the excretion of the bile vitia-
  ted, are a yellowish  skin, white hard faeces, loss of
  appetite, and lixivial urine.            Arbuthnot.
2. The thing excerned.
    The moss from  apple-trees is little better than
  an excretion.                           Bacon.
Excre'tive, eks-kre'tiv. adj.  [excretus,
   Latin.]   Having the  power of separa-
   ting and ejecting  excrements.
    A diminution  of the body happens by the excre-
  tive faculty, excerning and  evacuating more  than
  necessary.                            Harvey.
E'xcretory, eks'kre-tiir-e. adj. [from ex-
   cretion.]  Having the quality of  sepa-
   rating  and  ejecting  superfluous  parts.
E'xcretorv,  eks'kre-tiir-e.  to. s.    The
   instrument of excretion.
    JExcrefories of the body are nothing but  slender
  slips ofthe arteries, deriving an appropriated juice
  from the blood.                        Cheyne.
Exoru'ciable,   eks-kr66'she-a-bl.   adj.
   [from  excruciate.]   Liable to torment.
                                       Diet.
To EXCRU'CIATE,  eks-kr66'she-ate.
   6&v. a. [excrutio, Latin.] To torture; to
   torment.
    And here my  heart long time excruciate,
  Amongst the leaves I rested all toat night.
                                    Chapman.
    Leave them as long as they keep their hardness
  and impenitent hearts, to those gnawing and excru-
  ciating fears, those whips  of the divine Nemesis,
  that frequently  scourge even atheists themselves.
                                     Bentley.
Excuba'tion,  eks-ku-ba'shun. to. s. [ex-
   cubatio,  Latin.]  The act of watching
   ail night.                           Diet.
To Excu'lpate,  eks-kfil'pate.  v. a.  [ex
   and culpo, Latin.]   To  clear from  the
   imputation of a fault.
    A good child will not seek to exculpate herself at
  the expence ofthe most revered characters. Clarissa.
To Exco'r, eks-kur'. v. to.   To pass be-
   yond limits.   Not used.
    His disease was an asthma,  oft excumng- to an
  orthopnoeia; the cause, a  translation of tartarous
  humours  from his joints to his lungs.       Harvey.
Excur'sion, eks-kur'shiln. n.  s. [excur-
   sion, French; excurro, Latin]
1. The act of deviating from the stated or
   settled path; a  ramble.
    The muse whose  early voice you taught to sing,
  Prescrib'd her heights, and prun'd her tender wing;
  Her guide now lost, no more attempts to rise,
  But in low  numbers short excursions tries.   Pope.
2. An expedition  to some distant  part.
    The mind extends its thoughts often beyond the
  utmost expansion of matter, and makes excursions
  into that  incomprehensible.               Locke.
3. Progression beyond fixed limits.
    The causes of those great excttrsions of the sea-
  sons into  toe extremes of cold  and heat, are very
  obscure.                           Arbuthnot. 
EXC                                     EXE                                      EXE
4. Digression; ramble  from a subject.
    Expect not that I should beg  pardon for this ex-
  cursion, 'till I think it a digression, to insist on the
  blessedness of Christ in heaven.            Boyle.
    I am too weary to  allow myself any excursion
  from  the main design.                Atterbury.
Excu'rsive,  eks-kfirViv.lfi7  adj.  [from
   excurro,  Latin.]  Rambling; wander-
   ing; deviating.
    But why so far excursive, when at hand
  Fair-handed  Spring  unbosoms  every  grace,
                                     Thomson.
Excu'sable,  eks-ku'za-bl.  adj.   [from
   excuse.]  Pardonable; that  for  which
   some  excuse or  apology  may  be ad-
   mitted.
    Though  he were already stept into the winter of
  his age, he found himself  warm in  those  desires,
  which were in his son far more excusable.  Sidney.
    Learned   men  are excusable  in  particulars,
  whereupon our salvation dependeth not.   Raleigh.
                 Not only that;
  That were  excusable, that and thousands more
  Of semblable import.                Shakspeare.
    For his  intermeddling  with arms he is the more
  excwsaofe,  because many others of  his coat  are
  commanders.                         Howel.
     Before toe gospel, impenitency was much more
  excuso&fe, because men were ignorant.   Tillotson.
Excu'sableness,  eks-ku-za/bl-nes.  to. s.
   [from   excusable]     Pardonableness;
   capability to be  excused.
    It  may satisfy others of the  excusdbleness of my
  dissatisfaction,  to peruse toe  ensuing relation.
                                        Boyle.

Excusa'tion, eks-ku-za'shiin. to. s. [from
   excuse.]  Excuse;  plea; apology.
    Prefaces,  excusations,  and  other  speeches of
  reference to  the person, though they seem to pro-
  ceed of modesty, they are bravery.         Bacon.
     Goodness  to  be  admired, that it refuted not his
  argument  in the punishment of his excusation.
                                       Brown.
Exc u's atory,   eks-ku'za-tfir-e.sia   adj.
   [from excuse/]   Pleading excuse; apo-
   logetical; making apology.

 To EXCU'SE, eks-kuze'.i" v. a.[excu-
   so, Latin.]
 1. To extenuate by apology.
     Bad  men excuse  their faults, good men  will
         leave them;
   He acts the  third crime that defends the first.
                                    Ben Jonson.
 2. To disengage from  an obligation;  to
   remit attendance.
     I  have  bought a piece of ground,  and I must
   needs go and see it:  I pray thee have me excused.
                                         Luke.
     Laud attended throughout  that whole journey,
   which he was not obliged to do,  and  no doubt
   would have been excusecf from it.      Clarendon.
 3. To remit; not to exact:  as, to excuse  a
   forfeiture.
 4. To weaken or mollify obligation to any
   thing; to  obtain remission.
     Nor  could  the real danger of leaving  toeir
   dwellings  to go up to the  temple, excuse  toeir
   journey.                               South.
 5. To pardon by allowing  an  apology.
     0 thou  whoe'er thou art, excuse the force
   These men  have us'd; and 0 befriend our course!
                                      Addison.
           Excuse some courtly strains;
   No whiter page than Addison's remains.    Pope.
 6. To throw of imputation by  a feigned
   apology.
     Think you that we excuse ourselves unto ypu ?
                                  2 Corinthians.
7. To justify;  to  vindicate.  This  sense
   is rare.
    Accusing or else excusing one another.    Rom.
Excu'se, eks-kuse'. to. s. [from the verb.
   The last syllable of the verb  is sounded
   as if written excuze,  that of the noun
   with the natural sound.]
 I. Plea offered in extenuation;  apology.
    I was set upon by some of your  servants, whom
  because I have in my just defence evil entreated,
  I came to make my excuse to you.         Sidney.
    Begone, I will not hear thy vain excuse;
  But, as  thou lov'st thy life, make speed  from
      hence.                         Shakspeare.
    As good success admits no  examination, so  the
  contrary  allows of  no excuse, how reasonable or
  just soever.                           Raleigh.
    We find out some excuse or other for  referring
  good resolutions, 'till  our  intended retreat is cut
  off by death.                          Addison.
2. The  act of excusing or apologizing.
    Heaven put it in thy mind to take it hence,
  That thou might'st win the more thy father's love,
  Pleading so wisely in excuse  of it.      Shakspeare.
3. Cause for which one is excused.
    Let no vain hope your easy mind seduce;
   For rich ill poets are without excuse.   Roscommon.
    Nothing but love  this patience could  produce;
   And I allow your rage that kind excuse.  Dryden.
Excu'seless,  eks-kuse'les.  adj.   [from
   excuse.]  That  for  which  no  excuse
   or apology can  be given.
    The voluntary enslaving myself is exensefess.
                                Decay of Piety.
 Excu'ser, eks-ku'zdr. to. s. [from excuse.]
 1. One  who pleads for another.
    In vain would his excusers  endeavour to palliate
   his enormities, by imputing them to madness. Swift.
 2. One  who forgives  another.

 To EXCU'SS, eks-kus'. v. a.  [excussus,
   Lat.]  To seize and detain by law.
    The person of a man ought not, by toe civil law,
   to be taken for a debt, unless his goods and estate
   has been first excussed.                  Ayliffe.
 Excu'ssion, dks-kush'i'in. to. s. [excussio,
   Lat.]   Seizure by  law.
     If upon an  excussion there are  not  goods to
   satisfy  the judgment,  his body maybe attached.
                                       Ayliffe.
 E'xecrable,  ek'se-kra-bl. adj. [execra-
   bilis, Latin.]   Hateful; detestable;  ac-
   cursed; abominable.
     For us to change that which he hath established,
   they hold it execrable pride  and presumption.
                                       Hooker.
     Of toe visible church  of Jesus Christ those may
   be, in respect of their outward profession; who, in
   regard of their inward disposition, are most worthily
   both hateful in  the sight of God himself, and in the
   eyes of the sounder parts of the visible church most
   execrable.                            Hooker.
     Give sentence on  this execrable wretch,
   That hath been breeder of these dire events.
                                    Shakspeare.
     When execrobfe Troy in ashes lay,
   Through fires, and swords,  and seas, they  fore'd
           their way.                    Dryden.
 E'xecrably,  ek'se-kra-ble. adv.  [from
   execrable]   Cursedly; abominably.
     'Tis fustian all, 'tis execrably bad;
   But if they will be fools, must you be mad? Dryd.

 To   E'XECRATE,  ek'se-krate.   v. a.
   [execror,  Lat.]   To  curse;   to  impre-
   cate  ill upon; to abominate.
     Extinction of some  tyranny, by the indignation
   of a people, makes way for some form contrary to
   that which toey lately execrated and  detested
                                       Temple.
Execra'tion, ek-se-kra'shun. «. s. [from
  execrate]   Curse; imprecation of evil.
    Mischance and sorrow go along with you,
  And threefold vengeance tend upon your steps!
  —Cease,  gentle queen, these execrations.  Shaks.
    For this  we may thank  Adam! but his thanks
  Shall be the execration.                 Milton.
    The Indians, at naming the devil, did  spit on
  the ground in token of execration.     StillingjUtt.
To EXE'CT, ek'sekt. v. a. [execo, Latin.]
   To cut out; to cut away.
    Were it not for the effusion of blood which would
  follow an  exection,  the liver  might not only be
  exected, but its office supplied  by the spleen and
  other parts.                          Haney.
Exe'ction, £ks-ek'slmn. to. s. [from exect.]
   The act of cutting out.   See EXECT.

To E'XECUTE,  ek'se-kute.  v. a. [exe.
   quor, Latin.]
I. To perform; to practise.
    Against all  the  gods of Egypt I will execuk
  judgment.                            Exodus.
    He casts into  toe balance  the promise of an-
  ward to such as should  execute, and of punishment
  to such as should neglect their commission. South.
2. To put in  act; to do what  is planned or
   determined.
    Men may not devise laws, but are bound for erer
  to use and exeewfe those which God hath delivered.
                                      Hooter.
    The government here is so regularly disposed,
  that it almost executes itself.             Swift.
    Absalom pronounced sentence of death against
  his brother, and had it executed too.       Locke-
3. To  put to de^ath according to form of
   justice; to punish capitally.
    Fitzosborn was executed under him, or discard-
  ed into foreign service for a pretty shadow of ex-
  ilement.                             Spenser.
    Sir  William Bremingham  was  executed  for
  treason.                             Davies.
    O Tyburn, could'st thou reason and dispute,
  Could'st thou but judge as well as execute,
  How often wou'dst thou change the felon's doom,
  And truss some stern chief justice in his room!
                                      Dryden.
4. To put to  death; to kill.
    The treacherous Fastolfe wounds my peace,
  Whom with my bare fists I would exeewfe,
  If I now had him.                  Shakspeare-
 To E'xecute, ek'se-kute. v. to.  To per-
   form the proper office.
    The cannon against  St.  Stephen's gate cxecnied
  so well, that the portcullis and  gate were broken,
  and entry opened into the city.    Sir J. Hayward.

E'xecuter,  ek'se-ku-tur.   «.  a.   [from
   execute.]
 I. He that performs or executes any  thing.
           My sweet mistress
  Weeps when she sees me work, and says such
         baseness.
   Had ne'er like execufer.            Shakspeare-
    Sophocles and Euripides, in their most beautiful
  pieces, are impartial exeewfers of poetick justice.
                                       Dennis.
2. He that is intrusted to perform the will
   of a testator.   In  this  sense the accent
   is  on the second syllable.
    Let's chuse executers, and talk of wills;
  And yet not so; for what can we bequeath!
                                   Shakspeare.
3. An  executioner;   one who puts others
   to death.   Disused.
    The sad ey'd justice with his surly hum,
  Delivers o'er to executers pale
  The lazy  yawning drone.             Shakspeare.

 Exe'cutershtp,  egz-ek'u-tur-ship.  n.s.
   [from  executer.]  The office  of him 
EXE                                     EXE                                      EXE
    that is appointed to perform the will of
    the defunct.
      For fishing for testaments and execufersfttps it is
    worse,  by how much men submit themselves  to
    mean persons, than in service.            Bacon.
  Execu'tion,  ek-se-ku'shun.  to.  a. [from
    execute.]
  1. Performance; practice.
      When things are come to toe execution, there is
   no secrecy comparable to celerity.        Bacon.
          I wish no better
   Than have  him hold  toat purpose, and to put it
   In exeewtion.                       Shakspeare.
      I like thy counsel; and how well I like it,
   The execution of it shall make known.      Shaks.
      The excellency of the  subject contributed  much
    to the happiness of the execution.        Dryden.
  2. The Jast act of the law in civil  causes,
    by  which  possession is given of body or
    goods.
      Sir Richard was committed to the fleet in exe-
   cution for toe whole six thousand pounds.  Clarend.
  3. Capital punishment;  death  inflicted by
    forms of law.
                   Good rest.
   —As wretches have o'er night,
   That wait for execufion in the morn.   Shakspeare.
                  I have seen,
   When, after execution, judgment hath
   Repented o'er his doom.             Shakspeare.
      Laws support those crimes  toey checkt before,
   And  executions now affright no more.      Creech.
  4. Destruction; slaughter.
      Brave Macbeth, with his brandish'd steel,
   Which smok'd with bloody execution,
   Carv'd out his passage.              Shakspeare.
      The  exeewfton had been too cruel, and far ex-
   ceeding the bounds of ordinary hostility. Hayward.
 5. It is used with tie  verb do.
     When the  tongue  is  the weapon, a man may
   strike where he cannot reach, and a word shall do
   execution  both  further and  deeper than the migh-
   tiest blow.                             South.
     Ships of such  height and  strength, toat his ves-
   sels could cfo no  execution upon them.      Arbuth.
 Execu'tioner,   ek-se-ku'shun-tir. to. s.
   [from execution.]
  1. He that  puts in  act, or executes; in
   this sense  executer is now more  used.
     It is a comfort to the executioners of this office,
   when they consider that they cannot be guilty of
   oppression.                           Bacon.
     The heart of every man was in the hand of God,
   and he could have made them executioners of his
   wrath upon one another.              Woocfwarcf.
     In  this case  every man hato a right to punish
   the offender,  and be the exeewfioner of the law of
   nature.                                Locke.
2. Hrt  that inflicts capital punishment; he
   that  puts to  death according to the sen-
   tence ofthe  law.
    He, born of the greatest blood, submitted him-
  self to be servant to the executioner that should put
  to death Musidorus.                    Sidney.
    The deluge was not sent only as an executioner to
  mankind,  but its  prime errand was to reform the
  earth.                            Woodward.
3. He that kills; he  that  murders.
    I< not the causer of the timeless deaths,
  As  blameful as the executioner?       Shakspeare.
    I would not  be thy executioner:
  I fly thee, for r would not injure thee;
  Thou  tell'st me there is murder in mine eyes.
                                   Shakspeare.
4. The instrument by which any thing is
   performed.
                 All along
  The walls, abominable ornaments!
  Aro tools of wrath, anvils of  torments hung,
  Fell executioners  of foul intents.         Crashaw.
      VOL. I.
  Exe'cutive, egz-ek'u-tiv.478  adj. [from
    execute.]
  I. Having the quality of executing or per-
    forming.
      They are the nimblest,  agile, strongest instru-
   ments, fittest to be  executive of the commands of
   the souls.                               Hale.
  2. Active; not deliberative; not legislative;
    having the power to put in act the laws.
      The Roman emperors were possessed of the whole
   legislative as well as executive power.    Addison.
      Hobbes confounds the executive with the legisla-
   tive power, though all well instituted states have ever
   placed them in different hands.            Swift,
  Exe'cutrix, egz-ek'u-triks. to. *. [from
    [execute.] A woman intrusted  to per-
    form the will of the testator.
      He did, after the death  of the earl, buy of his
   executrix the remnant of the term.         Bacon.
  ExEGE'sis,eks-e-je'sis.478e20TO.s.[«|^yj}o-<{.]
    An explanation.
  Exege'tical, eks-e-jet'e-kal. adj. [ifyyii-
   tiicos.]  Explanatory; expository.
      I have here and there interspersed some critical
   and some exegetical notes  fit for learners to know,
   and not unfit for some teachers to read.   Waffter.
  Exe'mplar,  egz-em'plar.88 w.  a.  [exem-
   plar, Lat.] A pattern; an example to be
   imitated.
     The idea and exemplar of the world was first in
   God.                                Raleigh.
     They began at a known body, a barleycorn, toe
   weight whereof is therefore called a grain; which
   ariseth,  being multiplied  to scruples, drachms,
   ounces, and pounds, and then those weights, as toey
   happen to take them, are  fixed by authority,  and
   exemplars of them publickiy kept.        Holder.
     If he intends to murder his prince, as Cromwell
   did, he must persuade him that he resolves nothing
   but his safety; as the same grand exemplar hypocrisy
   did before.                            SoufA.
     Best poet! fit exemplar for the tribe
   Of Phoebus.                           Philips.
 Exe'mplarily,  egz'em-plar-e-le.   adv.
   [from exemplary.]
 I. In such a manner as deserves imitation.
    She is exemplarily loyal in a  high exact obedi-
  ence.                                 Howel.
 2. In such a  manner as may warn others.
    Some he punished exemplarily in this world, that
  we  might from thence have a taste  or glimpse of
  his  future justice.                    Hakewill.
    If he had shut toe commons house, whilst their
  champions were exemplarily punished, their juris-
  diction would probably  in a short time have been
  brought within due limits.            Clarendon.

 Exe'mplariness, egz'em-plar-e-nes. to. a.
   [from exemplary.] State of standing as
   a pattern to be copied.
    In Scripture we find several titles given to Christ,
  which import his exemplariness as of a prince and a
  captain, a master and a guide.         Tiffofson.

 ExE'MPLARY,egz'£m-plar-e.478 adj. [from
   exemplar.]
 1. Such as may  deserve  to be proposed to
  imitation, whether persons or  things.
    The archbishops and bishops have the government
  of the church; be not you the mean to prefer any
  to those places, but only for their learning, gravity,
  and worth: their lives and doctrine ought to be ex-
  emplary.                              Bacon.
    If all these were exemplary in the conduct of their
  lives, religion would receive a mighty encourage-
  ment,                                  swift.
2. Such  as may  give warning to  others.
    Had the tumults been  repressed by exemplary jus-
  tice, I had obtained all that I designed.
                                 King  Charles.
      4r
  3. Such as may  attract notice and imita-
    tion.
     Awaking therefore, as who long had dream'd,
   Much of my women and their gods asham'd,
   From this abyss of exemplary vice
   Resolv'd, as time might aid my thought, to rise.
                                         Prior.
     When any duty is fallen under a general disuse
   and neglect, in such a case  the most visible and ex-
   emplary performance  is required.         Rogers.
  Exemplification,   egz-em-ple-fe-ka/-
    shun. to. *. [from exemplify.] A copy;
    a transcript.
     An ambassador of  Scotland demanded an exem-
   plification of the articles of peace.      Hayward.
     A love of vice as such, a delighting in sin for its
   own sake, is an imitation, or rather an exemplifica-
   tion, of the malice of the devil.           SoufA.
  To Exe'mplify, egz-em'ple-fi.188 v. a.
   [from exemplar/]
  I. To illustrate by  example.
     This might be exemplified even by heaps of  rites
   and  customs, now superstitious in the greatest part
   of the christian world.                 Hooker.
     Our author has exemplified his precepts in the
   very precepts themselves.             Spectator:
     A satire may be exemplified by pictures, charac-
   ters, and examples.                      Pope.
 2. To transcribe; to copy: in the juridical
   sense, to take an attested copy.

 To EXE'MPT,egz-emt'.412v.a. [exempt-
   us, Lat.]  To privilege; to grant immu-
   nity from.
             Things done well,
   And  with a care, exempt themselves from fear:
   Things done without example, in their issue
   Are to be fear'd.                    Shakspeare.
     The religious were not exempted, but fought among
   the other soldiers.                      KnoUes.
     The emperors exempted toem  from all  taxes, to
   which they subjected merchants without exception.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 Exe'mpt, egz-emt'. adj. [from the verb.]
 l.Free by privilege.
     Be it my wrong you are from me exempt;
   But wrong not toat wrong with a mere  contempt.
                                    Shakspeare.
     An abbot cannot, without the  advice of his con-
   vent, subject his monastery to any, from whose ju-
   risdiction such monastery was exempted.   Ayliffe.
 2. Not subject;  not  liable to.
     Do not once hope, that thou canst tempt
   A spirit so resolv'd to tread
     Upon thy throat, and live exempt
   From all the nets that thou canst spread.
                                  Ben Jonson.
    No man, not even toe most powerful among the
   sons of men, is exempt from  the chances of human
   life.                               Atterbury
    The god constrains the Greek to roam
   A hopeless exile from his native home,
   From death alone exempf.
   Clear; not included.
    His dreadful imprecation hear;
  'Tis laid on all, not any one exempt.
4r. Cut off from.  Disused.
    Was not toy father for treason  'headed?
  And by his treason stand'st not thou attainted,
  Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry ? Shaksp.

Exe'mption, egz-^m'shun. n. s. [from ex-
   empt.] Immunity; privilege from evil;
   freedom  from imposts or burdensome
   employments.
    The like exemption hath toe writ to enquire of a
  man's death, which also must be granted freely.
                                       Bacon.
    The Roman laws gave  particular  exemptions to
  such as built ships or traded in com.    Arbuthnot.
Exempti' nous, egz-em-tish'us. adj. [from
Pope.
Lee. 
EXE
E XE
E XII
  exemptus, Lat.]  Separable; that may be
  taken from another.
    If  the motion were loose or exemptitious from
  matter, I could be convinced that it had extension of
  its own.                                More.
7'dExE/MERATE,egz-en'ter-ate.x'.a.[pjr-
  entero, Lat.]  To embowel;  to deprive
  of the entrails.
    A toad contains not those urinary parts which are
  found in other animals to avoid that  serous excre-
  tion,  which may appear unto any that exenterates or
  dissects them.                          Brown.
Exenteration, egz-en-ter-a'shiin. to. s.
  [exenteratio,  Lat.] The act of taking
  out tiie bowels; < mbowelling.
    Belonius not only affirms that chamelions feed on
  flies,  caterpillars, beetles,  and other insects; but
  upon  exenteration he found  these animals in their
  bellies.                               Brown.
Exe'qoial, egz-e'kwe-al. adj.  [from exe-
  quies, Lat.]  Funeral; relating to  fune-
  rals.                                 Diet.
E'xequies,  eks'e-kwlz.  to. s.   without  a
  singular, [exe(juice, Lat.] Funeral rites,
  the  ceremony of burial; the procession
  of burial.   For  this  word  obsequies is
  often used, but not so properly.
             Let's not forget
  The noble duke of Bedford late deceas'd,
  But see his exequies fulfill'd in Roan.     Shaksp.
    The tragical end of the two brothers, whose ex-
  equies the next successor had leisure  to perform.
                                      Dryden.
Exe'rcent,  egz-er'sent.  adj.  [exercens,
  Lat.]  Practising; following  any  calling
  or vocation.
    The judge may obliVe every exercent advocate to
  give his patronage a'  d distance unto  a litigant in
  distress for want of an advocate.         Ayliffe.
E'XERCISE, eks'er-size.4''8 n.s. [exerci-
   Hum, Lat.]
1. Labour of the body; labour  considered
   as conducive to the cure or prevention
   of diseases.
    Men  ought to beware that they use not exercise
  and a spare diet both; but if much exercise, a plenti-
  ful diet; if sparing diet, little exercise.      Bacon.
    The wise for cure  on exercise depend:
  God  never made his work for man to mend. Dryd.
    He is exact ir. prescribing the exercises  of his pa-
  tients, ordering some of them to walk eighty stadia
  in a day, which is about nine English  miles. Arbuth.
             The purert exercise of health,
  The  kind refresher of the summer heats.  Thomson
 2.  Something done for amusement.
     As a watchful king, he  would not neglect his
  safety, thinking nevertheless to perform  all things
  rather as an exercise  than as a labour.      Bacon.
 3.  Habitual  action by which the  body  is
    formed to gracefulness, air,  and gentle-
    ness.
     He was strong of body, and so much the stronger
  as he, by a well-disciplined  exercise, taught it both
  to do and to suffer.                      Sidney.
     The French apply themselves more universally to
  their exercises than any nation: one  seldom sees a
  young gentleman that does not fence, dance, and
  rj(je#°                              Addison.
 4.  Preparatory  practice in order  to skill:
    as,  the exercise  of soldiers.
 5.  U^e;  actual application of any thing.
     The sceptre of spiritual  regimen  over us in this
  present world, is at the length to be  yielded up into
  the bands of the Father which gave it; that is, the
  use and exercise thereof shall cease, there being no
  longer on earth any militant church  to govern.
                                       Hooker.
 6.  Practice; outward performance.
    Lewis refused even those of the church of Eng-
  land, who followed their  master to St. Germain's,
  the publick exercise of their religion.     ^cfdison.
7. Employment frequently repeated.
    The learning of the situation and boundaries of
  kingdoms, being only an exercise  of the eyes and
  memory, a child wito pleasure will learn them.
                                        Locke.
    Children, by the exercise of their senses about ob-
  jects that affect them in the womb, receive some few
  ideas before they are born.                Locke.
    Exercise is very alluring and  entertaining to the
  understanding, while its reasoning  powers are em-
  ployed without labour.                    Watts.
8. Task;  thai which  one is  appointed to
   perform.
    Patience is more oft  the exercise
  Of saints, the trial of their fortitude
  Making them each his own deliverer,
  And victor over all
  That tyranny or fortune can inflict.       Milton.
9. Act of divine worship, whether publick
   or private.
             Good sir John,
  I'm in your debt for your last  exercise;            |
  Come the next sabbath,  and I will content you.
                                    Shakspeare.
 To E'xercise, eks'er-size. v. a. [exerceo,
   Lat.]
 I. To employ; to engage in  employment.
    This faculty of  the mind, when  it is exercised im-
  mediately about things, is called judgment.  Locke.
2. To train by use to  any act.
    The Roman tongue was the study of their youth:
  it was their own language they were instructed and
  exercised in.                            Locke.
3. To make skilful or dexterous by prac-
   tice;  to  habituate.
    Strong meat belongeth to them who, by reason of
  use, have their senses exercised to discern both good
  and evil.                            Hebrews.
    Reason, by its own penetration,  where it is strong
  and exercised, usually sees quicker and clearer with-
  out syllogism.                           Locke.
    And now the goddess,  exercised  in ill,
  Who watch'd an hour to work her  impious will,
  Ascends the roof.                       Dryden.
4. To busy; to keep busy.
    He will exercise himself  with pleasure, and with-
  out weariness, in  that godlike employment of doing
  good.                              Atterbury.
5. To task; to keep employed  as a penal
   injunction.
    Sore travel hath God given to the sons of  man, to
  be exercised therewith.                   Eccles.
     Where pain of unextinguishable fire
  Must exercise us,  without hope of end.      Milton.
 6.  To practise;  to perform.
     A man's body is confined to a place; but where
  friendship is, al) offices are granted to him and his
  deputy: for he may exercise them  by his friend.
                                        Bacon.
    Age's chief arts, and aims, are to grow wise;
  Virtue to know, and known, to exercise.    Denham.
 7.  To exert; to  put in use.
     The princes of the gentiles exercise dominion over
   them, and they that are great exercise authority upon"
   them.                               Matthew.
     Their consciences oblige them  to submit to that
   dominion which their governors had a right to exer-
   cise over them.                         Locke.
 8.  To practise or use in order to habitual
    skill.
     To you such scabb'd harsh fruit is giv'n, as raw
   Young soldiers at their exercising gnaw.   Dryden.
     Meanwhile I'll draw up my Numidian troop
   Within the square to exercise their arms.  Addison.
 To E'xercise, eks'er-bize.  v. n. To use
    exercise;  to   labour  for  health   or for
    amusement.
     The Lacedemonians  were remarkable  for the
  sport, and Alexander the great frequently exercised
  at it.                                 Broome.
E'xerciser, eks'er-si-zftr. to. s. [from ex-
   ercise.] He that directs or uses exer-
   cise.                                 Diet.
Exercita'tion,  egz-er-se-ta'slnln.  to. s.
   | exercitatio, Lat.]
1. Exercise.
    It were some extenuation of the curse, if in su-
  dore vultus tui were confutable unto corporeal exer-
  citations.                              Brown.
2. Practice;  use.
    By frequent exercitations we form them within
  us.                                   Felton.
To  EXE'RT, egz-ert'.4?8  v. a.  [exero,
   Lat.]
1. '1 o use with an effort;  to use with ar-
   dour and  vehemence.
    When toe service of  Britain requires your cour-
  age and conduct, you may exerf them both. Dryden.
            Whate'er 1 am, each faculty,
  The utmost power of my exerted soul,
  Preserves a being only for your service.     Roice.
2. To put forth; to perform.
    When the will has exerted  an act of command
   upon any faculty of the soul, or member of the body,
   it has done all that the whole man, as a moral agent,
   can do for the actual exercise or employment of such
   a faculty or member.                    South.
3. To enforce; to push to an effort.  With
   the reciprocal pronoun.
     Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still;
   Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill.   Dryden.
   To bring out.
    The  several parts lay hidden in the piece,
   Th' occasion but exerted that or this.      Dryden.
   To emit;  to push  out; to  put forth.
             The orchard loves to wave
   With winter winds, before the gems exert
   Their feeble heads.                    Philips.
    The  stars, no longer overlaid with weight,
   Exerf their heads from  underneath the mass,
   And upward shoot and kindle as  they pass,
  And with diffusive light adorn  the heavenly place.
                                       Drydtn.
Exe'rtion,  £gz-eVshun.  to. s.  [from  ex-
   ert.]  The  act of exerting; effort.
Exe'sion, egz-e'zhun. n. s. [exesus,Lat]
   The act of eating through.
     Theophrastus denieth the exesion  or forcing of
   vipers through the belly of the dam.     Broun.
Exestua'tion, egz-es-tshu-a'shun.  n. s.
   [exeatuo, Lat.] The state  of  boiling;
   tumultuous heat;  effervescence; ebulli-
   tion.
     Saltpetre is in operation a cold body: physicians
   and chymists give it in fevers  to allay the inward
   exestuatiens of the blood and humours.      Boyle.
 To  Exfoliate,  eks-fo'ie-ate. v.  n. [ex
   and folium, Lat.]  To shell off; to sepa-
   rate,  as a  corrupt bone from tne sound
   part.  A term  of r.hirurgery.
     Our work went on successfully, the bone exfolia-
   ting from the edges.                  Wiseman.
 Exfolia'tiox, eka-fo-le-a'shfin.n.s.[hem
   exfoliate.]  The  process by which the
   corrupted  part of the  bone separates
   f;om  the  sound.
     11 the bone be dressed,  the flesh will soon arise
   in that cut of the bone, and make exfoliation  of
   what is necessary, and  incarn it.        Wiseman.

 Exfo'mative,  eks-16'le-a-tiv.  adf  [from
   exfoliate.] That has power of procuring
   exfoliation.
     Dress the  bone  with the milder exfoliatives, till
   the burnt bone is cast off.              Wiseman.
 Exha'lable, egz-ha'Ia-bl.406  adj. [from 
EXH                                     EXH                                     EXI
    exhale] That may be evaporated or ex-
    haled.
     The fire may resolve some of the more spirituous
   and exhalable parts, whereof distillation has shewn
   mc that alabaster is not destitute, into vapours.
                                        Boyle.

 Exhalation, eks-ha-la'shun. to. s. [exha-
    latio, Lat.]
 1. The act of exhaling or sending out in
    vapours; emission.
 2. The state of  evaporating or flying out
    in  vapours; evaporation.
 3. That which rises in  vapours, and some-
    times takes the form of meteors.
     No nat'ral exhalation in the sky,
   No  'scape of nature, no distemper'd day,
   But they would pluck away its nat'ral cause,
   And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs. Shaks.
     Moving in so high a sphere, and with so vigorous
   a lustre, he must needs, as the sun, raise many envi-
   ous exhalations; which, condensed by a popular odi-
   um, are capable to cast a cloud upon the brightest
   merit and integrity.               King Charles.
               A fabrick huge
   Rose like  an ex/iafafion with the sound
   Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet.   Milton.
     It is no wonder if the  earth be often shaken,
   there being quantities  of exhalations within those
   mines, or cavernous passages, that  are capable of
   rarefaction and inflammation.            Burnet.
     The growing tow'rs like exhalations rise,
   And the huge columns heave into the skies. Pope.
 To EXHA'LE,egz-hale'.4?8 v. a. [exhalo,
    Lat.]
 1. To send  or  draw out  in   vapours  or
   fumes.
     Yon light is not daylight, I know it well:
   It is some  meteor that the sun exhales,
   To be to thee this  night a torch-bearer.    Shaksp.
     I flattered myself with the hopes that the vapour
   had been exhaled.                      Temple.
     Fear freezes minds; but love, like heat,
   Exhales the soul sublime to seek her native seat.
                                      Dryden.
 2. To draw out.
             See, dead Henry's wounds,
   Open their congeal'd mouths, and bleed afresh!
   Blush, blush, thou lump of foul deformity!
   For 'tis thy presence that exhales this blood
   From cold and empty veins, where no blood dwells!
                                    S/wtfcspeare,

 Exha'lement, egz-hale'ment.  n.  s. [from
   exhale/] Matter exhaled; vapour.
     Nor will polished amber, though it send forth a
   gross and corporal exhalemcnt, be found a long time
   defective upon the exactest scales.        Brown.
 To  EXHA'UST, egz-hawst'.42s v.a.
 I. To drain;  to diminish;  to deprive by
   draining.
     Single men be many times more charitable, be-
   cause their means  are less exhausted.      Bacon.
     Spermatick matter of a vicious sort  abounds in
   the blood, exhausts it of  its best spirits, and derives
   the flower of it to the seminal vessels.   Wiseman.
 2. To draw out  totally; to draw  until no-
   thing is  left.
     Though  toe knowledge they have left us be worth
   our study, yet they exhausted not all  its  treasures;
   they left a great deal for the industry and sagacity
   of after ages.                         Locke.
             The nursling grove
   Seems fair awhile, cherish'd with foster earth;
  But when the alien compost is exhaust,
  Its native poverty again prevails.         Philips.

Exha'ustion,  egz-haws'tshi'in.464'  to.   s.
   [from exhaust] The  act of drawing or
   draining.
Exha'ustless, egz-hawst'les. adj. [from
 . exhaust.] Not to be emptied; not to be
   all drawn off; inexhaustible.
    Of heat and light, what everduring stores
   Brought from the sun's exhaustless golden shores,
   Through gulphs immense of intervening air,
   Enrich the earth, and every loss repair. Blackmore.

 To EXHI'BiT,  egz-hib'it.4?8 v. a. [exhi-
   beo, Lat.]
 1. To offer to view or use; to offer or pro-
   pose  in a formal or publick manner.
    If any claim redress of injustice, toey should ex-
   hibU their petitions in the street.         Shaksp.
    He  suffered  his  attorney-general  to exhibit a
   charge  of high treason against the earl. Clarendon.
 2. To siiow; to display.
    One  of an unfortunate constitution is perpetually
   exhibiting a miserable example of toe weakness of
  mind and body.                         Pope.
 Exhi'biter, egz-hib'it-ur.  to.  s.  [from
   exhibit.] He that offers any thing, as a
   petition  or charge, in a publick manner.
             He seems indifferent,
   Or rather swaying more upon our part,
   Than cherishing th' exhibiters against us. Shaksp.

 Exhibition, eks-he-bish'un. n. s.  [from
   exhibit.]
 I. The  act of exhibiting;  display; setting
   forth.
    What are all mechanick works, but the sensible
   exhibUion of mathematick  demonstrations?   Grew.
 2. Allowance;  salary;  pension: it is much
   used  for pensions allowed  to  scholars
   at the university.
    I crave fit disposition for my wife,
   Due preference of place and exhwition,
   As levels with her breeding.             Shaksp.
    What maintenance he from his friends receives,
   Like exhibition thou shalt  have from me. Shaksp.
    All was assigned to the army and garrisons there,
   and she received only a pension or  exhibition out
  of his coffers.                          Bacon,
    He is now neglected, and driven  to live in exile
  upon a small exhUrition.                  Swift.
 3. Payment; recompense.
    I would not do such a  thing for gowns, petticoats,
  nor caps, nor any petty exhibition.        Shaksp.
 Exhi'bitive,  egz-hib'be-tiv.  adj. [from
   exhibit.]  Representative; displaying.
    Truths must have an external  existence in some
  understanding; or rather,  they are the  same with
  that understanding  itself,  considered  as variously
  exh'ibitive or representative, according to toe vari-
  ous modes of inimitability or participation. Norris.

 To EXHILARATE,  egz-hil'a-rate. v.a.
   [exhilaro, Lat.]  To make cheerful; to
   cheer; to fill with mirth;  to  enliven; to
   glad;  to  gladden.
    The coming into  a fair  garden, toe coming  into
  a fair room richly furnished, a beautiful person, and
  toe like, do delight  and exhilarate the spirits much.
                                       Bacon.
    The force of that fallacious fruit,
  That with exhilarating vapours  bland
  About toeir spirits had play'd, and inmost pow'rs
  Made err, was now exhal'd.             MUton.
             Let them thank
  Boon nature, that thus annually supplies
  Their vaults, and with her  former liquid gifts
  Exhilarates their languid minds within
  The golden mean confin'd.               PhUips.

Exhilara'tion,  egz-hil-a-ra'shun.  to. s.
   [from exhilarate.]
 1. The  act  of giving  gayety.
 2. The  state of being enlivened.
    Exhilaration hath some  affinity with joy, though
  it be a much lighter motion.              Bacon.

 To EXHORT,  egz-hort'. v. a.  [exhor-

                   4r2
   tor, Lat.]   To incite  by words  to any
   good action.
     We  beseech you asd exhort you by toe Lord
  Jesus,  toat as ye  have received  of us,  how you
  ought to walk, so you would abound. Thessalonians.
     My duty is to exhort  you to consider the dignity
  of that holy mystery.           Common Prayer.
     Designing or exhorting glorious war.    Milton.
Exhorta'tion,   eks-hdr-ta'shun.    to. s.
   [from exhort.]
I. The act of exhorting; incitement  to
   good.
    If we will not encourage publick beneficence, 'till
  we are secure  that no storm  shall overturn what
  we help to build; there is no room for exhortations
  to  charity.                         Atterbury.
2. The  form of words by which one is ex-
   horted.
    I'll end my exhortation after dinner.     Shaksp.
Exho'rtatort, egz-hor'ta-tur-e.612   adj.
   [from exhort.]  Tending to exhort.
Exho'rter, egz-hor'tiir. to. s.  [from ex-
   hort.] One who exhorts or encourages
   by words.
To EXI'CCATE, ek-sik'kate. v. a. [ex-
   sicco, Lat.]  To dry; to dry up.    JDict.
Exicca'tion, ek-sik-ka'shun. n. s.  [from
   exiccate.]   Arefaction;  act of  drying
   up; state of being dried up.
     What is more easily refuted than that old vulgar
  assertion of an universal drought and cxiccation of
  the earth? As  if the sun could evaporate the least
  drop of its moisture, so that it should never descend
  again,  but  be attracted and elevated quite out of
  the atmosphere.                       Bentley.
Exi'ccative, ek-sik'ka-tiv.813  adj. [from
   exiccate]  Drying in  quality; having
  the power of drying.
E'xigence, ek'se-jense. ~)  to. s.   [This
E'xigency, £k'se-jen-se. 3 word is proba-
   bly only a corruption of exigents,  viti-
  ated by an  unskilful pronunciation.]
I. Demand; want; need.
    As men we are at our own choice, both for time
  and place and form, according to the exigence of
  our own occasions in private.             Hooker.
    You  have heard what the present condition and
  exigencies of these several charities are. Atterbury.
    While our fortunes exceed  not the measure of
  real convenience, and are adapted to the exigencies
  of  our station,  we perceive the hand of providence
  in  our gradual  and successive supplies.     Rogers.
2. Pressing necessity; distress;  sudden
  occasion.
    This  dissimulation in war may be called strata-
  gem and conduct; in other exigencies address and
  dexterity.                            Broome.
    Now in such exigencies not to need,
  Upon my word you must be rich indeed;
  A noble superfluity  it craves,
  Not for yourself, but for your  fools and knaves.
                                        Pope.
E'xigent,  ek'se-jent. to. s.   [exigens,
  Latin.]
I. Pressing business;  occasion that re-
  quires immediate help.
    In such an exige?if I see not  how toey could have
  staid to deliberate  about any other regiment than
  that which already was devised to their hands.
                                      Hooker.
    The council met,  your guards to find you scut,
  And know your pleasure in this exigent.     Waller.
2. [A  law term.]    A writ  sued  when the
  defendant is not to be found, being part
  of the process  leading  to an outlawry.
   Shakspeare uses it for  extremity.
                                   Hanmer. 
EX1                                      EXI                                     EXO
3. End.
    These eyes,  like lamps whose wasting oil is
        spent,
  Wax dim, as drawing to their exigent.     Shaksp.
Exigu'i i y, eks-e-gu'e-te. «. s. [exiguitas,
   Latin.] Smallness; diminutiveness; slen-
   derness.
    The exiguity and shape of the extant particles is
  now supposed.                          Boyle.
Exi'guous, egz-ig'u-ils. adj.   [exiguus,
   Latin.]   Small; diminutive; little.  Not
   used.
    The subtile parts and exiguous dose are consu-
  med and evaporated in less than two hours time.
                                       Harvey.

E'XILE, eks'ile. to.  *. [exilium, Latin. Ii
   seems anciently to have had the  accent
   indifferently on either syllable:  now it
   is uniformly on the first.]
1.  Banishment;  state of being banished
   from one's country.
    Our state of bodies would bewray what life
   We 've led since thy exile.               Shaksp.
    Welcome is exile, welcome were  my death.
                                       Shaksp.
    Let them pronounce the steep Tarpeian death,
  Vagabond exile, flaying, pent to linger,
  But wito a grain of day, I would not buy
  Their mercy at the price of one fair word. Shaksp.
2. The person banislvd.
    G must the wretched  exifes ever mourn,
  Nor after length of rowling years return?    Dryd.
    Ulysses, sole of all the victor train,
  An exife from his dear paternal coast,
  Deplor'd his absent queen, and empire lost. Pope.
Exi'le,  eg-zile'. adj. [exilis, Lat.]  Small;
   slender; not full; not powerful.   Not in
   use, except in philosophical writings.
    It were good to  enquire what means  may be to
  draw forth toe exife heat which is in the air; for
  that may be a secret of great power to produce cold
  weather.                              Bacon.
    In a virginal, when the lid is down, it maketh a
   more  exife sound than when the lid is open. Bacon.
 To E'xile, eg-zile'.493 v. a.   [from  the
   noun.  This had formerly the accent on
   the  last syllable,  now generally  on the
   first,  though  Dryden has used both.]
   To  banish; to drive  from a country; to
   transport.
     Call home our exif'cf friends abroad,
   That fled the snares of watchful tyranny.   Shaksp.
     Foul  subordination is predominant,
   And equity exif'cf your  highness' land.    Shaksp.
             For that offence,
   Immediately we do exife him hence.      Shaksp.
     They, fettered with the bonds of a long night,
   lay there exifed from  the  eternal providence
                                       Wisdom.
     His brutal manners from his breast exif'cf,
   His mien he fashion'd,  and his tongue he fil'd.
                                       Dryden.
     Arms and the man I sing, who forc'd by fate,
   And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate,
   Expel I'd and exif'cf.                   Dryden.
 Exi'lement,  eg-zile'me'nt.  «.  s.   [from
   exile.]   Banishment.
     Fitzosborn was discarded into foreign service for
   a pretty shadow of exilement.            Wotton.
 Exili'tion, eks-e-lish'un. to.  s.   [exilitio,
   Lat.]  The act of springing or  rushing
   out suddenly.
     From saltpetre proceedeth the force and report
   of gunpowder: for sulphur and small-coal  mixt
   wil not take fire with noise or exilition;  and pow-
   der which is made of impure and greasy petre, hath
   hut a weak emission and gives but a faint report.
                                        Brown.
Exi'lity, eg-zll'e-te. to. a. [exilis, Latin.]
  Slenderness; smallness; diminution.
    Certain flies called ephemera, live but a day; the
  cause is the exUity of the spirit, or perhaps toe ab-
  scence ofthe sun.                      . Bo*on-
    For exilUy of the voice, or other sounds, it is cer-
  tain that the voice doth pass through solid and hard
  bodies, if they be not too thick;  and  through water,
  which is likewise a very close body, and such an
  one as letteth not in air.                Bacon.
    A body, by being subtilized, can lose nothing of
  its corporeity;  neither can it hereby  gain any thing
  but exility; for all degrees of subtility are essen-
  tially the same thing.                    Grew.
Exi'mious, eg-zim'e-u.s.  adj. [eximiua,
  Lat.]  Famous; eminent;  conspicuous;
  excellent.                          Diet.
Exinani'tion, eks-in-a-nlsh'Cin. to. a. [ex-
  inanitio, Lat.]  Privation;  loss.
    He is not  more impotent in his glory than he
  was in his exinanition.           Decay of Piety.
To  EXl'ST, eg-zist'.478 v. to. [exiato, Lat.]
  To be; to have a being.
    It is as easy to conceive that an Almighty Power
  might produce a thing out of nothing, and make that
  to exisf cfe novo, which did  not exist before;  as to
  conceive the world to have had no beginning, but
  to have existed from eternity.             South,
    It seems reasonable to enquire, how such a mul-
  titude comes to make but one idea, since that com-
  bination  does not always exist together in nature.
                                       Locke.
    One year is past, a different scene!
  No farther mention of the dean:
  Who now, alas, no more is mist
  Than if  he never did exist.               Swift.
Exi'stence, eg-zis tense.  } to. a.  [exut-
Exi'stency.  eg-zls'ten-se. }   entia,   low
  Lat.]  State of being; actual possession
  of beint£.
    Nor is only the existency of this animal considera-
  ble, but  many things delivered thereof.    Brown.
    It i^ i ^possible any being can be eternal with
  successive eternal  physical changes, or variety of
  states or nanner of existency, naturally and neces-
  sarily concomitant unto it                 Hale.
    The soul secur'd in her existence,  smiles
  At the drawn dagger, and defies its point. Addison.
     When a being is considered as possible, it is said
  to have an essence or nature: such  were all things
  before the creation. When it is considered  as ac-
  tual, then it is said to have existence also.   Watts.
Exi'sten r,  £g-zis'tent. adj. [from exist]
   Having being; in possession of being or
   of existence.
     Whatsoever sign the sun possessed, whose  recess
  or vicinity defineth the quarters of the  year,  those
  seasons were actually exe'sftnt.           P.,uxm.
     The eyes and minds are fastened on objects which
  have no real  being, as if they were truly exisfenf.
 Existima'tion,  eg-zis-te-ma'shun.  to. a.
   [existimalio,  Lat.]
 I.  Opinion.
 2.  Esteem.
 E'xit, eks'it. to. s.  [exit, Lat.]
 1.  The term set in  the margin  of plays
    to mark the time at which  the player
    goes off the stage.
 2.  Recess;  departure;  act of  quitting the
    stage; act  of quitting the theatre of life.
             All the world's a stage,
   And all the men and women meerly players:
   They have their exifs and their entrances,
   And one man in his time plays many parts. Shaksp.
     A regard for fame becomes a man more towards
   toe exit than at his entrance into life.      Swift.
     Many of your old comrades live a short life, and
   make a figure at their exit.               Swift.
 3.  Passage out of any place.
    In such a  pervious substance as  the brain, they
  might find an easy either entrance oi eaif, almost
  every where.                        GlanulU.
 . W<iy  by which there is a passage out.
    The fire makes its way, forcing the water forth
  through its ordinary exits,  wells, and the outlets of
  rivers.                             Woodward,

Exi'tial, £gz-!sh'yal.113  } adj.  [exitialis,
Exi'tious, egz-ish'ytis.  5 L.at.] Destruc-
  tive; fatal; mortal; deleterious.  Not in
  use.
    Most exifiaf fevers, although not  concomitated
  wito the tokens, exanthemata,  anthraces,  or car-
  buncles, are to be  censured pestilential.   Harvey.

E'xodus, eks'6-c!us. )  to. s. [egoM-.]  De-
E'xody, eks'6-de.   y  partuic;   journey
   from  a place: the second book of  Mo-
   ses  is so called,  because  it describes
   the   journey  of   the  Israelites  from
   Egypt.
    In  all probability  their years continued  to be
  three hundred and sixty-five days, ever since the
  time of the Jewish exody at least.           lime,
Exole'te, eks'6-lete. adj.  [exoletus, Lai.]
   Obsolete; out of use.               Lit,
To Exo'lve, egz-olv'. v. a. [exolvo, La;.]
   To  loose; to pay.                  Diet.
ExoLu'TioN,egz-6-lu'shun. to. s. [exolutio,
   Lat.]  Laxatic n of the nerves.
    Considering the exolution and languor ensuing
  that action  in  some, we cannot but  think  it rrmch
  abridgeth our days                     Breicn.
Exo'mphalos, egz-om'fa-los. to. s. [eg and
   op.<pxX 1^.]   A navel rupture.

To EXO'NERATE.  egz-on'er-ate. v. a.
   [exonero, Lat.]   To unload, to disbur-
   den;  to free from any  heavy  charge.
    The  glands being a congeries of vessels curled,
  circumgyrated,  and complicated, give the  blood
  time to separate  through the capillary vessels into
  the secretory ones, which afterwards all exonerate
  toemselves into one common ductus.         Ray.
Exonera'tion,  egz-6n-er-a'shun.  n.  s.
   [from exonerate.]   The act of disbur-
   dening,   or discharging.
    The body is adapted unto eating,  drinking, nu-
  trition, and other ways of repletion and exoneration.
                                         Grew.
Exo'ptable, egz-op'ta-bl. adj. [exoptabi-
   lis, Lat.] Desirable; to  be sought with
   eagerness or  desire.
E'xokable, eks'6-ra-bl.4("iac//'. [exorabilis,
   Lat.]  To be moved by entreaty.
Exorbitance,  egz-or'be-tdnoe.   >
Exo'rbitancy, egz-6r'be-tan-se. ^  n' *'
   [from exorbitant.]
 I. The  act of going out of the track pre-
   scribed.
2. Enormity; gross deviation from rule or
   right.
     I see some of this fault cleave to those, who have
   eminem'y  corrected  all other exorbitancies of the
   tongue.             Government of the Tongue.
     The reverence of my presence may be a curb to
   your exorbitancies.                     Dryden.
     The people were grossly  imposed  on, to commit
   such exorbitancies as could not  end but in a dissolu-
   tion of the government.                   Swift.
 3. Boundless d'-pravity.
             They riot still,
   Unbounded in exorbitance of ill.           GarfA.
 Exo'rbtant. egz-dr'be-tant. adj. [ex and
    orbito, Lat. ]

  I. Going out of the prescribed track. 
EX  0
EXP
EXP
 2. Deviating from the course appointed or
    rule established.
     What signifies the fiction  of the tortoise riding
   upon the  wings  of the wind,  but  to  prescribe
   bounds and measures to our exorbitant passions.
                                    L'Estrange.
     These phenomena are not peculiar to earthquakes
   in our times, but have been observed in  all ages,
   and particularly those exwoifanf  commotions of toe
   waters of the globe.                 Woodward.
 3. Anomalous;  not  comprehended in  a
    settled rule or method.
     The Jews  who had  laws so particularly deter-
   mining in all affairs what to do, were notwithstand-
   ing continually inured with causes exor6ifanf,  and
   such as toeir laws had not provided for.   Hooker.
 A. Enormous;  beyond due proportion; ex-
    cessive.
     Their subjects would  live in great plenty, were
   not the impositions so very exorbitant; for the courts
   are too splendid for the territories.       Addison.
     So endless and exorbitant are the desires of men,
   that they will grasp at all, and can form no scheme
   of perfect happiness with less.             Swift.
 To Exo'rbitate, egz-6r'be-ta.te. v. n. [ex
    and orbito,  Lat.]  To deviate; to go out
    of the track or road  prescribed.
     The planets sometimes  would have approached
   the sun as near as the orb  of Mercury, and some-
   times have exortnfafeci beyond  the distance of
   Saturn.                              Bentley.
 To EXORCISE, eks'or-size. v. a.  [}%-
    opx.{£*>.]
 1. To adjure by some  holy  name.
 2. To drive away spirits by  certain forms
   of adjuration.
 3. To purify  from the influence of malig-
   nant spirits bv religious ceremonies.
    And fry'rs, that through the wealthy regions run,
   Resort to farmers rich, and  bless their halls,
   Aud exorcise toe beds, and cross the walls.  Dryd
 E'xorciser, eks'&r-si-zur. «. s. [from ex-
   orcise.]   One who practises  to drive
   away evil spirits.
 E'xorcism, eks'or-sizm. to. s. [i%opx.iirf*.os]
    The form  of adjuration, or  religious
    ceremony by which  evil and malignant
    spirits are driven away.
     Will his  lordship behold  and hear our exorcisnis?
                                       Sliaksp.
     Symptoms supernatural,  must be only curable by
   supernatuial means; namely,  by devout prayers or
   exorcisms.                           Harvey.
 E'xorcist, eks'6r-slst.  to. s. [e^opx-im]
 1. One who  by adjurations,  prayers,  or
   religious acts, drives  away malignant
   spirits.
    Then certain of  toe vagabond Jews,  exorcists,
   took upon them to call over them which  had  evil
   spirits.                                Acts.
 2. An enchanter; a conjuror. Improperly.
             Soul of Rome!
   Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjured up
   My mortified spirit.                    Shaksp.
             Is there no exorcist
   Beguiles the truer office of mine eyes?
   Is't real that I see!                    Shaksp.

 EXO'RDIUM, egz-dr'de-ilm. n.s.[Lat]
   A formal preface;  the proemial  part of
   a composition.
          Nor will I  thee  detain
  With poets' fictions, nor oppress thine ear
  With circumstance, and  long exordiums here.
                                 May's  Virgil.
    I have been distasted  at this wav of writing,  by
  reason of long prefaces and  exor>!iums.    Addison.

Exohna'tion, eks-dr-na'shun. n. *.  [ex-
   omatio, Lat.]   Ornament;  decoration;
   embellishment.
    It seemeth  that all  those curious exornations
  should rather cease.                   Hooker.
    Hyperbolical exornations  and elegancies many
  much affect.                            Hale.
Exo'ssated, egz-os'sa-ted. adj. [exossa-
   tus, Lat ]  Deprived of bones.     Diet.
Exosto'sis, eks-6s-to'sis.6ao  to. s.  [ex and
   *Veat».]   Any  protuberance   of  a  bone
   that is not natural, as  often  happens  in
   venereal cases.                 Quincy.
Exo'sseous, egz-osh'she-iis. adj. [ex and
   ossa, Lat.]  Wanting  bones; boneless;
   formed without bones.
    Thus we daily observe in the heads of fishes, as
  also in snails and  soft  exosseous animals, nature
  near the head hath placed a flat white stone, or tes-
  taceous concretion.                    Brown.
Exo'tick. egz-ot'ik.  adj. [i%utikos ]   Fo-
   reign; not  produced in our own country;
   not domestick.
    Some  learned men treat of the nature of letters
  as of some remote exotick thing, whereof we had no
  knowledge but by fabulous relations.      Holder.
    Continue fresh hot-beds to entertain such exotick
  plants as arrive not to their perfection without them.
                                      Evelyn.
Exo'tick, egz-6t'ik.  to.  *.  A  foreign
   plann
    Clawdian was seated on the other summit, which
  was barren, and produced, on  some spots, plants
  toat are unknown to Italy, and such as the garden-
  ers call exolicks.                      Addison.
To EXPA'ND, ek-spand. v. a. [expando,
   Lat.]
1. To spread; lo lay open as a net or sheet.
2. To dilate; to spread out  every way;  to
   diffuse.
    She useth most the target to fence  away the blow,
  and leaves all other weapons to the Alchoran to pro-
  pagate and expand itself.                Howel.
    Bellerophon's horse framed of iron, and placed
  between  two loadstones,  with wings expanded, hung
  pendulous in the air.                    Brown.
    An animal growing, expands its fibres in the air
  as a fluid.                         Arbuthnot.
    Along the stream of time thy name
  Expanded flies and gathers all its fame.     Pope.
Expa'nse, ek-spanse'.  n.  s. [expansum,
   Lat.]   A body  widely extended  without
   inequalities.
            A murmuring sound
  Of waters issue from a cave, and spread
  Into a liquid plain; then  stood unmov'd,
  Pure as the expanse of heav'n.           Milton.
    Bright as th' ethereal  glows the green expanse.
                                      Savage.
    On the smooth expanse of crystal lakes,
  The sinking stone at first a circle makes;
  The trembling surface, by the motion stirr'd,
  Spreads in a second circle, then a third;
  Wide, and more wide, the floating rings advance,
  Fill all the wat'ry plain, and to the margin dance.
                                        Pope.
Expansibility, ek-span-se-bil'e-te.  to. s.
   [from  expansible.]  Capacity of exten-
   sion;  possibility   to be   expanded   or
   spread into a wider surface.
    With the rotundity  common to the atoms of all
  fluids, there is some difference  in bulk, by which
  the atoms in one  fluid are distinguished from  those
  of another; else all fluids would be alike in weight,
  expansioifito,  and all other qualities.        Grew.
Expa'nsible,  ek-span'se-hl.  adj.   [from
   expinsus, Lat.]  Capable to be  extend-
   ed; capable  to be  spread into  a wider
   surface.
    Bodies are not expansiofe in proportion  to their
  weight, or to the quantity ofmattertobe expanded.
                                        Grew.

Expa'nsion, eks-pan'shun. «. s. [from  ex-
  pand.]

1. The  state  of being expanded  into  a
  wider surface or greater space.
    'Tis demonstrated that the condensation and ex-
  pansion of  any  portion of the air is always propor-
  tional to the weight and pressure incumbent upon it.
                                      Bentley.
2. The act of spreading out.
    The easy expansion of the wing of a bird, and the
  lightness, strength, and shape of the feathers, are all
  fitted for her better flight.                 Greio.
3. Extent; space to which any thing is ex-
  tended.
    The capacious mind of man cannot be confined
  by the limits of the  world: it extends its thoughts
  often even beyond the utmost  expansion of matter,
  and  makes  excursions  into that incomprehensible
  inane.                                 Locke.
4 Pure space, as  distinct from  extension
  in  solid matter.
    Distance or space, in its simple abstract  concep-
  tion, I call expansion, to distinguish it from exten-
  sion, which expresses  chis  distance only as it is in
  the solid parts of matter.                  Locke.
    It would for ever take an useless flight,
  Lost in expansion, void and  infinite.     Blackmore.

Expa'nsive, eks-pan'siv.438 adj. [from ex-
  pand]  Having the  power   to  spread
  into a wider surface, or greater space.
    The elastick or expansive  faculty of the  air,
  whereby it  dilates itself when compressed, hath
  been made use of in toe common weather glasses.
                                         Ray.
    Th' expansive atmosphere is cramp'd with cold.
                                     Thomson.
To Expa'tiate, ek-spa'she-ate.s*3  v.  to.
  [expatior, Lat.]
1. To range at large; to rove without any
  prescribed limits.
    Religion contracts the circle of our pleasures, but
  leaves it wide  enough for  her votaries to expafiafe
  in                                  Addison.
    He looks in heav'n with more than mortal eyes,
  Bids his free soul expatiate in the skies;
  Amidst her kindred stars familial' roam,
  Survey the region, and confess her home.   Pope.
    Expatiate free o'er all the scene of man;
  Almighty maze! but not without a plan.    Pope.
    With wonder seiz'd, we view the pleasing ground,
  And walk delighted, and expatiate round.    Pope.
2. To enlarge upon in language.
    They had a custom of offering the  tongues  to
  Mercury, because they believed him toe  giver  of
  eloquence: Dacier expatiates upon this custom.
                                       Broome.
3. To let loose;  to allow  to range.   This
  sense,   which  is active, is  very  im-
   proper.
    Make choice of a subject, which, being of itself
  capable of all that colours and the elegance of de-
  sign can possibly give, shal  afterwards afford art
  an ample field of matter wh'erein to expatiate itself.
                                       Dryden.
To EXPE'CT,  ek-spekt'. v. a.[expecto,
  Lat.]
1. To  have a  previous  apprehension of
  either good or evjl.
                 We e xpected
  Immediate dissolution.                   MUton.
    Needs must the serpent now his capital bruise
  Expect with mortal pain.                 Milton.
               Good with bad
I  Expect to hear, supernal grace contending
  With sinfulne * of man.                  Milton.
    Eve, now esxpecf great tidings.          MUton. 
EXP
EXP
EXP
2. To wait for; to attend the coming.
            The guards,
  By me encamp'd on .yonder hill, expecf
  Their motion.                          Jtfiffon.
    While, expecting there the queen, he rais'd
  His wond'ring eyes, and round the temple gaz'd.
                                       Dryden.
To Expe'ct, ek-spekt'. v. to.  To wait; to
   stay.
    Elihu had expected till Job had spoken.      Job.
Expe'ctable,  ek-spek'ta-bl.  adj.  [from
   expect.]   To be expected; to be hoped
   or feared.
    Occult and spiritual operations are not expectable
  from ice; for being but  water congealed, it can
  never make good such qualities.          Brown.
Expe'ctance, ek-spek'tanse. } to.*, [fiom
ExPE'cTANCY,ek-spek'tan-se. 5   expect.]
 1. The  act or state  of expecting; expec-
   tation.
    Every moment is expectancy
  Of more arrivance.                     Shaksp.
    Satyrs leave your petulance,
  Or else rail upon the moon,
  Your expectance is too soon;
  For before the second cock
  Crow,  the gates will not unlock.       Ben Jonson.
    This blessed expectance must be now my theme.
                                        Boyle.
    But  fy, my wand'ring muse, how thou dost stay!
  Expectance calls thee now another way.    Milton.
2. Something expected.
    There is expectance here from both the sides,
  What further you will do.               Shaksp.
3. Hope; that of  which the expectation is
   accompanied  with pleasure.
    Oh, what a noble mind  is here o'erthrown!
  The expectancy and rose ofthe fair state.   Shaksp.
EXPE'CTAJVT, ek-spek'tant. adj. [Er.]
   Waiting in expectation.
    Her majesty has offered concessions in order to
  remove scruples raised in the mind of the expectant
  heir.                                  Swift.
 Expe'ctant, ek-spek'tant. to. s. [from ex-
   pect.] One who waits in expectation  of
   any thing; one  held  in  dependence by
   his hopes.
     They, vain expectants of the bridal hour,
   My stores in riotous expence devour.        Pope.
     This treatise was agreeable to the whole nation,
   except those who had employments, or were expect-
   ants.                                 Swift.
 Expecta'tion, ek-spek-ta'shun. n. a. [ex-
   pectatio, Lat.]
 1. The  act of expecting.
                 The trees
   Should have borne men, and expectation fainted
   Longing for what it had not.            Shaksp.
             The rest,
   That are within the note of expecf af ton,
   Already are i' th'court.                 Shaksp.
    'Tis expectation makes a blessing dear.  Congreve.
 2. The state of expecting either with hope
   or fear.
     Live in a constant and serious expectation of that
   day, when we must appear before the Judge of hea-
   ven and earth.                        Rogers.
 3. Prospect of any thing good to come.
     My  soul, wait thou only upon God; for my ex-
   pectation is from him.                   Psalms.
 4. The object of  happy expectation;  the
   Messiah expected.
             Now clear I understand,
   What oft my steadiest thoughts have search'din vain,
   Why our great expectation should be call'd
   The seed of woman.                    MUton.
 5. A  state in which something  excellent
   is expected from us.
    How fit it will be for you, born so great a prince,
  and  of so rare not only expectation but proof, to
  divert your thoughts from the way of goodness.
                                      Sidney.
              You first came home
  From travel with such hopes as made you look'd on,
  By all men's eyes, a youth of expectation;
  Pleas'd ivith your growing virtue I receiv'd you.
                                       Otway.
Expe'cter,  ek-spek'tur.  «. s. [from ex-
  pect.]
1. One who has hopes of something.
    These are not great  expecters under  your admi-
  nistration, according to the period of governors here.

2. One who waits for another.
    Signify this loving interview
  To the expecters of our Trojan part.      Shaksp.
To EXPE'CTORATE,  e:<s-pek'to-rate.
   v.  a. [ex and pectus, Lat.]  To  eject
   from the breast.
    Excrementitious  humours are expectorated by a
  cough after a cold or an asthma.         Harvey.
    Morbifick matter is either attenuated so as to be
  returned into the channels, or expectorated by cough-
  ing.                               Arbuthnot.
Expectora'tion, eks-pek-to-ra'shin. to. s.
   [from  expectorate.]
I. The act of discharging from the breast.
2. That   discharge  which is  made  by
   coughing, as bringing  up  phlegm,  or
   any thing  that obstructs  the vessels of
   the lungs, and straitens the breath.
                                     Quincy.
    With  water, vinegar, and honey, in pleurisies
  and inflammations ofthe lungs, he mixeth spices, for
  promoting expectoration.              Arbuthnot.
Expe'ctorative, eks-pek'to-ra-tiv."12 adj.
   [from  expectorate.]  Having the quality
   of promoting expectoration.
    Syrups and other expectoratives, in coughs, must
  necessarily occasion a greater cough.     Harvey.
Expe'dience, eks-pe'de-ense.   )  to. s.
Expe'diency, eks-pe'de-en-se.3^ £ [from
   expedient.]
1. Fitness; propriety;  suitableness  to  an
   end.
    Solemn dedications  of things set apart for divine
  worship, could never have been universally practised,
  had not right reason dictated the high expediency and
  great  use of such practices.               South.
2. It is used  in Shakspeare for expedition;
   adventure; or attempt.
                 Let me hear
  What yesternight our council did decree,
  In forwarding this dear expedience.        Shaksp.
3. It  is also used by Shakspeare for expe-
   dition; haste;  dispatch.
            I shall break
   The cause of our expedience to the queen,
   And get her leave to part.               Shaksp.
    Eight tall ships, three thousand men  of war,
   Are making hither with all due expedience.   Shak.
EXPE'DIE\T,eks-pe'de-ent,oreks-pe'-
   je-ent.~BJ adj. [expedit,  Lat.]
1. Proper; fit; convenient; suitable.
    All things are not expedient: in things indifferent
   there  is  a choice; they are not always equally expe-
   dient.                                Hooker.
    When men live as if there were no  God, it be-
   comes expedient for them that there should be none;
   and then they endeavour to persuade themselves so.
                                     Tillotson.
2. In Shakspeare, quick; expeditious.
            The adverse winds
   Whose leisure I have staid, have given  him time
   To  land his legions all as soon as I:
   His marches  are expedient to this town.    Shaksp.
Expedient,  eks-pe'de-ent. to.  *.  [from
   the adjective.]
I. That which helps forward, as means to
   an end.
    God does not project for our sorrow, but our in-
  nocence; and would never have invited us to the
  one, but as an expedient to the other. Decay of Piety,
2. A shift;  means  to an end  which  are
   contrived in an exigence, or  difficulty.
    Th' expedient pleas'd, where neither lost his right:
  Mars  had the day, and Venus had the night. Dryd.
    He flies to a new expedient to solve the matter
  and supposes an earth of a make and frame like
  that of Des Cartes.                  Woodward.
Expe'diently,   eks-pe'de-ent-le.   adv.
   [from expedient.]
 I. Eitly; suitably; conveniently.
 2.  Hastily; quickly.  Not used.
             Let my officers of such a nature
  Make an extent upon his house and lands:
   Do this expediently, and turn him going.   Shaksp
 To E'XPEDI i E, eks'pe-dite. v. a. [ex.
   pedio, Lat.]
 I. To  facilitate;  to  free from impediment.
     By sin and death a  broad way now is pav'd,
   To expedite your glorious march.          Milton.
 2. To  Hasten; to quicken.
     An inquisition would still be a  further improve-
  ment, and would expedite the conversion of the pa-
  pists.  _                               Swift.
 3. To  dispatch;  to  issue from  a publick
   office.
     Though such charters be expedited of course, and
   as of  right, yet they are varied by discretion. Baconv
 E'xpedite, eks'pe-dite.  adj.  [expeditue,
   Lat.]
 I. Quick; hasty; soon performed.
     Wholesome  advice, and  expedite  execution in
  freeing the state of those monsters.        Sandys.
 2. Easy;  disencumbered; clear  from  im-
   pediments.
     Nature can teach the church but in part; neither
   so fully as is requisite  for man's salvation, nor so
   easily as to make the way plain and expedite enough,
   that many may come to the knowledge of it, and so
  be  saved, and therefore the  Scripture  has  been
  given.                               Hooker.
 3. Nimble; active;  agile.
     The more any man's soul is cleansed from sensual
   lusts,  the more nimble and expedite it will be in its
   operations.                          Tillotson.
 4.  It seems to be used  by Bacon for light
   armed  in the  Roman signification.
     He sent the lord chamberlain with expedite forces
   to speed to Exeter, to the rescue ofthe town. Bacon.

 E'xpeditely, eks'pe-dite-le.  adv. [from
   expedite.]  With  quickness;  readily;
   hastily.
     Nature left his ears naked, that he may turn
   them  more expeditely  for the reception of sounds
   from  every quarter.                      Greui.

 Expedition,  eks-pe-dish'iin. to. *. [from
   expedite.]
 I.  Haste;  speed; activity.
     Prayers, whereunto devout minds have added a
   piercing kind of brevity, thereby the  better to ex-
   press that quick and  speedy expedUion wherewith
   ardent affections, the very wings of prayer, are de-
   lighted to present our  suits in heaven.     Hooker.
     Ev'n with the speediest expedition
   I will dispatch him to  the emperor's court.  Shaksp.
 2. A march or  voyage with martial inten-
   tions.
     Young Octavius, and Mark Antony,
   Come down upon us with a mighty power,
   Bending their expedition tow'rd Philippi.   Shaksp. 
EXP                                       EXP                                     EXP
 Expedi'tious, eks-pe-dlsh'us. adj. [from
   expedite.]
 1. Speedy; quick; soon done: as, an expe-
   ditious march.
 2. Nimble; quick; swift; acting with ce-
   lerity: as, an expeditious runner.
 Expeditiously, eks-pe-dish'o.s-le.  adv.
   [from expeditious.]   Speedily;  nimbly;
   with celerity.
 To EXPE'L, eks-pel'. v. a. [expello, Lat.]
 1. To drive out; to force away.
    The Lord your God shall expef them from before
   you, and drive them from out of your sight.   Josh.
    I may know the let why gentle peace
   Should not expel these inconveniences.    Sftaftsp.
    Suppose a mighty rock to fall there, it would ex-
   pef the waters out of their places with such violence
   as to fling them among the clouds.         Bui-net.
 2. To  eject; to throw out.
    Whatsoever cannot be digested by the stomach,
   is either put up by vomit, or put down to  the guts,
   and other  parts of toe body are moved to expef by
   consent.                              Bacon.
    The virgin huntress was not slow
   T' expef the shaft from her contracted bow.  Dryd.
 3. To  banish;  to  drive  from the place of
   residence.
    Arms and the man I sing, who forc'd by fate,
   And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate,
   Expell'd and exil'd left the Trojan shore.    Dryd.
 4. To  reject; to refuse.
    And would you not poor fellowship expef,
   Myself would offer you t' accompany,
   In this adventurous chanceful jeopardy.  Hub. Tal.
 5. To keep off; to exclude;  to keep out.
    Since she did neglect her looking-glass,
   And threw her sun expelling mask away,
   The air hath starv'd the roses in her cheeks,
   And pitch'd the lily tincture of her face.    Shaksp.
    O, that the earth, which  kept the world  in awe,
   Should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw.
                                       Shaksp.
 Expe'ller, eks-pel'lur. to. s. [from  expel.]
   One that expels or drives away.
 To Expe'nd, eks-pend'.  v.  a.  [expendo,
   Lat.]   To lay-out; to  spend.
    If my death might make this island happy,
   I would expeiul it with all willingness.     Shaksp.
    The king of England wasted the French king's
   country, and thereby caused him to expend such
   sums of money as exceeded the debt.    Hayward.
    The publick burdens, though they may be a good
   reason for our not expending so much in charity, yet
   will not justify us in giving nothing.    Atterbury.
 EXPE'NSE, eks-pense'. to.  s.[expensum
   Lat.]  Cost;  charges; money expended.
    Hence comes that wild and vast expense,
  That hath enforc'd Rome's virtue thence,
  Which si uple poverty first made.     Ben Jonson.
    A f-ast prepar'd with riotous expense,
  Much cost, more care, and most magnificence.
                                      Diyden.
    Such provision made, that a country should not
  want so many springs as were convenient, and af-
  ford a supply every where suitable to the necessities
  and expenses of each climate.         Woodward.
    I can see no reason by which we were obliged to
  make those prodigious expenses.            Swift.

ExPE'NSEFUL,eks-pense'fuI. adj. [expense
   and full.]  Costly;  chargeable;  expen-
   sive.
    No part of structure is either more expensejul
  than windows,or more ruinous.           Wotton.
Expe'nskless,  eks-pense'les. adj.  [from
   exfiense.]  Without cost.
    A physician may save any army  by this  frugal
  and ■'.vpenseless means only.              MUton.
    Wliat health promotes, and gives unenvy'd peace,
  Is all expenseless, and procur'd with case. Blackmore.
 Expe'nsive, eks-pen'siv.423 adj. [from ex-
   pense.]
 I. Given to expense; extravagant; luxu-
   rious.
     Frugal and industrious men  are friendly to the
   established government, as toe idle and  expensive
   are dangerous.                         Temple.
 2. Costly; requiring expense:  as,  expen-
   sive dress, an expensive journey.
 3. Liberal; generous; distributive.
     This requires an active, expensive, indefatigable
  goodness, such as our apostle calls a work and la-
  bour of love.                            Sprat.
 Expe'nsively,  eks-pen'siv-le.  adv.  [from
   expensive.]   With great expense; at
   great  charge.
     I never knew him live so great and expensively as
  he hath done since his return from exile.    Swift.
 Expe'nsiveness,  eks-pen'siv-nes.  n.  s.
   [from expensive]
 I. Addiction to  expense; extravagance.
 2. Costliness.
     Their highways,  for their extent, solidity, or ex-
  pensiveness, are some of the greatest monuments of
  toe grandeur ofthe Roman empire.     Arbuthnot.
 EXPERIENCE,   eks-pe're-ense. to.  s.
   [experientia,  Lat.]
 1. Practice; frequent trial.
     Hereof  experience hath  informed  reason,  and
  time hath made those  things apparent which were
  hidden.                               Raleigh.
     But apt the mind or fancy is to rove
  Uncheck'd, and of her roving is no end,
  'Till warn'd, or by experience taught, she learn,
  That not to know  at large of things remote
  From use, obscure and subtle, but to know
  That which before us lies in daily life,
  Is  the prime wisdom; what is more, is fume
  Or emptiness, or fond impertinence,
  And renders us in things that most concern
  Unpractis'd, unprepar'd, and still to seek.  MUton.
 2. Knowledge gained by  trial  and prac-
   tice.
          Boys immature in knowledge,
  Pawn their experience to their present pleasure.
                                       Shaksp.
    But if you'll prosper, mark what I  advise,
  Whom age and long experience render wise.  Pope.
 To  Expe'rience,  eks-pe're-ense.  v. a.
  [from  the noun.]
 I. To try; to practise.
2. To know by practice.
            He through the armed files
  Darts his experiene'd eye.                Milton.
 Expe'uienced, eks-pe're-enst. participial
  adj. [from experience]
 I. Made  skilful  by experience.
    We must perfect, as much as we can, our ideas
  of  the distinct species: or learn them from such as
  are used  to that sort of things, and are experienced in
  them.                                 Locke.
   Wise by long practice.
    To him experiene'd Nestor thus rejoin'd,
  0 friend! what sorrows dost thou bring to mind!
                                         Pope.
 Expe'riencer,   eks-pe're-en-sur.   to. s.
  One who makes  trials;  a practiser of
  experiments.
    A  curious experiencer did affirm,  that the like-
  ness of any object, if strongly enlightened, will ap-
  pear to another, in the eye of him that looks strong-
  ly  and steadily upon it,  'till  he be  dazzled by it;
  even after he shall have turned his eves from it.
                               Digby on Bodies.
 EXPERIMENT,  eks-per'e-niem.  n. s.
  [experimentum,  Latin.]   Trial of  ai y
  thing;  something done  in order to  dis-
  cover an uncertain or  unknown  effect.
     That which sheweth them to  be wise,  is  the
   gathering of principles out of their own particular
   experiments; and the framing of our particular ex-
   periments, according to the rule of their principles,
   shall make us such as they are.          Hooker.
     It is good also not try experiments in states, ex-
   cept the necessity  be urgent, or the utility evident.
                                        Bacon.
     Adam! by sad experiment I know,
   How little weight with thee my words can find.
                                       MUton.
     'Till his fall man's mind was ignorant of nothing
   but of sin; or, at least, it rested in the notion with-
   out the smart of the experiment.          South.
     When we are searching out the  nature or proper-
   ties of any being by various methods of trial, this
   sort of observation is called experiment.    Watts.

 To Expe'riment, eks-per'e-ment. v.   a.
   [from the noun.]
 I. To try; to  search out  by trial.
     Francisco  Redi experimented that  no putrified
   flesh will of itself,  if all insects be carefully kept
   from it, produce any.        Ray on the Creation.
 2. To know by experience.
     When  the  succession of ideas ceases, our per-
   ception of duration ceases with it, which every one
   experiments whilst he sleeps soundly.       Locke.

 Experimental, eks-per-e-men'tal.  adj.
   [from experiment.]
 1. Pertaining to experiment.
 2. Built upon experiment; formed by ob-
   servation.
     Trust not my reading, nor my observations,
   Which with experimental seal do warrant
   The tenor of my book.               Shakspeare.
     The experimental testimony  of Gillius is most
   considerable of any, who beheld the course thereof.
                       Broxon's  Vulgar Errours.
 3. Known by experiment or  trial.
     We have no other evidence of  universal impe-
   netrability, besides a large experience,  without an
   experimental exception.                 Aeiufon.
    These are so far from being subservient to athe-
   ists in their audacious attempts, that they rather af-
   ford an experimental confirmation of the  universal
   deluge.                      Bentley's Sermons.

 Experimentally,  eks-per-e-men'tal-le,.
   adv. [from  experiment.]   By experi-
   ence; by trial;  by experiment;  by  ob-
   servation.
    The miscarriage being sometimes universal,  has
  made us impart what we have experimentally learn-
  ed by our own observations.             Evelyn.
    While the man is under the scourge of affliction,
  he is willing to abjure those sins which he now ex-
  perimentally finds attended with such bitter  conse-
  quences.                     Rogers' Sermons.

Expe'rimenter, eks-per'e-men-tur. to.  s.
   [from  experiment]   One  who  makes
   experiment.
    Galileus and Morsennus, two exact experiment-
  ers, do think they find this verity by their experi-
  ences; but surely this is impossible  to be done.
                              Digby on Bodies.
EXPE'RT,   eks-pert'.   adj.  [expertus,
   Latin.]
 I. Skilful; addvessful; intelligent.
    Now we will take some  order in toe town,
  Placing therein some experf officers.   Shakspeare
    Again fair Alma sits confest,
  On Floi-linel's experter breast;
  When she the rising sigh constrains,
  And by concealing speaks her pains.       Prior.
2. Ready;  dexterous.
    The meanest sculptor in  th'  F.milian  square,
  Can imitate in brass the nails and hair;
  Expert in trifles, and a cunning fool,
  Able t' express the parts, but not dispose the whole.
                                      Diyden.
    They have not  the  good luck  to be perfectly 
EXP
EXP
EXP
   knowing in the forms of syllogism, or expert in mode
   and figure.                             Locke.
 3. Skilful by practice or experience.  This
   sense is rare.
     Expert men can execute and  judge  of particu-
   lars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the
   plots and marshalling of affairs come best  from
   those that are learned.                   Bacon.
 4. It is used by Pope with  of before the
   object of skill, generally with in.
               Thy offspring bloom,
   .Expert ef arms, and prudent in debate,
   The gifts of Heaven to guard  thy hoary state.
                                 Pope's Odyssey.
 Expe'rtly, eks-pert'le.  adv. [from ex-
   pert.]   In a skilful,  ready, and dexte-
   rous manner.
 Expe'rtness,  eks-pert'nes.  re.  a.  [from
   expert.]  Skill; readiness; dexterity.
     What his reputation, what  his valour,  honesty,
   and expertness in war.               Shakspeare.
     This army, for the expertness and valour  of the
   soldiers, was toought sufficient  to have  met the
   greatest army of the Turks.     Knolles' History.
 E'xpiable, eks'pe-a-bl. adj.  [from expi-
   ate.] Capable  to be expiated or atoned.

 To  E'XPIATE,  eks'pe-kte.v. a.  [expio,
   Lat.]
 1. To annul the guilt of a crime by  subse-
   quent acts of piety; to atone for.
     Strong and able petty felons, in  true penitence,
   implore permission to expiate their crimes  by their
   assiduous labours in so  innocent and so hopeful a
   work.                                 Bacon.
     The odium which some  men's rigour or remiss.
   ness had contracted upon my government, I resolved
   to expiate by regulations.          King Charles.
     For the cure of this disease  an humble, serious,
   hearty repentance is the only physick;  not to expi-
   ate the guilt of it,  but to qualify us to partake of
   the benefit of Christ's atonement.           Ray.
 2. To avert the threats  of  prodigies.
 3. To make reparation for.
     The treasurer obliged  himself to expiate the in-
   jury, to procure some declaration to toat purpose,
   under his majesty's sign manual.       Clarendon.
     The more  they have  hitherto embezzled toeir
   parts, the more they endeavour to expiate  that un-
   thriftiness by a more careful managery for the fu-
   ture.                      Gov. of the  Tongue.
 Expia'tion,  eks-pe-a'shun.  re. a.  [from
   expiate.]
 I. The act of expiating or atoning for any
   crime.
 2. The  means by which we atone  for
   crimes; atonement.
     Law can discover sin, but not remove,
   Save by those shadowy expiations weak,
   The blood of bulls and goats.            Milton.
     The former part of this poem is but a due expia-
   tion for my not serving my king and country in it.
                                      Dryden.
     Let a  man's  innocence  be what it will, let his
   virtues rise to toe highest pitch of perfection, there
   will be still  in him so many  secret sins, so many
   human frailties, so many offences of ignorance, pas-
   sion, and prejudice, so many unguarded words and
   thoughts, that without the advantage of such an ex-
  piation and atonement, as Christianity has revealed
   to  us, it is impossible he should  be saved. Addison.
 3. Practices by which the  thi eats of omin-
   ous prodigies were averted.
   •  Upon the birth of such monsters, the Grecians
  and Romans did use divers  sorts of  expiations, and
  to  go about their principal cities with many sol< mn
  ceremonies and sacrifices.             Hayward.

E'xpiatohy, eks'pe-a-tur-e.612 adj.  [from
   expiate.]  Having  the power of expia-
   tion or atonement.
    His voluntary death for others prevailed with
  God, and had the force of an expiatory sacrifice.
                                      Hooker.
 ExpiLA'TioN,eks-pe-la'shun. to. a.  [expi-
   laHo, Latin.]  Robbery;  the act of com-
   mitting waste  upon land to  the  loss  of
   the heir.

 Expira'tion, eks-pe-ra'shun. to. a.   [from
   expire/]
 1. That act  of respiration  which  thrusts
   the air out of  the lungs,  and contracts
   the cavity of the breast.       Quincy.
    In all expiration the motion is  outwards, and
  therefore rather driveth away toe voice than draw-
  eth it.                                 Bacon.
    Of an inflammation of the diaphragm, the symp-
  toms are a violent fever, and a most  exquisite pain
  increases upon inspiration; by which it  is distin-
  guished from a pleurisy, in which the greatest pain
  is in expiration.                    Arbuthnot.
 2. The last emission of breath; death.
    We have heard him breathe the groan  of expira-
  tion.                                Rambler.
 3. Evaporation; act of fuming  out.
 4. Vapour; matter expired.
    Words of this sort resemble the wind in fury and
  impetuousness, in transientness and sudden expira-
  tion.                          Decay of Piety.
    Close air is warmer than open air, as  the cause
  of cold  is an expiration from  the earth,  which in
  open places is stronger.                  Bacon.
 5.  The  cessation of any  thing  to which
   life is  figuratively ascribed.
    To satisfy ourselves of its expiration we  darkened
  the  room, and in vain endeavoured to discover any
  spark of fire.                            Boyle.
 6. The conclusion of any limited time.
    If'till the expiration  of your month,
  You will return and sojourn with my sister,
  Dismissing half your train, come then to  me.
                                       Shaksp.
    This he did in a fortnight after the expiration of
  the  treaty of Uxbridge.               Clarendon.
 To EXPI'RE,  ek-spire'.  v.  a. [expiro,
  Latin.]
 I. To breathe out.
    To save his body from the scorching fire,
  Which he from hellish entrails did expire.
                                 Faiiy Queen.
    Anatomy exhibits the lungs in a continual motion
  of inspiring and expiring air.            Harvey.
    This chaf'd the boar; his nostrils flames expire,
  And his red eyeballs roll with living fire.  Dryden,
2. To exhale; to send out in exhalations.
    The fluid which  is thus  secreted, and expired
  forth along with the air, goes off in insensible par-
  cels.                              Woodward.
 3. To close;  to conclude;  to bring to an
  end.  Obsolete.
    When as time flying with wings swift,
  Expired had the term that these two javels
  Should render up a reck'ning of their travels.
                               Hubberd's Tale.

 To Expi're, ek-spire'.  v.  to.
 1. To make  an emission of the  breath.
    If the inspiring and expiring organ  of any animal
  be stopt, it suddenly dies.               Walton.
2. To die;  to breathe the last.
    For when the fair in all their pride expire,
  To their first elements the souls retire.      Pope,
3. To perish; to fall; to be destroyed.
            All thy praise is vain,
  Save what this verse, which never shall expire,
  Shall to thee  purchase.                 Spenser.
            The dead man's knell,
  Is there scarce ask'd, for whom; and good men's
        lives
  Expire before the flowers in their caps,
  Dying or ere  they sicken.               Shaksp.
4. To fly out with a blast.
    The distance judg'd for shot of every 9ize,
  The linstocks touch, the ponderous ball expires;
    The vigorous seaman every porthole plies,
  And adds his heart to every gun he fires.  Dryden.
5. To conclude; to terminate;  to come to
   an end.
             A month before
  This bond expires, 1 do expect return
  Of thrice three times the value of this bond. Shak
To EXELA'IN, eks-piane'.  v. a.  [tx'.
  piano, Lat.] To expound; to illustrate;
   to clear by notes or commentaries.
    Such is the original design, however we may ex-
  plain it away.                          Aylffi,
    You  will have a variety of  commentators to ex-
  plain the difficult passages to you.          Gay,
    Some explained the meaning quite away.  Popi.
Explainable, eks-plawe'a-bl. adj. [from
   explain.]  Capable of being explained
   or interpreted.
    It is symbolically explainable, and implieth pu-
  rification and cleanness.                 Brown,
Expla'iner, eks-plane'tir. n. a. [from ex.
   plain.]   Expositor; interpreter; com-
   mentator.
Explanation,   eks-pla-na'shun.  n. i.
   [from explain.]
I. The act  of explaining or interpreting.
2. The sense given by an explainer or in-
   terpreter.
    Before this explanation be condemned, and  the
  bill found upon it, some lawyers should fully inform
  the jury.                              Swift.
Explanatory,  eks-plan'a-tur-e.687 adj.
   [from  explain.] Containing explanation.
    Had  the  printer given me notice, I would have
  printed the  names, and writ explanatory notes.
                                       Swift.
E'xpletive,  eks'ple-tiv.lfi7 to. a.  [exfileti-
  vum, Latin.]   Something  used only to
  take up  room; something of which the
   use is only  to prevent a vacancy.
    These are not only useful expletives  to matter,
  but great ornaments of style.             Swift.
          Oft the ear the open vowels tire,
  While expletives  their feeble aid do join.   Pope.
    Expletives, whether words or syllables, are made
  use of purely to supply a vacancy: cfo, before verbs
  plural, is absolutely such; and future refiners ma;
  explode cficf  and does.                     Pope.
Explicable,  eks'ple-ka-bl.  adj.  [from
  explicate.]   Explainable; possible to be
  explained.
    Many difficulties, scarce explicable with any cer-
  tainty, occur in the fabrick of human nature. Htk.
    Great variety there is in compound bodies, and
  little many of them seem to be explicable.  Boyle.
To  E'XPLICATE,  eks'ple-kite. v.  a.
  [explico,  Lat.]
1. To unfold;  to expand.
    They explicate the leaves, and ripen food
  For  the silk labourers of the mulberry wood.
                                    Blackmore.
2. To  explain; to clear; to interpret.
    They do not understand that part ofthe christian
  philosophy  which explicates the secret nature of
  this divine sacrament.                   Taylor.
    Although  the truths may be elicited and explica-
  ted by the contemplation of animals,  yet they are
  more clearly evidenced in  the  contemplation of
  man.                                  Hale.
    The last verse of his last satyr it not yet suffici-
  ently explicated.                       Dryden.
Explica'tk n,   eks-ple-ka'shAn.  n.  «•
  [from  explicate.]
I. The act of opening, unfolding,  or ex-
  panding. 
EXP
EXP
EXP
2. The act of explaining; intrepretation;

   explanation.              ......       ,
    The church preacheth, first publishing by way ol
  testimony, toe truth which from them she hath re-
  ceived, written in the sacred volumes of scripture;
  secondly,  by  way of expficafion,  discovering the
  mysteries which lie hid therein.         Hooker.
    Many things are  needful for explication, and
  many for application unto particular occasions.
                                      Hooker.
    Allowances are made in the explication of our
  Saviour's parables, which hold only as to the main
  scope.                             Atterbury.
3.  The sense  given by an explainer; in-
   terpretation.
    'Tis the substance of this theory I mainly de-
  pend  upon; many  single explications and particu-
  larities may be rectified upon farther thoughts.
                                       Burnet.
E'xplicative,    eks'ple-ka-tiv.813    adj.
   [from explicate.]  Having  a tendency
   to explain.
    If the term which  is added to the subject of a
  complex proposition be either essential or any way
  necessary to it, then it is called expficofiue;  for  it
  only explains the subject;  as every mortal man is
  a son  of Adam.                         Waffs.
Explioa'tor,  eks-ple-ka'tur.  to.*, [from
   explicate.]    Expounder; interpreter;
   explainer.
EXPLI'CIT, eks-plis'it. adj. [ explicitua,
   Lat.]  Unfolded; plain; clear;  not  ob-
   scure;  not merely implied.
     We must lay aside toat lazy and fallacious me-
   thod  of censuring  by the  lump, and bring  things
  close  to explicit proof and evidence.       Burnet-
    These speculations, when most refined, serve only
   to shew how impossible it  is for us to have a clear
   and explicit notion of that which is infinite.  Sontft.
Explicitly, eks-plls'it-le.  adv.  [from
   explicit]   Plainly; directly;  not merely
   by inference or implication.
     This querulous humour  carries an implicit  re-
   pugnance to God's disposals; but where  it is  in-
   dulged, it usually is its own expositor, and explicitly
   avows it.                  Gov. of the Tongue.
  To EXPLO'DE, eks-plode'. v. a. [explo-
   do,  Lat.]
  I. To drive  out disgracefully with  some
   noise of  contempt;  to treat with  open
   contempt; to treat not only with neglect
   but open disdain or  scorn.
              Him old and young
   Exploded, and had seiz'd with violent hands,
   Had  not a cloud descending snatch'd him thence,
   Unseen amid the throng.               Milton.
           Thus was th' applause they meant,
   Turn'd to exploding hiss, triumph to shame,
   Cast  on toemselves from their own mouths. Milton.
     Old age explodes all but morality.  Roscommon.
     There is pretended,  that a magnetieal globe  or
   terrella, being placed upon its poles, would have a
   constant  rotation; but this is commonly exploded,
   as  being against all experience.          Wilkins.
     Shall that man  pass for a  proficient in Christ's
   school, who would have been exploded in the school
   of Zeno.                               South.
      Provided that no word, which a society shall give
   a sanction to, be antiquated and exploded, they may
   receive whatever new ones they shall find occasion
   for.                                   Swift.
  2. To drive out  with noise and violence.
      But late the kindled powder did explode
   The  massy ball, and the  brass  tube unload.
                                     Blackmore.
  Explo'der, eks-plo'dur.  to. a.  [from ex-
   plode] A hisser; one who drives out any
   person or thing with open contempt.
 EXPLO'IT, eks-pl6it'.  n.a.  [expletum,

        VOL.  I.
  Latin,  res expleta.]   A design accom-
  plished;  an  achievement;  a successful
  attempt.
    Know'st thou  not any whom corrupting gold
  Would tempt into a close exploit of death?   Shak.
    Flight cannot stain the honour you have won;
  But mine it will that no exploit have done.   Shak.
            How shall  I relate
  To human sense th' invisible exploits
  Of warring spirits?                      MUton.
    He breaks fierce Hannibal's insulting heats;
  Of which expfoifs thus our friend Ennius treats.
                                     Denham.
          Will you thus dishonour
  Your past exploits, and  sully all  your wars!
                                Addison's Cato.
To Explo'it,  eks-ploit'. v. a.   [from the
  noun.]   To perform;  to achieve.  Not
  used.
    He expfoifecf  great matters in his own person  in
  Gallia, and by his son in Spain.         Camden.
To  EXPLO'RATE,  eks-plo'rate. v. a.
  [exploro, Lat.]   To search out;  to  try
  by searching; to explore.
    Snails exclude their horns, and therewith expfo-
  rafe their way.                         Brown.
Explora'tion,   dks-plo-ra'shun.   to.  s.
  [from explorate.] Search;  examination.
    For exact exploration scales should be suspended
  where the air is quiet, that, clear of impediments,
  they may  the more freely convert  upon toeir natu-
  ral verticity.                           Brown.
    Use may be made of the like way of exploration
  in that enquiry  which puzzles so many modern na-
  turalists.                               2?oyfe.
Explora'tor, Sks-pl6-ra'tr}r.  to. *. [from
   explorate.]  One who searches; a search-
   er; an examiner.
Explo'ratory,    eks-plor'a-tvir-e.611  B3S
   adj. [from  explorate.]  Searching; ex-
   amining.
To  EXPLO'RE,  eks-plore'.  v.a.  [ex-
   ploro, Lat.]   To try;  to search into;  to
   examine by trial.
     Abdiel toat sight endur'd not, where he stood
  Among toe mightiest, bent on highest deeds,
  And thus his own undaunted heart explores. Milton.
     Divers opinions I have been inclined to question
  not only as a naturalist, but as a chymist, whether
   they be agreeable to true grounds of philosophy, or
   the exploring experiments of the fire.       Boyle.
     But Capys, and the rest of sounder mind,
  The fatal present to toe flames design'd,
  Or to the wat'ry deep; at least to bore
  The hollow sides, and hidden frauds explore.
                                       Dryden.
     The mighty Stagyrite first left the shore,
  Spread all his sails, and durst the deeps explore;
  He steer'd securely, and discover'd far,
  Led by the light ofthe Mceouian  star.       Pope.
Explo'rement,   eks-plore'ment.  to.  *.
   [from explore.]   Search;  trial.
     The frustrated search of Porta,  upon the explore-
   ment of many,  could scarce find one.     Brown.
Explo'sion,   eks-plo zliun.  to.  s.  [from
   explode.]   The act  of driving  out any
   thing with noise and violence.
     Those parts which  abound with strata or stone,
   or marble, making the strongest opposition, are the
   most  furiously shattered; an event observable not
   only in this, but all other explosions whatever.
                                    Woodward.
     In gunpowder the charcoal and  sulphur easily
   take fire, and set fire to the nitre; and the spirit of
   the nitre being thereby rarefied into vapour, rushes
   out with explosion, after the manner that the vapour
   of water rushes out of an aeolipilc: the sulphur also
   being volatile,  is converted into vapour, and aug-
   ments the explosion.                    Newton.
                     4s
            With explosion vast
  The thunder raises his tremendous voice.  Thomson.
Explo'sive,  eks-plo'siv.1"' '■- adj. [from
   explode.]  Driving out with  noise and
   violence.
    These minerals constitute in the earth a kind of
  natural gunpowder, which takes fire; and by the
  assistance of its explosive power, renders the shock
  greater.                            Woodward.
EXPO'NENT, eks-po'nent.  n. a. [from
   expono, Lat.]
    Exponent of the ratio, or proportion between any
  two numbers or quantities, is the  exponent arising
  when the antecedent is  divided by the consequent:
  thus six is the exponent of the ratio which thirty
  hath to five. Also a rank of numbers in arithmeti-
  cal progression, beginning from 0, and placed over
  a rank of numbers in geometrical progression, are
  called indices or exponents:  and in this is founded
  the  reason and  demonstration of logarithms; for
  addition and subtraction of these exponents answers
  to multiplication  and division in  the  geometrical
  numbers.                             Harris.
Exponential,    eks-po-nen'tshal.   adj.
   [from exponent.]
    Exponential curves are such as partake both of
  the nature of algebraick and  transcendental ones.
  They partake  of  the former,  because they consist
  of a  finite number of  terms,  though  those terms
  themselves are indeterminate;  and they are in some
  measure transcendental, because toey cannot be al-
  gebraically constructed.                  Harris.
To EXPO'RT, eks-port'. v. a.  [exporto,
   Lat.]  To carry out  of a country, gene-
   rally in the way of traffick.
    Glorious followers taint business for want of se-
  crecy, and export honour from a man, and make him
  a return in envy.                        JSacon.
    Edward III. by  his encouragement of  trade,
  turned the scale so much in favour of English mer-
  chandise, that, by a balance of trade taken in his
  time,  the exported commodities amounted to  two
  hundred ninety-four thousand  pounds, and toe im-
  ported but to thirty-eight thousand.       Addison.
    Great  ships brought from  the Indies precious
  wood, and exported pearls and  robes.    Arbuthnot.
E'xpoRT,eki>'p6rt.402H.s. [from the verb.]
   Commodity carried out in traffick.
Exporta'tion, eks-por-ta'shun. to. s. [from
   export.] The act or practice of carry-
   ing out commodities into  other coun-
   tries.
    The cause of a kingdom's thriving is fruitfulness
   of soil to produce necessaries,  not only sufficient for
   the inhabitants, but for exportation into other coun-
   tries.                                   Swift.
Expo'rter, eks-por'tur.  to.  s.  [from  ex-
   port.] He  that carries out commodities,
   in opposition to the importer who brings
   them  in.
     Money will be melted down, or  carried away ia
   coin by the exporter, whether the pieces of each
   species be by  the law bigger or less.       Locke.
 To EXPO'SE, eks-poze'. v. a. [expono,
   expositum, Lat.; exposer,  Fr.]
 1.  To lay open; to make liable.
             Take physick, Pomp;
   Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,
   That thou may'st shake toe superflux to them,
   And shew Heav'n just.              Shakspeare.
                  Who here
   Will envy whom the highest place exposes
   Foremost to stand against the  Thunderer's aim?
                                        MUton.
     To pass the riper period of  his age,
   Acting his part upou a  crowded itage,
   To lasting toils expos'd, and endless cares,
   To open dangers, and to secret snares       Prior.
2. To put in the power of any thing. 
EXP
E X  P
EXP
    But still he held his purpose to depart;
  For as he lov'd her equal to his life,
  He would not to the seas expose his wife.  Dryden.
3. To lay open; to make bare; to put in a
   state of being acted upon.
    Then joyous birds frequent the lonely grove,
  And beasts, by  nature strong, renew their love;
  Then  fields the blades of bury'd corn disclose,
  And while the balmy western spirit blows,
  Earth to the breath her bosom dares expose. Dryden.
4. To lay open to censure or ridicule;  to
   show in such a stale as brings contempt.
    Like Horace, you only expose the follies of men,
  without arraigning their vices.           Diyden.
    Tully has justly exposed a precept, that a man
  should live with his friend, in such a manner that if
  he became his enemy, it should not be in his power
  to hurt him.                           Addison.
    A fool might once himself alone expose,
  Now one in verse makes many more in prose. Pope.
    Your fame and your property suffer alike, you are
  at once exposed and plundered.              Pope.
5. To lay open to examination.
    Those  who seek truth only, freely exjiose their
  principles to the test, and are pleased to have them
  examined.                              Locke.
6. To put in danger.
    The exposing himself notoriously did change the
  fortune of the day, when his troops  begun  to give
  ground.                             Clarendon.
7. To cast out to chance.
    A father, ui naturally careless of his child, gives
  him to another man; and he again exposes him: a
  third man finding him,  breeds up and provides for
  him as his own.                         Locke.
    Helpless and naked on a woman's knees,
  To be expos'd or rear'd as she may please,
  Feel her neglect, and pine from her disease. Prior.
8. To censure; to treat  with dispraise.  A
   colloquial abuse  of the word.
    A  little wit is equally capable of  exposing a
  beauty, and of aggravating a fault.       Addison.

Exposi'tion,  eks-po-zish'iin.  to. s. [from
   expose.]
1. The situation in which any thing is pla-
   ced  with respect to the sun or air.
    Water he chuses clear,  light, without taste or
   smell; drawn from springs with  an easterly exposi-
   tion.                               Arbuthnot.
    The diversity of exposition of the  several  kitch-
   ens in this city, whereby some receive  the rays of
   the sun sooner, and others later, will occasion great
   irregularity as  to the time of dining.    Arbuthnot.
2.  Explanation;  interpretation, [from ex-
   pound, expono, Lat.]
    My lord of York, it better shew'd with you,
   When that your flock, assembled by the bell,
   Encircled you, to hear with reverence
   Your exposition on the holy text.      Shakspeare.
    You are a worthy judge;
   You know the law: your exposition
   Hath been most sound.              Shakspeare.
    I have sometimes very boldly made such  cxjiosi-
   tions of my authors, as no commentator will forgive
   me.                                  Diyden.
Expo'siTOR,eks-p6z'e-tur.to s.[expositor,
   Lat.]  Explainer; expounder; interpre-
   ter.
        A mirth-moving jest,
   Which his fair tongue, conceit's expositor,
  Delivers in such apt and gracious words,
  That aged ears play truant at his tales.     Shaksp.
    In the  picture  of Abraham's sacrificing his son,
  Isaac is described as a litrle boy, which is not con-
  sentaneous unto the authority of expositors. Brown.
    The sinner's conscience is the best expositor of
  the mind of God, under any judgment or  affliction.
                                         South.
    Scholiasts, those copious expositors  of places,
  pour out a vain overflow of learning on passages
  plain and easy.                           Locke.
To EXPOSTULATE, eks-p6s'tshu-late.
   483 v. n. [expostulo,  Lat.]  To  canvass
   with  another; to  altercate;  to  debate
   without open rupture.
    More bitterly could I exposfufafe,
  Save that for reverence of  some alive
  1 give a sparing limit to my tongue.    Shakspeare.
    The emperor's ambassador did expostulate with
  the king,  that he had broken his league with the
  emperor.                             Hayward.
   It is madness for friendless and unarmed innocence
  to expostulate with invincible power.    L'Estrange.
    Durst I expostulate with providence, I then might
  ask.                                   Cotton.
    The bishop will expostulate, and the tenant will
  have regard to the reasonableness of the demand.
                                         Swift.
Expos tula'tion, eks-pos-tshu-la'shun. to.
   s. [from expostulate.]
1. Debate; altercation; discussion of an af-
   fair in private without rupture.
    Expostulations end well  between  lovers, but ill
  between friends.                      Spectator:
2. Charge; accusation.
    This makes her bleeding patients to accuse
  High Heav'n, and these expostulations use;
  Could nature then no private woman grace,
  Whom we might dare to love with such a face?
                                        FFaffer.
    Expostulation is  a private  accusation  of  one
  friend touching another, supposed not to have dealt
  singly or considerately in the course of good friend-
  ship.                                 Ayliffe.
Expostula'tor, eks-pos'tshti-la-tilr.8^  to.
   s. [from expostulate.]  One that debates
   with another without open rupture.
Expo'sTULATORY,eks-pos'tshu-la-tiar-e.483
   012 adj.  [from expostulate.]  Containing
   expostulation.
    This fable is a kind of an exposfitfafort/debate be-
  tween bounty and ingratitude.         L'Estrange.
Exposure,  eks-po'zhure.  to. s. [from ex-
   pose.]
1. The act  of exposing or  setting out  to
   observation.
2. Tne state  of being open to observation.
    When we have our naked frailties hid,
  That suffer in exposure, let us meet.    Shakspeare.
3. The slate of being  exposed, or being
   liable to any thing.
        Determine on some course,
  More than a wild exposure to each chance
  That starts i' th' way before thee.     Shakspeare.
4. The state of bring in danger.
        Ajax sets Thersites
  To match us in comparisons with dirt;
  To weaken and discredit our exposure,
  How hard soever rounded in with danger.  Shaksp.
5. Exposition; the situation in which the
   sun or air is received.
    The cold now advancing, set such plants as will
  not endure the house, in pots, two or three inches
  lower than the surface of some bed, under a south-
  ern exposure.                          Evelyn.
To EXPO'UND,  eks-p6tind'. v.  a.  [ex-
  pono, Lat.]
1. To explain;  to  clear; to interpret;  to
   show the  meaning  of.
    We cannot better interpret the meaning of those
  words than pope  Leo himself expouncfecf  them,
  whose speech, concerning our Lord's ascension, may
  serve instead of a marginal gloss.        Hooker.
    This by Calphurnia's dream is signified.
  —And this way you have well expounded it.
                                    Sltakspeare,
    He expotMufed unto them in all the scriptures the
  things concerning himself.                 Luke.
    Those right holy fathers, as in matters of faith
  they did not make truth, but religiously expouncfed
  it; so in matters of ecclesiastical government, they
  did not create provinces, but ordered the countries
  which they then had.                   Raleigh.
2. To examine; to lay open: a latinism.
    He expounded both bis pockets,
  And found a watch, with  rings and lockets.
                                      Hudibras.
Expo'vnder, eks-poun'dur. n.  s. [from
   expound.]  Explainer; interpreter.
   ■ This they did partly as faithful witnesses; making
  a mere relation of what God himself had revealed
  unto them; and partly as careful expounders, teach-
  ers, and persuaders thereof.             Hooker.
             The best he was,
  And faithfullest expounder of the laws.    Dryden.
 To EXPKE'SS,eks-pres'. v. a. [exprimo,
   expressus,  Lat.]
 1. 1 o copy; to resemble; to represent.
     So kids and whelps their sires and dams express
  And so the great I measur'd by the less.  Dryden.
     Adorn a dream, expressing human form
  The shape of him who suffer'd in the storm. Dryd,
2. To  represent  by  any of the  iiwitative
   arts; as poetry, sculpture, painting.
     Each skilful artist shall express thy form
  In animated gold.                       Smith.
3. To  represent  in  words;  to  exhibit by
   language; to  utter; to declare.
     Less than half  we find exprest,
  Envy bid conceal the rest.              Milton.
    Though they have learned those sounds, yet there
  are no  determined ideas  laid up in their minds,
  which are to be expressed to others by them. Locke.
     In moral  ideas we have no  sensible  marks that
  resemble them, whereby we can set them  down:
  we have nothing but words to express them by.
                                        Locke.
    True wit is nature to advantage drest,
  What oft was thought,  but ne'er so well expresf.
                                         Pope.
    Others for language all their care express,
  And value books,  as women men, for dress.  Pope-
    To  shed tears,  among the ancients,  when they
  should express their gratitude to the gods with joy,
  was esteemed a prophanation.           Broome.
4. To show  or  make known in any man-
   ner.
    No longer shall thy bodice aptly lace,
  That air and shape of harmony express,
  Fine by  degrees, and delicately less.        Prior.
5. To utter;  to declare: with the   recipro-
   cal pronoun.
    Mr. Philips did express himself with much indig-
  nation against me one evening.             Pope.
   lo denote; to designate.
    Moses and Aaron  took these men expressed by
  their names.                          Numbers.
7 ■ To squeeze  oul;  to  force out  by com-
   pression.
    Among the watry juices of fruit are all the fruits
  out of which drink is expressed; as the  grape, and
  the apple.                              Bacon.
8. To extort by violence, or elicite by art:
   a  latinism.
    Halters and racks cannot express from thee
  More than thy deeds; 'tis only judgment waits thee.
                                   Ben Jonson.
            Art did express
  A quintessence even from nothingness
  From dull privatives and lean emptiness.   Donne.
Expre'ss, eks-pres'. adj. [from the verb.]
I. Copied; resembling; exactly alike.
        Of his presence many a sign
  Still following thee, still compassing thee round
  With goodness and paternal love; his face
  Express, and of his  steps the track divine. Milton.
2.  Plain;  apparent; declared  in direct
   terms.
    There hath been some doubt whether containing 
EXP
EXP
EXP
  in scripture do import express setting down in plain
  terms; or else comprehending  in such sort, that by
  reason we may from thence conclude all things which
  are necessary.                         Hooker.
    There is not any positive law of men, whether
  general or particular, received by formal  express
  consent, as in  councils; or by secret approbation;
  but the same may be taken away, if occasion serves.
                                      Hooker.
    All the  gazers on the skies,
  Read not in fair heav'n's story
  Expresser truth, or truer glory,
    Than they might in herbright eyes. Ben Jonson.
3. Clear;  not dubious.  This seems to  be
   no proper use.
    I love to feel myself of an express and  settled
  judgment and affection, in things of the greatest
   moment.                               Moi'e.
    As to the testimonies of the fathers, let them be
   never so express against all sorts of prayers and in-
   vocations, they hold only of such a sort of prayer.
                                   Sfiffing^eef.
    Where reason or scripture is express for any opi-
  nion, or action, we may receive it as of  divine  au-
  thority.                                Locke.
4. On purpose; for a particular end.
    They who are not induced to believe and live as
   toey ought, by those discoveries which  God hath
   made in scripture, would stand out against any evi-
   dence whatsoever; even that of a messenger sent
   express from the other world.           Atterbury.
Expre'ss, eks-pres'. n. s.  [from the  ad-
   jective.]
 1. A messenger sent on purpose.
    The king sent an express immediately to the mar-
   quis, with all the particular informations. Clarend.
    As if expresses from all parts had come,
   With fresh alarms threat'ning  the fate of Rome.
                                      Dryden.
    Upon the first moment I was discovered, the em-
   peror had early notice of it by an express. Gulliver.
2. A message sent.
    I am content my heart should be discovered to
   the world, without any of those popular  captations
   which some men use in their speeches and expresses.
                                 King Charles.
3. A declaration in plain terms. Not usual.
    They do not only  contradict the  general design
   and particular expresses of the gospel, but trespass
   against all logick and common sense.      Norris.
Expre'ssible, eks-pres'se-bl.  adj. [from
   express]
 1. That may be uttered or declared.
    They had not ouly a memory and tradition of it
   in general, but even of several particular accidents
   of it likewise, which they handed downwards to the
   succeeding ages, with notes of the greatest terror
   expressible.                         Woodward.
2. That may be drawn by squeezing or ex-
   pression.
Expression, eks-presh'dn.  n. *.  [from
   express.]
1. The  act or power of representing any
   thing.
    There is nothing comparable to the variety of in-
  structive expressions by speech, wherewith a man
   alone is endowed, as with an instrument  suitable to
   the excellency of his soul, for toe communication of
   his thoughts.                           Holder.
2. The form or mode of language in which
   any thoughts are uttered.
    But ill expression sometimes gives allay
   To noble  thoughts, whose flame shall ne'er decay.
                                  Buckingham.
    The poet, to reconcile Helen to his reader, brings
  her  in as a penitent, condemning her own infidelity
  in very strong expressions.               Broome.
3. A  phrase; a mode of speech.
4. The act of squeezing or forcing out any
   thing by a  press.
    Those juices that are  so fleshy, as they cannot
  make drink by expression, yet may make drink by
  mixture of water.                       Bacon.
    The juices of the leaves are obtained by exmes-
  sion; from this juice proceeds the taste. Arbuthnot.
Expre'ssive, eks-pres'siv. adj. [from ex-
  press.] Having the power  of utterance
  or representation.  With of before the
  thing expressed.
    Each verse so swells expressive of her woes,
  And ev'ry tear in lines  so mournful flows,
  We, spite of fame, her fate revers'd believe,
  O'erlook her crimes, and  think she ought to Hve!
                                        Ticket.
    And four fair queens, whose hands sustain a flow'r,
  Th' expressive  emblem  of their softer pow'r. Pope.
    A visible and exemplary obedience to God's laws
  is the most expressive acknowledgment of the ma-
  jesty and sovereignty of God, and disposes others to
  glorify him by  the same observances.      Rogers.
Expre'ssively, eks-pres'siv-le.ac/v. [from
  expressive] In a clear and representa-
  tive way.
Expre'ssiveness,  eks-pres'siv-nes. to.  s.
  [from expressive.]  The power of ex-
  pression, or representation by  words.
    The murrain has all the expressiveness that words
  can give: it was here  toat Virgil  strained hard to
  outdo Lucretius.                      Addison.
Expre'ssly,  eks-pres'le.  adv.  [from ex-
  press.] In  direct  terms;  plainly;  not by
  implication; not generally.
    It doth not follow, toat of necessity we shall sin,
  unless we expressly extend this in every particular.
                                       Hooker.
    Articles of belief, and things which all men must
  do, to the end  that they may be saved, are either ex-
  pressly set down in scripture, or else plainly thereby
  to be gathered.                        Hooker.
             Who dare cross 'em,
  Bearing the king's will from his mouth expressly?
                                    Shakspeare.
    The beginning of the worship of images in these
  western parts, was by the folly and superstition of
  the people, expressly against the will of their own
  bishop.                           Stillingfleet.
    This  account I expressly give of toem, when I
  enter on toe argument.               Atterbury.
    All toe duties toat the best political laws enjoin,
  as conducive to the quiet and order ol social life,
  are expressly commanded by our religion.   Rogers.
ExPRE'ssuRE,eks-presh'ure.46a to.*, [from
  express.  Now disused.]
I. Expression; utterance.
    There is a mystery in the soul of state,
  Which hath an operation more divine,
  Than breath or pen can give expressure to. Shaksp.
2. The form; the likeness represented.
    I will drop some obscure epistles of love, where-
  in, by the colour of his  beard, the manner of his
  gait, the expressure of his eye, forehead, and com-
  plexion, he shall find himself personated.  Shaksp.
3. The mark; the impression.
    And nightly, meadow fairies, look you sing,
  Like to the garter-compass in a ring:
  Th' expressure that it bears, green  let it be,
  More fertile fresh than all the field to see. Shaksp.
To  E'XPROBRATL,eks-pro'brate. v.a.
  [exprobro, Lat.]  To charge  upon with
  reproach; to impute openly with blame;
  to upbraid.
    To exprobrate their stupidity, he induces the pro-
  vidence of storks: now, if the bird had been un-
  known, toe  illustration had  been obscure, and the
  exprobation not so proper.               Brown.
L'.xprohra'tion, eks-pr6-bra'shiln.  to.  s.
  [from exfirobrate]  Scornful charge; re-
  proachful ace usation; act of upbraiding.
    The goodness we glory in, is to find out somewhat
                  4s2
  whereby we may judge others to be ungodly: each
  other's fault we observe as matter of exprobration,
  not of grief.                           Hooker.
    The  Parthians, with exprobration of  Crassus's
  thirst after money, poured gold into his mouth after
  he was dead.                           Abbot.
    It will be a denial with scorn, wito a  taunting
  exprobration; and to be miserable without commise-
  ration, is the height of misery.            South.
    No need such boasts, or exprobralions false '
  Of cowardice: the military mound
  The British files transcend in evil hour
  For their proud foes.                    Philips.
To Expropriate, eks-pro'pre-ate. v.  a.
   [ex and proprius, Lat.]  To  make no
   longer our own; to  hold no longer as a
   property.  Not in use.
    When you have resigned, or rather consigned,
  your  expropriated will  to  God, and  thereby en
  trusted him to will for you, all  his  dipensations to
  wards you are, in effect, the acts of your own will.
                                         Boyle.
To EXPU'GN, eks-pune'.386  386 v.  a. [ex-
  pugno, Lat.]   To conquer;  to take by
   assault.
Expugna'tion,   eks-pug-na'shnn.   to.  s.
   [from expugn.]   Conquest; the  act  of
   taking by assault.
    The expugnation of Vienna  he  could never ac-
  complish.                             Sandys.
To EXPU'LSE, eks-pulse'. v. a. [expul-
   sus, Lat.]   To drive out;  to expel;  to
   force away.
    For ever should they be expuls'd  from France,
  And not have title of an earldom there.    Shaksp.
    Suppose a nation where  the custom were, that
  after full age the sons  should expulse their fathers
  and mothers out of possessions, and put them to their
  pensions.                              Bacon.
    Inwardly received, it may be very diuretick, and
  expulse the stone in the kidneys.         Brown.
    Dictys relates, that Peleus was expulsed from  his
  kingdom by Acastus.                    Broome.
Expu'lsion, eks-pul'shun. to.  s.   [from
   expulse.]
1. The act of expelling or driving  out.
                   A wooer,
  More hateful than the foul expulsion is,
  Of toy dear husband.                   Shaksp.
    Sole victor from th' expwfsion of  his foes,
  Messiah his triumphal chariot turn'd.     Milton.
    Others think it possible so to  contrive several
  pieces of steel and a load-stone, that, by their con-
  tinual attraction and expulsion of one another, they
  may cause a perpetual revolution of a wheel.
                                       Wilkins,
    This magnificent temple was not finished till after
  toe expufsion of Tarquin.            Stillingfleet.
    Coffee-coloured urine proceeds from a mixture
  of a  small quantity of blood with  toe urine; but
  often prognosticates a resolution of  the obstructing
  matter, and the expwfsion of gravel  or a stone.
                                    Arbuthnot-
2. The state of being driven out.
    To what end had the angel been sent to keep toe
  entrance into Paradise after  Adam's expufsion, if
  the universe had been Paradise.          Raleigh.
Expu'lsive, eks-pAl'siv.168 4as adj. [from
   expulse.]   Having the power of expul-
   sion.
    If  the member be dependent, by  raising of it up,
  and placing it equal wito, or higher than the rest of
  the body, the influx may be restrained, and the part
  strengthened by expxUsive bandages.     Wiseman.
Expu'nction,   £kspilngk'shun.   to.   *.
   [from expunge.]  Abolition; the act of
   expunging, blotting, or effacing.
To EXPU'NGE,  eks-punje'. v.  a. [ex-
  pungo, Lat.] 
                   E  Y T

     Righteous are thy decrees on all toy works;
   Who can exfenicafe thee?    Milton's Parad. Lost.
 4. To lessen in representation, to palliate:
   opposite to aggravate.
     When you shall these unlucky deeds relate,
   Speak of me, as I am:  nothing exfenuafe,
   Nor set down aught in malice.        Shakspeare.
     Upon  his examination he denied little of that
   wherewith he was charged,  nor endeavoured much
   to  excuse or extenuate his fault; so that, not very
   wisely thinking to make his offence less by confes-
   sion, he made it enough for condemnation. Bacon.
     Yet hear me, Samson, not that I endeavour
   To lessen or exfennate my offence.       Jlfiffon.
 5. To make lean.
 6. To  make rare; opposed to dense.
     The race of all things here  is to extenuate and
   turn things to be more pneumatical  and rare, and
   not to  retrograde from pneumatical to that which is
   dense.                                Bacon.
 Extenua'tion,  eks-ten-ti-a'shun.  to.  s.
   [from  extenuate.]
 1. The act of representing things less ill
   than they are;  contrary  to aggravation;
   palliation.
 2. Mitigation; alleviation of punishment.
     When sin is to be judged, the kindest inquiry is
   what deeds of charity we can allege in extenuation
   of our punishment.                  Atterbury.
 3. A loss of plumpness, or a  general de-
   cay of the muscular flesh of the whole
   body.                            Quincy.
     A third sort of marasmus is an exfenwafion ofthe
   body, caused through an immoderate heat and dry-
   ness of the parts.                      Harvey.
 EXTE'RIOR,eks-te're-ur. adj. [exteri-
   or, Lat.] Outward; external; not intrin-
   sick.
    And what is faith, love, virtue unessay'd
   Alone, without exterior help  sustain'd.    Milton.
    Seraphick and common lovers behold exterior
   beauties, as children and astronomers consider Ga-
   lileo's optick glasses.                    Boyle.
    Father, blacker, and merrier, are  words which,
   together with the thing toey denominate, imply also
   something else separate and  exterior to the exist-
   ence of that thing.                      Locke.
 Exte'riorly, eks-te're-ur-le. adv. [from
   exterior.]  Outwardly; externally;  not
   intrinsically.
    You have slandered nature in my form;
   Which, howsoever rude exteriorly,
   Is yet the cover of a fairer mind,
   Than to be butcher of an innocent child.    Shaks.
 To EXTERMINATE, eks-ter'me-nate.
   v. a. [extermino, Lat.] To root out; to
   tear up;  to drive  away; to  abolish; to
   destroy.
    Unlucky vices,  on which  the exterminating lot
   happened to fall.                Decay of Piety.
    Alexander left Grecian colonies in toe Indies;
   but they were exterminated by Sandrocothus.
                            Arbuthnot on Coins.
    This dicovery alone is sufficient, if the vices of men
   did not captivate their reason, to explode and ex-
  terminate rank atheism out of the world.   Bentley.
Extermination, eks-ter-me-na'shiln. to.
   s. [from exterminate.]  Destruction; ex-
   cision.
    The  question  is, how far  an holy war  is to be
  pursued,  whether to displanting  and extermination
  of people.                             Bacon
Extermixa'tor,  eks-ter-me-na'tur.621 ».
   s.  [exterminator,  Lat.]    The  person
   or  instrument by  which any thing is
   destroyed.
To  Exte'rmine,  eks-ter'min.140  v.  a.
                   E X  T

    [extermino, Lat.]  To exterminate;  to
    destroy.  Not used.
     If you do sorrow at my grief in love,
   By giving love, your sorrow and my grief
   Were both extermin'd.            As j/o« fifce if.
 Exte'rn, £ks-teTn'. adj.  [externus, Lat.]
 1. External;  outward; visible.
     When my outward action doth demonstrate
   The native act and figure of my heart
   In compliment exfern, 'tis not long after
   But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve
   For daws to peck at.         Shakspeare's Othello.
 2. Without itself; not inherent; not intrin-
    sick; not depending on itself.
     When two bodies  are pressed one against ano-
   ther, toe rare body not being so able to resist divi-
   sion as the dense, and being not permitted to retire
   back, by reason of the extern violence impelling it,
   the parts of the rare body must be severed.  Digby.
 EXTERNAL, eks-ter'nal.  adj. [exter-
    nus, Latin.]
 I.  Outward; not  proceeding from itself;
    operating or acting from  without: op-
    posite to internal.
     We come to be assured that there is such a  be-
   ing, either by an internal impression of toe notion
   of a God upon our minds,  or else  by such external
   and visible effects as our reason tells us must be at-
   tributed to some cause, and which we cannot attri-
   bute to any other but such as we conceive  God to
   be.                                 Tillotson.
     Shells being exposed loose upon the surface ofthe
   earth to the injuries of weather, to be trod upon by
   horses and other cattle, and to many other external
   accidents, are, in tract of time, broken to pieces.
                                    Woodward.
 2. Having the outward appearance; hav-
   ing to the view  or  outward perception
   any particular nature.
     Adam was then no less glorious  in his exfernafs:
   he had a beautiful body as well as an  immortal
   soul.                                  South.
     He that commits only the external act of idola-
   try is as guilty as he that commits  toe external act
   of theft.                          Stillingfleet.
 Exte'rnally, eks-ter'nal-e.  adv.  [from
   external.]  Outwardly.
     The exterior ministry,  externally and alone, hath
   in it nothing excellent,  as being  destitute of the
   sanctity that God requires, and it is common to
   wicked men and good.                  Taylor.
 To Exti'l,  ek-stil'. v. to.  [ex and  stillo,
   Lat.]  To drop or distil from.
 Extilla'tion, ek-sfil-la'sho-n. n. s. [from
   ex and stillo, Lat.]  The act  of falling
   in drops.
    They seemed made by an exsudation or extilla-
   fion of petrifying juices out of the rocky earth.
                       Derham's Phys. Theologu.
 To EXTI'MULATE, ek stim'u-late. v.
   a.  [extimulo, Lat.]  To prick;  to incite
   by stimulation.
    Choler is  one  excretion wherebv nature exclu-
  de* another, which, descending into  the bowels,
  exfimwfafes and excites them unto expulsion.
                        Brown's Vulgar Eirours.
 Extimula'tion, ek-stim-u-la'shun.  to. s.
   [from  extimulatio,  Lat.]  Pungency;
   power of  exciting motion or sensation.
    The native spirits admit great diversity; as, hot,
  cold, active, dull, &c.  whence proceed most ofthe
  virtues of bodies;  but toe air intermixed is without
  virtues, and maketh things insipid, and without any
  Simulation                           BacJ
Lxti nct, ek-stinkt'.cc(/'. [extinctus, Lai.]
 1.  Extinguished; quenched; put out.
    They are exfincf, quenched as tow.      Isaiah.
    Their purple vengeance bath'd in gore retires,
                  E XT

  Her weapons blunted, and exfincf her fires.  Popt
2. At a stop; without progressive succes-
    sion.
      My clays are exfincf.                    Job,
      The royal family is all exfincf,
    And she who reigns bestows her crown on me.
                                        Dryden.
      The nobility are  never likely to be exfincf, be-
    cause the greatest part of their titles descend to
    heirs general.          ^               Swift.
  3.  Abolished;  out of force.
      A censure inflicted a jure continues, though such
    law be extinct, or the  lawgiver removed from his
    office-                                Ayliffe,
  Extinction,  ek-stink-shun.  n. s. [ex.
    tinctio,  Latin.]
  1. The act of quenching or extinguishing,
      Red-hot needles, or wires, extinguished in quick-
    silver,  do yet acquire a verticity according to the
    laws of position and extinction.          Brown.
  2.  The state of being quenched.
      The parts are consumed through exfinefion of
    toeir native heat, and  dissipation of their radical
    moisture.                             Harvey.
  3.  Destruction; excision.
      The extinction of nations,  and toe desolation of
    kingdoms, were but the effects of this destnicthe
    evil-                         .Rogers' Sermons.
  4>.  Suppression.
      They lie in dead oblivion, losing half
   The fleeting moments of too short a life,
   Total extinction of th' enlighten'd soul.  Thomson,

  To  EXTI'NGUISH, ek-stlng'gwlsh.  r.
    a. [exlinguo, Latin.]
  1. To put out; to quench.
     The soft god of pleasure that warm'd our desires,
   Has broken his bow, and exlinguish'd his fires.
                                       Dryden.
     Then rose the seed of chaos and of night,
   To blot out order and extinguish light.     Pope.
 2. To suppress;  to  destroy.
     They extinguish  the  love of the people to 'the
   young king, by remembering some imperfections of
   his father.                          Haywarl
     My fame of chastity, by which the  skies
   I reacht before, by thee extinguish'd dies. Denham.
 3. To cloud; to obscure.
     Bethink thee on her virtues that surmount,
   Her nat'ral graces that exfingwis/i art.    Shaksp.
 Extinguish able, ek-sting'gwish-a-bl.w
   adj. [from extinguish.]  That  may   be
   quenched, suppressed,  or destroyed

 Exti'nguisher, ek-stlng'gwlsh-ur.  n.  *.
   [from extinguish.]  A hollow cone put
   upon a candle to quench it.
     If it should  ever offer to flame out again, I would
   use toe conicum as an extinguisher to smother it.
                        More's Divine Dialogues.
     Of it a broad extinguisher he makes,
   And hoods toe flames.                 Dryden.
     'Tis better to  cover  toe vital flame with an ex-
   tinguisher  of  honour, than  let it consume till it
   burns blue, and lies agonizing within the socket
                     Collier on the Value of Life.
 Extinguishment,  ek-sting'gwish-ment.
   to. 8. [from extinguish.]
 1. Extinction; suppression; act of quench-
   ing;  destruction.
    When death's form appears, she feareth not
  An utter quenching or extinguishment;
  She would be glad to meet with such a lot,
  That so she might all future ill prevent.    Danes-
    He moved him to a war upon Flanders,  for the
  better extinguishment of the civil wars of France.
                                       Bacon.
    The immediate cause of death is the resolution or
  extinguishment of the spirits.             Bacon.
2. Abolition;  nullification. 
EXT                                     EYT                                     EXT
     Divine laws  of christian church polity may  not
   be altered by extinguishment.            Hooker.
 3. Termination ot a family or succession.
     His heart easily conceived  treason  against  the
   crown, wherein he perished himself, and made a fi-
   nal extinguishment of bis house and honour. Davies.
 To  Exti'rp, ek-sterp'.108 v. a.   [extirpo,
   Lat.]  To eradicate; to  root  out.  Not
   used.
     Which to extirp he laid him privily
   Down in a darksome lowly place far in. Fairy Q.
     Nor shall that nation boast it so with us,
   But be exft'rpecf from our provinces.     Shaksp.
 To   EXTIRPATE,  ek-ater'pate.  v.  a.
   [extirpo, Lat.]  To root  out;  to eradi-
   cate;  to  exscind;  to destroy.
     The rebels were grown so strong, toat they made
   account speedily to extirpate  the British nation in
   that kingdom.                        Dryden.
     We in vain endeavour to drive toe wolf from our
   own to another's door; the breed ought to be extir-
   pated out of the island.                  Locke.
     It is not the business of virtue to extiipate the  af-
   fections, but to regulate them.          Addison.
 Extirpa'tion,  ek-ster-pa'shun.  to.   s.
   [from extirpate.]  The  act of rooting
   out;  eradication;  excision; destruction.
     It is said that popery,  for want of utter extirpa-
   tion, hath in some places taken root and flourished
   again.                               Hooker.
     Religion requires the extirpation of all those pas-
   sions  and  vices which render men unsociable and
   troublesome to one another.            TiUotson.
 Extirpa'tor,  eks-ter'pa-ttir.168 B'21  n.  s.
   [from extirpate.] One  who roots out; a
   destroyer.
 Extispi'cious, ek-ste-spish'us. adj.  [ex-
   tispicium, Lat.] Augurial;  relating   to
   the  inspection  of entrails  in order  to
   prognostication.
    Thus hath he deluded many nations unto his au-
   gurial  and extispicious inventions, from  casual and
   uncontrived contingencies, divining events succeed-
   ing.                   Brown's  Vulgar Errours.

 To  EXTO'L, ek-stol'.406 v. a.  [extollo,
   Lat.] To praise; to magnify; to laud; to
   celebrate.
    Exfof him that rideto upon the heavens. Psalms.
    When a rich man speaketh, every man holdeth
   his  tongue;  and look, what he saith they exfof it to
   the clouds.                      Ecclesiasticus.
    Heaven and earth shall high exfof
   Thy praises with th' innumerable sound
   Of hymns and sacred songs, wherewith thy throne
   Encompass'd shall resound thee ever bless'd. Milt.
    Let Araby exfof her happy coast,
  Her cinnamon aud sweet amomum boast. Dryden.
Exto'lleb,  eks-tol'ltir.  to.  s. [from ex-
   tol.]   A praiser; a  magnifier;  one  that
   praises to  the skies.
Exto'rsive, eks-tor'siv. lsa *2S adj. [from
   extort.]  Having the quality of drawing
   by violent means.
Exto'rsively, eks-tdr'siv-le. adv. [from
   extorttive.] In an extorsive manner; by
   violence.

To EXTO'RT, eks-t6rt'.  v.a.  [extor-
   queo, extortus, Latin.]
I.  To draw  by force; to  force away; to
   wrest; to wring from one.
    'Till the injurious Romans did exforf
 This tribute from us, we were free.    Shakspeare.
   That glory never shall  his wrath or might
 Extort from me, to bow and sue for grace
 With suppliant knee, and deify his pow'r.  Milton.
   I remember well the impious oath,
 Hardly extorted from my trembling youth.  Rowe.
     My earnest desires, not any doubts of your good-
   ness, but my real concern for your welfare,  exforf
   this from me.                          Wake.
 2. To  gain by violence or oppression.
     His tail was stretched out in wond'rous length,
   That to the house of heavenly gods it raught,
     And with extorted power and borrow'd strength,
   The ever-burning lamps from thence it brought.
                                       Spenser.
     Are my chests fill'd up with extorted gold?
                          Shakspeaie's Henry VI.
 To Exto'rt, eks-tort'. v. to.  To practise
   oppression and violence.  Disused.
     To  whom they  never  gave any penny of enter-
   tainment, but let them feed upon the countries, and
   exforf upon all men where they come.     Spenser.
     Before they did exforf and  oppress toe  people
   only by colour of a lewd custom,  they did after-
   wards  use the same extortions by warrant.  Davies.
 Exto'rter,  eks-tor'tilr.98 to. s.  [from ex-
   tort]  One who practises oppression or
   extortion.
     Edric the exforfer was deprived  by king Canute
   of the government of Mercia.           Camden.
 Exto'rtion, eks-tor'shun. to. s. [from ex-
   tort.]
 I. The act or practice of gaining by vio-
   lence and  rapacity.
                     That goodness
   Of gleaning all the land's wealth into one,
   Into your own hands, cardinal, by exforfion. Shaks.
     Oppression  and exforfion did maintain the great-
   ness, and oppression and exforfion did extinguish
   the greatness of that house.              Davies.
 2.  Force by  which any  thing is unjustly
   taken away.
     Because  the lords had power  to  impose this
   charge, the freeholders  were glad to give a great
   part of their lands to hold the rest free from that
   extortion.                   Davies on Ireland.
    A succeeding king's just recovery of rights from
   unjust  usurpations and extortion,  shall never be
  prejudiced by  any act of  mine.     King Charles.
 Exto'rtioner,  eks-tor'shun-ur.  to.  s.
   [from  extortion.]  One  who practises
   extortion;  one who grows  rich by vio-
   lence  and rapacity.
    There will be always murderers,  adulterers, ex-
  tortioners, church-robbers, traitors,  and other rab-
  blement.                             Camden.
    The covetous extortioner is  involved in the same
  sentence.                      Decay of Piety.

 To EXTRA'CT, eks-trakf. t>. a. [extra-
   ho, extractum, Latin.]
 1. To draw out of something.
    The drawing one metal or  mineral out of ano-
  ther we call exfracfing.                 Bacon.
    Out of the ashes of all plants they extract a salt
  which they use in medicines.             Bacon.
    The metallick or mineral matter is  so diffused
  amongst toe crasser matter, that it would never be
  possible to separate and extract it.      Woodward.

2. To draw  by chymical operation.
                               They
  Whom sunny Borneo bears, are stor'd with streams
  Egregious, rum and rice's spirit extract.  Philips.
   To take from something of which the
   thing taken was a part.
                      I now see
  Bone of my bone, flesh of my flesh, myself
  Before me: woman is her name, of man
  Extracted.                            MUton.
   To draw out  of any containing body or
   cavity.
    These waters Were extracted and laid upon the
  surface  of the ground.                  Buroef.
   To select  an  abstract from a larger
  treatise.
    To see how this  case is represented,  I have ex-
   iracted out of that pamphlet a  few  notorious falf-
   hoods.                                 Swift.

  E'xtract,  eks'trakt.492  n. s.  [from  the
    verb.]
  1. The  substance  extracted;  the chief
    parts drawn from any thing.
     In tinctures, if the superfluous spirit of wine be
   distilled off, it leaves at toe bottom that thicker sub-
   stance,  which chemists call the extract of the vege-
   tables.                                 Boyle.
     To dip our  tongues  in  gall,  to have nothing in
   our'mouth but the extract and exhalation of our in-
   ward bitterness, is no great sensuality.
                       Government ofthe  Tongue.
 2. The  chief heads drawn from a book;
   an abstract; an epitome.
     I will present a few extracts out of authors.
                              Canwlen's Remains.
     Some books may be read by extracts made of
   them by others, but only in the less important ar-
   guments, and the meaner books; else distilled books
   are like common distilled waters, flashy things.
                                 Bacon's Essays.
     Spend some hours  eveiy day in reading, and
   making  extracts, if your memory be weak.  Swift.
 3.  Extraction;  descent. Not  used.
    The apostle gives it a value suitable to its  extract,
   branding it  with the most  ignominious imputation
   of foolishness.                          South.
 Extra'otion, eks-trak'shun.  n.  s. [ex-
   tractio,  Latin.]
 1. The act of drawing one part out  of a
   compound; the act of drawing out the
   principal  substance by chymical opera-
   tion.
    Although the charge of exfracfion should  exceed
  toe worth, at least it will discover nature and possi
  bility.                                 Bacon. .
    The distillations of waters, extractions of oils, and
  such like experiments,  are unknown to the an-
  cients.                              Hakewill.
    It would not defray toe charge and labour of the
  exfracfion, and must needs be all irretrievably lost,
                          Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Derivation from  an original; lineage;
   descent.
    One whose exfracfion 's from  an ancient  line,
  Gives hope again that well-born men may shine;
  The meanest in your nature mild and good^
  The noble rest secured in your blood.     Waller.
    A family of  an ancient extraction,  transported
  with the  Conqueror out of Normandy.   Clarendon.
Extra'ctor,  eks-trak't&r.  n. s. [Latin.]
   The person or instrument by which any
   thing is  extracted.
Extradi'ctionary,  eks-tra-dik'shun-ar-
   e. adj. [extra  and  dictio,  Lat.]  Not
   consisting in words but realities.
    Of extradictionary and  real fallacies,  Aristotle
  and logicians make  six; but we  observe men are
  commonly deceived by four thereof.      Brown.
Extrajudicial,  eks-tra-ju-dish'al.  adj.
   [extra and judicium, Lat.]  Out of the
   regular course  of legal procedure.
    A declaratory or extrajudicial absolution  is con-
  ferred in/oro pcenifenftafi.     Ayliffe's Parergon.

Extrajudicially,   eks-tru-jii-dish'al-e.
  adv. [from extrajudicial] In a manner
   different  from  the ordinary course  of
   legal procedure.
    The confirmation  of an  election," toough done
  by a previous citation of all persons concerned, may
  be said to be done exfrajudicioffi/, when opposit on
  ensues thereupon.                      Ayliffe.

F.xtrami'ssion, eks-tra-mlsh'un. to.*, [ex-
   tra and mitto. Lat.] The  act of emitting
   outward: opposite to  intromiaaion. 
EXT                                    EXT                                    EXT
    Aristotle, Alhazen, and others, hold that sight is
  by reception, and not by txtramission; by receiving
  the rays of the object unto the eye, and not by send-
  ing any out.                          Brown.
Extramunda'ne, dks-tra-miWdane. adj.
  [extra and mundus,  Lat.]  Beyond the
  verge of the material world.
    'Tis a philosophy that gives the exactest topogra-
  phy of the extramundane spaces.       Glanville.
Extra'neous, eks-tra'ne-ns. adj.  [extra-
  neus, Lat.] Not belonging to any thing;
  foreign; of different  substance;  not in-
  trinsick.
    Relation is not contained  in the real existence of
  things, but something extraneous and superinduced.
                                       Locke.
    When the mind refers any of its ideas to any thing
  extraneous to them, they are then called true or false.
                                       Locke.
    Gold, when equally pure, and freed from extra-
  neous matter,  is absolutely alike in colour, consist-
  ence, specific gravity, and all other respects.
                                   Woodward.
Extraordinarily,  eks-tror'de-nar-e-le.
  adv. [from extraordinary.]
1. In a manner out of the common method
  and order.
    In  the affairs which were  not determinable one
  way or other by the scripture, himself gave an ex-
  traordinarily  direction and  counsel, as oft as they
  sought it at his hands.                  Hooker.
    In  government it is good to use men of one rank
  equally; for to countenance some extraordinarily, is
  to make them insolent, and the  rest discontent.
                                      Bacon.
2. Uncommonly;  particularly; eminently;
  remarkably.
    He quotes me right; and I hope all his quotations,
  wherein he is so extraordinarily copious and elabo-
  rate,  are so.                          Howel.
    The temple of Solomon was a type, and there-
  fore was so extraordinarily magnificent;  otherwise
  perhaps a cheaper  structure might have been  as
  serviceable.                          Wiffeins.
Extrao'rdinariness,  fiks-tror'de-nar-e-
  nes. n.  s.  [from extraordinary.]  Un-
  commonness;  eminence;  remarkable-
  ness.
    I chuse some few either for the extraordinariness
  of their guilt, or toe frequency  of their practice.
                           Gov. of the Tongue.
EXTRAORDINARY,  eks-tr6r'de-nar-
   e. adj [extraordinarius, Lat.  This word
   and its   derivatives are  generally  pro-
  nounced extrordinary, whereby the a is
   liquefied into the o.]
 1. Different from common order and me-
  thod; not ordinary.
    Evils must be judged inevitable, if there  be no
  apparent  ordinary  way  to avoid  them; because
  where council and advice bear rule of God's extra-
  ordinary power, without extraordinary warrant, we
  cannot presume.                       Hooker.
    Spain had  no wars save those which were grown
  into an ordinary: now they  have coupled therewith
  the extraordinary of the Voltaline and the Palati-
  nate.                                 Bacon.
    See what exfraorcfinciri/ armies have been  trans-
  mitted thither, and what ordinary forces maintained
  there.                               Davies.
2. Different  from the common course  of
  law.
    If  they proceeded in a martial or any other ex-
  traordinary way, without any form of law, his ma-
  jesty should declare his justice  and affection to an
  old faithful servant.                 Clarendon.
3. Eminent;  remarkable; more  than com-
  mon.
    The house was built of fair aad strong stone, not
  affecting so much  any extraordinary kind of fine-
  ness, as an honourable representing of a firm state-
  liness.                                Sidney.
    The Indians worshipped  rivers, fountains, rocks,
  or great stones, and all things which seemed to have
  something extraordinary in  them.     Stillingfleet.
Extraordinary,    eks-tror'de-nar-e.3?4
   adv. [This word seems only a colloqui-
   al barbarism, used for the ease of pro-
   nunciation.] Extraordinarily.
    I ran over toeir cabinet of medals, but don't re-
  member to have met with any thing in it toat are ex-
  traordinary rare.                      Addison.
Extraparo'chial,    eks-t ra-par-6'ke-al.
   adj.  [extra  and parochia, Lat.]   Not
   comprehended within any parish.
Extra provincial,   eks-tra-pro-vin'shal.
   adj.  [extra  and provincia,  Lat.]  Not
   within the same province; not within the
   jurisdiction of the same archbishop.
    An  extraprovincial citation  is not valid, wffra
  duas dicetas,  above two days journey; nor is a cita-
  tion valid that contains many conditions manifestly
  inconvenient.                         Ayliffe.
Extrare'gular,  eks-tra-reg'u-lar.  adj.
   [extra and regula, Lat.]  Not compre-
   hended within a rule.
    His  providence  is extraregular,  and produces
  strange things beyond common rules;  and he led
  Israel  through a sea, and made a rock pour forth
  water.                                Taylor.
Extra'vagance,  eks-trav'a-ganse.  }
Extra'vagancy,  eks-trav'a-gan-se. 5   "'
   s. [extravagans, Lat.]
I. Excursion or sally beyond  prescribed
   limits.
    1 have troubled you too far with this extravagance:
  I shall make no delay to recall myself into the road
  again.                             Hammond.
2. Irregularity; wildness.
3. Outrage;  violence;  outrageous  vehe-
   mence.
    How many, by the wild fury and extravagancy of
  their own passions, have put toeir bodies into a com-
  bustion, and by stirring up their rage against others,
  have armed  that fierce humour against  themselves.
                                    Tillotson.
4. Unnatural tumour; bombast.
    Some verses of my own, Maximin and Almanzor,
  cry vengeance upon me for toeir extravagance.
                                     Dryden.
5. Waste; vain and superfluous expense.
    She  was so expensive, that the income of three
  dukes was not enough to supply her extravagance.
                                   Arbuthnot.
EXTRA'VAGANT,eks-trav'a-gant. adj.
   [extravagans, Lat.]
I. Wandering ©ut of  his bounds. This is
   the primogenial sense,  but not now in
   use.
              At his warning
  The extravagant and erring spirit hies
  To his_confine.                    Shakspeare.
2. Roving beyond just limits or prescribed
   methods.
    I dare not ask for what you would not grant:
  But wishes, madam, are extravagant;
  They are not bounded with things possible;
  I may  wish more than I presume to tell.  Dryden.
3. Not  comprehended in any thing.
    Twenty constitutions of pope John xxn. are call-
  ed the  extravagants; for that they being written in
  no order or .method, vagantu extra corpus collectio-
  num canonum.                        Auliffe.
4. Irregular; wild.
            For a dance they seem'd
  Somewhat extravagant, and wild.         Milton.
    There appears something nobly wild and exfra-
  vagant  in great natural  geniuses, infinitely  more
  beautiful than turn and polishing.        Addison.
    New ideas employed my fancy all night, and cotr^
  posed a wild extravagant dream.         Addison.

5. Wasteful; prodigal; vainly expensive.
    An extravagant man, who has nothing else to re-
  commend him but a false generosity, is often  more
  beloved than a person of a much more finished cha-
  racter,  who  is defective in this particular. Addison

Extra'vagant, eks-trav'a-gant. n.s. One
   who  is confined  in no general rule or
   definition.
    We pity or laugh at those fatuous extravagants.
                                     Glanville.
     I here are certain extravagants among people of
  all sizes and professions.             VEslranet
Extra'vagantly, eks-trav'a-gant-le. adv.
   [from extravagant.]
I. In an extravagant manner; wildly.
    Her  passion was extravagantly new;
  But mine is  much the madder of the two. Dryden
2. In an unreasonable degree.
    Some are found to praise our author, and others
  as rashly and extravagantly  contradict his admirers.

3.  Expensively;  luxuriously; wastefully;
   profusely.
Extra'vagantness,  eks-trav'a-gant-nes,
   to.  *.  [from extravagant.] Excess; ex-
   cursion beyond  limits.
To Extra'vagate, £ks-trav'a-gate. v. n,
   [extra and vagor, Lat.]  To wander out
   of limits.                         Diet.
Extra'vasated,  eks-trav'va-sa-tetl. adj.
   [extra and vasa, Lat.]   Forced out of
   the properly  containing vessels.
    The viscous matter, which lies like leather upon
  the extravasated blood of pleurelick people, maybe
  dissolved by a due degree of heat.     Arbuthnot.
Extravasa'tion, eks-tra-va-sa'shun. n.s.
   [from extravasated.]  The act of for-
   cing,  or state of being forced, out of the
   proper containing vessels.
    Aliment, too viscous, obstructing the glands,  and
  by its acrimony corroding the small vessels of the
  lungs, after  a rupture and extravasation  of blood,
  easily produces an ulcer.             Arbuthnot.
Extrave'nate, eks-trav'e-nite. adj. [ex-
   tra and vena, Lat.] Let out of the veins.
    That there is a magnetick way of curing wounds,
  by anointing the weapon;  and that the wound is af-
  fected in like manner as is the extravenate blood by
  the sympathetick  medicine,  as to matter of fact, is
  with circumstances of good evidence asserted.
                                    Glanville-
Extrave'rsion,   eks-tra-ver'shun. n. s.
  [extra and versio, Latin.]  The act of
  throwing  out; the state of being thrown
  out.
    Nor does there intervene heat to afford them any
  colour to pretend that there is made an exfrarersion
  of the sulphur, or of any of toe two other supposed
  principles.                             g^u,
Extra'ught, eks-trawt'. part.  [This is
  an obsolete participle from extract; as
   distraught from distract.]  Extracted.
    Sham'st thou not, knowing whence thou art ex-
       traught,
  To let thy tongue detect  thy baseborn heart?
FYTUKviwu t,                  Shakspeare.
EX I KL ME, eks-treme'. adj. [extremus,
  Lat   This word  is sometimes corrupted
  by the superlative termination,of which
  it is by no means capable, as it has in
  itself  the  superlative signification.] 
EXT
EXT
EXU
 I. Greatest; of the highest degree.
     The Lord shall  smite thee with a fever,  an in-
   flammation, and an extreme burning.        Deut.
     They thought it the extremest of evils to  put
   themselves at the mercy of those hungry and disor-
   derly people.                           Bacon.
 2. Utmost.
                 The hairy fool
   Stood on th' extremest verge of the swift brook,
   Augmenting it with tears.            Shakspeare.
     Miseno's cape and Bauli last he view'd,
   That on the sea's extremest borders stood.  Addison.
 3. Last; that  beyond which  there  is no-
   thing.
     Farewel, ungrateful and unkind! I go,
   Condemn'd by thee, to those sad shades below:
   I go to' extremest remedy to prove,
   To drink oblivion,  and to drench my love.  Diyden.
 4. Pressing  in the utmost degree.
     Cases of necessity being  sometime but urgent,
   sometime  extreme, the consideration of publick
   utility is urged equivalent to the easier kind of ne-
   cessity.                               Hooker.
 5. Rigorous; strict.
     If thou  be extreme to  mark what is  amiss, 0
   Lord, who shall abide it?                Psalms.
 Extre'me, eks-treme'. n. s. [from the ad-
   jective.]
 1. Utmost point;  highest degree  of any
   thing.
     Thither by harpy footed furies hal'd,
   At certain revolutions, all tbe damn'd
   Are brought; and feel by turns the bitter change
   Of fierce extremes, extremes by change more fierce;
   From beds of raging fire to starve in ice
   Their soft ethereal warmth, and there to pine
   Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round
  Periods of time; thence hurried back to fire. Milton.
     Avoid extremes,  and shun the faults of such
   Who still are pleas'd too little, or too much.  Pope.
     They cannot bear that human nature, which they
  know to be imperfect, should be raised to an  ex-
   treme, without opposition.                  Pope.
 2. Points at the  greatest  distance  from
   each other;  extremity.
     The true protestant religion is  situated in  the
   golden mean; toe enemies unto her are the exfremes
   on either hand.                        Bacon.
     The syllogystical form only shews, that if the in-
   termediate idea agrees with those it is on both sides
   immediately  applied to, then those two remote ones,
   or, as they are called, extremes do certainly agree.
                                        Locke.
 Extre'mely,  eks-tremc'le.  adv.  [from
   extreme.]
 1. In the  utmost degree.
     She might hear, not far from her,  an extremely
  doleful voice; but so suppressed with a  kind of
  whispering note, that he could not conceive  the
  words distinctly.                       Sidney.
 2. Very much;   greatly:  in  familiar lan-
   guage.
    Whoever sees a scoundrel  in  a gown reeling
  home at midnight,  is apt to be extremely comforted
  in  his own vices.                        Swift.
 Extre'mh v, eks-trem'e-te.  n.  a. [extre-
   mitas, Lat.]
 1. The  utmost point; the highest degree.
     He that will take away extreme heat by setting
  the body in extremUy of cold, shall undoubtedly re-
  moic (he disease; but together with it the  diseased
  too.                                 Hooker.
    Should any one be cruel and uncharitable to that
  extremity, yet this  would not prove  that propriety
  gave any authority.                     Locke
2. The  utmost parts;  the parts most re-
   mote from the  middle.
    In its proper  colour it is inclining to white, ex-
  eepling the extremities or tops of the wing feathers,
  nhich are black.                       Brown.
      VOL.  I.
     The extremities of the joints must be seldom hid-
   den, and the extremities or end of the feet never.
                                       Dryden.
     The extremity of pain often creates a coldness in
   the extremities; but such a sensation is very consist-
   ent with an inflammatory distemper.   Arbuthnot.
 3. The points in the utmost degree of  op-
   position, or at the utmost distance from
   each other.
     He 's a man of that strange composition
   Made up of all the worst exfremifies
   Of youth and age.                    Denham.
 4. Remotest  parts; parts at the  greatest
   distance.
     They sent fleets  out of the Red Sea  to toe ex-
   fremifies  of ./Ethiopia, and  imported quantities of
   precious goods.                     Arbuthnot.
 5. Violence of passion.
     With equal measure she did moderate
   The strong exfremifies of toeir outrage.    Spenser.
     If I  shew no colour for my extremity, let me be
   your table sport.                    Shakspeare.
 6. The utmost  violence,  rigour,  or  dis-
   tress.
     Why should not the same laws take good effect
   on toat people, being prepared by toe sword,  and
   brought under by extremity?             Spenser.
     Their hearts she guesseth,
   And yields her to extremity of time.  Fairy Queen.
     He promised, if they should be besieged, to re-
   lieve them before toey should be reduced to exfremi-
   ty.                                Clarendon.
     It should be never so exposed to the extremity of
   war as to fall into those barbarous hands.  Clarend.
     I wish peace, and any terms prefer,
   Before the last exfremifies of war.        Dryden.
 7. The  most aggravated state.
     The world is running mad  after farce, the ex-
   tremity of bad poetry; or rather the judgment  that
   is fallen upon dramatic writing.           Diyden.
 To  E'XTRICATE,  eks'tre-kate.  v.  a.
   [extrico, Lat.] To disembarrass; to  set
   free any one in a state of perplexity; to
   disentangle.
     We run into great difficulties about free created
   agents, which reason cannot  well  extricate itself out
   of.                                    Locke.
    These are reliefs to nature, as they give her an
  opportunity of exfj-icofiwg herself from her oppres-
  sions, and recovering the several  tones and springs
  of her vessels.                        Addison.
 ExTRicA'TioN,eks-tre-ka'sht\n. to.*, [from
   extricate.]   The  act  of disentangling;
   disentanglement.
    Crude salt has a taste not properly acid, but such
  as predominates in brine;  and it  does not appeal-,
  that this acid spirit did as such pre-exist in the salt
  whence it was obtained, so that we may suppose it
  to have been made rather by transmutation than ex-
  trication.                               Boyle.

EXTRl'NSICAL,  eks-trin'se-kal.  adj.
   [extrinsecus,  Lat]  External; outward;
   not intimately belonging; not intrinsick.
   It  is commonly written  so,  but analogy
   requires extrinsecal.
    A body cannot move, unless it be moved by some
  exfrinsicaf agent: absurd it is to think that a body,
  by a quality in it, can work upon itself.     Digby.
    Neither is the atom by any extrinsical impulse di-
  verted from its natural course.              Rau,
    Outward objects, that are extrinsical to the mind;
  and its own operations, proceeding from powers in-
  trinsical, and proper to itself, which, when reflected
  on  by itself, become also objects of its contempla-
  tion, are the original of all knowledge.      Locke.
Extri'nsioally,  eks-trin'se-kal-e.  adv.
   [from extrinsical. ,  From without.
    If to suppose the soul a distinct substance from
  the bouv, and extrinsically advenient, be  an error,
  almost all the world hath been mistaken. Glanville.
                    It
 Extri'nsick, eks-trin'sik. adj. [extrinse-
   cus, hat.]  Outward; external.
     When they cannot shake the main fort, toey try
   if they can possess themselves of the outworks, raise
   some prejudice against his  most exfrinsicfc  adhe-
   rents.                      Gov.  of the Tongue.
     Extrinsick modes  are such as  arise from some-
   thing that is not in the subject or substance itself;
   but it is a manner of being which some substances
   attain, by  reason of  something external  or foreign
   to the subject; as, this globe lies within two yards of
   the wall; this man is beloved or hated.      Walts.
 To EXTRU'CT,ek-strij.kt'. v. a. [extruo,
   extructum, Lat.]  To  build; to raise; to
   form into a structure.
 Extru'ctor, ek-strilk'tilr. to. s. [from ex-
   tract.] A builder;  a fabricator; a  con-
   triver.
 To Extru'de, eks-troode'. v. a. [extrudo,
   Lat.] To thrust off; to  drive off; to push
   out with violence.
    If in any part of the continent they found the
   shells, they concluded that  the sea had been exfru-
   cfecf and driven off by the mud.        Woodward.
 Extru'sion,  eks-troo'zhun. to. s.  [extru-
   sus, Lat.]  The act of thrusting or driv-
   ing out.
    They suppose the channel of the sea formed, and
   mountains  and caverns, by a violent depression of
   some parts of the earth, and an exti~usion and ele-
   vation of others.                       Burnet.
 Extc'rerance, eks-tu'be-ranse. to. s. [ex
   and tuber, Lat.]  Knobs, or parts protu-
   berant; parts  that rise from the rest of
   the body.
    The gouge takes off the  irregularities or extube-
   rances that lie farthest from the axis of the work.
                                       Moxon.
 Exu'berance, £gz-u'be-ranse. to. s. [exu-
   beratio,  Lat.] Overgrowth; superfluous
   shoots;  useless abundance; luxuriance.
    Men esteem the overflowing of gall  the exuoe-
   rance of zeal, and all the promises of the faithful
   combatant they confidently appropriate. D. of Piety.
    Though  he  expatiates on the  same thoughts in
   different words, yet in his  similies that exuberance
   is avoided.                             GarfA.
 EXU'BERANT, egz-u'be-rant. adj. [ex-
   uberans, Lat.]
 1. Growing with superfluous shoots; over-
   abundant; superfluously plenteous; lux-
   uriant.
    Another Flora there of bolder hues;
  Plays o'er the fields, and showers with sudden  hand
   Exuberant spring.                    Thomson.
    His similies have been thought too exuoeranf, and
  fuil of circumstances.                     Pope.
2. Abounding in the utmost  degree.
    Such immense power, such  unsearchable wisdom,
  and such exuoeranf goodness, as may justly ravish
  us to an amazement, rather than a bare admiration.
                                        Boyle.
    A part of that exuberant devotion, with which the
  whole assembly raised and  animated one another,
  catches a reader at the greatest distance of time.
                                      .Iddison.
Exu'berantly,   egz-u'be-rant-le.  adv.
   [from  exuberant.] Abundantly;  in a su-
   perfluous degree.
    A considerable quantity of  the vegetable matter
  lay at the surface  of the antediluvian earth, aud
  rendered it exuberantly fruitful.       Woodward.
 To Exuberate, egz-u'iie-rate. v.n. [ex-
   ubero, Lat.]  To abound in the highest
   degree.
    All the loveliness imparted  to the creature is lent
  it, to give us enlarged conceptions of that vast con-
  fluence and immensity that exuberates in Cud. Boyle. 
EX13
E YE
E  V  E
Exu'ccous, ek-suk'kus.  adj.  [ex.succus,
   Lat.]  Without juice; dry.
    This is to be effected not only in the plant yet
  growing, but in that which is brought exuccotts and
  dry unto us.                           Brown
Exudation, ek-sti-da'shun.  to. s.  [from
   exudo, Lat.]
1. The act of emitting in sweat;  the act of
   emitting moisture through the pores.
    The tumour sometimes arises by a general exuda-
  tion out of the cutis.                  Wiseman.
2. The matter issuing out by sweat from
   any  body.
    The gum of trees, shining and clear,- is but a
  straining of the juice of the tree through the wood
  and bark;  and Cornish diamonds, and  rock rubies,
  which are yet more resplendent than gums, are the
  fine exudations of stone.                Bacon.
    If it hath more dew at noon than in the morning,
  then it seemeth to be an exudation of  the herb it-
  self.                                 Bacon.
    Cuckowspittle, or woodsere, that spumous  frothy
  dew, or exudation, or both, is found especially about
  the joints of lavender and rosemary.       Brown.
To Exu'date, ek-su'date. ? v. to. [exudo,
To Exu'DE,ek-sude'.      $    Lat.]   To
   sweat out;  to issue out by  sweat.
    Some perforations in the  part itself,  through
  which the humour  included doth  exudate, may be
  observed in such as are fresh.            Brown.
    The juices of the flowers are, first, the expressed
  juice; secondly, a volatile oil, wherein the smell of
  the plant presides; thirdly, honey, exucfing from all
  flowers, the bitter not excepted.       Arbuthnot.
To Ex'udate, eii-sti'date. > v. a. To force
To Ex'ude, ek-sude'.      5 out> or throw
   out, as by sweat.
To EXU'LCERATE, egz-ul'se-rate. v.
   a. [exulcero, Lat.]
1. To make  sore with an ulcer; to affect
   with a running or eating sore.
    Cantharides, applied to any part of the  body,
  touch the bladder and exwfcerafe it, if  toey stay on
  lono-                                 Bacon.
     That the saliva hath  a virtue of macerating bo-
  dies, appears by the effects in  taking away  warts,
  sometimes exufcerafing the jaws,  and rotting toe
  teeth.                                   Ray.
     The stagnating serum turning acrimonious, exuf-
  cerafes and putrifies the bowels.       Arbuthnot.
2. To  afflict; to corrode; to enrage;
     Thoughts,  my tormentors,  arm'd with deadly
           stings,
  Mano-le my apprehensive tenderest parts,
  Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise
   Dire inflammation, which no cooling herb
   Or medicinal  liquor can assuage.         Milton.
Exulcera'tion, eks-ul-se-ra'shun. «. s.
   [from exulcerate.]
 1. The  beginning erosion,  which  wears
   awav the substance and forms an ulcer.
                                     Quincy.
2. Exacerbation; corrosion.
     This exufcerofion of mind made him apt to take
  all occasions of contradiction.            Hooker.
Exu'lceratory,    egz-ul'se-ra-tur-e.612
   adj. [from exulcerate.]   Having a  ten-
   dency to cause ulcers.
To EXU'LT, egz-ult'. v. to. [exulto, Lat.]
   To rejoice above measure; to triumph;
   to be in high exaltation of gladness.
    The whole world did seem to exuff  that it had
  occasion of pouring out gifts to so blessed a purpose.
                                       Hooker.
         Who might be your mother,
  That you insult, exwff, and rail, at once
  Over the wretched?                     Shaksp.
Exu'ltance, £gz-ul'tanse. n. s. [from ex-
  ult.]   Transport;  joy;  triumph;  glad-
  ness; exultation.
    We have great cause of cxnffance and joy, God's
  service being the most perfect freedom.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Exulta'tion, eks-ul-ta'shun.  to. s.[exul-
  tatio, Lat.]   Joy;  triumph;   rapturous
  delight.
    Good effects may grow in each of the people to-
  wards other, in them all towards their pastor, and
  in  their  pastor towards every of them;  between
  whom toere daily  and interchangeably pass, in the
  hearing of God himself, and in the presence of his
  holy  angels,  so  many heavenly  acclammations,
  exwffafions, provocations, petitions.       Hooker.
    Devotion inspires  men with sentiments of  reli-
  gious gratitude, and swells their hearts with inward
  transports of joy and exuff aficm.         Addison,
To   EXU'NDATE, egz-un'date.  v.   to.
  [exundo, Lat.]  To overflow.       Diet.
Exunda'tion, eks-un-da'shun. to. <s. [from
  exundate.] Overflow; abundance.
    It is more worthy the Deity to attribute the cre-
  ation of the world to the exundation and overflow-
  ing of his transcendent and infinite goodness. Ray.
Exu'perable, ek-su'per-a-bl. adj.  [exu-
  perabilis, Lat.] Conquerable; superable;
  vincible.
Exu'perance,  ek-su'per-anse.  to. s. [ex-
  uperantia, Lat.]  Overbalance; greater
  proportion.
    Rome  hath less  variation than London; for on the
  west side of Rome are seated France, Spain, and
  Germany, which take off the exuperance, and bal-
  ance  the vigour of the eastern parts.      Brown.
To   Exu'scitate,  ek-sus'se-tate. v.  a.
  [exsuscito, Lat.] To stir up; to rouse.
Exu'stion, egz-us'tshun  to.  s.  [exustio,
  Lat.]  The act of burning up;  consump-
  tion by fire.
EXU'VIJE, egz-u've-e. to. a.  [Lat.]  Cast
  skins;  cast shells;  whatever  is thrown
  off, or shed by animals.
    They appear to  be only the  skins or exuvioz, ra-
  ther than entire bodies of fishes.        Woodward.
Ey, Ea,  Ee, ee.  may either come from 15,
  an island, by  melting the  Saxon 5 into
  y, which is usually done;  or from  the
  Saxon  ea, which signifies  a  water,
  river,  Isfc. or,  lastly, from  leag, arfield,
  by the same kind of melting.    Gibson.
Ey'as, i'as. to.  s.  [niais, Fr.]  A young
  hawk just taken from the nest, not able
  to prey for itself.                Hanmer.
    An aiery of children, little eyases, that cry out.
                                      Shaksp.
Ey'asmusket, i'as-mds-ket. to. s. A young
  unfledged  male hawk of  the  musket
  kind.                            Hanmer.
    Here comes little Robin.—How  now, my eyas-
  musket; what news with you?            Shaksp.
EYE, i.8 to. a. obsolete  plural eyne, now
  eyes,  [auga, Gothick; eag, Saxon; oog,
  Dutch; ee, Scotish, plur. eene.]
1. The organ of vision; the medium of the
  sense of sight.
    Good  sir  John, as you have one  eye upon my
  follies, turn another into the register  of your own,
  toat I may pass wito a reproof off the  easier. Shak.
    Vouchsafe, bright moon, and these  thy stars to
        shine,
  Those clouds remov'd, upon our watry  eyne.  Shak.
        Nor doth toe eye itself,
  That most pure spirit of sense, behold  itself,
  Not going from itself; but eyes opposed,
  Salute each other with each other's form.  Shaksp.
    He kept him as the apple of his eye.      Deut.
    As long looking against the sun  or  fire hurtetli
  the eye by dilatation;  so  curious printing in small
  volumes, aud reading of small letters, do hurt the
  eye by contraction.                      Bacon,
    His awful presence did the crowd surprize,
  Nor durst the rash spectator meet his eyes;
  Eyes that confess'd him born for kingly sway,
  So fierce, they flash'd intolerable day.    Dryden.
    But sure the eye of time beholds no name
  So blest as thine in all the rolls of fame.    Pope.
2. Sight; ocular knowledge.
    Who hath bewitched  you, that you should not
  obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath
  been evidently set forth?                  Qaf.
3. Look; countenance.
    I'll say yon grey is not the morning's eye,
  'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow.  Shaksp,
4. Front; face.
    To justify this worthy nobleman,
  Her shall you hear disproved to your eyes.   Shak,

5. A posture of  direct  opposition, where
   one thing  is in  the same line with an-
   other.
    Now pass'd, on either side they nimbly tack,
  Both strive to intercept and guide the wind;
    And in its eye more closely they come back,
  To finish all the deaths they left behind.  Dryden.
6. Aspect; regard.
    Having an eye to a number of rites and orders in
  the church of England, as marrying with  the ring;
  sundry  church-offices,  dignities, and callings, for
  which they found no  commandment in  the holy
  scripture, they thought by the one only stroke of an
  axiom to have cut them off.             Hooker.
    As in  scripture a number of laws, particular and
  positive, being in force, may not by any law of man
  be violated; we are, in making laws, to have there-
  unto an especial eye.                   Hooker,
    The man that is tender  among  you, and very
  delicate, his eyes shall not be evil towards his bro-
  ther.                                  Deut.
    He toat hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed.
                                     Proverbs.
    None should be put into either of those commis-
  sions, with an eye of favour to their persons, to give
  them countenance or reputation in the places where
  they live.                             Bacon.
    These are intrinsick difficulties arising from.the
  text itself, as the uncertainty sometimes  who are
  the persons he speaks to, or the opinions or prac-
  tices which he has in his eye.             Locke.
    Winds and  hurricanes  at land,  tempests and
  storms at sea, have always been looked upon with
  as evil an eye as earthquakes         Jfoocficarcf.
    Several performances have been justly applauded
  for their wit, which have been written with an eye
  to this predominant humour of the town.   Addison.
    We were the most obedient creatures in the
  world, constant  to our duty, and kept a steady eye
  on the end for which we were sent hither.   Specf.
    In this disposal of my sister,  1 have had an eye
  to iier being a wit, and  provided that the bride-
  groom be a man of sound judgment.       Tatfer.
    Booksellers mention with respect the authors tney
  have printed, and consequently have an eye to their
  own advantage.                       Addison.
7. Notice;  observation; vigilance; watch.
    Not satisfied with our oath, he appointed a band
  of horsemen to have an eye  that we should not go
  beyond appointed limits.                 Sidney.
    Lawmakers must have an eye to the place where,
  and to the men amongst whom.          Hooker.
    His majesty hath cast his eyes upon you, as find-
  ing you to be such as you should be, or hoping  to
  make you to be such as he would have you to be.
                                       Bacon.
    If the English had  driven the Irish into the open
  countries, where they might have an ey and obser-
  vation upon them, the Irish had been easily kept in
  order.                                Dalies.
    Spenser has followed both Virgil and Theocritus
  in the charms which he employs  for curing Brito- 
EYE                                      EYE                                       EYE
   martis of her love; but he had also our poet's Cciris
   in his eye.                             Dryden.
     Misdoubt my constancy; and do not try;
   But stay and ever keep me in your eye.    Dryden.
     After this jealousy he kept a strict eye upon him.
                                     L'£sf7a»g-e.
     This method of teaching children by a repeated
   practice, under the eye  and direction of the tutor,
   'till  they have got the habit of doing wel), has many
   advantages.                            Locke.
 8. Opinion formed by observation.
     She told her husband, she designed to be beauti-
   ful in no body's eye but his.               Sidney.
     It hath, in  toeir eye,  no great affinity with the
   form of the church of Rome.             Hooker.
     Like one of two contending in a prize,
   That thinks he hath done well in  people's eyes.
                                        Shaksp.
     I  was as far from meditating a  war, as I  was, in
   the eye ol the world, from having any preparations
   for one.                          King Charles.
     Though he in all the people's eyes seem'd great,
   Yet  greater he appear'd in his retreat.    Denham.
 9. bight;  view; the   place  in  which  any
   thing may be seen.
     There shall he practise tilts and tournaments,
   Hear sweet discourse, converse with noblemen;
   And be, in eye of every exercise,
   Worthy his youth and nobleness of birth.  Shaksp.
 10. Any thing formed like an eye.
     We see colours like toe eye of a peacock's fea-
   ther, by pressing our eyes on either corner, whilst
   we look the other way.                 ^etcfon.
 11. Any small perforation.
     This Ajax has not so much  wit as  will stop toe
   eye of Helen's needle.                   Shaksp.
    Does not our Saviour himself speak of the intoler-
   able  difficulty which toey cause in men's passage to
   heaven? Do not they make the narrow way much
   narrower, and contract the gate which leads to life
   to toe streightness of a needle's eye?        South.
 12. A small catch into which a hook  goes.
    Those parts if they cohere to one  another but by-
  rest only, may be much more easily dissociated and
  put into motion by any external  body,  than they
  could be, if toey were by little hooks  and eyes, or
  other kind of fastenings, entangled in one another.
                                         Boyle.
 13. Bud of a  plant.
    Prune and cut off all your vine-shoots to toe very
  root,  save one  or two of the stoutest,  to be left with
  three or four eyes of young wood.          Evelyn.
 14. A small shade of colour.
           The ground indeed is tawny.
  —Wito an eye of green in 't.            Shaksp.
    Red with an eye of blue makes a purple.   Boyle.
15. Power of perception.
    The eyes of your understanding  being enlighten-
  ed.                                Ephesians.
    A gift doth blind the eyes of the  wise.     Deut.
To Eye, i.  v. a.  [from  the noun]  To
  watch; to keep in  view; to observe;   to
  look on; to gaze on.
    When they are laid in garrison, they may  better
 bide their defaults than  when they are  in  camp,
 where toey are continually eyecf and noted  of all
 men.                                 Spenser.
                Full many a lady
 I've ey'cf with best regard.               Shaksp.
                The kitchen malkin pins
 Her richest lockram 'bout her reeky neck,
 Clainb'ring the walls to eye him.          Shaksp.
        Bid toe cheek be ready with a blush,
 Modest as morning, when she coldly eyes
 The youthful Phoebus.                   Shaksp.
   Bold deed thou hast prcsum'd, advenl'rous  Eve,
 And peril great provok'd, who thus  hath dar'd,
 Had it been only coveting to eye
 That sacred fruit.                      Milton.
   Such a story  as the basilisk is that of the  wolf,
 concerning priority of vision, that a mm  becomes
 hoarse and dumb, if the wolf have the advantage
 first to eye him.                        Brown.
      It was needful for the hare perpetually to eye her
    pursuing enemy.                        Moore.
      Then gave it to his faithful squire,
    With lessons how t' observe and eye her. Hudibras.
      Eye nature's walks, shoot folly as it flies,
    And catch the manners living as they rise.   Pope.
      Have a box when eunuchs sing,
    And foremost in the circle eye a king.        Pope.
  To EYE, i. v.  to.   To appear; to  show; to
    bear an  appearance.  Not  used.
                Forgive me,
    Since my becomings kill me when they do not
    Eye well to you.                        Shaksp.
  Ey'eball, i'bawl. «. s. [eye and ball.] The
    apple  ofthe eye; the pupil.
      Be subject to no sight but mine: invisible
    To every eyeball else.                    Shaksp.
      I feel  my hair grow stiff, my eyeballs rowl;
    This is the only form could shake my soul. Dryden.
      Not when a gilt buffet's reflected pride
    Turns you  from sound philosophy aside,
    Not when from plate to plate your eyeballs roll,
    And the brain dances  to the mantling bowl.  Pope.
  Eyebri'ght,  i'brite.   n.   a.   [euphrasia,
    Latin.]   A  plant,  called by Milton eu-
    phrasy.
  Ey'ebrow, i'brou. to. s.  [eye and brow.]
    The hairy arch over the eye.
                The lover,
    Sighing  like a furnace, with a woful ballad
    Made to his mistress' eyebrow.            Shaksp.
      On the seventh day he shall  shave all his hair off
    his head, his beard, and his eyebrows.          Lev.
      Above stand the eyefrrotcs to keep any thing from
   running down upon toe eyes; as drops of sweat from
   the forehead, or dust.                      Ray.
     The balls of his broad eyes roll'd in his head,
   And glar'd  betwixt a yellow and a red;
   He look'd a lion wito a gloomy stare,
   And o'er his eyebrows hung his matted hair. Dryd.
 Eyed, ide. adj. [from eye.] Having eyes;
    used in composition.
     Some reliques of toe true antiquity,
   Though disfigured, a well-eyed  man
   May happily discover.                   Spenser.
     I'll not be made a soft and dull-eyecf fool,
   To shake the head, relent and sigh, and yield
   To christian intercessors.                 Shaksp.
 Ey'edrop,  i'drop. to.  a.  [eye  and drop]
   Tear.
     That tyranny which never quaft but blood,
   Would, by beholding him, have wash'd his knife
   With gentle eyedrops.                   Shaksp.
 Ey'eglance,  i'glanse. n.  s. [eye  and
   glance.]  Quick notice of the eye.
    His countenance was bold, and bashed not
  For Guyon's looks;  but scornful eyeglance at  him
         shot.                       Fairy Queen.
 Ey'eglass,  i'glas.  to. s. [eve  and glass.]
   Spectacles; glass to assist the sight.
           Ha' not you seen Camillo?
  But that's past doubt you have; or your eyeglass
  Is thicker than a cuckold's horn.          Shaksp.
    By comparing it with a  good perspective of four
  foot in length, made wito a concave eyeglass, I could
  read at a greater  distance with  my own instrument
  than with the glass.                     JVewfon.
Ey'elash,  i'lash.  w.  s.  [eye and lash.] The
   line of  hair that edges the eyelid.
Ey'eless, i'les. adj. [from eye.]  Wanting
   eyes; sightless; deprived of sight.
           A proclaim'd prize! most happy!
  That eyeless  head of thine was first fram'd flesh
  To raise my fortunes.                    Shaksp.
           Promise was,  that I
  Should Israel from Philistian yoke deliver;
  Ask for this  great deliverer now, and find him
  Eyeless m Gaza, at the  mill with slaves.    MUton.
        Pcntheus durst deride
  The cheated people, and the eyeless guide. Addison.
                    4t2
              Meonides,
   Poor eyefess pilgrim.                     Philip*
     Cyclop, if any pitying thy disgrace,
   Ask who disfigur'd thus that eyeless face.     Pope.
 Ey'elet, i'iet. n. s. [ceillet, French, a little
    eye.]  A hole through which  light may
    enter; any small  perforation  for a lace
    to go through.
     Slitting the back and fingers of a glove, I made
   eyefef holes to draw it close.            Wiseman.
 Ey'elid,  i'lid.  n.  s. [eye and lid.]   The
   membrane that shuts over the eye.
     Mark when she smiles with amiable cheer,
   And tell me whereto can ye liken it?
   When on  each eyelid sweetly do appear
   An hundred graces as in shade to sit.     Spenser.
     On my eyelids is the shadow of death.       Job.
     Fetch me that flower;  the herb I  show'd  thee
         once,
   The juice of it, on sleeping eyelids laid,
   Will make or man or woman madly doat
   Upon the next live creature that it sees.    Shaksp.
     The Turks have a black powder, made of a min-
   eral called alcohol, which with a fine long pencil
   they lay  under their  eyelids,  which  doth  colour
   black, whereby the white of the eye is set off more
   white.                                  Bacon.
     At length, toe crackling noise and dreadful blaze
   Call'd up some waking lover to the sight;
   And long it was ere he the rest could raise,
   Whose heavy eyelids yet were full of night.  Dryd.
 Eyese'rvant,  i'ser-vant.  to.  s.  [eye and
   servant.]  A  servant  that works only
   while watched.
 Eyese'rvioe,  i'ser-vis. to.  s. [eye and ser-
   vice.]   Service  performed only under
   inspection.
     Servants obey in all things your masters; not with
  eyeseruice as men-pleasers, but in singleness of heart.
                                           Col.
 Ey'eshot,  i'shot.  to.  *.  [eye  and  shot.]
   Sight; glance;  view.
     I mast not think of sharing the booty before I am
  free from danger, and out of eyesfiof from the other
  windows.                              Dryden.
     I have preserved many a young  man from her
  eyeshot by this means.                  Spectator.

Ey'esight, i'sile. to. s. [eye  and  sight.]
   Sight ofthe  eye.
     The Lord hath recompensed me according to my
  cleanness in his eyesight.                 2 Sam.
     Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,
  As one dead in the bottom of a tomb;
  Either my eyesight fails, or  thou look'st pale.  Shak.
             Though sight be lost,
  Life yet hato many solaces, enjoy'd
  Where other senses want not their delights,
  At home in leisure and domestick ease,
  Exempt from many a care and chance,  to which
  Eyesight exposes daily men abroad.        Milton.
    Joscphus sets  this down from his own  eyesight,
  being himself a chief captain at the siege of Jopata,
  where these events happened.            Wilkins.
    He blinds the wise, gives eyesight to  the  blind,
  And molds and stamps anew the lover's mind.
                                        DrycJen.
Ey'esore,  i'sore.  to. s.  [eye and  sore]
   Something offensive  to  the  sight.
    Hath the church of Christ, from  toe first begin-
  ning, by a secret universal  instinct of  God's good
  spirit, always tied itself to end neither  sermon, nor
  almost any speech of moment, which hath concerned
  matters of God,  without some special words of ho-
  nour and glory to the Trinity, which we all adore;
  and is the like conclusion of psalms become now, at
  length, an  eyesore, or a galling to the ears that hear
  it?                                    Hooktr.
     Fy, doff this habit; shame to your estate,
  And eyesore to our solemn festival.         Shaksp.
     As soon as the two  lords came thither  they co-
  vered, to the trouble of the other; but  having pr«- 
EYE                                     EYE                                     E Y  It
  ■•entry to speak, they were quickly  freed from that
  eyesore.                            Clarendon.
    Mordccai was an eyesore to Ilaman.     L'Estr.
    He's the best piece of man's flesh in the market;
  not an eyesore in his whole body.         Dryden.

Eyespo'tteo,  i'spot-ed.   adj.  [eye  and
  spot.] Marked with spots  like eyes.
    Nor Juno's bird, in her eyespotted train,
  So many goodly colours doth contain.     Spenser.
Eye'strixg, i'string. to. s. [eye and string.]
  The  string of the eye;  the tendon by
  which the eye is moved.
    I would have broke mine eyestrings; crackt them,
          but
  To look upon him.                     Shaksp.
    To know whether the sheep are sound or not, see
  that their gums be red and the eyestrings ruddy.
                                    Mortimer.
Ey'etooth, i'tdoth. to. *.  [eye  and tooth]
   The  tooth in  the upper  jaw next on
   each side to the grinders; the fang.
    The next tooth on each side stronger and deeper
  rooted, and more pointed, called canini, in English
  eyeteeth, to tear the more tough sort of aliments.
                                        Ray.

Ey'ewink, i'wink.  to. s. [eye and  wink.]
   A wink, as a hint or token.
    They would have won any woman's heart; and, I
  warrant you, they could never get an eyewink of her.
                                      Shaksp.
Eyewi'tness, i'wit-nes. to. s. [eye and wit-
  ness.]   An ocular  evidence,  one  who
  gives testimony to facts seen with his
  own eyes.
    We made known unto you the power and coming
  of our Lord Jesus Christ, and  were eyewitnesses of
  bis majesty.                           2 Pefer.
    To meet him all his saints, who silent stood
  EyewUnesses of his almighty acts,
  With jubilee advane'd.       Milton's Par. Lost.
    The curious,  by laying together circumstances,
  attestations, and characters of those who are con-
  cerned in them, either receive or reject what at first
  but eyewifnesses could absolutely believe or disbe-
  lieve.          Addison on the Christian Religion.
Eyre, are. to. s.  [eyre, French; iter, Lat]
    The court of justices itinerants; and justices in
  eyre are those only, which Bracton in many places
  calls justiciaries ifineranfes.  The eyre  also of the
  forest is nothing but the justice-seat, otherwise  call-
  ed;  which is, or should, by ancient custom, beheld
  every three years by the justices of the forest, jour-
  neying up and down to that purpose.      Cotceff

Ey'ry, a're.  to. s.  [from  ey an egg.] The
  place where birds  of  prey build their
  nests and  hatch.

            But I was born so high,
  Our eyrie buildeth in the cedar's top,
  And dallies with the wind, and scorns the sun.
                        Sltakspeare's Richard III.
            The eagle, and the stork,
  On cliffs and cedar-tops their eyries build.  Milton.
    Some haggard hawk, who had her eyry nigh.
  Well poune'd to fasten, and well wing'd to fly.
                                      Dryden,
F.
T^  A consonant  generally reckoned by
■"- ? authors,  and  admitted  by Scaliger,
   among the semi-vowels, and according
   to that opinion distinguished in the enu-
   meration ofthe alphabet by a name be-
   ginning with a vowel, which yet has so
   far the nature of a mute, that it is easily
   pronounced  before a liquid in the same
   syllable. It has in English an invariable
   sound formed by  compression of  the
   whole lips and a  forcible breath.   Its
   kindred letter is V, which in the Island-
   ick  alphabet, is only distinguished from
   it by a point in the body of the letter.
F.vba'ceous, fa-ba'she-us.3S7 adj. \fubace-
   us, Lat.] Having the nature of a bean.
                                       Diet.
FA'BLE, fa'bl.40* to. a.  [fable, French;
   fabula, Latin.]
 1. A  feigned  story intended  to  enforce
   some moral  precept.
     Jotham's/a6fe of the trees is the oldest extant,
   and as beautiful as any made since.      Addison.
2. A fiction in general.
     Triptolemus, so sung the nine,
   Strew'd plenty from his cart divine;
   But spite of all those/a&fe-makers,
   He never sow'd on Almaign acres.       Dryden.
     Palladius coming to die somewhere in the north
   part of Britain,  may seem to give  some kind of
   countenance to those fables toat make him to have
   lived many years among the Scots.        Lloyd.
3. A vitious or foolish  fiction.
     But refuse profane and old wives' /oofes.
                                   1 Timothy.

4. The  series  or  contexture  of  events
   which constitute a poem epick or dra-
   matick.
    The moral is toe first business of the poet: this
  being formed, he contrives such a design or fable as
  may be most suitable to the moral.       Dryden.
    The  first thing to be considered in an epick po-
  em is the /a6fe, which is perfect  or imperfect ac-
  cording as the action, which it relates,  is more or
  less so.                     Addison's Spectator.
5. A lie; a vitious falsehood. This sense
   is merely familiar.
    It would look  like & fable to report that this gen-
  tleman  gives away a great  fortune by secret me-
  thods.                               Addison.
To Fa'ble, fa'bl. v. to.  [from the noun.]
1. To feign; to write not truth but fiction.
    That Saturn's sons receiv'd the three-fold reign
  Of heav'n, of ocean, and deep hell beneath,
  Old poets mention fab ling.                Prior.
    Vain now the  tales which fabling poets tell,
  That wav'ring conquest still desires to rove!
    In Marlbro's camp the goddess knows to dwell.
                                       Prior.
2. To tell  falsehoods;  to lie:  a familiar
   use.
    He fables not: I hear the enemy.       Shaksp.
To Fa'ble, fa'bl.  v. a.  To feign;  to tell
   falsely.
            We mean to win,
  Or turn this heaven itself into the hell
  Thou/a&fesf.                Milton's Par. Lost.
    Ladies of to' Hesperides,  they seem'd
  Fairer than fam'd of old, or fabl'd since
  Of fairy damsels met in forest wide,
  By knights.                 Milton's Par. Lost.
L-Vbled, fa'bl'd.3*9 adj. [fromfable.] Ce-
   lebrated in fables.
    Hail, fabled grotto! hail, Elysian soil!
  Thou fairest spot of fair Britannia's isle!    Ticket.
Fa'bler, fa'bl-iir. to. s.  [from fable]  A
   dealer  in fiction;  a writer of  feigned
   stories.
 To FA'BRICATE, fab're-kate. v. a. [fa-
   bricor, Latin.]
 1. To build;  to construct.
2. To forge; to devise falsely. This sense
   is retained  among  the Scotish lawyers;
   for when they suspect  a  paper to be
   forged, they  say it is fabricated.

Fabrica'tion, fab-re-ka'shun. to. s.  [from
  fabricate.]  The act of building; con-
   struction.
    This fabrication ofthe  human body is the imme-
  diate work of a vital principle, that formeth the first
  rudiments of the human nature.             Halt.
Fa'brick, fab'rik, or fa'brik. «. s. [fabrica,
   Latin.]
1. A building;  an edifice.
    There must be an exquisite care to place the co-
  lumns,  set in several stories, most precisely one
  over another, that so the solid  may answer to the
  solid, and the vacuities to the vacuities, as well for
  beauty as strength of the fabrick.          Wotton.
2. Any  system  or compages of  matter;
   any body formed by the conjunction of
   dissimilar parts.
            Still will ye think it strange,
  That all the parts of this great fabrick change;
  Quit their old station and primeval frame.   Prior.
To Fa'brick,  fab'rik.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To build; to form; to construct.
             Shew what laws of life
  The cheese inhabitants observe,, and how
  Fabrick their mansions.                  Philips. 
                   FAC

Fa'bulist, fab'u-list. to. s. [fabuliste, Fr.]
   A writer of fables.
     Quitting ^Esop and the fabulists, he copies Boc-
   cace                                 Croxal ■
     Our bard 's a fabulist, and deals in fiction.
                                       Garrick.
Fabulo'sity, fab-u-16s'e-te. to. s.  [fabu-
   lositas,  Lat.]  Fulness  of feigned  sto-
   ries; fabulous invention.
     In  their fabulosity they  report that they had ob-
   servations for twenty thousand years.       Abbot.
Fa bllous,  fab'u-ius.   adj  [fabulosus,
   Lat.] Feigned; full of fables, or invent-
   ed tales.
     A  person terrified with toe imagination of spec-
   tres, is more reasonable than one  who thinks the ap-
   pearance of spirits fabulous and groundless.
                             Addison's Spectator.

Fa'bulously, fab'u-lus-le. adv. [from fa-
   bulous.]  In fiction; in a fabulous man-
   ner.
     There are many things fabulously delivered, and
   are not to be accepted as truths.          Brown.
FACE,  fase. to.  s. [face,  French, from
   fades,  Latin.]
1.  The visage.
     The children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that
   the skin of Moses' face shone.            Exodus.
     A man shall see faces,  which, if  you  examine
   them  part by  part, you shall never find good; but
   take them together, are not uncomely.     Bacon.
     From beauty still to beauty ranging,
   In every face I found a dart.      Addison's Sped.
2.  Countenance;  cast  of  the  features;
   look; air of the  face.
    Kick'd out,  we set the best/ace on  't we could.
                               Dryden's Virgil.
    Seiz'd and ty'd down to judge, how wretched I!
  Who can't be silent, and who will not lye:
  To laugh, were want of goodness and  of grace;
  And to be grave, exceeds all power of face.  Pope.
3. The surface of any tu  .;.
    A mist watered the whole face  ofthe ground.
                                       Genesis.
4. The front or forepart of any thing.
     The breadth of the/ace of the house, towards the
   east, was an hundred cubits.             Ezekiel.
5.  Visible state of affairs.
     He look'd, aud saw the face of  things quite chan-
      g'd,
   The brazen throat of war had ceas'd to roar;
   All now was turn'd to jollity and  game,
   To luxury and riot, feast and dance.       MUton.
     This would  produce a new face of things in Eu-
  rope.                                Addison.
6. Appearance;  resemblance;  look.
    Keep still your former/ace, and mix again
  With  these lost spirits; run all  their mazes with
      'em;
  For such arc treasons.              Ben Jonson.
    At the first shock, with blood and powder stain'd,
  Nor heav'n, nor sea, their former face retain'd;
  Fury and art produce effects so strange,
  They trouble nature, and her visage change.
                                       Waller.
    His dialogue has so much the face of probability,
  that some have mistaken it  for a real conference.
                                       Baker.
7. Presence, sight; state of  confrontation.
    Ye  shall give her unto Eleazar, and one shall
  slay her before his/ace.              Numbers.
    Jove cannot fear; then tell me to my face,
  That I of ail the gods am least in  grace.   Dryden.
8. Confidence;  boldness;  freedom from
   bashfulness or confusion.
    They're thinking, by his face,
  To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
  But 'tis not so.        Shakspeare's Julius Cozsar.
   How many things are toere which a man cannot
                   FAC

   with any face or comeliness, say or do himself?  A
   man can scarce allege his own merits with modes-
   ty, much less extol them: a man cannot sometimes
   brook to supplicate or beg.               Bacon.
     You'll find the thing will not be done
   With ignorance and face alone.        Hudibras.
     You, says the judge to the wolf, have the face  to
   challenge that which you never lost; and you, says
   he to the fox, have" the confidence to deny that
   which you have stolen.               L'Estrange.
     This is the man toat has the face to charge others
   with false citations.                   Tillotson.
 9.  Distortion of the  face.
                    Shame itself!
   Why do you make such faces?         Shakspeare.
 Face to Face,  fase-to-fase.  [An  adver-
   bial expression.]
 I.  When both parties are present.
     It is not the manner ofthe Romans to deliver any
   man to  die, before that he  which is accused have
   his accusers face to face.                  Acts.
 2.  Nakedly; without the  interposition ot
   other bodies.
     Now we  see through a glass darkly; but then
  face to face.                             1 Cor-
 To  Face, fase. v. to. [from the noun.]
 I.  To carry a  false  appearance; to  play
   the hypocrite.
     Thou needs must learn to laugh, to lye,
   To face, to forge, to scoff, to company. Jfitb. Tale.
 2.  To turn  the  face; to  come in front.
     Face about, man;  a soldier, and afraid of the
   enemy.                               Dryden.
     Then thrice the mounted squadrons ride around
   The fire, and Arcite's name they thrice resound;
   Hail and farewell they shouted thrice amain,
   Thrice facing to the left,  and thence ihey turn'd
       again.                           Dryden.
 To Face, fase. v. a.
 I.  To meet in front; to oppose with con-
   fidence and fiimness.
                   I '11/ace
   This tempest, and deserve the  name of king.
                                      Diyden.
     We get intelligence of the force of the enemy,
  and cast about for a sufficient number of troops to
  face the enemy in the field of battle.      Addison.
    They are  as loth to see the fires kindled in Smith-
  field as his lordship; and, at least, as ready to face
  them under a popish persecution.          Swift.
 I. To oppose with impudence: common-
   ly with down.
    We trepann'd the state, and/ae'ef it down
  With plots and projects of our own.     Hudibras.
    Because he walk'd against his will,
  Hefae'd men down that he stood still.      Prior-.
3. To stand opposite to.
    On one side is the head of the emperor Trajan;
  the reverse has on it the Circus Maximus, and  a
  view ofthe side ofthe Palatine mountain that faces
  it.                           Addison on Italy.
    The  temple is  described square, and the four
  fronts with open gates, facing the different quarters
  of the world.                            Pope.
4. To cover with an additional superficies;
   to invest with a covering.
    The fortification of Soleurre is faced with marble.
                                      Addison.
    Where your old bank is hollow, face it with the
  first spit of earth that you dig out of the ditch.
                         Mortimer's Husbandry.
Fa'celess, fase'les.  adj. [from face]  Be-
   ing without a face.             Bailey.
Facepa'inter, fase'pane-tur. n. s. [face
   and painter.]  A drawer of portraits;   a
   painter who draws from the life.
Facepa'inting,   fase'pane-ting.   to.  s.
   [pace and painting.]  The art of draw-
   ing portraits.
                    FAC

     Georgione, the  cotemporary of Titian,  excelled
   in portraits or facepainting.              Dryden.
 Fa'cet, fa'set. to. s. [facette, Fr.]  A small
   surface; a  superficies cut into  several
   angles.
     Honour that is gained and broken upon  another,
   hath the quickest reflection, like diamonds cut with
  facets.                                  Bacon.
 FACE'TIOUS, fa-se'shus.*«  adj.  [face-
   tieux,  Fr. facetiae, Lat.]  Gay; cheer-
   ful; lively; merry;  wittj. It is used both
   of persons and sentiments.
     Socrates, informed of some derogating speeches
   used of him behind his back, made thisyiicefious re-
   ply, Let him beat me too when 1 am absent.
                      Government of the Tongue.
 Face'tiously, ta-se'bhiis-le. adv.  j_from
  facetious.]  Gayly;   cheerfully;  wittily;
   merrily.
Face'tiousness,  fa-se'shils-n^s.    to.   s.
   [from facetious.]  Cheerful wit; mirth;
   gayety.
Fa'cile, fas'sil.140 adj.  [facile, Yr.faci-
   lia, Lat.]
1. Easy;  not difficult; performable  or  at-
   tainable with little  labour.
    Then also those poets which are  now counted
  most hard, will be both facile and pleasant. MUton.
    To confine the imagination is  as facile a per-
  formance as the Goteham's design of hedging in the
  cuckoo.                             Glanville.
    By dividing it into parts so distinct, the order in
  which they shall find each disposed, will render the
  work facile and  delightful.          Evelyn's Kal.
    This  may at first seem perplexed with many dif-
  ficulties, yet many things may be suggested to make
  it more facile and commodious.          Wilkins,
2. Easily  surmountable;  easily conquera-
   able.
    The facile gates of hell too  slightly barr'd.
                                       Milton.
3. Easy of access or converse; not haugh-
   ty; not  supercilious; not austere.
    I mean she should be courteous,/acife, sweet,
  Hating that solemn vice of greatness, pride,
    I mean each softest virtue there should meet,
  Fit in that softer bosom to reside.     Ben Jonson.
    Raphael now, to Adam's doubt propos'd,
  Benevolent and facile, thus reply'd.        MUton.
4. Pliant;  flexible;  easily  persuaded  to
   good  or bad; ductile to a fault.
    Too facile then, thou didst not much gainsay;
  Nay, didst permit, approve, and fair dismiss.
                                        Milton,
    Since Adam, and his facile  consort Eve
  Lost Paradise, deceiv'd by me.           Milton.
    Some men are of that facile temper, that they are
  wrought upon by every  object that they converse
  with, whom any affectionate  discourse, or serious
  sermon, or any notable accident, shall put into a fit
  of religion, which  yet usually lasts no longer than
  till somewhat else comes in their way.    Calamy.

 To Facilitate, fa-sil'e-tate. v. a. [facili-
   ter, Fr.] To make easy;  to free from
   difficulty; to clear from impediments.
    Choice of the likeliest and best  prepared metal
  for the version will facilitate the work.     Bacon,
    They renewed their assault two or three days  to-
  gether, and planted cannon to facilitate  their pas-
  sage, which did little hurt; but they still lost many
  men in the attempt.                 Clarendon.
    Though perspective cannot be called a certain
  rule of picture,  yet it is a great succour and relief
  to art, ana facilitates toe means of execution.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
    What produceth  a due quantity of animal spirits,
  necessarily facilitates the animal and natural mo-
  tions.                        Arbuthnot on Diet.
    A war on the side of Italy would  cause a great 
FAC                                      FAC                                       FAC
diversion of the French forces, and facUUate the
  progress of our arms in Spain.             Swift
Faci'lity, fa-sll'e-te.  to.  s.  [facilite, Fr.
  facilitas, Latin.]
1.  Easiness  to be  performed;  freedom
   from difficulty.
    Yet reason saith, reason shlud have ability
  To hold these worldly things in such proportion,
  As let them come or go with even facility.  Sidney.
    Piety could not be diverted from this to a more
  commodious business by any motives of profit or fa-
  cility.                                Raleigh.
    A war upon toe Turks  is more worthy than upon
  any other gentiles, both in point of religion and in
  point of honour, though/acifify and hope of success
  might invite some other choice.          Bacon.
 %.  Readiness in performing;  dexterity.
     They  who have studied have not only learned
  many excellent things, but also  have  acquired a
  great facility of profiting  themselves   by reading
  good authors.               Dryden's Dufresnoy.
     The facility which  we  get of doing things,  by a
   custom of doing, makes them often pass in us with-
   out our notice.                          Locke.
 3.  Vinous ductility; easiness to be  per-
    suaded to good  or  bad; ready compli-
    ance.
     Facility is worse  than bribery, for  bribes come
   now and then:  but if importunity or idle respects
   lead a man, he shall never be without them. Bacon.
     'Tis a great error to take/aeifify for good nature;
   tenderness without discretion, is no better than a
   more pardonable folly.              L'Estrange.
 4. Easiness  of access; complaisance;  con-
    descension; affability.
     He opens and yields himself to- the man of busi-
   ness with difficulty and reluctancy;  but offers him-
   self to the visits of a friend with facility, and all  toe
   meeting readiness of appetite and desire.  South.
 Facine'rious, fas-e-ne'-re-ds. adj.  [cor-
    rupted by Shakspeare  from facinorous;
   facinus, facinoris,  Lat.] Wicked;  faci-
    norous.
     'Tis strange,  'tis very strange, that  is the brief
    and the tedious of it; and he 's of a mostfacineri-
    ous spirit that will not acknowledge it.     Shaksp.
 Fa'cing,  fa'sing.  to.  s.  [from  To face.]
    An ornamental  covering; that which is
    put on  the  outside of any thing by way
    of decoration.
      These offices and dignities were but the facings
    and fringes of his greatness.              Wbffcm.
 FACI'NOROUS, fa-sin'6-rus.  adj.  [faci-
    nora,  Lat.]   Wicked;  atrocious;  de-
    testably bad.
  Fagi'norousness, fa-sin'6-ris-nes.  to.  s.
    [from facinorous/]   Wickedness in a
    high  degree.
  Fact, fakt. to. a. [factum, Latin.]
  h A thing  done; an   effect  produced;
    something not barely   supposed or sus-
    pected, but really  done.
      In matter of fact toey say there is some credit to
    be  given to the  testimony of man; but not in
    matter of opinion and judgment: we  see the con-
    trary both acknowledged and universally practised
    ail throughout toe world.                Hooker.
      As men are not to mistake the causes of these
    operations, so  much less are they to mistake the
    fact or  effect, and  rashly to take  that for done
    which is not done.                        Bacon.
      Those  effects which are wrought by the percus-
    sion  of the sense,  and by things in fact, are  pro-
    duced likewise in some degree by the  imagination:
    therefore if a man see  another  eat sour or  acid
    things, which  set  the teeth on edge, that object
    tainteth the imaginato n.                 Bacon.
      Matter of fact  breaks  out and blazes with too
    great an evidence to be denied.            South.
2. Reality; not supposition; not speculation.
    if this were true in fact, I do not see any colour
  for such a conclusion.                  Addison.
    Manifold  sins, though in speculation they may
  be separable  from  war, in reality and foci never
  fail to attend it.                      Smalridge.
3. Action; deed.
    Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
  Of nature, pleading  in his children's cause:
  Howe'er the doubtful fact is understood,
  'Tis love of honour and his country's good;
  The consul, not the  father, sheds the blood.
                                       Dryden.
FA'CTION,  fak'shrin.  to.  s.   [faction,
   French; factio, Latin.]
 1. A party  in a state.
     The queen is valued thirty thousand strong;
  If she hato time to breathe, be well assur'd
  Her faction will be full as strong as ours.
                                     Shakspeare.
     He has been known to commit outrages,
  And cherish factions.                 Shakspeare.
     By one of Simon's faction murders were com-
  mitted.                                  Mac.
     By toe weight of reason I  should  counterpoise
  the overbalancing of any factions.      K. Charles,
 2. Tumult; discord; dissension.
     They remained  at Newbery  in  great faction
  among themselves.                   Clarendon.
 Fa'ctionary, fak'shun-ar-e. to. s. [faction-
   aire, Fr.]   One  of  a  faction;  a  party
   man.   Not in use.
     Pr'ythee, fellow, remember my name is  Mene-
  nius; always factionary of the party of your general.
                                     Sliakspeare.
 Fa'ctious,   fak'shas.293   adj.   [factieux,
   French.]
 1. Given to faction; loud  and  violent  in a
  of chymists, in imitation, being easily detected bj
  an ordinary lapidist.                       ™»t/
FA'CTOR,  fak'tnr.166  «• *• [facteur, Fr.
  factor, Latin.]
   An  agent for  another; one  who trans-
   acts business for another.    Commonly
   a substitute  in mercantile affairs.
     Take on you the charge
   And kingly government of this your land:
   Not as protector, steward, substitute,
   Or lowly factor for another's gain.     Shakspeare,
     Piercy is but my factor, good my lord,
   T' engross up glorious deeds on my behalf.
                                     Shakspeare.
                  You all three,
   The senators alone of this great world,
   Chieffactors for the Gods.            Shakspeare.
     We agreed  that  I should send  up an English
   factor, that whatsoever  the  island  could yield
   should be delivered at a reasonable rate. Raleigh.
     The Scots had good  intelligence, having some
   factors doubtless at this mart, albeit they  did not
   openly trade.                        Hayward.
     Vile  arts  and restless  endeavours are used bj
   some sly and venomous factors for  the old repub-
   lican cause.                            SoufA.
     All the reason that I could ever hear alleged, bj
   the chief factors for  a general intromission of all
   sorts, sects,  and persuasions, into our  commuiiion,
   is, that those who separate  from us are stiff and
   obstinate, and will  not  submit  to  thei rules and
   orders of our church,  and  toat, therefore, they
   ought.to be  taken away.                  South.
     Forc'd into exile from his rightful thrcne,
   He made all countries where he came his own;
   And viewing monarchs' secret arts of sway,
   A royal factor for their kingdoms lay.     Dryden.

  !. [In  arithmetick.]    The  multiplicator
    and multiplicand.                Harris.
party;  publickiy  dissentious;  addicted Ta'ctory, fak'tur-e.867 to. a. [from factor]
  to form parties and raise  public distur
  bances.
    He is a traitor; let him to the Tower,
  And crop away that factious pate of his.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
    Be factious for redress of all these griefs.
                                    Shakspeare.
2. Proceeding  from   public  dissensions;
  tending to publick discord.
    Grey-headed  men  and  grave,  with warriors
         mix'd,
  Assemble; and harangues are heard; but soon
  In factious opposition.                  Milton.
    Factious tumults overbore toe freedom and ho-
  nour of the two houses.              K. Charles.
    Why these  factious quarrels,  controversies, and
  battles amongst themselves, when they were all
  united  in toe same design?              Dryden.
Fa'ctiously,  fak'shus-le.    adv.   [from
  factious]   In a manner criminally dis-
   sentious or tumultuous.
    I intended not only  to  oblige my friends, but
  mine enemies also; exceeding even the desires  of
  those toat were factiously discontented.  K. Charles.
Fa'ctiousness,  fak'shus-nes. to. s. [from
  factious/]   Inclination  to  publick dis-
   sension;  violent  clamorousness  for  a
   party.
Factitious, fak-tish'ds.  adj.  [factitius,
   Latin.]    Made by art, in  opposition
   to what is made by nature.
    In the  making and  distilling  of soap,  by one
  degree of fire  the  salt,  the water, and the oil or
  grease, whereof that factitious concrete is made up,
  being  boiled  up together,  are easily brought to in-
   corporate.                              Boyle.
    Hardness wherein some stones exceed all other
  bodies, and  among them  the adamant, all other
   stones being exalted  to that degree that art in vain
   endeavours to counterfeit  it; the factitious stones
1. A house or district inhabited by traders
   in a distant country.
   The traders embodied in  one place.
Faoto'tum, fak-to'tiim.  to. s. [fac totum,
   Latin.  It is  used likewise in burlesque
   French.]   A  servant   employed alike
   in all kinds of business: as Scrub in the
   Stratagem.
FA'CTURE, fak'tshtire.483 to. s. [French.]
   The  act  or manner   of making  any
   thing.
Fa'culty,    fak'dl-te.  to.   s.    [faculte,
   French; facultas, Latin.]
 I. The power of  doing any  thing; ability:
   whether corporeal or intellectual.
     There is no kind of faculty or power in man, oi
   any creature, which can rightly perform the func-
   tions allotted to  it without  perpetual aid and con-
   currence of that supreme cause of all things.
                                        Hooker.
     Orators may grieve; for in their sides,
   Rather than heads, their faculty abides.   Denham.
     Reason in  man supplies the defect of other fa-
   culties wherein we are inferior to beasts,  and what
   we cannot compass  by force we bring about by
   stratagem.                        L' Estrange.
 2. Powers of the mind, imagination, rea-
   son, memory.
     I understand in the prime end
   Of nature, her the inferior; in the mind
   And inward/acuffies, which  most excel.   Milton.
     In the ordinary way of speaking, the understand-
   ing and will are two faculties of the mind.  Locke.
     Neither did our Saviour  think it necessary  to
   explain to us the nature of God, because it would
   be impossible,  without  bestowing on us other/«-
   cuffies than we possess at present.          Swift'
 3. Mechanical power. 
FAD
FAG
F AI
    The fifth mechanical faculty  is the wedge used
  in cleaving wood.                     Wilkins.
4. In physick.
    A power or ability to perform any action, na-
  tural, vital, and animal: by the first toey understand
  that by  which the body is nourished, or another
  like it generated: the vital faculty is that by which
  life is preserved, and the  ordinary functions ofthe
  body performed; and the  animal faculty  is what
  conducts the operations ofthe mind.      Quincy.
5. A knack; habitual excellence; dexterity.
    He had none of those faculties  which the other
  had, of reconciling men to him.       Clarendon.
    Our author found out monarchical absolute power
  in that text, he had an exceeding  good facuUy to
  find it himself where he could not shew it oth^s^

    He had an excellent faculty in preaching if he
  were not  too refined.        .             Sun/f.
6. Quality personal; disposition  or habit
  of good or ill.
    I'm traduc'd by tongues  which neither know
  My faculties nor person, yet will be
  The chronicles of my doing.          Shakspeare.
7. Natural virtue; efficacy.
    In requital ope his leathern scrip,
  And shew me simples of a  thousand names,
  Telling toeir strange and vigorous/ocufties.  Milton.
8. Power; authority.
                 This Duncan
  Hath born his/ocuffies so meek, hath been
  So clear in his great office, that his virtues
  Will plead like angels.              Shakspeare.
9. Privilege; right to do any  thing.
    Law hath  set  down to what persons, in what
  causes,  with  what circumstances, almost every
  faculty or  favour shall  be granted.        Hooker.
10. Faculty, in an university, denotes the
  masters and  professors  of the several
  sciences: as,  a meeting  of  the faculty
  or faculties.
Facu'nd,  fak'und. adj. [facundus, Latin.]
  Eloquent.                          Diet.
To Fa'ddle,  fad'dl.406 v. to. [corrupted
  from To fiddle, or toy  with the fingers.]
  To trifle; to toy; to play.   A low word.
To Fade, fade.76 v. to. [fade, French, in-
   sipid, languid.]
1. To tend from greater to less vigour; to
  grow weak; to languish.
2. To tend from a  brighter  to a weaker
   colour.
    The greenness  of a leaf ought to pass for  ap-
  parent, because soon fading into a  yellow,   it
  scarce lasts at all, in comparison  of the greenness
  of an emerald.                          Boyfe.
    The spots in this stone  are of the same  colour
  throughout, even to the  very  edges; there being
  an immediate  transition  from white to black, and
  toe colours not fading or declining  gradually.
                                    Woodward,
3. To wither, as a vegetable.
    Ye shall be as an oak  whose leaf fadeth, and as
  a garden that hath no water.             Isaiah.
4. To die away gradually; to vanish;  to  be
  worn out.
    Where either  through  toe  temper of the body,
  or some other default, the memory is  very weak,
  ideas in the mind quickly fade.           Locke.
    The stars shall fade away, the sun himself
  Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years.
                                     Addison.
5. To  be naturally not  durable;  to   be
  transient; to lose  vigour or beauty easily
    The glorious beauty on the head of the fat val-
  ley shall be a fading flower.              Isaiah.
    The pictures drawn in our minds are laid in
 fading colours, and,  if not  sometimes refreshed,
  vanish and dissappear.                   Locke.
     Narcissus' change to the vain virgin shows,
   Who trusts to beauty, trusts the fading rose.   Gay.
 To  Fade, fade. v. a.   To wear away; to
   reduce to languor;  to deprive of fresh-
   ness or  vigour; to wither.
     This is a man, old, wrinkled, faded, withered;
   And not a maiden, as thou say'st he is.     Shaks.
     His palms, though under weights they did not
       stand,
   Still toriv'd; no winter could his laurels fade.
                                       Dryden.
     Restless anxiety, forlorn despair,
   And all the faded family of care.          Garfft.
 To  Fadge, fadje. v. to. [jepejan, Saxon;
   fugen, German.]
 I. To suit; to fit;  to have  one  part  con-
   sistent with another.
     How  will  this fadge!  my   master  loves  her
        dearly,
  And I, poor monster, fond  as much on him;
  And she, mistaken, seems  to doat on me.   Shaksp.
2. To agree;  not  to  quarrel;  to  live  in
   amity.
    When toey toriv'd toey  never fadg'd,
  But only by the ears engag'd;
  That dogs toat snarl  about a bone,
  And play together when they've none.  Hudibras.
3. To succeed; to hit.
    The fox had a fetch; and when he saw it would
  not fadge, away goes he presently.     V Estrange.
4. This  is a  mean word not now used,
   unless perhaps in   ludicrous and  low
   compositions.

FAH'CES, fe'sez.aa to. s. [Latin.]  Excre-
   ments;  settlings  after  distillation  and
   infusion.                         Quincy.
 To Fag, fag. v. a.  [fatigo,  Latin.]   To
   grow weary; to faint with weariness.
     Creighton  with-held his force 'till the Italian
  begun to fag, and then brought him to the ground.
                                   Mackenzie.
Fa'gend, fag-end', to. s.  [from fag  and
   end]
1. The end of a  web   of cloth, generally
   made of coarser materials.
2. The  refuse,  or  meaner part  of  any
   thing.
             In the world's/agenci
  A nation lies.                        Fanshaw.
    When they are the worst of their way, and fixt
  in toe fagend of business, they are apt to  look not
  kindly upon those who go before them.     Collier.
FA'GOT, fag'ut.83 i66 „. ^  [fagod, Welsh
   and Armorick; fagot, French.]
I. A bundle  of sticks bound  together for
   the fire.
    About toe pile offagots, sticks, and hay,
  The bellows raised the  newly-kindled flame.
                                      Fairfax.
    Spare for no fagots, let there be enow;
  Place pitchy barrels on the fatal stake.    Shaksp.
    Mitres or fagots, have been the  rewards of dif-
  ferent persons, according as they pronounced -these
  consecrated syllables or not.              Waffs.
2. A bundle  of sticks for any purpose.
    The Black Prince filled a ditch wito fagots as
  successfully  as  the  generals of our  times  do it
  with fascines.                         Addison.
3. A soldier  numbered in the muster roll,
   but not really existing.
To Fa'got, fag'ut. v. a. [from the  noun.]
   To tie up; to bundle together.
    He was too warm  on picking work to dwell,
  But^ccgofecf his notions as they fell,
  And if they rhym'd and rattled,  all was  well.
                                       Dryden.
 To FAIL, file.202  v. to.  [failler, French,
  faeln, Welsh. Pezron]
 1. To be deficient;  to cease  from  former
   plenty; to fall short; not to be equal to
   demand or use.
    The waters fail from the sea, and the  flood de-
  cayeth and drieth up.                      Job.
    Wherefore should not strength and might
  There fail where virtue fails, or weakest prove
  Where boldest, though to fight unconquerable?
                                       Milton.
    Where the credit  and money fail, barter alone
  must do.                              Locke.
2. To be extinct; to cease;  to be no longer
   produced.
    Help, Lord, forthe  godly man cease th; for the
  faithful fail from  among the children of men.
                                       Psalms.
    Whether such virtue spent of old now fail'd
  More angels to create.                  MUton.
3. To cease; to  perish;  to be lost.
    By fate the strength of gods
  And this empyreal substance cannot fail.   Milton,
    For Titan, by the mighty loss dismay'd,
  Among th' heav'ns th' immortal fact display'd,
  Lest the remembrance of his grief should fail.
                                       Addison-
4. To die; to lose life.
    Had the king in his last sickness fail'd,
  Their heads should have gone off.      Shakspeare.
    Both he that  helpeth  shall fall,  and  he that is
  holpen shall fall down, and they all shall fail  to-
  gether.                                Isaiah.
5. To sink; to be born  down;  to  come  to
  an end.
    Neither will  I be always wroth; for the spirit
  should/aif before me.                    Isaiah.
    His works, which in our fall,
  For us created, needs with us must fail,
  Dependent made.                      Milton.
6. To decay; to  decline; to languish.
    Let none henceforth seek needless cause V ap-
      prove
  The faith they owe; when earnestly they seek
  Such proof,  conclude they then begin to fail.
                                       Milton.
                  I perceive
  Thy mortal sight to fail; objects divine
  Must needs impair and weary human sense.
                                       Milton.
7. To miss; not  to produce its  effect.
    Consider of deformity not as a  sign,  which is
  deceivable, but as a cause which seldom faileth of
  toe effect.                             Bacon.
    All these puissant legions, whose exile
  Hath emptied heav'n, shall fail to  re-ascend.
                                       Milton,
    This jest was first of th' other house's making,
  And, five times try'd, has never fail'd of taking.
                                       Drycfen.
    A  persuasion   toat we shall overcome any diffi-
  culties that we meet with in  the sciences, seldom
  fails to carry us through them.            Locke.
    He  does  not  remember whether every  grain
  came up or not; but he thinks that very few failed.
                                     Mortimer,
8. To miss; not to  succeed  in a  aesign;
  to miscarry.
    I am enjoin'd, by oath, if I fail
  Ofthe right casket, never in my life
  To woo a maid in way of marriage.   Shakspeare.
    At least our envious foe hath fail'd, who thought
  All like himself rebellious.               Milton.
    In difficulties of state, the true reason of failing
  proceeds from failings in the administration.
                                   V Estrange.
    Men who have been busied in the pursuit of the
  philosopher's stone, have failed in their design.
                                       Addison.
9. To be deficient in duty.
    Or nature fail'd in me, and left some  part
  Not proof enough such object to sustain,   Milton. 
F AI
FAI
FA  I
    Endeavour to  fulfil God's commands, to repent
  as often as you fail of it, and to hope for pardon of
  him.                                   Wake.
 To Fail, fale.  v. a.
 1. To desert; not  to continue to assist  or
   supply; to disappoint.
    The ship  was now  left alone, as proud lords be
  when fortune fails them.                Sidney.
    So hast thou oft with guile thine honour blent;
  But little may such guile thee now avail,
  If wonted force and fortune do not much me fail.
                                       Spenser.
    There shall be signs in the sun, the moon, and
  the stars, men's hearts failing them for fear. Luke.
         Nor could the  muse defend
  Her son, so  fail not thou who thee implores.
                                       Milton.
    I laugh, when those who at the spear are  bold
  And vent'rous, if that fail them, shrink and fear.
                                       JUiffon.
    Her  heart failed her, and she would fain have
  compounded for her life.            V Estrange.
    He presumes upon his parts that they  will not
  fail him at  time of need,  and so thinks it super-
  fluous labour to make any provision beforehand.
                                         Locke.
2. Not to  assist;  to  neglect;  to omit  to
  help.
    Since nature fails us in no needful thing,
  Why want I means my inward self to see. Davies.
3. To omit; not to perform.
    The inventive God who never fails his part,
  Inspires the wit when once he warms the heart.
                                       Dryden.
4. To be wanting to.
    There shall not/aif  thee a man on the throne.
                                       1  Kings.
Fail, fale. n. s.  [from the verb.]
1. Miscarriage;  miss; unsuccessfulness.
2. Omission; non-performance.
    Mark and perform it, seest thou? for the fail
  Of any point in't shall not only be
  Death to thyself, but to thy lewd tongu'd wife.
                                    S/iafcspeare.
    He will without fail drive out from before you
  the Canaanites.                        Joshua.
3. Deficience; want.
4. Death;  extinction.
    How  grounded he his title  to the crown
  Upon our fail?                     Shakspeare.
Fa'iling, fa'llng. n. s. [from fail.]    De-
   ficiency;  imperfection;  fault  not atro-
   cious; lapse.
    Besides what failings  may be  in  the matter,
  even in  the  expressions there must often he great
  obscurities.                            Digby.
    To failings mild, but zealous for desert;
  The clearest head and the sincerest heart.   Pope.
    Even good men have many temptations to sub-
  due, many  conflicts  with  those  enemies  which
  war against the soul,  and many failings and lapses
  to lament and recover.                 Rogers.
Fai'lure, fale'yure.113 to. s.  [from/az7.]
 1. Deficience;  cessation.
    There must have been an universal failure and
  want of springs and rivers all toe summer season.
                                     Woodward.
2. Omission; non-performance; slip.
    He that being subject to an apoplexy, used still
  to carry his  remedy about him;  but upon  a time
  shifting his clothes,  and not  taking that wito him,
  chanced upon that very day to be surprised with a
  fit:  he owed his death to a mere accident, to  a little
  inadvertency and failure of memory.       South.
3. A lapse; a slight fault.
FAIN, fane.202 adj. [peagn,  Sax.]
1. Glad; merry; cheerful; fond.   It is still
   retained in Scotland in this sense.
    And in her hand she held a mirrour bright,
  Wherein her face she  often viewed fain. F. Queen.
    My lips will be fain when I sing unto thee, and
  so will my soul whom thou hast delivered.  Psalms.
2. F'orced; obliged; compelled. [This sig-
   nification  seems to  have  arisen from
   the mistake of the original signification
   in  some ambiguous expressions:  as, /
   was fain to do this,  would  equally suit
   with the rest of the sentence,  whether
   it Was understood to  mean i" was com-
  pelled, or  / was glad to do it for fear
   of worse.   Thus the  primary meaning
   seems to have been early lost.]
    Every weight to shroud it did constrain,
  And this fair couple eke to shroud toemselves were
        fain.                          Spenser.
    Whosoever will hear, he shall find God;  whoso-
  ever will study to  know, shall be also fain to be-
  lieve.                                 Hooker.
    I was fain to  forswear it; toey would else have
  married me to the  rotten medlar.        Shaksp.
    When Hildebrand had accused Heniy IV. there
  were none so hardy as to defend  their lord; where-
  fore he was fain to humble himself before Hilde-
  brand.                              Raleigh.
    The learned Castalio was fain to make trenches
  at Basle, to keep himself from starving.     Locke.
Fain,  fane.  adv.  [from  the adjective.]
  Gladly;  very desirously;  according  to
  earnest wishes.
    Now I would give a thousand furlongs of sea for
  an acre of barren ground; I would fain die a dry
  death.                                Shaksp.
    Why wouldst thou urge me to confess  a flame
  I long have stifled,  and would fain conceal.
                                 Addison's Cato.
    Fain would I Raphael's godlike art rehearse,
  And show th' immortal labours  in my verse-
                                      Addison.
    The plebeians would fain have a law enacted to
  lay all men's  rights and privileges  upon the same
  level.                                  Swift.
To  Fain, fane. v. to. [from the noun.]  To
  wish; to desire fondly.
    Fairer than fairest, in his faining eye,
  Whose sole aspect he counts felicity.     Spenser.

To  FAINT,  fant.2°a v. to. [faner, Fr.]
1.  To decay;   to wear  or  waste  away
  quickly.
    Gilded clouds while we gaze  upon them, faint
  before the eye, and decay into confusion.   Pope.
            The show'ry arch
  Delights and puzzles the beholders'  eyes
  That views the wat'ry brede with thousand shews
  Of painture vary'd; yet unskill'd to tell
  Or where one colour rises, or where one faints.
                                      Philips.
2. To lose the  animal functions;  to sink
  motionless and  senseless.
    Their young children  were out of heart,  and
  their women and young men fainted for thirst, and
  fell down.                             Judith.
    We are ready to faint with fasting.     1 Mac.
    Upon  hearing the  honour intended her, she
  fainted away, and fell down as dead.    Guardian
3. To grow feeble; to decline in  force  or
  courage.
    They will stand in their order, and never faint
  in their watches.                        Eccles.
    The imagination cannot be always alike, constant
  and strong, and if the success follow not speedily it
  will faint and lose strength.             Bacon.
    0 pity and shame, that they who  to live well,
  Enter'd so fair, should turn aside to tread
  Paths indirect, or in the midway faint.    Milton.
    How while the fainting Dutch remotely fire,
  And the fam'd Eugene's iron troops  retire.   Smith.
4. To sink into dejection.
            Lest they faint
  At the sad sentence rigorously urg'd,
  All terrour hide.                       Milton.
 To Faint,  fant. v. a.   To deject; to tie-
   press; to enfeeble. A word little in use.
             It faints me
  To think what follows.                  Shaksp.
 Faint, fant. adj. [fane, Fr.]
   Languid; weak; feeble.
     In intemperate climates, toe spirits, exhaled h
  heat or comprest by cold, are rendered faint and
  sluggish.                             Temple
     Words pronounced at length, sounded faint and
  languid.                                Swift
 2. Not bright; not  vivid;  not striking.
     The blue compared with these is a faint and dark
  colour,  and the indigo  and violet are much darker
  and fainter.                          jVeiofon,
     The length  of the  image I measured from the
  faintest and utmost red  at  one end, to  toe faintest
  and utmost blue at the other end, excepting  only a
  little penumbra.                    '  ^mtm_
     From her naked limbs of glowing white,
  In  folds loose  floating  fell the fainter lawn,
 .   xt   ,            .     .            Thomson.
 3.  Not loud; not piercing.
     The pump  after this being employed from time
  to time, the sound grew fainter and fainter. Boylt
 4.  Feeble of body.
     Two  neighbouring shepherds faint with  thirst
  stood at the common boundary of their grounds. '
   „,                                 Rambler,
 5. Cowardly;  timorous; not vigorous; not
   ardent.
     Faint heart never won fair lady.      Camden.
     Our faint Egyptians pray for Antony;
  But in their servile hearts they own Octavius.
      .                               Dryden.
 6. Dejected;  depressed.
     Consider him that endureth such contradiction
  against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in
  your minds.                         Hebrews.
  . Not vigorous; not active.
    The defects which  hindered the conquest, were
  the faint prosecution of the war, and toe looseness
  of toe civil government.                 Davies.
Fainthea'rted,  fant-hart'ed. adj. [faint
  and  heart.]   Cowardly; timorous;  de-
  jected; easily depressed.
    Fear not, neither be fainthearted.      Isaiah.
    They should  resolve the next day, as victorious
  conquerors, to take the city, or else toere as faint-
  hearted cowards, to end their days.       Knolles.
         Now the late  fainthearted rout
  O'erthrown and scatter'd round about,
  Chas'd by the horrour of their fear,
  From bloody fray of knight and bear,
  Took heart again  and fae'd about,
  As if they meant to stand it out.       Hudibras.
    Villain, stand  off!  base,  groveling, worthless
  wretches, mongrels in  faction, poor fainthearted
  traitors-                             Addison.
Fainthea'rtedly,  fant'hart'ed-ie.   adv.
  [from faint hearted.]   Timorously; in a
  cowardly manner.
FAiNTHEA'RTEnNEss,  fant-hart'ed-nes. n.
  s. [from fainthearted.] Cowardice, tin>
  orousness;  want of courage.
Fa'inting,  fant'ing.  to.  s. [from faint]
  Deliquium;  temporary  loss of animal
  motion.
    These faintings her  physicians suspect  to pro-
  ceed from contusions.                 Wiseman.
Fa'intishness,   fant'ish-nes. to. s.  [from
   faint/]   Weakness in a slight degree;
  incipient debility.
    A certain degree of heat lengthens and relaxes
  the fibres; whence proceeds the sensation of  faint-
  ishness and debility in a hot day.      Arbuthiwt.
 Fa'intlixg, fant'ling. adj.  [from faint]
   Timorous;  feebleminded. A burlesque
   or low word. 
F AI
F AI
FAI
  Shaksp.
without
    There's no having  patience, thou art such a
  faintling  silly creature.               Arbuthnot.
Fa'intly, fant'le. adv. [from faint.]
1. Feebly; languidly.
     Love's  like a  torch, which,  if  secur'd from
         blasts,
  Will faintly burn; but then it longer lasts:
  Expos'd to storms of jealousy and doubt,
  The blaze grows greater,  but 'tis sooner out.
                                         Walsh,
2. Not in bright colours.
    Nature affords at least a glimm'ring light;
  The lines, tho' touch'd but faintly, are drawn right.
                                          Pope.
3. Without force of representation.
     I have told you what I have seen and heard  but
  faintly; nothing like toe image and horrour of it.
                                        iothCtfCSt),
     An obscure and confused idea represents the ob-
   ject so faintly, that it doth  not appear plain to the
   mind.                                  Watts-
4. Without strength of body.
     With his loll'd tongue he faintly  licks his prey,
   His warm breath blows her flix up as she lies.
                                        Drycfen.
 5.  Not vigorously;  not actively.
     Though still  the famish'd  English,  like pale
         ghosts,
   Faintly besiege us one hour in a month.
 6. Timorously;  with  dejection;
    spirit.
      Loth was the ape, though prais'd, to adventure;
   Yet faintly 'gan into his work to enter.  Hubberd.
      He faintly now declines the fatal strife;
   So much his love was dearer than his life.
                                       Denham.
 Fa'intness, fant'nes. to. *. [from faint.]
 1. Languor; feebleness; want of strength.
      If toe prince of the lights  of heaven, which now
   as a giant doth run his unwearied courses, should
   through a languishing faintness begin to stand.
                                         Hooker.
      This proceeded not from  any violence of pain,
   but from a  general  languishing and faintness  of
   spirits, which made him  think nothing worth the
   trouble of one careful thought.            Tempfe.
 2. Inactivity; want of  vigour.
      This evil  proceeds rather of the unsoundness  of
   the counsels, or of faintness in following and ef-
   fecting the same, than of any such fatal course ap-
   pointed of God.                        Spenser.
  3. Timorousness;  dejection.
               The paleness of this flow'r
   Bewray'd the faintness of my master's heart.
                                      Shakspeare.
  Fa'inty, fant'e. adj. [from faint.] Weak;
    feeble; languid; debilitated; enfeebled.
      When winter frosts constrain  the field with cold,
   The fainty root can  take no steady hold.   Diyden.
      The ladies gasp'd, and scarcely could respire;
   The breath they drew, no  longer air but fire:
   The fainty knights were  scorch'd, and knew not
          where
   To run  for shelter; for no shade was near.  Dryd.
  FAIR,fare.202 adj. [paejep, Saxon; faur,
    Danish.]
  1. Beautiful; elegant of feature; handsome.
    Fair seems in the common acceptation
    to be restrained, when applied  to wo-
    men, to  the beauty of the face.
      He only fair, and what  he fair hath made,
    All other fair like flowers untimely fade.  Spenser.
      Thou art  a fair woman  to look upon.    Genesis.
  2.   Not  black;  not  brown;  white  in  the
     complexion.
               I never yet saw man,
    But she would spell him backward; if fair fae'd,
    She'd swear the gentleman should be her sister;
    If black, why, nature, drawing of an antick,
    Made a foul blot.                      Shaksp.
        VOL. I.
    Let us look upon men in several climates:  the
  Ethiopians are black, flat-nosed, and crisp haired;
  the Moors tawny; the Northern  people large, and
  fair complexioned.                        Hafe.
3. Pleasing to the eye; excellent or beau-
   tiful in general t  the eye or mind.
    That which made her fairness much the fairer was
  that it was but an ambassador of a most fair mind.
                                        Sidney.
    Carry him gently to my fairest chamber,
  And hang it round with all my wanton pictures.
                                        Shaksp.
    Thus was he fair  in his greatness, and  in the
  length of his branches.                  Ezekiel.
    For as by depredations wasps proclaim
  The fairest fruit, so these the fairest fame. Young.
4. Clear; pure.
    A  standard of a damask rose, with the root on,
  was set in a chamber where no fire was, upright in
  an earthen  pan, full oi fair water, half a foot un-
  der the water.                           Bacon.
    Even fair water,  falling upon white paper or
  linen, will  immediately alter  the colour of them,
  and make it sadder than that of the unwetted parts.
                                          JBoyfe.
 5. Not cloudy; not foul; not tempestuous.
     Fair is foul, and foul is fair;
   Hover through the fog and filthy air.      Shaksp.
     Fair weather cometh out of the north.      Job.
     About three  of the clock in the afternoon, toe
   weather was very fair and very warm. Clarendon.
 6.   Favourable;  prosperous:  as,  a  fair
   wind.
     In vain you tell your parting lover,
   You wish fair winds may waft him over.     Prior.
 7. Likely to succeed.
     Yourself, renowned prince, stood as fair
   As any comer I have look'd on yet
   For my affection.                       Shaksp.
     The caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which
   was in a fair way to have enlarged, until they fell
   out.                                  Raleigh.
     0 pity and shame!  toat toey who to live well,
   Enter'd so fair, should turn aside to tread
   Paths indirect, or in the midway faint.    Jlfiffon.
 8. Equal;  just.
     The king did so  much desire a peace, toat no
   man need advise him to it, or could divert him from
   it, if fair and honourable conditions of peace were
   offered to him.                       Clarendon.
 9. Not effected by any  insidious or  un-
   lawful methods; not foul.
     After all these conquests  he passed  the rest of
   his age in his own native country, and died a fair and
   natural death.                          Temple.
  10. Not practising any fraudulent or insi-
    dipus arts;  as,  a  fair  rival, a  fair  dis-
   putant.
     Virtuous and vicious ev'ry man must be,
   Few in th' extreme,  but all in the degree;
   The  rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise,
   And ev'n the best, by fits, what they despise. Pope.
  11. Open; direct.
     For still, methought she sung not far away;
    At last I found her on a laurel spray:
   Close by my side she sat, and fair in sight,
   Full in a line, against her opposite.       Dryden.
  12. Gentle; mild; not compulsory.
     All the lords came in, and being by fair means
   wrought thereunto, acknowledged king  Henry.
                                         Spenser.
     For to reduce her by main force,
    Is now in  vain;  by fair means, worse.   Hudibras.
  13. Mild; not severe.
     Not only do'st degrade them, or remit
    To life obscur'd, which.were a fair dismission;
    But throw'st them lower than thou did'st exalt them
          high.                            Milton.
  14. Pleasing; civil.
      Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear
    Things that do sound so fair?             Shaksp.
                      4 u
    When fair words and good counsel will not pre-
  vail upon us, we must be frightened into our duty.
                                    L'Estrange.
15. Equitable;  not  injurious.
             His doom is fair,
  That dust I am, and shall to dust return.   Milton.
16. Commodious;  easy.
    Hereby  upon  the edge of yonder coppice,
  A stand where you may make the fairest shoot.
                                        Shaksp.
    I looked for  the jugular veins, opened  the fair-
  est, and took away a dozen ounces of blood.
                                      Wiseman.
17. Liberal; not narrow.
    He through his  virtue was as free frcm  greedi-
  ness, as through his fair livelihood, far from needi-
  ness.                                   Carew.
Fair, fare. adv.  [from the adjective.]
1. Gently;  decently;  without violence.
    He who fair and softly goes steadily forward, in
  a course that points right, will sooner be at his jour-
  ney's end, than he that runs after every one, toough
  he gallop.                               Locke.
2. Civilly; complaisantly.
    Well, you must  now  speak sir John Falstaff
        fair.                            Shaksp.
    One of the company spoke him fair,  and would
  have stopt  his mouth  with a crust.     V Estrange.
    In this plain fable  you th'  effect may see
  Of negligence, and fond credulity:
  And learn  besides of flatt'rers to beware,
  Then most pernicious when toey speak too fair.
                                        Dryden.
    His promise Palemon accepts; but pray'd
  To keep it better than toe  first he made:
  Thus fair  they parted,  'till toe morrow's dawn;
  For each had laid his plighted faith to pawn.
                                        Drycfen.
    Kalib ascend, my fair spoke servant rise,
  And soothe my heart with pleasing prophecies.
                                        Dryden.
     This promised fair at first.            Addison.
3. Happily; successfully.
     O, princely Buckingham,  I'll kiss toy hand,
   In sign of league and amity  with thee:
   Now fair  befall thee and  thy noble house!
   Thy garments are not spotted with our blood. Shak-
  . On good terms.
     There  are other nice,  toough inferior cases, in
   which a man  must guard,  if he intends  to keep
  fair with the world,  and turn the penny.   Collier.
Fair, fare. ra.  s.
 1. A  beauty;  elliptically a fair woman.
     Of sleep forsaken, to relieve his  care,
   He sought the conversation  of the fair.    Dryden.
     Gentlemen who do not  design to marry, yet pay
   their devoirs to one particular fair.     Spectator.
    Honesty; just dealing.
     I am not much for that  present; we'll settle  it
   between ourselves;  fair  and  square,  Nic, keep
   friends together.                     Arbuthnot.
 Fair, fare. n. s.  [foire, Fr.feria or forum,
    Lat.]   An  annual or  stated meeting of
    buvers and sellers; a  time  of  traffick
    more frequented than a  market.   The
    privilege of  holding  fairs in   England
    is  granted by the king.
     With silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy
   fairs.                                 Ezekiel.
     His corn, his cattle, were his only care,
   And his supreme delight  a country fair    Dryden.
     The ancient Nundins, or fairs of Rome, were
   kept  every ninth day: afterwards the  same prm-
   leges were granted  to the  country markets, which
   were at first under toe power of the consuls.
                                       Arbuthnot.
  Fa'iuing, fare'ing. n. s.  [from fair.]    A
    prest nt  given  al a  fair
      Sweetheart, we shall be  rich ere we depart,
    If fairings come thus plentifully in.        Shaksp. 
FA  I
F AI
F AI
    Like children that esteem every trifle, and prefer
  a fairing before their fathers.        JBen Jonson.
    Now he goes on, and sings of fairs and shows;
  For still  new fairs before his eyes arose:
  How pedlars' stalls;wito glitt'ring toys are laid,
  The various fairings of the countiy maid.     Gay.

Fa'irly, fare-le. adv.  [fromjair.]
1. Beautifully:  as, a city fairly situate.
2. Commodiously;   conveniently; suitably
   to any purpose or design.
     'Waiting 'till willing winds toeir sails supply'd,
  Within  a trading town they long abide,
  Full fairly situate on a haven's side.     Dryden.
3. Honestly; justly; without shift; without
   fraud; not foully.
     There is  due  from the judge  to the advocate
  some commendation and gracing where causes are
  fairly pleaded.                         Bacon.
     To the first advantages we may fairly lay claim;
  I wish we had as good a title  to the  latter.
                                     Atterbury.
     It is a church of England-man's opinion, that the
  freedom of a nation consists in an absolute unlimi-
  ted  legislative power, wherein the whole body  of
  the people are fairly represented, and an  executive
  duly limited.                           Swift.
 4.  Ingenuously; plainly; openly.
     The  stage how  loosely does Astrea tread,
   Who /airfy puts all characters to bed!       Pope.
 5. Candidly; without  sinister  interpreta-
   tions.
     As I  interpret fairly your design,
   So look not with severer eyes on mine.    Dryden.
 6. Without violence to right  reason.
     Where I  have  enlarged them, I desire toe false
   criticks would not always think that those thoughts
   are wholly mine;  but  that either they  are secretly
   in the poet,  or may be fairly deduced  from him.
                                        Dryden.
     This nutritious juice being a subtile liquor scarce
   obtainable  by a  human  body, the serum of the
   blood is fairly substituted in its place. Arbuthnot.
 7. Without  blots.
     Here is th' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
   Which in a set hand fairly is engross'd.   Shaksp.
 8.  Completely;  without any deficience.
     All  this  they /airfy overcome, by  reason of the
   continual presence of their king.         Spenser.
     Let  them say, 'tis grossly done: so it be/airfy
   done, no matter.                       Shaksp.
      Our love  is not so great, Hortensio, but we may
   blow our nails together, and fast it fairly out.
                                        Shaksp.
 Fa'irness, fare'nes. to. s.  [from fair.]
  1.  Beauty;  elegance of form.
      That which made  her fairness much the fairer,
   was, that  it was but a fair embassador of a most
   fair mind, full of wit, and  a  wit which delighted
   more to judge itself than to show itself.    Sicfney.
 2.  Honesty; candour; ingenuity.
      There may be somewhat of wisdom, but little of
   goodness or fairness in this conduct.     Atterbury.
 Fa'iuspoken, fare'spo-k'n.103 adj.  [from
   fair and  speak.] Bland and civil in lan-
    guage and address.
      Arius, a  priest in the  church of Alexandria, a
   jubtiewitted and a marvellous fairspoken man, but
   discontented that we should be placed before him in
   honour, whose superior he thought himself in de-
   sert, because through envy and stomach prone unto
   contradiction.                         Hooker.
 FA I'll Y, fa're.  to. s. [penhfc, Saxon;/c?<?,
   Fr Ab tpa, terra,  fit et rpepa Macedo-
   num  dialecfo; unde i'vepot, evjupot, et Ro-
   manis inferi, qui  Scoto-Saxonibus  di-
    cuntur feries, nostratiq; vulgo corrupti-
    us fairies, ««t«^3-«v/o<  tfxtfAovis, sive du
    manes.  Baxter's Glossary.]
 1. A kind of fabled being supposed to ap-
  pear in  a diminutive  human form, and
  to dance in the meadows, and  reward
•  cleanliness in houses; an  elf; a fay.
    Nan Page my daughter, and my little son,
  And three or four more of their growth, we '11 dress
  Like urchins,  ouphes, and fairies, green and white.
                                   >S7iaA:speare.
    Then let toem all encircle him about,
  And./airy-like, too pinch the unclean knight:
  And ask him, why, that hour of fairy revel,
  In their so sacred paths he dares to tread,
  In shape prophane.                   Shakspeare.
    By the idea any one has of fairies, or centaurs,
  he cannot know that things, answering those ideas,
  exist.                                  Locke.
    Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and  demons hear. Pope.
2. Enchantress.  War bur ion.
    To this great fairy I'll commend thy acts,
  Make her thanks bless thee.          Shakspeare.
Fa'iry, fa're. adj.
1. Given by fairies.
    Be secret and  discrete; the fairy favours
  Are lost when not conceal'd.             Dryden.
    Such borrowed wealth, like fairy money, though
  it were gold in the hand from which he received it,
  will be but leaves and dust when it comes to use.
                                        Locke.
2. Belonging to fairies.
    This is the fairy land:  oh, spight of spights,
  We talk with gobblings,  owls, and elvish sprights.
                                    Shakspeare.
Fa'irystone, fa're-stone. to. s. [fairy and
   stone.] A stone found in gravel-pits.
FAITH, fkth.  to. s. [foi, Fr.; fede, Ital.;
  fides, Lat.]
 I. Belief ofthe revealed truths of religion.
    The name of faith being properly and strictly
  taken, it  must needs have  reference unto some ut-
  tered word, as the  object of belief.       Hooker
    Faith,  if it have not works, is dead.      James.
    Vision in the  next life is the perfecting of that
  faith in this life,  or  that faith here is turned into
  vision there, as hope into enjoying.      Hammond.
    Then faith shall fail,  and holy hope shall die;
   One lost in certainty, and one in joy.       Prior.
 2.  The system of revealed truths held by
   the  christian church; the credenda.
    Felix heard Paul concerning the faith.    Acts.
    This is the catholick faith.    Common Prayer.
 3.  Trust in  God.
    Faith is an entire dependence upon the truth, the
   power, the justice, and the mercy of God; which de-
   pendence will certainly incline us to obey him in all
   things.                                 Swift.
 4.  Tenet held.
             Which to believe of her,
   Must be a faith, that reason, without miracle,
   Should never plant in me.            Shakspeare.
 5.  Trust  in  the honesty or veracity ot  an-
   other.
 6.  Fidelity; unshaken adherence.
    Her failing, while her faith to me remains,
   I should conceal.                       Milton.
 7.  Honour;  social confidence.
             For you alone
   I broke my faith with iujur'd Palamon.     Dryden.
 8. Sincerity; honesty; veracity.
     Sir, in good faith, in meer verity.       Shaksp.
    They are  a very froward generation, children  in
   whom is no faith.                        Deut.
 9. Promise  given.
               I have been foresworn,
   In breaking faith wito Julia whom I lov'd. Shaksp.

 Fa'ithbreach,   fafA'bretsh.  to. a.  [faith
    and breach.] Breach of  fidelity; disloy-
    alty; perfidy.
    Now minutely revolts upbraid his faithbreach;
   Those he commands, move only in command,
   Nothing in love.                    Shakspeare.
Fa'ithed, fath'ed. adj.  [from faith.]  Ho-
   nest;  sincere.  A word not in use.
    Thou bastard! would the reposal
  Of any trust, virtue, or worth in thee,
  Make thy words faith'd?             Shakspeare.
Fa'ithful, fafA'fiil. adj. [faith and/a//.]
1. Firm in adherence to the  truth of  reli
   gion.
    To the  saints which  are at Ephesus, and the
  faithful in Christ Jesus.               Eplusians.
    Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee
   a crown of life.                          Rev.
\2. Of true fidelity; loyal; true to the alle-
   giance or duty professed.
    I have this day receiv'd  a traitor's judgment,
   And by that name must die; yet, heav'n bear wit-
         ness,
   And if I have  a conscience, let it sink me,
   Ev'n as the axe falls, if I  be not faithful.  Shaksp,
     So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
   Among the faithless faithful only he.      Milton,
   Honest; upiighi;  without fraud.
     My  servant Moses is faithful in all mine house.
                                      Numbers.
 4. Observant  of compact or promise; true
   to  his contract;  sincere; veracious.
           Well I know him;
   Of easy temper, naturally good,
   And faithful to his word.               Dryden,
 Fa'ithfully, fkth'fiil-e.adv. [from faith-
   ful.]
 1. With  firm belief in religion.
 2. With full confidence in God.
 3. With strict adherence to duty and alle-
   giance.
     His noble grace would have some pity
   Upon my wretched women, that so long
   Have follow'd  both my fortunes faithfully.  Shaksp.

 4. Without failure  oi performance; ho-
   nestly; exactly.
     If on my wounded breast thou drop a tear,
   Think for whose  sake my breast that wound did
         bear;
   And faithfully my last desires fulfil,
   As I perform my cruel father's will.      Dryden.
 5. Sincerely;  with strong promises.
     For his own  part he did faithfully promise to be
   still in the king's power.                  jBaecm.
 6. Honestly;  without fraud, trick, or am-
   biguity.
     They suppose the nature of things to be truly and
   faithfully signified by their names, and thereupon be-
   lieve as they hear, and practise as they believe.
                                         Sottfft.
 7. In Shakspeare, according to Warburton,
   fervently;  perhaps  rather  confidently;
   steadily.
     If his occasions were not virtuous,
   I should not urge it half so faithfully.     Timon.
 Fa'ithfulness, fafA'ful-iies.  «. a. [from
   faithful.]
 1  Honesty; veracity.
     For there is no faithfulness in your mouth; your
   inward part is very wickedness.  "        Psalms.
     The band that knits  together and supports  all
   compacts, is truth and faithfulness.         South.
 2. Adherence to duty;  ovalty.
     The same zeal and faithfulness continues in your
   blood, which animated one of your noble ancestors
   to sacrifice his life in the quarrel of his sovereign.
                                        Dryden.

 Fa'ithlesness, faf^'les-nes.  to. a.  [from
   faithleaa-.]
  1. Treachery; perfidy.
 2. Unbelief as to revealed relit:ion.
 Fa'ithless,  faM'les. adj. [from faith] 
F AL
FAL
FAL
 1. Without belief in the revealed truths of
   religion; unconverted.
     Whatsoever our hearts be to God and to his truth,
  believe we, or be we as yet faithless,  for our con-
  version or confirmation, the force of natural reason
  is great.                             Hooker.
    Never dare misfortune cross her foot,
  Unless she doth it under this excuse,
  That she is issue to a faithless Jew.    Shakspeare.
 2. Perfidious;  disloyal; not true  to duty,
   profession, promise, or allegiance.
                   Both
  Fell by our servants, by those  men  we lov'd most;
  A most unnatural and faithless service.    Shaksp.
             Abdiel, faithful found;
  Among the faithless.                   MUton.
 Fa'itour,  fa'tddr.  n. s. [faitard, Fr.] A
   scoundrel; a rascal;  a mean  fellow; a
   poltroon.  An old word now obsolete.
     To Philemon,  false fail our, Philemon,
  I cast to pay, that I so dearly bought. Fairy Queen.
    Into new woes unweeting I was cast,
  By this false faitour.              Fairy Queen.
 Fake, fake. to. s. [Among seamen.]  A
   coil of rope.                    Harris.
 Falca'de, fal-kade'. to. *. [from falx,fal-
   cis,  Lat.]
     A horse is said to make falcades  when he throws
  himself upon his haunches  two  or three times, as
  in very quick curvets; therefore afalcade is that ac-
  tion  of the haunches and of the legs,  which bend
  very low, when you make a stop  and half a stop.
                                 Farrier's Diet.
 F\'LCATF.D,fa\'kk-ted.adj.[falcatus,L,dt.]
   Hooked; bent  like a reaping hook or
   sithe.
    The enlightened part of the moon appears in the
  form of a sickle, or reaping hook, which is while
  she is moving from the conjunction to the opposi-
  tion, or from the new moon to the full; but from full
  to a new again, the enlightened  part appears  gib-
  bous, aud the dark falcated.             Harris.
 Falca'tion, fal-ka'shun. to.s. [falcis, Lat.]
   Crookedness; form like that of  a  reap-
   er's hook.
    The locusts have antennae, or  long horns before,
  with a long falcation or forcipated tail behind.
                                      Brown.
 Fa'lchion, fal'shun.  n. s.  [ensis falcatus;
   in Fr.   fauchon/]  A  short   crooked
   sword; a cimeler.
    I've seen the day, with my good  biting falchion,
  I would have made them skip: I am old now.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Old falchions are new temper'd in toe fires;
  The sounding trumpet every soul  inspires. Dryden.
             What sighs and tears
  Hath Eugene caused!  how many  widows curse
  His cleaving falchion!                 Philips,
 FA'LCON, faw'kn.i"0 to. *.  [faucon,  Fr.;
  falconne, Ital.; falco, Lat.   Credo, a ros-
  tro falcato sive adunco, from the falca-
  ted or crooked bill.]
 1. A hawk trained for sport.
    As Venus' bird, the white, swift, lovely dove,
  0! happy dove that art compar'd  to her,
    Doth on her wings her utmost swiftness prove,
  Finding the gripe of falcon fierce not far.  Sidney.
    Air stops not the high soaring of my noble falcon.
                                     Walton.
    Apulian farms, for the rich soil admir'd,
  And thy large fields where falcons may be tir'd.
                                     Dryden.
    Say, will toe falcon, stooping from above,
  Smit with her varying plumage, spare toe dove?
                                       Pope.
2. A sort of cannon, whose diameter at  the
  bore is five inches and a quarter, weight
   seven hundred and fifty pounds,  length
   seven foot, load two pounds and a quar-
   ter, shot two inches and a half diameter,
   and two pounds and a half weight.
                                     Harris.
 Fa'lcoxer, faw'kn-ur.98 n.s. [faulconnier,
   Fr.]  One who breeds and trains hawks;
   one who  follows  the sport  of fowling
   with hawks.
    Hist! Romeo, hist! 0 for a falc'ner's voice,
  To lure this tarsel gentle back again.      Shaksp
    The  universal remedy was swallowing of pebble-
  stones,  in imitation of falconers curing hawks.
                                       Tempfe.
    I have learned of a falconer never to feed up a
  hawk when 1 would have him fly.         Dryden.
    A falc'ner Henry is when Emma hawks:
  With her of tarsels, and of  lures he talks.  Prior.
 Fa'lconet,  fal'ko-net.  to. *. [falconette,
   Fr.]  A  sort of ordnance, whose diame-
   ter at the bore is four inches and a quar-
   ter, weight four hundred pounds, length
   six foot, load one  pound and a quarter,
   shot something more than two inches
   diameter, and one pound and a  quarter
   weight.                           Harris.
    Mahomet sent janizaries and  nimble footmen,
  with certain falconets and other small pieces, to take
  the streights.                         Knolles.
 Fa'ldage, fal'dldje. to. s. [faldagium,  bar-
   barous Lat.] A privilege which  ancient-
   ly  several lords reserved to themselves
   of setting up  folds   for sheep, in  any
   fields  within their  manors, the better to
   manure  them; and this not  only with
   their own, but their tenant's sheep. This
  faldage  in some places they call a fold-
   course or freefold.              Harris.
 Fa'ldfee, fald'fe. to. a.  [fald and fee] A
   composition  paid  anciently by tenants
   for the privilege of faldage.       Diet.
 Fa'lding,  fal'ding. n. s. A kind of coarse
   cloth.                              Diet.
 FA'LnsTOOL, fald'stool. to. s.  [fald or fold
   and stool.]  A  kind of stool placed at
   the south  side of the altar, at which the
   kings of England kneel  at their corona-
   tion.
 To FALL, fall.  v. to. pret.  I fell;  com-
   pound  pret.   /  have fallen  or  fain.
   [peallan, Sax. fallen, Germ.]
 1. To drop from a higher place.
    Thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof,  toat
  thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man
  fall from thence.                        Deut.
                    I shall fall
  Like a bright exhalation in toe  evening,
  And no  man see me more.            Shakspeare.
2. To drop from an erect to  a prone pos-
  ture.
    Saul fell all along on the earth.         1 Sam.
                    That is a step,
  On which I must fall down,  or else o'erleap;
  For in my way it lies.               Shakspeare.
3. To drop; to be held or adhere no longer.
    His chains fell off from his hands.        Acts.
4. To move down any descent.
    All liquid bodies are diffusive; for their parts be-
  ing in motion, have no connexion one with another,
  but glide and fall off any way, as gravity and the
  air presseth them.                      Burnet.
5. To drop ripe from a tree.
    As the leaf falleth off from the vine, and  as a
  falling fig from the fig-tree.               Isaiah.
                   4>v2
 6. To pass at the outlet: as a river.
     Caesar therefore gave orders to build his gallies
  on the Loir, and the rivers that fall into it. Arbuth.
 7. To be  determined to some  particular
   direction.
    Birds and fowls that  rest  one  foot to  ease toe
  other, naturally  lay their heads under their wings,
  that the centre of gravity may fall  upon the foot
  they  stand  on.                         Cheyne.
8. To apostatize; to  depart from faith or
   goodness.
    Labour to enter into that rest, lest  any  man fall
  after the same example of unbelief.        Hebr,
                 They brought scandal
  To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt
  In feeble hearts,  prepense enough before
  To waver or fall off, and join with idols.   Jtfiffcm.
    Whether some spirit on holy purpose bent,
  Or some fall'n angel from below broke loose,
  Who comes wito envious eyes, and curst intent,
  To view this world and its created Lord.  Dryden.
9. To die by  violence.
    God and good angels fight on Richmond's side,
  And Richard/aff in height of all his pride. Shaksp.
    If  one should be a prey, how much the better
  To fall before the Hon than the wolf!      Shaksp-
              What other oath,
  Than honesty to honesty engag'd?
  That this shall be, or we will fall for it.   Shaksp.
    A  thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thou-
  sand  at thy right  hand; but it shall not come nigh
  thee.                                Psalms.
    Ye shall  chase your enemies, and they shall  fall
  before you by the sword.              Levificits.
                 They not obeying,
  Incurr'd, what could they less? the penalty;
  And manifold in sin, deserv'd to fall.      Milton-
    Almon falls, old Tyrrheus' eldest care,
  Pierc'd with an arrow from the distant war. Dryd.
10. To come to a sudden  end.
    The greatness  of these Irish lords suddenly fell
  and vanished, when their oppressions and extortions
  were  taken  away.                      Davies.
    He first  the fate of Caesar did foretell,
  And pity'd Rome when Rome in Caesar fell;
  In iron clouds conceal'd the publick light,
  And impious mortals fear'd eternal night.  Dryden.

11. To be  degraded  from a high station;
  to sink into meanness or disgrace; to be
  plunged  into  sudden misery.
              What can be their business,
  With a poor weak woman fall'n from favour! Shaks.
12. To decline  from  power or empire;  to
  be overthrown.
            What men could do,
  Is done already; heaven and earth will witness,
  If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. Addison.
13. To enter into any state worse than the
  former.
   He fell at difference with Ludovico Sfortia, who
  carried the keys which brought him in, and shut him
  out.                                  Bacon.
   Some painters taking precepts in  too literal a
  sense, have fallen thereby into great  inconvenien-
  ces.                                Dryden.
14. To come  into any state of  weakness,
  terrour, or misery.
   These, by obtruding the beginning of a change
  for  the entire work of new life, will fall under the
  former guilt.                       Hammond.
   One would  wonder how so  many learned men
  could fall into so great an absurdity,  as to believe
  this river could preserve itself unmixed with  the
  lake.                                Addison.
   The best  men fall under the severest pressures.
                                       Wake.
15. To decrease; to  be diminished,  as in
  weight.
   From the pound weight, as Pliny tells us, the as
 feU to two ounces in the first Punick war; when Ha- 
FAL
FAL
FAL
   nibal Invaded Italy, to once ounce; then, by the Pa-
   pirian law, to half an ounce.          Arbuthnot.

 16. To ebb; to grow shallow: as, the river
   falls.
 17. To decrease  in  value;  to bear  less
   price.
     When  the price of corn falleth, men generally
   break no more ground than will  supply their own
   torn.                                   Carew.
     But now her price is fall'n.         Shakspeare.
     Rents will fall, and incomes every day lessen,
   'till industry and frugality, joined to a well ordered
   trade, shall restore to toe kingdom the riches it had
   formerly.                               Locke.
 18. To sink; not to amount to the full.
     The greatness of an estate in bulk and territory,
   doth fall under measure; and the greatness of finan-
   ces  and revenue doth fall under computation.
                                          Bacon.
 19. To be rejected; to  become null.
     This book must stand or  fall with thee; not by
   any opinion I have of it, but thy own.      Locke.
 20. To decline from violence to calmness;
   from intenseness to remission.
              He was stirr'd,
   And something spoke in choler, ill and hasty:
   But he fell  to himself again, and sweetly
   In all the rest shew'd a most noble patience. Shaksp.
     At length her fury fell, her foaming ceas'd;
   And ebbing in her soul, the god decreas'd. Dryden.
 21. To enter into any  new state of the
   body or mind.
     In sweet musick is such art,
   Killing care and grief of heart,
   Fall asleep, or hearing die.           Shakspeare.
     Solyman  chafed with the loss of his gallies and
   best soldiers, and with the double injury done unto
   him by the Venetians, fell into such a rage that he
   cursed Barbarossa.                      Knolles.
     When-about twenty, upon the falseness of a lover,
   she fell distracted.                      Temple.
     A spark like  thee of the man-killing trade,
   Feff sick,  and thus to his physician said:
   Methinks I am not right in ev'ry part,
   I feel a kind of trembling at my heart;
   My pulse  unequal, and my breath is strong;
   Besides a filthy furr upon my tongue.      Dryden.
     And you have known none in health  who  have
   pitied you?  and behold, they are gone before you,
   ever since you fell into this distemper.      Wake.
     He died calmly, and with all the easiness  of a
   man falling asleep.                   Atterbury.
     Fortius himself oft falls in tears before me,
   As if he mourn'd his rival's ill success.   Addison.
     For as his own bright image he survey'd,
   He fell in love >vi!h the fantastick shade. Addison.
     I  fell in love with the  character of Pomponius
   Atticus; I  longed to imitate him.    Blount to Pope.
 22. To sink into an air of discontent or  de-
   jection  ofthe look.
     If thou  persuade thyself that they shall not be
   taken, let  not thy countenance fall.        Judith.
     If you have any other request to make, hide it
   not; for ye shall find we will not make your counte-
   nance to fall by the answer ye shall receive. Bacon.
    I have observ'd of late toy looks axe fallen,
   O'ercast with gloomy cares and discontent. Addis.
23. To sink below something in compari-
   son.
    Fame of thy beauty and thy youth,
  Among the rest me hither brought,
    Finding this fame fall short of truth,
  Made me stay longer than I thought.       Waller.
24. To  happen; to  befall.
    For such things as do faU scarce once  in many
  ages, it did suffice to take such order as was requi-
  site when they fell.                      Hooker.
    Oft it falls out that while  one thinks too much of
  bis doing, he leaves to do tbe effect of this thinking.
                                         Sidney.
    A  long  advertent  and deliberate connexing of
   consequents,  which falls not in the common road of
   ordinary men.                            Hale.
     Since this fortune falls to you,
   Be content and seek no new.             Shaksp.
     If the worst fall that ever/eff, I hope, I shall make
   shift to go without him.                  Shaksjr.
     O how feeble is man's power,
   That if good fortune fall,
     Cannot add another hour,
   Nor a lost hour recall!                   Donne.
     Since both cannot possess what both pursue,
   I'm griev'd my friend, the chance should/aff on you.
                                         Diyden.
     I had more leisure, and disposition, than have
   since fallen to my share.                   Swift.
 25. To come by ctiance; to light on.
              I have two boys
   Seek Percy and thyself about the field;
   But seeing thou fall 'st on me so luckily,
   I will assay thee.                        Shaksp.
     The Romans fell upon this model by chance, but
   the Spartans by thought and design.        Swift.
 26. To come to a stated method.
     The odd hours at the end of toe solar year, are
   not indeed fully six, but are deficient 10' 44"; which
   deficiency, in 134 years, collected, amounts to  a
   whole day: and hence may be seen the reason why
   the vernal equinox, which at the time of the Nicene
   council fell upon the 21st ,of March,/affs now about
   ten days sooner.                         Holder.
     It does not fall within my subject to lay down the
   rules of odes.                           Felton.
 27. To come unexpectedly.
    I am fallen upon the mention of mercuries. Boyle.
     It happened this evening that we fell into a very
   pleasing walk, at a distance from his house.
                                       Addison.
 28. To  begin any  thing with ardour and
   vehemence.
     The king understanding of their adventure, sud-
   denly falls to take pride in making much of them.
                                         Sidney.
     Each of us fell in praise of our country mistresses.
                                         Shaksp.
     And the mixt multitude fell a lusting.  JVumoers.
     It is better to sound a person afar off, than to fall
   upon the point at first; except you mean to surprise
   him by some short question.               Bacon.
     When a horse is hungry, and  comes to  a good
   pasture, he falls to his food immediately.     Hale.
     They fell to blows,  insomuch that the Argonauts
   slew the most part of the  Deliones.     L'Estrange.
 29.  To handle or treat directly.
     We must immediately fall into our subject, and
   treat every part of it in a lively manner.  Addison.
 30.  To come  vindictively:  as  a  punish-
   ment.
    There fell wrath for it against Israel.   2 Chron.
 31. To come  by any mischance to
   new  possessor.
    The stout bishop could not well brook that his
  province should fall into their hands.     Knolles.
32. To drop or pass by carelessness or im-
   prudence.
    Ulysses let no partial favours fall,
  The people's parent, he protected all.       Pope.
    Some expressions fell from him, not very favour-
  able to the people of Ireland.              Swift.
33. To  come forcibly  and irresistibly.
    Fear fell on them all.                   jjctgf
    A kind refreshing sleep is fallen upon him:
  I saw him stretcht at ease, his fancy lost
  In pleasing dreams.                     Addison.
 4. To become the property of any one by
   lot, chance, inheritance, or otherwise.
    All the lands, which will fall to her majesty there-
  abouts, are large enough to contain them.  Spenser.
    If you do chance to hear of toat blind traitor
  Preferment falls on him that cuts him off. Shaksp
               Then 'tis most like
  The sovereignty will/aff upon Macbeth.   Shaksp
    After toe flood, arts  to Chaldea/eff;
any
   The father of the faithful there did dwell,
   Who both toeir parent and instructor was. Denham.
      You shall see a great estate fall to you, which you
   would  have lost   the  relish of, had  you  known
   yourself born to it.                     Addison.
      If to her share some female errours/off,
   Look on her face, and you'll forget them all. Pope.
      In their spiritual and temporal  courts the labour
   falls to their  vicars-general, proctors, apparitors
   and seneschals.                          Swift.
  35.  To languish; to grow faint.
      Their  hopes or fears for the common cause rose
   or fell with your lordship's interest.       Addison.
  36.  To  be born; to be  yeaned.
      Lambs must have care  taken  of them at their
   first fall ing, else, while they are  weak, the crows
   and magpies will be apt to pick out their eyes.
                                       Mortimer,
  37.  To  Fall  away.  To grow lean.
      Watery vegetables are proper, and fish rather than
   flesh: in a Lent diet people commonly fall away.
                                       Arbutfmol.
  38.  To Fall away.   To revolt; to change
    allegiance.
      The fugitives fell away to the king of Babylon.
                                         2 Kings.
  39.  To Fall away.  To apostatize; to sink
    into  wickedness.
      These for a while believe, and  in time of temp-
   tation fall away.                          £,ufcCi
      Say not thou, it is through the  Lord that I fell
   away; for thou oughtest not to do the things that he
   hateth.                                 Eccles.
 40.  To Fall away.  To  perish; to be lost.
      Still propagate; for still they fall away;
   'Tis prudence to prevent entire decay.     Dryden.
      How can it enter into the thoughts of man, that
   the soul, which is capable of such  immense perfec-
   tions, and of receiving new improvement to all eter-
   nity, shal I fall away into nothing, almost as soon as
   it is created?                          Addison.
 41.  To Fall away.  To decline gradually;
   to fade; to languish.
     In a curious  brede of needlework one colour falls
   away by such just degrees, and another rises so in-
   sensibly, that we seethe variety, without beingable
   to distinguish toe  total vanishing of the one from the
   first appearance of the other.            Addison.
 42.  To  Fall back. To fail of a promiseor
   purpose.
     We have often fallen back from our resolutions.
                                         Taylor.
 43.  To Fall  back.   To recede; to give
   way.
 44.  To Fall down,  [down  is  sometimes
   added to fall,  though it adds little to the
   signification.]   To prostrate himself in
   adoration.
    All kings shall fall down before him, all nations
   shall serve  him.                        Psalms.
    Shall I fall down to the stock of a tree?   Isaiah.
 45. To Fall down. To sink; not  to stand.
    As she was speaking, she fell down for faintness.
                                         Esther.
    Down fell the  beauteous youth; the yawning
        wound
   Gush'd out a purple stream, and stain'd the ground.
                                        Dryden.
46. To Fall down.  To bend as a
   pliant.
    They shall fall down  unto thee; they  shall make
  supplication unto thee.                    faUh.
47. To Fall from.   To  revolt; to depart
   from  adherence.
               Clarence
  Is very likely tofaUfrom him.
sup-
                                        Shaksp.
    The emperor being much solicited by the Scots
  not to be a help to ruin  their kingdom, fell by de-
  grees from toe king of England.        Hayward.
48.  To Fall in. To  concur; to coincide. 
FAL
FAL
FAL
     Objections fall in here, and are the clearest and
  most convincing arguments ofthe truth. Woodward.
     His  reasonings in this chapter seem to fall in
  wito *ach other; yet, upon a closer investigation, we
  shall find them proposed with great variety and dis-
  Unct.on.                             .flffer&ury.
     Any  single  paper that falls in with toe popular
  taste, and pleases more than ordinary, brings one in
  a great return  of letters.                Addison.
     When the war was begun, there soon fell in other
  incidents at home, which made the continuance ol
  it necessary.                            Swift.

49.  To  Fall in.  To comply; to yield to.
     Our fine  young ladies readily fall in with the di-
  rection of the  graver sort.              Spectator.
     It is  a double misfortune to a nation, which is
  thus given to change, when they  have  a sovereign
  that is prone to fall in with all  the turns and veer-
  ings of the people.                      Addison.
     You will  find it difficult to persuade learned men
  to fall in wito your projects.             Addison.
     That prince applied himself first to the church ol
  England, and, upon toeir refusal to fall in with his
  measures, made the like advances to the dissenters.
                                         Swift.
50.  To Fall off. To separate; to.be broken.
     Love cools, friendship falIs  off, brothers divide;
  in cities, mutinies; in countries, discord.   Shaksp.
51.  To  Fall off.   To perish; to die away.
     Languages need recruits to supply the  place of
  those words that are continually /offing off through
  disuse.                                Felton-
52.  To Fall off.  To apostatize; to revolt;
   to forsake.
   Oh, Hamlet, what a falling off was there! Shaksp.
             Revolted Mortimer?
  —He never did fall off, my sovereign liege,
  But by toe chance of war.               Shaksp.
     They, accustomed to afford  at other times either
  silence or short assent to what he did  purpose, did
  then fall off and forsake hi m.           Hayward.
               What cause
  Mov'd our grand parents, in that happy state,
  Favour'd of Heav'n so highly, to fall off
  From their Creator, and transgress his will?  Milt.
          Those captive tribes fell off
  From God to worship calves.             Milton.
     Were I always grave, one half  of my readers
  would fall off from me.                 Addison.
53.  To Fall  on.    To begin eagerly to do
   any thing.
     Some coarse cold sallad is before  thee set;
  Bread with  the bran, perhaps, and broken meat,
  Faff on, and try thy appetite to eat.      Diyden.

54.  To Fall on.   To make an assault; to
   begin the attack.
     They fell on, I made good my place: at length
  they came to the broomstaff with me: I  defied  'em
  still.                                  Shaksp.
     Fall on, fall on, and hear him not;
  But spare his person for his father's  sake. Dryden.
     Draw all; and when I give the word, fall on.
                                       Oedipus.
     He pretends, among toe rest, to quarrel with me,
  to  have/af fen foul on priesthood.         Dryden.
55.  To Fall  over.  To  revolt;  to  desert
   from  one side to the other.
     And  do'st thou now fall over to my foes?
  Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it, for  shame,
  And hang a calve's skin on those recreant limbs.
                                        Shaksp.
56.  To Fall  out.   To quarrel;  to jar; to
   grow contentious.
     Little needed those proofs to one who would have
  fallen out with herself rather than  make any con-
  jectures to Zelmane's speeches.           Sidney.
             HowfeU you ouf, say that?
  —No contraries hold more antipathy
  Than I and  such a knave.                Slutksp.
    Meeting her of late behind the wood,
  Seeking sweet favours fur chis  hateful fool,
  I did upbraid her and fall out with her.   Shaksp.
     The cedar, by the instigation of the loyalists, fell
   out wito the homebians, who had elected him to be
   toeir king.                              Howel.
         A soul exasperated in ills,/affs ouf
   Wito every thing, its friend, itself.        Addison.
     It has been my misfortune to live among quarrel-
   some  neighbours: there is but  one thing can make
   as fall out,  and that is the inheritance of lord Strut's
   estate.                              Arbuthnot.
57.  To Fall out.  To happen; lo befall.
     Who think you is my Dorus/affen ouf to be?
                                         Sidney.
     Now, for toe most part, it so falleth out, touching
   things which generally are received, that although
   in themselves  they be most certain, yet, because
   men presume them granted of  all, we are hardliest
   able to bring proof of their certainty.     Hooker.
     It so fell out, that certain players
   We o'er-rode on toe way; of those we told him.
                                        Shaksp ■
     Vet so it may fall out, because toeir end
   Is hate, not help to me.                  Milton.
     There feU out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs
   and the mice.                       L'Estrange.
     if it so fall out that thou art miserable  for ever,
   thou hast no reason to be surprised, as  if some un-
   expected thing had happened.           Tillotson.
58.  To Fall  to. To begin eagerly to eat.
     The men were fashion'd in a larger mould,
   The women fit for labour, big and bold;
   Gigantick hinds, as soon as work was done,
   To their huge pots of boiling pulse would run:
   Faff fo, with eager joy, ou homely food.   Dryden.
59.  To Fall to. To apply himself to.
     They would  needs fall to the practice  of those
   virtues which they before learned.        Sidney.
     I know thee not, old man; fall to toy prayers:
   How ill white hairs become a fool  and jester?
                                        Shaksp.
     Having  been brought  up an idle horseboy, he
   will never after fall to labour; but is only made fit
   for the halter.                          Spenser.
     They fell to raising money under pretence  of the
   relief of Ireland.                     Clarendon.
     My lady falls to play; so bad  her chance,
   He must repair it.                        Pope.
60.  To Fall under.    To be subject to; to
   become the subject of.
     We know the effects of heat will be such as will
  scarce fall under toe conceit of man, if toe force of
   it be altogether kept in.                   Bacon.
     Those things which are wholly in the choice of
   another,/aff under our deliberation.       Taylor.
     The idea of the painter and  the sculptor  is  un-
  doubtedly toat perfect and excellent example of the
  mind, by imitation of which  imagined form, all
   things are  represented  which fall  under human
   sight.                                  Dryden.
6\.  To Fall under.   To be ranged with;
   to be reckoned with.
     No  rules toat relate to pastoral can affect the
  georgicks,  which fall under that  class of poetry
  which consists in giving plain instructions  to the
  reader.                               Addison.
62.  To Fall upon.   To attack; to invade;
   to assault.
     Auria/offing upon these gallies, had with toem
  a cruel and deadly fight.                 Knolles.
     An  infection in a town first falls  upon children,
  weak constitutions, or those toat are subject to other
  diseases: but spreading further, seizes upon  the
   most healthy.                          Temple.
     Man falls upon every thing that comes in his way;
  not a berry  or mushroom can escape him. Addison.
     To get rid of fools and scoundrels was one part of
  my design infalling upon these  authors.      Pope.
63.  To Fall upon.  To attempt.
     I do not  intend  to fall upon nice philosophical
  disquisitions about the nature of time.     Holder.
64.  To Fall upon.  To rush against.
     At the same  time that  the storm bears upon the
  whole species, we are falling foul upon one another.
                                       Addison.
 65. Fall is one of those general  words of
    which it is very difficult to ascertain  or
    detail the full  signification.  It retains
    in most of its senses some  part  of its
    primitive meaning, and  implies either
    literally  or  figuratively  descent,  vio-
    lence, or suddenness.   In  many  of its
    senses  it is  opposed  to  rise; but  in
    others has no counterpart or correlative.
 To Fall, fall. v.  a.
 1.  To  drop; to let fall.
     To-morrow in the battle think on me,
  And fall thy edgeless sword, despair and die. Shak.
     If that the earth could teem wifh woman's tears,
  Each drop, she falls, would prove a crocodile.
                                         Shaksp.
                    Draw together;
  And when I rear my hand, do you the like,
  To fall it on Gonzalo.                    Shaksp.
     1 am willing to fall this argument;  'tis free for
  every man to write or not to  write  in verse, as  he
  thinks it is or is not his talent,  or as  he imagines
  the audience will receive it.             Dryden.
2.  To  sink; to  depress: the  contrary to
   raise.
     If a man would endeavour to raise or fall his
  voice still by half notes, like the stops of a lute,  or
  by whole notes alone without  halfs,  as far as an
  eight, he will not be able to frame his voice unto it.
                                          Bacon.
3. To diminish;  to let  sink:   opposed to
   raise.
     Upon lessening interest to four per cenf. you fall
  the price of your native commodities, or lessen your
  trade, or else prevent not the high use.      Locke.
4. To yean; to  bring  forth.
     They then conceiving, did in yeaning time
  Fall party-coloured lambs and those were Jacob's.
                                        Shaksp.
Fall,  fall. to. s. Tfrom the verb.]
1. The act of dropping from on high.
     High o'er  toeir heads a mould'ring rock is plac'd,
  That promises a fall, and shakes at every blast.
                                        .Drycfen.
2. The act of tumbling from an erect pos-
  ture.
     I saw him run after a gilded butterfly; and when
  he caught it, he let it go again, and after it again;
  and over and over he comes, and  up again, and
  caught it again; or whether his  fall enraged  him,
  or how it was, he did so set his  teeth, and did tear
  it.                                    Shaksp.
3. The violence suffered in dropping from
  on high.
     My son coming in to his marriage chamber, hap-
  pened to have a fall, and died.          2 Esdras.
     Spirit of wine, mingled with common w^er,  if
  the first fall be broken, by means of a sop, or other-
  wise, stayeth above; and if once mingled, it sever-
  eth not again, as oil doth.                 Bacon.
   A fever or fall may take away my reason.  Locke.
    Some were hurt by toe falls they got by leaping
  upon toe ground.                       Gulliver.
4. Death; overthrow; destruction incurred.
                 Wail his fall,
  Whom I myself struck down.             Shaksp.
    Our fathers were  given to the sword, and for a
  spoil, and had a  great fall before our enemies.
                                        Judith.
    I will begin to pray for myself and for toem; tor I
  see the/affs of us that dwell in the land.  2 Esdras.
5. Ruin; dissolution.
    Paul's, the late theme of such a muse,  whose
           flight
  Has bravely reach'd and soar'd above thy height;
  Now shalt thou stand, though sword, or time, or fire,
  Or zeal more fierce than they, thy fall conspire
                                       Denham,
6. Downfal; loss of greatness; declension 
FAL
FAL
FAL
  from  eminence; degradation;  state of
  being  deposed  from a  high  station;
  plunge  from  happiness  or  greatness
  into misery or meanness, or from virtue
  to corruption.   In a  sense like this we
  say  the  fall  of man,  and the fall of
  angels.
    Her memory served as an accuser of her change,
  and her own handwriting was there to  bear testi-
  mony against her fall.                   Sidney.
    Perhaps thou talk'st of me, and do'st enquire
  Of my restraint: why here I live alone:
  And pitiest this my miserable fall.        Daniel.
    He, careless now of int'rest, fame, or fate,
  Perhaps forgets that Oxford e'er was great;
  Or deeming meanest what we greatest call,
  Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall.        Pope.
7. Declension  of greatness, power, or do-
  minion.
    Till the empire came to be settled in Charles the
  great, the fall of the Romans' huge dominion con-
  curring with other universal evils,  caused  those
  times to be days of much affliction and  trouble
  throughout the world.                   Hooker.
8. Diminution; decrease of value.
    That the improvement of Ireland is the principal
  cause why our lands in purchase rise not, as  natu-
  rally they should, with the fall of  our interest, ap-
  pears evidently from the effect the fall of  interest
  hath had upon houses in London.          Child.
9. Declination or diminution of sound; ca-
   dence;  close of musick.
    That strain again; ithad a dying/aff:
  0, it came o'er my ear, like the sweet South
  That breathes upon a bank of violets,
  Stealing and giving odours.               Shaksp.
    How sweetly did they float upon the wings
  Of silence, through the empty-vaulted night,
  At ev'ry fall smoothing the raven-down
  Of darkness till it smil'd!                Milton.
10. Declivity; steep descent.
    Waters, when beat upon the shore, or straitned,
  as the falls of bridges, or dashed against themselves
  by winds, give a roaring noise.            Bacon.
11. Cataract; cascade; rush of water down
   a steep place.
     There will we sit upon the rocks,
   And see the shepherds feed their flocks
   By shallow rivers, to whose falls
   Melodious birds sing madrigals.           Sliaksp.
     A whistling wind, or a melodious noise of birds
   among the spreading branches,  or a pleasing/aff of
   water running violently, these things made  them to
   swoon for fear.                       Wisdom.
     Down through toe crannies of the living walls
   The crystal streams descend in murm'ring/af/s.
                                       Dryden.
     The swain, in barren deserts, with surprize
   Sc - s lilies spring, and sudden verdure rise;
   And starts amid the thirsty wilds to hear
   New falls of water murm'ring in his ear.     Pope.
           Now under hanging mountains,
   Beside the falls of fountains,
   He makes his moan;
   And calls her ghost,
   For ever, ever, ever lost!      Pope's St.  Cecilia.
 12. The outlet of a current into any other
    water.
     Before the fall of the Po into  the gulph,  it re-
   ceives into its channel considerable rivers. Addison.
 13. Autumn; the fall of the leaf; the  time
    when the leaves drop from the trees.
     What crowds of patients the  town doctor kills,
   Or how last fall he rais'd toe weekly bills.    Dryd.
14. Any  thing  that  comes down in great
   quantities.
     Upon a  great fall of rain the current  carried
   away a huge heap of apples.          L'Estrange.
15. The act of felling or cutting down: as
   the fall  of timber.
FALLA'CIOUS, fal-la'shus.31* adj. [fal-
   lax, Lat. fallacieux, French.]
1. Producing mistake; sophistical.   It is
   never used of men, but of writings, pro-
   positions, or things.
    The Jews believed and assented to things nei-
   ther evident nor certain, nor yet so much as proba-
   ble, but actually false and fallacious;  such as the
   absurd doctrines and stories of their rabbies. South.
    Deceitful; mocking expectation.
         The force of that fallacious fruit,
   That with exhilarating vapour bland
   About their spirits had play'd, and in inmost pow'rs
   Made err, was now exhal'd.             Milton.
       False philosophy inspires
   Fallacious hope.                       Milton,
Falla'ciously, fal-la'shiis-le. adv. [from
   fallacious.] Sophistically; with purpose
   to deceive;  with unsound reasoning.
     We shall so far encourage  contradiction, as to
   promise not to oppose any pen that shall/affaciousfy
   refute us.                             Brown.
     We have seen how fallaciously the author has
   stated the case, by supposing that nothing but unli-
   mited mercy, or unlimited  punishment, are  the
   methods that can be made use of.        Addison.
Falla'ciousness,  fal-la'shiis-nes.  to.  s,
   [from fallacious.] Tendency to deceive;
   inconclusiveness.
Fa'llacy, fal'la-se. to. *. [fallacia, Latin;
   fallace, Fr.]  Sophism;  logical artifice;
   deceitful argument; delusory mode of
   ratiocination.
     Most princes  make  themselves another  thing
   from the people by a fallacy of argument, thinking
   themselves most kings  when  the subject is most
   basely subjected.                       Sidney.
     Until I know this sure uncertainty,
   I'll entertain the favour'd fallacy.      Shakspeare.
     It were a mere fallacy, and  mistaking to ascribe
   that to the force of imagination upon another body,
   which is but toe force of imagination upon the pro-
   per body.                             Bacon.
     All men, who can see an inch before them, may
   easily detect gross fallacies.             Dryden

 Fallibility,  fal-le-bil'e-te.  to. s.  [from
   fallible]  Liableness  to  be  deceived;
   uncertainty;  possibility  of errour.
     There is a great deal offallibility in the testimo-
   ny of men;  yet some things  we may be almost  as
   certain of, as that the sun shines, or that five twen-
   ties make an hundred.                   Watts.
 FA'LLIBLE,  faTle-bl.40*  adj.  [fallo,
   Lat.]  Liable to errour;  such as may be
   deceived.
     Do not falsify your resolution with hopes that are
   fallible: to-morrow you must die.      Shakspeare.
     He that creates to himself thousands of little
   hopes, uncertain in  the  promise, fallible  in  the
   event, and depending upon a thousand circumstan-
   ces, often fail his expectations.          Taylor.
     Our intellectual  or rational powers need some
   assistance, because toey are so frail and fallible in
   the present state.                       Watts.
 Fa'llixg,  fal'ling.      >   to.  s.  [from
 FA'LLiNG-m, fal'ling-in. $  fall-] Indent-
    ing,  opposed to prominence.
     It shews toe nose and eyebrows, with the several
   prominences and fallings in of the features, much
   more distinctly than any other  kind of figure.
                              Addison on Medals.
 Fa'llingsickness, fal-ling-sik'nes.  to.  s.
    [fall and  sickness.]  The  epilepsy; a
    disease  in which the patient  is without
    any  warning deprived  at once of his
    senses, and falls down.
     Did Caesar swoon?—He feil  down in the market-
  place, and foam'd at mouth, and was speechless—
  He hath the fal ling sickness.          Shakspeare.
    The dog-fisher  is good against the falling-sick.
  ness.    •                              Walton
FALLOW,  fal'16.  adj. [yalepe, Saxon]
   Pale red,  or  pale yellow.
    How does your fallow greyhound, sir?
  I heard say, he was out-run at Cotsale.    Shaksp
    The king, who was excessively affected to hunt-
  ing, had a great desire to make a great park for red
  as well as falloiv deer  between  Richmond and
  Hampton-court.                    Clarendon.
   Unsowed; left  to  rest after the years
   of  tillage.  [Supposed  to  be so called
   from the colour of naked ground.]
    The ridges  of the fallow field lay traversed, so as
  the  English   must cross them  in presenting (he
  charge.                            Hayward.
  , Plowed, but not sowed; plowed as pre-
   pared for a second  aration.
    Her predecessors, in their course of government
  did but sometimes cast up the ground; and so leaving
  it fallow, it became quickly overgrown with weeds.
                            Howel's Vocal Forest.
  .  Unplowed; uncultivated.
                    Her fallow lees
   The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
  Doth root upon.           Shakspeare's Henry V.
    Unoccupied; neglected.
    Shall saints in  civil bloodshed wallow
  Of saints, and let the cause lie falloiv?  Hudibras.

 Fa'llow, faTlo.33?  to. s. [from the adjec-
   tive.]
 I. Ground plowed  in order to  be plowed
   again
    The plowing offallows is a benefit to land.
                                     Mortimer,
    The best ploughs to plow up summer/affewewith,
                                     Mortimer.
 2.  Ground lying at rest.
    Within an  ancient forest's ample verge,
   There stands  a lonely but a healthful dwelling,
   Built for convenience, and the use of life;
   Around it fallows, meads, and pastures fair,
   A little garden, and a limpid brook,
   By nature's own contrivance seems dispos'd.
                              Rowe's Jane Shore,
 To Fa'llow, fal'16. v. to.  To plow in or-
   der to a  second plowing.
    Begin to plow up  fallows: the first  fallmeing
  ought to be very shallow.             Mortimer.

 Fa'llowxess,  fal'16-nes. n. s. [from fal-
   low] Barrenness;  an  exemption froto
   bearing fruit.
    Like one, who, in her third widowhood, doth pro-
       fess
   Herself a nun, ty'd to retiredness,
   S' affects my muse now a chaste fal lowness. Donne.
 FALSE, false, adj.  [fulsus, Lat. faux,
  fausse, French.]
 I.   Not  morally  true;   expressing that
   which is not thought.
         Innocence shall make
   Fafse accusation blush,  and tyranny
   Tremble at patience.                Shakspeare.
     There are  false witnesses among men
                                    L'Estrange.
    Not  physically  true;  conceiving that
   which does not exist.
     For how can that he false, which ev'ry tongue
   Of ev'17mortal man affirms for true?
     Which truth hath in all ages been  so strong,
   As loadstone like, all hearts it ever drew.  Davits.
     A farce is  that in poetry which grotesque  is in a
   picture: the  persons and  action of a farce are all
   unnatural, and the manners/afse; that is, inconsist-
   ing with the characters of mankind.      Dryden-
    Succedaneous;  supposititious. 
FAL
FAL
FAL
       Take a vessel and make a false bottom of coarse
     canvas: fill it with earth above the canvas. Bacon.
   4. Deceiving expectation;  not solid;  not
     sound.
           He fell, as a huge rocky cliff,
     Whose false foundation waves have wash'd away,
     With dreadful poise is from the main land reft.
                                     Fairy Queen.
      When that flood in its own depths was drown'd,
     It left behind it false and slipp'ry ground.  Dryden.
      The heart of man looks fair, but when  we come
     to  lay any weight upon 't, the ground is false  un-
     der us.                            L'Estrange.
  5. i\'ot agreeable to  rule  or propriety.
      Now, fy upon  my false French; by mine  ho-
     nour, in true English, I love thee, Kate.    Shaksp.
  6. Not no nest;  not just.
      The true prince  may,  for  recreation,  prove a
    false thief; for the poor abuses of the times want
     countenance.                       Shakspeare.
      Men are sponges, which, to pour out, receive;
    Who know false play, rather than lose, deceive.
                                          Donne.
  7. Treacherous;  perfidious;   traiterous;
     deceitful;  hollow.
                     I grant him bloody,
    Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful,
    Sudden, malicious, smacking of ev'ry sin,
    That has a name.                    Shakspeare.
      False of heart, light of fear, bloody of hand. Shak.
      A man to whom he had committed the  trust of
    his person, in  making him his chamberlain; this
    man,  no ways disgraced, no ways discontent,  no
    ways put in fear, turns false unto him.      Bacon.
      So hast thou cheated Theseus with a wile,
    Against thy vow, returning to beguile
    Under a borrow'd name; as false to me,
    So false thou art to him who set thee free. Dryden.
     The ladies  will make a numerous  party against
    him, for being false to love  in forsaking Dido.
                                 Dtyden's Virgil.
 S.  Counterfeit;  hypocritical;  not real: as,
    a false  diamond.
     False tears true pity moves:  the king commands
    To loose his fetters.            Dryden's AZneid.
 9.  In  all  these  senses true  is  tlie  woru
    opposed.
 False, false, adv.  Not truly; not honest-
    ly; not exactly; falsely.
              What thou would'st highly,
    That thou would'st holily; would'st not play/afse,
    And yet would'st wrongly win.         Sciafcspeare.
 To False, false,  v.  a. [from the noun.]
    This word is now out of use.
 1.  To violate by failure of veracity.
     It's not enough that to this lady mild,
   Thou falsed hath thy faith with  perjury?   Fairy  Q.
 2.  To deceive.
     Fair seemly pleasance  each to other makes,
   With goodly purposes there as they sit;
     And in his falsed fancy he her takes
   To be the fairest wight  that lived yet.   F. Queen.
 3.  To defeat;  to balk; to i vade.
     But, Guyon, in the heat of all his strife,
   Was wary wise, and closely did  await
     Advantage, whilst his foe did rage most rife;
   Sometimes athwart, sometimes he struck him strait,
   And falsed  oft  his blows t' illude him with such
       hait.                        Fairy Queen.
Fai.sehea'rted, filse-hart'ed. adj. [false
    and heart]   Treacherous;  perfidious;
   deceitful; hollow.
     The traiterous or treacherous, who have misled
  others, are severely punished: and the neutrals and
  falsehearted friends and followers, who have started
  aside like a  broken bow, he noted.         Bacon.
Fa'lsehoou, false'hud. n. s. [from false.]
1.  Want of truth;  want of veracity.
     Artificer of fraud; he was the first
  That practised/afseAoocf  under saintly show. Milton.
      All deception in the course of life is, indeed, no-
    thing else but a lie reduced to practice,  and false-
    hood passing from words to things.          South.
  2. Want of  honesty; treactiery; deceitiul-
     ness; perfidy.
      Nothing wants, but that thy shape
    Like his, and colour serpentine may show
    Thy inward fraud, to warn all creatures from thee
    Henceforth;  lest that too heav'nly form, pretended
    To hellish falshood, snare them.           Miilon.
  3. A lie;  a false assertion.
      In your answers there remains falshood.    Job.
  i- Counterfeit; imposture.
            For no falshood  can endure
    Touch of celestial temper, but returns
    Of force to its own likeness.              MiUon.
  Fa'lsely, taise'le.  adv. [from false.]
  I. Contrarily to truth; not  truly.
      Simeon and Levi spake not only falsely but insi-
    diously, nay  hypocritically, abusing pro=elytes and
    religion.              Government of ihe Tongue.
      Already were  the Belgians on our roast,
    Whose fleet more mighty  every day became
      By late success, which they did falsely boast.
    And now by first appealing seem'd to claim.
                              Dryden's Ann. Mir.
     Tell him, I did in vain  his brother move,
    And yet he falsely said he was in tove;
    Falsely; for had he truly lov'd, at least
    He would have giv'n one day to my request.
                                 Dryden's Aureng.
     Such as  are treated ill,  and upbraided falsely,
    find out an intimate friend that will  hear toeir com-
    plaints, and endeavour to sooth toeir secret resent-
    ments.                     Addison's Spectator.
 2. Erroneously; by mistake.
     He knows that to be inconvenient which we false-
    ly think convenient for us.             Smalridge.
 3. Perfidiously; treacherously; deceitfully.
 Fa'lseness,  false'nes.  to. s.  [from false]
 I. Contrariety to truth.
 2. Want of  veracity;  violation  of  pro-
    mise.
     Suppose the reverse of virtue were solemnly en-
   acted, and the practice of fraud and rapine, and
   perjury and  falseness to a man's word, and all vice
   were established by law, would that which we now
   call vice gain the reputation of virtue, and toat
   which  we now call virtue  grow odious to human
   nature?                              Tillotson.
 3. Duplicity; deceit; double dealing.
     Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and insincerity, and
   all falseness or foulness of intentions, especially to
   personated devotion.                  Hammond.
 4.  Treachery; perfidy;  traitorousness.
     King Richard might create a perfect guess,
   That great Northumberland, then false to him,
   Would of that seed grow to a greater falseness.
                           Shakspeare's Henry IV.
     The prince  is in no danger of being betrayed by
   toe falseness, or cheated by the avarice of such a
  servant.                               Rogers.
 Fa'lser, fal'siir. to. s. [from false.]  A de-
   ceiver;  a hypocrite.  Obsolete.
    Such end had the kid, for he would weaned be
  Of craft coloured with simplicity;
  And such end,  pardie, does toem all remain,
  That of such/afser's friendship been fain.  Spenser.
Falsifi'able, fal-se-fi'a-bl.1S3  adj. [from
  falsify.]  Liable to  be  counterfeited or
   corrupted.
Falsification,  fal-se-fe-ka'shun.  to.  *.
   [falsification, French; from falsify.]
 1.  The  act  of counterfeiting any thing so
   as to make it  appear what it is  not.
    Concerning  the word of God,  whether it be by
  misconstruction of the sense,  or by falsification of
  the words, wittingly to endeavour that  any thing
  may seem divine which  is  not, is very  plainly to
  abuse, and even to falsify divine evidence, which in-
   jury, offered but unto men, is most worthily counted
   heinous.                               Hooker.
     To counterfeit toe dead image of a king in  his
   coin is an high offence; but to counterfeit toe living
   image of a king in his person, exceedeth all fiUsifi-
   cations; except it  should be that of a Maiiomet,
   toat counterfeits  divine honour.            Bacon.
  .  Confutation.
     The poet invents this fiction to prevent posterity
   from searching after this isle, and to preserve his
   story from detection o(falsij,cal,on.       Broome.
Fa'lsifier, fai'se-ii-ur. to. s. [from falsi-
  fy-]
1.  One that counterfeits; one that makes
   ai;y thing to  seen, what it is not.
    It happens in theories built on too obvious or too
  few experiments,  what happens to falsifiers of coin;
  for counterfeit  money will  endure some one proof,
  others another, but none of them all proofs.  2?oyfe.
2.  A  liar;  one that contrives falsehoods.
    Boasters are naturally falsifiers; and toe people,
  of all others, that put their shams the worst  toge-
  ther-                               L'Estrange.
To Fa'lsify, fal'se-fi. v. a. [falsifier, Fr.]
1. To counterfeit;  to  forge;  to  produce
   something for that which in reality it Is
  not.
    We cannot excuse  that church, which through
  corrupt translations of scripture, delivereth, instead
  of divine speeches,  any thing repugnant unto that
  which God speaketh; or, through falsified additions,
  proposeth that to  the  people of God as  scripture,
  which is in truth no scripture.             Hooker.
    The Irish bards used to  forge  and falsify every
  thing as toey list,  to please or displease any man.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
    Falsifying the balance by deceit.         Amos.
!.  To confute; to prove false.
    Our Saviour's prophecy stands good  in the de-
  struction of the temple, and the dissolution of the
  Jewish ceconomy, when Jews and pagans united all
  their endeavours, under Julian the apostate, to baf-
  fle and falsify the prediction.             Addison.
i.  To violate;  to  break  by falsehood.
   It shall be  thy work,  thy shameful work, which
  is in thy power to shun, to make him live to see thy
 faith/afsi/ecf, and his bed defiled.         Sidney.
   He suddenly falsified his faith, and villainously
 slew Selymes the king, as he was bathing himself,
 mistrusting  nothing less than toe falsehood of the
 Pirate-                        Knolles' History.
   This superadds treachery to all the other pesti-
 lent ingredients ofthe crime;  'tis the falsifying the
 most important trust.             Decay of Piety.
.  To pierce; to run through.
   His crest is rash'd away, his ample shield
 Is falsified,and round with jav'lins fill'd.   Dryden.
   Of this word Mr. Dryden writes thus:  My friends
quarrelled at the word/afsi/iecf, as an innovation in
our language. The fact is confessed;  for I remem-
ber not  to  have read it in any English  author;
though perhaps it may be found in Spenser's Fairy
Queen. But suppose it be not there:  why am I for-
bidden to borrow from the Italian, a polished lan-
guage, the word which is wanting  in my native
tongue? Horace has given us a rule for coining words,
si grceco fonte cadant, especially when  other words
are joined with them which explain the sense.  I
used toe word/afsi/y, in this place,  to mean that the
shield of Turnus was not of proof against the spears
and javelins of toe Trojans,  which had pierced it
through and through in  many  places. The words
which accompany this new one, makes my meaning
plain:
   Ma si I' Usbergo d' Ambi era perfetto,
   Che mai poter falsarlo in nessum canto.
                            Ariosto, cant. xxvi.
Falsar cannot otherwise be turned than hy falsified:
for his shield was falsed, is not English. I might in-
deed  have contented myself with saying  his shield
was pierced, and bored, and stuck with javelins.
                                       Drycfen. 
F AM
F AM
F AM
    Dryden, with all this effort, was not able to natu-
  ralize  the new signification,  which  I have  never
  seen copied,  except once by some obscure name-
  less writer, and which  indeed deserves not to be
  received.
To Fa'lsify, fal'se-fi.183 v. to. To tell lies;
   to violate truth.
    This point have we gained, that it is absolutely
  and universally unlawful to lie and falsify.  South.
Fa'lsity, fal'se-te. to. s. [falsitas, Latin.]
I.  Falsehood; contrariety to truth.
     Neither are they able to break through those er-
  rours wherein they are so determinately settled, toat
  they pay unto falsity the whole sum of whatsoever
  love is owing unto God's truth.           Hooker.
     Can you on him such falsities obtrude?
  And as a mortal the most wise delude?    Sandys.
     Probability does not make any alteration,  either
  in the truth or falsity of things; but only imports a
  different degree of their clearness or appearance to
  the understanding.                      South.
2.  A lie; an errour;  a false assertion or
   position.
     That Danubius arises from the Pyrenean  hills,
  that the earth is higher towards the north, are opi-
  nions truly charged on  Aristotle by the restorer of
  Epicurus, and all easily confutable/afsifies.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
To FA'LTER, fal'tiar.  v. to. [faltar,  to be
   wanting, Spanish;  vaultur, a stammer-
   er, Islandick, which is probably a word
   from the same radical.]
1.  To hesitate in  the utterance of words.
     With/aftering  tongue, and trembling ev'ry vein,
  Tell on, quoth she.                Fairy Queen.
     The pale assistants on each other star'd,
  With gaping mouths for issuing words prepar'd;
  The still-born sounds upon the palate hung,
  And dy'd imperfect on the/aff'ring tongue.  Dryd!.
     He changes gods, and/offers of the question:
  His fears, his words, his looks declare him guilty.
                                        Smith.
2.  To  fail in any act  of the body.
     This earth shall have a feeling; and these stones
  Prove armed soldiers, ere her native king
   Shall falter under foul rebellious arms.    Shaksp.
     He found his legs/offer.    Wiseman's Surgery.
3.  To fail in any act of the understanding.
     How far  idiots are concerned  in the want or
   weakness of any  or all faculties, an exact observa-
   tion of their several ways of faltering would disco-
   ver.                                  Locke.
 To  Fa'lter,  fal'tir.  v.  a. To  sift;  to
    cleanse.   This  word seems to be mere-
    ly rustick or provincial.
     Barley for malt must be bold,  dry, sweet, and
   clean faltered from foulness, seeds, and oats.
                          Mortimer's Husbandry.
Fa'lteringly,  fal'tuT-ing-le. adv.  [from
   falter.] With hesitation; with difficulty;
   with feebleness.

 To Fa'mble, fam'bl. v. to.  [famler, Dan.]
   To  hesitate  in speech.    This  word  I
   find only  in Skinner.
FAME, fame. to. s. [fama,Lat. <?<*[*.*]
 1.  Celebrity; renown.
     The house to  be builded for toe Lord must be
  exceeding magnifical, of fame and of glory through
   out all countries.                    Chronicles.
     The desire of fame will not suffer endowments
  to lie useless.                        Addis.n.
     What is  this fame for which we thoughts em-
         ploy,
  The owner's wife which other men enjoy?   Pope.
2.  Report;  rumour.
     We have heard the fame of him, and all that he
  did in Egypt.                          Joshua.
    I shall shew what are true fames.       Bacon.
|FA'iiEn, fanid.369 adj. [from fame.]  Re-
   nowned; celebrated; much talked of.
     He is fam'd for mildness, peace and prayer.
                                        Shaksp.
     He purposes to seek toe Clarian god,
   Avoiding Delphos, his more fam'd abode,
   Since  Phlegian robbers made unsafe the road.
                                       Dryden.
     Aristides was an  Athenian philosopher, famed
   for his learning and  wisdom;  but converted  to
   Christianity.                           Addison.
 Fa'meless,  fame'les. adj.   [from fame.]
   Having no fame;  without renown.  Not
   in use.
     Then let me./amefess, love the fields and woods,
   The fruitful water'd  vales and running floods.
                                   May's Virgil.
 FAMI'LIAR, fa-mil'yar.113 adj.  [famili-
   aris, Lat.]
 I. Domestick; relating to a family.
     They range familiar to toe dome.         Pope.
 2. Affable; not formal;  easy in conversa-
   tion.
     Be  thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Be not  too familiar with  Poins; for he misuses
   thy favours so much,  that he swears thou art to
   marry his sister Nell.                   Shaksp.
 3. Unceremonious;  free, as among  per-
   sons long  acquainted.
     Kalandar streight toought  he saw his niece Par-
   thenia, and was about in such familiar sort to have
   spoken unto her; but she in  grave and honourable
   manner, gave him to understand that he was mis-
   taken.                                Sidney.
 4. Well known; brought into knowledge
   by frequent practice or custom.
     I see not how  the  scripture could  be possibly
   made  familiar unto all, unless  far more should be
   read in toe people's  heaiing than by a sermon can
   be opened.                            Hooker.
     Let us chuse such noble counsel,
   That war, or peace,  or both  at once, may be
   As things acquainted and familiar to us.  Shaksp.
             Our sweet
   Recess and only consolation  left
   Familiar to our eyes!                   Milton.
     One idea which is familiar to toe mind, connect-
   ed wito  others which  are new and strange, will
   bring  those  new ideas into easy remembrance.
                                         Waffs.
 5.  Well  acquainted  with;  accustomed;
   habituated by custom.
     Or chang'd at length, and to toe place conform'd
   In temper and in nature, will receive
   Familiar the fierce heat, and void of pain.  Milton.
     The senses at first let in particular ideas; and
   the mind, by degrees,  growing familiar with some
   of them, they are lodged in the memory, and names
   got to them.                            Locke.
     He was amazed how so impotent and groveling
   an insect as I,  could entertain such inhuman ideas,
   and in so familiar a manner, as to appear wholly
   unmoved at all the scenes of blood and desolation.
                               Gulliver's  Travels.
     Patient permit the sadly-pleasing strain,
   Familiar now with grief, your tears refrain.  Pope.
 6. Common; frequent.
     To  a wrong  hypothesis may  be reduced toe er-
   rours that may be occasioned by a true hypothesis,
   but  not rightly understood:  toere is nothing more
   familiar than this.                       Locke.
 7. Easy; unconstrained.
             He unreins
   His muse, and sports in loose familiar strains.
                                       Addison.
 8. Too nearly acquainted.
     A poor man found a priest familiar with his wife,
   and because  he spake it abroad, and  could  not
   prove it, the priest sued him for defamation.
                                       Camcfen.
Fami'liar, fa-mil'yar. to. s.
   An intimate; one long acquainted.
    The king is a noble gentleman, and my familiar.
                                       Shaksp.
    When he finds himself avoided and neglected by
  his familiars, this affects him.           Rogers.
2. A demon supposed to attend at call.
    Love  is a familiar; there is no evil angel but
  •ove.                ^                 Shaksp.
Familia'rity, fa-mil-ye-ar'e-te. n.s. \fa.
   miliarite, Fr. from familiar.]
1.  Easiness of conversation;  omission of
   ceremony; affability.
2. Acquaintance; habitude,
    We contract at last such an intimacy and fami-
  liarity with them, as makes it difficult and irksome
  for us to call off our minds.            Atterbun
3. Easy intercourse.
    They say any  mortal may enjoy toe most intimate
  familiarities with these gentle spirits.      Pope-
To Familiari'ze, fa-mil'yar-ize. v. a. [fa.
   miliariser, French.]
1.  To  make  familiar;  to make easy by
   habitude; to make common.
2. To bring down from a state  of distant
   superiority.
    The genius smiled upon me with a look of com-
  passion and affability that familiarized him to mj
  imagination, and at once dispelled all fear and ap-
  prehensions.                          .^^
Fami'liarly, fa-mil'yar-le. adv. [from fa-
   miliar,]
I. Unceremoniously;  with  freedom  like
   that of long  acquaintance.
    Because that I famUiarly sometimes
  Do use you for my fool, and chat with you,
  Your sauciness will jest  upon my love.    Shalcsp.
    He talks as familiarly of John of Gaunt, as if
  he.had been sworn brother  to him; and I'll be
  sworn he  never saw him but once in toe tiltyard,
  and then he broke his head.              Shaksp.
    The governour came to us,  and, after salutations,
  said famUiarly, that he  was come to visit us,  and
  called for a chair and sat him down.      Bacon.
2. Commonly;  frequently; with  the un-
   concernedness or easiness of long cus«
   torn.
    Lesser mists and fogs  than those which covered
  Greece with so long a darkness, do familiarly pre-
  sent our senses with as great  alterations in the m
  and moon.                           Raleigh.
3.  Easily; without solemnity; without for-
   mality.
    Horace still charms with graceful negligence,
  And without method talks us into sense;
  Will, like a friend, familiarly convey
  The truest notions in the easiest way.       Pope.
FAMI'LLE,  fa-meel'.  [en  famille, Fr.]
   In a family way;  domestically.
    Deluded mortals, whom toe great
  Chuse for companions  tete-a-tete;
  Who at their dinners,  en famille,
  Get leave to sit whene'er you will.         Swift-
Fa'mily, fam'e-le. to. s.   [familia, Latin;
  famille, French]
I.  Those  who  live in  the  same  house;
   household.
    The night made little  impression on myself; but
  I cannot answer for my whole family; for my wife
  prevailed on me to take somewhat.        Swift,
2. Those that descend from  one common
   progenitor;  a  race; a tribe; a genera-
   tion.
    Of Gershon was the family of the Libnites.
                                     Numhtn.
3. A course of descent; a genealogy.
    If thy ancient but ignoble blood 
FAM
FAN
FAN
   Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood,
   Go and complain thy family is young,
   Nor own thy fathers have been tools so long.  Pope.
 4. A  class; a tribe;  a species.
     There be two great families of things, sulphure-
   ous and mercurial, inflammable and not inflamma-
   ble, mature and crude, oily and watery.   Bacon.
 Fa'mixe,  fam'in.140 to. «.  [famine, French;
   fames, Lat.]   Scarcity of food; dearth;
   distress for want of victuals.
             Our castle's strength
   Will laugh a siege to scorn: here let them lie,
   'Till famine and the ague eat them up.    Shaksp.
     Famines have not been of late observed, partly
   because of the industry of mankind, partly  by those
   supplies that come by sea, but  principally by the
   goodness of God.                        Hale.
     This city never felt a siege before,
   But from the lake receiv'd its daily store;
   Which now shut up, and millions crowded here,
   Famine will soon in multitudes appear.   Dryden.
 To  FA'MISH, famish, v. a. [from fames,
   Lat. f amis, old  Fr.]
 I. To kill with hunger;  to starve;  to de-
   stroy by want  of food.
     What, did he marry me to famish me?   Shaksp.
     The pains of famish'd Tantalus he'll feel,
   And Sisyphus, that labours up the hill
   The rowling rock in vain; and curst Ixion's wheel.
                                       Dryden.
 2. To kill by deprivation or denial of any
   thing necessary to life.  Milton uses it
   with of
             Thin air
   Above the clouds will pine his entrails gross,
   And famish him of breath if not of bread. Milton.
 To  Fa'mish,  fam'ish. v. to.   To  die of
   hunger; to suffer extreme  hunger.
     You are all resolved rather to die than to famish.
                                       Shaksp.
 Fa'mishment, fam'ish-ment.  «. a.  [from
   famish.]  The  pain  of hunger; want
   of  food.
     Apicius thou did'st on thy gut bestow
   Full ninety millions; yet, when this was spent,
     Ten millions still remain'd to thee; which thou,
   Fearing to suffer thirst and famishment,
   In poison'd potion  drank'st.           Hakewill.
 Famo'sitv,  fa-mos'e-te.  to. s.  [from fa-
   mous]  Renown;  celebrity.       Diet.
 Fa'mous, fa'tnils.*1*  adj.   [fameux,  Fr.
   famosus, Lat.]
 1. Renowned;  celebrated; much talked of
   and praised.
     Henry  toe fifth,  too famous to live long;
   England  ne'er lost a king of so much worth.
                                   Shakspeare.
     There  rose up before Moses  two hundred  and
   fifty princes  of the assembly, famous in the con-
   gregation, men of renown.            Numbers.
     She became famous among women; for they had
   executed judgment upon her.           Ezekiel.
     Pyreius was  only famous  for counterfeiting all
   base things; as earthen pitchers, a  scullery, rogues
   together by toe ears, and swine tumbling in tbe
   mire; whereupon he was surnamed  Rupographus.
                                    Peacham.
     I shall be named among the famousest
   Of women, sung at  solemn festivals.      MUton.
     Many,  besides myself, have  heard our  famous
   Waller own, that  he  derived toe  harmony of his
  numbers from the Godfrey of Bulloign, turn'd into
  English by Fairfax.                   Dryden.
 2. It  has sometimes a middle significa-
   tion, and imports fame whether for good
   or ill.
     Menecrates and Menas, famous pyrates,
  Make the  sea serve toem.               Shaksp.

Fa'mously,  fa'miis-le.   adv.  [from  fa-

       VOL.  I.
   mous.]  With great renown; with great
   celebration.
     Then this land was famously enrich'd
  With politick grave counsel; then the king
  Had virtuous uncles to protect his grace.   Shaksp.
     They looked on the particulars as things famously
  spoken of and  believed, and worthy to be recorded
  and read.                              Grete.
 Fa'mousness, fa'mfis-nes.  to. s. [from fa-
   mous.]  Celebrity; great fame.
 FAN, fan. to. a. [vannus, Latin.]
 1.  An instrument used by ladies to move
   the air and cool themselves.
     With scarfs,  and fans, and double change  of
         brav'ry,
  With amber bracelets, beads, with all toil knav'ry.
                                       Shaksp.
     Flavia, the least and slightest toy
  Can with resistless art employ:
  In other hands the fan would prove
  An engine of small force in love;
  But she, with such an air and mien,
  Not to be told or safety seen,
  Directs its wanton motion so,
  That it wounds more than Cupid's bow;
  Gives coolness to the matchless dame,
  Te every other breast a flame.         Atterbury.
     The modest fan was lifted up no more,
  And virgins smil'd at what they blush'd before.
                                        Pope.
 2.  Any thing spread out like  a woman's
   fan into a triangle with  a broad base.
     As a peacock and  crane were in company the
  peacock spread his  tail,  and challenged the  other
  to shew him such a fan of feathers.   L'Estrange.
 3. The  instrument  by which the chaff is
   blown  away when corn is  winnowed.
   [van, French.]
     Flail, strawfork,  and rake,  wito a fan that  is
         strong.                          Tusser.
     Asses shall eat clean provender, winnowed with
  the shovel and with the fan.             Isaiah.
     In toe wind and tempest of fortune's frown,
  Distinction, with a broad and powerful fan,
  Puffing at all, winnows the light away.     Shaksp.
     For the cleansing of corn is commonly used either
  a wicker fan, or a fan wito sails.      Mortimer.
 4. Any  thing  by which the air is moved;
   wings.
    The pris'ner, with a spring from prison broke;
  Then  stretch'd  his feather'd  fans with all his
         might,
  And to the neighb'ring maple wing'd his  flight.
                                      Dryden.
5. An instrument  to raise the fire.
    Nature worketo in us all a love to our own coun-
  sels: the contradiction of others is a fan to inflame
  that love.                            Hooker.
 To Fan, fan. v. a.
 I. To cool or recreate with a fan.
    She was fanned into  slumbers by her slaves.
                                    Spectator.
2. To ventilate; to affect by air put in mo-
  tion.
    Let every feeble humour shake your hearts;
  Your enemies with nodding of their plumes,
  Fan you into despair.                  Shaksp.
    The Norweyan banners flout the sky,
  And fan our people cold.                Shaksp.
                  The air
  Floats  as  they  pass,  fann'd  with unnumber'd
        plumes:
  From branch to branch the smaller birds with song
  Solac'd toe woods, and spread their painted wings,
  Till ev'n.                            Jtfiffon.
    The fanning wind upon her bosom blows;
  To meet the fanning wind the bosom rose:
  The fanning wind and purling streams continue her
        repose.                         Dryden.
    Calm as the  breath which fans our  eastern
        groves,
                    4x
   And bright, as when thy eyes first lighted up our
         loves.                         Dryden.
     And now his shorter breath, wito sultry air,
   Pants on her neck, and fans her parting hair.
                                         Pope.
 3. To separate, as by winnowing.
     I have collected some few, therein fannbig the
   old, not omitting any.                   Bacon.
     Not so the wicked;  but as chaff, which fann'd:
   The wind drives, so the wicked shall not stand
   In judgment.                           Milton.
 Fana'ticism,  fa-nat'e-slzm. n. «.   I from
   fanatick.]  Enthusiasm; religious frenzy.
     A church whose doctrines are  derived from the
   clear fountains of the scriptures, whose polity and
   discipline  are formed upon the  most uncorrupted
   models of  antiquity, which has stood unshaken by
   toe most furious assaults  of popery on the one hand,
   and fanaticism on the other; has triumphed over
   all the arguments of its enemies, and has  nothing
   now to contend with but toeir slanders and  calum-
   nies.                                 Rogers.
 FANA'TICK, fa-nat'lk.6™  adj.  [fanati-
   cus, Latin; fanatique,  French.] Enthtl-
   siastick;  struck  with  a   superstitious
   frenzy.
     Osiris, Isis, Orus, and  th'eir train,
   With monstrous shapes and sorceries abus'd
   FanaficA: Egypt,  and her priests, to seek
   Their wand'ring gods, disguis'd in brutish forms.
                                       Milton.
 Fana'tick, fa-nat'ik.  to. a.   [from the ad-
   jective.]  An  enthusiast;  a  man mad
   with wild notions of religion.
    The double armature  of St. Peter is a more de-
   structive  engine, than  the  tumultuary  weapon
   snatcht up by a fanatick.        Decay of Piety.
 Fa'nciful, fan'se-ful.  adj.  [fancy  and
  full.]
 I. Imaginative; rather guided by imagi-
   nation than reason:  of persons.
     Some fanciful men have expected nothing but
   confusion and ruin from those very means, whereby
   both toat and this is most effectually prevented.
                                    Woodward.
 2.  Dictated  by the imagination,  not  the
   reason; full of wild images:  of things.
    What treasures did he bury in his  sumptuous
   buildings: and how foolish and fanciful were they?
                                     Hayward.
    It would shew as much singularity to deny this,
   as it does a fanciful facility to affirm it.     Garth.
 Fa'ncifully,  fln'se-ful-e.  adv.    [from
  fanciful.]  According  to  the wildness
   of imagination.
 Fa'ncifulness, fan'se-fu.l-n£s. to. *.  [from
  fanciful] Addiction to the pleasures of
   imagination;  habit of  following   fancy
   rather than reason.
    Albertus Magnus, with somewhat too  much  cu-
  riosity, was somewhat transported with too much
  fancifulness  towards  the influences of the heavenly
  motions, and astrological  calculations.       Jifafe.
FA'NCY,  fan'se.  to. a.  [contracted  from
   phantasy, phantasia,\*at. pavrcterix.  It
   should be phansy.]
 1. Imagination; the power  by which  the
   mind forms to itself images and repre-
   sentations of things, persons, or scenes
   of being.
    Shakspeare, fancy's sweetest child!
  Warble his native wood-notes  wild.       Jtfiffon.
             In the soul
  Are many lesser faculties, that serve
  Reason as chief:  among these fancy next
  Her office holds; of all external things,
  Which the five watchful senses represent,
  She forms imaginations, airy shapes, 
FAN
FAN
FAN
  Which reason joining, or disjoining, frames
  All what we affirm, or what deny, and call
  Our knowledge, or opinion.               Jtfiffon.
    Though no evidence affects the fancy so strongly
  as that of sense, yet there is other evidence which
  gives as  full satisfaction, and as clear a conviction
  to our reason.                      Atterbury.
    Love is by fancy led about,
  From hope to fear, from joy to doubf:
    Whom we now a goddess call,
  Divinely grac'd in every feature,
  Strait's a deform'd, a perjur'd creature:
    Love and hate are fancy all.        Granville.
2. An opinion bred rather by the  imagi-
   nation than  the reason.
     Men's  private fancies  must give  place to the
  higher judgment of that church which is  in autho-
  rity over them.                         Hooker.
     A  person of  a full and ample fortune who was
  not disturbed by any fancies in religion. Clarendon.
    I have always had a fancy, that learning might
  be made a play and recreation  to children.  Locke.

3. Taste; idea; conception of things.
     The little chapel called  the Salutation  is very
  neat, and built  with a pretty fancy.      Addison.
A... Image;  conception; thought.
    How now, my lord^ why do you keep alone;
  Of sorriest fancies your companions making,
  Using  those thoughts which  should  indeed  have
        died
  With them they think on?                Shaksp.
5. Inclination; liking;  fondness.
    His fancy lay extremely to  travelling.   L'Estr.
     For you, fair Hermia,  look you arm yourself,
  To fit your fancies to your father's will;
  Or else the law of Athens yields you up
  To death, or to  a vow of single life.       Shaksp.
    A  resemblance of humour and opinion, a fancy
  for toe same business or diversion, is a  ground of
  affection.                             Collier.
6. In  Shakspeare  it signifies love.
     Tell me where is fancy bred,
  Or in toe heart, or in the head ?
  How begot, how nourished?
  It is  engender'd in the eyes,
  With gazing fed,  and fancy dies
  In the cradle where it lies.               Shaksp.
7. Caprice;  humour;  whim.
     True worth shall  gain me, toat it may  be said
  Desert, not fancy, once a woman led.     Dryden.
     The sultan of Egypt kept a good correspondence
  with the Jacobites towards the head  of  the Nile,
  for fear they should take a fancy to turn the course
  of toat river.                       Arbuthnot.
     One that was just entering upon a long journey,
  took up a fancy of putting a trick upon Mercury.
                                   L'Estrange.
8. False notion.
     The altering of  the scent, colour, or taste  of
  fruit, by n.fusing, mixing, or cutting into the bark
  or root of the. tree, herb, or flower,  any coloured,
  aromatical, or medicinal substance, are but fancies:
  toe cause is, for that those things have passed their
  period, and nourish not.                  Bacon.
9.  Something that  pleases or  entertains
■   without real use or value.
     London-pride is a pretty fancy for  borders.
                                    Mortimer.
 To  Fa'ncy,  fan'se. v.  to. [from  the noun.]
   To imagine;  to  believe without  being
   able to prove.
     All are not always bound to hate and punish the
  true enemies of religion, much less any whom toey
  may  fancy to be so: all are  always obliged to love
  its true friends, and pray for  its very enemies.
                              Strutl's  Sermons.
    If  our search has reached no farther than simile
  and  metaphor,  we  rather fancy than know, and
  are not yet penetrated into the inside and reality of
  the thing; but content ourselves with what our  ima-
  ginations furnish us with.                  Locke.
To Fa'noy, fan'se. v. a.
1. To portray in  the  mind;  to image to
   himself; to imagine.
    But he whose noble genius is allow'd,
  Who with stretched pinions soars above the crowd;
  Who mighty thought can clothe with manly dress,
  He whom I fancy, but can ne'er express. Dryden.
2. To like; to be pleased with.
    Ninus both  admiring her judgment and valour,
  together with  her  person  aud  external  beauty,
  fancied her so strongly, as,  neglecting  all princely
  respects, he took her from her husband.   Raleigh.
    It  is a little hard that the queen cannot demolish
  this town in whatever  manner  she  pleaseth  to
  fancy.                                 Swift.
Fa'ncymonger,  fan'se-mung-gu.r.  to.  s.
   [from fancy.]  One who deals in tricks
   of imagination.
    There is a man haunts the forests,  that abuses
  our young  plants with  carving Rosalind on their
  barks;  hangs odes upon  hawthorns, and elegies  on
  brambles; all, forsooth, deifying the name of Rosa-
  lind.   If I could  meet that fancymonger, I would
  give him some good counsel; for he seems to have
  the quotidian of love upon him.        Shakspeare.
Fa'ncysiok, fan'se-sik.  adj.  [fancy  and
   sick]   One  whose imagination is  un-
   sound;  one whose distemper is  in  his
   own mind.
    'Tis not necessity, but opinion, that makes  men
  miserable,  and when we come to be fancysick,
  there's  no cure.                    L'Estrange.
Fand, fand, for found.  It  is retained  in
   Scotland.
    This when as true by tryal he out fand,
  He bade to open  wide his brazen gate.    Spenser.
Fane, lane.  «. s. [fane, French; fanum,
   Lat.]  A temple;  a  place consecrated
   to religion.   A poetical word.
             Nor fane nor capitol,
  The prayers of priests, nor times of sacrifice,
  Embarments all of fuiy, shall lift up
  Their rotten privilege!               Shakspeare.
    Old Calibe, who kept the sacred fane
  Of Juno, now she seem'd.              Dryden.
    Yet some to fanes repair'd, and humble rites
  Perform'd to Thor and Woden, fabled gods
  Who with their vot'ries  in one  ruin shar'd.
                                       Philips.
    A  sacred fane  in Egypt's fruitful lands,
  Hewn from the Theban  mountain's rocky womb.
                                       Ticket.
    The  fields are  ravish'd from  the  industrious
      swains,
  From men their cities, and from gods their fanes.
                                        Pope.
FA'JYFAROJY, fan'fa-ron. to. s.  [French,
   from the Spanish.   Originally in Ara-
   bick  it  signifies  one  who   promises
   what he cannot perform.   Menage.]
I. A bully; a hector.
    Virgil makes ^Eneas a bold avower of his  own
  virtues, which, in the civility  of our poets, is the
  character of a fanfaron or hector.        Dryden.
2. A  blusterer; a boaster of more than he
   can perform.
    There are fanfarons in the trials of wit too,  as
  well as in feats of arms;  and none so  forward  to
  engage in argument or discourse as those  that are
  least able to go through with it.      V Estrange.
FANFARQNA'DE,fan-far-6-nade'. to. s. [from
  fanfaron,  French.]  A  bluster; a  tu-
   mour of fictitious dignity.
    The  bishop  copied this proceeding from  the
  fanfaronade ol monsieur Bouffleurs.         Swift.
To FANG, fang. v.  a.  [panjan,  Saxonj
   vangen,  Dutch.]  To seize; to  gripe;
   to  clutch.   To vang  is yet  used  in
   Devonshire.
    Destruction fang mankind!         Shakspeare
Fang, fang. to. s. [from the verb.]
I. The long tusks  of a boar or other ani-
   mal by  which the  prey is seized and
   held;  any thing  like them.
    Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
  The season's difference; as the icy fang,
  And churlish chiding of the winter's wind,
  Which, when it bites and blows upon my body
  Ev'n till I shrink with cold, I smile and say
  This is no flattery.                   Shakspeare.
    Some creatures have overlong or  outgrowing
  teeth, which we  call  fangs  or tusks; as  boars
  pikes, salmons, and dogs, though less.      Bacon,
                 Prepar'd to fly,
  The fatal fang drove deep within his thigh,
  And cut the nerves: the nerves no more sustain
  The bulk; the  bulk,  unprop'd,  falls headlong on
       the plain.                        Dryden.
    Then charge, provoke the lion to toe rage
  Of  fangs and claws, and stooping from your horse
  Rivet the panting savage to the ground.   Addison,
2. The nails;  the talons.
3. Any shoot or other thing by which hold
   is  taken.
    The protuberant fangs of the yuca  are to be
  treated like the tuberoses.              Evelyn,
Fa'nged,  fangd.36"  adj.  [from fang]
   Furnished  with  fangs  or long  teeth;
   furnished with any  instruments of de-
   struction, which  can be  exercised in
   imitation of faults.
       My two school fellows,
  Whom I will trust  as I will adders fang'd,
  They bear the mandate.              Shakspeare,
    Not Scythians, nor fierce Dacians, onward rush
  With half the speed, nor half so swift retreat:
  In chariots, fang'd  with scythes, they scour the field,
  Drive through our  wedg'd  battalions with a whirl,
  And strew a dreadful  harvest on the  plain.
                                      Philips,
FA'NGLE, fang'gl.40" to. s. [from peujan,
   Saxon, to attempt.   Skinner.]  Silly at-
   tempt;  trifling  scheme.  It  is  never
   used,  or  rarely, but in contempt with
   the epithet  new:  as,  new fangles, new
  fangleness.
Fa'ngled, fang'grd.359^'. [fromfangle]
   This  word  seems  to  signify gawdy;
   ridiculously showy;  vainly  decorated:
   newfangled, is therefore new-fashioned;
   dressed out in new decorations.
    Quick  wits be  in desire new fangled, and  in
  purpose unconstant.                   Ascham.
       A book! oh, rare one!
  Be  not, as in this/ang-fed world,  a garment
  Nobler than that it covers.           Shakspeare.
Fa'ngless, fang'les.  adj.  [from fang]
   Toothless;  without teeth.
    The king hath wasted all his rods
  On  late offenders, that he now  doth lack
  The very instruments of chastisement;
  So that his pow'r, like to a fangless lion,
  May offer, but not hold.              Shakspeare.
Fa'ngot,  fang'got.  «.  *.   A  quantity  of
   wares: as  raw   silk,   &c.  containing
   from one to two  hundred weight  three
   quarters.                            Diet.
Fa'nnel, fan'nel. to.  s.  [fanon,  French]
   A  sort of  ornament like a scarf, worn
   about  the   left arm  of  a mass-priest
   when he  officiates.                  Diet.
Fa'nner, fan'mir. to. a. [from fan.]   One
   that plays a fan.
    I  will send unto Babylon fanners that shall fan
  her.                                Jeremiahs
Fa'ntasieo, fan'ta-sid.283 adj. [from fan- 
F A*
FAR
FAR
    tasy]  Filled with fancies or imagina-
    tions.
     As I  travell'd hither through the land,
   1 found the people strangely fantasied.      Shaks.
 Fa'ntasm,  fan'tazm.  to.  s.   [See  Phan-
    tasm.]    A thing not  real, but appear-
    ing to the imagination.
 Fanta'stical, fan-tas'te-kal. ~)  adj. \fan-
 Fanta'stick,  lan-tas'tik.809  5  tastique,
    Fr. from fantasy]
 1. Irrational; bred only in the imagination.
     The  delight that a man takes from another's sin,
   can be  nothing else  but a fantastical, preternatural
   complacency, arising  from  that which he really
   has no feeling of.                        South.
 2. Subsisting  only  in  the  fancy;   imagi-
    nary.
                  Present feats
   Are less than horrible imaginings:
   My thought, whose murther yet is but fantastical
   Shakes  so my single state of man, that function
   Is smother'd in surmise; and nothing is,
   But what is not.                     Shakspeare.
     Men  are  so  possessed with their own fancies,
   that they take them  for oracles; and are arrived
   to  some extraordinary revelations of truth, when
   indeed  they  do but dream  dreams,  and amuse
   toemselves with the fantastick  ideas of a  busy
   imagination.                    Decay of Piety.
 3. Unreal;  apparent   only;  having  the
    nature of phantoms which only assume
    visible forms occasionally.
     Are ye fantastical, or toat  indeed
   Which outwardly ye shew?           Shakspeare.
 4. Uncertain; unsteady;  irregular.
    Nor happiness can I, nor misery feel,
   From any turn of her fantastick wheel.      Prior.
 5. Whimsical; fanciful;  capricious;  hu-
   morous;  indulgent of  one's own imagi-
   nation.
    They  put  such  words in  the mouths of one of
   these fantastical mind-infected people, that chil-
   dren and musicians call lovers.            Sidney.
    I'll knit it up in silken strings,
   With twenty odd conceited true love knots:
   To he fantastick, may become a youth
   Of greater time than I.              Shakspeare-
    Duumvir is provided with  an imperious, expen-
   sive,  and fantastick mistress;  to whom he retires
   from the conversation of a discreet and affectionate
   wife.                                  Tatler.
    We are  apt  to think  your medallists  a little
  fantastical in the  different prices they set upon
   their  coins,  without any regard  to  toe metal  of
   which they are composed.              Addison.
Fant a'stic ally,   fan-tas'te-kal-e.   adv.
   [from fantastical]
 1. By the power of imagination.
2. Capriciously;  humorously;  unsteadily.
    England is so idly king'd,
   Her sceptre so fantastically borne,
   By a vain, giddy, shallow, humorous youth,
   That fear attends her not.             Shakspeare.
 3. Whimsically;  in compliance with ima-
   gination.
    One cannot so much as  fantastically chuse, even
   or odd, he thinks not why.                 Greio.
Fanta'sticalness,  fan-tas'te-kal-n£s
Fanta'stickness,   fan-taVtlk-nes.
   to.  *. [from fantastical.]
 1.  Humorousness; mere  compliance with
   fancy.
2. Whimsicalness; unreasonableness.
    I dare not assume to myself to have put him out
  of conceit wito it, by having convinced him  of toe
 fantasticalness of it.                   Tiffofscm.
".  Caprice; unsteadiness.
FA'NT AS Y,  fan'ta-se.  to.  *. [fantasie,
   French; phantasia, Latin; pxvTeto-i*.]
1.  Fancy;  imagination;   the   power  of
   imagining.   See Fancy.
    How now, Horatio! you  tremble and look pale!
Shaksp.
Shaksp.
Shalcsp.
   Is not this something more than fantasy
                 I talk of dreams,
   Which are the children*of an idle brain,
   Begot of nothing but vain fantasy:
   Which is as thin of substance as the air,
   And more unconstant than the wind.
     He is superstitious grown  of late,
   Quite from the main opinion  he held once
   Or fantasy, of dreams, and ceremonies.
     Go you, and where you find a maid,
   That ere she sleep hath thrice her prayers said,
   Rein up toe organs of her fantasy,
   Sleep she as sound  as careless infancy.    Shaksp.
     These spirits of sense, in fantasy's high court,
   Judge ofthe forms of objects, ill or well;
   And so they send a good or ill report
   Down to the heart,  where all affections dwell.
                                        Davies.
     By the power of fantasy we see colours in a
   dream, or a mad man sees things before him  which
   are not there.                         Newton.
 2. Idea;  image of the mind.
     And with the sug'ry sweet thereof allure
   Chaste ladies' ears to fantasies impure.   Hubberd.
 3. Humour;  inclination.
     I would wish that both you  and others  would
  cease from drawing the  scriptures to your fantasies
  and affections.                       Whitgifte.
 Fa'ntom, fan-turn.166  n.a.[See Phantom.]
   Something not real, but appearing  to
   the imagination.
 Fap, tap. adj.  Fuddled;  drunk.   It seems
   to have  been  a cant  word in the  time
   of Shakspeare.
    The gentleman had drunk himself out of his five
  senses; and  being fap,   sir,  was,  as toey say,
  cashiered.                          Shakspeare.
 FAR, far.7? 78 adv.   [peon,, Saxon; fatt,
   Erse.]
 1. To great extent in length.
    Pay sacred rev'rence to Apollo's song,
  Lest wrathful the /ar-shooting god emit
  His fatal arrows.
 2. To a great extent  every way.
   less proper.
                 Vast and great
  Is what I love; the far extended ocean
  To a little riv'let I prefer.
    With costly cates Rome stain'd her frugal'board;
  Then with ill-gotten gold she  bought a lord;
  Corruption, discord, luxury combin'd,
  Down sunk toe/ar-fam'd mistress of mankind.
                                     Arbuthnot.
    From the same lineage ?ferr -.f.cetes came,
  The/ccr-fam'd brother of th' enchantress dame.
                                          Pope.
3. To a great distance progressively.
    Be factious for redress of all these griefs,
  And I will set this foot of mine as far
  As who goes farthest.                Shakspeare.
      Is it far you ride?
  —As far my lord, as will fill up the time
  'Twixt this and supper.              Shakspeare.
    Far from that hated face the Trojans fly;
  All but the fool who sought his destiny.   Dryden.
4. Remotely; at a  great distance.
    He meant to  travel into far countries,  until his
  friends' affection either ceased or prevailed.
                                        Sicfney.
    In a kingdom rightly ordered, after a law is once
  published,  it  presently takes effect far and wide;
  all states framing themselves  thereunto.   Hooker.
    And after that long strayed here and there,
  Through every field and forest far and near.
                                     Hubberd.
    Far be it from me to justify  the cruelties used
                   4x2
  Prior.
This is
Prior.
towards them, which had their reward soon after.
                                       Bacon.
  He sent light horsemen  into Mesopotamia with
a guide, because the country  was unto him best
known; following not far after himself with all his
army.
Knolles.
     And yet the lights which in my tower do shine.
   Mine eyes, which view all objects  nigh and far,
   Look not into this little world  of mine.     Davies.
     God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares,
   And not molest us;  unless we ourselves
   Seek them  with wandering thoughts and  notions
        vain.                              Milton.
     I have been hunting up and down, far  and near,
   since your  unhappy indisposition,  to find out  a
   remedy.                            L' Estrange.
     The nations far and near contend  in choice,
   And send tbe flow'r of war by publick voice.
                                        Dryden.
     The painted lizard and the birds of prey,
   Foes ofthe frugal kind, be far away.    Dryden.
     But from the reading of my  book and me,
   Be far, ye foes of virtuous poetry!
   Who fortune's fault upon the poer can throw,
   Point at the tatter'd coat and ragged shoe.
                                        Dryden.
     Far off you view them with a longing eye
   Upon the topmast branch.               Dryden.
     These words  are  so far from  establishing any
   dominion, that we find quite the contrary.   Locke.
     'Till on the Po his blasted corps was hurl'd,
   Far from his country in toe western world.
                                        Addison.
 5. To a distance.
     As far as the east is from the west, so far hath
   he removed our transgressions from him.   Psalms.
     Neither did those that  were  sent, and travelled
  far off, undertake so difficult enterprises  without a
  conductor.                             Raleigh.
     But all in vain! which when he saw, he ceas'd
  Contending, and removed his tents far off. Milton.
     1 had always a curiosity to look back  into  the
  sources of things, and view  in my mind,  so far as
  I was able, the beginning and progress of a  rising
  world.                                Burnet.
     A lion's hide around his loins he wore;
  The well poiz'd javelin to the field he bore,
  Inur'd to  blood; the far destroying dart,
  And the best weapon, an undaunted heart.
                                       Addison.
  . In  a great part.
     When  they were by Jebus the day was far spent.
                                        Judges.
  . In  a great  proportion;  by  many  de-
   grees.   It  is   commonly  used   with
   some   word   noting  the comparative,
   but Dryden has used it absolutely.
     Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price, is
  far above rubies.                       Proverbs.
     Such a communication passeth far better through
  the water than air.            Bacon's JVaf. Hist.
     Those countries  have far greater rivers, and far
  higher mountains to pour down waters, than any
  part ofthe world.                        Bacon.
                The face of war,
  In ancient times, doth differ far
  From what our fiery battles are.           Waller.
     Of negatives we have far toe least certainty, and
  they  are usually hardest,  and many times impossi-
  ble to be proved.                      Tillotson.
     Latin is  a more  succinct language  than  the
  Italian, Spanish, French, or even than the English,
  which, by reason of  its monosyllables, is far the
  most compendious of them.              Dryden.
     The field is spacious I design to sow,
  With oxen far unfit to draw the plough.    Dryde?i.
     Besides, he's lovely far above the rest,
  With you immortal, and with beauty blest.   Pope.
     Ah! hope not yet to breathe thy native air;
  Far other journey first demands toy care.     Pope.
8. To a great height; magnificently. This
  is perhaps only in Shakspeare.
             I do not think
  So fair an outward, and such stuff within, 
FAR
FAR
FAR
  Endows a man but him.
  ----You speak him far.
  ——1 don't extend him, sir.           Cymoeftne.
S. To a certain point; to a certain degree.
    The substance of the service of God, so far forth
  as it hath in it any thing more than the law of rea-
  son doth teach, may not be invented of men, as it is
  amongst the heathen;  but must be received from
  God himself.                           Hooker.
                 Answer them
  How far forth you do like  their articles.   Shaksp.
    Not to resolve, is  to resolve:  and many times it
  breeds as many necessities, and engageth as far in
  some other sort, as to resolve.             Bacon.
    Of this I need not many  words to declare how
  far it is from  being so much as any part of repen-
  tance.                              Hammond.
    My discourse is so far from being equivalent to
  the position he mentions, that it  is a perfect con-
  tradiction to it.                      Tillotson.
    The custom  of these tongues  sometimes so far
  influences the expressions, that in these epistles one
  may observe the force  of the Hebrew conjugations.
                                         Locke.
 10. Far off.   At a  great distance.
    For though I fled him angry, yet recall'd
  To life prolong'd, and promis'd race,  I now
  Gladly behold, though  but his utmost skirts
  Of glory, and far off his steps adore.      Jtfiffon.
 11. Far off.   To a great distance.
    Cherubic watch, and of a sword the flame
  Wide-waving, all approach far off to fright,
  And guard all passage  to the tree of life.   Jtfiffon.
 12. Off is joined  with far,  when far, no-
   ting distance, is not followed by a pre-
   position: as, / set the boat far off, I set
   the boat far from  me.
 13. Far  is  used often in composition:   as
  far shooting, farseeing.
 Far-fetch,  far-tetsh'.  to.   s.   [far and
  fetch.]   A  deep   stratagem.   A  ludi-
   crous word.
    But Jesuits have deeper reaches,
  In all their politick farfetches;
  And from their Coptick priest, Kircherus,
  Found out this mystick way to jeer us.  Hudibras.
 Far-fetchedv far-fetsht'.369 adj. [far and
  fetch.]
 1.  Brought from places  remote.
     Of these things others quickly will dispose,
   Whose pains have earn'd the farfetch'd spoil.
                                        Jtfiffon.
     By his command we boldly cross'd the line;
   And bravely fought where southern stars arise:
     We trae'd the farfetch'd gold unto the mine,
   And toat which brib'd  our fathers made our prize.
                                       Dryden.
 2.  Studiously sought; elaborately strained;
    not easily or naturally introduced.
     York, with all his farfetch'd policy.     Shaksp.
     Fur far-fetched rhymes make puzzled  angels
         strain,
  And in low prose dull Lucifer complain.    Smith.
     Under this head we  may rank those words which
  signify different ideas,  by a sort  of an unaccount-
  able farfetched analogy,  or distant  resemblance,
  that fancy has  introduced between one thing and
  another; as when we say, the meat is green, when
  it is half roasted-                         Watts.
 Far-piercing,  far-peer'sing.   adj.  [far
   and pierce.]   Striking,  or  penetrating
   a great way.
    Atlas, her sire, to whose farpiercing eye
  The wonders of toe deep expanded he;
  Th' eternal columns which on earth he rears,
  End in the starry vault and prop the spheres. Pope.
 Far-shooting,  far-sh66'ting.  adj.  [far
   and *hoot/]  Shooting to a great distance.
    Then loud he call'd .55neas thrice by name;
  The loud repeated voice to glad iEueas camej
  Great Jove, he said, and the farshooting god,
  inspire thy mind  to make thy challenge good.
                                       jDryefen.
Far, far. adj.
1. Distant;  remote.
    A man taking a/ar journey.            Mark.
    But we must beg our bread in  climes unknown,
  Beneath the scorching or the freezing zone;
  And some to far Oaxis shall be sold,
  To try the Lybian heat, or Scythian cold. Dryden.
2. It was foimerly  used not only as an ad-
   verb but an adjective, with off.
    These things seem small and undistinguishable,
  Like far off' mountains turned into clouds.    Shak.
    If we may behold in any creature any one spark
  of that eternal  fire, or any far off dawning of God's
  glorious brightness, the same in toe beauty, motion,
  and virtue of this light may be perceived.  Raleigh.
3. From Far.  In this sense it is us< d  el-
   lipticallv  for  a far, or  remote place.
    The Lord shall bring a nation against thee from
  far, from the end of the earth.      Deuteronomy.
4. Remoter ot the   two; in horsemanship,
   the right side of the horse,  which the
   rider turns  from  him when he mounts.
    No true Egyptian ever knew in horses
  The far side from the near.             Dryden.
5. It  is often not easy to  distinguish  whe-
   ther it be an adjective or adverb: as,
    The nations far and near center'd in choice.
                                       .DryriVn.
Far, far. to. *. [contracted from/arrow.]
   The offspring of a sow; young pigs.
    Sows, ready to farrow at this time of the year,
  Are for to be made of and counted full dear;
  For now is the loss ofthe far of the sow
  More great than the loss of two calves ofthe cow.
                                       Tusser.
To FARCE, farse. v. a.   [farcio, Latin;
  farcir, French.]
1. To stuff; to fill with mingled  ingredi-
   ents.
    Wrestling is a pastime which either the Cornish-
  men derived from Corineus, their first pretended
  founder, or at least it  ministered some stuff to the
  farcing of toat fable.                     Carew.
    The first  principles of christian religion  should
  not be farced wito school points and private tenets.
                                Bp. Sanderson.
2. To extend; to swell out.
    'Tis not the balm, the sceptre and the ball,
  The sword,  toe mace,  the crown imperial,
  The entertissu'd robe of gold and pearl,
  The farced  title running 'fore  toe king.   Shaksp.
Farce,  farse.  to.  a.   [from the verb;  or
   from farcer, French, to mock.]  A  dra-
   matick  representation  written without
   regularity,  and  stuffed with  wild  and
   ludicrous conceits.
    There is yet a lower sort of poetry and painting,
  which is out of nature; for a farce is that in poetry
  which grotesque is in a  picture: toe persons and
  actions of a farce are  all unnatural, and the  man-
  ners false: that is, inconsistent with toe characters
  of mankind; grotesque painting is toe just  resem-
  blance of this.                        Dryden.
    What should be great, you torn to farce.  Prior.
    They object against it  as a farce, because the ir-
  regularity ofthe plot should answer to the extrava-
  gance of the characters,  which they say this piece
  wants, and therefore is no farce.             Gay.
Fa'rcical, far'se-kal. adj. [from farce.]
   Belonging to  a farce;  appropriated to a
   farce.
    They deny the characters to be farcical, because
  they are actually in nature.                 Qay,
Fa'rcy, far'se. n. s. [farcina, Italian;/ar-
   cin, French.]  The leprosy of horses.  It
   is probably curable by  antimony.
Fa'rdel,  far'del. «• *•  [fardello, Italian;
  fardeau,  French.]   A bundle;  a little
   pack.
     Let us  to the king: there is that in this fardel
  will make him scratch his beard.         Shaksp.
              W ho  would fardels bear,
  To groan  and sweat under a weary life?   Shaksp.
 To   FARF,  fare.  v.  «.  [p.rian,  Saxon;
   varen, Dutch.]
 I. To go;  to pass; to travel.
     At last, resolving forward still to fare,
  Until the blust'ring storm is overblown.  F. Queen.
     His spirits pure were subject to our sight,
  Like to a man in shew  and  shape he fared.
                                       Fairfax,
     So on he fares,  and to the border comes
  Of Eden.                              JMilfcm.
     Sadly they far'd along the sea-beat shore;
  Still heav'd  their  hearts.                p^
2. To be in any  state  good or bad.
     So bids thee well to fare thy nether friend.
                                   Fairy Queen,
     A stubborn heart shall fare evil  at the last.
                                        Ecclet.
     Well fare the hand, which to our humble sight
  Presents that beauty.                    Waller.
     So in this throng bright Sacharissa far'd,
  Oppress'd  by those who strove to be her guard:
  As ships, though never so obsequious, fall
  Foul in a tempest  on their admiral.       Waller,
     So fares the stag among to' enraged hounds:
  Repels their force, and wounds returns for wounds.
                                      Denham.
     But as a barque, that, in foul weather,
  Toss'd by two adverse winds together,
  Is  bruis'd and beaten to and fro,
  And knows not which  to turn him to;
  So far'd the knight between two foes,
  And knew  not which of them t' oppose.  Hudibras.
     If you do  as I do, you may fare as I fare-
                                    L'Estrange.
     Thus fares the queen, and thus her fury blows
  Amidst the crowd.                     Dryden.
     English ministers never fare so well as in a time
  of war with a foreign power, which diverts the pri-
  vate feuds  and animosities of the nation.  Addison.
     Some are comforted that it will be a common
  calamity, and they shall fare no worse  than their
  neighbours.                            Swiff.
3. To proceed in  any train of consequences
  good or bad.
     Thus it fareth when too much desire of  contra-
  diction causes our speeches rather to pass by n«n-
  bers than to stay for weight.             Hoeker.
     So fares it when with truth falsehood contends.
                                       Milton.
4. To happen to any one well or ill: with
  it preceding in an impersonal form.
     When the  hand  finds itself well warmed and co-
  vered, let it refuse  the trouble of feeding the month,
  or  guarding the head, 'till the bodj be starved or
  killed, and then we shall  see how if will fare with
  the hand.                               South.
5. To feed; to eat; to be entertained with
  food.
     The rich man fared sumptuously every day.
                                         Luke.
     Feast your ears with the  music awhile,  if they
  will fare so harshly as on the trumpet's sound.
                                       Shaksp.
    Men think they have fared  hardly, if,  in times
  of  extremity, they have descended  so low as to eaf
  dogs: but Galen delivereth,  that, young, fat,  and
  gelded, they were the food  of many nations.
                                       Brown.
Fare, fare.  to. s.  [from the verb.]
1. Price of passage in a  vehicle  by  land
  or by water.  Used  only  of that which
  is paid for the  person, not the goods.
     He found a ship  going  to Tarshish; so be  paid
  the fare thereof, and went down into it to go with
  toem unto Tarshish.                     Jonah. 
FAR
FAR
FAR
    He passage begs wito unregarded pray'r,
  And wants two farthings to discharge his fare.
                                      Dryden.
2. Food prepared for the table; provisions.
    But come, so well refresh'd, now let us play,
  As meet is, after such delicious fare.     MUton.
    But when the western winds with vital pow'r
  Call forth the tender grass and budding flow'r,
    Then, at the last, produce in open air
  Both flocks, and send them to their summer's fare.
                                      Dryden.
    This is what nature's want may well suffice;
  He that would more is covetous, not wise:
  But since among  mankind so few there are,
  Who will conform to philosophick fare,
  This much I will indulge thee for thy ease,
  And mingle something of our times to please.
                                      Dryden.
    Upon his rising up he ordered the  peasant to set
  before him whatever food he had in his house:  the
  peasant brought out a great deal of coarse fare, of
  which the emperor eat very heartily.     Addison.
fare'w el or fare-wel'
,     S fare
LL' I  fai-'wel or  far-wel
n
adv.
Farewe

   [This word is originally the imperative
   of the verb farewell, or fare you well:
   aiafelix, abi in bonum rem; or bene sit
   tibi; but in time, use familiarized it to
   an adverb,  and it is used both by those
   who go and those  who are left.]
 1. The parting compliment;  adieu.
    But farewell, king: sith thus thou wilt appear,
   Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here.
                                      Shaksp.
    Whether we shall meet again, I know not,
   Therefore our everlasting farewell take;
   For ever, aad  for ever, farewell, Cassius.   Shak.
    Be not amazed, call all your senses to you; de-
  fend your reputation, or  bid farewell to your good
  life for ever.                          Shaksp.
    An iron slumber shuts my swimming eyes;
  And now farewell, involv'd in shades of night,
  For ever I am  ravish'd from thy sight.     Dryden.
    Farewell, says he; the parting sound scarce fell
   From his faint lips, but she replied farewell.  Dryd.
            O  queen farewell! and still possest
   Of dear remembrance,  blessing still and blest.
                                        Pope.
 2. It is sometimes used only as an expres-
   sion of separation without  kindness.
    Fareioeff the year, which threaten'd so
   The fairest light toe world can show.      Waller.
    Treading the path to noble ends,
   A long farewell to love I gave;
    Resolv'd my country and my friends
   All that remain'd of me should have.      Waller.
 3. Its original verbal  meaning is preserv-
   ed when  it is used  plurally.
    Farewell, master  Silence: I will not use many
  words with you; fare you well, gentlemen, both.
                                      Shaksp.
Fare'well, fare-wel'. to. *.
 1. Leave; act  of departure.
    See how toe morning opes her golden gates,
  And takes her  farewell of the glorious sun.  Shak.
    If chance toe radiant sun with farewell sweet,
   Extend his ev'ning beam, the fields revive,
   The birds their notes renew, and bleeting herds
  Attest their joy, that hill and  valley ring.   Milton.
    As in this grove I took my last farewell,
  As on this very spot of earth I  fell.        Dryden.
    Before I take my farewell of toe subject, I shall
  advise the author for toe future to speak his mean-
  ing more plainly.                     Addison.
2. It is sometimes used as an  adjective;
   leave-taking.
    Several ingenious writers, who have taken their
  leave of the publick in farewell papers,  will  not
  give over so, but intend to appear again; though
  perhaps under another form,  and with a different
  title.                              Spectator.
Farina'ceous, far-e-na'shus.  adj.  [from
  farina, Lat.]  Mealy;  tasting like meal
   or flower  of corn.
    The properest food ofthe vegetable kingdom  for
  mankind, is taken from  the farinaceous or mealy
  seeds of some  culmiferous  plants;  as  oats, bar-
  ley, wheat, rice, rye, maize, panick, and millet.
                                    Arbuthnot.
FARM,  farm. to. s.  [ferme, Fr.  peorim,
   provision, Sax.]
I.  Ground let to a  tenant; ground cul-
   tivated by another man upon condition
   of paying part ofthe profit to the owner
   or landlord.
    Touching their particular complaint for reducing
  lands and farms to their ancient rents, it could not
  be done without a parliament.          Hayward.
2. The state of lands let out to the culture
   of tenants.
    The lords of lands in Ireland do not use to set out
  their land  in farm,  for term of years, to their  te-
  nants: but only from year to  year, and some during
  pleasure.                            Spenser.
    It is great wilfulness  in landlords to  make any
  longer farms unto their tenants.          Spenser.
To Farm, farm. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To let out to tenants at a certain rent.
    We are enfore'd to farm our royal realm,
  The revenue whereof shall furnish us
  For our affairs in hand.                Shaksp.
2. To take at a certain rate.
    They  received  from the  banker scant twenty
  shillings for  thirty,  which the  earl of Cornwall
  farmed of the king.                   Camden.
3. To cultivate land.

Fa'rmer, far'mur. n.  *. [fermier, Fr.  or
   from farm.]
I. One who  cultivates hired ground.
    Thou hast seen a farmer's dog bark at a beggar,
  and the  creature run  from the cur: there thou
  might'st behold toe great image of authority; a dog's
  obey'd in office.                       Shaksp.
2. One  who  cultivates  ground, whether
   his own or another's.
    Nothing is of greater prejudice  to the farmer
  than the stocking of his land with cattle larger than
  it will bear.                        Mortimer.
Fa'rmost, far'most.  adj.  [superlative  of
  far.]  Most distant; remotest.
    A spacious cave, within its farmost part,
  Was hew'd and  fashion'd by  laborious art,
  Through the hill's hollow sides.          Dryden,
Fa'rness,  far'nes. to. s. [from far.]   Dis-
   tance;  remoteness.
    Their nearness on  all quarters to the enemy, and
  their farness from timely succour by their friends,
  have forced toe commanders to call forth the utter-
  most number  of able hands to fight.        Careto.
Farra'ginous,' far-raclje'e-nils. adj. [from
  farrago, Latin.]   Formed of different
   materials.
    Being a confusion of knaves and fools,  and  a
  farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers,
  sexes, and ages, it is but natural if their determina-
  tions be monstrous,  and many  ways inconsistent
  with truth.                            Brown.
FAR HA'GO,  far-ra'g6." to. a.  [Latin.]  A
   mass formed confusedly of  several in-
   gredients; a medley.

FA'RRIER, far're-ur. to. a.  [ferrier, Fr.
  ferrarius,  Lat.]
I. A  shoer of horses.
    But the utmost exactness in these particulars be-
  long to farriers, saddlers, smiths, and other trades-
  men.                                 Digby.
 2.  One who professes  the  medicine  of
   horses.
    If you are a piece of a farrier, as every groom
  ought to be, get sack, or strong-beer,  to rub  your
  horses.                                Swift.
 To Fa'rrier, far're-ur. v. to.  [from  the
   noun.]  To practise physick or chirur-
   gery on horses.
    There are many pretenders to the art of farrier-
  ing and cowleeching, yet many of them are very
  ignorant.                           Mortimer.
Fa'rrow, far'ro.327 to. *.  [pearth, Saxon.]
   A  litter of pigs.
    Pour in sow's blood that hath litter'd
  Her nine farrow.                       Shaksp.
 To Fa'rrow, far'ro. v. a.  To bring pigs.
   It  is used only of swine.
    Sows ready to farrow this time of toe year.
                                        Tusser.
    The swine, although multiparous, yet being  bi-
  sulcous, and only  cloven-hoofed,  is farrowed with
  open eyes, as other bisulcous animals.     Brmcn.
    Ev'n her, who did her numerous offspring boast,
  As fair and fruitful as the sow that carry'd
  The thirty pigs at one large litter farrow'd. Dryd.
FART,  fart. to. s.  [f epc,  Sax.]   Wind
  from behind.
    Love is the fart
  Of every heart;
  It pains a man when 'tis kept close;
  And others doth offend, when 'tis let loose.
                                     Suckling.
To Fart, fart. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
  break wind behind.
    As when we a gun discharge,
  Although the bore be ne'er so large,
  Before the flame from muzzle burst,
  Just at the breech it flashes first;
  So from my lord his passion broke,
  He  farted  first, and then he spoke.        Swift.
Fa'rther, far'THer. adv.  [This word  is
  now generally  considered   as the  com-
  parative degree of far; but by no ana-
  logy can far make farther or Jarthest:
  it is therefore probable, that the  anci-
  ent orthography  was nearer  the  true,
  and that we ought to write further and
  furthest, from forth, forther, forlhest,
  porifcop,  pup.bep.,  Saxon; the o and u,
  by  resemblance  of  sound,  being  first
  confounded in speech,  and afterward
  in  books ]   At a greater distance; to a
  greater  distance;  more remotely; be-
  yond;  moreover.
    To make a perfect  judgment  of good pictures,
  when compared with  one  another, besides rules,
  there is farther required  a long conversation wito
  the best pieces.                       Dryden.
    They  contented  themselves with  the opinions,
  fashions, and things of their country, without look-
  ing any farther.                        Locke.
Fa'rther, far'THer.98fld/. [supposed from
  Jar,  more probably  from forth,  and to
  be  written,further.]
I. More remote.
    Let me add a farther truth, that without ties  of
  gratitude, I have a particular inclination to ho iour
  you.                                 Diyden.
2. Longer; tending to greater distance.
    Before our farther way the fates allow,
  Here must we fix on high the golden bough.  Dryd.
Fa'htherance,  lar'THer-anse. to. s. [more
  properly furtherance  from further,]
  Encouragement; promotion.
    That was the foundation of the learning I have. 
FAR                                     FAS                                       FAS
  and of all the furtherance that I have obtained.
                                      Ascham.
Farthermo're,  far-Tiier-more'.    adv.
   [more properly furthermore.] Besides;
   moreover;  likewise.
    Furthermore, the leaves, body, and boughs of this
  tree, by so much exceed other plants, as the great-
  est  men of power and worldly ability surpass  the
 . meanest.                             Raleigh.
 1 o Fa'rther, far'THer. v. a. [more pro-
   per  To  further.]  To  promote;  to fa-
   cilitate; to advance.
    He had  farthered or hindered the taking of  the
  town.                               Dryden.
 Fa'rthest, far'THest. adv. [more proper-
   ly  furthest.  See   Farther.]   At  the
   greatest distance;  to  the  greatest dis-
   tance.
 Fa'rthest, far'THest. adj. Most distant;
   remotest.
    Yet it must be withal considered, toat toe great-
  est  part of the world are they which be farthest
  from perfection.                       Hooker.
 Fa'rthixg, far'THing. to.  s.  [peorifcling,
   Saxon, from peopert, four, that is, the
   fourth part of a penny.]
 I. The  fourth of a penny;  the smallest
   English coin.
    A farthing is the least denomination or fraction
   of money used in England.              Cocker.
    Else all those things we toil  so hard in,
  Would not avail one single farthing.        Prior.
    You are not obliged to take money not of gold or
  silver; not the halfpence or farthings of England.
                                         Swift.
 2. Copper money.
    The parish  find, 'tis true; but our churchwar-
        dens
  Feed on the silver, and give  us the farthings. Gay.
 3. It is used sometimes  in a  sense hyper-
   bolical:  as,  it is  not worth a farthing;
   or proverbial.
    His son builds on, and never is content
   'Till the last farthing is in structure spent.  Dryd.
 4. A kind  of division of land.   Not in use.
    Thirty  acres make a/arfaing-land;  nine far-
   things a Cornish acre; and  four Cornish  acres a
   knight's fee.                           Carew.
 Fa'rthingale, far'THing-gal.  to. s.  [This
   word has much exercised the etymology
   of Skinner, who at last seems to deter-
   mine that it is derived from vertu garde:
   if he had considered what  vert signifies
   in Dutch,  he might have found out the
   true sense.]  A  hoop; circles of whale-
   bone used to spread  the petticoat to a
   wide circumference.
     With silken coats, and caps, and golden rings,
   With ruffs, and cuffs,  and farthingales and things.
                                       Shaksp.
             Tell  me,
   What compass will  you wear your 'arthhgale?
                                       Shaksp.
         Arthur wore in hall
   Round table, like a farthinzal.        Hudibras.
     Some will have it that it portends the downfal of
   the French king; and observe, that the farthingale
   appeared  in England  a little before the ruin of the
   Spanish monarchy.                    Addison.
             She seems a medley of all ages,
   With a huge farthingale to swell her fustian stuff,
   A new commode, a topknot and a ruff.      Swift.
 FA'RTHiNGSwoRTH,far'Tningz-wurth. to. s.
   [farthing  and  worth.]   As  much as is
   sold for a farthing.
    They  are thy customers: I hardly ever sell them
   a farthingsworth  of any thing.        Arbuthnot.
FA'SCES,i'as'sez. to. s. [Latin.] Rods an-
   ciently carried  before the consuls as a
   mark  of their authority.
    The duke beheld, like Scipio, wito disdain,
  That Carthage, which he ruin'd, rise once more;
  And shook aloft the fasces of the main,
  To fright those slaves with what they felt before.
                                      Dryden.
FA' SCIA, fash'e-a. to.  s. [Latin.]  A  fillet;
   a bandage.
Fa'sctated, fash'e-a-ted. adj.  [from  fas-
   cia]   Bound with  fillets;  tied with a
   bandage.                            Diet.
Fascia'tion, fash-e-a'shiln.368 to. s.  [from
  fascia.] Bandage; the act or manner of
   binding diseased parts.
    Three especial sorts offasciation, or rowling have
  the worthies of our profession commended to poste-
  rity.                                Wiseman.
To FA'SCINATE, fas'se-nate. v. a. [fas-
   cino,  Lat.] To  bewitch;  to enchant; to
   influence  in some wicked and  secret
   manner.
    There be none of the affections which have been
  noted to fascinate or  bewitch, but love and envy.
                                        Bacon.
    Such a fascinating sin this is, as allows men no
  liberty of consideration.          Decay of Piety.
Fascina'tion, fas-se-na'shun.  to. s.  [from
  fascinate.] The  power or act of be-
   witching; enchantment;  unseen   inex-
   plicable influence.
    He had such a crafty and bewitching fashion,
  both  to move pity and to induce belief,  as was like
  a kind offascination and enchantment to those that
  saw him or heard him.                  Bacon.
    The Turks hang old rags, or such like ugly things,
  upon their fairest horses, and other goodly crea-
  tures, to secure them against fascination.   Waller.
    There  is a certain bewitchery or fascination in
  words, which makes  toem  operate with a forte  be-
  yond  what we can naturally give an account of.
                                        South.
FA'SCIJ\"E, fas-sene'.113  to. *. [French.
   A fagot.  Military  cant.
    The  Black Prince passed many a river without
  the help of pontoons, and filled a ditch with fagots
  as successfully as the generals of our times do with
  fascines.                   Addison's Spectator.
Fa'scinous, fas'se-nils. adj.  [fascinum,
   Lat.] Caused or acting by witchcraft, or
   enchantment. Not in use.
    I shall not discuss the possibility of fascinous dis-
  eases, farther than refer to experiment.    Harvey.
FA'SHION, fash'un.  n. s.  [facon,  Fr.
  facies, Latin.]
1.  Form;  make;  state of  any thing with
   regard to its outward appearance.
    They pretend themselves grieved at our solemni-
  ties in erectiDg churches, at toeir form and fashion,
  at the stateliness of them and costliness, and at  the
  opinion which we have of them.          Hooker.
    The fashion of his countenance was altered.
                                        Luke.
    Stand these poor people's friend.
  —I will,
  Or let me lose the fashion of a man.   Shakspeare.
2.  The  make  or cut of clothes.
    I'll be at charges for a looking-glass,
  And  entertain a score or two of taylors,
  To study fashions to  adorn my body.   Shakspeare.
    You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred; only
  1 do not like the fashion of your garments. Sfiafcsp.
3.  Manner; sort; way.
           For that I  love your daughter
  In such a righteous/as/uon as 1 do,
  Perforce against all checks, rebukes, and manners,
  I must advance.        Meny Wives of Windsor.
        Pluck Casca by toe sleeve,
  And he will, after his sour fashion, tell you
  What hath proceeded.     Shakspeare's J. Censor
    The commissioners either pulled down or defa-
  ced all  images in churches; and that in such nn-
  seasonable and unseasoned fashion,  as if it had
  been done in hostility against them.     Hayward.
4. Custom operating- upon dress, or any
   domestick  ornaments.
             Here's the note,
  How much your chain weighs to the utmost carat
  The fineness ofthe gold, the chargeful/as/iion.
                                    Sliakspeare.
5. Custom; general practice.
    Zelmane again, with great admiration, begun t«
  speak of him; asking whether it were the fashion
  or no,  in  Arcadia, that  shepherds should perform
  such  valorous enterprizes?               Sidney.
    Though the truth  of  this hath been universally
  acknowledged, yet because the fashion ofthe age is
  to  call every thing into question, it  will be requi-
  site to satisfy men's reason about it.     TUlotson.
    No wonder  that pastorals are fallen into dises-
  teem, together with that/os/tion of life upon which
  they  were grounded.                    Walsh.
    It was not easily reconciled to the common me-
  thod ; but then it was the fashion to do such things.
                                    Arbuthnot.
6. Manner imitated from another; way es-
   tablished by precedent.
    Sorrow so royally in you appears,
  That I will deeply put the fashion on,
  And wear it in my heart.            Shakspeare.
7. General approbation; mode.
    A young gentleman accommodates himself to the
  innocent diversions in fashion.            Locke.
    His panegyricks were bestowed only on such per-
  sons as he  had familiarly known, and only at such
  times as others cease to praise, when out of power,
  or out of fashion.                        Pmt,
8. Rank;  condition above the  vulgar. Il
   is used in a sense below that of quality.
    It is strange that men offashion, and gentlemen,
  should so grossly belie their own knowledge. Raleigh.
   Any  thing  worn.
    Now, by this maiden blossom in my hand,
  I scorn thee and thy fashion, peevish boy. Shaksp.
10. The farcy, a distemper in horses; the
  horses leprosy.  A barbarous word.
    His horse is possest with the glanders, infected
  wito the fashions, and full of windgalls.   Shaksp.
To Fa'shion, fash'un. v. a.  [fa$onner,Yx.
  from the noun.]
1. To form; to mould; to figure.
    He loves me well, and I have given him reasons!
  Send him but hither, and I'll fashion him.
                      Shakspeare's Julius Cozsar.
    Did not he that made me in the womb, make
  him?  And did not one fashion us in toe womb? Job.
    The graves of the rebellious generations were al-
  ready fashioned in the  clouds,  which soon  after
  should swallow up all living creatures.    Raleigh.
    The rib he form'd and/asaicm'cf with his hands;
  Under his forming hands a creature grew,
  Man like, but  different sex.             Jtfiffon.
    Inability will every one find in himself, who
  shall  go  about to fashion in his  understanding any
  simple idea, not received by his senses from exter-
  nal objects, or by reflection from the operations of
  his mind about them.                   Locke.
    How could this noble fabrick be design'd,
  And fashion'd by a maker brute and blind?
  Could it of art such miracles invent?
  And raise a beauteous world of such extent?
                                    Blackmore.
    A different toil another forge employs,
  Here toe loud  ham mer/asftions female toys:
  Each trinket that adorns the modern dame,
  First to these little artists ow'd its frame.     Gay.
2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate.
    Laws ought  to he fashioned unto the manners and
  conditions of the people to whom they are meant, 
FAS
FAS
FAS
  and not to be imposed upon them according to the
  simple rule of right.                    Spenser.
    Ne do, I doubt, but that ye well can fashion
  Yourselves thereto, according to occasion.
                                 Hubberd's Tale.
    Nature, as it grows again tow'rds earth,
  Isfashion'd for the journey, dull and heavy.
                            Shakspeare's Timon.
                   This cardinal,
  Though from an humble stock undoubtedly,
  Was/os/iton'ci to much honour from his cradle.
                                    Shakspeare.
3. To counterfeit;  not used.
    It better fits my blood to be disdained of all, than
  to fashion a carriage to rob love from any.  Shaksp.
4. To make according to the rule  prescri-
   bed by custom.
    The value ofthe labour employed about one parcel
  of silver more than another, makes a difference in
  their price; and  thus fashioned plate sells for more
  than its weight.                         Locke.
Fa'shionable, fash'un-a-bl.  adj.  [from
  fashion.]
1. Approved  by  custom;  established  by
   custom;  modish.
    The eminence of your condition will invite  gen-
  tlemen to the study of nature, and make philosophy
  fashionable.                          Glanville.
    Examine how the  /asfcionobfe practice  of toe
  world can be reconciled to this important doctrine
  of our religion.                         Rogers.
    'Tis  prevailing example that hath now made it
  fashionable.                           Bentley.
2.  Made according  to the  mode.
    Rich, fashionable robes her person deck;
  Pendants her ears, and pearls adorn her neck.
                                 Dryden's Ovid.
3. Observant of the mode.
    Time is like a fashionable host,
  That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand;
  But with his arms outstretch'd,  as he would fly,
  Grasps in the comer: welcome  ever smiles,
  And farewell goes out sighing.        Shakspeare.
4. Having rank above the  vulgar, and be-
   low nobility.
Fa'shion/vbleness, fash'dn-a-bl-nes. «. s.
   [from fashionable.]  Modish elegance;
   such appearance as is according  to  the
   present custom.
    Why  should  they not continue  to value them-
  selves for this outside fashionableness of the taylor or
  tirewoman's making,  when their parents have so
  early instructed them to do so?             Locke.

Fa'shionably, fash'un-a-ble.  adv.  [from
  fashionable.] In  a manner  conformable
   to custom;   with modish elegance.
    He must at length die dully of old age at home,
  when here he might so fashionably and genteelly
  have been duelled or fluxed into another world.
                                         South.
Fa'shionist,  fash'nn-ist.   n. s.  [from  fa-
   shion]  A follower of the mode; a fop;  a
   coxcomb.                            Diet.

To FAST, fast.?9 v. to. [fastan,  Gothick;
   pjer can, Saxon.]
i. To abstain from food.
    Our love is not so great, Hortensio,
  But we may blow our nails together,
  And fast it fairly out.                Shakspeare.
    I had  rather fast from all four days,  than drink
  so much in one.      Shakspeare's Ant. and Cleop.
    We have some meats,  and breads,  and drinks,
  which taken by men enable thcin to fast long after
                          Bacon's New Atlantis.
2. To mortify the  body  by  religious  ab-
   stinence.
    When thou/asfesf, anoint thy head and wash thy
  face, toat thouappear not unto men to fast. Matthew.
    Last night the very god shew'd me a vision:
  I fast, and pray'd for their intelligence.  Shakspeare.
Fast, fast.  to.  s. [from the verb.]
1. Abstinence from food.
    A thousand men have broke their fasts to-day,
  That ne'er shall dine, unless thou yield the crown.
                                     Shakspeare.
    Where will  this end?  Four times ten  days I've
      past,
  Wand'ring this woody maze, and human food
  Nor tasted,  nor had appetite;  that/osf
  To virtue I  impute not, nor count part
  Of what I suffer here.                   Milton.
    Happy and innocent were the ages of our forefa-
  thers, who broke their fasts with herbs and roots,
  and when they were  permitted flesh,  eat it only
  dressed with hunger and fire.              Taylor.
    She's gone unkindly, and refus'd to cast
  One glance  to feed me for so long a fast.   Dryden.
2. Religious mortification  by  abstinence;
   religious humiliation.
    We humble ourselves  before  God this day, not
  merely by toe outward solemnities of a fast, but by
  afflicting our souls as well as bodies for our sins.
                                     Atterbury.
    Nor pray'is nor fasts its stubborn pulse restrain;
  Nor tears, for  ages, taught to flow in vain.  Pope.
Fast,  fast. adj. [paeyt, Saxon.]
1. Firm; immoveable.
    He by his strength setteth/osf mountains.   Psa
    Last the sire and his three sons,
  With their four wives; and God made fast the door.
                                        Jtfiffon.
                 Be sure to find,
  What I have foretold thee, many a hard essay
  Of dangers, and adversities, and pains,
  Ere thou of Israel's sceptre get fast hold.   Milton.
2. Strong;  impregnable.
    England, by report ofthe Chronicles, was infest-
  ed  with robbers and outlaws;  which, lurking in
  woods and fast places, used often to  break forth to
  rob and spoil.                         Spenser.
3. Fixed;  adhering; not separable.
    Lodronius with the breaking in of the horsemen,
  was driven into a marsh; where, after that, he be-
  ing almost fast in  the deep mud, had done the ut-
  termost, he  yielded himself.              Knolles.
    A man in a boat, who tugs at a rope that's fast
  to  a ship, looks as if he resolved to draw the ship
  to him.                                Temple.
4. Deep; sound.
    I have seen her rise from her bed, take paper,
  fold it, seal it, and again return to bed: yet all
  this while in a most fast sleep.        Shakspeare.
5. Firm in  adherence.
    Quick wits be in desire new-fangled; in purpose,
  unconstant;  light to promise  any thing,  ready to
  forget every thing,  both benefit  and injury, and
  thereby neither fast to friend, nor fearful to foe.
                          Ascham's Schoolmaster.
6. [from ffest, Welsh, quick.]  Speedy;
   quick; swift.  It  may be doubted whe-
   ther this sense be not always adverbial.
    This work goeth fast on and prospereth.    Ezra.
    Skill comes so slow, and life so fast doth fly,
  We learn so little, and forget so much.    Davies.
    The prince groweth up fast to be a man, and is
  of a sweet and excellent disposition:  it would be a
  stain upon you  if you should mislead, or suffer him
  to  be misled.                 Bacon to Villiers.
7. Fast and  loose. Uncertain;  variable;
   inconstant;  deceitful.
    A rope of fair pearl, which now hiding, now hid-
  den by the  hair, did, as it were,  play at fast and
  loose each with other,  giving and receiving rich-
  ness.                                  Sidney.
    If she perceived by his outward cheer,
  That any would his love by talk  bewry,
    Sometimes  she  heard  him, sometimes stopt her
      ear,
  And play'd/asf ana" foose the live-long day.
                                        Fairfax.
     The folly and  wickedness of men, that think to
  play fast and loose with God almighty! L'Estrange.
     If they cohered, yet by  the next conflict ivith
  other atoms they might be separated again; and so
  on in an eternal vicissitude of fast and loose, with-
  out ever consociating into the huge condense bodies
  of planets.                             Bentley.
Fast, fast. adv.
1.  Firmly; immoveably.
     Bind the boy, which you shall find with me,
  Fasf to the chair.         Shakspeare's King John
     This love of theirs myself have often seen,
  Haply when they have judg'd me fast asleep.
                                     Shakspeare.
2.  Closely; nearly.  In this sense it is uni-
   ted with some other  word, as by, or be-
   side.
     Barbarossa left fourteen gallies in  the lake;  but
  the tacklings,  sails, oars, and ordnance he had laid
  up in toe castle fast by.                  Knolles.
               Siloa's brook that flow'd
  Fasf by the oracle of God.  MiUon's Paradise Lost.
    Let purling streams be in her fancy seen,
  And flow'ry meads, and vales of cheerful green;
  And in the midst of deathless groves
     Soft sighing wishes lie,
    And smiling hopes fast by,
  And just beyond 'em ever-laughing loves.  Dryden.
     Fast by the  throne obsequious fame resides,
  And wealth incessant rolls her golden tides.  Pope.
    Well-known to me the palace you inquire;
  For fast beside it dwells my honour'd sire.    Pope.
     Here o'er the martyr-king toe marble weeps,
  And fast beside him once fear'd Edward sleeps.
                                          Pope.
3.  Swiftly; nimbly.
    I would give a thousand pound I could  run as
  fast as thou canst.         Shakspeare's Henry IV.
    There streams a spring of blood so fast,
  From those deep wounds, as all  embru'd the face.
                                        JDanief.
    The heaviest muse the swiftest course  has gone,
  As clocks run fastest when most  lead  is on.   Pope.
    You are to look upon me as one going fast out of
  the world.                               Swift.
4. Frequently.
    Being  tried only with a  promise, he gave full
  credit to that  promise,  and  still gave evidence of
  his fidelity as fast as occasions were offered.
                       Hammond's Pract. Catech.
To Fa'sten,  fas's'n.  v.  a. [from fast.]
1.  To make   fast; to make  firm; to  fix
  immoveably.
    A mantle coming under her right arm, and cover-
  ing most of that side, had no fastening on the left
  side.                                  Sidney.
    Moses reared up toe tabernacle, and fastened his
  sockets.                               Exodus.
    By chance a ship was fasten'd to the shore,
  Which from old Clusium king Osinius bore.
                                Dryden's .Eneid-
2.  To hold together; to  cement; to link.
    She had all magnetick force alone,
  To draw and fasten sundred parts in one.    Donne.
    In the sea-coast of India there is no iron,  which
  flies not like a bird unto those mountains, and there-
  fore their ships are/asfeneef with wood.    Brown.
3. To affix; to conjoin.
    The  words Whig and Tory have been pressed to
  the service of many successions  of parties, with ve-
  ry different ideas fastened to them.          Sicifj.
4.  To stamp; to impress;  to fix.
             Thinking, by this face,
  To fasten in our thoughts  that they have courage;
  But 'tis  not so.        Shakspeare's Julius Caesar.
5.  To unite inseparably.
    Their  oppressors  have changed the scene, and
  combated  the opinions in their true shape, upon
  which they could not so well/asfen toeir disguise.
                                 Decay of Piety 
FAS
FAT
FAT
 6.  To lay on with strength.
     Could he fasten a blow,  or  make a thrust, when
   not suffered to approach?                Dryden
 To Fa'sten, fasVn.v» v. to. To fix himself
     This paucity of blood may be observed in other
   sorts of lizards, in frogs and other fishes; and there-
   fore an horse-leech will hardly fasten upon a fish.
                         Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Hefasten'd on my neck, and bellow'd out
   As he'd burst heaven.               Shakspeare.
     The wrong judgment that misleads us, and makes
   the will often fasten on the worse side, lies in mis-
   reporting upon comparisons.               Locke.
 FA'sTENER,fas's'n-ilr. n.a. [from/as*e?TO.]
    One that  makes fast or firm.
 Fa'ster,  fast'ilr.98  «. a.  [from fast] He
    who abstains from food.     Ainsworth.
 Fa'sthanded, fast'hand-ed. adj. [fast and
    hand.]  Avaricious; closehanded;  close
    fisted; covetous.
     The king being/osf/tancfecf, and loth to part with
   a second dowry, prevailed with the prince to  be
   contracted with toe princess Catharine.     Bacon.
 FASTiDio'siTY,fas-tid-e-6s'e-te.TO. s. [from
   fastidious/]  Disdainfulness; contemptu-
    ousness.  "                         Swift.
 FASTI'DIOUS, fas-tid'e-us or fas-tld'je-
    US-293 234 ac[j% [jastidiosus, Lat. fastidi-
    eux,fastidieuse,Fr.]  Disdainful; squea-
    mish; delicate to a vice; insolently  nice.
     Reasons plainly delivered, and  always after one
   manner, especially with fine and fastidious minds,
   enter but heavily and dully.               Bacon.
     Let their fastidious vain
   Commission of the brain,
   Run on and rage, sweat, censure, and condemn,
   They were not made for thee, less thou for them.
                                    Ben Jonson.
     A squeamish fastidious niceness,  in meats and
   drinks must be cured by starving.     L'Estrange.
     All  hopes,  raised upon the promises or supposed
   kindnesses of the fastidious and fallacious great
   ones of the world, shall fail.              South.
 Fasti'diously,  fas-tid'e-us-le  or  fas-tid-
    je'us-le.393 234 adv,  [{Tom fqstidioua.]
    Disdainfully,  contemptuously;  squea-
    mishly.
     Their sole talent is pride and  scorn; they look
   fastidiously and speak disdainfully, concluding if a
   man shall fall short of their garniture at their knees
   and elbows, he is much inferiour to  them  in the
   furniture of his head.          Gov. ofthe Tongue.
 FASTi'GiATED,fas-tidje'e-a-ted. adj.  [fas-
    tigiatus, Lat.] Roofed;  narrowed up to
    the  top.                             Diet.
 Fa'stingday,  fast'ing-da.  to. *. [fast and
    day.]  Day of mortification by religious
    abstinence.
     Do not call it a fastingday,  unless it also be a
   day of extraordinary devotion and of alms.
                      Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
 Fa'stness, fast'nes. to. s. [from/as*.]
 1. State of being fast.
 2. Firmness; firm  adherence.
     Such as had given the king distaste, did contend
   by their forwardness to show it was but their fast-
   ness to toeir former government, and  that those af-
   fections ended with the time.            Bacon.
 3.  Strength; security.
    All the places are cleared, and places offastness
  laid open, which are the proper walls and castles
   of the Irish, as they were of toe British in the time
  of Agricola.                  Davies on L eland.
    The foes had left the fastness  of their place,
  Prevail'd in fight, and had his men in chase.
                               Dryden's AZneid.
4.  A strong place; a  place not  easily  for-
   ced.
     If his adversary be not well aware of him, he en-
   trenches himself in a  new fastness, and holds out
   the siege with a new artillery.            Wafts.
 j. Closeness; conciseness; not  diffusion.
    Not used.
     Bring his stile from all loose grossness to such
   firm fast ness in Latin, as in Demosthenes. Ascham.
 Fa'stuous, fas'tshu-tis.46-* adj. [fastuoaua,
    Lat. fastueux, faatueuac, Fr.]  Proud;
    haughty.                            Diet.
 FAT, fat. adj. [jraet, Saxon]
 I. Full-fed; plump; fleshy:  the contrary
    to lean.
     When gods have hot backs, what shall poor men
   do?  For me,  1 am  here a Windsor stag, and  the
  fattest, I think, i' th' forest.           Shakspeare.
                    Let our wives
   Appoint a meeting with this old/of fellow.  Shaksp.
   'Tis a fine thing to he fat and smooth.  L'Estrange.
     Spare diet and labour will keep constitutions,
   where this  disposition is the  strongest, from being
  fat; you may see in an army forty thousand foot-
   soldiers, without a fat man; and 1 dare affirm, that
   by plenty and rest twenty of  the forty shall  grow
  fat.                                Arbuthnot.
 2.  Coarse;  gross, [fat, Fr.]
             We 're hurry'd down
   This lubrique and adult'rateage:
   Nay, added fat pollutions of our own,
   T' increase the steaming ordures of toe stage.
                                       Dryden.
 3.  Dull.
    0 souls! in whom no heav'nly fire is  found,
   Fat minds, and ever-grov'ling  on the ground.
                                      Dryden.
 I.  Wealthy; rich.
    Some are allured to law, not on the contempla-
  tion of equity, but on the promising and pleasing
  thoughts of  litigious terms, fat contentions,  and
  flowing fees.                          Jtfiffon.
    These were terrible alarms to persons grown fat
  and wealthy by a long and successful imposture.
                                        South.
    A fat benefice is that which so abounds with an
  estate and revenues, that a man may expend a great
  deal in delicacies of eating and drinking.  Ayliffe.
Fat, fat.  to. a.  An oily  and  suiphureous
   part of the blood; deposited in the cells
   of the membrana adiposa, from the in-
   numerable  little  vessels   which   are
   spread amongst  them.  The  fat is to be
   found  immediately  under  the skin, in
   most parts of the body. There are two
   sorts of fat; one yellow, soft,  and  lax;
   easily melted; another firm, white, brit-
   tle, and not so  easily  melted, called
   suet or tallow. Some reckon the  mar-
   row of the bones for a third sort of fat.
                                     Quincy.
    In this ointment toe strangest and hardest ingre-
  dients to come by, are toe  moss upon the skull of a
  dead  man unburied, and the fats of a  boar and a
  bear, killed in the act of generation.      Bacon.
    This membrane separates an oily liquor  called
 fat: when the fibres are lax, and the aliment too re-
  dundant, great part of it is converted into this oily
J1(f"or-    „                        Arbuthnot.
to 1-at, fat. v. a.  [from  the  noun.] To
  make fat; to fatten; to make plump and
  fleshy with abundant food.
            Oh how this villany
  Doth fat me with the  very thoughts of it!  Shaksp.
                Ere this
  I should have fatted all the region kites
  With this slave's offal.             Shakspeare.
    They fat such enemies as they take in the wars,
  toat they may devour them.               .4&6«if
    The Caribbees were wont to geld their children'
 on purpose to fat and eat them.           £,ocfo
      Cattle fatted by good pasturage, after violent mo-
    tion, sometimes die suddenly.         Arbuthnot.
  To Fat,  fat. v. to.  To grow fat; to grow
     full-fleshed.
          Clarence, he is well repaid;
    He is frank'd up to fatting for his pains.   Shakso
      The one labours in his duty  with a good con
    science, the other, like a beast, but /affino- UD Z
    the slaughter                      L'2*fr£^
      An old ox fats as well, and is as good, as a young!
  v    r*.       r      o             Mortimer.
    ,T' .  :  n' *' LFaeC> Saxon; vatte, Dutch.
    This is generally written vat.] A  ves-
    sel in which any thing is put to ferment
    or be soaked.
      The fats shall overflow with wine and oil.  J0e/
      A white stone used for flagging floors, for cisterns
   and tanners' fats.                    Woodward
 FA'TAL, fa'tal. adj.  [fatalia, Lat.  faZ
    Fr.]

   . Deadly; mortal; destructive; causing de-
    struction.
      O fatal maid! thy marriage is endow'd
   With Phrygian, Latian, and Rutilian blood. Dryd
      A palsy in the brain is most dangerous; when it
   seizeth the heart, or organs of breathing, fated.
    r>      j-     .              .     Arbuthnot.
    Proceeding by  destiny;  inevitable;  ne.
    cessary.
     Others  delude toeir trouble by a graver  wav of
   reasoning, that  these things are fatal and necessarv
   it being m vain to be troubled  at that which we
   cannot help                          Tulolsm
 3. Appointed by  destiny.
     It was fatal to the king to fight for his money;
   and though he avoided to fight with enemies abroad
   yet he was still enforced to fight for it with rebels
   athome"                               Bacon.
                   It was
   Still fatal to stout Hudibras,
   In all his feats of arms, when least
   He dreamt of it, to prosper best.       Hudibras.
     Behold  the destin'd place of your abodes;
   For thus Anchises prophecy'd of  old,
   And thus our fatal place of rest foretold.  Dryden.
                 O race divine;
   For beauty still is fatal to the line.       Dryden.

Fa'talist,  fa'tal-list.  «.  *.  [from fate]
   One who maintains that all things hap-
   pen by inevitable necessity.
     Will the obstinate fatalists find sufficient apology?
                                         Watts
Fata'litv, fa-tal'e-te. to. a.  [fatalite, Fr.;
   from  fatal.]
1. Predestination; predetermined order or
   series of things and  events; preordina-
   tion of inevitable causes acting invinci-
   bly in perpetual succession.
    The stoicks held a fatality, and a fixed unaltera-
  ble course  of events; but then they held also, that
  they fell out by a necessity emergent from and inhe-
  rent in  toe things themselves, which God himself
  could not alter                          s<m/ft,
2. Decree of fate.
    By a strange fatality men suffer their dissenting
  to be drawn into the stream of the present vogue.
     m  (U  . ,.   ,                 King CharUt.
    All  the father's precaution could not secure the
  son from the fatalUy of dying by a lion. L'Estrange.
3. lendency to danger; tendency to some
   great or hazardous event.

  «r lrZtimtS SCVfn'or forty-°in'e, nine  times nine,
  or eighty-one, and seven times nine, or the years^
  S*H?ehi ,s,<;onceived to carry with it the most
  considerable-.fatality                    ^^
Fa tally,  fa'tal-ie. adv. [from fatal.]
I. Mortally; destructively; even to death.

  Th!» L'Jnf1 hJ° ^"sP^t, Pure and clear,
  That had the self-enamour'd youth gaz'd here, 
FAT
FAT
FAT
   So fatally deceiv'd he had not been,
   While he the bottom, not his face, had seen.
                                      Denham.
     'Tis toe procession of a funeral vow,
   Which cruel laws to Indian wives allow,
   When fatally their virtue toey approve;
   Cheerful in flames, and martyrs of their love. Dryd.
 2. By  the decree of fate; by inevitable and
   invincible- determination.
     To say toat the world was made casually by the
   concurrence of atoms, is to affirm toat toe atoms
   composed toe world mechanically and fatally; only
   they were not sensible of it.            Bentley.
 Fa'talness, fa'tal-nes. to. *. [from fatal.]
    Invincible necessity.

 FATE, fate. «. *  [fatum, Lat]
 1. Destiny; an eternal series of successive
    causes.
             Necessity or chance
   Approach not ine; and what I will is fate. Milton.
         There is a necessity in fate
   Why  still the brave bold man is fortunate. Dryden.
         You must obey  me soon or late;
   Why  will you vainly struggle with your fate? Dryd.
     When empire in its  childhood  first appears,
   A watchful fate o'ersees its rising years.  Dryden.
     Random chance, or  wilful fate
   Guides toe shaft from Cupid's bow.    A. Philips.
 2. Event predetermined.
     Tell me what fates attend the duke of  Suffolk?
   By water shall  he die, and take his end.  Shaksp.
 3. Death; destruction.
     Viewing a neighbouring hill, whose top of late
   A chapel crown'd, 'till in the common fate
   Th' adjoining abbey fell.               Denham.
     Looking, he feeds alone his famish'd eyes;
   Feeds ling'ring death, but looking not he dies:
   Yet still he chose the longest way to fate,
   Wasting at once his life and his estate.   Dryden.
     Courage uncertain dangers may abate;
   But who can bear th' approach of certain fate!
                                      Dryden.
        The whizzing arrow sings,
   And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings.  Pope.
 4. Cause of death.
     With full force his deadly bow he bent,
   And feather'd fates among toe mules and  sumpters
         sent.                          Dryden.
 Fa'ted, fa'ted. adj. [from fate]
 1. Decreed by fate.
     She fled her father's rage, and with a train,
   Driv'n by the  southern  blasts,  was fated here to
        reign.                         Dryden.
 2. Modelled in any manner by fate.
     Her aukward love indeed was oddly fated;
   She and her Polly were too near related.     Prior.
 3. Endued with any quality by fate.  The
   stricture used by  Dryden is unusual.
        Bright Vulcanian arms,
   Fafccf  from force of steel by Stygian charms,
  Suspended shone on high.               Dryden.
4. Invested with the power of fatal deter-
   mination.  Peculiar to  Shakspeare.
                The fated sky
  Gives  us free scope.                 Shakspeare.
FATHER, fa'THer.34 •" 98 n. ,. [pseBen,
   Saxon.  This word  is found  likewise in
   the Persian language.]
1. He by whom the son or daughter is be-
   gotten.
    Fafner is a notion superinduced to the substance
  or man, and refers only to an act of that thing call-
  ed man, whereby he contributed to the generation
  of one of his own kind.                 Locke.
    Son  of Bensalem.thy father saith it: the man by
  whom thou hast  breath aud life speaketo toe word.
                                      Bacon.
              He shall forget
 Father  and mother, and to his wife adhere.  Jtfiffon.
      VOL.  I.
    The first ancestor.
                    It was said
   It should not stand in thy posterity j
   But that myself shall be the root and father
   Of many kings.                    Shakspeare.
     Abraham is the father of us all.       Romans.
 3. The appellation of an old man.
     A poor blind man was accounted cunning in prog-
   nosticating weather: Epsom, a lawyer, said in scorn,
   Tell me, father, when  doth the  sun change? The
   old man answered,  When such a wicked lawyer as
   you goeth to heaven.                   Camden.
 4. The title of any man reverend  for age,
    learning, and piety.
     You shall find one well accompanied
   With reverend fathers and well  learned bishops.
                                    Shakspeare.

 5.  One who has given original to any thing
    good or bad.
     Jubal  was toe father of all such as handle the
   harp and organ.                       Genesis.
     Father of verse.                       Pope.
 6.  The ecclesiastical  writers of the first
    centuries.
     Men may talk of the fathers, and magnify toe
  fathers, and seem to make the authority of toe fa-
   thers next to infallible: and yet expose them to con-
   tempt.                           Stillingfleet.
 7.  One who  acts with paternal care and
   tenderness.
     I was a father to  toe poor.                Job.
     He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord
  of all his house.                       Genesis.

 8.  The title of a  popish confessor,  parti-
   cularly of a Jesuit.
             Formal  in apparel,
  In gait and countenance surely like a father.
                                    Shakspeare.
     There was a /affier of a convent, very  much re-
  nowned for his piety  and exemplary life; and as per-
  sons under any  great affliction  applied themselves
  to the most eminent  confessors, our beautiful votary
  took  the  opportunity of confessing herself to this
  celebrated father.                     Addison.
 9  The title of a senator of old Rome.
    From hence toe race of Alban fathers come,
  And the long glories of majestick Rome.  Dryden.
 10. The appellation of the first person of
   the adorable trinity.
    The eternal Son of God esteemed it his  meat and
  drink to do the will of his Father, and  for his obe-
  dience alone obtained the greatest glory.   Taylor.
 11. The compellation of God as creator.
    We have one Father, even God.         John.
    Almighty and most merciful Father. Com. Prayer.
Father-in-law,  fa'rHer-in-law.   to.  s.
  [from father.]  The father of one's hus-
  band or wife.
    I must make my father-in-law a visit wito a great
  train and equipage.                    Addison.
To  Fa'ther, fa/mer. v. a.
1. To take; to adopt as a son or daughter.
              Ay, good youth,
  And rather father thee than master thee.  Shaksp.
 , To   supply  with  a  father, of  certain
  qualities.
    I am no stronger than my sex,
  Being so father'd and so husbanded.   Shakspeare.
    How light and portable my pain seems now,
  When toat which makes  me bend  makes  the king
        bow!
  He childed as I father'd.

  To adopt a composition.
                Men of wit,
 Often father'd what he writ.
  To ascribe  to  any one  as
  or production: with on.

                   4 Y
Shakspeare.
         Swift.
his offspring,
      And lest we seem to father any thing upon them
   more than is toeir own, let them read.    Hooker,
      My name was made use of by several persons,
   one of which was pleased to father on me a new set
   of productions.                          Swift.
     Magical relations comprehend effects derived and
   fathered upon hidden qualities, whereof, from re-
   ceived grounds of art, no reasons are derived. Brown.
 Fa'therhood, fa'THer-hud. n. a. [from
   father.] The character  of a father; the
    authority  of  a  father.
     Who can abide, toat against their own doctors,
   both of the middle and latest age, six whole books
   should by their fatherhoods of Trent be, under the
   pain of a curse, imperiously obtruded upon God and
   his church?                             HaU.
     We might  have had an entire notion of this fa-
   therhood, or fatherly authority.             Locke.
 Fa'therless, fa'THer-l£s. adj.  [from fa-
   ther.]  Wanting a father; destitute of a
   father.
     Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.
                                       Exodus.
     Our fatherless distress was left unmoan'd;
   Your widow dolours likewise be unwept.   Shaksp.
     The fatherless  hath  no friend.          Sandys.
     He caught  his death the last  county sessions,
   where he would  go to see justice done to a poor
   widow woman and her fatherless children. Addison.
 FA'THERLiNEss,fa'THer-le-nes. to. a. [from
   father.]  The tenderness of a father; pa-
   rental kindness.

 Fa'therly, fa'THer-le. adj. [from father.]
   Paternal; like a father; tender; protect-
   ing; careful.
     Let me but move one question to your daughter,
   And, by that fatherly and kindly power
   That you have in  her, bid her answer truly. Shaksp.
     The part which describes toe fire,  I owe to toe
   piety and fatherly affection of our  monarch to his.
   suffering subjects.                      Dryden
 Fa'therly, fa'THer-le. adv. In the manner
   of a father.
     Thus Adam, fatherly displeas'd!
   0 execrable son!  so  to aspire
   Above his brethren!                    Milton.
 FA'THOM,  faTH'um.166  «.  a.  [paebm,
   Sax.]
 1. A  measure  of length   containing six
   feet, or two yards; the space  to which a
   man can extend both arms.
     The extent  of this fathom, or distance between
   the extremity  of the fingers of either hand upon ex-
   pansion, is equal unto the space between toe sole of
   the foot and the crown.                  Brown.
     The arms spread  cross in a  streight line, and
  measured from the end of the  long  finger on one
  hand, to toat of the  other, a measure equal to the
  stature, is named a fathom.              Holder.

 2. It is the  usual measure  applied to the
   depth of the  sea,  whence  the  line for
   sounding is called the fathom line.
        Dive into toe bottom of the  deep,
  Where fathom-line could never touch  the ground.
                                    Shakspeare.
3. Reach;   penetration;  depth  of contri-
   vance; compass of thought.
    Another of his fathom they have none
  To lead their business.                Shakspeare.

 To  Fa'thom, faTH'tim.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]
 1. To encompass with the arms extended
   or encircling.
2. To reach; to master.
    Leave, leave to  fathom such high  points as these;
  Nor be ambitious,  ere the time, to please. Dryden. 
FAT
FAT
FAU
3. To  sound;  to try with respect to  the
   depth.
     'Tis too strong for weak heads to try the heights
  and fathom the depths of his flights.      Feffon.
     Our depths who fathoms.                Pope.
1. To  penetrate into; to find  the bottom
   or utmost extent:  as, / cannot fathom
   his design.
Fa'thomless, faTH'ilm-les. adj. [from fa-
   thom.]
 1. That  of which no bottom can be found.
2. That  of which the circumference  can-
   not  be embraced.
     Will  you with counters sum
   The vast proportion of his infinite;
   And buckle in a waste most fathomless,
   With spans and inches so diminutive
   As fears and reasons?               Shakspeare.
Fati'dical, fa-fid'e-kal.  adj. [fatidicus,
   Lat.; falidique,  Fr.]  Prophetick;  hav-
   ing the power to foretel  future events.
     The  oak, of all other trees only fatidical, told
   them  what a fearful unfortunate business this would
  prove.                               Howel.
Fa'tiferous, fa-tif'fe-rus. adj.  [fatifer,
   Lat.]  Deadly; mortal; destructive. Diet.
FA'TiGABLE,fat'e-ga-bl. adj. [fatigo,Lat.]
   Easily wearied; susceptible  of  weari-
   ness.
To  Fa'tigate, fat'e-gate.91 v.  a. [fatigo,
   Lat.]  To weary; to fatigue;  to tire;  to
   exhaust  with  labour;  to oppress  with
   lassitude. Not in use.
     By  and by toe din of war 'gan pierce
  His ready sense, when straight his doubled spirit
  Requicken'd what in flesh was fatigate,
  And to the battle came he.           Shakspeare.
FATI'GUE,  fa-teeg'.33?  to. s.  [fatigue,
   Fr.;  fatigo, Lat.]
 1. Weariness; lassitude.
2. The cause of weariness; labour; toil.
     The great Scipio  sought honours in his youth,
   and endured the fatigues with which he purchased
   them.                                Dryden.
 To  Fati'gue, fa-teeg'. v. a. [fatiguer,Yr.
  fatigo, Lat.]  To tire;  to weary;  to ha-
   rass with toil; to exhaust with labour.
     The man who struggles in the fight,
   Fatigues left arm as well as right.         Prior.
Fatri'dneyed,  fal'kid-nid.283  adj.  [fat
   and  kidney] Fat:  by way  of reproach
   or contempt.
     Peace, ye fatkidney'd rascal; what a brawling
   do'st Ihou keep!                    Shakspeare.
Fa'tling,  fat'ling.  to. s. [from fat/]   A
   young animal fed fat for the slaughter.
     The  calf and the young lion, and  the fading,
   shall lie down together, and a little child shall lead
   them.                                Isaiah.
Fa'tmer, fat'tn-iir.  to.  s. [from fat.] That
   which gives fatness.
     The wind was west, on which that philosopher
  bestowed the encomium of fatner of the earth.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Fa'tness, fat'nes. n. s. [from  fat.]
I. The quality of being fat, plump, or full-
   fed.
2. Fat; grease; fulness of flesh.
     And by his side rose loathsome gluttony,
  Deformed creature, on a filthy swine;
     His belly was unblown with luxury,
  And eke with fatness swollen were his eyen.
                                  Fairy Qiteen.
3. VJnctuous or greasy matter.
    Earth and water, mingled by toe help of the sun,
  gather a nitrous fatness.                 Bacon.
4. Oleaginousness;  sliminess;  unctuous-
   ness.
    But the olive-tree said unto them, Should Heave
  my fatness wherewith by me they honour God and
  man, and go to be promoted over the trees? Judges.
    By reason of the fatness and heaviness of  the
  ground, Egypt did not produce metals, wood, pitch,
  and some  fruits.                    Arbuthnot.
5. Fertility; fruitfulness.
    God  give thee of the dew of heaven, and  the
  fatness of  the earth, and plenty of corn and wine.
                                       Genesis.
6. That which causes fertility.
                 When around
  The clouds drop fatness, in the middle sky
  The dew suspended staid, and left unmoist
  The execrable glebe.                    Philips.
    Vapours and clouds  feed the plants of  the earth
  with the balm of dews and the fatness  of showers.
                                       Bentley.
To Fa'tten, fat'tn.405 v. a.  [from fat.]
I. To feed; to make fleshy; to  plump with
   fat.
    Frequent blood-letting, in small quantities, often
  increaseto the force of the organs of digestion, and
  fatteneth and increaseto the distemper.  Arbuthnot.
2. To make fruitful.
    Town of stuff to fatten land.  Lib. Londinensis.
           Dare not, on thy life,
  Touch aught of mine;
  This falchion else, not  hitherto withstood,
  These hostile fields shall/affen with thy blood.
                                      Dryden.
3. To feed grossly;  to increase.
            Obscene Orontes
  Conveys his wealth to Tyber's hungry shores,
  And fattens Italy with  foreign whores.    Dryden.
To Fa'tten,  fat'tn.  v. n. [from fat.]  To
   grow fat;  to  be   pampered;  to grow
   fleshy.
    All agree to spoil the publick  good,
  And villains fatten with the brave man's labour.
                                       Olway.
    Apollo check'd my pride, and  bade me  feed
  My fatt'ning flocks, nor dare beyond the reed.
                                      Dryden.
    Yet then this little spot of earth well  till'd,
  A num'rous family with plenty fill'd,
  The good  old man and  thrifty housewife spent
  Their days in peace and fatten'd with content;
  Enjoy'd the dregs of life, and liv'd to see
  A long-descending healthful progeny.     Dnjden.
    Tygers  and wolves shall in the ocean breed,
  The whale and dolphin fatten on the mead,
  And every element exchange its  kind,
  When thriving honesty in courts we find. Granville.
Fa'tty, fat'te. adj. [from fat.]  Unctuous;
   oleaginous;  greasy;  partaking  of the
   nature of fat.
    The like cloud, if oily or fatty, will not discharge;
  not because it sticketh faster, but because air prey-
  eth upon water, and flame and fire upon oil. Bacon.
            The gourd
  And thirsty cucumber,  when they perceive
  Th' approaching olive,  with resentment fly
  Her fatty  fibres, and with tendrils creep
  Diverse, detesting contact.               Philips.
    The common symptoms  of the muriatick scurvy
  are, a saline taste  in  the  spittle, and a lixivial
  urine, sometimes with  a fatty substance like a thin
  skin a-top.                         Arbuthnot.
Fatu'ity, fa-tu'e-te. n. s.   [fatuite, Fr.
   from fatuous.] Foolishness;  weakness
   of  mind; morbidness; feebleness of in-
   tellect.
    It had argued a very short sight  of things, and
  extreme fatuity of  mind in me, to  bind my own
  hands at their request.             King Charles.
    These symptoms were so  high  in some as to pro-
  duce a sort of fatuity of madness.       Arbuthnot.
FA'TUOUS, fatsh'u-fts.*81 adj.  [fatuus,
   Latin.]
1. Stupid;  foolish; feeble of mind.
    We pity or laugh at those fatuous extravagants
  while yet  ourselves have  a considerable dose of
  what makes them so.                 Glanville,
2. Impotent; without force; illusory: allu-
   ding  to an ignis fatuus.
    And when that flame finds combustible earth
  Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth,
                                      Denham.
Fa'twitted, fat'wit-ed. adj. [fat and wit]
   Heavy;  dull; stupid.
    Thou art  so fatwilted with  drinking  old  sack.
  and unbuttoning thee after  supper,  and sleeping
  upon benches in the afternoon, that thou hast for-
  gotten.                               Shaksp,
Fa'ucet, faw'set. to. s.   [fusset, Fr. fau-
   ces, Lat.] The  pipe inserted into a ves-
   sel to give vent to  the liquor,  and stop-
   ped up by a peg or spiggot. It is some-
   times improperly written fosset.
    You  were  out a good wholesome  forenoon in
  hearing a cause  between  an orange-wife and a
  /ossef-seller, and adjourned  a controversy of three
  pence to a second audience.             Shaksp.
    If you are sent down to draw drink,  and find it
  will not run,  blow strongly into the faucet, and it
  will immediately pour into your mouth.    Swift.
Fa'uchion,   fal'shun.  to.  s.   [See Fal-
   chion.]   A crooked sword.
    A stately tomb, whose top a trumpet bore;
  A soldier's fauchion, and a seaman's oar.  Dryd.
FA'UFEL,   faw'fel.  to. a. [French.] The
   fruit of a species of the palm-tree.
Favi'llous, fa-vil'lus. adj. [favilla, Lat]
   Consisting of ashes.
    As to foretelling of strangers, from the fungous
  particles about the  wicks of the candles, it only
  signifieth  a moist air about them  hindering the
  avolation  of light and the favillous particles.
                                       Brown.
Fa'ulcon.   £  c     S Falcon-
Fa'ulconry. 5        ( Falconry.
FAULT, fait.404  to. *.  [faut, faute, Fr.
  faltar, to be deficient,  Spanish.  The-f
  is sometimes  sounded; and  sometimes
  mule.  In conversation  it is generally
   suppressed.]
1. Offence; slight crime; somewhat liable
  to censure or objection.
    The prophet chuseth rather to charge them with
  the  /«tcff of  making a  law unto themselves, than
  the crime of transgressing a  law which  God  had
  made.                               Hooker.
    He finds  no fault with their opinion about the
  true God, but only that it was not clear and distinct
  enough.                           Stillingfleet,
    He that but conceives a crime in thought,
  Contracts the danger of an actual fault:
  Then what must he expect that  still proceeds
  To commit sin, and work up thoughts to deeds?
                                      Dryden-.
    If you like not my poem, the fault may possibly
  be in my writing: but more probably 'tis in your
  morals, which cannot bear the truth of it.  Dryden.
    They wholly mistake  the  nature of criticism,
  who think its business is principally to find fav.lt.
                                      IJiyden-
    To be desirous of a good name, and careful to do
  every thing, that we  innocently may to obtain it, is
  so far from being a fault, even  in private persons,
  that it is their great  and indispensable duty.
                                    Atterbury.
    Before his sacred name flies ev'ry fault,
  And each exalted stanza teems with toought. Pope.
    Which of  our  thrum-cap'd  ancestors  found
       fault,
  For want of sugar-tongs,  or spoons for salt?  A'ing. 
FAY
FAY
FA  V
     Being void of all friendship and enmity, they
   never  complain, nor find fault wito toe times.
                                         Swift.
 2.  Defect; want;  absence.
     I could  tell to thee, as to one it pleases me, for
  fault of a better, to call  my friend, I could be sad,
  and sad indeed too.                     Shaksp.
 3. Puzzle; difficulty:  as, the inquirer is at
   a fault.

 To Fault,  fait, v. to.   [from the  noun.]
   To be wrong; to fail.
     Which moved him rather in eclogues than  other-
  wise to write, minding to furnish our tongue in this
  kind wherein it faulteth.                Spenser.
 To  Fault, fait. v. a.   To charge  with a
   fault; to accuse.
     For  that I will not fault thee,
  But for humbleness  exalt thee.         Ofcf  Song.
 Fa'ulter, fal'ttir. to.  s.  [from fault.] An
   offender; one who commits a fault.
     Then she, behold the faulter here in sight;
  This hand committed toat supposed offence.
                                       Fairfax.
 Fa'ultfinder, falt'find-ur.  to.  s.   [fault
   and find/] A censurer; an objector.
 Fa'ultily, fal'te-le. adv.  [from faulty]
   Not  rightly;  improperly;  defectively;
   erroneously.

 Fa'ultiness, fal'te-nes. n.s. [from faulty'.]
 1. Badness; vitiousness; evil disposition.
     When her judgment was to be practised  in  know-
  ing faulliness by his first  tokens, she was like a
  young fawn, who coming in the wind of the hunters,
  doth not know whether it be a thing  or no to be
  eschewed.                            Sidney.
 2. Delinquency; actual offences.
    The inhabitants will not take it in evil part, that
  the faultinessof their people heretofore is laid open.
                                       Hooker.
Fa'ultless, falt'les.  adj.  [from  fault]
  Exempt from fault; perfect; complete-
  ly excellent.
    Where for our sins he faultless suffered pain,
  There where he died, and where he lived again.
                                      Fairfax.
    Who durst thy faultless figure thus deface!
                                      Dryden.
    Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see,
  Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall  be.
                                        Pope.
 Fa'ulty, fal'te. adj. [fautif, French, from
  fault.]
 1. Guilty of a  fault;  blamable;  criminal;
  not innocent.
    The king doth speak as one which is faulty.
                                    2  Samuel.
             Can thus
  Th' image of God in man,  created once
  So goodly and erect, though faulty since,
  To such unsightly sufferings be debased.    Milton.
2. Wrong; erroneous.
    The form  of polity by them set down for perpe-
  tuity, is three ways faulty; faulty in omitting  some
  things which in  scripture are of that nature, as,
  namely, the difference that ought to be of pastors,
  when they grow to any great multitude; faulty  in
  requiring doctors, deacons, and widows, as things
  of perpetual necessity by the law of God, which
  in truth are nothing less; faulty also in urging  some
  things by scripture mutable, as their lay elders.
                                      Hooker.
3. Defective; bad in any respect; not  fit
  for the use intended.
    By accident of a faulty helmet that Parker had
  on, he  was stricken into the mouth  at  the first
  course,  so that he died presently.          Bacon.

To FA'VOUR, fa'vur. v, a. [faveo, Lat.]
 I. To support: to  regard with  kindness;
   to be propitious to; to countenance.
     Of all the race of silver-winged flies
  Was none more favourable, nor more fair,
  Whilst heaven did  favour his felicities,
  Than Clarion, the  eldest son and heir
  Of Muscaroi.                         Spenser.
     The self-same gods  that  arm'd the  queen of
         Troy,
  May favour Tamora the queen of Goths.  Shaksp.
     Men favour wonders.                 Bacon.
     Fortune so favoured him, that  toe town at his
  first coming surrendered unto him.        Knolles.
     The  good iEneas am I call'd; a name,
  While  fortune favour'd, not unknown to  fame.
                                       Dryden.
     Oh happy youth! and favour'd  ofthe skies,
  Distinguish'd care of guardian deities.      Pope.
 2. To  assist with advantages or conveni-
   ences.
     No one place about it is weaker than another, to
  favour  an enemy in his approaches.      Addison.
 3. To resemble in feature.
     The porter owned that the gentleman favoured
  his master.                          Spectator.
 4. To conduce to;  to contribute.

 Fa'vour, fa'vur.314  to. s.  [favor, Latin;
  faveur, French.]
 1. Countenance;  kindness;  kind  regard;
   propitious aspect:  with  of before the
   favourer.
     It pleas'd your majesty to turn your looks
  Of favour from myself, and all our house. Shaksp.
     The child Samuel was in favour, both with the
  Lord and also with men.               1 Samuel.
     They got not toe land by their own sword; but
  thy right hand and  thine arm, and toe light of thy
  countenance, because thou hast a-favour unto them.
                                       Psalms.
     His dreadful navy, and his lovely mind,
  Gave him toe fear and favour of mankind.
                                       Waffer.
     This favour, had it been  employed on a more
  deserving subject, had been an effect of justice in
  your nature;  but, as placed on me, is only charity.
                                       Dryden.
 2. Support; defence; vindication;  inclina-
  tion to favour; with ff hp.fore the thine
  favoured.
     The  pleasures which these scriptures ascribe to
  religion, are ©f a kind very different from those in
  favour of which they are here alleged.     Rogers.
     At play, among strangers, we are apt to find our
  hopes and wishes engaged on a sudden in favour
  of one side more than another.            Swift.
     They were invited  from all parts for the use of
  kings, princes, and ministers.  And in short,  the
  favour of learning was the humour and  mode of
  the age.                              Tenipfe.

3. Kindness granted; benevolence shown.
    All favours and punishments passed  by him, all
  offices and places  of importance were distributed
  to  his favourites.                       Sidney.
    The race is not  to  the swift, nor yet favour to
  men of skill.                           Eccfes.
            O, my royal master!
  The gods, in favour to you, made her creel.
                                    A. Philips.
4. Lenity; mildness; mitigation of  punish-
  ment.
    I could not  discover the lenity and favour of this
  sentence;  but  conceived it rather to  be rigorous
  than gentle.                            Swift.
5. Leave; good will;  pardon.
    Worthy Macbeth, we stay upon your leisure.
  —Give me  your favour; my  dull  brain  was
        wrought
  With things forgot.                     Shaksp.
        Ye* ere -.ve enter into open act,
  With favour,  'twere no loss if't might be inquir'd
                   4y2
   What  the condition of these arms would be.
                                   J5en Jonsfra.
     Come down, said Reynard, let us treat of peace:
   A peace, wito all my soul, said Chanticleer;
   But, with your favour, I will treat it here.  Dryd.
6. Object  of favour; person  or thing fa-
   voured.
     All these his wond'rous works, but chiefly man
   His chief delight and favour; him, for whom
   All these his works so wond'rous he ordain'd.
                                       Milton.
7. Something given by a lady to be worn.
     And every one his lovesuit will advance
   Unto his several mistress, which they'll  know
   By favours several which they did bestow.   Shak.
     It is received that it helpeth to continue love, if
   one wear the hair of the party beloved: and perhaps
   a glove, or other like favour, may as well do  it.
                                        Bacon.
     A blue ribband tied round toe sword arm, I con-
  ceive to be the remains of that custom  of wearing
  a  mistress's favour on such occasions of old.
                                      jSpecfafor.
8. Any thing worn openly as  a token.
     Here, Fluellen, wear thou this  favour for me,
   and stick it in thy cap.                  Shaksp.
9. Feature; countenance.   It  is now little
   used.
     That is only suitable in laying a foul complexion
   upon a filthy favour, setting forth both  in sluttish-
   ness.                                 Sidney.
     Young though thou art, thine eye
   Hath staid upon some favour that  it loves.  Shak.
     Disseat thy favour with an usurped beard.
                                    Shakspeare.
     There's no goodness in thy face:  if Antony
   Be free and healthful, why so tart a favour
   To trumpet such good tidings?           Shaksp.
             Yet well I remember
   The favours of these men: were toey not mine?
   Did they not sometime cry, all hail! to me?
                                    Shakspeare.
     A youth of fine favour and shape.       Bacon.
     By their virtuous behaviour they  compensate the
  hardness of their favour, and by  the pulchritude
  of their souls make up what is wanting in the beau-
  ty of their bodies.                       South.

Fa'vourable,  fa'vur-a-bl. adj.   [favora-
   ble, Fr. favorabilis,  Lat.]
1. Kind; propitious; affectionate.
     Famous Plantagenet! most gracious Prince,
  Lend favourable ear to our request.      Shaksp.
2.  Palliative;  tender;  averse from  cen-
   sure.
    None can have the favourable thought,
  That to obey a tyrant's will they fought.   Dryden.
3. Conducive to; contributing to;  propi-
   tious.
    People are multiplied in a country by the temper
  of the climate,  favourable  to generation, health,
  and long life.                         Temple.
4. Accommodate;  convenient.
    Many good officers were willing to stay there, as
  a  place very favourable for the making  levies of
  men.                               Clarendon.
5. Beautiful; well favoured; well featured.
   Obsolete.
     Of all the race of silver-winged  flics
  Which do possess the empire of the air,
  Was none more favourable, nor more fair,
  Than Clarion the eldest son and heir
  Of Muscaroi.                          Spenser.
Fa'vourableness, fa'vur-a-bl-nes. to.  s.
   [from favourable] Kindness; benignity.

Fa'vourably,   fa'vur-a-ble. adv.  [from
   favourable.] Kindly; with favour; with
   tenderness; with kind regard.
     Touching actions  of  common life, there is not
   any defence more favourably heard than theirs who 
F A V
FAW
FE A
 •allege  sincerely for themselves,  that they did as
  necessity constrained them.             Hooker.
    She goeth about seeking  such  as are worthy of
  her, and sheweth herself favourably unto them in
  the ways.                            Wisdom.
    The violent will condemn the character of Ab-
  salom, as either too favourably or too hardly drawn.
                                      Dryden.
    We are naturally inclined to think favourably of
  those we love.                         Rogers.

PA'vouREn, fa'vurd. participial adj. [from
  favour.]
\. Regarded with kindness.
    Oft with some favour'd traveller toey stray,
  And shine before him all the desert way.    Pope.
3.  [from favour,  the noun.]  Featured.
   Always conjoined with well or ill.
             Of her there bred
  A thousand young ones, which she daily fed;
  Sucking upon her poisonous dugs, each one
  Of sundry shape, yet all ill-favoured.   F. Qiteen.
    The Unfavoured and lean-fleshed kine did eat up
  the seven well-favoured and fat kine.     Genesis.
FA'vouREnLY, fa'vurd-le. adv.  [from fa-
   voured.]   In a  fair  or  foul way;  with
   good or bad appearance. Always joined
   with well or ill.

Fa'vourer,  fa'vvlr-ur.  n.  s.  [from fa-
   vour.]   One who favours; one  who re-
   gards with kindness or  tenderness;  a
   wellwisher;  a friend.
    If we should upbraid  them with irreligious, as
  they do us with superstitious favourers, the answer
  which herein they would make us, let them apply
  unto themselves.                      Hooker.
         Do I not know you for a favourer
  Of  this new sect? ye are not sound.      Shaksp.
    Being now a favourer to the Briton.    Shaksp.
    Conjure their friends they had, labour for more,
  Solicit all reputed favourers.   Daniel's Civil War.
    All the favourers of magick were the most pro-
  test and bitter enemies to the christian religion.
                                      Addison.
Fa'vourite, fa'vu.r-lt.166 n.s. [favorite,¥r.
   favorita, Italian.]
 1.  A  person  or  thing beloved;  one  re-
    garded with favour;  anything in which
    pleasure is  taken;   that  which  is  re-
    garded with particular  approbation  or
    affection.
     Every particular master  in  criticism has his fa-
   vourite passages in an author.           Addison.
     So fathers speak, persuasive speech and mild!
   Their sage  experience to the fav'rite child.  Pope.
 2.  One chosen as a companion by a supe-
    riour; a mean wretch whose whole  bu-
    siness is by any means to please.
     All favours and punishments passed by him, all
   offices and  places  of importance were  distributed
   to his favourites.                       Sidney.
     I %vas a ThessaTian  gentleman, who, by  mis-
   chance, having killed a favourite of toe prince of
   that country, was pursued so cruelly, that in no
   place but by favour or corruption they would obtain
   my destruction.                        Sidney.
      The great man  dosvn, you  mark, his fav'rUe
         flies;
   The poor advane'd makes friends of enemies.
                                       Shaksp.
         Bid her steal into the plashed bower,
   Where honey-suckles, ripen'd by the sun,
   Forbid the sun to enter; like to favourites,
   Made proud by princes that advance their pride
   Against that power that bred it.          Shaksp.
    Nothing is more vigilant, nothing more jealous
   than  a favourite, especially towards the waining
   time,  and suspect of satiety.            Wotton.
    This man was very capable of being a great fa-
  vourite to a great king.               Chrendon.
    What fav'rites gain, and what the nation owes,
  Fly the forgetful world.                  Pope.
Fa'vourless, fa'vur-les. adj.  [from fa-
   vour.]
1. Unfavoured; not regarded with  kind-
   ness;  having no  patronage;   without
   countenance.
2. Unfavouring;  unpropitious.
    Of that goddess I have sought the sight,
  Yet no where can her find; such happiness
  Heaven doth me envy, and fortune favourless.
                                  Fairy Q,ueen.
Fa'usen, faw'sn. to. s.  A sort of large eel.
             He left toe waves to wash;
  The wave sprung entrails, about which fausens and
        other fish
  Did shole.                           Chapman.
Fa'ussebraye, faws'bra. w. s.   A small
   mount of earth,  four fathom  wide,
   erected on the level round  the foot of
   the rampart,  to fire  upon the enemy,
   when he is so  far  advanced  that  you
   cannot force him back; and also to re-
   ceive the ruins which  the cannons make
   in the body of the place.        Harris.

Fa'utor, faw'tor.166 to. a. [Latin; fauteur,
   French.] Favourer; countenancer;  sup-
   porter.
     I am neither author  or fautor  of any sect; I
   will have no man addict himself to me; but if 1
   have any thing right, defend it as truth's, not mine.
                                  Ben Jonson.
     The new mountain in  the Lucrine lake,  which
   is alleged,  by the fautors  of this opinion,  as an
   instance in behalf of it,  was not raised  thus.
                                    Woodward.
Fa'utress, faw7 tres. to. s.  [fautrix, Lat.
   fautrice,  French.]   A woman  that fa-
   vours, or  shows countenance.
             It made him pray, and prove
   Minerva's aid his fautress still.        Chapman.
     He comes from banishment to the  fautress of
   liberty, from the barbarous to the polite.    Garth.
Fawn,  fawn. w. s.  [faon,  French,  from
   fan, in the old French, a child, probably
   from infans, Latin.]  A young deer.
     Looking my love, I go from place to place,
   Like a young/awn that late hath lost the hind;
     And seek each where, where last I saw her face,
   Whose image yet I carry fresh in mind.  Spenser.
     The buck  is called the first  year a fawn, toe
   second year a pricket.               Shakspeare.
     The colt  hath about four years  of growth: and
   so the fawn, and so the calf.             Bacon.
     Who for  thy table feeds the wanton fawn,
   For him as  kindly spreads the flow'ry lawn.   Pope.
 To  FAWN, fawn.  v.   n.  [of uncertain
   original.    Perhaps  a  contraction ofthe
   French fanfan,  a term of  fondness for
   children.]
 1. To court by frisking  before  one,  as  a
   dog.
     The dog  straight fawned upon his master for old
   knowledge.                            Sidney.
     Holding  Corioli in the name of Rome,
   Even like a fawning greyhound.       Shakspsare.
2. To  court  by   any means.   Used of
   animals.
     Instead thereof he kiss'd her weary feet,
   And lick'd her lily hands with fawning tongue,
   As he her wronged innocence did weep.
     _  .                          Fairy Queen.
     Is it not  strange  that a rational man  should
   worship an  ox? toat he should fawn upon his dog?
   bow himself before  a cat?  and  adore  leeks and
   garlick?         .                     South.
3. To  court servilely.
    My love, forbear to/awn upon their frowns;
  What danger or what sorrow can befall thee,
  So long as Edward is thy constant friend? Shaksp,
    And thou, sly hypocrite, who now would'st be
  Patron of liberty, who more than thou
  Once fawn'd and cring'd, and servilely ador'd
  Heav'n's awful monarch?               Milton.
    Whom Ancus follows, with a faicning air;
  But vain within, and proudly popular.     Dryden,
    Dext'rous the craving fawning croud to quit
  And pleas'd to 'scape from flattery  to wit.   Pope,
4. To bring forth a fawn.

Fawn, fawn. to. s.   A servile cringe; lew
   flattery.
    You will rather shew our gentle lowts
  How you can frown, than spend a fawn upon them
  For toe inheritance of toeir loves.      Shakspeare.
Fa'wner,  faw'nur.  to.  *.  [from fawn]
   One that fawns; one that  pays  servile
   courtship.
    By softness of behaviour we have arrived at the
  appellation of fawners.                Spectator.
Fa'wningly,   faw'ning'le.   adv. [from
  fawn.]  In a cringing servile way.
Fa'xed, fak'sed.  adj.  [from paex, Saxon,
   hair.]   Hairy. Obsolete.
    They could call a comet a faxed  star, which is
  all one with stella crinita, or cometa.    Camden,
Fay,  fa. to. s. [fee, French.]
1. A  fairy; an elf.
    And the yellow-skirted fays
  Fly after the night steeds,
  Leaving their moon lov'd maze.         Milton-.
    Ye sylphs and sylphids, to your chief give ear;
  Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and demons hear! Pope.
2.  [from foi,  French.]   Faith.  Wholly
   obsolete.
    Their ill 'haviour garres men missay,
  Both of their doctrine and their fay.      Spenser-

Fe'aberry, fe'ber-re. to. s. [grosaularia]
   A gooseberry.                    Diet.
To Feague, fcjeg.337  v. a.   [Gower uses
   Tofeige, for to censure; fegen, German,
   to  sweep; fyken,   Dutch,  to  strike]
   To whip; to chastise; to beat.

Fe'alty, fe'al-te. «. s. [fcaulte,  French.]
   Duty due to a superiour lord; fidelity to
   a master;  loyalty.
    I am in parliament pledge for his truth,
  And lasting feat ly to the new-made king.  Shaksp.
               Let my sovereign
  Command my eldest son, nay all my  sons,
  As pledges of my fealty and love.   '   Shakspeare.
                Man disobeying,
    Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins
  Against the high supremacy of Heav'n.   MUton,
          Each bird and beast behold
  After their kinds: I bring them to receive
  From thee their names, and pay thee fealty
  With low subjection.                  MUton.
    Whether his first design be to withdraw
  Our fealty from God, or to disturb
  Conjugal love.                        Jtfiffon.

FF.AR,  fere.227  to. a.  [peajian, Saxon, to
   fear;  vaer, Dut. feakle, Erse.]
1. Dread;  terrour;  painful  apprehension
   of danger.
    Fear  is  an uneasiness  of the mind, upon the
  thought of future evil likely to befal us.     Locke.
    Trembling/ear still to and fro did fly,
  And found no place  where safe she shroud him
       might.                      Fairy  Queen.
    For fear was upon them, because of the people
   of those countries.                       Ezra.
    What then  remains?   Are we deprived of will?
  Must we not wish, for fear of wishing ill? Dryden-
     Feat, in general, is that passion of cur  nature 
FE A
FE  A
FE  A
  whereby we are  excited to provide for our security
  upon the approach of evil.               Rogers.
2. Awe; dejection of mind at the presence
   of any  person or  thing; terrour  im-
   pressed: with  of  before that  which im-
   presseth.
    And  the fear o/you, and the dread of you, shall
  be upon every beast.                    Genesis.
3. Anxiety; solicitude.
    The  principal fear was for the holy temple. Mac.
4. That which  causes fear.
           Antony, stay not by his side;
  Thy demon, that's toe spirit that keeps thee, is
  Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable,
  Where Caesar is not; but near him, thy angel
  Becomes a fear as  being over-power'd.    Shaksp.
 5. The object of fear.
     Except the  God of  Abraham  and the fear of
   Isaac had been wito me.                Genesis.
6. Something hung up to scare  deer by its
   colour or noise.
    He who fleeth from  the noise of the fear shall
  fall into the pit, and he that cometh up out of the
  midst of toe pit shall be taken in the snare. Isaiah.

Fear,  fere.  to. s.  [j?eop.a, Saxon.]   A
   companion.   Obsolete.
      But fair Clarissa to a lovely fear
  Was linked, and by him bad many pledges dear.
                                   Fairy Queen.
To Fear, fere. v. a. [peanan, Saxon.]
1. To dread; to  consider with   apprehen-
   sions of terrour;  to be afraid of.
    Now, for my life, Hortensio/ears his widow.
  —Then never trust me if I be afraid.
  —You are very sensible,  yet you miss my  sense;
  I mean Hortensio is afraid of you.    Shakspeare.
     To fear the foe,  since fear oppresseto strength,
  Gives,  in your weakness, strength unto your foe.
                                   Shakspeare.
    There  shall rise up a kingdom, and it shall be
  feared above all the kingdoms before it.     2 Esd.
    When I view the beauties of thy face,
  I fear not death,  nor  dangers,  nor  disgrace.
                                       Dryden.
3. To fright; to terrify; to make afraid.
     The inhabitants, being/earecf with the Spaniards
   landing and burning, fled from their dwellings.
                                        Carew.
     We  must not make a scarecrow of the law,
   Setting it up to fear the birds of prey.     Shaksp.
     Some sitting on  the hatches, would seem toere,
  With hideous gazing, to fear away fear.     Donne.
 To  Fear, fere. v. «.
 1. To live  in terrour;  to be afraid.
     Well you may fear too far.
  —Safer than trust too far:
  Let me still take away the arms I fear,
  Nor fear still to be harm'd.          Shakspeare.
          If any such be here, if any fear
  Less for his person than an ill report;
  If any think  brave death outweighs bad life.
                                   Shakspeare.
2. To be anxious.
     Then let toe greedy merchant/ear
  For his ill-gotten gain;
     And pray to gods that will not hear,
     While the debating winds and billows bear
   His wealth into the main.               Dryden.
     See, pious king, with diff'rent strife,
  Thy struggling Albion's bosom torn:
     So much she fears for William's life,
  That Mary's fate she dare not mourn.      Prior.

Fe'arful, fere'ful or  feVful.830 adj. [fear
   and Jull]
 ]. Timorous; timid; easily made afraid.
     He 's gentle, and not fearful.       Shakspeare.
    Them toat are of & fearful heart.        Isaiah.
2. Afraid.  It has of before the object of
   fear.
    The  Irish are more fearful to offend the law
  than toe English.                       Davies.
    1 have made my heroine fearful of death, which
  neither Cassandra nor Cleopatra would have been.
                                       Dryden.
3. Awful; to be  reverenced.
    Who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in
  praises!                               Exodus.
4. Terrible; dreadful;  frightful; impres-
   sing fear.
    Neither fast to friend, nor fearful to foe.  Ascham.
    Against such monsters God maintained his own,
  by fearful execution  of  extraordinary judgment
  upon them.                            Hooker.
    What God did command  touching Canaan, con-
  cerneth not us any otherwise than only as a fearful
  pattern of his just displeasure.            Hooker,
    All torment, trouble, wonder, and amazement,
  Inhabits here: some heavenly power guide us
  Out of this fearful country.           Shakspeare.
    It is a fearful thing to  fall into toe hands of the
  living God.  "                         Hebrews.
    Lay down by  those pleasures the fearful  and
  dangerous thunders and lightnings, the horrible and
  frequent earthquakes,  and then there will be found
  no comparison.                        Raleigh.
    This is the natural fruit of sin, and  toe present
  revenge which it takes upon  sinners, besides toat
  fearful punishment which shall be inflicted on them
  in another life.                       TUlotson.
Fe'arfully, fere'ful-le or ferTul-le. adv.
   [from fearful]
I. Timorously;  in  fear.
                In such a night
  Did Thisbe/ear/uffy o'ertrip toe dew,
  And saw the lion's shadow.           Shakspeare.
2. Terribly; dreadfully.
    There is a  cliff, whose high and bending head
  Looks fearfully on the confined deep.      Shaksp.
Fe'arfulness, fere'ful-nes or fer'ful-nes.
   to. 8.  [from fearful.]
1. Timorousness; habitual  timidity.
2. State of being afraid; awe;  dread.
    It is credible toat the  acknowledgment  of our
  own unworthiness, our professed fearful ness  to ask
  any thing,  otherwise  than  only  for his sake to
  whom God can deny nothing, toat this should be
  noted for a popish errour?               Hooker.
    A third thing that  makes a  government justly
  despised, isfearfulness of,  and  mean compliances
  with, bold popular offenders.              South.
Fe'arlesly, fere'les-le. adv. [from fear-
   less]   Without  terrour; intrepidity.
    'Tis matter of the  greatest astonishment to ob-
  serve  the stupid, yet common boldness  of  men,
  who so fearlesly expose  themselves to this  most
  formidable of perils.             Decay of Piety.
Fe'arlesness,  fere'les-nes. to.  s.  [from
  fearless.]   Exemption   from  fear;  in-
   trepidity; courage;  boldness.
    He gave instances  of an  invincible courage and
  fearlesness in danger.                 Cfarencfon.
Fe'arless,  fere'les.   adj.  [from  fear]
   Free  from  fear; intrepid; courageous;
   bold: with of before the  subject.
    From toe ground she fearless  doth  arise,
  And  walketh  forth without suspect of crime.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    The flaming seraph, fearless though alone
  Encompass'd round with foes, thus answer'd bold.
                                       MUton.
    A nation,  whose distinguishing character it is
  to be more fearless of death and danger than any
  other.                                 Tempfe.
Feasibility, fe-ze-bil'e-te. n.  s.  [from
  feasible]
I. Practicability.
2. A thing practicable.
    Men-«ften swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities
  for certainties, possibilities for /easioififies,  and
  things impossible for possibilities themselves.
                                        Brown.
FE'ASIBLE,  fe'ze-bl.s"  adj.  [faisible,
   Fr.]    Practicable;  such  as  may  be
   effected;  such as may  be done.
     We conclude many things  impossibilities, which
  yet are easy feasibles.                  Glanville.
     Things axe feasible in toemselves; else toe eternal
  wisdom  of God  would never have advised, and
  much less have commanded them.          South.
Fe'asibly, fe'ze-ble. adv. [from feasible.]
   Practicably.
FEAST, feest.22* to. *. [feste, Fr. festum,
   Latin.]
I. An entertainment of the table; a sump-
   tuous  treat of great numbers.
     Here  's  our chief guest.   If he  had been for-
      gotten,
  It had been as a gap in our great feast.     Shaksp.
     On Pharaoh's birth day he made a feast unto all
  his servants.                           Genesis.
     The lady ofthe leaf ordain'd a feast,
  And made the lady ofthe flow'r her guest;
  When lo! a bow'r ascended on the plain,
  With sudden seats ordain'd,  and large for either
      tiain.                             Dryden.

2. An anniversary day  of  rejoicing  either
   on a civil or religious occasion: oppo-
   sed to a fast.
     This day is called the feast of Crispian.   Shaksp.
3. Something delicious to the palate.
     Many people would, with  reason,  prefer the
  griping of a hungry belly to those dishes which are
  a feast to others.                        Locke.
To  Feast, feest. v.n. [from the  noun.]
   To eat  sumptuously;  to  eat  together
   on a day of joy.
     Richard  and  Northumberland,  great  friends,
  Did feast together.                   Shakspeare.
     The parish  finds, indeed;  but our church-war-
      dens
  Feast on the silver, and give us the farthings.  Gay.
To Feast,  feest. v. a.
1. To entertain sumptuously; to  entertain
   magnificently.
     He was  entertained and feasted by the king with
  great shew of favour.                  Hayward.
2. To delight;  to   pamper;  to  gratify
   luxuriously.
     All these are our's, all nature's excellence,
  Whose taste or smell can bless the feasted sense.
                                       Dryden.
Fe'aster, feest'ur.  to. s. [from feast.]
1. One that fares deliciously.
     Those feasters  could speak of great and  many-
  excellencies in manners.                 Taylor.
2. One that entertains magnificently.
Fe'astful, feest'ful. adj.  [feast and full]
I. Festive; joyful.
     The virgins also shall on feastful days
  Visit his tomb with flow'rs, only bewailing
  His lot unfortunate in  nuptial choice,
  From whence captivity and loss of eyes.    Milton-
                Therefore be sure
  Thou, when the  bridegroom  with  his  feastful
      friends,
  Passes to bliss at the mid-hour of night,
  Hast gain'd thy entrance, virgin wise and pin .
                                        Milton.
2. Luxurious; riotous.
                The suitor train
  Who crowd his palace, and with lawless pow'r
  His herds and flocks in feastful rites devour. Popt,.
Fe'astrite,  feest'rite.  to.  s.  [feast  and
   rite.]   Custom   observed in entertain-
   ments.
             His hospitable gate,
  Unbarr'd to all, invites a numerous train 
FE A
FE A
FE  C
  Of daily guests; whose board with plenty crown'd,
  Rerives the feastrites old.               PhUips.
Feat, fete."7 n. s. [fait, French.]
I. Act;  deed; action; exploit.
    Pryocles is his name, renowned far
  For his bold feats, and hardy confidence;
  Full oft approved in many a cruel war.  F. Queen.
             Tarquin's self he met,
  And struck him on  bis knee:  in that day's feats
  When he might act the woman in the scene,
  He prov'd to' best man i' to' field.    Shalcspeare.
    Our soldiers are men of strong heads for action,
  and perform such feats as they are not able to ex-
  press .                              Addison.
2. A trick;  an artful, festive, or ludicrous
   performance.
    The joints are more supple to all feats of activity
  and motion in youth than afterwards.      Bacon.
Feat, fete.  adj.  [fait,  bien fait, French;
   homo factus ad unguem.]
1. Ready; skilful; ingenious.
               Never master had
  A page so kind, so duteous, diligent;
  So tender over his occasions, true,
  So feat, so nurse-like.               Shakspeare.
2. It is  now only used  in irony and  con-
   tempt.
    That/eaf man at controversy.      Stillingfleet.
3.  Nice; neat.
    Look how well my garments sit upon me,
  Much/eafer than before.             Shakspeare.
Fe'ateous, fe'te-us  or fe'tshe-ils.263 adj.
   [from feat.] Neat; dexterous.  Obsolete.
Fe'ateously,  fe'te-As-le.   adv.   [from
  feateous.]   Neatly; dexterously.  Not
   in use.
    And  with fine fingers crept full feateously
  The tender stalks on high.              Spenser.
FE'ATHER, feTH'ur.2M ^  to. s.  [yeSen.,
   Saxon; J'eder, German.]
1. The  plume of birds.
    Look, as  I blow this feather from my face.
                                   S/iafespeare.
    The  brave eagle does with sorrow see
  The forest wasted,  and that lofty tree
  Which holds her nest, about to be o'ertorown,
  Before the feathers of her young are grown;
  She will not leave them, nor she cannot stay,
  But bears them boldly on her wings away.  Waller.
     When a man in the dark presses either  corner of
  his eye with  his finger,  and turns his  eye away
  from his finger, he will  see a circle of colours  like
   those in the feathers of a peacock's tail.    Newton.
     I am bright as an angel, and light as a feather.
                                       Swift.
2.  Kind;  nature; species; from the  pro-
   verbial expression, birds  of a feather;
   that is, of a species.
     Clifford, and toe  haught Northumberland,
  And of their/eaffeer many more proud birds,
  Have wrought the easy-melting king like wax.
                                   Sfiafcspeare.
     I am not of that/eaffter to shake off
  My friend, when he most needs me.    Shakspeare.
3.  An ornament; an empty  title.
4. [Upon  a  horse.]   A  sort of  natural
   frizzling of hair, which, in some places,
   rises above the  lying  hair,  and there
   makes a figure  resembling  the tip of
   an ear of corn.           Farrier's Diet.
To   Fe'ather,  feTH'ur. v.  a. [from the
   noun.]
 1.  To dress in feathers.
2. To fit with feathers.
3.  To tread as a cock.
    Dame Partlet was the sovereign of his heart;
  Ardent in love, outrageous in his  play,
  He featlier'd her a hundred times a-day.    Dryden.
4. To enrich; to adorn; to exalt.
    They stuck not to say, that the king cared not
  to plume his nobility and people, to feather himself.
                                      Bacon.
   To Feather one's  Nest.   Alluding to
   birds  which   collect  feathers,  among
   other materials, for making their nest.]
   To get riches together.
FE'ATHERBEn, feTH'iir-bed. to.  s.  [feather
   and bed.]  A bed stuffed with  feathers;
   a  soft bed.
    The husband cock looks out, and strait is sped,
  And meets his wife, which brings her featherbed.
                                      Donne.
Fe'atherdriver,  feth'ur-dri-vtir.  to.  s.
   [feather and drive.] One who  cleanses
   feathers by whisking them about.
    A featherdriver had the residue of his  lungs
  filled with the fine dust or down  of feathers.
                                     Derham.
Feathered, feTH'ur'd.369  adj.  [from
  feather]
I. Clothed with feathers.
    I saw young Harry with his beaver on,
   His cuisses on his thighs, gallantly arm'd,
   Rise from the ground like feather'd  Mercury.
                                   Shakspeare.
     So when the new-born phcenix first is seen,
   Her feather'd subjects all  adore their queen.
                                     Dryden.
    Dark'ning the sky; they hover o'er and shroud
  The wanton sailors with a feather'd cloud.   Prior.
    Then ships of uncouth form shall stem the  tide,
  And feather'd people crowd my wealthy side.  Pope.
    Vultures,  harpies,  ravens,  cormorants, and
  among many other feathered creatures, several little
  winged boys, perch upon  the middle arches.
                                     Addison.
2. Fitted with feathers; carrying feathers.
    An eagle had  the ill  hap to be  struck with an
  arrow, feather'd from her own wing.   L'Estrange.
    Not the bow they bend, nor boast the  skill
  To give the featlier'd arrow wings to kill.    Pope.
Fe'athereoge, feTH'ur-edje. to. s.
    Boards or planks that have  one edge thinner
  than another, are called feat her edge stuff. Moxon.
Fe'atheredged,   feTH'ur-edj'd.    adj.
   [feather  and  edge.]   Belonging   to  a
   featheredge.
    The cover must be made of featheredged boards,
   in toe nature of  several  doors with hinges fixed
   thereon.                           Mortimer.
Fe'atherfew,  feTH'iir-fu. n. s.  A  plant
   both single and double: it is increased
   by seeds or slips,  and also by  dividing
   the roots: it flowereth most part of the
   summer.                     Mortimer.

Fe'ather-grass, feTH'iir-gras. to. s. [gra-
   men pulmosum.]  An herb.
Fe'atherless,   feTirWr-l^s.  adj.  [from
  feather.] Being without feathers.
    This so high grown ivy was like that featherless
  bird, which went about to beg plumes of other birds
  to cover his nakedness.                  Howel.
Fe'atherly, feTH'iir-le.czrf/. [from feath-
   er]  Resembling feathers.
    The accretion or pluvious aggelation of hail  about
  the mother and fundamental  atoms thereof, seems
  to be some featherly particle of snow,  although snow
  itself be sexangular.                  Brown.

Fe'atherseller,  feTH'ur-sel-hir. to.  s.
   [feather and  seller.]  One  who  sells
   feathers for beds.
Fe'athery, feTH'ur-e. adj.  [from feath-
   er.]  Clothed  with feathers^
    Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock
      Count toe night-watches to his feathery darnej
                                      Milton.
FE'ATLY,fete'le. adv. [from feat] Neatly;
   nimbly; dexterously.
        Foot it featly here and there,
  And, sweet sprites, the burthen bear.     Shaksn
    The moon was up, and shot a gleamy light-
  He saw a quire of ladies in a round,
  That featly footing seem'd to skim the ground.

Fe'atness, fete'nes.  to. a.  [from feat]
   Neatness; nicety; dexterity.
Fe'ature, fe'tshure.462 «. s.  [failure, old
   French.]
 1. The cast or make of the face.
    Report the feature of Octavia, her years. Shaksp
2. Any lineament or single  part of the
   face.
    Though ye be the fairest of God's creatures
  Yet think that death shall spoil your goodly features,
    tv              tv.  e     r-       Spenser,
    \\ e may compare the face of a great man with
  the character, and try if we can find out in his looks
  and features, the haughty, cruel, or unmerciful tern-
  per that discovers itself  in the history.   Addison
    Though various features did the sisters grace
  A sister's likeness was in every face.     Addison.
 To Fe'ature, fe'tshure. v. a. To resem-
   ble in countenance; to favour.
    He liv'd in court most prais'd, most lov'd,
  A sample to the young'st; to to' more mature,
  A glass that featur'd them.          Shakspeare.
 To Feaze, feze. v. a. [faisez, Fr.]
 1. To untwist the end  of a rope, and re-
   duce it again to its first stamina.
2. To beat; to whip with rods. Ainsworth,
 To Febri'citate,fe-bris'e-tate. v.n. [/?.
   bricitor, Lat.]  To be in a fever.  Diet.
Febri'culose, feb-rik'u-loze. adj. [febri-
   culosus, Lat.]  Troubled with a fever.
                                      Diet.
Febrifu'ge,  feb're-fuje. «. s. [febris, and
  fugo, Lat.; febrifuge, Fr.] Any medi-
   cine serviceable in a fever.    Quincy.
    Bitters, like choler, are the best sanguifiers, and
  also the best febrifuges.                 Floyer.
Febrifu'ge, feb're-fuje.  adj. Having the
   power  to cure fevers.
    Febrifuge draughts had a most  surprising good
  effect.                            Arbuthnot,
Fe'brile, fe'bril.140  adj.  [febrilis, Latin;
  febrile, Fr.] Constituting a fever; caus-
   ed by a fever.
    The spirits,  embroiled with the malignity in the
  blood, and turgid and tumified by the febrile fer-
  mentation, are by phlebotomy relieved.   Harvey.
Fe'bruary, feb'ru-a-re. n. s. [Februarw,
  Lat.] The  name  of the  second month
  in  the year.
        You have such a February face,
  So full of frost, of storm, and cloudiness! Shaksp.
Fe'ces, fe'sez. n. s.  [faces, Latin; feces,
  Fr.]
I. Dregs; lees; sediment; subsidence.
    Hence the surface of the ground wito mud
  And slime besmear'd, the feces of the flood,
  Receiv'd the rays of heav'n; and sucking in
  The seeds of heat, new creatures did begin.  Dryd.
2. Excrement.
    The symptoms of such a  constitution are  a sour
  smell in toeir feces.                 Arbuthnot.
FE'cuLENCE,fek'u-lense. > 118to.«. [fecu-
FE'cuLENCYjfek'u-len-se. \   lentia,laX]
1. Muddiness; quality of abounding with
  lees or  sedir%ent. 
FEE
FEE
FEE
2. Lees; feces;  sediment; dregs.
    Pour upon it some very strong lee, to facilitate
  toe separation of its feculencies.           Boyle.
    Whether the wilding's fibres are contriv'd
  To draw th' earth's purest spirit, and resist
  Its feculence, which in more porous stocks
  Of cyder plants finds passage free.        Philips.
Fe'culent, fek'u-lent. adj. [fazculentus,
   Latin; feculent, French.] Foul; dreggy;
   excrementitious.
    But both his hands, most filthy feculent,
  Above the water were on high extent,
    And fain'd to wash themselves incessantly,
  Yet nothing cleaner were for such intent. F. Queen.
    They are to the body  as the light of a candle to
  the gross and feculent snuff, which as it is not pent
  up in it, so neither doth  it partake of its impurity.
                                     Gfanriffe.
FE'CUND, fek'und. adj. [facundus, Lat.
  fecond, Fr.]  Fruitful;  prolifick. -
    The more sickly the years are, the less fecund or
  fruitful of children also they be.          Graunf.
Fecunda'tion, fek-kin-da'shiin. n. s. [fec-
   cundo, Lat.]  The  act of making fruit-
   ful or prolifick.
    She requested these plants as a medicine of fe-
  cundation, or to make her fruitful.         Broivn.
To FECu'NniFY,  fe-kun'de-fi.  v.  a.  To
   make fruitful; to make prolifick.  Diet.
Fecu'ndity, fe-ktin'de-te. n.  s.  [from fe-
   cund; fecondite, Fr.]
1. Fruitfulness; quality  of producing  or
   bringing forth in great abundance.
    I appeal to the animal and vegetable productions
  of the earth, the vast numbers whereof notoriously
  testify the extreme luxuriance and fecundity of it.
                                    Woodward.
2. Power of producing or bringing forth.
    Some of the ancients  mention some  seeds  toat
  retain their fecundity forty years; and I have found
  that melon-seeds, after  thirty years, are  best  for
  raising of melons.                        Ray.
    God could never create so ample a world, but he
  could have made a bigger; the fecund it y of his crea-
  tive power never growing barren,  nor  being  ex-
  hausted.                              Bentley.
Fed, fed.  The pret. and  part. pass, of To
  feed.
    For on the grassy verdure  as he lay,
  And breath'd the freshness of the early day,
  Devouring dogs the  helpless infant tore,
  Fecf on his trembling limbs, and lapp'd the gore.
                                        Pope.
Fe'dary, fed'a-re. to.  *. [fcedus, Latin, or
   from feudum] This word, peculiar to
   Shakspeare, may signify either  a confe-
   derate; a partner; or a dependent.
                 Damn'd paper!
  Black as the ink  that's on thee, senseless bauble!
  Art thou a fedary for this act, and lookest
  So virgin-like without?              Shakspeare.
Federal,  fed'er-al.  adj. [from fcedus,
   Lat.] Relating to  a league or contract.
    It is a federal rite betwixt God and us, as eating
  and drinking, both among Jews and heathens, was
  wont to be.                        Hammond.
    The Romans compelled them, contrary to all fe-
  deral right and justice, both to part with Sardinia,
  their lawful territory, and also to pay them for  the
  future a double tribute.                   Grew.
Fe'derary, fed'er-a-re. n.s. [from fcedus,
   Lat.]  A confederate; an accomplice.
         She 's a traitor, and Camillo is
  A federary with her.               Shakspeare.
Fe'dera n., fed'er-ate.91  adj.  [fcederatus,
   Lat.]  Leagued; joined in confederacy.
FEE, fee.""". *. [yeoh, Sax. fee,  Danish,
   cattle; feudum, low Lat.; feu, Scotish.]
I. [In law.]  All lands and  tenements that
   are held by any acknowledgment of su-
   periority to a higher lord.
    All lands and tenements, wherein a man hath a
  perpetual estate to him and his heirs, &c. are divi-
  ded into allodium and feudum: allodium is every
  man's own lapd, which he possesses merely in his
  own right, without acknowledgment of any service,
  or payment of any rent to any other.  Feudum, or
  fee, is that which we hold by the benefit of another,
  and in name whereof we owe services, or pay rent,
  or both to a superiour lord.  And all our land in
  England, the crown-land, which is in the king's own
  hands in right of his crown, excepted, is in the na-
  ture of feudum; for though a man have land by de-
  scent from his ancestors, or bought it for his money;
  yet is the land  of such a nature,  that it cannot come
  to any, either by descent or purchase, but with the
  burthen toat was laid upon him  who had novel fee,
  or first of all received it as a benefit from his lord,
  to him and to  all such to whom it might descend,
  or be any way conveyed from him. So that no man
  in England has directum dominium, that is, the very
  property or demesne in any land, but the prince in
  right of his crown: for though he that has fee has
  jus perpetuum cy wfife dominium, yet he owes a duty
  for it, and therefore it is  not simply his own.  Fee is
  divided into two sorts; /ee-absolute, otherwise called
  fee-simple, and /ee-conditional,  otherwise  termed
  /ee-tail: /ee-simple is that whereof we are seised in
  those general words, To us and our heirs for ever:
  /ee-tail is that whereof we  are seised to us and our
  heirs, with limitation; that is,  the heirs of our body.
  And /ee-tail is either general  or special: general is
  where land is given  to a man, and the heirs of his
  body: /ee-tail special, is  that  where a man and his
  wife are seised  of land to  them and  the heirs of
  their two bodies.                       Cowell.
    Now like a lawyer, when he land would let,
  Or sell /ee-simples in his master's name.  Hubberd.
    Here 's toe lord of the soil come to seize me for
  a stray, for entering his /ee-simple without leave.
                                    Shakspeare.
2. Property; peculiar.
            What concern  they?
  The general cause; or is it a /ee-grief,
  Due to some single breast?           Shakspeare.
3. Reward; gratification;  recompense.
    These be the ways by which, without reward,
  Livings in courts be gotten, though full hard;
  For nothing there is done without a fee.   Hubberd.
            Not helping, death 's my fee;
  But if I help, what do you promise me?    Shaksj).
4. Payments occasionally claimed by per-
   sons in office.
            Now that God and friends
  Have turn'd my captive state to liberty,
  At our enlargement what are  thy due fees? Shaksp.
5. Reward paid to physicians or lawyers.
    He does not refuse doing a good office for a man
  because he cannot pay the fee of it.      Addison.
6. Portion; pittance; share.   Obsolete.
    In pruning and trimming all manner of trees,
  Reserve to each cattle their property fees.  Tusser.
Fe'efarm, fee'farm. n.  s. [fee and farm.]
   Tenure by which  lands are held of a
   superiour lord.
    John surrendered his kingdoms to the pope, and
  took them back again, to  hold in feefarm; which
  brought him into such hatred, as all his lifetime after
  he was possest with fear.                Davies.
To Fee, fee.  v. a. [from  the noun.]
1. To reward; to pay.
    No man fees the sun, no man  purchases the light,
  nor errs if he walk by it.                 South.
    Watch the disease in time; for when within
  The dropsy rages and extends the skin,
  In vain for hellebore the  patient cries,
  And fees the doctor; but too late  is wise.   Dryden.
2. To bribe; to hire; to purchase.
    1  have long loved  her, and ingrossed opportuni-
  ties  to meet her; feed every  slight occasion, that
  could but niggardly give me sight of her.  Shaksp
3. To  keep in  hire.
    There 's not a thane of them but in his house
  I have a servant feed.               Shakspeare.
FE'EBLE, fe'bl.*08 adj. [foible, Frencn.]
   Weak;  debilitated; sickly; infirm; with-
   out  strength of body or mind.
    The men earned all the feeble upon asses to Jeri-
  cho.                                 2 Chron.
    Command to' assistance of a faithful friend,
  But feeble  are toe succours I can send.     Dryden.
    How I have lov'd, excuse my falt'ring tongue;
  My spirits feeble, and my pains are strong. Dryden.
    We carry the  image of God in us, a rational and
  immortal soul; and though we be now miserable and
  feeble, yet we aspire after eternal  happiness, and
  finally expect a great exaltation of all our natural
  powers.                               Bentley.
    Rhyme is a crutch that helps the weak along,
  Supports the feeble, but retards the strong.  Smith.
To Fe'eble, fe'bl. v. a. [from the noun.]
  To weaken;  to enfeeble; to deprive of
  strength or power.  Not in use.
    Or as a castle  reared high and round,
  By subtile engines and malicious slight
    Is undermined from the lowest ground,
  And her foundation fore'd and feebled quite.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Shall that victorious hand be feeblcdhere,
  That in your chambers gave you chastisement?
                                    Shakspeare.
Feeblemi'nded, fe'bl-mind'ed. adj. [fee-
  ble and mind.]  Weak of mind; defective
  in resolution and  constancy.
    Warn them that are unruly, comfort the feeble-
  minded, support the weak, be patient toward all men.
                                       1 Thess.
FE'EBLENESS,fe'bl-nes. n.s. [from feeble.]
  Weakness;  imbecility;  infirmity;  want
  of strength.
    A better head Rome's glorious body fits.
  Than  his that shakes for age and feebleness.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Some in their latter years, through the feebleness
  of their limbs,- have been forced to study upon their
  knees.                                 South.
FE'EBLY,fe'ble.ac/-y.[from/ec?6/e.] Weak-
  ly; without strength.
    Like mine, thy gentle numbers feebly creep,
  Thy tragick muse gives smiles, thy comick sleep.
                                       Diyden.
To  FEED, feed.*18 v. a. [fodan, Gothick;
  yebim, poeban, Saxon.]
I. To supply with food.
    Her heart and bowels through her back he drew,
  And fed the hound that help'd  him to pursue.
                                       Dryden.
    Boerhaave fed a  sparrow with bread four days,
  in which time it  eat more than its own weight.
                                    Arbuthnot.
2. To supply; to furnish.
    A constant smoke rises from the warm  springs
  that feed the many baths with which this island is
  stocked.                              Addison.
    The breadth of the bottom of the hopper must be
  half the length of a barleycorn, and near  as long
  as the rollers, that it may not feed them too fast.
                                     Mortimer.
3. To graze; to consume by  cattle.
    Once in  three years feed your mowing lands, if
  you cannot get manure constantly to keep toem in
  heart.                              Mortimer.
    The frost will  spoil the grass; for which reason
  take care to feed it close before winter.  Mortimer.
4. To nourish;  to cherish.
    How oft from  pomp and state did I remove
  To /ee<f despair,  and cherish hopeless love.  Prior.
5. To keep in  hope or  expectation.
    Barbarossa learned the strength of the emperor
  craftily feeding him with the hope of liberty.    '
                                        Knolles. 
FEE
FEE
FEI
6. To delight;  to entertain; to keep from
   satiety.
    The alteration of scenes, so it be without noise,
  feeds and relieves the eye, before it  be full of toe
  same object.                           Bacon.
7. To make fat.  A provincial use.
To Feeo, feed. v. to.
1. To take food.  Chiefly  applied  to ani-
   mals food.
         To feed were best at home;
  From thence, the sauce to meat is ceremony;
  Meeting were bare without it.         Shakspeare.
2. To prey; to live by eating.
         I am not covetous of gold;
  Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost.    Shaksp.
     You cry against the noble senate, who,
  Under the gods, keep you in awe, which else
  Would feed on one another.           Shakspeare.
     Galen speaketh of the curing of the scirrhus of
  the liver by milk of a cow that feedeth upon certain
  herbs.                                  Bacon.
     Some birds feed upon the berries of this vegeta-
  ble.                                  Brown.
     He feeds on fruits, which of their own accord,
  The willing grounds and laden trees afford. Dryden.
     The Brachmans were all of the same race, lived
  in fields and woods, and fed only upon rice, milk, or
  herbs.                                 Temple.
     All feed on one vain patron, and enjoy
   Th' extensive blessing of his  luxury.        Pope.
 3. To pasture; to place cattle  to feed.
     If a man shall cause a field to be eaten, and shall
   put in his beast, and shall feed in another man's
   field, he shall make restitution.          Exodus.
 4. To grow  fat  or plump.  A provincial
   use.
 Feeo, feed. to. s. [from the verb.]
 1. Food; that which is eaten.
     A fearful deer then looks  most about when he
   comes to the best feed, with a shrugging kind of tre-
   mor through all his principal  parts.        Sidney.
     An old worked  ox fats as well as a young  one:
   their feed  is much cheaper,  because  they eat no
   oats.                                Mortimer.
 2. Pasture.
      Besides his cote, his flocks  and bounds of feed
   Are now on sale.                    Shakspeare.
  3. Meal;  act of eating.
                  Plenty hung
   Tempting so nigh, to pluck and eat  my fill
   I spared not: for such pleasure till that hour
   At feed or fountain never had I found.     Milton.
  Fe'eoer, feed'ur. to. a. [from feed.]
  1. One that gives food.
      The beast obeys his keeper, arid looks up,
   Not to his master's but his feeder's hand. Denham.
  2.  An  exciter; an encourager.
      When thou do'st hear I am as I have been,
   Approach me,  and thou shalt be as thou was't,
   The tutor and the feeder of my riots.   Shakspeare.
  3.  One that eats.
      Wito eager  feeding, food  doth choak the feeder.
                                      Sluikspeare.
              But that our feasts
   In eveiy mess have folly, and the feeders
   Jest with it as a custom, I should blush
   To see you so attired.                Shakspeare.
      We meet in Aristotle with one  kind of thrush,
   called the missel-thrush, or feeder upon misselto.
                                         Brown.
  4.  One that eats in a certain  mode:  as, a
    nice  feeder, a gross feeder.
      But such fine feeders are no guests for me;
   Riot agrees not with frugality:
   Then, that unfashionable man am I,
   With me they'd starve for want of ivory.  Dryden.
  To FEEL, feel. v. n. pret. felt;  part. pass.
   felt,  [pelan,  Sax.]
  I.  To  have  perception   of things by the
    touch.
    The sense of feeling can give us a notion of ex-
  tension, shape, and all other ideas that enter at toe
  eye, except colours.                    Addison.
 .  To search by feeling.  See Feeler.
    They should seek the Lord, if happily they might
 feel after him, and find him.                -9cts.
3.  To have a quick sensibility of good  or
   evil, right or wrong.
    Man, who feels for all mankind.          Pope-
4.  To appear to the touch.
    Blind men say black feels rough, and white feels
  smooth.                               Dryden.
    Of these tumours one feels flaccid and rumpled;
  the other more even, flatulent, and springy.  Sharp.
To Feel, feel.246  v. a.
I. To perceive by the touch.
    Suffer me that I may feel the pillars.     Judges.
2. To try; to sound.
    He hath writ  this to feel my affection to your ho-
  nour.                             Shakspeare.
3. To have perception of.
    The air is so thin, that a bird has therein no feel-
  ing of her wings, or any resistance of air to mount
  herself by.                           Raleigh.
i. To have sense of external pain or plea-
   sure.
     Nor did they not perceive the evil plight
   In which toey were, or the fierce pains not/eef.
                                        Milton.
     But why should those  be toought to  'scape  who
        feel
   Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel?
                                        Creech.
   To be effected by;  to perceive men-
   tally.
     Would I had never trod this English earth,
   Or felt the flatteries that grow upon it!     Shaksp.
     The well-sung woes shall sooth my pensive ghost;
   He best can paint toem who can feel toem most.
                                         Pope.
     Not youthful  kings in battle seiz'd alive,
   E'er/eff such grief, such terrour, and despair. Pope.
  . To know; to be  acquainted with.
     His overthrowheap'd happiness upon him;
   For then, and not till then, he/eft himself,
   And found the blessedness of being little.   Shaksp.
Feel, feel. to.  *.  [from  the  verb.]   The
   sense of feeling; the touch.
     The difference of  these tumours  will  be distin-
   guished by the/eef.                      Sharp.
 Fe'eler, feel'iir. to. a. [from feel.]
 1. One that feels.
         This hand, whose touch,
   Whose ev'ry touch would force the feeler's soul
   To to' oath of loyalty.               Shakspeare.
 2. The horns  or antennae of  insects.
     Insects clean their eyes with their forelegs as well
   as antennae; and as they are perpetually feeling and
   searching before them with their feelers or antennae,
   I  am apt to think that besides wiping and cleaning
   the  eyes, the uses here named may be admitted.
                                       Derham.
 Fe'eling, feel'ing. participial adj. [from
   feel.]
 1. Expressive of great sensibility.
     O wretched state of man in self-division!
   0 well thou say'st a feeling declaration
   Thy tongue hath made of Cupid's deep incision!
                                        Sidney.
     Thy wailing  words do much my spirits move,
   They uttered are in such a feeling fashion. Sidney.
     Write 'till your ink be diy, and wito your tears
   Moist it again; and frame some feeling line,
   That may discover such integrity.     Shakspeare.
 2.  Sensibly  felt.  This sense is not suffici-
    ently  analogical.
     A most poor man made tame to fortune's blows,
   Who, by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
   Am pregnant to good pity.           Shakspeare.
              I had a feeling sense
  Of all your royal favours; but this last
  Strikes through my heart.             Southerne.
Fe'eling, feel'ing. to. s. [from feel]
1. The sense  of touch.
             Why was the sight
  To such a tender ball as th' eye confin'd;
  So obvious and so easy to be quench'd,
  And not, as feeling, through all parts diffus'd;
  That she might look at will through every pore?
                                        MUton.
2. Power of action upon sensibility.
             The apprehension of the good
  Gives but the greater feeling to the worse. Shaksp,
3. Perception;  sensibility.
    Their king,  out of a princely feeling, was spar*.
  ing and compassionate towards his subjects. Bacon.
    Great persons had need to borrow other men's
  opinions to think themselves happy;  for if  they
  judge by their own feeling, toey cannot find it.
                                  Bacon's Essays.
    As we learn what belongs to toe body by the evi-
  dence of sense, so we learn  what belongs to the
  soul by an inward consciousness, which may be
  called a sort of internal feeling.           Watts.

Fe'elingly, feel'ing-le.  adv. [from feel-
   ing.]
 I.  With expression of great sensibility.
    The princes might judge that  he meant himself
  who spoke so feelingly.                  Sidney,
    He would not have talked so feelingly of Codrus's
  bed, if there had been room for a bed-fellow in it.
                                         Pope.
2.  So  as to be sensibly felt.
    Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
  The season's difference; as the icy phang,
  And churlish chiding of the winter's wind,
  Which  when it bites and blows upon my body,
  Ev'n  'till I shrink with cold, I smile and say,'
  This is  no flattery:  these are counsellors,
  That/eefirig-fi/  persuade me what I am.   Shaksp.
     He feelingly knew, and had trial ofthe late good,
  and of the new purchased evil.           Raleigh.

FEET, feet.346 to. a. The plural of foot.
   _ His brother's image to his mind appears,
  Inflames his heart with rage, and wings his feel
       wito fears.                          p,™
Fe'etless, feet'les. adj.  [from feet]  Be-
   ing  without feet.
     Geoffrey of Boulloin broched three feelless birds,
  called allerions, upon his arrow.          Camden.

 To FEIGN,  fane.2^ ™* v. a. [feindre, Fr.
  fingo, Lat.]
 I.  To invent; to  image  by an  act of the
   mind.
     Abominable, unutterable, and  worse
  Than fables yet have feign'd, or  fear conceiv'd,
  Gorgons, and hydras, and chimeras dire!  MUton.
     No such things are done as tho« sayest, but thou
  feigned'st them out of thine own heart.  JVefcemiafc.
 2.  To make  a show of.
     But both his hands, most filthy feculent,
   Above  the water were on high extent,
   And feign'd to wash themselves incessantly. Spenser.
 3.  To make  a show of;  to  do upon some
   false  pretence.
     Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
   Then, hid in shades, eludes her eager swain,
   But feigns a laugh  to see me search around,
   And by that laugh  toe willing fair is found.  Pope.
 4. To dissemble; to conceal. Obsolete.
     Each trembling leaf and whistling wind they
       hear,
   As ghastly bug their hair on end does rear;
   Yet both do strive  their fearfulness to feign.
                                    Fairy Queen.
 To Feign, fane. v. to.  To relate falsely;
    to  image  from  the invention;  to tell
    fabulously.
                    Therefore the poet 
FE L                                     F E L                                       FEL
   Did feign toat Orpheus drew trees, stones, and
       floods;
   Since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage,
   But musick for the time doth change his nature.
                                    Shakspeare.
 Fe'ignedly,   fane'£d-le.38*  adv.   [from
   feign.]  In fiction;  not truly.
     Such is found to have been falsely and feignedly
   in some of the  heathens.                Bacon.
Fe'igner, fane'ilr. n. a. [from feign.]  ln-
   venter; contriver of a fiction.
     And these three voices differ; all the things done,
   the doing and the doer; the thing feigned, the feign-
   ing and the feigner; so the poem, the poesy and the
   poet.                              Ren Jonson.
 Feint, fant.2*9 participial adj. [from feign,
   for feigned; or feint, Fr.]  Counterfeit;
   seeming.
     The mind by degrees loses its natural  relish of
   real solid truth, and is reconciled insensibly to any
   thing  that can  be but dressed up into any feint ap-
   pearance of it.                          Locke.
Feint, fant.219 n. s. [feint, French.]
 1. A false appearance;  an offer of some-
   thing not intended to be.
     Courtly's letter is but a feint to get off.   Specf.
2. A mock assault; an appearance of aim-
   ing at one part,  when another is intend-
   ed to be struck.
     But, in toe breast encamp'd, prepares
   For well-bred feints and future wars.      Prior.
Fe'landers,  fel'an-dilrz. to. s. Worms in
   hawks.                       Ainsworth.
 To  FELl'CITATE, fe-lis'e-tate.   v. a.
   [feliciter, Fr.felicito, Latin.]
 1. To make happy.
                   I profess
   Myself an enemy to all other joys;
   And find I am alone felicitate
   In your dear highness' love.           Shakspeare.
    What a glorious  entertainment and pleasure
   would fill  and felicitate his spirit, if he could grasp
   all in a single survey!                   Ffaffs.
2. To  congratulate.
     They might proceed unto forms of speeches, feli-
   citating the  good, or depreciating the evil to  fol-
   low.                                 Brown.
Felicita'tion, fe-lis-e-ta'shiin. to. s. [Fr.
   from felicitate.] Congratulation.   Diet.
FELI'CITOUS,  fe-lis'e-tus.  adj. [felix,
   Latin.] Happy.                     Diet.
Feli'citously, fe-lis'e-tus-le. adv. [from
   felicitous]  Happily.               Diet.
Feli'city, fe-lis'e-te. to. s. [felicitas, Lat.
   felicite,  Fr.]  Happiness;  prosperity;
   blisfulness;  blessedness.
    The joyous day, dear Lord, with joy begin,
   And grant toat  we, for whom thou didest die,
   Being with thy  dear blood clean wash'd from sin,
   May live for  ever infelicity.            Spenser.
    Others  in virtue plac'd felicity;
   But virtue join'd with riches and long life,
   In corporal pleasure he, and careless ease.  Milton.
    The felicities  of her wonderful reign may be com-
   plete.                               Atterbury.
     How great, how glorious a felicity, how adequate
   to the desires of a reasonable nature, is revealed to
   our hopes in the gospel?                 Rogers.
Fe'line,  fe'line.1*  adj.  [felinus,  Lat.]
   Like a cat;  pertaining to a cat.
    Ev en as in the beaver, from which he differs prin-
   cipally in his teeth,  which  are canine, and in his
   tail which is feline, or a long taper.        Grew.
FELL, fiel. adj. [yeile, Saxon.]
1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman.
    It seemed fury, discord, madness fell,
  Flew from his lap when he unfolds toe same.
                                      Fairfax.

   V
                    So fell est foes,
   Whose passions and whose plots have  broke their
       sleep,
   To take the one the other, by some chance,
   Some trick not worth  an.egg,  shall  grow dear
       friends.                        Shakspeare.
 2.  Savage; ravenous; bloody.
     That instant was I turn'd into a hart,
   And my desires, like/eff and cruel hounds,
   E'er since pursue me.                Shakspeare.
     I know thee, love, wild as the raging main,
   More fell than tygers on the Lybian plain.    Pope.
     Scorning all  the taming aits of man,
  The keen hyena, fellest of the fell.       Thomson.
 Fell, fel. to.  s.  [pelle,  Sax.] The skin;
   the hide.  Not used.
                    Wipe thine eye:
  The goujers shall devour them, flesh and fell,
  Ere toey shall make us weep.         Shakspeare.
     The time has been my senses would  have cool'd
  To hear a night-shriek; and my fell of  hair
  Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir.  Shaksp.
 To  Fell,  fdl. v. a. [fellen, German.]
 1.   To  kn«»ck  down;   to  bring to  the
   ground.
     Villain,  stand, or I'll/eff thee down.  Shakspeare.
     Up and down he traverses his ground;
  Now wards a felling blow, now strikes again.
                                       £)anief.
     Taking the small end of his musket in his hand,
  he struck him on the head with toe stock, and felled
  him.                                Raleigh.
     His fall, for the present, struck an earthquake in-
  to all minds; nor could the vulgar be  induced to
  believe he was felled.                    Howel.
          On their whole host I flew
  Unarrn'd, and with a trivial weapon fell'd
  Their choicest youth: they only liv'd who fled.
                                       Jtfiffon.
2.  It seems improperly joined with down
   or along.
     Whom with  such force he  struck he fell'd him
      down,
  And cleft the circle of his golden crown. Dryden.
    I fell'd along a man of bearded face,
  His limbs all cover'd with a shining case. Diyden.
3. To hew down; to cut down.
    Then would he seem a farmer that would sell
  Bargains of woods, which he did lately fell.
                                Hubberd's  Tale.
    Proud Arcite and fierce Palamon,
  In mortal battle doubling blow on blow;
  Like lightning flam'd their faulchions to and fro,
  And shot a dreadful gleam;  so strong they struck,
  There seem'd less force requir'd to fell an oak.
                                      Dryden.
Fell, fel.  The preterit of To fall.
          None  on their feet might stand,
  Though standing else as rocks; but down they fell
  By thousands, angel on archangel roll'd.  Milton.
Ke'ller, fel'lur.  to.  s.  [from fell.]  One
  that hews down.
    Since  thou art laid down, no feller is come up
  against us.                             Isaiah.
Felli'fluous,  fel-lif'flu-ils.61s adj. [fel
   and Jluo, Lax.] Flowing with gall. Diet.
Fe'llmonger,   fel'miing-gur.381   to.  s.
  [from fell.]  A  dealer in hides.

Fe'llness, fel'nes. to. s. [from fell.] Cru-
   elty; savageness; fury; rage.
    When his brother saw the red blood trail
  Adown so fast, and all his armour steep,
  For very/effness loud he 'gan to weep.   Fairy Q.
Fe'lloe, fei'l6.2<!i to. s.  [felge,  Danish.]
   The circumference of a wheel;  the out-
   ward part.    It  is often written  fally or
  fdly.
    Out, out, thou strumpet Fortune! all you gods,
  In general synod, take away her power;
  Break all the spokes and/e'fies from her wheel,
                     4z
   And bowl the round nave down the hill of heav'n.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Axle-trees, naves,/effoes and spokes were all mol-
       ten.                               Kings.
 FE'LLOWJel'lo.'2? n. s.[quasi, to follow,
   Minshew;   from ye,  faith,  and  laj,
   bound,  Sax. Junius; fallow, Scotish.]
 1.  A companion; one with  whom we con-
   sort.
     In youth I had twelve fellows like unto myself,
  but not one of them came to a good end.  Ascham.
                    To be your fellow,
  You may deny me: but I'll be your servant,
  Whether you will or no.         Shaksp. Tempest.
     Have we not plighted each our holy oath,
  That one should be toe common  good of both;
  One soul should both inspire, and neither prove
  His/effoic's hindrance in pursuit of love?  Dryden.
 2.  An  associate; one  united  in the same
   affair.
     Each on his fellow for assistance calls;
  At length the fatal fabrick mounts the walls. Dryd.
 3.  One of the  same kind.
     Let  partial spirits still aloud complain,
  Think  toemselves injur'd that they cannot reign;
  And own no liberty, but where they may
  Without controul upon their/effows prey.  Waller.
     A shepherd had one favourite dog: he fed him
  with his own hand,  and took more care of him than
  of his fellows.                      L'Estrange.
4. Equal;  peer.
     So you are to be hereafter fellows, and no longer
  servants.                               Sidney.
                   Chieftain of the rest
  I chose him here: the  earth shall him allow;
  His fellows late, shall  be his subjects now. Fairfax.
5. One thing suited to another;  one  of a
   pair.
    When virtue is lodged in a body, that seems to
  have been prepared for the reception of vice; the
  soul and the body do not seem to he fellows. Addison.
6. One like or equal to another:  as,  this
  knave hath not his fellow.
7. A familiar appellation used sometimes
  with fondness;  sometimes with  esteem;
  but generally with some degree of  con-
  tempt.
    This is Othello's ancient, as I  take it.
  —The  same indeed; a very valiant fellow. Shaksp.
    An officer was in danger to  have lost  his place,
  but his wife made his peace; whereupon a pleasant
  fellow said, that he had been crushed, but that he
  saved himself upon his horns.             Bacon.
             Full fifteen thousand lusty fellows
  With fire and sword the fort maintain;
  Each was a Hercules,  you tell us,
  Yet out they march'd like common men.    Prior.
8. A word of contempt; the  foolish mor-
  tal;  the  mean  wretch;  the  sorry rascal.
    Those great fel lows scornfully receiving them, as
  foolish  birds  fallen  into their  net,  it pleased the
  eternal  justice to make them suffer death by their
  hands.                                Sulney.
    Cassio hath here been set on in the dark
  By Rcdorigo, and fellows that are 'scap'd.  Shaksp.
    I have great comfort from this fellow: methinks
  he hath no drowning mark about him; his  com-
  plexion is perfect gallows.            Shakspeare.
    Opinion  that did help me to  the crown,
  Had still kept loyal to possession;
  And left me in reputeless banishment,
  A fellow of no mark nor likelihood.   Shakspeare.
    How oft the sight of means, to do ill deeds,
  Makes  deeds ill done?  for hadst thou not been by,
  A fellow by the hand of nature mark'd,
  Quoted and signed to do a  deed of shame,
  This murder had not come into my mind.  Shaky.
    The  Moor's abus'd by some most villainous
      knave,
  Some base notorious knave, some scurvy fellow!
                                    Shakspeare. 
FEL
FEL
FEL
    The fellow  had  taken more fish than he could
  spend while they were sweet.        L'Estrange.
    As next of kin, Achilles' arms I claim;
  This/eZf010 would ingraft a foreign name
  Upon our stock,  and the Sisyphian seed
  By fraud and theft asserts his father's breed.
                                      Dryden.
    You will wonder how such an ordinary fellow, as
  this Mr. Wood,  could have got his majesty's broad
  seal.                                  Swift.
    You'll find, if once toe monarch acts the monk,
  Or, cobler like, the parson will be drunk,
  Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow;
  The rest is all but leather and prunella.     Pope.
9.  Sometimes it  implies a mixture'of pi-
   ty with contempt.
    The provost commanded his men to hang him up
  on the nearest tree: then the felloio cried out that
  he was not the miller, but the miller's man.
                                    Hayward.
10.  A member of  a college that  shares
   its revenues, or of any incorporated so-
   ciety.
    There should be a mission of three of tke/eifoios
  or brethren of Solomon's house, to gives us know-
  ledge of toe affairs and state of those countries to
  which they were designed.               Bacon.
To Fe'llow, fel'16.  v.\a. To  suit with;  to
   pair with;  to  match.  Fellow  is often
   used in composition,  to  mark commu-
   nity of nature,  station, or employment
                   Imagination,
  With what's unreal, thou co-active art,
  And fellow'st nothing.              Shakspeare.
Fellow-co'mmoner,  fel-lo-k6m'un-ur.
   to.  8.
1. One who has the  same right of com-
   mon.
    He cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, with-
  out  the consent of all his fellow-commoners, all
  mankind.                              Locke.
2. A  commoner  at  Cambridge   of the
   higher  order,  who dines with the fel-
   lows.
Fellow-cre'ature, fel-16-kre'tshure.  to.
   a.  One that has the same creator.
    Reason is the glory of human nature,  and one of
  toe chief eminences whereby we are raised above
  our/effoto-creofwres, the brutes, in this lower world.
                    Waffs's Logick, Introduction.
Fe'llow-heik, fiel-16-are'.  to. a. Coheir;
   partner of the  same inheritance.
    The gentiles should he fellow-heirs.       Eph.
Fellow-he'lper, fel-16-help'fir. to. a. Co-
   adjutor; one who concurs  in the same
   business.
    We ought to receive such, that we might be fel-
  low-helpers to the truth.                3 John.
Fellow-la'bourer, fel-16-la'bur-ur. to. *.
   One who labours in the same design.
    My feUow-labourers have commissioned me  to
  perform in their behalf this office of dedication.
                   Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
Fellow-se'rvant, fel-lo-seYvant.  n.  a.
   One that has the  same  master.
    Nor less think we in heav'n of thee on earth,
  Than of our fellow-servant; and inquire
  Gladly into the ways of God with man.    Milton.
    Fair fe\low-servant! may your gentle ear
  Prove more propitious to my slighted care
  Than the bright dames we serve.         Waller.
    Their fathers  and-^rours were fellow-servants to
  toe same heavenly master while toey lived; nor is
  that relation dissolved by their death, but ought still
  to operate among their surviving children.
                                    Atterbury.
Fellow-so'ldier,  fel-16-sol'jur.  to.   *.
   One "who fights under the same com-
   mander.   An   endearing   appellation
   used  by officers to their men.
    Come,/effow-sofdier, make thou proclamation.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Epaphroditus, my brother and companion in la-
  bour, and/effoui-sofcfier.            P/w/ippians.
Fellow-stu'dent,  fel-16-stu'dent. to. s.
   One who studies in company with ano-
   ther,  in the same class, under the same
   master.
    I pr'ytoee do not mock me,/effoto-sfwfenf.
                           Shakspeare's HanUet.
    If you have no fellow-student at hand, tell it over
  wito your acquaintance.          Watts's Logick.
Fellow-su'bject,  fel-16-siib'jekt.  to.  a.
   One who lives under the same govern-
   ment.
    The  bleeding condition of their fellow-subjects
  was a feather in  the  balance with toeir private
  ends.                                 Swift.
Fellow-su'fferer, fel-16-suf'ur-ilr. to. a.
   One who shares in the same evils;  one
   who partakes  the same sufferings with
   another.
    How happy was it for those poor creatures, that
  your grace was made  their fellow-sufferer!  And
  how glorious for you, that you chose to want rather
  than not relieve!                      Dryden.
    We in some measure share toe necessities of the
  poor at  the same time that we relieve them, and
  make ourselves not only their patrons but fellow-
  sufferers.                  Addison's Spectator.
Fellow-wri'ter, frM-16-ri'ttlr. n. 8. One
   who writes at  the same time, or on the
   same subject.
    Since they cannot raise themselves to the repu-
  tation of their fellow-writers, they must sink  it to
  their own pitch, if they would keep themselves upon
  a level with toem.                     Addison.
Fellow-fee'ling,  fel-16-fee'ling.  n.  a.
   [fellow and feeling]
1.  Sympathy.
    It is a high degree of inhumanity not to have a
  fellow-feeling of toe misfortune of my brother.
                                  L'Estrange.
2.  Combination;  joint interest: common-
   ly in an ill sense.
    Even  your milkwoman  and your nurserymaid
  have a fellow-feeling.                Arbuthnot.

Fe'llowlike, feTlo-like. )   adj.  [fellow
Fe'llowly, fdl-16-le.     $     and  like.]
   Like   a  companion;  on  equal terms;
   companionable.
    All which good parts he graceth with a good fel-
  lowlike, kind and respectful carriage.     Carew.
    One seed for another to make an exchange,
  With/effoicfi/ neighbourhood seemeth not strange.
                                      Tusser.
Fe'llowshtf, fel'16-shlp. n.a. [from fel-
   low.]
1.  Companionship; consort;  society.
    This boy cannot tell what we would have,
  But kneels and holds up hands for fellowship.
                                  Shakspeare.
                  From blissful bow'rs
  Of amarantine shade, fountain, or spring,
  By to' waters of life, where'er they sat
  In fellowships of joy, the sons of light
  Hasted.                 Jlfiffon's Paradise Lost.
    There is no man but God puts excellent things
  into his possession, to  be  used for the common
  good; for men are made for society and mutual fel-
  lowship.                   Calamy's Sermons.
    God  having designed man for a  sociable crea-
  ture, made him not only with an inclination, and
  under the necessity to have fellowship with those of
  his own kind, but furnished him also with language,
  which was to be the great instrument and cementer
  of society.                             Locke
2. Association;  confederacy;  combination.
    We would not die in toat man's company;
  That fears his fellowship to die with us.    Shaksp,
    Those laws.do bind men absolutely, even as they
  arc men, although they have never any settled feU
  lowship, never any solemn agreement amongst them-
  selves.                               Hooker.
    Most of toe pother christian princes were drawn
  into the fellowship of that war.           Knolles.
3. Equality.
4. Partnership; joint interest.
    Nearer acquainted, now I feel by proof
  That/effowsAip in pain divides not smart,
  Nor lightens aught each man's peculiar load.
                                      MUton
    O love! thou sternly dost toy power maintain
  And wilt not bear a rival in thy reign;
  Tyrants and thou all fellowship disdain.   Dryden
5. Company; state of being together.
    The  great contention of the sea and skies
  Parted  our fellowship.  But hark, a sail!   Shak,
6. Frequency of intercourse; social plea-
   sure.
    In a great town  friends are scattered,  so that
  toere is not that fellowship which is in less neigh-
  bourhoods.                            Baton.
7. Fitness  and  fondness  for festal enter-
   tainments, with good prefixed.
   He had by his excessive good fellowship, which was
  grateful to all the company, made himself popular
  with all toe officers of the army.       Cfarencton,
8. An establishment in the college, with
   share in its revenue.
    Corusodes having, by extreme parsimony, saved
  thirty pounds out  of a beggarly fellowship,  went to
  London.                              Swift,
9. [In arithmetick.]   That rule of  plurai
   proportion whereby we  balance  ac-
   counts, depending between divers per-
   sons,  having put  together a general
   stock, so that every  man may have his
   proportional  gain,  or  sustain his pro-
   portional part of  loss.          Cocker.
Fe'lly, fel'le. adv. [from fell.]   Cruelly;
  inhumanly; savagely; barbarously.
    Fair  ye be sure, but cruel and unkind;
  As is a  tiger, that with greediness
    Hunts after blood, when he  by chance doth  find
  A feeble beast doth felly him oppress.    Spenser.
Felo-de-se, fe-16-de-se'.  to. *.  [In  law]
   He that commits  felony  by murdering
   himself.
FE'LON,  fel'un.16*  n. a.  [felon, Fr. felo,
   low Lat. pel, Sax.]
1. One  who has committed  a  capital
   crime.
    I apprehend thee for a felon here.     Shaksp.
                 The wily fox
  Chas'd  even amid' the folds; and made to bleed,
  Like felons, where they did the murd'rous deed.
                                     Dryden.
2. A  whitlow, a tumour formed  between
   the bone and its investing  membrane,
   very  painful.
    The malign paronychia is that which is common-
  ly called a felon.                     Wiseman.
Fe'lon,  feTun. adj.  Cruel; traitorous; in-
   human.
    Ay me!  what  thing  on  earth, that  all  thiaga
        breeds,
  Might be the cause of so impatient plight?
    W hat fury, or what fiend wito felon deeds,
  Hato stirred up so mischievous despight? Spenser.
    Then bids prepare th' hospitable treat,
  Vain shews of love to veil his felon hate.   Pope.
Felo'nious, fe-16'ne-iis. adj. [from felon]
   Wicked;  traitorous; villanous; malig-
   nant;  perfidious; destructive. 
PEM
FEN
FEN
    This man conceiv'd the duke's death; but what
  was the motive of that/efonious conception is in toe
  clouds.                              mtton-
               0 thievish night!
  Why should'st thou, but for some/eloniows end,
  In toy dark lanthorn thus  close up the stars
  That nature hung in heav'n, and fill'd toe  lamps
  Wito everlasting oil, to give due light
  To the misled and lonely  traveller?       Jtfiffon.
    In thy/efonious heart though venom lies,
  It does but touch thy Irish pen, and dies.   Dryden.
Felo'niously,  fe-lo'ne-is-le.  adv. [from
  felonious.]   In a felonious way.
Fe'lonous,  fel'un-us. adj. [from felon.]
   Wicked.   Not  used.
    I am like for desperate dole to die,
  Through felonous force of mine enemy.    Spenser.
Fe'lony,  fel'iln-e.  to. s.  [felonie,  French;
  felonia, low Latin; from/cr/ow.] A crime
   denounced capital by the law;  an enor-
   mous crime.
  I will  make it felony to drink small beer.  Shaksp.
Felt,  felt. The preterit of feel.
FELT, felt.  to.  s. [pelt, Saxon.]
1. Cloth  made of  wool  united  without
   weaving.
    It were a delicate stratagem to shoe
  A troop of horse with/eff.              Shaksp.
2. A hide or skin.
    To know whether  sheep are sound or not, see
  that the felt be loose.                Mortimer.
To Felt, felt. v. a. [from the noun.]   To
   unite without weaving.
    The same wool one man felts into a hat, another
  weaves it into cloth, another into kersey.    Hale.
To Fe'ltre, fel'ttir. v. a. [from felt.]  To
   clot  together like felt.
    His fettred locks, that on his bosom fell,
  On rugged mountains  briars and thorns resemble.
                                      Fairfax.
Fel'ucoa, fe-l&k'a. to. s.  [feleu,  French,
  feikont  Arabick.]   A  small open boat
   with six oars.                      Diet.
FE'MALE, fe'male. to. s. [femelle, French;
  femella, Latin.]   A she; one of the sex
   which  brings young; not male.
    God created man in his own image, male and fe-
  male created he toem.                 Genesis.
    If he offer  it of the herd, whether it be a male or
  female, he shall offer  it without blemish. LcvUicus.
               Men more divine,
  Indu'd with intellectual sense  and soul,
  Are masters to their females, and their lords. Shak.
Fe'male, fe'male. adj.
1. Not male.
    Female of sex it seems.              Jtfiffon.
           Swarming next appear'd
  The female hee, that feeds her husband  drone.
                                      MUton.
2. Not masculine;  belonging to a she.
               Other suns, perhaps,
  Wito  toeir attendant moons thou wilt descry,
  Communicating male and female light;
  Which two great sexes animate the world. Jtfiffon.
               Add what  wants,
  Injwiafe  sex, the more to draw his love.  Milton
           He scrupled not to eat
  Against his better knowledge,  not deceiv'd,
  But fondly overcome with female charm.   Milton.
    If by a female hand he had foreseen
  He was to die, his wish had rather been
  The lance and double ax of the fair warrior queen.
                                      Dryden.
1. Female Rhymes.   Double  rhymes, so
   called because, in French, from  which
   the term is taken, they  end in e weak or
   feminine.  These rhymes are female:
         Th' excess of heat is but a fable;
  We know toe torrid zone is now found habitable.
                                      Cowley.
    The female rhymes are in use wito the Italian in
  every line, with the Spaniard promiscuously, and
  wito the French alternately, as appears from the
  Alarique, the Pucelle, or any of their later poems.
                                      Dryden.

Feme  Covert, fern.  to. a. [French.]  A
  married woman; who is also said to be
  under  covert baron.             Blount.
Feme Sole, fern. «. s. [French.]  A single
  woman; an unmarried woman.
Femina'lity,  fem-e-nal'e-te.  «.  «. [from
  famina, Lat.] Female nature.
    If in the minority of natural vigour the parts of
  feminalUy take place, upon the increase of growth
  thereof the masculine appears.           Brown.
Fe'minine, fem'e-nin.ls0 adj.  [f&mininus,
  Lat.]
1. Of the sex  that brings young; female.
           Thus we chastise the god of wine
  Wito water that is feminine,
  Until the cooler nymph abate
  His wrath, and so concorporate.       Cleaveland.
2. Soft; tender; delicate.
            Her heav'nly form
  Angelick, but more soft and feminine.     Milton.
3. Effeminate; emasculated; wanting man-
  liness.
    Ninias was no man of war at all, but altogether
  feminine, and subjected to ease and delicacy.
                                      Raleigh.
Fe'minine, fem'e-nin. to. s. A she; one of
  the sex that brings young;  a female.
        O! why did God create at last
  This novelty on earth, this fair defect
  Of nature? And not fill toe world at once
  With men, as angels, without feminine?   Milton.
Fe'moral, fem'6-ral. adj.  [femoralia, Lat.]
  Belonging to the thigh.
    The  largest crooked needle should  be used in
  taking up the femoral arteries in amputation.
                                       Sharp.
FEN,  fell. to. s. []?enn, Saxon; venne,
  Dutch.]  A  marsh;  low flat and moist
  ground; a moor; a bog.
    Mexico is a city that stands in the midst of a great
  marsh or fen.                          Abbot.
              I go alone,
  Like to a lonely dragon, that his/en
  Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen.  Shak.
    The surface is of black fen earth.    Wbocficarcf.
    He to  Portina's wat'ry marshes went;
  A long canal the muddy/en divides,
  And wito a clear unsully'd earrent glides. Addison.

Fe'nberry,  fen'ber-re. to.  .s.  [fen  and
  berry.] A kind of blackberry.  Skinner.
Fence, fense.  to. s. [from  defence.]
1. Guard; security; outwork;  defence.
    That proved  not fence enough to the reputation
  of toeir oppressors.              Decay of Piety.
    There's no  fence  against  inundations, earth-
  quakes, or hurricanes.               L'Estrange.
    To put them out of toeir parents' view, at a  great
  distance, is to expose them to toe greatest dangers
  of their whole life, when  they have toe least  fence
  and guard against them.                 Locke.
    Let us bear this awful corpse to Caesar,
  And lay  it in his sight, that it may stand,
  A fence betwixt us and toe victor's wrath. Addison.
2.  Enclosure;  mound;  hedge;  fortified
  boundary.
    In vain did nature's wise command
  Divide the waters from the land,
  If daring ships and men prophane,
  Invade to' inviolable main;
  Th' eternal fences overleap,
  And pass at will the boundless deep.      Dryden.
                   4>z2
               Shall I mention make,
  Ofthe vast mound that binds the Lucrine lake1
  Or toe disdainful sea, that, shut from thence,
  Roars round the structure, and invades the fence?
                                      Dryden.
    Employ their wiles and unavailing care,
  To pass toe fences and surprise toe fair.     Pope.
3. The act of fencing; defence.
    I bruised my skin to'  other day, with playing at
  sword and dagger with a master offence.   Shaksp.
4. Skill in defence.
    I'll prove it on his body, if he dare,
  Despight  his nice fence and his active practice.
                                       Shaksp.
To Fence, fense. v.  a.
I. To enclose; to  secure by  an enclosure
   or hedge.
    Th' inhabitants each pasture and each plain
  Destroyed have, each field to waste is laid;
  In fenced towers bestowed is their grain,
  Before thou cam'st this kingdom to invade.
                                      Fairfax.
    He hato fenced up my way that I cannot pass,
  and set darkness in my paths.                Job.
    Thou hast  clothed me with skin  and flesh, and
  hath/encecf me with bones and sinews.        Job.
    He went about to make a bridge to a strong city,
  which was fenced about wito walls.        2 Mac.
    See that the churchyard he fenced in with a decent
  rail or other enclosure.                  Ayliffe
2. To guard; to fortify.
    So much of adder's wisdom I have learnt,
  To fence my ear against toy sorceries.    Milton.
    With love to friend, to' impatient lover went,
  Fenc'cf from the thorns,  and trod the deep descent
                                      JDrycfen.
To Fence, fense.  v.  to.
I. To practise the arts of  manual defence;
   to practise the use of weapons.
    He having got some iron, should  have it beaten
  into swords, and put into his servants' hands to fence
  wito, and  bang one another.               Locke.
2. To guard against;  to act on the defen-
   sive.
    Vice is the more stubborn as well as the more
  dangerous evil, and therefore  in the first place to
  he fenced against.                        Locke.
3. To fight according to art,  by obviating
   blows as well as giving.
    If a throstle sing, he falls straight a capering.-
  He will fence with his own shadow.       Shaksp.
    A beauteous heifer in the wood is bred,
  The stooping warriors aiming head to head,
  Engage their clashing horns; with dreadful sound
  The forest rattles, and the rocks rebound;
  They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar,
  Their dewlaps and their sides  are bath'd in gore.
                                      Dryden.
    A man  that cannot fence will keep out of bullies
  and gamesters' company.                 Locke.
    These,  being polemical arts,  could no more be
  learned alone than fencing or cudgelplaying.
                            Arbuthnot and Pope.
Fe'nceless, fens'les. adj.  [from fence]
   Without enclosure; open.
    Each motion of the heart rises to fury,
  And love in their weak bosoms is a rage
  As terrible as hate, and as destructive:
  So the wind roars o'er the wide fenceless ocean,
  And heaves toe billows of the boiling deep,
  Alike from north, from south.              Rowe.
Fe'ncer,  fen'stir. to. s. [from fence.]  One
   who teaches  or practises  the  use  of
   weapons, or science of defence.
    Calmness is great advantage; he that lets
  Another chafe, may warm him at his fire,
  Mark all his wand'rings, and enjoy his frets;
  As cunning/encers suffer heat  to tire.     Herbert.
    A nimble/encer will put in thrust so quick, that
  the foil will be in your bosom when you thought it a
  yard off.                               Digby. 
FE 0
FE R
FE R
Fencible,  fen'se-bl. adj.  [from fence.]
   Capable of defence.            Addison.
Fe'ncingmaster, fen'stng-mas-tur. n.  s.
   [fence and master.]   One who  teaches
   the  science  of defence,  or the use  of
   weapons.
Fe'ncingschool,  fen'sing-sk661.  to.   s.
   [fence and school.]  A place in which
   the use  of weapons is  taught.
    If a man be to prepare his son for duels, I had
   rather mine should be a good wrestler than an ordi-
   nary fencer,  which is the most  a gentleman can
   attain to, unless he will be constantly in the fencing-
   school, and every day exercising.           Locke.
Fen-cricket,  fen-krik'klt. to. s.  [grillo-
   talpa.]   An insect that digs itself holes
   in  the ground.
 To Fend, fend. v. a.  [from  defend.]   To
   keep off; to shut out.
    Spread with straw toe bedding of thy fold,
   With fern beneath to fend the bitter cold. Dryden.
 To Fend,  fend. v. to. To dispute;  to shift
   off a charge.
    The dexterous management of terms,  and being
   able to fend and prove with them, passes for a great
   part of learning; but it is learning distinct from know-
   ledge.                                Locke.
Fe'nder, fen'd&r. to. s. [from fend]
1. An  iron plate laid  before  the  fire to
   hinder coals  that  fall  from  rolling for-
   ward to  the floor.
2. Any thing laid or hung at the side of a
   ship  to keep off violence.
Fenera'tion, fen-eT-a'shiin. n. s.  [faner-
   atio, Lat.]  Usury; the gain  of interest;
   the  practice  of increasing  money by
   lending.
    The hair figured not only pusillanimity and tim-
   idity from its temper, but/enerafion and usury from
   its fecundity and superfetation.           Brown.
Fe'nnel, fen'nel." to. s. [fcsniculum, Lat.]
   A  plant  of strong scent.
    A sav'ry odour blown, more pleas'd my  sense
   Than smell of sweetest fennel, or  the teats
   Of ewe, or goat, dropping with milk at ev'n. Milt.
Fe'nnelflower,  fln'nel-ffour.   to.   s.
   [nigella.]   A plant.
Fe'nnelgiant,  fen'nel-ji-ant.  n.  s. [fe-
   rula]  A plant.
Fe'nny, fen'ne. adj. [from fen]
 1. Marshy; boggy;  moorish.
    Driving  in  of  piles is used for stone or brick
   houses, and that only where the ground proves fen-
   ny or moorish.                        Moxon.
    The hungry crocodile and hissing snake,
   Lurk in the troubled stream and fenny brake. Prior.
2. Inhabiting the marsh.
    Fillet of a fenny snake,
   In toe cauldron boil and bake.            Shaksp.
Fe'nnystones, len'ne-stonz. to. s. A plant.
FE'NSUCKED,fen'siikt. adj. [fen and suck.]
   Sucked out of marshes.
            Infect her beauty,
   You/ensucfc'd fogs, drawn by the  powerful sun.
                                      Shaksp.
Fe'nugreek,  feVii-greek.  to.  s. [fcenum
   Grecum, Lat.]  A plant.
FE'OD, ftide. to. *.  [feodum, low  Latin.]
   Fee; tenure.                        Diet.
Fe'odal.   fu'dal. adj.  [feodal,  French;
   from feod.]  Held from another.
Fe'odary,  fu'da-re.  «. *. [from feodum,
   Lat.]  One who  holds his estate under
   the tenure of  suit and service to a su-
   periour lord.                   Hanmer.
 To  FEOFF, fef.2S6 v. a. [fief, fieffer, Fr.
   feoff are, low Lat.] To put in possession;
   to invest with right.
 Feoffe'e, fef'fee.  to.  s.  [feoffatus, Latin;
   feoffe, French.] One put in possession.
     The late earl of Desmond, before his breaking
   forth into rebellion, conveyed secretly all his lands
   to feoffees in trust, in  hope to have cut off her ma-
   jesty from the escheat of his lands.       Spenser.
 Fe'offer,   fef'fur. to.  s.  [feoffator,  low
   Lat.]  One who  gives  possessioifof any
   thing.  See Feoffment.
 Fe'offment,  fef'ment.  n.  s. [feoffamen-
   tum, Lat.]  The act  of  granting  pos-
   session.
     Any gift or grant of any honours, castles, lands,
   or other immoveable things, to another in  fee-sim-
   ple, that is, to him and his heirs for ever, by the
   delivery of seisin of  tbe thing given; when it is in
   writing, it is called a deed offeoffment; and in every
  feoffment the giver is called the feoffor, feoffator,
   and he toat receiveth by virtue thereof the feoffee,
  feoffatus.  The  proper difference between a feoffer
   and a donor is, that the feoffer gives in fee-simple,
   the donor in fee-tail.                   Cowell.
 Fera'city,  fe-ras'e-te.  to.  s.  \feracitas,
   Lat.]   F'ruitfulness; fertility.      Diet.
 Fe'ral, fe'ral. adj. [feralis, Lat.]   Fune-
   real;  deadly.                       Diet.
 Feria'tion, fe-re-a'shiin.834 to. s. [feriatio,
   Lat.]  The act of keeping holiday;  ces-
   sation from work.
    As though there were any ferialion in nature, this
   season is commonly termed the physicians' vacation.
                                      Brown.
 FE'RINE, fe'rine.140 adj.  [ferinus, Lat.]
   Wild; savage.
    The only difficulty is touching  those ferine, nox-
   ious,  and untameable beasts;  as,  lions, tygers,
   wolves, bears.                          Hale.
 Feri'neness,  fe-rine'nes. «.  s. [fromyc?-
   rine]  Barbarity; savageness; wildness.
    A ferine and necessitous kind of life, a conversa-
   tion with those that were fallen into a barbarous
  habit of life, would assimilate the next generation
   to barbarism and ferineness.               Hale.
 Fe'rity, fer'e-te. to. s. [feritas, Lat.] Bar-
   barity; cruelty; wildness; savageness.
    He reduced him from the most abject and stupid
  ferity to his senses, and to sober reason. Woodward.
 To  FERME'NT,  fer-ment'.  v. a. [fer-
   mento, Latin; fermenter,  French.]  To
   exalt or rarefy  by intestine motion of
   parts.
    Ye vig'rous swains! while  youth ferments  your
          blood,
   And purer spirits swell the sprightly flood,
  Now range the hills, the thickest woods beset,
  Wind the .shrill horn, or spread the waving net.
                                       Pope.
 To Ferme'nt, fer-ment'. v. n.  To  have
   the  parts  put into intestine motion.
 Fe'rment, fer'ment.492 to. &.  [ferment, Fr.
  fermentum, Lat.]
 I. That which  causes  intestine motion.
    The semen puts females into a  fever upon im-
  pregnation; and all animal humours which poison,
  are putrefying/ermenfs.                 Floyer.
 2. Intestine motion; tumult.
    Subdue and cool the ferment of desire.  Rogers.
 Fekme'ntable, fer-ment'a-bl. adj. [from
  ferment.]  Capable of fermentation.
Ferme'ntal,  fer-ment'al. adj. [from fer-
   ment.] Having the power to cause fer-
   mentation.  Not used.
     Cucumbers, being waterish, fill the veins with
  crude and  windy serocities, that contain little salt
  or spirit, and debilitate the vital acidity and fer.
  mental faculty of the stomach.           Brown
 Fermenta'tion,  fer-men-ta'shun. n.  s.
   [fermentalio, Lat.]  A  slow  motion of
   the intestine particles of a  mixt  body
   arising  usually from  the  operation of
   some  active acid  matter,  which  rare-
   fies, exalts, and subtilizes the soft and
   sulphureous particles: as  when leaven
   or yest rarefies, lightens, and ferments
   bread  or wort.   And this motion differs
   much  from  that usually called ebulli-
   tion or effervescence,  which  is a  vio-
   lent boiling  and struggling between an
   acid  and an  alkali,  when mixed  to-
   gether-                          Harris.
    The juice of grapes,  after fermentation, will
  yield a spiritus ardens.                  g^
    A man by tumbling his thoughts, and forming
  them  into  expressions, gives them a new kind of
  fermentation; which works them  into a finer body
  and makes them much clearer than they were be-
  fore-      m                       Collier.
            The sap in fluent dance,
  And lively fermentation, mounting, spreads
  All this  innumerous colour'd scene of tilings.
                                    Thomson,
Ferme'ntative, fer-men'ta-tiv. adj.[fvom
  ferment] Causing fermentation; having
  the power to cause fermentation.
    Aromatical spirits destroy by their fermentative
  heat-                             Arbuthnot.
FERN, fern. to. s. [peann,  Saxon.]  A
  plant.
    The leaves are formed of a number of small pin-
  nules,  dentated on the edges, and set close one by
  another on slender ribs.   On the back of these pin-
  nules are produced the seeds, small and extremely
  numerous.  The country people esteem it a sove-
  reign remedy decocted for the rickets in children.
    _,  ,                               Hill.
    Black was the forest, thick with beech it stood,
  Horrid with fern and intricate with thorn;
  Few paths of human feet or tracks  of beasts were
    ^  worn-                         Dryden.
    There are great varieties offern in different parts
  of the world; but they are seldom cultivated in gar-
dens.
Miller.
Over-
 Dryden.
[ferox,
Pope.
Fe'rny, fer'ne. adj. [from fern.]
   grown with fern.
    The herd suffie'd, did late repair
  To ferny heaths, and to toeir forest-Iare.
Fero'cious,  fe-ro'shiis.367   adj.
   Lat. feroce, French.]
I. Savage; fierce.
    Smedley rose in majesty of mud;
  Shaking the horrors of his ample brows,
  And each ferocious feature grim with ooze.
2. Ravenous; rapacious.
    The hare, that becometh a prey unto ma* unto
  beasts  and fowls of the air, is fruitful even unto
  superfetation; but the lion, a ferocious animal, hath
  young ones but seldom, and but one at a time.
r.    /       ,..   .                    Brown.
Fero city, fe-ros'e-te.  to.  a.  [ferocitas,
   Lat. ferocite,  French;  from ferocious]
   Savageness; wildness; fierceness.
    An uncommon ferocity in my  countenance, with
  the remarkable flatness  of my nose,  and extent of
  my mouth, have procured me the name of  lion.
    ¥T .    , .     , .    „              Addison.
    Untaught, uncultivated, as they were
  Inhospitable, full of ferocity.            PAifiv 
FER
FER
FER
Fe'rrEous, fer're-us. adj. [ferreus, Lat.]
   Irony; partaking of iron.
    In the body of  glass there  is no ferreous or
  magnetical nature.                     Brown.
FE'RRET, fer'rit."9 to.  s. [fured, Welsh;
  furet, French; ferret,  Dutch; viierra,
   Latin.]
1. A kind of rat with red eyes  and a long
   snout, used to catch  rabbits.   They  are
   said to have been brought hither  from
   Africa.
    With what an eager earnestness she looked, hav-
  ing threatening not only in her ferret eyes,  but
  while she spoke, her nose  seemed to threaten her
  chin.                                Sidney.
            Cicero
   Looks with such ferret and such fiery eyes
  As we have seen him.                  Shaksp.
    Coneys are taken either by ferrets  or purse-nets.
                                   Mortimer.
2. A kind of narrow woollen tape.
To Fe'rret,  fer'rit."  v. a.   [from  the
   noun.] To drive  out of lurking places,
   as the ferret drives the coney.
    The  archbishop had ferreted him  out of all his
  holds.                               Heylin.
Fe'rreter, fer'rit-tilr.  to. s.   [from fer-
   ret.]   One  that  hunts  another  in  his
   privacies.
Fe'rri age, fer're-idje.90 ra. s. [from ferry.]
   The  fare paid at a ferry.
Ferru'ginous,  fer-ru'jin-us.  adj.  [Jer-
   rugineux, French; ferrugineus, Latin.]
   Partaking of the particles and qualities
   of iron.
    They are  cold, hot,  purgative, diuretick, ferru-
  ginous, saline, petrefying, and bituminous.   Ray.
Fe'rrule, fer'ril. ra. s.  [from ferrum, iron,
   Latin.]   An  iron ring put  round any
   thing to keep it from cracking.
    The  fingers' ends are strengthened with nails, as
   we fortify the ends of our staves or forks' wirn iron
   hoops or ferrules.                        Ray.
 To FE'RRY, fer're. v.  a. [partan, to pass,
   Sax.  Jahr, German, a passage.   Skin-
   ner imagines  that this whole family of
   words may be  deduced from the Latin
   veho.  I  do not love  Latin originals;
   but  if such must be sought, may  not
   these words be more naturally derived
   from ferri,  to be carried?]   To carry
   over in a boat.
             Cymocles heard and saw,
   He loudly call'd to such as were aboard,
   The little bark unto the shore to draw,
   And him to ferry over that deep ford.  F.  Queen.
 To Fe'rry, fer're.  v.n.   To  pass over
   water in a vessel of  carriage.
    Thence hurried back to  fire,
   They ferry over this Lethsan sound
   Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment.   Milton.
Fe'rry,  fer're.          > ra. s. [from the
Fe'rryboat, fer're-bote. $ verb and boat.]
 1. A vessel of carriage; a vessel in which
   goods or passengers are carried over
   water.
    By this time was the worthy Guyon brought
   Unto the other side of that wide strand,
    Where she was rowing, and for passage sought;
   Him needed not long call, she soon to hand
   Her ferry brought.                Fairy Queen.
    Bring them with imagin'd speed
   Unto the Traject, to the common ferry
   Which trades to Venice.                Shaksp.
    A ferryboat to carry over the king's household.
                                   2 Samuel.
    I went down to  toe river Brent in the ordinary
  fen-v.                               Addison.
2. Tne passage over which the ferry-boat
   passes.
Fe'rrvman, fer're-man.58 to. s. [ferry and
   man]  One who keeps a ferry; one who
   for hire transports goods and passengers
   over the water.
    I past, methought, the melancholy flood
  With that grim ferryman which poets write of,
  Unto the kingdom of peqietual night.     Shaksp.
    The common ferryman of Egypt, that wafted over
  the dead bodies from  Memphis, was made by the
  Greeks the ferryman  of hell, and solemn stories
  raised after him.                       Brown.
    The grisly ferryman of hell deny'd
  ^Eneas entrance, 'till he knew his guide.  Roscom.

Ferth or Forth, ferth. Common termina-
   tions  are the same as in English an ar-
   my; coining from the  Saxon word pyrt%-
                                    Gibson.

FE'RTILE,  fer'til.140 adj.   [fertile,  Fr.
  fertilis, Lat.]
 I. Fruitful; abundant; plenteous.
            I had hope of France,
  As firmly as 1 hope for fertile  England.   Shaksp.
    1 have had a large, a fair, and a pleasant field;
  so fertile, that it  has given me two harvests  in a
  summer.                             Dyden.
    I ask whether in the uncultivated waste of Ame-
  rica, a thousand acres yield as many conveniencies
  of life  as ten acres of equally fertile land do  in
  Devonshire?                           Locke.
    View the wide earth adorn'd with hills and woods,
  Rich in her herds, and fertile by her floods.
                                   .Bfacfcwiore.
2. With of before the  thing produced.
    The earth  is fertile  of all kinds of grain.
                                     Camden.
    This happy countiy is extremely fertile,   as of
  those above,  so likewise of its productions under
  ground.                           Woodward.
Fe'rtileness,   fer'til-nes.  to.  s.  [from
  fertile.]  Fruitfulness; fecundity.

 To Ferti'litate, fer-til'e-tate. v.a. [from
  fertile.]  To fecundate; to fertilize; to
   make fruitful or productive.   Not in
   use.
    A cock will in one day fertilitate the whole  race-
  mation or cluster of eggs not excluded in  many
  weeks after.                          Brown.
Ferti'lity,  fer-til'e-te. to. s.   [fertilitas,
   Latin.] Fecundity; abundance; fruitful-
   ness; plenteousness.
            1 will  go root away
  The noisome weeds, that without profit suck
  The soil's fertility from wholesome flowers.  Shak.
    Paradise itself exceeded in beauty and fertility;
   and these places had but a resemblance thereof.
                                      .Rafe tg-ft.
    The quickness of the imagination is seen in the
  invention, toe fertility in the fancy, and the accu-
  racy in the expression.                  Dryden.
    To inundations  Egypt,  through  which the  Nile
  flows, and the Indies owe  their extraordinary fer-
  tUity, and those mighty crops they  produce  after
  these waters are withdrawn.          Woodward.
 To Fertili'ze,  fer'til-lize.  v.a. [fertili-
   ser,  French.]   To  make  fruitful; to
   make plenteous;  to make  productive;
   to fecundate.
    Rain "water carries along with it a sort of terres-
  trial matter toat/erfifizes the land, as being proper
  for the formation of vegetables.       Woodward.
Fe'rtily,  fer'til-e.  adv.  [from J'ertile.]
   Fruitfully;    plenteously;   plentifully;
   abundantly.
FE'RVENCY, feYven-se. to. s. [fervens,
   Latin.]
1. Heat of mind;  ardour;  eagerness.
            Your diver
  Did hang a salt fish  on his hook, which he
  With fervency drew up.                Shaksp.
2. Pious ardour; flame of devotion;  zeal.
    We have on all sides lost most of our first fer-
  vency towards God.                    Hooker.
    There must be zeal  and fervency in him which
  proposetu for the rest those suits and supplications,
  which they by their  joyful acclamations must ratify.
                                      Hooker.
    When you  pray, let it be with attention,  with
  fervency, and with perseverance.          Wake.
Fe'rvext, fer'vent.  adj. [fervens, Latin;
  fervent, French.]
I. Hot; boiling.
            The fountains
  Bubbling wave did ever freshly wade
  Ne ever would through fervent summer  fade.
                                     Spenser.
    From the phlegmatick humour, the proper allay
  of fervent blood, will flow  a future quietude and
  serenitude.                           Wotton.
2. Hot in temper; vehement.
    They that are more fervent to dispute, be not al-
  ways the most able  to determine.         Hooker.
3. Ardent in piety;  warm in  zeal; flaming
   with devotion.
    This man being fervent in the spirit,  taught di-
  ligently the things of the Lord.             Acts.
    So spake the fervent angel: but his zeal,
  None seconded, as out of season judg'd,
  Or singular and rash.                   Milton.
    Let all enquiries into the mysterious points of
  theology be  carried on with fervent petitions  to
  God, that he would  dispose their minds to direct all
  their skill  to Ae promotion of a good life.   South.
Fe'rvently, fer'vent-le. adv. [from fer-
   vent.]
1. Eagerly;  vehemently.
    They all that charge did fervently apply;
  With greedy malice and importune toil.  F. Queen.
2. With pious ardour;  with holy zeal.
    Epaphras  saluteth you, labouring fervently for
  you in prayers.                     Colossians.
    He cares not how or what he suffers; so he suffer
  well, and  be the friend of Christ; nor where Dor
  when he suffers, so  he may do it  frequently, fer-
  vently, and acceptably.                  Taylor.
FE'RVID, fer'vkl. adj. [fervidus, Lat.]
1. Hot; burning;  boiling.
2. Vehement; eager; zealous.
Fervi'dity, fer-vid'e-te. to.  s. [from fer-
   vid.]
1. Heat.
2. Zeal; passion;  ardour.
Fe'rvioness,  fer'vid-nes.  to.  s.   [from
  fervid.]  Ardour of mind; zeal; passion.
    As to the healing of Malchus's ear,  in the ac-
  count of the meek  Lamb of God, it was a kind of
  injury done to him  by the fervidness of St. Peter.
  who knew not yet what spirit he was of.    Bentley.
FE'RULA, fer'u-ia. ra. *. [ferule, French;
   from ferula, giant fennel,  Latin.]   An
   instrument  of  correction  with  which
   young scholars are  beaten  on the hand:
   so named  because anciently the  stalks
   of fennel were used for this purpose.
    These differ as much as the rod and ferula.
                                       Shaw.
To Fe'rule, fer'rule. v. a.   To  chastise
   with the ferula.
Fe'rvour,  fer'vur.314  ra. s.  [fervor, Lat.
  Jerveur, French.]
1. Heat; warmth.
    Were it an undeniable truth that an effectual fer- 
FES
FES
FET
  iv>ur proceeded from this star, yet would uot the
  same determine the opinion.             JBroton.
    Like bright Aurora, whose refulgent ray
  Foretells the fervour of ensuing day,
  And warns the shepherd wito his flocks retreat
  To leafy shadows, from the threaten'd heat.
                                       Waller.
    These silver drops like morning dew,
  Foretell the fervour of the day;
    So from one cloud soft show'rs we view,
  And blasting lightnings burst away.        Pope.
2. Heat of  mind;  zeal.
    Odious it must needs have been to abolish toat
  which all had  held for the space of many  ages,
  without reason so great as might in the eyes of im-
  partial men appear sufficient to clear them from all
  blame of rash proceedings, if in fervour of zeal
  they had removed such things.           Hooker.
    Haply despair hath  seiz'd her;
,  Or,wing'd with fervour of her love, she's flown,
  To her desir'd  Postoumus.              Shaksp.

3. Ardour of piety.
    There will be at Loretto, in a few ages  more,
  jewels of the greatest value in Europe, if the de-
  votion of its princes continues in its present fervour.
                                       Addison.
FK'STINATE, fes'te-nate.  adj.  [festi-
   natus, Lat.] Hasty; hurried. Not in use.
    Advise the duke, where yon are going, to a most
  festinate preparation:  we are bound to the like.
                                       Shaksp.
Fe'stinately, fes'te-nate-le. adv.  [from
  festinate.] Hastily; speedily; with speed.
   Not in use.
    Take this key; give enlargement to the  swain,
  and bring him festinately hither.         Shaksp.
Festina'tion, fes-te-na'shun. to. s. [festi-
   natio, Latin.] Haste;  hurry.
FE'STIVAL, fes'te-val.  adj.  [festivus,
   Lat.]  Pertaining to feasts; joyous.
    He appeared at great tables, and festival  enter-
  tainments, toat he might manifest his divine charity
  to men.                            Atterbury.
Fe'stival, fes'te-val. n. a. Time of feast;
   anniversary  day  of  civil  or  religious
   joy-
             So tedious is this day,
  As is the night before some festival,
  To an impatient child that hath new robes,
  And may not wear toem.                Shaksp.
    Th' invited sisters with their graces blest
  Their festivals.                        Sandys.
    The morning trumpets festival proclaim'd
  Through each high street.               Milton.
    Follow, ye nymphs and shepherds all,
  Come celebrate this festival,
  And merrily sing and sport and play;
   'Tis Oriana's nuptial day.             GranvUle.
    By sacrifice of the tongues  they  purged away
  whatever they had spoken amiss during the/esfivof.
                                       Broome.
    The festival of our Lord's resurrection we have
  celebrated, and may now consider toe chief conse-
   quence of his resurrection a judgment to come.
                                     Atterbury.
Fe'stive, fes'tiv.1*0 adj.  [feativua, Lat.]
   Joyous; gay; befitting a feast.
    The glad circle round them yield their souls
   To festive mirth  and  wit that knows no gall.
                                      Thomson.
FESTi'vtTY, fes-tlv'e-te. to. a.  [featrvitaa,
   Latin; fromfe8tive.]
 1. Festival; time of rejoicing.
    The daughter of Jephtha came to be worshipped
   as a deity, and had an ann\ia\ festivity observed unto
   her honour.                            Brown.
     There happening  a great  and  solemn festivity,
   such as the sheep shearing  used to be, David conde-
   scends to beg of a rich man some small repast.
                                         South.
 2. Gayety; joyfulness; temper  or beha-
   viour befitting a feast.
     To some persons there is no better instrument to
   cause toe remembrance,  and to endear  the affec-
   tion to the article, than the recommending it by fes-
   tivity and joy of a holy-day.              Taylor.
 Festo'on, fes-td6n'. to.  *. [featon, French.]
   An ornament of carved  work in  the
   form of a wreath or garland of flowers,
   or leaves  twisted together, thickest  at
   the middle, and  suspended by the two
   extremes, whence  it  hangs down per-
   pendicularly.                     Harri8.
 Fe'stucine,  fes-tu'sin.140  adj.  [featuca,
   Latin.] Straw-colour between green and
   yellow.
     Therein may be  discovered a little insect of a
   festucine or pale green,  resembling  a  loeust  or
   grasshopper.                           Brown,
 Festu'cous,  fes-tu'kfls.  adj.   [featuca,
   Lat.]  Formed of straw.
     We speak of straws or festucous divisions, slight-
   ly drawn over with oil.                  Brown.
To Fet,  fet.  v. a.   To fetch; to  go and
   bring.   Not in  use.
    Get home wito thy fewel, make ready to fet,
  The sooner the easier carriage to get.      Tusstr
    But for he was unable them to fet,
  A little boy did on him still attend.   Fairy Queen.
    And they fet forth Urijah out of  Egypt to Jebr>
  iakim, who slew him with the sword.    Jeremiah
Fet, fet.  to.  *.   [I suppose from fait, Fr.
   a part or portion.]  A piece. Not in use.
            The bottom clear
  Now laid wito many a fet
  Of seed-pearl, e'er she bath'd her there
  Was known as black as jet.            Drayton,
To FETCH, fetsh.  v.a. preter. fetched;
   anciently./^, unless it rather came from
   To  fet. [peccan,  pettan,  Sax.]
I. To go and bring.
            They have devis'd a mean
  How he her chamber window will ascend,
  And  with a corded  ladder fetch her down. Shaksp
    We will take men  to fetch victuals for the peo-
  ple.                                  Judges.
    Go to toe flock, and fet ch me from thence two kid
  goats.                                Genesis.
    The seat of empire where the Irish come,
  And  the unwilling Scotch, to fetch their doom.
                                       Waller
    Draw forth the monsters of to' abyss profound,
  Or fetch to' aerial eagle to toe ground.     Popt,
2. To derive; to draw.
             On you noblest English,
  Whose blood is fetch'd from fathers of war-proof.
                                       Shaksp.
3. To strike at a distance.
    The conditions of weapons, and  their improve-
  ments, are toe fetching afar off; for toat outruns
  the danger, as it is seen  in ordnance and muskets.
                                        Bacon.
4. To bring to any state by some power-
   ful  operation.
    In smells we see their great and sudden effect in
  fetching men  again, when they swoon.      Bacon.
    At Rome any of those arts immediately thrives,
  under the encouragement of the prince, and may
  be fetched up to its perfection in ten  or a dozen
  years, which is the work of an age or two in other
  countries.                           Addison-
5. To draw within any confinement or pro-
   hibition.
    General terms may sufficiently convey to the peo-
  ple what our intentions  are, and yet not fetch us
  within the compass of toe ordinance.   Sanderson.
6. To produce by some kind of force.
    These ways, if toere  were any secret excellence
   among toem, would fetch it out, and give it fair op-
  portunities to advance itself by.           Milton,
    An human soul without education is like marble
  in toe quarry, which shews none of its beauties 'till
   the skill of toe polisher fetches out toe colours, Addi.
7. To perform: it is  applied to motion or
   cause.
    I'll fetch a turn about the garden, pitying
   The pangs of barr'd affections; though  the king
   Hato charg'd you should not speak together. Shaksp-
    When evening grey doth rise, I  fetch my round
   Over the mount.                        MUton.
    To come to that place, they must  fetch a compass
   three miles on the right hand through a forest.
                                        Knolles.
8. To perform with suddenness or vio-
    lence.
            Note a wild and wanton herd,
   Or race of youthful and unhandled  colts,
   Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud.
                                     Shakspeare.
    The fox fetched a hundred and a  hundred leaps at
   a delicious cluster of grapes.         L'Estrangt.
     Talk to her of an unfortunate young lady toat lost
   her  beauty by the small-pox, she fetches a deep sigh-
                                       Addison.
Fe'scue, fes'ku. ». a.  [veeae, Dut. festu,
   French.]  A small wire by which those
   who teach to read point out the letters.
    Teach him an alphabet upon his fingers, making
  the points of his fingers of his left hand both on the
  inside to signify some letter, when any of them  is
  pointed at by the fore-finger of the right hand, or
  by any kind of fescue.                  Holder.
    Teach them how manly passions ought to move;
  For such as cannot think, can never love;
  And since they needs will judge toe poet's art,
  Point  'em with fescues to each shining part.  Dryd.
Fe'sels,  fes'sels.  to. a.  A kind  of base
   grain.
     Disdain not fesels or poor vech to sow,
  Or care to make Egyptian lentils thrive.     May.
Fesse, fes.  to. «. [In heraldry.]
     The fesse is so called of the LaUn word fascia,
  a band or girdle, possessing a third part of the es-
  cutcheon over the middle:  if toere be above one,
  you must call them bars; if with the field toere be
   odd pieces,  as seven or nine, then you must name
   the field, and say so many bars;  if even, as six,
   eight, or ten, you must say bar-wise or barry of six,
   eight, or ten; as toe king of Hungary bears argent
   aud gules, barry of eight.              Peacham.
 To Fe'ster, fes'tiir. v. ra.  [fesse, in Ba-
    varian, a swelling corrupted. Junius]
    To  rankle; to  corrupt;  to  grow viru-
    lent.
     I might, even in my lady's presence, discover
   the sore which had deeply festered within me.
                                        Sidney.
     Inward corruption and infected sin,
   Not purg'd, not heal'd, behind remained still,
   And/estering sore did rankle yet within. F. Queen.
     How should our festered sores be cured? Hooker.
     I have some wounds upon me,  and they smart
   To hear themselves remember'd.
   —Well might they fester 'gainst ingratitude,
   And tent themselves with death.          Shaksp.
              Mind that their souls
   May make a peaceful and a sweet retire
   From off these fields,  where, wretches, their poor
        bodies
   Must lie and fester.                    Shaksp.
     There was imagination, that between a  knight
   whom the duke had taken into some good  degree
   of favour,  and Felton, there  had been ancient
   quarrels not yet well healed, which might perhaps
   be festering in his breast,  and by a certain inflam-
   mation produce this effect.               Wotton.
     Passion and unkindness may give a wound that
   shall bleed and smart; but it is treachery that makes
   it fester.                               South- 
FET                                      FEV                                      FEU
9. To reach; to arrive at; to come to.
     Mean time flew our ships, and straight we fetch
  The syrens isle; a spleenless wind so stretcht
  Her wings to waft us, and so urg'd our keel.
                                     Chapman.
     If earth, industrious of herself, fetch day
  Travelling east; and wito her part averse
  From the sun's beam, meet night; her other part
  Still luminous by his ray.                MUton.
     The hare laid himself down, and took a nap; for,
  says he, I can fetch up the tortoise when I please.
                                   L'Estrange.
10.  To obtain as its price.
     During such a state, silver in the coin will never
  fetch as much as the silver in bullion.      Locke.

 To  Fetch, fetsh. v. n.  To move with a
   quick return.
             Like a shifted wind unto a sail,
  It makes the course of thoughts to fetch about.
                                   Shakspeare.
Fetch, fetsh.  n. *.  [from the verb.]  A
   stratagem  by  which any thing is indi-
   rectly performed, or by which one thing
   seems intended and another ia done; a
   trick; an artifice.
     An envious neighbour is easy to find,
  His cumbersome fetches are seldom behind:
  His fetch is to flatter, to get what he can;
  His purpose once gotten, a pin for thee then. Tusser.
             It is a fetch of wit;
  You laying these slight sullies on my son,
  As 'twere a thing a little soil'd i' to' working.
                                    Shakspeare.
     But Sidrophel, as full of tricks
  As rota men of politicks,
  Straight cast about to over-reach
  Th' unwary conqu'ror  with a fetch.      Hudibras.
     With this fetch he laughs at the trick he hato
  plaid me.                        StiUingfteet.
     The fox had a fetch in't.           L'Estrange.
     From these instances and fetches
  Thou mak'st of horses, clocks, and watches;
  Quoth Mat, thou seem'st to mean
  That Alma is a mere machine.           Prior.
Fe'tcher, fetsh'iir. to. *. [from to fetch.]
   One that fetches  any thing.
FE'TID, fet'id.«» adj. [fatidua,  Lat.; fe-
   tid,Yr.] Stinking; rancid; having a smell
   strong and offensive.
     Most putrefactions are of an odious smell; for
  toey smell either fetid or mouldy.         Bacon.
     In the most severe orders of the church of Rome,
  those who practise abstinence, feel after it fetid hot
  eructations.                        Arbuthnot.
     Plague, fiercest child of Nemesis divine,
  Descends from Ethiopia's poison'd woods,
  From  stifled Cairo's filth and fetid fields. Thomson.
Fe'tipness, fet'id-nes. ra. a.  [from fetid.]
   The quality of  stinking.
Fe'tlock, fet'l6k. ra. a. [feet and lock.]  A
   tuft of hair that grows behind  the past-
   ern joint of many  horses:  horses of a
   low size have scarce any such tuft.
                             Farrier's Diet.
            Their wounded steeds
  Pret fetlock deep in gore, and wito wild rage
  k'erk out their armed heels at their dead masters.
                                   Shakspeare.
     White were the fetlocks of his feet before,
  And on his front a snowy star he bore.     Dryden.
1'e'tor, fe'tftr. ra. #. [fetor, Lat.] A stink;
   a stench; a strong and  offensive smell.
     The fetor may discover itself by  sweat and hu-
  mour.                                Brown.
     When the symptoms are attended  with a fetor of
  any kind, such a disease will be cured by acescent
  substances, and none better than whey. JffV&uf/mof.
FE'TTEK, fet'tir.  ra. *.  It is commonly
  used in the  plural fettera.  [from feet;
   petcejie, Sax.] Chains for the feet;
   chains by which walking is hindered.
    Doctrine unto fools is as fetters on the feet; and
  like manacles on the right hand.          Eccles.
    Drawing after me toe chains and fetters where-
  unto I have been  tied, I have by other men's er-
  rours failed.                          Raleigh.
    Passions too fierce to be in  fetters bound,
  And nature flies him like enchanted ground. Dryd.
    The wretch in double fetters bound,
  Your potent mercy may release.           Prior.
    Pleasure arose in those very parts of his leg that
  just before had been so much pained by toe fetter.
                                      Addison.
            I toought her pride
  Had broke your fetters, and assur'd your freedom.
                                   A. Philips.
 To Fe'tter, fet'tfir. v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To bind;  to enchain; to shackle; to  tie.
   It  is properly used of  the feet,  but is
   applied to other restraints.
    Neither her great worthiness, nor his own suffer-
  ing  for her, could fetter his fickleness.     Sidney.
             My conscience! thou art felter'd
  More than my shanks and wrists.     Shakspeare.
    Fetter strong madness in a silken thread;
  Charm ach with air, and agony with words. Shaksp.
    Doth a master chide his servant because he doth
  not come, yet knows that the servant is chained and
  fettered, so as be cannot move?         Bramhall.
    A chain which man to fetter man has made;
  By artifice impos'd, by fear obey'd.         Prior.
 To Fe'ttle, fet'tl.405 v. to. [A cant  word
   from feel.]  To do trifling business; to
   ply hands without labour.
    When your master  is most busy  in  company,
  come in and pretend to fettle  about the room;  and
  if he chides, say you toought he rung the bell.
                                        Swift.
 Fe'tus,  fe'tu.s296 489 to. a. [fatua, Latin.]
   Any animal in embryo; any thing yet in
   the womb; any thing unborn.
    That paradox of Hippocrates some learned phy-
  sicians have of late revived, that the fetus respires
  in the womb.                           Boyle.
 Feud, fide.*84 to. ». [peahb, enmity, Sax.]
   Quarrel; contention; opposition; war.
    Though men would find such mortal feuds
  In sharing of their publick goods.       Hudurras.
    In former ages it was a policy of France to raise
  and cherish intestine feuds and discords in Great
  Britain.                             Addison.
            Scytoia mourns
  Our guilty wars, and earth's remotest regions
  Lie half unpeopled by the feuds of Rome. Addison.

 FEU'DAL,  fti'dal.  adj.  [feudalis,  low
   Latin.] Pertaining  to fees,  feus, or te-
   nures by which lands are held of a  su-
   periour  lord.
 Feu'dal,  fu'dal.  to.   s.   A dependance;
   something held by  tenure; a fee; a feu.
    Wales, that was not always the feudal territory
  of England, having been governed by a prince of
  their own, had laws utterly strange  to the laws of
  England.                               Hale.
Feu'datory, fu'da-tur-e. to. a. [from feu-
   dal.]  One who holds  not in chief, but
   by some  conditional tenure from  a  su-
   periour.
    The duke of Parma was tempted  to be true to
  that enterprize, by no less promise than to be made
  a feudatory, or beneficiary king of England, under
  the seignory in chief of toe pope, and the protec-
  tion of Spain.                         Bacon.
FE'VER,  fe'vur. ra. *. [fievre,  Fv.febn.s-,
   Lat.]  A  disease in  which the  body is
   violently heated, and the pulse quicken
   ed, or in  which heat and cold  prevail
   by  turns.   It  is  sometimes  continual,
   sometimes intermittent.
    Tbink'st thou toe fiery fever will go out
  Wito titles blown from adulation?
  Will it give place to flexure and low bending?
                                    S/iafcspeare.
             Duncan is in hisg.ave;
  After life's fitful fever he sleeps well.   Shakspeare.
    Should not a lingering fever he remov'd,
  Because it long has rag'd within my blood?  Dryd
    He had never dreamed in his life, 'till he had the
  fever he was then newly recover'd of.       Locke.
To Fe'ver, fe'vfir. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To put  into a  fever.
    The white hand  of a lady fever thee!
  Shake to look on't.                   Shakspeare,
    Her blood all fever'd, with a furious leap,
  She sprung from bed distracted in her mind. Dryd.
Fe'veret,  fe-vtir-et'. to. a.  [from fever]
   A slight fever; febricula.
    A  light feveret, or an old quartan ague, is not a
  sufficient excuse for non-appearance.       Ayliffe
Fe'verfew,  fe'vur-fu. to. s. [febris and
  fugo, Lat.]  A  plant.
    Common feverfew is  toe sort used  in medicine.,
  and is found wild in many parts of England.
                                       Miller.
Fe'verish, fe'vur-ish. adj. [from fever.]
1. Diseased with a fever.
    To other climates beasts and birds retire,
  And feverish nature burns in her own fire. Creech-
    When an animal that gives suck turns feverish,
  that is, its juices more alkaline, the milk turns from
  its native genuine whiteness to yellow.  Arbuthnot.
2. Tending to a fever.
    A feverish disorder disabled me.         Swift.
3. Uncertain;  inconstant;  now  hot,  now
   cold.
    We toss and torn about our feverish will,
  When all our ease must come by lying still;
  For all the  happiness mankind can gain,
  Is not in pleasure, but in rest from pain.   Dryden,
4. Hot; burning.
    And now four days tbe sun had seen our woes,
  Four nights the moon beheld incessant fire;
    It seem'd as if the stars more sickly rose,
  And farther from the feverish north retire. Dryden.
Fe'verishness, fe'viftr-ish-nes. to. a. [from
  feverish] A slight disorder of  the fe-
   verish kind.
Fe'verous, fe'viar-us. adj.  [fievreux-ae,
   French; from fever.]
1. Troubled with a fever or ague.
    Thou mad'st thine enemies shake, as if  toe world
  Were feverous, and did tremble.      Shakspeare
2. Having  the  nature of  a fever.
             AH fev'rous kinds,
  Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs.    Milton
3. Having  a tendency to produce fevers.
    It hath been noted by the ancients, that southern
  winds, blowing much, without rain, do cause a fe-
  verous disposition of the year; but with rain not
                                       Bacon.
Fe'very, fe'vfir-e. adj. [from fever.] Dis-
   eased with a fever.
             O Rome, thy head
  Is drown'd  in sleep, and all thy body fev'ry.
                                  Ben Jonson.
FE'UILLAGE, ful'lage.  to. s.  [Fr.]  A
   bunch or row of leaves.
    Of Homer's head I enclose the outline, toat you
  may determine whether you would have it so large,
  or reduced  to make room for feuillage  or laurel
  round the oval.                  Jervas to Pope.
FE'UILLEMORT, fuel'm6rt. n.s.  [Fr.]
   The colour  of a  faded leaf, corrupted
   commonly to philcmot. 
F I B
FIC
FIC
Fe'uterer, fu'tiir-er. ra. *.  A dogkeeper:
   perhaps the  cleaner of the kennel.
FEW, iu. adj.  [peo, peopa, Saxon; fua,
   Danish.]
1. Not many; not in a great number.
    We are left but few of many.        Jeremiah.
    So much the thirst of honour fires the blood;
  So many would be great, so few be good;
  For who would virtue for herself regard,
  Or wed without the portion of reward?    Dryden.
    On winter seas we fewer storms behold,
  Than foui diseases toat infect the fold.    Diyden.
    Men have fewer or more simple ideas from with-
  out, according as the objects toey converse with af-
  ford greater or less variety.              Locke
    The fewer still you name, you wound the more;
  Bond is but one, but Harpax is a score.     Pope.
    Party is the madness of many, for the gain of a
  few.                                   Swift.
    Tbe imagination of a poet is a thing so nice and
  delicate,  that it is no easy matter to find out images
  capable of giving pleasure to one of the few,  who,
  in any age, have come up to that character.
                               Berkley to Pope.
2. Sometimes elliptically; not many words.
    To answer  both allegations <at  once, the  very
  substance of that they contain is in few but this.
                                      Hooker.
    So having said, he thus to Eve in few:
  Say, woman, what is this which thou hast done?
                                       MUton.
    Thus Jupiter in few unfolds the charge. Dryden.
    The firm resolve I here in few disclose.   Pope.
Fe'wel,  fu'il." to. a. [feu, Fr.] Combusti-
   ble matter; materials  for keeping  fire:
   as firewood,  coal.
    If a spark of  error have thus far prevailed fall-
  ing even  where  the wood  was green, and  farthest
  off from any inclination unto furious attempts,  must
  not (he peril thereof be greater in men, whose minds
  are as dry fewel, apt beforehand unto tumults,  sedi-
  tions, and broils?                     Hooker.
    Others may give the fewel or the fire!
  But they  the breath, toat makes the flame, inspire.
                                     Denham.
    A known quantity of fewel, all kindled at  once,
  will cause water to boil, which being lighted gradu-
  ally will never be able to do it.          Bentley.
 To Fe'wel,  fu'il.  v. a. [from  the noun.]
   To feed-with fewel.
    Never, alas! the dreadful name,
  That fewels the infernal flame.           Cowley.
Fk'wness, i'u'nes. ra. s. [from few.]
 1. Paucity; smallness of number.
    These, by reason of toeir fewness,  I could not
  distinguish from  the numbers with whom they are
  embodied.                           Dryden.
2. Paucity of words; brevity; conciseness.
    Fewness and truth, 'tis thus.        Shakspeare.
 To Fey,  fa.  v. a.  [veghen,  Dutch.]   To
   cleanse a ditch of mud.
    Such muddy deep ditches and pits in the field,
  That all a dry summer no water will yield,
  By feying and casting that mud upon heaps,
  Commodities many the husbandman reaps.  Tusser.
FIB, fib.  n. s. [A  cant  word among child-
   ren.] A lie;  a falsehood.
    Destroy his jib or sophistry in vain,
  The creature's at his dirty work again.     Pope.
            I so often lie,
  Scarce Harvey's  self has told more fibs than I. Pope.
To Fib,  fib.  v. n. [from the noun.]   To
  lie; to tell lies; to speak falsely.
    If you  have any  mark, whereby one may know
  when you fib,  and when you speak truth, you had
  best tell it me.                       Arbuthnot.
Fi'beer,  fib'bur. to. s. [from fib.] A teller
  of  fibs.
F1 PRE,  fi'bur.416 to. s. [fibre, Fr.;  fibra,

  Lat.]
 I. A small thread or string; the first con-
   stituent parts of bodies.
    Now sliding streams the thirsty plants renew,
  And feed their fibres with reviving dew.     Pope.
 2. A fibre, in physick, is an animal  thread,
   of which some are soft,  flexible, and a
   little  elastick;  and these are  either hol-
   low like small pipes, or spongeous and
   full  of little cells, as the  nervous and
   fleshy fibres:  others  are  more solid,
   flexible, and with a strong elasticity or
   spring, as the membraneous and carti-
   laginous fibres:   and  a third  sort  are
   hard  and flexible, as  the fibres of  the
   bones.  Some so  very  small as not  to
   be easily perceived; and others so  big
   as to be plainly seen; and most of them
   appear to be composed of still smaller
  fibres:  these fibres  first constitute  the
   substance of the bones, cartilages, liga-
   ments, membranes, nerves, veins, arte-
   ries, and muscles.               Quincy.
    My heart sinks in me while I hear him speak,
  And ev'ry slaeken'd fibre drops its hold,
  Like nature letting down the springs of life;
  The name of father awes me stilL       Dryden.
 Fi'bril, fi'bril. n.s. [fibrille,  Fr.] A small
   fibre  or string.
    The muscles consist of a  number of fibres, and
  each fibre of  an  incredible number of little fibrils
  bound together, and divided into little cells. Cheyne.
 Fi'brous, fi'bn&s.314 adj.  [fibreux,  Fr.;
   from fibre.]  Composed of  fibres or sta-
   mina.
    The difference between bodies fibrous and bodies
  viscous is plain;  for all wool and tow,  and  cotton
  and silk, have a greediness of moisture.    Bacon.
    I saw Petreus' aims employed around
  A well-grown oak,  to  root it from toe ground;
  This way and that he wrench'd the fibrous bands,
  The trunk was like a  sapling in his hands. Diyden.
    The fibrous and solid parts of plants pass unal-
  tered through the intestines.           Arbuthnot.

 FT BUL A, flb'u-la. to. s. [Lat.] The out-
   er and lesser  bone  of  the  leg, much
   smaller than the tibia: it lies  on the out-
   side  of the  leg;  and  its  upper  end,
   which  is not so  high  as the knee,  re-
   ceives  the lateral knob  of  the  upper
   end  of  the  tibia  into a small  sinus,
   which it has in its  inner side. Its lower
   end  is received  into the small sinus of
   the tibia,  and then  it  extends  into  a
   large  process, which forms the outer
   ankle.                           Quincy.

FI'CKLE, fik'kl.406 adj. [picol, Sax.]
 I. Changeable; inconstant; irresolute; wa-
   vering; unsteady;  mutable;  changeful;
   without steady adherence.
            Remember where we are,
  In France among a fickle wavering nation. Shaksp.
    A slave whose easy  borrow'd pride
  Dwells in toe fickle grace of her he follows. Shaksp.
            Or likest hovering dreams,
  The fickle pensioners  of Morpheus' train.  Milton.
    They know how fickle common lovers are;
  Their oaths and vows  are cautiously believ'd;
  For few there are but have been once deceiv'd.
                                      Dryden.
    We in vain the fickle sex pursue,
  Who change the constant lover for  the new. Prior.
2. Not fixed; subject to vicissitude.
            He would be loth
  Us to abolish; lest the adversary
  Triumph, and say, fickle their state whom God
  Most favours'                          Milton,
Fi'ckleness,  fik'kl-nes.  to.  s. [from fick-
   le,]  Inconstancy; uncertainty; unsteadi-
   ness.
    Neither her great worthiness, nor his own suffer-
  ing for her, could fetter his fickleness; but, before
  his  marriage-day, he had taken to wife toatBaccha
  of whom she complained.               Sidney
    Beware of fraud, beware of fickleness,
  In choice and change of thy dear loved dame.
    i       i,i-      i     ♦♦       FairyQ.«een
    I am a soldier, and unapt to weep,
  Or  to exclaim on fortune's fickleness.      Shaksp
    Instability of temper ought to  be checked, when
  it disposes men to wander from one scheme of go-
  vernment to another, since such a fickleness cannot
  but be attended with fatal consequences.  Addison.
    Whether out of fickleness or design  I can't tell
  I found that what she liked one day she disliked an-
  other-                               Addison.
Fi'ckly,  fik'kl-le.  adv. [from fickle]
   Without certainty or stability.
         Do not now,
  Like a young wasteful heir, mortgage the hopes
  Of  godlike majesty on bankrupt terms,
  To  raise a present pow'r that's fickly held
  By  the frail tenure of the people's will. Southern.
FT CO, fi'ko.  to. s. [Ital.] An act of con-
   tempt  done with the  fingers, expres-
   sing a fig for you.
    Having once  recovered his fortress, he then gives
  toe fico to his adversaries.               Carew,
Fi'ctile, fik'til.140  adj.  [fictilis, Latin.]
   Moulded into form; manufactured  by
   the  potter.
    The cause of fragility is an impotency to be ex-
  tended ; and therefore stone is more fragil than me-
  tal, and so fictile earth is more  fragil than crude
  earth.                                Bacon.
Fi'otion,  fik'shun.  to. *.  [fictio,  Lalin;
  fiction, French.]
1. The act of  feigning Or inventing.
    If the presence of God in the  image, by a mere
  fiction of the mind, be a sufficient ground to wor-
  ship that image, is not God's real  presence in every
  creature a far better ground to worship it?
                                   Stillingfleet,
    Fiction is of the essence  of poetry, as well as of
  painting:  there is a  resemblance in one of human
  bodies, things, and actions, which are not real;  and
  in toe other of a true story by fiction.     Dryden.
2. The thing feigned or invented.
    If through mine ears pierce any consolations,
  By wise discourse, sweet tunes, or poets' fictions;
    If ought I cease these hideous exclamations,
  While that my soul, she lives in afflictions.  Sidney.
    So  also was  the fiction  of those golden apples
  kept by a dragon, ;taken from the serpent which
  tempted Evah.                        Raleigh.
3. A  falsehood; a lie.
Fi'cTious,fik-shu.s.202 adj. [fictus, Latin.]
  Fictitious;   imaginary;    invented.  A
   word coined by Prior.
    W ith fancy'd rules and arbitrary laws
  Matter and motion man restrains,
  And studied lines and fictions circles draws. Prior.
FICTITIOUS, fik-tish'us.  adj. ^ctitius,
  Latin.]
1. Counterfeit; false; not genuine.
             Draw him strictly so,
  That all who view the piece may  know
  He  needs no trappings of/cfifious fame.  Dryden.
2. Feigned; imaginary.
    The human persons are as^cfificnts as  toe  airy
  ones; and Belinda resembles you in nothing but in
  beauty.                                Pope.
3. Not real; not  true; allegorical; made
  by prosopopazia. 
FID
FIE
FIE
Milton, sensible of tois defect in the subject of JFl'nELiTY, fe-del'e-te.126 n.s.  [fidelitas,
    his poem,  brought into it  two characters  of a
    shadowy and fictitious nature in the  persons of  sin
    and  death, by which means he has interwoven in
    his fable a very beautiful allegory.      Addison.
  Fictitiously, fik-tlsh'iis-le.  adv.  [from
    fictitious.]  Falsely; counterfeitly.
      These pieces are fictitiously set down, and have
    no copy in nature.                      Brown.
  Fid, fid. to. a. [fitta, Italian.]   A pointed
    iron with  which seamen untwist their
    cords.                           Skinner.
  FI'DDLE,  fid'dl. to. a.  [pibele, Saxon;
    vedel, Dutch; fidel, German;  fidicula,
    Latin, fiull, Erse.]   A stringed instru-
    ment of musick; a violin.
      In trials  of musical  skill  the.judges did not
    crown the fiddle, but the performer.   Stillingfleet.
      Tbe adventure of the bear and^effe,
    Is sung; but breaks off in the  middle.   Hudibras.
      She tried the ytcfeffe all over, by drawing the bow
   over eveiy part of the strings; but could not, for
   her heart, find whereabout the tune lay.  Addison.
  To  Fi'ddle,  fid-dl.406   v.  n.  [from  the
    noun.]
  1. To play upon  a  fiddle.
      Themistocles being desired at  a feast to touch a
    lute, he said he could not^icfeffe,  but  he could make
    a small town a great city.                Bacon.
      Others import yet nobler arts from France,
    Teach kings to fiddle, and make senates dance.
                                        Pope.
  2. To trifle; to shift  the hands often  and
    do  nothing,  like  a fellow  that  plays
    upon a fiddle.
     A cunning fellow observed, that old Lewis had
   stole away part of the map, and saw him fiddling
   and turning the map,  trying to join toe two pieces
   together.                          Arbuthnot.
     Good cooks  cannot abide what they justly  call
  fiddling work, where abundance  of  time is spent
   and little done.                         Swift.
 Fi'ddlefaddle,  fid'dl-fad'dl.   to. s.   [A
    cant word.]   Trifles.
     She said that her  grandfather had a horse  shot
   at Edgehill, and their uncle was at the 6iege  of
   Buda; with abundance of fiddlefoddle of the same
   nature.                            Spectator.
 Fi'ddlefaddle,  fid'dl-fad'dl.   adj.  Tri-
    fling; giving trouble, or making a bustle
    about nothing.
     She was a troublesome fiddlefaddle old woman,
   and so ceremonious that there was  no bearing of
   her.                              Arbuthnot.
 Fi'ddler,  fid'dl-ilr. to. s. [from fiddle]
    A  musician; one  that plays upon the
    fiddle.
    Let no saucy fiddler presume to intrude,
  Unless he is sent for to vary our bliss.    B. Jonson.
    Nero put the fiddlers to death, for being more
  skilful in the trade than he was.         Taylor.
    These will appear such chits in story,
  'Twill turn all politicks to jests,
    To be repeated like"John Dory,
  When fiddlers sing at feasts.            Dryden.
    When miss delights in her spinnet,
  A fiddler may a fortune get.              Swift.
 Fi'ddlf.stick, fid'dl-stik. to.  s. [fiddle and
   stick.]    The  bow  and hair which  a
   fiddler draws  over the  strings   of a
   fiddle.
    His grisly beard was long and thick,
  With which he strung his fiddlestick.
Fi'ddlestkim;, fid'dl-string. n
  and string]   The  siring  of
  that  which makes the noise.
    A fiddifiring, moistened with water, will sink a
  note in a littie time, and consequently  must be  re-
  laxed or lengthened one sixteenth.      Arbuthnot.
      VOL.   I.
 Hudibrts.
s. [fiddle
a
fiddle
    Latin; fidelite, French.]
  1. Honesty; veracity.
     The church, by her publick reading of the book
   of God, preached only as a witness; now the princi-
   pal  thing required in a witness is fidelity. Hooker.
 2. Faithful adherence.
     They mistake credulity for fidelity.       Clarke.
  To Fidge, fidje.       >  v.  to. [A  cant
  To Fi'dget,  fldje'it."5 word.] To move
    nimbly and irregularly.  It  implies  in
    Scotland agitation.
     Tim, thou'rt the Punch,  to stir up trouble;
   You wriggle, fidge,  and make  a rout,
   Put  all your brother puppets out.          Swift.
 Fidu'cial,  fe-du'shal.126  367 adj. [fiducla,
    Latin.]  Confident;  undoubting.
     Faith is cordial, and such as God will accept of,
   when it affords fiducial reliance on the  promises,
   and obediential submission to  toe commands.
                                    Hammond.
 Fidu'ciary, fe-du'she-a-re. to. s. [fiducia-
   rius, Latin.]
 1. One who holds any thing in trust.
 2. One  who depends   on  faith  without
   works.
     The second obstructive is that of the fiduciary,
   that faith is the only instrument of his justification:
   and  excludes good works  from contributing any
   thing toward it.                     Hammond.

 Fidu'ciary, fe-du'she-a-re. adj.
 1. Confident;  steady;   undoubting;  un-
   touched with doubt.
     That faith,  which is required of us, is then per-
   fect, when it produces in us a  fiduciary  assent to
   whatever the gospel has revealed.          Wake.
 2. Not to be doubted.
     Elaiana can rely no where upon mere love and
   fiduciary obedience, unless at her own  home, where
   she is exemplarily loyal to  herself in a high exact
   obedience.                            Howel.
 FIEF, feef. to. a. [fief,  French.]   A. fee;
   a manor;  a possession  held  by some
   tenure of a superiour.
    To the next realm she stretch'd her sway,
   For painture near adjoining lay,
   A plenteous province and alluring prey;
   A chamber of dependencies wasfram'd;
   And  the whole fief, in right of poetry, she claim'd.
                                      Dryden.
    As toey were  honoured  by great privileges, so
   their lands were in the nature  of fiefs, for which
   toe possessors were obliged  to  do personal service
   at sea.                           Ai buthnot.
 Field, feeld.276. to. s. [pelb, Saxon; field,
   German; veld, Dutch.]
 I. Ground not inhabited; not built  on.
    Live wito me, and be  my love,
  And we will all the pleasures prove,
  That hills and vallies, dale and field,
  And all toe craggy mountains yield.       Raleigh.
    By  toe civil law  the corpses of  persons  de-
  ceased were buried out of the city in the fields.
                                      Ayliffe.
 2. Ground not enclosed.
    Fiefcf lands are not exempted from  mildews, nor
  yet from smut,  where it is  more than in inclosed
  lands.                             Mortimer.
 3. Cultivated  tract of ground.
    Or great Osiris, who first  taught the swain
  In Pharian fields to sow the  golden grain.    Pope.
4. The open  country:  opposed to house
   or quarters.
    Since his majesty went into the field,
  I have seen her rise from her bed.     Shakspeare.
   The ground of battle.
    When a man is in  the fiefcf,  a moderate skill in
                   5 A
   fencing  rather exposes him  to the sword of his
   enemy, than secures him from it.          Locke,
  6. A battle; a campaign;  the  action of an
    army  while it keeps the  field.
       You maintain several factions;
   And whilst a field should be dispatch'd  and fought,
   You are  disputing of your generals.     Shakspeare.
     What though toe fiefcf be lost,
   All  is not lost.                         Milton.
  7. A  wide expanse.
     The god a clearer space for heav'n design'd;
   Where fields of light and liquid ether flow,
   Purg'd from the pond'rous dregs of earth below.
                                       Dryden.
     Ask of yonder argent^efefs above,
   Why Jove's satellites are less than Jove.    Pope.
  I. Space; compass; extent.
     The ill-natured man gives himself a  large field
   to expatiate in: he exposes failings inhuman nature.
                                      Addison.
     I  should enter upon  afield too  wide,  and too
   much beaten, if I should  display all the  advantages
   of peace.                           Smalridge.
     Who can this field of miracles survey,
   And not wito Galen all in rapture say,
   Behold a God, adore him and obey.    Blackmore.
 9. The ground or blank space on  which
   figures are drawn.
     Let the field or ground of the picture  be clean,
   light, and well united with colour.        Dryden,
 10.  [In   heraldry.]   The  surface  of a
   shield.
 Fi'elded,  feel'ded.   adj.   [from field.]
   Being in field of battle.
    Now, Mars, I pr'ythee, make us quick in work;
   That we  with smoking swords may march from
       hence,
   To help our fielded friends.           Shakspeare.
 Field-basil,  feeld'baz-il. to. s.  [field and
   basil]   A plant.
 Fi'eldbed,  feeld'bed.  to.  a.  [field and
   bed.]   A  bed contrived  to  be  set  up
   easily in the field.
    Romeo, good night; I'll to my trucklebed,
   This  fieldbed is too cold for me  to sleep.   Shaksp.
 Fi'eldfare,   fel'fare."10 to.  s.  [pelb and
   parian, to wander in  the fields; tardus
   pilaris.] A bird.
    Winter birds, as woodcocks and fieldfares, if they
   come early out of the northern  countries,  with us
   shew cold winters.                      Bacon.
 Fi'eldmarshal,  feeld-mar'shal.   to.   s.
   [field and marshal.] Commander of an
   army in the  field.
 Fi'eldmouse, feeld'mouse. to. a. [field
   and mouse;  nitedula.]   A  mouse  that
   burrows in banks, and makes her house
   with various apartments.
    The fieldmouse builds her garner under ground.
                                     Dryden.
    Fieldmice are apt to gnaw their roots, and kill
  them in hard winters.                 Mortimer.
Fi'eldofficer, feeld-of'fe-silr.  to.*, [field
   and  officer.]  An officer  whose  com-
   mand in the field extends to a whole
   regiment:  as the colonel, lieutenant-co-
   lonel, and major.
Fi'eldpiece, feeld'peese. w. s.  [field and
   piece.]  Small cannon used  in  battles,
   but not in sieges.
    The bassa planting his fieldpieces upon the hill,
  did from thence grievously annoy the defendants.
                                     Knolles.
Fiend, feend.276 to. a. [p.enb, pionb, Sax.
   a foe.]
   An  enemy;  the great enemy of  man-
   kind; the devil. 
FIE
FIF
FIG
    Tom is followed by the foul fiend.      Shaksp.
2. Any infernal being.
    What now, had I a body again, I could,
  Coming from hell; what  Reliefs would wish should
        be,
  \nd Hannibal could not have wish'd to see.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    The hell-hounds, as  ungorg'd with  flesh  and
         blood,
  Pursue their prey, and seek their wonted food;
  The fiend remounts his courser.          Diyden.
    O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind
  Is bent, all  hell contains no fouler fiend.     Pope.
 FIERCE,  feerse, or ferse.  adj.  [fier,  Fr-
  ferox,  Lat.]
 3. Savage;  ravenous; easily enraged.
    Thou huntest me as a fierce lion.           Job.
 2. Vehement in rage; eager of mischief.
    Destruction enters in the treacherous wood,
  And vengeful  slaughter, fierce for human blood.
                                         Pope.
    Tyrants fierce, that unrelenting die.       Pope.
    With that the god,  whose  earthquakes rock the
         ground,
  Fierce to Phceacia crost the vast profound.   Pope.
 =>. Violent; outrageous; vehement.
    Cursed be  their anger, for  it wa9 fierce;  and
  toeir wrath, for it was cruel.             Genesis.
 I. Passionate; angry; furious.
         This fierce abridgment
  Hath to it circumstantial branches, which
  Distinction  should be rich in.         Shakspeare.
    A man brings his mind to be  positive  and fierce
  for positions whose evidence he has never examin-
  ed.                                   Locke.
 5. Strong;  forcible; violent;  with celerity.
    The ships,  though so great, are driven of fierce
  winds; yet are they turned*about wito a very small
  helm.                                 James.
 Fi'ercely,  feerse'le,  or  ferse'le.  adv.
   [from  fierce.]  Violently; furiously.
    Battle join'd, and both sides fiercely fought.
                                    Shakspeare.
    The defendants, fiercely assailed by toeir  ene-
   mies before, and beaten with the great ordnance
   behind, were grievously distressed.       Knolles.
     The air, if very cold, irritateth the ^flame, and
   maketh it burn more fiercely, as fire scoreheth in
   frosty weather.                         Bacon.
 Fi'erceness, feerse'nes, or ferse'nes. to. s,
    [from fierce.]
  1. Ferocity; savageness.
     The defect of heat which gives fierceness to our
   natures,  may contribute to toat roughness of our
   language.                              Swift.
 *2. Eagerness for blood; fury.
     Suddenly there came out of a wood a monstrous
   lion, with a she-bear not far from her, of little less
  fierceness.                             Sidney
 3, Quickness to attack; keenness in anger
    and resentment.
     The  Greeks  are strong,  and  skilful to  toeir
         strength,
   Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant.
                                    Shakspeare.
 4.  Violence;  outrageous  passion.
    His pride and brutal fierceness I abhor;
   But scorn your mean suspicions of me more.
                                       Dryden.
 5.  Vehemence; hasty force.
 Fierifa'cias,   fi-e-re-fa'shus.  to.  a.   [In
   law.]  A judicial  writ,  that  lies at all
   times  within the year and day,  for him
   that has  recovered in an action of debt
   or damages, to the sheriff, to command
   him to levy the debt, or the damages of
  ■his goods, against  whom  the recovery
  -was had.                         Cowell.*
Fi'ehiness, fi'er-e-nes. n. s. [from fiery.]
1.  Hot qualities; heat; acrimony.
    The ashes by their heat, their  fieriness, and
  their dryness, belong to the element of earth.
                                        Boyle.
   Heat of temper; intellectual ardour.
    The Italians, notwithstanding their natural fieri-
  ness of temper, affect always to appear sober and
  sedate.                              Addison.
Fi'ery, fi'er-e. adj. [from fire]
1.  Consisting of fire.
    Scarcely had Phoebus in the gloomy East
  Yet harnessed his fiery footed team,
    Ne rear'd above the earth his flaming crest,
  When toe last deadly smoak aloft did steam.
                                  Fairy Queen.
         I know thoud'st rather
  Follow thine enemy  in a fiery gulph,
  Than flatter him in a bower.          Shakspeare.
2. Hot like fire.
    Hath thy fiery heart so parcht thy entrails,
  That not a tear can fall for Rutland's death?
                                    Shakspeare.
3. Vehement; ardent; active.
    Then fiery expedition be my wing,
  Jove's Mercury, and herald for a king.    Shaksp.
    I drew this gallant head of war,
  And cull'd these fieiy spirits from the world,
  To outlook conquest, and to win renown
  Ev'n in the jaws of danger and of death.  Shaksp.
4. Passionate; outrageous; easily provok-
   ed.
    You know the fiery quality of the duke;
  How unremoveable, and fixt he is
  In his own course.                   Shakspeare.
5. Unrestrained; fierce.
    Then, as I said, toe duke, great  Bolingbroke,
  Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed,
  Which his aspiring rider seem'd to know,
  With slow but stately pace kept on his course.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Through Elis and toe Grecian towns he flew;
  Th' audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew.
                                       Dryden.
6. Heated by fire.
    The sword which  is made fiery doth not only cut,
  by reason  of the sharpness which simply it hath,
  but also burn by means of that heat which it hath
  from fire.                             Hooker.
     See! from the brake the whirring pheasant springs,
   And mounts exulting on triumphant wings:
   Short is his joy, he feels the fiery wound,
  Flutters in blood, and panting beats the ground.
                                         Pope.
Fife, fife. n. a. [fifre,  Fr.] A pipe blown
   to the drum; military wind musick.
    Farewell the plumed troops, and the big war
  That make ambition virtue! oh farewell!
  Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
  The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Thus the gay victim, with fresh garlands crown'd,
  Pleas'd with the sacred fife's enlivening sound,
  Through gazing crowds in solemn state proceeds.
                                       Pftifips.
Fi'fteen, fifteen, adj.  [pypcyne,  Sax.]
   Five and ten.
    I have dreamed and slept above some fifteen years
  and more.                          Shakspeare.
Fiftee'nth, fifteen^, adj.  [pipeeo$a,
   Sax.] The ordinal  of fifteen;  the fifth
   after the  tenth; containing  one part in
   fifteen.
    A fifteenth part of silver incorporate with gold,
  will not be recovered  by any water of separation,
  except you put a greater quantity of silver to draw
  lip the less.                             Bacon.
    London  sends but four  burgesses to parliament,
  although it bear the  fifteenth part of the charge of
  the whole nation in all publick taxes and levies.
                                      iGraunt.
FIFTH, fifth, adj. [pipca, Sax.]
1. The ordinal  of  five;  the  next  to the
   fourth.
    With smiling aspect you serenely move,
  In your fifth orb, and rule the realm of love.
                                       Dryden
    Just as 1 wish'd the lots were cast on four,
  Myself the fifth.                         Pope,
2. All  the ordinals are taken elliptically
   for the part which they express; a fifth,
   a fifth part; a third,  a  third part.
    The publick shall have lost four fifths of its an-
  nual income for ever.                    Sioift,
Fi'fthly, flfth'le. adv.  [from fifth] In
   the fifth  place.
    Fifthly, living creatures have a more exact figure
  than  plants.                           Bacon.
Fi'FTiETH,fif'te-eM.279 adj. [pipceogooa,
   Sax.]  The ordinal of  fifty.
    If this  medium  be rarer within the sun's body
  than  at  its  surface, and rarer there than atthe
  hundred part of an  inch from its body, and rarer
  there than at the fiftieth part of an  inch from its
  body, and rarer there than at the orb of Saturn, 1
  see no reason why the increase of density should
  stop any where.                       JVeioton.
Fi'fty, fif'te.  adj. [pipeij, Saxon.] Five
   tens.
    A wither'd hermit, five score winters worn,
  Might shake off fifty looking in her eye.   Shahp,
    Judas ordained captains over thousands, hundreds,
  fifties, and tens.                         1 Mac.
    In toe Hebrew there  is a particle consisting but
  of one letter, of which there are reckoned up above
  fifty several significations.                Loch,
FIG, fig. to. s. [ficua, Latin; figo, Spanish;
  figue, French.]
1. A tree that  bears figs.
    The characters  are:  the flowers, which are al-
  ways inclosed in the middle of the  fruit,  consist of
  the leaf, and are male and female in toe same fruit:
  the male  flowers are situated towards toe crown of
  the fruit; and the  female, growing near  the stalk,
  are succeeded by small hard seeds: the intire fruit
  is, for the most part, turbinated and globular, or of
  an oval shape, is fleshy, and of a sweet taste.
                                       Miller.
    Full on its crown a fig's green branches rise,
  And shoot a leafy forest to the skies.        Pope.
      Or lead me through the maze,
  Embowering endless of  the Indian fig.  Thomson
2. A luscious soft fruit; the fruit of the fig-
   tree.
    It maketh figs better,  if a figtree, when  it be-
  ginneto to put forth leaves, have his top cut off.
                                        Uaecm.
    Figs are great subduers of acrimony. Arbuthnot.
To Fig, fig. v. a.  [See Fico.]
I. To insult with  ficoes or contemptuous
   motions of the fingers.
    When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like
  The bragging Spaniard.              Shakspeare-
2. To  put   something useless into  one's
   head.  Low cant.
    Away to the sow she goes,  and figs her in the
  crown with another story.            L'Estrange.
Fi'gapple, fig'ap-pl.406 n. a.   A  fruit;  ?
   species of apple.
    A figajrple hath no core or kernel, in these re-
  sembling a fig, and differing from other apples.
                          Mortimer's Husbandry^
Fi'g-gxat, fig'nat. n. s.  [culexficarius]
   An insect ofthe fly kind.
To FIGHT, lite.  v. to.  preter. fought;
   part. \>a%*. fought,  [peohtan, Saxon]
I. To contend in  battle;  to war; to make
   war;  to battle;  to  contend in arms,  H 
PIG                                      FIG                                       V I G
4.
5.
    is used both of armies and single com-
    batants.
      King Henry, be thy title right or wrong,
    Lord Clifford vows to fight in thy defence. Shaksp.
      Fierce fiery warriors fight upon toe clouds
    In ranks and squadrons, and right form of war.
                                    Shakspeare.
      The common question is, if we must now surren-
    der Spain, what have we been fighting for all this
    while?  the answer is ready: we have been fight ing
    for the ruin of the publick interest, and toe ad-
    vancement of a private.                  Swift.
      For  her confederate nations fought,  and kings
       were slain,
    Troy was o'erthrown, and a whole empire fell.
                                      Philips.
  !. To combat;  to duel; to  contend in sin-
    gle fight.
      One shall undertake to fight against another.
                                     2 Esdras.
                   The poor wren,
    The most diminutive of birds, will fight,
    The young ones in her nest, against toe owl.
                           Shakspeare's Macbeth.
  . To act as a soldier in any case.
     Richard, that robb'd the lion of his heart,
    And/oug/if the holy wars in Palestine,
    By this brave duke came early to his grave. Shaks.
     Greatly unfortunate, he fights the cause
    Of honour, virtue, liberty,  and Rome.    Addison.
    It has with before the person opposed;
    sometimes againat.
     Ye fight with the Chaldeans.        Jeremiah.
     The stars in toeir courses fought against Sisera.
                                      Judges.
    To contend.
     The hot and cold, toe dry and humid fight.
                                      Sandys.

 To Fight, fite. v. a.  To war against; to
    combat against.
    Himself alone an equal match he boasts,
  To fight the Phrygian and to' Ausonian hosts.
                              Dryden's ASneid.
 Fight, fite. to. s. [from the  verb.]
 1.  Battle.
    Gabriel, lead forth to battle these my sons
   Invincible, lead forth my armed saints,
   By thousands and by millions rang'd for fight.
                                      Milton.
 2.  Combat; duel.
    Herilus in single fight I slew,
  Whom wito three lives Feronia did endue;
  And thrice I sent him to the Stygian shore,
   'Till the last ebbing soul return'd no more.  Dryd.

 3.  Something  to  screen the combatants
    in ships.
  ■  Who ever saw a noble sight,
  That never view'd a brave sea fight!
  Hang up your bloody colours in the air,
  Up  with your fights and your nettings prepare.
                                     Dryden.
 Fi'ghter, fi'tur. «. s. [from fight] War-
   riour; duellist.
    I will return again into  the house, and desire
  some conduct ofthe lady: I am no fighter.  Shaksp.
    O, 'tis the coldest youth  upon a charge,
  The most deliberate fighter!            Dryden.
 Fi'ghting, fi'ting.  participial adj. ffrom
  Jight.]
 1.  Qualified for war; fit for battle.
    An host of fighting men went out  to war by
  bands-                          2 Chronicles.
 2.  Occupied  by war; being the scene of
   war.
    Infighting fields as far the spear I throw
  As flies the arrow from the well-drawn bow.  Pope.
Figma'rigold, flg-ma're-gold.  to.  s.  A
  plant.  It is succulent, and  has the ap-
    pearance of houseleek: the leaves grow
    opposite by pairs.               Miller.
  Fi'gmext,  fig'ment.  to. *.  [figmentum,
    Latin.]  An  invention;  a  fiction;  the
    idea feigned.
     Upon toe like grounds was raised the figment of
   Briareus, who,  dwelling in a city called  Hecaton-
   chiria, the fancies of those times assigned him an
   hundred hands.                        Brown.
     Those assertions arc in truth the figments of those
   idle brains that brought romances into church his-
   tory.                           Bishop Lloyd.
     It carried rather an appearance of figment and in-
   vention, in those that handed down the memory of it,
   than of truth and reality.             Woodward.
 Fi'gpecker,  fig'pek-ur. to.  s. [fig and
   peck; ficedula, Lat.]   A bird.
 Fi'GULATE,fig'A-late.91 adj. [fromfigulus,
   Lat.]   Made of potters clay.
 FI'GURABLE,  fig'u-ra-bl.  adj.   [from
   figuro, Lat.] Capable of being brought
   to certain form, and retained in it. Thus
   lead is figurable, but not water.
     The differences of impressible, and not impres-
   sible, figurable and not figurable, scissible and not
   scissible,  are plebeian notions.            Bacon.
 Figurabi'lity,   fig-u-ra-bil'e-te.  to.   s.
   [from figurable.]  The quality of being
   capable of a certain  and stable form.
 Fi'gural, fig'u-ral.  adj. [from.^rttre\]
 1. Represented by delineation.
     Incongruities have been committed by geogra-
   phers in the figural resemblances of several regions.
                                      Brown.
 2. Fi'gural Number.   Such numbers as
   do or may represent some  geometrical
   figure, in relation to which they  are al-
   ways considered, and are either lineary,
   superficial, or solid.             Harris.
 Fi'g urate, fig'u-rate.91  adj.  [figuratus,
   Lat.]
 1. Of a certain  and determinate form.
    Plants are all figurate and determinate, which
  inanimate  bodies  are not; for  look  how far tbe
  spirit is able to  spread and continue itself, so far
  goeth the shape or figure, and then is determined.
                                      Bacon.
 2. Resembling any thing of a  determinate
   form; as, figurate  stones retaining  the
   forms  of shells in  which  they  were
   formed by the deluge.

 3. Fi'gurate Counterpoint. [In musick.]
   That  wherein   there  is  a   mixture of
   discords along with the concords.
                                    Harris.
 4-. Fi'gurate   Descant.   [In  musick.]
   That wherein discords  are  concerned,
   as well,  though  not so  much, as con-
   cords; and may  well  be termed the or-
  nament or rhetorical part of musick, in
  regard that in this are introduced  all the
   varieties  of  points,  figures, syncopes,
   diversities of measures,  and whatever
  else is capable of adorning the compo-
   sition.                            Harria.
Figura'tion, fig-u-ra'shfin. to. s. [figura-
   tus, Lat.]
 1. Determination to a certain form.
    Neither doth the  wind; as far as  it carrieth a
  voice, with  motion thereof confound any of the
  delicate and articulate figurations ofthe air in va-
  riety of words.                         Bacon.
 2. The act of giving a certain  form.
                   5a2
      If motion be in a certain order, there  followeth
   vivification and figuration in living creatures per-
   fect.                                 Bacon.

 Fi'gurative, fig'u-ra-tiv. adj. [figuratif-
    ve, French; from figura, Latin.]
 1. Representing  something  else;  typical;
    representative.
     This they will say, was figurative, and served by
   God's appointment but for a time, to shadow out the
   true  everlasting glory of a more  divine  sanctity;
   whereunto Christ being long since entered, it seem-
   eth that all these curious  exornations should rather
   cease.                               Hookey
 I. Changed by rhetorical figures from the
   primitive meaning; not literal.
     How often have  we been  railed at for under-
   standing words in a figurative sense, which cannot
   be literally  understood without overthrowing  toe
   plainest evidence of sense and reason. Stillingfleet,
     This is a figurative expression where the words
   are used in a different sense from what they signify
   in their first ordinary intention.           Rogers.
 I. Full of figures; full of rhetorical exor-
   nations; full of  changes from the origi-
   nal sense.
     Sublime subjects  ought to be adorned with the
   sublimest and wito the most figurative expressions.
                                      Dryden.

Figuratively, fig'u-ra-tiv-le. adv. [from
   figurative] By a figure; in a sense dif-
   ferent from that which words originally
   imply; not literally.
    The custom of the apostle is figuratively to trans-
   fer to himself, in toe first person,  what belongs to
   others.                            Hammond.
    The words  are different, but toe sense is  still toe
   same; for therein are figuratively intended Uziah
   and Ezechias.                         Broion.
    Satyr is a kind of poetry in which human vices
  are reprehended, partly dramatically, partly sim-
  ply; but, for toe most part, figuratively and occult-
  ly-                                 Dryden.
FI'GURE, fig'ure. to. s. [figura, Lat.]
1.  The form of any thing as terminated by
   the outline.
    Flowers have all exquisite figures, and the flower
  numbers are chiefly five and four; as in primroses,
  briar-roses, single muskroses, single pinks and gilli-
  flowers, which have  five  leaves; lilies, flower-de-
  luces, borage, buglass, which have four leaves.
                                       Bacon.
    Men find green clay that is soft as long as it is in
  the water, so that one may print on it  all  kind of
 figures, and give it what shape one pleases.  Boyle.
    Figures are properly modifications of bodies; for
 pure space is not any where terminated, nor can be:
 whether there be or be not body in it, it is uniform-
 ly continued.                           x^c&e.
2.  Shape; form; semblance.
    He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his
 age, doing in the figure of a lamb  the feats of a
 lion-                                 Shaksp.
.  Personal;  external  form;  appearance
 graceful or inelegant, mean or grand.
   The blue German shall the Tigris drink,
Ere I, forsaking gratitude and truth,
Forget the figure of that godlike youth.   Dryden.
   I was charmed with the gracefulness of his figure
and delivery, as well as with his discourses. Addison.
   A good figure,  or  person, in man or woman,
gives credit at first sight to the choice of either.
                                    Clarissa.
.   Distinguished  appearance; eminence;
 remarkable character.
   While fortune favour'd, while his arms support
The cause, and rul'd the  counsels of the court
I made some^^ttre there; nor was my name
Obscure, nor I without my share of fame. Diyden.
   The speech, I believe, was not so much designed 
Fl G
FIL
FIL
  by the knight to inform the court, as to give him a
  figure in my keye, and keep up his credit in the
  country.                              Addison.
    Not a woman shall be unexplained that makes a
  figure either as a maid, a wife, or a widow.
                                      Addison.
    Whether or no they have done well to set you up
  for making another kind of figure, time will witness.
                                      Addison.
    Many princes made  very  ill figures upon the
  throne, who  before were the favourites of the peo-
  ple.                                 Addison.
5. Magnificence;  splendour.
    If it be his chief end in it to grow rich, that he
  may live in  figure and  indulgence, and be able to
  retire from business to idleness and hurry, his trade,
  as to him, loses all its innocency.           Laio.
6. A statue; an image; something formed
   in resemblance of somewhat  else.
    Several statues which seemed at a distance of
  toe whitest marble, were nothing else but so many
  figures in snow.                       Addison.
7.  Representations  in painting; persons
   exhibited in  colours.
    In toe principal figures  of a picture the painter is
  to employ toe sinews of his art: for in them consists
  the principal beauty of his work.         Dryden.
    My favourite books and pictures sell;
  Kindly throw in a little^igure,
  And set the price upon toe bigger.         Prior.
8. Arrangement; disposition; modification.
    The figure of a syllogism is the proper disposi-
  tion of the middle term  with the  parts of the ques-
  tion.                                  Watts.
9. A character denoting a number.
    Hearts, tongues, figures, scribes,  bards,  poets,
         cannot
  Think, speak, cast, write, sing, number
  His love to Antony.                    Shaksp.
    He that seeketh to be eminent amongst able men,
  bath a great  task; but that is ever good for the pub-
  lick: but he that plots to be the only figure among
  cyphers, is the decay of a whole age.      Bacon.
     As in accounts cyphers and figures pass for real
   sums, so in human affairs words pass for things
   toemselves.                            SoufA.
 10. The horoscope;  tbe diagram  of  the
   aspects of the astrological houses.
     We do not know what's brought to pass under the
   profession of fortunetelling: she works by charms,
   by spells, by the figure, and daubry beyond our ele-
   ment.                                SAafcsp.
     He set a figure to discover
   If you were fled to Rye or Dover.      Hudibras.
     .Fig-ure-flingers and  star-gazers pretend to fore-
 '  tell the fortunes of kingdoms,  and have no fore-
   sight in what concerns  themselves.    L'Estrange.
  11. [In  theology.] Type, representative.
   Who was the figure  of him that is come.  Romans.
  12. [In  rhetorick.] Any mode of speaking
    in which words are detorted from  their
    literal and primitive sense.  In strict ac-
    ceptation, the  change of a word  is  a
    trope, and an affection of  a sentence  a
   figure; but they are confounded even by
    the  exactest writers.
              Silken terms precise,
   Three pit'd hyperboles, spruce affectation,
   Figures pedantical, these summer flies
   Have blown me full of maggot ostentation.  Shaksp.
     Here is  a  strange  figure invented against the
   plain and natural sense of the words; for by praying
   to bestow, must be understood only praying to pray.
                                    Stillingfleet.
     They have  been taught  rhetorick, but  never
   taught language; as if the names  of the figures that
   embellished the discourse of those who understood
   the art of speaking,  were the very art and skill  of
   speaking well.                   .  .    *fcke-
  13. [In  grammar.]   Any  deviation  from
    the  rules of analogy or syntax.
To Fi'gure, fig'ure.  v. a. [from  figuro,
   Lat.]
I. To form into any determinate shape.
    Trees and herbs, in  the  growing forth of their
  boughs and branches, are not figured, and keep no
  order.                                 Bacon.
    Accept tois goblet, rough with figur'd gold.
                                       Dryden.
2. To shew by corporeal resemblance: as
   in picture or statuary.
    Arachneyigur'cf how Jove did abuse
  Europa like a bull, and on his back
  Her through the sea did bear; so lively seen,
  That it true sea, and true bull ye would ween.
                                       Spenser.
    Now marks the course of rolling orbs on high,
  O'er figur'd worlds now travels with his eye. Pope.
3. To cover or adorn with  figures, or im-
   ages.
    I'll give my jewels for a set of beads,
  My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,
  My gay apparel for an almsman's gown,
  My figur'd goblets for a dish of wood.     Shaksp.
4. To diversify; to variegate  with adventi-
   tious forms or matter.
    But this effusion of such manly drops,
  Startle mine eyes, and make me more amaz'd
  Than had I seen the vaulty top of heav'n
  Figur'd quite o'er with burning meteors.   Shaksp.

5. To represent by  a typical or figurative
   resemblance.
    When sacraments are said to be visible signs of
  invisible grace, we thereby  conceive how grace is
  indeed the very end for which these heavenly  mys-
  teries were instituted,  and the matter whereof they
  consist is such as signifieth, figureth, and represent-
  eth their end.                          Hooker.
    There is a history in all men's lives,
   Figuring the nature of the. times deceased. Shaksp.
    Marriage rings are not of this stuff:
   Oh! why should ought less precious or less tough
   Figure our loves?                       Donne.
    An heroic poem should be more fitted to the com-
   mon actions and passions of human life, and more
   like a glass of nature, figuring  a  more practicable
   virtue to us than was done by the ancients.  Dryd.
    The emperor  appears as a rising sun, and holds
   a globe in his hand to figure out the earth that is
   enlightened and  actuated by his beams.   Addison.

 6. To image  in the  mind.
    None that feels sensibly  the decays  of age,  and
   his life wearing off, can figure to himself those ima-
   ginary charms in riches and praise, that men are
   apt lo do in the warmth of their blood.     Temple.
    If love, alas! be pain, the pain 1 bear
   No thought can figure, and no tongue declare.
                                        Prior.
 7. To prefigure;  to foreshow.
    Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun;
   In this the heaven figures some event.      Shaksp.

 8.  To form figuratively; to use  in a sense
   not literal.
     Figured and metaphorical expressions do well to
   illustrate more abstruse and unfamiliar ideas, which
   the mind is not yet thoroughly accustomed to do.
                                        Locke.
 9. To note by characters.
     Each thought was visible that roll'd within,
   As thro' a crystal glass the figur'd hours  are seen.
                                       Dryden.
 Fi'gure-flinger,  fig'ure-fling-fir. to. s.
   [figure and fling.]   A pretender to as-
   trology and prediction.
     Quacks, figurt-flingers, pettifoggers, and repub-
   lican plotters cannot well live without it.   Collier.
 Fi'gwort, fig'wfirt. «. fi.  [fig  and wort;
   ficaria.] A plant.                 Miller.
 Fila'ceous,   fe-la'shus.367   adj.   [from
  filum, Lat.] Consisting of threads; com-
  posed of threads.
    They make cables of the bark  of lime trees: it
  is the stalk that maketh the filaceous matter com-
  monly,  and sometimes the down toat groweth above.
                                        Bacon.
FI'LACER,  fira-sur.«» to. s. [filazarius,
  low Lat. filum.]  An officer in the Com-
  mon  Pieas, so called  because he  files
  those writs whereon he makes process.
  There are fourteen ot them in their sev-
  eral  divisions and counties: they make
  out all original process, as well  real as
  personal and mixt.               Hurrh,

Fi'lament, fii'a-ment. to. s. [filament, Fr,
  filamenta,  Lat.]   A slender  thread; a
  body slender and long like a thread.
    The effluvium passing out in a  smaller thread
  and more enlightened filament, it stirreth not the
  bodies interposed.                      Broome,
    The lungs of consumptives have been consumed
  nothing remaining but the ambient membrane, and
  a number of whithered veins and filaments. Harvey.
    The ever-rolling orb's impulsive ray
  On the next threads and filaments does bear,
  Which form the springy texture of the air;
  And those still strike the next, 'till to toe sight
  The quick vibration propagates the light.
                                    Blackmore.
    The dung of horses is  nothing but the filaments
  of the hay, and as such, combustible.   Arbuthnot,

Fi'lbert, fil'bfirt.98 to. s. [This is derived
  by Junius and  Skinner  from  the long
  beards  or husks, as corrupted from full
  beard or full of beard.   It probably had
  its name,  like many other fruits, from
  some one that introduced or cultivated
  it; and is therefore corrupted  from Fil-
  bert or Filibert, the name  of  him  who
  brought  it  hither.]   A  fine  hazel nut
  with  a thin shell.
    In August comes fruit of all sorts; as plums, peari,
  apricots,  barberries, filberts,  muskmelons, monks-
  hoods of all colours.                     Bacon.
    Thou hast a brain, such as it is indeed!
  On what else should thy worm of fancy feed?
  Yet in a filbert I have often known
  Maggots survive when all the kernel's gone. Dorset.
    There is also another kind, called the filbert of
  Constantinople; the leaves and fruits of which are
  bigger than either of the former: the best are those
  of a tbin shell.                      Mortimer.

 To FILCH,  filsh. v.a. [A word of uncer-
  tain  etymology. The French wordfiler,
  from which some derive it, is of very late
   production, and therefore cannot be its
   original.]   To  steal;  to take by theft;
   to pilfer; to  pillage; lo rob; to take by
   robbery.   It is usually spoken of petty
   thefts.
    He shall find his wealth wonderfully enlarged bjf
  keeping his cattle  in inclosures,  where  they shall
  always have safe being, that none are continually
  filched and stolen.                      Spenser.
    The champion robbelh by night,
  And prowlctli and filcheth by daie.        Tusser.
    Who steals my purse, steals trash; 'tis something,
         nothing;
  'Twas mine,  'tis his, and has been  slave to thou-
         sands;
  But he thatyifc/ies from me my good name,
  Robs  me of that which not enriches him,
  And makes me poor indeed.              Shaksp,
     He  could discern cities like hives of bees, wherein
  every bee did nought else but sting: some like hor-
  nets, some Wke filching wasps, others as drones.
                           JSurfon on Melancholy. 
FIL                                         FIL                                         FIL
      What made thee venture to betray,
    And filch the lady's heart away.         Hudibras.
      Tbe pismire was formerly a husbandman,  that
    secretly filched away his neighbour's goods.
                                     L'JSsfrange.
      Fain would they fikh that little food away,
   While unrestrain'd those happy gluttons prey.
                                        Dryden,
      So speeds toe wily fox, alarm'd by fear,
   Who lately fUch'd toe turkey's callow care.   Gay.
 Fi'lcheh, filsh'fir."8  n. a. [from//cA.]  A
  thief; a petty robber.
 FILE,  file. n.  a.  [file, French; filum,  a
    thread, Latin.]
 I. A thread.   Not used.
      But let me resume the file of my narration, which
   this object of books, best agreeable to my course of
   life, hath a little interrupted.             Woffon.
 2. A line on  which papers  are  strung to
    keep them in order.
     All  records, wherein  there was any memory of
   the king's attainder, should be cancelled and taken
   off the ./ife.                              Bacon.
     The petitions being thus prepar'd,  do you con-
   tinually set apart an hour in a day to peruse those,
   and then  rank them into several files, according to
   toe subject matters.                      Bacon.
     Th' apothecary-train is wholly blind;
   From files a random recipe  they take,
   And many deaths of one prescription  make.  Dryd.
 3. A catalogue;  roll; series.
     Our present musters grow upon the file
   To five and twenty thousand men of choice.  Shak.
               The valu'd^fe
   Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the  subtle. Shak.
 4. A line of soldiers  ranged  one  behind
   another.
             Those goodly eyes,
   That o'er theses and musters of the war
   Have glow'd like plated Mars, now bend, now turn
   Upon a tawny front.                     Shaksp.
     So saying, on  he led his radiancies
   Dazzling the moon.                     MUton.
 5. [peol, Saxon; vijle, Dutch.]  An instru-
   ment to rub down  prominences.
     The rough or  course-toothed file, if it be large,
   is called a rubber, and is to take off the unevenness
   of your work which the hammer made in toe forg-
   ing: the bastard-toothed file is to take out of your
   work  the  deep  cuts,  or file-strokes,  the rough file
   made: the fine-toothed file is to take out the cuts, or
   file-strokes, the bastard file made: and the smooth
  yife is to take out those cuts or file-strokes, that the
   fine file made.                         Moxon.
     A file for the mattocks and for the  coulters.
                                      1 Samuel.
     The smiths and armourers on palfreys ride,
   Files in their hands, and hammers at  their side.
                                       Dryden.
 Fi'lecutter,  file'ki't-ur. to. a.  [file and
   cutter.] A maker of files.
     Gad-steel is a tough sort of steel:  filecutters use
  it to make their chissels, with  which  they cut their
  files.                                 Moxon.
 To  File, file.x». a. [from filum, a thread.]
 1.  To  string  upon  a  thread  or wire.
   Whence to file a bill is to offer it in its
   order to the  notice of the judge.
     From the day  his first bill was jtfecf he began to
  collect reports.             Arbuthnot and Pope.
 2. [from peoian, Saxon.]   To  cut with a
   file.
     They which wouldfile away most from the large-
  ness of that offer, do in more sparing terms acknow-
  ledge little less.                        Hooker.
    Let men he careful how they attempt to cure a
  blemish by filing or cutting off the head of such an
  overgrown tooth.                          Ray.
3. To smooth; to  polish.
      His  humour is  lofty, his discourse peremptory,
   his tongue filed, and his eye ambitious.    Shaksp.
 4. [from yilan, Saxon.]  To foul;  to sully;
    to pollute.   This  sense is  retained  in
    Scotland.
      For Banquo's issue have Ifil'd my mind,
   For them the gracious Duncan have I murder'd.
                                         Shaksp.
      His weeds divinely fashion'd,
   All fil'd and mangl'd.                 Chapman.
 To File,  file. v.  n. [from  the noun.]  To
    march  in a  file, not abreast, but one be-
    hind another.
      All ran down without order or ceremony, 'till we
   drew up in good order, and filed off.         Taffer.
     Did all the grosser atoms at the call
   Of chance jjfe off to form toe poadrous ball,
   And undertermin'd into order fall?    Blackmore.
 Fi'lemot, fii'e-mot. to. s. [corrupted from
   feuille morte, a dead  leaf, French.]  A
   brown or yellow  brown  colour.
     The  colours  you ought to wish for are blue or
  filemot, turned up with red.                Swift.
 Fi'leh, fi'lfir.93 to. s. [from file] One who
   files;  one who  uses the  file  in cutting
   metals.
 FI'LIAL, fil'yal."3  adj.  [filial-le, French;
   filius, Latin.]
 1. Pertaining to a son; befitting a son.
     My mischievous proceeding may be the glory of
   his^fiaf piety, the only reward now left for. so great
   a merit.                                Sidney.
     From imposition  of strict laws, to free
   Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear
   To filial; works of law, lo works of faith.   Milton.
     He griev'd, he wept, the sight an image brought
   Of his own filial love, a sadly pleasing thought.
                                        Dryden.
 2. Bearing  the character  or relation of a
   son.
     And thus the filial godhead answ'ring spoke.
                                        Milton,
     Where the old myrtle her good influence sheds,
  Sprigs of like leaf erect their jifiaf heads;
  And when  the parent rose decays and dies,
  Wito a resembling face toe daughter buds arise.
                                         Prior.
Filia'tion, fil-e-a'shun. n. a. [fromfilius,
   Lat.]  The relation of a son to a father;
   correlative to paternity.
    The relation of paternity and filiation, between
  the first and second person, and the  relation be-
  tween the  sacred persons of the Trinity, and  the
  denomination thereof, must needs be  eternal,  be-
  cause the terms  of relation between whom that re-
  lation ariseto were eternal.                 Hale.
Fi lings,  fi'lingz. n. s. [without a singu-
   lar; from file]   Fragments rubbed  off
   by the action ofthe file.
    The jifings of iron infused in vinegar, will, with
  a decoction of galls, make  good ink, without any
  copperose.                              Brown.
    The chippings and filings of  those jewels are of
  more value than the  whole mass of ordinary authors.
                                        Felton.
To FILL,  fil. v. a. [pyllan, Saxon.]
1.  To store till no more can be admitted.
    Fill the  waterpots with water: and they ^ffecf
  them up to  the brim.                       John.
            I am who fill
  Infinitude, nor vacuous space.            MUton.
    The celestial quires, when orient light
  Exhaling first from darkness they beheld;
  Birth-day of heav'n and earth; with joy and shout
  The hollow universal orb they fill'd.       Milton.
2. To store abundantly.
    Be fruitful, multiply, and in the seas
  And lakes and running*'streams the waters fill.
                                       Milton.
  3. To satisfy; to content.
              He with his consorted Eve
   The story heard attentive, and was fill'd
   With admiration and deep muse to hear.   Milton.
      Nothing  but the supreme  and absolute Infinite
   can adequately fill and superabundantly satisfy the
   infinite desires of intelligent beings.       C'/uyne.
  i. To  glut; to surfeit.
      Thou art going to lord Timon's feast.
   —Ay, to see meat ./iff knaves, and wine heat fools.
                                         Slutksp.
  >. To Fill out.   To pour  out  liquor for
   drink.
 6. To Fill out.  To extend  by something
   contained.
              I only speak of him
   Whom pomp and greatness sits so loose about
   That he wants majesty to fill them ouf.   Diyden.
    To Fill up.   [Up  is often used  with-
   out much addition  to the  force of  the
   verb.]  To  make full.
            Hope leads from goal to goal,
   And opens still, and op»ns  on his soul;
   Till lengthen'd on to faith,  and unconfin'd,
   It pours the bliss that jiffs up all the mind.   Pope.
 8. To Fill up.   To supply.
    When the several trades  and professions are sup-
   plied, you will  find most of those that are proper
   for war absolutely necessary for filling up the labo-
   rious part of life, and carrying on the underwork of
   the nation.                           Addison.
 9. To Fill up.   To occupy  by bulk.
    There would not be  altogether  so much water
   required for the land as for the sea, to raise them
   to  an  equal height; because mountains and hills
   would fill up part of that space upon the land, and
   so make less water requisite.             Burnet,
 10. To  Fill up.  To engage; to employ.
              Is it far you ride?
   —As far, my lord, as will fill up the time
   'Twixt this and supper.                  Shaksp.
 To Fill, fil. v. to.
 1. To give to drink.
    In the cup which she hath filled,jiff to her double.
                                     .Reuefafion.
    We fill to th' general joy ofthe whole table,
   And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss.
                                        Shaksp.
2. To grow full.
3. To glut; to satiate.
    Things that are sweet and fat are more filling,
  and do swim and hang more about the mouth of the
  stomach,  and go not down so speedily.       Bacon.
4. To Fill up.  To grow full.
    Neither the Palus Meotis nor toe Euxine,  nor
  any other seas, fill up, or by degrees grow shallow-
  er.                                 Woodward.
    The first stage of healing, or the discharge of
  matter, is by surgeons called digestion; toe second,
  or the filling up with flesh, incarnation; and the last,
  or skinning over, cicatrization.             Sharp,

Fill, fil.  to. *. [from the verb.]
I. As much as may produce complete sa-
   tisfaction.
    Her neck and breasts were ever open bare,
  That aye thereof her babes may suck their fill.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    But thus inflam'd bespoke the captain,
  Who scorneth peace shall have his jiff of war.
                                       Fairfax.
    When ye were thirsty, did I not cleave  the rock,
  and waters flowed out to your fill?       2 Esdrus.
             Mean while enjoy
  Your jiff, what happiness this happy state
  Can comprehend, incapable  of more.      Milton.
    Amid' the tree now got, where plenty hung
  Tempting so nigh to pluck and eat my fill,
  1 spar'd not.                            Jtfiffon.
    Which made me gently fisrt remove your fears, 
F IL
FIL
FIN
  That so you might have room to entertain
  If our Jiff of joy.                       Denham.
    Your barbarity may have its jiff of destruction.
                                         Pope.
2. [More properly thill.]   The  place be-
   tween the shafts  of a carriage.
    This mule being put in the jiff of a cart, run
  away with the cart and timber.         Mortimer.
Fi'ller, fil'lur. to. a. [from fill.]
1. Any thing that  fills up  room  without
   use.
    'Tis a meer jiffer, to stop a vacancy in the hex-
  ameter,  and connect  toe  preface to  the work of
  Virgil,.                               Dryden.
    A mixture of tender gentle thoughts and suitable
  expressions, of forced and inextricable conceits, and
  of needless jiff ers up to the rest.            Pope.
2. One whose  employment is to fill ves-
   sels of carriage.
    They have six diggers to  four fillers,  so as to
  keep the Jiff ers always at work.         Jtforfimer.
FI'LLFT, filTit.^  to. *. [filet, Fr. filum,
   Lat.]
1. A band tied round  the  head  or  other
   part.
    His baleful breath inspiring, as he glides,
  Now like a chain around her  neck he rides;
  Now like a jiffef to her head repairs,
  And with his circling volumes folds her hairs.
                                       Dryden.
    She scorn'd the praise of beauty, and the care;
  A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair.     Pope.
2. The  fleshy  part of  the  thigh:  applied
   commonly to veal.
    The youth approach'd the fire, and as it burn'd,
  On  five  sharp  broachers  rank'd,  the  roast they
        turn'd:
  These morsels stay'd their  stomachs; then the rest
  They cut in legs and jiffefs  for toe feast.   Dryden.
3. Meat rolled  together and tied round.
    Fillet of a fenny snake,
  In the cauldron boil and bake.           Shaksp.
    The mixture thus, by chymick art
  United close in every part,
  In jiffefs roll'd or cut in pieces,
  Appear'd like one continu'd species.        Swift.
4. [In  architecture.]   A little   member
   which   appears  in the ornaments and
   -mouldings, and is otherwise called listel.
                                      Harris.
    Pillars and their jiffefs of silver.        Exodus.
 To FYllet, fil'lit.  v. a. [from the  noun.]
 1. To bind with a bandage or fillet.
2. To adorn with an astragal.
    He made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid their
  chapiters and jiffef fecf them.             Exodus.
 To Fi'llip, fil'lip.  v. a.   [A  word,  says
   Skinner, formed  from  the sound.   This
   resemblance I am not able to discover,
   and therefore am inclined to imagine it
   corrupted from fill  up,  by  some  com-
   bination of  ideas which  cannot be re-
   covered.]   To strike with the  nail of
   the finger by a sudden spring or motion.
    If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle.  Shak.
    Then let toe pebbles on  the hungry beach
  FUlip the stars:  then let the mutinous winds
  Strike the proud cedars 'gainst toe fiery sun. Shak.
    We see that if you fillip a lutestring, it sheweth
  double or treble.                       Bacon.

Fi'llip, fil'lip. «. *• [from the verb.]   A
   jerk of the   finger  let  go from  the
   thumb.
Fi'lly, fil'le. n. s. [filoy, Welsh; fille, Fr.]
1. A  young horse or mare. Not now used.
    Geld jiffies, but tits, yet  a nine days  of age,
  They die else of gelding, and gelders do rage;
  Young fillies so likely of bulk and of bone,
  Keep such to be breeders, let gelding alone. Tusser.
    A well-wayed horse will convey thee to thy jour-
  ney's end, when an unbacked filly may give thee  a
  fall.                                Suckling.
2. A young  mare; opposed to  a  colt or
   young horse.
    I jest to Oberon, and  make him smile,
  When I a fat and bean-fed horse beguile,
  Neighing in likeness of  a filly foal.       Shaksp.
    I am joined in  wedlock, for my sins, to one of
  those jiffies who are described in the old poet. Addis.
FILM, film. n. a. [pyTmepa, Saxon.]   A
   thin  pellicle or skin.
    While the silver needle did  work upon  the sight
  of his eye, to remove the film of the cataract,  he
  never saw any thing more clear or perfect than that
  white needle.                          Bacon.
    Michael from Adam's eyes the Jifm remov'd,
  Which toat false fruit toat promis'd clearer sight
  Had bred.                            Jtfiffon.
    A stone is held up by the jifms of the  bladder,
  and so kept from grating or offending it.   Graunf.
    There is  not one infidel  so  ridiculous as to pre-
  tend to solve the phenomena  of sight, fancy, or
  cogitation, by those fleeting superficial jifms of bo-
  dies.                                  Bentley.
    He from thick jifms shall purge toe visual ray,
  And on the sightless eyeballs pour the day.  Pope.
To Film, film. v. a.  [from the noun.] To
   cover with a pellicle or thin skin.
    It will but skin and jifm the ulcerous place,
  While rank corruption,  mining all within,
  Infects unseen.                         Shaksp.
Fi'lmy, fil'me. adj. [fromfilm.] Composed
   of thin  membranes or pellicles.
    So toe false spider, when her nets are spread,
  Deep ambush'd in her silent den does lie;
  And feels, far off, the trembling of her thread,
  Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly.
                                       Dryden.
    The wasps with fruitless toil
  Flap filmy pinions oft, to extricate
  Their feet in liquid shackles bound, 'till death
  Bereave them of their worthless souls; such doom
  Waits luxury, and lawless love of gain.    Philips.
    Loose to the winds toeir airy garments flew,
  Thin glitt'ring textures of the filmy dew;
  Dipt in toe richest tincture of the skies,
  Where light disports in  ever mingling dyes.  Pope.
To  FI'LTER,  fll'tur.  v.  a. [filtro, low
   Latin; per filum trahere.]
1. To defecate by drawing off  liquor by
   depending threads.
2. To  strain; to percolate.
    Dilute this liquor with fair water, jiffre it through
  a paper,  and so evaporate it.              Grew.
Fi'lter, fil'tur. to. a. [filtrum, Lat.]
1. A twist of thread, of which one end  is
   dipped in the  liquor to  be defecated,
   and the other hangs below the bottom
   of the vessel,  so  that the liquor drips
   from it.
2. A strainer; a searce.
    That the  water passing through the veins of the
  earth,  should be rendered fresh and potable, which
  it cannot be by any percolations we can make, but
  toe saline particles will pass through a tenfold jiffer.

FILTH, f\\th. to. a. [julfc, Saxon.]     *"*'
I • Dirt; nastiness; any thing that soils or
   fouls.
    Wisdom and goodness to the vile seem vile;
  FUtlis savour but toemselves.             Shaksp
    Neither may you trust waters  that  taste sweet;
  for they are  commonly found in  rising grounds  of

VoK*           mUSt DeedS *ake in a Wt deal
    u      e  ,. *i_                       Bacon.
  ^ U?ZP*\ , then ,s man? from head to foot
  Defil'd with filth, and rotten at the root.   Sandys.
        Though perhaps among the rout
  He wildly flings his fUth about;
  He still has gratitude and sap'ence,
  To spare the folks that give him ha' pence.  Swift.
2. Corruption;  grossness; pollution.
     Such do likewise exceedingly dispose us to piet«
  and religion, by purifying our souls from the dross
  and filth of sensual delights.            Tillotson.
Fi'lthily, f\\th'e-l&. adv.  [from filthy.}
   Nastily; foully; grossly.
     It stack filthily in toe camel's stomach, that bulls
  bears, and the like, should be armed, and that a
  creature of his size should be left defenceless.
                                    L'Estrange
Fi'lthiness, filM'e-n£s. to. a. [from filthy.]
1. Nastiness; foulness; dirtiness.
     Men of virtue suppressed it,  lest their shining
  should discover the othersfilthiness.      Sidney.
2. Corruption; pollution.
     They held this land, and with their filthiness
  Polluted tois same gentle soil long time,
  That their own mother loath'd their beastliness
  And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime,
  All were they born of her own native slime.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     They never duly improved the utmost of such a
  power, but gave  themselves up to all the filthiness
  and licentiousness of life imaginable.     Soul/i
Fi'lthy, fllth'e. adj. [from filth]
1. Nasty; foul; dirty.
     Fair is foul, and foul is fair;
  Hover through the fog andjif% air.      Shaksp,
2. Gross;  polluted.
    As all stories are not proper subjects for an epick
  poem or a  tragedy, so  neither are they for a noble
  picture: the subject both  of the one and of the
  other, ought to have nothing  of  immoral,  low, or
  filthy in them.                        Drykn
To  FI'LTRATE,  fil'trate."  v. a.  [from
  filter.]   To  strain; to percolate; to fil-
  ter.
     The extract obtained by the  former operation,
  burnt to ashes, and those ashes boiled in water and
  filtrated, yield  a fiery salt.            Arbuthnot.
Filtra'tion, fil-tra'shun. to. a. [from fil-
  trate.]   A method by which liquors are
  procured fine and  clear.  The filtration
  in use is straining  a liquor through pa-
  per, which,   by  the smallness 'of  its
  pores,   admits  only  the  finer  parts
  through, and keeps the rest behind.
                                     Quincy.
    We took then  common nitre, and having, by the
  usual way of solution, fiUration,  and  coagulation,
  reduced it  into crystals, we put four ounces of this
  purified nitre into a  strong new crucible.   Boyle.
Fi'mble Hemp,  fim'bl.  «.  a. [corrupted
  from female.]
    The light  summer  hemp  toat bears no seed,
  which is called jiniofe fiemp.           Mortimer.
    Good flax and good hemp, for to have of her own,
  In May a good housewife will see it be sown;
  And afterwards trim it to serve at a need,
  The jimWe to spin, and the carle  for her seed.
                                       Tusser.
FIN,  fin.  to.  a. [pm,  Saxon; vin, Dutch]
  The wing of a fish; the limb by  which
  he balances his body, and moves in  the
  water.
            He that depends
  Upon your  favours, swims wito jins of lead,
  And hews down oaks with rushes.         Shaksp.
    Their jins consist of a number of gristly bones,
  long and slender, like pins and needles.    More.
          Thus at half-ebb a rolling sea
  Returns, and wins upon the shore-
  The watery herd, affrighted at the roar
  Rest on their jins awhile, and stay,
  Then backward take their wond'ring wfty   Dryd. 
FI  N
FIN
FIN
     Still at his oar to' industrious Libya plies;
  But as he plies, each busy arm shrinks in,
  And by degrees is fashion'd to a Jin.      .Addison.
 Fin-footed,  fin'lut-ed.  adf.   [fin  and
  foot.]   Palmipedous;  having feet with
   membranes between the toes.
     it is described  like fissipedes,  or birds which
  have their feet or claws divided; whereas it is pal-
  mipedous or fin-footed, like  swans and geese, ac-
  cording to the method  of  nature in latirostrous or
  flat-billed birds; which being generally swimmers,
  toe organ is wisely contrived unto toe action,  and
  they are framed with fins or oars upon toeir feet.
                                       JSrotcn.
 Fi'nable,  fi'na-bl.40S  adj.   [from  fine]
   That admits a fine; that deserves a fine.
     This is the order for writs of covenant that be Ji-
  nabfe.                              .  Bacon.
     He sent  letters to the council, wherein he ac-
  knowledged himself favoured in bringiug his cause
  finable.                             Hayward.
Fl'NAL, fi'nal.88 adj.  [final, Fr. finalis,
  Latin.]
 1.  Ultimate; last.
     And over them  triumphant death his dart
  Shook; but delay'd to strike, though oft invok'd
  Wito vows, as their chief good, and Jinaf hope.
                                      Milton.
2. Conclusive; decisive.
     There be many examples where sea-fights have
  been Jinaf to toe war.                   Bacon,
     Henry spent his reign  in establishing himself,
  and had neither leisure nor opportunity to under-
  take the Jinaf conquest of Ireland.         Davies.
3. Mortal; destructive.
     At last resolv'd  to work his jinaf smart,
  He lifted up his head, but back again did start.
                                      Spenser.
4. Respecting the end or motive.
     Some things in  such sort are allowed, toat they
  be also required  as necessary unto  salvation, by
  way of direct, immediate, and proper necessity
  ^inaf;  so that, without  performance of them, toey
  cannot  by  ordinary course be saved, nor by any
  means be excluded from life,  observing toem.
                                      Hooker.
     By its gravity air raises toe water in pumps, si-
  phons,  and other engines;  and performs all those
  feats which  former philosophers, through ignorance
  of the efficient cause, attributed to a Jinaf, namely,
  nature's abhorrence of a vacuity.            Ray.
     Your answering in the Jinaf cause, makes me be-
  lieve you are at a loss for the efficient     Collier,
 Fi'nally, fi'nal-e. adv. [from final.]
 1. Ultimately; lastly; in conclusion.
             Sight bereav'd
  JVIay chance to number thee wito those
  Whom patience finally must crown.       Jtfiffon.
2. Completely;  without recovery.
     Not any house  of noble English in Ireland was
  utterly destroyed,  or finaUy rooted out by the hand
  of justice,  but the house of Desmond  only.
                                       Davies.
    Doubtlessly many men are finally lost, who yet
  hav$ no men's sins to answer for but their own.
                                        Soufft.
FJ'JVJNCE,  fin-nanse'. n. a.  [French.]
   Revenue; income; profit.   It is seldom
   used in the singular.
     This sort of finance hath been increased. Bacon.
     The residue of these ordinary finances be casual
  or uncertain; as be the escheats and forfeitures.
                                       JBaccm.
     His pretence for making war upon his neighbours
  was their pyracics, though he practised the same
  trade when he was straitened in his finances at the
  siege of Byzantium.                 Arbuthnot.
FINANCIER, fin -nan seer', n.a. [Fr.]
   One who collects or farms the  publick
  revenue; one  who understands the pub-
  lick  revenue.
 Fi'nary,  fi'na-re.  to. a.  [from   To jine.]
   In the iron  works, the second forge at
   the iron  mills.                       Diet.
 Finch, finsh. to. a.  [pine, Saxon.] A small
   bird of which we have three kinds,  the
   goldfinch, chaffinch, and bulfinch.
 To  Find, find. v. a. [pinban, Saxon; vin-
   den, Dutch.]
 1. To obtain by searching or seeking.
     Ask, and it shall be given to you; seek, and ye
  shall Jincf.                            Matthew.
     Whereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what
  hast thou found of all  the household stuff? Genesis.
     She disappear'd, and left me dark; I wak'd
  To Jincf her, or  for ever to deplore
  Her loss.                              Milton.
             A bird toat flies about,
  And beats itself against the cage,
  Finding at  last no passage out,
  It sits and sings.                       Cowley.
 2. To obtain something lost.
     When he hath found his sheep, he layeto it on
  his shoulders rejoicing.                   Luke.
     In my school days, when I had lost one shaft,
  I shot his fellow of the self-same flight
  The self-same way, with more advised watch,
  To find  the other forth; by vent'ring both,
  I oft found both.                      Shaksp.
 3. To obtain  something desired.
     Thus I embolden'd  spake, and freedom used
  Permissive, and  acceptance found.       Milton.
        Our voluntary service he requires,
  Not our necessitated; such with him
  Finds no acceptance, nor can jincf.       Jtfiffon.
 4. To meet with; to fall upon.
     There watchful at the gate they jind
  Suspicion with her eyes behind.          Dodsley.
     In woods and forests thou art found.    Cowley.
     The bad must miss, the good unsought shall Jincf.
                                         JPeipe.
 5. To know by experience.
             How oft will he
  Of thy chang'd faith complain!
  And his fortunes find to be
  So airy and so vain!                    Cotofey.
     The torrid zone is now found habitable. Cowley.
 6. To come to; to attain.
             The sun that barren shines,
  Whose virtue on itself works no effect,
  But in the fruitful earth; there first receiv'd
  His beams, unactive  else,  toeir vigour jincf.
                                        Jtfiffon.
 7. To discover by  study, or attention.
     The fox that first his cause of grief did jirtd,
  'Gan first thus plain his case with words unkind.
                                      Hubberd.
             Physicians
  With sharpen'd  sight some remedies may Jind.
                                       Diyden.
     Thy maid! ah, jind some nobler theme,
  Whereon toy doubts to place.            Cowley.
 8. To discover what  is  hidden.
     A curse on him who found the oar.     Cowley.
 9. To hit on  by chance; to perceive by ac-
   cident.
     They build on sands, which  if unmov'd they
        find,
  'Tis but because toere was no wind.       Cowley.
 10. To gain  by any mental endeavour.
     I by conversing cannot these erecf
  From prone, nor in toeir ways complacence jind.
                                        Jtfifton.
     If we for happiness could leisure Jind,
  And wand'ring time into a method bind,
  We should not then the  great mail's favour need,
                                        Cowley,
     We oft review, each finding like a friend
   Something to blame,  and something to commend.
                                          Pope,
. 11. To remark; to  observe; to perceive.
     Thus far to try thee, Adam, I wa« pleased,
  And jind thee knowing not of beast alone.
  Which thou hast rightly nam'd, but of thyself
                                        Milto.i,
    Beauty or wit in all I find.             Coioley.
12. To detect; to deprehend;  to catch.
    When first found in a lie, talk to him of it as a
  strange monstrous matter, and so shame him out of
  it.                                    Locke,
13. To reach; to attain.
    They are glad when they can jind the grave.
                                           Job.
            They also know,
  And reason not contemptibly; with these
  Find pastime, and bear rule.             Milton.
            In solitude
  What happiness, who can enjoy alone,
  Or all enjoying, what contentment jind?   MUton t
    He did the utmost bounds of knowledge jind,
  Vet found, them not so large as was his mind.
                                       Cowley.
14. To meet.
    A clear conscience and heroick  mind,
  In ills their business and their glory jind.  Cowleij,
15. To settle; to fix  any  thing  in  one's
  own  opinion.
            Some men
  The marks of old and catholick would jind.
                                       Cowley
16. To determine by judicial verdict.
    They would enforce them to jind  as they would
  direct; and if toey did not, convent, imprison, and
  fine them.                              Bacon.
        His peers, upon this evidence,
  Have found him guilty of high treason.   Shaksp.
17. To supply; to furnish:  as,  he finds me
  in  money and  in victuala.
    A war with Spain is like to be lucrative, if we
  go roundly on at first;  the war in  continuance will
  jind itself.                             Bacon.
            Still govern thou my song,
  Urania, and fit  audience find, toough few. Jtfiffon.
18.  [In  law.]  To approve:  as, to  find
   a  bill.
19.  To Find himaelf.   To be;  to  fare
  with regard to ease or pain,  health or
  sickness.
    Pray, sir, how d'ye jind yourself? says toe doer
  tor.                               L'Estrange.
20.  To Find out. To  unriddle;  to solve.
    The finding  out of parables is a wearisome  la-
  bour of the mind.                       Eccles.
21. To Find out, To discover something
  hidden.
    Can'st thou by searching jind  ouf God?  Can'st
  thou find out toe Almighty unto perfection?   Job.
    There are agents in nature able to make  the par-
  ticles of bodies  stick together by very strong attrac-
  tions, and it is the^business of experimental philo-
  sophy to jind toem owf.                JYcwton.
    What hinders, then, but that thou jind her ouf,
  And hurry her away by manly force?    Addison
22.  To Find out.   To  obtain the  know-
   ledge of.
    The principal part of painting  is  to Jind ouf, and
  thoroughly to understand, what  nature  has  made
  most beautiful.                        Dryden.
23,   To Find out.   To invent;  to  exco-
   gitate.
     A man of Tyre, skilful to work  in gold, and U.
  find out eveiy  device  which shall be put to him.
                                  2 Chronicles.
24.   The particle out is added often with-
   out  any other use than that it adds some
   force or emphasis to the  verb.
     While she proudly marchM abput,
  Greater conquests to Jind out,
  $he beat out Susan by the by,            Cowley.
     It is agreeable to compare the  face of a great
  man with the character, and to  try if we nwjituj 
F IN
FIN
FIN
  out in his looks and features cither the haughty,
  cruel, or merciful temper.              Addison.
    lie was afraid of being insulted with Greek; for
  which reason he desired a friend to jind him ouf a
  clergyman  rather of plain sense than much learn-
  ing.                                 Addison.
25. To Find,  is a word of very licentious
   and  capricious use, not easily  limited
   or explained;  its first idea is the conse-
   quence of search; the  second,  equally
   frequent, is mere occursion.
Fi'nder, find'ur. n. s. [from find.]
1. One that meets or falls upon any thing.
    We will bring the device to the bar, and crown
  thee for a finder of madmen.             Shaksp.
2. One that  picks up any thing lost.
    Some lewd squeaking cryer,
  May gall the finder's conscience, if toey meet.
                                       Donne.
    0 yes! if any happy eye
  This roving wanton shall descry,
  Let the finder surely know
  Mine  is the wag; 'tis I that owe
  The winged wand'rer.                 Crashaw.
Findfa'ult,   find'falt.  «. s-.   [find  and
  fault.] A censurer; a  caviller.
    We are the makers of manners, Kate: and the
  liberty that follows our  places, stops the mouth of
  all findfaulls.                         Shaksp.
Fi'ndy, fin'de. adj.  [pynbij,  Saxon.]
   Plump;  weighty; firm; solid. Not used.
   Thus the proverb,
             A cold May and  a windy,
          Makes the barn fat and findy;
  means toat it stores the barn with plump and  firm
grain.
Junius.
FINE, fine. adj.  [finne, Fr. fijn, Dutch
   and Erse;  perhaps from  finitus, com-
   pleted, Latin.]
 1. Not coarse.
    Not any skill'd in  loops of fingering jine,
  With this so curious net-work might compare.
                                       Spenser.
    He was arrayed in purple and jine linen.  Luke.
 2. Refined; pure;  free from dross.
    Two vessels of jine copper, precious as gold.
                                         Ezra.
 3. Subtile; thin;  tenuous: as, the fine spi-
   rits evaporate.
     When the eye standeth in the Jiner medium, and
   the object in the grosser, things show-greater: but
   contrariwise, when  the eye is placed in the grosser
   medium and the object in toe Jiner.       Bacon.
 4. Refined; subtileiy excogitated.
     In substance he promised himself money, honour,
   friends, and  peace in the end; but  those  things
   were too Jine to be fortunate,  and succeed in  all
   parts                                 Bacon.
     Whether the scheme has not been pursued so far
   as to draw it into  practice, or whether it be  too
   jine to be capable of it, I will  not determine.
                                       Temple.
 5. Keen; thin; smoothly sharp.
     Great affairs are commonly too rough and stub-
   born  to  be wrought  upon  by  the Jiner  edges or
   points of wit.                          Bacon.
 6. Clear;  pellucid;  transparent:  as, the
   wine is fine.
     Let the wine without mixture or stum be all jine,
   Or call up the master.                 Johnson.
 7. Nice;  exquisite; delicate.
     Are they not senseless then that think the soul
   Nought but a jine perfection of the sense? Davies.
     The irons  of planes are set Jine or rank: they
   are set jine when they stand so shallow below  the
   sole ofthe plane, that in working  they take off  a
   thin shaving.                          Moxon.
 8. Artful;  dexterous.
     The wisdom of all these latter times, in princes
  affairs,  is rather jine deliveries, and  shiftings of
  dangers  and  mischiefs, than solid and grounded
  courses to keep them aloof              Bacon.
d. Fraudulent; sly; knavishly subtle.
    Through his Jine handling, and his cleanly play,
  He all those royal signs had stol'n away. Hubberd.
10.  Elegant;  beautiful in thought or lan-
  guage.
    To call the trumpet by the name of the metal was
  fine.                                 Dryden.
11.  Applied to person, it means  beautiful
  with dignity.
12. Accomplished; elegant of manners.
    He was not only toe finest gentleman of his time,
  but one of toe Jinesf scholars.            Felton.
I 3. Showy; splendid.
    It is with a Jine  genius as wito a jine fashion:
  all those are displeased at it who are not able to
  follow it.                               Pope.
    The satyrical part of mankind will needs believe,
  toat it is not impossible to  be very fine and very fil-
  thy.                                    Swiff.

14.   [Ironically.]   Something  that  will
  serve  the  purpose;  something  worth
  contemptuous notice.
    That same knave, Ford, her husband, hath the
  jinesf mad devil of jealousy in him, master Brook,
  that ever governed frenzy.               Shaksp.
    They  taught us, indeed,  to cloath,  to dwell in
        houses,
  To feast, to sleep on down, to be profuse:
  A Jine exchange for liberty.              Philips.
Fine, fine. to. s.  [ffin, Cimbr.]
I. A  mulct; a pecuniary punishment.
    The killing of an Irishman was not punished by
  our  law as manslaughter, which is felony and capi-
  tal;  but by a Jine or pecuniary  punishment, called
  an ericke.                            Davies.
2. Penalty.
    Ev'n this ill night your breathing shall expire,
  Paying the Jine of rated treachery.        Shaksp.
3. Forfeit; money paid for  any exemption
  or liberty.
    The spirit of wantonness  is  sure scared out of
  him: if the devil have him not  in fee simple wito
  Jine and recovery, he will never in the way of waste,
  attempt us again.                      Shaksp.
    Besides jines set upon plays, games, balls and
  feasting, they have many  customs which contribute
  to their simplicity.                    Addison.
    How vain that second life in  other breath,
  Th' estate which wits inherit after death!
  Ease, health,  and life for this they must resign,
  Unsure  toe tenure, but how vast the Jine.'   Pope.

4. [from^»w,  Latin; fin,  enfin, French.]
   The end; conclusion.  It  is seldom  used
   but adverbially, in fine.   To  conclude;
   to sum up all; to  tell  all at once.
    In fine, whatsoever he was, he was nothing but
  what it pleased Zelmane, the powers of his spirit
  depending of her.                      Sidney.
    His resolution, in Jine, is that in  the church a
  number of things are strictly observed, whereof no
  law of scripture maketh mention one way or other.
                                       Hooker.
             Still the jine's the crown;
  Whate'er the course, the end is the renown.
                                       Shaksp.
    Your daughter,  ere she seems as won,
  Desires this ring; appoints him an encounter;
  In fine, delivers me to fill the time,
  Herself most chastely absent.             Shaksp.
    The blessings of fortune are the lowest: toe next
  are the bodily advantages of strength and health:
  but the superlative blessings,  in fine, are those of
   the mind.                         L'Estrange.
     In fine, he wears no limbs about him sound,
   With sores and sicknesses  beleagu'd around.
                                       Dryden.
    In fine, let there be a perfect relation befwiX(
  toe parts and toe whele, that they may be entirely
  of a piece.                           Drydtn.
To Fine, fine.  v. a. [from the adjective]
I. To refine;  to purify.
    The Jining- pot is for silver, and the furnace for
  gold.                               Proverbs.
    There is a vein for toe silver, and a place for
  gold; where they/ine it.                   j^
2. To embellish;   to decorate.  Now not
   in use.
    Hugh Capet, also, who usurp'd the crown,
  To jine his title with  some shews of truth,
  Convey'd himself as heir to to' lady Lingare.
3. To make less coarse.
    It jines  toe grass,  but  makes it short, though
  thick.                               Mortimer.
4. To make transparent.
    It is good also for fuel, not to omit toe shavings
  of it for the fining of wine.            Jtforfimer.
5. [from the substantive.] To punish with
   pecuniary penalty.
    To fine men one third of toeir fortune,  without
  any crime committed,  seems very hard.    Lock.
To Fine, fine.  v. to.  To pay a fine.
    What poet ever jin'd for sheriff? or who
  By rhymes and verse did ever lord mayor grow?
                                      OUtai.
To Finedra'w,  fine'draw. v. a.  [fine
   and  draw.]  To  sew up a  rent with so
   much nicety  that it is not perceived.
Finedra'wer,  fine'draw-ir. to. s.  [from
  finedraw.]  One  whose business is to
   sew  up  rents.
Finefi'ngered,    fine'fing-giir'd.   adj.
   [fine  and finger.]   Nice; artful;  ex-
   quisite.
    The most jinejingwr'd workman on the ground,
  Arachne by his means was vanquished.   Spenser,
Fi'nely, fine'le. adv. [from fine]
1. Beautifully; elegantly; more than justly.
    Plutarch says very finely, toat a man  should not
  allow himself to hate even his enemies;  because if
  you indulge this passion on some occasions, it will
  rise of itself in others.                 Addison.
    The walls are painted, and represent  the labours
  of Hercules: many of  toem look very finely, though
  great part  of the work has been cracked. Addison.
2.  Keenly;  sharply; with  a thin edge or
   point.
    Get you black lead, sharpened finely. Peacham.
3. Not coarsely; not meanly; gayly.
    He was alone, save that he had two persons of
   honour, on either hand, one finely attired in white.
           •                           Bacon.
4.  In small  parts; subtileiy; not grossly.
     Saltpetre was  but  grossly beaten; for it should
   not be jinefu powdered.                   Boylt.
 5.  [Ironically.]   Wretchedly; in such a
   manner as  to  deserve contemptuous
   notice.
     Let laws be made to obey, and not to be obeyed,
   and you will find that  kingdom finely governed in a
   short time.                             South.
              For him  she loves:
   She nam'd not me; that may be Torrismond,
   Whom she has thrice in private seen this day:
   Then I am finely caught in my own snare. Dryden-
 Fi'neness, fine'nes. «. s. [from fine.]
  1. Elegance; beauty; delicacy.
     Every thing was full of a choice fineness, that if
   it wanted  any thing in majesty, it supplied with in-
   crease in pleasure; and if at  the first  it struck not
   admiration, it ravished with delight.       Sidney.
     As the  French language has more fineness and
   smoothnpss at this  time, so  it had more compass,
   spirit, and force  in Montaigne's days.     Temple.
     The softness of her sex, and the jineness of het 
FIN
FIN
FIN
  genius, conspire to  give her a very distinguishing
  character.                              Prior.
2. Suow; splendour; gayety of appearance
    The fineness of cloaths destroys the ease: it often
  helps men to pain,  but can never rid them of any;
  toe body may languish under the most splendid co-
  ver.                           Decay of Piety.
3. Subtilty; artfulness; ingenuity.
    Those, with the fineness of their souls,
  By reason guide his execution.       Shakspeare.
4. Purity; freedom from dross or base mix-
   tures.
    Our works are, indeed, nought else
  But the protractive tryals of great Jove,
  To find persistive constancy in men;
  The Jineness of which metal is not found
  In fortune's love.                   Shakspeare.
    I am doubtful whether men have sufficiently re-
  fined metals; as whether iron, brass, and tin be re-
  fined to the  height: but when  toey come to such a
  fineness as serveth the ordinary use, they try no far-
  ther.                                 Bacon.
    The ancients were careful to coin their money in
  due weight and fineness; only in times of exigence
  they have diminished both the weight and jineness.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Fi'ner,  fl'iiftr.98  to. *.  [from fine.] One
   who purifies metals.
    Take  away toe dross from toe  silver,  and toere
  shall come forth a vessel for the Jiner.   Proverbs.
Fi'nery, fi'niir-e.667  to.  s.  [from  fine]
   Show; splendour of appearance; gayety
   of colours.
    Dress up your houses and your images,
   And put on all the city's finery,
  To  consecrate this day a festival.        Southern.
    The capacities  of  a lady are sometimes apt to
  fall short in cultivating cleanliness and finery to-
  gether.                                Swiff.
    Don't chuse your place of study by the finery of
  the  prospects, or the most various scenes of sensible
  things.                                Watts.
    They  want  to grow rich in their trades, and to
  maintain their families in some such figure and de-
  gree of .finery, as a reasonable christian life has no
  occasion for.                             Law.
FIjYE'SHE,fe-nes'.12S n.s. [Fr.] Artifice;
   stratagem: an  unnecessary word  which
   is  creeping into the language.
    A  circumstance not much to be stood upon, in
   case it were not upon some finesse.      Hayward
FINGER,  fing'gur.381  to.  s.   [yinjen,
   Sax.;  from  fangen, to hold.]
1. The flexible  member of the  hand by
   which men catch and hold.
    The fingers and thumb in each hand consist of
   fifteen bones, there being three to each finger.
                                       Qjcincy.
    You seem to understand me,
   By  each at once her choppy finger laying
  Upon  her skinny lips.               Shakspeare.
             Diogenes, who is never said,
  For aught that ever I could read,
  To whine, put finger i' th' eye, and sob,
  Because h' had ne'er another tub.       Hudibras.
    The hand is divided into four fingers bending for-
  ward, and one opposite to them bending backward,
  and of greater strength  than any of them singly,
   which we call the thumb, to join with them several-
   ly united; whereby it  is fitted to lay hold of objects
  of any size or quantity.                   Ray.
    A hand of a vast  extension, and  a prodigious
  number  of fingers playing upon all the organ pipes
  uf the world, and making every one sound a parti-
  cular  note.                              Keil.
    Poor Peg sewed, spun, and knit for a livelihood,
  'till her  finger ends were sore.       Arbuthnot.
2.  A  small  measure  of extension; the
   breadth  of a finger.
    Go now, go trust the wind's uncertain breath,
  Remov'd four ji»ige?-s from approaching death;
   VOL.  I.
  Or seven at most, when thickest is the board.
                                       Drycfen.
    One of these bows with a little arrow did pierce
  through a piece of steel three Jingers thick.
                                      Wilkins.
.3.  The  hand;  the  instrument of  work;
   manufacture; art.
    Fool, that forgets her stubborn look,
  This softness from thy Jinger took.        WaMer.
To Fi'nger,  fing'gur.  v.  a. [from  the
   noun.]
1. To touch  lightly;  to toy with.
    Go, get you gone, and let the papers lie;
  You would be fingering them to anger me. Shaksp.
    One that is covetous is not so highly pleased with
  the mere sight and fingering of  money, as with the
  thoughts of his being considered as a wealthy man.
                                        Grew.
2. To touch  unseasonably or thievishly.
    His ambition would needs be fingering the scep-
  tre, and hoisting him into his father's throne.
                                        South.
3. To touch  an instrument  of musick.
        She hato broke the lute;
  I did but tell her she mistook her frets,
  And bow'd her hand to teach her fingering.  Shaksp.
4. To perform  any work exquisitely with
   the fingers.
    Not any skill'd in loops of fingering fine,
  With this so curious  net-work might compare.
                                      Spenser.
Finger-fern, fing'gur fern. to. s. [finger
   and fern;  asplenum, Lat.] A plant.
Finger-stone, fing'gilr-stone. to. s. [fin-
  ger and  stone;  telenites,  Lat.]   A fossil
   resembling an arrow.
Fi'nglefangle,   fing'gl-fang'gl.   to.  s.
   [from fangle.]   A trifle:  a burlesque
   word.
    We agree in nothing but to wrangle
  About the slightest finglefangle.        Hudibras.
Fi'NiCAL,fin'e-kal. adj. [from7?rac?.] Nice;
   foppish; pretending to superfluous ele-
   gance.
    A whoreson, glassglazing, superserviceable, Jini-
  cof  rogue.                          Shakspeare.
    I cannot hear  a finical fop romancing,  how the
  king took him  aside at such a time; what the queen
  said to him at another.              L'Estrange.
Fi'nically,  fin'e-kal-e.  adv. [from fini-
   cal.]  Foppishly.
Fi'nicalness,  fin'e-k&l-nes.  to.  s.  [from
  finical.] Superfluous nicety; foppery.
To FI'NISH,  finish, v.  a.  [finir,  Fr.;
  finio, Lat.]
1. To bring to  the end proposed; to com-
   plete.
    For which of you, intending to build a tower, sit-
  teth not down first and counteth the cost, whether
  he have sufficient to finish it?             Lufce.
    As he had begun, so he would also finish in you
  toe same grace.                  2 Corinthians.
2. To make  perfect.
    A poet uses episodes; but episodes  taken sepa-
  rately, finish nothing.                  Broome.
3. To perfect;  to polish to  the excellency
   intended.
    Though  here you all perfection should not find,
  Yet is it all th' Eternal Will design'd;
  It is a finish'd work, and perfect in his kind.
                                    Blackmore.
    I would  make what bears your name, as finished
  as my last work ought to b«; that is, more finished
  than the rest.                            Pope.
4  To end; to put an end to.
Fi'nisher, fin'ish-ur. to. s.  [from finish]
1. Performer; accomplisher.
                      5b
     (He that of greatest works is finisher,
   Oft does toem by toe weakest minister.    Shaksp.
 2. One that puts an end;  endcr.
     This was the condition of those times; toe world
   against Athanasius, and Atoauasius against it:  half
   an hundred of years spent  in doubtful trials which
   of toe two, in the end, would prevail; the side which
   had all,  or else that part which toad no friend but
   God and death, the one a defender of his innocen-
   cy, the other a finisher of all his troubles. Hooker.
3. One that completes or perfects.
    The author and finisher of our faith.  Hebrews.
    0 prophet of glad tidings! finisher
   Of utmost hope!                       Jtfiffon.
FI'NITE, fi'i;ite.126 adj. [finitus, Latin.]
   Limited; bounded; terminated.
    Servius conceives no more thereby than a jinife
  number for indefinite.                   Brown.
    Finite of any magnitude holds not any propor-
  tion to infinite.                          Locke.
    That supposed infinite duration, will by the very
  supposition,  be limited at two extremes, though ne-
  ver so remote asunder, and consequently must needs
  be Jinife.                             Bentley.
Fi'niteless, fi'nite-les. adj. [from finite.]
   Without bounds; unlimited.
     It  is  ridiculous unto reason, and finiteless as
  their desires.                          Broion.
Fi'nitely,  fi'nite-le. adv.  [from finite.]
   Within  certain limits; to a  certain de-
   gree.
    They are creatures still,  and that sets them at an
  infinite distance from God; whereas all their excel-
  lencies can make them but finitely distant from us.
                                   Sfiffingjieef.
Fi'niteness, fi'nite-nes. n.s. [fromfinite.]
   Limitation;  confinement within certain
   boundaries.
    I ought now to unbay the current of my passion,
  and love without other boundary than what is set by
  the finiteness of my natural powers.       J^orris.
Fi'nitude, fin'e-tude. n. s.  [from finite.]
   Limitation;  confinement within certain
   boundaries.   This is  hardly an authori-
   zed word.
    Finitude, applied to natural or created things,
  imports Ae proportions  of the several degress of
  affections, or properties of these things to one an-
  other; infinitude,  the  unboundedness of these de-
  grees of  affections, or properties.         Cheyne.
Fi'nless, fin'les. adj. [from fin.]  Want-
   ing fins.
                 He angers me
  Wito telling of the moldwarp and the ant,
  And of a dragon and a finless fish.        Shaksp.
Fi'nlike,  fin'like.  adj. [fin   and  like.]
   Formed in imitation  of fins.
    In shipping- such as this,  the Irish kern
  And untaught Indian on the stream did glide;
    Ere sharp-keel'd boats to stem the flood did learn,
  Or finlike oars did spread from either  side. Dryden.
Fi'nned, f in'd.362 adj. [from fin.] Having
   broad  edges  spread out on either side.
    They  plough up the turf with a broad finned
  plough.                             Mortimer.
Fi'nny, fin'ne.  adj. [from fin.] Furnish-
   ed with fins; formed  for the  element of
   water.
    High o'er the main in wat'ry pomp he rides,
   His azure car and jinny coursers guides:
   Proteus his name.                      Dryden.
    NeiV herds of beasts he sends toe plains to share;
   New colonies of birds to people air;
   And to the oozy beds the finny fish repair.   Dryden.
     While black with storms toe ruffled ocean rolls,
   And from the fisher's art defends her jinny sholes.
                                    Blackmore.
     With hairy springes we the birds betray;
   Slight lines of hair surprise the jinny prey.  Pope. 
FIR
FIR
FIR
Fi'ntoeo,  fin't6de. adj.  [fin  and toe.]
   Palmipedous;  having a membrane be-
   tween the toes.
    Such creatures as are whole footed, or fintoed,
  viz. some birds and quadrupeds, are  naturally di-
  rected to go into the water and swim there.   Ray.
Fi'nochio, fe-no'she-6. to. a.  A  species of
   fennel.
Fi'pple, f ip'pl. to. s. [from fibula,  Lat.]
   A stopper.
    You must know, that in recorders, which go with
  a gentle breath, the concave of toe pipe, were it
  not for the Jippfe that straiteneth the air much more
  than the simple concave, would yield no sound.
                                       Bacon.
Fir, fier.109 to. s. [fyrr,  Welsh; purih, Sax.
  fyry  Danish.] The tree of which  deal-
   boards are made.
    It is ever green; the leaves are single, and for
  the most part produced on every side of the branch-
  es: the male  flowers, or catkins, are placed at re-
  mote distances from the fruit on the same tree. The
  seeds are propagated on cones, which are squamose.
                                       Jtfiffer.
    He  covered the floor of the house with planks of
  fir.                                  1  Kings.
    The spiring jir and stately box.          Pope.

FIRE,- fire. «. a. [yyji, Saxon; feivr, Ger-
   man.]
1. The igneous element.
    The force of fire ascended first on high,
  And took its dwelling in the vaulted sky;
  Then air succeeds, in lightness next to  jire.  Dryd.
2. Any thing burning.
    A little jire is quickly trodden out,
  Which, being suffer'd, rivers cannot quench.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Where two raging jires meet together,
  They do consume the thing that feeds their fury.
                                   S/iafcspeare.
    So contraries on iEtna's top conspire;
  Here hoary frosts, and by them breaks out jire.
                                      Cowley.
:>. A conflagration of towns  or  countries.
    There is another liberality to the citizens, who
  had suffered damage by a great Jire.   Arbuthnot.
    Though safe thou think'st thy treasure lies,
   Conceal'd in chests from human eyes,
   A Jire may come, and it may be
   Bury'd, my friend, as far from thee.    Granville.
4. Flame; light; lustre.
             Stars hide your fires!
   Let not night see my black and deep  desires.
                                   Shakspeare.
3. Torture by burning.
    Did Shadrach's zeal my glowing breast inspire,
   To weary tortures, and rejoice in jire?     Prior.
6. The punishment of the damned.
    Who  among  us shall dwell wito toe devouring
  fire? Who among us shall dwell  with everlasting
  burnings?                             Isaiah.
7. Any thing  provoking;  any thing  that
   inflames the passions.
    What jire is in mine ears? Can this be true?
  Stand  I condemn'd for pride and scorn so mtch?
                                   Shakspeare.
8. Ardour of temper, violence of passion.
    He  had jire in his temper and a German blunt-
  ness; and, upon provocations, might strain a  phrase.
                                    Atterbury.
9. Liveliness  of  imagination; vigour  of
   fancy;  intellectual  activity; force of ex-
   pression; spirit  of  sentiment.
    Nor can the snow that age does shed
  Upon thy rev'rend head,
  Quench or allay the noble jire within,
  But all that youth can be thou art.       Rowley.
    They have no notion of life and jire  in fancy and
  In word?, and any thing that is just ia grammar and
   iii measure is good oratory and poetry to them.
                                        -Feffcm.
     He brings, to make us from our abound retire,
   The reasoner's weapons and the poet's jire.
                                    Blackmore.
     Exact Racine, and Corneille's noble Jire,
   Taught us that France had something to admire.
                                         Pope.
     The bold Longinus all the nine inspire,
   And warm toe critick wito a poet's Jire.     Pope.
     Oh may some spark of your celestial jire,
   The last, the meanest of your sons inspire.   Pope.
 10. The passion of iove.
     Love various hearts does variously inspire,
   It stirs in gentle bosoms gentle Jire,
   Like that of incense on the altar laid:
   But raging flames tempestuous souls invade;
   A Jire which eveiy windy passion blows;
   With pride it mounts, and wito revenge it glows.
                                      Dryden.
     The Jire of love in youthful blood,
   Like what is kindled in brush-wood,
   But for a moment burns.              Shadwell.
             The god of love retires;
   Dim are his  torches, and extinct his jires.    Pope.
     New charms shall still increase  desire,
   And time's swift wing shall fan the Jire.    Moore.
 11. Eruption or  imposthumation:  as,  St.
   Anthony's fire.
 12. To set Fire on, or set on Fire.  To
   kindle; to inflame.
     Hermosilla courageously set upon the horsemen,
   and sef jire also upon the stables where the Turks'
   horses stood.                         Knolles.
     He that sef a jire on a plane-tree to spite his
   neighbour, and the plane-tree set fire  on his neigh-
   bour's house, is bound to pay all the loss, because it
   did all arise from his own ill intention.    Taylor.
 13. To set a Fire. To inflame.
     So inflam'd by my desire,
   It may sef her heart a-Jire.               Carew.
 To  Fire, fire. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To set on fire; to kindle.
     They spoiled many parts of toe city, and Jireci
   the houses of those whom they esteemed not to be
   their friends; but  toe rage of the fire was  at first
   hindered, and then  appeased by the fall of a sudden
   shower of rain.                      Hayward.
     The breathless body, thus bewail'd, toey lay,
   And Jire tbe pile.                     Dryden.
     A second Paris, diff'ring but in name,
   Shall jire his country with a second flame. Dryden.
 2. To inflame  the passions; to animate.
     Yet, if desire of fame, and thirst of pow'r,
   A beauteous princess with a crown in  dow'r,
   So Jire your mind, in arms assert your right. Drycf.
 3. To drive  by fire.
     He that parts us, shall bring a brand from heav'n
   And Jire us hence.                   Shakspeare.
 To  Fire,  fire. v. to.
 I. To take fire; to be kindled.
 2. To be inflamed  with passion.
 3. To discharge  any firearms.
     The fainting Dutch remotely jire,
   And the fam'd Eugene's iron troops retire.   Smith.
 Fi'rearms,  fire'armz. to.  s.  [fire  and
   arms] Arms which owe their efficacy
   to fire; guns.
     Ammunition to supply their few firearms.
                                    Clarendon.
     Before the use of firearms there was infinitely
   more scope for personal valour than in the modern
   battles.                                Popet
 Fi'reball,  fire'ball. to, a. [fire and ball]
   Grenado;  ball filled with combustibles,
   and bursting where it is thrown.
     Judge of  those  insolent boasts of conscience,
   which, like so many fireballs,  or mouth grenadoes,
   are thrown at our church.                SoufA.
     The same great man hath sworn  to make us swaU
i   low his coin ia fireballs*                  Swift.
Fi'rebrand,  flre'brand. n.  s.  [fire and
   brand.]
1. A piece  of wood kindled.
    I have eased my father-in-law of a Jire&rand, t»
  set my own  house in a flame.        L'Estrange
2. An  incendiary;  one who  inflames fac-
   tions;  one who causes mischief.
    Troy  must not be, nor goodly Ilion stand;
  Our firebrand brother, Paris, burns us all. Shaksp,
    He sent Surrey with a competent power a«-ainsl
  the rebels,  who fought with the principal band of
  them, and  defeated  them, and took alive  John
  Chamber, their firebrand.              Bacon.
Fi'rebrush,  fire'brtlsh. to.  s.  [fire  and
   brush] The brush which hangs by the
   fire  to sweep the hearth.
    When you are ordered to stir up the fire, clean
  away  the ashes from between the bars  with the Jire.
  brush.                               Swift.
Fi'recross,  fire'kros.  to. s.  [fire  and
   cross.] A token in Scotland for the na-
   tion to take arms:  the ends  thereof
   burnt  black, and in some parts smeared
   with blood.  It is carried from one place
   to another.  Upon refusal to send it  for.
   ward,  or  to rise, the last person who has
   it shoots  the other  dead.
    He sent his heralds through all parts of the realm
  and commanded the firecross to be carried; namely
  two firebrands set in fashion of a cross, and pitched
  upon the point of a spear.            Hayward.
Fi'redrake,  fire'drake. to.  a.  [fire  and
   drake.] A fiery serpent: I  suppose the
   prester.
    By  toe hissing of toe snake,
  The rustling of the firedrake,
  I charge thee thou this place forsake,
  Nor of queen Mab be prattling.         Drayton,
Fi'relock, fire'lok. to. s.  [fire  and lock]
   A soldier's gun;  a  gun discharged by
   striking steel with flint.
    Prime all your firelocks, fasten well the stake.
                                        Gay,
Fi'iieman, fire'man.88 «. s. [fire  and man]
1. One  who  is employed to extinguish
   burning houses.
    The fireman sweats beneath his crooked arms;
  A leathern casque his vent'rous head defends,
  Boldly he climbs where thickest smoke ascends.
                                        Gay.
2. A man of  violent passions.
    I had last  night the fate to drink a bottle with two
  of these firemen.                      Tatler.
Fi'renew,  fire'nu. adj. [fire and new]
   New as from the forge; new from  the
   melting-house.
    Armado is a most illustrious wight,
  A man of firenew words,  fashion's own knight.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Some  excellent jests, jireneic from the  mint.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Upon  the  wedding-day I put myself, according to
  custom, in another suit firenew, with silver buttons
  to it.                                jJcfcftsc*.
FFrepan, fire'pan. to. a. [fire  and pan]
1. A pan for  holding fire; a vessel  of  me-
   tal to carry fire.
    His firepans, and all  the vessels thereof, thou
  shalt make of brass.                   Exodus.
    Pour of it upon a firepan well heated, as they do
  rose-water and vinegar.                 Bacon.
2. [In  a  gun.]  The  receptacle  for  the
   priming powder.
Fi'rer, fire'ur."8 w. a. [from fire.] An in-
   cendiary.
    Others burned Moussel, and the rest marched ai
  a guard  for defence of these firers.       Carew. 
FIR
FIR
FIR
Fi'reshif, fire'shlp. to. *. [fire and ship.]
   A ship  filled with combustible matter
   to fire the  vessels of the enemy.
     Our men bravely  quitted themselves of toe jire-
  ship, by cutting the spritsail tackle.      Wiseman.
Fj'reshovel, fire'shvlv-v'l. to. s. [fire and
   shovel]   The  instrument  with which
   the hot coals are thrown up in kitchens.
     Culinary utensils and irons often feel  the force
  of fire; as tongs, fireshovels, prongs, and irons.
                                       Brown.
     The neighbours  are coming  out with forks  and
  fireshovels, and spits, and other domestic weapons.
                                      Dryden.
Fi'reside,  fire'side. to. s.  [fire and  side.]
   The hearth; the chimney.
     My judgment is,  that they ought all to be despi-
   sed, and ought to serve  but for winter talk by the
  Jiresicfc.                               Bacon.
             Love no more is made
   By toe fireside, but in the cooler shade.    Carew.
     By his fireside he starts the hare,
  And turns her in his wicker chair.         Prior.
     What art thou asking of them after all? Only to
  sit quietly at thy own fireside.         Arbuthnot.
Fi'restick,   fire'stik.  n. a.  [fire  and
   stick.] A lighted  stick or brand.
     Children when they play wito firesticks move and
   whirl them round so fast, that the motion will cozen
   toeir eyes, and  represent an intire circle of fire to
   them.                                Digby.
Fi'restone,  fire'stone. n.  a.  [fire and
   atone]
     The firestone, or pyrites, is  a compound metal-
   lick fossil, composed of vitriol, sulphur, and an un-
  metallick earth, but in very different proportions to
   the several masses.  The most common sort, which
   is used in medicine, is  a greenish shapeless kind
  found in our claypits, out of which the green vitriol
  or copperas is procured.  It has its name of pyrites,
  or firestone,  from  its giving fire on being struck
  against a steel much more freely than a flint will
  do; and all the sparks burn a longer time,  and
  grow larger as they fall, the inflammable matter
  struck from off the  stone burning itself out before
   the spark becomes extinguished.           Hill.
     Firestone, if broke small, and laid on cold lands,
   must be of advantage.                Mortimer:
Fi'rewood,   fire'wud.  to.  a.  [fire  and
   wood]  Wood  to burn; fewel.
Fi'rework,  fire'w&rk.  to. s.  [fire  and
   work.]  Shows of fire;  pyrotechnical
   performances.
     The king would have me present the princess
   with some delightful ostentation, or pageant, or an-
   tick, or firework.                      Shaksp.
     We represent also ordnance, and new mixtures
   of gunpowder, wildfires burning in water, and un-
   quenchable; and also fireworks of all variety. Bacon,
     The ancients were imperfect in the doctrine of
   meteors, by their ignorance of gunpowder and jire-
   works.                               Brown.
     In fireworks give him leave to vent his spite;
   Those are toe only serpents he  can write. Dryden.
     Our companion  proposed  a  subject  for a fire-
   work, which he toought would he very amusing.
                                      Addison.
     Their fireworks are made up in paper.   Taffer.
Fi'ring, fi'rlng. to. a. [fromfire] Fuel.
     They bum toe cakes, firing being there scarce.
                                     Mortimer.
 To  Firk,  ferk. v. a.  [from ferio, Latin.]
   To whip; to beat; to correct; to chastise.
     Besides, it is not  only foppish,
   But vile idolatrous and popish,
  For one man out of his own skin
  To firk and whip another's sin.         Hudibras.

Fi'rkin, fer'kln. n. a. [from peofceji, Sax.
   the fourth  part of a vessel.]
1. A vessel containing nine gallons.
     Strutt's servants get such a haunt about toat shop,
  that it will cost us many a firkin of strong beer to
  bring them back again.               Arbuthnot.
2. A small vessel.
     You heard of that wonder of the lightning and
         thunder,
  Which made the lye so much the louder;
     Now list to another, that miracle's brother,
  Which was done with a firkin of powder. Denham.
FIRM, firm.108 adj. [firmus, Latin.]
1. Strong; not  easily pierced   or shaken;
   hard, opposed lo aoft.
     The flakes of his flesh are joined together: toey
  are Jim in themselves,  and they cannot be moved.
                                          Job.
     Love's artillery then checks
  The breastworks of the firmest sex.     Cleaveland.
     There is nothing to be left void in  a  Jirm build-
  ing; even the cavities ought to be filled with rub-
  bish.                                 Dryden.
     That body whose parts are most  firm in them-
  selves, and are by their  peculiar shapes capable of
  the greatest contacts,  is toe most Jirm; and that
  which has parts  very srcall, and capable  of the
  least contact, will be most soft.        Woodward.
2. Constant;  steady;  resolute;  fixed; un-
   shaken.
     We hold jirm to toe  works of God, and to toe
  sense which is God's lamp.              Bacon.
            He straight  obeys
  And jinn believes.                     Milton.
     The great  encouragement is the assurance of a
  future  reward,  the Jirm persuasion  thereof is
  enough to raise us above any thing in this world.
                                      Tillotson.
     The man that's resolute and just,
  jFirm to his principles and trust,
  Nor hopes nor fears can blind.            Walsh.
3. Solid; not giving way; not fluid.
     God caused the wind to blow to dry up toe abun-
  dant slime and mud  of  the earth, and make the
  land more Jirm.                       Raleigh.
     The muddy and limous matter brought down  by
  the Nilus, settled by degrees into a jirm land.
                                       Proton.
            It on jirm land
  Thaws not, but rather heap and rnin seems
  Of ancient pile,  all else deep snow and ice.
                                       Milton.
     Sinking waters, the jirm land  to drain,
  Fill'd the capacious deep, and form'd the main.
                                   Roscommon.

To  Firm, ferm. v. a.  [firmo, Latin.]
1. To  settle;  to confirm; to establish;  to
   fix.
     Of toe  death of the emperor they advertised So-
  lyman, firming those letters with all toeir hands
  and seals.                            Knolles.
     'Tis ratify'd above by  every god,
  And Jove has firm'd it with an awful uod.  Drycf.
            The pow'rs, said he,
  To you, and yours, and mine, propitious be,
  And Jirm our purpose with their  augury. Dryden.
     0 thou, who freest me from my doubtful state,
  Long lost and wilder'd in the maze of fate!
  Be present still: oh goddess, in our aid
  Proceed, and jirm those  omens thou hast made!
                                         Pope.
2. To fix  without wandering.
     He on his cards and compass firms his eye,
  The masters of his long experiment.   Fairy Queen.
FI'RMAMENT, fer'ma-ment. «. *.  [fir-
   mamentum, Latin.]  The  sky;  the hea-
   vens.
     Even to the heavens their shouting  shrill
  Doth reach, and  all the  fii-moment doth fill.
                                      Spenser.
     I am constant as the northern star,
  Of whose  true, fixt, and resting quality
  There is no fellow in the jirmamenf.      Shaksp.
     The Almighty, whose  hieroglyphical  characters
                   5b2
   are the unnumbered stars, sun and moon, written
   on these large volumes of the firmament. Raleigh.
    The firmament expanse of liquid, pure,
   Transparent, elemental air, diffus'd
   In circuit to the utmost convex
   Of this great round.                     Milton
    The steeds  climb up the first ascent wito pain;
   And when toe middle firmament they gain,
   If downward from toe heavens my head I bow,
   And see toe earth and ocean hang below,
   Ev'n I am seiz'd with horror.            Addison.
    What an immensurable space is the firmament,
   wherein a great number of stars are seen with our
   naked eye, and many more discovered with  our
   glasses.                               Derham.
FiRMAME'NTAL,fer-ma-men'tal.  adj. [from
   firmament.]   Celestial;   of the  upper
   regions.
    An hollow crystal pyramid he takes,
   In firmamental waters dipt above.        Dryden.
Fi'rmly, ferm'le.  adv. [from firm.]
I. Strongly, impenetrably; immoveably.
             Thou shalt come of force,
   Though thou art firmlier fasten'd than a rock.
                                       MUton.
    How very hard particles, which touch only in a
  few points, can stick together so firmly,  without
  something  which  causes them to be attracted to-
  wards one another, is difficult to conceive. JVewfon.
2. Steadily; constantly.
    Himself to be the man the fates require;
  I firmly judge, and what I judge desire.  Dryden.
    The common  people of Lucca are firmly  per-
  suaded, that one  Lucquese can beat  five  Floren-
  tines.                                Addison-
Fi'rmness, ^ferm-nes. to. s.  [from firm.]
1. Hardness;  compactness; solidity.
    It would become  by degrees of greater  consist-
   ency and firmness so as to resemble  an habitable
  earth.                                Burnet.
2. Durability; stability.
    Both the easiness and firmness of union might be
  conjectured, for that both people are of the  same
   language.                            Haywood.
3. Certainty; soundness.
    In persons already possessed wito notions of reli-
  gion, the understanding cannot be brought to change
   toem, but by great examination of toe truth and
  firmness of the one, and the flaws  and  weakness of
  the other.                              South.
4. Steadiness; constancy; resolution.
    That thou should'st my firmness doubt
   To God or thee, because we have a foe
  May tempt us, I expected not to hear.     MiUon.
    Nor can to' Egyptian patriarch blame my muse,
  Which for his firmness does his heat  excuse.
                                    Roscommon.
    This armed Job with firmness and fortitude.
                                     Atterbury,
FIRST, fiirst.108 adj.  [yijirt:, Saxon.]
1. The  ordinal  of one;  that which is  in
   order before any other.
            Thy air,
  Thou other gold-bound brow, is like the jirsf:
  —A third is like the former.            Shaksp.
    In toe six hundredth and jirsf year, in the Jirsf
  month, the jirsf day of the month, the  waters were
  dried up from  off the earth.              Genesis.
2. Earliest in time: opposed  to last.
    The Jirsf covenant had also ordinances of divine
  service.                              Hebrews.
    Man's Jirsf disobedience.             Jtfiffon.
            Who jirsf, who last
  Rous'd from the slumber.               Jtfiffon.
    Arms and the man I sing, the jirsf who bore
  His course to Latium from the Trojan shore. Drycf.
    I find, quoth Mat, reproof is vain!
  Who Jirsf offend, will jirsf complain.       Prior.
3. Foremost in place.
4. Highest in dignity.
    Three presidents, of whom Daniel was first.
                                       Daniel. 
FIR                                      FIS                                        FIS
    First with toe dogs, and king among the squires.
                                      Spectator.
    'Tis little Will, the scourge of France,
  No godhead, but the jirsf of men.          Prior.
5. Great; excellent.
             My jirsf  son,
  Where will you go? Take good Cominius
  With thee.                            Shaksp.
First, first, adv.
I. Before any thing  else; earliest.
    He, not unmindful of his usual art,
  Ftrsf in dissembling fire attempts to part;
  Then roaring beasts and running streams he tries.
                                       Dryden.
    Thy praise; and  thine was then the publick
         voice,
  First recommended Guiscard to my choice. Dryd.
    Heaven, sure, has kept  this spot of earth uncurst,
  To shew how all things were created jirsf.  Prior:
2. Before any other consideration.
    First, metals are more durable than plants.; se-
  condly, they are more solid and hard; thirdly, they
  are wholly subterraneous;  whereas plants are part
  above earth, and part under the earth.      Bacon.
3. It has often at before it, and means at
   the  beginning.
    At first the silent venom slid with ease,
  And  seiz'd her cooler senses by degrees.  Diyden.
    Excelling fish and insects, there are very few or
  no creatures  that can  provide for themselves at
  first, without the assistance of parents.    Bentley.
4. First or last. At one  time or other.
    But sure a general doom on man is past,
  And  all are fools and lovers Jirsf or last.  Dryden.
First-beuor,  furst'be-got.       }
FlRST-BEOOTTEN, fUTSt'be-gOt't'n. }
   [from first and  begot.]  The eldest of
   children.
    His first-begot we know; and sore have felt
  When his fierce thunder drove us to the deep.
                                       MUton.
First-born,  furst'born.  to. s.  [first  and
   born.]   Fldest; the first by  the  order
   of nativity.
    Last, with one midnight stroke, all the first-born
  Of Egypt must lie dead.                Milton.
     Hail, holy light, offspring of heav'n first-born!
                                       Milton.
     The first-born has not  a sole or peculiar right,
  by any law of God and nature; the younger children
  having an equal title with him.            Locke.
First-fruits,  first'froots.  to. s.  [first
   and fruits]
 1. WThat the season earliest produces or
   matures of any kind.
     A sweaty reaper from the tillage brought
  First-fruits, toe green ear, and  the yellow sheaf.
                                       MUton.
     The blooming hopes of  my then very young pa-
  tron have been  confirmed by most noble first-fruits,
  and his  life is going  on towards a plentiful harvest
  of all accumulated virtues.               Prior.

2. TDe first profits of any  thing.
    Although the king loved to employ and advance
  bishops, because, having rich  bishopricks, they car-
  ried  toeir reward upon themselves; yet he did use
  to raise  them by steps, that he  might not lose the
  profit of the first-fruUs, which by that course of
  gradation was multiplied.                 Bacon.
3. The earliest effect of any thing.
    See, father, whatjirsf-/ruifs on earth are sprung,
  From toy implanted grace in man!        Milton.
Fi'rstling, furst'ling. adj.  [from first.]
   That is first produced or brought  forth.
    All the firstling males that  come  of  thy herd,
  and of thy flock, thou shalt sanctify unto toe Lord
  thy God.                        Deuteronomy.
Fi'rstling,  furst'ling. to. s. [from firat.]
1. The first produce or offspring.
             A shepherd next,
  More meek, came with the firstlings of his flock,
  Choicest and best.                      Jtfiffon.
    The tender firstlings of my woolly breed,
  Shall on his holy altar otten bleed.       Dryden
    The firstlings of  the flock are doomed to die.
                                         Pope.
2. The  thing first thought or done.
                   Our play
  Leaps o'er the vaunt and firstlings of these broils,
  'Ginning i' th' middle.                  Shaksp.
    The flighty purpose works o'erlook,
  Unless the deed go with it: from this moment
  The very firstlings of my heart shall be
  The firstlings of my hand.               Shaksp.
Fi'scal,  fis'kal.88  n. s.  [from  fiscus, a
   treasury, Lat.]   Exchequer; revenue.
    War, as it is entertained by diet, so can it not be
  long maintained by the ordinary fiscal and receipt.
                                       Bacon.
FISH,  fish.   ». s.  [pipe, Saxon; visch,
   Dutch.]
1.  An  animal  that  inhabits  the water.
   Fish  is used collectively for the  race
   of fishes.
    The beasts, toe jisfies, and the winged fowls,
  Are their male  subjects.                 Shaksp.
    And now the fish  ignoble fates escape,
  Since Venus ow'd her safety to toeir shape.
                                       Creech.
    There are jisftes that have  wings, that are  not
  strangers  to the airy  region: and there are some
  birds that are  inhabitants of toe  water,  whose
  blood is cold as fishes;  and  their flesh is so like  in
  taste, that the scrupulous are allowed them on fish-
  days.                                  Locke.
2. The  flesh of  fish;  opposed  to  that  of
   terrestrial animals, by way of eminence
   cailed flesh.
    I fight when I cannot chuse, and I eat no jisft.
                                    Shakspeare.
    We mortify ourselves with  toe dietofjis/i, and
  think we fare coarsely if we abstain  from the flesh
  of other animals.                      Brown.
To Fish, fish. v.  to.
1. To be employed  in catching fishes.
2. To endeavour at any thing   by artifice.
    While others jisft, with craft for great opinion,
  I with great truth, catch mere simplicity.  Shaksp.
To Fish,  fish. v.a.   To search  water   in
   quest of fish, or any thing else.
    Some have fished the very jakes for papers left
  there by men of wit.                     Swift.
    Oft, as he fish'd her nether realms for wit,
  The goddess favour'd him,  and favours yet.  Pope.
Fish-hook,  fish'h66k.  n. s.   [fish  and
   hook.]   A hook to catch fishes.
    A sharp point, bended upward and backward,
  like a jish-hwk.                        Grew.
Fi'sh-pond, fish'pond. to.  a.   [fish  and
  pond.]  A sniail pool for fish.
    Fish-ponds are  no small improvement of watry
  boggy lands.                        Mortimer.
    Fish-ponds  were  made where former forests
        grew,
  And hills were levell'd to extend the  view. Prioi.
    After the great value the Romans put upon fishes.
  it will not appear incredible that C. Hirrius should
  sell  his fish-ponds for quadragies H. S.  32,291f.
  13s-4d-                           Arbuthnot.
Fi'sher, fish'ur.98 n. s. from fish.]   One
   who is employed  in catching fish.
    In our sight the tbree were taken up
  By fishermen of Corinth, as we thought:
  At length  another seiz'd on  us,
  And would have re. t the fishes of their prey,
  Had not toey been very slow o' sa;l.      Shaksp.
    We know that town fs but wiih fishers fraught,
  Where Theseus govern'd and where Plato taught.
                                      Sandys.
     Lest he should suspect it, draw it from him,
   As fishers do the bait, to make him follow it.
                                       Denham.
     A soldier now he with his coat appears;
   A Jisher now, his trembling angle bears.    pg~.

 Fi'sherboat,  fish'ur-b6te.  «.  s.  [fisher
   and boat.]  A boat employed  in catch-
   ing fish.
 Fi'sherman, fish'flr-man.88 to. s.   [fisher
   and man.]  One whose  employment and
   livelihood  is to catch fish.
             How fearful
   And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low!
   The fishermen that walk upon  the beach
   Appear  like mice.                     Shaksp
     At length two monsters of unequal size,
   Hard by the shore a fisherman espies.    Waller
     Do scales and fins bear price to this excess?
   You might have bought the fishermen for less.
                                       Dryden
 Fi'shertown, fish'ur-tdtin. to. s.  [fisher
   and town]  A town inhabited by fisher-
   men.
     Others of them, in that time burned that Jishtr-
   town Muusehole.                      Carew
     Lime in Dorsetshire, a little fishertcnon. Clarend
 Fi'sherv, fish'ur-e   «. *.  [from fisher]
   The business ot catching  fish.
     We shall have plenty of mackerel this season
   our fishery will not be disturbed by privateers.
                                      Addison,
 Fishful,  flsh'ful.   adj.    [from fish]
   Abounding with fish;  stored with  fish.
     Thus  mean in state, and calm in sprite,
   My fishful pond is my delight.           Came.
     It is walled and guarded with  the ocean,  meet
   commodious for traffick  to all parts of the world,
   and water'd with pleasant, fishful, and navigable
   rivers-                              CamJt*.
 To  Fi'shify, fish'e-fi. v. a. [from fiih]
   To turn to fish:  a  cant word.
             Here comes Romeo.
   —Without his roe, like a dried herring:
   O flesh,  flesh,  how art thou Jis/iijiccf.'      Shaksp.
 Fi'shing,  fish'ing. to. *. [from fish] Com-
   modity of taking fish.
     There also would be planted a good town, hav-
  ing both  a good haven and a plentifuljMmg. Spens.
 Fi'shkettle, fLi/ket-tl.406 n. s. [fish md
   kettle.]   A caldron made   long for the
   fish to be boiled without bending.
     It is probable that the way of embalming amongst
  the Egyptians was by boiling the body in a long
  caldron  like a fish-kettle, in  some kind of  liquid
 ^ balsam.                                g^
Fi'shmeal, fish'mele. to. a. [fish and meal]
   Diet ol  fish;  abstemious diet.
     Thin  drink  doth overcool their blood, and ma-
  king many fishmeals,  they fall into a kind of male
  greensickness.                         SAoAap.

 "i'shmongkr, fish'mung-gur. to. *. [from
  fish.]  A dealer i-i fish'; a'seller of fish.
     I fear to play the jMmong-er; and yet so large a
  commodity may not pass  in silence.       Carew.
    The surgeon  left  the fishmonger  to determine
  the controversy between him and the pike.
                                   L'Estrangi-
 i'shy, fish'e. adj. [from fish.]
 .  Consisting of fish.
2.  Inhabi'ccl  by  fish.
            My absent mates
  Bait the  barb'd steel, and from the fishy flood
  Appease th' afflictive  fierce desire of food.   Pope.
3.  Hyvinir  the qua,i.its or form of  fi  h.
    Few eyr have escaped the picture of ir^„,,icls,
  that is, according to Horace, a monster with a wo-
  man s head above, and jis/iy extremity below.
                                       Brown. 
FIT
FIT
FIT
lT'SSILE, fis'sil.140 adj. [fiaailia, Latin.]
   Having the grain in a certain direction,
   so as  to be cleft.
    This crystal is a pellucid jissife stone,  clear as
  water or crystal ofthe rock, and without colour: en-
  during a red heat without losing its transparency,
  and in a very strong heat calcining without fusion.
                                     Newton,
Fissi'lity, fis-sil'e-te. to. s.  [from fissile.]
   The quality  of admitting  to be cloven.
Fi'ssuiie, fish'shure.4*2 n. s. [fissura, Lat.
  fissure, French.]   A  cleft;  a narrow
   chasm where a breacli has been  made.
    The stone was distinguished into strata or layers;
  those strata  were  divided by parallel Jissores, that
  were inclosed in the stone.           Woodward.

  The raping toa«» to receive toe rain.  Thomson.
 To Fi'ssure,  fis.i'shure.  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]  To cleave; to make a fissure.
    By a fall or blow the skull  may be Jissurecf or
  fractured.                      n   Wiseman
FIST, list. to. *. [p»rc' Saxon.] 1 ne nand
   clenched with the fingers doubled down,
   in order to give a blow, or keep hold.
    She quick and proud, and who did Pas despise,
  Up with her fist, and took him on the face;
    Another time, quoth she, become more wise;
   Thus Pas did kiss her hand with little grace.
                                      Sidney.
    And being down, toe villain sore did beat
   And bruise with clownish Jisfs his manly face.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    Anger causeth paleness in some;  in others trem-
  bling, swelling, and bending the Jisf.       Bacon.
    And the same hand into a Jisf may close,
  Which instantly a palm expanded shows. Denham.
    Tyrrheus,  toe foster-father of the beast,
  Theu clench'd a hatchet in his  horny jisf.  Dryden.
 To Fist, fist. v. a.
 1.  To strike with the  fist.
    I saw him spurning  and fisting her most unmer-
  cifully.                             Dryden.
 2.  To gripe with the  fist.
     We have been down together in my sleep,
   Unbuckling helms, Jisftng each other's throat,
   Aud wak'd half dead wito nothing.    Shakspeare.
 Fi stinut,  fis'te-nut.  n.  s.  A  pistachio
   nut.
 Fi'stiouffs,  fis'te-kuls.  to. s. [fist and
   cuff*.] Battle with the fist; blows  with
   the fist.
     Naked men  belabouring one  another with snag-
   ged sticks, or dully falliug together by the ears  at
   fisticuffs.                            Moore.
     bi.e would seize upon John's commons: for which
   they were sure to go to fisticuffs.      Arbuthnot.
     My invention and judgment  are perpetually  at
  fisticuffs, 'till they have quite disabled each other.
                                        Swift.
 Fl'STULA,  fis'tshu-la.461  to. s.  [Latin;
   fmtule, French.]
 1. A sinuous ulcer  callous within; any si-
   nuous ulcer.
     That Jisf ufa which is recent is the easiest of cure:
   those of a long continuance are accompanied with
   ulcerations of the gland, and caries in the bone.
                             Wiseman's Surgery.

 2. Fistula Lachrymalis.  A  disorder  of
   the canals leading  from  the eye to the
   nose, which obstructs  the  natural pro-
   gress of the  tears, and makes  them
   trickle down the cheek; but this is only
   the first and mildest stage  of the  dis-
   ease:  in  tne next  there  is  matter dis-
   charged with the  tears trom the puncta
   lachrymalia, and  sometimes from an
  orifice broke through the skin between
  the nose and angle of the eye.  The last
  and worst degree  of it is when the mat-
  ter of the  eye, by its long  continuance
  has not only corroded the neighbouring
  soft parts,  but  also affected  the sub-
  jacent bone.              Sharp's  Surg.

Fi'stular, fis'tshu-lar.88  adj.  [from fis-
  tula.]  Hollow like a pipe.
Fistulous, fis'tshu-his. adj.  [from fistu-
  la; fiituleux, French.]  Having the na-
  ture of a fistula; callous or  sinuous like
  a fistula.
    How these sinuous ulcers hecome fistulous, I have
  shewn you.                 Wiseman's Surgeiy.

FIT, fit. n.s. [from fight, Skinner,every fit
  of  a disease being a struggle of nature;
  from viit in Flemish, frequent, Junius.]
1. A  paroxysm or exacerbation of any  in-
  termittent distemper.
    Small stones and gravel collect and become very
  large in the kidneys,  in which case a jif of the
  stone in that part is the cure.       Sharp's Surg,
2. Any short return after intermission; in-
  terval.
    Sometimes 'tis grateful to the rich  to try
  A short vicissitude, and Jif of poverty.     Dryden.
    Men  that are habitually wicked may now  and
  then, by Jifs and starts, feel certain motions of re-
  pentance.                         L'Estrange.
    By fits my swelling grief appears,
  In rising sighs and falling tears.  Addison on Italy.
    Thus o'er toe dying lamp th' unsteady flame
  Hangs quivering on a point,  leaps off by Jifs,
  And falls again, as loth to quit its hold.   Addison.
    Religion is not the business of some Jifs only and
  intervals of our life, to be taken up at certain days
  aud hours, but a system of precepts to be regarded
  in all our conduct.                      Rogers.
    All Jifs of pleasure we balanced  by an equal de-
  gree of pain or languor; 'tis like spending tois year,
  part of the next year's revenue.            Swift.
3.  Any  violent affection of mind or body.
    The life did flit away out of her nest,
  And all his senses were with deadly Jif opprest.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    An ambitious man puts it  in the power of every
  malicious tongue to throw him into  a  Jif of melan-
  choly.                              Addison.

4.  Disorder;  distemperature.
              For your husband,
  He's noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
  The Jifs o' to' season.          \   Shaks. Macbeth.
5.  It is  used  without an epithet of discri-
   mination, for the hysterical disorders of
   women, and the convulsions of children;
   and by the  vulgar for the epilepsy.
    Mrs/Bull was so  much  enraged, that she fell
  downright into a Jif.                  Arbuthnot.
6.  ft was anciently used  for any recom-
   mencement  after  intermission.   The
   parts  of a  song, or  cantos  of a  poem,
   were called fits.

Fit, fit. adj. [vitten, Flemish, Junius.]
 1.  Qualified;  proper:  with for before  the
   noun, and to before the  verb.
    Men of vafour, jif fo go out for war and battle.
                                   1 Chronicles.
    He lends him vain Goliah's sacred sword,
  The Jiffesf help just fortune could afford.   Cowley.
    This fury fit for her intent she chose,
  One who delights in wars and human woes.  Drycf.
    It is a wrong use of my understanding to make it
  the rule and measure of another man's; ause which
I  it is neither jif for, nor capable of.          Locfte.
 2.  Convenient; meet; proper; right.
    Since we have said It were good not to use men
  of ambitious natures,  except it be upon necessity, it
  is Jif we speak in what cases they are so.    Bacon.
    See how thou could'st judge of fit and meet.
                                      Milton.
    It is Jif for a man to know his own abilities and
  weaknesses,  and not  think himself obliged to imi-
  tate all that he thinks Jif to praise.         Boyle.
    If our forefathers thought Jif  to be grave and se-
  rious,  I hope their posterity may laugh without of-
  fence.                              Addison.
To Fit,  fit.  v. a. [vitten,  Flemish, Ju-
   nius.]
1. To accommodate  to any  thing,  to suit
   one thing to another.
    The carpenter jnarketh it out  with a line: he
  fittelh it with planes.                     Isaiah.
          Would faith permit
  To my desires I might my fortune fit,
  Troy  I would raise.                    Denham.
  . To  accommodate a person with  any
   thing: as, the tailor^s his customer.
    A trussmaker Jiff ecf  the child  with a pair of bod-
  dice, stiffened on the lame side.         Wiseman.
  , To be adapted to;  to suit any thing.
    She shall be  our messenger  to this  paultry
  knight: trust me I thought on her; she'll Jif it.
                                   S/iafcspeare.
    As much of toe stone as was  contiguous to the
  marcasite, fitted the  marcasite  so close as if it had
  been formerly liquid.                     Boyle.
4.  To  Fit out. To furnish;   to equip: to
   supply with necessaries  or decoration.
    A play, which if you dare but twice Jif out,
  You'll all be slander'd, and be thought devout.
                                      Dryden.
    The English fleet could not be paid and manned,
  and Jiff ecf ouf, unless we encouraged trade and navi-
  gation.                   Addison's Freeholder.
   To Fit up.  To furnish; to  make proper
   for the use or reception  of any.
    He has Jiff ecf up his farm.       Pope to Swift.
To Fit, fit. v. to.  To be proper;  to be be-
   coming.
    How evil Jifs it me to  have such a son;  and how
  much doth toy kindness upbraid my wickedness.
                                      Sidney,
        Nor Jifs it to prolong toe  feast,
  Timeless, indecent, but retire to rest.       Pope.
Fitch, fitsh. to. *.  [A colloquial corrup-
   tion  of vetch.]   A small  kind of  wild
   pea.
                Now is the season
  For sowing offitches, of beans, and of peason.
                                       Tusser.
Fi'tchat, fitsh'it.    ?  to.  s.  [fissau, Fr.
Fi'tchew, f it'tsh66.  $   fisse, Dutch.]  A
   stinking little beast, that   robs the hen
   roost and  warren.   Skinner calls him
   the  atinking ferret; but  he is much lar-
   ger, at least as  some provinces distin-
   guish  them,  in which  the polecat is
   termed a fitchat, and the atinking fer-
   ret a stoat.
    'Tis such another  fitchew! marry,  a perfumed
        one:
   What do you mean by this haunting of me?  Shaks.
    The fitchat, the fulimart, and toe like creatures,
   live upon the face  and within the bowels ofthe
   earth.                        WaUon's Angler.

Fitful, fit'ful. adj.  [fit and full.]  Varied
   by paroxysms; disordered by change of
   maladies.
            Duncan is in his grave:
   After life's fitful fever he sleeps well.       Shaks.
Fi'tly, tit'le.  adv. [from fit.]
jl. Properly; justly; reasonably.
                 Even so most fitly 
                     FI V

     As you malign our senators.          Shakspeare ■
       Where  a man cannot jiffy play his own part, if
     he have not a friend, he may quit the stage. Bacon.
       I caimotjiffier compare marriage than to a lottery;
     for, in both,  he  that ventures may succeed, and
     may miss; and if he  draw a  prize, he hath a rich
     return of his venture: but in both lotteries there lie
     pretty store of blanks for every prize.       Boyle.
       The whole of our duty may be expressed most
    fitly by departing from evil.             Tillotson.
  2.  Commodiously; meetly.
                   To take a latitude,
     Sun or stars are jiffiesf view'd
     At their brightest; but to conclude
     Of longitudes, what other way have we
     But to mark when, and where the dark eclipses be.
                                          Donne.
       An animal, in order to be moveable, must be
     flexible; and therefore is fitly made of separate and
     small solid parts, replete with proper fluids.
                            Arbuthnot on Aliments.
  Fi'tment, f it'ment. to. s. [from^.] Some-
     thing  adapted to  a particular  purpose.
     Not used.
      Poor beseeming, 'twas a fitment for
    The purpose I then follow'd.          Shakspeare.
  Fi'tness, fit'nes. to.  s.  [from,/?;.]
  1.  Propriety;  mcetness; justness; reason-
     ableness.
      hi things thejifness whereof is not of itself appa-
    rent, nor easy to be made sufficiently manifest unto
    all, yet the judgment of antiquity,  concurring wito
    that which is received, may induce  toem to think it
    not unfit.                             Hooker.
      The queen being absent, 'tis a needful jifness
    That we adjourn this court.           Shakspeare.
                   Wer't my fitness
    To let these hands obey my boiling blood,
    They're apt enough to dislocate and tear
    Thy flesh and bones.                 Shakspeare.
  2.  Convenience;  commodity;  the state of
     being  fit.
              Nor time nor place
    Did then cohere, and yet you would make both:
    They've  made  themselves, and toat their Jifness
          now
    Does unmake you.          Shakspeare's Macbeth.
  Fi'tter, fit'tur. to. s. [from fit]
  1. The person or thing that confers fitness
     for any thing.
      Sowing the  sandy gravelly  land in  Devonshire
    and Cornwal wito French furze seed, they reckon
    a great improver of their land, and a jiffer of it for
    corn-                    Mortimer's Husbandry.
  2.  [from fetta, Italian; fetzen, German.]
     A small piece: as, to cut into fitters.
                                      Skinner.
  Fitz, fits. to. s. [Norman,  fromfils, a son,
    Fr.]   A  son.  Only  used in law and ge-
    nealogy; as Fitzherbert, the son of Her-
    bert; Fitzthomaa,  the son  of Thomas;
    Fitzroy,  the son ofthe king. It is com-
    monly  used of illegitimate children.
 FIVE, five. adj.  [pip, Saxon.] Four and
    one; half of ten.
     And five of them were wise, and jive were foolish.
                                       Matthew.
     No person,  no incident,  but must be of use to
   carry on the main design: all  things else are like
   six fingers to toe hand, when nature, which  is su-
   perfluous in nothing, can do her work with five.
                                        Dryden.
     Five herds; five bleating flocks, his pastures fill'd.
                                       Drycfen.
     Our British youth lose toeir figure by that time
  toey are five  and twenty.                Addison.
Fi'veleaved  Grass,  five'leev'd.  a.  *.
   Cinquefoil; a species of clover.
Fives, fivz. to. s.
                     FIX

  1. A kind of play with a bowl.
  2. A disease of horses.
      His horse sped with spavins, rayed with the yel-
    lows, past cure of toe jires, and stark spoiled wito
    the staggers.                        Shakspeare.
  To FIX, fiks. v, a. [fixer, Frencn, fixus,
     Latin.]
  I • To make fast, firm, or stable.
      Hell heard th' unsufferable noise, hell saw
    Heav'n ruining from heav'n, and would have fled
    Affrighted, but that fate hadjix'cf too deep
    Her dark foundations, and too fast had bound. Milt.
  2. To settle; to establish invariably.
              Brightest seraph! tell
    In which of all these orbs hato man
    His Jiarecf seat, or fixed seat hath none,
    But all these shining orbs his choice to dwell! Milt.
     One loves fixed  laws, and  the other  arbitrary
    Power-                                Teropfe.
     When custom hath fixed his eating to certain
    stated  periods, his stomach  will expect victuals at
    toe usual hour.                         Locke.
  3.  To direct without variation.
     Why are thine eyes fixt to the sullen earth,
    Gazing at that which seems to dim thy sight?
                           Shakspeare's Henry VI.
     Thus while the Trojan prince employs his eyes,
    Fix'd on the walls with wonder and surprize. Drycf.
 4.  To  deprive of volatility.
     We pronounce concerning gold, that it is fixt.
                                         Locke.
     I o pierce; to transfix.  A sense purely
    Latin.
     While from the raging sword he vainly flies,
   A bow of steel shall fix his trembling thighs.
          .                             Sandys.
 6.   To  withhold from motion.
 To Fix, fiks. v. to.
 1.   To settle the opinion; to determine  the
    resolution.
     If we would be happy, we must jia: upon some
  foundation toat can never deceive us.   L'Estrange.
         He made himself toeir prey,
  T' impose on their belief, and Troy betray;
  Fix'd on his aim, and obstinately bent
  To die undaunted,or to circumvent.       Dryden.
     Here hope began to dawn; resolv'd to try,
  Shejix'd on this her utmost remedy,
  Death was behind; but hard it was to die. Dryden.
     In most bodies  not propagated by seed,  it is the
  colour we must jia: on, and are most led by.  Locke.
 i.  To rest; to cease; to wander.
     Your kindness banishes your fear,
  Resolv'd to fix for ever here.             Waller
 3. To lose volatility, so as lo be malleable!
     In the midst of molten lead, when it beginneth
  to congeal, make a little dent, and put quicksilver
  wrapped in a piece of linen, in that hole,  and  the
  quicksilver will fix and run no more,  and  endure
  the hammer.           Bacon's Natural History.
FIXA'TIOjY, fik-sa'shiin. to. *. [French.]
 1. Stability; firmness; steadiness.
     Your fixation in matters of  religion will  not  be
  more necessary for your soul's  than your kingdom's
9 PpCe-. ,                        King Charles.
2. .Residence in  a certain place.
     To light,  created in  the  first day, God gave no
  proper place or Jirofton.                JgJJJ
3. Confinement; forbearance of excursion.

  souT ?£*,-'  JCCi t0 rors from a  ^rrowness of
  obiects^      a"d confinement °f bought to a few
                                        Watts.
  Want of volatility;  destruction of X




SfeXt &?** «*«""> -~th
  It is more difficult to make gold of other mS
less ponderous  and less materiate,  than tomake
                     FLA

     silver of lead or quicksilver, both which are moie
     ponderous than silver so that tney need rather a
     degree ot fixation than any condensation.   JSacon.
   5. Reduction from fluidity to firmness.
       Salt dissolved upon afixation  returns to its af-
     fected cubes.                         GlanvilU
   Fi'xedly, f ik'sed-le.36* adv. [from fixed.)
   1. Certainly; firmly;  in a manner  settled
     and established.
       If we pretend that the distinction  of species
     sorts, is fixedly established by the real  and secret
     constitutions of things.                   /  .
   2.  Steadfastly.                           te'
       Omnipotency, omnisciency, and infinite goodness
     enlarge toe spirit, while itfixtly looks on them.
   i? /            r„,  . ,   ,  „B          Burnet,
   ^i'xedness, fik'sed-nes.36s   to. s.  [from
    fixed]
   1. Stability; firmness.
   2. Want or loss of volatility.
       Fixedness, or a power to remain in the fire ua-
    consumed, is an idea that always  accompanies our
    complex idea signified by the word gold.   Locke,
   3. Solidity; coherence of parts.
       Fluid  or solid comprehend all the middle de-
    grees between extreme fixedness and coherency and
    the most rapid intestine motion of the particles of
   , b°?ies-.                             Bentley,
  4. bteadiness;   settled opinion  or reso-
     lution.
      A fixedness in religion will not  give my consci-
    ence leave to consent to innovations.   K. Charles
  Fixi'ditt,  fik-siu'e-te. to. *.  [from fixed]
     Coherence of parts,  opposed to vola-
     tility. A  word of Boyle.
      Bodies mingled by the fire  are differing as to the
   fixidity and volatility; and yet are so combined by
    the first operation ofthe fire,  that itself does scarce
    atterwards separate them.                Boyle
  Fi'xity,  fik'se-te. «. s. [fixite, Fr.] Co-
     herence of parts, opposed  to volatility,
      And are not the sun and fixed stars great earths
   vehemently  hot,  whose heat  is conserved by the
   greatness ofthe bodies,  and toe mutual action and
   reaction between toem, and  the light which they
   emit,  and whose parts are kept from fuming away,
   not only by their jizify, but also by the vast weight
   and density  of the  atmospheres incumbent upon
 „,  m?     „                 Newton's Optkh.
 11  xture, f iks'tshure.*63  to. *. Tfrom fix.]
  1  Position.                      L        J
     The fixture of her eye hath motion in 't,
   As we were mock'd with art.         Shakspeare,
 1. btable  pressure.
     The firm fixture of thy foot would give an excel-
   lent motion to toy gate.              Shakspeare.
 J. firmness; stable state.
         Frights, changes, horrours,
   Divert and crack, rend and deracinate
   The unity and married calm of states
   Quite from their jixfnre.              Shakspeare.
 Fi'zgig, f iz'gig. n. s.  A kind of dart or
   Harpoon with  which seamen strike fish,
   CirinV1 to™™thMigs pierce him to the quick,
   Or in his skull thy barbed trident stick?   Sandys.
 Flabhv,  flab'be. adj.  [fiaccidus, Latin]
   aoit; not firm; easily shaking or yield-
   ing to the touch.

  fiabbtandXllZefikPhe> Pa,Pita«°»* ofthe heart,
  Jiaoby and black flesh, are symptoms of weak fibres.
     Pnlk mii fi.^ .„                    Arbuthnot.
   uLJiT}   iags contriv'd to prop
  Her flabby dugs and down they droj.      Swift.
Fla bile,  flab'blie.  adj. [fiabilis, Latin]
   BU.wnabontbythe^subj^tobJ


FLA'CCID, flak'sid. adj. [fiaccidus  fat 1
   Weak; limber;  not st^ax; tt t^ 
FLA
FLA
FLA
    The bowing and inclining the  head is found in
  the great flower of the sun: the cause I  take to be
  is, that toe part against which the sun beateth, wax-
  eth more faint and flaccid in the stalk, and thereby
  less able to support the flower.            Bacon.
    They whose muscles are weak or flaccid, are un-
  apt to pronounce the letter r.             Holder.
    The surgeon ought to vary the diet as he finds toe
  fibres are too flaccid and produce  funguses,  or as
  they harden and produce callosities.    Arbuthnot-
Flaoci'dity, flak-sld'e-te. ra.  *. [fromfiac-
  cid.]  Laxity;  limberness;  want of ten-
  sion; want  of  stiffness.
    There is neither fluxion nor pain, but flaccidity
  joined with insensibiltty.     Wiseman's Surgery.

To FLAG, flag. v. n. [fiaggeren, Dutch;
   pleojan, Saxon, to fly.]
1.  To   hang  loose  without   stiffness  or
   tension.
    Beds of cotton wool hung up between two trees,
  not far from the ground; in which, flagging down in
  the middle, men, wives, and children lie together.
                                        Abbot.
                The jades
  That drag the  tragick melancholy night,
  Who with toeir drowsy, slow, and flagging wings,
  Clip dead men's graves.                 Shaksp.
    It keeps those  slender aereal bodies separated
  and stretched out, which otherwise, by reason of
  their flexibleness and weight, would flag or curl.
                                        Boyle.
    Like a fiery meteor sunk the sun,
  The promise of a  storm; the shifting gales
  Forsake by fits, and fill the flagging sails.  Dryden.
2. To  grow spiritless or dejected.
    My flagging soul flies under her  own pitch,
  Like fowl in air too damp, and lags along
  As if she were a body in a body:
  My  senses  too are dull and stupify'd,
  Their edge rebated: sure some ill approaches. Dryd.
3. To grow feeble; to lose  vigour.
    Juice in language is somewhat  less than blood:
  for if  toe words be but becoming and  signifying,
  and the sense gentle, there is juice: but where toat
  wanteth, the language is thin, flaggy, poor, starved,
  scarce covering the bone, and shews like stones in
  a sack: some men, to  avoid redundancy, run into
  that; and while toey strive  to hinder ill blood or
  juice, they lose toeir good.           Ben Jonson.
    His stomach will want victuals at the usual hour,
  either fretting itself into a troublesome excess, or
  flagging into a downright want of appetite.   Locke.
    Fame, when it is once at a stand, naturally Jiags
  and languishes.                       Addison.
    If on sublimer wings of love and  praise,
  My love above the starry vault I raise,
  Lur'd by some vain conceit of pride or lust,
  I flag, I drop,  and flutter in the dust.    Arbuthnot.
    He  sees a spirit hath been raised against him,
  and he only watches 'till it  begins to flag: he goes
  about watching when to devour us.        Swift.
    The pleasures ofthe  town begin to flag and grow
  languid, giving way daily to cruel inroads from the
  spleen.                                Sioift.
 To Flag,  flag. v. a.
 1. To let fall into  feebleness; to suffer to
   droop.
    Take heed, my dear, youth flies apace;
  As well as Cupid, time is blind;
    Soon must those glories of thy face
  The fate of vulgar beauty find;
  The thousand loves, that arm thy potent eye,
  Must drop their quivers, flag their  wings, and die.
                                        Prior.
2. [from fiag, a species of stone.] To lay
   with broad stone.
    The sides and floor were all flagged with ex-
  cellent marble.                        Sandys.
    A white stone used for flagging floors. Woodward.

Flag, flag. ra. a. [from the verb.]
1. A water plant with a bladed leaf and
   yellow  flower, so  called  from its mo-
   tion in  the wind.
    She took an ark of bulrushes, and laid it in  the
  flogs by the river's brink.                Exodus.
    Can bulrushes but by the river grow?
  Can flags  there flourish where no waters flow?
                                       Sandys.
    There be divers fishes toat  cast their spawn on
  flags or stones.                         Walton.
    Cut flag roots, and the roots of other weeds.
                                     Jlfbrfimer.
2. The colours or ensign of a ship or land-
   forces,  by which signals  are made at
   sea, or  regiments are distinguished  in
   the field.
    These flags of France that are  advanced here,
  Before the eye and prospect of your town,
  Have hither march'd to your endamagement. Shak.
    He hangs out as many flags  as he descryeth ves-
  sels; square, if ships; if gallies, pendants.  Sandys.
    Democracies are less subject  to sedition  than
  where there are stirps  of nobles; for if men's eyes
  are upon  the persons,  it is for the business sake as
  fittest, and not forjfag-s of pedigree.        Bacon.
             Let him be girt
  With all toe grisly legions that troop
  Under the sooty flag of Acheron,
  Harpies and hydras, or all the monstrous forms
  'Twixt Africa and Inde, I'll find him out,
  And force him to restore his purchase back,
  Or drag him by the curls  to a foul  death.   Milton.
    The French and  Spaniards,  when your Jiag-s
        appear,
  Forget their hatred, and  consent to fear.    Waller.
    The interpretation of that article about the flag,
  is a ground at pleasure for opening a war.  Temple.
    In either's flag the golden serpents bear,
  Erecting crests alike, like volumes rear,
  And mingle friendly hissings in the air.   Dryden.
    Then toey, whose mothers, frantick with their
        fear,
  In woods  and wilds the flags of Bacchus bear,
  And lead  his dances with dishevell'd hair.  Dryden.
3. A species  of stone  used for  smooth
   pavements, [fiache, old French.]
    Part of two flags striated, but deeper on  one side
  than toe other.                      Woodward.
    Flagstone will  not  split, as slate  does, being
  found formed into flags or thin plates, which  are
  no other than so many  strata.         Woodward.
Flag-broom, flag'br66m.  to. s. [from fiag
   and  broom.]    A  broom  for  sweeping
   flags  or  pavements,  commonly  made
   of birch-twigs, or of the leaves of the
   dwarf palm, imported from Spain.

Flag-officer, flag'6f-fe-sur. to. s. [fiag
   and officer]   A commander of a squa-
   dron.
    Her grandfather was a flag-officer.     Addison.
Flag-ship, flag'ship. w. s.  [flag and ahip/]
   The ship in  which the  commander  of
   a fleet is.
Flag-worm, flag'wurm. «.  s.  [flag  and
   worm.] A  grub bred in  watery places
   among  flags or sedge.
    He will in the three hot months bite at zflag-
  worm, or  a green gentle.                Walton.
Fla'gelet, fladj'e-let.  to.  a.  [fiageolet,
   French.]   A small  flute; a  small  in-
   strument of wind-musick.
    Play us a lesson on your flagelet.         Moore.

Flagella'tion,  fladje'el-la'shiin.   to.  *•
   [from fiagello, Lat.]  The  use  of the
   scourge.
    By Bridewell all descend,
  As morning pray'r aud flagellation end.     Garth.

Fla'gginess, flag'ge-nes.  to.*, [fromfiag-
   gy.]  Laxity; limberness; want  of ten-
   sion.
Fla'ggy, flag'ge.383 adj. [from^as-.]
1. Weak;  lax;  limber; not stiff; not tense.
    His flaggy wings when forth he did display,
  Were like two sails, in which the hollow wind
  Is gather'd full, and worketh speedy way. F. Queen.
    That basking in the sun thy bees may lye,
  And resting there, their flaggy pinions dry.  .Drycf.
2. Week in laste;  insipid.
    Graft an apple-cion upon the stock of a colewort,
  and it will bear a great flaggy apple.       Bacon.
FLAGITIOUS,  fla-jish'us. adj.  [from
  fiagitiua, Lat.]
1. Wicked;  villainous; atrocious.
    No villainy or flagitious action was ever yet com-
  mitted, but, upon a due enquiry into the causes of
  it,  it will be found that a  lye was first  or last the
  principal engine to effect it.                South,
    There's no working upon a flagitious and perverse
  nature by kindness and discipline.    L'Estrange.
    First, those flagitious times,
  Pregnant wito unknown crimes,
  Conspire to violate the nuptial bed.   Roscommon.
    Perjury is  a crime of so flagitious a nature, we
  cannot be  too careful in avoiding every approach
  towards it.                           Addison.
    But if in noble minds some dregs remain,
  Not yet purg'd off, of spleen and sour disdain,
  Discharge that rage on more provoking crimes,
  Nor fear a dearth in these flagitious times.   Pope,
2. Guilty  of crimes.
    He dies, sad outcast of each church and state,
  And, harder still, flagitious yet not great.    Pope,
Flagi'tiousness,  fla-jisb'us-nes.   to.  s.
   [fromflagitious/] Wickedness; villainy.
FLA'GON,flag'un.l6B «. s. [fflacced, Welsh,
   ylaxe,  Saxon; fiaske,  Danish; fiacon,
   French: fiasco, Italian; fiasco, Spanish.]
   A  vessel of drink with a narrow mouth.
    A mad rogue!  he poured a flagon of rhenish on
  my head once.                          Shaksp,
    More had sent him by a suitor in chancery two
  silver flagons.                          Bacon-
    Did they coin pisspots, bowls, and flagons
  Int' officers of horse and dragoons?      Hudibras-.
    His trusty flagon, full of potent juice,
  Was hanging by, worn thin with age and use.
                                   Roscommon-
    One flaggon walks the round, that none should
          think
  They either change, or stint him in his drink.
                                       Dryden,
Fla'grancy, fla'gran-se. «. s. [fiagrantia,
   Lat.]   Burning;  heat; fire.
    Lust causeth aflagrancy in the eyes, as the sight
  and the touch are the things  desired, and therefore
  the  spirits resort to those parts.            Bacon,
Fla'grant, fla'grant. adj. [fiagrans, Lat.]
I. Ardent; burning; eager.   It  is  always
   used figuratively.
    A thing which filleth the mind wito comfort and
  heavenly delight;  stirreto up flagrant  desires and
  affections, correspondent unto that which the words
  contain.                               Hooker.
2. Glowing; flushed.
    See Sapho, at her toilet's greasy task,
  Then issuing flagrant to an evening mask:
  So morning insects, that in muck begun,
  Shine, buz, and fly-blow in toe setting sun.  Pope-
3. Red; imprinted  red.
    Their common loves, a lewd abandon'd pack,
  The beadle's lash still flagrant on toeir back.
                                         Prior;
4. Notorious; flaming into  notice.
    When fraud is great, it  furnishes  weapons to
  defend itself; and at worst,  if the crimes be so fla-
  grant that a man is laid aside out of perfect shame,
  he retires loaded with toe spoils of the nation.
                                         Swifh 
FLA
FLA
FLA
      With equal poize let steady justice sway,
    And flagrant crimes with certain vengeance pay;
    But, 'till the proofs are clear, the stroke delay.
                                         Smith.
  Flagra'tion, fla-gra'shun. to. s.  [fiagru,
     Lat.J Burning.                    Diet.
  Flagstaff,   flag'staf.  to.  s.   [fiag  and
     st<yf-]  The staff on  which the flag is
     fixed.
      The duke, less numerous, but in courage more,
    On wings of all the winds to combat flies:
      His murdering guns a loud defiance roar,
    And bloody crosses on his flagstaff's rise.   Diyden.
  Flail,  flale.202  to. s.  [fiagellum,  Latin;
    fiagel, German.]  The instrument with
    which grain is  beaten out of  the  ear;
    the tool of the  thrasher.
      Our soldiers, like the night-owl's lazy flight,
    Or like  a lazy thresher with a flail,
    Fell gently down as if they struck their friends.
                                        Shaksp.
      When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
    His shadowy flail had thresh'd the corn,
    That ten-days labourers could not end.     MUton.
      In tois pile shall reign a mighty prince,
    Born for a scourge of wit, and Jiaif of sense. Dryd.
      The dextrous handling of the Jiaif, or the plough,
    and  being good workmen with these  tools, did not
    hinder Gideon's and Cincinnatus's skill in arms and
    government.                            Locke.
      The thresher. Duck, could o'er toe queen pre-
           vail;
    The proverb says, no fence against a flail.   Swift.
 FLAKE, flake, to. s. [fioccus, Lat.]
 1. Any tiling that appears  loosely held to-
    gether, like a flock of wool.
     Crimson circles like red flakes in  the element,
   when the weather is hottest.              Sidney.
     And from his wide devouring oven sent
   A flake of fire, that flushing in his beard,
   Him all  amaz'd, and almost made affear'd.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     The earth is sometimes  covered with snow two
   or three feet deep, made up only of little flakes or
   pieces of ice.                         Burnet.
     Small drops of a misling rain, descending through
   a freezing air, do each of them shoot into  one of
   those  figured icicles, which being ruffled  by  the
   wind, in  their fall are broken, and clustered together
   into small parcels, which we call flakes of snow.
                                         Greic.
     Upon  throwing in  a stone, the water boils for a
   considerable time, and at toe same time are seen
   littlejia&es of scurf rising up.            Addison.
 2. A stratum; layer; film; lamina.
     The flakes of his tough flesh so firmly bound,
   As not to be divorced by a wound.        Sandys.
     The teeth cut away great flakes ofthe metal, till
   it receiveth the perfect form the teeto would make.
                                       Moxon.
 To Flake, flake, v. a.  [from  the noun.]
    To   form  in flakes or  bodies  loosely
    connected.
     From the bleak pole no winds inclement blow,
   Mold the round hail, or flake the fleecy snow. Pope.
 To Flake,   flake,  v. to.   To break into
    laminae; to part  in loose bodies.
 Flak'y, fla'ke. adj. [from flake]
 1.  Loosely hanging together.
            The silent hour steals on,
  And flaky darkness breaks within toe east. Shaksp.
    The trumpet roars, long flaky flames expire,
  Wito sparks that seem to set the world on fire.
                                        Pope.
    Hence, when the snows in winter cease to weep,
  And undissolv'd their flaky texture keep,
  The banks with ease toeir humble streams contain,
  Which swell in summer, and those banks disdain.
                                    Blackmore.
2.  Lying in layers  or strata;  broken  into
  laminae.
 FLAM, flam.  to.  s.  [A cant word of no
    certain etymology.] A falsehood; a  lie;
    an illusory pretext.
     A flam more senseless than the rog'ry
   Of old aruspicy aud aug'ry.            Hudwras.
     'Till these men can prove the things, ordered by
   our church, to be either intrinsically unlawful or in-
   decent, ali pretences or pleas of conscience to the
   contrary, are nothing but cant and cheat, flam and
   delusion.                              South.
     What are most of the histories of toe world but
   lyes?  Lyes immortalized and consigned over  as a
   perpetual abuse and Jfam upon posterity.    South.

 To Flam, flam.  v. a. [from the noun.]  To
   deceive with  a lie.  Merely cant.
     For so our ignorance was flamm'd,
   To damn ourselves t' avoid being damn'd.  Hudw.
     God is not to he flammed off with lies, who knows
   exactly what thou can'st do, and what not.  SoufA.

 FLA'MBEAU, flam'bo.246 ra. s. [French.]
   A lighted torch.
     The king seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy.
                                      Dryden.
     As the attendants carried  each  of toem a flam-
   beau in their hands, the sultan, after having ordered
   all the lights to be put out, gave the word to enter
   the house, find  out the criminal,  and put him to
 -death-                              Addison.
FLAME, flame,  ra. *.  [fiamma,  Latin;
   fiamme, French.]
   Light emitted from fire.
    Is not flame a vapour, fume, or  exhalation heat-
   ed red hot, that is, so hot as to shine?  For bodies
  do not flame without emitting a copious fume, and
  this fume burns in the flame.            Newton.
    What flame, what lightning e'er
  So quick an active force did bear?        Cowlev.
2.  Fire.                                   *
             Jove! Prometheus' theft allow;
   The flames he once stole from thee, grant him now.
                                       Cowley.
 3. Ardour  of temper  or  imagination;
    brightness of fancy; vigour of thought.
           Of all our elder plays,
   This and Philaster have the loudest fame;
   Great are their faults, and glorious is their flame;
   In both our English genius is exprest,
   Lofty and bold, but negligently drest.      Waffer.
    Ardour of inclination.
     Smit with the love of kindred arts we came
   And met congenial, mingling flame with flame.
                                         Pope.
 5  Passion of love.
    My heart, on flame, and does like fire
   To her aspire                        Cowfc
    Come arm'd inflames; for I would prove
   All the extremities of love.             Cowley
    No warning ofthe approaching flame;
   Swiftly like sudden death it came:
   I lov'd the moment I beheld.          Granville.
 To Flame, flame, v. to. [from the noun.]
 1. To shine as  fire;  to  burn with emission
   of light.
    Can  you think to blow out the intended fire vour
  city is ready to flame in, with such weak breath as
  tniS?                                Slink
    He fell flaming through to' ethereal sky
  To bottomless perdition.                MiUm_
              Hell all around
  As one great furnace flam'd.             Milton.
2. To shine like flame.
    Behold it like an ample curtain spread.
  Now streak'd and glowing with the  morn/ng red;
  Anon at  noon m flaming yellow bright
  And chusing sable for the peaceful night.    Prior
3. To break out in violence of passion.

FLAMEco'LouREn, flamci'kul-lur'd 36»  adj
   [flame and colour.] Of a bright'yellow
  colour.
   .  'Tis strong, and it does indifferent well in flame-
   coloured stockings                      Shaksp.
     August shall bear the form of a young man of (j
   fierce and cholerick aspect, in aflamecoloured ear
   ment                               Peacham
 FLA'MEN, fla'men.803 «.  s. [Latin.]  a.
   priest;  one  that  officiates  in  solemn
   offices.
     Then first the flamen tasted living food;
   Next his grim idol smear'd with human blood. Pm
 Flammabi'lity,  flain-ma-bil'e-te.  n.  s
   [fiamma,  Lat.]   The  quality  of ad-
   mitting  to be set on fire, so as to blaze"
     In the sulphur of bodies terrified, that is the oily
   fat, and unctuous parts, consist the principles of fam
   inability.                              n
 c       r      n*     ■, . .          Brown.
 fUMMATMN, flam-ma'shiin. to. s.  \flan.
   matin, Lat;] The act of setting on flame
     White or crystaline arsenick, being artificial and
   sublimed wito salt, will  not endure flammation.
 ■c   i          n a                     Brtwn,
 tLA mmeous, flam'me-us. adj. [fiamtneus
   Lat.]  Consisting of flame; resembline
   flarne.                                 5
  This flammeous light is not over all the body. Brom.

Flammi'fkrous,   flam-mif'fe-rus.   adj.
   [fiammifer, Lat.] Bringing flame. Diet.

Flammi'vomous, flam-miv'o-mils.6" adj.
   [fiamma and  vomo, Lat.] Vomiting out
flame.
Diet,
  Fla'my, fla'me. adj. [from flame]
  '  Inflamed; burning; blazing.
     My thoughts imprison'd in my secret woes,
   With J?amy breaths do issue oft in sound.   Sidney.
    Having the  nature of flame.
     The vital  spirits of living creatures are a sub-
   stance  compounded  of an  airy and flamy matter;
   and though air and flame, being free, will not well
   mingle, yet bound in by a body they will.   Bacon.
 FLANK, flank, to. s. [fianc,  French, ac-
   cording to Menage,  from  Xxyur, more
   probably from latus,  Lat.]
  I. That part  of the  side of a quadruped
   near the hinder thigh.
     The  belly  shall be eminent by shadowing the
   J™nk-             •               Peacham.
 2. [in men.]  The lateral part ofthe low-
   er belly.
     He said, and pois'd in air, the jait'lin sent:
   Through Paris' shield the forceful weapon went,
   His  corslet pierces, and his garment rends,
   And glancing downward near his flank descends.
                                        Pope,
   The side of any army or fleet.
    Great ordnance and small shot thundered and
   showered upon our men from their rampier in front,
   and from the gallies that lay at sea in Jlanfc. Bacon.
    Gray was appointed to stand on the  left side, in
   such sort as he might  take the flank of the enemy.
                                     Hayward.
   tv -j, i   ° nSht Md left the front
   Divided, and to either flank retir'd.      MUton,
4. [In fortification.]   That  part of the
   bastion which reaches from the curtain
   to   the face,  and  defends the  opposite
   face, the flank and the curtain. Harris.
To Flank, flank, v. a.
I. To  attack  the side  of  a battalion or
   fleet.

2. To  be posted so  as to  overlook or com-
   mand any pass on the side.

  Arm'f^if a"lrf against their ki"g's command,
  a ^  » °V£ nght' aud on the left tbly stand,
  And jfanAtoe passage.             y  pl^.
3. Lo  secure on the side.
   By the rich seent we found our perfum'd prey, 
FLA                                     FLA                                      FLA
   Which, ftank'd with rocks, did close in covert lay.
                                       Dryden.
 Fla'nker, flank'ftr. to. s. [from fiank.]  A
    fortification jutting out so as  to com-
    mand the side of a body marching to the
    assault.
     The Turks, discouraged wito  toe loss of their
   fellows, and sore beaten by the Spaniards out of
   their flankers, were enforced to retire.    Knolles.
     Like storms of hail the stones fell down  from
          high,
     Cast from toe  bulwarks, flankers, ports, and
          towers.                       Fairfax.
 To Fla'nker,  flank'iir.  v. a.  [fianquer,
    Fr.] To defend by lateral fortifications.
 Fla'nnel, flan'nel." «. s. [gwlanen,Welsh;
    from gwlan,  wool,  Davies.]   A  soft
    nappy  stuff* of wool.
     I cannot answer the Welsh flannel.      Shaksp.
 FLAP, flap. n. s. [loeppe, Sax.]
 1. Any thing that hangs broad  and loose,
   fastened  only by one side.
     There is a peculiar  provision for the windpipe,
  that is, a cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the
  larynx, which hato an open cavity for the admission
  of the air.                            Brown.
     Some surgeons make a crucial incision, upon the
  supposition  that toe wound would more easily heal
  by turning down the flaps.                Sharp.
 2.  The motion  of any  thing broad  and
   loose.
 3.  A disease in horses.
     When a horse has the flaps,  you may perceive
  his lips swelled on both  sides of his  mouth;  and
  that which is in the blisters is like the white of an
  egg:  cut some slashes with a knife, and rub it  once
  with  salt and it will cure.          Farrier's Diet.
 To  Flap, flap. v. a. [from the noun.l
 1. To beat with a flap, as flies are beaten.
     A hare, hard put to it by an eagle,  took sanctu-
  ary in a ditch with a beetle: the eagle Jlapf off the
  former, and devoured the other.      L'Estrange.
     Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
  This painted child of dirt, that stinks and stings.
                                        Pope.
 2.  To  move with a flap or noise made by
   the  stroke of any thing broad.
             With fruitless toil
  Flap  filmy pinions oft to extricate
  Their feet in liquid shackles bound.      PhUips.
     Three times all in the dead of night,
  A bell was heard to ring;
     And shrieking at her window thrice
  The raven flapp'd his wing.              Ticket.
 To  Flap, flap. v. n.
 1. To  ply the wings with noise.
     'Tis common for a duck to run flapping and flut-
  tering away, as if maimed,  to carry  people from
  her young.                        L'Estrange.
     The dire flapping on toe shield  of Turnus,  and
  fluttering  about his head, disheartened him  in the
  duel.                                Dryden.
2.  To  fall with flaps  or broad  parts  de-
   pending.
     When suffocating mists obscure toe morn,
  Let thy worst wig, long us'd to storms be worn;
  This  knows toe powder'd footman, and with care
  Beneath his flapping hat secures his hair.    Gay.
Fla'pdragon, flap'drag-iin. to. s. [from a
  dragon supposed to breathe fire.]
1. A play in which they catch raisins out
  of burning brandy,  and extinguishing
  them by closing the mouth, eat them.
2. The thing eaten at flapdragon.
    He plays at coits well, and eats conger and  fen-
  nel, and drinks candles ends for flapdragons, and
 rides toe wild mare with the boys.         Shaksp.
To Fla'pdragon, flap'drag-un. v. a. [from
     VOL.  I.
Herbert.
Milton.
Prior.
    the noun.] To swallow; to devour. Low
    cant.
      But  to make an end of the ship, to see how toe
   sea flapdragoned it.                    Shaksp.
  Fla'peared, flap'eer'd.363 adj.  [flap and
    ear.] Having loose and broad ears.
      A whoreson, beetle-headed flapeared knave.
                                    Shakspeare.

  To  Flare, flare, v. a.  [from  flederen, to
    flutter, Dutch.  Skinner; perhaps  acci-
    dentally changed from glare.]
  1. To flutter with a splendid show.
              She shall be loose enrob'd,
   With ribbands pendand flaring 'bout her head.
                                       Shaksp.
  2. To glitter with transient lustre.
     Doctrine and life, colours, and light  in one
   When they combine and mingle, bring
   A  strong regard and awe;  but speech alone
   Doth vanish like a flaring thing,
   And in the ear, not conscience, ring.
  3. To glitter offensively.
         When the sun begins to fling
   His flaring beams, me, goddess, bring
   To arched walks of twilight groves.
 4. To be hi too much light.
              I cannot stay
   Flaring in sunshine all toe day.

 FLASH, flash, to. s. [<?Aog, Minshew.]
 1. A sudden, quick, transitory blaze.
     When toe cross blue lightning seem'd to open
   The breast of heav'n, I did present myself
   Ev'n in the aim and very flash of it.       Shaksp.
     We see  a flash of a piece is seen  sooner than
   the noise is heard.                      Bacon.
     One with a flash begins, and ends in  smoak;
   The other out of smoak brings glorious light.
                                   Roscommon.
     And as .iEgeon, when with heaven he strove,
   Defy'd the forky lightning from afar,
     At fifty mouths his flaming breath expires,
   And flash for flash returns, and fires for fires.
                                      Dryaen.
 2. Sudden burst of wit or merriment.
     Where be your gibes now? your  gambols? your
  songs?  your  flashes of merriment, toat were wont
  to set the table in a roar?                Shaksp.
    Wicked men prefer the light flashes  of a wanton
  mirth, which for a while  suspend reflection, and
  hide toe sinner from himself, to such discourses as
  awaken  conscience.                    Rogers.
 3. A short transient state.
    The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash.
                                       Baeon.
 4. A body of water driven by violence.
 To Flash, flash, v. to.
 I. To glitter with  a quick and  transient
   flame.
    This salt powdered, and put into a crucible, was,
  by the injection of well kindled charcoal, made to
  flash divers times, almost like melted nitre.  Boyfe.
2. To burst out into any kind  of violence.
    By day and night he wrongs me; ev'ry hour
  He  flashes into one gross crime or other,
  That sets us all at odds.                Shaksp.
3. To break out  into wit, merriment, or
  bright thought.
    They  flash out  sometimes  into   an irregular
  greatness of toought.                    feff on.
To Flash, flash, v. a. To strike  up large
  bodies of water from  the surface.
    With his raging arms he rudely flash'd
  The waves about, and all his armour swept,
    That all toe blood and filth away was wash'd.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    If the  sea-water be flashed with a stick or oar,
  the same casteth a shining colour, and the drops re-
  semble sparkles of fire.                  Carew.
Fla'sher, flash'tlr. to. s. [from flash.] A

                    5c
    man of more appearance of wit  than
    reality.                              Diet.
  Fla'shily, flash'e-le. adv.  [from flashy.]
    With  empty show; without real power
    of wit, or solidity of thought.
  Fla'shy, flash'e. adj. [from flash.]
  1. Empty; not solid,  showy  without  sub-
    stance.
     Flashy wits cannot fathom the whole extent of a
   large discourse.                        Digby.
     When toey list; their lean and flashy songs
   Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.
                                       .A/iff on.
     This mean conceit, this darling mystery,
   Which thou think'st nothing, friend! thou shalt not
         buy;
   Nor will  I change for all the flashy wit.   Dryden.
 2.  [from  fiaccidus,  Skinner.]  Insipid;
    without  force  or spirit.
     Distilled books are, like common distilled waters,
  flashy things.                          Bacon.
     The tastes that most offend in fruits, herbs, and
   roots, are bitter, harsh, sour, waterish, or flashy.
                                        Bacon.
 FLASK, flask, to. s. [flasque; French.]
 1.  A bottle; a vessel.
     Then for the Bourdeaux you may freely ask:
   But the Champaigne is to each man his flask. King.
 2.  A powder-horn.
           Powder in a skilless soldier's flask
   It set on fire.                         Shaksp.
 Fla'sket,  flask'it. to.  «. [from flask]  A
   vessel  in which viands are served.
             Another plac'd
   The silver stands with golden flaskets grae'd.
                                Pope's Odyssey.
 FLAT, flat. adj. [plat, French.]
  . Horizontally level  without inclination.
             Thou all shaking thunder,
   Strike flat the thick rotundity o' to' world.  Shak.
     Virtue  could see to do what virtue would
  By her own radiant light, toough sun and moon
  Were in the flat sea sunk.               Milton.
     The houses are Jtaf roofed to walk upon, so that
  every bomb toat fell on toem would take effect.
                                      Addison.
   Smooth; without protuberances.
     In the dawning ofthe next day we might plainly
  discern it was land J?af to  our sight, and full of
  boscage.                              Bacon.
   Not elevated;  fallen; not erect.
     Cease t' admire, and beauty's plumes
  Fall flat,  and shrink into a trivial toy,
  At every sudden slighting quite abasht.    MUton.
   Level with  the ground.
     In them is plainest taught, and easiest learnt,
  What makes a nation happy, and keeps it so,
  What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat.  Milton.
     That Christ-church stands above ground,  and
  toat the church of  Westminster lies not flat upon
  it, is your lordship's commendation.       South.
5. Lying prostrate; lying along.
    The wood-born people fall before her flat,
  And worship her as goddess of the wood. F. Queen.
             That lamentable wound,
  Which laid that wretched prince flat on the ground.
                                      Daniel.
6. [In painting.]  Wanting relief; wanting
   prominence of the figures.
7. Tasteless; insipid;  dead.
    He like a puling cuckold, would drink up
  The lees and dregs  of a jTot tamed piece.  Shaksp.
    Taste so divine!  that what of sweet before
  Hath touch'd my sense, flat seems to this and harsh.
                                      MUton.
             The miry fields
  Rejoicing  in rich mold, most ample fruit
  Of beauteous form produce; pleasing to sight,
  But to toe tongue inelegant and flat.      Philips. 
FLA
FLA
FLA
8. Dull;  unaniniated; frigid.
    Short speeches fly about like darts, and  are
  toought  to be shot out of secret  intentions; but as
  for large discourses, they are flat things, and not so
  much noted.                            Bacon.
    Some short excursions of a broken vow
  He made indeed, but Jfaf insipid stuff.     Dryden.

9. Depressed; spiritless; dejected.
             I feel my genial spirits droop,
   My hopes all Jlat, nature within me seems
   In all her functions weary of herself.      Jtfiffon.
 10. Unpleasing; tasteless.
     How weary, stale, jfof, and unprofitable
   Seem to me all the uses of tois world!     Shaksp.
     To one firmly persuaded of the reality of heaven-
   ly happiness, and earnestly desirous of obtaining it,
   all earthly satisfactions must needs look little, and
   grow flat and unsavoury.              Atterbury.
 11. Peremptory; absolute;  downright.
     His horse with flat tiring taught him that discreet
   stays make speedy journeys.              Sidney.
     It is a flat wrong to punish the thought or  pur-
   pose of any before it be enacted; for true justice pu-
   nisheto nothing but the evil act or wicked word.
                                        Spenser.
     As it is in the nature of all men to love liberty,
   so they become flat libertines, and fall  to all licen-
   tiousness.                             Spenser.
              You start away,
   And lend no ear unto my purposes;
   Those prisoners you shall keep:
   ----1 will, that's J7af.                  Shaksp.
            Thus repuls'd, our final hope
   Is flat despair: wc must exasperate
   Th' almighty Victor to spend all his rage,
   And that must end us.                   Jtfiffon.
        If thou sin in wine or wantonness,
   Boast not thereof, nor make thy shame  thy glory;
   Frailty gets pardon by submissiveness,
   But he that boasts, shuts that out of his  story,
   He makes Jlaf war with God, and doth  defy,
   With his meer clod of earth, the spacious sky.
                                        Herbert.
     You had broke and robb'd his house,
    And stole bis talismanique louse;
    And all his new-found old inventions,
   With Jlaf felonious intentions.          Hudibras.
  12.  Not  shrill;  not  acute; not  sharp in
    sound.
      If you stop the holes of a hawk's  bell, it will
    make, no ring, but a flat noise  or rattle.    Bacon.
      The upper end of the windpipe is  endued with
    several cartilages and muscles to contract or dilate
    it, as we would have our voiceJfaf or sharp.   Ray.
  Flat, flat. to. s.
  1. A level;   an extended plain.
      The strings of a lute, viol, or virginals, give afar
    greater sound, by reason  of the knot, board and
    concave underneath, than if there were nothing but
    only the flat of a board to  let in the upper air  into
    the lower.                              Bacon.
      Because the air receiveth great tincture from the
    earth,  expose flesh or fish, both upon a stake of
    wood some height above the earth, and upon the
   flat of the earth.                        Bacon.
      It comes near an artificial miracle to make divers
    distinct eminences appear a Jlaf by force of sha-
    dows, and yet the shadows themselves not to ap-
   pear.                                 Wotton.
     He has cut the side of the rock into a flat  for a
   garden; and  by  laying on  it the waste earth, that
   he has  found in several of the  neighbouring parts,
   furnished out a  kind of luxury for a hermit.
                                        Addison.
 2.  Even ground; not mountainous.
    Now pile your dust upon the quick and dead,
   'Till of this flat a mountain you  have made,
   T' o'crtop old Pelion, or the skyish head
   Of blue Olympus.                       Shaksp.
       The way is ready and not long,
   Beyond a row of myrtles, on a flat,
   Fast by a mountain.                     Milton.
3. A smooth low ground exposed to  in-
   undations.
    The ocean overpeering of his list,
  Eats not the flats wito more impetuous haste
  Than young Laertes, in a riotous head,
  O'erbears your officers.                  Shaksp.
    All the infections that the sun sucks up
  From bogs, fens, Jlafs, on Prospero fall.    Shaksp.
        Half my pow'rs tois night,
  Passing these jiafs, are taken by toe tide;
  These Lincoln washes have devoured toem. Shak.
4  Shallow;  strand; place in the  sea where
   the  water is not deep  enough for ships.
    I should not see the sandy hour-glass ran,
  But I should think of shallows and of Jlats. Shaksp.
    The difficulty is very great to bring toem  in or
  out through so many Jfafs  and sands, if wind and
  weather be not very favourable.          Raleigh
    Having newly left these  gramma tick flats and
  shallows, where they stuck unreasonably, they are
  now turmoiled wito their unballasted wits in fathom-
  less and unquiet deeps of controversy.      Jtfiffon.
    Full in the prince's passage hills of sand,
  And dang'rous Jlafs, in secret ambush lay,
  Where the false tides skim o'er the cover'd land,
  And seamen with dissembled depths betray. LVycf.
     Must we now have an ocean of mere flats and
  shallows, to the utter ruin of navigation?   Bentley.
5. The broad side of a blade.
             A darted mandate came
  From that great will which moves this mighty frame,
  Bid me to thee, my royal charge, repair,
  To guard thee from the daemons of the air;
  My flaming sword above 'em to display,
  All keen and ground upon toe edge of day,
  The flat to sweet the visions from thy mind,
  The edge to cut 'em through that stay behind. Dryd.
6. Depression of thought or language.
     Milton's Paradise Lost is admirable;  but  am I
   therefore bound to maintain, that there are no flats
   amongst his elevations, when 'tis evident he creeps
   along sometimes for above an hundred  lines toge-
   ther?                                 Dryden.
7.  A  surface  without  relief,  or promi-
   nences.
     Are toere then such ravishing  charms in a dull
   unvaried flat, to make a sufficient compensation  for
   the chief things of the ancient mountains, and  for
   toe precious things of the lasting hills?    Bentley.
 To Flat, flat. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1.  To level; to depress; to  make  broad
   and smooth.
     The ancients say, if you take two twigs of several
   fruit-trees, and flat them on  the sides, and bind
   them close,  and set them in the ground, toey will
   come up in one stock.                   Bacon.
     With horrid shapes she does her sons expose,
   Distends their swelling lips, and flats their nose.
                                         Creech.
 2. To make vapid.
     An orange, lemon, and apple, wrapt in a linen
   cloth, being buried for a fortnight four foot deep
   within the earth, though in a moist place and  rainy
   time, were become a little  harder than toey were;
   otherwise fresh in their colour, but their juice some-
   what flatted.                           Bacon.
 To  Flat, flat. v. n.
 1.  To grow flat:  opposed lo swell.
     I burnt it a second time, and observed the skin
   shrink,  and toe swelling to Jlaf yet more than at
   ^                                  Temple.
 2. To render unanimated or evanid.
     Nor  are constant  forms  of .prayer more  likely
   to Jlaf and hinder-toe spirit of prayer  and devotion,
   than  unpremeditated  and  confused variety to dis-
   tract and lose it.                  King Charles.
 Fla'tlong,  flat'long.   adv.   [fiat  and
   fcm§-.]   With the flat downward; not
   edgewise.
              What a blow was there given?
   —An it had not fallen flatlong.           Shaksp.
Fla'tly flat'le. adv. [from flat.]
I. Horizontally;  without inclination.
2. Without prominence or elevation.
3. Without spirit; dully; frigidly.
4. Peremptorily; downright.
    He in these wars had Jlaffy refused his aid.
                                        Sidney,
         Thereupon theyjlaffydisavouch
  To yield him more obedience, or support.  Daniel.
             Unjust, thou say'st
  Ffaffy unjust, to bind with laws the free.   MUton.
    Not any interpreters allow it to be spoken of such
  as flatly deny the  being of God; but of them that
  believing his existence, seclude him from directing
  the world.                             Bentley.
Fla'tness, flat'nes. to. 8. [from flat]
 I. Evenness;  level extension.
2. Want of relief or prominence.
    It appears  so very plain and uniform, that one
  would think the coiner looked  on  the flatness of a
  figure, as one of the greatest beauties in sculpture.
                                       Addison.
   Deadness; insipidity; vapidness.
    Deadness or flatness in cyder is often occasioned
  by the too free admission of air into the vessel.
                                      Mortimer.
 4. Dejection of fortune.
    The emperor of Russia was my father,
  Oh, that he were alive, and here beholding
  His daughter's trial! that he did but see
  The flatness of my misery!              Shaksp,
   Dejection  of mind; want  of  life; want
   of  spirit.
     How fast does  obscurity, flatness, and imperii-
  nency flow in upon our meditations!   'Tis a diffi-
  cult task to talk to the  purpose, and to put life and
  perspicuity into our discourses.            Collier.
 6. Dulness;  insipidity; frigidity.
     Some of Homer's translators have swelled intt
  fustian, and others sunk  into flatness.       Pope,
 7. The contrary to shrillness or acuteness
   of sound.
     Take two saucers, and strike the edge ofthe one
  against the bottom of the other within a pail of wa-
  ter, and you shall  find the sound groweth more flat,
  even while part of the saucer  is above the water;
  but that flatness of sound is joined with a harshness.
                                        Bacon,
 To Fla'tten, flat't'n.406 v. a.  [fiatir, Fr.
   from fiat]
 1. To make even or  level,  without  pro-
   minence or elevation.
 2. To beat down to the ground.
     If they should lie in it, and beat it down, orjlaf-
  fen it, it will rise  again.              Mortimer.
 3. To make vapid.
 4. To deject; to depress; to dispirit.
 To Fla'tten, flat't'n. v.  to.
 1. To grow even or level.
 2. To grow dull and  insipid.
     Here joys that  endure for ever, fresh and in vi-
   gour, are opposed to satisfactions that are attended
   with satiety and  surfeits,  and Jtaffen  in toe very
   tasting.                            L'Estrange.
 Fla'tter,  flat'tur.98  to.  a.   [from fiat]
   The workman or  instrument by which
   bodies are flattened.
 To  FLA'TTER,  flat-tur.  v. a. [flater,
   French.]
  I. To sooth  with praises; to  please with
   blandishments;  to gratify  with  servile
   obsequiousness;  to gain  by false com-
   pliments.
     When I tell him he hates flatterers,
   He says he does; being then most flattered.   Shak.
     His nature is too noble for the world;
   He would not /offer Neptune for  his trident, 
FLA
FLA
FLA
   Of Jove tor's  power to thunder: his  heart's his
         mouth;
   What his breast forges toat his tongue must vent.
                                        Shaksp.
     He that flattereth his neighbour, spreadeth a net
   for his feet.                           Proverbs.
     He flattereth himself in his own eyes,  until his
   iniquity be found hateful.                Psalms.
     After this way of flattering their willing bene-
   factors out of part, they contrived another of forc-
   ing their unwilling neighbours out of all their pos-
   sessions.                        Decay of Piety.
     Averse alike to jTaffer or offend.          Pope.
     I scorn to Jlaffer you or any man.      JVewfon.
 2. To praise falsely.
     Flatter'd crimes of a licentious age,
   Provoke our censure.                    Young.
 3. To please; to sooth.  This sense is pure-
    ly Gallick.
     A consort of voices supporting themselves by their
   different parts makes a harmony, pleasingly fills the
   ears,  and flatters them.                  Dryden.
 4. To  raise false hopes.
     He, always vacant,  always amiable,
   Hopes thee,  of jTatt'ring gales
   Unmindful.                            Jtfiffon.
 Fla'tterer, flat'tur-rftr. to. *.  [from flat-
    ter.]  One  who  flatters;  a fawner;  a
   wheedler; one  who endeavours to gain
   favour by pleasing falsities.
     When I tell him he hates flatterers,
   He says he does; being then most flattered. Shaksp.
     Some praises proceed merely of flattery; and if
   he be an  ordinary flatterer, he will have certain
   common attributes, which may serve every man: if
   he be a cunning flatterer,  he will follow  toe arch
  flatterer, which is a man's self.  But if he be an im-
   pudent flatterer, look wherein a man is conscious to
   himself toat he is most defective, and  is most out
   of countenance  in himself, that will the flatterer
   entitle him to perforce.                   Bacon.
     If we from wealth to poverty descend,
   Want gives to know the flatt'rer from the friend.
                                       .Drycfen.
     After treating her like a goddess, the husband
   uses her like a woman: what is still worse, the most
   abject flatterers degenerate into toe greatest tyrants.
                                       Addison.
     The publick should  know this: yet whoever goes
   about to inform them,  shall be censured for a flat-
   terer.                                  Swift.
 Fla'tterv,  flat'tiir-e.557 to. s. [from flatter;
   flatterie, Fr.] False praise; artful obse-
   quiousness; adulation.
     Minds, by nature great, are conscious  of toeir
        greatness,
   And hold it mean to borrow aught from flattery.
                                         Rowe.
     Simple pride for flattery makes demands.  Pope.
     See how they beg an alms of flattery!
  They languish, 0! support them wito a lye.  Young.
Fla'ttish,flat'tish.adj.[from flat.] Some
   what flat; approaching to flatness.
     These are  from three inches over to six or seven,
  and of a flattish shape.               Woodward.
Fla'tulency, flatsh'u-len-se.*61 n.s. [from
   flatulent.]
 1. Windiness; fulness of wind;turgescense
   by wind confined.
     Vegetable substances contain a great  deal of air,
   which expands itself, producing all  toe disorders of
  flatulency.                          Arbuthnot.
 2.  Emptiness; vanity; levity; airiness.
     Whether most of them are not the genuine deri-
  vations of the hypothesis they claim to,  may be de-
  termined by any that considers the natural flatulen-
  cy of that airy scheme  of notions.       Glanville.
FLATULENT, flatsh'u-lent.  adj.  [fia-
   tulentua, flatus, Lat.]
1.  Turgid with air;  windy.
     Pease are mild and demulcent;  but being full of
   aerial particles are flatulent, when dissolved  by di-
   gestion.                            Arbuthnot.
     Flatulent tumours are such as easily yield to the
   pressure of the finger; but readily return, by their
   elasticity, to a tumid state again.          Quincy.
 2. Empty;  vain; big without substance or
   reality; puffy.
     To talk of knowledge, from those few indistinct
   representations which are  made to  our grosser fa-
   culties, is a flatulent vanity.            Glanville.
     How many of these flatulent writers have sunk
   in their reputation, after seven or eight editions of
   their works.                          Dryden.
 Flatuo'sity, flatsh-u-os-e'te.  to. a.  [fiatu-
   osite, Fr.; from flatus, Lat.] Windiness;
   fulness of air.
     The cause is flatuosity; for wind stirred, moveth
   to expel: and all purgers have in them a raw spirit
   or wind, which is the principal cause of tension in
   the stomach and belly.                  Bacon.
 Fla'tuous, flatsh'u-ils. adj.  [from flatus,
   Lat.]  Windy; full of wind.
     Rhubarb in toe stomach, in a small quantity, doth
   digest and  overcome, being not flatuous nor  loath-
   some ; and so sendeth it to toe mesentery veins, and,
   being opening, it helpeth down urine.     Bacon.
 FLA'TUS,  fla'ttis.  «. *.  [Latin.]  Wind
   gathered in  any  cavities of the body,
   caused  by indigestion and a  gross in-
   ternal perspiration;  which  is therefore
   discussed by warm aromaticks. Quincy.
 Fla'twise, flat'wize. adj.  [fiat and wise:
   so  it should be  written, not flatways.]
   With  the flat downwards; not the edge.
     Its posture in the earth was flatwise, and parellel
   to the site of the stratum in which it was reposited.
                                     Wbocfioarcf.
 To  Flaunt, flant.214 v. to.
 I. To make a fluttering  show  in apparel.
     With ivy canopy'd, and  interwove
   With flaunting honeysuckle.             Milton.
     These courtiers of  applause deny  toemselves
   things convenient to flaunt it out, being frequently
   enough fain to immolate their own desires to toeir
  vanity.                                 Boyle.
     Here, attir'd beyond our purse, we go,
  For useless  ornament and flaunting show:
  We  take on trust, in purple robes to shine,
  And poor, are yet ambitious to be fine.    Dryden.
     You sot,  you loiter about  alehouses, or flaunt
  about the streets in  your new-gilt chariot,  never
  minding me nor your numerous family.  Arbuthnot.
 2. To be hung  with something loose  and
   flying.  This seems not to be proper: the
   words fiaunt  and fiutter  might  with
   more propriety have changed their pla-
   ces.
     Fortune in men has some small diff'rence made;
  One  flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade.   Pope.
 Flaunt, flant. to. s. Any  thing loose and
   airy.
    How would he look to see his work so noble,
  Wildly bound up, what would he say! or how
  Should I in  these my  borrow'd flaunts behold
  The  sternness of his presence!        Shakspeare,
FLA'VOUR, fla'vur.31* to. s.
 I. Power of pleasing the  taste.
    They  have a certain flavour, at their first ap-
  pearance, from  several accidental circumstances,
  which they may lose,  if not taken early.  Addison.
2. Sweetness to  the  smell;  odour;  fra-
   grance.
    Myrtle, orange, and the blushing rose,
  With bending heaps,  so nigh their bloom disclose,
  Each seems to smell the flavour which the other
        blows.                         Dryden.
                    5c2
 Fla'vorous, fla'viir-us.ss7 adj. [from fla-
   vour.]
 t. Delightful to the palate.
     Sweet grapes degen'rate there, and fruits declin'd
   From their first flav'rous taste, renounce their kind.
                                        Dryden.
 2. Fragrant; odorous.

 FLAW, flaw. to. s. [<px»u, to break;  ploh,
   Saxon, a fragment.]
 1. A  crack or breach  in any thing.
     This heart shall break into a thousand flaws
   Or ere I weep.                      Shakspeare.
     Wool, new-shorn, being laid casually upon a ves-
   sel of verjuice,  after some  time  had drunk up a
   great part of the verjuice, though toe vessel were
   whole, without any flaw, and had not the bung-hole
   open.                                  Bacon.
     We found it exceeding  difficult to keep out the
   air from  getting  in  at  any  imperceptible hole or
  flaw.                                   Boyle.
     A flaw  is in thy ill-bak'd vessel found:
   'Tis  hollow, and returns a jarring sound.   Diyden.
     As if great Atlas, from his height,
   Should sink beneath his heavenly weight;
   And with a mighty flaw toe  flaming wall, as once
         it shall,
   Should gape immense, and rushing down, o'erwhelm
         this nether ball.                  Dryden.
     Whether the nymph shall break Diana's law,
   Or some frail china jar receive a flaw.      Pope.
     He that would keep his house in repair, must at-
   tend every little  breach or flaw, and supply it im-
   mediately, else time alone will bring all to ruin.
                                          Swift.
 2. A fault; defect;  something that weak-
   ens or invalidates.
     Yet certain though it be, it hath flaws; for  that
   toe scriveners and brokers do value unsound men to
   serve their own turn.                    Bacon-
         Traditions were a proof alone,
   Could we be certain such they were, so known;
   But since some flaws in long descents may be,
   They make not truth but probability.      Dryden.
     And laid her dowry out in law,
   To null her jointure with a flaw.       Hudibras.
     Their judgment has found aj?au> in  what the
  generality of mankind admires.          Addison.
     So many j!atos had this vow  in its first concep-
  tion.                                 Atterbury.
 3. A sudden gust;  a violent  blast, [from
  flo, Lat.] Obsolete.
        Being incens'd, he 's flint;
  As humorous as winter,  and as sudden
  As Jlaios congealed in the spring of day.   Shaksp.
     Oh, that that earth, which kept the world in awe,
  Should patch a wall, t' expel the winter's J7atc\
                                    Shakspeare.
             As a huge fish, laid
  Near to the cold  weed-gathering shore, is with a
        north flaw fraid,
  Shoots back; so, sent against the ground,
  Was foil'd Eurialus.                  Chapman.
     Bursting their brazen dungeon, arm'd with ice,
  And  snow, and hail, and stormy gust, and flaw,
  Boreas, and Caecias, and Argestes loud,
  And  Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn.
                                        Milton.
             I heard  the rack,
  As earth and sky would mingle; but myself
  Was  distant; and  these flaws,  though mortals fear
        them,
  As dangerous to the pillar'd frame of heav'n,
  Or to the earth's dark basis underneath,
  Are to the main inconsiderable.           Jtfiffon.
4. A tumult;  a  tempestuous uproar.
    And this fell tempest shall not cease to rage
  Until the golden circuit on  my head
  Do calm the fury of this niadbrain'd flaw. Shaksp.
        The fort's revolted  to the emperor,
  The gates are open'd, the portcullis drawn,
  And deluges of armies from the town
  Came pouring in; I  heard the mighty flaw: 
FLA
FLE
F LE
  When first it broke, toe crowding ensigns saw
  Which choak'd the passage.            Dryden.
h.  A sudden commotion of mind.
        Oh these flaws and starts,
  Impostors to true fear, would become
  A woman's story at a winter's fire.     Shakspeare.
To Flaw, flaw. v. a. [from the noun.]
I.  To break;  to crack; to  damage with
   fissure.
            But his flaw'd heart,
  Alack, too weak the conflict to support,
  'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief,
  Burst smilingly.                    Shakspeare.
    The cup was flawed with such a multitude of lit-
  tle cracks, that it looks  like a white not like a crys-
  talline cup.                            Boyfe.
    The brazen cauldrons with the frosts are flaw'd,
  The  garment stiff with ice, at hearths is thaw'd.
                                      Dryden.
2. To break;  to violate.  Out of use.
    France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
  Our  merchants' goods.               Shakspeare.
Fla'wless,  flaw'les. adj.  [from flaw.]
   Without  cracks;  without defects.
    A  star of the first magnitude, which  the more
  high, more  vast, and  more flawless, shines only
  bright enough to make  itself conspicuous.  Boyle.
Flaws, flawn. to. s.  [plena, Saxon; flan,
   French; vlaye,  Dutch.] A sort of cus-
   tard; a  pie baked  in a dish.
    Fill oven fall of flawns, Ginny pass not for sleep,
  To-morrow toy father his wake-day will keep.
                                       Tusser.
 To Fla'wter, flaw'tur. v. a.  To scrape
   or pare a skin.                Ainsworth.
Fla'wy, flaw'e. adj. [from flaw.] Full of
   flaws.
FLAX, flaks. to.  s.  [pleax, plex, Saxon;
   vlas, Dutch.]
 I. The  fibrous plant of which the finest
   thread  is made.
 2. The fibres of flax cleansed and  combed
   for the spinner.
     I'll fetch  some flax, and whites of eggs,
   T' apply to  's bleeding face.         Shakspeare.
     Then on the rock a scanty measure place
   Of vital flax, and turn'd the wheel apace,
   And turning sung.                     Dryden.
 Fla'xcomb,  flaks'kom.  to. s.  [flax  and
    comb.] The instrument with which the
    fibres  of flax  are  cleansed  from the
    brittle  parts.
 Fla'xdresser, flaks'dres-sur. to.  s. [flax
    and dress.] He that prepares  flax  for
    the spinner.
 Fla'xen, flak's'n.103 adj.  [from flax]
 1. Made  of flax.
         The matron at  her nightly task,
   With pensive labour draws toe flaxen thread.
                                     Thomson.
     The best materials  for making ligatures are the
   flaxen thread toat shoemakers use.        Sharp.
 2. Fair, long, and flowing, as if  made of
    flax.
     I  bought  a fine flaxen long wig.        Addison.
 Fla'xweed,  flaks'weed.  to. s.   A plant.
 To FLAY, fla.221 v.  a. [ad flaa, Islandick;
   flae, Danish; vlaen, Dutch.]
 1. To strip off the skin.
     I  must have been eaten with wild beasts, or have
   fallen into the  hands of the Spaniards, and been
  flayed alive.                          Raleigh.
     While the  old levitical hierarchy continued,  it
   was  part of the ministerial office to flay the sacri-
   fices.                                South.
     Then give command the sacrifice to haste;
   Let  the flay'd victuns in tbe plains be cast;
  And sacred vows, and mystick song, apply'd
  To grisly Pluto and his gloomy bride.       Pope.

   To take off the skin or  surface of any
   thing.
    They Jlay their skin from off them, break their
  bones, and chop them in pieces.            Mac.
    Neither should that odious custom be allowed of
  cutting screws, which is flaying off the green sur-
  face of the ground, to cover their cabins.    Swift.

Fla'yer, fla'ilr. to. s. [from flay.] He that
   strips off the skin of any thing.

FLEA,  fle. to. s. [plea, Sax.; vloye,  Dut.;
  fleach, Scottish.] A small red insect re-
   markable for  its   agility  in leaping,
   which sucks the blood  of larger ani-
   mals.
    While wormwood hath seed, get  a handful or
        twain,
  To save against March to make flea to refrain;
  Where   chamber is  sweeped,  and wormwood is
        s crown,
  No flea for his life dare abide to be known. Tusser.
    A valiant flea that dares eat his breakfast on toe
  lip of a lion.                       Shakspeare.
    Fleas breed principally of straw or mats, where
  there hath been a little moisture.          Bacon.
 To Flea,  fle. v. a. [from  the noun.]  To
   clean from fleas.
Fle'abane, fle'bane. to. s. [flea  and bane]
   A plant.
    It hath undivided leaves, which, for toe most part,
  are glutinous, and have a strong scent: the cup of
  the flower is for the  most part  scaly, and of a cy-
  lindrical form; the flower is composed of  many flo-
  rets, which are succeeded by seeds with a downy
  substance adhering to them.              Miller.
 Fle'abite, fle'bite.       7  to. s.  [flea and
 Fle'abiting, fle'bi-tlng.  $   bite.]
 I. Red marks caused by fleas.
    The attendance of a cancer is commonly a break-
  ing out all over the body, like a fleabiling.
                                    Wiseman.
 2. A small hurt or pain like that caused by
   the sting of a flea.
    A gout, a cholick,  a cutting off an arm  or leg, or
   searing the flesh, are but fleabUes to the pains of the
   soul.                                Harvey.
    The  same expense that breaks one man's back,
   is not a fleabiting to  another.         L'Estrange.
 Fle'abitten, fle'bit-t'n.103  adj. [flea and
   bite.]
 I. Stung by fleas.
 2. Mean; worthless.
    Fteabitten synod, an assembly brew'd
   Of clerks and elders, and, like  the rude
   Chaos of presbytery, where laymen guide,
   With toe tame woolpack clergy by their side.
                                   Cleaveland.
 hLEAK, fleke. v. a.  [from  floccus, Latin.
   See Flake.] A small lock, thread, or
   twist.
     The  businesses of men depend upon these little
   long Jfeafcs or threads of  hemp  and flax.    More.
 Fleam,  fleme.  to. s.  [corrupted from tpxt-
   (Soto/mv, the instrument used  in  phlebo-
   tomy.]  An  instrument   used to  bleed
   cattle, which is placed on the vein, and
   then  driven by a blow.
 FLE'AwoRT,fle'wurt. n.s. [flea  and wort.]
   A plant.                         Miller
 To FLECK, flek. v.a. [fleck,  German, a
   spot,  Skinner:  perhaps  it   is  derived
   from  fleak, or fleke, an  old  word for a
   grate,  hurdle,  or  any  thing made of
   parts laid transverse,  from the  Island-
  ick  flake.]  To  spot;  to  streake; fr
  stripe; to dapple:  to variegate.
    Let it not see the dawning fleck the skies,
  Nor the grey morning from the ocean rise  Soncfw,
    FUck'd in her face, aud with disorder'd hair
  Her garments ruffled, and her bosom bare. Dryden
    Both  fleck'd with white, the true Arcadian strain!
                                     Drycfen.
To  Fle'cker, fleViir. v. a. [from fleck.}
  To  spot: to mark with strokes or touch-
  es of different colours; to mark with red
  whelkes.
    The grey-ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night
  Check'ring the eastern clouds with  streaks of light-
  And darkness flecktr'd, like a drunkard, reels   '
  From forth day's path, and Titan's  burning wheels.
                                   Shakspeare.
Fled, fled.  The preterit  and participle-
  not  properly  of fly, to use the wings,
  but of flee, to run away.
    Truth is Jiecf far away, and  leasing  is hard at
  hand.                               £scfras.
    In  vain for life he to the altar fled,
  Ambition and revenge have certain  speed.   Prior,
Fledge, t\&d]e. adj. [ fiederen,to fly, Dut]
  Full-feathered; able to fly;   qualified to
  leave the nest.
                We did find
  The shells of fledge souls left behind.    Herbert.
              His locks behind,
  Illustrious on his shoulders, fledge with wings,
  Lay waving round.                    Milton.
To Fledge, fleclje. v. a. [from the adject-
  ive.]  To furnish with wings; to supply
  with feathers.
    The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift
  for themselves.                    L'Esfrang-e.
    The speedy growth of birds that are  hatched ir
  nests, and fed by the old  ones,  till they be fled6ed
  and come almost to full bigness in about a fortnight,
  seems to me an argument of Providence.    Ray.
        The sandals of celestial mould,
  Fledg'd with ambrosial plumes, and rich with gold,
  Surround her feet.                      Pope.
To Flee, flee. v. to. yret.fied. [This word
  is now  almost universally  written fy,
  though properly to fly, pleojan, few,
  is to move with wings, and flee, plaean,
  to run away.  They are now confound-
   ed.]  To run from danger; to  have re-
   course to shelter.
    Behold this city is near to flee unto.    Genesis,
    Macduff is jlecf to England.           Shaksp.
    Were men so dull they could not see
  That Lyce painted; should they flee
  Like simple birds into a net,
  So grosly woven and ill set?             Waller,
    None of us fall into those circumstances of dan-
  ger, want, or pain, thut can have hopes of relief but
  from God alone;  none in all the world to flee to but
  him.                              TiMson.

FLEECE, fleese. to. s. [plyj*, fey, Sax.;
  vleese, Dut.]  As much wool as is shorn
   from  one sheep.
    Giving an account of the annual increase
  Both of their lambs and of their woolly fleece.
                                    Hubberd,
    So many days my ewes have been with young,
  So many months  ere I shall sheer the fleue. Shah.
         I am shepherd to another man,
  And  do not sheer the fleeces that I  graze.  Shaksp.
    Sailors have used every night to hang fleecei  of
  wool on the sides of their ships, towards the water;
  and they have crushed fresh water out of them  in
  the morning.                          Bacon.
    The  sheep will prove much to the advantage  of
  toe woollen manufacture, by the  fineness of the
  Jleeces.                                 Swift* 
FLE
FLE
FLE
 To Fleece, fleese. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To clip the  fleece  off a sheep.
 2. To strip; to  pull; to plunder, as at-heep
    is robbed  of  his wool.
     Courts of justice have a small pension,  so that
   they are  tempted to take bribes, and to fleece the
   people.                              Addison.
 Flee'ced,   fleest.33?  adj.  [from  fieece.]
    Having fleeces of  wool.
     As when two rams,  stirr'd with ambitious pride,
   Fight for the rule of the rich fleeced flock,
   Their horned fronts su tierce on either side
   Do meet, that with the terror of tlie shock
   Astonished both stand senseless as a block.
                                  Fairy  Queen.
 Flee'cy, flee'se. adj. [from fieece] VVooiy;
    covered witli wool.
           Not all the fleecy wealth
   That doth enrich these downs is worth a thought
   To that my errand.                    Milton,
             From eastern point
   Of Libra, to the Jieecy star that bears
   Andromeda far off Atlantic seas.         Milton.
     Let her glad valleys smile with wavy corn;
   Let fleecy flocks her rising hills adorn.      Prim-,
     The good  shepherd  tends his fleecy care,
   Seeks freshest pasture, and the purest air;
   Explores toe lost, the wand'ring sheep directs. Pope.
 To FLEEK, fleer, v. to.  [pieapbian, to
    trifle, Saxon; fieardan, Scoiish.  Skinner
    thinks  it formed  from leer.]
 I. To mock; to gibe, to jest with insolence
    and contempt.
     You sp<:ak to  Casca, and to  such a man
   That is no fleering tell-tale.          Shakspeare.
                 Dares the slave
   Come hither, covered  with an  antick face,
   Tojfeer and scorn at our solemnity!    Shakspeare.
     Do I, like the female tribe,
   Think it well to  fleer and gibe?           Swift.
 2. To leer; to  grin  with an air of civility.
     How popular aud courteous; how they grin, and
   fleer upon every  man they meet!         Burton.
 Fleer, fleer, to. s. [from the verb.]
 1. Mockery expressed either in words or
    looks.
             Encave yourself,
   And mark the fleers, the  gibes, and notable scorns,
   That dwell in every region of his face. Shakspeare.
 2. A deceitful grin of civility.
     He shall generally spy such  false lines, and such
   a sly treacherous fleer upon the face of deceivers,
   that he shall be  sure to have a cast of their eye to
   warn him, before they give him a cast of their na-
   ture to betray him.                      South
 Fle'erer,  fleer'ur.98 n.  s. [from Jleer.]
    A mocker; a fawner.              Diet.
 Fleet, Fleot, Flot, fleet.  Are  all deri-
   ved from  the Saxon pleoc, which sig-
   nifies a bay or gulf.  Gibson's Camden.
 Fleet,  fleet,  to. s.  [plota,  Saxon.]  A
   company of  ships; a navy.
    Our pray'rs are heard; our master's Jfeef shall ge
   As far as  winds can bear, or waters flow.    Prior.
 Fleet,fleet, n.s.[pleoc, Saxon, an estuary,
   or arm ofthe sea.]   A creek; an inlet of
   water.  A provincial word, from which
   the  Fleet  prison and Fleet-street are
   named.
    They have a very good way in Essex of draining
  of lands  that have  land-floods or flcls running
  through them, which make a kind of a small  creek.
                         Mortimer's Husbandly.
Fleet, fleet,  adj. [fiiotur, Islandick.]
1.  Swift of pace;  quick; nimble; active.
    Upon that shore he spied Atin stand;
  There by his master left, when  late he far'd
  In Phaedria's Jfeef bark.             Fairy Queen.
         I take him for the better dog;
   ----Thou art a tool: if Echo were as fleet,
   I would esteem hiin worth a dozen such.    Shaks.
     He hud in his stables one of the Jfeefcsf horses in
   England.                          Clarendon.
     His fear was greater than his haste;
   For fear, thoughJ7eefer than toe wind,
   Believes 'tis always left behind.        Hudibras.
     So fierce they drove, their coursers were so fleet,
   That the turf trembled underneath their feet. Dryd.
     He told us that the welkin would be clear
   When  swallows fleet soar high and sport in air.
                                         Gay.
 2. [In the husbandry of some provinces.]
   Light;  superficially  fruitful.
     Marl cope-ground is a cold, stiff, wet clay, unless
   where it is \ery fleet for pasture.        Mortimer.
 3.  Slumming  tue surface. Cant  word.
     Those lands must be plowed Jfeef.     Mortimer.
 To  Fleet, fleet, v. n. [plotan, Saxon.]
 I. To fly  swiftly; to vanish.
     How all the other passions Jfeef to air,
   As doubtful thoughts and rash embrac'd despair!
                                    Shakspeare.
     A wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter,
   Ev'n from the gallows did his fell soul Jfeef. Shaks.
 2.  To  be in a  transient state:  the same
   withfiit.
     Our understanding, to make a complete notion,
   must add something else to this fleeting and unre-
   markable  superficies, that may bring it to our ac-
   quaintance.                   Digby on Bodies.
            O fleeting joys
   Of Paradise,  dear bought with lasting woes! MUt.
         While 1 listen to thy voice,
   Chloris! I feel my life decay;
   That powerful noise
   Calls my fleeting soul away.             Waller.
     As empty clouds by rising winds are tost,
   Their fleeting forms scarce sooner found than lost.
                                        Prior.
 To  Fleet, fleet,  v. a.
 1. To skim  the water.
     Who swelling sails in Caspian sea doth cross,
   And in frail wood an Adrian gulph doth Jfeef,
   Doth not, 1 ween, so many evils meet. Fairy Queen.
 2.  To live  merrily, or pass  time  away
   lightly.
     Many young gentlemen  flock to him every day,
   and Jfeef the time carelessly as they did in the gold-
   en age.                           Shakspeare.
 3.  [In  the country.]  To skim  milk;  to
   take  off the cream:  whence  the word
  fleeting dish.
 Fle'etingdish,  fleet'ing-dish. n. s. [from
  fleet and dish.] A skimming bowl.
 Fle'etly, f\eel'i&.adv. [from,/?**?/.]  Swift-
   ly; nimbly; with swift pace.
 Fle'etness,  ffeet'nes.  n.s.  [from fieet]
   Swiftness  of course;  nimbleness; cele-
   rity; velocity;  speed;  quickness.

 FLESH,  flesh,  to. s. [ploec, plcepc, Sax.
   vleesch, Dutch; fcol, Erse.]
 1. The  body distinguished from the soul.
    As if this flesh, which walls about our life,
  Were brass impregnable.             Shakspeare.
        A disease that's in ray flesh,
  Which  I must needs call mine.        Shakspeare.
    And  thou,  my  soul, which turn'st  with curious
        eye
  To view the beams of thine own form divine,
  Know, that thou can'st know nothing perfectly,
  While thou art clouded with this flesh of mine. Dav.
2. The  muscles  distinguished  from  he
   skin,  bones,  tendons.
    A spirit hath not flesh and  bones.    JVew Testa.
3. Animal food  distinguished from  vege-
   table.
    Flesh should be forborne as long as he is in coats,
   or at least till he is two or three years old.   Locke-
     Flesh, without  being qualified wiiL acids, is too
   alkalescent a diet.        Arbuthnot on Aliments.
     Acidity in the infant may be cured by a flesh diet
   in the nurse.                        Arbuthnot.
 4.  The  body of beasts or  birds used  in
   food, distinct from fishes.
    There is another indictment upon thee,  for suf-
   fering flesh to be eaten in thy bouse, contrary to tbe
   law.                    Shakspeare's Henry IV.
    We  mortify ourselves with fish; and think we
  fare coarsely, if we abstain from the flesh  of other
   animals.                               Brown.
 5.  Animal nature.
    The end of all flesh is come before me.     Gen.
 6. Carnality; corporal appetites.
    Name not religion; for thou lov'st the flesh. Shak.
    Fasting  serves to mortify the  flesh,  aud subdue
  the lusts thereof.           Smalridge's Sermons.
 7. A carnal state;  worldly disposition: in
   theology.
    They that are in the flesh cannot please God.
                                      Romans.
    The flesh lusteth against the spirit, and the spirit
  against the flesh.                     Galatians.
 8. Near relation; a scriptural use.
    Let not our  hand  be upon him; for he is our
  flesh.                               Genesis.
    When thou seest the naked, cover him; and hide
  not  thyself from thine own flesh.            Isaiah.
 9. The  outward  or  literal  sense.   The
   orientals termed the immediate or lite-
   ral signification of  any precept or type
   the fieah, and  the  remote  or  typical
   meaning the spirit.  This  is frequent in
   St. Paul.
    Ye judge after toe flesh.                John.
 To Flesh, flesh, v. a.
 I. To initiate; from the sportsman's  prac-
   tice of feeding his hawks  and dogs with
   the first game  that  they take,  or  train-
   ing them to pursuit by giving them the
  fiesh of animals.
    Full bravely hast thou j7esAf
  Thy maiden sword.                 Shakspeare.
    Every puny swordsman will think him a  good
  tame quarry to enter and J?esfi himself upon.
                       Government ofthe Tongue.
 2. To harden; to establish in any  practice,
   as dogs  by often feeding on any thing.
    These princes finding them so fleshed in cruelty,
  as not to be reclaimed, secretly undertook the mat-
  ter alone.                             Sicfney.
    The women ran  all away, saving only one,  who
  was  so fleshed in malice that neither  during nor
  after the fight she gave any truce  to her cruelty.
                                      Sidney.
 3. To glut;  to satiate.
    Harry from curb'd licence plucks
  The muzzle of restraint;  and the wild dog
  Shall flesh his tooth on eveiy innocent.      Shaks/
   He hath perverted a young gentlewoman, and this
  night he fleshes his will in the spoil of her honour.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The kindred of him hath been flesh'd upon us;
  And he is bred out of that bloody  strain,
  That hunted us in our familiar paths.  Shakspeare.
Fle'shbroth, flesh'bro/A. n. s. [fiesh and
   broth] Broth made by decocting flesh.
    Her leg being emaciated,  I advised bathing it
  with fleshbroth,  wherein  had been decocted emol-
  lient herbs.                          Wiseman.
Fle'shcolour,  fiesh'knl-iir. to. s. [fiesh
   and colour.]  Tlie colour ot flesh.
    A complication of ideas together makes  up the
  single complex idea, which he calls man, whereof
  white or fleshcolour in England is one.       Locke.
    A  loose earth of a pale fleshcolour, that is, white
  with a blush of red, is found in a mountain in Cum-
  berland.                           Woodwax*. 
PLE                                      FLE                                     FLE
Fle'shfi.v, flesh'fli.  to. s. [fiesh and fiy.]
   A fly that feeds upon flesh, and deposits
   her eggs in it.
            I would no more endure
  This wooden slavery, than I would suffer
  The fleshfly blow my mouth.          Shakspeare.
    It is a wonderful thing in fleshflies, that a fly-
  maggot in five days  space after it is hatched, ar-
  rives at its full growth and perfect magnitude.
                            Ray on the Creation.
Fle'shhook,  flesh'hd6k. to. s.  [fiesh and
   hook.]  A hook  to draw flesh from the
   caldron.
    All toat the fleshhook brought up the priest took.
                                     1 Samuel.
Fle'shless,  flesh'les. adj.  [from fiesh]
   Without flesh.
Fle'shliness,  flesh'le-nes. «.  s.   [from
   fieshly.] Carnal passions or appetites.
    When strong passions or weak fleshliness
   Would from the right way seek to draw him wide,
   He would, through temperance and stedfastaess,
   Teach him the weak  to strengthen, and the strong
       suppress.                         Spenser.
    Corrupt manners in living,  breed false judgment
   in doctrine: sin and fleshliness bring forth  sects and
   heresies.                             Ascham.

Fle'shly, flesh'le. adj. [fromfiesh]
 1. Corporeal.
    Nothing resembles death so much as sleep;
   Yet then our minds themselves from slumber keep,
   When from their fleshly bondage they are free.
                                     Denham.
2. Carnal; lascivious.
    Belial, the dissolutest spirit toat fell,
   The sensualest, and, after Asmodai,
   The fleshliest incubus.         Paradise Regained.
 3. Animal; not vegetable.
    'Tis then for nought that mother earth provides
   The stores of all she shows, and all she hides,
   If men with fleshly morsels must be fed.
   And chaw with bloody teeth the breathing bread.
                                      Drycfen.
 4. Human; not celestial; not spiritual.
     Else, never could toe force of fleshly arm
   Ne molten metal in his flesh embrue.    F. Queen.
     Th' eternal Lord in fleshly shrine
   Enwombed was, from wretched Adam's line,
   To purge away the guilt of sinful crime. F. Queen.
     Much ostentation, vain offleshly arm,
   And of frail arms, much instrument of war
   Before mine eyes thou'st set.   JVfiffon's Par. Reg.
 Fle'shmeat, flesh'mete. to. s. [fiesh and
    meat.]  Animal food;  the flesh of ani-
   mals prepared  for food.
     The most convenient diet is that of fleshmeats.
                                       Floyer.
     In this prodigious plenty of cattle and dearth of
   human creatures, fleslimeat is monstrously dear.
                                        Swift.
 Fle'shment, flesh'ment. to. s. [from^t?*A.]
   Eagerness gained by a successful initi-
    ation.
             He got praises of the king,
   For him attempting who was  self-subdued;
   And in thefleshment of his dread exploit
   Drew on me here again.             Shakspeare.
 Fle'shmoxger,  flesh'mung-gftr.   n.   s.
   [from flesh/] One who deals in  flesh; a
   pimp.
    Was toe duke a fleshmonger,  a fool, and a cow-
   ard  as you then reported him?        Shakspeare.

 Fle'shfot, flesh'pot. to. s. [flesh and/ior.]
   A  vessel  in which  flesh   is  cov>ked;
   thence plenty of flesh.
    If he takes  away the fleslipots, he can also alter
   toe appetite.      Taylor's Rule for Living Holy.
FLE'sHQUAKK,flesh'kwake. to. s. [flesh and
   quake.]  A tremour of the body: a word
   formed by Jonson in imitation of earth-
   quake.
        They may, blood-shaken then,
  Feel such afleshquake to possess toeir powers,
  As they shall  cry like ours:
  In sound of peace or wars,
  No harp e'er hit the stars.  Ben Jonson's New Inn.
Fle'shy, flesh'e. adj. [fromflesh.]
1. Plump;  full of flesh; fat;  musculous.
    All Ethiopes are fleshy and plump, and have great
  lips; all which betoken moisture retained, and not
  drawn out.                            Bacon.
    We say it is a Jlesfty  stile when there is much
  periphrases and circuit of words,  and when with
  more than enough it grows fat and  corpulent.
                        Ben Jonson's Discoveries.
    The sole of his foot is flat and broad, being very
  fleshy, and covered only with a thick skin; but very
  fit to travel in sandy places.                .Ray.
2. Pulpous;  plump; with regard to fruits.
    Those fruits that are so fleshy, as they cannot
  make drink by expression,  yet may make drink by
  mixture of water.                      Bacon.
Fle'tcher,  fletsh'ur.  ». s.  [from fleche,
   an arrow, French.]  A manufacturer of
   bows and  arrows.
    It is commended by our fletchers for bows next
  unto yew.               Mortimer's Husbandry.
Flet,  flet.  The participle passive  of To
  fleet.  Skimmed; deprived of the cream.
    They drink flet milk, which they just warm.
                                    Mortimtr.
Flew, flu.265  The preterit of fly, not of
  flee.
    The people flew upon the spoil.       1 Samuel.
    O'er the world of waters Hermes flew,
   'Till now the distant island rose in view.    Pope.
Flew,  flu.  to. a.  The  large  chaps  of  a
   deep-mouthed hound.         Hanmer.

Flf/wed, flude.362 adj. [from flew] Chap-
   ped; mouthed.
    My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
   So flew'd, so  sanded, and their heads are hung
   Wito ears that sweep away the morning dew.
                                   Shakspeare.
Flexa'nimous, fleks-an'e-mus. adj. [flex-
   animous,  Latin.]   Having  power   to
   change  the  disposition  of  the  mind.
                                       Diet.
    That flexanimous aud golden-tongued orator.
                                       Howel.
Flexibility, fleks-e-bil'e-te. «. *. [flex-
   ibilite, French; from flexible.]
 I.  The quality of admitting to be bent;
   pliancy.
    Do not toe rays which differ in refrangibility dif-
   fer also in flexibility? And are they not, by their dif-
   ferent inflexions, separated from one another, so as
   after separation to make the colours.     Newton.
    Corpuscles ofthe same set agree in every thing;
  but those that are of diverse kinds differ in specifick
  gravity, in hardness, and inflexibilUy, as in bigness
  and figure.                        Wbootoard.
2.  Easiness  to  be persuaded; ductility of
   mind; compliance; facility.
    Resolve rather to err by  too much flexibility than
   too much perverseness,  by meekness than by self-
   love.                             Hammond.
FLE'XIBLE, fleks'e-bl.406 adj. [fiexibilis,
   Latin; flexible, French.]
 1.  Possible  to be bent; not brittle; easy to
   be bent; pliant; not stiff.
            When splitting winds
   M&\ie flexUile the knees of knotted  oaks.     Shaks.
    Take a stock gilly-flower,  tie it upon a stick, put
   them both into a glass full of quicksilver, so toat
   toe flower be covered -. after four  or five days you
  shall find toe flower fresh, and the stalk harder and
  less flexible than it was.                  Bacon.
2. Not  rigid; not inexorable;  complying;
  obsequious.
    Phocyon was a man  of great severity,  and no
  ways flexible to toe will of the people.      Bacon.
3. Ductile; manageable.
    Under  whose care soever a  child  is put to be
  taught, during the tender and flexible years of hii
  life, it should be one who thinks Latin and language
  toe least part of education.               Locke.
4. That may be accommodated  to various
  forms and purposes.
    This was a principle  more flexible  to their pur-
  pose.                                Rogers.
Fle'xibleness, fleks'e-bl-nes. n. s. [from
  flexible.]
I. Possibility to be  bent; not brittleness;
  easiness to be bent; not stiffness; pliant-
  ness; pliancy.
   1 will rather choose to wear a crown of thorns, than
  to exchange that of gold for one of lead, whose em-
  based flexibleness shall be forced to bend.
                                 King Charles.
    Keep those slender aerial bodies separated and
  stretched out, which otherwise, by reason of their
  flexwleness and weight, would flag or curl.   Boyle.
2. Facility; obsequiousness; compliance.
3. Ductility; manageableness.
    The flexibleness of the former part of a man's
  age, not yet  grown up to be headstrong, makes it
  more governable.                       Locke.
Fle'xile, fleks'il.140 adj.  [flexilis,  Lat]
   Pliant; easily  bent;  obsequious to any
  power or impulse.
              Every flexile wave
  Obeys the blast, th' aerial tumult swells.  Thomson.
Fle'xion, flekshun.  n. s. [flexio, Lat.]
1. The act of bending.
2. A double; a bending; part bent; joint.
    Of a sinuous pipe toat may have some fomjkx-
  ions, trial would be made.     Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. A  turn toward any part or quarter.
    Pity causeth  sometimes  tears, and ajkricroor
  cast of the eye aside.          Bacon's Nat. Hist-
FLE'XOR,  fleks'or.166 to. *. [Latin.] The
  general name ofthe muscles  which act
   in  contracting  the  joints.
    Flatterers  who have the flexor muscles so stroog
  that they are  always bowing and cringing, might in
  some  measure be  corrected by being tied down
  upon a tree by the back.              Arbuthnot.
Fle'xuous,  flek'shu-ils.453  adj. [jlexu-
  osus, Latin.]
1. Winding; full of  turns  and meanders;
  tortuous.
    In regard of the  soul, toe numerous and crooked
  narrow cranies, and the restrained JlexuoiM rivulets
  of corporeal things, are  all contemptible.   Digby
2. Bending;  not  straight;  variable;  not
   steady.
    The trembling of a candle discovers a wind, that
  otherwise we do not feel; and the flexuous burning
  of flames doth shew toe  air beginneth to be unquiet.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
Fle'xure, flek'shure. n. s. [flexura, Lat]
1. The form  or direction in  which any
  thing is bent.
    Contrary is the flexure of the  joints of our arms
  and legs to that of quadrupeds: our knees bend for-
  ward, whereas the same joint  of toeir hind legs
  bends backward.                          Ray.
2. The act of bending.
    The elephant hath joints, but none for courtesy;
  His legs are for necessity, not flexure.   Shakspeare.
3. The part  bent; the joint.
    His mighty strength lies in his able loins,
  And where the flexure of his naval joins.   Sandys- 
                  FLI

4. Obsequious  or  servile  cringe.   Not
   used.
    Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
  With titles blown from adulation?
  Will it give place tojTearure and low bends? Shaks.
To  Fli'oker,  flik'ur. v.  a.  [fiigheren,
  Dutch; pliccejiian, Saxon.] To flutter;
  to  play  the wings;  to  have a  fluttering
   motion.
          The wreath of radiant fire,
  On flickering Phcebus' front.          Shakspeare.
    'Twas ebbing darkness, past the mid' of nighty
  And Phospher, on the confines of the light,
  Promis'd the sun, ere day began to spring;
  The tuneful lark already stretch'd her wing,
  And flick'ring on her nest made short  essays to
        sing.                          Dryden.
    At all her stretch her little wings she spread,
  And with her feather'd arms embrac'd the dead;
  Then flickering to his pallid lips, she strove
  To print a kiss, the last essay of love.     Dryden.

Fli'er,  fli'ur.98 to.  a. [from fly.]
1. One that runs away;  a fugitive; a run-
   away.
    The gates are ope, now prove good seconds;
  'Tis for the followers fortune widens them,
  Not for toe fliers.       Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    Now the fliers from and forsakers of their places,
  carry the parliamentary power along with them.
                                 King Charles.
2. That part of a  machine which, by be-
   ing put into a more rapid motion than
   the other parts, equalizes and regulates
   the motion ofthe rest,  as in a jack.
    The flier tho 't had leaden feet,
  Turn'd so quick, you scarce could see 't.     Swift.
Flight, flite.383 to.*,  [from  To fly]
1. The act of flying or running from dan-
   ger.
    And now, too late, he wishes for the fight,
  That strength he wasted in ignoble flight.    Denh.
    He thinks by flight his mistress must be won,
  And claims the prize because he best did run. X>rycf.
    As eager of toe chase, toe maid
  Beyond the forest's verdant limits stray'd;
   Pan saw and loy'd, and, burning with desire,
   Pursu'dherjligftt,- her flight increas'd his fire. Pope.
2. The  act of using wings;  volation.
    For he so swift and nimble was of flight,
   That from this lower tract he dar'd to fly
   Up to the clouds, and thence  with pinions light
   To mount aloft unto the crystal sky.      Spenser.
    The fury sprang above toe Stygian flood;
   And on her wicker wings, sublime through night,
   She to the Latian palace took her flight.   Dryden.
           Winds toat tempests brew,
   When through Arabian groves they take their flight,
   Made wanton with rich odours, loose their spite.
                                      Dryden.
3. Removed from place to place by means
   of wings.
          Ere the bat hath flown
   His cloyster'djftgftf.                   Shaksp.
    The  fowls shall take their flight away together.
                                     2 Esdras.
    Fowls, by winter forc'd, forsake the floods,
   And wing toeir hasty flight to  happier lauds.  Dryd.
At. A flock  of birds flying  together.
     Flights of angels wing thee to thy rest.   Shaksp.
    They take great pride  in the feathers of birds,
   and this toey took from their ancestors  of the moun-
  tains, who were invited into it by the infinite flights
  of birds that came up to the high grouuds.  Bacon.
            I can at will, doubt not,
   Command a table in  this wilderness;
  And call swift flights of angels ministrant,
  Array'd in glory, on my cup t' attend.     Milton.
5. Tne birds produced in the same seuson:
   as, the harvest flight of pigeons.
                FL  I

6. A volley; a shower; as much shot as is
   discharged at once.
    At the first flight of arrows sent,
  Full threescore Scots they slew.      Chevy Cliase.
    Above an hundred arrows discharged on  my left
  hand, pricked me like so many needles; and besides
  they shot another flight into the air, as we do bombs.
                                        Swift.
7. The space passed by flying.
8. Heat of imagination; sally ofthe soul.
    Old Pindar's flights by him are reacht,
  When on the gale his wings are stretcht.  Denham.
    He shewed all toe stretch of fancy at once;  and
  if he has failed in some  of his flights, it was  be-
  cause he attempted every thing.            Pope.
    Strange graces still, and stranger flights she had;
  Was just not ugly, and was just not mad.    Pope.
    Trust me, dear! good humour can prevail,
  When airs and flights,  and screams  and scolding
        fail.                            Pope.
9. Excursion on the wing.
    If there were any certain height where the flights
  of ambition end, one might  imagine toat the in-
  terests of France were but to conserve its  present
  greatness.                             Temple.
    It is not only the utmost pitch of impiety, but toe
  highest Jligftf of folly to deride these things.
                                     Tillotson.
 10. The power of flying.
    In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft,
  I shot his fellow of the self-same flight,
   The self-same way.                     Shaksp.
 Fli'ghty, fli'te. adj. [from flight.]
 1. Fleeting; swift.
     Time, thou anticipat'st my dread exploits:
   The flighty purpose never is o'ertook,
   Unless the deed go with it.              Shaksp.
 2. Wiid; full ot imagination.
 Fli'msy, fiim'ze. adj. [Of this word  I know
   not any original, and suspect it to have
   crept into our language from the cant
   of manufacturers.]
 I. Weak; feeble; without strength of tex-
   ture.
 2. Mean; spiritless; without force.
    Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines.     Pope.
 To Flinch, flinsh.  v.  to.  [corrupted from
     fling.   Skinner]
 1. To shrink from any suffering or under-
   taking; to withdraw from  any pain or
   danger.
    Eveiy martyr could keep one eye steadily fixed
  upon immortality, and look death and danger out
  of countenance  with the  other; nor did they flinch
  from duty, for fear of martyrdom.          South.
    A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be
  accustomed to bear very rough usuage witooutjc'inc/i-
  ing or complaining.                      Locke.
    Oh ingratitude! that John Bull, whom   I have
  honour'd with my friendship, should flinch at last,
   and pretend that he can disburse no more money.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 2. In Shakspeare it signifies to fail.
    if I break time, or flinch in property
  O what I spoke, unpitied let me die.      Shaksp.
 Fli'noher, flinsn'ur. n.s. [from the  verb.]
   He wiio shrinks or fails in any matter.
 To  FLING,  fling, v.  a.  preter.  flung;
   part,  flung  or flong.  [from fligo, Lat.
   Skinner:  according to others from fly-
   ing; so  to  fling is to set flying]
 I. To cast from the hand; to throw.
             The matrons J?ung their gloves,
   Ladies and maids their scarfs and handkerchiefs,
   Upon him.                           Shaksp.
     'Tis fate that flings toe dice; and as she flings,
   Of kings makes peasants, and of peasants kings.
                                       .Drycfen.
                   FLI

2. To dart; to cast with violence.
    How much unlike toat Hector who return'd
  Clad in Achilles' spoils; when he, among
  A thousand ships, like Jove, his lightning flung.
                                      Denham
3. To scatter.
    Ev'ry beam new transient colours flings,
  Colours  that  change whene'er they  wave tbeir
        wings.                           Pope.
4. To drive by violence.
    A heap of rocks, falling, would expel the waters
  out of their places with such a violence as  to fling
  them among the highest clouds.           Burnet.
5. To move forcibly.
    The knight  seeing  his habitation  reduced to  so
  small compass, ordered all the apartments to be
  Jiang-open.                           Addison.
6. To cast: in an ill sense.
               I know toy gen'rous temper:
  Fling but the appearance of dishonour on it,
  It straight takes fire.                   Addison.
7. To force into  another condition, proba-
   bly into a worse.
    Squalid fortune, into baseness flung,
  Doth scorn the pride of wonted ornaments. Spenser.
8. To Fling  away.  To eject; to dismiss.
    Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition;
  By that sin fell the  angels.               Shaksp.
9. To  Fling down.  To demolish; to ruin.
    These are so far from  raising  mountains, that
  they overturn and fling down some of those which
  were before standing.                Woodward.
10. To Fling off. To baffle in  the chase;
   to defeat of a prey.
    These men  are  too well acquainted wito the
  chase to bejlMng- off by any false steps or doubles.
                                      Addison:
To Fling, fling,  v. to.
1. To flounce; to wince; to fly into violent
   and irregular motions.
             The angry beast
  Began to kick, and fling, and wince,
  As if h' had been beside his sense.      Hudibras,
    Their consciences are galled by it, and this makes
  them wince and fling as if they had some mettle.
                                     Tillotson.
2. To Fling  out.  To grow unruly or out-
   rageous: from  the   act  of  any  angry
   horse that throws out his legs.
             Duncan's horses,
  Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out,
  Contending 'gainst  obedience.            Shaksp.
Fling, fling, n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A throw; a cast.
2. A  gibe;  a  sneer;  a  contemptuous  re-
   mark.
    No little scribbler is of wit so bare,
  But has his fling at the poor wedded  pair. Addison,
    I, who love to have & fling,
  Both at senate house and king,
  Thought no method more commodious
  Than to show their vices odious.           Swift.
Fli'ngeh, fling'ur.40U to. s. [from the verb.]
1. He who throws.
2. He who jeers.
FLINT,  flint, to.  s. [flint, Sax.]
1. A semipeiiucid stone, composed of cry-
   stal debased, of a blackish  gray, of one
   similar and equal substance, free from
   veins,  and  naturally invested  with  a
   whitish crust.  It is  sometimes  smooth
   and equal,  more frequently rough:  its
   size is  various.   It  is  well kno.vn  to
   strike  fire with steel.  It  is useful  in
   glassmaking.            Hill  on Fossils.
     Searching the window for aVfinf,  I found
   This paper.                           Shaksp. 
FLI
FLO
FLO
    Love melts toe rigour which toe rocks have bred,
  \ jTinf will break upon a featherbed.   Cleaveland.
    There is the same force and the same refreshing
  virtue in fire kindled by a spark from a flint,  as if
  it were kindled by a beam from the sun.    South.
    Take this, and lay your Jlinf edg'd weapon by.
                                      LVyden.
    I'll fetch quick fuel from the neighb'ring wood,
  And strike the sparkling Jlinf, and dress the  food.
                                        Prior.
2. Any  thing  eminently or proverbially
   hard.
           Your tears, a heart of flint
  Might tender make.                   Spenser.
           Throw my heart
  Against the flint and hardness of my fault Shaksp.
Fli'nty, flint'e. adj.  [from^i^.]
1. Made of flint;  strong.
           Tyrant custom
  Hath made thejfinfy and steel couch of war
  My thrice-driven bed of down.            Shaksp.
    A  pointed flinty rock, all bare  and black,
  Grew gibbous from behind the mountain's back.
                                      Dryden.
2. Full of stones.
    The gathering up of flints in  flinty  ground, and
  laying them in heaps is no good husbandry.  Bacon,
3. Hard  of  heart; cruel; savage; inexo-
   rable.
                 Gratitude,
  Through flinty Tartar's bosom, would peep  forth,
  And  answer thanks.                     Shaksp,
Flipp, flip. to.  s. [A cant word.]   A liquor
   much used in  ships, made  by  mixing
   beer with spirits and sugar.
    The Tarpawlin and swabber  is lolling at Mada-
  gascar, with some  drunken sunburnt whore, over a
  can of flip.                            Dennis.
Fli'ppant, flip'pant. adj. [A word of no
   great authority, probably derived from
  flip-flap.]
1. Nimble; moveable.   It is used only of
   the act of speech.
    An excellent anatomist promised to dissect a wo-
  man's tongue, and  examine whether there may not
  be in it certain juices which render it so wonder-
   fully voluble or flippant.                Addison.
2.  Pert;  petulent;  waggish.
     Away with flippant epilogues.         Thomson.
Fli'ppantly,  flip'pant-le. adv.  [from  the
   adjective.]  In a flowing  prating way.
 To FLIRT, flurt.109 v.  a. [Skinner thinks
   it formed from the sound.
 I.  To throw any thing  with a  quick elas-
   tick motion.
             Dick the scavenger
   Flirts from his cart the mud in Walpole's face.
                                         Swift.
2.  To move with quickness.
    Permit some happier man,
  To kiss your hand, or flirt your fan.        Dorset.
 To Flirt, flirt, v. to.
 I.  To jeer;  to gibe at one.
2.  To run about perpetually;  to be  un-
    steady and  fluttering.
Flirt, flurt. to. s\ [from the verb.]
 1.  A  quick e'asrick  motion.
    In unfurling the  fan are  several little flirts and
  vibrations, as also gradual and deliberate openings.
                                      Addison.
    Before you pass the imaginary sights
  While the spread fan o'ershades your closing eyes,
    Then give one Jlirf, and all the vision flies. Pope.
2. A sudden trick.
        Have licence to play,
      At the hedge aflirt,
      For a sheet or a shirt.            Ben Jonson.
3. A pert young hussy.
     Scurvy knave, I am none  of his flirt gills; 1 am
  none of his skains mates.                Shaksp.
     Several young flirts about town had a  design to
  cast us out of the fashionable world.      Addison.
Flirta'tion,  flur-ta'shun.  to.  s.  [from
  flirt.]   A  quick sprightly  motion.   A
   cant word among women.
     A muslin flounce, made very  full, would give a
  very agreeable flirtation air.               Pope.
 To Flit, flit. v.  to.  [from  To fleet;  or
   from flitter, Danish, to remove.]
 I. To fly away.
     Likest it seemeth, in my simple wit,
  Unto the fair sunshine in summer's day,
  That when a dreadful storm away isflit,
  Through the broad world doth spread his goodly
        ray.                           Spenser.
 2. To remove; to migrate.  In Scotland it
   is still used for removing from one place
   to another at quarter-day,  or the usual
   term.
           His grudging ghost did strive
  With the frail flesh, at last it flUted is,
  Whither the souls do die of men that live amiss.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     So hardly he the flitted life does win,
  Unto her native prison to return.     Fairy Queen.
     It became  a  received  opinion, that the  souls of
  men, departing this life, UidjTif out of one body into
  some other.                           Hooker.
 3. To flutter; to rove  on the wing.
     He made a glancing shot, and miss'd the dove;
  Yet miss'd so narrow that he cut the cord
  Which fasten'd, by the foot, toe flitting bird. Dryd.
     Fear  the just gods,  and think of Scylla's fate!
  Chang'd to a bird, and sent to flit in air.     Pope.
 4. To be flux or unstable.
     Himself uphigh he lifted from the ground,
  And with strong flight did forcibly divide
  The yielding air, which nigh too feeble found
  Her flitting parts, and element unsound. F. Queen.
     He stopt at once the passage  of his wind,
  And the free soul to flitting air resign'd.   Dryden.
 Flit, flit. adj. [from fieet.] Swift;  nimble;
   quick. Not  in use.
     And in his hand two darts exceeding flit,
  And deadly sharp, he held; whose heads were dight,
  In poison and in blood, of malice and despight.
                                   JFairy Queen.
 Flitch, flitsh. to. s. [phcce,  Sax. flycke,
   Ban. fleshe,floche,  Fr. Skinner.]   The
   side of a hog salted and  cured.
     But heretofore 'twas thought a sumptuous feast,
  On birthdays, festivals, or days of state,
  A salt dry flitch of bacon to prepare;
  If toey had fresh meat, 'twas delicious fare.  Drycf.
     While he from out toe  chimney took,
  A flitch of bacon off the hook,
  Cut out large slices to be fry'd.            Swift.
     He sometimes accompanies  the present with a
  flitch of bacon.                       Addison.
 Flittermouse,   flit'tfir-mouse.   to.   a.
   [vespertilio; fromflit and mouse.] The
   bat; the winged mouse.
 Flatting,  flii'ting.  to.  s.  [phc,  Saxon,
   scandal.] An offence; a  fault; a failure;
   a desert.
     Thou tellestmyjftffing-s,  put  my tears into  thy
  bottle. ^                             Psalms.
 Fnx, fliks. to.  s.  [corrupted from flax.]
   Down; fur; soft hair.
     Wito his loll'd tongue he faintly licks his prey;
  His warm breath blows her flix up as she lies;
  She trembling creeps upon toe ground away,
  And looks back to him with beseeching eyes. Drycf.

JFu'xwood, fliks'w^d  n. s.   A plant.
j To  FLOAT,  flote.a»* v. to. [flatter, Fr.]
 1. To swim  on the surface  of the water.
    When the sea was calm, all boats alike
  Shew'd mastership in floating.           Shaksp,
    The ark no more now jioafs, but seems on ground,
  Fast on the top of some high mountain fix'd.  JV/j^
    That men being drowned and sunk, do float the
  ninth day, when their gall breaketh, are popular
  affirmations.                           Brown,
    Three blust'ring nights, borne by the southera
        blast,
  I floated; and discover'd land at last.     Dryden.
    His rosy wreath was dropt not long before,
  Born by toe tide of wine, and floating on the floor.
                                      Dryden
    On frothy billows thousands float the stream,
  In cumb'rous mail.                    PAifipi,
    Carp are very apt to float away with freshwater!
                                     Mortimer,
2. To move without labour in a  fluid.
    What divine monsters, 0 ye gods, were these
  That float in air, and fly upon the seas!   Drydtn,
    Swift they descend, with wing to wing conjoin'd^
  Stretch their broad plumes, andfloat upon the wind.
                                        Pope.
3. To pass with a  light irregular course:
   perhaps mistaken for fleet or flet.
    Floating visions  make not deep  impressions
  enough to  leave in the mind clear,  distinct, lasting
  ideas.                                 Lock
To Float, flote.  v.  a.   To  cover  with
   water.
    Proud Pactolus Jioafs the fruitful lands,
  And leaves a rich manure of golden sands.   Dryi.
    Venice  looks, at a distance,  like a  great town
  half floated by a deluge.               Addison.
    Now smoaks with show'rs toe misty mountain-
        ground,
  And floated fields lie undistinguish'd round.   Pope.
    The vast parterres a thousand hands shall make
  Lo! Cobham comes, and Jlftfs them wito a lake,
                                        Pope,
Float, flote. to. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of flowing;  the flux;  the con-
   trary  to ebb.  A  sense now out of use.
    Our trust in the Almighty is, that with us conten-
  tions are now at their highest Jloaf.       Hooker.
    There is some disposition of bodies to rotation;
  particularly from  east to west; of which kind we
  conceive  the main jioaf  and refloat of  the sea is,
  which is by consent ofthe universe as part ofthe
  diurnal motion.                        Demon.
2. Any body so contrived or formed as to
   swim upon the  water.
    They took it for a ship, and as it came nearer,
  for a boat; but it proved a Jloaf of weeds and rushes.
                                   L'Estrange.
    A passage for the weary people make:
  With osier Jioafs toe standing water strow,
  Of massy stones make bridges, if it flow. Dryden.
3. The cork or quill by which the angler
   discovers the bite of fish.
    You will find this to be a very choice bait, some-
  times casting a little of it into toe place where your
  Jtoaf swims.                          Walton.
4. A cant word for a  level.
    Banks are measured by the J?oaf or floor, which
  is eighteen foot square and one deep.    JMbrfimer,
Flo'aty, flo'te. adj.  Buoyant and swim-
   ming on the surface.
    The hindrance to stay well is the extreme length
  of a ship, especially if she he floaty, and want sharp-
  ness of way forwards.                  Raleigh-
FLOCK, dok. to. a. [plocc, Sax.]
1. A  company; usually a company of birds
   or beasts.
    She that hath a heart of that fine frame,
  To pay this debt of love but to a brother,
  How will she love when the rich golden  shaft
  Hath kill'd the flock of all affections else
  That live in her.                       Shaksp-
2. A company of sheep, distinguished from
   herds, which are of oxen. 
FLO
FLO
FLO
    The cattle in the fields, and meadows green,
  Those rare and solitary; these in Jiocfcs
  Pasturing at once, and in broad herds unsprung.
                                      Jtfiffon.
    France has a  sheep by her,  to shew that the
  riches ofthe countiy consisted chiefly in flocks and
  pasturage.                           Addison.
3. A body  of men.
    The heathen that had fled out of Judea came to
  Nicanor by flocks.                 2 Maccabees.
4. [from fioccua.]  A lock of wool.
    A house  well furuish'd shall be thine to keep;
  And, for a flock bed, I can sheer my sheep.  Orycf.
To Flock, flok. v. to. [from the noun.] To
   gather in crowds or large numbers.
    Many young gentlemen flock to him every day,
  and fleet the time carelessly.             Shaksp.
    Upon the return of toe ambassadors, the poor of
  all sorts flocked together to the great master's house.
                                     Knolles.
    Others ran flocking  out of their houses to the
  general supplication.              2 Maccabees.
    Stilpo, when  the  people flocked about him, and
  that one said, The people come  wondering  about
  you,  as  if it were to see some strange beast; no,
  saith he, it is to see a man which  Diogenes sought
  with his lanthorn at noou day.             Bacon.
    Seeing toe spirits swelling toe nerves cause the
  arm's motion, upon its  resistance  they flock from
  other parts of toe body to overcome it.      Digby.
    The wits of the town came thither;
  'Twas strange to see how tlieyjlocfe'cf together;
  Each strongly confident of his own way,
  Thought to gain the laurel that day.      Suckling.
    Friends daily flock.                  Dryden.
    The Trojan youth about the captive flock,
  To wonder, or to pity, or to mock.       Denham,
    People do not flock to courts so much for their
  majesties' service, as for making their fortunes.
                                  L'Estrange.
To Flog, flog.  v. a. [from fiagrum, Lat.]
   To lash; to whip; to chastise.
    The schoolmaster's joy is to flog.        Swift.

Flong,  flong. particip.  passive,  from to
  fling, used by Spe\ser.
FLOOD, fl&d.308 to.  s. [plob, Saxon; fiot,
   French.]
1.  A body of water;  the sea; a river.
    What need the bridge much  broader than the
  flood?                           Shakspeare.
    His  dominion  shall be also from the one sea to
  the other, and from the flood unto the world's end.
                                      Psalms.
    Or thence from Niger Jloocf unto Atlas mount,
  The kingdoms of Almanzor, Fez, and Sus. Milton.
                 All dwellings else
  JFfoocf overwhelm'd, and them with all their pomp
  Deep under water roll'd; sea cover'd sea,
  Sea without shore.        Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Arcadia's flow'ry plains and pleasing floods.
                               Dryden's Virgil.
2. A deluge; an inundation.
    You see  this confluence; this great flood of visit-
  ers.                             Shakspeare.
    By sudden floods, and fall of waters,
  Buckingham's army is dispers'd and scatter'd.
                                  Shakspeare.
3.  Flow; flux;  not  ebb; not reflux; the
   swelling of  a  river by  rain  or inland
   flood.
    We seek to know the moving of each sphere,
  And  the strange  cause o' th'  ebbs and floods of
        Nile.                          Davies.
4. The general  deluge.
    When went there by an age since the great flood,
  But it was fam'd with more than wito one man?
                                  Shakspeare.
    It is  commonly opinioned that the earth was
  thinly inhabited before the Jfoocf.          Brown.
5. Caiamenia.
    Those who have the good fortune of miscarrying,
      VOL. I.
  or being delivered, escape by means of their floods,
  repelling the humours from toeir lungs.    Harvey.
To Flood, flud. v. a. [from  the  noun.]
   To deluge;  to cover with  waters.
    Where meadows are flooded late in spring, roll
  toem with a large barley-roller.        Mortimer.
Flo'odgate,  flo.d'gate.  to. a.  [fiood and
   gate.] Gate or shutter by  which the
   watercourse is closed or opened at plea-
   sure.
    As if the opening of her mouth had opened some
  great floodgate of sorrow,  whereof her heart could
  not abide the violent issue, she sunk to toe  ground.
                                      Sidney.
    Yet there toe steel staid not: but inly bate
  Deep in his flesh, and opened wide a red floodgate.
                                      Spenser.
    His youth, aud want of experience in maritime
  service, had somewhat been shrewdly touched, even
  before the  sluices and floodgates of popular liberty
  were yet set open.                      Wotton.
    The rain descended for forty days,  the cataracts
  or floodgates of heaven being opened.      Burnet.
Floor, fldok.306 to. s. [pfiug,  a plough,
   German.]
1. The broad part  of the anchor  which
   takes hold of the ground.
2.  A flounder; a flat river fish.
FLOOR,  flore.310   to. s.  [plop,   plope,
   Saxon.]
1.  The pavement: a  pavement is  always
   of stone, the floor of wood or stone; the
   part on  which one treads.
    His stepmother,  making all her  gestures  counter-
  feit affliction, lay almost  grovelling  upon  the floor
  of her chamber.                       Sidney.
                He rent  that iron door,
  Where entered in, his foot could find no floor,
  But all a deep descent as  dark as hell.   F. Queen.
                Look how the floor of heav'n
  Is thick inlay'd with patens of bright gold:
  There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
  But in his motion like an  angel sings,
  Still quiring to theyoung-ey'd cherubims.   Shaks.
    The ground  lay strewed with pikes so  thick as
  a floor is usually strewed wito rushes.   Hayward.
    He  winnoweth barley to-night  in the threshing
  floor.                                  Ruth.
2. A  story; a flight of rooms.
    He that building stays at one
  Floor, or the second, hato erected none.   Jonson

To Floor, flore. v. a. [from  the  noun.]
   To cover the bottom with  a floor.
    Hewn stone and timber to floor the houses.
                                 2 Chronicles.
Floo'ring, flo'ring.  to.  s. [from  fioor.]
   Bottom; pavement.
    The flooring is a kind of red  plaister  made of
  brick, ground to powder, and afterwards  worked
  into mortar.                         Addison.
To Flop, flop v. a. [from.flap/]  To clap
   the wings with noise; to play with any
   noisy motion of a broad body.
    A blackbird was frighted almost to death wito a
  huge flopping kite that she saw over her head.
                                  L'Estrange.
Flo'ral, flo'ral. adj.  [fioralis, Lat.] Re-
   lating to Flora, or to flowers.
            Let one great day
  To celebrated sports and floral play
  Be set aside.                           Prior.
Flo'ren, flo'rin. to. s. [So  named, says
   Camden, because made by Florentines]
   A  gold  coin of  Edward III. in   value
   six shillings.
Flo'renoe,  flor'ense. n. s. [from the city
   Florence.] A kind of cloth.

                    5D
Flo'ret, flo'ret. to. s. [fieurette, French.]
   A small imperfect flower.

FLO'RID, flor'id. adj. [fioridus, Latin.]
i.  Productive  of flowers;  covered  with
   flowers.
2.  Bright in colour; flushed with red.
    Our beauty is  in colour inferiour to many flow-
  ers; and when it is most florid and gay, three fits of
  an ague can change it into yellowness and leanness.
                    Taylor's Rule of Living Holy,
    The qualities of blood in a healthy state are to
  beTloricf when let out of the vessel, toe red part
  congealing strongly ana soon.          Arbuthnot.
3.  Embellished;  splendid;  brilliant  with
   decorations.
    The florid, elevated, and figurative way is for
  the passions; for  love and hatred, fear and anger,
  are begotten in the soul,  by shewing their objects
  out of their true proportion.              Dryden.
    How did, pray, the florid youth offend,
  Whose speech you took, aud gave it to a friend?
                                        Pope.
Flori'dity, flo-rid'e-te. to. s. [from florid]
   Freshness of colour.
    There is zfloridity in the face from  the good di-
  gestion of the red part of the blood.       Floyer.
Flo'rid n ess, flor'id-nes. to. s. [fromfiorid.]
1. Freshness of colour.
2. Embellishment; ambitious elegance.
    Though a philosopher need not  delight readers
  wito his floridness, yet  he may take a care that he
  disgust them not by flatness.              Boyle.
Flori'ferous,  flo-rif'fe-rus.618 adj. [fio-
   rifer,  Latin.] Productive of flowers.
FLO'RIJY, florin, to. «. [French.]  A coin
   first made by the  Florentines.  That of
   Germany  is  in value 2s.  4c?.  that of
   Spain  4s. 4rf. halfpenny;  that  of Paler-
   mo and Sicily 2s. 6d. that of Holland 2s.
    In toe imperial chamber the proctors have half a
  florin taxed and allowed them for every substantial
  recess.                               Ayliffe.
Flo'rist, flo'rist.644 to. s.  [fieuriste, Fr.]
   A cultivator  of flowers.
    Some botanists or florists at the least.  Dunciad.
            And while they break
  On toe charm'd eye, to' exulting florist marks
  With secret pride the wonders of his hand.
                                     Thomson.
Flo'rulent, flor'u-lent. adj. [floris, Lat.]
   Flowery; blossoming.
Flo'sculous,  flos'ku-hls. adj. [fiosculus,
   Latin.] Composed  of flowers; having
   the nature or form of flowers.
    The outward part is a thick and carnous cover-
  ing, and toe second a dry and flosculous coat.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To Flote, flote. v. a. [See To fieet.] To
   skim.
    Such cheeses, good Cicely, yefloted too nigh.
                                      Tusser
Flo'tson, flot'sun.   to.  s.  [from flote]
   Goods that  swim without  an  owner on
   the sea.
FLo'TTEN,flot'tn. part, [fromflote.] Skim-
   med.                             Skinner.

To FLOUNCE, flounse.313  v. to. [plonsen,
   Dutch, to plunge.]
I. To move with violence in the  water or
   mire;  to struggle or dash in the water.
    With  his broad fins and forky tail he laves
  The rising surge, and flounces in  the waves. Addis.
2.  To move with  weight and tumult.
    Six flouncing Flanders mares
  Are e'en as good as any two of theirs.      Prior 
FLO
FLO
FL  O
3. To move with passionate agitation.
    When I'm duller than a post,
  Nor can toe plainest word pronounce,
  You neither fume, nor fret, nor flounce.     Swift.
To Flounce, flounse.  v. a.  To deck with
   flounces.
    She was flounced and  furbelowed from head to
  foot: every ribbon was crinkled,  and every part of
  her garments in curl.                    Addison.
    They have got into  the fashion of flouncing the
  petticoat so very deep, toat it looks  like an entire
  coat of lutestring.                        Pope.
Flounce, flounse,  to. s. [from the verb.]
   Any thing sewed to  the  garment,  and
   hanging ioose, so as to swell and shake.
    Nay,  oft in dreams  invention we bestow,
  To change a flounce, or add a furbelow.     Pope.
    A muslin flounce, made very full, would be very
  agreeable.                              PoPe-
Flo'under,  floun'dtir.312  to.  s.  [flynder,
   Danish; fluke, Scotish.] The name  of a
   small  flat fish.
    Like the flounder,  out of the frying-pan into the
  gre                                  Camden.
     Flounders  will  both thrive and breed in any
  pond.                               Mortimer.
To  Flo'under,  floun'dur.   v. n.  [from
  flounce/]  To struggle with violent  and
  irregular motions;  as a  horse  in  the
   mire.
    Down goes at once the horseman and the horse,
  That courser stumbles on the fallen steed,
  And flound'ring throws the rider o'er his head. Dryd.
    The more inform'd, the less he understood,
  And deeper sunk by flound'ring in the mud. Dryd.
    He plung'd for sense, but found no bottom there;
  Then writ and flounder'd on in mere despair. Pope.
To FLO'URISH,  flur'rish.314 v. to. [flo-
   reo,floresco, Latin.]
1. To be in vigour; not to fade.
     The righteous shall flourish like  the palm-tree.
                                        Psalms.
     Where'er you tread, the blushing flow'rs shall rise,
   And all things flourish where you turn your eyes.
                                         Pope.
2.  To be in a prosperous state.
             If I could find example
   Of thousands, that had struck anointed kings,
   And flourish'd after, I'd not do't: but since
   Nor brass, nor stone,  nor parchment, bears not one,
   Let villainy itself forswear't.          Shakspeare.
     Harry, that prophesied thou should'st be king,
   Doth comfort thee in sleep; live thou and flourish.
                                     Shakspeare.
     He was toe patron  of my manhood, when Ijfcrar-
   ishcd in the opinion ofthe world, toough wito small
   advantage to my fortune.                 Dryden.
     Bad men as frequently prosper and flourish, and
   that by  the means of toeir wickedness.     Nelson.
3.  To use  florid language;  to speak with
   ambitious copiousness and elegance.
     Whilst Cicero acts  the part of a rhetorician, he
  dilates and flourishes,  and gives example instead of
  rule.                                  Baker.
     They dilate sometimes and flourish long upon lit-
  tle incidents, and they skip over  and but lightly
  touch the drier part of toeir theme.         Watts.
4.  To describe various figures by inter-
   secting lines; to  play in wanton  and ir-
   regular motions.
             Impetuous spread
  The stream, and smoaking, flourish'd o'er his head.
                                         Pope.
5. To boast; to brag.
6. [In musick.]  To  play some  prelude
  without any settled rule.

To Flo'urish, flilr'rish. v. a.
!. To adorn  with vegetable beauty.
    With shadowy verdure flourish'd higk,
  A sudden youth the groves enjoy.         Fenton.
   To adorn vvitn figures of needlework.
3. To work with a needle into figures.
    All that I shall say will be but like bottoms of
  thread close wound up,  which, with a good needle,
  perhaps may he flourished into large works. Bacon.
 . To move any tning in quick circles or
   vibrations by way  of show or triumph.
    And all the powers of hell in full applause
  Flourish'd  their snakes,  and  toss'd their flaming
      brands.                         Crashaw.
    Against toe post their wicker shields they crush,
  Flourish the sword, and at the plastron push. Dryd.
   To adorn with embellishments  of lan-
   guage; to grace with  eloquence osten-
   tatiously diffusive.
    The labours of Hercules,  though flourished with
  much fabulous matter, yet notably set forth the con-
  sent of all nations  and  ages in  the approbation of
  the extirpating and debellating giants, monsters, and
  tyrants.                                Bacon.
    As they are likely to oyer-flourish their own case,
  so their flattery is hardest to be discovered. Collier.
6. To adorn; to embellish;  to grace.
    To bring you thus together, 'tis no sin,
  Sith that the justice of your title to him
  Doth flourish the deceit.             Shakspeare.
Flo'urish, flur'rish. to. s. [from the verb.]
1  Bravery; beauty;  ambitious splendour.
    I call'd thee then vain floui-ish of my fortune;
  I call'd thee then, poor  shadow, painted queen,
  The presentation of but what I was.    Shakspeare.
    The flourish of his sober youth,
  Was the pride of naked truth.           Crashaw.
2. An ostentatious embellishment, ambi-
   tious  copiousness; far-fetched elegance.
    This is a flourish: there follow excellent parables.
                                        Bacon.
    We can excuse the duty of our knowledge, if we
  only bestow the flourish of poetry thereon, or those
  commendatory  conceits which popularly  set forth
  the eminence of this creature.            Brown.
    The  apprehension is so deeply rivetted into my
  mind, that  such rhetorical flourishes cannot  at all
  loosen or brush it out.                     More.
    Villanies have not the same countenance,  when
  there are  great interests, plausible  colours,  and
  flourishes of wit and rhetorick interposed  between
  the sight and the object.             L'Estrange.
    The so much repeated ornament and flourish of
  their former speeches was commonly toe truest word
  they spoke, toough least believed by them.   South.
    Studious to please .the genius ofthe times,
  With  periods,  points,  and  tropes he  slurs his
        crimes;
  He lards with flourishes his long  harangue;
  'Tis  fine,  say'st thou; what?  to be prais'd and
      hang?                            Dryden.
3. Figures formed  by  lines curiously or
   wantonly drawn.
    A child with delight  looks upon emblems finely
  drawn and painted, and takes some pleasure in be-
  holding the neat characters and J?ouris/tes of a bible
  curiously printed.                        Boyle.
    They were intended only for ludicrous ornaments
  of nature,  like the flourishes about  a great letter
  that signify nothing, but are made only to delight
  the eye.                   More against Atheism.

FLo'uRiSHER,fliir/rish-ilr. n.a. [from^owr-
   ish.]   One  that  is in  prime or in pros-
   perity.
    They count him of toe green-hair'd eld, they may,
        or in his flower;
  For not our greatest flourisher can  equal  him in
        pow'r.                        Chapman.
To FLOUT, flout.313 v. a.  [fluytcn, Dut.
  flouwe,  Frisick.]  To mock;  to  insult;
   to treat  with mockery and contempt.
    You must flout my insufficiency.    Shakspeare.
    The Norweyan banners flout the sky,
  And fan our people cold.              Shakspeare.
    He mock'd us when he begg'd our voices;
  Certainly he flouted us downright.     Shakspeare.
    She railed at her, toat she should be so immodest
  to write to one she knew would flout her.   Shaks.
    PhillidaJJottfs me.             Walton's Angler.
To Flout,  flout, v. to. To  practise mock-
   ery;  to behave with contempt; to sneer.
    Though nature  hath given us wit to flout at for-
  tune, hath not fortune sent in this fool to cut off this
  argument?                          Shakspeare.
    With talents well endu'd
  To be scurrilous and rude;
  When you pertly raise your snout,
  Fleer and gibe, and laugh and j7owf.       Swift.
Flout, flout, to. s. [from  the  verb.]  A
   mock; an  insult;  a word or act of con-
   tempt.
    He would ask of those that had been at the other's
  table, Tell  truly,  was  there never a Jfotci or dry
  blow given?                            Bacon,
    She open'd it, and read it out,
  With many  a smile and leering flout.    Hudibras.
    Their doors are barr'd against a bitter Jicwf;
   Snarl, if you please; but you shall snarl without.
                                      Dryden,
    How many flouts and jeers must I expose myself
  to by tois  repentance? How shall I answer such an
  old acquaintance when he invites  me   to an intem-
  perate cup?                   Calamy's Sermons.
Flo'uter,  flout'ur. to. s. [from^owf.] One
   who jeers.
To FLOW, flo.324 v. to. [plopan, Saxon.]
l.-To run or spread as  water.
    The god am I, whose yellow water Jloics
  Around these fields, and  fattens as it goes.  Dryd,
    Fields of  light and liquid ether flow,
  Purg'd from the pond'rous dregs of earth below.
                                      Dryden.
    Endless tears flow down in streams.     Swift,
2. To run:  opposed to standing  waters.
    With osier floats the standing water strow;
  Of massy stones make bridges, if it flow.  Dryden.
3. To rise;  not to ebb.
    This river hath thrice flow'd, no ebb between.
                                    Shakspeare,
4. To melt.
    Oh that thou wouldst rent the heavens, that the
  mountains might flow down at thy presence.  Isaiah,
5. To proceed; to issue.
    I'll  use that tongue I have: if wit flew  from 't
  I shall do good.                     Shakspeare.
    The knowledge drawn from experience is quite
  of another kind from  that which flows from specu-
  lation or discourse.                      South.
6. To glide smoothly without asperity: as,
   a flowing period.
    This discourse  of Cyprian,  and the flowers of
  rhetorick in it, shew him to have been of a great
  wit and flowing eloquence.            Hakewill
7. To write smoothly; to speak  volubly.
    Virgil is sweet and flotcing in his hexameters.
                                      Dryden.
    Did sweeter  sounds adorn thyj7otcing tongue
  Than ever man pronoune'd, or angels sung.   Prior.
8. To abound; to be  crouded.
    The dry streets flow'd wito men.     Chapman,
9. To be copious;  to  be full.
        Then shall  our names
  Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd. Shaks.
    There every eye  with  slumb'rous chains she
        bound,
  And dash'd  the flowing goblet to the ground.  Pope.
10. To hang  loose and waving.
    He was  cloathed  in  a flowing mantle of green
  silk, interwoven with flowers.           Spectator.
To Flow,  flo. v. a.  To overflow;  to de-
   lude.
    Watering hops is scarce practicable,  unless yoo
  have a stream at hand to flow the ground. Mortimer. 
FLO
FLO
FLO
Flow, flo. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The rise of  water; not the ebb.
     Some from the diurnal and annual motion of the
  earth, endeavour to solve the jToics and motions of
  these  seas,  illustrating  the  same by water in a
  bowl,  that rises or falls according to the motion of
  the vessel.                             Brown.
    The ebb of tides, and their mysterious flow,
  We as arts elements shall understand.    Dryden.

2. A sudden  plenty or abundance.
    The noble power of  suffering bravely is as  far
  above that of enterprising greatly, as an unblemish-
  ed conscience and inflexible resolution are above an
  accidental Jfcno of spirits, or a sudden tide of blood.
                                         Pope.
3. A stream of diction; volubility of tongue.
     Teaching is not a flow of words, nor the draining
  of an hour-glass; but an effectual procuring that a
  man know something which he knew not before, or
  to know it better.                       South.
FLO'WER, flou'ur.98 326 n. s. [fleur, Fr.
  fioa, fiorcs,  Latin.]
1. The part of a plant which contains the
   seeds.
    Such  are reckoned' perfect flowers which have
  petala, a stamen, apex, and stylus; and whatever
  flower wants either of these is reckoned imperfect.
  Perfect flowers are divided into simple ones, which
  are not composed of other smaller, and which usu-
  ally have but one single stile: and compounded,
  which consist of mauy flosculi,  all making but one
  flower.  Simple flowers are monopetalous, which
  have the body of toe flower all of one entire leaf,
  toough sometimes cut or divided a little way into
  many seeming petala, or leaves; as in borage, bug-
  los: or polypetalous, which have distinct petala, and
  those falling off singly, and  not  altogether, as toe
  seeming petala of monopetalous flowers always do:
  but those are further divided into uniform and difform
  flowers: the former have their right  and left hand
  parts, and the forward and backward parts all alike,
  but the difform have no  such regularity, as in the
  flmoers of sage  and dead-nettle.  A monopetalous
  difform flower is likewise further divided  into, first,
  semi-fistular, whose upper part resembles a pipe cut
  off obliquely, as in the arilostochia: 2d, labiate; and
  this either with one lip only, as in the acanthum and
  scordium, or with two lips, as  in the far greater part
  of the labiate flowers:  and  here the upper lip is
  sometimes turned upwards, and so turns the convex
  part downwards,  as in the chamaecissus;  but  most
  commonly the upper lip is convex above, and turns
  the hollow part down to its fellow below, and rep-
  resents a kind of helmet, or monkshood;  and from
  thence these are frequently called galleate, cucul-
  late, and galericulate flowers; and in this form are
  the flowers of the lamium,  and  most verticillate
  plants. Sometimes the lamium is entire, aad some-
  times  jagged or divided.  3d, Corniculate;  that is,
  such hollow flowers as have  on their upper part a
  kind of spur, or little horn, as  the linaria, delphi-
  num, &c. and the carniculum, or calcar, is always
  impervious at the tip or point. Compounded flowers
  are, first, discous or discoidal; that is, whose flosculi
  are set so close, thick, and even, as to make the sur-
  face of the flower plain and flat, which, because of
  its round form, will be like a discus; which disk is
  sometimes radiated, when there is a row of petala,
  standing round in the disk, like the points of a star,
  as in the matricaria, chamsmelum, &c. and some-
  times naked, having no such radiating leaves round
  toe limb of its disk, as in the tanacetum: 2d, plani-
  folious, which is composed of plain flowers, set to-
  gether in circular rows round the centre, and whose
  face is  usually indented, notched, and jagged, as the
  hieracia: 3d, fistular, which is compounded of long
  hollow  little flowers, like pipes, all divided into large
 jags at the ends.  Imperfect flowers, because  they
 want the petala,  are called stamineous, apetalous,
 ami capillaceous; aud those which hang pendulous
 by fine threads, like the juli, are by Tournefort call-
  ed amentaceous,  and we  call them  cats-tail.  The
 term campaniformis is used for such as are in the
   shape of a bell,  and infundibuliformis for such as
   are in the form of a funnel.              Miller.
                  Good men's lives
   Expire before toe flowers in their caps,
   Dying or ere they sicken.            Shakspeare.
     With flow'r inwoven, tresses torn,
   The nymphs  in twilight shade of tangled thickets
         mourn.                         Milton.
     Beauteous  flowers why do we spread
   Upon the monuments of the dead.        Cowley.
     Though the same sun with all-diffusive rays
   Blush in the rose, and in  the diamond blaze,
   We praise the stronger effort of his power,
   And always set toe gem above  the flower.   Pope.
     If the  blossom of  the  plant be of most impor-
   tance, we call it  a flower; such are daisies, tulips,
   and carnations.                          Watts.
 2. An ornament; an embellishment.
     The nomination of persons to those places being
   so prime and  inseparable  a flower of his crown, he
   would reserve to himself.              Clarendon.
     This discourse of  Cyprian, and  the  excellent
  flowers of rhetorick in it, shew him to have been a
   sweet and powerful orator.             Hakewill.
     Truth needs no flow'rs of speech.         Pope.
 3. The prime; the  flourishing part.
     Alas! young man, your days  can ne'er be long:
   In flow'r of age you perish for  a song.       Pope.
 4. The edible part  of  corn; the meal.
     The bread  I would  have in floioer, so as it might
   be baked still to serve their necessary want.
                                        Spenser.
     I can make my audit up, that all
   From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
   And leave me but the bran.           Shakspeare.
     The flowers of grains, mixed  with water, will
   make a sort of glue.                 Arbuthnot.
     But by thy care twelve  urns of  wine be fill'd,
   Next these in  worth, and firm those urns be seal'd,
   Be twice ten measures of the choicest flour
  Prepared, ere yet descends the  evening hour. Pope.
 5. Tne most excellent or valuable part of
   any  thing; quintessence.
     The choice and flower  of all  things profitable the
  Psalms do more briefly contain, and more movingly
  express by reason of their poetical form.   Hooker.
               Thou hast slain
  The flower of Europe for his chivalry.     Shaksp.
     The French monarchy  is exhausted of its bravest
  subjects: the flower of the nation is consumed in its
  wars.                                 Addison.
6. That which is  most  distinguished for
   any thing valuable.
    He is not the flower of courtesy, but, .1 warrant
  him as gentle  as a lamb.             Shakspeare.
Flo'wer de Luce, flou'Ar-de-luse'. to. s. A
   bulbous iris.
    Miller specifies thirty-four species  of this plant;
  and among them the Persian flower de luce is great-
  ly esteemed for the sweetness and beauty of its va-
  riegated flowers, which are in perfection in Februa-
  ry, or the beginning of March.
    Crop'd are  the  flower de luces in your arms;
  Of England's  coat one half is cut away.   Shaksp.
    The iris is the flower de luce.        Peacham.
 To Flo'wer, flou'iir.  v. to.  [fieurir, Fr.;
   or from  the noun.]
I. To  be  in  flower; to  be in blossom; to
   bloom; to put forth  flowers.
    So forth they marched in this goodly sort,
  To take toe solace of  the  open  air,
  And in fresh flowering fields themselves to sport.
                                   Fairy Queen.
    Sacred hill, whose head full high,
  Is, as it were,  for  endless  memory
  Of that dear Lord, who oft thereon was found,
  For ever with a flow'ring garland crown'd-
                                   Fairy Queen.
    Then herbs of  every leaf, that sudden flower'd,
  Op'ning their  various colours.            MUton.
    Mark well the  flow'ring almonds in the wood,
  If  od'rous blooms the  bearing branches load. Dryd.
                    5d2
     To leafless shrubs the flow'ring palms succeed;
   And od'rous myrtle to the noisome weed.    Pope.
   , To be in the prime; to flourish.
     Whilome in youth, when flower'd my  youthful
         spring,
   Like swallow swift, I wandered here and there;
     For heat of heedless lust  me did so sting,
   That I of doubted danger had no fear.    Spenser.
     This cause detain'd me all my flow'ring youth,
   Within a loathsome dungeon there to pine.  Shaksp.
 3. To froth; to ferment;  to mantle, as new
   botlled beer.
     Those above water were  the best, and that beer
   did flower a little: whereas that under water did
   not, toough it were fresh.                 Bacon,
     An extreme clarification  doth spread  the spirits
   so smooth that they become dull, and  the  drink
   dead, which ought to have a little flowering. Bacon.
 4. To come as cream from the surface.
   •  If you can  accept  of these few  observations,
   which have flowered off, and are, as it  were,  toe
   burnishing  of  many studious and contemplative
  years, I here give you them to dispose of.  Milton.
 To Flow'er, flou'ur.xi.a. [from the noun.]
   To  adorn with  fictitious  or imitated
   flowers.
Flo'wekage,   flou'&r-aje.  to.  a.   [from
  fiower.]  Store of flowers.         Diet.
Flo'weret, fl6u'fir-et. to. s. [fieuret, Fr.]
   A flower; a small flower.
     Sometimes her head she fondly would aguise
  With  gaudy garlands, of fresh flow'rets dight,
  About her neck, or rings of rushes plight. F.  Queen.
     That same dew, which sometime on the buds
  Was wont to swell, like round and orient pearls,
  Stood now within the pretty flow'ret's eyes,
  Like tears that did their own disgrace bewail.
                                     Shakspeare.
             So to the Sylvan lodge
  They came, that like Pomona's arbour smil'd,
  With flow'rets deck'd, and fragrant smells. Jtfiffon.
     Then  laughs  the childish year with flow'rets
        crown'd,
  And lavishly perfumes the fields ground;
  But no substantial nourishment receives,
  Infirm the stalks,  unsolid are the leaves.  Dryden.
Flo'wehgarden,  fldu'lir-gar-d'n.  to.  s.
   [fiower and garden] A garden in which
   flowers are principally cultivated.
     Observing that this manure produced  flowers in
  the field, I made my gardener try those shells in my
  flowergarden, and I never saw better carnations or
  flowers.                              Mortimer.
Flo'weriness, flou'iir-e-nes.  to. s. [from
  flowery.]
 1. The state of abounding in  flowers.
2. Floridness of speech.
Flo'weringbush, flou'ur-ing-bush. to.  s.
   A plant.
Flo'wery, flou'lir-re. adj. [from flower]
   Full of flowers;  adorned with  flowers
   reat or fictitious.
     My mother Circe, with the syrens three,
  Amidst the flow'ry kirtled Naiades.      Milton.
             Day's harbinger
  Comes dancing from toe east, and leads with her
  The flow'ry May, who from  her green lap throws
  The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose. Milton.
     O'er his fair limbs a flow'ry vest he threw. Pope.
     To her the shady grove, the flow'ry field,
  The streams and fountains no delight could yield.
                                          Pope.
 Flo'wingly, flo'ing-le. adv.  [from flow.]
   With volubility; with  abundance.
 Flowk, fluke.  7i. s. [fluke,  Scotish.]   A
   flounder; the name of a fish.
     Amongst these the flowk,  sole, and plaice, follow
   the ticfe up into the fresh  waters.          Caretr. 
FLU
FLU
FLU
Flo'wkwort, fluke'wdrt. «. s. The name
   of a plant.
Flown,  flone.   The participle  of fly,  or
  flee, they being confounded; properly ol
  fly-
1. Gone  away.
             For those,
  Appointed to sit there, had left toeir charge,
  Flown to the upper world.               Jtfiffon.
    Where, my deluded sense! was reason floivn?
  Where the high majesty of David's throne? Prior.
2. Puffed; inflated;  elate.
             And when night
  Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
  Of Belial, Jfoion with insolence and wine.  Milton.
     Is this a bridal  or a friendly feast?
  Or from your deeds I rightly may divine,
  Unseemly flown with insolence or  wine.    Pope.
FLu'cTUANT,fltik'tshu-ant.*81  adj. [fluctu-
   ans, Lat.]  Waving; uncertain.
     To be longing for this thing to-day, and for toat
  thing to-morrow;  to change likings for loathings,
  and  to stand wishing  and hankering ,at a  venture,
  how  is it possible  for any  man to be at rest in this
  fluctuant wandering humour and opinion?
                                   L'Estrange.
To  FLU'CTUATE,  fluk'tshu-ate. v. to.
   [fluctuo, Lat.]
1. To roll to and  again,  as water in agita-
   tion.
     The fluctuating fields of liquid air,
   With all the curious meteors hovering there,
  And the wide regions of the land, proclaim
  That Pow'r Divine,  that raised the mighty frame.
                                    Blackmore.
2. To float backward and forward, as with
   the motion of water.
3. To move with  uncertain and hasty mo-
   tion.
             The tempter
   New parts puts on; and, as to passion mov'd,
   Fluctuates disturb'd.                   Milton.
4. To be in an uncertain state; to  feel sud-
   den vicissitudes.
     As toe  greatest part of my estate has hitherto
   been of an unsteady and volatile nature, either
   tost upon  seas, or fluctuating in  funds, it is now
   fixed and settled in substantial acres and tenements.
                                       j3cfcfison.
 5. To be irresolute; to  be undetermined.
 Fluctuation,  fl&k-tshu-a'siiun.  to.   s.
   [fluctuatio, Latin; fluctuation, French;
   from fluctuate.]
 1. The alternate  motion of the water.
     Fluctuations are but motions subservient, which
   winds, storms, shores, shelves, and every interja-
   cency irregulates.                     Brown.
     They  were caused  by toe impulses and fluctua-
   tion of water in the bowels of toe earth.  Woodward.
 2. Uncertainty; indetermination.
     It will not hinder it from making a proselyte of a
   person  that loves fluctuation  of judgment  little
   enough to be willing to be eased of it by any thing
   but  errour.                            Boyle.
Flue,  flu.33S  to.  s. [A word of which I
   know not  the  etymology,  unless  it be
   derived from flew, of fly.]
 1. A  small pipe or chimney  to convey air,
   heat, or smoke.
2. Soft down or fur, such as may  fly in the
   wind.
Flus'llin, flu-eTUn.  to.  *.   The  herb
   Speedwell.
Fluency, fla'en-se. to.  s. [from fluent]
 I.  The  quality of flowing;  smoothness;
   freedom from harshness or asperity.
     Fluency of numbers, and  most expressive figures
  for the poet, morals for the serious, and pleasantries
  for admirers of points of wit.             Garfn.
2. Readiness; copiousness; volubility.
    Our publick liturgy must be cashiered, the better
  to please those men  who gloried in their extempo-
  rary vein and fluency.             ^inS Charles.
    We reason  with such fluency and fire,
  The beaux we baffle and the learned tire.   Ticfcef.
    The common fluency of speech in many men,
  and most women, is owing to a scarcity of matter,
  and a scarcity of words; for whoever is a master of
  language, and hath a mind full of ideas, will be apt,
  in speaking, to hesitate upon the choice of both.
                                       Swiff.
3. Affluence; abundance.  This  sense  is
   obsolete.
    Those who  grow old in fluency and ease,
  Behold him tost on seas.                 Sandy.
    God riches and renown to men imparts,
  Even all they wish; and yet their narrow hearts
  Cannot so great a  fluency receive,
  But their fruition to a stranger leave.     Sandys.
FLU'ENT, flu'ent.'atf/. [fluens, Lat.]
I. Liquid.
    It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stu-
  pified.                                Bacon.
2. Flowing; in motion; influx.
    Motion being a  fluent thing, and one part of its
  duration being independent upon another, it doth
  not follow  that because  any thing moves this  mo-
  ment, it must do so the next.               Ray.
3. Ready; copious; voluble.
    Those have some natural dispositions, which have
  better grace in youth than in age, such as is a fluent
  and luxurious speech.                   Bacon.
    I shall lay before you all toat's within me,
  And wito most Jtnenf utterance.         Denham.
Flu'ent, flu'ent.  to.  s.   Stream;  running
   water.
    Confiding in their hands, that sed'lous strive
  To cut th' outrageous fluent; in tois distress,
  Ev'n in the sight of death.              Philips.
FLu'ENTLY,flu'ent-le. adv. [from fluent]
   With ready flow; volubly; readily; with-
   out obstruction  or difficulty.
FLU'ID, flu'id.  adj. [fluidus, Lat.; fluide,
   Fr.]  Having  parts easily separable;  not
   solid.
       Or serve thee as a flow'ry verge  to bind
  The fluid skirts of that same wat'ry cloud,
  Lest it again  dissolve, and show'r the earth. Milton.
    If particles slip easily, and are of  a fit size to be
  agitated by heat, and the heat is big enough to keep
  them in  agitation, the body is jMcf; and if it be apt
  to stick to things, it is humid.            Newton.
Flu'id,  flu'id. to.  s.
 1. Any thing not  solid.
2. [In physick.] Any animal juice: as the
   blood.
     Consider how luxury hath introduced  new dis-
   eases, and ivith them, not improbably, altered the
   whole course of the  Jfwicfs.           Arbuthnot.
 Flui'dity, flu-id'e-te.  «. s. [fluidite, Fr.
   from fluid]  The quality in bodies op-
   posite  to  stability;  want  of coherence
   between the parts.
     Heat promotes fluidity very much by diminishing
   toe tenacity of bodies; it makes many bodies fluid,
   which are not fluid in cold, and increases the fluidi-
   ty of tenacious liquids as of oil, balsam, and honey;
   and thereby decreases their resistance.   JVeiofon.
     A disease  opposite to this spissitude is too great
  fluidUy.                           Arbuthnot.
 Flu'idness, flu'id-nes.  to.  s. [from fluid.]
   That quality  in bodies  opposite to  sta-
   bility.
     What if we should say that fluidness and stabili-
   ty depend so much  upon the texture of the parts,
   that,  by the change of toat texture,  the same parts
  may be made  to constitute either a fluid or a dry
  body, and that permanently too?           Boyle.
Flu'mmery, flo.m'ur-e. n. s. A kind of food
   made by a  coagulation of wheat flower
   or oatmeal.
    Milk and flummery are very fit for children.
                                       Locke.
Flung, filing. The participle and preterit
   of fling.  Thrown; cast.
    Several  statues  the Romans themselves flung
  into the river, when they would revenge themselves.
                                      Addison,
FLU'OR, flii'or.i68  n. s. [Lat.]
I. A fluid state.
    The particles of fluids which do not cohere too
  strongly, and are of such a smallness as renders
  them most susceptible  of those agitations  which
  keep liquors in  a fluor, are most easily separated
  and rarefied into vapours.               Newton.
2. Catamenia.

Flu'rry, flilr'ie. to. s.
1. A gust or storm of wind;  a hasty blast.
    The boat was upset  by a sudden flurry from the
  north.                                 Swift.
2. Hurry;  a violent  commotion.

To FLUSH, flush, v. to. [fluysen,  Dutch,
   to flow; flus, or flux, Fr.]
1. To flow with  violence.
    The pulse of the heart he attributes to an ebulli-
   tion and sudden expansion of toe blood in the ventri-
   cles, after the manner of the milk, which, being
   heated to such a degree, doth suddenly aud all at
   once, flush up and run over the vessel.     Ray,
     It flushes violently out of the^ cock for about a
   quart, and then stops.                Mortimer:
2. To come in haste.
     If the place but affords
   Any store of lucky birds,
   As I make 'em to  flush
   Each owl out of his bush.           Ben Jonson.
3. To glow in  the skin; to produce a co-
   lour in the face  by a  sudden  afflux of
   blood.  It is  properly used of a sudden
   or transient heat  of countenance; not of
   a settled complexion.
     Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears
   Had left the flushing in  her gauled eyes,
   She married.                       Shakspeare.
     Thus Eve with count'nance  blithe her story told.
   But in her cheek distemper flushing glow'd. Milton.
     What  can  be more significant than the sudden
  flushing and confusion of a blush?        Collier.
     What means that lovely fruit? What means,alas!
   That blood which flushes guilty in your face? Dryd.
             At once, array'd
   In all the colours of toe flushing year,
   The garden glows.                    Thomson.
4. To shine- suddenly. Obsolete.
     A flake of fire that flushing in his beard,
   Him all amaz'd.                     Spenser.

 To  Flush, fliish. v. a.
 1. To colour; to redden: properly to red-
   den suddenly.
     The glowing dames of Zama's royal court,
   Have faces flush'd with more exalted charms.
                                      Addison.
     Some court, or secret corner seek,
   Nor flush with shame the passing virgin's cheek.
                                         Gay.
 2. To elate; to elevate; to give the appear-
   ance of sudden joy.
     A prosperous people, flushed with great victories
   and  successes, are rarely known to confine their
   joys within the bounds of moderation and innocence.
                                      Atterbury.
 Flush, flush, adj.
 I. Fresli;  fud of vigour.
     He took my father grossly,  full of bread, 
FLU                                     F L U                                     F L\
   With all his crimes broad blown, and Jlusft as May;
   And how his audit stands, who knows, save Heav'n:
                                   Shakspeare.
     I love to wear clothes toat are flush,
   Not prefacing old rags with plusb.    Cleaveland.
 2. Affluent; abounding.  A cant word.
     Lord Strut was not very flush in ready, either to
   go to law,  or clear old debts; neither could he find
   good bail.                          Arbuthnot.
 Flush- fliish. to. *.
 I. Afflux; sudden  impulse; violent  flow.
   This is commonly corrupted to flash:
   as, a flash  of water.
     Never had any man such a loss, cries a widower,
   in the  flush of his extravagancies for a dead wife.
                                   L'Estrange.
     The pulse of the arteries is not only  caused by
   toe pulsation of the heart, driving toe blood through
   them in manner of a wave or flush, but by the coats
   of the arteries themselves.                Ray.
     Success may give him a present jlusft of joy; but
   when the short transport is over,  the apprehension
   of losing succeeds to the care of acquiring. Rogers.
 2. Cards all of a sort.
 To Flu'steu,  fliis'tur.  v.  a.  [from  To
   flush.]  To make  hot  and  rosy with
   drinking; to make half drunk.
     Three lads of Cyprus, noble swelling spirits,
   Have I to-night fluster'd, with flowing cups,
   And they watch too.                Shakspeare.
 FLUTE,  flute.  «.  s. [fiuste,  flute, Fr.;
   fluyte, Dutch.]
 1. A  musical  pipe; a pipe  with stops  for
   the fingers.
             Th' oars were silver,
   Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke.   Shaksp.
     The soft complaining Jfufe
   In dying notes discovers
   The woes of hopeless lovers,
   Whose dirge is whisper'd by the warbling lute.
                                      Dryden.
 2. A channel or furrow in a pillar,  like the
   concave of a flute split.
 To  Flute, flute, v. a.  To cut columns
   into hollows.
 To  FLU'TTER, fltit'tur."8 v. n. [plote-
   pan,  Sax flatter, Fr.]
 1. To take short flights with great agita-
   tion of the wings.
     As an eagle stirreth up her nest, flnttereth over her
   young,  and sprcadeth abroad  her wings, so the
   Lord alone did lead him.          Deuteronomy.
     Think you 've an angel by the wings!
   One that gladly will be nigh,
   To wait upon each morning-sigh;
   To flutter in the balmy air
   Of your well perfumed prayer.          Crashaw.
    They fed, and, flutt'ring, by degrees withdrew.
                                     Dryden.
2. To  move about with  great  show and
   bustle without consequence.
    Excess muddles the best wit, and only makes  it
  flutter and froth high.                    Grew.
    No rag, no scrap of all the beau or wit,
   That once so flutter'd, and that once so writ. Pope.
3. To be moved with quick vibrations or
   undulations.
    Ye spirits, to your charge repair;
  The flutt'ring fan be Zephyretta's care.     Pope.
    They the tall mast above the vessel  rear,
  Or teach the flutt'ring sail to float in air.    Pope.
4. To be in agitation; to move irregularly;
   to be  in a state of uncertainty.
    Tbe relation being brought him what a glorious
  victory was  got, and how long she fluttered  upon the
  wings of doubtful success, he was not surprised.
                                      Howel.
    It is impossible that men should certainly dis-
  cover toe agreement or disagreement of  ideas,
   whilst their thoughts flutter about, or stick only in
   sounds of doubtful signification.           Locke.
     Esteem we these, my friends! event and chance,
   Psoduc'd by atoms from their/ficff ring dance! Prior.
     His thoughts are very fluttering and wandering,
   and cannot be fixed attentively to a few  ideas suc-
   cessively.                             Watts.
  To Flu'tter, fiftt'tiir. v. a.
  1. To drive in disorder, like  a  flock of
    birds suddenly roused.
     Like an eagle in a dovecot, I
   Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioli.       Shaksp.
 2. To hurry the mind.
 3. To disorder the position of any thing.
 Flu'tter, flut'tir.  to. s. [from the verb.]
  1. Vibration;  undulation; quick and irre-
    gular  motion.
     An infinite variety of motions are to be made use
   of in the flutter of a fan: there is the angry flutter,
   the modest flutter, and the timorous flutter.  Add.
 2. Hurry; tumult; disorder of mind.
 3. Confusion;  irregular position.
 Fluvia'tick,  flu-ve-at'ik. adj.  [fluviati-
    cus,  Latin.]  Belonging to rivers.
 FLUX, fluks. to. s.  [fluxus, Latin; flux,
    French.]
  I. The act  of flowing;  passage.
     The simple and primary motion of fire is a flux,
   in a direct line from the centre of the fuel to its
   circumference.                        Digby.
     By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part
   of them is thrown out of toe body.      Arbuthnot-
 2. The state of  passing away, and giving
    place to others.
     Whether toe heat of toe  sun in animals whose
   parts are successive, and  in a continual flux, can
   produce a deep and perfect gloss of blackness.
                                       Brown.
     What the stated rate of interest should be, in the
   constant change of affairs andflux of money, is hard
   to determine.                          Locke.
     In toe constituent matter of one body,  turning
   naturally to another like body,  the stock or fund
   can never be exhausted, nor the/fwa: and alteration
   sensible.                          Woodward.
     Languages, like our bodies, are  in a  perpetual
  flux, and stand  in need of recruits to supply those
   words that are continually falling.         Felton.
3. Any  flow  or issue of matter.
    Quinces stop fluxes of blood.       Arbuthnot.
  .  Dysentery;  disease in which the bow-
   els  are  excoriated   and bleed; bloody
   flux.
            Eat eastern spice, secure
  From burning fluxes and hot calenture.    Halifax.
5. Excrement; that which  falls from bo-
   dies.
    Civet is the very uncleanly flux of a cat.  Shak.
6. Concourse;  confluence.
    Left and abandon'd of his velvet friends;
  'Tis right, quoth he, thus misery doth part
  The flux of company.                  Shaksp.
7. The state of being melted.
8.  That which mingled with the body
   makes it melt.

Flux, fluks. adj. [fluxus, Lat.]  Uncon-
   stant; not durable; maintained by a con-
   stant  succession of parts.

To Flux, fliks. v. a.
   To melt.
2. To salivate; to evacuate by spitting.
    He  might fashionably and  genteelly have been
  duelled or fluxed into another world.       South.
Fluxi'lity,  fluks il'e-te.  n.  s.   [fluxus,
   Latin.]  Easiness of separation of parts;
   possibility  of liquefaction.
     Experiments seem to teach, that  the supposed
   aversation of nature to a vacuum is but  accidental,
   or in consequence partly of the weight and fluidity,
   or at least fluxility of the bodies here below.
                                        Boyle.
 Flu'xion, fluk'shiin. to. s. [fluxio, Lat.]
 I. The act of flowing.
 2. The matter that flows.
     The fluxion increased, and abscesses were raised.
                                     Wiseman.
 3. [In mathematicks.]   The  arithmetick
    or  analysis of infinitely  small  variable
    quantities;  or it is the method of find-
    ing an infinite small, or infinitely  small
    quantity,  which being taken  an infinite
    number of times, becomes equal to  a
    quantity  given.                  Harris.
     A penetration into the  abstruse difficulties and
   depths of modern algebra and fluxions,  are not worth
   the labour of those, who design toe  learned pro-
   fessions as the business of life.            Watts.
 lo FLY, fli. v. to. nret.fiew orfied; part.
   fled or flown, [pieojan, Sax.  To fly
   is properly to use wings, and gives flew
   and flown.   To flee is to escape,  or to
   go  away,  plean, Saxon, and makes^o?-
   They  are now confounded.]

 1.  To move through the  air with  wings.
            Ere the  bat hath flown
   His cloister'd flight.                    Shaksp.
     Fowl  that mayfly above the earth in toe open
   firmament of heaven.                  Genesis.
     These men's hastiness toe warier sort  of you do
   not commend: ye wish they had held themselves
   longer in, and not Jfeion so dangerously abroad be-
   fore the feathers ofthe cause had been grown.
                                     Hooker.
 2. To pass through the air.
     Man is born unto trouble, as toe sparks fly up-
  ward.                                  Job.
 3. To pass  away,  with the idea  of swift-
   ness or escape.
    Ev'n a romance, a tune, a rhime,
  Help thee to pass tbe tedious time,
  Which else would on thy hand remain;
  Though flown, it ne'er looks back again.    Prior.
4. To  pass swiftly.
            The scouts with flying speed
  Return, and through  the city spread the news.
                                     Dryden.
    Earth rolls back beneath the flying steed.  Pope.
5. To  move with rapidity.
    As striplings whip the top for sport,
  On the smooth pavement of an empty court,
  The wooden engine flies and whirls about.   Dryd.
6. To  part with violence.
    Glad to catch this good occasion,
  Most thoroughly to be winnow'd, where my chaff
  And corn shall fly asunder.              Shaksp.
    He bassas' heads, to save his own, made fly;
  And now, the sultan to preserve, must die.  Waller.
7. To  break;  to shiver; to burst asunder
   with a sudden explosion.
    Behold a frothy substance rise;
  Be cautious, or your bottle flies.           Swift.
8. [plean, Saxon; flichen, German.]   To
   run away;  to  attempt escape.  In this
   sense  the  verb  is  properly  to  flee,
   whence fled is formed; but the follow-
   ing  examples show that  they are  con-
   founded:  they are confounded  oftener
   in the present than in the prefer tense.
    Which when the valiant elf perceiv'd,  he leapt,
  As lion fierce, upon the flying prey.      Spenser.
    Ye shall flee, as ye jfeef from before the earth-
  quake.                            ZechariaJt 
FLY
FLY
FOB
    Abiathar escaped, and fled after David. 1 Sam.
    AVhat wonder if the kindly beams he shed,
  Reviv'd the drooping arts again;
  If science rais'd her head,
  And soft humanity, that from rebellion Jfeef.  Dryd.
    He oft desii'd to fly from Israel's throne,
  And live in shades with her and love alone.  Prior.
    I'll fly from shepherds, flocks, and flow'ry plains;
  From shepherds, flocks, and plains I may remove,
  Forsake mankind, and all the world but love.  Pope.
9. To  Fly at.   To  spring with violence
   upon; to fall on suddenly.
    A servant that he bred, thrill'd with remorse,
  Oppos'd against the act, bending his sword
  To his great master; who, thereat enrag'd,
  Flew on him, and amongst them fell'd him dead.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Though the dogs have never seen the dog-killer,
  yet they will come forth,  and  bark, and fly at him.
                                       Bacon.
    No honour, no fortune can keep a man from being
  miserable, when an enraged conscience shall fly at
  him,  and take him by the throat.           South.
    This is an  age  thatjlies at all learning, and en-
  quires especially into faults.               South.

10. To Fly in the face.   To insult.
    This would discourage  any  man from  doing you
  good, when you will either neglect him, or fly in
  his face; and he must expect  only danger to him-
  self.                                   Swift.
11. To Fly in the face. To act in defiance.
            Fly in nature's face:
  —But how, if nature fly in my face first?
  —Then nature's the aggressor.         Dryden.
12. To Fly off.   To revolt.
    Deny  to speak to me?  They're sick, they're
        weary,
  They have travell'd all the night!  mean fetches;
  The images of revolt and flying off.       Shaksp.
            The traitor Syphax
  Flew off at once with his  Numidian horse. Addison.
13. To Fly out. To burst into passion.
    How easy is a noble spirit discern'd,
  From harsh and sulphurous matter that flies out
  In contumelies, makes a noise, and stinks.
                                   Ben Jonson,
    Passion is apt to ruffle,  and pride will fly out into
  contumely and neglect.                  Collier.
14.  To  Fly  out.  To break  out  into  li-
   cence.
    You use me like a courser spurr'd and rein'd:
  If I fly out, my fierceness you command.   Dryden.
    Papists, when unopposed, fly out into all the pa-
  geantries of worship; but when they are hard pressed
  by arguments, lie close intrenched behind the council
  of Trent.                            Dryden.
15. To Fly out.  To start violently from
   any direction.
    All bodies, moved circularly, have a  perpetual
  endeavour to recede from the centre, and every mo-
  ment would fly out in right lines, if they were not
  restrained.                           Bentley.

16. To let Fly.   To  discharge.
    The noisy culverin, o'ercharg'd, fefs fly,
  And bursts, unaiming, in the rended sky. Granville.
17. To be light and unencumbered:  as, a
  flying camp.
To Fly, fli.  v. a.
]. To  shun;  to avoid;  to decline.
   Love like a shadow flies, when substance love
        pursues;
  Pursuing that  which flies, and flying what pursues.
                                   Shakspeare.
            O Jove, I think
  Foundations fly the wretched; such Imean,
  Where they should be reliev'd.           Shaksp
   If you fly physick in  health altogether, it will be
  too strange for your body when you shall need it.
                                       Bacon.
   0 whither shall  I run, or which way fly
 The sight of this so horrid  spectacle.      Milton.
 2.  To refuse association with.
     Sleep flies the wretch; or when with cares opprest,
   And his toss'd limbs are weary'd into rest,
   Then dreams invade.                   Dryden.
     Nature J7ies him like enchanted ground.  Dryd.
 3.  To quit by flight.
     Dedalus to fly the Cretan shore,
   His heavy limbs on jointed pinions bore,
   The first who sail'd in air.               Dryden.
 4.  To attack by a bird  of prey.
     If a man can tame this monster,  and with her fly
   other ravening fowl, and kill them, it  is somewhat
   worth.                                Bacon.
 5.  It is probable that fiew  was  originally
    the preterit of fly,   when  it  signified
    volation, and fled when it  signified es-
    cape; flown  should be confined likewise
   to volation;  but  these  distinctions   are
   now confounded.  I  know not any book
   except  the  scriptures in  which fiy and
  flee are carefully kept separate.
 Fly, fli. to. s. [p.eoge, Saxon.]
 1.  A small winged  insect of many species.
     As flies  to wanton boys, are we to th' gods:
  They kill us for their sport.             Shaksp.
     My country neighbours begin to think of being in
  general, before they come to think of the fly in their
  sheep, or the tares in their corn.           Locke,
     To prevent the fly,  some propose to  sow ashes
  with the seed.                       Mortimer.
         To heedless flies the window proves
  A constant death.                     Thomson.
 2.  That part of a  machine which,  being
   put into a quick  motion,  regulates and
   equalises the motion of the rest.
     If we suppose a man tied in the place of the
  weight, it were easy, by a single hair fastened unto
  the fly or balance of the jack, to draw him up from
  the ground.                          Wilkins.
 3. That part of a vane which  points how
   the  wind blows.

 To Fly'blow,  fli'blo.  v.  a.   [fly  and
   blow.]   To  taint with flies; to fill with
   maggots.
     I am unwilling to believe that he designs to play
  tricks, and to flyblow   my words, to make others
  distaste them                      Stillingfleet.
             Like a flyblown cake of tallow;
  Or, on parchment, ink turn'd yellow.       Swift.
     So morning insects,  that in muck begun,
  Shine, buz, and flyblow in the setting sun.    Pope.
 Fly'boat, fli'bote.  to. s.  [fly and boat.]
   A kind  of vessel nimble and light  for
   sailing.

 Flyca'tcher, fli'katsh-ilr. to.  s.  [fly  and
   catch.]   One that hunts flies.
     There was more need of Brutus in Domitian's
  days, to mend, than of Horace,  to  laugh at a fly-
  catcher.                              Dryden.
     The swallow was a flycatcher as well as the spi-
  der-                              L'Estrange.
Fly'er, fli'iir. »8 n.  s. [from fly.]
 1. One that flies or runs away.   This is
   written more frequently flier.
    They hit one another with darts,  as toe others
  do with their hands, which they never throw counter
  but at the back of the flier.               Sandys.
    He grieves so many  Britons should be lost;
  Taking more pains, when he beheld toem yield,
  To save the fliers than to win the field.     Waller.
2. One that uses wings.
3. The fly  of a jack.
4. [In architecture.]   Stairs  made of  an
  oblong  square figure, whose fore and
  back sides are parallel  to each  other,
  and  so   are  their ends: the second  of
  these flyers stands parallel behind the
  first,  the third behind the second, and
  so are said to fly off from one another.
                                    Moxon.
To  Fly'fish, fli'fish. v. to. [fly an&fish\
  To angfe with a hook baited with a fly
  either natural or artificial.
    I shall give you some  directions for flyfishing.
FOAL, fole.29e w. s. [pola, Saxon.]  The
   offspring of a mare, or other beast of
   burden.
             Also flew his steed,
  And with his winged heels did tread the wind
  As he had been a foal of Pegasus's kind. F. Qu^
    Twenty she-asses and ten foals.         Genesis
To Foal, tole. v.  a. [from the  noun]  Jo
   bring forth.   Used of mares.
    Give my horse to Timon: it foals me straight
  Ten able horses.                       Shakm
             Such colts as are
  Of generous race, straight, when they first are/oaf y
  Walk proudly.                          ^  '
To Foal, fole. v. to.   To be disburdened
   of  the fetus. Used of beasts of burden,
    About September take your mares into the house
  where keep them 'till they foal.        Mortimer.
Fo'albit, fole'bit.    )
Fo'alfoot, toie'fut.  3

FOAM, fome.29fl  to. s. [pam, Sax.] The
   white substance which  agitation or fer-
   mentation gathers on the top of liquors;
   froth; spume.
    The foam upon the water.             Hosea,
    Whitening down  their mossy tinctur'd stream
  Descends the billowy/00m.  '          Thomson.
To Foam, fdme. v. to. [from the  noun]
". To froth; to gather foam.
    What a beard of the general's cut  will do among
  foaming bottles and  ale-washed wits is wonderful.
to. s.  Plants.
    Caesar fell down in the market-place, and foam'd
  at mouth, and was speechless.          Shaksp.
    To Pallas high the foaming bowl he crown'4,
  And sprinkl'd large libations on the ground. Pope.
            Upon a foaming horse
  There follow'd strait a man of royal port.  Rome.
2. To be in  rage; to be violently agitated,
    Uefoameth and gnasheth with his teeth.  Mark.
Fo'amy, fo'nie. adj. [from foam.] Cover-
   ed  with foam; frothy.
    More white than Neptune's foamy face,
  When struggling rocks he would embrace. Sidney.
    Behold how high the foamy billows ride!
  The winds and waves are on the juster side. Dryd.
FOB, fob. to. s. [fiuppe, fupsacke, Germ]
   A  small pocket.
    Who pick'd a fob at holding forth.    Hudibras.
    When were the dice with more profusion thrown?
  The well-fill'd fob, not empty'd now alone. Dryd.
    He put his hand into his fob,  and presented me
  in his name with a tobacco-stopper.      Addison.
    Two pockets he called his /06s: they were two
  large slits  squeezed  close bv the pressure of his
  bel'y-1                               swift.
    Orphans  around his bed the lawyer sees,
  And takes the plaintiff's and defendant's fees;
  His fellow pick-purse, watching for a job,
  Fancies his finger's in the cully's fob.    '  Swift-

To  Foe,  fob.  v. a. [fuppen, German.]
'. To cheat;  to trick; to defraud.
  , A,?,nk-U is scurvy> and begin  to find myself
 /0«  iinft     1.                      sdhp-
    Shall there be a gallows standing in England
  when thou art king, and resolution tous febb'd  as
  it is  with the rusty curb of old  father antick the
  Iaw-                                 Shaksp. 
FOD
FOG
FOI
    He goes  pressing forward, 'till  he was fobbed
  again with another story.            L'Estrange
2. To Fob off.   To shift off; to put aside
  with an artifice; to delude by a trick.
            You must not think
  To fob offyour disgraces with a tale.      Shaksp.
    For they poor knaves were glad to cheat,
  To get their wives and children meat;
  But these will not be fobb'd off so,
  They must have wealth and power too.  Hudibras.
    By a Ravenna vintner once betray'd,
  So much for wine and water mix'd I paid;
  But when I thought the purchas'd liquor mine,
  The rascal /066'cf me off with only wine.  Addison.
    Being a great lover of country sports, I absolutely
  determined not to be a minister of state, nor to be
  fobb'd off wito a garter.                Addison.
Fo'oal, fo'kal.88 adj.  [from  focus.]   Be-
  longing to the focus. See Focus.
    Schelhammer demandeth whether the convexity
  or concavity of the drum collects rays into a focal
  point, or scatters toem.                Derham.
Fo'oil,  fos'il.  to. s.   [focile,  Fr.]   The
  greater or less bone between  the knee
  and ankle, or elbow and wrist.
    The  fracture was of both  the focils of the left
  leg.                               Wiseman.
Focilla'tion, fos-il-la'shun. to. s. [focillo,
  Lat.]   Comfort; support.         Diet.
FO'CUS,fb'kns. to. s. [Latin.]
1.  [In opticks.]   The focus of a glass is
  the point of convergence or concourse,
  where the rays meet and  cross the axis
  after  their refraction by the glass.
    The point from which rays diverge,  or to which
  toey converge, may be called toeir focus.  Newton.
2. Focus of a Parabola.    A point in the
  axis within the figure, and distant from
  the vertex by a fourth part of the  para-
  meter, or latus rectum.         Harris.
3. Focus of an Ellipsis.  A point towards
  each  end  of  the  longer  axis;  from
  whence two right lines being  drawn to
  any point in the circumference, shall be
  together  equal to that longer axis.
                                     Harris.
4. Focus of the Hyberbola.   A  point in
  the  principal axis, within the opposite
  hyperbolas;  from  which  if  any  two
  right lines are drawn, meeting in either
  of  the opposite hyperbolas, the differ-
  ence  will be  equal to the  principal axis.
                                       Diet.

FO'DDRR,f6d'dur.TO.s.[po%ne,poben,
  Saxon.]   Dry food stored up for cattle
  against winter.
    Their cattle, starving for want of fodder, corrupt-
  ed the air.                           Knolles.
    Being not to be raised without wintering,  they
  will help to force men into improvement of laud by
  a  necessity of fodder.                   Temple.
    Of grass and Jocicfer thou defraud'st the dams,
  And of their mothers dugs the starving lambs.
                                     Dryden.
To   Fo'DnER, fod'dfir.  v.  a.  [from  the
  noun.] To feed  with dry  food.
    Natural earth is taken from  just under the turf
  of tbe best pasture ground, in a place that has been
  well/oefdered on.                      Evelyn.
            From winter keep,
  Wcll/ocfcferecf in the stalls, thy tender sheep. Dryd.
    A farm of fifty pound hath commonly three barns,
  with as many cowyards to fodder  cattle in.
                                   Mortimer.
    Straw will do well enough to fodder with.
                                   Mortimer.
Fo'dderer, fod'dur-rur. «. s.  [from fod-
   der.] He who fodders cattle.
FOE, f'6.*B6 to. s. [pah, Sax. fae, Scotish.]
1. An enemy in war.
    Ere he had established his throne,
  He fought great battles with  his  savage foe,
  In which he toem defeated ever more.   F. Queen.
    Never but once more was either like
  To meet so great a foe.                  Milton.
2. A  persecutor;  an  enemy  in  common
   life.
    God's benison go with you, and with those
  That would make good or bad, and friends of foes.
                                       Shaksp.
    Forc'd by toy worth, thy foe in death become,
  Thy friend has lodg'd thee in a costly tomb. Dryd.
              Thy defects to know,
  Make  use of ev'ry friend, and ev'ry/oe.     Pope.
3. An opponent; an ill wisner.
    He  that considers and inquires into toe reason of
  things, is counted a foe to received  doctrines. Watts.
Fo'eman, fo'man. to. s. [from/of and man.]
   Enemy in war; antagonist.  Obsolete.
    Here haunts that fiend, and does his daily spoil;
  Therefore henceforth be at your keeping well,
  And ever ready for your foeman  fell.     F. Q,ueen.
    What valiant foeman, like to Autumn's corn,
  Have we mow'd down in top of all their pride ?
                                       Shaksp.
FOE'TUS, fe'tus.296 n. s.   [Latin.]  The
   child in the womb,  after  it  is perfectly
   formed: but before  it is called embryo.
                                     Quincy.
    Afatus, in the mother's womb,  differs not much
  from the state of a vegetable.             Locke.
FOG, f6g. to. s. [fog,  Danish, a storm.] A
   thick mist;  a moist dense vapour near
   the surface  of the  land or  water.
            Infect her beauty,
  You fensuck'd fogs drawn by the powerful sun,
  To fall and blast her pride.               Shaksp.
    Lesser mists and fogs  than those which covered
  Greece with so long darkness, present great alter-
  ations in the sun and moon.             Raleigh.
    Fly, fly, profane fogs! far hence  fly away;
  Taint  not the pure streams of the springing day
  With your dull influence; it is for you
  To sit and  scoule upon night's heavy brow.
                                      Crashaw.
    Fogs we frequently observe after sunsetting even
  in our hottest months.                Woocftoarcf.
Fog, fog. to. s. [fogagium,  low Lat.  Gra-
   men  in foresta regis locatur pro fogagio:
   Leges  forest.   Scoticaz]   Aftergrass;
   grass which grows in autumn after  the
   hay is mown.
Fo'ggily, fog'ge-le.383 adv. [from foggy.]
   Mistily; darkly;  cloudily.
Fo'GGiNESs,fog'ge-nes. to. s. [from foggy.]
   The  state  of   being dark  or  misty;
   cloudiness;  mistiness.
Fo'ggy, fog'ge.383  adj. [from fog.]
1. Misly; cloudy; dank; full of moist  va-
   pours.
    Alas! while we are wrapt in foggy mist
  Of our self-love, so passions do deceive,
  WTe think they hurt, when most they do assist.
                                       Sidney.
    And Phoebus flying so, most shameful sight,
  His blushing face in foggy clouds implys,
  And hides for shame.                  Spenser.
          Whence have they tois mettle?
  Is not  toeir climate foggy, raw and dull?   Shaksp.
    As cleerc Phoebus,  when some foggy cloud
  His brightnesse from  the world a while doth shrowd,
  Doth by degrees beginne  to shew his light. Brown.
    Let not air be subject to any foggy noisomeness,
  from fens or marshes near adjoining.       fToffon.
    About Michaelmas, the weather fair, and by uu
  means foggy, retire your rarest plants.     Evelyn-
2. Cloudy  in understanding; dull.

Foh, foh. interjection,  [from pah, Sax. an
   enemy.]  An interjection of abhorrence:
   as if  one should  at sight  of any thing
   hated cry out a foe.'
    Not to affect many proposed matches
  Of her own clime, complexion and degree,
  Whereto we see in all things nature tends,
  Foh! one may smell in such a will most rank,
  Foul disproportions, thoughts unnatural.    Shaksp.
FOTBLE,  foe'bl.299 40S  to. s.   [French.]
   A  weak side; a blind side; a failing.
    He knew the/oi6fes of human nature.    Friend.
    The witty men sometimes have sense enough to
  know their own foible,  and therefore they craftily
  shun the attacks of argument.             Watts.
To FOIL, foil.  v.  a.  [affoler,  to wound,
   old French.]
1. To put to the worst; to defeat; though
   without  a complete  victory.
              Amazement seiz'd
  The rebel thrones; but greater rage to see
  Thus/oif'cf their mightiest.               MUton.
          Leader of those armies bright,
  Which but th' omnipotent none could have foil'd.
                                       Milton.
    Yet these subject not: I  to thee disclose
  What inward thence I feel, not therefore/oif'cf.-
  Who meet with various objects, from the sense
  Variously representing: yet still free,
  Approve the best, and follow what I approve.
                                       Milton.
    Strange, that your fingers should the pencil foil,
  Without the help of colours or of oil!       Waller.
    He had been foiled in the cure, and had left it to
  nature.                              Wiseman.
    In their conflicts with sin they have been so often
  foiled, that they now despair of ever getting the day.
                                       Calamy.
    Virtue, disdain, despair, I oft have try'd;
  And, foil'd, have with new arms my foe defy'd.
                                       Dryden.
        But I, the consort ofthe thunderer,
  Have wag'd a long and  unsuccessful war;
  With various arts and arms in vain have toil'd,
  And by a mortal man at length am foil'd.   Dryden.
2. [fouiller, French.]  To blunt; to dull.
             When light-wing'd toys
  Of feather'd Cupid foil, with wanton dulness,
  My speculative and offie'd instruments.    Shaksp.
3. To defeat; to puzzle.
    Whilst I am following one character, I am cross'd
  in my way by another, and put up such a variety of
  odd creatures in both sexes, that they foil the scent
  of one another, and puzzle the chase.      Addison.
Foil, toil.299 to. s. [from the verb.]
1. A defeat; a  miscarriage; an advantage
   gained without a complete conquest.
    We of thy cunning had  no diffidence;
  One sudden Joif shall never breed distrust. Shaksp.
    Whosoever overthroweth his mate in such sort,
  as that either his back,  or the one shoulder, and
  contrary heel do touch the  ground, shall be  account-
  ed to give the fall: if he be endangered, and make
  a nareow escape, it is call'd a foil.          Carew.
    So after many a foil the tempter proud,
  Renewing fresh assaults, amidst his pride,
  Fell whence he stood  to see his victor fall.  Milton.
    When age shall level me to impotence,
  And sweating pleasure leave me on the foil.
                                     Southern.
    Death never won a stake with greater toil,
  Nor e'er was fate so near a foil.          Diyden,
2. [feuille, French.]  Leaf gilding.
    A stately palace, built of squared brick,
  Which cunningly was without mortar laid,
  Whose  walls were high, but nothing stron<* nor
        thick, 
FOL
POL
F O  L
  And golden foil all over them display'd.  F. Qjueen.
    Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil,
  Nor iu the glistering Joif
  Set off to  th' world, nor in broad rumour lies. Milt.
3. Something of another colour near which
  jewels  are set to raise their lustre.
    As she a black silk cap on him begun
  To set for foil of his milk-white to serve.   Sidney.
     Like bright metal  on a sullen ground,
  My reformation glittering o'er my fault,
  Shall  shew more goodly, and attract more eyes,
  Than that which hath no foil to set it off.   Shaksp.
     The sullen passage of thy weary steps
  Esteem a/oif, wherein thou art to set
  The precious jewel of thy home.          Shaksp.
     'Tis the property of all  true diamonds to  unite
  the foil closely to itself, and  thereby better aug-
  ment its  lustre: the/oif is a mixture of mastich and
  burnt ivory.                             Grew.
     Hector has a foil to set him off: we oppose the
  incontinence of Paris to the temperance of Hector.
                                       JSroome.
 4.  [from  fouiller, French.]  A blunt sword
    used in fencing.
     He  that  plays the king shall be welcome;  his
  majesty shall have tribute of  me; the adventurous
  knight shall use his foil and target.        Shaksp.
 Fo'iler, foil'ur. to. s. [from foil.]  One who
    has gained advantage over  another.
 To FOIN, foin.399 v. to. [foindre, French.
    Skinner.]   To  push in  fencing.
     He hew'd, and lash'd, and foin'd, and  thunder'd
         blows,
  And every way did seek into his life;
  Ne plate, ne mail, could ward so mighty throws,
  But yielded passage  to his  cruel knife.   F. Queen.
     He cares not what mischief he doth, if his wea-
  pon be out: he will foin like any devil; he will spare
  neither man, woman, nor child.          Shaksp.
     Then  both, no moment lost, at once advance
  Against  each other,  arm'd with sword and lance:
  They lash,  they foin, they  pass, they strive to bore
  Their corslets, and toe thinnest parts explore.
                                        Dryden.
 Foin, foin. to. s. [from the verb.] A thrust;
    a push.
 Fo'iningly, fo!n'ing-le. adv.  [from foin.]
    In a pushing manner.
 Fo'ison, foe'z'n.170  n. s. [poipon, Sax.]
    Plenty;  abundance.   Out of use.
      Pay justly thy tithes, whatsoever thou be,
    That God may in blessing send foison to  thee.
                                        Tusser.
      Be wilful to kill,  and unskilful to store,
    And look for no foison, I tell thee before. Tusser.
            Nature should bring forth,
    Of its own kind, all foison, all abundance,
    To feed my innocent people.             Shaksp.
      As those toat feed grow full, as blossoming time
    That from the seedness of the bare fallow brings
    To teeming/oison; so her plenteous womb
    Expresseth his full tilth and husbandry.    Shaksp.
  To Foist,  foist.399  v.   a. [fausser,  Fr.]
    To insert by forgery.
      Lest  negligence  or  partiality might  admit  or
   foist in  abuses and corruption, an archdeacon  was
    appointed to take account of their doings.  Carew.
     Forge law, and foist into some by place
    Of some old rotten roll.                 Dryden.
 Foi'stiness, foist'e-nes.TO. s. [from foisty]
    Fustiness; mouldiness.
     Dress mustard, and lay  it in cellar up sweet,
   Lest foistiness make it for  table unmeet.   Tusser.
 Fo'isrv, foist'e. adj. [See Fusty.] Mouldy;
    fusty.
 FOLD, fold. «. s. [palaefc, palfc, Sax.]
 1.  The  ground  in which sheep  are con-
    fined.
     His eyes he open'd, and beheld a field
  Part arable and tilth; whereon were sheaves
  New reap'd; the other part, sheepwalks and folds.
                                       MUton.
    In thy book record their groans,
  Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold
  Slain.                                 Milton.

2. The place  where sheep are housed.
    Time drives toe flocks  from field to fold,
  When rivers rage and rocks grow cold;
  And Philomel becometh dumb,
  And all complain of cares to come.      Raleigh.
3. The flock  ot sheep.
    And this you see I scarcely drag along,
  Who yeaning on the rocks has ieft her young,
  The hope and promise of my failing/of d.   Dryden.
4. A limn; a  boundary.
    Secure from meeting,  toey 're distinctly roll'd;
  Nor leave their seats, aud pass the dreadful/of ci.
                                       Creech.

5. [from pilb, Saxon.]  A double; a com-
   plication;  an involution;  one  part added
   to another; one part  doubled upon ano-
   ther.
           She in this trice of time
   Commits a thing so monstrous, to dismantle
   So  many folds of favour.                 Shaksp.
    The ancient Egyptian  mummies were shrowded
   in a number of folds of linen, besmeared with gums.
                                        Bacon.
    Not with indented wave, the  serpent then
   Prone on the ground, as  since;  but on his rear
   Circular base of rising/of cis, that tower'd
   Fofcf above/of cf, a  surging maze!        Jtfiffon.
     Let the draperies be nobly spread upon toe body,
   and let the folds be large: the parts should be often
   traversed by the flowing  of the folds.      Dryden.
     With fear and wonder seiz'd, the  crowd beholds
   The gloves of death, wito seven distinguish'd/ofefs
   Of tough bull  hides.                    Dryden.
     The inward coat of a  lion's stomach has stronger
  folds than a human, but in other things not much
   different.                           Arbuthnot.
 6. From the  foregoing signification is de-
    rived the  use  of foId  in composition.
    Fold signifies the same  quantity added:
    as twofold, twice  the quantity;  twenty
   fold, twenty times  repeated.
     But other fell  into good ground, and brought
   forth fruit; some an hundred fold, some sixty fold,
   some thirty fold.                       Matthew.
                 At last appear
   Hell bounds high reaching to the horrid roof,
   And  thrice fftree  fold the gates: three folds were
         brass,
   Three iron, three of adamantine rock.     Milton.
     Their martyr'd  blood  and ashes sow
   O'er all th' Italian fields, where still doth sway
   The triple tyrant;  that from these may grow
   A hundredfold.                        Milton.

  To Fold, fold. v. a.  [from the noun.]
  1. To  shut sheep in the fold.
     The star that bids the shepherd fold,
   Now  toe top of heav'n doth hold.         Milton.
     We see that the folding of sheep  helps ground,
   as  well by toeir warmth as by their  compost.
                                        Bacon.
           She in pens his flocks wi\\ fold,
   And then produce her dairy store,
   With wine to drive away the cold,
   And unbought dainties of the poor.       Dryden.
 2. To  enclose; to include;  to shut.
     We will descend and fold him in  our arms.
                                        Shaksp.
     Witness my sod, now in the  shade of death,
   Whose bright outshining beams thy  cloudy wrath
   Hath in eternal darkness/ofcfecf up.        Shaksp.
      The fires i' to' lowest heWfold in tbe people!
                                        Shaksp.
  3. [palban,  Saxon.]   To  double; to com-
    plicate.
      As a vesture shalt thou fold them up.       Heb.
    Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, alittle/bM^
  of the hands to sleep.                  Proverbs.
    They be f olden together as thorns.     Nahun.
    I have seen her rise from her bed, unlock her
  closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon 't, read
  it, seal it, and again return to bed.        Shaksp.
    Conscious of its own impotence, it folds its arms
  in despair, and sits cursing in a corner.    Cottier.
    Both  furl their sails, and strip them for the fight:
  Their folded sheets dismiss the useless air. Dryden.
To Fold,  fold.  v. to.   To  close over an-
   other  of the same kind;  to join  with
   another of the same  kind.
    The  two leaves of toe one door were folding
  and the two leaves ofthe other door were folding.'

FOLIA'CEOUS, fo-Ie-a'shus. adj. [}Z.
   aceus,  from folium,  Lat.]   Consisting
   of laminae or  leaves.
    A piece of another, consisting ©f an outer  crust
  of a ruddy talky spar, and  a blue talky foliaceom
  spar.                               Woodward.
Fo'liage, fo'le-adje.90 to. s.  [folium,^.
  feuillage,  French.]   Leaves;  tufts of
   leaves; the  apparel of leaves to a plant.
    The great columns are finely engraven with fruits
   and foliage, that run twisting about toem from the
   very top to the bottom.                Addison.
    When swelling buds their od'rous foliage shed,
   And gently harden into fruit, the wise
   Spare not the little offsprings, if they grow
   Redundant.                           Philips.
 To Fo'liate, fo'le-ate. v.  a. [foliatus,
    folium, Lat.]  To beat into laminae or
   leaves.
    Gold/of iaf ecf, or any metal fol iated, cleaveth.
                                       Bacon,
    If gold he foliated, and held between your eyes
   and the light, the light looks of a greenish blue.
                                      NewUm,
 Folia'tion, fo-le-a'shun.  to.  s. [foliatio,
   folium, Lat.]
 1.  The act of beating into thin leaves.
 2.  Foliation is one of the parts of a flower,
    being the collection of those fugacious
    coloured  leaves  called petala, which
    constitute the compass of the flower;
    and sometimes guard  the  fruit which
    succeeds the foliation, as in apples and
    pears, and sometimes  stand within it,
    as in  cherries and  apricots; for these,
    being tender and  pulpous, and coming
    forth  in the spring, would be injured by
    the weather, if they were  not lodged up
    within their flowers.             Quincy,

 Fo'liature,  fo'le-a-tshure.   n.  s. [from
   folium, Lat.]   The state of being  ham-
    mered into leaves.                 Diet.
 FO'LIO, fb'\e-b. n.  s. [in folio, Latin] A
    large book of which the pages are form-
    ed by a sheet of paper once doubled.
     Plumbinus and  Plumeo made less progress  in
   knowledge, though they had read over more/«'«"•
                                         Waili-
 Fo'liomort,   fo'le-6-mort.   adj. [folium
    mortuum,  Lat.]   A  dark  yellow; the
    colour of a leaf faded: vulgarly  called
    philomot.
     A flinty pebble was of a dark green colour, and
   the exteriour cortex of afoliomort colour.
                                      Woodward.
 FOLK,  foke. to.  s.  [pole,   Saxon;  volk,
    Dutch: it is properly a noun collective,
    and has no plural but  by  modern cor-
    ruption.] 
FOL
FOL
FO  M
1. People, in familiar language.
    Never  troubling him,  either with  asking ques-
  tions, or finding fault with his melancholy, but ra-
  ther fittino- to his dolor dolorous discourses of their
  own and other folk's misfortune.           Sidney.
    Dorilaus having  married his sister, had his mar-
  riage in short time blest, for so are folk wont to say,
  how unhappy so ever the children after grow, with
  a son.                                 Sidney.
           When with greatest art he spoke,
  You'd think he talk'd like other folk;
  For all a  rhetorician's rules
  Teach nothing but to name his tools.    Hudibras.
2. Nations; mankind
    Thou shalt judge the folk righteously, and govern
  the nations upon earth.                  Psalms.
3.  Any  kind of  people as discriminated
   from others.
    The river thrice hath flow'd, no ebb between;
  Ami the old folk, time's doting chronicles,
  Say it did so a little time before.         Shaksp.
    Aii'Ti- is a kind of baseness: as it appears well in
  toe weakness of children, women, old folks,  and
  sick folks.                      _  #     Bacon.
4. It is  now used only in  familiar or bur-
   lesque  language.
    Old good man Dobson of toe green,
  Remembers he the tree has seen,
  And goes with/offcs to shew the sight.      Swift.
    He walk'd and wore a threadbare cloak;
  He din'd andsupp'd at charge of other folk. Swift.
Fo'lkmote, foke'mote.  to. s. [from folk
   and  mo'c]
    Those  hills were  appointed  for two special uses,
  and built  by two several nations:   the one is  that
  which you call/offemofes, built by  the  Saxons, and
  signifies in the Saxon a meeting of folk.   Spenser
Fo'llicle, fil'le-kl. n. s. [jolliculus, Lat.]
1. A cavity in any body with strong coats.
    Although there be no eminent and  circular  fol-
  licle, no round bag or vesicle, which long containeth
  this humour; yet is there a manifest  receptacle of
  choler from the liver into the guts.        Brown.
2. Follicle is a term in  botany,  signifying
   seed-vessels, capsula seminalis, or case,
   which  some  fruits  and seeds have over
   them;  as that of the alkengi, pedicula-
   ris, Sec.                          Quincy.
To FO'LLOW, f6ri6.*w v.  a.  [poljian,
   Saxon; volgen, Dutch.]
1. To go after; not before, or side by side.
    I had rather, forsooth, go before you like a man,
  than follow him like a dwarf.         Shakspeare.
         Him and all his train
  Follow'd  in bright procession, to behold
  Creation, and the wonders of his might.   MUton.
             What could I do,
  But follow strait, invisibly thus led?      MUton.
2. To pursue as  an enemy; to chase.
    Where ranks fell thickest was indeed the place
  To seek Sebastian, through a track of death
  I follow'd him by groans of dying foes.    Dryden.
3. To accompany; not to forsake.
    Yet doubt not but in valley and in plain
  Gail is as  here, and will be found alike
  Present, and of his presence many a sign
  Still following thee, still  compassing thee round
  With goodness and paternal love, his face
  Express, and of his steps the track divine.  Milton.
                Up he rode,
  Follow'd with acclamation and the sound
  Symphonious of ten thousand harps that tun'd
  Angelic harmonies.                     MiUon.
4. To attend as a dependant.
    And the three eldest sons of Jesse went  and fol-
  lowed Saul to the battle.               1  Samuel.
    Let not the muse then flatter lawless sway,
  Nor follow fortune where she leads the way.  Pope.
5. To go  after, as a teacher.
    Not yielding over to old age his country delights,
      VOL. I.
  he was at that time following a merlin.    Sidney.
    Some pious tears the pitying hero paid,
  And follow'd with his eyes toe fleeting shade. Dryd.
    We follow fate, which does too fast pursue. Dryd.
6. To succeed in order of  time.
    Such follow him as shall be register'd,
  Part good, part bad, of bad the longer scroll. Mill.
    Signs following signs, lead on the mighty year.
                                         Pope.
7. To  be  consequential  in argument, as
   effects  to  causes.
    I laugh, when those who at the spear are bold
  And vent'rous, if that fail toem, shrink and fear
  What yet they know must follow, to endure
  Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain.     Milton.
8. To imitate;  to copy as a pupil; or to be
   of an opinion or party.
    Where Rome keepeth that which is ancienter and
  better, others, whom we much more affect, leaving
  it for newer,  and changing it  for  worse, we had
  rather follow the perfections of them whom we like
  not, than in defects resemble toem whom we love.
                                       Hooker.
    Ill patterns are sure to be followed more than
  good rules.                            Locke.
9. To obey;  to observe, as a guide or di-
   rection.
    If all who do not follow oral tradition  as their
  only rule  of faith are not of the church, then  all
  who follow the council of Trent are no christians.
                                      Tillotson.
             Most men admire
  Virtue, who follow not her lore.    Par. Regain'd.
    Fair virtue, should I folloio thee,
  I should be naked and alone,
    For thou art not in company,
  And scarce art to be found in one.         Evelyn,
10. To pursue as  an object of desire.
    Follow peace with all men.           Hebrews.
    Follow not that which is evil.           John.
11. To  confirm  by new  endeavours;  to
   keep up indefatigably.
    They bound themselves to his laws and obedi-
  ence; and  in case it had been followed upon them,
  as  it should have been, they should have been re-
  duced to perpetual civility.              Spenser.
1 2. To attend to;  to be busied with.
    He that undertaketh and followeth other men's
  business for gain, shall fall into  suits.      Ecclus.
To Fo'llow, fol'lo. V. TO.
I. To come after  another.
    The famine shall follow close after you.    Jer.
    Welcome all that lead or follow
  To the oracle of Apollo.             Ben Jonson.
2. To attend  servilely.
    Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion,
  That in the nature of their lords rebels:
  As knowing nought, like dogs, but/offoioing. Shaks.
3. To be posteriour in time.
4. To be consequential, as effect to cause.
    If the neglect or  abuse of liberty to  examine
  what would really and truly make for his happiness
  mislead him, the miscarriages that/offoio on it must
  be  imputed to  his own election.            Locke.
    To tempt them to do what is neither for their own
  nor the good of those under their care, great mis-
  chiefs cannot but follow.                 Locke.
5. To  be  consequential, as  inference to
   premises.
    Though there are or have been sometimes dwarfs,
  and sometimes ^giants in the world; yet it does not
  follow that there must be such in every age, nor in
  every country.                          Temple.
    Dangerous doctrine must necessarily follow from
  making all political  power to  be nothing  else but
  Adam's paternal power.                 Locke.
6. To continue endeavours;  to persevere.
    Then shall we know if we follow on to know the
  Lord.                                  Hosea.
Fo'llower, fol'16-ur. to. s. [from follow.]
                     5e
 1. One who comes after another; not be-
   fore him, or side by side.
    Little gallant, you were wont to be a follower; but
  now you are a leader; whether had you rather lead
  mine eyes, or eye your master's heels?     Shaksp.
    No stop, no stay, but clouds of sand arise,
  Spurn'd and cast backward on the follower's eyes.
                                       Dryden.
2. One who observes a guide or leader.
    The understanding that should be eyes to the
  blind faculty of the will, is blind itself; and so brings
  all the inconveniences that attend a blind follower,
  under the conduct of a blind guide.        South.
3. An attendant or dependant.
    No follower, but a friend.               Pope.
4. An associate;  a companion.
    How accompanied,  can'st thou tell that?
  —With Poins, and other his continual followers.
                                    Shakspeare.
5. One under  the command of another.
    I hold it no wisdom to leave unto the Irish chiefs
  too much command over their kindred, but rather
  withdraw their followers from them as much as may
  be, and gather them under the command of law.
                                       Spenser.
    And fore'd ./Eneas, when his ships were lost,
  To leave his followers on a foreign coast.  Dryden.
6. A scholar; an imitator; a copier.
    Be ye followers of me, even as I am of Christ.
                                .  1 Corinthians.
    The true profession of Christianity inviolably en-
  gages all its followers to  do good to all men. Sprat.
    Every one's idea of identity will not be the same
  that Pythagoras and thousands of his /offenders have.
                                         Locke.
    The church of Smyrna professed they worthily
  Ioved the martyrs,  as the disciples and followers of
  our Lord; and because of their exceeding great af-
  fection to their king and  their master.     Nelson.
    The studious head or gen'rous mind,
  Follower of God, or friend of human kind,
  Poet or patriot, rose but to restore
  The faith and moral nature gave before.    Pope.
7. One of the  same faction or party.

Fo'LLY,.f61'le. to. s.  [folie, Fr.]
1. Want  of understanding;  weakness of
   intellect.
        This is folly, childhood's guide,
  This is childhood at her side.        Hawksworth.
2. Criminal weakness;  depravity of mind.
    Think'st thou, that duty should  have dread to
        speak,
  When pow'r to flattery bows? To plainness honour
  Is bound, when  majesty to folly falls.      Shaksp.
3. Act of negligence  or passion unbecom-
   ing gravity  or  deep  wisdom.   In  this
   sense it has a plural.
    Love is blind, and lovers cannot see
  The pretty follies that themselves commit:
  For if they could, Cupid himself would blush
  To see me thus transformed to a boy.      Shaksp.
    Thy hum'rous vein, thy pleasing folly,
  Lies all neglected,  all forgot.              Prior.
    Leave such to trifle with more grace and case,
  Whom folly pleases, or whose follies please. Pope.
To FOME'NT, fo-ment'. v. a. [fomentor,
   Lat. fomenter, Fr.]
1. To cherish  with heat.
             Every kind that lives,
  Fomented by his virtual power, and warm'd. MUton.
2. To bathe with warm lotions.
    He fomented  the head  wito  opiates to procure
  sleep, and a solution of opium in water to foment
  the forehead.                        Arbuthnot.
3. To encourage; to support;  to cherish.
    They love their givings, and foment their deeds
  no less than parents do their children.      Wotton.
    Blame then thyself, as reason's law requires,
  Since nature gave, and thou foment'st my fires.
                                       Dryden, 
F 0  N
F 0  N
F 0  0
    They are troubled with those ill humours, which
  they themselves infused and fomented in them.
                                         Locke.
Fomentation, fo-men-ta'shiln. «. s. [fo-
   mentation, Fr.  from foment.]
 1. A fomentation is partial bathing, called
   also stuping, which is applying hot flan-
   nels  to  any  part, dipped in  medicated
   decoctions whereby  the steams breathe
   into the  parts, and  discuss  obstructed
   humours.                         Quincy.
    Fomentation  calleth forth  the  humour by va-
  pours ;  but yet, in  regard of the way made by the
  poultis, draweth gently the humours out; for it is a
  gentle fomentation, and hath withal a mixture of
  some stupefactive.                      Bacon.
 2. The  lotion prepared  to foment the parts.
    The medicines were prepared by the physicians,
  and the lotions or fomentations by the nurses.
                                     Arbuthnot.
 Fome'nter,  fo-men'tur.  to.  s.  [from fo-
   ment.] One that  foments;  an encoura-
   ger;  a supporter.
    These fatal distempers, as they did much hurt to
  the body politick at home, being like humours stirred
  in the natural without evacuation, so did they produce
  disadvantageous effects abroad; and  better had it
  been, that  the raisers and fomenters of them had
  never sprung up.                        Howel.
Fon, ton. «. s.  [Scotish. A word now ob-
   solete.]  A fool; an idiot.
    Sicker I hold him for a  greater fon,
  That loves the thing he cannot purchase.  Spenser.
FOND, fond. adj. [fon, Scotish.  A word
   of which I have  found no satisfactory
   etymology.  To fonne is in  Chaucer to
   doat, to be foolish.]
 1. Foolish;  silly;  indiscreet; imprudent;
   injudicious.
    That the Grecians  or Gentiles ever did think it
  a fond or unlikely way to seek men's  conversion by
  sermons, we have not  henrd.             Hooker.
    He was beaten  out of all love of  learning by a
  fond school-master.                    Ascham.
             Tell these sad women,
  'Tis fond to wail inevitable strokes,
  As  'tis to laugh at them.             Shakspeare.
    Grant I may never prove so fond
  To trust man on his oath or bond.     Shakspeare.
    I am weaker than a woman's tear,
  Tamer than sleep, fonder than ignorance.  Shaksp.
    Fond thoughts may  fall into some idle brain;
  But one belief of  all, is ever wise.        Davies.
               Thou see'st
  How subtly to detain thee I devise,
  Inviting thee to hear while I relate:
  jFoncf.'  were it not in hope of thy reply.    MUton.
    So fond are mortal  men,
  Fall'n  into wrath divine,
  As  their own ruin on themselves t' invite.   Milton.
    'Twas not revenge for griev'd Apollo's wrong
  Those ass's ears on Midas' temples hung;
  But fond repentance of his happy wish.    Waller.
    But reason with your fond religion fights;
  For many gods are many infinites.        Dryden.
    This is fond, because it is the way to cheat thy-
  self.                                Tillotson.
2. Trifling; valued  by folly.
    Not with fond shekles of toe tested gold,
  Or stones, whose rate are either rich or poor
  As fancy values them.                Shakspeare.
3. Foolishly tender; injudiciously indulgent.
    I'm a foolish fond wife.              Addison.
    Like Venus I'll shine,
  Be fond and be fine.                  Addison.
4. Pleased in too great  a degree; foolishly
  delighted: with of.
    Fame is in itself a real good, if we may believe
  Picerp, who was perhaps too fond of it.  Dryden.
    I, fond of my well-chosen seat,
  My pictures, medals, books complete.      Prior.
    Some are so fond to know a great deal at once,
  and love to talk of things with freedom and boldness
  before they thoroughly understand them.    Watts.

To Fond, fond.         )v.  a.  [from  the
To Fo'ndle, fon'dl.40e5  adjective.]  To
   treat  with great indulgence;  to caress;
   to cocker.
    Howe'er unjust your jealousy appear,
  It does my pity, not my anger move:
  I'll fond it as the froward child of love.   Dryden.
    When, midst the fervour of  the feast,
  The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast,
  And with sweet kisses in her arms constrains,
  Thou may'st infuse the venom in her veins. Diyd.
    They are allowed to kiss the  child at meeting and
  parting; but a professor, who always stands by, will
  not suffer them to use any fondling expressions.
                                        Swift.
To Fond, fond.  v.n.  To be fond of; to be
   in love with; to dote on.
    How will this fadge? My master loves her dearly;
  And I, poor monster, fond as much on him;
  And she, mistaken, seems to dote on me.   Shaksp.

Fo'ndler,  fon'dl-ur.  n.  s. [from fond.]
   One  who  fondles.

Fo'ndling, f6n'dl-ing. to. s. [from fondle.]
   A person or thing much fondled or ca-
   ressed; something regarded with great
   affection.
    Partiality in a parent is commonly unlucky; for
  fondlings are in danger to be made  fools, and the
  children that are least cockered make the best and
  wisest men.                        L'Estrange.
    The  bent  of our own minds may favour any
  opinion or action, that may shew it to be a fondling
  of our own.                            Locke.
    Any body would have guessed miss to have been
  bred up under a cruel stepdame, and John to be the
  fondling of a tender mother.          Arbuthnot.
    Bred a fondling and an heiress,
  Dress'd like any lady may'ress;
  Cocker'd by the servants round,
  Was too good to touch the ground.         Swift.
Fo'ndly, fond'le  adv.  [from fond]
I. Foolishly; weakly; imprudently; injudi-
   ciously.
    Most shallowly did you these arms commence,
  Fondly brought here, and foolishly sent hence. Shak.
        Sorrow and grief of heart
  Makes him speak fondly, like a frantick man.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
    Ficinus fondly adviseth, for the prolongation of
  life, that a vein be opened in  the arm of some
  wholesome young man, and the blood to be sucked.
                                        Bacon.
            The military mound
  The British files transcend, in evil hour
  For their proud foes, that fondly brav'd their fate.
                                       Philips.
    Some valuing those of their  own side or mind,
  Still make themselves the  measure of mankind:
  Fondly  we think we merit  honour then,
  When we but praise ourselves in other men.  Pope.
    Under those sacred leaves, secure
  From common lightning of the skies,
    He fondly thought he might endure
  The flashes of Ardelia's eyes.             Swift.
2. With great or extreme tenderness.
    Ev'n before the fatal engine clos'd,
  A wretched sylph too fondly interpos'd;
  Fate urg'd the sheers, and cut the sylph in twain.
                                        Pope.
    Fondly or severely kind.              Savage.

Fo'ndness, f6nd'ne}s. to. s.  [from  fond.]
I. Foolishness; weakness;  want  of sense;
   want of judgment.
    Fondness it were for any, being free,
  To covet fetters, though they golden be.    Spenser.
2. Foolish tenderness.
    My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee;
  But hence! 'tis gone; 1 give it to the winds. Addis.
                 Hopeless mother!
  Whose fondness could compare her mortal offspring
  To those which fair Latona bore to Jove.   Prior.
3. Tender passion.
    Your jealousy perverts my  meaning still;
  My very hate is construed into fondness. A. Philips,
    Corinna, with that youthful air,
  Is thirty, and a bit to spare:
  Her fondness for a certain earl
  Began when I was but a girl.             Swift.
4. Unreasonable liking.
    They err that either through indulgence to others
  or fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for
  repentance any thing that is less than a sincere reso-
  lution of new obedience, attended  with a faithful
  endeavour, and meet fruits of this change.
                                     Hammond.
Fone, fone. to. s.  Plural of ybe. Obsolete.
    A barbarous troup of clownish /o?ie.    Spenser.
Font,  font.  to. s. [fons, Latin; fonte, Fr]
   A  stone  vessel  in  which the water for
   holy baptism is contained in  the church.
    The presenting of infants  at the holy font is by
  their godfathers.                       Hooker,
             I have no name,  no title:
  No, not that name was given me at the font. Shab.
Fon'tanel, fon'ta-n<M. to.  s.  [fontanelk,
   Fr.] An issue;  a  discharge opened  in
   the  body.
    A person  plethorick,  subject to hot  defluxions,
  was advised to  a fontanel in her arm.   Wiseman
FOJVTA'NGE, fon-tanje'. to.*, [fromthe
   name  of  the first  wearer.]  A knot of
   ribands  on  the  top of the  headdress.
   Out of use.
    Those old fashioned fontanges rose an ell above
  the head; they were pointed like steeples, and had
  long loose pieces of crape, which were fringed, and
  hung down their backs.                Addison.
FOOD,  food.™ 3oe n. s.  [pXban, Saxon;
   veeden, Dutch, to feed; feed, Scotish]
1. Victuals; provision for the mouth.
             On my knees I beg.
  That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed,  and fool
                                    Shakspeare.
    Much food is in the tillage of  the poor.   Prov.
    Under my lowly roof thou  hast vouchsaf'd
  To enter, and these earthly fruits to taste;
  Foocf not of angels, yet accepted so,
  As that more willingly theu could'st not seem
  At heav'n's high feasts t' have fed.       Milton.
    They give us food, which may with nectar vie,
  And wax that does the absent sun supply.  Waller.
2. Any thing  that nourishes.
    Give me some musick: musick, moody food
  Of us that trade in  love.             Shakspeare.
               O dear son Edgar,
  The food of thy abused father's wrath,
  Might 1 but live to see thee in my touch,
  I'd say, I had eyes again.             Shakspeare.
Food'ful, food'ful. adj. [food and full]
   Fruitful;  full of food;  plenteous.
    There Tityus was to see, who took his birth
  From heav'n, his nursing from the foodful earth.
                                       Dryden.
Foo'dy,  f66d'e. adj. [from food.]  Eatable;
   fit  for food.
             To vessels,' wine  she drew;
  And into well-sewed sacks pour'd/oocfty meal. Chapm.
FOOL,  f66l.3°6 to.  s.  [ffol, Welsh; fol,
   Islandick; fol, French.]
1. One to whom nature has denied reason;
   a natural; an idiot.
    Do'st thou call me fool, boy?
  —All thy other titles thou hast given away that thou
  wast born with.                     Shakspeare. 
FOO                                      FOO                                      FOO
     The fool multitude, that chuse by show,
   Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach,
   Which pry not to toe interior.         Shakspeare.
     It may be asked, whether the eldest son, being a
   fool, shall inherit paternal power before the young-
   er, a wise man.                         Locke.
     He thanks his stars he was not born a fool. Pope.
 2. [In  Scripture.]  A wicked man.
     The fool hath said in his heart there is no God.
                                        Psalms.
 3. A term of indignity and reproach.
     To  be thought knowing, you must first put the
   fool upon all mankind.                  Dryden.
 4. One who counterfeits folly; a buffoon;
    a jester.
     Where 's my knave, my fool! Go you and call
   my fool hither.                     Shakspeare.
     I scorn, although their drudge, to be their fool
   or jester.                              Milton.
     If this disguise sit not naturally on so grave a per-
   son, yet it may become him better than that fool's
   coat.                                Denham.
 5. To play the Fool.  To play pranks like
   a hired jester; to jest; to make  sport.
     I returning where I left his armour, found another
   instead thereof, and armed myself therein  to play
   the fool.                              Sidney.
 6. To play the  Fool.  To act like one void
   of  common understanding.
     Well, thus we play the fool  with toe  time, and
   toe spirits of toe wise sit in the clouds and mock us.
                                     S/iafcspeare.
     Is it worth the name of freedom to be at liberty
   to play the fool, and draw shame and misery upon a
   man's  self.                             Locke.

 7. To make  a  Fool  of.   To  disappoint;
   to defeat.
     'Twere as good a deed as to drink when a man's
   a-hungry,  to challenge him  to the field, and then to
   break promise with him, and make a fool of him.
                                     S/iafcspeare.
 To  Fool, f661. v. to. [from the noun.]  To
   trifle; to toy; to play;  to idle; to sport.
     I, in this kind of merry fooling,  am nothing  to
   you; so you may continue and laugh at nothing still.
                                       Shaksp.
             Fool not; for all may have,
   If they dare try, a glorious life, a grave.   Herbert
     If you have the luck to be court-fools, those that
   have either wit or  honesty, you may fool withal,
   and spare not.                        Denhamt
     It must be  an industrious youth  that provides
   against age; and he that fools away the one, must
   either  beg or starve in the other.      L'Estrange.
     He must be happy that knows the true  measures
   of fooling.                        L'Estrange.
     Is this a time for fooling?            Dryden.

 To  Fool, fddl.  v. a.
 1. To treat with contempt;  to  disappoint;
   lo frustrate; to  defeat.
     And shall it in more shame be further spoken;
  That you are fool'd, discarded, and shook off?
                                    S/iafcspeare.
             Him over-weaning
  To over-reach, but with the serpent meeting
  Foof'cf and beguil'd.                    MUton.
     If men loved to be deceived and  fooled  about
  their spiritual  estate, they cannot take a surer
  course  than by taking their neighbour's word for
  that, which can  be known only from their own
  heart.                                 South.
    When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat:
  For fool'd  with hope, men favour the  deceit. Dryd.
    I'm tir'd with waiting for this chemick gold,
  Wliich  fools us young, and beggars us when old.
                                       Dryden.
    I would advise this blinded set of men  not to give
  credit to those, by whom they have been  so often
 fooled and imposed upon.                Addison.
2.  To infatuite;  to make foolish.
    If it be you that stir these  daughters' hearts
  Against their father,/oof me not so much
  To bear it tamely.                      Shaksp.
     When I am read, thou feign'st a weak applause,
  As if thou wert my friend, but lackest a cause:
  This but thy judgment/oofs; the other way
  Would both thy folly and thy spite betray.  B. Jon.
             It were an handsome plot,
  But full of difficulties, and uncertain;
  And he's so fool'd with downright honesty,
  He'll ne'er believe it.                 Denham.
     A long and eternal adieu to all unlawful plea-
  sures: I will  no longer be fooled or imposed upon
  by them.                             Calamy.
     A boor of  Holland whose cares of growing still
  richer and richer, perhaps/oof him so far as to make
  him enjoy less his riches than others in poverty.
                                       Temple.
3. To cheat: as,  to fool one of his  money.
Foo'lborn, fool'born. adj. [fool and born.]
  Foolish from  the birth.
     Reply not to me with a foolborn jest.   Shaksp.
Foo'lery, f661'ur-e.*s7 to. s. [from fool.]
1. Habitual  folly.
     Foolery, sir, does walk about the orb  like toe
  sun; it  shines every where;  I would be sorry, sir,
  but the  fool  should  be  as oft with your master as
  with my mistress.                       Shaksp.
2. An act of folly; trifling practice.
    It is mere foolery to multiply distinct particulars
  in  treating of things, where the difference lies only
  in  words.                              Watts.
3. Object of folly.
    That Pythagoras, Plato, or Orpheus believed in
  any of these/oof cries, it cannot be suspected. Raleigh.
    We are transported wito fooleries, which, if we
  understood, we should despise.        L'Estrange.
Foolha'ppy, f66i-hap'pe. adj.  [fool and
  happy.]   Lucky  without  contrivance
  or judgment.
    As when a ship, that flies fair under sail,
  An hidden rock escaped unawares,
    That lay in wait her wreck for to bewail;
  The mariner, yet half amazed, stares
  At perils past, and yet in doubt he dares
  To joy at his fool-happy oversight.    Fairy  Queen.
1. Void of understanding;  weak of intel-
  lect.
    Thou foolish woman, seest thou not our mourn
ing.'
2 Esdras.
 Foolha'rdiness,   f"661-har'de-n6s.  to.  s.
   [from foolhardy.]  Mad rashness; cou-
   rage without sense.
    There  is a difference betwixt daring and fool-
  hardiness: Lucan and  Statius often ventured them
  too far, our Virgil never.                Dryden.
    A false glozing parasite would call his foolhardi-
  ness valour, and then he may go on  boldly because
  blindly.                                 South.
 Foolha'rdise,  f661-har'dize.  to. s. [fool
   and hardiesse, French.]  Foolhardiness;
   adventurousness  without   judgment.
   Obsolete.
    More huge in  strength than wise  in works he
        was,
  And reason with foolhardise over-ran;
  Stern melancholy did his courage pass,
  And  was,  for terror more, all  arm'd in shining
        brass.                      Fairy Queen.
Foolha'rdt,  fool-har'de. adj.  [fool and
  hardy.]     Daring without   judgment;
  madly adventurous; foolishly  bold.
    One mother, when as her foolhardy child
  Did come too near, and with his talons play,
  Half dead through fear, her little babe revil'd.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Some would be so foolhardy as to presume to be
  more of the cabinet council of God  almighty than
  the angels.                            Howd
    If any yet be so foolhardy,
  T' expose themselves to vain jeopardy;
  If they come wounded off, and lame,
  No honour's got by such a maim.       Hudibras.
Foo'lish,  fdoi'ish. adj. [from  fool.]
                    5e2
              Pray do not mock me;
   I am a very foolish fond old man:
   I fear I am not in my perfect mind.       Shaksp.
     He, of  all  toe  men that ever my foolish  eyes
   looked upon, was the best deserving a fair lady.
                                        Shaksp.
 2. Imprudent;  indiscreet.
              We are come off
   Like Romans: neither foolish in our stands,
   Nor cowardly  in retire.                 Shaksp.
 3. Ridiculous;  contemptible.
     It is a foolish thing to make a long prologue, and
   to be short in the story itself.         2 Maccabees.
     What  could the head  perform alone,
   If all their friendly aids were gone?
   A foolish figure he must make;
   Do nothing else but sleep and ake.         Prior.
     He allows himself in  foolish hatreds and resent-
   ments against particular persons, without consider-
   ing that he is to love every  body as himself.  Law.
 4. [in Scripture.]   Wricked; sinful.
 Foo'lishlv, fodl'ish-le. adv. [from fool-
   ish.]  Weakly; without understanding.
   In  Scripture, wickedly.
     Although we boast our winter sun looks bright,
   And foolishly are glad to see it at its height;
   Yet  so much sooner comes the long and gloomy
         night.                            Swift.
 Foo'lishness,  f661'ish-nes.  «.  s.  [from
   foolish.]
 1. Folly;  want of understanding.
 2. Foolish  practice; actual deviation from
   the  right.
     Foolishness being properly a man's deviation from
   right reason, in point of practice, must needs con-
   sist in  his pitching upon  such an end as is unsuita-
   ble to his condition, or pitching upon means unsuit-
   able to the compassing of his end.          South.
     Charm'd by their eyes, their manners I acquire,
  And  shape my foolishness to their desire.   Prior.
Foo'lstones, fodl'stones.  to.  s.  A plant.
                                       Miller.
Foo'ltrap,   f66l'trap.  to.  s.  [fool and
   trap.]  A snare to catch fools in:  as a
   flytrap.
     Betts at the first, were/ooffraps, where the wise
  Like spiders lay in ambush for the flies.  Dryden.
FOOT, fut.307  „. s.   piural  feet   rj.oCj
   Saxon; voet,  Dut.fiut, Scotish.]
 1. The part upon which we stand.
             The queen that bore thee,
  Oft'ner upon her  knees than on her feet,
  Died every day she lived.                Shaksp.
     His affection to the church was so notorious, that
  he never deserted it, till both it and he were over-
  run and trod under foot.               Clarendon.
2. That by which any thing is supported
   in the nature of a foot:  as, the foot of a
   table.
3. The lower  part; the base.
    Yond'  tow'rs  whose  wanton  tops do  buss the
         clouds,
  Must kiss their  own feet.                 Shaksp.
    Fretting,  by little and little, washes away and
  eats out both the tops and sides and yeef of moun-
  tains.                               HakeuUl.
4. The end; the lower part.
     What dismal cries are those?
  —Nothing;  a trifling sum of misery,
  New  added to the/oof of toy account:
  Thy wife  is seiz'd by force, and born aivay.
                                       Dryden.
5. The  act  of  walking.
    Antiochus departed, weening in his pride to make 
FOO
FOO
F O  O
  toe laud navigable, and the sea passable by foot.
                                    2 Jlfuccabces.
6. On Foot. Walking; without carriage.
    Israel journeyed about six hundred thousand on
  foot.                                   Exodus.
7. A posture of action.
    The centurions  and  their charges, billetted al-
  ready in the entertainment, and to be on foot at an
  hour's warning.                        Shaksp.
8. Infantry; footmen in arms. In this sense
   it has no plural.
     Lusias gathered threescore  thousand choice  men
   of foot, and five thousand horsemen.       1 Mac.
     Himself wito all his foot entered toe town, his
   horse being quartered about it.         Clarendon.
     Thrice horse and foot  about the fires are led,
   And thrice wito loud laments they wail the dead.
                                        Dryden.
9. State; character; condition.
   "  See on what foot we stand: a scanty shore,
   The sea behind, our enemies before.     Dryden.
     In specifying the word freland, it would seem to
   insinuate  that we are not upon the same  foot  with
   our fellow subjects in England.            Swift.
     What colour of excuse can  be for the  contempt
   with which we treat this  part of our species, the
   negroes, that we should not put them upon the com-
   mon foot of humanity, that we should only set an
   insignificant fine upon  the man who  murders them?
                                        Addison.
 10.  Scheme; plan;  settlement.
     There is no well wisher to his country without a
   little hope, that in time  the kingdom may be  on a
   better foot.                             Swift
     I ask, whether  upon the foot of our constitution,
   as it stood  in the  reign of toe late king  James, a
   king of England may be deposed.          Swift.
 11.  A  state of  incipient  existence;  first
   motion.   Little used but in tlie follow-
   ing phrase.
     If such  a  tradition were at any time sef on  foot,
   it is not easy to imagine how it should at first gain
   entertainment; but  much more difficult how it
   should come to  be universally propagated.
                                        Tillotson.
  12. It seems to have been once proverbi-
   ally used for the level, the  square,  par.
     Were  it not for this  easy borrowing upon  inte-
   rest, men's necessities would draw upon them a
   most sudden undoing, in that they would be forced
   to sell toeir means, be it lands or goods  far under
   foot.                                   Bacon.
  13. A certain number of syllables, consti-
    tuting a distinct part of  a  verse.
     Feef, in our English versifying, without quantity
   and joints,  be sure  signs that  the verse is either
   born deformed, unnatural, or lame.       Ascham.
             Didst thou hear these  verses?
   —O  yes, I  heard them  all, and more too; for some
   o' them had in them more feet than  the verses would
   bear.                                  Shaksp.
      And Sidney's  verse  halts  ill on Roman feet.
      i                                      Pope.
  14. Motion; action.
     While other jests are something rank on foot,
   Her father hath commanded her to slip
   Away with Slender to marry.              Shaksp.
     In the government of the world the  number and
   variety of the  ends on foot, with the secret nature
   of most things to which they  relate, must make a
   distinct remark of their congruity,  in some  cases
   very difficult, and in some unattainable.   Grew.

  15. Step.
     This man's son would every foot and anon, be
   taking some of his companions into the orchard.
                                      L'-Esfrang-e.
  16. A measure containing  twelve inches:
    supposed to be  the length of  a man's
    foot. When  it signifies  measure, it has
    often, but vitiously, foot in the plural.
    An orange, lemon, and apple, wrapt  in a linen
  cloth, being buried for a fortoight's space lourjoot
  deep'within the earth, came forth  no ways mouldy
  or rotten.                              £ac°n-
To Foot, fvit.307 v. n. [from  the noun.]
1. To dance; to tread wantonly;  to trip.
    Lonely the vale and full of horror stood,
  Brown with the shade of a religious wood;
  The moon was up, and shot a gleamy light:
  He saw a quire of ladies in a round,
  That featly footing seem'd to skim the ground.
                                       Dryden.
2. To walk; not ride; not fly.
    By this the dreadful beast drew nigh to land,
  Half flying, and half footing in his  haste.
                                   Fairy Queen.
    Take heed, have open eye; for thieves do Joof by
  night.                                 Shaksp.
    The man set the boy upon toe ass, and footed it
  himself.                            L'Estrange.
    If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try, for once,
  who can foot it farthest.   *               Dryden.
    With  them a man sometimes cannot be a peni-
  tent, unless he also turns vagabond, and foots it to
  Jerusalem;  or wanders over this or that  part ofthe
  world, to visit the shrine of such or such a pretend-
  ed saint.                               South.
To Foot, fvit.307 v. a.
I. To spurn; to kick.
    You that did void  your  rheum  upon my beard,
  and foot me as you spurn a stranger cur over your
  threshold.                             Shaksp.
2. To settle; to begin  to fix.
    What confed'racy have you with the traitors
  Late footed in the kingdom?             Shaksp.
3. To tread.
    Saint Withold/oofecf thrice the wold:
  He met the night-mare, and her name told;
  Bid her alight, and her troth plight,
  And aroynt thee, witch, aroynt thee right.  Shaksp.
    There haply by the ruddy damsel seen,
   Or shepherd boy, they featly foot the green.
                                         Ticfcef.
4. To hold with the foot.  5fot in use.
    We are the earth, and toey,
   Like moles within us, heave and cast about;
    And till they foot and clutch their prey,
   They never cool, much less give out.      Herbert.
Foo'tball, fut'ball. to. s.  [foot and ball]
 I.  A ball  commonly  made of a  blown
   bladder, cased with leather,  driven by
   the foot.
    Am I so round wito you a3 you wito me,
   That like a football you do spurn me thus?  Sftctfc.
     Such  a winter-piece should be beautified with
   all  manner of works and  exercises  of winter; as
  footballs, felling of wood, and sliding upon the ice.
                                       Peacham.
     As when a sort of lusty shepherds try
   Their force at football, care of victory
   Makes them salute so rudely, breast to breast,
   That their encounter seems too rough for jest.
                                         Ifaffer.
     One rolls along a football to his foes,
   One with a broken truncheon deals his blows.
                                        Dryden.
 2. The  sport  or practice  of kicking  the
   football.
     He was sensible the common football was a very
   imperfect imitation of that exercise.    Arbuthnot.
 Foo'tboy,  ftit'boe.  to. s.   [foot and boy]
    A low menial; an attendant in livery.
     Was it discretion, lords, to let this man,
   This honest man, wait like a lowsy footboy
   At chamber-door?                       Shaksp.
     Though  I had nobody to assist  but a footboy,
   yet I made shift to try a pretty number  of things.
                                          Boyle
     Whenever he imagines advantages will redound
   to one of his/oofooi/s by oppression of me, he never
   disputes it.                              Swift.
 Foo'tbuidge, fut'bridje.  to. *. [foot and
  bridge] A bridge on which passengers
  walk;  a narrow bridge.
    Pulemon's  shepherd, fearing  the footbridge was
  not strong enough, loaded it so long, 'till he biuke
  that which would have born a bigger burden.
                                        Sidney.
Foo'tcloth,  fvit'kloM.  to.  s.  [foot and
  cloth.]  A  sunipter cloth.
    Three times a day my foolcloth horse did stum-
        ble,
  And started when he looked upon the Tower,
  As loth to bear me to  the slaughterhouse.  Shaksp.
Foo'ted, fut'ec).  adj1. [from foot.] Shaped
  in  the foot.
    Snouted and tailed  like a boar,  and footed like
  a goat.                                 Greio.
Foo'tkight, fut'fite. to. s. [foot and fig/u]
   A fight made  on foot,  in opposition lo
   that on horseback.
    So began our footflght, in such sort, that we were
  well entered to blood  of both sides.       Sidney,
Foo'thold,   lut'hold.  to.   s.  [foot  and
  hold.]  Space to  hold the foot; space on
   wh'ch one  may tread  surely.
    All fell to work at the roots of the tree, and left
  it so little foothold, that the first blast laid it flat on
  the ground.                        L'Estrange.
    He 's at the top: he has nothing above him to
  aspire to, nor any foothold left him to come down
  by.'                               L'Estrange,
Foo'tixg, fut'ting. to. s.   [from foot]
1. Ground for the foot.
    I'll read you matter deep and dangerous;
  As full of peril and advent'rous spirit
  As to o'erwalk a current, roaring loud,
  On the unsteadfast footing of a spear.    Shaksp.
    As Noah's pigeon,  which return'd no more,
  Did shew she footing found, for all the flood.
                                        Davits.
    In ascents, every step  gained is a footing and
  help to the next.                       Holder.
2. Support; root.
    Set cloven stakes;  and wond'rous to behold,
  Their shaqicn'd ends in earth their footing place.
  And the diy poles produce a living race.  Drydtn.
3. Basis; foundation.
    AU those sublime thoughts take their rise and
  footing  here: the  mind  stirs not one jot beyond
  those ideas which sense or reflection have offered.
                                         Locke.
     The  reasoning faculties  of the soul would not
  know how to move for want  of a foundation and
  footing in most men,  who cannot trace truth to iu
  fountain and original.                   Locke.
4.  Place; possession.
     Whether the unctuous exhalations are
  Fir'd by the sun, or seeming so alone;
     Or each some more remote and slippery star,
  Which  loses footing when  to mortals shewn.
                                        Dryden,
5. Tread; walk.
     As he forward moved his footing old,
   So backward still was turn'd his wrinkled face.
                                        Spenser.
     I would outnightyou, did nobody come:
   But hark 1 hear the footing of a man.    Shaksp.
     Break off, break off; I feel the different sound
   Of some chaste footing near about this ground.
                                        JtftlJC*
 6.  Dance.
     Make holyday, your ryestraw hats put on,
   And these fresh nymphs encounter every one
   In country footing                       Shaksp.
 7.  Steps;  road; track.
     He grew  strong  among the Irish; and in  his
  footing his son continuing, hath increased his said
   name.                                Spenser.
     Like running weeds, that have no certain root;
   or  like footings up  and  down, impossible to be
   traced.                                Bacon.
 8.  Entrance; beginning;  establishment. 
                FOO

  Ever since our  nation had any footing in  this
land, the state of England did desire to perfect the
conquest.
Davies.
    The defeat  of colonel Bellasis gave them their
  first/oaf ing: in  Yorkshire.             Cforenion.
    No useful arts have yet found footing here;
  But all untaught and savage does appear. Dryden.
9. State; condition; settlement.
    Gaul was on the same footing wito Egypt as  to
  taxes.                              Arbuthnot.
Foo'tlickkr, fiit'lik-Ar. «. s.  [foot and
   lick.]  A slave; an  humble fawner; one
   who licks  the foot.
    Do  that  good  mischief which may make tois
         island
  Thine own for ever; and I thy Caliban,
  For aye thy footlicker.                 Shaksp.
Foo'tman,  fut'man.88  to.  *.   [foot and
   man.]
 1. A soldier  that marches  and fights on
   foot.
    The numbers levied by her lieutenant did consist
  of footmen three millions, of horsemen one million.
                                      Raleigh.
2. A low menial servant in  livery.
    He was carried in a rich chariot, litterwise, with
  two horses at either end, and two footmen on each
   side.                                  Bacon.
    Like/oofmen running before coaches,
   To tell the inn what lord approaches.       Prior.
 3. One  who practises to walk or run.
Foo'tmanship, fut'man-ship. n. s. [from
   footman.]   The  art  or faculty  of  a
   runner.
    The Irish archers espying this, suddenly broke
   up, and committed toe safety of their lives to their
   nimble/oofnions/wp.                  Hayward.
    Yet, says the fox, I have baffled more of them
  with my wiles and shifts than ever you did with
  your footinanship.                  L'Estrange.
Foo'rpAOE, fut'pase. to. s. [foot  andpace.]
 1. Part  of a pair of stairs, whereon,  after
   four or five steps, you  arrive  to a  broad
   place, where   you make  two or  three
   paces before you  ascend another step,
   thereby  to ease the  legs in  ascending
   the rest of  the stairs.             Moxon.
 2. A pace no faster than a  slow walk.
 Foo'tpad, fut'pad. ra. s. [foot and pad] A
   highwayman  that  robs on  foot, not on
   horseback.
 Foo'tpath, fut'pa/A. to. s. [foot  and path.]
   A  narrow way which will  not  admit
   horses or carriages.
     Know'st thou the way to Dover?
   —Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath. Shak.
 Foo'tpost, fut'post.  n. s. [foot  and fiost.]
   A post  or messenger that  travels on
   foot.
    For  carrying such  letters every  thoroughfare
   weekly appointeth a footpost, whose dispatch is well
   near as speedy as the horses.             Carew.
 Foo'tstall,  fut'stall.406  ra. s.  [foot and
   stall.]  A woman's stirrup.
Foo'tstep, fut'step.  n. s. [foot and  step.]
 \. Trace;  track; impression  left  by the
   foot.
    Clear-sighted reason, wisdom's judgment  leads,
   And sense, her vassal, in her footsteps treads.
                                      Denham.
    A man shall never want crooked paths to walk,
   in,  if he thinks that he is in the right way,  whom-
   ever lie has the footsteps of others to follow. Locke.
 '2. Token; mark; notice given.
    Let us turn our thoughts to the frame of our sys-
  tem, if there we may trace any  visible footsteps  of
  divine wisdom and beneficence.          Bentley.
                  FOP

3. Example.
Foo'tstool,  fut'st661.  w. s.  [foot  and
   stool]  Stool on which he  that sits pla-
   ces his feet.
    Thus have we swept suspicion from our seat,
  And made our footstool of security.    Shakspeare.
    They whose sacred office 'tis to bring
  Kings to obey toeir God, and men their king,
  By these mysterious links to fix and tye
  Men to toe footstool of the Deity.        Denham.
    Let echoing anthems make his praises known
  On earth, his footstool, as  in heaven his throne.
                                   Roscommon.
    By  the phrase of worshipping  his footstool, no
  more is meant than worshipping God at his foot-
  stool.                             Stillingfleet.
FOP,  fop. to.  s. [A word probably  made
   by chance, and therefore without etyuto-
   logy.]   A simpleton; a coxcomb; a man
   of small understanding and much osten-
   tation;  a pretender; a man fond of show,
   dress,  and flutter; an impertinent.
    A whole tribe  of fops,
  Got' tween asleep and wake.          Shakspeare.
    When such a positive abandon'd fop,
  Among his numerous absurdities,
  Stumbles upon some tolerable  line,
  I fret to see them in such company.   Roscommon.
    The leopard's  beauty, without toe fox's wit, is no
  better than a fop in a gay coat.      L'Estrange.
    In a dull stream, which moving slow,
  You hardly see the current flow;
  When a  small breeze obstructs the course,
  It whirls about for want of force,
  And in its narrow circle gathers
  Nothing but chaff, and straws, and feathers:
  The current of a female mind
  Stops thus, and turns with ev'ry wind;
  Thus whirling rouud, together draws
  Fools, fops, and  rakes, for chaff and straws. Swift.
Fo'pdoodle, fop'd66-dI.  to.  s.  [fop and
   doodle.]  A fool; an insignificant wretch.
    Where sturdy  butchers  broke your noddle,
  And handled you like a fopdbodle.      Hudibras.
Fo'ppery, fop'ilr-e.3*7  ra. s. [from fop.]
1. Folly; impertinence.
    Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
  My sober house.                     Shakspeare.
    I was three or four times in toe thought they were
  not fairies; and yet the guiltiness of my mind, the
  sudden surprise  of my powers, drove the grossness
  of the foppery into a received  belief, in despight of
  the teeth  of all  rhyme and reason, that they were
  fairies.                            Shakspeare.
    This is the excellent foppery of the world, that
  when we  are sick in fortune,  often the surfeits of
  our own behaviour, we make guilty of our disasters,
  the sun, the moon, and stars, as if we were villains
  on necessity.                       Shakspeare.
2. Affectation  of  show   or   importance;
   showy   folly.
3. Foolery; vain or idle practice; idle af-
   fectation*
    They toought  toe people were better let alone in
  their fopperies, than to be suffered to break loose
  from that subjection which your  superstition kept
  toem in.                          Stillingfleet.
    But though we fetch from Italy and France
  Our fopperies of tune and modes of dance,
  Our sturdy Britons scorn to borrow sense.  Granv.
    1 wish  I could say quaint fopperies were wholly
  absent from graver subjects.               Swift.
Fo'ppish, fop'pish. adj. [from fop.]
 I. Foolish; idle; vain.
    Fools  ne'er had less grace in a year;
  For wise men are grown foppish,
    And know not how their wits to wear,
  Their manners are so apish.           Shakspeare.
2. Vain   in  show; foolishly  ostentatious;
   vain of dress.
                   FOR

    With him the present still some virtues have;
  The vain are sprightly, and the stupid grave;
  The slothful negligent, the foppish neat;
  The lewd are airy, and toe sly discreet.     Garth-
    The Romans grew extremely expensive and fop-
  pish; so toat toe emperor Aurelian forbid men toat
  variety of colours on their shoes, allowing it still to
  women.                             Arbuthnot.
    You would know who is rude and ill-natured, who
  is vain and foppish, who lives too  high, and who is
  in debt.                                 Law.-
Fo'ppishly, fop'pish-le. adv.  [from fop-
  pish.]  Vainly; ostentatiously.
Fo'ppishness, fop'pish-nes.  ra.  s.  [from
  foppish.] Vanity;  showy or ostentatious
  vanity.
Fo'ppung, fopTing.409 41° ra. s. [from/0/2.]
  A  petty fop; an under-rate coxcomb.
    Thy works in Chloe's toilet gain a part,
  And, with his taylor, share the folding's heart.
                                        Ticket.
FOR, for.161 prep. [port> Sax. voor,  Dut.]
I. Because of.
    That which we for our unworthiness are afraid
  to crave, our prayer is, that  God for the worthiucss
  of  his Son would  notwithstanding vouchsafe  to
  grant.                                Hooker.
             Edward and Richard,
  With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath,
  Are at our backs.                   Shakspeare.
             Speak, good Cominius;
  Leave nothing out for length.         Shakspeare.
    For as much as the question cannot be scanned,
  unless the time of Abraham's journey be considered
  of, I will search into a tradition concerning his tra-
  vels.                                 Raleigh.
    An astrologer saith, if it were not for two things
  that are constant, no individual would last one mo-
  ment.                                  Bacon.
    For as much as it is a fundamental  law in toe
  Turkish empire, that they may, without any other
  provocation, make war upon Christendom  for the
  propagation of toeir laws; so the christians may at
  all times, as they think good, be upon the prevention.
                                        Bacon.
    The governour sallying out, took great store of
  victual and warlike provision, which toe Turks had
  for haste left behind them.              Knolles.
    Their offer he willingly accepted, knowing  that
  he was not able to keep that place three days jor
  lack of victuals.                       Knolles.
    Quit, quit, for shame; this will not move,
  This cannot take her:
    If of herself she will not love,
  Nothing can make her.                Suckling.
    Care not for frowns or smiles.        Denham.
    The hypocrite or carnal  man hopes, and is the
  wickeder for hoping.                 Hammond.
    Let no man, for  his own poverty, become more
  oppressing in his bargains: but quietly recommend
  his estate to God, and leave toe success to him.
                                        Tajyfor.
    Persons who  have lost most of their grinders,
  having been compelled to use three or four only in
  chewing, wore them so low, toat the inward nerve
  lay bare, and they would no longer for pain make
  use of them.                             Ray.
    I but revenge my fate; disdain'd, betray'd,
  And suff'ring death for this ungrateful maid. Dryd.
    Sole on toe barren sands, the suff'ring chief,
  Roar'd out for anguish and indulg'd his grief.
                                       Diyden.
    For his long  absence church and state did groan,
  Madness the pulpit, faction seiz'd the throne.
                                       Dryden.
    Nor with a superstitious fear is aw'd
  For what befalls at home, or what abroad.  Dryd.
    I, my own judge, condemn'd myself before;
  For pity, aggravate my crime no more.    Diyden.
             Matrons of renown,
  When tyrant Nero  burnt th' imperial town,
  Shriek'd for the downfal in a doleful cry,
  For which their guiltless lords were doom'd to die
                                        Dnjdcii. 
FOR
FOR
F OR
    Children, discountenanced  by their parents for
  any fault,  find a refuge  in tlie caresses  of foolish
  flatterers.                                Locke.
    A sound mind in a sound body is a short but full
  description of a happy state in this world: he that
  bas these two has little more  to wish for, and he
  that wants either of them will be but little the bet-
  ter for any thing else.                    Locke.
    The middle of the gulph is remarkable for tem-
  pests.                                  Addison.
    My open'd thought to joyous prospects raise,
  And foi- thy mercy let me sing thy praise.  Prior.
    Which  best or worst you could not think;
  And die you must for want of drink.      Prior.
    It is a most infamous scandal upon the nation,  to
  reproach  them  for treating  foreigners  with con-
  tempt.                                   Swift.
    We can only give them that liberty now for some-
  thing, which they have so many years exercised for
  nothing, of railing and scribbling against us. Swift.
    Your sermons will be  less valuable, for want of
  time.                                     Swift.
2. With respect  to; with  regard to.
    Rather  our state's defective for requital,
  Than we to stretch it out.                Shaksp.
              A paltry ring
  That she did give me, whose poesy was,
  For all the world, like cutler's poetry
  Upon a knife; love me and leave me not. Shaksp.
              For all the world,
  As thou art at this hour, was Richard then. Shaksp.
    It was young counsel for the persons, and violent
  counsel for the matters.                   Bacon.
    Authority followeth  old men,  and favour and
  popularity youth; but for the  moral part, perhaps,
  youth will have the pre-eminence,  as age hath for
  the politick.                             Bacon.
    Comets are rather gazed  upon than wisely ob-
  served in their effects; that is, what kind of comet
  for  magnitude or colour, produceth what kind  of
  effects.                                  Bacon.
    For me, if there be such a  thing as I.  Waller.
    He saith these  honours consisted in preserving
  their memories, and praising  their virtues; but for
  any matter of worship towards them, he utterly de-
  nies it.                            Stillingfleet.
    Our laws were for their matter foreign.   Hale.
    Now for  the government,  it is absolute monar-
  chy; there being no other laws in China but toe
  king's command.                        Temple.
    For me, no other happiness I own,
  Than to have born no issue to the  throne. Dryden.
     For me, my stormy voyage at an end,
  I to the port of  death securely tend.      Dryden.
    After death, we sprights have just such natures
  We had, for all the world, when human creatures.
                                         Dryden.
    Such little wasps, and yet so full of spite;
  For bulk mere insects, yet in mischief strong.  Tafe.
    Hobbes has given us a correct explanation ofthe
  sense in general; but for  particulars and circum-
  stances, he continually lops them.           Pope.
    Lo, some are velloni, and the rest as good,
  For all his lordship knows, but they are wood.
                                           Pope.
3. In this  sense  it has often as before  it.
    As for  Maramaldus the general, they had no jus{
  cause to mislike him, being an old captain of great
  experience.                            Knolles.
4. In the  character of.
    If a man can be fully  assured of any thing for a
  truth, without having examined, what is there that
  he may not embrace for truth?            Locke.
             She thinks you favour'd:
  But let her go for  an ungrateful woman.
                                      A. Philips.
    Say, is it fitting in this very field,
  This field, where from my youth I've been a carter,
  I, in this field, should die for  a deserter?     Gay

5. With resemblance of.
    I hear for certain, and do speak the truth,
  The gentle York is up.                Shakspeare.
    Now, now for sure, deliverance is at hand,
  The kingdom shall to Israel be restor'd.   Milton.
    The startling steed was seiz'd with sudden fright
  And, bounding, o'er the pommel cast the knight:  '
  Forward he flew, and pitching on his head,
  He quiver'd with his feet and lay for dead.  Dryd.
6. Considered as; in the place of.
             Our present lot appeai-s
  For happy, though but ill; for ill, not worst,
  If we procure not to ourselves more woe.  MUton.
    The counsel-table  and  star-chamber held for
  honourable that which pleased, and for  just that
  which profited.                        Clarendon.
  . In advantage of;  for the  sake of.
    An ant is a  wise creature for itself:  but  it is a
  shrewd thing in an orchard.               Bacon.
    He refused not to uie for those  that killed him,
  and shed his blood for some of  those that spilt it.
                                           Boyle.
    Shall I think the world was made for one,
  And men are born for kings, as beasts for men,
  Not for protection, but to be devoured.    Dryden.
    Read all the prefaces  of Dryden,
  For those our criticks much confide in;
Though merely writ at first for filling,
To raise the volume's price a shilling.
Sioift.
   Conducive to; beneficial  to
    It is for the general good of human society, and
  consequently of particular persons, to be true and
  just; and it is for men's health to be temperate.
                                        Tillotson.
    It can never be for  the interest  of a believer to
  do me a mischief, because he is sure, upon the ba-
  lance of accounts, to find himself a loser by it.
                                        Addison.
 .  With intention  of going  to  a certain
   places
    We sailed from Peru for China  and Japan.
                                          Bacon.
    As she was brought for  England,  she was cast
  away near Harwich haven.             Hayward.
    We sailed directly for Genoa,  and had  a fair
  wind.                                  Addison.
10. In  comparative respect.
    For tusks with Indian elephants  he strove,
  And Jove's own thunder from his mouth he drove.
                                         Dryden.
11. With appropriation to.
    Shadow will serve for summer: prick him; for
  we have a number of shadows to fill up the muster-
  book.                                Shakspeare.
12. After O an expression of desire.
    O for a muse of fire, that would ascend
  The brightest heaven of invention!        Shaksp.
13. In  account  of; in solution of.
    Thus much for the beginning and progress of the
  deluge.                                 Burnet.
14. inducing to as a motive.
    There is a natural,  immutable,  and eternal rea-
  son  for that which we call virtue,  and against that
  which we call vice.                     Tillotson.
15. In  expectation of.
    He must be back again by one  and twenty, to
  marry and propagate: the father  cannot stay any
  longer for the portion, nor the mother for a new set
  of babies to play with.                   Locke.
16. Noting power or possibility.
    For a holy person to be humble, for one whom
  all men esteem a saint, to fear lest himself become
  a devil, is as hard as for a prince to submit himself
  to be guided by tutors.                    Taylor.
17. Noting dependence.
    The colours of outward  objects, brought into a
  darkened room, depend for their visibility upon the
  dimness of the light they are beheld by.     Boyle.

18. In  prevention of;  for fear of.
    Corn being had down, any way ye allow,
  Should wither as needeth for burning in mow.
                                          Tusser.
    And, for the time shall not seem tedious,
  I'll  tell thee what befel me on a day,
  In this self place.                    Shakspeare.
    There must be  no alleys with hedges at the
  hither end, for letting your prospect upon this fair
  hedge from the green:  nor at the further end, f„
  letting your prospect from tbe  hedge through the
  arches upon the heath.            ,        Bacon,
    She wrapped him close for catching cold.
                                        Lovelace,
  9. In remedy  of.
    Sometimes hot, sometimes  cold things  are good
  for the toothach.                      Garretson.
20. In exchange of.
    He made  considerable progress in the study of
  the law, before he  quitted that profession for this
  of poetry.                              Dryden.
21. In the place of;  instead of.
    To make him copious is to alter his character
  and to translate him line for line is impossible.  '
                                         Dryden.
    We take a falling meteor for- a star.    Cowlev
22. In supply of;  to  serve in the place of.
    Most of" our ingenious young men take up some
  cried-up  English poet for their model, adore him
  and  imitate  him as they think, without knowing
  wherein he is defective.                 Dryden.
23. Through a  certain duration.
    Some please for once, some will for ever please
                                      Roscommon,
    Those who sleep without dreaming, can never be
  convinced that their thoughts are foi- four hours
  busy, without their knowing it.           locfo
    The administration of this  bank is for life, and
  partly in the  hands of the chief citizens,  ^rfiison.
    Since, hir'd for life,  thy servile muse must sing
  Successive conquests, and  a glorious king;
  And bring him laurels whatsoe'er they cost. Prior.
    The youth transported,  asks without delay
  To guide the sun's bright chariot for a day. Garth.
24. In search of; in  quest of.
    Philosophers have run so far back for arguments
  of comfort against pain, as to doubt whether there
  were any such thing; and yet,  for all toat, when any
  great evil has been upon them, they  would cry out
  as loud as other men.                  Tillotsm,
25. According to.
    Chymists have not been able, for aught is vulgar-
  ly known, by  fire alone to separate true  sulphur
  from antimony.                          Boyle,
26. Noting a state of fitness or readiness.
    Nay, if you be an undertaker, I am for you.
                                      Shakspeare.
    If he be brave, he 's ready for the stroke. Dryi,
  7. In hope  of;  for the sake of: noting the
   final  cause.
             How quickly nature
  Falls to revolt, when gold becomes her object!
  For this the foolish, over-careful fathers,
  Have broke their sleeps with  thought, their brains
         with care,
  Their bones with industry: for this engross'd
  The canker'd heaps of strong atchieved gold:
  For this they have been thoughtful to invest
  Their sons with arts and martial exercises. Shabp.
    The kingdom of God was first rent  by ill counsel;
  upon which counsel there are set, for our instruc-
  tion, two marks.                         Bacon.
         Whether some hero's fate,
  In words worth dying for, he  celebrate.    Crnlef
    For he writes not for money, nor for praise,
  Nor to be call'd a wit, nor to  wear bays.  Denham.
    There we  shall see, a sight worthy dying/or,
  that blessed Saviour, who so highly deserves of us
                                           Boyle.
    He is not disposed to be a fool, and to be misera-
  ble for company.                      Tillotson'
    Even death 's become to me no dreadful name;
   n fighting fields, where our acquaintance grew,
  I saw h,m, and contemn'd him first for you. Dryd.
    For this  'bs needful to  prevent her art,
  And fire with love the proud Phoenician's heart.

    Some pray for riches  i-;m>„„ .\.    ..."
  But watch'd by robber  ' faZ**7 ^t™''  i in
               J    uers, jo,. tne,r wea|tn are sJgjn,

    Let toem who truly would appear my frieX' 
FOR
FOR
FOR
     Employ toeir swords like mine for noble ends.
        r J                               Dryden.
   2 8. Of tendency to; toward.
       The kettle to the top was hoist;
     But with its upside down, to show
     Its inclination for below.                 Swift.
   29. In favour of; on the part of; on the side
     of.
       Ye suppose the laws for which ye strive are
     found in  scripture; but those not against which we
     strive.                                Hooker.
       It becomes me not to draw my pen in the defence
     of a bad cause, when  I have so often drawn it for
     a good one.                           Dryden.
       Jove was for Venus; but he fear'd his wife.
                                          Dryden.
       He for the world was made, not  us alone.
                                          Cowley.
       They must be void of all zeal for God's honour,
     who do not with sighs and tears intercede with him.
                                       Smalridge.
       Aristotle is for poetical justice.         Dennis.
       They are all for rank and foul feeding.  JFeffon.
   30. Noting accommodation or adaptation.
       Fortune, if there be such a thing as she,
     Spies that I bear so well her tyranny,
     That she thinks nothing else so fit for me.  Donne.
       A few rules of  logick  are thought sufficient, in
     this case, for those who pretend to  the highest im-
     provement.                             Locke.
       It is for wicked men to dread God; but a virtu-
     ous man may have undisturbed thoughts,  even of
     the justice of God.                   Tillotson.
       His country has good havens,  both for the Adri-
     atic and Mediterranean.               Addison.
       Persia is commodiously situated for  trade both
     by sea and land.                     Arbuthnot.
       Scholars are frugal of their words, and not  will-
     ing to let any go for ornament, if they will not serve
'    for use.                                Feffon.
   31. With intention of.
       And by that justice hast removed  the cause
    Of those rude tempests, which for rapine sent,
    Too oft, alas, involv'd the innocent.        Waller.
       Here huntsmen with delight may read,
    How to chuse dogs for scent or speed.      Waller.
       God hath made some things for as long a dura-
i     tion as they are capable of.            Tillotson.
       For this, from Trivia's temple and her wood,
*     Are coursers driv'n, who shed toeir masters' blood.
                                         Dryden.
       Such  examples  should be  set before them, as
    patterns for their daily imitation.          Locke.
       The next question usually is, what is it/or? Locke.
       Achilles is for revenging himself upon Agamem-
i    non, by means of Hector.               Broome.
"  32. Becoming; belonging to.
       ft were not/or your quiet, nor your good,
    Nor/or my manhood, honesty, and wisdom,
    To let you know my thoughts.             Shaksp.
                   Th' offers he doth make,
    Were not for him to give,  nor them to take.
                                         Dcmief.
      It were more for his honour to raise his siege,
    than to spend so many  good men in the winning of
    it by force.                           Knolles.
      Jests for Dutch men and English boys. Cowley.
      Is it for you to ravish seas and land,
    Unauthorized by my supreme command!  Dryden.
      His sire already signs him for the skies,
    And marks the seat  amidst the deities.    Diyden.
      It is a reasonable account for any man to givej
    why he does  not live as the greatest part of the
    world do, that he has no mind to die  as they do,
    and perish with them.                  Tillotson.
 33.  Notwithstanding.
     This, for  any thing  we  know to  the contrary,
   might be the self-same form which Philojudaeus ex-
   PIt,!lsc.th-                              Hooker.
     uod s desertion shall,  for  ought he knows,  the
   next uimute supervene.            Decay of Piety.
     Irobabihty supposes that a thing may or may not
   be so, for any  thing yet certainly determined on
   either side.                               South.
     For any thing that legally appears  to  the  con-
   trary, it may be a contrivance to fright us.   Swift.
     If such vast masses of matter had been situated
   nearer to the sun, or to  each other,  as they might
   as easily have been,  for any mechanical  or  fortui-
   tous  agent,  they must necessarily have  caused a
   considerable disorder in the whole  system. Bentley.
 34. To  the use of; to be used  in.
               The oak for nothing ill,
   The osier good/or twigs, the poplar for the mill.
                                         Spenser.
     Your understandings  are not  bright enough for
   the exercise ofthe highest acts of reason.  Tillotson.
 35. In consequence of.
     For love they force through thickets of  the wood,
   They climb the steepy hills and stem toe Qood.Dryd.
 36. In recompense of; in return of.
     Now, for so many glorious actions done,
   For peace at home, and/or the publick wealth,
   I mean to crown a bowl for Cajsar's health;
   Besides, in gratitude/or such high  matters,
   Know I have vow'd two hundred  gladiators.  Dryd.
     First the wily wizard must be  caught;
   For unconstrain'd, he nothing tells for naught.
                                         Diyden.
 37. In proportion to.
     He is not very tall, yet for his  years he's tall.
                                         Shaksp.
     As  he could  see clear foi- those times, through
   superstition;  so he would be blinded, now and then,
   by human policy.                        Bacon.
    Exalted Socrates! divinely brave!
   Injur'd he fell, and dying he forgave;
   Too noble/or revenge.                  Diyden.
 38. By means  of; by interposition of.
    Moral consideration can no way move the sen-
   sible appetite, were it not for the will.       Hale.
    Of some calamity we can have no relief but from
   God alone; and  what would men  do in such a case,
  if it were not/or God?                 Tillotson.
 39. In  regard  of;  in  preservation  of.   /
   cannot for my life, is,  I cannot if my life
   might be  saved by  it.
    I bid the rascal knock upon your  gate;
  But could not get him for my heart.       Shaksp.
    I cannot/or my heart leave a room, before I have
  thoroughly examined the papers pasted upon the
  walls.                                Addison.
40. For  all;  notwithstanding.
    Neither doubt you, because  I wear a  woman's
  apparel, I will be the more womanish; since 1 assure
  you,/oraffmy apparel,  there is nothing  I desire
  more than fully to prove myself a  man in this enter-
  prize.                                   Sidney.
    For all the  carefulness  of toe  christians, the
  English bulwark  was  undermined  by  the  enemy,
  and upon  the fourth of September part thereof was
  blown up.                              Knolles.
    But as Noah's pigeon, which returned no more,
  Did shew she footing found for all the flood. Davies,
    They resolute, for all tois, do proceed
  Unto that judgment.                     Daniel.
    If we  apprehend the greatest things in the world
  of the emperour of China  or Japan, we are well
  enough contented, for all that, to  let them  govern
  at home.                           Stillingfleet.
    Though that  very ingenious person  has antici-
  pated part of what I should say, yet you will, for all
  that, expect that  I should give you a fuller account.
                                         Boyle.
    She  might have passed  over my businesses; but
  my rabble is not  to be mumbled up  in  silence, for
  all her pertness.                        Diyden.
    For all his exact plot, down was he cast from all
  his greatness, and forced to end his days in a mean
  condition.                               South.
 1. For to.  In the  language used two
  centuries ago, for was commonly used
  before to the  sign ofthe infinitive mood,
  to note  the  final  cause.   As  I  come
    for to see you, for I love to see you: in
    the same sense  with the  French pour.
    Thus it is used  in the translation ofthe
    Bible.   But this distinction was by  the
    best writers sometimes forgotten; and,
    for, by  wrong use, appearing superflu-
    ous, is now  always omitted.
                Who shall let me now
    On this vile body for  to wreak my wrong!
                                     Fairy Queen.
                   A large posterity
    Up to your happy palaces may mount,
    Of blessed saints for to increase the count. Spenser.
      These things  may serve for to represent how just
    cause of fear this kingdom may have towards Spain.
                                           Bacon.
 For, for. conj.
 I. The word by  which the reason is intro-
    duced of something advanced before.
      Heav'n  doth with us as we with torches deal,
   Not light them for toemselves; for if our virtues
   Did not go forth of us, 'twere all  alike
   As if we had them not.                   Shaksp.
      Old husbandmen I at Sabinum know,
   Who for another year dig, plough, and sow;
   For never any man was yet so  old,
   But hop'd his life one winter more would hold.
                                         Denham.
     Tell me ivhat kind of thing is wit:
   For the  first matter loves variety less.      Cowley.
     Thus  does he  foolishly who, for fear of any thing
   in  this world, ventures to  displease God; for in so
   doing he runs away  from men,  and falls into the
   hands of the living God.                Tillotson.
 2. Because; on this account  that.   It is in
    this  sense properly followed  by  that,
    and  without  it is  elliptical.   This sense
    is almost  obsolete.
     I doubt not but great  troops would be  ready to
   run; yet for that the worst men are most  ready to
   remove,  I would wish toem chosen by discretion of
   wise men.                              Spenser.
     Jealous souls will not be answered so:
   They are not ever jealous for a cause,
   But jealous for they 're jealous.          Shaksp.
     Heaven defend your good souls, that you think
   I will your  serious and great business scant;
   For she is with me.                      Shaksp.
     Nor swell'd his breast with uncouth pride,
   That heav'n on him above his charge had laid;
   But, for  his great Creator would the same,
   His will  increas'd; so  fire augmenteth flame.
                                         Fairfax.
    Many  excrescences of trees  grow chiefly where
   the tree is dead or faded; for that the  natural sap
   of the  tree  corrupteth  into some preternatural sub-
   stance.                                 Bacon.
    For as  much.   In  iegard to  that;  in
   consideration of.
    For as much as in public prayer we are not only
   to consider what  is needful, in respect of God;  but
   there is also in men that which we  must regard; we
   somewhat incline to length, lest over-quick dispatch
   should  give occasion to deem,  that the thing itself
   is but little  accounted of.                 Hooker.
    For  as much as the thirst is  intolerable, the pa-
   tient may be indulged the free use of spaw water.
                                      Arbuthnot.
4.  For  why.   Because;  for  this  reason
   that.
    Solyman had three hundred field pieces for why,
  Solyman  purposing to draw the emperor into battle,
 had brought no pieces of battery with him. Knolles.
To Fo'rage, for'aje.168 v. n.   [from foris,
   abroad, Latin.]
1.  To wander far;  to  rove at a distance.
   Not in  use.
                 Forage, and run
 To meet displeasure farther from the doors
 And grapple with him, ere he come so nigh. Shak. 
FOR
FOR
FOR
~. To wander in  search of spoil, generally
   of provisions.
          As in a stormy night,
  Wolves, urged by their raging appetite,
  Forage for prey.                      Denham.
    There was a brood of young larks  in the corn,
  and the dam went abroad to forage for them.
                                    L'Estrange.
             Nor dare they stray
  When rain is promis'd or a stormy day;
  B'U near the city walls their wat'ring take,
  Nor forage far, but short excursions make. Dryden.
3. To  ravage; to feed on spoil.
    His most mighty father on a hill
  Stood smiling, to behold  his lion's whelp
  Forage in blood of French nobility.        Shaksp.
To  Fo'rage,  for'aje. v. a.   To plunder;
   to strip; to spoil.
    They will both strengthen all the country round,
  and also be as continual  holds for her majesty, if
  the people should revolt; for without such it is easy
  to forage and over-run  the whole land.    Spenser.
    The victorious Philistines  were worsted by  toe
  captivated ark, which foraged their country  more
  than a conquering army.                 South.
FO'RAGE, for'aje.b° n. s. [fourage, Ger-
   man  and French; fromybWs, Latin.")
1. Search of provisions; the act of feeding
   abroad.
    One way a band select from forage drives
  A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine,
  From a fat meadow ground; or fleecy flock,
  Ewes and their bleating  lambs, over the plains
  Their booty.                           Jtfiffon.
2. Provisions  sought  abroad.
    Some o'er the public magazines preside,
  And some are sent new forage  to provide.  Dryden.
3. Provisions in general.
    Provided forage, our spent arms renew'd. Dryd.
Fora'minous,  fo-ram'e-niis.  adj.  [from
  foramen,  Lat.]  Full of  holes;  perfo-
   rated in  many places;  porous.
     Soft and foraminous  bodies, in the first creation
   of the sound, will deaden it; but in the passage of
   the sound they will admit it better than harder bo-
   dies.                                 Bacon.
 To  FORBE'AR,  for-bare/ v. n. pret.  /
   forbore, anciently/orcWe,* part, forborn,
   [pojibaerian, Saxon.  For has in com-
   position  the power of privation; as,for-
   bear: or deprivation; as, forswear, and
   other powers not easily explained.]
 1. To cease from any thing; to intermit.
     Who can forbear  to admire and adore him  who
   weighed the mountains  in scales, and  the hills in
   a balance.                             Cheyne.
 2. To pause; to delay.
     I pray you, tarry: pause a day or two,
   Before you hazard; for in chusing wrong,
   I lose your company;  therefore forbear a while.
                                        Shaksp.
 3. To  omit  voluntarily;   not to do;  to ab-
    stain.
     Heforbare to go forth.             1 Samuel.
     At tois he started,  and forbore to swear;
   Not out of conscience of the sin, but fear.  Dryden.
     The wolf, the lion, and the bear,
   When they their prey in pieces tear,
   To quarrel with themselves forbear.      Denham.
 4. To restrain any  violence of temper; to
   be patient.
     By long forbearing is a prince persuaded,  and a
   soft tongue breaketh toe bone.          Proverbs.
 To Forbe'ar, for-bare'.240 v. a.
 1. To  decline; to avoid voluntarily.
     Forbear his presence, until time hath  qualified
   the heat of his displeasure.              Shaksp.
    So angry bulls tne combat do forbear,
  When from the wood a lion does appear.   Waller.
2. To abstain from;  to shun to do; to omit.
    If it passed only by the house of peers, it should
  be looked upon  as invalid and void, and execution
  should be toereupon/orborn or suspended.
                                    Clarendon.
    There is not any one action  whatsoever which a
  man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture
  will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it.
                                        South.
3. To spare;  to treat  with clemency.
    W7ith all lowliness and meekness, with long suf-
  fering, forbearing one another in love.        Eph.
4. To withhold.
    Forbear thee  from meddling with God, who is
  with me, that he destroy  thee not.    2 Chronicles.
Forbe'arance, for-bare'anse. n. s. [from
  forbear.]
I. The care  of avoiding or shunning  any
  thing;  negation of practice.
            True nobleness would
  Learn him forbearance from so  foul a wrong.  Shak.
    This may convince us  how vastly greater a  plea
  sure is consequent upon the forbearance of sin, than
  can possibly accompany  the commission of it.
                                        South.
    Liberty is the  power a man has to do, or forbear
  doing, any particular action, according as its  doing
  or forbearance has the actual preference in the mind.
                                        Locke.
2. Intermission of something.
3. Command of temper.
    Have  a continent forbearance,  'till  the speed of
  his rage goes slower.                   Shaksp.
4. Lenity; delay of punishment;  mildness.
    Nor do I take  notice of this instance of severity in
  our own country to justify such a  proceeding,  but
  only to display the mildness and forbearance  made
  use of under the reign of his present majesty.
                                      Addison.
    He applies  to our gratitude by obligations of kind-
  ness and beneficence, of  long suffering and forbear-
  etnee.                           0     Rogers.
Forbe'arer, for-ba'rur n.  s. [from  for-
   bear.]   An  intermitter; interceptor  of
   any thing.
    The west as a father all goodness doth bring,
  The east a/oroearer no manner of thing.   Tusser.

 To FORBID, for-bid'. v. a. pret. I for-
   bade;  part, forbidden or forbid, [portbe-
   oban, Saxon; verbieden, Dutch.]
 1. To prohibit; to interdict any thing.
     A witch, a quean, an  old cozening quean; have
  I not forbid her my house?              Shaksp.
                   It is
  The practice and the purpose of the king,
  From whose obedience I forbid my soul.    Shaksp.
           By tasting of that fruit foi-bid,
  Where they sought knowledge, they did error find.
                                        Davies.
     The voice of reason, in all the dictates oi natural
  morality, ought carefully to be  attended to, by a
   strict observance of what it commands, but espe-
   cially of what it forbids.                 South.
     All hatred of persons, by  very many christian
   principles, we are most  solemnly  and indispensably
  forbid.                                  Sprat.
             The chaste  and holy race
   Are all/or&icfcfen tois polluted  place.      Dryden.
 2.  To command;  to forbear  any thing.
     She with so sweet a rigour forbad him,  that he
   durst not rebel.                        Sidney.
     They  have determined  to consume all  those
   things that God hath/oroicfefen them to eat  bv his
   laws.                                 Judith.
  '.  To oppose; to hinder.
     The moisture being/or&icfc/en to come up  in the
   plant, stayclh longer in the root, and so dilateth it.
                                        Bacon.
    Tbe plaster alone woiiM pen the humour and so
  exasperate it, as well a* forbid new humour. Bacon.
    Thy throne is darkness in to' abyss oflight,
  A blaze of glory that forbids the sight!
  O teach me  to believe thee thus concenl'd,
  And search  no farther than thyself reveal'd. Dryd.
4. To  accurse; to  blast.   Now obsolete.
   To  bid is in old language to pray;  to
  forbid therefore is to curse.
    Sleep shall neither night nor day
  Hang upon  his penthouse lid;
  He  shall live a man forbid.               Shaksp,
To Forbi'd, for-bid'. v. n.  To  utter  a
   prohibition.
    Now the good gods/orencf,
  That our renowned Rome
  Should now eat up her own!             Shaksp,
Forbi'ddance, for-bid-dunse. n. s.  [from
  forbid.]   Prohibition;  edict against any
   thing.
    How hast thou yielded to transgress
  The strictforbiddance! how to violate
  The sacred  fruit forbidden!              Milton.
Forbi'ddenlt,  for-bid'd'n-Ie. adv.  [from
  forbid.]  In  an  unlawful manner.
    With all  confidence he swears, as he had seen't,
  That you have touch'd his queen forbiddenly.
                                       Shaksp.
Forbi'duer, for-bid'dur. n.  ?. [from for-
   bid.]   One that prohibits; one that en-
   acts a prohibition.
    This was a bold accusation of  God, making the
  fountain of good the contriver of evil, and the/or-
  bidder of the crime an abettor of the fact prohibited.
                                        Brom.
               Other care, perhaps,
  May have diverted from continual watch
  Our greatforbidder!                    Milton.
Forbi'dding,   for-bid'ding.  particifiial
   adj. [from forbid.] Raising abhorrence;
   repelling approach; causing aversion.
    Tragedy  was made/ortVccfcfinff and horrible.
                                       A. IM.
FORCE,  forse.  n. s.  [force, Fr. fortis,
   Lat.]
 1. Strength; vigour; might; active power.
    He never could maintain his part but in the/ora
   of his will.                             Shaksp-
    A ship, which hath struck sail, doth run
   By force of that/orce which before it won.  Donne.
2. Violence.
    Thus got the house of Lancaster the crown,
   Which now they hold by force, and not by right.
                                        Shaksp,
    The shepherd Paris bore the Spartan bride
   By force away, and  then by force enjoy'd;
   But I by free consent.           .*    '  Dr-yien,
3. Virtue;  efficacy.
    Manifest it is, that the very majesty and holiness
   of the place where God is worshipped, hath in re-
   gard of us,  great virtue, force, and, efficacy;  for
   that it serveth as a sensible help to stir up devotion.
                                        Hcdker.
    No definitions, no suppositions of any sect, are of
  foi-ce enough to destroy constant experience. Locke.
4. Validness;  power of law.
    A testament is of forte after men are dead.
                                       Hebrews.
    Not long in/srec this charter  stood,
   Wanting that seal,  it must be seal'd in blood.
                                       Denham.
 5. Armament; warlike preparation. Often
   forces in the plural.
    0 thou! whose captain I account myself,
   Look on my forces with a gracious eye.    Shaksp,
     The secret of the power of Spain consisteth in a
   veteran army,  compounded of miscellany forces of
   all  nations.                             Bacon. 
FOR
FOR
FOR
     A greater force than toat which here we find,
   Ne'er press'd the ocean, nor employ'd the wind.
                                        Gaffer.
     Those victorious forces ofthe rebels were not
   able to sustain your arms.               Dryden.
 6. Destiny; necessity; fatal compulsion.
 To  Forck, forse. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To compel;  to constrain.
     Dangers are light, if  toey once seem light; and
  more dangers have deceived men than forced them.
                                         Bacon
     I have been forced to use the cant words of Whig
   and Tory.                              Swift.
     Tbe actions and operations did force them upon
   dividing the single idea.                Broome.
 2. To overpower by strength.
               O that fortune
   Had brought me to the field where thou art fam'd
   To have wrought such wonders wito an ass's jaw,
   I should have/ore'ef thee soon with other arms.
                                       Milton.
     Wito fates averse, the rout in arms resort
  To force their monarch, and insult the court.  Dryd.
 3. To impel; to press; to draw or push by
   main strength.
     Thou shalt not destroy the trees by forcing an ax
  against them.                    Deuteronomy.
     Stooping, the spear descended on his chine,
  Just where the bone distinguish'd either loin:
  It stuck so fast, so deeply bury'd lay,
  That scarce the victor fore'd the steel away.  Dryd.
 4. To enforce; to urge.
     Three blust'ring nights, born by  the southern
         blast,
  I floated, and discovered land at last:
  High on a mounting wave my head I bore,
  Forcing my strength, and gath'ring to the shore.
                                      Dryden.
     Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere,
  I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude,
  And with fore 'd fingers rude
  Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.
                                       Jtfiffon.
 5. To drive by violence or power.
     This way of flattering their willing benefactors
  out of part, contrived another of forcing their  un-
  willing neighbours out of all their possessions.
                                 Decay of Piety.
     To free the ports, and ope toe Punique land
  To Trojan guests; lest ignorant of fate,
  The queen might force  them from her town and
         state.                         Dryden.
 6. To gain by violence or  power.
     My heart is yours; but, oh! you left it here
  Abandon'd to those tyrants hope and fear;
  If they fore'd from me one kind look or word,
  Could you not that, nor that small part afford.  Dryd.
 7. To storm; to take or enter by violence.
             Troy wall'd so high,
  Atrides might as well have fore'd  the sky. Waller,
     Heav'n from all ages wisely did provide
  This wealth, and for the  bravest nation hide;
  Who with four hundred foot, and forty horse,
  Dare boldly go a new-found world to force.  Dryd.
8. To ravish;  to violate by force.
    Force her.—I like it not.             Dryden.
9. To constrain; to distort; not  to obtain
  naturally or with ease.
    Our general taste in England  is for  epigram,
  turns of wit, and forced conceits.        Addison.
10. To man; to strengthen  by soldiers; to
  garrison.
            Here let them lye
  'Till famine and the ague eat them up:
  Were they not fore'd with those  that  should be
        our's,
  We might have met them dareful, beard to beard.
                                      Shaksp.
    If you find that any great number of soldiers be
  newly sent into Oroonoque, and that the  passages
  be already forced,  then  be well advised how you
  land                                 Raleigh.
      VOL.  I.
 11.  To Force out.   To extort.
     The heat  of the dispute had forced out  from
   Luther expressions that seemed  to make  his doc-
   trine run higher than really it did.      Atterbury.
 To Force, forse. v. n.   To lay stress up-
    on.   This word I have only found in the
    following passage.
     That morning that he was  to join  battle with
   Harold, his  armorer put on his  backpiece before
   and his breastplate behind; the which being espied
   by some that stood by, was taken among  them for
   an ill token, and therefore advised him not to fight
   that day; to whom the duke answered, I force not
   of such fooleries, but if I have any skill in soothsay-
   ing, as in sooth I have  none, it doth prognosticate
   that I shall change copy from a duke to.a king.
                                        Camden.
 Fo'rcebly,  for'sed-le.364  adv.   [from
   force.]   Violently;   constrainedly;  un-
   naturally.
     This foundation of the earth upon the waters doth
   most aptly agree to that structure of the abyss and
   antediluvian earth; but very improperly and forcedly
   to the present form of the earth and the waters.
                                        Uwrnef.
 Fo'roeful,  forse'ful.   adj.    [force  and
   full.]    Violent;  strong;  driven with
   great might;  impetuous.
             Why, what need we
   Commune with you of this, but rather follow
   Our forceful instigation?                 Shaksp.
         Against the -steed he threw
   His forceful spear, which,  hissing as it flew,
   Pierc'd through the yielding planks.        Dryden.
     Were it by chance, or forceful destiny,
   Which forms in causes first whate'er shall  be,
   Assisted by a friend one moonless night,
   This Palemon from prison took his flight.   Dryd.
     He pois'd in air, the jav'lin sent,
   Through Paris' shield the forceful weapon  went.
                                         Pope.
 Fo'rcefullt,  forse'ful-e.  adv.   [from
   forceful.]  Violently;  impetuously.
 Fo'rceless, forse'les. adj.  [from force.]
   Having little  force; weak;  feeble; im-
   potent.
 FO'HCEPS, for'seps.  n. s. [Latin.]
     Forceps properly signifies  a pair of tongs; but is
   used for an instrument in  chirurgery, to extract
   any thing out  of wounds, and the like occasions.
                                        Quincy.
 Fo'rcer, fore'sur. n.s.  [from force.]
 i.  That  which   forces, drives,  or con-
   strains.
 2. The embolus  of  a  pump working by
   pulsion, in contradistinction to a sucker,
   which acts by attraction.
    The usual means for the ascent of water is either
  by suckers or forcers.                  Wilkins.
Fo'rcible, fore'se-bl. adj. [from force]
 1.  Stro;>i>-; mighty:  opposed  to weak.
    That  punis client, which hath  been  sometimes
 forcible to bridle sin, may grow afterwards too weak
  and feeble.                            Hooker.
           Who therefore can invent
  With what more forcible we may offend
  Our yet unwounded enemies?             Milton.
2.  Violent;  impetuous.
    Jersey, belov'd by all: for all must feel
  The influence  of a form and mind,
  Where comely grace and constant virtue dwell,
  Like mingl'd streams more forcible when join'd:
  Jersey shall at thy altars stand,
  Shall there receive the azure band.         Prior.
3.  Efficacious; active; powerful.
    Sweet smells are most/orci&ie in dry substances,
  when broken; and so likewise in oranges,  the rip-
  ping of their rind  giveth out their smell more.
                                        Bacon.
                     5f
 4. Prevalent; of great influence.
     How forcible are right words.             Job.
     God hath assured us, that there is no inclination
   or temptation so forcible which our humble prayers
   and desires may not frustrate and break asunder.
                                        Raleigh.
 5. Done  by force; suffered by force.
              He swifter far
   Me  overtook, his mother all dismay'd,
   And in embraces forcible and foul
   Ingend'ring with me.                    Milton.
     The abdication of king James, the advocates on
   that side  look upon to have been/orci6fe and unjust,
   and  consequently  void.                    Swift.
 6. Valid; binding; obligatory.
 Fo'rcibleness,  fore'se-bl-nes. n. s. [from
   forcible.]  Force; violence.
 Fo'rcibly, fore'se-ble.  adv.  [from for-
   cible]
 1. Strongly; powerfully.
     The gospel offers such considerations as are fit to
   work very forcibly upon two  of the most swaying
   and  governing passions in tbe mind, our hopes  and
   our fears.                            Tillotson.
 2. Impetuously;  with great strength.
 3. By violence; by force.
     He himself with greedy great desire
   Into the castle entered forcwly.      Fairy Queen.
     The taking and  carrying away of women forcibly,
   and  against their will, except  female wards  and
   bondwomen, was made capital.            Bacon.
     This doctrine brings us down to the level of horse
   and  mule,  whose  mouths are forcibly holden wito
   bit and bridle.                       Hammond.
 Fo'rcipated,  for'se-pa-ted.  adj.  [from
   forceps.]  Formed like a pair of pincers
   to open and  enclose.
     The locusts have antenna?, or  long horns before,
   with  a long falcation or forcipated tail behind.
                                        Brown.
     When  toey have seized their prey, they will so
   tenaciously hold it with their forcipated mouth, that
   they  will  not part  therewith,  even when taken out
   of the waters.                         Derham.
FORD, ford.  n.  s.  [porib, Saxon, from
   parian, to pass.]
 1. A shallow part of a river where  it may
   be passed without  swimming.
     Her  men the paths  rode through made by her
         sword;
   They pass the stream, when she had found the ford.
                                       Fairfax.
2. It sometimes signifies  the stream,  the
   current, without  any consideration of
   passage or shallowness,
    Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards
  The ford, and of itself toe water flies
  All taste of living wight.                Milton.
    Rise, wretched widow! rise; nor nndeplor'd
  Permit my ghost to pass the  Stygian ford:
  But rise prepar'd in black  to mourn thy perish'd
         lord.                           Dryden.
 To Ford, ford v.  a.  [from the noun.]  To
   pass without swimming.
    Adam's shin-bones must have contained a thou-
  sand  fathom, and much more, if  he had forded the
  ocean.                                Raleigh.
    Fording his current where thou find'st it low.
                                      DeiUtam.
Fo'rdable, ford'a-bl. adj.   [from ford]
   Passable without swimming
    Pliny placeth the Schenitae upon the Euphrates,
  where the same beginneth to hefordahle.  Raleigh.
    A countryman sounded a  river up and dc*vn. te
  try where it was most fm-dable; anil where the wa-
  ter ran  too smooth, he found it deepest, and on the
  contrary,  shallowest where it made most noise
                                   L'Estrange.
FORE, fore. adj. [pope, Sax.] 
FOR
FOR
F O  11
 I. Anteriour; that which is before;  not be-
   hind.
    Though there is an orb or spherical area of the
  sound, yet they move strongest and go farthest in
  the fore lines from the first local impression.
                                       Bacon.
 2.  That which comes first  in a  progres-
   sive motion.
    Resistance  in  fluids  arises from their greater
  pressing on the fore than  hind part of the bodies
  moving in them.                        Cheyne.
 Fore, fore. adv.
 I.  Anteriourly; in the part  which appears
   first to those  that  meet it.
    Each of them will bear six demiculverins and
  four sakers, needing no other addition than a slight
  spar deck fore and aft,  which  is a slight deck
  throughout.                          Raleigh.
 2.  Fore is a word much used in composi-
   tion to mark  priority of time, of which
   some examples shall be given.   A viti-
   ous orthography  has  confounded for
   and fore in composition.
 To  Foreadvi'se,  fore-ad-vize'.499  v. n.
   [fore and  advise.]  To  counsel early;
   to counsel before  the time of action, or
   the event.
            Thus to have said,
  As you were foreadvis'd, had touch'd  his spirit,
  AnJ tried his inclination.                Shaksp.
 To  Foreappo'int,  fore-ap-point'.  v. n.
   [fore and appoint.]  To  order  before-
   hand.
 To Forea'rm, fore-arm', v. a. [fore and
   arm.]  To provide  for attack or resist-
   ance before the time of need.
    A man should fix and forearm his mind with this
  persuasion, that, during his passion, whatsoever is
  offered to his imagination  tends only to deceive.
                                        South.
            He forearms his care
  Wito rules to push his fortune, or to bear. Diyden.
 To  r orebo'de, fore-bode', v.  n.  [fore
   and bode.]
 1. To prognosticate; to foretell.
    An ancient augur, skill'd in future fate,
  With these foreboding words restrains their hate.
                                      Dryden.
 2.  To foreknow; to be prescient of; to feel
   a secret sense of something future.
    Fate makes you deaf, while I in vain implore:
  My heart forebodes I ne'er shall see you more.
                                       Dryden.
    My soul foreboded I should find the bow'r
  Of some fell monster, fierce with barb'rous pow'r.
                                        Pope.
 Forebo'der, fore-bode'ur.  n.  s.   [from
  forebode.]
 I. A prognosticator;  a soothsayer.
    Your raven has a reputation in the world for a
  bird of omen, and a kind of small prophet: a crow
  that had observed the raven's manner and way of
  delivering his predictions, sets up for aforeboder.
                                   L'Estrange.
 2. A  foreknower.
 Forfby'.  fore-bi'.  prep, [fore and by]
  Near; hard by; fast  by.
    Not far away he hence doth won
  Foreby a fountain, where I late him left. F. Queen.
 To Foreca'st, fore-kast'.40* v. a. [fore
  and  cast.]
 I. To scheme; to plan before execution.
    He shall forecast his  devices against the strong
  holds.                               Daniel.
2. To adjust; to contrive antecedently.
    The feast was serv'd; the time so well forecast,
  That just when the dessert and fruits were plac'd,
  The fiends alarm began.                Dryden.
3. To foresee;  to provide against.
    It  is wisdom to consider the end of things before
  we embark, and to forecast consequences.
                                  L'Esfrcmge.

To Foreca'st, fore-kast'.  v. n.  To form
   schemes; to contrive berorehand.
    And whatso heavens in their secret doom
  Ordained have, how can frail fleshy wight
  Forecast, but A must needs to issue come?  Spenser.
    When broad awake, she finds in troublous flit,
  Forecasting  how his foe he  might  annoy.
                                 Fairy Queen.
Foreca'st, fore'kast.492  n.  s.  [from the
   verb.] Contrivance beforehand; scheme;
   plan; antecedent policy.
    Alas!  that Warwick had no more forecast,
  But while he thought to steal the single ten,
  The king was slily finger'd from the deck!  Shaksp.
    He makes this difference to arise  from  the fore-
  cast and predetermination of the gods.   Addison.
    The last, scarce ripen'd into perfect man,
  Saw helpless him from whom their life began:
  Mem'ry and forecast just returns engage;
  That pointed back to youth, this on to age.  Pope.

Foreca'ster,  fore-kast'ur.  n. s.   [from
  forecast.]  One  who contrives before-
   hand.
Fo'recastle,  fore'kas-sl. n. s. [fore and
   castle]   In  a ship,  is that  part  where
   the foremast stands, and is divided from
   the rest ofthe floor by a bulknead: that
   part of the forecastle which is aloft, and
   not in the hoid, is called the prow.
                                    Harris.
    The commodity of the new cook-room the mer-
  chants have  found to  be so great, as  that,  in all
  their ships, the  cookrooms are built in their fore-
  castles, contrary to that which had been anciently
  used.                               Raleigh.
Forecho'sen, fore-tsho'z'n.  part,  [fore
   and chosen.]   Pre-elected.
Foreci'ted, fore-si'ted. part,   [fore and
   cite.]  Quoted before, or above.
    Greaves is of opinion, that the alteration  men-
  tioned in that forecited passage is  continued.
                                   Arbuthnot.
To Foreclo'se, fore-kloze'. v. a.  [fore
   and close.]
1. To shut up;  to preclude; to prevent.
    The embargo with Spain foreclosed this  trade.
                                      Careto.
2. To Foreclose a Mortgage,  is to  cut off
   the power of redemption.
Fo'redeck, fore'dek.  n. s.  [fore  and
   deck] The anteriour part of the ship.
    I to the fnredeck went, and thence  did look
  For rocky Scylla.                   Chapman.
To  Foredesi'gn,   fore-de-sine',  v.  a.
   [fore  and  design.]   To  plan before-
   hand.
    All the steps of the growth and  vegetation both
  of animals and plants,  have been foreseen and fore-
  designed by the wise Author of nature.     Cheyne.
To Foredo', fore-ddd'. v. a.  [from  for
   and do, not fore.]
1. To  ruin;  to destroy.  A word obsolete.
   Opposed  to making happy.
    Beseeching him, if eitoer salves or oils,
  A foredone wight from door of death  might raise,
  He would at her request prolong her nephew's days.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    That drew on  men God's hatred and his  wrath,
  And many souls  in .olours had/orecfeme. F. Queen.
            This doth betoken,
  The corse they follow did with desperate hand
  Foredo its own life.                    Shaktp,
            This is toe night
  That  either makes me or foredoes  me quite.
                                   Shakspeare.
2. To overdo; to weary; to  harass.
    Whilst the heavy ploughman snoars,
  All with weary task foredone.           Shaksn
7bFoREDo'oM,f6re-u66m'.v.a. [foreand
   doom.]  To predestinate; to determine
   beforehand.
    Through various hazards and events we move
  To Latium, and the realms foredoom'd  by Jove.
                                     Dryden.
    The willing metal will obey thy hand
  Following with ease: if favour'd by thy fate
  Thou  art foi-edoom'd  to view the Stygian state.
                                     Dryden.
    Fate foredoom'd, and all things tend
  By course of time to their appointed end. Dryden.
    Here Britain's statesmei. oft the fall foredoom
  Of foreign tyrants. and of nymphs at home. Pope,

Fore-e'nd, fore'e'nd. n. s. [fore and end.}
   The anteriour part.
    I have liv'd  at honest freedom; paid
  More pious debts to heaven than in all
  The fore-end of my time.               Shaksp,
    In the fore-end  of it, which was towards liim
  grew a small green branch of palm.      Bacon.'
Forefa'ther, fore-famur.  n.s.  [fore
   and father.]  Ancestor; one  who in any
   degree  of ascending  genealogy pre-
   cedes  another.
    The custom of the people of God, and the de-
  crees  of our forefathers,  are to be  kept, touching
  those things whereof tbe Scripture hath neither one
  way or other given us charge.          hul.tr.
    If it be a generous desire in  men to know Irom
  whence their own forefathers have come, it cannot
  be displeasing to understand the place of our first
  ancestor.                            Ralt\%h,
            Conceit is still deriv'd
  From some forefather grief: mine is not so. Shak.
            Shall 1 not be distraught,
  And madly play with my forefather's joints. Shak.
            Our great forefathers,
  Had left him nought to conquer but his country.
                                     Addison.
    When a man sees the prodigious pains our fore-
  fathers have been  at in  these barbarous buildings,
  one cannot but fancy what miracles  of architecture
  they would have left us, had they been instructed
  in the right way.                      Addison.
    Blest peer! his great forefather's ev'ry grace
  Reflecting, and reflected in his race.      Pope,

To  Forefe'nd, fore-fend', v. a.  [It  is
   doubtful  whether from fore or for and
   defend.   If from fore, it implies  ante-
   cedent  provision;  as forearm: if  from
  for,  prohibitory security; as forbid.  Of
   the  two following examples  one favours
  for;  and the other fore.
1. To  prohibit; to avert.
    I would not kill thy unprepared spirit;
  No, heav'ns forefend! I would not kill thy soul.
                                     Shaksp-
    Perhaps a fever, which the gods forefend,
  May bring your  youth to some  untimely end.
                                     Dryden.
2. To provide for; to secure.
            Down with the nose,
  Down with it flat:  take the bridge quite away
  Of him, that, bis particular to forefend,
  Smells from the gen'ral weal.           Shaksp.

Forefi'noer, foi e'f ing-gfir. n. s.  [fore
  and fnger.]  The finger next to the
  thum'-: tie index.
            An agate stone
  On tbe forefinger of an alderman.        Shaksp. 
FOR
FOR
FOR
      Polymnia shall be drawn, as  it were acting her
   speech with her forefinger.             Peacham.
      Some wear this on the middle-finger, as the an-
   cient Gauls and Britons; and some upon the fore-
   finger.                                Brown.
 Fo'rkfoot, fore'fut. n. s.  plur.  forefeet.
   [fore  and foot.]    The anteriour  foot
   of a quadruped:  in contempt,  a hand.
     Give me thy fist; thy forefoot to me give. Shak.
     He ran fiercely,  and smote at Heliodorus with
   his forefeet.                       2  Maccabees.
     I continue my line from thence to the heel; then
   making the  breast with the eminency thereof, bring
   out his near forefoot, which I finish.     Peacham.
 To  Forego',  fore-go',  v.  a. [fore  and
   go.]
 1. To quit; to  give up; to resign.
     Is it her nature, or is it her will,
   To be so cruel to an humble foe?
     If nature, then she may it mend with skill;
   If will, then she at will  may  will forego.    Spenser.
     Having all before absolutely in his power, it re-
   maineth so still,  he having already neither foregiven
   nor foregone any thing thereby unto them, but hav-
   ing received something  from them.       Spenser.
     He is a great  adventurer,  said he,
   That hath his sword through hard essay foregone;
     And now hath vowed 'till he avenged  be
   Of that despite, never to wearen  none.  F. Queen.
     Special reason oftentimes causeth the will  to
   prefer one good  thing before another; to leave one
   tor another's sake, to forego  meaner for  the attain-
   ment of higher degrees.                 Hooker.
     Must I then leave you? Must I needs forego
   So good, so noble, and so true a master?    Shaksp.
              Let  us not forego
   That for a trifle which was bought with blood.
                                       Shaksp.
     How can I live without thee! how forego
   Thy sweet converse and love so dearly join'd,
   To live again in these wild woods forlorn!
                                       Afiffon.
     This argument might prevail with you to forego
   a little of your repose for the publick benefit.
                                      Dryden.
     What  toey have enjoyed with  great pleasure at
   one time, has proved  insipid or nauseous at an-
   other;  and therefore they see nothing  in it, for
   which toey should forego a present enjoyment.
                                       Locke.
 2. To  go before; to be  past,  [from fore
   and go]
     By our remembrances of days foregone,
   Such were our faults; 0! then we thought toem not.
                                       Shaksp.
     It is to be understood of Cain, that many  years
  foregone and when his people were  increased, he
   built the city of Enoch                 Raleigh.
     Reflect upon the two foregoing objections.
                                        Boyle.
     This foregoing remark gives the reason why imi-
   tation pleases.                        Dryden.
    I was seated in my elbow-chair, where I had in-
  dulged the foregoing speculations.      Addison.
    In the foregoing part of this work I promised
  proofs                            JFoocficarcf.
&. To lose.
    This  is the very ecstacy of love,
  Whose violent property foregoes itself,
  Aud leads the will to desperate undertakings.
                                   Shakspeare.
Forego'er,  fore-go'iir. n. s. [from fore-
  go.]   Ancestor; progenitor.
            Honours best thrive,
  When rather from our acts we toem derive
  Than our foregoers.                 Shakspeare.

Fu'regkoi-nh,  fore'ground.  n. s.  [fore
   and ground.]  The part of the  field or
  expanse of a  picture which seems to lie
  before the figures.
   All agree  that white can  subsist  on  the fore-
 ground of the picture: the question therefore is to
   know, if it can equally be placed upon that which
   is backward, the light being universal, and the fig-
   ures supposed to be in an open field.      Dryden.
 Fo'rehand, fore'hand. n.  s.   [fore  and
    hand]
 1. The part of  a horse which is before the
    rider.
 2. The chief  part.  Not in use.
     The great Achilles whom opinion crowns
   The sinew and toe forehand of our host.  Shaksp.
 Fo'rehand, fore'hand. adj.  Done sooner
   than is regular.
     You'll say she did embrace me as a husband,
   And so extenuate the forehand sin.       Shaksp.
 Foreha'nded, fore'hand-ed.  adj. [from
   fore and hand.]
 I. Early;  timely.
     If by thus doing you have not secured your time
   by an early  and forehanded care, yet be sure, by a
   timely diligence, to redeem toe time.     Taylor.
 2. Formed in the f< reparts.
     He 's a substantial true-bred beast, bravely fore-
   handed: mark but the cleanness of his shapes too.
                                       Dryden.

 Fo'rehead, for'hed."16  n. s.  [fore  and
   head.]
 !. That part  of the  face  which  reaches
   from the  eyes upward to the hair.
         The breast of Hecuba,
   When she did suckle Hector, look'd not lovelier
   Than Hector's forehead when it spit forth blood
   At Grecian swords contending.        Shakspeare.
     Some angel copy'd, while 1  slept, each grace,
   And moulded ev'ry feature from my face:
   Such majesty does from her forehead rise,
   Her cheeks such blushes cast, such rays her eyes.
                                       Dryden.
 2. Impudence;  confidence; assurance; au-
   daciousness;  audacity. The forehead is
   the part on  which  shame visibly ope-
   rates.
    A man of confidence presseth forward upon  eve-
   ry appearance of advantage; where his force is too
   feeble, he  prevails by dint of impudence: these men
   of forehead are magnificent in promises, and infalli-
   ble in  their prescriptions.                Collier.
    I would  fain know to what branch of the legisla-
   ture they can have the forehead to apply.    Swift.
 Foreho'lding, fore-hold'ing. n. s. [fore
   and  hold.]   Predictions; ominous  ac-
   counts;  superstitious prognostications.
    How are superstitious men  bagged out of their
  wits with the fancy of omens, foreholdings, and old
  wives' tales!                       L'Estrange.
 FOREIGN, for'rin  adj. [forain, Fr. fo-
   rano, Spanish; from foris, Lat.]
 1.  Not of  this country; not domestick.
    Your son, that with a fearful soul
  Leads discontented steps in foreign soil,
  This fair alliance quickly shall call home. Shaksp.
    The learned correspondence  you hold  in foreign
  parts.                                 Milton.
    The positions  are so far from being  new,  that
  they are commonly to be met with in  both ancient
  and modern,  domestick and foreign writers.
                                    Atterbury.
    The parties and divisions amongst us may seve-
  ral ways bring destruction upon our country, at  the
  same time that  our united force would secure us
  against all  the attempts of a foreign enemy. Addis.
2.  Alien; remote;  not  allied;  not belong-
   ing;  without relation.  It  is  often used
   with to; but more properly with from.
            1 must dissemble,
 And speak a language foreign to my heart. Addison.
    Fame is  a good so wholly foreign to our natures,
 toat we have no faculty in the soul adapted to it,
                   5f2
   nor any organ in the body to relish it, placed out of
   the possibility of fruition.               Addison.
     This design  is not foreign from some  people's
   thoughts.                               Swift.
 3. Excluded;   not admitted; held at a dis-
   tance.
     They will not stick to say you envied him;
   And fearing he would rise, he was so virtuous,
   Kept him a foreign man still; which so griev'dbim,
   That he ran mad and died.           Shakspeare.
 4. [In law.] A foreign plea, placitum, fo-
   rinsecum; as being a plea out of the pro-
   per court of justice.
 5. Extraneous; adventitious in general.
     There are who, fondly studious of increase,
   Rich foreign mould in their ill-natur'd land
   Induce.                               Philips.
 Fo'reigner,  for'rln-ur.   n. s.  [from Jb-
   reign.]  A  man that  comes  from an-
   other country;  not a native;  a stranger.
             Joy is such a foreigner,
   So mere a stranger  to my thoughts, I know
   Not how to entertain him.              Denham.
     To this false foreigner you give your throne,
   And wrong'd a friend, a kinsman, and  a son. Diyd.
     Water is the only native of England made use of
   in  punch;  but the lemons, the brandy,  the sugar,
   and the nutmegs, are all foreigners.      Addison.
     Nor could the majesty of the English crown ap-
   pear in a greater lustre, either to foreigners or sub-
   jects.                                  Swift.
 Fo'reignness, for'rin-nes. n. s.  [from fo-
   reign.]  Remoteness; want of relation to
   something.
     Let not the foreignness of the subject hinder yoa
   from endeavouring to set me right.        Locke.
 To Foreima'gine, fore-im-madje'in. v.a.
   [fore and imagine.] To conceive or fan-
   cy before proof.
     We are within compass of  a foreimagined possi-
   bility in that behalf.                   Camden.
 To Foheju'dge,  fore-judje'. v. a.  [fore
   and judge.] To judge beforehand; to be
   prepossessed; to prejudge.
 To Forekno'w, fore-no', v. a.  [fore and
   know.]  To  have prescience of; to fore-
   see.
     We foreknow that the sun  will rise  and set; that
   all men born in the world shall die again; that after
   winter the spring shall come;  after the  spring, sum-
   mer and harvest; yet is not our foreknowledge the
   cause of any of those.                 Raleigh.
    He foreknew  John should not suffer a violent
  death, but go into his grave in peace.      Brown.
    Calchas the sacred seer, who had in view
  Things present and the past, and things to come
        foreknew.                       Dryden.
    Who would the miseries of man foreknow?
 ^ Not knowing, we but share our part of woe. Dryd.
Forekno'wable,  fore-no'a-bl.  adj.  [from
  foreknow.] Possible to be known before
   they  happen.
    It is certainly foreknowable what they will do in
  such and such circumstances.              More.
Forekno'wledge,  fore-no l'idje.   n.  s.
   [fore and   knowledge.]   Prescience;
   knowledge  of that  which has not yet
   happened.
    Our  being in  Christ by eternal foreknoicledge,
  saveth us not without our actual  and real adoptfon
  into the fellowship  of his saints in  this present
  W0lld-                                Hooker.
    I told him  you was asleep: he seems  to have a
 foreknowledge of that too, and therefore chuses to
  speak with you.                     Shakspeare,
            If I foreknew,
  Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault
  Which had no less prov'd certain unforeknown.
                                       Milton, 
FOR
FOR
FOR
    I hope the foreknowledge you had of my esteem
  for you, is the reason you do not dislike my letters.
                                         Pope.
Fo'reland,  fore'land.  n.  s.  [fore  and
   land.] A  promontory;  headland;  high
   land jutting into the sea; a cape.
    As when a ship, by skilful steersman wrought
  Nigh river's mouth, or foreland, where the wind
  Veers oft, as oft so steers, and shifts her sails. Milt.
To Fo'relay, fore-la', v.a. [fore and lay]
   I. To lay wait for; to entrap by ambush.
    A serpent shoots her sting at unaware;
  An ambush'd thief forelays a traveller;
  The man lies murder'd, while the thief and snake,
  One gains the thickets, and one thrids the brake.
                                       Dryden.
2. To contrive  antecedently.
To Fo'relift,  fore-lift', v. a.  [fore and
   lift.]  To raise aloft any anteriour part.
     So dreadfully he towards him did pass,
  Foreliflihg up aloft his speckled breast;
    And often bounding on the bruised grass,
  As for great joy of his new comen guest.   Spenser.
Fo'relock, fore'lok. n. s. [fore and lock.]
   The hair that grows  from  the  forepart
   of the head.
    Tell her toe joyous time will not be staid,
  Unless she do him by the forelock take.    Spenser.
             Hyacinthine locks,
  Round from his parted forelock manly hung,
  Clust'ring, but not beneath his shoulders broad.
                                       Milton.
         Zeal and duty are not slow,
  But on occasion's forelock watchful wait.   Milton.
    Time is painted with a lock before, and bald be-
  hind, signifying thereby that we must take time by
  the forelock; for,  when it is once past, there is no
  recalling it.                             Swift.
Fo'reman,  fore'man.99  n.  s. [fore  and
   man.]  The first or chief person.
     He is a very sensible man, shoots flying, and has
  been several times foreman of the petty jury.
                                       Addison.
Foreme'ntioned,  fore-men'shvin'd.  adj.
   [fore  and  mentioned.]   Mentioned  or
   recited before.  It  is  observable  that
   many participles are  compounded  with
   fore, whose verbs have no such compo-
   sition.
     Dacier, in the life of Aurelius, has  not  taken
   notice of the /o?-emenfionecf figure on the pillar.
                                       Addison.
 Fo'remost, fore'most.  adj. [from fore]
 1. First in place.
     All three were set among the foremost ranks of
   fame, for great minds to attempt, and great force to
   perform what they did attempt.           Sidney.
     Our women in the foremost ranks appear;
   March to the fight, and meet your mistress there.
                                        Dryden.
             The bold Sempronius,
   That still broke foremost through the crowd of pa-
         triots,
   As with a hurricane of zeal transported,
   And virtuous even to madness!           Addison.
 2. First in dignity.
             These ride foremost in the field,
   As they toe foremost rank of honour held.  Dryden.
 Forena'med,  fore'nam'd. adj. [fore and
   name] Nominated before.
             And such are sure ones,
   As Curius and the forenamed Lentulus. Ben Jonson.
Fo'renoon, fore'n66n.  n. s.  [fore and
   noon.] The time of day reckoned from
   the middle point, between the dawn and
   the  meridian, to the meridian: opposed
   to  afternoon.
     The manner was, that the forenoon they should
  run at tilt, the afternoon in a broad field in manner
  of a battle, 'till either the strangers or the country
  knights won the field.                   Sidney.
    Curio, at the funeral of his father, built a tem-
  porary  theatre,  consisting of two parts, turning on
  hinges, according to the position of the sun, for the
  conveniency of forenoon's and afternoon's diversion.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Foreno'tice,  fore-no'tis.  n.  s.  [fore and
   notice.]  Information of  an event before
   it happens.
    So strange  a revolution never happens in poetry,
  but either heaven or earth gives some forenotice of
  it.                                   Rymer.
Fore'nsick, fo-ren'sik.   adj.   [forensis,
   Latin.]  Belonging to courts  ot  judica-
   ture.
    Person is a forensick term, appropriating actions
  and their merit; and so belongs only to intelligent
  agents, capable of a law, and happiness and miseiy.
  This personality extends itself  beyond  present  ex-
  istence to what  is past, only by  consciousness.
                                        LocA,e.
    The forum was a publick place in Rome, where
  lawyers and orators made their speeches before the
  proper judges in matters of property, or in criminal
  cases: thence all  sorts of disputations in courts of
  justice, where several persons  make their distinct
  speeches, may  come under toe name of forensick
   disputes.                               Watts.
 To Foreorda'in, fore-dr-dane'. v. a. [fore
   and ordain] To predestinate; to prede-
   termine;  to preordain.
    The church can discharge, in manner convenient,
  a work of so great  importance,  by foreordaining
  some short collect, wherein briefly to mention thanks.
                                       Hooker.
Fo'repart,  fore'part. n. s  [fore and part.]
 1. The part first in time.
     Had it been so raised, it would  deprive us of the
   sun's light all the forepart of the day.     Raleigh.
 2. The part anteriour in place.
    The ribs have no cavity in them, and towards the
  forepart or breast are broad and thin, to bend and
   give way without danger of fracture.         Ray.

 Forepa'st, fore-past', adj.[fore and past]
   Past before a certain time.
     Now cease, ye damsels, your delights forepasl:
   Enough it is that all  the day is your's.     Spenser.
     My forepasl proofs, howe'er the matter fall,
   Shall tax my fears  with little vanity,
   Having vainly fear'd too little.        Shakspeare.
     Such is the treaty which he negociates with us,
   an offer and  tender ef a reconciliation,  an act of
   oblivion, of  all forepast sins,  and of a new cove-
   nant.                             Hammond.

 FoREPossE'ssED,f6re-poz-zest'. adj. [fore
   and possess.] Preoccupied; prepossess-
   ed; pre-engaged.
     The testimony either of toe ancient fathers or of
   other classical divines, may be clearly and abund-
   antly answered, to the satisfaction of any rational
   man, not extremely forepossessed with prejudice.
                                    Sanderson.
 Fo'rerank, fore'rangk.  n.  s.  [fore and
   rank] First rank; front.
     Yet leave our cousin Catherine here with us:
   She is our capital demand, compris'd
   Within the forerank of our articles.   Shakspeare.

 Forereci'ted,  fore-re-si't£d.  adj.  [fore
   and recite.] Mentioned  or enumerated
   before.
                 Bid him recount
   The forerecited practices, whereof
   We cannot feel too little, hear too much.   Sliaksp.
 To Foreru'n, fore-riin'.  v. a.  [fore and
   run.]
 1. To come before as an earnest of some-
  thing following; to introduce as a har-
  binger.
    Against ill chances men are ever merry;
  But heaviness foreruns the good event.    Shaksp.
             The sun
  Was set, and twilight from the east came on
  Forerunning night.                     Milton.
    She bids me hope; oh heav'ns, she pities me!
  And pity still foreruns approaching love,
  As lightning does the thunder.           Drydtn,
2. To precede; to have  the start of.
    I heard it to be a maxim at Dublin to follow, if
  not forerun, all that is or will be practised in L(,n.
  don.                                daunt.
Foreru'nner, fore-nin'nur.  n.  s. [from
  forerun.]
1. A harbinger; a messenger sent before
   to give notice of the approach of those
   that follow.
    The six strangers seek for you,  madam, to take
  their leave; and there is a forerunner come from a
  seventh, the prince of Morocco.       Shakspeare,
    A cock was sacrificed as the forerunner of clay
  and the sun, thereby acknowledging the light of life
  to be derived from the divine bounty, the daughter
  of Providence                      SlillingjUet.
    My elder brothers rny forerunners came,
  Rough draughts of nature,  ill design'd, and lamei
  Blown off, like blossoms, never made to bear;
  'Till I came finished, her last labour'd care. Dryd,
2. A prognostick; a sign foreshowing any
   thing.
     0 Eve! some further change awaits us nigh,
  Which heav'n, by these mute signs in nature shew!
  Forerunners of his purpose.            Mltcm.
     Loss of sight is  the misery of life, and usual!;
  the forerunner of death.                South.
     The keeping insensible perspiration up in due
  measure is the cause as well as sign of health, and
  the least deviation from that due quantity, the cer-
  tain forerunner of a disease.         Arbuthnot,
     Already Opera prepares the way,
  The sure forerunner of her gentle sway.   Pope.
 To  Foresa'y,  tore-sa'.  v.  a. [fore  and
   say] To predict; to prophesy; to fore.
   tell.
             Let ordinance
  Come as the gods foresay it.          Sliakspenre.
 To  Forese'e, fore-see',  v.a. [fore  and
   see.]
 1. To  see beforehand; to see what has not
   yet  happened;  to have prescience; to
   foreknow.
     The first of them could things to come foresee;
  The next could of things present best advise;
  The third, things past, could keep in memory.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     If there be any  thing foreseen  that is not usual,
  be armed for it by any hearty, though a short prayer,
  and an  earnest resolution beforehand, and then
  watch when it comes.                  Taylor.
     At his foreseen approach, already quake
  The Caspian kingdoms and Meotian lake;
  Their seers behold the tempest from afar,
  And threat'ning oracles denounce the war. Dryden-

 2. To  provide for; with to.  Out of use.
     A king against a  storm must foresee to a conven-
  ient stock of treasure.                   Bacon.

 To  Foresha'me,  fore-shame', v. a.  [foTt
   and shame.]  To shame;  to  bring re-
   proach upon.
             Oh bill, foreshaming
  Those rich-left heirs, that let their fathers lie
  Without a monument.                Shakspeare.

 To Fo'reshew, fore-sho'. v.a. [See Fore-
   show.]
 Fo'reship, fore'ship. n.s. [fore and shift]
   The anteriour  part of the ship. 
FOR
FOR
FO  R
     The shipmen would have cast anchors out of the
  foreship.                j                Acts.
 To  Foresho'rten,  fore-shor't'n.  v. a,
    [Jore and shorten/]  To shorten figures
    for the sake of  showing those behind.
     The greatest  part of the body ought to appear
  foremost; and he  forbids  the foreshortenings, he-
  cause they make toe parts appear little.  Dryden.
 To Fo'reshow,  fore-sno'.  v. a. [fore and
    show.]
 1.  To discover before  it happens;  to  pre-
    dict; to prognosticate.
     Christ had called him to be a witness of his death,
  and resurrection from the dead, according to that
  which the prophets and Moses had foreshowed.
                                       Hooker.
     Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose,
  Whose purple blush the uay foreshows.   Denham.
     You chose to withdraw yourself from publick bu-
  siness, when the face of heaven grew troubled, and
  the frequent shifting of the wind foreshowed a storm.
                                       Dryden.
 2.  To represent  before it comes.
     What else is the law but the gospel foreshowed?
  What other the gospel than the law fulfilled?
                                       Hooker.
 Fo'resight, fore'site.  n.  s.   [fore  and
    sight.]
 1.  Prescience; prognostication; foreknowl-
    edge. The accent anciently on the  last
    syllable.
     Let Eve, for I have drench'd her eyes,
  Here sleep below, while thou to foresight wak'st;
  As once thou sleep'st, whilst she to life was form'd.
                                       MUton.
 2.  Provident care of futurity.
     He had a sharp foresight, and working wit,
  That never idle was,  ne once could rest a whit.
                                      Spenser.
     In matters of arms he was both skilful and indus-
  trious, and as well in foresight as resolution, present
  and great.                           Hayward.
     Difficulties and temptations will more easily be
  bom or avoided, if wito prudent foresight we arm
  ourselves against them.                 Rogers.
 Foresi'ghtful, fore-site'fiil. adj. [jore-
    sight and full]  Prescient; provident.
     Death gave him  no such  pangs  as the foresight-
  ful care he  had of  his silly successor.     Sidney.
 To  Foresi'gnify, fore-sig'ne-fi.  v.  a.
    [fore and signify.] To betoken before-
   hand;  to  foreshow; to typify.
     Discoveries of Christ already present, whose fu-
  ture coining the Psalms did but foresignify. Hooker.
     Yet as being past times noxious, where they light
  On man, beast, plant, wasteful and turbulent
  They oft foresignify,  aud threaten ill.     Milton.
 Fo'reskin, fore'skin. n. s. [fore and skin.]
   The prepuce.
             Thy own hand
  An hundred of the  faithless foe shall slay,
  And for a dow'r their hundred foreskins pay,
  Be Michol thy reward.                 Cowley.
Fo'reskirt,  fore'skert.  n.  s.  [fore and
  skirt.] The  pendulous or loose part of
  the coat before.
    A thousand pounds  a year for pure respect!
  No other obligation?
  That promises more thousands: honour's train
  Is longer than his foreskirt.           Shakspeare.
To  Foresla'ck, fore-slak'. v. a. [fore and
  slack.] To neglect by idleness.
    It is a great pity that so good an opportunity was
  omitted, and so happy an occasion foreslacked,  that
  might have been the eternal good of the land.
                                      Spenser.
To  Foreslo'w, fore-slo'.  v. a. [fore and
  slow.]
 I. To delay; to hinder; to impede; to ob-
    struct.
     No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow
   Their hasty pace.                     Fairfax.
     Now the illustrious nymph return'd again,
   Brings every grace triumphant in her train:
   The wond'ring Nereids, though they rais'd no storm,
   Foreslow'd her passage to behold her form. Dryden.
 2. To neglect; to omit.
     When  toe rebels were on Blackheath, the king
   knowing well that it stood him upon, by how much
   the more he had hitherto protracted the time in not
   encountering toem, by so much the sooner to dis-
   patch with them, toat it might appear to have been
   no coldness in foreslowing, but wisdom in chusing
   his time, resolved with speed to assail them.  Bacon.
     Our good purposes foreslowed are  become our tor-
   mentors upon our death-bed.         Bishop Hall.
     Chremes, how many fishers do you know
   That  rule  their boats and use their nets aright,
     That neither wind, nor time, nor  tide/oresfoic?
   Some such have been: but ah! by tempests spite
   Their boats are lost; while we may  sit and moan
   That  few were such, and  now these  few are  none.
                                     P. Fletcher.
 To  Foreslo'w,  fore-slo'. v. n. To be dil-
   atory; to loiter.
     This may plant courage in their quailing breasts,
   For yet is  hope of life and victory:
   Foreslow no longer, make me hence amain.   Shak.
 To  Forespe'ak,  fore-speke'.  v. n.  [fore
   and  speak.]
 I. To  predict; to foresay; to foreshow; to
   foretell.
   ■  Old Godfrey of Winchester thinketh no ominous
  forespeaking to lie in names.             Camden.
 2. To  forbid,  [from for and speak.]
     Thou hast/orespofee my being in these wars,
   And sayst  it is not fit.                   Shaksp.
 Forespe'nt,  fore-spent',  adj.  [for and
   spent.]
 1. Wasted; tired; spent.
     After him came spurring hard
  A gentleman, almost/orespenf with speed.  Shaksp.
 2. Forepassed; past,  [fore and spent.]
     Is not enough thy evil life forespent?  F. Queen.
     You shall find his vanities forespent,
  Were but the outside of the Roman  Brutus,
  Covering discretion with a coat of folly.   Shaksp.
 3. Bestowed before.
              We must receive him
  According  to the honour of his sender;
  And towards himself, his goodness forespent on us,
  We must extend our notice.             Shaksp.
Forespu'rrer,  fore-spilr'dr.   n.  s. [fore
   and  spur.].  One that rides  before.
     A day in April never came so sweet,
  To show how costly summer was at hand,
  As this forespurrer comes before his  lord.  Shaksp.
FO'REST, for'rest. n. s. [forest, French;
  foresta,  Italian.]
 1. A  wild uncultivated  tract of ground
   interspersed with wood.
    By many tribulations we enter into the kingdom
  of heaven,  because in a forest of many wolves, sheep
  cannot chuse but feed in continual danger of  life.
                                       Hooker.
    Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be, until
  Great  Birnham-wood to Dunsinane's high  hill
  Shall come against him.
  ----That will never be:
  Who can impress the forest, bid the  tree
  Unfix his earth-bound root?              Shaksp.
    There be airs which the physicians  advise their
  patients to  remove unto, which commonly are plain
  champaigns, but grasing, and not overgrown with
  heath; or else timber shades, as in forests.  Bacon.
    How the first forest rais'd its shady head.
                                   Roscommon.
2. [In law.]  A certain territory of woody
    grounds  and  fruitful pastures,  privi-
    leged  for  wild beasts,  and  fowls  of
    forest, chase, and warren, to  rest and
    abide in,  in the safe  protection  of the
    king for his pleasure.
     The manner of making forests  is this:  the king
   sends out his commission, directed to certain per-
   sons, for viewing, perambulating, and bounding the
   place that he has a mind to afforest:  which return-
   ed into Chancery, proclamation is  made, th3t none
   shall hunt any wild beasts within  that precinct,
   without licence; after which he appoints ordinances,
   laws, and officers for the preservation of  the vert
   and  venison; and this becomes a forest by matter of
   record.  The  properties of a forest are  these:  a
  forest, as it is strictly taken, cannot be in the hands
   of any but the king, who hath power to grant com-
   mission to a justice in eyre for the forest;  the courts;
   the officers for  preserving the vert and venison,  as
   the justices of the foiest, the warden or keeper, the
   verders, toe foresters, agistors, regarders, bailiffs,
   and beedles.   The chief property of a forest is the
   swainmote, which is no less incident  to  it than the
   court of pyepowders to a fair.             Cowell.
 To Foresta'll, lore-stawl'.*08 v. a.  [y.up-
    eytallan, Sax.]
 I.  To anticipate; to  take beforehand.
     If thou be  master-gunner, spend  not all
   That thou can'st speak at once; but husband it,
   And give men turns of speech; do not forestall
   By lavishness thine own and others' wit,
   As if thou mad'st thy will.               Herbert.
     What need a man/oresfaff his date of grief,
   And run to meet what he would most avoid?
                                        Milton.
 2.  To hinder by preoccupation or preven-
   tion.
     And toough good luck prolonged hath thy date,
  Yet death then  would the like mishap forest all.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     What's in  prayer, but this twofold force
  To he forestalled ere we come to fall,
  Or pardon being down.                   Shaksp.
               But for my tears,
  I had/oresfoff'cf this dear and deep  rebuke,
  Ere you with grief had spoke.            Shaksp.
     If thou covet death, as utmost end
  Of misery, so thinking to evade
  The penalty pronoune'd, doubt not  but God
  Hath wiselier arm'd his vengeful ire, than so
  To heforestall'd.                        Milton,.
     I will not forestall your judgment of the rest.
                                         Pope.
3. To seize  or  gain   possession of before
   another; to  buy before another in order
   to raise the price.
     He bold spake, sir knight, if knight thou be,
  Abandon this/oresfaffecf place at erst,
  For fear of further harm, I counsel  thee.  F. Queen.
   To deprive by something prior: with of.
   Not in use.
                   May
  This night forestall him  ofthe coming day.  Shaksp.
Foresta'ller,  fore-stawl'iir. n. s.  [from
  forestall.]   One that anticipates   the
   market;   one  that  purchases  before
   others to raise the price.
    Commodities, good or bad, the  workmen  must
  take at his master's rate, or sit  still and starve,
  whilst, by this means, this new sort of engrossers or
  forestallers having toe feeding and supplying this
  numerous body  of workmen, set the price upon the
  poor  landholder.                        Locke.
Forestbo'rn, for'rest-born. adj.  [forest
   and born.]  Born in a wild.
              This boy is/orest&orn,
  And hato been  tutor'd in the rudiments
  Of desperate  studies.                   Shaksp.
Fo'rester,  for'res-tur.  n.  s.  [forestier,
   French;  from forest.] 
FOR
FOR
FOR
 1.  An officer of the forest.
     Forester, my friend, where is the bush,
   That we may stand and play the murtherer in?
   —Here by, upon the edge of yonder coppice.
                                        Shaksp.
 2. An inhabitant ofthe wild country.
 Fo'reswat,  > f6re,sw6t  < adj  [from for
 to res wart, )            ( and swat, from
    sweat.]   Spent with heat.
     Miso and Mopsa, like a couple of foreswat melt-
   ers, were getting the pure silver of their bodies out
   of the ore of toeir garments.             Sidney.
  To  Foreta'ste, fore-taste', v. a. [fore
    and taste.]
  1. To have antepast of; to have prescience
    of.
  2. To taste before another.
               Perhaps the fact
   Is not so heinous now,/orefasfecf fruit,
   Profan'd first by the serpent, by him first
   Made common and unhallow'd, ere our taste. Milt.
 Fo'retaste, fote'taste. n.  s.   Anticipa-
    tion of.
     A pleasure that a man may call as properly his
   own as his soul and his conscience, neither liable to
   accident, nor exposed to injury; it is the foretaste of
   heaven, and the earnest of eternity.        SoufA.
  To Forete'll, fore-tel'. v. a. preter.  and
    part. pass, foretold,  [fore and  tell]
  1.  To predict; to prophesy.
     What art thou, whose heavy looks foretell
   Some dreadful story hanging on thy tongue? Shak.
                 I found
   The new created world, which fame in heaven
   Long had/orefofef.                      MUton.
                 Mercia's king,
   Warn'd in a dream, his murder did/orefeff,
   From point to point, as after it befell.     Dryden.
     When great Ulysses sought the Phrygian shores,
   Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold;
   Heav'n seal'd my words,  and you those deeds be-
         hold.                            Pope.
 2.  To foretoken;  to foreshow.
  To Forete'll, fore-tel'. v. n.   To utter
    prophecy.
     All the prophets from Samuel, and those  that
   follow after, have likewise foret ol d of these days.
                                         Acts.
 Forete'ller,  fore-tel'liir.  n.  s.  [from
   foretell.]  Predicter;  foreshower.
     Others are  proposed,  not that the foretold events
   should be known; but that tbe accomplishment that
   expounds them  may evince, that  the foreteller of
   them was able to foresee thee.            Boyle.
  To Foretht'nk, fore-fVmik'. v.  a.  [fore
    and think.]
  1.  To anticipate in the mind; to have pre-
    science of.
               The soul of every man
  Prophetically  does/oref/wnfc thy fall.      Shaksp.
               I  do pray to thee,
  Thou virtuous Dauphin,  alter not the doom,
  Forethought by heav'n.                 Shaksp.
     Adam could not be ignorant of the punishments
  due to neglect and disobedience;  and felt, by toe
  proof thereof,  in himself another terror than he had
  forethought, or could imagine.            Raleigh.
    Friday, the  fatal day!  when next it came,
  Her  soul forethought toe fiend would change his
        game.                          Dryden.
2. To contrive  antecedently.
    Blessed be  that God  which hath given you an
  heart to forethink this,  and a will to honour him
  with his own.                     Bishop Hall
To  Forethi'nk, fove-thlnk'. v. n.  To con-
  trive beforehand
    What's my frenzy will be call'd  my crime:
  What then is thine?  Thou cool deliberate villain!
  Thou wise,foreihinking, weighing politician! Smith,
 Foretho'ught, fore'thkvft'.  n. s.  [from
   forethink]
 1. Prescience; anticipation.
     He that is undone, is equally undone, whether it
   be by spitefulness of forethought, or by the folly
   of oversight, or evil counsel.          L'Estrange.
 2. Provident care.
 To Foreto'ken,  fore-to'k'n.  v.  a.  [fore
    and tjken.]  To foreshow; to prognosti-
    cate  as a sign.
     The king from Ireland hastes; but did no good:
   Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood.
                                        Daniel.
 Foreto'ken, fore-to'k'n. n.  s. [from the
    verb.] Prtvenient sign; prognostick.
     It may prove some ominous foretoken of misfor-
   tune.                                 Sidney.
     They misliked nothing more in king  Edward tbe
   confessor, than that he  was Frenchified, and ac-
   counted the desire  of foreign language then to be a
  foretoken of bringing in of foreign powers, which
   indeed happened.                     Camden.
 Foretooth, fore'tdoth.  n. s. [fore  and
    tooth.]  The tooth in the anteriour part
   ofthe mouth; the incisor.
     The/orefeef/i should be formed broad, and with a
   thin sharp edge like chizzles.              Ray.
 Fo'retop,  tore'top. n.  s. [fore  and top]
   That part of a woman's headdress that
   is forward, or  the top of a periwig.
     So may your hats your foret ops never press,
   Untouch'd your ribbons, sacred be your dress.
                                      Dryden.

 FonEvo'ucHED,  fore-voutsh'ed.3"9  part.
   [fore and vouch.] Affirmed before; for-
   merly told.
                 Sure her offence
   Must be of such unnatural degree,
   That monsters it; or yourforevouch'd affection
   Fall'n into taint.                       Shaksp.
 Fo'reward,  fore'ward.  n. s. [fore and
   ward] The  van;  the  front.
    They that marched in the foreward  were  all
  mighty  men.                     1 Maccabees.

 To Forewa'rn,  fore-warn',   v. a. [fore
   and warn]
 1. To admonish beforehand.
    I will forewarn  you whom you shall fear: fear
  him which, after he hath killed, hath  power to
  cast into hell.                           Luke.
 2. To inform  previously  of  any  future
   event.
          Divine interpreter, by favour sent
  Down from the empyrean, to forewarn
  Us timely of what might else have been our loss
  Unknown.                            Milton.
 ,  To caution  against any thing before-
   hand.
    Well I will arm me,  being thusforewarn'd.
                                      Shaksp.
                  Thy pride,
  And wand'ring vanity, when least was safe,
  Rejected my forewarning, and disdain'd
  Not to be trusted.                      Milton.
    Though Phoebus had forewarned him of singing
 wars, yet the search of nature was free.    Diyden.
    Young Choratous  who by love was led,
 To win  renown and fair Cassandra's bed,
 Had lately brought his troops to Priam's aid,
 Foiewarned in vain by the prophetick maid.  Dryd.

To Forewa'ste,  fore-waste',  v. n.  [fore
  and waste]   To  desolate;  to  destroy.
  Out of use.
    Vespasian, with great spoil and rage,
 Forewasted all,  until Genuissa gent
 Persuaded him to cease.            Fairy Queen.
       High  time 'gan it wex for Una fair,
   To think of those her captive parents dear,
   And their forewasted kingdom to repair.  F. Queen.
  To Forewea'ry,  fore-we're.  v. a. [for
    and wtary.]  To dispirit with labour.
                  By your toil
   And labour long, through which he hither came
   Ve both forewearied be: therefore a while     '
   I read you rest, and to your bowers recoil. F. Queen
  To Fohewi'sh,  fore-wish', v. a.  [fore
    and wish.] To desire beforehand.
     The wiser sort ceased not to what in them lay
   to procure  that toe good commonly forewished miM
   iu time come to effect.                 Anoffes

 Forewo'rn, fore-worn', part, [fore  and
    worn, from wear.]  Worn  out; wasted
    by time  or use.
     Neither  the light was enough to read the words
   and the ink was already foreworn, and in many
   places blotted.                        Sidney
 FO'RFEIT, f6r'fit.266  n.  s. [forfait, Fr
   fforfed, Welsh.]
    Something lost by the commission of a
    crime; something paid for expiation  of
    a crime; a fine; a mulct
     Thy slanders I forgive, and therewithal
   Remit thy other forfeits.
     Th' execution leave to high disposal,
   And let another hand, not thine, exact
   Thy penal forfeit from thyself.
     Thy life, Melantius! I am come to take,
   Of which foul treason does a forfeit make.  Waller.
 2. A  person obnoxious  to punishment;
   one whose life  is forfeited  by his  of-
   fence.    Now obsolete.
     Your brother is a forfeit ofthe law,
   And you but waste your words.           Shaksp.
     Claudio,  whom here you  have warrant to exe-
   cute, is no greater forfeit to the law than Angelo,
   who hath sentenced him.               Shaksp.
 To  Fo'rfeit, for'fit.-y. a. [from the noun.]
   To lose  by  some  breach  of condition;
   to lose by some  offence.
     If then a  man, on light conditions, gain
   A great estate to him, and his, for ever;
   If wilfully he forfeit it again,
   Who doth bemoan his heir, or blame the giver?
                                       Davies.
     Men displeased God, and  consequently forfeited
  all right to happiness.                    Boyle.
    A father cannot alien the  power he has over his
  child;  he may perhaps to some degrees forfeit it,
  but cannot transfer it.                  Locke.

Fo'rfeit, for'fit. participial adj. [from the
   verb.]   Liable to  penal seizure;  alien-
   ated by a crime;  lost  either as to the
   right or possession, by breach of condi-
   tions.
Shaksp,
Mlton,
    All the souls that are, were forfeit once;
  And he that might the 'vantage best have took
  Found out the remedy.                  Shaksp.
    Beg that thou may'st have leave to hang thyself;
  And yet toy wealth being/or/eif to the state,
  Thou hast not left the value of a cord.     Shaksp.
             This now fenceless world,
  Forfeit to death.                        MUton.
    Straight all his hopes exhal'd in empty smoke,
  And his long toils were forfeit for a  look.  Dryden.
    Methought with wond'rous  ease he swallow'd
        down
  His forfeit honour, to betray the town.    Dryden.
    Now the murd'rer paid his forfeit breath;
  What lands  so distant from that scene of death,
  But trembling heard the same!             Pope.
Forfeitable,  for'fit-a-bl. adj. [from for-
  feit]  Possessed on conditions,  by  the
   breach of which any  thing may be lost.
Fo'rfeitvre, for'fk-yure. n. s. [forfaiture,
   Fr. from forfeit.] 
                     FOR

   I. The act of forfeiting; the punishment
     discharged by  loss of something pos-
     sessed.
   2. The thing forfeited; a mulct; a fine.
      The court is as well a Chancery to save and de-
    bar forfeitures, as a court of common law to decide
    rights; and there  would be work enough in Ger-
    many and Italy, if imperial forfeitures should go for
    good titles.                             Bacon.
      Ancient privileges and acts of grace indulged by
    former kings, must not,  without high reason,  be
    revoked by their successors;  nor forfeitures be ex-
    acted violently, nor penal laws urged rigorously.
                                          Taylor.
            He fairly abdicates his throne,
    He has a forfeiture incurr'd.              Swift.
  Forga've,  tor-gave'.  The  preterit  of for-
     give.
  FORGE, forje. n. s. [forge, Fr.]
  1. Tne place where  iron  is beaten into
    form.   In  common language  we  use
    forge for large  work,  and  smithy  for
    small;  but in books the distinction is not
    kept.
                 Now behold,
    In the quick/orge and working-house of thought,
    How London doth pour out her citizens.    Shaksp.
      In other part stood one, who at toe forge
    Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass
    Had  melted.                          Milton.
      Th' o'er labour'd Cyclop from his task retires,
    Th' jEolian forge exhausted of its fires.      Pope.
  2. Any place where any thing is made or
    shaped.
      From  no  other forge hath proceeded a  strange
    conceit, that to serve God with any set form  of com-
    mon prayer is superstitious.              Hooker.
  3. Manufacture  of metalline bodies; the
    act of working.
     In the  greater bodies the forge was easy,  the
    matter being ductile and sequacious and obedient
    to the stroke  of the  artificer,  and apt to be drawn,
    formed, and moulded.                    Bacon.

  To Forge, forje. v. a. [forger,  old Fr]
  1. To  form  by the  hammer; to beat into
    shape.
            The queen of martials,
    And  Mars himself conducted them; both  which
          being/org-'cf of gold,
    Must  needs have golden furniture.      Chapman.
     Tyger with tyger, bear with bear you'll find,
    In leagues offensive and defensive join'd;
    But lawless man the anvil dares profane,
    And forge that  steel by which a man is slain,
    Which earth at first for plough-shares did afford,
    Nor yet the smith had learn'd to form a sword.
                                  Tafe's Juvenal.
 2. To  make by any means.
          He was  a kind of nothing, titeless,
   'Till he had forg'd himself a name i' th' fire
   Of burning Rome.                     Shaksp.
             His heart 's his mouth;
   What his breast forges, that his tongue must  vent.
                                       Shaksp.
     Those names that the schools/orgecf, and put into
   toe mouths of scholars, could never get admittance
   into common use, or obtnu  the licence of publick
   approbation.                            Locke.
 3. To counterfeit; to falsify.
                 Were I a king,
   I should cut off toe nobles for their lands;
  For my more having would be but  a sauce
  To make me hunger more; that I should/orge
  Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal,
  Destroying them for wealth.              Shaksp.
Fo'rger, foix'jir.  n. s. [fromforge]
1. O.u;  who makt^s or forms.
2. <) ie  who counterfeits any  thing; a fal-
   sifier.
                    FOR

      As in stealing, if toere were no receivers there
    would be no thieves; so in slander, if there were
    fewer spreaders there would be fewer forgers of li-
    bels.                Government of the Tongue.
      No forger of lies willingly and wittingly furnishes
    out the means of his  own detection.         West.
  Fo'rgerv, fore'jiir-e. n. s.  [from forge.]
    The  crime of falsification.
      Has your king married the lady Gray?
    And now, to sooth your forgery and his,
    Sends me a paper to  persuade me patience. Shak.
      Nothing could have been easier than for the Jews,
    the enemies of Jesus  Christ, to  have  disproved
    these facts had they been false, to have shewn their
    falsehood, and to have convicted them offorgery.
                                       Stephens.
      A forgery, in setting a false name to a writing,
    which may prejudice another's fortune, the law pun-
    ishes with the loss of ears; but has inflicted no ade-
    quate penalty for doing the same thing in print,
    though books sold under a false name are so many
   forgeries.                               Swift
   . Smith's  work;  fabrication;  the  act  of
    the forge.
      He ran on embattled armies clad in iron,
    And weaponless himself,
    Made arms ridiculous, useless the forgery
    Of brazen shield and  spear, toe hammer'd cuirass,
    Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail
   Adamantean proof.                     Milton.
 To FORGE'T, for-get'. v. a. prefer, for-
    got; part, forgotten  or forgot,  [pop.-
    gytan, Sax. vergeten, Dut.]
 I. To lose memory of;  to  let go from the
    remembrance.
             That is not forgot
   Which ne'er I did remember to my knowledge,
   I never in my life did look on  him.       Shaksp.
     When I am forgotten, as I shall be,
   And sleep in dull cold marble, where no mention
   Of me must more be heard.               Shaksp.
     Forget not thy friend in toy mind, and be not un-
   mindful of him in thy riches             Ecclus.
     No sooner was  our deliverance completed, but
   we forgot our danger and our duty.     Atterbury.
     Alive, ridiculous; and dead, forgot.      Pope.
 I.  Not to attend;  to neglect.
     Can a woman forget her sucking  child? Yea,
   they may forget; yet will I not forget thee.  Isaiah.
    If we  might forget ourselves, or forget God;  if
  we might disregard our reason, and live by humour
  and fancy in  any thing, or at any time, or at any
  place, it would be as lawful to do the same in every
  thing, at every time, and every place.        Law.
    The mass of mean forgotten things.      Anon.
Forge'tful, for-get'ful. adj.  [from  for-

1. Not retaining the memory of.
2. Causing oblivion; oblivious.
    But when a thousand rolling years are past,
  So long their punishments aud penance last,
  Whole droves of minds are by the driving god
  Compell'd to drink the deep Lethean flood,
  In large forgetful draughts to steep the cares
  Of toeir  past labours,  and their irksome years.
                                       Dryden.
3.  Inattentive; negligent; neglectful; care-
   less.
    Be not forgetful to entertain strangers. Hebrews.
    The queen is comfortless, and we forgetful
  In our long absence.                    Shaksp.
    Have you not love enough to bear with me,
  When that rash humour, which my mother gave
        me,
 Makes me forgetful.                    Shaksp.
        I, in fact, a real interest have,
 WTiich to  my own advantage I would save,
 And, with the usual courtier's trick, intend
 To serve myself,  forgetful of my friend.    Prior.
;orge'tfulness,   for-get'ftil-nes.   n. s.
  [from forgetful]
FOR
   1. Oblivion;  cessation  to remember;  loss
     of memory.
               O gentle sleep!
    Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee,
    That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down,
    And steep my senses in forgetfulness?     Shaksp.
      All birds and beasts lie hush'd; sleep steals away
    The wild desires of men and toils of day;
    And brings, descending through the silent air,
    A sweet forgetfulness of human care.       Pope.
  2. Negligence; neglect;  inattention.
      The church  of England is  grievously charged
    with forgetfulness of her duty.           Hooker.
  Fo'RGETivE,forje'e-tiv. adj. [from forge]
    That may forge or produce.   A  word,
    I believe, peculiar to Shakspeare.
      Good  sherrie sack ascends me into the  brain,
    dries me there all  the foolish, dull vapours, makes
    it  apprehensive, quick, forgetive,  full of  nimble
    shapes, which, delivered to the voice, become  ex-
    cellent wit.                           Shaksp.
  Forge'tter, fdr-get'tiir. n. s. [from for-
    get.]
  1. One that forgets.
  2. A careless person.
  To FORGI'VE,f6r-giv'.16',T;. a. pret. for-
    gave; part. pass, forgiven, [porisipan,
    Saxon.]
  1. To pardon a person;  not to  punish
     Then heaven forgive him  too!         Shaksp.
     1 do  beseech your grace for charity;
   If ever any malice  in your heart
   Were hid against me, now foi-give me frankly.
   —Sir Thomas Lovell, I as free forgive you,
   As I would be forgiven: I forgive all.    Shaksp.
     Slowly provok'd, she easily forgives.      Prior.
  2. To pardon a crime.
     The people that dwell therein shall  be forgiven
   toeir  iniquity.                          Isaiah.
             If prayers
   Could alter high decrees, I to that place
   Would  speed before thee, and be louder heard,
   That  on my head all might be visited,
   Thy frailty and infirmer sex forgiven,
   To me committed, and by me expos'd.    Milton.
  !. To  remit; not to exact debt  or penalty.
    The lord of that  servant was moved  with  com-
   passion, loosed hiin, and forgave him the debt.
                                      Matthew.
Forgi'veness, for-giv'nes.  n. s.  [pori-
   gipennipre, Saxon.]
 1. The act of forgiving.
    To  the Lord our  God  belong mercies and for-
   givenesses.                             Daniel.
2. Pardon of an offender.
    Thou hast promised repentance and forgiveness
   to them that have sinned against thee.
                            Prayer of Manasses.
    Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet;
   Mine  and my  father's death come not upon thee,
   Nor thine on me.                       Shaksp.
    Forgiveness to the injur'd does belong;
   But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong.
                                       Dryden.
3. Pardon  of  an offence.
    God has certainly promised forgiveness of sin to
   every one who repents.                  South.
   Tenderness; willingness to pardon.
    Here  are introduced more heroick principles of
   meekness, forgiveness, bounty and magnanimity,
   than all  the learning of the heathens could invent.
                                        Sprat.
        Mercy above did hourly plead
   For her resemblance here below;
  And mild forgiveness intercede
  To stop toe coming blow.                Dryden.
5. Remission of a fine,  penalty, or debt.
Forgi'ver, for-giv'vit. n.  s.  Tfrom  for-
   give.]   One who pardons. 
FOR                                      FOR                                       FOR
Forgo't, f6r-got'.           ~)  [part. pass.
Forgo'ttex, for-g6t't'n.103 3  of forget.]
   Not remembered.
    This song shall not be forgotten.         Deut.
    Great Stafford! worthy of that name, though all
  Of thee could  be/orgoffen, but thy fall.   Denham.
       The soft  ideas of the chearful note,
  Lightly receiv'd, were easily forgot.       Prior.
To  Forha'il,  for-hale'.  v. a.   [An old
   word.  Probably for forhaul,  from  for
   and haul.]  To harass, tear, torment.
             All this long tale
  Nought easeth the care  that doth me forhail.
                                       Spenser.
FORK, fork. n. s.  [furea,  Latin; fforch,
   Welsh; fourche, French.]
1. An instrument divided  at the end  into
   two or more points or prongs, used on
   many occasions.
     At  midsummer down with  the  brambles and
         brakes,
  And after abroad with thy forks and thy rakes.
                                         Tusser.
    The vicar first, and after him the crew,
  With forks and staves the felon to pursue,
  Ran Coll our dog.                      Dryden,
    I  dine with forks that  have but  two prongs.
                                         Swift.
2. It  is sometimes used  for the point  of
   an  arrow.
    The  bow  is bent and  drawn: make  from the
         shaft.
   —Let it fall rather, though the fork invade
   The region of my heart.                 Shaksp.
3. A  point.
     Several are amazed at the  wisdom of toe an-
   cients that represented a thunderbolt with  three
  forks, since nothing could have better explained its
   triple quality of piercing, burning, and melting.
                                       Addison.
 To  Fork,  fork.  v.  n.  [from the noun.]
   To shoot  into  blades, as corn does out
   ofthe ground.
     The corn beginneth to fork.        Mortimer.
 Fo'rked,  for'ked.386  adj.  [from fork.]
   Opening  into two or  more parts.
     Naked he was, for all  the world, like a forked
   radish, with  a head fantastically  carved  upon it
   wito a knife.                           Shaksp.
     Sometimes we see a cloud that's dragonish,
   A forked mountain, or blue promontoiy.    Shaksp.
     Come, shall we go and kill  us venison?
   And yet it irks me the poor dappled fools
   Should, in their own confines,  with forked heads,
   Have their round haunches goar'd.        Shaksp.
               He would have spoke;
   But hiss for hiss return'd, with/orfcecf tongue
   To foi-ked tongue.                      JVJiffon.
     Ye dragons, whose contagious breath
   Peoples the dark retreats of death,
   Change your fierce hissing into joyful song,
   And praise your Maker with your forked tongue.
                                     Roscommon.
 Fo'rkedly, for'ked-le.  adv.  [from fork-
    ed.]   In  a forked form.
 Fo'rkedness, for'ked-nes.  n. s.  [from
   forked.]   The quality  of  opening into
    two parts or more.
 Fo'hkhead,  fork'hed.  n.  s.  [Jork and
    head]  Point of an arrow.
          It seizing, no way enter might;
   But back rebounding, left the forkliead keen,
   Eftsoons it fled away, and might no where be seen.
                                    Fairy Queen.
 Fo'rkv, fdr'ke. adj. [from fork.]  Forked;
    furcated;  opening into two parts.
     The smiling infant in his hand shall take
   The crested basilisk and speckled  snake;
   Pleas'd the green lustre ofthe scales survey,
  And with  their forky tongue and pointless  sting
        shall play.                        Pope.
Forlo're, f'6r-lore'.   [The preterit  and
   participle of the Saxon porileopan,  in
   Dutch  verloren.]   Deserted;  forsook;
   forsaken.   Obsolete.
    Such as Diana by the sandy shore
  Of swift Eurotas, or on Cynthus' green,
  Where all the nymphs have her forlore. F. Queen.
    That wretched world he 'gan for to abhor,
  And mortal life 'gan loath, as thing forlore.
                                  Faiiy Queen.
    Thus fell the trees, with noise toe deserts roar;
  The beasts their caves, the birds toeir nests forlore.
                                       Fairfax.
FORLO'RN, fdr-lorn'. adj.  [ponlopen,
   from ponleonan, Sax. verloren, Dut.]
1. Deserted;  destitute;  forsaken; wretch-
   ed; helpless; solitary.
    Make them seek for that they  wont to scorn;
  Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn.   Hubberd.
    Tell me, good Hobinol, what gars thee greet?
  What! hath some  wolf thy tender lambs ytorn?
  Or is thy bagpipe broke, that sounds so  sweet?
  Or art thou of thy loved lass forlorn?      Spenser.
    In eveiy place was heard the lamentation of wo-
  men and  children; every thing shewed toe heavi-
  ness of the time, and seemed as  altogether lost and
  forlorn.                               Knolles.
    How can I live without thee!  how forego
  Thy sweet converse, and love so dearly join'd,
  To live again in these wild woods forlorn. Milton.
             Their way
  Lies through the perplex'd paths of this  drear  wood,
  The nodding horrour of whose shady brows,
  Threats the forlorn and wand'ring passenger.
                                        Jtfiffon.
    My only strength and stay! forlorn of thee,
  Whither shall  I betake me, where  subsist! Milton.
    Like a declining statesman, left forlorn
  To his friends' pity and pursuers' scorn.  Denham.
    The good old man, forlorn of human aid,
  For vengeance to his heav'nly patron pray'd.
                                        Dryden
     Philomel laments forlorn.             Fenton.
    As some sad turtle his lost love deplores,
   Thus, far from Delia, to  the winds I mourn;
   Alike unheard, unpity'd,  and forlorn.       Pope.
  .  Taken away.   This  sense  shows  that
    it is the  participle  of an  active verb,
    now lost.
     When as night hath us of light forlorn,
   I wish that day would shortly reascend.    Spenser.
     What is become of great Aerates'  son!
   Or where hath he hung up his mortal blade,
   That hath so many haughty conquests won?
   Is all his force forlorn, and all his glory done?
                                   Fairy Queen.
  i.  Small; despicable:  in a ludicrous sense.
     He was so  forlorn, that his  dimensions  to any
   thick sight were invisible.                Shaksp.
 Forlo'rn, for-lorn'. n.  s.
 I. A lost, solitary, forsaken  man.
              Henry
   Is of a king become a banish'd man,
   And fore'd to live in Scotland a forlorn.   Shaksp.
 2. Forlo'rn  Hope.  The soldiers who are
    sent first to the attack,  and  are there-
    fore doomed to perish.
              Criticks in plume,
   Who lolling on our foremost benches sit,
   And still charge first, the true forlorn of wit. Dryd.

 Forlo'rnness,  for-lorn'nes.  n. s. [from
   forlorn] Destitution; misery;  solitude
     Men displeased God,  and consequently forfeited
   all right to happiness;  even whilst they compleated
   the forlornness of their condition by  the lethargy of
   not being sensible of it.                   Boyle.
  To Forli'e, for-li'. v.  n.   [from fore and
    lie.] To lie before.
    Knit with a golden baldric, which forlay
  Athwart her snowy breast, and did divide
  Her dainty paps, which, like young fruit in May,
  Now little 'gan to swell; and being ty'd,
  Through her thin weed, their places only signify'd.
                                   Fairy Queen.
FORM, form or form. n. s. [forma, Lat.
  forme,  French.]
I. The external  appearance of any thing;
   representation;  shape.
        Nay, women are frail too.
  ----Ay, as the glasses where they view themselves
  Wrhich are as easy broke as they make forms. Sluik,
    It  stood still; but I could not discern the form
  thereof.                                 j00t
    Gold will  endure a vehement fire, without any
  change, and after it has been divided by corrosive
  liquors into  invisible parts; yet may presently be
  precipitated, so as to appear again in its form.
                                        Grew,
             Matter, as wise logicians say,
  Cannot without a form subsist;
  And form,  say I as well as they,
  Must fail, if matter brings no grist.        Swift.
2.  Being,   as modified  by  a particular
   shape.
           When noble benefits shall prove
  Not well dispos'd, the mind grown once corrupt,
  They turn to vicious/orms, ten times more ugly
  Than ever they were fair.               Shaktp.
    Here toils and  death,  and death's half-brother,
         sleep,
  Foi-ms terrible to view, their sentry keep;
  With anxious pleasures of a guilty mind,
  Deep frauds before, and open force  behind. Dryd,
3 Particular model or modification.
    He that will look  into many parts of Asia and
  America,  will find men  reason there  perhaps
  as acutely as himself, who  yet never heard of a
  syllogism, nor can reduce any one argument to those
  forms.                                 Locke.
    It lengthens out every act of worship, and pro-
  duces more lasting and permanent impressions ia
  the mind, than those which  accompany any transi-
  ent form of words that are uttered in the ordinary
  method of religious worship.            Addison.
4. Beauty; elegance of appearance.
    He hath no form nor comeliness.       Isaiah,
5. Regularity; method;  order.
    What he spoke, though it lack'd form a little,
  Was not like madness.                 Shaksp'.
 5.  External  appearance without the es-
   sential qualities; empty show.
              Then those whom form of laws
   Condemn'd to die, when traitors judg'd their cause.
                                       Dryden.
    They were young heirs sent only for forms from
  schools, where they were not suffered to stay three
  months.                                Swift.
 7.  Ceremony; external rites.
    Though well we may not pass upon his life,
   Without the form of justice; yet our pow'r
   Shall do a court'sy to our wrath, which men
   May blame, but not controul.           Shaksp.
     A long table, and a square table, or a seat about
   the walls, seem things of form, but are things of
   substance:  for at  a long table, a few at the upper
   end, in  effect, sway all the business; but  in the
   other form, there is more use of the counsellors' opi-
   nions that sit lower.                    Bacon.
     That the  parliaments of Ireland might want no
   decent or honourable form used in England, he
   caused  a particular act to pass, that the lords of
   Ireland should appear in parliament robes. Davies.
     Their general used, in all dispatches made by
   himself, to observe all decency  in their foi-ms.
                                      Clarendon.
     How am I to interpret, sir, this visit?
   Is it a compliment of form, or love?    A. Philips.
 8. Stated   method;  established practice;
    rilual  and prescribed mode.
     He who aflirmeth speech to be necessary amongst 
FOR                                      FOR                                      FOR
  all  men,  throughout the world,  doth not thereby
  import that all men must necessarily speak one kind
  of language; even so the necessity of polity and re-
  gimen in  all churches may be held, without hold-
  ing any one  certain form to be necessary in them
  all.                                 Hooker.
    Nor are constant forms of prayer  more likely
  to flat and hinder the spirit of prayer and devotion,
  than unpremeditated and  confused variety to dis-
  tract and  lose it.                 King Charles.
             Nor seek to know
  Their process, or the forms of law below. Dryden.
9. A long seat.
    If a chair be defined a seat for a single  person,
  with a back belonging to it, then a stool is a seat
  for a single person without a back; and a form is a
  seat for several persons, without a back.     Watts.
    I was seen with her in the manorhouse,  sitting
  with her  upon toe form, and taken following her
  into toe park.                          Shaksp.
10.  \ class: a rank of students.
    It will  be necessary to see and examine those
  works which have given so great a reputation to the
  masters of the first form.               Dryden.
11. The seat or  bed of a hare.
    Now for a clod like hare in form thy peer;
  Now bolt  and cudgel squirrels leap do move;
    Now the ambitious lark, wito mirrour clear;
  They catch, while he, fool! to himself makes love.
                                       Sidney.
    Have you observ'd a sitting hare,
  List'ning, and fearful ofthe storm
  Of horns  and hounds, clap back her ear,
  Afraid to  keep or leave her form?         Prior.
12.  Form is  the essential,  specifical,  or
   distinguishing modification of the mat-
   ter of which any  thingis  composed, so
   as thereby to  give it  such a peculiar
   manner of existence.            Harris.
    In definitions, whether they be framed larger to
  augment,  or stricter to abridge the number of sacra-
  ments, we find grace expresly mentioned  as toeir
  true essential form, and elements as the matter
  whereunto toat form doth adjoin itself.    Hooker.
13. A formal cause; that which gives es-
   sence.
    They inferred,  if the world were a living crea-
  ture, it had  a soul and spirit, by which they did not
  intend God, for they did admit of a deity besides,
  but only toe soul or essential form of the universe.
                                       Bacon.
To Form, f6rm. v. a. [formo, Lat.]
1. To make out of materials.
    God formed man of the dust of the ground.
                                      Genesis.
           The liquid ore he drain'd
  Into fit molds prepar'd; from which he form'd
  First  his  own tools: then, what might else  be
        wrought
  Fusil, or grav'n in metal.                Milton.
    Determin'd to advance into our room
  A creature form'd of earth.            Jtfiffon.
    She form'd the phantom of well-bodied  air.
                                        Pope.
3. To model to a particular shape or state.
           Creature in whom excell'd
  Whatever can to sight or thought he form'd,
  Holy, divine, good, amiable, or sweet.    Milton.
    Let Eve, for I have drench'd her eyes,
  Here sleep below, while thou to foresight wak'st;
  As once thou sleep'st while she to life was form'd.
                                       Milton.
3. To modify; to scheme; to  plan.
    Lucretius  taught him not to form his heroe, to
  give him piety or valour for his manners.   Dryden.
4. To arrange; to combine  in any  particu-
   lar manner: as, he formed his  troops.
5. To adjust; to settle.
    Our differences with the Romanists are  thus
  formed into an interest, and become the design not
  of single  persons, but of corporations and  succes-
  sions.                        Decay of Piety.
       VOL.  I.
6. To contrive; to coin.
    The defeat of the design is toe routing of opinions
  formed for promoting it.          Decay of Piety.
             He dies too soon;
  And fate, if possible, must be delay'd:
  The thought that labours in my forming brain,
  Yet crude and immature, demands more time Roioe.
7. To model by education or institution.
    Let him to this with easy pains be brought,
  And seem to labour when he labours not:
  Thus form'd for speed, he challenges the wind,
  And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind.  Dryd.
FO'RMAL,  for'mal.88 adj.  [formal, Fr.
  formalis, Latin.]
1. Ceremonious;  solemn; precise;  exact
   to  affectation.
            The justice,
  In fair round belly, with good capon lin'd,
  With eyes severe,  and beard of formal cut,
  Full of wise saws and modern instances,
  And so he plays his part.                Shaksp.
             Formal in apparel,
  In gait and countenance surely like a father.  Shak.
    Ceremonies be not to be omitted to strangers and
  formal natures;  but  the exalting them above the
  mean is not only tedious, but doth diminish the cre-
  dit of him that speaks.                   Bacon.
2.  Done  according to  established  rules
   and methods; not irregular; not sudden;
   not extemporaneous.
    There is not any positive law of men, whether it
  be general or particular, received by formal express
  consent, as in councils;  or by secret approbation,
  as in custom it cometh to pass,  but may be taken
  away, if occasion serve.                 Hooker.
    As there are formal and  written leagues, re-
  spective to certain enemies; so there is a  natural
  and tacit confederation amongst all men against the
  common enemies of human society, so as there needs
  no intimation or denunciation of the war; but all
  these formalities the law of nature  supplies, as in
  the case of pirates.                     Bacon.
3. Regular;  methodical.
          The formal stars do travel so,
  As we their names and courses know;
  And he that on toeir changes looks,
  Would think toem govern'd by our books.  Waller
4  External;  having  the appearance but
   not the essence.
    Of formal duty make no more thy boast;
  ti>«u tnsooeyst where it concerns me most. Dryd.
5. Depending upon establishment or cus-
   tom.
    Still in constraint your suffering sex remains,
  Or bound in formal or in real chains.       Pope.
6. Having the power of making any thing
   what it is; constituent; essential.
    Of letters the material part is breath and voice:
  toe formal is constituted by the motions and figure
  of the organs of speech affecting breath wito a pe-
  culiar sound, by which each letter is discriminated.
                                       Holder.
    Bellarmine agrees in making the formal act of
  adoration to be subjection to a superiour; but withal
  he makes toe mere apprehension of excellency to
  include the formal reason of it: whereas mere ex-
  cellency, without superiority, doth not require any
  subjection, but only estimation.       Stillingfleet.
    The very  life and vital motion, and the formal
  essence and nature of man, is wholly owing to the
  power of God.                       Bentley.
7. Retaining its proper and essential cha-
   racteristick; regular; proper.
    Thou should'st come  like a fury cover'd wito
        snakes,
  Not like a formal man.              Shakspeare.
             I will not let him stir,
  'Till I have us'd th'approved means I have;
  With wholesome syrups,  drugs, and holy prayers,  .
  To make of him a formal man again.    Shaksp,
                     5g
Fo'rmalist, for'mal-ist. n. s. [formaliste,
   Fr. from form.] One who practises ex-
   ternal ceremony;  one who  prefers ap-
   pearance to reality; one who seems what
   he is not.
    It is a ridiculous thing, and fit for a satyr to per-
  sons of judgment, to see what shifts formalists have,
  andwhatprospectivesto make superficies to seem a
  body that hath depth and bulk.            Bacon.
    A grave, staunch, skilfully managed face,  set
  upon a grasping aspiring mind, having got many a
  sly formalist the reputation of a primitive and se-
  vere piety.                             South,
Forma'lity, for-mal'e-te. n. s. [formalite,
   French; from form.]
1. Ceremony;  established mode  of behav-
   iour.
    The attire, which the minister of God is by or-
  der to use at times of divine service, is but a mat-
  ter of mere formality, yet such as for comelines?
  sake hath hitherto been judged not unnecessary.
                                       Hooker.
    FormalUies of extraordinary  zeal and piety are
  never more studied and elaborate than  in desperate
  designs.                        A'ing Charles.
    Many a worthy man  sacrifices his peace to for-
  malities of  compliment and good manners.
                                    L'Estrange.
    Nor was his attendance  on divine offices a mat-
  ter of formality and custom, but of conscience.
                                     Atterbury.
2. Solemn order, method, mode, habit, or
   dress.
    If men forswear the deeds and bonds they draw,
  Though sign'd with all formality of law;
  And though the signing and the  seal proclaim
  The barefae'd perjury, and fix the shame. Dryden.
    The pretender would have infallibly landed in
  our northern parts, and found them all sat down in
  their formalities, as the Gauls did the Roman sena-
  tors.                                   Swift.
3. External appearance.
    To fix on God the formality  of faculties, or af-
  fections, is toe imposture  of our fancies,  and con-
  tradictory to his divinity.               Gfanwffe.
4. Essence; the quality by which any thing
   is  what it is.
    May not a man vow to  A. and B.  that he will
  give an hundred pounds to  an hospital ?  Here the
  vow is made both to God  and to A.  and B.  But
  here A. and B. are only witnesses to the vow; but
  the  formality of the vow lies in the promise  made
  to God.                            Stillingfleet.
To Fo'rmalize, for'ma-lize. v. a. [forma-
   liser, Fr. from formal. A word not now
   in  use.]
1. To model; to modify.
    The same spirit which anointed the blessed soul
  of our Saviour Christ, doth so formalize, unite, and
  actuate his whole race, as if both lie and they were
  so many limbs compacted into one body.   Hooker.
2. To affect formality; to be fond of cere-
   mony.
Fo'rmally, for'mal-le.  adv. [from form-
   al/]
1. According  to  established rules, meth-
   ods, ceremonies, or rites.
          Formally, according to our law,
  Depose him.                        Shakspeare.
2. Ceremoniously; stiffly; precisely.
    To be stiff  and formal ly reserved, as if the
  company did not deserve our familiarity, is a down-
  right challenge of homage.              Collier.
3.  In open appearance; in a visible and ap-
   parent state.
    You and your followers do stand formally divided
  against the authorised  guides of the  church, and
  toe rest of toe people.                  Hooker. 
FOR
FOR
FOR
 4. Essentially; characteristically.
    This power and dominion is not adequately and
  formally the image of God, but only a part of it.
                                       South.
    The heathens  and the christians may  agree in
  material acts of charity;  but that which formally
  makes this  a christian grace, is the spring from
  which it flows.                      Smalridge.
Forma'tion, f6r-ma'shun.  n. s.  [forma-
   tion, Fr.  from formo, Lat.]
 1. The act  of forming  or generating.
    The matter discharged  forth  of volcanoes,  and
  other  spiracles, contributes to the formation of  me-
  teors.                              Woodward.
    The solids are originally formed of a fluid, from
  a small point, as appears by toe gradual formation
  ©f a foetus.                         Arbuthnot.
    Complicated ideas, growing up under observation,
  gives  not the same confusion, as if they were all of-
  fered  to  the mind at once,  without your observing
  the original and formation of them.       Watts.
2. The manner in wnich a thing is formed.
    The chorion, a  thick membrane obscuring the
  formation, the dam doth tear asunder.    Brown.
Fo'rmative,  for'ma-tiv.167   adj.  [from
  formo, Lat.]  Having the power of giv-
  ing form; plastick.
    As we have established our assertion of the semi-
  nal  production of all  kinds of animals; so likewise
  we affirm, toat toe meanest plant cannot be raised
  without seed, by  any formative power residing in
  the  soil.                              Bentley.
Former, fdr'mur.166 n. s. [from form.]  He
  that  forms; maker;  contriver;  planner.
    The wonderful art and providence of the contri-
  ver  and former of our bodies, appears in the multi-
  tude of intentions he must  have in toe formation of
  several parts for several uses.              Ray.
Fo'rmer, for'miir.98 adj.  [from jnruna,
  Sax. first; whence former, and formost,
  now  commonly  written foremost, as if
  derived from before. Foremost is gene-
  rally applied to  place, rank, or degree,
  and former  only to time;  for when  we
  say  the last rank of the  procession is
  like  the former,  we respect time rather
  than place,  and mean  that  which  we
   saw  b fore, rather than that which had
   precedence  in place.]
 1. Before another in time.
             Thy air,
  Thou  other gold-bound brow, is like the first:
  —A third is like the former.         Shakspeare.
2. Mentioned before another.
    A bad author deserves better  usage than a bad
  critick:  a man may be the former merely through
  the misfortune of an ill judgment; but he cannot be
  toe latter without both that and an ill temper. Pope.
3. Past: as, this was  the custom in former
   times.
    The present point of time is all thou hast,
  The future doubtful, and the former past.   Harte.
Fo'rmrrly, for'niUT-le. adv.  [from form-
  er.]  In times past.
    The places were all  of toem formerly the cool
  retirements of the Romans, where they used to hide
  themselves among toe wooch and mountains, during
  the excessive heats of their summer     Addison.
    As an animal degenerates by diseases, the animal
  salts, formerly benign, approach towards an alka-
  line nature                         Arbuthnot.
FOR MID ABLE, for'me-da-bl. adj. [for-
  midabilis, Lat. formidable, Fr.]  Terri-
  ble;  dreadful; tremendous; terrifick; to
  be feared.
    I swell m^ preface into a volume, and make i
  formidable, when yon see so many pages belli.-d
                                      Dryden.
    They seem'd to fear the formidable sight,
  And roll'd their billows on, to speed his flight.
                                      Dryden.
 Fo'rmidableness, for'me-da-bl-nes. n. s.
   [from formidable.]
 I.  The  quality  of  exciting  terrour  or
   dread.
 2. The thing causing dread.
    They rather chuse to be  shewed the formidable-
  ness of their danger, than by a blind embracing it,
  to perish.                      Decay of Piety.
 Fo'rmidably, for'me-da-ble. adv. [from
  formidable.]  In a terrible  manner.
      Behold! e'en to remoter shores,
  A conquering navy proudly spread;
  The British cannon foi-midably roars.      Dryden.
 Fo'rmless,  fdrm'les. adj.  [from form.]
   Shapeless;  wanting regularity of form.
    All form is formless, order orderless,
  Save what is opposite to  England's love.   Shaksp.

 Fo'rmulary, fdr'mu-lar-e. n. s. [formu-
   laire, Fr  from formule.]  A book con-
   taining  stated and prescribed models or
   set forms.
 Fo'rmulary,  for'mu-lar-e.  adj.  Ritual;
   prescribed; stated.

 FO'RMULE,  for'mule. n  s.  [formule,
   Fr. formula, Lat.] A set or prescribed
   model.
 To  FO'RNICATE, f6r'ne-kate.   v.  a.
   [from fornix, Lat.]  To  commit lewd-
   ness.
    It is a new way to fornicate at a distance.
                                      Brown.
Fo'rnication, for-ne-ka'shiin. n. s. [forni-
   cation,  Fr. fornicatio, Lat.]
 1. Concubinage, or commerce with an un-
   married woman.
    Bless me! what a fry of fornication is at the door!
                                   Shakspeare.
    The law ought to be  strict against fornications
  and adulteries; for,  if there were universal liberty,
  the increase of mankind would be  but like that of
  foxes at best.                          Graunt.
 2. In scripture, sometimes idolatry.
    Thou didst trust in thine, envu beauty, and playedst
  the harlot, because of thy renown, and pouredst out
  toy /oj-nicafions on every one thai p«.oTOa wy.
                                      £zefcief.
 Fornica'tor,   for'ne-ka-tur.S21  l66  n. s.
   [fornicateur, Fr.  from fornix. Latin.]
   One that has commerce with unmarri-
   ed women.
    A fornicator or adulterer steals  the soul, as well
  as dishonours the body of his neighbour.   Taylor.
Fornicatress, for'ne-ka-trls. n. s. [from
  fornicator]  A woman who without mar-
   riage co-habits with a  man.
    See you the fornicatress be remov'd;
  Let her have needful but not lavish means. Shaksp.

 To FORSA'KE,  tor-.,ake'. v. a. pret. for-
  sook;  part. pass, forsook  or forsaken.
  [versaaken, Dutch.]
  . To leave in resentment,  neglect, or dis-
   like.
    'Twas now the time when first Saul  God forsook,
  God Saul; the room in 's heart wild passions took.
                                      Cowley.
            Orestes comes in  time
  To save your honour: Pyrrhus cools apace;
  Prevent his falshood, and forsake him first:
  I know you hate him.                Ji, philips.
    Daughter of Jove, whose arms in thunder wield
  Tii' avenging bolt, and shake the dreadful shield,
  Forsook by thee, ia  vain  i sought toy aid.   Pope.
2. To leave; to go  away from; to depart
   from.
    Unwilling I forsook your friendly state,
  Commanded by toe gods,  and fore'd by fate.
                                     Dryden,
3. To desert; to fail.
    Truth, modesty, and shame the world forsook-
  Fraud, avarice, and force their places took.  Dr'yd.
    When ev'n the flying sails were seen no more
  Forsaken of all sight she left the shore.   Dryden.
            Their purple majesty,
  And  all those outward shows which we call great-
        ness,
  Languish and droop, seem  empty and forsaken,
  And draw the wond'ring gazer's eyes no more.
                                       Roiee.
Forsa'ker, for-sa'kur.98 n. s.  [from fur-
   sake.]  Deserter; one that forsakes.
    Thou didst deliver us into the hands  of lawless
  enemies, most hateful forsakers of God.  Apocyp.

Forsoo'th, for-aodth'.  adv. [poppooe,
   Saxon.]
1. In truth; certainly; very well. It is used
   almost  always in an ironical  or  con-
   temptuous sense.
          Wherefore doth Lysander
  Deny your love, so rich within his soul,
  And tender me, forsooth, affection?   Shakspeare.
    A  fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm, who had
  so goodly government in his own estate.  Hayward,
    Unlearned persons use such letters as justly ex-
  press the power or sound of their speech; yet for-
  sooth, we say, write not true English, or true French.
                                     Holder.
    In  the East Indies a widow, who has any regard
  to her character, throws herself into the flames of
  her husband's funeral pile, to shew, forsooth, that
  she is faithful to toe memory of her deceased lord.
                                    Addison.
    She would cry out murder, and disturb the whole
  neighbourhood; and when John came running down
  the stairs to enquire what toe matter was, nothing,
  forsooth, only her maid had stuck a pin wrong in her
  gown.                            Arbuthnot,
    Some question the genuineness of his  books, be-
  cause, forsooth, they cannot discover in them the
  flumen orationis that Cicero speaks of.    Baker.
2. It is supposed to have been once a  void
   of  honour in address to women.   It is
   probable that an inferiour, being called
   showed his attention by answering in the
   words  yes, forsooth,  which in time lost
   its true meaning; and instead of a mere
   exclamatory interjection, was supposed
   a  compellation.   It  appears in Shak-
   speare  to have  been  used  likewise to
   men.
    Our old English word forsooth has been changed
  for the French madam.               Guardian.

To FORSWEAR, for-sware'. v. a.  pret.
  forswore;  part;  forsworn,  [poprpae-
   jiian. Sax.]
1. To  renounce upon oath.
                I firmly vow
  Never to wooe her more; but do forswear her,
  As one unworthy all the former favours
  That I have fondly flatter'd her withal.   Shaksp.
2. To  deny upon oath.
   And that self chain about his neck,
  Which he forswore most monstrously  to  have.
                                  Shakspeare.
   Observe the wretch  who hath  his faith forsook,
  How  clear his voice, and how assur'd ins look!
  Like  innocence, and as serenely bold
  As truth, how loudly he forsivears thy gold!  Dryd.
3. With  the  reciprocal pronoun: as,  to
  forswear himself;  to  be  perjured;  to
   swear falsely. 
FOR
FOR
FOR
  To leave my Julia, shall I be forsworn?        I  Whom it concerns to hear the matter forth,
To leave lair Sylvia, shall I be forsworn?           Do with your injuries as seems you best.   Slutksp,
To wrong my friends, shall 1 be much forsworn?    \7. ']/o a certain  degree. Obsolete.
And ev'n that power which gave me tost my oath,  j
Provokes me to this threefold perjury.     Shaksp.  |
    One says, he never should endure the sight
  Of that forsworn, that wrongs both lands and laws.
                                       Daniel.
    I too have sworn, ev'n at the altar sworn,
  Eternal love and endless faith to Theseus;
  And yet am false, forsworn: the hallow'd shrine,
  That heard me swear, is witness to my fatshood.
                                        Smith.
To  Forswe'ar, for-sware'.-y.n. To swear
  falsely; to commit  perjury.
    Take heed, for he holds vengeance in his hand,
  To hurl upon their heads that break his law.
  —And that same vengeance doth he hurl on thee,
    Hence we learn, how far forth we may expect
  justification and salvation from the sufferings of
  Christ; no further  than  we are wrought on by his
  renewing grace.                    Hammond.
8. On to the end. Out of use.
    I repeated toe Ave Maria: the inquisitor bad me
  say forth; 1 said I was taught no more.
                              Memoir in Strype.
Forth, forth,  prep. Out of
    And here 's a prophet, that 1 brought with me
  From forth the  streets of Pomfret.     Shakspeare.
        Some forth their cabbins peep,
  And trembling ask  what news, and do hear so
  As jealous husbands, what they would not know.
                                        Donne
  For false forswearing, and for murder too. Shaksp.  Forthcoming, foiVA-kiWing. adj. [forth
FoR6WE'ARER^f6r-swar'ur.  n.  «.  [from    ^d coming.]  Ready to appear; not ab-
                                                 sconding; not lost.
   forswear.] One who is perjured

 FORT, f6rt. n. s. [fort, Fr.] A fortified
    house; a castle.
     They erected a fort, which they called the fort
   d' I'or; and from thence they [bolted like beasts of
   the forest.                              Bacon.
     Now to their fort they are about to send
   For the loud  engines which their isle defend.
                                        Waller.
         He that views a fort to take it,
   Plants his artillery 'gainst the weakest part.
                                       Denham.
     My fury does, like jealous forts, pursue
   With death ev'n strangers who but come to view.
                                       Dryden.
 Fo'rted,  fort'ed. adj.  [from fort.] Fur-
   nished or guarded by forts. Not used now.
     Your desert speaks loud; and I should wrong
   To lock it in the wards of covert bosom,
   When it deserves with characters of brass
   A forted residence 'gainst the tooth of time
   And rasure of oblivion.             Shakspeare.
 FORTH, forth, adv. [porib, Sax. whence
   further and furthest.]
 1. Forward;  onward in time.
     From that day forth I lov'd that face divine;
   From that day forth I cast in careful mind
   To seek her out.                 Fairy Queen.
 2. Forward in place or order.
     Look at the second admonition, and  so forth,
   where they speak in most unchristian manner.
                                       WhUgift.
     Mad Pandarus steps forth, with vengeance vow'd
   For Bitias' death.                     Dryden.
 3. Abroad; out of doors.
     Uncle, I must come forth.         Shakspeare.
     I have no mind of feasting forth to-night. Shaks.
     Attend you here the door of our stern  daughter?
   Will she not forth?                 Shakspeare.
     When winter past, and summer scarce begun,
   Invites them forth to labour in the sun.    Dryden.
 4. Out  away; beyond the boundary of any
   place.
     They will privily  relieve  their  friends that are
  forth: they will send the enemy  secret advertise-
   ments; and  they will not also stick to draw the ene-
   my privily upon them.                  Spenser.
     Ev'n that sunshine brew'd a show'r for him,
   That wash'd his  father's fortunes forth of France.
                                    Shakspeare.
 5. Out into a publick  character;  publick
   view.
    You may set forth the same with farmhouses.
                                     Peacham.
    But when your troubled country call'd you forth,
  Your flaming courage, and your matchless worth,
  To fierce contention gave a prosp'rous end. Waffer.
C.  Thoroughly; from  beginning  to  end.
   Out of  use.
               You, cousin,
     Carry this mad knave to jail:  I charge you see
   that he be forthcoming.              Shakspeare.
     We'll see your trinkets here forthcoming all.
                                     Shakspeare.
 Forthi'ssuing,   forf A-lsh'shu-ing.  adj.
    [forth and issue] Coming out; coming
    forward from a covert.
     Forthissuing thus, she gave him first to wield
   A weighty ax, with truest temper steel'd,
   And double edg'd.                        Pope.
 Forthri'ght, forth-rite', adv. [forth and
    right.] Straight forward; without  flex-
    ions.  Not in  use.
     He ever going so just with toe horse, either  forth-
   right or turning,  that it seemed as he borrowed toe
   horse's body, so he lent the horse his mind. Sidney.
     The river not running forthright, but almost con-
   tinually winding,  as if  the lower streams would re-
   turn to their spring, or that the river had a delight
   to play with itself.                      Sidney.
     Arrived there,  they passed in forthright;
   For still to all the gate stood open wide. F. Queen.
     Thither forthright he rode to rouse the prey.
                                       Dryden.
Forthri'ght, for^-rite'. n. s.  A straight
   path.
             Here's  a maze trod, indeed,
  Through forthrights and meanders.        Shaksp.
Forthwi'th, forth-wlth'. adv. [forth and
   with.]   Immediately; without delay; at
   once; straight.
    Forthwith he runs, with feigned faithful haste,
  Unto his guest; who, after troublous sights
  And dreams, 'gan now to take more sound repast.
                                       Spenser.
    Few things are so restrained to any one end or
  purpose, that the  same being extinct,  they should
  forthwith utterly become frustrate.       Hooker.
    Neither did the martial  men dally or prosecute
  the service faintly, butdid/orf/twif/i quench that fire.
                                        Davies.
    Forthwith began these fury-moving sounds,
  The notes of wrath, toe musick brought from  hell
  The rattling drums.                      Daniel.
    The winged heralds,  by command
  Of sov'reign pow'r throughout the host proclaim,
  A solemn counsel forthwith to be held
  At Pandoenionium.                     Milton.
    In his  passage thither one put into his hand a
  note of the whole  conspiracy,  desiring  him to read
  it forthwith, and to remember the giver of it as long
  as he lived.                            SouUl
Fo'rtieth, for'te-efVi.3" adj.[fromforty.]
   The fourth tenth;  next  after the thirty-
   ninth.
               What doth it avail
  To be the fortieth man in an entail?       Donne.
    Burnet says, Scotland is not above a fortieth part
  in value to the rest of Britain;  and, with respect to
                    5g2
 '   the profit that England  gains from hence, not the
    forty thousandth part.                     Swift.
 Fo'RTiFiABLE,t6r'te-fi-a-bl. adj. [from for-
    tify.]  What  may be  fortified.
 Fortifica'tion,  for-tefa-ka'shun. n. s.
    [fortification, Fr. from fortify.]
 I. The science of military architecture.
     .Forfijicafion is an art shewing how  to  fortify a
   place with  ramparts, parapets, moats, and other
   bulwarks; to the end that a  small  number of men
   within may  be able to defend themselves, for a con-
   siderable time, against the  assaults of a numerous
   army without; so that the enemy, in attacking them,
   must of necessity suffer  great loss.  It is either
   regular, or irregular; and with respect to time, may
   be distinguished into durable and temporary.
                                         Harris.
     The  Phoenicians, though  an unwarlike nation,
   yet understood the art of fortification.     Broome.
 2. A place built for strength.
     The hounds were uncoupled, and the stag toought
   it better to trust to  the nimbleness of his feet, than
   to the slender fortification of his lodging.    Sidney.
     Excellent devices were used to make  even their
   sports profitable;  images,  battles, and fortifications
   being then delivered to their memory, which, after
   stronger judgments, might dispense some advantage.
                                         Sulney.
 3. Addition of strength.   Not much used.
     To strengthen the infested parts, give some few
   advices by way offortification and antidote.
                       Government of the Tongue.
 Fo'rtifier, for'te-fi-iir. n. s.  [from for-
   tify]
 1. One who erects works for defence.
     The/orfi/ier of Pendennis  made his advantage of
   the commodity afforded by the ground.     Carew.
 2. One who  supports or  secures;  one who
   upholds.
     He was led forth by many  armed men,  who often
   had been toe/orfijiers of wickedness, to the place of
   execution.                             Sidney.
 To FO'RTIFY, f6r'te-fi. v. a. [fortifier,
   French.]
 1. To strengthen against attacks by walls
   or works.
     Great Dunsinane he strongly fortifies.    Shaksp.
    He fortified the city against besieging.    JEccfws,
 2. To confirm; to encourage.
    It  greatly fortified her  desires, to see that her
   mother had the like desires.              Sidney.
    To fortify the former opinions Tostatus  adds, that
   those which dwell near the falls of water are deaf
   from their infancy; but this I hold as feigned.
                                       Raleigh.
 3.  To fix; to establish in  resolution.
    But in-born worth  that fortune can controul,
   New-strung and stiffer bent her softer soul:
   The heroine assum'd the woman's place,
   Confirm'd her mind,  and/orfi/i/'cf her face. Dryden.
    A young man, before he leaves toe shelter of his
  father's house, should be/orfijiecf with resolution to
  secure his virtues.                        Locke.

 Tu Fo'rtify,  for'te-fi.  v.  n.  To  raise
   strong places.
                Thou us impower'd
  To fortify thus far and overlay
  Wito this portentous  bridge toe dark abyss. Milton.
Fo'rtilage, fort-e-lidje'. n. s. [from fort.]
   A little fort; a block-house.
    Yet was the fence  thereof but weak and thin,
  Nought fear'd their force that fort il age to win.
                                       Spenser.
    In all straights and narrow passages there should
  be some little fortilage, or wooden castle set, which
  should keep and command  the straight.   Spenser.
 FO'RTI.V,  fort'in  n. s. [French.] A uttle
   fori  raised to defend a camp,  particu-
   larly in a  siege.                  Hanmer, 
FOR
FOR
F OR
                 Thou hast talk'd
  Of palisadoes, fort ins, parapets.           Shaksp.
Fo'rtitude, for'te-tude. n. s.  [fortitudo,
   Lat.]
1. Courage; bravery; magnanimity;  great-
   ness of mind; power  of acting or  suf-
   fering well.
           The king-becoming graces,
  Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
  I have no relish of them.                 Shaksp.
             The better fortitude
  Of patience, and heroick martyrdom,
  Unsung.                               Milton.
    Fortitude is the guard and  support of the other
  virtues; and without courage,  a man  will scarce
  keep steady to his duty, and fill up  toe character of
  a truly worthy man.                      Locke.
    They thought  it reasonable to  do all  possible
  honour  to the memories  of  martyrs: partly toat
  others  might be  encouraged  to the same patience
  and fortitude, and  partly that virtue,  even in this
  world, might not  lose its reward.          ^efson.
2.  Strength; force.   Not  in use.
           He wrongs his fame,
  Despairing of his own arm's/orfitucfc,
  To join wito witches and the help oe hell!  Shaksp.
Fo'rtlet,  fort'let. n. s. [from fort.]   A
   little fort.

Fo'rtnight, fort'nite.144 n. s. [contracted
   from  fourteen-nights,  peopjietyne
   nigiiC, Sax.   It was  the custom  of the
   ancient northern nations to count time
   by nights: thus we say, this day  seven-
   night.   So  Tacitus,  Non dierum nu-
   merum, ut nos, sed noctium computant]
   The space of two  weeks.
     She would give her a lesson for walking so late,
   that should make her  keep within doors  for one
  fortnight.                              Sidney.
     Hanging  on a deep  well,  somewhat above the
   water, for some fortnight's space, is an excellent
   means of making drink fresh and quick.    Bacon.
     About a fortnight before  I had finished it, his
   majesty's declaration for liberty of conscience came
   abroad.                               Diyden.
     He often had it in his head, but never with much
   apprehension, 'till about a fortnight before. Swift.
 Fo'rtress, for'tres. n. s. [fortresse, Fr.]
    A strong hold; a fortified place; a castle
    of defence.
     Breaking forth like  a sudden tempest,  he over-
    ran all, breaking down all toe holds and fortresses
                                        Spenser.
     The trump of death sounds in their hearing shrill;
    Their weapon, faith; toeir fortress was toe grave.
                                        Fairfax.
     God is our fortress, in whose conqu'ring name
    Let us resolve to scale their flinty bulwarks. Shaksp.
     There is no such way to  give defence to absurd
    doctrines, as to guard them  round about  with  le-
    gions of obscure and  undefined words; which yet
    makes these retreats more like the dens of robbers,
    or holes of foxes,  than toe  fortresses of fair war-
   riors.                                  Locke.
 FORTUTTOUS,   for-tu'e-tus.463   adj.
    [fortuit, Fr.fortuitus, Lat.] Accidental;
    casual; happening by chance.
     A wonder it must be, that  there  should be any
   man found so stupid as to persuade himself that this
   most beautiful world could be produced by toe for-
   tuitous concourse of atoms.                 Ray.
     If casual concourse did the world compose,
   And things and acts/orficifous arose,
   Then any thing might come from any thing;
   For how from chance can constant order spring?
                                     Blackmore.
 Fortu'itously, for-tu'e-tus-le. adv. [from
   fortuitous.]  Accidentally; casually; by
    chance.
    It is partly evaporated into air, and partly diluted
  into water, and/ortwifotcsfi/ shared between all the
  elements.                             ifrg-ers.
Fortu'itousness,  for-tu'e-tAs-nes.  n.  s.
  [from fortuitous.]  Accident; chance;
  hit.
Fo'rtunate, for'tshu-nate. adj. [fortuna-
  tus,  Lat.]  Lucky;  happy;  successful;
  not subject  to  miscarriage.   Used  of
  persons or actions.
    I am most/orfnnafe thus accidentally to encounter
  you: you have ended my business, and I will merrily
  accompany you home.                  Shaksp.
    He sigh'd; and could not but their fate deplore,
  So wretched now, so fortunate before.     Dryden.
    No, there is a necessity in fate
  Why still the brave bold man is/orfunafe;
  He keeps his object ever full in sight,
  And that assurance holds him firm and right:
  True, 'tis a narrow path that leads to bliss,
  But right before there is no precipice;
  Fear makes men look aside, and so their footing
        miss.                          Diyden.
Fo'rtunately,    for'tshu-nate-le.   adv.
  [from fortunate.]  Happily;  success-
  fully.
    Bright Eliza rul'd  Britannia's state,
  And boldly wise, and/orfunofefw great.      Prior.
Fo'rtunateness,  for'tshu-nate-nes. n.   s.
  [fromfortunate.] Happiness; good luck;
  success.
    0 me, said she,  whose  greatest forfwnafeness is
  more unfortunate than my sister's greatest unfortu-
  nateness.                             Sidney.
FO'RTUNE, fdr'tshune.461 n. s. \fortuna,
  Lat. fortune, Fr]
1. The  power  supposed to distribute the
   lots  of  life  according  to her own hu-
   mour.
     Fortune, that arrant whore,
  Ne'er turns the key to th' poor.           Shaksp.
     Though fortune's malice overthrow my state,
  My mind exceeds toe compass of her wheel.  Shak.
2. The  good or ill that befalls man.
               Rejoice, said he, to-day;
  In you  the fortune of Great Britain lies:
  Among so brave a people you are they
  Whom heav'n has chose to fight for such a prize.
                                       Dryden.
     The adequate meaning of chance, as distinguish-
  ed from/orfnne, in that the  latter is understood to
  befal only rational agents, but chance to be among
  inanimate bodies.                      Bentley.
3. The  chance of life; means of living.
     His father dying, he was driven  to London to
  seek his fortune.                        Swift.
4. Success, good or bad; event.
     This  terrestrial globe has been surrounded by the
  fortune  and boldness  of many navigators.  Temple.
     No, he shall eat, and die with me, or live;
  Our equal crimes shall equal/orfnne give. Dryden.
5. Estate; possessions.
                   If thou do'st
  As this instructs thee, thou do'st make toy way
  To noble fortunes.                      Shaksp.
     That eyeless head of thine was first fram'd flesh
  To raise my fortunes.                   Shaksp.
     But tell me, Tityrus, what heav'nly power
  Preserv'd your fortunes in that fatal hour? Dryden.
     The fate which governs poets thought it fit
  He should not raise his/orfnnes by his wit. Dryden.
     He was younger son to a gentleman of a good
  birth, but small fortune.                  Swift.
6. The  portion of  a man or woman:  ge-
   nerally of a  woman.
     I am thought some heiress rich in lands,
  Fled to escape a cruel guardian's hands;
  Which may produce a story worth the telling,
  Of the next sparks that go a fortune stealing.
                             Prologue to Orphan.
    The fortune hunters have already cast their eyes
  upon her, and take care to plant themselves in her
  view.                               Spectator.
    When miss delights in her spinnet,
  A fiddler may a fortune get.              Swift
7. Futurity; future events.
    You who men's fortunes in their faces read
  To find out mine, look not, alas, on me:
  But mark her face, and all the features heed-
  For only thei'  is writ my destiny.        Cowfey,

To PVrtune, fdr'tshune. v. n. [from the
   noun.]  To befall; to fall out; to happen;
   to come casually to pass.
    It/orfuneci, as fnir it then befel
  Behind his back, unweeting, where he  stood
  Of ancient time there was a springing well,
  From which fast trickled forth a silver flood.
                                  Fairy Queen,
    It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serv-
  ing a Turk in the camp,  secretly gave the watch-
  men warning.                         Knolles,
           I'll tell you as we pass  along,
  That you will wonder what hath fortuned.  Shaksp.
    Here for tun'd Curl to slide.            p,™

Fo'rtuned, for'tshun'd.369 adj.  Supplied
   by fortune.
                 Not th' imperious shew
  Of the full fortun'd Caesar ever shall
  Be brook'd with me.                   Shahp.
Fo'rtunebook, for'tshun'b66k. n. s.[for-
   tune and book.]  A  book  consulted to
   know fortune or future events.
    Thou know'st a face in whose each look
  Beauty lays ope love's fortunebook;
  On whose fair revolutions wait
  The obsequious motions of love's fate.    Crashaw.
Fortunehu'nter, for'tshun'htin-tur. n. g,
   [fortune and hunt.] A man whose em-
   ployment  is to inquire  after  women
   with  great portions,  to enrich  himself
   by marrying them.
     We must, however, distinguish between fortune-
  hunters and fortunestealers.            Spectator,

 To  Fo'rtunetell,  f6r'tshun-tel.   v. n.
   [fortune and tell.]
 1. 1 o pretend  to  the power of revealing
   futurity.
     We  are simple  men; we  do not know what's
  brought to pass under the profession of fortunetell-
  ing.                                 Shaksp.
     I'll conjure you, l'\\ fortunetell you.     Shaksp.
     The gypsies were to  divide the money got bj
  stealing linen, or by fortunetelling.       Walton.
2. To reveal futurity.
     Here, while his canting drone-pipe scan'd
   The mystick figures of her hand,
   He tipples palmestry, and dines
  On all her fortunetelling lines.       Cleaveland-
Fo'rtuneteller, for'tshun-tel-lor.  n. «.
   [fortune and teller.]    One who cheats
   common  people,  by  pretending to the
   knowledge of futurity.
     They brought one Pinch,  a  hungry lean-fac'd
         villain,
   A thread-bare juggler, and a fortuneteller. Shaksp.
     A VV elchman being at a sessions-house, and see-
   ing the prisoners hold up their hands at the bar, re-
   lated to some of his acquaintance that toe judges
   were good fortunetellers; for if they did but look
   upon their hand, they could certainly tell whether
   toey should live or die.                  Bacon.
     Hast thou given credit to vain predictions of men,
   to dreams or fortunetellers, or gone about to know
   any secret things by lot?                 Duppa.
     There needs  no more than impudence on one
   side, and a superstitious credulity  on  the  other lo
  the setting up of a fortuneteller.       L'Estrange.
           ...   LonS aS° & fortuneteller
  Exactly said what now befell her.          Swift- 
FOR
FO  S
FOS
 FO'RTY,   fdr'te.182   adj.   [peopentij,
    Sax.] Four times ten.
     On fair ground I could beat forty of toem. Sfiafc.
     He that upon levity quits his station in hopes to
   be better, 'tis/orti/ to one loses.      L'Estrange.
 FO'RUM,  fo'rum.6** n. s. [Latin.]  Any
    publick place.
     The forum, was a publick place in Rome, where
   lawyers and orators  made toeir speeches  before
   their proper judge in matters of property, or in cri-
   minal cases, to accuse or excuse, to complain or de-
   fend.                                  Waffs.
     Close to the bay great Neptune's fane adjoins,
   And near a forum flank'd wito marble shines,
   Where the bold youth, the num'rous fleets to store,
   Shape the broad sail, or smooth the taper oar. Pope.
 To Forwa'nder,  for-wan'dflr. v. a.  [for
    and wander.]   To  wander  wildly  and
    wearily.
     The better part now of the ling'ring day
   They travell'd had, when as they far espy'd
   A weary wight, forwand 'ring by the way.
                                   ■Fairy Queen.
 FO'RWARD, for'ward.88 J a^.[ponpe-
 Fo'rwahds, fdr'wards.    $   an.b,Sax.]
    Toward a p^rt or place before; onward;
    progressively; straight before.
     When fervent sorrow slaked was,
   She up arose, resolving him to find
   Alive or dead, and forward forth doth pass.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     From smaller things the mind of toe hearers may
   go forward to the knowledge of greater, and climb
   up from the lowest to the highest things.   Hooker.
     He that is used to go forward, and finde th a stop,
   falleth of! his own favour, and is not  toe thing he
   was.                                 Bacon.
    The Rhodian ship passed through the whole Ro-
   man fleet, backwards and forwards several times,
   carrying intelligence to Depranum.    Arbuthnot.
 Fo'rward,  for'ward. adj. [from the  ad-
    verb.]
 1. "Warm; earnest; not backward.
    They would toat we should remember the poor,
   which I also  was/ortoarcf to do.            Gal.
 2. Ardent; eager;  hot; violent.
     You '11 still be too/onoarcZ.           Shaksp.
    Unskill'd to dart the pointed spear,
   Or lead the forward youth to noble war.    Prior.
 3. Ready; confident; presumptuous.
    Old Butes' form he took, Anchises' squire,     ^
   Now left to rule Ascanius' by his sire;
   And thus salutes the boy toofonoard for his years.
                                      Dryden.
 4. Not reserved; not over modest.
               'Tis a per'lous boy,
   Bold, quick,  ingenious,/ortoard, capable:
   He's all the mother's from the top to toe.  Shaksp.
 5. Premature; early ripe.
    Short summer lightly has a forward spring. Shak.
 6. Quick; ready, hasty.
    The mind makes not that benefit it should of the
  information it receives from civil or natural histo-
  rians, in being too forward or too slow in making
  observations on toe particular facts recorded in them.
                                       Locke.
    Had they, who would persuade us that toere are
   innate principles,  considered  separately the parts
   out of which these propositions are made, they would
   not perhaps have been  so forward to  believe they
  were innate.                           Locke.
 7. Antecedent; anteriour: opposed to pos-
   teriour.
    Let us take toe instant by thefonoard top;
  For we are old, and on our quick'st decrees
  Th' inaudible and noiseless foot of time
  Steals, ere we can effect them.           Shaksp.
8. Not behindhand; not inferiour.
                My good Camillo,
  She is as forward of her breeding, as
   She is i' th' rear o' our birth.             Shaksp.
 To Fo'rward,  for'ward. v. a. [from the
    adverb.]
 1. To hasten; to quicken; to accelerate in
    growth or improvement.
     As we house hot country plants, as  lemons, to
   save toem; so we may house our own country plants
   to foncard toem, and make them come in toe cold
   seasons.                               Bacon.
               Whenever I shine.
   Iforward the grass and I ripen toe vine.    Swift.
 2. To patronise; to advance.
 Fo'rwarder, for'war-diir. n. s. [from for-
   ward.]   He who promotes any thing.
 Fo'rwardly, for'ward-le.  adv. [from the
   adjective.]  Eagerly; hastily; quickly.
     The sudden and surprising turns we ourselves
   have felt, should not suffer ustoo/oncarefft/to adi«t
   presumption.                        Atterbury.
 Fo'rwardness, for'ward-nes. n. s.  [from
   forward.]
 1. Eagerness; ardour; readiness to act.
     Absolutely we cannot "discommend, we cannot
   absolutely approve either willingness to live, or for-
   wardness to die.                       Hooker.
     Is it so strange a matter to find a  good thing fur-
   thered by ill men of a sinister intent and purpose,
   whose forwardness is not therefore  a bridle to such
   as favour the same cause with a better and sincere
   meaning.                             Hooker
     The great ones were in forwardness, toe people
   in fury, entertaining this airy phantasm wito incre-
   dible affection.                          Bacon.
 2. Quickness; readiness.
     He had such a dextrous proclivity, as his teachers
   were fain to restrain his forwardness; that his bro-
   thers, who were under the same training, might
   hold pace with him.                    Wotton.
 3. Earliness; early ripeness.
 4.  Confidence;  assurance;  want   of mo-
   desty.
    In France it is usual to bring their children into
  company, and to  cherish  in toem, from their in-
  fancy, a kind of fonvardness and assurance.
                                      Addison.
FOSSE,  fos.  n. s.  [foss.a,  Latin; fos,
   Welsh.]  A ditch;  a moat.
Fo'sset, fos'sit.  See Faucet.
Fo'sseway, fos'wa. ra. s. [fosse and way.]
   One ofthe great Roman  roads through
   England, so called from the ditches on
   each side.
FO'SSIL, fos-sil. adj.Vjossilis, Lat. fossile,
   Fr.] That is dug out ofthe earth.
    The fossil shells are many of them of  the same
 kinds with those toat now appear  upon  the  neigh-
 bouring shores; and the  rest such as may be  pre-
 sumed to be at toe bottom of the adjacent seas.
                                   Woodward.
    Fossil or rock salt, and sal gem, differ not in na-
 ture from each other; nor from  the common salt of
 salt springs, or that of the sea, when pure.
                                   Woodward.
    It is of a middle nature, between fossil and  ani-
 mal, being produced from  animal excrements, in-
 termixed with vegetable salts.         Arbuthnot.
fro'ssiL, fos'sil. n.  s.
    In this globe  are  many other bodies, which, be-
 cause we discover them by digging into the bowels
 of tlie earth, are called by one common name fos-
 sils; under which are comprehended metals  and
 minerals.                              Locke.
    Many fossils are very oddly and elegantly shaped.
                                      Bentley.
    By the  word fossil, used as  a denomination of
 one of three general divisions of natural produc-
 tions, we understand bodies formed usually  within
 the earth, sometimes on its surface, and sometimes
 in waters; of a plain and simple structure, in which
   there is no visible difference of parts, no distinction
   of vessels and their contents, but every  portion ol
   which is similar to and perfect as toe whole.  HUl.
     Those bodies which will melt in toe fire are call-
   ed minerals, the rest fossils.           Pemberton.
  To FO'STER, fos'tiir.98  v.a.  [portruanj
    Saxon.]
  1. To nurse; to feed;  to support;  to  train
    up.
     Some say that ravens foster forlorn children.
                                        Shaksp.
     Our kingdom's earth should not be soil'd
   With toat dear blood which it hath/osfer'd.  Shak.
               That base wretch,
   Bred but on alms, and/osfer'd with cold dishes,
   With scraps o' to' court.                 Shaksp.
     Fostering has always  been a stronger alliance
   than blood.                            Davies.
     No more let Ireland brag her harmless nation
   Fosters no venom since that Scots plantation.
                                    Cleaveland.
                 The son of Mulciber,
   Found in the fire, and/osfer'd in the  plains,
   A shepherd and a king at once he reigns.  Dryden.
  I. To pamper;  to encourage.
     A prince of great courage and beauty, but/osfer'd
   up in blood by his naughty father.         Sidney.
  I. To cherish; to forward.
               Ye fostering breezes blow;
   Ye softening dews, ye tender showers descend.
                                     Thomson.
 Fo'sterage,  fds'tur-idje.90 ra.  s.   [from
   foster.] The charge of nursing;  alter-
   age.
     Some one adjoining to tois  lake had toe charge,
   and/osferage of tois child.              Raleigh.
 Fosterbro'ther, fos'tur-brliTH-iir. n. s.
   [poycep. briofcep.,  Sax.]  One bred at
   the  same pap;  one fed  by  the  same
   nurse.
 Fosterchi'ld, fos'tiir-tshild.  ra. *. [pop-
   tep. cilb, Sax.]   A child nursed  by  a
   woman not  the  mother,  or  bred  by  a
   man not  the  father.
    The fosterchildren do love  and are beloved of
  their fosterfathers.                      Davies.
    The goddess thus beguil'd,
  With pleasant stories, her false fosterchild.  Addis.
Fosterda'm, f6s'tur-dam.  ra.  s.  [foster
   and  dam]  A nurse; one that performs
   the  office of a mother by giving  food to
   a young child.
    There, by the wolf,  were laid the martial twins:
  Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung;
  The fosterdam loll'd out her fawning tongue. Dryd.

Fosterea'rth,  fos'tur-er^A. ra. s. [foster
   and  earth.]   Earth  by  which the  plant
   is nourished, though it  did not grow at
   first in it.
          In vain toe nursling grove
  Seems fair awhile, cherish'd with fosterearth;
  But when the alien compost is exhaust,
  Its native poverty again prevails.         Philips.
Fo'sterer, fos'tur-iir.  ra. s. [from ybsfer.]
   A  nurse; one  who gives food  in  the
   place of a parent.
    In  Ireland  they put their  children to fosterers;
  the rich men selling, the meaner sort buying the
  alterage of their children: in tlie opinion of the Irish,
  fostering has always been a stronger alliance  than
  blood.                                Davies.
Fosterfa'ther,  fos'tur-fa-THAr.  ra.   *.
   [popcep. pabep.,  Sax.] One  who gives
   food in the place ofthe  father.
    In  Ireland fosterchildren do love and are beloved
  by their fosterfathers, and their sept,  more than of
  their  own natural parents ami  kindred.    Jhvies 
FOU
FOU
FOU
     The duke of Bretagne having been an host and
   a kind ol parent or foslerfather to  the king, in his
   tenderness of age and weakness of fortune, did  look
   for aid this time from king Henry.         Bacon.
     Tyrrbeus, the foslerfather of the beast,
   Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist.  Dryden.
 Fostermo'ther, fos'tur-muTH-iir. ra. s.
    [foster and mother.]  A nurse.
 Fosternu'rsr, fos'ttir-niirse. ra. *. [foster
    and nurse.]  This is an improper com-
    pound, because foster and nurse mean
    the same.]  A nurse.
     Our fosternurse of nature is repose,
   The which he lacks.                     Shaksp.
 Fosterso'n, tos'ttir-siin. ra. s. [foster and
    son.]   One fed and  educated, though
    not ilie son by nature.
     Mature in years, to ready  honours move;
   O of celestial seed! O fosterson of Jove!   Diyden.
 FOUGA'DE,f66-£kde'.  n.s.  [Fr.]    In
    the art of war, a sort  of little  mine in
    the manner of a well, scarce  more than
    ten feet wide and  twelve deep, dug  un-
    der  some  work  or  fortification,  and
    charged  with barrels or sacks of gun-
    powder 10 blow it up, and covered over
    with earth.                         Diet.
 Fought,  fawt.393 319   The  preterit  and
    participle of fight.
     Though unknown to me, toey sure fought well,
   Whom Rupert led, and who  were British born.
                                        Dryden.
 Fo'ughten, faw'tn.103 [The passive parti-
    ciple of fght.  Rarely  used.] Contest-
    ed; disputed by arms.
                On the foughten field
   Michael  and his angels, prevalent
   Encamping, plac'd in guard  their watches round
   Cherubick waving fires.                  Milton.
 FOUL, foul.313 adj.  [fuls,  Gothick; pul,
    Saxon.]
 1. Notciean; filthy;  dirty; miry.  Through
    most of  its significations  it is opposed
    to fair.
     My face is foul with weeping.             Job.
     It's monstrous labour when I wash  my brain,
   And it grows fouler.                     Shaksp.
     He that can travel in deep and foul ways, ought
   not to say that he cannot walk in fair.    Tillotson.
              The stream is foul with stains
   Of rushing torrents and  descending rains.  Addison.
 2. Impure; polluted; full of  filth.
                 With foul mouth,
   And in the witness of his proper ear,
   To call him villain.                     Shaksp.
     Kill thy physician, and the fee bestow
   Upon the foul disease.                  Shaksp.
     Intemperance and sensuality debase men's minds,
   clog their spirits, and make them gross, foul,  list-
   less, and unactive.                     Tillotson.
 3. Wicked; detestable; abominable.
     Jesus rebuked the foul spirit.           Mark.
     He hates foul leasings and vile flattery,
   Two filthy blots in noble gentery.     Hubb. Tale.
     This is the grossest and most irrational  supposi-
   tion, as well as the foulest  atheism,  toat  caii be
   imagined.                              Hale.
    Satire  has always shone among the rest,
   And is the boldest way if not the best,
   To tell men truly of toeir foulest faults,
   To laugh at toeir vain deeds, and vainer thoughts.
                                       Dryden.
4. Not  lawful; not according to  the esta-
   blished  rules.
    By foul play were we heav'd thence,
  But blessedly helped hither.              Shaksp.
5. Hateful; u^iy; loathsome.
    Th' other half did woman's shape retain,
   Most loathsome, filthy, foul, and full of vile disdain.
                                   Fairy Queen.
               Hast thou forgot
   The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy
   Was grown into a hoop?                 Shaksp.
     Foul sights do rather displease, in that  they ex-
   cite the memory of foul things, than in the imme-
   diate objects, and therefore, in pictures, those foul
   sights do not much offend.                 Bacon.
     All things toat seem so foul  and disagreeable in
   nature, are not really so  in toemselves but only
   relatively.                              More.
 6. Disgraceful; shameful.
     Too well I see and rue the dire event,
   That with sad overthrow and foul defeat
   Hath lost us heav'n.                     .Mffon.
     Who first sedue'd them to that foul revolt?
                                        Jtfiffon.
                 Reason half extinct
   Or impotent, or else approving, sees
   The foul disorder.                    Thomson.
 7. Coarse; gross.
     You will have no notion  of delicacies if you ta-
   ble with them: they are all for rank and foul feed-
   ing, and spoil the best provisions in cooking. Felton.
 8. Full of gross humours, or bad matter;
   wanting purgation or mundification.
     You perceive the body of our kingdom,
   How foul it is; what rank diseases grow,
   And wito what danger, near the heart of it.  Shak.
 9. Not  bright; not serene.
     Who's there besides foul weather?
   One minded like the weather, most unquietly.
                                        Shaksp.
     Be fair or foul, or rain or shine,
   The joys I have possess'd in spite of fate are mine.
                                        Dryden.
 10.  With rough force;  with unseasonable
   violence.
     So in this throng bright Sacharissa far'd,
   Oppress'd by those who strove to be her guard;
   As ships, toough never so obsequious, fall
   Fouf in a tempest on their admiral.       Waller,
     In his  sallies their men  might fall foul of each
   other.                              Clarendon.
     The great art of the devil, and the principal de-
   ceit of the heart, is  to keep  fair with  God himself,
   while men fall foul upon his laws.          South.
 11.  [Among seamen.]    Entangled: as, a
   rope is foul of the anchor.
 To  Foul, foul. v. a. [pulan,  Saxon.]  To
   daub; to bemire; to make filthy; to dirty.
     Sweep your walks from autumnal leaves, lest the
   worms draw them  into their holes, and foul your
   gardens.                               Evelyn.
     While Traulus all his ordure scatters,
   To foul the man he chiefly flatters.         Sn-ift.
     She fouls a smock more  in one hour than the
   kitchen-maid doth in a week.              Swift.
 Fo'ulbaced, foul'faste.369 adj.  [foul and
   faced.]  Having an ugly or hateful vis-
   age,
     If black scandal, or foulfac'd reproach,
   Attend the sequel of your imposition,
   Your mere inforcement shall acquittance me
   From all the impure blots and stains thereof. Shak.
 Fo'ully, toul'e.  adv. [from foul.]
 I.  Filthily;  nastily;  odiously;  hatefully;
   scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully.
     We in the world's  wide mouth
   Live scandaliz'd, and foully spoken of.     Shaksp.
     The  letter to the  protector was gilded over with
  many smooth words; but the other two did fully and
  foully set forth his obstinacy, avarice, and ambition.
                                     Hayward.
     0 brother, brother! Filbert still is true;
  I foully wTong'd him: do, forgive me, do.     Gay.
2. Not lawfully; not fairly.
    Thou play'dst most foully for 't.         Shaksp.
Foulmo'uthed, foui'moviTH'd. adj. [foul
   and mouth.]   Scurrilous; habituated to
   the use of opprobrious terms and epi-
   thets.
    My lord, he speaks most vilely of you,  like a
  foulmouth'd man as he is, and said he would cudgel
  y°u                                  Shaksp
    It was allowed by every body, that so foulmoutht'i
  a witness never appeared in any cause.   Addison
    My reputation  is too well established  in the
  world to receive any hurt from such a foulmouthei
  scoundrel as he.                     Arbuthnot
    Now singing shrill, and scolding oft between
  Scolds aDswer/oufmowf/»'d scolds; bad neighbour-
        hood I ween.                      pop(
Fo'ulness, fduTnes. ra. s. [from foul]
1. The  quality  of  being  foul;  filthiness-
   nastiness.
    The ancients were wont to  make  garments thai
  were not destroyed but purified by fire; and whereas
  the  spots  or foulness  of other cloaths are washed
  out, in these they were usually burnt away. Wilkins.
2. Pollution; impurity.
    It is no vicious blot, murder, or foulness,
  No  unchaste action, or dishonour'd step,
  That hath depriv'd me of your grace and favour.
     There is  not so chaste a  nation as this, nor m,
   free from all pollution or foulness; it is the virgin
   of the world.                          Bacon,
 3. Hatefulness; atrociousness.
               Consul, you are too mild:
   The/onfness of some facts takes thence all mercy.
       .                             Ben Jonson.
     It is the wickedness of a whole life, discharging
   all its filth and/oufness into this one quality, as into
   a  great sink or common shore.           South.
 4. Uglinebb; deformity.
     He  by  an affection sprung up from excessive
   beauty, should not delight in horrible/onfness.
                                       Sidney.
     He 's fallen  in love with your foulness, and
   she '11 fall in love with my anger.        Shaksp.
               The fury laid aside
   Her looks and limbs,  and with new methods tried
   The/onfness of th' infernal form to hide.  Drydtn.
 5. Dishonesty; want of candour.
     Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and insincerity and
   all falseness  or foulness of intentions;  especially to
   that personated devotion, unJer which  any kind of
   impiety is wont to  be disguised.        Hammond.

 Found, found.313   The  pret.  and  part.
   pass, of find.
     I am  sought of them that asked not  for me; I am
  found of them that sought me  not.        Isaiah.
     Authors now find, as once Achilles found,
     The  whole is mortal if a part's unsound. Young.
 To  FOUND,  found.313   v.  a.  [fundare,
   Latin; fondre, Fr.]
 I. To lay the basis of any building.
     It fell not; for it was founded upon a rock.
                                      Matthew.
     He hath founded it upon the seas, and establish-
   ed it upon the floods.                ,   Psalms.
 2. To build; to raise.
     These tunes of .reason are Amphion's lyre,
   Wherewith he did the Theban city found  Davits.
     They Gabian walls, and strong Fidense rear,
   Nomentum, Bola with Pometia/onnd,
   And raise Colatian tow'rs on rocky ground.  Dryd.
 3. To establish; to erect.
     This also shall they gain by their delay
   In  the wide wilderness; there they shall found
   Their government, and their great senate chuse,
   Through the  twelve tribes, to rule by laws ordain'd.
                                       Milton.
     He founding a  library,  gathered  together the
  acts of toe kings ana prophets.            2 Mae.
4. lo give  birth  or  original to: as, he
  founded an art; he founded a  family.
5. To raise  upon, as,  on a  principle or
   ground. 
FOU
FOU
FOU
    Though some have made use of toe opinion of
  some schoolmen, that dominion is founded in grace;
  were it admitted as the most certain truth it could
  never warrant any such sanguinary method.
                                Decay of Piety.
    A rio-ht to toe use of the creatures is founded
  originatly in the right a man has to subsist. Locke.
    Power, founded on contract,  can descend only to
  him who has right by that contract.       Locke.
    The reputation of the Iliad  they found upon the
  ignorance of his times.                   P°Pe-
6. To fix firm.
                Fleance is escap'd.
  —Then comes my fit again: I  had else been  per-
        fect,
  Whole as the marble, founded as the rock. SAafcsp.
To Found, found,  v. a. [fundere, Latin;
  fondre, French.]  To form by melting
   and pouring into moulds; to cast.
               A second multitude
  Wich wondrous art founded the massy ore,
  Severing each kind, scum'd toe bullion dross.
                                       Jtfiffon.
Founda'tion, foun-da'shin. ra. *. [fonda-
   tion, Fr.]
1. The basis or lower parts of an edifice.
    The stateliness of houses, the goodliness of trees,
  when we behold them, delighteth the eye; but that
  foundation which beareth  up the one,  that root
  which ministreth to the other nourishment, is in the
  bosom of the earth concealed.            Hooker.
    That is the way to  make the city flat,
  To bring the roof to the/onnckfion,-
  To bury all.                           Shaksp.
            0 Jove, I think,
   Founcfafions fly the wretched; such, I mean,
   Where they should be reliev'd.          Shakps.
           I draw aline along the shore;
   I lay the deep foundations of a wall,
   And Enos, nam'd from me, the city call.   Dryden.
2. The  act of fixing  the basis.
     Ne'er to these chambers where the mighty rest,
   Since their foundation, came a nobler guest.
                                       Ticket.
3. The  principles or ground on which any
   notion is raised.
     If we give way to our passions, we do but gratify
   ourselves for the present, in order to our future dis-
   quiet; but if we resist and conquer toem, we lay the
  foundation of perpetual  peace in our minds.
                                      Tiff of son.
     That she should be subject  to her husband, the
   laws of mankind and customs of nations have order-
   ed it so; and there is a foundaiion in nature for it.
                                        Locke.
4. Original;  rise.
     Throughout the world, even from the first found-
   ation thereof, all men have either been taken as
   lords or lawful kings in  their own houses.  Hooker
5. A revenue  settled and established for
   anv purpose, particularly charity.
     He had an opportunity of going to school  on a
  foundation.                             Swift.
6. Establishment;  settlement.

Fo'uxder, IMn'dur.98 ra. *. [from found]
1. A builder;  one  who raises an edifice;
   one who  presides  at the erection of a
   city.
    Of famous cities we the founders know;
  But rivers, old as seas to which they go,
  Are nature's bounty: 'tis of more renown
  To make a river than to build a town.     IPaffer.
    Nor was Proeneste's/onnder wanting there,
  Whom fame reports the  son of Mulciber.  Diyden.
2. One who establishes  a revenue for   any
   purpose.
    The wanting orphans saw with wat'ry eyes
  Their/ouncfer's charity in the dust laid  low. Dryd.
    This  hath been experimentally proved by the
  honourable founder of this lecture in his treatise of
  the air.                               Bentley.
3. One from whom any thing has  its  ori-
   ginal or beginning.
    And the rude notions of pedantick schools
  Blaspheme the sacred founder of our rules.
                                   Roscommon.
    When Jove, who saw from  high, with just dis-
         dain,
  The dead inspir'd with vital breath again,
  Struck to the centre with his flaming dart
  Th' unhappy founder of the godlike art.   Dryden.
    King James I. toe founder  of the Stuart  race,
  had he not confined all his  views to the peace of
  his own reign, his son had not been involved in such
  fatal troubles.                        Addison.
    Nor can the skilful herald trace
  The founder of thy ancient race.          Swift.
4. [fondeur, French.]  A  caster;  one  who
   forms figures by casting melted matter
   into moulds.
    Fouiulers add a little antimony to their bell-metal,
   to make it more sonorous; and so pewterers to their
   pewter, to make it sound more clear like silver.
                                         Grew.
 To Fo'under, foiin'dfir.313 v.  a.  [fondre,
   French.]  To cause such  a soreness and
   tenderness in  a  horse's foot, that he is
   unable to set it  to the  ground.
         Phoebus' steeds are founder'd,
   Or  night kept chain'd below.             Sliaksp.
    I have foundered  nine  score and odd  posts; and
   here,  traveltainted as I am,  have, in my pure and
   immaculate valour, taken sir John Coleville of the
   Dale,  a most furious knight:  but what of that? he
   saw me and yielded.                    Shaksp.
    Thy stumbling/onnder'd jade can trot as high
   As  any other Pegasus can fly;
   So  the dul! eel moves nimbler in the mud,
   Than all the swift-finn'd racers of the flood. Dc-rsef.
    Brutes find out where their talents lie:
   A bear will not  attempt to fly:
   A founder'd horse will oft debate,
   Before he tries a five barr'd gate.          Swift.
    If you find a gentleman fond of your horse, per-
   suade your master to sell him, because he is vicious,
   and JoMiufered into the bargain.           Swift.
    Men of discretion, whom people in power may
   with little ceremony load as heavy as toey please,
   drive  them through the hardest and deepest roads,
   without danger of foundering or breaking  their
   backs, and will be sure to find toem neither  resty
   nor vicious.                            Swift.
 To Fo'under, foun'dir. v. ra. [from fond,
   Fr. the bottom.]
 1. To sink to the bottom.
    New ships, built at those rates, have been ready
  to founder in the seas with  every extraordinary
  storm.                                Raleigh.
2. To fail; to miscarry.
              In this point
  All  his tricks founder; and he brings his physick
  After his patient's death.                Shaksp.
Fo'undkrv,  toun'dre. ra.  s.  [fonderi, Fr.
   from found]  A  place  where  figures
   are formed of melted  metal; a casting
   house.
Fo'undling, found'llng. n. s. [from found,
   of find.]  A child exposed to chance;  a
   child  found   without   any parent  or
   owner.
    We, like  bastards, are laid abroad, even  as
  foundlings, to be trained up by grief and sorrow
                                       Sidney.
    I pass the foundling by, a race unknown,
  At doors expos'd, whom matrons make toeir own,
  And into noble families advance
  A nameless issue; the blind work of chance.
                                       Dryden
    A piece of charity practised by most of the na-
  tions about us, is a provision for foundlings, or for
  those children who are exposed by the barbarity of
  cruel and unnatural parents.             Addison.
    The goddess long had mark'd the child's distress.
  And long had sought his suff'rings to redress;
  She prays the gods to take the foundling's part,
  To teach his hands some beneficial art.      Gay.
Fo'undress, foun'dres.  ra. s.  [from foun-
   der]
1. A woman that founds, builds, establish-
   es, or begins any thing.
2. A woman that establishes  any charita-
   ble revenue.
    For of their order she was patroness,
  Albe Clarissa was their chief'st foundress.
                                   Fairy Queen,
    For zeal like hers, her  servants were to show;
  She was the first, where need requir'd to go;
  Herself  the foundress and attendant too.  Dryden.
FOUNT, fount.313         ?   n. s.  [fons,
FO'UNTAIN,f6un'tin.2°85   Latin;  fon-
   taine,  French.]
1. A well; a  spring.
    He set before him spread
  A table of celestial food divine,
  Ambrosial fruits, fetch'd  from the tree of life;
  And from the fount of life ambrosial drink.  Milt.
2. A small basin of springing water.
    Proofs as clear as founts in July, when
  We see each grain of gravel.              Shaksp.
    Can a man drink better from the fountain finely
  paved with  marble, than when it swells over the
  green turf?                             Taylor.
    Narcissus on the grassy verdure lies;
  But whilst within the crystal fount he tries
  To quench his heat, he feels new  heat arise.
                                      Addison.
3. A  jet; a spout of water.
    Fountains I intend to be of two natures: toe one
  that sprinkleth or spouteth water;  toe other a fair
  receipt of water, without fish, or slime, or mud.
                                        Bacon.
4. The head or first spring of a river.
    All actions of your grace are of a piece, as wa-
  ters keep the tenor of their fountains: your  com-
  passion is general, and has the same effect as well
  on enemies as friends.                   Dryden.
5. Original; first principle; first cause.
    Almighty God; the fountain of all  goodness.
                               Common  Prayer.
    You may reduce many thousand bodies to these
  few general figures, as unto thefr principal heads
  and/onnfains.                        Peacham.
    This one city may well  be reckoned not only the
  seat of trade and commerce, not only toe fountain
  of habits and fashions, and good breeding, but of
  morally good  or bad manners to all  England.
                                        Sprat.
Fo'untainless,  foun'tln-les.  adj.  [from
  fountain.]  Having no fountain; wanting
   a spring.
            So large
  The prospect was, that here and there was room
  For barren desert fountainless and dry.    Milton.
Fo'umful,  fount'ful.  adj.   [fount  and
  full]   Full of  springs.
    But when the fountful  Ida's top  they scal'd wito
        utmost haste,
  All  fell upon the high-hair'd oaks.      Chapman.
To Foupe, f66pe.  v.  a.   To  drive  with
   sudden impetuosity. Out of use.
    We pronounce, by the confession of strangers, as
  smoothly and moderately as any ofthe northern na-
  tions, who foupe their words out of the throat with
  fat and full spirits.                    Camden.

FOUR,  fore.318  adj.  [FeoPeP-» Saxon.]
   Twice two.
    Just as I wish'd, the lots were cast on four;
  Myself the fifth.                         Pope.
FOURBE, f66rb.31» ra. s. [Fr.]  A cheat; a
   tricking fellow.  Not  in use. 
                 F 0  W

    Jove's envoy, through the air,
  Brings dismal tidings; as if such low care
  Could reach their thoughts, or their repose disturb!
  Thou art a false impostor, and a fourbe.  Denham.
Fourfo'ld,  fore'iold.  adf.  [four  and
  fold.]   Four times  told.
    He shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he
  had no pity.                        2 Samuel.

Fourfo'oted, fore'fut-ed. adj. [four and
  foot.]   Quadruped; having four feet.
    Augur Astylos, whose art in vain
  From fight dissuaded the fourfooted train,
  Now beat the hoof with  Nessus on the plain.
                                      Dryden.
Foursco're,  fore'skore. adj. [four and
   8core.]
1.  Four times twenty; eighty.
    When toey were out of reach they turned and
  crossed the ocean to Spain, having lost fourscore of
  toeir ships, and  the greater part of toeir men.
                                      Bacon.
    The Chiots were first a free people, being a com-
  monwealth,  maintaining a navy ot fourscore  ships.
                                      Sandys ■
    The Liturgy had, by the practice of near four-
  score years, obtained great veneration from all sober
  protestants.                        Clarendon.
2. It  is  used elliptically  for fourscore
   years in numbering the age of man.
    At seventeen years many their fortunes seek;
  But at fourscore it is too late a week.     Shaksp.
    Some few might be of  use in counsel upon great
  occasions 'till after threescore and ten; and toe two
  late ministers in Spain were so 'till fourscore.
                                      Temple.
Foursquare, fore'skware.   adj.   [four
   and square.] Quadrangular; having four
   sides and angles equal.
    The temple of Bel was invironed with a wall car-
  ried foursquare, of great height and beauty; and on
  each square certain brazen gates curiously engra.
  ven.                                Raleigh
Fourte'en, fore'teen. adj. [peoperttyn,
   Sax.] Four and ten; twice seven.
    I am not fourteen pence on the score for sheer
  ale.                                 Shaksp.
Fourte'enth,   fore'teen^A.   adj.  [from
  fourteen.]  The ordinal of fourteen; the
   fourth after the tenth.
    I have not found any that see the ninth day, few
  before toe twelfth,  and the eyes of some not open
  before the fourteenth day.              Brown.
Fourth, forth, adj.  [from four]   1 he
   ordinal of four; the  first after  the third.
    A third is like toe former: filthy hags!
  Why do you shew me this? A fourth?  start eye!
  What! will the line stretch out to to' crack of doom?
                                      Shaksp.
Fo'urthly, forrA'le. adv. [from fourth.]
    In  the fourth place.
     Fourthly,  plants  have their seed and seminal
  parts uppermost, and  living creatures have them
  lowermost.                           Bacon.
Fourwhe'eled, fore'hweeld. adj. [four
   and wheel.] Running upon four wheels.
     Scarce twenty fourwheel'd cars, compact and
         strong,
  The massy load could bear, and roll along.  Pope.

Fo'utra, fo'tra. ra. s.   [from foutre, Fr.]
   A  fig; a  scoff:   a  word  of  contempt.
   Not used.
    Afoutra for toe world,  and worldlings base.
                                      Shaksp.
FOWL, foul.223 n.  s.  [pugel, puhl,  Sax.
   vogel, Dutch.]    A  winged  animal;  a
   bird.    It is colloquially used  of edible
   birds; but in books, of all the feathered
                  FOX

  tribes.  Fowl is used  collectively: as,
  we dined upon fish and fowl.
    The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowls,
  Are toeir male subjects, and at their controuls.
                                      Shaksp.
    Lucullus entertained Pompey in  a magnificent
  house: Pompey said, this is a marvellous  house for
  the summer; but methinks very cold for winter.
  Lucullus answered, do you not think me as wise as
  divers fowls, to change my habitation in the winter
  season?                              Bacon.
            This mighty breath
  Instructs the fowls of heaven.          Thomson.
To Fowl, foul. v. n. [from the noun.] To
  kill birds for food or game.
Fo'wler, fduTiir.98 ra. s.  [from fowl,] A
  sportsman  who pursues birds.
            The  fowler, warn'd
  By those good omens, with swift early steps
  Treads the crimp earth, ranging through fields and
        glades,
  Offensive to the birds.                  Philips.
     With slaught'ring guns  th' unweary'd  fowler
        roves,
  When frosts have whiten'd all  the naked groves.
                                        Pope.
Fo'wlingpiece,   fouTing-peese.  ra. s.
  [fowl and  piece.]  A gun for birds.
    'Tis necessary that the countryman be provided
  with a good fowlingjiiece.        *    Mortimer.
FOX, toks. ra. s. [pox, Saxon; vos, vosch,
  Dutch.]
1. A wila  animal of the canine kind, with
  sharp ears, and  a bushy tail, remarka-
  ble  for  his cunning, living in holes, and
   preying upon fowls or small animais.
    The fox barks not when he would steal the lamb.
                                     Shaksp.
            He toat trusts to you,
  Where he should find you lions, finds you hares;
  Where foxes, geese.                  Shaksp.
    These retreats are more like toe dens of robbers,
  or holes of foxes, than the fortresses of  fair war-
  riours.                                Locke.
2. By  way of reproach, applied to a knave
  or cunning fellow.

Fo'xcase, f6k='kase. ra. s. [fox and case.]
  A fox's skin.
    One had better be  laughed at for taking a fox-
  case for a  fox, than be destroyed by taking  a live
  iox for a case.                     L'Estrange.
Fo'xchase,  foks'tshase. ra.  s. [fox and
  chase.]    The pursuit  of the  fox  with
  hounds.
    See the same man, in vigour, in the gout;
  Alone, in company; in place or out;
  Eariy at business, and at hazard late;
  Mad  at a foxchase, wise at a  debate.        Pope.
Fo'xevil, ioks'e-vl. ra. s.  [Jbx and evil.]
  A kind  of  disease  in  which the  ban
   sheds.

Fo'xfish, foks'fish. ra. s. [yulpecula  pis-
  cis.]   A fish.
Fo'xglove, foks'gluv. n. s. [digitalis.] A
  phint.                             MUler.

Fo'xhunter, foks'hunt-ur. ra. s. [fox and
  hunter.]   A  man whose chief ambition
  is to show his bravery in hunting foxes.
   A  term of  reproach  used  of country
   gentlemen.
    The foxhunters went their way, and then out
  steals the fox.                    L'Estrange.
    John Wildfire, foxhunter, broke his neck over a
  six-bar gate.                       Spectator.
Fo'xship, fdks'ship. ra. *. [from fox.] The
                  FRA

  character or qualities of a fox; cunning
  mischievous art.
            Had'st thou foxship
  To banish him that struck more blows for Rome
  Than thou hast spoken words.            Sliaksv
Fo'xtail, foks'tale. ra.  s. [alopecurus] a]
  plant.
Fo'xtrap, foks'trap. ra. «. [fox and trafi]
  A  gin or snare  to catch foxes.
    Answer a question, at what hour of the night to
  set a foxtrap?                         Xatler
Fov, foe. «. s. [foi, French.] Faith; alle-
  giance.  An obsolete word.           '
    He Easterland subdued, and Denmark won
  And of them both did foy and tribute raise.
                                 Fairy Queen.
To  Fract, frakt.  v. ra. [fractus, Latin]
  To  break;  to  violate;   to  infringe.
  Found  perhaps  only in  the following
  passage.
        His days and times are past,
  And my reliance on his fracted  dates
  Has smit my credit.                   Shatea
FRA'C 1 ION, frak'shun. n. *. [fraction,
  Fr. fr actio, Latin.]
1. The act of breaking; the state of being
  broken.
    The surface of  toe earth hath been broke, and
  toe parts of it  dislocated; several parcels of nature
  retain still toe  evident marks oi fraction and ruin.
                                     Burnet,
2. A broken part of an  integral.
    The fractions of her faith, arts of her lore,
  The fragments, scraps, the bits and greasy reliques
  Of her o'er eaten faith, are bound to Diomede.
    Neither the motion of toe moon, whereby months
  are computed, nor  the sun, whereby years are ac-
  counted, consisteth of whole numbers, but admits of
 fractions and broken parts.             Brown.
    Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather
  than a fraction.                    Arbuthnot,
Fractional, frak'shitn-al.88 adj. [from
  fraction.]  Belonging to a broken num-
  ber;  comprising a broken number,
    We make a cypher the medium between increa-
  sing and decreasing numbers, commonly called ab-
  solute or whole numbers, and negative or fraclwnd
  numbers.                            Cocker.
FR A'CTURE, frak'tshure.461 ra.s. [fracu
  ura,  Latin.]
1. Breach; separation of contiguous parts.
    That may do it without any great fracture ofthe
  more stable and fixed  parts of nature,  or the in-
  fringement of the laws  thereof.           Bak.
2. The  separation ol  the continuity ot a
  bone in living bodies.
    But thou wilt sin  and grief destroy,
  That so toe broken bones may joy,
  And tune together in a  well-set song,
  Full of his praises,
  Who dead men raises;
  Fractures well cur'd,  make us  more strong.
                                     Herbert.
    Fractures of the scull are dangerous, not in conse-
  quence of the injury done to the cranium itself, but
  as the  brain becomes affected.           Sharp.

To Fra'cture,  frak'tshure. v. a.  [from
  the noun.]  To break a  bone.
    The leg was dressed,  and the fractured bones
  united together.                     Wiseman.

FllA'GILL, fradje'll.14o adj. [fragik,Yr.
  Jragilis, Latin.]
1. Brittle;  easily  snapped or broken.
        To ease them of their griefs,
  Their  pangs of love, and other incident throes,
  Tuat nature's fragile vessel uoto sustain
  In life's uncertain voyage. 
FRA
FRA
FRA
    The stalk of ivory is tough,  and not /ragt7e.
                                        Bacon.
    When subtle wits have spun their threads too fine,
  'Tis weak and fragile, like Arachne's  line.
                                      Denham.
    A dry stick will be easily broken, when a green
  one will maintain a strong resistance; and yet in the
  moist substance there is less rest  than in what is
  drier and more fragile.               Glanville.
2. Weak; uncertain; easily  destroyed.
    Much ostentation, vain of fleshly arms,
  And fragile arms, much instrument of war,
  Long in preparing, soon to nothing brought,
  Before  mine eyes thou'st set.             MUton.
Fhagi'lity, fra-jil'e-te.  ra.  s. [from fra-
   gile]
I. Brittleness;  easiness to be broken.
    To make an induration with toughness, and  less
  fragility, decoct bodies in water for two or three
  days.                                  Bacon.
2. Weakness;  uncertainty;  easiness to be
   destroyed.
    Fear  toe uncertainty of man's fragility,  the
  common chance of war, the violence of fortune.
                                       Knolles.
3. Frailty; liableness to fault.
    All could not be  right,  in such  a state,  in  this
  lower age of fragUity.                  Wotton.
FRA'GMENT,  frag'ment.  ra. s.  [Jrag-
   mentum, Lat.]  A part  broken from the
   whole; an imperfect  piece.
    He who late a sceptre did command,
  Now grasps a floating fragment  in his hand.
                                       Dryden.
    Cowley, in  his unfinished fragment  of the Da-
  videis, has shewn us this way to improvement.
                                        Watts.
    If a thin or plated body, which being of an even
  thickness, appears all over of one uniform colour,
  should be slit into threads, or broken into/rogmenfs
  of the same thickness with the plate, I see no rea-
  son why every  thread or fragment should not keep
  its colour.                            Newton.
             Some on painted wood
  Transfix'd toe fragments, some prepar'd the food.
                                        Pope.
Fragmentary, frag'men-tar-e. adj. [from
  fragment]   Composed  of  fragments.
   Not elegant, nor in  use.
    She, she is gone;  she's gone: when thou know'st
        this,
  What fragmentary  rubbish tois world is,
  Thou know'st, and toat it is not worth a toought;
  He knows it too too much that thinks it nought.
                                       Donne.
FRJt'GOR, fra'gor.166 644 ra. s. [Lat.]   A
   noise; a crack;  a crash. Not used.
    Pursu'd by hideous fragors, as before
  The flames descend, they in toeir breaches roar.
                                       Sandys.
Fra'grance,  fra'granse.  )   ra.  s.  [fra-
Fra'grancy, fra'gran-se. $ grantia,  Lat.]
   Sweetness  of   smell;  pleasing  scent;
   grateful odour.
            Eve separate he spies,
  Veil'd in a cloud of fragrance, where she stood
  Half spy'd.                            Milton.
    I am  more pleased  to survey my rows of cole-
  worts and cabbages springing up in their full fra-
  grancy  and  verdure,  than to see  toe tender plants
  of foreign countries kept alive by artificial heats.
                                     Addison.
    Not lovelier seem'd  Narcissus to the eye;
  Nor, when a (lower, could boast more fragrancy.
                                       Garth.
    Such  was the wine; to  quench  whose  fervent
        steam
  Scarce twenty measures from the  living stream
  To cool  one cup suffie'd: the goblet crown'd,
  Breath'd aromatick fragrancies around.     Pope.
      VOL.  1.
 FRA'GRANT,  fra'grant.6*4 adj.  [fra-
   grans, Lat.]  Odorous; sweer of smell.
             Fragrant the fertile earth
   After soft showers; and sweet the coming on
   Of grateful evening mild.                Milton.
       The nymph vouchsaf'd to place
   Upon her head the various wreath:
   The flow'rs, less blooming than her face;
   Their scent less fragrant than her breath.   Prior.
 Fra'grantly,  fra'grant'le.  adv.   [from
   fragrant.]  With sweet scent.
     As the hops begin to  change colour,  and smell
  fragrantly, you may conclude them ripe. Mortimer.
 Frail, frale.202  ra.  s.
 1. A basket made of rushes.
 2. A rush  for weaving baskets.
 FRAIL, frale. adj. [fragilis, Lat.]
 1. Weak;   easily decaying; subject to ca-
   sualties; easily destroyed.
     I know my body 's of so frail a kind,
   As force without, fevers within can kill.    Davies.
     When with care we have  raised an imaginary
   treasure of happiness, we find, at last, that the ma-
   terials of the structure are frail and perishing, and
   the foundation itself is laid in the sand.    Rogers.
 2. Weak of resolution; liable to errour or
   seduction.
     The truly virtuous do  not easily credit evil  that
   is  told them of their neighbours; for if others may
   do amiss, then may these also speak amiss: man is
  frail, and prone to evil, and therefore may  soon fail
   in words.                              Taylor.
 Fra'ilness, frale'nes. ra. *.  [from frail]
   Weakness; instability.
     There is nothing  among all the frailnesses and
   uncertainties of this sublunary world so tottering
   and unstable as the virtue of a coward.     Norris.
Fra'ilty, frale'te. ra. s. [from frail]-
 I. Weakness  of resolution; instability of
   mind; infirmity.
     Though Page  be  a secure fool, and  stands so
   firmly on his wife's frailty, yet I cannot put off my
   opinion so easily.                       Shaksp.
     Nor should'st thou have trusted that to woman's
        frailty:
   Ere I to thee, thou to thyself wast cruel.    MUton.
   .God knows our frailty, pities our weakness, and
  requires of us no more than we are able to do.
                                        Locke.
2. Fault proceeding from weakness;  sins
   of infirmity: in this sense it has a plural.
             Love did his reason blind,
  And  love's the noblest frailty of the mind.   Dryd.
    Kind wits will those light faults excuse;
  Those are toe common frailties of  the muse.
                                       Dryden.
    Death, only death, can break the lasting chain;
  And here, ev'n then,  shall my cold dust remain;
  Here all its frailties,  all its flames resign,
  And wait, 'till 'tis no sin to mix with thine.  Pope.
    That christians are now not only  like other men
  in  their frailties and infirmities,  might  be  in some
  degree excusable; but  the complaint  is, they are
  like heathens in all the main and chief articles of
  their lives.                              Law.
FRATbCHEUR, fra'shure.  ra.  s.  [Fr.]
   Freshness;  coolness.   A  word foolishly
   innovated by   Dryden.
    Hither in summer-evenings you repair,
  To taste the fraischeur of the purer air.   Dryden.
FRAISE,  fraze.302  ra. s.  [French, the
   caul of an animal.] A pancake with ba-
   con in it.

To FRAME, frame,  v.  a.
I. To form or  fabricate  by orderly con-
   struction and  union  of  various parts.
    The double gates he findeth locked fast;
                     5  H
  The one fair fram'd of burnish'd ivory,
  The other all  with silver overcast.       Spenste-
 Z. To fit one to another.
     They rather cut down  their timber to frame it,
  and to do necessaries to their convenient use,  than
  to fight.                                 Abbot.
     Hew timber, saw it,/rame it, and set it together,
                                     Mortimer.
 3. To make; to compose.
     Then chusing out few words  most horrible,
  Thereof did verses frame.              Spenser.
             Fight valiantly to-day;
  And yet I do thee wrong to minci thee of it;
  For thou ait fram'd ot toe torn truth of valour.
                                       Shaksp.
4. To regulate; to adjust.
     Let us not  deceive ourselves by pretending to
  this excellent knowledge of Christ Jesus our Lord,
  if we do not frame our lives according to it.
                                      Tillotson.
5. To form to any rule or method by study
  or precept.
     Thou art their soldier; and, being bred in broils,
  Hast not the soft way; but thou wilt frame
  Thyself forsooth hereafter theirs.      Shakspeare.
       I have been a truant to the law;
  I never yet could frame my will to it,
  And therefore frame the law unto my will. Shaksp.
6. To form and digest  by thought.
     The most abstruse ideas are only such as the un-
  derstanding frames to itself, by  joining together
  ideas toat it had either from objects of sense or
  from its own operations about them.        Locke.
     Full of that flame his tender scenes he warms,
  And frames his goddess by your matchless charms.
                                     Granville.
     Urge him with truth to frame his sure replies,
  And sure he will; for wisdom never lies.     Pope.
     How many excellent reasonings are framed in the
  mind of  a man of wisdom and  study in a length of
  years.                                  Watts.
7. To contrive; to plan.
    Unpardonable the presumption and insolence in
  contriving and framing this letter was. Clarendon.
8. To settle;  to scheme out.
    Though I cannot make  true wars,
  I'll frame convenient peace.          Shakspeare.

9. To invent; to  fabricate, in a bad sense:
  as,  to frame a story  or lie.
     Astronomers,  to solve  the phenomena, framed
  to  their conceit eccentricks and epicycles.   Bacon.

Frame, frame, ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1. A fabrick; any thing constructed of va-
  rious parts or  members.
    If the frame of the heavenly arch should dissolve
  itself, if  celestial spheres should forget their wonted
  motions, and by irregular volubility, turn themselves
  any way, as it might happen.            Hooker.
    Castles  made of trees  upon frames of timber,
  with turrets and arches, were anciently matters of
  magnificence.                            Bacon.
    These are  thy glorious works, parent of good!
  Almighty! thine this universal frame.     Milton.
            Divine Cecilia came,
  Inventress of toe vocal frame.            Dryden.
    The gate was adamant; eternal frame,
  Which, hew'd by Mars himself, from Indian quar-
       ries came,
  The labour of a god; and  all along
  Tough iron plates were clench'd to make it strong.
                                       Diyden.
     We see this vast frame  of toe world, and an in-
  numerable multitude of creatures in it, all which
  we, who believe a  God, attribute to him as the au-
  thor.                                Tillotson.
2. Any thing made  so as to enclose or ad-
   mit something else.
     Put both the tube and the vessel it leaned on into
  a conveuient wooden/rame, to keep them from mis-
  chances.                                Boyle. 
FRA
FRA
FRA
    His picture scarcely would deserve a frame.
                                      Diyden.
    A globe of glass, about eight or ten inches in di-
  ameter, being put into a frame where  it may be
  swiftly turned round its axis, will, in turning, shine,
  where it rubs against the palm of one's hand.
                                      Newton.
3. Order;  regularity;  adjusted series or
   disposition.
    A woman, that is like a German clock,
  Still a repairing, ever out of frame,
  And never going aright.             Shakspeare.
    Your steady soul preserves  her frame;
  In good and evil times the same.          Swift.
4. Scheme; order.
    Another party did resolve  to change the whole
  frame of the government in state as well as church.
                                     Clarendon.
5. Contrivance; projection.
               John the bastard,
   Wrhose spirits toil in frame of villanies.    Shaksp.
6. Mechanical construction.
7.  Shape; form; proportion.
            A bear's a savage  beast,
   Whelp'd without form, until  the dam
   Has lick'd it into shape and frame.     Hudibras.

Fra'mer,  frame'ur.98 ra.  s.  [from frame;
   prtemman, Saxon.]   Maker;  former;
   contriver; schemer.
     The forger of his own fate, the framer of his for-
   tune, should be improper, if  actions were  predeter-
   mined.                            Hammond.
     There was want of accurateness in experiments
   in the  first original framer of those medals.
                             Arbuthnot on Coins.
 Fra'mpold, fram'pold.  adj.  [This  word
    is written by Dr.  Hacket, frampul.  I
    know not its original.] Peevish; boiste-
    rous; rugged; crossgrained.
     Her husband!  Alas, the sweet woman leads an
   ill life with him! she leads a very frampold life
   with him.                          Shakspeare.
      The frampul man could not be pacified.
                        Hacket's Life of  Williams.
 FRA'NCHISE, fran'tshiz.140 ra. s. [fran-
    chise, French.]
  1. Exemption from any  onerous  duty.
  2. Privilege; immunity; right granted.
      They granted them markets, and other franchi-
   ses, and erected corporate towns among them.
                               Davies on Ireland.
      His gracious edict the same franchise yields,
    To all the wild increase of woods and fields. Dryd.

  3. District;  extent of jurisdiction.
      There are other privileges granted  unto most of
    the corporations, that they  shall not be travelled
    forth  of their own franchises.            Spenser.
  To  Franchi'se, fran'tshiz. v. a.  [from the
    noun.]   To enfranchise; to make free;
    to keep free.
                 I lose no honour
    In seeking to augment it; but still keep
    My bosom franchis'd, and allegiance clear. Shaksp.
  Fra'ngible,  fran'je-bl.406 adj.  [frango,
    Latin.] Fragile; brittle; easily broken.
      Though it seems the solidest wood, if wrought
    before it be well seasoned,  it will shew  itself very
   frangible.                               -Bo^e-
  Fra'nion, frin'yun.*"0 n.  s. [Of this  word
    I know not the derivation.]   A  para-
    mour; a boon companion.
      First by her side did sit the bold Sansloy,
    Fit mate for such a mincing minion,
    Who  in her looseness took exceeding joy,
   Might not be found a franker franion.   F. Queen.
  FRANK, frangk.4n8a#. [franc, French.]
  1. Libera!; generous; not niggardly.
      The moister sorts of trees yield little moss, for
 the reason of the frank putting up of toe sap into
 the boughs.                           Bacon.
    They were left destitute, either by narrow provi-
 sion, or by their frank hearts and their open hands,
 and their charity towards others.          Sprat.
    'Tis the ordinary  practice of the world  to  be
 frank of civilities that  cost toem nothing.
                                  L'Estrange.
2. Open; ingenuous; sincere; not reserved.
3.  Without  conditions;  without payment.
    Thou hast it won; for it is of frank gift,
  And he will care for all toe rest to shift. Hub. Ta.
4.  Not restrained; licentious.  Not in  ust.
    Might not be found a franker franion.  Spenser.
Frank, frangk. ra. a. [from the adjective.]
1. A place to feed hogs in;  a  sty: so called
   from liberality of food.
     Where sups he? Doth the old boar  feed in  the
  old frank?                         Shakspeare-
2. A letter  which pays  no postage.
     You'll have immediately, by several franks, my
  epistle to lord Cobham.            Pope to Swift.
3.  A French coin.  ■
 To  Frank, frangk.  v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To shut up  in a frank or sty.  Hanmer.
     In the sty of this most bloody boar,
   My son George  Stanley is frank'd up in hold.
                                    Shakspeare.
2. To feed  high;  to fat; to cram.  Junius
   and Ainsworth.
 S.  To exempt letters from postage.
     My lord Orrery writes toyou to-moriow; and you
   see I send this under his cover, or at least franked
   by him.                                Swift.
     Gazettes sent gratis down, and frank'd,
   For which thy patron  's weekly thank'd.     Pope.
 Frankalmoi'gne,  frangk-al-moin'.  ra. s.
    The same which we in Latin call libera
    ehemosyna, or free  alms  in  English;
    whence the tenure is commonly known
    among our English lawyers  by the name
    of a tenure  in frank aumone, or frank-
    almoign,  which, according to  Britton,
    is a tenure by  divine  service.
                          Ayliffe's Parergon.
 Fra'nkincense,  frangk'in-sense.  ra.  s.
    [frank and incense;  so called  perhaps
    from its liberal distribution of odour.]
     Frankincense is a dry resinous substance in pieces
   or drops, of a pale yellowish white  colour; a strong
   smell, but not disagreeable, and a bitter, acrid," and
   resinous taste.  It is very inflammable. The earliest
   histories inform us,  that  frankincense was  used
    among toe sacred rites and sacrifices, as it  contin-
    ues to be in many parts. We are still uncertain as
    to the place whence frankincense is brought, and as
    to the tree which produces it.               HUl.
     Take unto thee sweet spices, with pure frankin-
    cense.                                Exodus.
     I find in Dioscorides record of frankincense gotten
    in India.                           Brerewood.
        Black ebon only will in India grow,
    And od'rous frankincense on the Sabcean bough.
                                        Dryden.
      Cedar and frankincense, an od'rous pile,
    Flam'd on the  hearth, and wide perfum'd  the isle.
                                          Pope,
 FRA'NKLiN,frangk'iln. ra. s.  [from frank.]
     A steward; a bailiff of land. It signifies
     originally a little gentleman, and is not
     improperly Englished a gentleman ser-
     vant.  Not in use.
            A spacious court they see,
    Both plain and pleasant to be walked in,
    WTiere them does meet a franklin fair and free.
                                    Fairy Queen.
  Fra'nkly, frangk'le. adv. [from frank.]
  1. Liberally;  freely; kindly; readily.
         Oh, were it but my life,
 I'd throw it down for your deliverance,
 As frankly as a pin.                 Shakspeare.
   If ever any malice in your heart
 Were hid against me, now forgive me frankly.
                                   Shakspeare.
   When they had nothing to pay, he frankly for-
 gave them both.                         Luke.
   By the toughness of the earth, the sap cannot get
 up to spread  so frankly as it should do.    Bacon.
   I value my garden more  for being full of black-
 birds than cherries, and very frankly give  them
 fruit for their songs.                   Spectator:
 . Without constraint.
   The lords  mounted their servants upon their own
 horses; and they, with the voluntiers,  who frankly
 listed themselves, amounted to a body of two hund-
 red and fifty horse.                   Clarendon.
 . Without  reserve.
    He entered very frankly into those new designs,
 which were contrived at court.         Clarendon,
FRA'NKNESs,frangk'nes. n.s.  [from frank]
I. Plainness of  speech; openness; ingenu-
  ousness.
    When the conde  duke had some eclaircissement
  with the duke, in which he made all  the protesta-
  tions of his sincere affection, the other received his
  protestations with all contempt; and declared with a
  very unnecessary frankness, toat  he would have no
  friendship with him.                 Clarendon,
    Tom made love to a woman  of sense, and always
  treated her as such during the whole time of court-
  ship ; his natural temper and good breeding hinder-
  ed him from doing any thing  disagreeable, as his
  sincerity and frankness of behaviour made him con-
  verse with her before marriage in the same manner
  he intended  to do afterwards.            Addison.
2. Liberality; bounteousness.
3. Freedom from reserve.
     He delivered with the frankness  of a friend's
  tongue, word by word, what Kalander had told him
  touching the strange story.                Sidney.
     The ablest  men that ever were, have had all an
  openness and frankness of dealing, and a name of
  certainty and veracity.                   Bacon.
Frankplb/dge,frangk'pledje.ra.s. [fran-
   ciplegium, Latin; of franc, i. e. liber if
   pleige, i. e.  fidei jussor.]  A pledge or
   surely for freemen.
     The ancient custom of England, for the preserva-
   tion of the  publick peace, was that every freeborn
   man  at fourteen  years of age,  religious persons,
   clerks, knights, and  their eldest sons  excepted,
   should find  security  for his fidelity to the king, or
   else be kept in prison: whence it became customary
   for a certain number of neighbours to be bound for
   one another, to see each man of their pledge forth-
   coming at all times, or to answer the transgression
   of any one absenting himself.   This was called
  frankpledge,  and  the circuit thereof was called cfe-
   cenna, because  it commonly consisted of ten house-
   holds; and every  particular person, thus mutually
   bound, was called decennier.  This custom was so
   strictly observed,  that the sheriffs, in every county,
   did from time to time  take the oaths of young ones
   as they grew to the age of fourteen years, and see
   that they  combined in one  dozen  or  other; this
   branch of the  sheriff's authority was called risus
   franciplegii, view of frankpledge.         Cowell.
 FRA'NTICK,  fran'tik. adj.  [corrupted
    from  phrenetick,   phreneticus,  Latin;
    cp^evjjTjxas.]
  I. Mad; deprived of understanding by vio-
    lent madness;  outrageously and turbu-
    lently mad.
      Far off, he wonders what makes them so glad;
    If Bacchus'  merry fruit they did invent,
    Or Cybel's franlick rites have  made them mad.
                                    Fairy Queen.
  2.  Transported  by violence  of  passion;
     outrageous;  turbulent. 
FRA
FRA
FRE
     Esteeming, in the frantick error of their minds,
   the greatest  madness  in the world to be wisdom,
   and toe highest wisdom foolishness.       Hooker.
     To such height toeir frantick passion grows,
   That what both love, both hazard to destroy.
                                       Dryden.
     She tears her hair, and, frantick in her griefs,
   Calls out on Lucia.                    Addison.
  3. Simply mad.
                  The lover, frantick,
   Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt.   Shaksp.
  Fra'nticklt, fran'tik-le. adv. [from fran-
    tick.]  Madly; distractedly; outrageous-

    ly-
     Fie, fie, how frantickly I square my talk.  Shaksp.
  Fra'ntickness, fran'tik-nes.  ra. s.  [from
   frantick.]    Madness; fury of passion;
    distraction.
  FRATE'RNAL,  fra-ter'nal.88  adj. [fra-
    ternal, Fr. fraternus,  Lat-]  Brotherly;
    pertaining to brothers; becoming broth-
    ers.
                One shall arise
   Of proud ambitious heart; who, not content
   With fair equality, fraternal state,
   Will arrogate dominion undeserv'd,
   Over his brethren.                      Milton.
     The  admonitions, fraternal  or paternal, of his
   fellow christians, or of the governors  of the church,
   then more public reprehensions; and upon their un-
   successfulness, the censures of  the church, until he
   reform and return.                  Hammond.
                Plead it to her,
   With all the strength and heats of eloquence
   Fraternal love and friendship can inspire. Addison.
  Frate'rnally, fra-ier'nai e.  adv.  [from
   fraternal.] In a brotherly manner.
  Frate'rnity, fra.-ter'ne-te. ra. s. [fraterni-
    te, Fr. fraternitan, Lat.]
  1. The state  or quality of  a brother.
  2. Body of men united; corporation; soci-
   ety; association; brotnerhood.
     'Tis a necessary rule in alliances,  societies, and
   fraternities, and all manner of civil  contracts, to
   have a strict regard to the humour of those we have
   to do withal.                       L'Estrange.
 3. Men  of the same class or charactei.
     With what terms of respect knaves and sots will
   speak of their own fraternity.             South.
 Fra'tricide, frat'tre-side.143 ra.  s. [fratri-
   cide, Fr. fratricidium, Lat.]  The  mur-
   der of a brother.
 FRAUD, frawd313  ra. s.   [fraus,  Latin;
   fraude,  French.]  Deceit; cheat; trick;
   artifice; subtility; stratagem.
    Our better part remains
   To work in close design, by fraud or guile,
   What force effected not.                 Milton.
    None need the frauds of sly Ulysses fear.  Dryd.
             If success a lover's  toil  attends,
   Who asks if force or fraud obtain'd his ends. Pope.
 Fra'udful,  frawd'ful. adj.  [fraud  and
   full/]  Treacherous;  artful; trickish; de-
   ceitful; subtle.
               The welfare of us all
   Hangs on the cutting short that/rawcf/uf man. Shaks.
             He, full of fraudful aits,
   This well-invented tale for truth  imparts.  Dryden.
Fra'udfully,  frawd'ful-le. adv.   [frnm
  fraudful.] Deceitfully; artfully; subtile-
   iy; treacherously;  by stratagem.
Fra/udulence,  fVaw'du-lense.
Fra'udulency,  fraw'du-len-se.293   376
   ra. s. [fraudulentia, Lat.]  Deceitfulness;
   trickishness; proneness to artifice.
    We admire the providence of God in the con
  tinuance  pf Scripture, notwithstanding the endea-
   vours of infidels to abolish, and the fraudulence of
   here ticks always to deprave the same.     Hooker.
 Fra'udulent  traw'du-lent. adj. [frau-
    duleux, Fr. fraudulentus, Lat.]
 1. Full of artifice;  trickish; subtle; deceit-
    ful.
             He with serpent tongue
   His fraudulent temptation thus began.    Milton.
     She mix'd the potion, fraudulent of soul;
   The portion mantled  in the golden bowl.    Pope.
 2. Performed by artifice;  deceitful;  trea-
    cherous.
             Now thou hast aveng'd
   Supplanted Adam,
   And frustrated the conquest fraudulent.   Milton.
 Fraudulently,  fraw'du-lent-le.   adv.
    [from fraudulent.]  By fraud; by deceit;
    by artifice; deceitfully.    •
     He that by fact, word, or sign, either fraudulent-
   ly or violently, does hurt to his neighbour, is  bound
   to make restitution.                     Taylor.
 FRAUGHT,   frawt.393 particip.  pass.
    [from fraight, now written freight.]
 1. Laden; charged.
             In the narrow seas toat part
   The French and English,  there miscarried
   A vessel of our country, richly fraught.   Shaksp.
                 With joy
   And tidings fraught,  to hell he now return'd.
                                       Milton.
     And  now  approach'd  toeir  fleet  from India,
        fraught
   With all the riches of the rising sun,
   And precious sand from southern climates brought.
                                      Dryden.
 2.  Filled; stored; thronged.
     The scripture is fraught even with laws of na-
   ture.                                Hooker.
     By this sad Una, fraught with anguish sore,
   Arrived where they in earth their blood had spilt.
                                      Spenser.
     I am  so fraught with  curious business, that  I
   leave out ceremony.                 Shakspeare.
     Whosoever  hath his  mind fraught  with  many
   thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and
   break up in the communicating and discoursing with
   another.                              Bacon.
    Hell, their fit habitation, fraught with fire
   Unquenchable; the house of woe and pain. Milton.
    Abdallah and Belfora were so fraught with all
  kinds of knowledge,  and  possessed with so  con-
  stant a passion  for each other, that toeir solitude
  never lay heavy on toem.               Addison.
Fraught  frawt. ra. s.  [from the partici-
   ple.]  A freight;  a cargo.
    Yield up, oh love, thy crown and parted throne
  To tyrannous hate! swell, bosom, with thy fraught;
  For 'tis of aspicks' tongues.         Shakspeare.
    The bark that all our blessings brought,
  Charg'd with  thyself and James,  a doubly  royal
       fraught.                       Dryden.
To Fraught, frawt. v. a. [for Jreight, by
   corruption.] To load; to  crowd.
            Hence from my sight:
  If after this command thou fraught the court
  With thy unworthiness, thou dy'st.        Shaksp.
Fra'ughtage,  frawt'aje.  ra.  s.  [from
  fraught] Lading;  cargo. A  bad word.
            Our fraught age, sir,
  I have convey'd aboard.             Shakspeare.
Fray, fra.220 ra. s. [effrayer, to fright, Fr.]
1.  A  battle; a fight.
    Time tells, that on  that  ever blessed day,
  When christian swords with Persian  blood  were
        dy'd,
  The furious prince Tancredie from that fray
  His coward foes chased through forests wide.
                                      Fairfax.
    After the bloody fray at Wakefield  fought.
                                   Shakspeare.
    He left them to the  fates in bloody fray,
                  5h2
   To toil and struggle through the well-fought day
                                         Pope.
 2. A duel; a combat.
     Since, if we fall before th' appointed day,
   Nature  and death continue long their fray.
                                      Denham.
     The boaster Paris oft desir'd the day
   With Sparta's king to meet in single fray   Pope.
 J. A  broil; a quarrel;  a riot of violence.
     I'll speak between the change of man and boy
   With a reed voice, and turn two mincing steps
   Into a manly stride; and speak of frays,
   Like a fine bragging youth.          Shakspeare.
 To Fray, fra. v. a. [effrayer, Fr.]
 I. To fright; to terrify.
     The panther, knowing that his spotted hide
   Doth please all beasts, but that his looks them fray,
     Within a bush his dreadful head doth hide,
   To let them gaze, whilst he on them may prey.
                                      Spenser.
     So diversely themselves in vain they fray,
   Whilst some more bold to measure him stand nigh.
                                      Spenser.
     Fishes are thought to be frayed wito the motion
   caused by noise upon the water.           Bacon.
     These  vultures prey only upon carcases, on such
   stupid minds as  have not life and vigour  to fray
   them away.                Goi>. of the Tongue.
2. [frayer, French ]  To rub.
FREAK, freke.327 ra. s. [frech,  German,
   saucy, petulant; ppaec, Sax. fugitive.]
1. A sudden and causeless change of place.
2. A sudden fancy;  a humour; a whim; a
   capricious  prank.
    O! but I fear the fickle/reafcs, quoth she,
  Of fortune, and the odds of arms in field.
                                  Fairy  Queen.
    When that freak has taken possession of  a fan-
  tastical head, the distemper is incurable.
                                   L'Estrange.
    She is  restless and peevish, and sometimes in a
 freak will instantly  change her habitation. Spectator.
    To vex me more, he took a freak
  To slit my tongue, and make me speak.     Swift.
To Freak, freke. v.  a. [A word, I sup-
   pose, Scotch, brought into England  by
   Thomson.] To variegate; to checker.
            There furry nations harbour:
  Sables of glossy black, and dark embrown'd,
  Or beauteous, freak'd with many a mingled  hue.
                                     Thomson.
Fre'akish, freke'ish-  adj. [from freak.]
   Capricious; humorsome.
    It may be a question, whether the wife or  the
  woman was the  more freakish of the two;  for  she
  was still the same uneasy fop.        L'Estrange.
Fre'akishly,  freke'ish-le.  adv.   [from
  freakish.] Capriciously; humorsomely.
Fre'akishness, freke'ish-nes. ra. s. [from
  freakish.]  Capriciousness; humorsome-
   ness; whimsicalness.

To Fream, freme.a*7 v. ra.  [fremore, Lat.
  jremir, Fr.]  To  growl or  grunt as a
   boar.                              Bailey.

FRE'CKLE,  frek'kl.4"*  ra. s.  [flech,  a
   spot, German;  whence fieckle, freckle.]
I.  A spot raised  in the skin by the sun.
    Ruddy his lips, and fresh and fair his hue;
  Some sprinkled/recfcfes on his face were seen,
  Whose dusk set off the whiteness ofthe skin.
                                      Dryden.
2.  Any small  spot or discoloration.
    The cowslips tall her pensioners be;
  In their gold coats spots you see:
  Those be rubies, fairy favours;
  In those freckles live their favours.       Shaksp
    The farewell frosts and easterly winds now spot
  your tulips; therefore cover such with mats,  to pre-
  vent/recttes.                         £ve*f 
FRE
FRE
FRE
Fre'ckled, frek'kld.359  adj. [from frec-
   kle.]   Spotted; maculated; discoloured
   with small spots.
    Sometimes we'll angle at the brook,
  The freckled trout to take
  With silken worms.                   Drayton,
    The even mead that erst brought sweetly forth
  The freckled cowslip,
  Wanting the scythe, all uncorrected, rank,
  Conceives by idleness.                  Shaksp.
    Now thy face charms ev'ry sl»pherd,
  Spotted over like  a leopard;
  And thy freckled neck display'd,
  Envy breeds in ev'ry maid.               Swift.
Fre'ckly,   frek'kle. adj.  [from freckle.]
   Full of freckles.
Fred, Md.  The same  with peace;  upon
   which our forefathers called  their  sanc-
   tuaries fredstole, i. e. the seats of peace.
   So Frederick  is powerful or  wealthy in
   peace; Winfred, victorious peace; Rein-
  fired,  sincere  peace.              Gibson.
FREE,  free.346 adj. [prteah, Saxon; vry
   Dutch.]
1. At liberty;  not  a vassal;  not enslaved;
   not a prisoner; not dependant.
    A free nation is that which has never been con-
   quered,  or  thereby entered  into any condition of
   subjection.                            Temple.
    Free, what, and fetter'd with so many chains?
                                       Dryden.
    How can we think any one freer than to have the
   power to do what he will?                 Locke.
    This wretched  body trembles at your pow'r:
   Thus far could fortune; but she can no more:
   Free, to herself my potent mind remains,
   Nor fears the victor's rage, nor feels his chains.
                                         Prior.
    Set an unhappy pris'ner free,
   Who ne'er intended harm  to thee.          Prior.
2. Uncompelled; unrestrained.
    Their use of meats was not like unto our ceremo-
   nies, that being a matter of private action in com-
   mon life, where every man was free  to order that
   which himself did; but this is a publick constitution
   for the ordering of the church.          Hooker.
    Do faithful homage, and receive free honours,
   All which vve pine for now.             Shaksp.
    It was free, and in  my  choice whether or no  I
   should publish these discourses; yet the publication
   being once  resolved, the dedication  was not indif-
   ferent.                                 South.
3. Not bound by fate; not necessitated.
    Freely they stood who stood, and fell who  fell:
   Not free, what proof could they have given sincere
   Of true allegiance, constant faith, or  love,
   Where only what they needs  must do, appear'd,
   Not what they would?                  Milton.
4. Permitted; allowed.
    WTiy, sir, I pray, are not the streets as free
   For me as for you?                    Shaksp.
    Defaming as impure what God declares
   Pure; and commands to some, leaves  free to all.
                                       Milton.
    To gloomy cares my thoughts alone are free,
   111 the gay sports with troubled thoughts agree.
                                          Pope.
5. Licentious; unrestrained.
                  O conspiracy!
   Sham'st thou to shew thy dang'rous brow by night,
   When evils are most free?              Shaksp.
    Physicians are too free  upon the subject, in the
  conversation of their friends.             Temple.
    The criticks have been very free in their censures.
                                        .FeMon.
   I know there are to whose presumptuous thoughts,
  Those freer beauties, ev'n in them, seem faults.
                                         Pope.
6. Open; ingenuous; frank.
    Castalio,  I have doubts within my heart;
  Will you be free and candid to your friend? Ohvay.
7. Acquainted;  conversing  without  re-
   serve.
             'Tis not to make me jealous,
  To say my wife is  fair, feeds well,  loves com-
        pany,
  Is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well:
  Where virtue is, these make more virtuous. Shaksp.
    Being one day very free at a great feast,  he sud-
  denly broke forth into a great laughter.  Hakewill.
    Free and familial- with misfortune grow,
  Be us'd to sorrow, and inur'd to woe.      Prior
8. Liberal; not parsimonious:  with of.
    Glo'ster too, a foe to citizens,
  O'ercharging your free purses with large fines,
  That seeks to overthrow religion.         Shaksp.
    No  statute in his favour says,
  How free or frugal I shall pass my days;
  I, who at sometimes spend as other spare.    Pope.
    Alexandrian,  verses, of twelve syllables, should
  never  be  allowed  but when  some  remarkable
  beauty or propriety in them atones for the liberty:
  Mr. Dryden has been too /?-ee of these in his latter
  works.                                 Pope.
9. Frank; not gained by importunity; not
   purchased.
    We wanted  words to express our thanks: his
  noble free offers left us nothing to ask.     Bacon.
10. Clear from distress.
    Who alone suffers, suffers most i' to' mind,
  Leaving free things and happy shows behind.
                                       Shaksp.
11. Guiltless;  innocent.
    Make mad the guilty, and appall the free,
  Confound the ign'rant.                  Shaksp.
    My hands are guilty, but my heart is free.  Dryd.
12. Exempt:  with of anciently; more pro-
   perly from.
                These
  Are such allow'd infirmities, that honesty
  Is never free of.                        Shaksp.
    Who fears not to do ill, yet fears the name;
  And free from conscience, is a slave to fame.
                                      Denham.
    Let envy, then, those crimes within you see,
  From which the happy never must be free.   Dryd.
             Their steeds around,
  Free from the harness, graze the flow'ry ground.
                                      Dryden.
    The will free from  the determination of such
  desires, is left to the pursuit of nearer satisfactions.
                                        Locke.
13. Invested  with franchises;  possessing
   any  thing without  vassalage; admitted
   to  the privileges of any body: with of.
    He therefore makes all birds of every sect
  Free of his farm, with promise to respect
  Their several kinds alike, and equally protect.
                                       Dryden.
    What do'st thou make a shipboard? To what end
  Art thou of Bethlem's noble college free?
  Stark-staring mad, toat thou should'st tempt the sea?
                                       Diyden.
14. Without  expense;  by charity,  as  a
  freeschool.

To Free,  free. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To  set at liberty; to rescue from slavery
   or captivity; to manumit; to loose.
    The child was prisoner to the womb, and is
  By law and process of great nature thence
  Free'd and enfranchis'd; not a party to
  The anger of the king, nor guilty of,
  (If any be) the  trespass ofthe queen.     Shaksp.
    He recovered the temple, free'd the city, and
  upheld the laws which were going down.    2 Mac.
    Can'st thou no other master understand,
  Than  him that free'd thee by the pretor's wand?
                                       Dryden.
               Should thy coward tongue
  Spread its cool poison through the martial throng,
  My jav'lin shall revenge so base a part,
  And free the soul that quivers in thy heart.   Pope.
2. To rid from;  to clear from  any thing
   ill:  with of or from.
    It is no marvail that he could think of no better
  way to be free'd of these iuconveniencies the pas-
  sions of  those meetings gave him than to dissolve
  them.                             Clarendon.
                 Hercules
  Freed Erymanthus from the foaming boar. Dryden.
    Our land is from the rage of tigers freed. Dryd.
3. To clear from impediments or obstruc-
   tions.
    The chaste Sibylla shall your steps convey,
  And blood of offer'd victims free the way.  Diyden.
    Fierce was the fight; but hast'ning to his prey,
  By force the furious lover freed his way.   Diyden.
                 This master-key
  Frees every lock, and leads us to his person. Dryd.
4  To banish; to send away; to rid.  Not
   in use.
                 We may again
  Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights,
  Free from our feasts and  banquets bloody knives.
                                       Shaksp.
    Never any Sabbath of release
  Could free his travels and afflictions' deep. Daniel.
5. To exempt.
    For he that is dead is free'd from sin.   Romans.

Freebo'oter,  free-boo'tur.  ra.  s. [free
   and booty.]  A robber; a plunderer; a
   pillager.
    Perkin was not followed by any English of name,
  his forces consisted mostly of base people and free-
  booters, fitter to spoil a coast than to recover a king-
  dom.                                  Bacon.
    The earl of Warwick had, as often as he met with
  any Irish frigates, or such freebooters as sailed under
  their commission, taken all the seamen. Clarendon.

Freebo'oting, free-b66'ting. ra. s.   Rob-
   bery;  plunder; the  act of pillaging.
    Under it he may cleanly convey any fit pillage,
  toat cometh handsomely  in his way;  and when he
  goeth abroad in the night on freebooting,  it is his
  best and surest friend.                  Spenser.
Fre'eborn,   free'born.  adj.   [free  and
   born.]  Not a slave; inheriting liberty.
    0 baseness, to support a tyrant's throne,
  And crush your freeborn  brethren  of the world!
                                       Diyden.
    I shall speak my thoughts like a freeborn subject,
  such things  perhaps as no Dutch  commentator
  could, and 1 am sure no Frenchman durst.   Dryd.
    Shall/reefeorn men in  humble awe,
  Submit to servile shame;
    Who from consent and custom draw
    The same right to be rul'd by law,
  Which kings pretend to reign?            Dryden.
Freecha'ppel, free-tshap'el.  ra. s. [free
   and chappel.]  Such  chappels as are of
   the  king's foundation, and by him ex-
   empted  from  the  jurisdiction  of the
   ordinary.    The  king may  also license
   a subject to found  such a chappel, and
   by his charter exempt it  from the ordi-
   nary's visitation.                  Cowell.

Fre'ecost, free'kost. ra. s.[free and cost.]
   Without expense;  free from charges.
    We must not vouch any man for an exact master
   in the rules of our modern policy, but such a one as
   has brought himself so far to hate and despise the ab-
   surdity of being kind upon freecost, as not so much
   as to tell a friend what it is o'clock for nothing.
                                         South.
Fre'edman,  freed'man. ra.  *. [free and
   man.]  A  slave manumitted.  Libertus.
     The freedman jostles, and will be preferr'd;
   First come, first serv'd, he cries.          Dryden.

Fre'edom, free'dum.186 ra. «. [from free.] 
FRE
FRE
FRE
1. Liberty; exemption from servitude; in-
   dependence.
    The laws toemselves they do specially rage at, as
  most repugnant to their liberty and natural freedom.
                                      Spenser.
    0 freedom! first delight of human kind!
  Not that which bondmen from their masters find,
  The privilege of doles; nor yet t' inscribe
  Their names in this or t' other Roman tribe:
  That false enfranchisement with ease is found;
  Slaves are made citizens by turning round. Dryden.
2. Privileges; franchises; immunities.
    By our holy Sabbath have  1 sworn
  To have the due and forfeit of my bond:
  If you deny it, let the danger light
  Upon your charter, and your city's freedom.  Shak.
3. Power of enjoying franchises.
    This prince first gave freedom to servants, so as
  to become citizens of equal privileges with the rest,
  which very much increased toe power of the people.
                                        Swift.
4. Exemption from fate,  necessity, or pre-
   determination.
              I else must change
  Their nature, and revoke the high decree
  Unchangeable, eternal, which ordain'd
  Their freedom; they toemselves ordain'd their fall.
                                       Milton.
    In every sin, by how much the more free will is
  in  its choice,  by so much is the act the more sin-
  ful; and where there is nothing to importune, urge,
  or provoke the will to any act, there is so much  an
  higher and perfecter degree  of freedom  about that
  act.                                   South.
5. Unrestraint.
    I will that all the feasts and sabbaths  shall be all
  days of immunity and freedom for the Jews in my
  realm.                            1  Maccabees.
6. The state of being without any particu-
   lar evil or inconvenience.
    The freedom  of their state  lays them under a
  greater necessity of always chusing and doing the
  best things.                              Law.
7. Ease or  facility in  doing  or  showing
   any thing.
Freefo'oted, free-fat'ed.  adj. [free and
  foot.]  Not restrained in the march.
    We will fetters put upon tois fear,
  Which now goes too freefooted.           Shaksp.
Freehea'rted,  free-hur'ted.  adj.  [free
   and heart.]  Liberal; unrestrained.
    Love must freehearted be, and voluntary;
  And not enchanted, or by fate constrained.  Davies.
Freeho'ld,  free'hold.  ra.  s.  [free  and
   hold.]   That land  or tenement which a
   man holds  in fee, fee-tail, or for term
   of life.
    Freehold in deed is the real  possession of lands
  or tenements in fee, fee-tail, or for life.  Freehold
  in law is the right that a man has to  such land or
  tenements before his entry or seisure.  Freehold is
  sometimes taken in opposition  to villanage. Land,
  in the time of the Saxons, was called either bock-
  land, that is, holden by book or writing, or foreland,
  that is, holden without writing.   The former was
  held by far better conditions, and by the better sort
  of tenants, as noblemen and  gentlemen,  being such
  as we now call freehold.  The latter was commonly
  in the possession of clowns, being that which we now
  call at the will ofthe lord.               Cowell.
    No alienation of lands holden in chief should be
  available,  touching  the freehold  or  inheritance
  thereof, but only where it were made by matter of
  record.                                 Bacon.
    There is an unspeakable  pleasure in calling  any
  thing one's own: a freehold, though it be but in ice
  and  snow, will make the owner pleased  in the pos-
  session, and stout in the defence of it.    Addison.
    My friends here are very few, and  fixed  to  the
 freehold, from whence nothing but death will re-
  move them.                             Swift.
    I should be glad to possess a freehold that  could
  not be taken from  me by  any law to which I did
  not give consent.                         Swift.
Freeholder,  free'hol-dur.  ra. *.  [from
  freehold.] One who has a freehold.
    As extortion did banish the old English freeholder,
  who could not  live but under the law; so the law
  did banish the Irish lord, who could not live but by
  extortion.                              Davies.
Free'ly, free'le. adv. [from free.]
1. At liberty;  without vassalage;  without
   slavery; without dependance.
2. Without  restraint;  heartily;  with  full
   gust.
    If my son were my husband, I would freelier re-
  joice in that absence wherein he won honour, than
  in the  embracements of his bed, where  he would
  shew most love.                         Shaksp.
3. Plentifully; lavishly.
    I pledge your grace; and if you knew what pains
  I have bestow'd to breed this present peace,
  You would drink freely.                  Shaksp.
4. Witliout scruple; without reserve.
    Let such teach others who themselves excel,
  And censure freely who have written well.   Pope.
5. Witliout  impediment.
    To follow  rather the Goths in rhyming than the
  Greeks in true versifying, were even to eat acorns
  with swine, when  we may freely eat wheat-bread
  among men.                           Ascham-
    The path to peace is virtue: what I show,
  Thyself may freely on thyself bestow:
  Fortune was never worshipp'd by the wise;
  But set aloft by fools, usurps the skies.     Dryden.
6. Without  necessity;  without  predeter-
   mination.
    Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell.
                                        Milton.
    He  leaves us to chuse with the liberty of reason-
  able beings; they who comply with his grace, com-
  ply with it freely; and they who reject it, do also
  freely reject it.                          Rogers.
7. Frankly; liberally; without cost.
    By nature all  things have an equally common
  use; nature freely  and indifferently opens the bo-
  soms of the universe to all mankind.       South.
8. Spontaneously; of its own accord.
Fre'eman,  free'man.88 ra. *.  [free  and
   man.]
1. One not a slave; not a vassal.
    Had you rather Csesar were living, and die all
  slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free-
  men?                                  Shaksp.
    If to break loose from the conduct of reason, and
  to want that restraint of examination and judgment
  which keeps us from chusing or doing the worst, be
  liberty, true liberty, madmen and fools are only toe
  freemen.                               Locke.
2. One partaking of rights, privileges, or
   immunities.
    He  made us freemen of toe continent,
  Whom nature did like captives treat before. Dryd,
     What this union was is expressed in the  preceding
  verse, by their both having been made freemen on
  the same day.                         Addison.
Freemi'nded, free-mind'ed.  adj.  [free
   and mind.]  Unperplexed; without load
   of care.
    To hefreeminded and cheerfully disposed at hours
  of meat, sleep, and exercise, is one of* the best pre-
  cepts of long lasting.                     Bacon.
Fre'eness, free'nes. n. s. [from free.]
I. The  state or quality of being free.
2. Openness; unreservedness; ingenuous-
   ness; candour.
    The reader may pardon it, if he please, for the
  freeness of the confession.                 Dryden.
3. Generosity;  liberality.
    I hope it will never be said that the laity, who by
I  the clergy are taught to be charitable, shall in their
  corporations exceed the clergy itself, and their sons,
  in freeness of giving.                      Sprat.
Freescho'ol, free'skoSl. ra.  s. [free and
   school.]   A school in which learning is
   given without pay.
    To give a civil  education to the youth of this land
  in the time to come, provision was made by another
  law, that there  should be one freeschool at least
  erected in every diocese.                Davies.
    Two clergymen stood  candidates for a  small
 freeschool;  a  gentleman who happened  to have a
  better understanding than his neighbours, procured
  the place for  him who was the better scholar.
                                         Swift.
Freespo'ken, free-spo'k'n.103 adj.  [free
  and  spoken]  Accustomed  to speak
  without reserve.
    Nerva one night supped privately with some six
  or seven; amongst whom there was one that  was  a
  dangerous man, and began to take the like courses
  as Marcellus  and Regulus had done: the emperor
  fell  into discourse  of the  injustice  and tyranny of
  the former time, and, by name, ofthe two accusers;
  and said, what should we do with them, as  if we
  had them now? One of them that  was  at supper,
  and was a freespoken  senator,  said, Marry, they
  should sup with us.                      Bacon.
Fre'estone, free'stone. ra   s. [free and
  stone.]  Sione commonly used in build-
  ing.
    Freestone is so named from  its  being  of such  a
  constitution as to be wrought and cut freely in any
  direction.                          Woodward.
    I  saw her hand; she has a leathern hand, a free-
  stone-coloured hand.                    Shaksp.
    The  streets are generally paved with  brick  or
 freestone, and always kept very neat.      Addison.
Freethi'nker, free-Mink'ur. ra. s.  [free
  and think]   A  libertine;  a contemner
  of  religion.
    Atheist is  an old-fashioned word: I'm a free-
  thinker, child.                        Addison.
    Of what use is freedom of thought, if it will not
  produce freedom of action, which is the sole end,
  how remote soever in appearance, of all objections
  against Christianity? and therefore the freethinkers
  consider it as an edifice, wherein all the parts have
  such a mutual dependance on each other, that if
  you  pull out one single nail, the whole fabrick must
  fall  to the ground.                       Swift.
Freewi'll, free-will', ra. s. [free and will.]
1. The power of directing our own actions
  without restraint  by necessity or fate.
    We have a power to suspend toe prosecution of
  this or  toat desire: this seems to me the source of
  all liberty; in this seems to consist that which is
  improperly called freewill.               Locke.
2. Voluntariness; spontaneity.
    I  make a decree, toat all they of the people of
  Israel in  my  realm,  which are  minded of their
  own freewill  to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee.
                                         Ezra.
Freewo'man, free'wum-iin.  ra. s. [free
   and woman]  A woman not enslaved.
    All her ornaments are taken away; of a freewo-
  man she is become a bondslave.      1 Maccabees.
To Freeze, freeze.246 v. ra. preter, froze,
   [vriesen, Dutch.]
1. To be congealed with cold.
    The aqueous humour of the eye will  not freeze,
  which is very admirable, seeing it hath a perspicu-
  ity and fluidity of common water.            Ray,
    The freezing of water, or the blowing of a plant,
  returning at equidistant periods in all parts of the
  earth, would as well serve men to reckon their years
  by as the motions of the sun.              Locke,
2. To be of that degree of cold by which
   water is congealed.
    Orpheus with his lute made trees, 
                     FRE

     And mountain tops that free-e
     Bow toemselves when he did sing.        Shaksp.
       Thou art all ,ce thy kindness freezes.   Shaksp.
     4„hT " t°ZE ab0Ve severe' the cloudi> congeal,
     And thro' the crystal vault  appear'd the standing
           hail.                          n  i
   t>  r-          ^ .                    Dryden.
   /oI-reeze,   freeze,  v.  a.   pret.  froze;
     part, frozen or froze.
   1. To congeal  with cold.
   2. To kill by cold.
       When we both lay in the field,
     Frozen almost to death, how did he lap me
     Ev'n in his garments!                  Shaksp.
       My master and mistress  are almost frozen to
   _ d^th-    . ,                          Shaksp.
   3.  lo chill by  the loss of power or mo-
     tion.
       I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins
    That almost freezes up the heat of life.    SAafcsp.'
              Death came on amain,
    And exercis'd below his iron reign;
    Then upward to the seat of life he goes:
    Sense fled before him, what he touch'd he froze.
   tv           r ,                  Dryden.
   Jo  Freight,  frate.249 sss  Vt  c# preter
    freighted; part, fraught;  which being
    now used as an adjective,  freighted is
    adopted, [fretter, French.]
  1.  To load a ship or vessel  of carriae-e
    with goods for transportation.
              The princes
    Have to the port of Athens sent their ships,
    Fraught with the ministers  and instruments
    Of cruel war.                         Shaksp.
     Nor is, indeed, that man  less mad than these,
   Who freights a ship to venture on the seas;
   With one frail interposing.plank to save
   From certain death, roll'd  on by every wave.
                                       Dryden.
     Freighted with iron, from my native land,
   I steer my voyage.                       pGpe,
 t. To load as the burden; to be the thing
    with which  a vessel is freighted.
             I would
   Have sunk the sea within the earth, or ere
   It should the good ship so have swallow'd, and
   The freighting souls within  her.         Shaksp.
 Freight, frate.  ra. s.
 1. Any thing  with which  a ship  is loaded.
     He clears the deck, receives the mighty freight;
   The  leaky vessel groans beneath the weight.
                                       Dryden.
 2.  The money  due for transportation of
   goods.
 Freighter, frate'iir. ra. s. [fretteur, Fr.]
   He who freights a vessel.
 Fren,  fren. ra. s.   A stranger.   An old
   word  wholly  forgotten  here;  but  re-
   tained in Scotland.              Beat tie.
    But now from me his madding mind is  start,
   And  wooes the widow's daughter of the glen;
    And now fair Rosalind hath bred his smart,
   So now his friend is changed  for a fren.   Spenser
FRENCH chalk, frensh'tshawk'.  ra.  s.
   An indurated clay, extremely dense, of
   a smooth glossy surface, and soft and
   unctuous to  the touch;  of a grayish
   white colour,  variegated with  a dusky
   rreen.                               Hill
                   FRE

    foretoken of bringing in foreign powers, which in-
    deed happened.                       Camden.
              Has he familiarly dislik'd
    Your yellow starch, or said your doublet
    Was not exactly Frenchified?           Shaksp.
 Fre'netick,  fre-net'ik or fren'e-tik. adj.
    [frenetiijue,  Fr. QptvyTiKos; generally
    therefore  written  phrenetick.]   Mad;
    distracted.
             He himself impotent,
   By means of his frenetick malady.       Daniel.
 Fre'nzy, fren'ze. ra. s.  [ppenris; phrenitis,
    Latin: whence  phrenetisy,  phrenetsy,
    phrenzy, or frenzy.]  Madness; distrac-
    tion of mind; alienation  of understand-
    ing; any violent passion approaching to
    madness.
     That knave, Ford, hath the finest mad devil
   of jealousy in him that ever governed frenzy.
                                   Shakspeare.
     True fortitude is seen in great exploits,
   That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides;
   All else is towering frenzy and distraction.
                                      Addison.
     Why such a disposition of the body  induceth
   sleep, another  disturbs all the operations of the
   soul, and occasions a lethargy or frenzy: this know-
   ledge exceeds our narrow faculties.      Bentley.
Fre'quence,  fre'kweTise.644  ra.  s.  [fre-
   quence,  Fr. frequentia,  Lat.]   Crowd;
   concourse;  assembly.
             The frequence of degree,
   From high to low throughout.            Shaksp.
        He, in full frequence bright
   Of angels, thus to  Gabriel smiling spake.  Milton.

Frequency, fre'kwen-se. ra. s. [frequen-
   tia, Latin.]

I.  Common occurrence; the  condition of
   being  often  seen or done.
    Should a miracle be  indulged to one, others
  would think themselves equally entitled to it; and
  if indulged to many, it would no longer have the ef-
  fect of a miracle: its force and influence would be
  lost by the frequency of it.           Atterbury.
2.  Concourse;  full assembly.
    Thou cam'st ere while into this senate: who
  Of such  a frequency, so many friends
  And kindred thou hast here, saluted  thee?
                                  Ben Jonson
                   FRE

     This fellow here, this thy creature,
   By night frequents my house.            Shaksp.
     At that time this land was known and/recjnenfed
   by the ships and vessels.                 Bacon.
             With tears
   Wat'ring the ground, and wito our sighs the air
   Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
   Of sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation  meek.
     m                                 Jtfiffon.
     To serve my friends, the senate I frequent;
   And there what I before digested, vent.  Denham.
     That he frequented the court of Augustus,  and
  was well received in it, is most undoubted. Dryd.
Freque'ntable, fre-kwent'a-bl. adj. [froni
  frequent.]   Conversable;   accessible.
   Not now used, but not inelegant.
    While youth lasted in him, the exercises of that
  age and his humour not yet fully discovered, made
  him somewhat the more frequentable and less dan-
  Serous-                               Sidney.
Freque'ntative,   fre-kwen'ta-tiv.  adj.
   g1
    French chalk is unctuous to the touch, as steatites
  is, but harder, and nearer approaching the consist-
  ence of stone.                          Wood.
To Fre'nchify, frensh'e-fi.   v. a. [from
  French.]   To  infect with  the manner
  of France; to make a  coxcomb.
    They misliked  nothing more in king Edward the
  confessor than  that he was  Frenchified; and ac-
  counted the desire of foreign  language then to be a
 FRE'QUENT,  fre'kwent.4"3 adj.  [fre
   quent, Fr. firequens, Lat.]
 1.  Often done;  often  seen; often  occur-
   ring.
    The frequenter these times are, the better.
                                 Duty of Man.
    An ancient and imperial city falls;
  The streets are fill'd with frequent funerals. Dryd.
    Frequent herses shall besiege your gates. Pope.
2. Used often to practise any thing.
    The christians of the first times were generally
  frequent in the practice of it.       Duty of Man.
    Every man thinks  he may pretend to any  em-
  ployment, provided he has been loud and frequent
  in declaring himself hearty for the government.

   v  n  c                             Swif*-
 . run of concourse.
    Frequent and full.                   Milton.

To Freque'nt, fre-kwent'.492 v. a. [fire-
  quento, Latin; frequenter, French.]  To
  visit often; to be much in any place;  to
  resort often to.
            They in latter day,
  Finding in it fit ports for fisher's trade,
  'Gan  more the same frequent, and further to in-
        vade-                         Spenser
   There were synagogues for men to resort unto!
  our Saviour himself and the apostles frequented
  them'                               Hooker.
    [Jrequentatifi, French; frequentativus,
    Latin.]  A grammatical term applied to
    verbs signifying the frequent repetition
    of an action.

 Freque'nter, fre-kwent'ur.  n.  s.  [from
   frequent.]   One  who  often resorts  to
    any  place.
     Persons under bad imputations are no great fre-
   quenters of churches.                     Swift.
 Frequently, fre'kwent-I£.   adv.   [fre-
    quenter , Latin.]  Often; commonly; not
    rarely; not seldom; a considerable num-
    ber of times; manifold times.
     I could not without much grief, observe how fre-
   quently both gentlemen and ladies are at a loss for
   questions and answers.                   Swift.
 FRE'SCO, tres'ko.  ra. s.  [Italian.]
 1. Coolness; shade; duskiness, like that of
   the evening or  morning.
             Hellish sprites
   Love more the fresco of the nights.        Prior.
 2. A  picture not drawn in glaring ligi.t,
   but in dusk.
     Here thy well-study'd marbles fix our eye;
   A fading fresco here demands a sigh.      Pope,
 FRESH,  fiesh.   adj.   [prierc,  Saxon;
   fraische, French.]
 I. Cool; not vapid with heat.
  •   I'll cull the farthest mead for thy repast;
   The choicest herbs I to thy board will bring;
   And draw thy water from the freshest spring.
 „  .»•.     ,                            Prim:
 2. Not salt.
     They keep themselves unmixt with the salt wa-
   ter; so that, a very great way within the sea, men
   may take up as fresh water as if they were near the
   la"d'                                 Abbot.
 3. New; not had  before.
    No borrow'd bays his temples did adorn,
  But to our crown he did fresh jewels bring.  Dryd.
 4. New; not impaired by time.
    This second source of men, while yet but few,
  And while the dread of judgment past remain
  Fresh in their minds, fearing the Deity,
  With some regard to what is just and right,
  Shall lead their lives.               s  MUton.
    That love which first was set, will first decay;
  Mine of a fresher date will longer stay.   Dryden.

5.  In a state like that of recentness.

 Presei^'LnH^'n ,th°Se,times' and in our memories
 Preserve and still keep fresh like flowers in waters.
            T,T...     ,                 Denham.
            >v itn such a care
 As roses from their stalks we tear
 When we would still preserve them new,
 And fresh as on the bush thev grew.   '  Waller.
            Ihousun, said I, fair light!  ' 
FRE
FRE
FRE
   And thou enlighten'd earth, so fresh and  gay!
                                        Jtfiffon.
     Think not, 'cause men flatt'ring say,
   Y' are fresh as April, sweet as May,
   Bright as is the morning star,
   That you are  so.                         Careic.
 6. Recent; newly come.
     Amidst the spirits Palinurus press'd;
   Yet fresh from life, a new admitted guest.  Dryden.
     Fresh from the fact, as in the present case,
   The criminals are seiz'd upon the place;
   Stiff in denial, as the law appoints,
   On engines they  distend their  tortur'd joints.
                                        Dryden,
 7. Repaired  from any loss or diminution.
     Nor lies  she long; but as her fates ordain,
   Springs up  to life, and fresh to second pain,
   Is sav'd to  day, to-morrow to be slain.     Dryden.
 8. Fiorid;  vigorous; cheerful;  unfaded;
    unimpaired.
     This  pope is decrepid, and  the bell goeth for
   him; take order that when he is dead there be cho-
   sen  a pope  of fresh years, between fifty and three-
   score.                                 Bacon.
             Two swains
   Fresh as the morn, and as the season fair.    Pope.
 9. Healthy in countenance;  ruddy.
             Tell me
   Hast thou beheld a fresher gentlewoman,
   Such war of white  and red within her cheeks?
                                     Shakspeare.
     It is no  rare  observation in England  to see a
   fresh coloured lusty young man yoked to a consump-
   tive female, and him soon  after attending her to
   her  grave.                             Harvey.
     They represent to themselves a thousand poor,
   tall, innocent, fresh coloured young gentlemen.
                                      Addison.
 10. Brisk;  strong;  vigorous.
     As a fresh  gale of wind fills the sails of a ship.
                                        Holder.
 11. Fasting:  opposed to eating or  drink-
    ing.   A low word.
 12. Sweet: opposed to  stale or stinking.

 Fresh,  fresh, ra. s.  Water not  salt.
     He shall drink nought but brine; for I'll not shew
         him
   Where the quick freshes are.             Shaksp.
 To Fre'shen,  fresh'sh'n.103 v. a.   [from
   fresh]   To make fresh.
     Prelusive drops let all their moisture  flow
   In large effusion o'er the freshened world. Thomson.
 To Fre'shen, fresh'sh'n. v. ra.   To grow
   fresh.
    A freshening breeze the magic power supply'd,
   While toe wing'd vessel flew along the tide. Pope.
 Fre'shet,  fresh'et." ra. s. [from fresh.] A
   pool of fresh  water.
             All fish from sea or shore,
   Freshet or purling brook, or shell or fin.    Milton.
 Fre'shly, fresh'le. adv.  [from fresh.]
 1. Cooly.
 2. Newly; in  the former  state renewed.
    The weeds of heresy being grown unto such ripe-
  ness as that  was, do, even in the very cutting down,
  scatter oftentimes those seeds which for a while lie,
  unseen and  buried  in the earth;  but  afterwards
 freshly spring up again, no less pernicious  than at
  the first.                              Hooker.
             Then shall our names,
  Familiar in their mouth as houshold words,
  Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered.
                                       Shaksp.
    They are  now freshly in difference with them.
                                        Bacon.
3.  With  a healthy look;  ruddily.
    Looks he as freshly as he did the day he wrestled?
                                       Shaksp.
Fre'shness,  fresh'nes. ra. s. [from fresh.]
 1. Newness;  vigour;  spirit;  the contrary
    to vapidness.
     Most odours smell  best broken  or crushed;  but
   flowers pressed or beaten, do lose the freshness  and
   sweetness of their odour.                Bacon.
 2. Freedom from diminution by time; not
    staleness.
     For the constant freshness of it, it is such a plea-
   sure as can never  cloy or overwork the mind;  for
   surely no man  was ever weary of thinking that he
   had done well or virtuously.              South
 3. Freedom  from  fatigue;  newness  of
    strength.
     The Scots had  the advantage both for number
   and freshness of men.                 Hayward.
 4. Coolness.
     There are some rooms in Italy and Spain  for
   freshness, and  gathering  the winds and air in  the
   heats of summer;  but they  be butpennings of  the
   winds, and enlarging them again, and making them
   reverberate in  circles.                   Bacon.
     Say, if she please, she hither may repair,
   And breathe the freshness of toe open air. Dryden.
             She laid her down to rest,
   And to the winds exposed her glowing breast,
   To take the freshness of the morning air.  Addison.
 5. Ruddiness; colour of health.
     The secret venom, circling in her veins,
   Works through her  skin, and bursts in bloating
         stains;
   Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace,
   And  an unusual paleness spreads her face.
                                     Granville.
 6. Freedom from saltness.
 Freshwa'ter,  fresh-wa't&r.  [A  com-
   pound word of fresh and water, used
   as an adjective.]   Raw; unskilled;  un-
   acquainted. A low term borrowed from
   the  sailors,  who stigmatize  those who
   come first to sea as freshwater men  or
   novices.
     Those nobility, as freshwater soldiers which had
   never seen but some light skirmishes, in toeir vain
   bravery made light account of the Turks.  Knolles.
 FRET, fret.  ra.  s.  [Of this word the  ety-
   mology is  very doubtful:  some  derive
   it from  prtetan,  to eat;  others from
   pp.eepan,  to adorn; some  from <pgtTTo;
   Skinner more probably from fremo,  or
   the French  fretiller: perhaps it comes
   immediately from the Latin fretum]
 1. A frith, or  strait  of the sea,  where the
   water by confinement is always rough.
    Euripus generally signifieth any strait, fret  or
  channel ofthe sea, running between two shores.
                                       Brown.
2. Any  agitation of liquors by fermentation,
   confinement, or other cause.
    Of this river the surface is covered with froth and
  bubbles; for it runs  along  upon  the fret, and is
  still breaking against the stones that oppose its pas-
  sage .                                Addison.
    The blood in a fever, if well governed, like wine
  upon  the fret,  discharges itself of heterogeneous
  mixtures.                            Derham.
3.  That stop  of the musical instrument
   which  causes or regulates the vibra-
   tions of the  string.
    It requireto  good winding of a string before it
  will make any note; and,  in the tops of lutes, the
  higher they go,  the less distance is  between the
  frets.                                  Bacon.
            The harp
  Had work, and rested  not: the solemn pipe
   And dulcimer, all organs of sweet stop,
  All sounds on fret  by string or golden wire,
  Temper'd soft tunings, intermix'd with voice
   Choral or unison.                       Milton.
     They are fitted to answer the most variable har-
   mony:  two or three pipes to all those of a church-
   organ, or to all the strings and frets of a lute.
                                         Grew.
 4. Work rising in protuberances.
     The frets of houses, and all equal figures, please;
   whereas unequal  figures  are  but deformities.
                                        Bacon.
     We take delight in a prospect well laid out, and
   diversified with fields  and meadows, woods  and
   rivers, in the curious fret works of rocks and grot-
   tos.                                 Spectator.
 5. Agitation  of  the mind;  commotion  of
   temper; passion.
     Calmness is great advantage: he that lets
   Another chafe, may warm at his fire,
     Mark all his wand'rings, and enjoy his frets,
   As cunning fencers suffer heat to tire.    Herbert.
     The incredulous Pheac, having yet
   Drank but one round, reply'd in sober fret.
                                 Tate's Juvenal.
     You, too weak, the slightest loss to bear,
   Are on the/ref of passion, boil  and rage.  Creech.
     Yet then did Dennis rave in furious/ref;
   I never answer'd, I was not in debt.        Pope.
 To  Fret, fret. v. a.  [from the  noun.]
 1  To agitate violently by external impulse
   or action.
     You may as well forbid the mountain pines
  To wag their high  tops, and to  make a noise
  When they are fretted with the gusts of heaven.
                                        Shaksp.
 2. To  wear away by rubbing.
         Drop them  still upon one place,
  Till they have fretted us a pair of graves
  Within the earth.                       Shaksp.
     In the banks of  rivers, with  the washing of the
  water, there were divers times fretted out big pieces
  of gold.                               Abbot.
     Before I ground the object  metal on the pitch,
  I always ground the putty on it with the concave
  copper,  'till it had done making a noise;  because
  if the particles of the putty were not made to stick
  fast in  toe pitch, they would, by rolling up  and
  down, grate and fret the object metal,  and fill  it
  full of little holes.                      ^Vetofon.
 3. To hurt by attrition.
             Antony
  Is valiant and dejected;  and by starts,
  His fretted fortunes give him hope and fear
  Of what he has and has not.              Shaksp.
 4. To  corrode; to eat  away.
     It is fret inward, whether it be bare within or
  without.                             Leviticus.
     The painful husband, plowing up his ground,
  Shall  find all/ref with rust, both pikes and shields,
  And empty helms under his harrow sound. Hakewill.
5. To form into raised work.
               Nor did there want
  Cornice or freeze, with bossy sculptures grav'n;
  The roof was fretted gold.                Milton.
6. To variegate;  to diversify.
               Yon grey lines
  That fret the clouds are messengers of day. Sliaksp,
7. To make angry; to vex.
    The better part with Mary and with Ruth
  Chosen thou hast, and they that overween,
  And at thy growing virtues fret their  spleen,
    No  anger find in thee, but pity and truth.
                                        Milton.
    Because thou hast fretted me in all these things,
  behold I will recompence thy way upon thine head.
                                       Ezekiel.
     Such  an expectation, cries one, will never come
  to pass, therefore I'll e'en give it up, and go and fret
  myself.                                Collier.
     Injuries from friends fret and gall more, and th*
  memory of them is not so easily obliterated.
                                     Arbuthnot,
 To  Fret, fret. v. ra.
 1. To  be in  commotion; to be agitated.
     No benefits whatsoever shall ever alter or allay 
FRI                                       FRI                                      FRI
  that diabolical rancour that frets and ferments in
  some hellish breasts, but that it will foam out in slan-
  der and invective.                       South.
    Th' adjoining brook, that purls along
  The vocal grove, now fretting o'er a rock,
  Now scarcely moving through a reedy pool.
                                     Thomson.
2. To be worn  away; to be corroded.
    Take a piece of glover's leather that is very thin,
  and put your gold therein with sal armoniack, bind-
  ing it close, and then hang it up: the sal armoniack
  will fret away, and the gold remain behind.
                                     Peacham.
3. To make way by attrition or corrosion.
    These do but indeed scrape off the exuberances,
  or fret into the wood, and therefore they are very
  seldom used to soft wood.                Moxon.
     It inflamed and swelled very much; many wheals
  arose, and fretted one into another with great exco-
  riation.                             Wiseman.
4. To  be  angry;  to be  peevish;  to  vex
   himself.
     They trouble themselves with fretting  at  the
  ignorance  of  such as withstand them in their opi-
  nion.                                Hooker.
     We are in a fretting mind at  the church of
  Rome, and with angry disposition enter into cogita-
  tion.                                 Hooker.
           Helpless, what may it boot
  To fret for anger, or for grief to moan!  F. Queen.
           Their  wounded steeds
  Fref fetlock deep in gore, and with  wild rage
  Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters.
                                       Shaksp.
     Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care
  Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are.
                          ,             Shaksp.
     His heart fretteth against the Lord.   Proverbs.
               Hudibras fretting
  Conquest should be so  long in getting,
  Drew up his force.                   Hudibras-
     He  swells  with wrath, he  makes outrageous
         moan,
  He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.
                                       Diyden.
     How should I fret to mangle every line,
  In rev'rence to toe sins of thirty-nine.       Pope.
Fre'tful,   fiet'ful.   adj.   [from  fret.]
   Angry; peevish; in a state of vexation.
     Thy knotty and combined locks to part,
   And each particular hair to stand on end,
  Like quills upon the fretful porcupine.    Shaksp.
                 Where's the king?
   —Contending with the fretful elements;
   Bids the wind blow the earth into toe sea. Shaksp.
     They are extremely fretful and  peevish, never
  well at rest; but always calling for  this or that, or
   changing their posture of lying or sitting.  Harvey.
     Are you positive and fretful?
   Heedless, ignorant, forgetful?             Swift.
Fre'tfully,  fret'ful-e.  adv.  [from fret -
   ful.]  Peevishly.
Fre'tful ness,  fret'ful-nes.  ra.  s.   [from
   fretful/] Passion; peevishness.
Fre'tty, fret'te. adj. [from fret.] Adorn-
   ed with raised work.
Friabi'lity, fri-a-oil'e-te. ra.  s. [from fri-
   able.]  Capacity of being easily reduced
   to  powder.
     Hardness, friability, and power to draw iron, are
   qualities to be found in a loadstone.        Locke.
FRFABLE, fri'a-bl.   adj. [friable,  Fr.
   friabilis, Lat.] Easily crumbled;  easily
   reduced to powder.
     A spongy excrescence groweth upon toe roots of
  the laser-tree, and sometimes on cedar, very white,
  light, and friable, which we call agarick.    Bacon.
     The liver, of all the viscera, is the most friable,
  and easily crumbled or dissolved.       Arbuthnot.
FRl'AR,  fri'iir.88 418 n. s. [A corruption
  of frere, Fr.]  A  religious; a  brother
  of some regular order.
    Holy Franciscan friar! brother! ho!    Shaksp.
    All the priests and friars in my realm,
  Shall in procession sing her endless praise Shaksp.
    He's but  a friar, but he 's big enough to be a
  pope.                                Dryden.
    Many Jesuits and friars went  about, in the dis-
  guise of presbyterian and independent ministers, to
  preach up rebellion.                      Swift.
    A friar would need shew his talent in Latin.
                                        Swift.
Fri'arlike, fri'ur-like.  adj. [from friar]
  Monastick; unskilled in the world.
    Their friarlike general would the next day make
  one holyday  in toe christian calendars, in remem-
  brance of thirty thousand Hungarian martyrs slain
  ofthe Turks.                         Knolles.
Pri'arly,  fri'dr-le. adj.  [friar and  like.]
  Like a friar, or man untaught in life.
    Seek not  proud riches, but such as thou  may'st
  get justly,  use soberly, distribute  cheerfully,  and
  leave contentedly; yet have no abstract nor friarly
  contempt of them.                      Bacon.
Fri'aRocowl,  fri'firz-koul.  ra. s. [friar
  and  cowl.]   A  plant,   it  agrees  with
  arum, from  which it differs only in hav-
  ing a flower resembling a cowl.
Fri'ary,  fri'ur e. ra. s.  [from friar/]   A
  monastery or convent  of friars.
Fri'ary, fii'ur-e.  adj.  Like a friar.
    Francis Cornfield did scratch his elbow when he
  had sweetly  invented to signify his name St. Fran-
  cis, with a friary cowl in a corn field.    Camden.
To FRl'BBLE, frib'bl.408 v.  ra. To  trifle.
    Though cheats, yet more intelligible
  Than those that with the stars do fribble. Hudibras.
Fri'bbler,  frib'bl-ur.  ra.  s.   [from  the
  verb.] A trifler.
    A fribbler, is  one who professes rapture for the
  woman, and dreads her consent.        Spectator.
FRICASSE'E,fri\<L-asee'.n. s. [French.]
  A dish made by cutting chickens  or
  other small  things  in pieces and dress-
  ing them with strong sauce.
    Oh, how would Homer praise their dancing dogs,
  Their stinking cheese, and fricacy of frogs!
  He'd raise no fables, sing no fragrant lye,
  Of boys with custard choak'd at Newberry.  King.
Frioa'tion, fri-ka'shtin. ra.  s. [fricatio,
  Lat.]   The  act  of rubbing one  thing
  against another.
    Gentle frication draweth forth the nourishment,
  by making the parts  a little hungry, and heating
  them: this frication I wish to be done in the morn-
  ing.                                   Bacon.
    Resinous  or  unctuous bodies, and such  as will
  flame, attract vigorously, and most thereof without
  frication, as good hard wax, which will convert the
  needle almost as actively as the loadstone. Brown.
Fri'ction, frik'shun.  ra. s.  [friction,  Fr.
  frictio, from frico, Lat.]
 I. The act  of rubbing twobodiestogether.
    Do not all bodies which  abound with  terrestrial
  parts, and  especially wito sulphureous parts,  emit
  light as often as those parts are sufficiently agi-
  tated, whether the agitation  be made by heat, fric-
  tion, percussion, putrefaction, or by any vital mo-
  tion .                                Newton.
2. The resistance in machines caused by
   the motion of one body upon another.
3. Medical   rubbing with  the fleshbrush
   or cloths.
     Frictions make the parts more fleshy and full, as
  we see both in  men and in the currying  of  horses;
  for that toey draw a greater quantity of spirits to
  the parts.                              Bacon.
Fri'day, fii'da.223 ra. s. [prujeoaeg, Sax.]
  The sixth day of the week,  so named
  of Freya, a Saxon deity.
    An' she were not kin to me, she would be as fair
  on Friday, as Helen is on Sunday.        Shaksp,
    For Venus, like her day, will change her cheer,
  And seldom shall we see a Friday clear.  Dryden.
FRIEND, fiend.2?8 ra. «. [vriend,  Dutch;
   pjieonb, Saxon.]  This word, with its
   derivatives, is pronounced frend,frend-
   ly: the i totally neglected.
1. One joined to another in  mutual bene-
   volence  and  intimacy: opposed  to foe
   or enemy.
          Friends of my soul, you twain
  Rule in this realm, and the gor'd state sustain.
                                       Shaksp.
    Some man is a friend for his own occasion, and
  will not abide in the day of thy trouble.    Ecclus.
    God's benison go with you, and with those
  That would make good of bad, and friends of foes.
                                       Sliaksp,
           Wonder not to see this soul extend
  The bounds, and seek some other self, a friend.
                                       Diyden.
2. One witliout hostile intentions.
    Who comes so fast  in silence of the night?
  —A friend.
  —What friend? your name.             Shaksp.
3. One reconciled to another: this  is put
   by the custom of  the language  some-
   what irregularly in the plural number.
             He's friends with Ca?sar,
  In state of health thou say'st, and thou say'st free.
                                       Shaksp.
    My son came then into my mind; and yet  my
        mind
  Was then scarce friends with him.        Shaksp,
    If she repent, and would make me amends,
  Bid her but send me her's, and we are friends.
                                       Carew.
4. An attendant or companion.
    The king ordains their entrance, and ascends
  His regal seat, surrounded by his friends.  Dryden.
5. Favourer; one propitious.
    Aurora riding upon Pegasus,  sheweth her swift-
  ness, and how she is a friend to poetry, and all in-
  genious inventions.                   Peacham.
6. A familiar compellation.
    Friend, how earnest thou in hither?       Mat.
        What supports me, dost thou ask?
  The  conscience,  friend, to have lost mine  eyes
        o'erply'd
  In liberty's defence.                    Milton.
 To Friend, fiend, v. a. [from the noun.]
   To favour;  to befriend; to countenance;
   to  support.
    I know that we shall have him well to friend.
                                       Shaksp.
    When vice makes mercy, mercy's so extended,
   That, for the fault's love, is the offender friended.
                                       Shaksp.
 Fri'ended, fren'ded. adj. Well disposed;
   inclined  to  love.
    Not friended by his wish to your high person,
   His will is most malignant, and it stretches
   Beyond you to your friends.              Shaksp.

 FRi'ENDLESs,frend'les. adj. [from friend.]
 1. Wanting  friends;   wanting  support;
   without countenance; destitute; forlorn.
    Alas! I am a woman, friendless, hopeless. Shak.
    Woe to him that  is alone, is verified upon none
   so much as upon the  friendless person.      South.
    To some new clime, or to thy native sky,
   Oh friendless and forsaken virtue fly.     Dryden.
    To what new clime, what distant sky,
   Forsaken, friendless, will ye fly?           Pope.
 2. Friendless  Man.   The Saxon word
   for  him whom  we  call  an outlaw, be-
    cause he was, upon  his exclusion from 
FRI
FRI
FRI
    the king's peace and protection, denied
    all help of friends.
  Fri'endliness,  frend'le-nes.  ra. s. [from
    friendly.]
  I. A disposition to friendship.
      Such a liking and friendliness as hath brought
    forth the effects.                       Sidney.
  2. Exertion  of benevolence.
      Let  all  the  intervals be  employed in prayers,
    charity, friendliness and neighbourhood, and means
    of spiritual and corporal health.           Taylor.

  Fri'endly, fr£nd'le. adj. [from friend.]
  1. Having the temper and disposition of a
    friend;  kind; favourable; benevolent.
      They gave them thanks,  desiring  them to be
   friendly still unto them.                 2 Mac.
                Thou to mankind
    Be good and friendly still, and oft return! Milton.
           How art thou
    To me  so friendly grown above toe rest
    Of brutal kind?                       Milton.
      Let the Nassau-star in rising majesty appear,
    And guide the prosp'rous mariner
    With everlasting beams of friendly light.   Prior.
  2. Disposed  to union; amicable.
      Like friendly colours found our hearts unite,
   And each from each  contract  new strength  and
          light.                            Pope.
  3. Salutary;  homogeneal.
      Not that Nepenthe, which the wife of Thone
   In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena,
   Is  of such power to stir up joy as this,
   To life so friendly, or so cool to thirst.    Jtfiffon.
  Fri'endly, frend'ie.  adv.  In  the manner
    of friends;  with appearance ol  kindness;
    amicably.
             Here between the armies,
   Let's drink together friendly,  and embrace;
   That all toeir eyes may bear those tokens home
   Of our restored love and amity.           Shaksp.
  Friendship,  frend'ship. ra.  s.   [vriend-
    schap, Dut.]
  l.The  state  of mind united   by  mutual
    benevolence; amity.
     There is little friendship in the world, and least
   of all between equals, which was wont to be mag-
   nified: that that is, is between superior and inferior,
   whose fortunes may comprehend the one toe other.
                                       Bacon.
     He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any
  friendship with the favourites.          Clarendon.
 2.  Highest degree of  intimacy.
    My sons, let your  unseemly discord cease,
  If not in  friendship,  live at least in peace. Dryden.
 3.  Favour; personal kindness.
    His friendships, still to few confin'd,
  Were always ofthe meddling kind.        Swift.
    Raw captains are  usually sent only preferred by
  friendship, and  not chosen by sufficiency.   Spenser.
 4. Assistance; help.
    Gracious, my lord, hard-by here is a hovel:
  Some friendship  wili it lend you against the tem-
        pest;
  Repose you toere.                      Shaksp.
 5.  Conformity; affinity; correspondence;
  aptness to unite.
    We know those colours which have a friendship
  with each other, and those which are incompatible
  in mixing together those colours of which we would
  make trial.                           Dryden.

FRIEZE, freeze.2''8  ra. s.  [drop de firise,
  Fr.] A coarse  warm cloth, made per-
  haps first  in Frirsland.
          If all the world
  Should in a pet of temperance feed on pulse,
  Drink  the clear  stream, and  nothing  wear but
       frieze.
  The  All-giver would be unthank'd.        Jtfiffon.
      VOL. I.
       The captive Germans of gigantick size,
    Are rank'd in order, and are clad in frieze. Dryden.
       He could no  more live without his frieze coat
    than without his skin.                 Addison,
               See how the double nation lies,
    Like a rich coat with skirts of frieze;
    As if a man in making posies,
    Should bundle thistles up with roses.        Swift.
  Frieze, freeze.   / ra. s. [In architecture.]
  Frize, freeze.112  $   A large  flat mem-
    ber which separates the architrave from
    the cornice;  of which there are as  many
    kinds as there  are orders of columns.
                                       Harris.
              No jutting/rieze,
    Buttrice, nor  coigne of 'vantage, but this bird
    Hath made his pendant bed, and procreant cradle.
                                        Shaksp.
              Nor did there want
    Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures grav'n;
    The roof was fretted gold.               MUton.
      Polydore designed admirably well as to the prac-
    tical part, having a particular genius for friezes.
                                       Dryden.
  Fri'ezed, freezd.369 adj. [from frieze]
    Shagged or napped with frieze.
  Fri'ezelike, freeze'like. adj. [frieze and
    like.]  Resembling a  frieze.
      I have  seen the  figure  of Thalia, the comick
    muse,  sometimes with an entire headpiece, and a
    little friezclike tower, running round toe edges of
    the face,  and sometimes wito a mask for the face
    only.                               Addison.
  Fri'gat,  frlg'at.91 644 ra.  s.  [frigate, Fr.
    fregata, Italian.]
  1. A small ship.   Ships under  fifty  guns
    are generally termed frigates.
      The treasure toey fought for was, in their view,
    embezzled in certain frigats.            Raleigh.
      On high rais'd decks the haughty Belgians ride,
    Beneath whose shades our humble frigats  go.
                                       Dryden.
  2. Any vessel on the water.
             Behold toe water work and play
   About her little frigat, therein making way.
                                  Fairy Queen.
 Frigefa'ction, frid-je-fak'shftii 63° ra.  s.
    [frigus  and facio, Latin.]   The  act of
    making cold.
  To FRIGHT, frite.393  v.  a. [pnightan,
    Saxon.] To terrify;  to  disturb with fear;
    to shock with fear;  to  daunt; to dismay.
    This was in the old authors more  fre-
    quently written  affright, as it is always
   found in the Scripture.
             The herds
  Were strongly clam'rous in the frighted fields.
                                       Shaksp.
               Such a numerous host
  Fled not in silence through the frighted deep,
  With ruin upon ruin,  rout on rout,
  Confusion worse confounded.              Milton.
    Cherubic watch, and of a sword that flame
  Wide-waving, all approach far off to fright,
  And guard all passage to the  tree of life.  MUton.
    Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit,
  With innocence guarded,
  With virtue rewarded,
  I make of my sufferings a merit.         Dryden.
    The mind/rig/ifs itself with any thing reflected
  on in gross,  and at a distance: things thus  offered
  to the mind carry the  shew of nothing but difficulty.
                                       Locke.
    Whence glaring oft with many a broaden'd orb,
  He frights toe nations.               Thomson.
Fright, frite. ra. s. [from  the verb.]   A
  sudden '.enour.
    You, if your goodness does  not plead my cause,
  May think I broke  all  hospitable laws,
                    Of
     To bear you from your palace-yard by might,
     And put your noble person in a fright.    Dryden
   To  Fri'ghten, fii't'n.103-y. a.  To terrify;
     to shock with dread.
      The rugged bear's, or spotted lynx's brood,
    FriglUen the valleys, and infest the wood.  Pri»r.
  Fri'ghtful, frite'ful. adj. [from fright.]
  1. Terrible; dreadful; full  of terrour.
      Tetchy and wayward was thy infancy,
    Thy schooldays frightful,  desp'rate, wild, and fu-
          rious.                          Shaksp.
      Without aid you durst not undertake
    This frightful passage o'er the Stygian lake. Dryd.
  I. A cant  word  among women for  any
    thing unpleasing.

  Fri'ghtfully,  frite'ful-e.   adv.  [from
    frightful.]
  1. Dreadfully; horribly.
      This will make a prodigious mass of water, and
    looks frightfully to the  imagination; 'tis  huge and
    great.                                Burnet.
  2. Disagreeably; not  beautifully.  A wo-
    man's word.
     Then to her glass; and Betty, pray,
    Don't I look frightfully to-day?            Swift.
 Fri'ghtfulness, frite'ful-nes. ra. s. [from
   frightful.]   The power of impressing
    terrour.
 FRI'GID,  fridje'id.644  adj.   [frigidus,
    Latin.]
  I. Cold; wanting warmth.   In this sense
    it is seldom used but in  science.
     In the torrid  zone toe heat would have been in-
   tolerable, and  in the frigid zones the cold would
   have destroyed both animals and vegetables.
                                       Cheyne.
 2. Wanting warmth of affection.
    Impotent; without warmth of body.
    Dull; without fire  of fancy.
     If justice Phillip's costive head
   Some frigid rhymes disburses,
     They shall like Persian tales be read,
   And glad both babes and nurses.          Swift.
 Frigi'dity, fre-jid'e-te. ra. s.  [frigiditas,
    Latin.]
 1.  Coldness; want of warmth.
 2.  Dulness; want of intellectual fire.
     Driving at  these as at the highest  elegancies,
  which are but the frigidities of wit.        Brown.
     Ofthe two extremes, one would sooner pardon
  phrenzy than frigidity.                   Pope.
 3. Want of corporeal warmth.
     The boiling blood of youth hinders that  serenity
  which is necessary to severe intenseness;  and the
  frigidity of decrepit age  is as much its enemy,  by
  reason of its dulling moisture.          Glanville.
 4. Coldness of affection.
 FRi'GiDLY,fridje'id-le. adv. [from frigid.]
   Coldly; dully; without affection.
 Fri'gidness,   fridje'id-nes. ra.  s.  [from
  frigid.]  Coldness;  dulness; want of af-
  fection.

Frigori'fick, fri-go-rif'ik.  adj.  [frigori-
  ficus, frigus and facio, Latin.]  Causing
   cold.   A  word used in science.
    Frigorifick atoms or particles mean those nitrous
  salts which float in toe air in cold weather, and oc-
  casion freezing.                      Quincy.
 To Frill, fril. v. n.  [frilleux, French.]
  To quake or shiver with cold.   Used
  of a hawk:  as, the hawk  frills.   Diet.

FRINGE, frinje.  ra, s.  [friggio, Italian;
  frange, French.]   Ornamental  appen-
  dages  added  to dress  or  furniture.   It 
FRI
FRI
FRO
  is  in conversation used of loose  and
  separate threads.
   Those offices and dignities were but the facings
  or fringes of his greatness.              Wotton.
   The golden fringe even set the ground on flame,
  And drew a precious trail.               Diyden.
   The shadows of all bodies, in this light, were
  bordered with three parallel/ringes, or bands of co-
  loured light, whereof that which was contiguous to
  the shadow was broadest and most  luminous; and
  that which was remotest from it was narrowest, and
  so faint as not easily to be visible.        Newton.
To Fringe, frinje. v. a. [from the noun.]
  To adorn with fringes; to decorate with
  ornamental appendages.
    Either side of the bank, fringed with most beau-
  tiful trees, resisted the sun's darts.       Sidney.
    Of silver wings  he took a shining pair,
  Fringed with gold.                    Fairfax.
    Here by the sacred bramble ting'd,
  My pettycoat is doubly fring'd.            Swift.
Fri'pperer,  fiip'er-ur.  ra. s.  [ from frip-
  pier,  French.]   One who  deals in old
  things  vamped up.
Fri'ppery, frip'er-e. ra. s.  [fripperie, Fr.
  fripperia, Italian.]
1. The  place where old clothes are sold.
    We know what belongs to a frippery.   Shaksp.
    Lurana is a frippery of  bankrupts, who fly thi-
  ther from Druina to play their after-game. Howel.
2. Old clothes; cast dresses; tattered  rags.
    Poor poet ape, that would be thought our chief,
  Whose works are ev'n the frippery of wit;
    From brocage,  is become so bold a thief,
  As  we, the robb'd,  leave rage, and pity it.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    The fighting-place now seamen's rage supply,
  And all the tackling is a frippery.         Donne.
     Ragfair is  a place near the Tower of London,
  where old cloaths and frippery ai e sold.     Pope.
 To  FRISK,  frisk, v.n. [frizzare, Ital.]
 1. To leap; to skip.
     Put water into a glass, and wet your finger, and
  draw it round about the lip of the glass, pressing it
   somewhat hard; and after drawing it some few times
   about, it will make the water frisk, and sprinkle
   up in a fine dew.                       Bacon.
     The fish fell a frisking in the net.   L'Estrange.
     Whether every one hath experimented this trou-
   blesome intrusion of some frisking ideas, which thus
   importune the understanding, and hinder it from
  being better employed, I know not.       Locke.
 i.  To dance in frolick  or gayety.
     We are as twinn'd lambs, tltat did frisk i' to' sun,
   \nd bleat the one at the other: what we chang'd
   Was innocence for innocence; we knew not
   The doctrine  of ill-doing.               Shaksp.
             About them frisking play'd
   All beasts of th' earth.                 Jtfiffon.
     A wanton heifer frisked  up and down in a mea-
   dow, at ease and pleasure.           L'Estrange.
     Watch toe quick morions ofthe jrisfcing tail,
   Then serve their fury with the rushing male.
                                       Dryden.
      So Bacchus through tlie conquer'd Indies rode,
  And beasts in gambols frisk'd before toeir honest
       god.                            Dryden.
     OfLto-the mountain's airy tops  advane'd,
   The frisking satyrs on the summits dane'd.
                                      Addison.
             Those merry blades
   That frisk it  under Pindus' shades.        Prior-.
     Peg faints at  the sound of an organ, and yet
   will dance  and frisk at tlie noise of a bagpipe.
                                     Arbuthnot.
     Sly hunters thus, in Borneo's isle,
  To catch a monkey by a wile,
  The mimick animal amuse;
  They place before him gloves and shoes;
  Which when tbe  brute puts awkward on,
  Al! his agility is gone:
  In vain to frisk or climb he tries;
  The huntsmen seize the grinning prize.     Swift.
Frisk, frisk, ra. s.  [from  the verb.]   A
  frolick; a fit of wanton gayety.
Fri'sker, frisk'tir. n. s. [from frisk.]   A
  wanton; one not constant or settled.
    Now I will wear this and now I will wear that;
  Now I will wear I cannot tell what:
  All new fashions be pleasant to me:
  Now I am afrisker, all men on me look;
  What should I do but set  cock on the hoop?
                                      Camden.
Fri'skiness, frisk'e-nes.ra. s. [from frisk.]
   Gayety; liveliness. A low  word.
Fri'sky, frisk'e. adj. [frisque, Fr.  from
  frisk.]  Gay; airy. A low word.
Frit, frit. ra. s. [among chymists.] Ashes
   or salt baked,  or fried  together with
   sand.                                Diet.
Frith, frith, ra. s. [fretum, Latin.]
 1. A strait of the sea where the water, be-
   ing confined, is rough.
     What desp'rate madman then would venture o'er
  The frith, or haul his cable from the shore! Dryd.
             Batavian fleets
  Defraud us of toe glittering finny swarms
  That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores.
                                      Thomson.
2. A kind of net. I know not  whether this
   sense  be now retained.
     The wear  is a frith  reaching through  the Ose,
  from the land to low water mark,  and  having in it
  a bunt or cod with an eye hook; where the fish en-
  tering, upon their coming back with the ebb,  are
  stopt from issuing out again.             Carew.
 Fri'tillary, fre-tii'ar-e. ra.  *. [fritillaire,
   French.]   A plant.               Miller.
 Fri'tinancy,  frlt'e-nan-se.  ra.  s. [from
   fritinia, Lat.] The scream of an insect,
   as the cricket or cicada.
     The note or fritinaney thereof  is far more shrill
   than that of the locust, and its life short.   Brown.
 FRl'TTER, frit'tur. n. s. [friture, Fr.]
 1. A small  piece cut to be fried.
     Maids, fritters and pancakes ynow see ye make;
   Let slut  have one pancake for company  sake
                                        Tusser.
  i. A fragment; a small piece.
     Sheese and putter! have I lived to stand in the
   taunt of one that makes fritters of English? Shak.
     If you strike a solid body that is brittle, as glass
   or sugar, it breaketh not only where the immediate
   force is, but  breaketh all  about  into  shivers  and
  fritters;  toe  motion,  upon the pressure,  searching
   all ways, and breaking where it  findeth the body
   weakest.                              Bacon.
     The ancient errant knights
   Won all toeir ladies' hearts in fights;
   And cut whole giants into fritters,
   To put them into amorous twitters.      Hudibras.
  3. A cheesecake; a wig.       Ainsworth.
  To  Fri'tter, frit'tur v. a.   [from  the
    noun.]
  1. To cut meat into  small  pieces to  be
    fried.
  2. To break into small  particles or frag-
    ments.
      Joy to great chaos! let division reign!
   My racks and tortures soon shall drive them hence,
   Break all toeir nerves, and fritter all their sense.
                                         Pope.
      How prologues into prefaces decay,
   And these to notes are fritter'd  quite away.
                                      Dunciad.
 FRI'VOLOUS, friv'6-lus. adj. [frivolus,
    Lat. frivcle, French.]  Slight;  trifling;
    of no moment.
    It is frivolous to say we ought not to use bad ce-
 remonies of the church of Kome,  and presume all
 such bad as it pleaseth themselves to dislike.
                                      Hooker.
    These seem very frivolous and fruitless; for, by
 the breach of them, little damage can come to toe
 commonwealth.                       Spenser.
            .She tamed the brinded lioness,
 And spotted mountain pard; but set at nought
 The frivolous bolt of Cupid.            Jtfiffon.
    Those things which  now seem  frivolous and
        slight
 Will be of serious consequence to you,
 When they have made you once ridiculous.
                                  Roscommon.
    AU the  impeachments  in  Greece and  Rome
 agreed in a notion of being concerned,  in point of
 honour, to condemn whatever person  they impeach-
 ed, however frivolous the articles, or however weak
 the proofs.                              Swift.
    I will not defend any  mistake,  and do not think
 myself obliged to answer every frivolous objection.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Fri'volousness, friv'6-lus-nes. ra. s. [from
 frivolous.]  Want of importance; trifling-
   ness.
Fri'volouslv, friv'6-lus-le.  adv.  [from
 frivolous.]  Triflingly; without weight.
To Fri'zle,  friz'zl.  v. a.  [friser, Fr.]
   To curl in  short curls like nap  of frieze.
            Th' humble shrub
  And bush, with frizled hair implicit.      Jtftffcm.
    They frizled and curled their hair with hot irons.
                                     Hakewill.
    I doff'd my shoe, and swear
  Therein I spy'd this yellow frizled hair.     Gay.
Fri'zler, frizz  lui. ra. *.  [from firizle]
   One tnat makes short cuns.
FRO, fro.  adv. [of jrjia, Sax.]
1.   Backward; regressively.   It  is only
   used  in opposition to the word  to;  to
   and fro, backward and  forward,  to and
  from.
    The  Carthaginians   having spoiled  all  Spain,
  rooted out all  that were affected  to the Romans;
  and the Romans  having recovered  toat country,
  did cut off all that favoured  the Carthaginians; so
  betwixt them both,  to and fro, there was scarce a
  native Spaniard left.                  Spenser.
    As when a heap  of gathered  thorns is cast
  Now to, now fro before th' autumnal blast,
  Together clung, it  rolis around the field.    Pope.
2.  It is a  contraction  of from,  not now
   used.
     They torn round like grindlestones,
   Which they dig out fro' the delves,
   For their bairns bread, wives, and  selves.
                                   Ben Jonson.
Frock, frok. ra.  s. [froc, French.]
 i. A dress; a coat.
     That monster, custom, is angel yet in this,
   That to the use of  actions fair and good,
   He likewise gives a frock or livery,
   That aptly is  put on.                    Shaksp.
     Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail
   Adamantean  proof.                    Jtfiffon.
 2. A kind of close coat for men.
     I strip my body of my shepherd's frock.  Dryd.
 3. A kind of gown for children.
 Frog, fr6g.  ra. s. [fjiogga, Saxon.]
 I. A small  animal  vvitn  four  feet,  living
    both by land and  water, and  placed by
    naturalists among  mixed  animals,  as
    partaking  of beast  and fish;  famous in
    Homer's   Poem.  There  is likewise a
    small green frog  that perches on trees,
    said to  be venomous.
     Poor Tom, toat eats the swimming frog,  the
   toad, the todpole.                   ° J  §h\ksp. 
FRO
FRO
FRO
    Auster is drawn with a pot or urn, pouring forth
  water, with which shall descend frogs.   Peacham.
2. Tne hollow part of the horse's hoof.
Fro'gbit,  frog'bit.  ra. a.  [frog and bit]
   An herb.                     Ainsworth.
Fro'gfish,  frog'fish.  n. s.  [frog  and
  fish.] A kind of fish.        Ainsworth.
Fro'ggrass,  fr6g'gras. ra.  s.  [frog and
   grass.]  A kind of herb.
Fro'glettuoe,  frog'let-tis. ra.  s.  [frog
   and lettuce.]   A plant.
Froize, froes.  ra. *.  [from the French
  froisser,  as the pancake is crisped or
   crimpled  in  frying.]   A kind of food
   made by  frying bacon enclosed in  a
   pancake.

FROLICK, frol'ik. adj. [vrolijck, Dut.]
   Gay;  full of ievuy; full of pranks.
      We fairies that do run
  By toe triple Hecate's team,
    From the presence of the sun,
  Following darkness like a dream,
  Now are frolick.                       Shaksp.
    Whether, as some sages sing,
  The frolick wind that breathes the spring,
  Zephyr with Aurora playing,
  As he met her once a maying;
  There on oeds of violets blue,
  And fresh-blown roses wash'd in  dew,
  Fill'd her with thee a daughter fair,
   So buxom,  blithe, and debonnair.        Jtfiffon.
    Who ripe, and frolick of his full grown age,
  Roving the  Celtick and Iberian fields.
  At last betakes him to this ominous wood.  Milton.
    The gay, the frolick,  and the loud.      Waller.
Fro'lick,  frol'ik. ra. s.  [from the  adjec-
   tive. J  A wild prank; a flight of whim
   and levity.
    He would be at his frolick once again,
   And his pretensions to divinity.       Roscommon.
    Alcibiades, having been formerly noted for the
   like frolicks and  excursions, was immediately ac-
   cused of tois.                            Swift■
    While rain depends, the pensive cat gives o'er
   Her frolicks, and pursues her tale no more.  Swift.
 To Fro'lick,   frol'ik.  v. ra.  [from   the
   noun.]   To play wild  pranks;  to play
   tricks of levity and gayety.
    Manly spirit  and genius  plays not tricks with
  words,  nor frolicks with the caprice of a frothy
  imagination.                         Gfcmviffe.
    Then to her netv love  let her go,
  And deck her in golden array;
    Be finest at eveiy fine show,
  And frolick it all the long day.           Rowe.

Fro'lickly,  frol'ik-le. adv.  [from fro-
   lick.]   Gayly;  wildly.
Fro'licksome,   froi'ik-siim.  adj.   [from
  frolick.]   Full of wild  gayety.

Fro'licksomeness, frol'lk-snm-nes. ra. s,
   [from frolicksome/]  Wildness of gay-
   ety; pranks.

Fro'licksomely,   frol'ik-siim-le.  adv.
   [from frolicksome.] W ith wild gayety.
From,  from. prep,  [pjiam,  Saxon  and
   Scotish.]
I. A way: noting  privation.
    Your slighting Zulema, this very hour
  Will take ten thousand subjects from your power.
                                      Dryden.
    In fetters one the barking porter ty'd,
  And took him trembling  from his  sov'reign's side.
                                      Dryden,
    Clarissa drew, with tempting grace.
  A two edg^d weapon from the shining case. Pope.
2. Noting reception.
    What time would spare from steel receives its
        date.                           Pope.
3. Noting procession, descent or birth.
    Thus the hard and stubborn race of man
  From animated rock and flint began.   Blackmore.
    The song began from Jove-           Dryden.
    Succeeding kings rise from the happy bed. Irene.
4. Noting transmission.
    The messengers from our sister and the king.
                                      Shaksp.
5. Noting abstraction  or vacation.
            I shall find time
  From this enormous state, and seek to give
  Losses their remedies.                  Shaksp.
6. With  to  following: noting  succession.
    These motions we must examine from first fo
  last,  to find out what was the form of the earth.
                                      Burnet.
    He bid her from time fo  time be comforted.
                                     Addison.
7. Out of: noting emission.
            When the most high
  Eternal Father, from his secret cloud
  Amid'st, in thunder uttered  thus his voice. Milton.
    Then piere'd with pain, she shook her haughty
        head,
  Sigh'd from her inward soul, and thus she said.
                                      Dryden.
8. Noting progress from premises to  in-
   ferences.
    If  an objection be not removed, the conclusion
  of experience from the time past to the time pre-
  sent will not be sound and perfect.         Bacon.
    This is evident from that high and refined mo-
  rality which  shined forth in some of the ancient
  heathens.                             South.
9. Noting the  place  or person from whom
   a message is brought.
    The king is coming,  and  I must speak with him
  from the bridge.
  ----How now,  Fluellan,  catn'st  thou from the
  bridge?                              Shaksp.
10. Out of:  noting extraction.
    From high Meonia's rocky shores I came,
  Of poor descent; Acstesis  my name.   Addison.
11. Because of:  noting  the reason or mo-
   tive of an act or effect.
    You are good, but from a nobler cause;
  From your own knowledge,  not from nature's laws.
                                      Dryden.
    David celebrates  the  glory of God, from the
  consideration of the greatness of his works.
                                     Tillotson.
    We sicken soon from her contagious care;
  Grieve for her sorrows, groan for  her despair.
                                       Prior.
    Relaxations from  plenitude  is  cured by spare
  diet,  and from any cause by that which is contrary
  to it.                               Arbuthnot.
12. Out of:  noting the ground or cause of
   any thing.
    By the sacred radiance of the sun,
  The mysteries of Hecate, and the  night;
  By all the operations of the orbs,
  From whom we do  exist, and cease to be,
  Here I disclaim all my paternal care.    Shaksp.
    They who believe that the praises which arise
  from  valour are superior to those which proceed
  from  any other virtues, have not considered.  Dryd.
    What entertainment can be raised from so piti-
  ful a  machine?  We see  the success of the battle
  from  the very beginning.                Dryden
    'Tis true from force the strongest title springs,
  I therefore hold from that which first made kings.
                                      Dryden.
13. Not near to: noting distance.
    His regiment lies half a mile at  least
  South from the mighty power ofthe king. Shaksp.
14. Noting  separation or recession.
    To die by thee were but to die in jest;
  From thee to die, were torture more than death.
                                      Shaksp.
                   5i2
    Hast thou beheld when from the goal they atari.
  The youthful charioteers wito heaving heart
  Rush to the race, and, panting, scarcely bear,
  Th' extremes of fev'rish hope and chilling fear.
                                       Dryden.
 15. Noting exemption or  deliverance.
    From jealousy's tormenting strife
  For ever be thy bosom free'd.             Prior.
 16. Noting absence.
    Our father he hato writ, so hath our sister,
  Of diff'rences, which I best thought it fit
  To answer from our home.              Shaksp.
 17. Noting  derivation.
    I lay the deep foundations of a wall
  And Enos, named from me, the city call.  Dryden.
 18. Since: noting distance from the past.
    The flood was not the cause of mountains,  but
  there were mountains from the creation.  Raleigh.
    I had, from my childhood, a wart upon c-.e of
  my fingers.                             Bacon,
    The other had been trained up from his youth in
  the war of Flanders.                 Clarendon.
    The milk of tygers was his infant food,
  Taught from his tender years the taste of blood.
                                      Dryden.
    Were there, from all eternity, no memorable ac-
  tions done 'till about that time?        Tillotson.
 19. Contrary  to.  Not in use.
    Any thing so overdone  is from the purpose of
  playing; whose end, both at the first and now, was
  and is  to hold, as 'twere, the mirrour up to nature.
                                       Shaksp.
             Do not believe,
  That from the sense of all civility,
  I thus would play and trifle with your reverence.
                                       Shaksp.
    Did you draw bonds  to forfeit? Sign to break?
  Or must we read you quite from what we speak,
  And find the truth out  the wrong way?    Donne.
20. Noting removal.
    Thrice from the ground she leap'd.    Dryden.
21. From is very frequently joined  by an
   ellipsis with adverbs:  as, from  above,
  from the  parts above; from below, from
   the places below;  of which  some  are
   here exemplified.

22. From above.
    He which gave them from above such power, for
  miraculous confirmation of toat which they taught,
  endued them  also with  wisdom from above,  to
  teach that which they so did confirm.      Hooker.
    No sooner were his eyes in slumber bound,
  When from above, a more than mortal sound
  Invades his ears.                      Dryden.
23. From afar.
    Light demilances from afar they throw. Dryden.
24. From beneath.
    With whirlwinds from beneath  she toss'd  the
        ship,
  And bare  exposed the bottom of the deep. Dryden.
    An arm arises of the Stygian flood,
  Which,  breaking from beneath, with bellowing
        sound,
  Whirls the black waves and rattling stones around.
                                      Dryden.
25. From behind.
    See, to their base restor'd, earth, seas, and air,
  And joyful  ages from behind in crowding ranks
        appear.                       Dryden.
 26. From far.
    Their train proceeding on their way,
  From far the town and lofty tow'rs survey.   Dryd ■
 27. From high.
    Then heav'n's  imperious queen shot down from
        high.                          Dryden.
 28. From thence.  Here from is   super-
   fluous.
    In  toe necessary differences  which arise from
   thence, they rather break into several divisions than
  join in any one  publick  interest: and from fienc- 
PRU
FRU
FRU
  \nd such a one as he, who puts his shall,
  His popular shall, against a graver bench
  Than ever frown'd.                     Shaksp.
    How now, daughter, what makes that frontlet on?
  You are too much of late i' th' frown.
  ------Thou wast a pretty fellow, when thou hadst
  no need to care for her frowning.        Shaksp.
    Heroes in animated marble frown.       Pope.
               The wood,
  Whose shady horrors on a rising brow
  VVav'd high, and frown'd upon the stream below.
                                         Pope.
Frown,  froun. ra. s.  [from  the verb.]   A
   wrinkled look; a look  of  displeasure.
     Patiently endure  that frown of fortune, and by
  some  notable  exploit win again  her favour.
                                       Knolles.
             In his half-clos'd eyes
  Stern vengeance yet and hostile terror stand;
  His front yet threatens, and his frowns command.
                                        Prior.
 Fro'wnivgly,   frou'ning-ie.  adv.  [from
  frown.]   Sternly;  with a  look  of dis-
   pleasure.
             What, look'd he frowningly?
  —A countenance more in sorrow than in anger.
                                        Shaksp.
 Fro'wy, frou'e. adj.   Musty; mossy. This>
   word is  now  not used; but instead  of it
   frouzy.
     But if they with thy gotes should yede,
   They soon might be corrupted;
     Or like not of the frowy iede,
   Or with the weeds be glutted.           Spenser.
 Fro'zen,  fro'zn. part. pass, of freeze.
 1. Congealed withco»d.
     What was the  waste of war, what fierce alarms
   Shook Asia's crown with European arms?
   Ev'n such have heard, if any such there be,
   Whose earth is bounded by the  frozen sea.  Diyd.
     Fierce Boreas, with his offspring, issues forth
   T' invade the frozen waggon of the north.  Dryd.
     A  cheerful blaze arose, and by  the fire
   They warm'd their frozen feet,  and dry'd toeir wet
          attire.                        Dryden.
 2. Chill in affection.
     Against whom was the fine frozen knight, frozen
   in despair; but his armour  naturally representing
   ice, and all his furniture lively answering thereto.
                                        Sidney.
     Be not ever frozen  coy;
   One  beam of love will soon destroy
   And melt that ice to floods of joy.         Carew.
 3.  Void of heat  or  appetite.  '
     Even here, where frozen chastity retires,
   Love finds an altar for forbidden fires.      Pope.
 F.  R. S.,  ef-ar-es.   Fellow of the Royui
     Society.
              Who mrfil profess
   Shine in the dignity of F. R. S.           Pope.
 FRUCTi'FEROus,fiuk-iif'fer-iis.c7e(/'.[/rMc-
    tifier, Lat.]  Bearing  fruit.  Ainsworth.

 Fructifica'tion, fn&k-te-fe-ka'shun.ra.s.
    [from fructify.]   The act of causing
    or bearing fruit; fecundation; fertility.
     That the sap dolh powerfully rise in toe spring,
   to put tbe plant  in a capacity  of fructification, he
   that  hath beheld how many  gallons of water  may
   be drawn from a birch toee, hath slender reason to
   doubt.                                Brown-
 To FRUCTIFY, fruk'te-fi.183 v. a. [fruc-
    tifier, French.]   To  make fruitful;  to
    fertilize.
     The legal  levies the sovereign raises are as va-
   pours which the  sun exhales, which fall down in
   sweet showers to fructify the earth.       H™et
     Where e'er she looks, behold some sudden birth
   Adorns the trees,  and fructifies  the earth.
                                       Granville.
To Fru'ctify, fruk'te-fi.  v. ra.   To bear
  fruit.
    It watereto the heart, to the end it may fructify;
  maketh the virtuous, in trouble,  full of magnanimity
  and courage; and serveth as a most approved re-
  medy against all doleful and heavy accidents which
  befal men in this present life.           Hooker.
    Thus would there nothing fructify, either near
  or under them, the sun being horizontal to the poles.
                                       Brown.
Fru'ctuous, fruk'tshu-iis.*63 adj.  [fruc-
  tueux, French; from fructify.]  Fruit-
  ful; fertile; impregnating  with  fertility.
    Apples of price, and plenteous  sheaves of corn
  Oft interlac'd occur; and both imbibe
  Fitting congenial juice, so rich the soil,
  So much does fructuous moisture o'erabound!
                                      Philips.
FRU'GAL, fru'gal.88 adj. [frugalis, Lat.
  frugal, Fr.]  Thrifty; sparing; parsimo-
  nious; not  prodigal; not  profuse;  not
  lavish.
             Reasoning, I oft admire,
  How nature wise and frugal could commit
  Such disproportions, with superfluous hand
  So many nobler b jdies to create,
  Greater so mauifolu to this one use.       Jtfiffon.
    And W'ing'd purveyors his shorp hunger fed
  With frugal scraps of flesh and inasliii bread.
                                        Harte.
    If through mists he shoots his sullen beams,
  Frugal  ot light, in loose and straggling  streams,
  Suspect a drisling day                 Diyden.

Fru'gally, fru'gal-e. adv. [fromfrugal.]
   Parsimoniously; sparingly; thriftily.
     Mean time young Pasimoud his marriage press'd,
  And fiiigally resolv'd, the charge to shun,
  To join his brother's  bridal with his own. Dryden.
Fruga'lity, fm-gaTe-te. ra. s. [frugalite,
   French; frugalitas, Latin.] Thrift; par-
   simony;  good  husbandry.
     As for the general  sort of men, frugality may be
  the cause of drinking water; for that is no small sa-
  ving, to pay nof'.ingfor one's drink.       Bacon.
     Frugality and county too,
  Those diff'r;..^ virtues, meet in you.       Waller.
     In tois frugality of  your praises, some things I
  cannot omit.                          Dryden.
     The boundaries  of virtues are  indivisible lines: it
  is impossible to march up close  to the frontiers of
  frugality, without  entering the territories of parsi-
  mony.                              Arbuthnot.

 Frugi'ferous,  fru-jif'fer-us. adj.  [fru-
   gifer, Lat.]  Bearing  fruit. Ainsworth.

 FRUIT, fr66t.343  w. s.  [fructus,  Latin;
  frwyth, Welsh; fruit, French.]
  1.  The product of a tree or plant in which
   the seeds  are  contained.
     The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
   And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best
   Neighbour'd  by fruit of baser quality.    Shaksp.
  2.  That part of  a  plant  which is  taken for
   food.
             By tasting of that fruit forbid,
   Where toey sought knowledge,  they did error find.
                                        Davies.
     See how the rising fruits the gardens crown,
   Imbibe the sun, and make his light toeir own.
                                     Blackmore.
  ■>.  Production.
     The fruU of the  spirit is  in all goodness, and
   righteousness, and truth.              Ephesians
  1.  The offspring of the womb;  the  young
    of any animal.
     Can'st thou their reck'nings keep? the time com-
         pute,
   When their swoln bellies shall enlarge  the fruit?
                                        Sandys.
   Advantage gained by any enterprise  or
   conduct.
    W hat is  become of all the king of Sweden's
  victories?  Where are the fruits of them at this
  day? Or of what benefit will they be to posterity?
                                        Swift.
    Another fruit, from considering things in toem-
  selves,  will be, that  each  man will  pursue  his
  thoughts in that method which will  be most agree-
  able to the nature of  the thing, and to his appre-
  hension of what it suggests to him.         Locke.
6.  The effect or consequence of any ac-
   tion.
    She blushed when she  considered the effect of
  granting; she was pale when she remembered  the
  fruits of denying.                       Sidney.
    They shall eat ofthe fruit of their own way.
                                     Proverbs-
Fru itage,  frddt'idje.90  ra. s. [fruitage,
   Fr.]   Fruit collectively; various fruits.
            In heav'n the trees
  Of life ambrosial fruitage  bear, and vines
  Yield nectar.                          Milton.
            Greedily they pluck'd    .
  The fruitage, fair to sight, like that which grew
  Near toat bituminous lake where Sodom flam'd.
                                       MUton.
    What is more ordinary with them than the taking
  in flowers and fru'Uage for the garnishing of their
  work?                                 More.
Fruit'bearer,  fr66t'bar-ur. ra. s.   [fruit
   and   bearer.]    That which  produces
   fruit.
    Trees, especially fruitbearers, are often infected
   with the measles.                     Mortimer.
Fru'itbearing, fr66t'bar-ing. adj. [fruit
   and  bear]  Having the quality oi  pro-
   ducing fruit.
    By this way graft trees of different kinds one on
   another, as fruitbearing trees  on  those that bear
   not.                               Jtforfimer.
Frui'terer,  fr66t'er-rjr. ra.  s. [fruitier,
   Fr.]  One who trades in fruit.
    I dl<  figh' with one Sampson Stockfish, a fruiterer,
   behind Gray's-inn.                     Shaksp.
    Walnuts the fruit'rer's hand in Autumn stain;
   Blue plumbs and juicy pears augment  his gain.
                                          Gay.
Fru'itery,   froot'er-e.  ra. *.  [fruiterie,
   French.]
 1. Fruit collectively taken.
     Oft, notwithstanding all thy care
   To help thy plants, on the small fruitery
   Exempt from ills, an oriental blast
   Disastrous flies.                        Philips.
 2. A fruit-loft; a repository for fruit.

 Fru'itful,   froot'ful.  adj.  [fruit  and
   full.]
  1. Fertile; abundantly productive; liberal
    of vegetable product.
     If she continued cruel, he could no more sustain
   his life than the earth remain fruitful in the  sun's
   continual absence.                     Sidney.
              The earth,
   Though in comparison of heav'n, so small,
   Nor glist'ring, may of solid good contain
   More plenty than the sun that barren shines,
   Whose virtue on itself works no effect,
   But in  the fruitful earth.               Jtfiffon.
  2. Actually bearing fruit.
              Adonis' gardens,
   That one day bloom'd, and fruitful were the next.
                                        SAafcsp.
    Prolifick; childbearirg; not barren.
      Hear, Nature, hear;  dear goddess, hear  a fa-
          ther!
   Suspend thy purpose, if thou did'st intend
   To make this creature fruitful:
   Into her womb convey sterility.          Shaksp. 
FRU
FRU
FRL
      Male he created thee, but thy consort
    Female for race, then bless'd mankind, and said,
    Be fruitful, multiply, and  fill the earth;
    Subdue it, and throughout dominion hold.  MUton.
      I have copied nature, making the youths amo-
    rous and the damsels fruitful.              Gay.
  4. Plenteous;  abounding in any thing.
      While you, my lord, the rural shades admire,
    And from Britannia's publick posts retire,
    Me into foreign realms my fate conveys,
    Through nations fruitful of immortal lays.
                                       Addison.
  Fruitfully,   froot'ful-e.   adv.   [from
    fruitful]
  1. In  ouch a manner as to be prolifick.
      How sacred seeds of sea, and air, ana earth,
    And purer fire through universal night
    And empty space did fruitfully unite. Roscommon.
  2. Plenteously, abundantly.
      You have  many opportunities to cut him off: if
    your will want not, time and place will he fruitfully
    offered.                              Shaksp.
             Fruitfully abound.           Dryden.
  Fru'itfulness, froot'ful-nes. ra. s.  [from
    fruitful.]
  I. Fertility;  fecundity;  plentiful  produc-
    tion.
      Neither can we ascribe the same fruitfulness to
    any part of the earth, nor toe same virtue to any
    plant thereon growing, that  they had  before the
    flood.                               Raleigh.
  2. Tne quality of being prolifick, or bear-
    ing many  children.
     The goddess, present at the match she made,
    So bless'd the bed, such fruitfulness convey'd,
    That ere ten moons had sharpen'd either horn,
    To crown their bliss, a lovely  boy was born. Dryd.
  3. Exuberant abundance.
     The remedy offruitfulness is easy, but no labour
    will help toe contrary; I will like  and praise some
   things in a young writer, which yet, if he continues
    in, I  cannot but justly hate him for.   Ben Jonson.
  Fru'itgroves, froot'grovz.  ra. s.  [fruit
    and  groves.]   Shades, or close planta-
    tions of fruit-trees.
             The faithful slave,
    Whom to my nuptial train Icarius gave,
    To tend the fruitgroves.                  Pope.

  FRUITION,  fru-ish'an.  n.s.   [fruor,
    Latin.] Enjoyment;  possession;  plea-
    sure given by possession  ; r use.
     Man doth not seem to rest satisfied either with
  fruition of that wherewith his  life is preserved, or
   with performance of such actions  as advance him
   most deservedly in estimation.          Hooker.
     I am driv'n, by breath of her renown,
   Either to seek shipwreck, or to arrive
   Where I may have fruition of her love.   Shaksp.
     God riches and renown to men imparts,
  Ev'n all they wish, and yet their narrow hearts
  Cannot so great a fluency receive,
  But their fruition to a stranger leave.     Sandys.
     Wit once, like beauty, without art or dress,
  Naked and unadorned, could find success;
  'Till by fruition, novelty destroy'd,
  The nymph must  find  new charms to be enjoy'd.
                                     Gianville.
    Affliction generally disables a man from pursuing
  those  vices in which the guilt of men consists: if
  the affliction be on his body, his appetites are weak-
  ened, and capacity of fruition destroyed.   Rogers.
FRu'iTivE,fru'e-liv. ac//. [from the noun.]
   Enjoying;  possessing; having the pow-
   er of enjoyment. A word not legitimate.
    To  whet our longings for/ruifive or experimental
  knowledge, it is reserved among the prerogatives of
  being in heaven, to know how  happy we shall be
  when  toere.                            Boyle.
Fru'itlesly,  fr66t'les-le.   adv.   [from
   fruitless.]   Vainly; idly; unprofitably.
     After this fruit curiosity fruitlcsly enquireth, and
   confidence blindly determineth.           Brown.
     Walking they talk'd,  and fruitlesly divin'd
   What friend the priestess by those words design'd.
                                       Diyden.
 Fru'itless, froot'les. adj. [from fruit.]
 1. Barren of fruit; not bearing  fruit.
     The Spaniards of Mexico, for the first forty years,
   could not  make our kind of wheat bear seed; but
   it grew up as high as the trees, and was fruitless.
                                       Raleigh.
 2. Vain; productive of no advantage; idle;
    unprofitable.
     O! let me not, quoth he, return again
   Back to the world, whose joys  so fruitless are;
     But let  me here for ay, in peace remain,
   Or straightway on that last long voyage fare. Spens.
     Serpent! we might have spar'd our coming hither,
   Fruitless to me, toough fruit be here  t' excess.
                                       Jtfiffon.
     The other is for entirely waving all searches into
   antiquity,  in relation to this controversy, as  being
   either needless or fruitless.           Waterland.
 3. Having no offspring.
     Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown,
   And put a. barren sceptre in my gripe;
   No son of  mine succeeding.             Shaksp.
 Fru'it-timE, froot'time. ra. s. [fruit and
   time.] Tne autumn; the time for gath-
   ering fruit.
 Fro'it-tree, frdot'tree. ra. s. [fruit  and
   tree.] A tree of  that kind whose prin-
   cipal value arises from the  fruit pro-
   duced by it.
     Lady, by yonder blessed moon I vow,
   That tips with silver all  these  fruit-tree tops.
                                       Shaksp.
     They possessed  houses full  of  all  goods,  wells
   digged, vineyards and oliveyards, and fruit-trees in
   abundance.                         Nchemiah,
     All with a border of rich fruit-trees crown'd,
   VV hose loaded branches hide the lofty mound.
                                       Waffer.
 Fruaienta'cious,  fru-men-ta'shus.  adj.
   [from frutnentum,   Latin.]   Made  of
   gram.                              Diet.
 Frume ntv, iru'men-te. ra. s. [frumentum,
   corn, L  v.]  Food mace  of wheat boiled
   in milk.
 To  Frump,  friimp.  v. a.    To  mock; to
   browbeat.           Skinner. Ainsworth.
 i.'o Frush, frush.  v.  a.   [froisser,  Fr.]
   To break,  'iruise, or cru.h.    Hanmer.
            I like thy armour well;
  I'll frush it, and unlock the rivets all,
  But I'll be  master of it.                  Shaksp.
 Frush, frush. ra, *.  [from the verb.]   A
   sort of tender  horn that  grows  in  the
   middle of the sole, and at some distance
   from the toe: it divides into two branch-
   es,  running  toward  the  heel in  the
   form of  a fork.           Farrier's Diet.
Frustra'neous,   frus-tra'ne-iis.    adj.
   [frustra, Latin.]  Vain;  useless; unpro-
   fitable; without advantage.
    Their attempts being so frustraneous, and the de-
  monstrations to the contrary so  perspicuous, it is a
  marvel  that any man should be zealously affected
  in a cause that has neither truth  nor  any honest
  usefulness in it.                         More.
    He  timely withdraws  his frustraneous baffled
  kindnesses, and sees the  folly of endeavouring to
  stroke a tyger into a lamb, or to court an Ethiopian
  out of his colour.                       boiith.
 To  FRUSTRATE,  frustrate.81  v.  a.
   [firustror, Lat. frustrer, Fr.]
  1. To defeat; to disappoint; to balk.
     It is an axiom of nature, that natural desire can-
  ' not  utterly be frustrate.                 Hooker.
              I survive,
   To mock the expectations ofthe world;
   To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out
   Rotten opinion.                        Shaksp,
     Stern look'd the fiend, as frustrate of his will;
   Not half suffie'd, and greedy yet to kill.    Dryden.
     Not more almighty to resist our might,
   Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wile?.
                                        Milton.
 2,  To make null; to nullify.
     The act of parliament which gave all  his lands
   to toe queen, did cut off and/rusfrafe all such con-
   veyances.                              Spenser.
             Now thou hast aveng'd
   Supplanted Adam; and by vanquishing
   Temptation, hast regain'd lost paradise,
   And frustrated the conquest fraudulent.    MUton.
     The peculiar strengh of the motive may of itself
  perhaps contribute  to frustrate the  efficacy of it,
  rendering it liable to be suspected by him to wuom
  it is  addressed.                      Atterbury.
 Frustrate,   friis'trate.  participial adj.
   [from trie verb.]
 I. Vain; ineffectual; useless; unprofitable.
             He is drown'd
  Whom thus we stray to find; and the sea mocks
  Our frustrate search on land.             Shaksp.
    The ruler of the province  of Judea being by
  Julian busied in the  re-edifying of this  temple,
  flaming  balls of fire  issuing near the foundation,
  and  oft consuming the workmen, made the enter-
  prize frustrate.                       Raleigh.
    All at once employ their thronging darts;
  But out of order thrown, in air chey join,
  And  multitude makes frustrate the design.   Dryd.
 2. Null;  void.
    Few things are so restrained to any one end or
  purpose, that the same  being extinct, they should
  forthwith utterly become frustrate.        Hooker.
Frustration, frus-tra'shun. ra. *.  [frus-
   trate,  Lat.  from frustrate.]   Disap-
   pointment;  defeat.
    In  states notoriously irreligious, a  secret and ir-
  resistible power countermands  their deepest pro-
  jects, splits their counsels, and smites their most
  refined policies with frustration and a curse.
                                        South.
Fru'strative, frus'tra-tiv.512  adj.  [from
  frustrate.]  Fallacious; disappointing.   •
                                  Ainsworth.

Fru'stratory,    friis'tra-tur-e.612    adj.
  [from frustrate.] That  makes any pro-
  cedure void;  that vacates any  former
  process.
    Bartolus restrains this to a frustatory appeal.
                                       Ayliffe.
FRU'STUM, fins'tum. ra.  s. [Latin.]   A
  piece cut off from a regular  figure.  A
  term of science.
Fry,  fri. ra.  s.   [irom froe, foam, Danish.
  •S^mracr.]
1. The swarm of little fishes just produ-
  ced from the spawn.
    They come to us, but as love draws;
  He swallows us, and never chaws;
  By him, as by chain'd shot, wh.le ranks do die;
  He is the tyrant pike, and we the fry.     Donne.
    forthwith  the sounds and seas, each creek and
        bay,
  With fiy innumerable swarm, and shoals
  Offish, that with their fins and shining scales
  Glide under toe green ware in sculls, that oft
  Bank the mid-sea.                      Milton.
    The angler had the hap to draw up a very little
  fish from among the fry.             L'Estrange.
    So eiuse  behind some promontory lie
  The huge leviathans t' attend their prey; 
FUC                                      FUG                                    FUL
  And give no chace, but swallow in the fry,
  Which through their gaping jaws mistake the way.
                                      Dryden.
2. Any swarm of animals; or  young peo-
   ple in contempt.
    Out with the fry of these rakehell horseboys,
  growing  up in knavery and villainy, are their kern
  continually supplied and maintained.     Spenser.
    Them before the fry of children young,
  Their wanton sports and childish mirth did play,
  And to the maidens sounding timbrels sung.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Draw me no constellations there,
  Nor dog, nor goat, nor bull, nor bear;
  Nor any of that monstrous fry
  Of animals that stock the sky.           Oldham.
    The young fry must be held at  a distance, and
  kept under the discipline of contempt.     Collier.

 Fry, fri. ra. s.   A kind  of sieve.
    He dresseth the dust from  malt, by running it
   through a  fan or fry.                 Mortimer.
 To FRY,  fri. v. a.  [frigo,  Latin; ffrio,
    Welsh; frijek, Erse]  To  dress food
    by roasting it in a pan on the  fire.
 To Fry, fri. v.  ra.
 1. To be roasted in a pan on  the fire.
 2. To suffer the action of fire.
    So when with crackling flames a cauldron fries,
   The bubbling waters from the bottom rise;
   Above the brims they force their fiery way,
   Black vapours climb aloft, and cloud the day.
                                       Diyden.
 3. To melt with heat.
     Spices and gums about them melting fry,
   And, phoenix-like, in that rich nest they die.
       ' l                               Waller.
 4. To be agitated like liquor  in the pan on
    the fire.
     Oil of  sweet almonds, newly drawn with sugar,
   and a little spice, spread  upon bread toasted,  is an
   excellent nourisher ; but  then, to keep the oil from
   frying in the stomach,  drink mild beer after it.
                                        Bacon.
     Where no ford he finds, no water fries,
   Nor billows with unequal murmurs roar.
    But smoothly slide along, and swell the shoar,
    That course he steer'd.                Dryden.

 Fry, fri. ra. *. [from the verb.]  A dish of
    things fried.
  Fry'ingpan, fri'ing-pan.  n.  s.  [fry and
    pan.]  The  vessel  in  which meat  is
    roasted on the fire.
     If I pass by sea, I may chance to fall from  the
   fryingpan into the fire.                  Howel.
      We understand by out of the fryingpan into  the
    fire, that things go from bad to worse.  L'Estrange.
      A freeman of London has the privilege of dis-
    turbing a whole street with the twanking of a brass
    kettle or a fryingpan-                  Addison.

  To Fub,  fub. v.  a.  To put  off;  to delay
    by false pretences;  to cheat.   It  is
    generally written./>>£.   See Fob.
      A hundred mark is a long lone for a poor lone
    woman to bear! and I have borne, and borne, and
    borne, and have heen fubb'd offand/wo&'cf off from
    this day to toat day, that  it is a shame to be thought
Fub, fub. n. s.
                     Shaksp.

A plump chubby boy.
                                 Ainsworth.
Fu'cated, fu'ka-ted. adj. [fucatus, Lat.]
1. Painted; disguised with paint.
2. Disguised by false show.
FU'CUS, fu'ktis. ra. s. [Latin.]   Paint for
   the face.   Not in use.
                 Women chat
  Of fucus this, and fucus that.        Ben Jonson.
    Those who paint for debauchery should have the
 fucus pulled off, and the coarseness underneath dis-
  covered.                              Collier.
To Fu'dole, fiid'dl. v. a.  [of  unknown
  etymology.] To make drunk.
          The table floating round,
  And pavement faithless to the fuddled feet.
                                    Thomson.
To Fu'ddle, fud'dl. v. ra.   To drink  to
  excess.
    Men will be whoring and/uefdfing on still.
                                   L'Esf range.
FU'EL, fu'il. ra. s. [from/era, fire, French.]
  The matter or aliment of fire.
    This shall be burning and fuel of fire.    Isaiah.
    This spark will prove a raging fire,
  If wind and fuel be brought to feed it with. Shaksp.
    Mov'd by my charms, with them your  love may
        cease;
  And as the fuel sinks, the flame decrease.   Prior.
To Fu'el, fu'il. v. a.  [from  the noun.]
1. To feed fire with combustible matter.
        And yet she cannot waste by this,
  Nor long endure this torturing wrong:
  For more corruption needless is,
  To fuel such a fever long.                Donne.
        Never, alas! the dreadful name,
  That fuels the infernal flame.           Cowley.
    The fuel'd chimney blazes wide.      Thomson.
2. To store with firing.
    Some are plainly oeconomical, as that the seat be
  well watered, and we\l fuelled.           Wotton.
FUE'ILLEMORTE, fu'il-le-mort. ra. s.
   [French.]   Corruptly pronounced and
   written philomot.
    Fueillemorte colour signifies the colour of wither-
  ed leaves in autumn.                    Locke.
Fuga'oious, fu-ga'shias.293 3S7  adj.  [fu-
   gax,fugacis, Lat.]   Volatile.
Fuga'ctousness,  fu-ga'shiis-nes.   ra.   s.
   [fugax, Lat.]  Volatility; the quality of
   flying away.
Fuga'oity, fu-gas'e-te. ra. s. [fugax, Lat.]
 1. Volatility; quality of flying  away.
     Spirits and salts, which, by their fugacity, colour,
   smell, taste, and divers experiments  that I purpose-
   ly made to examine them, were like the salt and
   spirit of urine and soot.                  Boyle.
 2.  Uncertainty; instability.
 Fugh, fuh. interj.  [Perhaps  from  Qtv]
   An  expression  of abhorrence.  Com-
   monly fo h.
     A very filthy fellow: how odiously he smells of
   his country garlick! fugh, how he stinks of Spain!
                                       Dryden.

 FU'GITIVE, fii'je-tiv. adj. [fugitifi,  Fr.
   fugitivus, Lat.]
 1.  Not tenable; not to be held or detained.
     Our idea of infinity i6 a growing and fugitive
   idea, still in a boundless progression, that can stop
   no where.                             Locke.
     Happiness, object of that waking dream,
   Which we call life, mistaking: fugitive theme
   Of my pursuing verse, ideal shade,
   Notional good, by fancy only made.        Prior.
 2. Unsteady; unstable; not  durable.
 3. Volatile; apt to fly away.
     The more tender and fugitive parts,  the leaves,
   of many of the more sturdy vegetables,  fall off, for
   want of  the supply from beneath • those only which
   are more tenacious,  making a shift  to subsist with-
   out such recruit.                     Woodward.
    Flying;  running from danger.
      Whilst yet with  Parthian  blood thy  sword is
         warm,
   The fugitive Parthians follow.           Shaksp.
                  The Trojan chief
   Thrice fugitive about Troy wall.         Jtfiffon.
    Flying from duty; falling off,
    Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself, while her
  parents are in tears?                  Clarissa.
6. Wandering; runagate; vagabond.
    The most malicious surmise was countenanced
  by a libellous pamphlet of & fugitive physician.
                                      Wotton.
Fu'gitive, fu'je-tiv.  ra. *. [from the ad-
   jective.]
1. One who runs from  his station or duty.
    Unmarried men are best friends, best  masters,
  best servants, but not always best subjects; for they
  are light to run away, and almost all fugitives are
  of that condition.                       Bacon.
          Back to thy punishment,
  False fugitive! and to thy speed add wings,
  Lest with a  whip of scorpions I pursue
  Thy ling'ring.                         MUton.
    We understand by some fugitives, that he hato
         commanded
  The generals to return with victory, or expect
   A shameful death.                    Denham.
2. One  who takes shelter under anotner
   power from punishment.
    Too many, being men of good inheritance, are
   fled beyond the seas, where they live under princes
   which are her majesty's professed enemies; and con-
   verse and are confederates with other  traytors and
  fugitives there abiding.                 Spenser.
    Your royal highness is  too great and  too just,
   either to want or to receive the homage of rebel-
   lious/wgifiues.                        Dryden.
3.  One hard to be caught or  detained.
    What muse but his can Nature's beauties hit,
   Or catch that airy fugitive, call'd wit.       Harte.
Fu'gitiveness,  fu'je-tiv-n£s. ra. *.  [from
   fugitive.]
 I. Volatility;  fugacity.
    That divers salts, emerging upon the analysis of
   many concretes, are very volatile, is plain from
   the fugitiveness of salt and of hartshorn attending
   in distillation.                          Boyle.
 2. Instability; uncertainty.
 FUG UE,  fewg.3"  ra. s.  [French;  from
   fuga, Latin.]   In  musick, some  point
    consisting of four, five, six, or any other
    number of notes, begun  by some one
    single  part,  and then seconded  by  a
    third, fourth,  fifth,  and sixth  part, if
    the  composition consists  of so many;
    repeating  the same or such like  notes,
    so that the several parts follow, or come
    in  one  after  another in the same man-
    ner; the leading parts  still flying before
    those that follow.                Harris.
     The reports and fugues have an agreement with
   the figures in rhetorick of repetition and traduction.
                                        Bacon.
     The skilful organist plies his grave and fancied
   descant in  lofty fugues.                  Milton.
               His volant touch
   Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
   Fled, and pursu'd transverse the resonant fugue.
                                        Milton.
     Long as a race of heroes fill'd the stage,
   That rant by note, and through the gamut rage;
    In songs and airs express their martial fire,
    Combat in trills, and in a fugue expire.   Addison.

  Fu'lciment, ful'se-ment. ra. s. [fulciment
    fulcimentum,  Lat.]  That on  which a
    body rests, which acts or is  acted upon
    at each end, as a balance  or  a lever.
      The power that equiponderates with any weight,
    must have the same proportion unto it, as there is
    betwixt their several distances from the centre or
   fulciment.                           W'ikins.
  To Fui.fi'l, ful-fil'. v. a. [full and fill.]
  1. To fi'! till  there is no room for more.
    This sense is now not used. 
FUL
FUL
FUL
    Six gates 'i th' city, with massy staples,
  And corresponsive and Jwfjiffing bolts,
  Sparre up the sons of Troy.              Shaksp.
2. To answer any prophecy or promise by
   performance.
    They knew him  not, nor yet the voices of the
  prophets, which are  read every sabbath-day, they
  have fulfilled them in condemning him.      Acts.
    The fury bath'd them in each other's blood;
  Then, having fix'd the fight, exulting flies,
  And bears fitfdl'd her promise to toe skies. Dryd.
3. To answer any  purpose or  design.
    Here nature seems fuljUl'd in all her ends.
                                       Jtfiffon.
4. To answer any desire by compliance or
   gratification.
    If on my wounded breast thou drop'st a tear,
  Think for  whose sake  my  breast  toat wound did
        bear;
  And faithfully my  last desires fulfil,
  As I perform my cruel father's will.     Dryden,
5. To  answer any law by obedience.
    Love worketh no ill to his neighbour, therefore
  love is the fulfilling of the law.          Romans.
            This I my glory account
  My exaltation, and my whole delight,
  That thou in me well-pleas'd declar'st toy will
  Fulfilled, which to fulfill is all my bliss.    Milton.
Fulfka'ught, ful-frawt'.  adj.  [full  and
  fraught.]  Fully stored.
          Thy fall hath left a kind of blot
  To mark the fulfraught man, the best endu'd,
  With some suspicion.                   Shaksp.
Fu'lgency,   fiil'jen-se.177 ra. s. [fulgens,
   Lat.]  Splendour; lustre; glitter.   Diet.
Fu'lgent, fiil'jent. adj.  [fulgens, Latin.]
   Shining; dazzling; exquisitely bright.
          As from a cloud his fulgent head,
  And shape star-bright, appear'd.          Milton.
    The illumination is not so bright  and fulgent as
  to obscure or extinguish all perceptibility of reason.
                                        More.
FU'LGID, ful'jid.  adj.  [fulgidus, Latin.]
   Shining; glittering; dazzling.
Fulgi'dity, ftll-jid'e-te. ra. s. [from ful-
   gid.]   Splendour; dazzling  glitter.
                                        Diet.
Fu'lgour, fiM'gir.314 ra. s.  [fulgor, Lat.]
   Splendour; dazzling brightness like that
   of lightning.
    Glow-worms alive project a lustre in toe dark;
  which/ufgour, notwithstanding, ceaseto after death.
                                       Brown.
    When I set my eyes on this side of things, there
  shines from them such an intellectual fulgour,  toat
  methinks the very glory of the Deity becomes  visi-
  ble through them.                        More.
Fulgura'tion, ffil-gu-ra'shfln. ra.  s. [ful-
   guratio,  Lat.]  The act of lightening.
Fu'lham, ful'ham.  ra. s.  A cant  word for
   false dice.                       Hanmer.
    Let vultures gripe toy guts, for gourd and Fulr
        ham's hold,
  And high and low beguile toe rich and poor. Shak.
Fuli'ginous,  fu-lidje'in-ils. adj.  [fuligi-
   neux-se, Yr.fuliginosus, Lat.]   Sooty;
   smoky.
    Burrage  hato an  excellent spirit to repress toe
  fuliginous vapours of dusky melancholy, and so
  cure madness.                          Bacon.
    Whereas history should be the torch of truth, he
  makes her in divers places a/ufiginous link of lies.
                                       Howel.
Fu'limart, fu'le-mart.  ra. s. [This word,
  of  which  Skinner observes  that   he
  found it only in this  passage, seems to
  mean  the same with stoat.]  A kind of
   stinking ferret.
      VOL. I
     The fitchat, the fulimart, and the ferret,  live
   upon the face, and within the bowels of the earth.
                                       Walton.

FULL,  ful.174  adj. [pulle, Saxon;  vol,
   Dutch.]
1. Replete;  without  vacuity;  having  no
   space void.
     Better is a handful with quietness, than both
  toe hands full with travel and vexation of spirit.
                                    Ecclesiastes,
     Valley full of chariots.                 Isaiah,
     The trees of the Lord ore full of sap.   Psalms.
     Where all must full or not coherent be.   Pope.
2. Abounding in a quality good or bad.
     With pretence from Strephon her to guard,
  He met her full, but fuU of warefulness.   Sidney.
            You should tread a course
  Pretty and/uff of view.                 Shaksp.
     Followers, who make themselves as trumpets of
  the commendation of those they follow, are full of
  inconvenience; they taint business through want of
  secrecy, and export honour from a man, and make
  him a return in envy.                   Bacon.
               That must be our cure,
  To be no more; sad cure; for who would lose,
  Though full of pain, this intellectual  being,
  Those thoughts that wander through eternity? Jtfiff.
     Gay religion 'sfull of pomp and gold.   MUton.
     In that sweet season, as in bed  I lay,
  I turn'd my weary side, but still in vain,
  Though full of youthful health and void of pain.
                                       Dryden.
     He is /wff of wants which he cannot supply, and
  compassed about with  infirmities  which he cannot
  remove.                              Tillotson.
     From yon bright heaven our  author fetch'd his
        fire,
  And paints the passions that your  eyes inspire;
  Full of that flame, his tender scenes he warms,
  And frames his goddess by your matchless charms.
                                     GranvUle.
3. Stored with  any  thing; well  supplied
   with any thing.
             Full of days was he;
  Two ages past, he liv'd toe third to see.   Ticket.
4. Plump; saginated; fat.
     A gentleman of a full body having broken his
  skin by a fall, the wound inflamed.     Wiseman.
5. Saturated; sated.
     I am full of the burnt offerings  of rams. Isaiah.
     The alteration  of scenes feeds  and relieves  the
  eye, before it  he full ofthe same object.   Bacon.
6. Crowded with regard to  the  imagina-
   tion  or memory.
     Every one  is full of toe miracles done by cold
  baths on decayed and weak constitutions.    Locke.
7. That fills or  makes  full;  large;  great
  in effect.
    Water  digesteth a full  meal  sooner  than any
  liquor.                             Arbuthnot.
8. Complete;  such as that nothing  further
  is desired or wanted.
    That day had seen the full accomplishment
  Of all his travels.            Daniel's Civil War.
            What remains, ye gods,
  But up and enter now into full bliss?       Jtfiffon.
    Being tried  at that time only with  a promise, he
  gave full credit to toat promise, and  still  gave evi-
  dence  of his  fidelity as fast  as occasions were
  offered.                            Hammond.
    The resurrection of Jesus from the dead hath
  given toe world full assurance of another life.
                                      Tillotson.
9. Complete  without  abatement;   at the
   utmost degree.
     At the end of two full years Pharoah dreamed.
                                       Genesis.
     After hard riding plunge the horses into water,
  and allow them to drink as toey please; but  gallop
  them full speed, to warm the water in their bellies.
                                         Swift.
                     5K
 10. Containing the whole matter; express
   ing much.
     Where  my expressions are  not so full as his
   either our language or my heart were defective; bu!
   where  mine are fuller than  his, they are but toe
   impressions which  the often  reading of him have
   left upon my thoughts.                 Denham.
     Should a man go about with never so set study tc
   describe such a natural  form  of the year  before
   the deluge as that which is at present established,
   he could scarcely do it in so few words, so fit and
   proper, so full and express.           Woodward.
 11.  Strong;  not faint; not attenuated.
     I did never  know so full a  voice issue from so
   empty a heart!  but the empty  vessel  makes the
   greatest sound.                        Shaksp.
    Barrels  placed under the  floor of a chamber,
  make all noises in the same more full and resound-
  ing.                                  Bacon.
              Dryden taught to join
  The varying verse,  the full resounding line.  Pope
 12. Mature; perfect.
    In the sultanry of the Mamalukes, slaves reigned
  over families of freemen; and much like were the
  case, if you suppose a nation,  where the custom
  were that  after full  age the sons should expulse
  their fathers out of their possessions.       Bacon.
    So law appeals imperfect, and but given
  With purpose to resign them in full time
  Up to a better covenant.                Milton.
             These thoughts
  Fuff counsel must mature.               MUton.

 13. [Applied to the moon.] Complete in
   its orb.
    Towards the full moon, as he was coming home
  one morning, he felt his legs faulter.     Wiseman.
 14. Not continuous, or a full stop.
    Therewith he ended,  making a full point of a
  hearty sign.                           Sidney.
 15. Spread to view in all dimensions.
    'Till about toe end of the third century, I do not
  remember to have seen the head of a Roman em-
  peror diawn with a full  face; they always appear
  in profile.                            Addison.
Full, ful. ra. s. [from the adjective.]
 1. Complete measure;  freedom from de-
   ficiency.
              When we return,
  We'll see those things effected to toe full.  Shaksp.
    He liked the pomp  and absolute  authority of a
  general well, and preserved the dignity of it to toe
  full.                               Clarendon.
    The picture of Ptolemy Philopater is given by
  authors to the full.                     Dryden
    Sicilian tortures  and the brazen bull,
  Are emblems, rather than express the full
  Of what he feels.                      Dryden.
    If where the rules not far enough extend,
  Some lucky license answer to toe full
  Th' intent propos'd, that license is a rule.    Pope,
2. The highest state or degree.
             The swan's down  feather,
  That stands upon the swell at full of tide,
  Neither way inclines.                   Shaksp.
3. The whole; the total.
    The king hath won, and hath  sent out
  A speedy pow'r to encounter you, my lord:
  This is the news at full.                 Shaksp.
    But what at full I know, thou know'st no part;
  I knowing all my peril, thou no art.       Shaksp.
 4. The state of being  satiated.
    When I  had fed  toem to toe full.      Jeremiah.
 5. [Applied to the moon.]   The  time in
   which the moon makes a perfect orb.
    Brains in rabbits, woodcocks, and calves, arc
  fullest in the full of toe moon.           Bacon.
 Full, ful. adv.
 1. Without abatement or diminution.
               He /«ff
   Resplendent all his Father manifest
   Express'd,                            Jtfiffon. 
FUL                                      FUL                                     FUL
    In the unity of place they arc full as scrupulous;
  which many of their criticks limit to that very spot
  of ground where the play is supposed to begin.
                                      Dryden.
    A modest blush she wears, not formed by art;
  Free  from deceit his face, and full as  free his
        heart.                          Dryden.
    The most judicious writer is sometimes mistaken
  after all his care; but the hasty critick, who judges
  on a view, is full as liable to be deceived.  Dryd.
            Since you may
  Suspect my courage, if I should not lay,
  The pawn I proffer shall be full as good.  Dryden.
2. With the  whole effect.
    'Tis  the pencil, thrown luckily full  upon the
  horse's  mouth to express the foam, which the paint-
  er, wito all his skill, could not perform without it.
                                      Dryden.
    From harmony, from heavenly harmony,
  This universal frame began:
  From harmony to harmony,
  Through all toe compass of the notes it ran,
  The diapason closing full  in man.        Dryden.
3. Exactly.
    Full in the centre of the sacred wood,
  An arm ariseth of the Stygian flood.      Addison.
    Full nineteen sailors did the ship convey;
  A shole of nineteen dolphins round her play.
                                      Addison.
4. Directly.
    He met her full, but full of warefulness. Sidney.
           He then confronts the bull,
  And on his ample forehead aiming full,
  The deadly stroke descending pierc'd the skull.
                                      Dryden.
    At length resolv'd, he throws with all his force
  Full at the temples of toe  warrior horse.  Dryden.
%. It is  placed before  adverbs and  adjec-
   tives, to intend  or strengthen their sig-
   nification.
    Tell me. why on your shield, so goodly scor'd,
  Bear ye the picture of that lady's head?
   Fwff lively is the semblant,  though the substance
         dead.                         JSpenser.
               I was set at work
   Among my maids; /«ff little, God knows, looking
   Either  for such men or such business.      Shaksp.
    Full well ye reject the  commandment.    Mark.
    Adam was all in tears,  and to his guide
   Lamenting turn'd full sad.              Milton.
    You full little think that you must be the begin-
   ner of the discourse yourself.              More.
     Full little  thought of him the gentle knight. Dryd.
    Full well the god his sister's envy knew,
   And what her aims and what her arts pursue. Dryd.
    There  is a perquisite /«ff as honest,  by which
  you have toe best part of a bottle of wine for your-
  self.                                  Swift.
Full is much used in composition to in-
   timate  any thing arrived at its highest
   state, or utmost degree.

Full-blown, ful'blone.   adj.  [full  and
   blown.]
 1.  Spread to the  utmost extent, as a per-
   fect blossom.
    My glories are past danger; they're full blown:
   Things, that are blasted,  are  but in  the bud.
                                      Denham.
    My full-blown youth already fades  apace;
   Of our short  being 'tis the shortest space!  Dryden.
2.  Stretched by  the  wind to  the utmost
   extent.
    He who with bold Cratinus is inspir'd,
   With zeal and equal indignation fir'd;
  Who at enormous villany  turns pale,
  And steers against it with a full blown sail.  Dnjcf.
Full-bo'ttomed, ful-bot'tumd. adj. [full
   and  bottom.]   Having a  large  bottom.
    I was obligedto sit at home in my morning gown,
  having pawned a new suit of cloaths and a fUl-
  Ultom'd wig for a sum of money.       Guardian.
Full-ba'red, ful-eerd'.362  adj. [full and
  ear.]   Having the heads full of grain.
    As flames roll'd by toe wind's conspiring force,
  O'er full-ear'd corn, or torrent's raging course.
                                     Denham.
Full-ey'ed,  ful-ide'. adj. [full  and  eye.]
  Having large prominent eyes.
Full-fed,  fuJ-fed'.  adj.  [full and fed.]
  Sated; fat; saginated.
    All as a partridge plump, full-fed and fair,
  She form'd tois image of well bodied air.    Pope.
Full-la'den,  ful-la'd'n.103 adj.  [full and
  laden.]   Laden  till  there   can  be  no
  more added.
    It were unfit that so  excellent a reward as the
  gospel promises should stoop down, like fruit upon a
  full-laden bcugh, to be plucked by every  idle and
  wanton hand.                        Tiffofson.
Full-spread,   ftil-spred'.  adj. [full and
  spread.]   Spread  to the utmost  extent.
    How easy 'tis, when destiny proves kind,
  WithJwff-spreacf sails to run before the wind;
  But those toat 'gainst stiff gales laveering go,
  Must be at once resolv'd and skilful too.  Dryden.
Full-su'mmed,  ful-s\lmd'. adj. [full and
   summed]  Complete in all its parts.
    The cedar stretched forth his branches, and toe
  king of birds nested within his leaves, thick feather'd,
  and with/nff-siMnmecf wings fastened his talons east
  and west; but now toe  eagle is become half naked.
                                       Howel.
 To FULL, ful. v. a. [fullo, Latin.]   To
   cleanse cloth from its oil or grease.
Fu'llage, f&l'laje.90  ra.  8.  [from full.]
   The money paid   for fulling   or clean-
   sing cloth.
Fu'ller, ful'lur."   ra.  *.  [fullo,  Latin.]
   One whose trade is  to cleanse cloth.
       The clothiers have put off
  The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers.   Shaksp.
    His raiment became shining, exceeding white as
  snow; so as  no fuller on earth can whiten them.
                                        Mark.
Fu'llers  Earth, fihl'liirz-e'rfA'. ra.  s.  A
   marl of a close texture, extremely soft
   and unctuous to the touch: when dry  it
   is  of a grayish brown colour,  in all de-
   grees from very  pale to  almost black,
   and generally has a  greenish  cast in it.
   The finest  is dug in our own island. Hill.
    The fidlers  earth of  England very much exceeds
  any yet  discover'd abroad in goodness; which is one
  great reason  why  the English  surpass  all other
  nations in the woollen manufacture.    Woodward.
 Fu'llers Thistle, ful'liirz-fAis'sl. or Weed.
   ra. s. [dipsacus]   A plant.
 Fu'llery, ful'lur-re. ra. s.  [from fuller.]
   The place where the  trade of a fuller
   is exercised.
 Fu'llixgmill,  ful'ling-mil. ra. *. [full and
   mill.]  A  mill where  the  water  raises
   hammers which beat the cloth till it be
   cleansed.
     By large hammers, like those used for paper and
  fullingmills, they beat their hemp.     Mortimer.
 Fu'lly, ful'le. adv.  [from full.]
  1.  Without vacuity.
 2.  Completely;   without   lack;   without
    more to be desired.
     There are many graces for which we may not
   cease hourly to  sue, graces which are in bestowing
   always, but never come to be fuUy had in this
   present life;  and therefore,  when all things here
   have an end,  endless thanks must have their begin-
   ning in a state which bringeth the full  and final
   satisfaction of all such perpetual desires.  Hooker.
    He fully possessed the entire  revelation he had
  received from God, and had thoroughly digested it.
                                       Locke.
              The goddess cry'd
    It is enough, 1 'm fully satisfy'd.       Addison,
Fu'lminant, foTme-nant.177 adj.  [Julmi-
  nant,   French;   fulminans,   Latin.]
  Thundering; making a noise  like thun-
  der.
To   FULMINATE, ful'me-nate."1 v.  n.
  [fulmino, Lat. fulminer, Ffench.j
1. To thunder.
    I cannot/ufnunafe nor tonitruate words
  To puzzle intellects; my ninth lap affords
  No Lycophronian buskins.         Tho. Randolph.
2. To make a loud noise or crack.
    Whilst it was in fusion we cast into it a live coal,
  which presently kindled it,  and  made it boil  and
  flash for a pretty while: after  which we cast in
  another glowing  coal,  which  made  it fulminate
  afresh.                                Boyle.
    In damps one is called the  suffocating, and the
  other the/nfminofing damp.           Woodward,

3. To issue out ecclesiastical censures.
To  Fu'lminate,  ful'me-nate.  v. a.  To
  throw out as an object of terrour.
    An  excommunication is not greatly regarded
  here in England, as now fulminated; so this consti-
  tution is out of use among us in  a great measure.
                                       Ayliffe.
Fulmina'tion, ful-me-na'shiln.  ra. s. [J'ul-
   minatio,  Latin;  fulminationt  French;
  from fulminate.]
1. The act of thundering.
2. Denunciation of censure.
    The fulminations from the Vatican  were  turned
  into ridicule.                          Ayliffe.
Fu'lminatory,  fiil'mln-a-tiir-eV*13   adj.
  [fulmineus,  Latin;   from  fulminate.]
  Thundering; striking horour.

Fulness, ftil'nes. ra. «. [from full.]
1. The state of  being filled so as  to  have
  no part vacant.
    Your heave-offering  shall be  reckoned the ful-
  ness of the wine-press.                 JVwm6ers.
    Let the sea roar and the fulness thereof.  Dewf.
    To the houses I wished nothing more than safety,
  fulness, and freedom.             King Charles.
2. The state of abounding  in any quality
   good or bad.
3. Completeness; such as  leaves nothing
   to be desired.
     Your enjoyments are so complete, I turn wishes
  into gratulations; and  congratulating their fulness
  only wish their continuance.              South.

4.  Completeness from the coalitionof many
   parts.
     The king set forwards to London, receiving  the
  acclamations  and applauses of the  people as he
  went; which indeed were true and unfeigned, as
  might well appear in the very  demonstration and
  fulness of the cry.                      Bacon.
 5. Completeness; freedom from  deficiency.
     In  thy presence is fulness of joy.        Psalms.
     He is the half part of a blessed man,
   Left  to be finished by such as she;
   And she a fair divided excellence,
   Whose fulness of perfection lies in him.   Shaksp.
 6.  Re pielion; satieiy
     I need not instance in the habitual  intemperance
   of rich tables, nor the  evil accidents and effects of
  fulness, pride and lust, wantonness and softness.
                                        Taylor.
 7.  Plenty; wealth.
           To lapse in fulness
   Is sorer than to lie for need; and falshood
   Is worse in kings than beggars.        S/iaJfcspeare-. 
FUM
FUM
FUM
 8. Struggling perturbation;  swelling  in
    the mind.
     A principal fruit of friendship is toe ease and
   discharge of the fulness of the heart, which passions
   of all kinds do cause and induce.          Bacon.
 9. Largeness; extent.
     There wanted the fulness of a plot, and variety
   of characters to form  it as it  ought; and perhaps
   something might have been added  to the beauty of
   toe style.                            Dryden.
 10. Force of  sound, such as fills the ear;
    vigour of sound.
     This  sort of pastoral derives almost its whole
   beauty from a natural  ease of thought and smooth-
   ness of verse; whereas that of most other  kinds
   consists in the strength and fulness of both.  Pope.
 FU'LSOME,  ful'sum. adj.  [from pulie,
    Saxon, foul.]
 1. Nauseous; offensive.
     He that brings fulsome objects to my view,
   With nauseous images my fancy fills,
   And all goes down like oxymel of squills.
                                   Roscommon.
     Now half the youth of Europe are in arms,
   How fulsome must it be to stay behind,
   And die of rank diseases here at borne?    Otway.
 2. Rank; gross: to the smell.
     White satyrion is of a dainty smell, if the  plant
   puts forth white  flowers only, and those not thin or
   dry, they are commonly of  rank and/ctfsome smell.
                                       Bacon.
 3. Lustful.
     He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes.
                                   Shakspeare.
 4. Tending to obscenity.
     A certain epigram, which is ascribed to the em-
   peror, is more fulsome than any  passage I  have
   met with in our poet.                   Dryden
 Fu'lsomely, fdl'siim-le. adv. [from ful-
   some.]  Nauseously;  rankly;  obscenely.
 Fu'lsomeness,   ful'siim-nes.  ra. s. [from
   fulsome.]
 1. Nauseousness.
 2. Rank  smell.
 3. Obscenity.
     No decency is considered, no/ufsomeness is omit-
   ted, no  venom is wanting, as far as dulness can
   supply it.                            Dryden.
 Fu'mado, fu'ma-do. ra. s. [fumus, Latin.]
   A smoked fish.
     Fish that serve for toe hotter countries, they used
   at first to fume, by hanging them upon long  sticks
   one by one, drying them with the smoke of a soft
   and continual fire, from which  they purchased the
   name offumadoes.                     Carew.
 Fu'mage,  fu'maje.90 ra. s. [fromfumus,
   Latin.]  Hearthmoney.            Diet.
 Fu'matory, fu'ma.-tur-e.6ia ra. s. [fuma-
   ria, Latin; fume terre, French.] An herh.
          Her fallow leas
  The darnel, hemlock, and rank/umatort/,
  Doth root upon.                     Shakspeare.
 To FU'MBLE, fum'bl.*05 v. ra. [fommelen,
   Dutch.]
 1. To attempt any  thing  awkwardly or
   ungainly.
    Our mechanick theists will  have  their atoms
  never once to have/uwiofecf in these their motions,
  nor to have produced any inept system. Cudworth.
2. To puzzle; to strain in perplexity.
    Am not I a friend to  help you out? You would
  have been fumbling half an hour for this excuse.
                                     Dryden.
3.  To play childishly.
    I saw him fumble with toe sheets, and play with
  flowers, and smile upon his finger's end.    Shaksp.
To Fu'mble, fu.m'bl.4je v. a.  To manage
   awkwardly,
     As many farewels as be stars in heav'n,
   With distinct breath and consign'd kisses to toem,
   He/um&fes up all in one loose adieu.      Shaksp.
           His greasy bald-pate choir
   Came/um&fing- o'er the beads, in such an agony
   They told 'em false for fear.            Dryden.
 Fu'mbler, fum'bl-ur. ra. s. [fromfumble.]
   One who acts awkwardly.
 Fu'mblingly,  fum'bling-le.  adv,  [from
   Jumble.]  In an awkward manner.
 Fume,  fume. ra.  s. [fumee,  French;/w-
   mus, Latin.]
 I. Smoke.
     Thus fighting fires awhile  themselves consume;
   But streight, like Turks, fore'd on to win or die,
   They first lay tender bridges  of their fume,
   And o'er toe breach in unctuous vapours fly.
                                      Dryden.
 2. Vapour; any volatile  parts flying away.
     Love is a smoke rais'd with a fume of sighs:
   Being  purg'd, a fire  sparkling in  lovers' eyes.
                                   Shakspeare.
     It were good to try the taking of fumes by pipes,
   as they do in tobacco, or other things, to dry and
   comfort.                              Bacon.
     In winter, when the  heat  without is less, breath
   becomes so far condensed as  to be visible, flowing
   out of toe  mouth  in form of a fume or crasser va-
   pour; and may by proper vessels, set  in a strong
   freezing mixture,  be  collected in  a considerable
   quantity.                          Woodward.
 3. Exhalation from  the stomach.
     The/nines of drink discompose and stupify the
   brains of a man overcharged with it.      South.
     Plung'd in sloth we lie and snore supine,
   As fill'd with/nines of undigested wine.    Dryden.
     Pow'r, like new wine, does your  weak brain
       surprise,
   And its mad fumes in your discourses rise;
   But time these yielding vapours will remove:
   Mean while I'll taste  the sober joys  of love.
                                      Dryden.
 4. Rage;  heat of mind; passion.
     The fumes of his passion do really intoxicate and
   confound his judging and discerning faculty. South.
 5. Any  thing unsubstantial.
    When Duncan  is asleep, his two chamberlains
   Will I with wine and wassal  so convince,
   That memory, the warder of  toe brain,
   Shall be a fume.                    Shakspeare.
 6. Idle conceit; vain imagination.
    Plato's great year would   have had some effect,
  not in  renewing  toe state of like individuals; for
  that is the fume of those, that conceive the celestial
  bodies  have more  accurate  influence upon these
   things below, than they have, but in gross.  Bacon.
    To lay aside all that may   seem to have a shew
  of  fumes and fancies, and to  speak solids, a war
  with Spain is a mighty  work.              Bacon.
 To Fume, fume. v. ra.  [fumer,  French;
  fumo, Latin.]
 1. To smoke.
            Their pray'rs pass'd
  Dimensionless through heav'nly doors; then clad
  With incense, where the golden altar/wm'cf
  By toe great intercessor; came in sight
  Before their father's throne.             MUton.
   From thence the fuming trail begun to spread,
  And  lambent glories dane'd  about her head.
                                     Dryden.
    Strait hover round the fair  her airy band;
  Some  as  she sipp'd, the fuming liquor fann'd.
                                       Pope.
2. To vapour; to  yield exhalations, as by
   heat.
   Tie up the libertine in a field of feasts,
  Keep his brain fuming.              Shakspeare.
                 Silenus lay,
  Whose constant cups \ay fuming to his brain,
  And always boil in each  extended vein. Roscommon.
3. To  pass away in vapours.
                   5k2
                   We have
   No anger in our eyes, no storm, no lightning:
   Our hate is spent and/um'cf away in vapour,
   Before our hands be at work.        2Jen Jonson
     Their parts are kept from fuming away by their
   fixity,  and  also by the vast weight and density ol
   the atmospheres incumbent upon toem.    Cheyne-
     The first fresh dawn then wak'd toe gladden'd
       race,
   Of uncorrupted man, nor blush'd to see
   The sluggard sleep beneath its sacred beam;
   For their light  slumbers gentle fum'd away.
                                     Thomson.
 4. To be in a rage;  to be hot with anger.
     When he knew his rival free'd and gone,
   He swells with wrath; he makes outrageous moan
   He  frets,  he fumes, he stares,  he stamps the
       ground,
   The hollow tow'r with clamors  rings  around.
                                      Dryden-
 To Fume, fume. v. a.
 1. To smoke; to dry in the smoke.
    Those that serve for hot  countries toey  used at
  first to fume, by hanging them upon long sticks one
  by one, and drying them with the smoke of a soft
  fire.                                  Carew.
2. To perfume with odours in the fire.
    She fum'd toe temples with an od'rous flame,
  And oft before the sacred altars came,
  To pray for him, who was an empty name.  Diyden.
    The fuming  of the holes with brimstone, gar-
  lick, or  other unsavoury  things, will  drive moles
  out of the ground.                   Mortimer.
3. To disperse  in vapours.
    The heat will/tcme away most of the scent.
                                    Mortimer.
Fume't, fu-met'. ra. s.  The dung of the
   deer.
FUME'TTE,  fu-met'.  ra. s.  [French.]
   A word introduced by cooks,  and  the
   pupils of cooks, for the stink of meat.
    A haunch of ven'son made her sweat,
  Unless it had the right fumetle.            Swift.
FU'MID, fu'mid adj.  [fumidus, Latin.]
   Smoky; vaporous.
    A crass and fumid exhalation is caused from the
  combat of the sulphur and iron  wito the acid and
  nitrous spirits of aquafortis.              Brown.
Fumi'dity, fu-mid'e-te. ra. s. [fromfumiel.]
   Smokiness; tendency  to smoke.   Diet.
To  FU'MIGATE,  fti'me-gate.  v.  ra.
   [from fumus, Latin; fumiger,  French.]
I. To smoke;  to perfume  by smoke or
   vapour.
    Would thou preserve thy famish'd family,
  With fragrant thyme the city/umigafe,
  And  break the  waxen walls to save toe state.
                                     Dryden.
2. To medicate or heal by vapours.

Fumiga'tion, fu-me-ga'shun. ra. s.   [fu-
   migatio;   Latin; fumigation, Fr.  from
  fumigate.]
1. Scents raised by fire.
    Fumigations, often repeated, are very beneficial.
                                   Arbuthnot.
    My fumigation is to Venus, just
  The souls of roses, and red coral's dust:
  And, last, to make my fumigation good,
  'Tis mixt with sparrows' brains and pigeons' blood.
                                     Dryden.
2. The  application  of medicines to  the
   body in fumes.
Fu'mingly, fu'ming-le. adv. [from fume.]
   Angrily; in a rage.
    That which we move for our better learning and
  instruction sake,  turneth unto anger and choler in
  toem: they grow altogether out of quietness with it;
  toey  answer fumingly, that they are ashamed to 
FUN
FUN
FUR
  defile their pens with making answer to  such idle
  questions.                             Hooker.
Fu'miter, fu'me-tiir.98 ra.  s.  A plant.
   See Fumatory.
          Why, he was met even now,
  As mad as the vext sea; singing aloud,
  Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow weeds.
                                   Shakspeare.
Fu'mous, fu'mils.31*?  adj.  [fumeux  se,
Fu'my, fu'me.       3  French; from fume.]
   Producing fumes.
    From dice and wine toe youth retir'd to rest,
  And pufTd the fumy god from out his breast:
  Ev'n then he dreamt of drink and lucky play;
  More lucky had it lasted 'till the day.     Dryden.
Fun, fun. ra. *.  [A low cant word.] Sport;
   high  merriment;  frolicksome delight.
    Don't mind me, though, for all my fun and jokes,
  You bards may find  us bloods good-natur'd folks.
                                         More.
Fu'nction,  fung'shun.  ra.  s. [functio,
   Latin.]
1. Discharge;  performance.
    There is hardly a greater difference between two
   things than there is between a  representing com-
   moner in  the/nncfion of his publick calling, and
   the same person in common life.            Swift.
2. Employment; office.
     The ministry is not  now bound to any one tribe;
   now none is secluded from that function  of any de-
   gree, state, or calling.                 WhUgift.
     You have paid the heav'ns  your function, and
   the prisoner the very other debt of your calling.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Nor was it any policy, or obstinacy, or partiality
   of  affection either  to the men  or their function,
   which fixed me.                  King Charles.
     This double fund ion of the  goddess gives a con-
   siderable light and beauty to the ode which Horace
   has addressed her.                     Addison.
     Let not these  indignities discourage us from as-
   serting the just privileges and pre-eminence of our
   holy fund ion and character.            Atterbury.
 :>. Single  act of any office.
     Without difference those  functions cannot, in
   orderly sort, be executed.               Hooker.
     They have several offices  and prayers against
   tire, tempests, and especially for the dead, in which
   functions they use sacerdotal garments.  Stillingfieet,
 1. Trade; occupation.
     Follow your f miction; go, and batten on cold bits.
                                    S/iofcspeore.
 5. Office of any particular part ofthe  body.
     The bodies  of men,  and other animals, are ex-
   cellently  well fitted  for life  and motion; and the
   several parts of them well adapted to their particular
   functions.                            Bentley.
 6. Power; faculty: either  animal  or  intel-
   lectual.
     Tears in his eyes, distraction in his aspect,
   A  broken »oice,  and his whole function suiting
   With forms to his conceit.           Shakspeare.
            Nature seems
   In all her/iciiccions weary of herself;
   My race of glory run, and race of shame;
   And. I shall shortly be with them that rest.  Milton.
     Whatever warms the heart, or fills the head,
   As the mind opens, and its/uncfions spread,
   Imagination plies her dang'rous art,
   And°pours it all upon the peccant part.       Pope.
     Thouoh every human constitution is morbid, yet,
   are tbefr  diseases  consistent  with the common
   /emefions of life.                    Arbuthnot.
 Fund,  fund.  ra. s.  [fond,  French; fundo,
   a bag, Latin.]
 I. Stock;  capital;  that by  which any ex-
   pense is supported.
     He  touches the  passions more delicately  than
   Ovid  and performs all tois out of his own fund,
     thout diving  into tbe arts  and sciences  for  a
supply.
Dryden.
    Part must be left, a fund when foes invade,     j
  And part employ'd to roll toe wat'ry tide.   Dryd.
    In preaching, no men succeed better than those
  who trust entirely to the stock or fund of their own
  reason, advanced indeed, but not overlaid by com-
  merce with books.                       Swift.
2. Stock or bank of money.
    As my estate has been hitherto either tost upon
  seas, or fluctuating in funds,  it is now fixed in sub-
  stantial acres.                        Addison.
FU'NDAMENT, fun'da-ment.ra.s.[/ura-
   damentum, Latin.]   The back  part of
   the body.
Fundamental, fun-da-men'tal. adj. [fun-
   damental, Latin, from fundament/]
   Serving for the foundation; that upon
   which the rest is  built; essential;  im-
   portant; not merely accidental.
    Until this can be agreed upon,  one main and
  fundamental cause of the most grievous war is not
  like to be taken from toe earth.          Raleigh.
    You that will be less fearful than discreet,
  That love the/nncfamenfaf part of state,
  More than you doubt the charge of't.      Shaks.
    Others,  when they were brought to allow the
  throne vacant, thought the succession should go to
  the next heir,  according to toe fundamental laws
  ofthe kingdom, as if the last king were actually
  dead.                      Swift's Examiner.
    Gain some general  and fundamental truths,
  both in philosophy, in religion,  and in  human life.
                                       Waffs.
     Such we find they are, as can controul
  The servile actions of our wav'ring soul,
  Can fright, can alter, or can chain the will;
  Their ills all built on life, that/icnciamenfaf ill.
                                        Prior.
    Yet some there were among the sounder few,
  Of those who less presum'd, and better knew,
  Who durst assert the juster ancient cause,
  And here restor'd wit's fundamental laws.   Pope.
Fundamental, fun-da-men'tal.  n.s Lead-
   ing proposition; important and essential
   part which is  the  groundwork  of the
   rest.
     We  propose the question, whether those who
  hold the fundamentals of faith may  deny  Christ
  damnable in respect of superstructures and conse-
  quences that arise from them.             South.
     It is a very just reproach, that there should be
   so much violence and hatred in religious matters
  among men who  agree in all fundamentals,  and
  only differ in some ceremonies, or mere speculative
  points.                                Swift.

Fundamentally,  fun-da-men'tal-e. adv.
   [from fundamental.]  Essentially; ori-
   ginally.
     As virtue is seated fundamentally  in the intel-
   lect, so perspectively in the fancy; so  that virtue is
   the force of reason,  in the conduct of our actions
   and  passions to a good end.               Grew.
     Religion is not only useful  to civil society, but
  fundamentally  necessary to its very birth and con-
   stitution.                             Bentley.
     The unlimited power placed fundamentally  in
   the body of a people, the legislators  endeavour  to
   deposit in such hands as would preserve the people.
                                        Swift.
FU'N EH AL, fu'ner-al.88 ra. *. [funus, Lat.
   funerailles, French.]
 1.  The solemnization  of a  burial;  the
   payment  of the  last  honours  to  the
   dead; obsequies.
     Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest,
   Come I to speak in Ca;sar's fm.eral.   Shaksjicare.
     All things that we ordained festival,
  Turn from their office to black funeral.     Shaks.
     He that had cast out many unburied,  had none
  to mourn for him, nor any solemn funerals, nor se-
  pulchre with his fathers.                 2 Mac
 -   No widow at his funeral shall weep.    Sandys.
2.  The  pomp or procession with which
   the dead  are carried.
    The long/un'rofs blacken all the way.    Pope.
    You  are  sometimes desirous to see a funeral
  pass by in the street.                    Swift.
   Burial; interment.
    May he find his funeral
  V th' sands, when he before hi* day shall fall.
                                     Denham.
Fu'neral,  fu'ner-al. adj. Used at the ce-
   remony of interring the dead.
    Our instruments to melancholy bells,
  Our wedding chear to a sad funeral feast.  Shaks.
             Let such honours
  And funeral rites, as to his birth and virtues
  Are due, be first perform'd.     Denham's Sophy.
    Thy hand o'er towns the fun'ral torch displays,
  And forms a thousand ills ten thousand ways. Dryd.
Fune'real,  fu-ne're-al.  adj.  [f'unerea,
   Lat.] Suiting  a funeral; dark; dismal.
    But if his soul hath wing'd the destin'd flight,
  Inhabitant of deep disastrous night,
  Homeward with pious speed repass the main
  To  the pale shade funereal rites ordain.    Pope.
Fungo'sity,  fiing- gos'e-te.  ra. s. [from
  fungus.]  Unsolid excrescence.   Diet.
Fu'ngous,  fung'gus.314 adj. [from fun-
   gus.]   Excrescent;  spongy;  wanting
   firmness.
    It is often employed to keep down the fungous
  lips that spread upon the bone, but it is much more
  painful than the escharotick medicines.     Sharp.
FU'JYGUS, fung'gus.  n. s. [Lat.]  Strict-
   ly a mushroom: a word used to express
   such excrescences of flesh as grow-out
   upon the  lips  of wounds,  or any other
   excrescence from  trees or plants not
   naturally  belonging to them;  as the
   agarick from the  larch-tree, and auri-
   culae Judae  from elder.         Quincy.
    The surgeon ought  to vary the diet as the fibres
   lengthen too much, are too fluid,  and produce fun-
  guses, or as they harden and produce callosities.
                                    Arbuthnot.
      This eminence is composed of little points, of
   granula, called fungus, or proud flesh.     Sharp.
 FU'NICLE,  fu'ne-kl.405 ra. s. [funiculus,
   Latin.] A small cord; a small ligature;
   a  fibre.

 Funi'cular,  fu-nik'u-lar.88  adj.  [funicu-
   laire, French,  from funicle] Consisting
   of a small cord or fibre.
 Funk,  fiangk. n. s. A stink. A low word.
 Fu'nnel,  fin'nel." ra. s. [infundibulum,
   Lat. whence fundible, fiundle, funnel]
 1. An  inverted  hollow cone with a  pipe
   descending  from it,  through which li-
   quors  are poured into vessels with nar-
    row mouths; a tundish.
      If you pour a glut of water upon a bottle, it re-
   ceives a little of it;  but with a funnel,  and by de-
   grees you shall fill many  of them.    Ben Jonson.
      Some the long ftinn el's curious mouth extend,
   Through which ingested meats with ease descend.
                                    Blackmore.
      The outward ear or  auricula is made hollow,
   and contracted by degrees to draw the sound in-
   ward, to take in as much as may be of it, as we use
   a funnel to pour liquor into any vessel.       Ray.
 2. A pipe or passage of communication.
      Towards the middle are two large funnels,  bor-
   ed through the roof ofthe grotto, to let in light or
   fresh air.                           Addison.
 FUR, fur. n.  s. [fourrure, French.]
 I. Skin  with soft hair,  with which gar- 
FUR                                     FUR                                     FUR
  ments are lined for warmth, or coveredv
  for ornament.
    December must  be  expressed with a horrid and
  fearful countenance; as also at his back a bundle
  of holly, holding in fur mittens toe sign of Capri-
  corn.                   Peacham on Drawing.
    'Tis but dressing up a bird of prey in his cap and
 furs to make a judge of him.          L'Estrange.
    And lordly gout  wrapt up in/ur,
  And wheezing asthma, loth to stir.        Swift.
2. Soft hair of beasts found in cold  coun-
  tries, where nature provides coats suit-
  able  to the weather; hair in general.
    This night,  wherein the cubdrawn bear would
      couch,
  The lion and toe belly-pinched  wolf
  Keep toeir/ur dry, unbonnetted he runs,
  And bids what will take all.          Shakspeare.
    Such animals as feed  upon flesh qualify it, the
  one by swallowing the hair or fur of the beasts
  they prey upon, toe other by devouring some part
  of toe feathers of  the  birds they gorge themselves
  with.                     Ray on the Creation.
3. Any moisture exhaled  to such  a  de-
  gree  as  that  the  remainder  sticks on
  the part.
    Methinks I am  not right in ev'ry part;
  I feel a kind of trembling at my heart:
  My pulse unequal, and my breath is strong;
  Besides a filthy fur upon my tongue.      Dryden.
To  Fur, fur.  v.  a. [from the noun.]
I. To  line  or cover with  skins  that have
  soft hair.
    How mad a sight it was to  see Dametas, like
  rich tissue furred with lambskins?        Sidney.
    Through tatter'd cloaths small vices do appear;
  Robes and furr'd gowns hide all.     Shakspeare.
    You are for dreams and slumbers, brother priest,
  You fur your gloves with reasons.    Shakspeare.
2,  To cover with soft matter.
    To make lampblack,  take  a torch and hold it
  under the  bottom of a latten bason; and,  as it
  groweth to be furred and black within,  strike  it
  with a feather into some shell.          Peacham.
    Three sisters, mourning for  their brother's loss,
  Their bodies hid in bark, and furr'd with moss.
                                      Dryden.
    Their frying blood compels to irrigate
  Their dry furr'd tongues.                Philips.
    A dungeon wide and horrible, the walls
  On all sides furr'd wito mouldy damps, and  hung
  With clots of ropy gore.               Addison.
Fur, fur. adv. [It is  now commonly writ-
   ten far.]  At a distance.
            The white lovely dove
  Doth on her wing her  utmost swiftness prove,
  Finding the gripe of faulcon fierce not fur.  Sidney.
Fur-wrought,  fur'rawt.   adj.  [fur  and
   wrought.]  Made of fur.
    Silent along the mazy margin stray,
  And with the/ur-wrowg-fif fly delude toe prey.
                                   Gay's  Past.
Fura'cious, fii-ra'shu.s. adj. [furax, Lat.]
   Thievish; inclined  to steal.        Diet.

Fura'city, fii-raVe-te. ra. s. [from furax,
  Lit.] Disposition to theft; thievishness.
Fu'rbelow,  fur'be-16.  n.  s.  A piece  of
  stuff  plaited  and  puckered  together,
  either below  or above, on the  petty-
  coats or  gowns of women.   This,  like
  a great many other words, is the child
  of mere caprice.           Trev. Diet.
    Nay, oft in dreams invention we bestow
  To change a flounce, or  add afurbelow.     Pope.
To  Fu'rbelow, fur'be-16.  v. a.  [from the
  noun.]   To adorn  with  ornamental ap-
  pendages of dress.
    When arguments too fiercely glare,
  You calm them with a milder air;
  To break toeir points, you turn their force,
  And furbelow the plain discourse.         Prior.
    She was flounced and fnrbelowed;  every ribbon
  was crinkled and every part of her garments in
  curl.                                Addison.

To  Fu'rbish, fiVblsh. v. a. [fourbir, Fr.]
  To burnish; to polish; to rub to bright-
  ness.
    It may enter Mowbray's waxen coat,
  And furbish new the name of John o'Gaunt. Shaks.
    Furbish the spears, and put on the  brigandines.
                                    Jeremiah.
    Some others who furbish up and reprint his old
  errours, hold that the  sufferings of toe damned are
  not to be, in a strict sense, eternal; but that, after
  a certain period of time, there shall be a general
  gaol-delivery of the souls in  prison, and that not a
  farther execution, but a  final release.      South.
    As after Numa's peaceful reign,
  The martial Ancus did the sceptre wield;
  Furbish'd the rusty sword again,
  Resum'd the long-forgotton shield,
  And led the Latins to the dusty field.     Dryden.
    Inferior ministers, for Mars repair
  His broken axle-tree, and blunted war;
  And send him forth again, with/Mr&is/j'cf arms.
                                     Dryden.
Fu'rbisher,  fur'bish-iir. ra. s. [fourbis-
  seur,  French; from furbish.] One who
  polishes  any thing.
Furca'tion,  fur-ka'shiin.  ra.  s.  [furea,
  Latin.] Forkiness; the state of shooting
  two ways like the  blades of a fork.
    When stags grow old they grow less branched,
  and first lose their brow-antlers,  or lowest furca-
  tions next the head.                    Brown.
FU'RFUR, fur'tar.  ra. s. [Latin.]  Husk
  or chaff,  scurf  or dandriff, that grows
  upon  the skin, with some likeness to
  bran.                             Quincy.
Furfura'ceous,  for-fu-ra'shus.367  adj.
  [furfuraceus, Latin.]   Husky; branny;
  scaly.
FU'RIOUS, fu're-us. adj.  [furieux, Fr.
  furiosus, Latin.]
1.  Mad; phrenetick.
    No man did ever think the hurtful  actions of fu-
  rious men and innocents to be punishable.  Hooker.
2.  Raging; violent;  transported  by pas-
  sion beyond reason.
    Who can be wise, amaz'd, temp'rate and furi-
        ous,
  Loyal and neutral in a moment?  No  man.  Shaks.
                 To he furious,
  Is to be frighted out of fear; and in that mood
  The dove will peck toe  estridge.          Shaks.
    Noise, other than the sound of dance or song,
  Torment, and loud lament and furious rage. Milt.
3.  Violent; impetuously agitated.
    With clamour thence the rapid currents drive,
  Towards toe retreating sea their/uriotts tide. Milt.
Fu'riouslv,  fu're-us-le.  adv. [from furi-
   ous.] Madly; violently; vehemently.
    Which when his brother saw, fraught with great
        grief'
  And wrath,  he to him leapt/twionsfi/. Fairy Queen.
    They observe  countenance to attend the prac-
  tice; and this carries  them  on furiously to  that
  which of themselves they are inclined.     South.
    She heard not half, so furiously she flies;
  Fear gave her wings.                  Dryden.
Fu'rious.ness,  fu're-i'is-nes. ra. s.  [from
  furious]  Phrensy: madness; transport
   of passion.
To Furl, furl. v. a.  [fresler, French.] To
   draw up; to  contract.
     When fortune sends a stormy wind,
  Then shew a brave and present mind,
  And when with too indulgent gales ,
  She swells too much, then furl thy sails.   Creech.
Fu'rlong, flat'long. n.s. [paplang, S.ix.]
   A measure of length; the eighth part
   of a  mile.
    [fa man stand in the middle of a field and speak
  aloud, he shall be heard a furlong in round,  and
  that in articulate sounds.                 Bacon
    Coming within a few furlongs of  the temple.
  they passed through a very thick grove.   Addison.
Fu'rlough,  fur'lo.318 39°  ra. s.  [verloej.
   Dutch.]  A temporary dismission from
   military service;  a  licence given to a
   soldier to be absent.
    Brutus and Cato might discharge toeir souls,
  And give themfurlo's for another world;
  But we,  like sentries, are oblig'd to stand
  In starless nights, and wait th' appointed hour,
                                      Dryden-
Fu'rmenty, fur'men-te. «. s. [More pro-
   perly frumenty or frumety, offrumen-
   tum,  Latin.]   Food made by  boiling
   wheat in milk.
    Remember, wife, therefore, though I do it not,
  The seed-cake, the pasties, and furmenty pot.
                                      Tusser.
Fu'rnace, fur'nis.91 ra. s.  [fumus, Latin.]
   An enclosed fire place.
    Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot
  That it may singe yourself.           Shakspeare.
    The fining pot is for silver and toe furnace for
  gold.                               Proverbs.
    We have also furnaces of great diversities, that
  keep great diversity of heats.            Bacon.
    The kings of Spain have erected divers furnaces
  and forges, for the trying and fining of their gold.
                                       Abbot.
    Whoso falleto not down and worshippeto, shall
  the same hour be cast into the midst of a burning
  fiery/urnace.                         Daniel.
    A dungeon horrible, on all sides round,
  As one great/tirnoce, flam'd.            Milton.
To Fu'rnace,  fur'nis.  v.  a.  [from   the
   noun.] To throw out  as sparks  from a
   furnace.  A bad  word.
                 He/nrnccces
  The thick sighs from him.            Shakspeare.
To FU'RNISH, fiir'nish. v. a.  [fournir,
   French.]
1.  To  supply with what is necessary to a
   certain purpose.
             She hath directed
  How I shall take her from her father's house;
  What gold and jewels she is furnish'd with. Shaks.
               His training such,
  That he may furnish and instruct great teachers,
  And never seek for aid out of himself.     Shaks.
    Thou shalt/urnis/i him liberally out of thy flock.
                                  Deuferonomt/.
    Come thou stranger, and furnish  a table,  and
  feed me of that thou hast ready.    Ecclesiasticus.
    Auria, having driven  the Turks  from Corone,
  both by  sea and land,/wrnts/iecf the city with corn,
   wine, victual, and powder.       Knolles' History.
    I shall  not need to heap up instances; every
   one's reading and conversation will sufficiently fur-
   nish him, if he wants to be better stored.    Locke.
 2.  To  give; to supply.
    These simple  ideas,  the  materials of all our
   knowledge, are suggested and/urnis/iecf to the mind
   only by these two ways, sensation and reflection.
                                        Locke.
     It is not the state, but  the compact among private
   persons, toat hath furnished out these several re-
   mittances.                           Addison.
 3. To fit up; to fit with appendages.
             Something deeper,
   Whereof perchance these are but/urnts/iings.
                                    Shakspeare. 
FUR
FUR
FUR
     Plato entertained some of his friends at dinner,
   and had in the chamber a bed or couch, neatly and
   costly furnished.  Diogenes came in, and got upon
   the bed, and trampled it, saying,  I  trample upon
   the pride of Plato. Plato mildly answered, But with
   greater pride, Diogenes.                 Bacon.
     We  were  led into another great  room,/wrnis/iecf
   with old inscriptions.                  Addison.
 4. To  equip;  to fit out  for any under-
   taking.
     Will your lordship lend me a thousand pounds
   to furnish me?                     Shakspeare.
         Ideas, forms, and intellects,
   Have furnish'd out three diff'rent sects.    Prior.
     Doubtless the man Jesus Christ is furnished with
   superior powers to all  angels  in heaven,  because
   he is employed in superior work.          Watts.
 5. To decorate; to supply with ornamen-
   tal household stuff.
     The wounded arm would furnish all their rooms,
   And bleed for ever scarlet in the looms.  Halifax.
 Fu'rnisher,  fur'nish-iir.  ra.  s.  [fournis-
   seur, French; from furnish] One who
   supplies or  fits out.
 Fu'rniture,  fur'ne-tshure. ra. *-.  [fourni-
   ture, French; from furnish]
 1. Moveables;  goods put in a house for
   use or ornament.
     No  man  can  transport his  large retinue, his
   sumptuous fare, and his rich/nrnifwre into another
   world.                                 South.
     There are many noble palaces in Venice; their
  furniture is  not very rich, if we  except  the pic-
   tures.                              Addison.
 2. Appendages.
     By a general conflagration mankind shall be de-
   stroyed, with the form and all  the/icrnifwre ofthe
   earth.                              Tillotson.
 3. Equipage; embellishments;  decorations.
     Young Clarion, with vauntful lustyhed,
   After his guise did cast abroad to fare,
   And thereto 'gan his/urnifures prepare.  Spenser.
     The  duke is coming; see the barge be ready,
   And fit it with such/urnifwre as suits
   The greatness of his person.          Shakspeare.
     The ground must be of a mixt brown, and large
   enough, or the horse's/wrnifure must be  of very
   sensible colours.                      Dryden.
 Fu'rrier, fur're-dr. ra. s.  [from fur]  A
   dealer in  furs.
 Fu'rrow, fur'ro.32* 337 n. s. [purih, Sax.]
 1. A small trench made by the plough for
   the reception of seed.
     Wheat must be sowed above furrow before Mi-
   chaelmas.                          Mortimer.
    Then ploughs for seed the fruitful furrows broke,
   And oxen labour'd first beneath toe yoke.   Dryd.
 2.  Any  long   trench  or  hollow:   as  a
   wrinkle.
    My lord it is, though  time has plow'd  that face
  With many furrows since I saw it first;
  Yet I 'm too  well acquainted with toe ground
   Quite to forget it.       Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
Fu'rrow-weed, fur'ro-weed. ra.  s. [fur-
   row and weed]  A weed that grows in
   furrowed land.
    Crown'd with rank fumiter, and/iirrow-roeecfs.
                                   Shakspeare.
 To Fu'rrow, fur'ro.  v. a. [from the noun;
   pyruan, Saxon.]
 I. To cut in furrows.
    While the ploughman near at hand,
  Whistles o'er the/ccrrotc'cf land.         Milton.
2. To divide in long hollows.
    No briny tear has furrow'd her smooth cheek.
                                     Suckling.
    The billows fall, while Neptune lays his mace
  On the rough  sea, and smooths its furrow'd face.
                                     Dryden.
 3.  To make by cutting.
     There go the ships that furrow out their way;
   Yea, there of whales enormous sights we see.
                                       Wbffon.
 Fu'rry, fuVre.  adj.  [from fur.]
 I.  Covered with fur; dressed in fur.
     From Volga's banks th' imperious czar
  Leads forth his furry troops to war.       Jeff on.
 2.  Consisting of fur.
     Stretch out thy  lazy limbs, awake, awake,
  And winter from thy furry mantle shake.   Dryd.
     Not arm'd with horns of arbitrary might,
  Or claws to seize  their furry spoils in fight.
                                      Dryden.
 FU'RTHER, fftr'THur.98 adj. [fromforth,
   not fromyar,  as is commonly imagined;
  forth, further,furthest, corrupted from
  for ther, farthest, popfcep., Saxon. Far-
   ther is used by sir Thomas  Moore.  See
   Forth and Farther, of which the ex-
   amples  are to  be referred to in  this
   word.]
 1.  At a greater  distance.
 2.  Beyond this.
     What further need have we of witnesses. Jtfaff.
     Satan had journey'd on, pensive and slow:
  But further way found none, so thick intwin'd,
  As one continu'd break, the undergrowth
  Of shrubs and tangling bushes had perplex'd
  All path of man or beast that pass'd that way.
                                       Jlfiffon.
     Their earnest eyes they fix'd, imagining
  For one forbidden tree a multitude
  Now ris'n, to work them/urfAer woe or shame.
                                       Milton.
             I may meet
  Some wand'ring spirit, from him to draw
  What further would be  learn'd.         Milton.
3.  Further  has  in  some sort  the force of
  a substantive  in  the phrase  no further,
  for  nothing further.
            Let this appease
  Thy doubt, since human reach no further knows.
                                      Jtfiffon.
Fu'rther, fur'Tiiilr.  adv.  [from forth.]
  To a greater distance.
    And the angel  of the Lord went further, and
  stood in a narrow place.              JVwmoers.

To  Fu'rther, fili'THijr. v. a.  [from  the
  adverb; popfcpian, Saxon.]   To put on-
  ward;  to forward;  to promote; to coun-
  tenance; to assist; to help.
    Things thus set in order, in quiet and rest,
  Shall further thy  harvest, and pleasure thee  best.
                                       Tusser.
    Could their fond superstition have furthered so
  great attempts without the mixture of a true per-
  suasion concerning the irresistible force of divine
  Pow,er-        ,                     flooifcer.
    Grant not,  O Lord, toe  desires  of toe wicked-
 further not his wicked device.            Psalms'
    This binds thee then to further my design,
  As I am bound by vow to further thine.   Dryden.

Furtherance,  fur'THUT-anse. ra. s. [from
  further.]   Promotion;    advancement;
  help.
    The Gauls  learned them first, and used them on-
  ly for the furtherance  of their  trade and  private
  b™ness-                             Spenser.
    Our diligence must search out all  helps and fur-
  therances of direction, which  scriptures, councils
  fathers, histories,  the laws and  practices of all
  churches afford.                        Hooker
    For gain and work,  and success in his affairs, he
  seeketh furtherance of him that hath no manner of
  Pow,er-       u ,                      Hooker.
    Cannot my  body, nor blood sacrifice
  Intreat you to your wonted furtherance?   Slutksp.
    If men were minded  to live righteously, to be-
   lieve a God would be no hindrance or prejudice to
   any such design, but very much tor the advance-
   ment and furtherance of it.            Tillotson.
Fu'RTHERER,fvir'THUr-ur.ra. s. [from fur-
   ther.] Promoter; advancer.
    That earnest favourer and/tirffterer of God's true
   religion, that faithful servitor to his prince and coun-
   ^7'                                 Ascham.
£u'rthermore,   fur'THur-m6re.   adv.
   [further and more.] Moreover; besides.
    This ring I do accept most thankfully,
   And, so, I pray you, tell him: furthermore,
   I pray you, shew my youth old Shylock's house.
                                    S/iofcspeare.
Fu'rtive, fur'tiv. adj. [furtive, French;
  furtivus,  Latin.]    Stolen;  gotten   by
   theft.
    Or do they, as your schemes, I think, have shown,
   Dart furtive beams and glory not their own,
   All servants to toat source of light, toe  sun? Prior.
Fu'runcle, fu'nink-kl.40* ra. 8.  [furoncle,
   French; furunculus,  Latin.]   A bile;
   an angry pustule.
    A furuncle is in its beginning round, hard, and
  inflamed; and as it increaseto, it riseth up with an
  acute head, and sometimes a pustule; and then it is
  more inflamed  and painful,  when it arrives at its
  state, which is about the eighth or ninth day.
 ,                                   Wiseman,
Fu ry, fu're. ra. s. [furor,  Latin; fiureur,
   French.]
    Madness.
2.  Rage;  passion  of anger;  tumult  of
   mind approaching to madness.
    I do oppose  my patience to  his fury; and  am
        arm'd
  To suffer with a quietness of spirit
  The very tyranny and rage of his.         Shaksp.
    He hath given me to know the natures of living
  creatures, and the furies of wild beasts.   Wisdom.
3. Enthusiasm;  exaltation of  fancy.
    Taking up the lute, her wit began to be  with a
  divine fury inspired; and her voice would, in so be-
  loved an occasion, second her wit.         Sidney.
    A sybil, that had number'd in the world
  The sun to course two hundred compasses,
  In her prophetic fury sew'd the work.      Shaksp.
    Greater than human kind she seem'd to look,
  And with an accent more than mortal spoke;
  Her staring eyes with sparkling fury roll,
  When all the God came rushing on her soul. Dryd.
4. [from furia, Latin.]  One of the dei-
   ties of vengeance,  and thence a stormy,
   turbulent, violent,  raging woman.
    The sight of any of the house of York,
  Is as a fury to torment my soul.        Shakspeare.
    It was the most proper place for a fury to make
  her exit; and I believe every reader's imagination
  is pleased, when he sees the angry goddess thus
  sinking in a tempest, and plunging herself into hell,
  amidst such a scene of horror and  confusion.
                              Addison on Italy.
FUPZE, fiirz. n.s.   [pinp,   Saxon; ge-
   nista  spinosa, Latin?]   Gorse;  goss.
    The whole plant is very thorny: the flowers, which
  are of  the pea-bloom kind,  are disposed in short
  thick spikes,  which are  succeeded by short com-
  pressed pods, in each of which are contained three
  or four kidney-shaped seeds.              Miller.
    Carry out gravel to fill up a hole,
  Both  timber and furzin, the turf and the cole.
                                       Ttcsser.
    For fuel, there groweth great store  of furze, of
  which  the  shrubby  sort  is called  tame, and  the
  better grown French.                     Carew
                 We may know,
  And when to reap the grain, and when to sow,
  Or when to fell the furzes.       Dryden's Virgil.
Fu'rzy, fur'ze  adj. [from furze]  Over-
   grown with  furze;   full of gorse. 
FUS
FUS
F U T
    Wide through thefurzy field their route they take,
  Their bleeding bosoms force the thorny brake. Gay.
Fusca'tion,  nls-ka'shtin.  ra. s.  [fuscus,
  Latin.]  The act of darkening or obscur-
  ing.                                Diet.
To  FUSE, fuze. v. a. [fnndo,fusum, La-
  tin.]   To melt;  to put into fusion; to
  liquefy by heat.
To  Fuse,  fuze.  v. ra.   To be melted; to
  be capable of being liquefied by heat.
Fu'see, fu-zee'. ra. «. [fuseau, French.]
1. The cone  round  which is wound the
  cord or chain of a clock or watch.
    The reason  of the motion  of the  balance is by
  the motion of the next wheel, and that by toe mo-
  tion of the next, and that by the motion of the /it-
  see, and that by the motion of the spring: the whole
  frame of the watch carries  a reasonableness in it,
  the passive impression of toe intellectual idea that
  was in the artist.                        Hale.
2. A  firelock  [from fusil,  French];  a
  small neat musket.   This  is more pro-
  perly written fusil.
3. Fusee of a  bomb or  granado shell, is
  that which makes the  whole powder or
  composition in the shell take fire, to do
  the designed execution.   'Tis usually a
  wooden pipe or  tap filled with  wildfire
  or some such matter; and is intended
  to burn no longer than is the time of the
  motion  of the bomb from the mouth of
  the mortar to the  place where it is to
  fall, which time  Anderson  makes twen-
  ty-seven seconds.                Harris.
4. Track  of a buck.           Ainsworth.
Fu'sible,  fu'ze-bl.439  adj.  [from fuse.]
  Capable of being  melted;  capable  of
  being made liquid by heat.
    Colours afforded by metalline bodies, either col-
  liquate with,  or otherwise penetrate into other bo-
  dies, especially fusible ones.              Boyle.
Fusibi'lity, fu-se-bil'e-te. ra. s. [from fu-
  sible]  Capacity of being melted; qua-
   lity of growing liquid by heat.
    The ancients observing in that material a kind of
  metallical nature, or at least a fusibilUy, seem to
  have resolved it into a nobler use.         Wotton.
    The bodies of most use, that are sought for out of
  the depths of the earth,  are toe metals which are
  distinguished from other bodies by their weight, fu-
  sibilUy, and malleableness.               Locke.
Fu'sil, fu'zil. adj. [fusile, French; fusi-
  lis, Latin.]
I. Capable of being melted;  liquiSable
  by heat.
    Some, less skilful, fancy these scapi toat occur
  in most of the larger Gothic buildings  in England
  are artificial; and will have it, that they are a kind
  of fusil marble.                    Woodward.
2. Running by the force of heat.
            The liquid ore he drain'd
  Into fit molds prepared; from which he form'd
  First his own tools: then, what might else be wrought
  FusUe, or grav'n in metal.     MUton's Par. Lost.
                Perpetual  flames,
  O'er sand  and ashes, and the stubborn flint,
  Prevailing, turn into a fusil sea.          Philips.
Fu'sil, fu-zee'. ra.  s.  [fusil, French.]
I. A firelock;  a small neat musket.
2. [In   heraldry;   from  fusus,  Latin.]
  Something like a spindle.
    Fusils must be made long, and small in the mid-
  dle: in the ancient coat of Montague, argent three
  fusils in fesse gules.       Peacham on Blazoning.
Fu'silier, fu-zil-leer'.27* n.s.  [from fu-
  sil.] A soldier armed with a fusil; a mus-
  keteer.
Fu'sion, fu'zhun.451  «. *.  [fusio, Latin;
  fusion, French.]
I. The  act of  melting.
2. The  state of being melted, or of run-
  ning with heat.
    Metals in fusion do not flame for want of a copi-
  ous fume, except spelter, which fumes copiously,
  and thereby flames.            JVeicfon's Opticks.
Fuss, fits. ra. s. [A low cant word.]    A
  tumult; a bustle.
    End as it befits your station;
  Come to use and application;
  Nor with senates keep a fuss:
  I submit, and answer thus.               Swift.
FUST,  fast, ra. s.  [fuste, French.]
1. The  trunk or body of  a column.
2. [from fustc,* French.]  A strong smell,
  as that of a mouldy barrel.
lo Fust, fust. v. ra. [from the  noun.]  To
  grow mouldy;  to smell ill.
FUSTIAN,  fus'tshan.2"  n. s.   [futaine,
  Frencn; from fuste, a tree, because cot-
  ton  grows on trees.]
 I. A kind of  cloth made of linen and cot-
  ton, and perhaps now of cotton only.
    Is supper ready, the house trimm'd, toe serving-
  men in their new fust ion and their white stockings?
                                   Shakspeare.
2. A high swelling kind of writing made
  up of  heterogeneous parts, or of words
  and ideas ill associated; bombast.
    Nor will you raise in me combustion,
  By dint of high heroic fustian.         Hudubras.
    What fustian have I heard these gentlemen find
  out in  Mr. Cowley's  odes? In general I will  say,
  that nolhing can appear more  beautiful to me than
  the strength of those images which toey condemn.
                                     Diyden.
    Fustian is thoughts and words ill sorted,  and
  without the least relation to each other.   Dryden.
    Chance thoughts, when governed by toe close,
  Oft rise to fustian, or descend to prose.    Smith.
Fu'stian, tus'tshan. adj. [from  the noun.]
1. Made of fustian.
2 Swelling;  unnaturally  pompous; ridi-
  culously tumid;  used of style.
    When men argue, to' greatest part
  O' the contest falls on terms of ait,
  Until the fustian stuff be spent,
  And then they fall to th' argument.      Hudibras.
    Virgil, if he could have seen the  first verses of
  the Sylvan, would have thought Statius mad in his
  fustian  description ofthe statue on toe brazen horse.
                           Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Fu'stic, ffis'tik.  ra. *.  A sort  of  wood
  brought from the West Indies,  used in
  dying of cloth.                    Diet.
To Fu'stigate, fus'te-gate. v.a. [fustigo,
  Latin.]  To beat with a stick; to cane.
                                      Diet.
Fustila'rian, fus-te-la're-an. ra. s. [from
  fusty.]  A low fellow; a stinkard; a
  scoundrel.  A word used by Shakspeare
  only.
    Away, you scullion, you rampallian, you fustila-
  rian: I'll tickle your catastrophe.      Henry IV.
Fu'stiness, tus'te-nes. ra. a. [from fusty.]
   Mouldiness; stink.
Fu'sTY,fus'te. adj. [from fust] Ill-smell-
  ing;  mouldy.
    Hector shall have a great catch, if he knock out
  either of your brains; he were as good crack a fus-
  ty nut wito no kernel.               Shakspeare.
    The fusty plebeians hate thine honours. Shaks.
    The large Achilles-, at this fusty stuff,
  From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.
                                      Shaksp.
FU'TILE,  fu'tll.1*0 adj. [futile,  Fr. fu-
   tilis, Latin.]
I. Talkative; loquacious.
    One futile person, that maketh it his glory to tell,
  will do more hurt than many toat know it their du-
  ty to conceal.                         Bacon.
2. Trifling;  worthless;  cf no weight.
Futi'lity,   fu-til'e-te.   n.  s.  [futilite,
   French;  from futile]
1. Talkativeness; loquacity.
    This fable does not strike so  much at the futilUy
  of women, as at  the incontinent levity of a prying
  humour.                          L'Estrange.
2. Triflingness; want of weight; want of
   solidity.
    Trifling futilUy appears in their signs of the zo-
  diac, and their mutual relations and aspects.
                                     Bentley.
Fu'ttocks, filt'ttiks. ra. *. [corrupted from
  foot hooks.  Skinner.]  The lower tim-
   bers that hold the ship together.
FU'TURE,  fu'tshure.461  adj.  [futurus,
   Latin; futur,  French.]   That  will  be
   hereafter;  to come: as, the future state.
    Glory they sung to the most High! good will
  To future men, and in their dwellings peace.
                                     Milton.
    He sows the teeth at Pallas's command,
  And flings toe future people from his hand.
                               Addison's Ovid.
Fu'ture,  fu'tshure.  ra.  s. [from  the ad-
   jective.]   Time  to come;  somewhat to
   happen hereafter.
    Thy letters have transported me beyond
  This ign'rant present time; and I feel now
  The future in the instant.         Shaksp. Macb.
    The mind once jaded by an attempt above  its
  power, either is  disabled for the future, or else
  checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.
                                      Locke.,
Fu'turely,  fu'tshure-le. adv. [from fu-
   ture.]   In time to come.
    This prescience of God, as it is prescience, is not
  the cause of any thing futurely succeeding; neither
  doth God's aforeknowledge impose any necessity, or
  bind.                               Raleigh.
Futuri'tion, fu-tshu-rish'un. ra. s.  [from
  future.]    The state of being to be; the
   condition of being to come to pass here-
   after.
    Is it imaginable, toat  the great  means of the
  world's redemption should rest only in the number
  of possibilities, and hang so  loose in respect of its
  futurition, as to leave the event in an equal poise,
  whether ever there should be such a thing or no?
                                      South.
Futu'rity, fu-tu're-t4. ra. s. [from future.]
I. Time to come.
    Not my service past, nor present sorrows,
  Nor purpos'd merit in futurity,
  Can ransom me.                Shaksp. Othello.
    I will contrive some way to make it known to fu-
  turity, that I had your lordship for my patron.
                                       Swift.
2. Event to come.
    All futurities are naked  before that All-seeing
  Eye, the sight of  which is no more hindered by dis-
  tance of time than the sight of an angel can be de-
  termined by distance of place.            Souf/*.
    This, great Amphiarus, lay hid from thee,
  Thou skill'd in fate and dark fut urity.
                                       Pope.
3.  The state of being to be; futurition.
    It may be well reckoned among the  bare possi-
  bilities, which never commence into a futurity; it 
FUZ
FY
FY
  requiring such a free,  sedate, and intent mind,  as
  it may be, is no where found, but among the plato-
  nical ideas.                 Glanville's Scepsis.
To FUZZ, fiiz. v. ra.  [without etymolo-
   gy.]   To fly out in  small particles.
Fu'zzball, faz'ball. ra. s.  [fuzz and ball]
   A kind of fungus, which, when pressed,
   bursts and scatters dust in the eves.
Fy, f i. interj. [fy,  French and  Flemish;
  tp\v; vah,  Lat.] A word of blame and
  disapprobation.
    And fy on fortune, mine avowed foe,
  Whose wrathful wreaks themselves do now allay.
                                    Spenser.
    Fy, my lord, fy! a soldier, and  afraid? What
  need we fear who knows it, when none can call our
  power to account?                 Shakspeare.
  A bawd, sir, fy upon him.         Shakspeare.
  But fy, my wand'ring muse, how thou do'st stray!
Expectance calls thee now another way.  Milton.
  ^ay» fVt what mean you in this open place?
Unhand me, or, I swear, I'll scratch your face:
Let go, for shame; you make me mad for spite:
My mouth's my own; and if you kiss, I'll bite.
                                   Dryden.
  FyT madam, he cried, we must be past all these
gaieties.                             Taffer
G.
O. Has two sounds, one from the Greek
^-* y,  and  the  Latin,  which  is called
  that of the  hard^*, because it is formed
  by  a pressure  somewhat hard of the
  forepart  of the tongue against the up-
  per gum.   This sound ^retains before
  a, o, u, I, r; as,gate,go,gull.  The other
  sound, called that of the  soft g, resem-
  bles that of /*, and is commonly, though
  not always, found before e, i;  as, gem,
  gibbet.   Before ra, at the end of a  word,
  g  is commonly melted away;  as in the
  French,  from which  these words are
  commonly  derived;   thus, for  benign,
  malign, condign, we pronounce benine,
  maline, condine. It is often silent  in the
  middle of words before  h;  as might.
  The Saxon 5, seems to have had  gene-
  rally the sound of y  consonant;  whence
  gateisby rusticks'still pronounced yate.
GA'BARniNE, gab-ar-deen'. ra. s.  [gavar-
  dina, Italian.]   A  coarse  frock;  any
  mean dress.
    My best way is to creep under  his gabardine;
  there is no other shelter hereabouts.   Shakspeare.
    You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,
  And spit upon  my Jewish gabardine.      Shaksp
      The knight did straight submit,
  And laid his weapons at her feet:
  Next he disrob'd  his gabardine,
  And with it did himself resign.         Hudibras.

 To Ga'bble,  gab'bl.4"5  v. ra.  [gabbare,
   Ital. gabberen,  Dut.]
 1. To make an inarticulate noise.
        When thou could'st not, savage,
  Shew thine own meaning,  but would'st gabble like
  A thing most brutish, I endow'd thy  purposes
  With words that made them known.       Shaksp.
    Flocks of fowl, that when the tempest roar,
  With their hoarse gabbling seek the silent shore.
                                    Dryden.
2. To prate loudly without meaning.
    Have you no wit, manners, nor honesty,  but to
  gabble like tinkers at this time of night?  Do ye
  make an alehouse of my lady's house?      Shaksp.
    Which made some think, when he did gao&fe,
  Th' had heard three labourers of Babel. Hudibras.
      Such a rout, and such a rabble,
  Run to hear Jack Pudding gabble.          Su-ift.
Ga'bble, gab'bl. ra. s.  [from the verb.]
1. Inarticulate noise like  that  of  brute
  animals.
    Not to know what we speak one to another, so
  we seem to know, is to know straight our purpose:
  chough's  language, gabble enough,  and  good
  enough.                             Shaksp.
2. Loud talk without meaning.
    Forthwith a hideous gabble raises loud
  Among the builders; each to other calls,
  Not understood.                      Milton.
Ga'bbler, gab'bl-ur. ra. s.  [from gabble.]
  A prater; a chattering fellow.
Ga'bel, ga'bel. ra. s. [gabel,  Fr. gabello,
  Italian; japel, Saxon, a tribute.]   An
  excise; a tax.
    The gadefs of Naples are very high on  oil, wine,
  and tobacco.                         Addison.
GA'BIOJV, ga'be-un.w n. s. [French.] A
  wicker basket which is filled with earth
  to make a fortification or intrenchment.
    His battery was defended all along with gabions,
  and casks filled with sand.              Knolles.
Ga'ble, ga'bl'40"  ra. s.  [gaval, Welsh;
  gable, French.]  The sloping roof of a
  building.
    Take care that all your brick-work be covered
  with the tiling, according to toe new way of build-
  ing, without goofe ends,  which are very heavy, and
  very apt to let the water into the brick-work.
                                  Mortimer.
Gad,  gad.  ra. s.  [jab, Saxon; gaddur,
  Islandick, a club.]
I. A wedge or ingot of steel.
    Flemish steel is brought down the Rhine to Doit,
  and other parts, some in bars, and some in goefs;
  and therefore called Flemish steel, and sometimes
  gad steel.                           Moxon.
2. It seems  to be used by  Shakspeare for
  a style or graver,  [from jab, Saxon, a
   goad.]
            I will go get a leaf of brass,
  And with a gad of steel will write these words.
                                     Shaksp.
To Gad, gad. v.  ra.  [derived  by  Skinner
  from gadfly; by Junius, from  gadaw,
  Welsh, to forsake; thought  by  others
  only the preterit of the old word ajaan,
to go.]  To ramble  about without any
settled purpose; to  rove  loosely  and
idly.
  How now, my headstrong, where have you been
  —Where I have learnt me to repent.     Shaksp.
    Give the water  no passage, neither a wicked
  woman liberty to gacf abroad.            Ecclus.
    The lesser devils arose with ghastly rore,
  And thronged forth about the world to gacf;
  Each land they fill'd, river, stream, and shore.
                                    Fairfax.
    Envy is a gadding passion, and walketh  the
  streets, and doth not keep home.         Bacon.
    Gad not abroad at ev'ry quest and call
  Of an untrained hope or passion;
  To court each place or fortune that doth fall,
  Is wantonness in contemplation.         Herbert.
    Thee,  shepherd, thee, the woods  and desart
        caves,
  With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown,
  And all their echoes moan.             Jtfiffon.
    A fierce loud buzzing breeze;  their stings draw
        blood,
  And drive the cattle gadding through the wood.
                                    Dryden.
    She wreaks her anger on her rival's head;
  With furies frights her from her native home,
  And drives her, gadding, round toe world to roam.
                                     Dryden.
    There's an  ox  lost, and this coxcomb runs a
  studding after wild fowl.            L'Estrange.
    No wonder their thoughts should be perpetually
  shifting from what disgusts them, and seek better
  entertainment in more pleasing objects, after which
  they will unavoidably be gadding.         Locke.

Ga'dder, gad'dur. n. s. [from gad.]   A
  rambler;  one  that  runs  much abroad
  without business.
    A drunken woman, and a gadder abroad, causeth
  great anger, and she will not cover her own shame.
                                     Ecclus.
Ga'ddingly,  gatd'ding-le.  adv.  [from
  gad.] In a rambling, roving manner.
Ga'ufly, gad'fli. ra. *.   [gad and  fly;  but
  by  Skinner, who  makes it the original
  of  gad, it is called goadfiy.  Supposed
  to  be originally from goad, in  Saxon
  jab, and fly.]   A  fly  that when he
  stings the  cattle  makes  them gad or
  run  madly about; the breeze.
    The fly called the gadfly breedeth of somewhat 
GAG                                     GAI                                       GAI
   that swimmeth upon the top of the water, and is
   most about ponds.                      Bacon.
     Light fly his slumbers, if perchance a flight
   Of angry gadflies fasten on toe herd.     Thomson.
 Gaff, gaf. ra. s. A harpoon or large hook.
                                 Ainsworth.
 Ga'ffer, gaTfiir.98 ra. s.  [gepepe, com-
   panion, Sax.]  A  word of respect, now
   obsolete, or applied only in contempt to
   a  mean person.
     For gaffer Treadwell told us by the bye,
   Excessive sorrow is exceeding dry.         Gay.
 Ga'ffles,  gaf'flz.406  n. *.  [japelucap,
   spears, Saxon.]
 ]. Artificial spurs put upon  cocks when
   they are set  to  fight.
 2. A steel lever  to  bend crossbows.
                                 Ainsworth.
 To  Gag, gag. v. ra. [from gaghel, Dutch,
   the palate,  Minshew.]   To  stop  the
   mouth with something  that may allow
   to breathe, but hinder to speak.
     He's out of his guard already: unless you laugh
   and minister occasion to him, he is gagg'd.  Shak.
     There foam'd rebellious logick, gagg'd and bound.
                                         Pope.
 Gag, gag. n. s. [from the verb.]   Some-
   thing  put into  the mouth  to  hinder
   speech  or eating.
     Some, when the kids their dams too deeply drain,
   With gags and muzzles their soft mouths restrain.
                                       Dryden.
     Your woman would have run upstairs before me;
   but I have secured her below with a  gag in her
   chaps.                               Dryden.
 Gage, gadje. ra. s. [gage, French.]
 1. A pledge; a  pawn; a caution;  any thing
   given  in security.
    He, when the shamed shield of slain  Sansfoy
   He spy'd, wito that same fairy champion's page,
   He to him leapt; and that same envious gage,
   Of victor's glory from  him snatcht away.
                                 Fairy Qjueen.
            There I  throw my gage,
   Disclaiming here the kindred of a king,
   And lay aside my high blood's royalty.     Shaksp.
    There is my gage, the manual seal of death,
   That marks thee out for hell.             Shaksp.
    They from their mothers' breasts poor orphans
        rend
  Nor without gages to the needy lend.       Sandys.
    I am made the cautionary pledge,
  The gage and hostage of your keeping it.
                              Southern's Oroon.
    But since it was decreed, auspicious king,
  In Britain's right that thou should'st wed the main,
  Heav'n, a3 a gage, would cast some previous thing,
  And therefore doom'd that Lawson should be slain.
                                      Diyden.
    In any truth, that gets  not possession of our minds
  by  self-evidence  or demonstration, the arguments
  that gain its assent, are  the vouchers and gage  of
  its probability.                         Locke.
2. A  measure; a rule of measuring.
   One judges, as the weather dictates, right
  The poem is at noon, and wrong at night;
  Another judges by a surer gage,
  An author's principles or parentage.       Young.

To Gage,  gadje. v. a.  [gager, Fr.]
1. To wager; to depone as  a wager; to
   impawn; to give as a caution, pledge,
   or  security.
            A moiety competent
  Was gaged by our king.                 Shaksp.
   He found the Turkish merchants making merry:
  unto these merchants  he gave due salutations, ga-
  ging his faith for their safety, and they likewise to
  hjm,                                Knolles.
       VOL. I.
 2. To bind by some caution or surety;  to
    engage.
             My chief care
   Is to come fairly off from the great debts
   Wherein my time, something too prodigal,
   Hath left me gaged.                    Shaksp.
 3. To measure;  to  take  the  contents  df
   any vessel of liquids particularly. More
   properly gauge.  See Gauge.
             We shall see your bearing.
   —Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gage me
   By what we do to-night.                Shaksp.
 To  Ga'ggle,  gag'gl.408 v.  ra.  [gagen,
   gagelen, Dutch.]  To make  a noise like
   a  goose.
     Birds prune  their feathers, geese gaggle, and
   crows  seem  to  call upon rain;  which  is but  the
   comfort they receive in toe relenting of the air.
                                        Bacon.
     May fat geese gaggle with melodious voice,
   And ne'er want gooseberries or apple-sauce.  King.
 Ga'ily, ga'le. adv. [from gay.]
 1. Airily; cheerfully.
 2. Splendidly.  See Gayly.
 GAIN, gane.73 a°2 ra. s. [gain, Fr.]
 1. Profit; advantage: contrary to loss.
     But what things were gain to me, those I counted
   loss for Christ.                          Phil.
    Besides the  purpose it  were now, to teach how
   victory should be used, or the gains (hereof commu-
   nicated to the general consent.           Raleigh.
     Havock and spoil, and ruin are my gain. Milton.
    It is in praise of men  as in gettings and gains; for
   light gains make heavy purses; for light gains come
   thick, whereas great come but now and then.
                                       Bacon.
    This must .be made by some governor upon his
   own private account, who  has a great stock that he
   is content to turn that way, and  is invited by the
   gains.                                Temple.
    Compute the gains of his ungovern'd zeal,
   111 suits his cloth the praise of railing well.  Dryd.
    Folly fights for kings or dives for gain.   Pope.
 2. Interest; lucrative views.
    That, sir, which serves for gain,
   And follows but for form,
   Will pack when it begins to rain,
   And leave thee in the storm.             Shaksp.
 3. Unlawful advantage.
    Did I make a gain of you by any of them whom
   I sent unto you?                  2 Corinthians.
    If pride, if envy, if the lust of gain,
   If mad ambition in thy bosom reign,
   Thou boast'st, alas! thy sober sense in vain.
                                    -Fifzgerafcf.
 4. Overplus in a  comparative  computa-
   tion; any thing opposed to loss.
 To Gain, gane. v. a. [gagner, French.]
 1. To obtain as profit  or advantage.
    Egypt became a gained ground by the muddy and
  limeous matter brought down by  the Nilus, which
  settled by degrees into a firm land.        Brown.
           He gains, to live as man,
  Higher degree of life.                   Jtfiffon.
    What reinforcement we may gain from hope.
                                       Milton.
 2. To win; not to lose.
    A leper once he lost, and gain'd a  king.  Milton.
 3. To have the  overplus in comparative
   computation.
    If you have two vessels to fill, and you empty one
  to fill the other, you gain nothing  by that. Burnet.
4. To obtain; to procure; to  receive.
    I acceptance found, which gain'd
  This answer from the gracious voice divine.  Jtfiff.
    That side some small reflection gains
   Of glimni'ring air; less vex'd with tempest loud.
                                       Jtfiff on.
    If such a tradition were  endeavoured to be set on
   foot, it is not easy to imagine how it  should at first
                     5l
   gain entertainment; but much more difficult to con-
   ceive however it should come to be universally pro-
   pagated.                            Tillotson.
     For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease,
   Sure some to  vex, but never all to please.   Pope.
 5. To obtain increase of any thing allotted.
     I know that ye would gain the time, because ye
   see the king is gone from me.           Daniel.
 6. To obtain  whatever, good or bad.
     Ye should not have loosed  from Crete, and have
   gained this harm and loss.                 Acts
 7. To win against  opposition.
     They who were sent to  the other pass, after a
   short resistance gained it.            Clarendon.
     Fat fees from the defended Umbrian draws,
   And only gains the wealthy client's cause.  Dryd.
     O love! for Sylvia let me gain the prize,
   And make my tongue victorious as her eyes. Pope
 3. To draw into any interest or party.
     Come, with presents laden from the port,
   To gratify the queen and gain the court.  Dryden.
     If Pyrrhus must be wrought to pity,
   No woman does it better than yourself;
   If you  gain him, I shall comply of course.
                                   A. Philips
 9. To obtain  as a wooer.
     He never shall  find out a fit mate, but such
   As some misfortune brings him, or mistake,
   Or whom he wishes most shall seldom gain
  Through her perverseness, but shall see her gain'd
  By a far worse.                       Milton-
 10.  To  reach; to attain.
     The west still glimmers with some streaks of day;
  Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
  To gain the timely inn.                 Shaksp -
     Death was the post, which I almost did gain:
  Shall I once more be tost into the main?    Waller.
            Sun! sound his praise
  In  toy eternal course, both when thou climb'st,
  And when high noon hast gain'd,  and when thou
        fall'st.                         Milton.
     We came to the roots of the mountain, and  had
  a very troublesome march to gain the top of it.
                                      Addison.
    Thus sav'd from death,  they gain the  Phestan
        shores,
  With shatter'd vessels and disabled oars.    Pope.
 11.  To Gain  over.   To draw to  another
   party or interest.
    The court of Hanover should  have endeavoured
  to gain over those  who  were represented as their
  enemies.                               Swift.
 To Gain, gane. v. ra>
 1. To grow rich;  to have  advantage; to
   be advanced in interest or happiness.
    Thou hast taken usury and increase,  and thou
  hast greedily gained of thy neighbours  by  extor-
  tions.                                Ezekiel.
2. To encroach; to come forward  by de-
   grees: with on.
    When watchful herons leave their watery stand,
  And mounting upward with erected flight,
  Gain on the skies, and soar above the sight.  Diyd.
     So on the land, while here the ocean gains,
  In  other parts it leaves wide sandy plains.   Pope.
3. To get ground; to prevail against; with
   on.
    The English have not only gained upon the Ve-
  netians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice
  itself.                                Addison.
4. To o:»tain influence  with: with on.
    My  good  behaviour  had g-ainecf so far on the
  emperor, that 1 began to conceive hopes of liberty.
                                        Swift.
Gain, gane. adj.   [An old word now  out
   of use.]   Handy; ready; dexterous.
                 Preface to  the Accidence.

 Ga'iner, gane'ur. ra. s. [from gain.] One
   who receives profit  or  advai Uge.
     The  client,  besides retaining a clear conscience, 
G Ai
GAL
GAL
  is always a gainer, and by no means can be at any
  loss,  as seeing,  if the composition be over hard,
  he may relieve himself by recourse to his oath.
                                       Bacon.
            If what I get in empire
  I  lose in fame, I think myself no gainer.  Denham.
    He that loses any thing, and gets wisdom by it,
  is a gainer by the loss.              L'Estrange.
    By trade, we are as great gainers by the ccr.mo-
  dities of other countries as of our own nation.
                                      Addison.
Ga'inful, gane'fiil. adj.  [gain and full.]
1. Advantageous; profitable.
    He will dazzle his eyes, and bait him in with the
  luscious proposal of some gainful purchase, some
  rich  match, or advantageous project.       South.
3. Lucrative; productive of money.
    Nor knows he merchants' gainful care.  Dryden.
    Maro's muse commodious precepts gives,
  Instructive to the swains, nor wholly bent
  On what is gainful: sometimes she diverts
  From solid counsels.                   Philips,
Ga'infully, gane'ful-e.  adv. [from gain-
  ful.] Profitably; advantageously.
Ga'infulness, gane'ful-nes.  ra. s.  [from
   gainful.]  Profit; advantage.
Ga'ingiving,  gane'giv-ing. ra.  s. ['gainst
   and give.]  The same  as misgiving;  a
   giving against: as gainsaying, which is
   still  in use, is  saying against,  or con-
   tradicting.                     Hanmer.
     It is but  foolery; but it is such a  kind  of gain-
  giving as would, perhaps trouble a woman.  Shak.
Ga'inless,   gane'les. adj.   [from gain.]
    Unprofitable;  producing no  advantage.
Ga'inlrssness,  gane'les-nds.  ra. s. [from
   gainless.]  Unprofitableness;  want  of
    advantage.
     The parallel  holds too in the gainlessness as well
   as laboriousness of the work: miners, buried in earth
   and darkness were never the richer for all the ore
   they digged: no more is the insatiable miser.
                                 Decay of Piety.
 Ga'inly,  gane'le.  adv.   [from gain.]
    Handily, readily; dexterously.   Out of
    use.
  To Ga'insay, gane-sa'.  v.  a. ['gainst and
    say.]
  I. To contradict; to oppose; to controvert
    with; to dispute against.
     Speeches which gainsay one another, must of ne-
   cessity be applied both unto one and the same sub-
   ject.                                Hooker.
     Too facile then, thou did'st not mueh gainsay;
   Nay, didst permit,  approvej and fair dismiss.
                                        Jtfiffon.
 2. To deny any thing.
              I never heard yet
    That any of those bolder vices wanted
   Less impudence to gainsay what toey did
   Than to perform it first.                 Shaksp.

 Gainsa'yer, gane-sa'iir. ra. s.  [from gain-
    say.]  Opponent;  adversary.
     Such  as may satisfy gainsayers, when suddenly,
    and besides expectation, they require the same at
   our hands.                            Hooker.
     We are for this cause  challenged as manifest
   gainsayers of scripture, even in that  which we read
   for  scripture unto toe people.            Hooker.
     It was full of  matter of conviction to all gain-
   sayers.                             Hammond.
     Others sought themselves a name by being his
   gainsayers, but fail'd of their purpose.       Fell.
  'Gainst, genst.306 prep,  [for against] See
    Against.
     Tremble, ve nations! who secure before,
   taugh'd at  those arms, that 'gainst ourselves we
         bore»                          Dryden,
To  Ga'instand, gane'stand. v. a. ['gainst
  and stand.]   To withstand;  to oppose;
  to  resist.   A proper word,  but  not  in
  use.
    Love proved himself valiant, that durst with the
  sword of revered duty gainsfancf the force of so
  many enraged desires.                  Sidney.
GA'IRISH,  ga'rish.303  adj.  [jeappian,
  to dress fine, Sax.]
1. Gaudy;  showy; splendid; fine.
    Three or four will outrage in apparel, huge hose,
  monstrous hats, and gairish colours.      Ascham.
    I  call'd thee then poor shadow, painted queen,
  The presentation of but what I was;
  A mother only mock'd with two fair  babes;
  A dream of what thou wast, a gairish flag,
  To be the aim of every dangerous shot.    Shaksp.
    There in close covert by some brook,
  Where no  profaner eye may look,
  Hide me from day's gairish eye.          Milton.
2. Extravagantly  gay; flighty.
    Fame and glory transport a man out of himself;
  it makes the  mind  loose and gairish, scatters  the
  spirits, and leaves a kind of dissolution upon all  the
  faculties.                              South.
Ga'irishness, gaMsh-n£s.  ra. s.  [from
   gairish.]
 I. Finery; flaunting gaudiness.
 2. Flighty or extravagant  joy.
    Let your hope be without vanity,  or gairishness
  of spirit, but sober, grave, and silent.     Taylor.
 Gait, gate.  ra. s. [gat, Dutch.]
 I.  A way: as, gang your gait.
    Good youth, address thy g«if unto her;
  Be  not denied access, stand at her door.      Shak.
 2.  March; walk.
    Nought regarding, they kept on their gait,
  And all her vain allurements did forsake.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Thou art so lean  and meagre waxen late,
  That scarce thy legs uphold thy feeble gait.
                                      Hubberd.
 3.  The  manner and air of walking.
     Great Juno comes; I know her by her gaif.
                                       Shaksp
     He had in his person, in his aspect, toe appear-
   ance of a great man, which he  preserved  in his
  gait and motion.                   Clarendon.
                 A third, who by his gait
   And fierce demeanour, seems the prince of hell.
                                       Jtfiffon.
                 Leviathans
   Wallowing,  unwieldly, enormous in  their gaif.
                                       Jtfiffon.
               I describ'd his way,
   Bent all on speed, and mark'd his airy gaii.  Milt.
 Gala'ge,  ga-laje'.  ra.  *.  A  shepherd's
    clog.   Not  in use.
     My heart-blood is well nigh frorne, I feel;
   And my galage  grown fast to my heel.    Spenser.
 Gala'ngal,  ga-lang'gal.  ra.  *. [galange,
    Fr.]  A medicinal  root.
     The lesser galangal is in pieces, about an inch
   or two long, of the thickness  of a man's  little
   finger; a brownish  red colour, extremely hot and
   pungent.  The  larger galangal is in pieces, about
   two inches or more in length, and an inch in thick-
   ness: its colour  is brown, with a faint cast of red in
   it: it has a disagreeable, but  much less acrid and
   pungent taste.                            Hill.
 Gala'xy,  gal'lak-se.617  ra.   s.  [yaXx^iet;
    galaxie,  Fr.]  The milky  way; a stream
    of light in the  sky, consisting  of many
    small stars.
      A broad and  ample road, whose dust is gold,
    And pavement stars, as stars to thee appear,
    Seen in the galaxy.                    Milton.
      A brown, for which heaven would disband
    The galaxy, and stars be tann'd.       Cleaveland.
      Several lights will not be seen,
  If there be nothing else between;
  Men doubt, because they stand so thick i' th'.'sky;
  If those be stars that paint the galaxy.      Cowley.
    We dare not undertake to show what advantage
  is brought  to us by those innumerable  stars in th«
  galaxy.                              Bentley.
GA'LBANUM,  gal'ba-num.603  ra.  s.   A
  resinous gum.
    We meet  with galbanum sometimes in  loose
  granules, called drops or tears, which is toe purest,
  and sometimes in large masses.  It is soft like wax
  and ductile between  the fingers; of a yellowish or
  reddish colour; its smell is strong and disagreeable.
  It is of a middle nature between a gum  and a resin,
  being inflammable as a resin, and soluble in water
  as a gum, and  will  not dissolve in oil as pure re-
  sins do. It is  the produce of an umbelliferous plant.
                                         Hill.
    It yielded indeed a pleasant odour, like the best
  myrrh; as galbanum.                   Ecclus.
Gale, gale.  ra. s. [gahling, hasty, sudden,
  German.]   A   wind  not tempestuous,
  yet  stronger  than a breeze.
                  What happy gale
  Blows you to  Padua here, from oid Verona? Shak.
                 Winds
  Of gentlest gale Arabian odours fann'd
  From  their soft wings, and Flora's earliest smells.
                                       Milton.
        Fresh gales and gentle air.        JWiffon.
          Umbria's green retreats,
  Where western gafes eternally reside.    Addison.
Ga'leated, ga'le-a-ted.6°7  adj. [galeatus,
   Lat.]
I. Covered as with an helmet.
    A galeated eschinus copped, and in  shape some-
  what more conick than any of the foregoing.
                                    Woodward.
2. [In  botany.] Such  plants  as  bear   a
   flower  resembling  a  helmet,  as   the
   monkshood.
Galeri'culate,   ga-le-rik'u-late.   adj.
   [from  galerus, Lat.]   Covered as with
   a hat.
Ga'liot, gal'yfit. ra. s.  [galiotte, French.]
   A  little  galley or  sort  of brigantine,
   built very slight and fit  for chase.  It
   carries but one mast, and two or three
   pattereroes.  It can both sail  and row,
   and has sixteen or twenty seats for the
   rowers, with one man to each  oar. Diet.
     Barbarossa sent two notable pirates with thirty
  galiots, who,  landing their men, were  valiantly en-
   countered, and forced again to their galiots. Knolles.

 GALL,  gawl. ra.  s.   [geala, Sax. galle,
    Dut.]
  1.  The bile, an animal juice  remarkable
    for  its supposed bitterness.
               Come to my woman's breast,
   And  take my milk for gaff, you muthering ministers?
                                        Shaksp..
     A honey tongue, a heart of gall,
   Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall.        Shaksp.
     This position informs us of a vulgar  errour, term-
   ing the gaff  bitter, as  their proverb implies.  It's
   as bitter as gall; whereas there's nothing gustable
   sweeter; and what  is most unctuous must needs par-
    take of a sweet savour.                 Harvey.
     Gall is the greatest resolvent of curdled milk:
    Boerhaave has given at a time one drop of the gaff
    of an eel  with success.                Arbuthnot.
   . T:i"  part which contains the bile-
     The  married couple, as a testimony of future coo-
    cord, did cast the gall of the sacrifice behind  the
    altar.                                Brown.
   . Any  thing extremely bitter.
                Thither write, my queen,
    And with mine eyes I'll drink toe words you send,
    Though ink be made of gaff.            Shaksp 
GAL                                       GAL                                       GAL
               Poison be toeir drink!
   Gall, worse than gaff, the daintest meat they taste!
                                        Shaksp.
     She still insults, and you must still adore;
   Grant that the honey's much, the gaff is more.
                                        Dryden.
 4. Rancour; malignity.
     They did great hurt unto his title, and have left
   a perpetual gaff in the mind of the people.  Spenser.
 5. Anger; bitterness of mind.
     Suppose your hero were a lover,
   Though he before had gaff and rage;
   He grows dispirited and low,
   He hates tlie fight, and shuns the blow!     Prior.

 6. A slight  hurt by fretting  off  the skin.
   [from the  verb.]
     This is the fatalest wound; as much superiour to
   the former, as a gangrene to a gaif or scratch.
                        Government of the Tongue.
 7. [from galla.]
   ~ Galls or gallnuts are preternatural and acci-
   dental tumours produced on trees; but those of the
   oak only are used  in medicine.  We have oriental
   and European gaffs: the oriental are brought from
   Aleppo, of the  bigness of a large  nutmeg,  with
   tubercles on their surface, of a very  firm texture,
   and disagreeable acerb, and astringent taste.  The
   European gaffs are of the same size, with perfectly
   smooth  surfaces: toey are light, often  spongy, and
   cavernous within,  and always of a  lax texture.
   They have a  less austere  taste, and are of much
   less value than the first sort.  The  general history
   of galls is this: An insect of the fly kind wounds
   toe branches of the trees,  and in the hole deposits
   her egg; the lacerated vessels of the tree discharg-
   ing their  contents,  form a tumour or woody case
   about the hole, where toe egg is thus defended from
   all injuries.  This tumour also serves  for the food
   of toe tender maggot produced from the egg, which,
   as soon as it is in its winged  state, gnaws its way
   out, as appears  from the hole found  in the gall;
   and where no  hole  is seen, the maggot, or its  re-
   remains, are sure to  be found within.   It has been
   observed,  that the  oak does not  produce galls in
   cold countries: but this observation should be con-
   fined to the medicinal  galls; for  all those excre-
   scences  which we call oak-apples,  oak-grapes, and
   oak-cones, are true gaffs toough  less firm in their
   texture.                                 Hill.
     Besides the acorns, the oak beareth gaffs, oak-
   apples, and oak-nuts.                    Bacon.
   ' Malpighi, in his treatise  of gaffs, under which
   name he comprehends all preternatural and mor-
   bose excresences,  demonstrates that all such ex-
   crescences, where any  insects are found, are ex-
   cited by some venenose liquor, which, together with
   their eggs, such  insects shedi               Ray.
    The Aleppo gaffs,  wherewith we make ink, are
   no other than cases of insects, which  are bred in
   toem.                                Derham.
 To Gall, gawl.  v. a. [galer, Fr.]
 I. To hurt by fretting the skin.
            I'll touch my point
   With this contagion,  that if I gaff him slightly,
   It may be death.                      Shaksp.
    His yoke is easy, when by us embrac'd;
   But loads and gaffs, if on our necks 'tis cast.
                                       Denham.
    A carrier, when he would  think of a remedy for
  his gaffed horse,  begins with casting his eyes upon
  all things.                               Locke.
    On the monarch's speech  Achilles broke,
  And furious thus, and interrupting spoke,
  Tyrant, I well deserv'd thy galling chain.   Pope.
2. To impair; to  wear away.
    He doth object, I am too great of birth;
  And that my state being gaff'cf with my expence,
  I seek to heal it  only by his  wealth.       Shaksp.
    If it should fall down in a continual stream like a
  river, it  would gaff the ground, wash away plants
  by the roots, and overthrow bouses.          Ray.
3. To tease; to fret; to vjx
    In honour of that action, and to  gaff toeir minds
   who did  not so much commend it, he wrote his
   book.                                 Hooker.
     What  they seem contented with, even  for that
   very  cause we reject; and there is nothing but it
   pleaseth  us the better,  if we espy that it galleth
   them.                                 Hooker.
                When I shew justice,
   I pity those I do not know;
   Which a dismiss'd offence would after gaff. Shaksp.
     All studies here I solemnly defy,
   Save how to gaff and pinch this Bolingbroke. Shak.
     No man commits any sin but  his conscience
   smites him, and his guilty mind is frequently galled
   with the  rememberance of it.          Tillotson.
 4. To harass;  to mischief;  to keep  in a
   state of uneasiness.
     The Helots had gotten new  heart, and with di-
   vers sorts of shot from corners of streets and house-
   windows  galled them.                   Sidney.
     Light demilances from afar they throw,
   Fasten'd with leathern thongs, to gaff the foe.
                                        Dryden.
     In our wars against the French of old,  we  used
   to gaff them with our long bows, at a greater dis-
   tance than they could shoot their arrows. Addison.
 To  Gall, gawl.  v. ra. To fret.
     I have seen you glecking and galling at this gen-
   tleman twice or thrice.                  Shaksp,

 GA'LLANT, gal'lant.  adj. [galant,  Fr.
   from gala,  fine dress, Spanish.]
 I. Gay;  well   dressed;  showy;  splendid;
   magnificent.
     A place  of broad rivers, wherein shall go no
   galley with  oars,  neither shall gallant ships pass
   thereby.                               Isaiah.
     The gay, the wise, the gallant, and the grave,
   Subdu'd alike, all but one passion have.    Waller.
 2. Brave; high spirited: daring;  magnani-
   mous.
     Scorn, that  any should kill his uncle, made him
   seek his revenge in manner gallant enough. Sidney.
     But, fare thee well, thou art a  gallant youth.
                                        Shaksp.
     A gallant man, whose thoughts fly at the highest
   game, requires no further insight.         Digby.
 3. Fine; noble; spacious.
    There are no tricks in plain and simple faith;
   But hollow men, like horses hot at hand,
   Make gallant shew and promise of their mettle.
                                        Shaksp.
 4. Courtly with respect to ladies.
    He discoursed, how gallant and  how  brave a
   thing it would be for his highness to make a journey
   into Spain, and to fetch home his mistress.
                                    Clarendon.
    When first the soul of love is sent abroad,
  The gay troops begin
  In gallant thought to plume  their painted wings.
                                     Thomson.
Ga'llant,  gal-lant'.  ra. «.  [from the  ad-
   jective.]
 I. A gay, sprightly; airy, splendid man.
               The new proclaimation.
   ----What is 't for!
   —The reformation of our travell'd gallants,
   That fill toe court with quarrels, talk, and taylors.
                                        Shaksp,
    The gallants and  lusty youths of Naples came
   and offered themselves unto  Vastius.       Knolles.
    The gallants, to protect the lady's right,
   Their faucuions brandish'd at the grisly spright.
                                        Dryden.
     Gallants, look to  't, you say there are no sprights;
   But 1 'II come dance about your beds at nights.
                                        Diyden.
 2. A whoremaster, who caresses women
   to debauch them.
     One, worn to pieces with age, shews himself a
   young gallant.                         Shaksp.
     She had left the good man at home, and brought
   away her gallant.                     Addison.
                    5l2
 3. A  wooer; one who courts a woman for
   marriage.   In  the  two latter senses it
   has commonly  the  accent on the  last
   syllable.
 Ga'llantly,  gal'lant-le.  adv. [from gal-
   lant.]
 1. Gayly;  splendidly.
 2. Bravely;  nobly; generously.
     You have not dealt so gallantly with us as we
   did with you in  a parallel case: last  year a paper
   was brought here from England, which we ordered
   to be burnt by the common hangman.       Swift.
 Ga'llantry, gal'lan-tre. ra. s. [galanterie,
   French.]
 1. Splendour of appearance;  show; mag-
   nificience; glittering grandeur; ostenta-
   tious finery.
     Make toe  sea shine with gallantry, and all
  The English youth flock to their admiral.  Waller.
 2. Bravery;  nobleness; generosity.
     The eminence of your  condition, and the gal-
  lantry of your principles, will invite gentlemen  to
  toe useful and ennobling study of nature. Glanville.
 3. A number of gallants.
     Hector, Deiphobus, and all the gallantry of
  Troy, I would have arm'd to-day.          Shaksp.
 4. Courtship; refined address  to women.
     The martial Moors, in gallantry refin'd,
  Invent new arts to make their charmers kind.
                                      Granville.
 5. Vitious love; lewdness;  debauchery.
     It looks like a sort of compounding between vir-
  tue and  vice, as if a  woman  were allowed to be
  vicious, provided she be not a profligate; as if there
  were a certain point where gallantry ends, and in-
  famy begins.                            Swift.
Ga'lleass,  gal'le-as. n.  s.  [galeas, Fr.]
   A heavy low built  vessel,  with both
   sails and oars.   It carries  three masts,
   but  they  cannot be lowered, as in a
   galley.  It has thirty-two seats for row-
   ers, and  six  or seven  slaves  to each.
   They carry three tire  of  guns at  the
   head, and at  the  stern  there are  two
   tire of guns.                         Diet.
              My father hath no less
  Than three great argosies, besides two galleasses,
  And twelve tight gallics.                 Shaksp.
    The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case
  of great  necessity, thirty men of war, a hundred
  galleys, and ten  gaUeasses.               Addison.
Galle'on,  gal-166n'. ra.  s.  [galion, Fr.]
   A large  ship  with four or sometimes
   five decks, now in use only among  the
   Spaniards.
    I assured  them that I would stay for them al
  Trinidado, and  that  no force should  drive  me
  thence,  except I were sunk, or set on fire by the
  Spanish galleons.                      Raleigh.
     The number  of vessels were one hundred and
  thirty, whereof galleasses and galleons seventy-two,
  goodly ships, like floating towers or castles. Bacon.
Ga'llery, ga.l'lur-e.667  ra. s. [galerie,  Fr.
   derived by Du Cange from  galcria,  low
   Latin, a fine room.]
 1. A kind of  walk  along the floor of a
   house,  into   which  the doors  of  the
   apartments open; in  general, any build-
   ing of which the length much  exceeds
   the  breadth.
     In most part there had been framed by art such
   pleasant harbors, that, one answering another, tiu-y
   became a  gallery aloft from  troe  to  tree, almost
   round about, which below gave a perfect shadow.
                                         Sidiu <i.
     High liited up were many lofty to wen*, 
GAL
GAL
GAL
  And goodly galleries fair overlaid.       Spenser.
            Your gallery
  Have we pass'd through, not without much content.
                                      Shaksp.
    The row of return on the banquet side, let it be
  all stately galleries, in which galleries let there be
  three cupolas.                         Bacon.
    A private gallery 'twist th' apartments led,
  Nor to the foe yet known.             Denham.
    Nor is the shape of our cathedrals  proper for
  our preaching auditories, but rather the figure of an
  amphitheatre, with galleries gradually overlooking
  each other;  for into  this condition  toe  parish
  churches of London are driving apace, as appears
  by the many galleries every day built in them.
                                     Graunt.
    There are covered galleries that lead from the
  palace to five different churches.        Addison.
2. The seats in the playhouse, above  the
   pit, in which the meaner people sit.
    While all its throats the gallery extends,
  And all the thunder of the pit ascends.      Pope.
Ga'lletyle, gal'le-til. ra.  s.   I  suppose
   this word  has  the same import  with
   gallipot.
    Make a compound body of glass and galletyle;
  that is, to have the colour milky like a chalcedon,
  being a stuff between a porcellane and a glass.
                                       Bacon.
GA'LLEY,  gal'le.  ra. s. [galea, Italian;
   galere, French; derived  as some  think,
   from galea, a helmet, pictured  anciently
   on th e prow; as others  from  yetXear^,
   the  swordfish; as others from galleon,
   expressing in Syriac men exposed to
   the sea.  From galley come  galleass,
   galleon, galliot.]
 I. A vessel driven with oars, much in  use
   in the Mediterranean, but found unable
   to  endure the agitation of the  main
   ocean.
    Great Neptune grieved underneath the load
   Of ships, hulks, gallies, harks, and brigantines.
                                      Fairfax.
    7n the ages  following, navigation did  every where
   greatly decay, by the use of gaifies, and such ves-
   sels as could hardly brook toe ocean.      Bacon.
     Jason ranged the coasts of Asia  the Less in an
   open boat or kind of galley.             Raleigh.
         On oozy ground his gallies moor,
   Their heads are turn'd to sea, their sterns to shore.
                                      Diyden.
 2. It is proverbially considered as a place
   of toilsome misery, because  criminals
   are condemned to row in them.
     The  most voluptuous person  where he  tied to
   follow his bawks  and his hounds, his  dice and his
   courtships every day, would find it the greatest tor-
   ment that  could befal him: he would fly to the
   mines and the gallies for his recreation, and to the
   spade  and  the mattock for a diversion from the
   misery of a continual uninterrupted pleasure. South.
 Ga'lley-slave, gal'le-slave. ra.  s. [galley
   and slave.] A  man condemned for some
   crime  to row in the gallies.
     As if one chain were not sufficient  to load poor
   men, he must be clogged with innumerable chains:
   this is  just such another freedom  as  the  Turkish
   galley-slaves do enjoy.                 Bramhall.
     Hardened galley-slaves despise manumission.
                                Decay of Piety.
     The surges gently dash against the shore,
   Flocks quit the plains, and galley-slaves their oar.
                                        Garth.

 Ga'lliard, gal'yard. ra.  *.  [gaillard, Fr.
   imagined to be derived from  the Gaul-
   ish ard, genius; and gay.]
 1. A gay. brisk,  lively man;  a fine fellow.
     Seiden is a galliard by himself.     Cleavelcmd.
2. An active, nimble, sprightly dance. It
   is in both senses now obsolete.
    I did think, by the excellent constitution of thy
  leg, it was formed under the star of a galliard.
                                      Shaksp.
            There's nought in France
  That can be with a nimble galliard won:
  You cannot revel into dukedoms there.     Shaksp.
    If there be any that would take up all the time,
  let him find means to take them  off, and bring
  others on;  as musicians used to do with those that
  dance too long galliards.                 Bacon.
    The  tripla's and  changing of times have an
  agreement with  the changes of motion; as when
  galliard time and measure time are in  the medley
  of once dance.                          Bacon,
GA'ILLARDISE,   gal'yar-dize.   ra.  s.
   [Fr.]   Meriment;  exuberant   gayety.
   Not in  use.
    At my  nativity my  ascendant  was  the  watery
  sign of Scorpius; I was born in the  planetary hour
  of Saturn, and I think I have a piece of toat leaden
  planet  in me:  I am  no way facetious, nor disposed
  for the mirth and gaUlardise of company.  Brown-
Ga'llicism, gal'le-sizm. ra. s.  [gallicisme,
   French; from gallicus, Latin.] A mode
   of speech peculiar to  the French  lan-
   guage: such as, he figured in contro-
   versy;  he  held this  conduct;  he held
   the  same  language that another  had
   held  before:  with  many other expres-
   sions to be found  in the pages of  Bo-
   lingbroke.
     In English I would have gallicisms avoided,  that
   we may keep to our own language, and not follow
   the French mode in our speech.          FeUon.

 Ga'lligaskins, gal'Ie-gas'klns. ra. s. [Ca-
   lige  Gallo-Vasconum.  Skinner.]  Large
   open hose.  Not used but in ludicrous
   language.
     My galligaskins, that have long withstood
   The winter's fury, and encroaching frosts,
   By time subdu'd,. what will not time subdue,
   An horrid chasm disclose.               Philips,
 GALLIMA'TIA,   gal-le-ma'sha.  ra.  s.
   [galimathias, Fr.]  Nonsense; talk with-
   out meaning.

 Gallimau'fry,   gal-le-maw'fre.  ra.   s.
   [galimafre, Fr.]
 1. A  hotch-potch, or hash of several sorts
   of broken  meat; a medley.     Hanmer.
     They have made of our English tongue agaffimaw-
   fry or hodge-podge of all other speeches. Spenser.
 2. Any inconsistent or ridiculous medley.
     They have a dance, which the wenches say is a
   gallimaufry of gambois, because  they are not in 't.
                                    S/iafcspeare.
     The painter, who  under pretence of diverting
   the eyes, would fill  his  picture with such varieties
   as alter the truth of history, would make a ridicu-
   lous piece  of painting,  and a mere gallimaufry of
   his work.                           Dryden
 3.  It  is  used  by  Shakspeare ludicrously
    of a woman.
     Sir John affects thy wife.
   —Why,  sir, my wife is  not young.
   —He wooes both  high and low, both rich and
         poor;
   He loves thy gallimaufry, friend.     Shakspeare.
 Ga'lliot,  gal'yut.  n.  e.  [galiotte,  Fr.]
    A  small swift galley.
     Barbarossa departing out of Hellespontus  with
   eighty gallies  and certain galliots,  shaped his
   course towards Italy.           Knolles' History.
 Ga'llipot, gal'le-pot. ra. s.  [gleye, Dutch,
    shining  earth.  Skinner. The  true  deri-
    vation is  from gala, Spanish,  finery.
   Gala, or gallypot, is a fine painted pot.]
   A pot painted and  glazed, commonly
   used for medicines.
    Plato said his master Socrates was like the apo-
  thecary's gallipots, that had on the outsides apes,
  owls, and satyrs; but within, precious drugs. Bacon
    Here phials in nice discipline are set:
  There gallipots are rang'd in alphabet.     Garth.
    Alexandrinus thought it unsafe to trust the real
  secret of his phial and gallipot to any man.  Sped
    Thou toat dost iEsculapius deride,
  And o'er his gallipots in triumph ride.    Fenton.

Ga'llon, gal'lun.  ra. s. [gelo, low Latin.]
   A liquid measure  of four quarts.
    Beat them into powder,  and boil them in a gal-
  lon of wine, in a vessel close stopped.   Wiseman.
Gallo'on, gal-l66n'. ra. *. [galon, French.]
   A kind  of close lace made  of gold  or
   silver, or of silk alone.
To GA'LLOP, gal'lup. v.  ra.  [galoper,
   French.]  Derived  by  ail the etymolo-
   gists,  after  Budceus,  from  x<*A?r«£eiv;
   but perhaps it  comes from gane, all,
   and loopen,  to run, Dutcn; that is, to  go
   on full  speed.]
1. To move forward by leaps, so  that  all
   the feet are off the ground at once.
                 I did hear
   The galloping of horse:  who was 't come by?
                          Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    His steeds will be restrain'd,
   But gallop lively down the western hill.   Donne.
    In such a shape grim  Saturn did restrain,
   His heav'nly limbs, and flow'd with such a mane,
   When half surpriz'd, and fearing to be seen,
   The leacher gallop'd from his jealous queen. Dryd.
2. To ride at the pace which is perform-
   ed by leaps.
    Seeing  such  streams of blood as threatened a
   drowning life,  we galloped toward them  to part
   them.                               Sidney.
             They 'gan espy
   An armed knight towards them gallop fast,
   That seemed from some feared foe to fly.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    He who fair  and softly goes steadily forward, in
   a course  that points right,  will  sooner be at his
   journey's end, than he that runs after every one he
   meets, toough he gaffop all day full speed.  Locke.
3. To move very fast.
                 The golden sun
   Gallops the zodiack  in his glist'ring coach. Shaks.
    Whom doth time  gallop withal?
   —With a thief to the gallows.        Shakspeare.
    He that rides post through a country may, from
   the transient view,  tell how in general the parts
   lie: such superficial  ideas he may collect in gallop-
   ing over it.                           Locke.
Ga'llop, gal'lup. ra. s.  [from the verb.]
   The motion of  a horse when he runs at
   full speed;  in which,  making a kind of
   a leap forward,  he lifts both his forelegs
   very near at the same time;  and while
   these are in the air,  and just upon  the
   point of  touching the ground, he  lifts
   both his hindlegs almost at  once.
                             Farrier's Diet.
 Ga'lloper, gal'lup-ur. ra. s. [from gallop]
  l. A  horse that gallops.
     Mules bred  in cold countries are much better to
   ride than horses for their walk and trot; but  they
   are commonly rough gallopers, though some of them
   are very fleet.            Mortimer's Husbandry.
 2. A man that rides fast,  or makes great
    haste.
  To Ga'llow, gal'lo. v. a.  [ajaelpan, to
    fright,  baxon.]  To terrify; to fright 
                 GAL

           The wrathful skies
  Gallow the very wand'rers of the dark,
  And make them keep toeir caves.     Shakspeare,
Ga'lloway, gal'16-wa.  ra. s.  A horse not
  more than  fourteen hands high, much
  used in the  north; probably as coming
  originally from  Galloway,  a shire  in
  Scotland.
 Ga'llowglasses, gal'16-glas-es. ra. s.
 1. It is worn  likewise  of  footmen  under
  their shirts of mail, the  which footmen
   the Irish call gallowglasses: the which
   name doth discover them also to be an-
   cient English;  for gallogla signifies  an
   English servitor or  yeoman.   And  he
   being  so armed in a  long shirt of mail
   down  to the calf of his leg, with a long
   broad  ax in  his  hand, was then pedes
   gravis armature; and was  instead ot
   the footmen that now weareth a corslet,
   before the corslet was used,  or almost
   invented.          Spenser on Ireland.
  3.  [Hanmer,  otherwise  than  Spenser.]
    Soldiers  among the  wild Irish, who
    serve on  horseback.
      A puissant and mighty pow'r
   Of gallowglasses and stout kernes,
   Is marching hitoerward in proud array.    Shaksp.
  Ga'llow, gal'liis.>ra.  s.  [It is used  by
  Ga'llows,       S    some  in the  sl"gU"
     Iar; but by more only in  the plural, or
     sometimes has another plural gallow-
     ses.  Galgo, Goth,  jealja, Sax. galge,
     Dutch; which some derive from gabu-
     lus furea, Latin; others from n3J high,
     others from gallu,  Welsh,  power:  but
     it is  probably  derived like  gallow,^ to
     fright, from aj^lpan, the gallows being
     the great object of legal terrour.]
   1. A beam laid  over two posts, .on winch
      malefactors are hanged.            .
       This monster sat like a hangman upon a pair ot
     gallows: in his right hand he was painted holding
    i crown of laurel, in  his left hand a pojutf

     Two'uld we were air of one mind, and one mind
     good; 0, there were desolation of gaole^and g«f-

       I prophesied if a galloios were onland'
     This fellow could not drown.        f£e  t
       He took the mayor aside, and whispered him that
     execution must that day  be done, and therefore re-
     quired him that a pair of gallows *»dd bee^
     6d A poor fellow  going to the gallows, may_be al-
     lowedI to feel the smart  of wasps while he is^upon
     Tyburn road.                 ,     ,,   ttiJ
   2  \ wretch that deserves the gallows.
       Cupid hath been five  thousand years a boy.
     —Ay: and a shrewd unhappy gallows too.   Shaks.
   €U'llowsfree,  gal'lus-free.  adj.  [gal*
      lows and free.] Exempt by  destiny from
      being hanged.
        Let'him be gallowsfree by my consent
      And  nothing suffer, since he nothing meant. Dryd
    Ga'llowtree, gal'16-tree. ra. .. [gallows
      and tree.]  The tree  of terrour; the tree
      of execution.
        He hung their conquer'd arms, for more defame,
      to gallowtrees,  in honour of his dearest dame^

        A Scot when from the gaffou>tree got loose,
      Drops into Styx, and turns a soland g°°-^^
GAM
Gamra'oe, gam-bade'.  > n.  ..  !>«»*«.
Gamba'do, gam-ba'd6.  $  Italian, a leg.]
   Spatterdashes;  boots worn  upon the
   lees above the shoe.
     Ihe pettifogger ambles to *"£$%£
 GXB\;tgWbl-u,ra.,[Acantword
   1 suppose, for game or gamester.]   A
   knave whose practice it is to invite the
   unwary, to game and  cheat them.
 Ga'mboge, gam-b66dje'.  n. s  A  con-
   creted vegetable juice, partly of a gum-
   my, partly of a resinous nature, heavy,
   of a bright yellow colour,  and  scarce
   any smell.  It is  brought from Ame-
   rica and the East Indies, particularly
   from Cambaja, or Cambogia.      Hill.
  To G A'MBOL, gam'bul.166 v. ra. [gambil-
    lev  Fr  l
  1. To dance; to skip: to frisk; to jump  for
    joy: to  play merry frolicks.
     Bears,  tygers, ounces, pards,
   Gambol'd before toem.       .         Mtllon-
     The king of elfs, and little fairy queen,
    Gambol'd on heaths, and dane'd on ev'ry green.^

          The monsters of the flood
    Gambol around him in the wat'ry way,
    And heavy whales in awkward measures play^ ^

   . To leap; to start.
              'Tis not madness
     That I have utter'd: bring me to the test,
     And I toe matter will record, which n^ness
     Would gamble from.               SAafcspeare
   Ga'mbol, gam'bul. ra. s. [from the verb.]
   1. A skip; a hop; a leap for joy.
      A gentleman had  got a favourite spaniel, that
     would be still toying and leaping upon him, and
     playing a thousand pretty gambols    L'Estrange.
      Bacchus through the conquer'd Indies rode
     And beasts in gambols frisk'd before *eir^onest
          god.                           "
   2. A frolick; a  wild prank.
       For who did ever play his gambols,
     With such unsufferable rambles.       Hudibras.
   Ga'mbrel, g&m'brll.»" n. s. [from gamba,
     gambarella,  Italian.]  The  leg   of  a
     horse.                        .  x,
       What can be more admirable than for the prin-
     ciples of the fibres of a tendon to be so mixed as to
     make it a soft body,  and yet to have the strength
     of iron? as appears by the weight which the ten-
     don, lying on a  horse's gambrel, doth then com-
     mand, when he rears up with a man upon t»s^-

   GAME, game.   ra.  ».  [gaman, a  jest,
      Islandick.]
    1. Sport of any kind.
       we have had pastimes here, and pleasing game.
                                     Shakspeare.
     2  Jest: opposed to earnest or seriousness.
        Then on her head they set a garland green,
     -♦And crowned her 'twixt earnest and 'twixt game.
                                       Spenser.
     3. Insolent merriment; sportive insult.
        Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels,
      On my refusal, to distress me more;
      Or make a game of my calamities.        MUton
     4. A single match at play.
     =•  Advantage in  play.
        Mutual vouchers for our fame we stand,
      And play the game into each other's hand.   Drycf.
     6. Scheme pursued; measures  planned.
        This seems to be the present game of that crown,
      and that they will begin no other Hill they see an
      end of this.                          TeniPle'
                 G AiM

[7. Field sports: as, the chace, falconry.
    If about this hour he make his way,
   Under toe colour of his usual game,
   He shall here find his friends with horse and men,
   To set him free from his captivity.    Shakspeare.
     What arms to ase, or nets to frame,
   Wild beasts to combat, or to tame,
   With all the myst'ries of that game.      Waller.
     Some sportsmen, that were abroad upon game,
   spied a company of bustards and cranes.    L Est,
 8  Animals pursued in  the field; animals
    appropriated to legal sportsmen.
     Hunting, and men, not beasts, shall be his gome,
   With war" and hostile snare, such as refuse
   Subjection to his empire tyrannous.      MUton.
     There is such a variety of game springing up
   before me, that I know not which to follow. Dryd.
     A btoodhound will follow the person he pursues
   and all hounds the particular game the^harein
   CI13.CC
      Go' with thy Cynthia hurl the pointed spear
   At the rough bear, or chace the flying deer;
   I and my Chloe take a nobler aim,
   At human hearts we fling, nor ever miss thegmn*.

      Proud Nimrod first the bloody chace began,
    A mighty hunter, and his prey was man:
    Our haughty Norman boasts that barb'rous name,
    And makes his trembling slaves the royal game. ^

      Shorten my labour, if its length you blame,
    For, grow but wise, you rob me of my Same-

   h Solemn  contests,  exhibited  as spec-
    tacles to the people.
      The games are done, and Caesar is returning.

      Milo, when ent'ring the Olympick game,
    With a huge ox upon his shoulders came. Denham.
   To Game, game. v. ra. [jaman, Saxon.J
   I. To play at any sport.
   2. To play wantonly and extravagantly tor
     money.                          .
       Gaming leaves no  satisfaction behind "j""0
     way profits either body or mind.          Locfce.
   Ga'mecock, game'kok'. ra. s. [game and
      cock.] A cock bred to fight.
       They manage the dispute as fiercely as two game*-
     cocks in the pit.                       Locfcf,
   Ga'me-egg,  game'eg'.  ra. s.  [game  and
      egg.] An egg from  which a  fighting-
      cock is bred.
       Thus boys hatch game-eggs  under birds of prey,
      To make the fowl more furious for toe fray. Garth.
   Ga'mekeefer, game'keep-ur. n.s. [game
      and keep.]  A person who looks  after
      game; and sees it is not destroyed.
    Ga'mesome, game'stim.ad/. [from game.]
      Frolicksome;  gay;   sportive; playful;
      sportful.
        Geron, though old, yet gamesome, kept one end
      withCos'ma.               ,        f S^'
        I am not gamesome; I do lack some part
      Of that quick spirit that is in Antony.      Shaks.
        The gamesome wind among her tresses play,
      And cnrleth up those growing riches short. Fairfax.
        Belial, in like gamesome mood.        MUton.
        This gamesome humour of children should rather
      be encouraged, to keep  up their spirits and im-
      prove their strength and health, than curbed or re-
      strained.
     Ga'mesomevess,  game'sum-nes.  ra.  s.
       [from gamesome.]   Sportiveness; mer-
        riment
Ga'mesomely, game'sum-le. adv. [from
  gamesome.] Merrily.
Ga'mester, game'stur. n.s. [from game.]
 1. One who is vitiously addicted to play. 
GAN
GAN
GAP
   Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good stu-
 dent from his book, and it is wonderful.     Shaks.
   •A gamester, the greater master he is in his art,
 the worse man he is.                   Bacon.
    Gamesters for whole patrimonies play;
 The steward brings the deeds, which must convey
 The whole estate.                    Dryden.
    Could we look into the mind of a common gdme-
 ster, we should see it full  of nothing but trumps
 and mattadores: her slumbers are haunted  wito
 kings, queens, and knaves.             Addison.
    All the superfluous whims elate,
 That fill a female gamester's pate;
 What agony of soul she feels
 To see a knave's inverted heels.          Swift.
    Her youngest daughter is  run away with a game-
  ster, a man of great beauty, who in dressing and
  dancing has no superior.                 Law.
2.  One  who is engaged at play.
    When lenity and cruelty play for kingdoms,
  The gentler gamester is the soonest winner. Shaks.
    A man may think, if he will, toat two eyes see
  no more than one; or that a gamester seeth always
  more than a looker-on: but, when all is done, the
  help of good counsel is that  which setteth business
  strait.                                Bacon.
3.  A merry frolicksome person.
          You're a merry gamester,
  My lord Sands.                     Shakspeare.
4.  A prostitute. Not in  use.
          She 's impudent, my lord,
  And was a common gamester to the camp.  Shaks.
Ga'mmer, gam'mur. ra. s. [of uncertain
   etymology;  perhaps from  grand mere,
   and  therefore used  commonly  to old
   women.] The compellation of a woman
   corresponding to gaffer:  as,  Gammer
   Gurton's Needle.  An old  play.
Ga'mmon,  gam'mun.168  ra.  s.  [gambone,
   Italian.]
1.  The buttock  of a hog salted and dried;
   the  lower end of the flitch.
     Ask for what price toy venal tongue was sold;
  A rusty gammon of some scv'n years old.   Dryd.
     Gammons, that give a relish to the taste,
  And potted fowl, and fish, come in so fast,
  That ere toe first is out, the second stinks.   Dryd.
2.  A kind of play with  dice.
               The quick dice,
  In thunder leaping from the box, awake
  The sounding gammon.               Thomson.
Ga'mut, gain'iit.  ra. *.  [gama,  Italian.]
   The scale of musical  notes.
     Madam, before you touch the instrument,
  To learn the order of my fingering,
  I must begin with rudiments of art,
  To teach you gamut in a briefer sort.     Shaks.
     When by the gamwf some musicians make
  A perfect song, others will undertake,
  By ihe same gamut chang'd, to equal it:
  Things simply good can never be unfit.    Donne.
     Long has a race of heroes fill'd the stage,
  That rant by note, and through the gamut rage;
  In songs and airs express their martial fire,
  Combat in  trills, and in a fugue expire. Addison.
'Gan, gan. for began, from 'gin for begin.
            The noble knight 'gan feel
  His vital force to faint.                Spenser.
To Ganch,  gansh.  v. a. [gandere, from
  ganchio,  a hook, Italian; ganche, Fr.]
   To drop from a high place upon hooks,
   by way  of punishment:  a  practice in
   Turkey,  to  which Smith alludes in his
   Pocockius.
    Cohors catenis qua pia stridulis
  Gemunt onusti, vel sude trans sinum
  Luctantur acta, pendulive
  Sanguineis  trepidant in uncis.      Muses Angl-
Ga'nder, gan'dur.98 ra. s. [janbria, Sax.]
   The male of the goose.
    As deep drinketh toe goose as the gander.
                            Camden's Remains.
    One gander will serve for five geese.  Mortimer.

To  GANG, gang. v. a. [gangen, Dutch;
  gangan, Saxon; gang,  Scottish.]   To
  go; to walk. An old word not used, ex-
  cept ludicrously.
            But let them gang alone,
  As they have brewed, so let them bare blame.
                                     Spenser.
    Your flaunting beaux gang with their breasts
  open.                             Arbuthnot.

Gang, gang. n. s. [from the verb.]  A
  number herding together; a  troop;  a
  company; a tribe;  a  herd.  It is seldom
  used but in contempt or abhorrence.
    0, you panderly rascals! there 's a knot, a gang,
  a pack, a conspiracy against me.      Shakspeare.
    As a gang  of thieves was robbing a house,  a
  mastiff fell a barking.             L'Estrange.
    Admitted in among the gong,
  He acts and talks as they befriend him.    Prior.

GA'JVGHOJY, gan'gon. ra. *. [French.] A
  kind of flower.               Ainsworth.
Ga'nglion, gang'gle-un.  ra. s. [yxfyxUv.]
  A tumour in the tendinous and nervous
   parts.
    Bone setters usually represent every bone dislo-
  cated, though possibly it be but a ganglion, or
  other crude tumour,  or preternatural protuberance
  of some part of a joint.                Wiseman.
To  Ga'ngrenate,  gang'gre-nate.  v. a.
   [from gangrene.]   To produce a gan-
   grene;  to mortify.
     Parts cauterized, gangrenated, siderated,  and
  mortified,  become  black, the radical moisture or
  vital sulphur suffering an extinction.      Brown.
GA'NGKENE, gang'grene.408 ra.s. [gan-
  grene, French; gangrcena, Latin.]   A
   mortification; a stoppage of circulation,
   followed by putrefaction.
     This experiment may  be  transferred  unto toe
  cure of gangrenes, either coming of themselves, or
  induced by too much applying of opiates.   Bacon.
     She saves the lover, as we gangrenes stay,
  By cutting hope, like a lopt limb, away.   Waller.
     A discolouring in toe part was supposed an ap-
  proach of a gangrene.                Wiseman.
     If the substance ofthe soul  is festered with these
  passions,  the gangrene is gone too far to be ever
  cured: the inflammation will rage to all eternity.
                                     Addison.
To Gan'grene,  gang'grene. v.  a. [gan-
  grencr,  Fr.  from the noun.]   To  cor-
   rupt to mortification.
     In cold countries, when men's noses and ears are
  mortified, and, as it were, gangrened with cold, if
  they come to a fire  they rot off presently, for that
  the few spirits that remain in those parts, are sud-
  denly drawn  forth,  and so  putrefaction is  made
  complete.                            Bacon.
     Gangren'd members must  be lop'd away,
  Before the nobler parts are tainted to decay.  Dryd.
To Ga'ngrene, gang'grene. v. ra.  To be-
  come mortified.
           Wounds immedicable
  Rankle and fester, and gangrene
  To black mortification.                  Milton.
     As phlegmons are subject to  mortification,  so
  also in fat bodies  they are apt  to gangrene after
  opening, if that fat be not speedily digested out.
                                     Wiseman.
Ga'ngrenous, gang'gre-nus.  adj. [from
  gangrene.]   Mortified;  producing or
   betokening mortification.
     The  blood, turning  acrimonious, corrodes the
  vessels, producing haemorrhages,  pustules red, lead-
  coloured, black, and gangrenous.      Arbuthnot.
Ga'ngway, gang'wa. «• s.  In a ship, the
   several ways or passages from one part
  of it to the other.                   Diet.
Ga'ngweek,  gang'week. ra. s. [gang and
   week.]   Rogation  week, when proces-
   sions are made to  lustrate the bounds
   of parishes.                         Diet.
Ga'ntelope, gant'iiip. 7 ra. s.  [gantlet  is
Ga'ntlet,  gant'iet.     $ onty  corrupted
   from gantelope; gant, all, and loopen,  to
   run, Dutch.]   A  military  punishment,
   in which the criminal running between
   the ranks receives a lash  from  each
   man.
    But  would'st  thou,  friend, who hast two legs
         alone,
  Would'st thou to run the gantlet, these expose,
  To a whole company of hob-nail'd shoes?  Dryden.
    Young gentlemen are driven with a whip, to run
  the gantlet through the several classes.     Locke.
Ga'nza, gan'za. ra. *.  [gansa, Spanish,  a
   goose.]   A  kind of wild  goose, by a
   flock of which  a virtuoso  was fabled  to
   be carried to the lunar world.
    They are but idle dreams and fancies,
  And favour strongly of the ganza's.     Hudibras.
GAOL, jale.a12 ra. *. [geol, Welsh; geole,
   French.]  A prison, a place of confine-
   ment. It is aiways pronounced and too
   often written jail, and sometimes goal.
    Then am I the prisoner, and his bed my gaof.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Have I been ever free, and must my house
   Be my retentive enemy, my gaol?     Shakspeare.
    If we mean to thrive and do  good,  break open
  toe gaols, and let out the prisoners.    Shakspeare.
To Gaol, jale. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   imprison; to commit to gaol.
    Gaoling vagabonds  were chargeable, pesterous,
  and of no open example.                 Bacon.
Ga'oldelivery,   jale'de-liv'ur-e.   ra.  s,
   [gaol and deliver.]   The judicial pro-
   cess, which  by  condemnation or acquit-
   tal of persons  confined evacuates the
   prison.
    Then doth th' aspiring soul the body leave,
  Which we call death; but were it known to all,
  What life our souls  do by this death receive,
  Men would it birth  or gaoldelivery call.    Davies.
    These make a general gaoldelivery of souls,  not
  for punishment.                         South.
Ga'oler, jale'iir. ra. s. [from gaol.]  Keep-
   er of a  prison;  he  to whose care the
   prisoners are committed.
    This is a  gentle provost; seldom, when
   The steeled gaoler  is the friend of men.    Shaksp.
    I know not how or why my surly gaoler,
   Hard as his irons, and insolent as pow'r,
   When  put in vulgar hands, Cleanthes,
   Put off the brute.                      Diyden.
    From the polite  part of mankind she had been
   banished and immured, 'till the death of her gaoler.
                                        Tatler.
 Gap, gap.  ra. s. [from gape.]
 I. An opening in a  broken fence.
          Behold the despair,
   By custom and covetous pates,
   By gaps and opening of gates.             Tusser.
     With terrours and with furies to the bounds
   And crystal wall of heav'n: which, opening wide,
   Roll'd inward,  and a spacious gap disclos'd
   Into the wasteful deep.                 MUton.
     Bushes are most lasting of any for dead hedges
   or to mend gaps.                    Mortimer.
     I sought lor a man,  says God,  that should make
   up the hedge, and  stand in the gap before me, for
   the land that I should not destroy it.       Rogers. 
GAr
GAR
GAR
  2. A breach.
      The loss of that city concerned the  christian
   commonweal:  manifold miseries  afterwards ensued
   by the opening of that gap to all  that side of Christ-
   endom.                               Knolles.
  3. Any passage.
     So stands the Thracian herdsman'with the spear
   Full in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear,
   And hears him rustling in toe wood.      Dryden.
  4. An avenue; an open way.
     The former  kings of England passed into them a
   great part of their prerogatives; which though then
   it was well intended, and  perhaps well  deserved,
   yet now such a gap of mischief lies open  thereby,
   that I could wish it were well stopt.      Spenser.
  5. A hole; a deficiency.
     If you violently proceed against him, mistaking
   his purpose, it  would make a great gap in your hon-
   our.                               Shakspeare.
     Nor is it any botch or gap in the works of nature.
                                         More.
  6. Any interstice; a vacuity.
     Each one demand, and answer to his part
   Perform'd in this wide gap of time, since first
   We were discover'd.                Shakspeare.
     That I might sleep out tois great gap of time my
   Antony is away,                     Shakspeare.
     To make 'twixt words and lines huge gaps,
   Wide as meridians in maps.            Hudibras.
     One can revive a languishing conversation  by a
   sudden surprising sentence; another is more dexte-
   rous in  seconding;  a third  can  fill the gap with
   laughing.                               Swift.
 .7. An opening of the mouth in speech  du-
   ring the pronunciation of two  succes-
   sive vowels.
     The hiatus, or gap between two words, is caused
   by two vowels opening on each other.       Pope.
  8. To stop a Gap. To escape by some mean
   shift: alluding to hedges  mended with
   dead bushes,  till  the   quicksets  will
   grow.
     His policy consists in setting traps,
   In  finding ways and  means, and stopping gaps.
                                         Swift.
 9. To stand in the Gap. To make defence;
   to expose himself for the  protection of
   something in danger.
     What  would become of the church,  if there
   were none more concerned for her rights than tois!
   Who would sfancf in the gap?              Lesley.
 Gap-toothed,  gap't66?At.389  adj.  [gap
   and tooth.]  Having interstices between
   the teeth.
    The reeve, miller, and cook, are distinguished
   from each other, as much  as  the mincing lady
   prioress and the broad-speaking gaptoothed wife of
   Bath.                                 Dryden.
 To  GAPE, gap'?692341  v.  a.  [jeapan,
   Saxon.]
 I. To open the mouth wide;  to yawn.
    Some men there are love not a gaping pig;
   Some, that are mad, if they behold a cat.   Shaksp.
    Gaping,  or yawning, and stretching,  do pass
  from man  to man; for that that causeth gaping and
  stretching is  when the spirits are a little heavy by
  any vapour.                         Arbuthnot.
    She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
  And asks if it be time to rise.              Swift.
2. To open the mouth for food, as a young
   bird.
          As callow birds,
  Whose mother 's kill'd in seeking of the prey,
  Cry in their nest, and think her long away:
  And at each leaf that flies, each  blast of wind,
  Gape for the  food which they must never find.
                                      Dryden.
    As in a drought the thirsty creatures cry,
  And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain,
  Then first the martlet meets it in the sky,
   And with wet wings joys all the feather'd train.
                                        Dryden.
 3, To desire earnestly; to crave: with for.
     To her grim death appears in all her shapes;
   The hungry grave for her due  tribute gapes.
                                       Denham.
     To thy fortune be not thou  a slave;
   For what hast thou to fear beyond the grave!
   And thou, who gap'stfor my estate, draw near,
   For I would whisper somewhat in thy ear. Dryden.
 I. With after.
     What shall we say of those  who spend their days
   in gaping after court-favour and preferments?
                                    L'Estrange.
 5. With at.
     Many have gapecf af  toe church revenues; but
   before they  could  swallow  them,  have  had their
   mouths stopped in toe church-yard.         South.
 6. To open in fissures or  holes.
     If it assume my noble father's person,
   I '11 speak to it though hell itself should gape,
   And bid me hold my peace.          Shakspeare.
     May that ground gape, and  swallow me alive,
   Where I shall kneel to him that slew my father.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The great horse-mussel, with the fine shell, doth
   gape and shut as the oysters do.           Bacon.
     The reception of one  is as different from the ad-
   mission of the other, as  when  the earth falls open
   under the incisions of the plough, and when it gapes
   and  greedily opens itself to  drink in toe dew of
   heaven, or the refreshments of a shower.    South.
     The mouth of a little artery and nerve gapes into
   the cavity of these vesicles.              Cheyne.
 7. To open with a breach.
    The planks, their pitchy coverings wash'd away,
   Now yield, and now a yawning breach display:
   The roaring waters, with a hostile tide,
   Rush through the ruins of her gaping side.  Dryden.
    That all  these  actions can be performed by ali-
   ment, as well as medicines, is  plain; by observing
   the effects  of different substances upon the fluids
  and solids,  when  the vessels are open  and gape by
  a wound.                          Arbuthnot.
8. To open: to have an hiatus.
    There is not,  to the  best of my remembrance,
  one vowel gaping on another for want of a caesura
  in this poem.                         Dryden.
9.  To make a noise with open throat.
    And, if my muse can through past ages see,
  That noisy, nauseous, gaping fool is he. Roscommon.
10. To stare with hope or  expectation.
    Others will gape V anticipate
  The cabinet designs of fate;
  Apply to  wizards, to foresee
  What shall, and what shall never be.    Hudibras.
11. To stare  with wonder.
    Parts of different species jumbled together ac-
  cording to the mad imagination ofthe dawber; and
  the end of all this to cause laughter; a very monster
 in a Bartholemew fair, for toe mob to gape  at.
                                      Dryden.
   Where elevated o'er the gaping crowd,
 Clasp'd in the board toe perjur'd head is bow'd,
   Or is thy bagpipe broke, that sounds so sweet:
   Or art thou of thy loved lass forlorne.     Spenser
 Garb, garb.  ra. s. [garbe, French.]
 I. Dress; clothes; habit.
     Thus Belial, with words cloath'd in reason's garf>,
   Counsel'd ignoble ease and peaceful sloth.  Milton
     He  puts himself into  the garb and habit of a
   professor of physick, and sets up.     L'Estrange.
 2. Fashion of dress.
     Horace's wit, and Virgil's state,
   He did not steal, but emulate;
   And when he would like them appear,
   Their garb, but not their cloaths did wear. Denham.•
   Exteriour appearance.
             This is some fellow,
   Who, having been prais'd for bluntness, doth affect
   A saucy roughness and constrains the garb
   Quite from his nature.               Shakspeare.
 Ga'rbage, gar'bidje.90  ra.  s.   [garbear,
   Spanish.    This   etymology   is   very
   doubtful.]   The bowels; the offal; that
   part of the inwards which is separated
   and thrown away.
                The cloyed will,
   That satiate, yet unsatisfy'd desire, that tub
   Both fill'd and running, ravening first toe lamb,
   Longs after for the garbage.          Shakspeare.
     Lust, though to a radiant angel link'd
   Will sate itself in a celestial bed,
   And prey on garbage.                Shakspeare.
     A flame more senseless than the rog'ry
   Of old aruspicy and aug'ry,
   That out of garbages of cattle
   Presag'd to' events of truce or battle.   Hudibras.
     Who, without aversion, ever look'd
   On holy garbage, though by Homer cook'd?
                                   Roscommon.-..
    When you receive condign punishment,  you run
   to  your confessor,  that parcel of guts and garbage.
                                      Dryden.
Ga'rbel, gar'bil."  n, s,  A  plank  next
   the keel of a ship.
Ga'rbidge, ?   ,  ,, -,,.
                gar'bidje.
Ga'rbish,
n. s. Corrupted
from garbage.
Gay.
Job.
  Betimes retreat.
 12. To  stare irreverently.
    They have gaped upon me with their mouth.
Ga'per, ga'pur.98 ra. s. [from gape.]
 1. One  who opens his  mouth.
2. One  who stares foolishly.
3. One  who longs or craves.
    The  golden shower of the dissolved abbey lands
  rained well near into every gaper's mouth.  Carew.
Gak, gar.77 in Saxon,  signifies  a  weapon:
   so  Eadgeris a happy weapon; Ethelgar,
   a noble weapon.                  Gibson.
To Gar, gar. v. a. [giera, Islandick.]  To
  cause; to  make.   Obsolete. It is  still
  used in Scotland.
   Tell me. good Hobbinol, what gars thee greet?
  What! hath some wolf toy tender lambs ytorn?
     All shavings of horns, hoofs of cattle, blood, and
  garbidge, is good manure for land.      JVforfimer.
     In  Newfoundland  they  improve their ground
  with the garbish offish.               Mortimer.^
 To  GA'RBLE, gar'bl.4"6 v. a.  [garbellare,
   Italian.]  To sift;  to part; to separate
   the good from the bad.
     But you who fathers and traditions take,
  And garble some, and some you quite forsake.
                                       Dryden.
     Had our author set down  this command,  without
  garbling,  as God gave it, and joined mother to
  father, it had made directly against him.   Locke.
     The understanding works  to collate, combine,
  and garble the images and  ideas, the imagination
  and memory present to it.               Cheyne.
Ga'rbler, gar'bl-ur. ra. s. [from garble.]
   He   who  separates  one   part  from
   another.
    A farther  secret in this clause may best be dis-
  covered by the  projectors,  or at least the garblers
  of it.                                  Swift.
Ga'rboil,   gar'boil.   ra.  s.  [garbuuille,
   French; garbuglio,  Italian.] Disorder;
   tumult; uproar.                 Hanmer.
    Look here, and at thy sovereign leisure read
  What garboils she awak'd.            Shakspeare,
Gard,  gard.'J2  ra.  *.  [garde,  Frencn.]
   Wardship; care; custody.
GA'RDEN,  gar'd'n.^  103  ra.  *.  [gardd,
   Welsh;  jardin,   French;    giardino,
  Italian.]
   A piece of ground  enclosed, and  culti-
  vated with  extraordinary  care, planted 
                  GAR

  with herbs or  fruits  for  food, or  laid
  out for pleasure.
    Thy promises are like Adonis' gardens,
  Which one day bloom'd and fruitful were the next.
                                    Shakspeare.
    My lord of Ely, when I was last in  Holborn,
  I saw good strawberries in your garden there. Shak.
    In the royal ordering of gardens there ought to be
  gardens for all the months in the year.     Bacon.
    In every garden should be provided  flowers, fruit,
  shade, and water.                      Temple.
    My garden takes up half my daily care,
  And my field asks the minutes I  can spare.  Harte.
2. A place  particularly fruitful  or  delight-
  ful.
    I am arriv'd from fruitful Lombardy,
  The pleasant garden of great Italy.    Shakspeare.
3. Garden  is often used  in composition
   for hortensis, or  belonging to a garden.
4. Garden-mould.  Mould fit for a garden.
    They  delight most in rich  black garden-mould,
  that is deep and light, and mixed rather with sand
  than clay.                          Mortimer.
5. Garden-tillage.   Tillage  used  in culti-
   vating gardens.
    Peas and beans are what belong to  garden-tUlage
  as well as that of the  field.            Mortimer.
6. Garden-ware. The produce of gardens.
    A clay bottom is a  much more precious soil for
  trees and garden-ware than gravel.     Mortimer.

To  Ga'rden,  gar'd'n. v.  ra.  [from   the
   noun.]   To  cultivate  a  garden;  to lay
   out gardens.
           At first, in Rome's poor age,
  When both  her kings and consuls held the plough,
  Or garden'd well.                  Ben Jonson.
    When ages grow  to cirility and elegancy, men
  come to  build stately,  sooner than to garden finely;
  as if gardening were the greater perfection. Bacon.

Ga'rdener, gar'd'n-ur. ra.  s. [from  gar-
   den.]   He  that attends  or  cultivates
   gardens.
    Our bodies  are  our gardens, to which our wills
  are gardeners; so that if we plant nettles, or sow
  lettuce, toe  power lies in our will.     Shakspeare.
     Gardeners  tread down  any loose  ground,  after
  they have sown onions or turnips.          Bacon.
    The gardener may lop religion  as  he pleases.
                                        Howel.
    The  life  and felicity of an excellent gardener is
  preferable to all other diversions.         Evelyn.
    Then let  the teamed gard'ner mark with care
  The kinds of stocks, and what those kinds will bear.
                                       Dryden
Ga'rdening, gar'd'n-ing. ra. s.  [fromg-ar-
   den.]   The  act  of cultivating or plan-
   ning gardens.
    My compositions in gardening are  after the Pin-
  darick maimer, and run into the beautiful wildness
  of nature, without affecting toe nicer  elegancies of
  art.                                 Spectator.

Gare, gare. ra. s.   Coarse wool  growing
   on the legs of sheep.
Ga'rgarism, gar'ga-tizni. ra. s. [yupyapitr-
   (icc,',  gargarisme, French.]  A   liquid
   form   of  medicine  to  wash  the mouth
   with.                              Quincy.
    Apophlegmatisms and gargarisms draw the rheum
  down by the palate.                     Bacon.
To Gargari'ze, gar'ga-rize.  v. a. [yctp-
  yxplfr, gargariser, French.]   To wash
   the mouth with  medicated liquors.
    Vinegar, put to the nostrils, or  gargarized, doth
  •ase the hiccough; for that it is  astringent,  and
  inhibiteth the motion of the spirit.         Bacon.
    This being relaxed, may make a shaking of'toe
  larynx; as when we gargarize.
Holder.
                  GAR

Ga'rget, gar'git.  ra. s.   A distemper in
   cattle.
    The garget appears in the head, maw, or  in the
  hinder parts.                        Mortimer.
To GA'RGLE, gar'gl.408 v. a.  [gargouil-
   ler, French; gargogliare, Italian; gurgel,
   German, the throat.]
1. To wash the  throat  with some liquor
   not suffered immediately to descend.
    Gargle twice or thrice with sharp oxycrate.
                                       Harvey.
    The  excision made, the  bleeding will soon be
  stopt by gargling with oxycrate.        Wiseman.
    They comb, and then they order ev'ry hair;
  Next gargle well their throats.           Dryden.
2. To warble; to play in the throat.   An
   improper use.
    Those which only warble long,
  And gargle in their throats a song.        Waller.
    So charm'd you were, you ceas'd a  while to doat
  On nonseHse gargl'd in an enunch's throat, flenfon.
Ga'rgle, gar'gl.  ra.  s.  [from  the verb.]
   A  liquor   with  which  the  throat  is
   washed.
    His throat was washed with one of the gargles
  set down in the method of cure.        Wiseman.
Ga'rglion, garg'le-un.  ra. s. An exsuda-
   tion of nervous juice from  a  bruise, or
   the like,  which  indurates  into a  hard
   immoveable tumour.            Quincy.
Ga'rgol,  gar'gol.  ra. s.   A  distemper in
   hogs.
    The signs of the gargol in hogs are hanging down
  of the  head,  moist  eyes, staggering,  and  loss of
  appetite.                            Mortimer.
Ga'rlano,  gar'land.   «. s.   [garlande,
   guirland, French.]
1. A wreath of branches  or flowers.
    Strephon, with leavy twigs of laurel-tree,
  A garland made, on temples for to wear;
  For he  then chosen was the dignity
  Of village-lord that Whitsuntide to bear.  Sidney.
    A reeling world will never stand upright,
  'Till Richard wear the garland of toe realm.
  —How! wear  the garlandl  dost thou mean  the
      crown ?
  —Ay, my good lord.                Shakspeare.
    Then party-colour'd flow'rs of white and red
  She wove, to make a garland for her head.   Dryd.
    Vanquish again; though she be gone,
  Whose garland crown'd Ae victor's hair,
  And reign; though she had left the throne,
  Who made toy  glory worth thy care.       Prior.
    Her gods and godlike heroes rise to view,
  And all her faded garlands bloom anew.     Pope.
2. The top;  the principal; the thing  most
   prized.
    With every minute you do change a mind,
  And call him noble, that was now your hate,
  Him vile, that was your garland.      Shakspeare.
GA'RLICK, gar'lik. ra.  s. [jap.,  Saxon, a
   lance; and leek, the leek that shoots up
   in blades.   Skinner.   Allium, Latin.]
    It has a bulbous  root, consisting of many small
  tubercles included in its coats: toe leaves are plain:
  the flowers consist of  six leaves, formed into a co-
  rymbus on the top of the stalk; and are succeeded
  by subrotund fruit,  divided into three cells, which
  contain roundish seeds.                 Miller.
    Garlick is of an extremely strong  smell,  and of
  an acrid and pungent taste.   It is extremely  active
  as may  be proved by  applying plasters ofigarlick to
  the  feet,  which will give  a strong smell  to the
  breath.                                  Hill.
    Garlick  has, of all  our  plants,  the  greatest
  strength, affords most nourishment,  and  supplies
  most spirits to those who eat little flesh.    Temple.
    'Tis mortal sin an onion to  devour;
  Each clove of garlick is a sacred power:
V^ J.M. «.«
  Religious nations sure, and blest abodes,
  Where ev'ry orchard is o'er-run with gods.  Tafe*.
Ga'rlick Pear-tree, gar'lik. ra. s.
    This tree is pretty common in Jamaica, and se-
  veral other places of America, where it usually ri-
  ses to the height of thirty or forty feet,  and spreads
  into many branches.  When the flowers fall off the
  pointal, it becomes a round fruit, which, when ripe,
  has a rough brownish rind, and a mealy sweet pulp,
  but a strong scent of garlick.             Miller.
Ga'rlick,  Wild, gar'lik. ra. s.  A plant.
Garlickea'ter, gar'lik-e-tur. n.s.  [gar-
  lick and eat.]  A mean fellow.
             You've made good work,
  You and your apron men,  that stood so much
  Upon the voice of occupation, and
  The breath of garlickeaters.             Shaksp.
Ga'rment,  gai'mdnt. ra. s.  [guarniment,
  old French.]   Any thing by which the
  body  is covered; clothes; dress.
    Hence, rotten thing, or I shall shake thy bones
  Out of thy garments.                    Shaksp.
    Our leaf once fallen, springeth no more; neither
  doth  the suu or summer adorn us again with the
  garments of new leaves and flowers.       Raleigh.
      Fairest thing that shines below,
  Why in this robe dost  thou appear?
  Would'st thou, a while more perfect show,
  Thou must at all no garment wear.        Cowley.
    Three worthy persons from  his side it tore,
  And dy'd his garment  with their scatter'd  gore.
                                       Waller.
    The  peacock, in all  his pride, does  not display
  half the colours that appear in toe garments of a
  British lady, when she is dressed.        Addison.
    Let him that sues for the coat, i. e. the shirt, or
  inner garment, take the cloak also, is a proverbial
  phrase  too; for in the truth of the letter,  a shirt is no
  likely matter of a lawsuit, and signifies an uncon-
  testing  sufferance of such small losses.  Kettlewell.
GA'RNER, gar'niir. ra. s.  [grenier,  Fr.]
  A  place  in which  thrashed  grain  is
  stored up.
    Earth's increase, and foyson plenty,
  Barns and garners never empty.          Shaksp.
    For sundry foes the rural realm surround;
  The fieldmouse builds her garner under ground:
  For gather'd grain the blind laborious mole,
  In winding mazes, works her hidden hole.  Dryd.
To  Ga'rner, gar'nur. v. a.   [from  the
  noun.] To store  as  in  garners.
    There, where I have garner'd up my heart,
  Where either I must live, or bear no life.  Shaksp.
Ga'rnet, gar'net. ra. *.  [garnato, Italian;
  granatus, low Latin;  from  its  resem-
  blance in  colour to  the  grain  of the
  pomegranate.]
    The garnet is a gem of a middle degree of hard-
  ness, between the sapphire and the common crystal.
  It is found of various sizes.  Its surfaces are not so
  smooth or polite as those of a ruby, and its colour is
  ever of a strong red, with a plain admixture of blue-
  ish: its degree of colour is very different, and it
  always wants much of the brightness of the ruby.
                                         Hill.
    The garnef seems to be a species of the carbun-
  cle of  the ancients; the Bohemian is  red. with a
  slight cast of a flame-colour; and the Syrian is red,
  with a slight cast of purple.          Woodward.
To GA'RNISH,  gar'nish. v. a. [garnir,
  French.]
I. To decorate  with  ornamental append-
  ages.
    There were hills which garnished  their proud
  heights with stately trees.               Sidney.
    All within with flowers was garnished,
  That, when mild Zephyrus amongst them blew,
  Did breathe out bounteous smells, and painted co-
         lours shew.                     Spenser.
             With  taper light 
GAR                                    GAS                                     GAS
    To seek the beauteous eye of heav'n to garnish,
    Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.        Shaksp.
      Paradise was a terrestrial garden, garnished with
    fruits, delighting both the eye and taste.   Raleigh.
      All the streets were garnished wito the citizens,
    standing in their liveries.                Bacon.
  2. To  embellish a dish with something
    laid round it.
      With what expence and art, how richly drest!
    Garnish'd with 'sparagus, himself a feast!   Dryd.
      No man lards salt pork with orange-peel,
    Or garnishes his lamb with spitchcock'd eel.
                                King's Cookery.
  3. To fit with fetters.  A cant term.
  Ga'rnish, gar'nlsh. n.s. [fromthe verb.]
  I. Ornament; decoration; embellishment.
              So are you, sweet,
    Ev'n in toe lovely garnish of a boy.       Shaksp.
      Matter and figure they produce;
    For garnish this, and that for use;
    They seek to feed and please their guests.  Prior.
  2. Things strewed round a dish.
  3. [In gaols.]  Fetters. A cant term.
  4.  Pensiuncula carceraria;  an  acknow-
    ledgment in money when first a prison-
    er goes into a gaol.           Ainsworth.
 Ga'rnishment, gar'nish-ment. n.s. [from
    garnish.] Ornament; embellishment.
     The church of Sancta Guistiniana in  Padoua is a
   sound piece of good art, where the materials being
   ordinary stone, without any garnishment of sculp-
   ture, ravish the beholders.              Wotton.
  Ga'rniture, gar'ne-ture. ra. s. [from gar-
    nish.]  Furniture; ornament.
     They conclude, if toey fall short in garniture of
    toeir knees, toat toey are inferiour in furniture of
    their heads.                Gov. of the Tongue.
     Plain sense,  which pleas'd your sires an age ago,
   Is lost, without the garnUure of show.  Granville.
     As nature has poured out her charms upon the
   female part of our species, so they are very assidu-
   ous in bestowing upon themselves the finest garni-
   tures of art.                         Addison
  Ga'rous, ga'nls. adj.  [from garum.] Re-
    sembling pickle made of fish.
     In a civet-cat an offensive odour proceeds, partly
   from its food, toat being  especially fish;  whereof
   tois humour may be a garous excretion, and olidous
   separation.                           Broome.
 Ga'rran,  gar'riin.81 ra, *.   [Erse.  It  im-
    ports the same as gelding.    The word
    is still retained in Scotland.]  A  small
    horse;  a  hobby.   A  highland  horse,
    which, when brought into the north of
    England, takes the name of galloway.
    When  he  comes forth,  he will make toeir cows
   and garrans  to walk, if he doth no other harm to
   their persons.                        Spenser.
    Every man would be forced to provide winter-
   fodder for his team, whereas common garrans shift
   upon grass the year round; and this would force
   men to toe enclosing  of grounds, so that toe race
   of garrans would decrease.              Temple.

 GA'RKEF, gar'ret.81  ra. s.  [garite, the
   tower  of a citadel, French.]
 1.  A room on the highest floor of the
   house.
    The mob commission'd by the government,
  Are seldom to an empty garret sent.      Dryden.
    John Bull skipped from room  to room; ran up
  stairs and down  stairs, from the kitchen to the gar-
  ret.                               Arbuthnot.
    On earth the god of wealth was made
  Sole patron ofthe building trade,
  Leaving the arts the spacious air,
  With licenoe to  build castles there:
  And 'tis conceiv'd their old pretence,
  To lodge in garrets, comes from thence.     Sioift.
2. Rotten wood. Not in use.
VOL.  I.
      The colour of toe shining part of rotten wood, by
    daylight, is  in some jiieces white, and in some
    pieces inclining  to red, which  toey call the white
    and red garret.                        Bacon.
  Garrete'er,  gar-r£t-teer. ra.  s.   [from
    garret.]  An inhabitant of a garret.
  GA'RRISON, gar're-s'n.1''0 ra. s.  [garni-
    son, French.]
  1. Soldiers placed in a  fortified town or
    castle to defend it.
             How oft he said to me,
   Thou art no soldier fit for Cupid's garrison.  Sidney.
  2. A fortified place stored with soldiers.
      Whom the old Roman wall so ill confin'd,
   With a new chain of garrisons you bind.   Waller.
  3. The state of being placed in a fortifi-
    cation for its defence.
      Some of them  toat are laid in garrison will do
   no great hurt to toe enemies.           Spenser.
  To  Ga'rrison, gar're-s'n. v. a. [from  the
    noun.] To secure  by fortresses.
             Others those forces join,
   Which garrison the conquests near the Rhine.
                                      Dryden.
  GARRU'LITY,  gar-ru'le-te. ra. *.   [gar-
    rulitas, Lat.]
  I. Loquacity; incontinence of tongue;  in-
    ability to keep a secret.
             Let me here
   Expiate, if possible, my crime,
   Shameful garrulity.                   Milton.
  2. The  quality of talking too much; talk-
    ativeness.
     Some vices of speech must carefully be avoided:
   first of all, loquacity or garrulity.          Ray.
 Ga'rrulous,  gar'ru-l&s. adj.  [garrulus,
   Lat.] Prattling; talkative.
             Old age looks out,
   And gamtfoMs recounts toe feats of youth. Thomson.
 GA'RTER,   gar'tur.98   ra. s.   [gardus,
   Welsh; jartier,  Fr. from gar,  Welsh,
   the binding of the knee.]
 I. A string or riband by which the stock-
   ing is held upon  the leg.
    Let their heads be sleekly comb'd, their blue
  coats brush'd, and their garters  of an indifferent
  knit.                                Shaksp.
    When we rest in our cloaths we loosen our gar-
  ters, and other ligatures, to give the spirits free
  passage.                               Ray.
    Handsome garters at your knees.         Swift.
    There lay three garters, half a pair of gloves,
  And all  the trophies of his former loves.     Pope.
 2. The mark of the order of the  garter,
   the highest  order of English  knight-
   hood.
    Now by my george,  my garter.
  —The george, profan'd,  hato lost his holy honour;
  The garter, blemish'd, pawn'd his knightly virtue.
                                      Shaksp.
    You owe your Ormond nothing but a son,
  To  fill in future times his father's place,
  And wear the garter of his mother's race. Dryden.
 3. The principal king at arms.
 To Ga'rter, gar'tur.  v.  a.  [from the
   noun.] To bind with a garter.
    He, being in love, could  not see to  garter his
  hose.                                Shaksp
    A person was wounded in toe leg, below the gar-
  tering place.                        Wiseman
Garth,  garf7/.  ra.  s.  [as if girth,  fro'
  gird]   The bulk  of the body measure*
  by  the girdle.
Gas, gas. n. s.   [A  word invented by th
  chymists.]  It  is used  by Van Helmon:
  and seems designed to signify, in gene-1
                    5 M
    ral, a spirit not capable of being coag-
    ulated:  but he uses it  loosely in many-
    senses.                           Harris.

 GASCONA'DE, gas-ko-nade'. n. *. [Fr.
    from  Gascon,  a  nation  eminent  for
    boasting.] A boast; a bravado.
     Was it a gasconade to please me, that  you said
   your fortune was increased to one hundred a year
   since I left you?                        Swift.
 To Gascona'de, gas-ko-nade'. v. ra. [from
    the noun.] To boast; to brag; to bluster.
 To GASH, gash. v. a.  [from hacher, to
    cut,  French. Skinner.]    To  cut deep
    so  as to  make a gaping wound;  to cut
    with a blunt instrument  so as to make
    the wound wide.
     Where the Englishmen at arms had been defeat-
   ed,  many of their horses were found grievously
   gashed or gored to death.             Hayward.
     Wit is a keen instrument, and every one can cut
   and  gash with it, but  to carve a beautiful image
   requires art.                        Tillotson.
             See me gash'd wito knives,
   Or sear'd with burning steel.              Rowe.
     Streaming with  blood,  all over gash'd with
         wounds,
   He reel'd, he groan'd,  and at the altar fell.
                                   A. Philips
Gash, gash. ra. s.  [from the verb.]
1. A deep and wide wound.
    He glancing on his helmet, made a large
   And  open gash therein; were not his targe,
   That broke the violence of his intent,
   The  weary soul from thence it would discharge.
                                      Spenser.
    A  perilous gash, a very limb lopt off.    Shaksp.
    Hamilton drove Newton almost to the end of the
  list; but Newton on a sudden gave him such a gash
  on toe leg, that therewith he fell to the ground.
                                    Hayward.
            But th' ethereal substance clos'd,
  Not long divisible; and from toe gash
  A stream of nectrous humour  issuing flow'd.
                                      Jtfiffon.
2. The mark of a  wound.   I  know not if
   this be proper.
    I was fond of back sword and cudgel play, and I
  now bear in my body many a black and blue gash
  and scar.                         Arbuthnot.
Ga'skins, gas'kinz. ra. s. [from Gascoigne.
   See Galligaskins.]  Wide hose; wide
   breeches An old ludicrous word.
    If one point break, the other will hold;
  Or if both break, your gaskins fall.       Shaksp.
To Gasp, gasp. v. ra. [from gape,   Skin-
   ner; from grispe, Dan. to sob, Junius.]
I.   To open the  mouth  wide to  catch
   breath with labour.
    The sick for air before the portal gasp.   Dryd.
    They raised a feeble cry with trembling notes;
  But the weak voice deceiv'd their gasping throats.
                                     Diyden.
    The gasping head flies off; a purple flood
  Flows from the trunk.                  Dryden.
    The ladies gasp'd, and scarcely could respire;
  The breath they drew no longer air, but fire.
                                     Dryden.
    A scantling of wit lay gasping for life, and groan-
  ing beneath a heap of rubbish.           Dryden.
    The rich countrymen  in Austria were faint and
 gasping for breath.            Breton's Travels.
            Pale and faint,
  He gasps  for breath; and, as  his life flows from
        him,
  Demands to see his friends.            Addison.
1   To  emit breath  by opening the w.outh
  convulsively.
    I lay me down to gasp m) latest breath; 
GAT                                   GAT                                     GAU
  The wolves will get a breakfast by my death.
                                     Dryden.
    He staggers round, his eyeballs roll in death,
  And with short sobs he gasps away his breath.
                                     Dryden.
3. To long for. This sense is, I think, not
   proper, as  nature never  expresses de-
   sire by gasping.
    The Castilian and his wife had the comfort to be
  under the same master, who, seeing how  dearly
  they loved one another, and gasped  after their li-
  berty,  demanded a most exorbitant price for their
  ransom.                            Spectator.
Gasp, gasp. ra. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of opening the mouth to catch
   breath.
2. The short  catch of breath  in  the  last
   agonies.
    His fortunes all lie speechless, and his name
   Ts at last gasp.                        Shaksp.
    Ab, Warwick, Montague hath breathed his last;
   And to the latest gasp cry'd out for Warwick.
                                      Shaksp.
    If in the dreadful hour of death,
   If at the latest gasp of breath,
   When the cold damp bedews your brow,
   You hope for mercy, shew it now.       Addison.
 To Gast, gast. v.  a. [from gare, Saxon;
   See Aghast.]   To make aghast; to
   fright; to shock; to terrify; to fear; to
   affray.
    When he saw my best alarmed spirits,
   Bold in toe quarrel's right, rous'd to to' encounter,
   Or whether gasfed by toe noise  I made,
   Full suddenly  he fled.                  Shaksp.
 Ga'strick, gas'trik. adj.   [from y*nt?.]
   Belonging to the belly.
 Gastro'ra'fhy, gas-tror'a-fe. ra. *. [y*nc
   and ^azs-fa.]  In strictness of  etymolo-
    gy signifies no  more  than sewing up
   any wound of the belly;  yet in common
    acceptation  it implies  that the wound
    of the belly is complicated with another
    of the intestines.                 Sharp.
 Gastro'tomy,   gas-trot'6-me.618   ra.  s.
    [yarn? and firofMti] The act of cutting
    open the belly.
 Gat, gat.  The preterit of get.
     Moses gaf him up into the mount.     Exodus.
 GATE, gate, ra-, a. [jeac, Sax.]
  1. The door  of a city,  castle, palace, or
    large building.
     Open the gafe of mercy, gracious God!
   My soul flies through these wounds to seek thee.
                                      Shaksp.
             Gates of monarchs
   Are arch'd so high, that giants  may jet through,
   And keep their impious turbands on, without
   Good-morrow to the sun.               Shaksp.
  .1. A frame of timber upon hinges to give
    a passage  into enclosed  grounds.
         Know'st thou the way to Dover?
   ____Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath.
                                      Shaksp.
 3. An avenue; an opening.
     Auria had done nothing but wisely and pohtickly,
   in  setting toe Venetians together by the ears with
 '  the Turks, and opening a gate for a long war.
                                      Knolles.

 Ga'tevein,  gate'vane. ra.  s.   The  vena
   porta.
     Being a king that loved wealth, he could not en-
   dure to  have trade sick, nor any obstruction to con-
   tinue in toe gatevein which disperseth that blood.
                                       Bacon.
 Ga'tewav, gate'wa. n. s. [gate and way.]
   A way  through   gates  of   enclosed
   grounds.             %
    Gateways between inclosures arc so miry,  that
  toey cannot cart between one field and another.
                                   Mortimer.
To GA'THER, gaTn'ur. v. a. [jabejian,
   Saxon.]
I. To collect; to bring into one place.
    Gather stones—and they took stones and made
  an heap.                            Genesis.
2. To get in harvest.
    The seventh year we shall not sow, nor gather in
  our increase.                       LevUicus.
3. To pick up; to glean.
            His opinions
  Have satisfied the king for his divorce,
  Gather'd from all the famous colleges.     Shaksp.
    Cast up the highway, gather out the stones.
                                      Isaiah.
    I will spend this preface upon those from whom
  I have gathered my knowledge;  for  I am but a
  gatherer.                             Wotton.
    To pay toe creditor,  that lent him  his rent, he
  must gather up money by degrees.        Locke.
4. To crop; to pluck.
            What have I done?
  To see my youth, my beauty, and my  love
  No sooner gain'd, but slighted and betray'd;
  And like a rose just gather'd  from the stalk,
  But only smelt, and cheaply thrown aside,
  To wither on toe ground!               Dryden.
5. To assemble.
     They have gathered  toemselves together against
   me.                                    Job.
     All the way we went there were gathered some
   people on both sides, standing in a row.   Bacon.
 6. To  heap  up; to accumulate.
     He that by usury and unjust gain increaseto his
   substance, shall gather it for  him that will pity
   the poor.                           Proverbs
7. To  select and take.
     Save us,  O Lord, and gather us from among the
   heathen, to give thanks unto toy holy name. Psalms.
8. To sweep together.
     The kingdom of heaven is like unto a net that
   was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind.
                                    Matthew.
9. To collect charitable  contributions.
 10. To bring into one body or interest.
     I will gather others to him, besides those that are
   gathered unto him.                     Isaiah.
 11. To draw together from a state of dif-
   fusion; to compress; to contract.
             Immortal Tully shone,
   The Roman rostra deck'd the consul's throne;
   Gath'ririg his flowing robe he seem'd  to stand,
   In act to speak, and graceful stretch'd his hand.
                                       Pope.
 12. To gain.
     He gaffiers ground upon her in the chace;
   Now breathes upon her hair with nearer pace.
                                      Dryden.
 13. To pucker needlework.

 14. To collect  logically;  to know by in-
   ference.
     That which, out of the law of reason or of  God,
   men probably gathering to be expedient, they make
   it law.                              Hooker.
     The reason that I gather he is mad,
   Is the mad tale he told to-day at dinner,
   Of his own door being shut against his entrance.
                                      Shaksp.
     After he had seen the vision, we endeavoured to
   get into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the
   Lord had called us.                      .tfefs.
     From this doctrine of  the increasing and lessen-
   ing of sin in this respect, we may gather, that all
   sins are not alike and equal, as  the stoicks of an-
   cient times, and their followers,  have falsely ima-
   gined,                              Perfcins.
            Return'd,
  By night, and listening where the hapless pair
  Sat in toeir sad discourse, and various plaint,
  Thence gather'd his own doom.         Milton.
    Mademoiselle de Scudery, who is as old as Sibyl,
  is translating Chaucer into French: from which I
  gaf/ter that  he  has formerly  been translated into
  the old Provencal.                     Dryden.
15.  To Gather Breath.   [A  proverbial
   expression.]   To have  respite  from
   any calamity.
            The luckless lucky maid
  A long time wito that savage people staid,
  To gather breath, in many miseries.      Spenser^
To Ga'ther,  garH'ur. v.  ra.
1. To be condensed; to thicken.
    If ere night the gathering clouds we fear,
  A song will help toe beating storm to bear.  Dryd.
    When galh'ring cloads o'ershadow all toe skies,
  And shoot quick lightnings, weigh toy boys! he cries.
                                     Drydtn.
    When the rival winds their quarrel try,
  South, east, and west, on airy coursers born,
  The whirlwind gathers, and the woods are torn.
                                     Dryden.
    Think on the storm that gathers o'er your head,
  And threatens every hour to burst upon it. Addison.
2. To grow larger by  the  accretion  of
   similar matter.
    Their snow-ball did not gather as it went; for toe
  people came into them.                 Bacon.
3. To assemble.
    There be three things that  mine  heart feareth;
  the slander of a city, the gathering  together of an
  unruly multitude, and a false accusation.   Ecclus.
4. To generate pus or matter.
    Ask one, who by  repeated restraints hath sub-
  dued his natural rage, how he likes toe  change,
  and he will tell you 'tis no less happy than toe ease
  of a broken impostoume after toe painful gathering
  and filling of it.                 Decay of Piety.
Ga'ther, gaTH'tir.98 ra. *. [from the verb.]
   Pucker;   cloth    drawn   together   in
   wrinkles.
            Give laws for pantaloons,
  The length  of breeches and the gathers,
  Part cannons, perriwigs, and feathers.   Hudibras.
Ga'therer, gaTH'ur-ur.  ra.  s.  [from ga-
   ther.]
1. One who gathers;  one that collects; a
   collector.
    I will spend this preface about those from whom
   I have gathered my knowledge; for I am but a ga-
   therer and disposer of other men's stuff.    Wotton.
2. One that gets in  a crop of any kind.
    I was a herdman  and a gatherer of sycamore fruit.
                                       Amos.
              Nor in that land
   Do poisonous herbs deceive the gatherer's hand.
                                 May's Virgil.
Ga'thering,  gaTH'rlr-lng.  ra,   s. [from
   gather.]   Collection of charitable con-
   tributions.
    Let every one lay by him ia store, that toere be
   no gatherings when I  come.        1 Corinthians.
Ga'tten-tree,  gat'tn-tree. ra. «.  A spe-
   cies of Cornelian cherry.
GAUDE, gawd. ra. s. [The etymology of
   this  word  is  uncertain:  Skinner ima-
    gines it may come from gaude, French,
   a yellow flower, yellow being  the most
    gaudy colour.   Junius,  according  to
    his custom, talks of «y«»(^;  and  Mr.
    Lye  finds gaude, in Douglas, to signify
    deceit or fraud, from gwawdio, Welsh,
    to cheat.   It  seems  to me most easily
    deducible  from  gaudium,  Latin,  joy; 
GAV                                      GAU                                    GAY
    the cause  of joy; a token of joy: thence
    aptly applied to  any thing that gives or
    expresses pleasure.   In Scotland this
    word is still retained, both as a showy
    bawble, and the person fooled.  It also
    in  Scotland denotes  a  yellow  flower.]
    An  ornament; a  fine thing; any  thing
    worn as a  sign of joy.   It  is  not  now
    much used.
     He stole th' impression of her fantasy,
   With bracelets of  thy hair, rings, gaudes, conceits,
   Knacks, trifles, nosegays, sweetmeats.     Shaky.
     The sun is in toe heav'n, and the proud day,
   Attended with the pleasures of toe world,
   Is all too wanton, and too full of gaudes,
   To give me audience.                   Shaksp.
             My love to Hermia
   Is melted as the snow; seems to me now
   As the remembrance of an idle gaude,
   Wrhich in my  childhood 1 did doat upon.   Shaksp.
     Some bound for  Guiney, golden sand to find,
   Bore all the gaudes the simple natives wear;
   Some for the pride of Turkish courts design'd,
   For folded turbans finest holland bear.    Dryden.
 To Gaude, gawd. v. ra.  [gaudeo, Latin.]
    To exult;  to rejoice at any thing.
     Go to a gossip's feast, and gaude with me,
   After so long  grief such nativity.         Shaksp.
 Ga'udery, gaw'der-e. ra. s. [from gaude.]
    Finery; ostentatious luxury of dress.
     The triumph was not pageants and gaudery, but
   one of the wisest and noblest institutions that ever
   was.                                  Bacon.
     Age, which is but one remove from death, and
   should have nothing about us but what looks like a
   decent preparation for it, scarce  ever appears, of
   late,  but in  the high  mode, the flaunting garb,
   and utmost gaudery of youth with cloathes as ridi-
   culously, and as much in the fashion, as the  person
   that wears them is  usually grown out of it.   South.
     A plain suit, since we can make but one,
   Is better than  to be by tarnish'd gaud'ry known.
                                      Dryden.
 Ga'udily, gaw'de-le. adv. [from gaude]
    Showily.

 Ga'udiness,   gaw'de-nds.  ra.  s.   [from
   gaudy.]  Showiness;  tinsel appearance.

 Ga'udy,  gaw'de.213  adj.  [from  gaude]
    Showy;  splendid;  pompous;  ostenta-
    tiously fine.
     Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
   But not exprest in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
   For the apparel oft proclaims toe man.   Shaksp.
     Fancies fond with gaudy shapes possess,
   As thick and numberless
   As toe gay motes toat people the sun-beams.
                                      Milton.
     A goldfinch there I saw, with gaudy pride
   Of painted plumes, that hopp'd from side to  side.
                                      Dryden.
     The Bavarian duke his brigades leads,
   Gallant in arms, and gaudy to behold.    Philips.
    A man who  walks directly to  his journey's end,
   will arrive thither much sooner than him who wan-
   ders aside to gaze at every thing, or to gather every
  gaudy flower.                           Watts.
    It is much  to be lamented, that persons so na-
  turally qualified to  be  great examples of piety,
  should, by an erroneous education, be made poor
  and gaudy spectacles ofthe greatest vanity.  Law.
Ga'udy, gaw'de.  ra. s.  [gaudium, Latin.]
   A feast; a festival; a day of plenty.  A
   word used in the university.
    He may surely be content  with a fast to-day,
  that is sure of a gaudy to-morrow.        Cheyne.

Gave, gave.   The preterit of give.
    Thou canst not every day give me thy heart;
  If thou can'st give it, then thou never gav'st it:
  Lovers' riddles are, that though thy heart depart,
   It stays at home, and thou with losing sav'st it.
                                       Dcmne.

 Ga'vel, gav'il. ra. «.  A  provincial  word
    for ground.
     Let it lie upon the ground or gavel eight or ten
   days.                              Mortimer.
 Ga'velkind, gav'il-kind.  ra. s.  [In  law.]
    A  custom whereby the lands of the  fa-
    ther are  equally divided  at his death
    among all his  sons, or  the land of the
    brother equally divided among the bro-
    thers, if he have no  issue of his  own.
    This custom is of force in divers places
    in  England, but especially in Kent.
                                     Cowell.
     Among other Welsh customs he abolished that of
   gavelkind, whereby toe heirs  female  were  utterly
   excluded,  and the  bastards did inherit as well as
   toe legitimate, which is the very Irish gavelkind.
                                       Davies.
 To GAUGE,  gadje.21''  v.  a.  [gauge,
   jauge, a measuring  rod, French.   It is
    pronounced, and often written, gage.]

 1. To measure with respect  to the  con-
    tents of a vessel.
 2. To measure with regard to any propor-
    tion.
     The vanes nicely gauged on each side, broad on
   one  side,  and narrow  on the other, both  which
   minister to the progressive motion of the bird.
                                     Derham.
     There  is nothing more perfectly admirable in
   itself than that artful manner in Homer, of  taking
   measure or gaging his heroes by each other, and
   thereby elevating the character of one person by
   the opposition of it to some other he is made to ex-
   cel.                                   Pope.
 Gauge, gadje. ra. *.  [from the verb.]   A
    measure, a standard.
     This plate must be a gage to file your worm and
   groove to equal breadth by.             Moxon.
     If money  were to be hired, as land is, or to be
   had  from the owner himself, it might then  be had
   at the market rate, which would be a constant gage
   of your trade and wealth.                Locke.
     Timothy proposed to his mistress, that she should ,
   entertain no servant that was above four foot seven
   inches high; and for toat purpose had prepared a
  gauge, by which they were to be measured.
                                   Arbuthnot.
 Gau'ger,  ga'jtir. ra.  s.  [from gauge.]
   One whose business  it is to measure
   vessels or quantities.
    Those earls and dukes have been privileged with
  royal jurisdiction; and appointed their special offi-
  cers, as sheriff, admiral, ganger, and escheator.
                                      Carew.
 GAUNT, gant.31*  adj.  [As  if gewant,
   from geyanian, to lessen, Sax.]   Thin;
   slender; lean; meagre.
    Oh, how that name befits my composition!
  Old Gaunt, indeed, andgaunf in being old:
   Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast;
  And  who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?
  For sleeping England long time have I watch'd;
  Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunf :
  The  pleasure toat some fathers feed upon
  Is my strict fast; I mean my childrens' looks;
  And  therein fasting, thou hast made me gatinf ••
  Gawnf am I for the grave, gaunt as a grave,
  Whose hollow womb inherits nought but bones.
                                      Shaksp.
    Two mastiffs, gaunt and grim, her flight pursu'd
  And oft their  fasten'd fangs in blood embru'd.
                                     Dryden.
Ga'untly,  gant'le.  adv.  [from gaunt.
   Leanly; slenderly; meagerly.

Ga'untlet,  gant'let. ra. s.  [gantelet, Fr.]

                    5m2
    An iron  glove used  for  defence,  and
    thrown down in challenges.  It is some-
    times in poetry used for the  cestus, or
    boxing glove.
     A scaly gauntlet now, wito joints of steel,
   Must glove this hand.                  Shaksp.
     Feel but the difference, soft and rough,
   This a gaunffef, that a muff.          Cleaveland",
     Some shall in swiftness for the goal contend,
   And others try the twanging bow to bend;
   The strong with iron gaunffefs arm'd shall stand,
   Oppos'd in combat,  on the yellow sand.   Dryden,
     Who naked wrestled best, besmear'd with oil;
   Who wito gauntlets  gave or took toe foil.  Diyden
     The funeral of some valiant knight
   May give this thing  its proper light;
   View his two gauntlets; these declare
   That both his hands were  used to war.     Prior,
     So to repel the Vandals of toe stage,
   Our vet'ran bard resumes  his tragick rage;
   He throws the gauntlet Otway us'd to wield,
   And calls for Englishmen to judge toe field.
                                     Southern-
 Ga'vot, ga-vot'.  ra. *. [gavotte, Fr.]   A
   kind of dance.
     The disposition in a fiddle to play tunes in  pro
   ludes, sarabands, jigs, and gavots, are real  qua-
   lities in the instrument.              Arbuthnot.
 Gauze, gawz.  ra.  s.  A kind of thin trans-
   parent silk.
     Silken cloathes were used  by the ladies; and it
   seems they were thin, like gauze.     Arbuthnot.
     Brocadoes and damasks, aad tabbies, and gauzes,
   are lately brought over.                 Swift.
 Gawk, gawk.219 ra. s. [geac,  Sax.]
 1. A cuckow.
 2. A  foolish  fellow.   In both senses it is
   retained in Scotland.
 Gawn, gawn. ra. s. [corrupted  from gal-
   lon.] A small tub, or lading vessel.  A
   provincial  word.
 Ga'wntree, gawn'tree. ra. s. [Scotish.]  A
   wooden  frame on which beer-casks  are
   set when tunned.
 GAY, ga.230 adj. [gay, Fr.]
 I. Airy; cheerful;  merry; frolick.
     Smooth flow the waves, the zephyrs gently play;
  Belinda smil'd, and all toe world was gay.  Pope.
     Even rival wits did Voiture's fate deplore,
  And toe gay mourn'd, who never mourn'd before.
                                       Pope.
 2. Fine; showy.
     A virgin that loves to go gay.          Baruch.
 Gay, ga. ra. s.  [from the adjective.]   An
   ornament; an embellishment.
     Morose  and untractable spirits look upon  pre-
  cepts in  emblem,  as toey do upon gays and pic-
  tures, the fooleries of so many old wives' tales.
                                   L'Estrange.
 Ga'yety,  ga'e-te. ra. s. [gayete, French;
   from gay.]
 I. Cheerfulness; airiness; merriment.
 2, Acts of juvenile pleasure.
     And from those gayeties our youth requires
  To exercise toeir minds, our age retires. Denham,
 3. Finery;  show.
    Our gayety and our guilt  are all besmirch'd,
  Wito rainy marching in the painful field.   Shaksp.
Ga'yly, ga'le. adv.
 i. Merrily; cheerfully;  airily.
2. Splendidly;   pompously;   with  great
   show.
    The ladies, gayly dress'd, the Mall adorn
  With curious dies, and paint tlie sunny morn. Gay.
    Like some fair flow'r, toat early spring supplies,
  That gayly blooms, but ev'n in blooming dies. Pope.
Sa'yness,  ga'nes.  n.  s.  [from  gay]
   Gayety;  finery.  Not  much in use. 
GAZ
GE A
GEL
 To GAZE,   gaze.  v. ra.  [iyu^e-B-xi, or
   rather jerean, to see, Sax.]   To look
   intently  and earnestly;  to look with ea-
   gerness.
    What see'st thou there? King Henry's diadem,
  Inchas'd with all the honours ofthe world:
  If so, gaze  on.                        Shaksp.
    From some she cast her modest eyes below;
  At some her gazing glances roving flew.   Fairfax.
    Gaze not on a  maid, that thou fall not by  those
  things that are precious in her.          Ecclus.
    A lover's eyes will gaze an eagle blind.  Shaksp,
    High stations tumults, but not bliss create;
  None think the great unhappy, but toe great.
  Fools gaze and envy; Envy darts a sting,
  Which makes a swain as wretched as a king.
                                      Young.
 To Gaze, gaze. v. a. To view steadfastly.
    Strait toward heav'n my wond'ring eyes I turn'd,
  And gaz'd awhile the ample sky.        Milton.
 Gaze, gaze. ra.  s. [from the verb.]
 I. Intent   regard; look of eagerness or
   wonder; fixed look.
    Being lighten'd with her beauty's beam,
  And thereby fill'd with happy influence,
  And lifted up above the worldis gaze,
  To sing wito angels her immortal praise.  Spenser.
    Do but note a wild and wanton herd,
  If any air of musick touch their ears,
  You  shall perceive them make a mutual stand,
  Their savage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze,
  By the  sweet power of musick.           Shaksp.
                 Not a month
  'Fore your queen dy'd, she was more worth  such
        gazes
  Than what you look on now.             Shaksp.
                 With secret gaze,
  Or open admiration, him behold,
  On whom the great Creator hath bestow'd
  Worlds.                             Jtfiffon.
    Pindar is a dark writer, wants connexion  as to
  our understanding, soars out of sight, and leaves his
  readers at a gaze.                     Dryden.
    After having stood at gaze before tois gate, he
  discovered  an inscription.              Addison.
 2. The  object gazed on.
               I must die
  Betray'd, captiv'd, and both my eyes put out;
  Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze;
  To grind in brazen fetters, under task,
  With my heav'n-gifted strength.         Milton.
 Ga'zel, gaze'el. ra.  s.  An Arabian deer.
 Ga'zer, ga'zdr. ra. s. [from gaze.]   He
   that gazes; one that looks intently with
   eagerness or admiration.
    In her cheeks the vermil red did shew,
  Like roses  in a bed of lilies shed;
    The which ambrosial odours from toem threw,
  And gazers sense with double pleasure fed.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    I'll slay  more gazers than the basilisk.   Shaksp.
    Bright as the sun, her eyes the gazers strike;
  And, like the sun, toey shine on all alike.   Pope.
    His learned ideas give him a  transcendent de-
  light; and  yet at the same time, discover the ble-
  mishes  which the common gazer never observed.
                                       Watts.
Ga'zeful, gaze'fu]. adj. [gaze and full]
   Looking intently.
    The brightness of her beauty clear,
  The ravisht hearts of gazeful men might rear
  To admiration of toat heavenly light.    Spenser-
Ga'zehound, gaze'hound. n. *. [gaze  and
  hounds  canis  agasaus.   Skinner.] A
  hound that pursues not by the scent,
  but by the eye.
    See'st thou the gazehound, how with glance?
        severe
  From toe close herd he marks the destin'd deer!
                                      Ticket.
GA'ZETTE,  ga-zet'.  ra.  *.   [gazetta
   is a Venetian halfpenny,  the price of a
   newspaper, of which the first was pub-
   lished at Venice.]  A paper of news; a
   paper of publick  intelligence.   It is
   accented indifferently  on the first  or
   last syllable.
    And sometimes when the loss is small,
  And danger great, they challenge all;
  Print new additions to their feats,
  And emendations in gazettes.           HudUrras.
    An English gentleman,  without geography, can-
  not well understand a gazette.            Locke.
    One  cannot hear a name mentioned in it that
  does not bring to mind a piece of the gazette.
                                     Addison.
    All, all but truth, falls dead-born from toe press;
  Like toe last gazette, or the last address.    Pope.
Gazette'er, gaz-et-teer'. ra. s.  [from ga-
   zette.]
1. A  writer of news.
2. An officer appointed to publish news
   by  authority,  whom  Steele  calls  the
   lowest minister of state.
    Satire is no more: I feel it die:
  No gazetteer more innocent than I.         Pope.
Ga'zingstock,  ga'zing-stok. ra. s. [gaze
   and stock]    A  person gazed  at  with
   scorn or abhorrence.
    These things are offensive to us, by making us
  gazing-stocks to others, and objects of toeir  scorn
  and derision.                           Ray.
GAZO'Jv,   gaz-66n'. ra. s. [French.]   In
   fortification, pieces  of fresh  earth  co-
   vered  with  grass,   cut  in  form  of  a
   wedge,  about  a  foot long and half a
   foot thick, to line parapets and the  tra-
   verses of galleries.              Harris.

Gear,   geer.  n.  *.  [jyjuan,  to  clothe;
   geapTie, furniture, Saxon.]
I. Furniture; accoutrements; dress; habit;
  ornaments.
    Array thyself in her most gorgeous gear.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    When he found her bound, stript from her gear,
  And vile tormentors ready saw in place,
  He broke through.                    Fairfax.
          When once her eye
  Hath met toe virtue of tois magick dust,
  I shall appear some harmless villager,
  Whom thrift keeps up about his country gear.
                                     Milton.
    I fancy every body observes me as I walk the
  street, and  long to be in my  old plain gear again.
                                     Addison.
    To see some radiant nymph appear
  In all her glitt'ring birth-day gear,
  You think some goddess from the sky
  Descended  ready cut and dry.            Swift.
2. The  traces by  which  horses  or oxen
   draw.
    Apollo's  spite Pallas discern'd, and flew to Ty-
        deus' son;
  His scourge reacht, and his horse made fresh; then
        took her angry run
  At king Eumelus, brake his gears.      Chapman.
    The frauds he learned in his fanatick years,.
  Made him uneasy in his lawful gears.     Dryden.
3. Stuff.   Hanmer.
    If Fortune be a woman, she is a good wench  for
  this gear.                            Shaksp.
4. [In Scotland.]  Goods or riches: as,  he
   has gear enough.
5. The furniture of a draught horse.
Ge'ason, ge'sun. adj.   [A  word  which I
   find only in  Spenser.]  Wonderful.
    It to Leeches seemed strange and geason.  Hub.
Geat, jeet. ra.  s.  [corrupted from jett.]
   The hole through which the metal runs
   into the mold.                  Moxon.

Geok, gek. ra. s. [jeac, a cuckow; geek,
   German, a  fool;  gawkt  Scotish.]  A
   bubble easily  imposed upon.   Hanmer.
   Obsolete.
    Why did you  suffer Jachimo to  taint his noble
  heart and brain  with needless jealousy, and to be-
  come the geek and scorn o' th' other's villainy?
                                      Shaksp.
    Why have you suffer'd me to be imprison'd,
  And made the most notorious geek and gull
  That e'er invention play'd on?           Shaksp.
To Geck, gdk. v. a.  [from the noun.] To
   cheat; to trick.
Gee, jee. A  term used by wagoners to
   their  horses  when  they  would   have
   them go faster.
Geese, geese.  The plural of goose.
Ge'lable, jel'a-bl. adj. [from gelu, Lat.]
   What may be congealed,  or concreted
   into a  jelly.

Ge'latine, jel'a-tine.1*9  7    adj. [gela-
Gela'tinous,  je-lat'in-us. $      '"*> La-
   tin.] Formed  into a  jelly;  viscous; stiff
   and cohesive.
    That pellucid  gelatinous substance is an excre-
  ment cast off from the shoals offish toat inhabit the
  main.                            Woodward.
    You shall always see their eggs laid  carefully up
  in that spermatick gelatine matter, in which they
  are reposited.                        Derham.
To GELD. g£ld.869 v. a. preter. gelded or
  gelt; part. pass, gelded or gelt, [gelten,
  Germ.]
I. To castrate; to deprive of the  power
  of  generation.
    Gefcf bull-calf and ram Iamb as soon  as they fall.
                                      Tusser.
    Lord Say hath  gelded the commonwealth, and
  made it an eunuch.                    Shaksp.
2. To deprive  of any  essential part.
    He bears his course, and runs me up
  With like advantage on the other side,
  Gelding th' opposed continent as much
  As on toe other side it takes from you.     Shaksp.
3. To deprive of any thing immodest, or
  liable to objection.
    They were diligent enough to make sure work,
  and to gefcf it so clearly  in some places, toat they
  took away the very manhood of it.        Dryden.
Ge'lder, g&ld'&r. ra. s. [from geld.]  One
  that performs the act of castration.
    Geld later with  gelders as many one  do,
  And look of a dozen to geld away two.     Tusser.
    No sow-gelder did blow his horn
  To geld a cat, but cry'd reform.       Hudibras.
Ge'lder-rose, gel'dir-roze. ra. s.  [I sup-
   pose brought  from  Guelderland/]  The
   leaves are like those of the maple-tree:
   the flowers consist of one leaf, in  a cir-
   cular rose form.                 Miller.
    The gelder-rose  is increased by suckers and cut-
  tings.                            Mortimer.
Ge'lding, geYdlng.669 n.s. [from  geld]
   Any animal   castrated,  particularly  a
   horse.
    Though naturally there be more males of horses,
  bulls or rams than females; yet artificially, that is,
  by making geldings,  oxen and wethers, there are
  fewer.                               Graunf.
    The  lord lieutenant may chuse  out one  of the
  best horses, and  two of the best geldings;  for which
  shall be paid one hundred pounds for the horse, and
  fifty pounds a-piece for the geldings.       Temple. 
GEM
GEN
GEN
GE'LID, ]k\'\d.odj.[gelidu8, Latin.]  Ex-
  tremely cold.
    From the deep ooze and geKcf cavern rous'd,
  They flounce.                       Thomson.
Geli'dity, je-Jid'e-te.   }  ra. s. [from ge-
Ge'lidness, jel'id-nes.  5     '"*•]    Ex-
  treme  cold.                         Diet.
Ge'lly, jdl'le. ra. s. [gelatus, Latin.]  Any
  viscous body,  viscidity; glue; gluy sab-
  stance.
              My best blood turn
  To an infected geUy.      Shaksp. Winter's Tale.
             The tapers of the gods,
  The sun  and moon, became like waxen globes,
  The shooting stars end all in purple gellies,
  And chaos is at hand.    Drycf. Sf Lee's Oedipus
    The white of an egg will coagulate by a mode-
  rate heat, and the hardest of animal solids are re-
  solvable again into gellies.            Arbuthnot.
Gelt, gelt. ra. *. [from geld.] A castrated
  animal; gelding.  Not used.
    The sprayed geffs toey esteem the most profit-
  able.                              Mortimer.
Gelt, gelt.   The participle  passive of
  geld.
    Let the others be gelt for oxen.       Mortimer.
Gelt, gelt. ra. s.  [corrupted for the  sake
  of rhyme from gilt.]   Tinsel; gilt sur-
  face.
    I won her with a girdle of gelt,
  Embost with bugle about toe belt.       Spenser.
GEM, jem. ra. s. [gemma, Latin.]
1. A jewel; a  precious stone of whatever
  kind.
                Love his fancy drew;
  And so to take the gem Urania sought.     Sidney.
          I saw his bleeding rings,
  Their precious gems new lost, became his guide,
  Led him, begg'd for him,  sav'd him from despair.
                                      Shaksp.
    It will seem a hard matter to  shadow a gem, or
  well pointed diamond, that hath many sides, and
  to give toe lustre where, it ought.       Peacham.
    Stones of small worth may lie unseen by day;
  But night itself does toe rich gem betray.   Cowley.
    The basis of all gems is, when pure, wholly di-
  aphanous, and either crystal or an adamantine mat-
  ter;  but we find the diaphaneity of tois  matter
  changed, by means of a fine metallick matter.
                                   Woodward.
2. The first bud.
    From toe joints of toy prolifick stem
  A swelling knot is raised,  call'd a gem;
  Whence, in short space, itself the cluster shows.
                                    Denham.
              Embolden'd out they come,
  And swell the gems, and burst the narrow room.
                                     Dryden.
To  Gem, jem. v.  a. [gemma, Latin.]  To
  adorn,  as with jewels or buds.
To  Gem, jem. v. ra. [gemmo, Latin.] To
  put forth  the first buds.
    Last rose in dance, che stately trees, and spread
  Their branches, hung with copious fruit; or gemm'd
  Their blossoms.                        Milton.
Geme'lliparous,  j£m-m£l-lip'pa-riis.618
  adj. [gemelli, and pario, Latin.] Bearing
  twins.                               Diet.

To  GE'MINATE, jem'me-nate.91 v. a.
  [gemino,  Latin.] To double.      Diet.

Gemina'tion, jem-me-na'shiin  ra.s.[from
  geminate.] Repetition; reduplication.
    Be not afraid of them  that kill the body: fear
  bim, which, after he hath killed, hath power to cast
  into hell; yea, I say unto  you, with a gemination,
  which the present controversy  shews not to have
  been causeless, fear him.                 Boyle.
Ge'miny, jem'me-ne. ra. s. [gemini, Lat.]
   Twins; a pair; a brace; a couple.
    I have grated upon my good friends for three re-
  prieves for you,  and your couch fellow,  Nim; or
  else you had looked through the grate, like ageminy
  of baboons.                           Shaksp.
    A geminy of asses split would make just four of
  you.                               Congreve.
Ge'minous,  jdm'me-nus. adj.  [geminus,
   Lat.] Double.
    Christians have baptized these geminous births,
  and double connascencies, with several names, as
  conceiving in them a distinction of souls.   Brown.
Ge'mmary, jem'ma-re.  adj. [from gem.]
   Pertaining to gems or jewels.
    The principle and gemmary affection is its trans-
  lucency: as for arradiancy, which is found in many
  gems, it is not discoverable in this.        Brown.
Ge'mmeous,  jem'me-us.  adj. [gemmeus,
   Latin.]
1. Tending to gems.
    Sometimes wc  find toem in the gemmeous matter
  itself.                             Woodward.
2. Resembling  gems.

Gemmo'sity, jem-mos'e-te. ra.  s.  [from
   gem.]. The quality of being a jewel.
                                       Diet.
Ge'mote, jem'mote. ra. s. A meeting; the
   court of the hundred.  Obsolete.
Ge'nder, jen'd&r.  ra.  s. [genus,  Latin,
   gendre, Fr.]
1. A kind; a sort. Not in use.
    Our bodies are our gardens, to the  which our
  wills are gardener: so that if we will supply it  with
  one gender of herbs, or distract it with many, the
  power and corrigible authority of tois  lies in our
  will.                                Shaksp.
            The other motive,
  Why to a publick court I might not go,
  Is the great love toe general gender bare me. Shak.
2. A sex.
3. [In  grammar.]  A denomination given
   to nouns from their being joined with
   an adjective in this or that termination.
                                     Clarke.
    Cubitus, sometimes cubitum in the neutral gender,
  signifies the lower part of toe arm on which we lean.
                                   Arbuthnot.
    Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa, yet immediately
  changes toe words into the masculine gender.
                                      Broome.
To Ge'nder, jen'dur.  v. a.  [engendrer,
   French.]
1. To beget.
2. To produce; to cause.
    Foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing
  that toey do gender strife.             2 Timothy.
To Ge'nder, jen'dur. v. ra. To copulate;
   to breed.
            A cistern for foul toads
  To gender in.                         Shaksp.
    Thou shalt not let toy cattle gender with a di-
  verse kind.                         Leviticus.
Genealo'gical, je-ne-a-lodje'e-kal. adj.
   [from genealogy]  Pertaining  to  de-
   scents of families; pertaining  to the his-
   tory  of the successions of houses.
Genea'logist,  je-ne-al'6-gist.  ra. *. [yt-
   reccXoyia; genealogiste, French.] He who
   traces descents.
GENEALOGY,  je-ne-al'6-je.""  ». *
   [yevt* and X»y®>.] History  of the sue
   cession of families;  enumeration of de
   scent in order of succession; a pedigree
    The ancients ranged chaos into several  regions;
  and in that order successively rising one from ano-
  ther, as if it was a pedigree or genealogy.  Burnet,
Ge'nerarle, jen'er-a-bl. adj. [from gene-
   ro, Latin.]   That may  be produced or
   begotten.

GE'NERAL, jen'er-al.88  adj.  [general,
   French; generalis, Latin.]
I. Comprehending  many species or  indi-
   viduals; not special; not particular.
    To conclude from particulars to generals is a false
  way of arguing.                      Broome.
2. Lax in  signification; not restrained to
   any  special or particular import.
    Where toe author speaks more strictly and par-
  ticularly on  any theme, it  will explain toe more
  loose and general expressions.             Watts.

3. Not restrained by narrow or distinctive
   limitations.
    A general idea is an idea  in the mind, considered
  there as  separated from time and place, and so ca-
  pable to represent any particular being that is con-
  formable to it.                         Locke.
4. Relating to a  whole class  or body of
   men, or a whole kind of any being.
    They,  because some have been admitted without
  trial, make that fault general which is particular.
                                    WhUgift.
5. Publick;  comprising  the  whole.
    Nor would we deign him burial of his men,
  Till he disbursed at St Colmeskill isle,
  Ten thousand dollars to our gen'ral use.   Shaksp.
    Nor fail'd toey to express  how much they prais'd,
  That for  the general safety he despis'd
  His own.                            MUton.
6. Not directed to any single object.
    If toe same thing be peculiarly evil, toat general
  aversion  will be turned into a  particular hatred
  against it.                            Sprat.
7. Having relation to all.
          The wall of Paradise upsprung,
  Which to our general sire gave prospect large
  Into his nether empire neighb'ring round.  JVfiffon.
8. Extensive,  though not universal.
9. Common; usual.
              I've been bold,
  For that I knew it the most generaf way.  Shaksp,

10. General is appended to several offices;
   as, Attorney General, Solicitor General,
   Vicar  General.

Ge'neral, jen'er-al. ra. s.
1. The whole; the totality; the main; with-
   out insisting on particulars.
    That which makes an action fit to be commanded
  or forbidden, can be nothing else, in general, but
  its tendency to  promote or  hinder the attainment
  of some end.                         Jforris.
    In particulars our knowledge begins and so spreads
  itself by degrees to generals.              Locke.
    I have considered Milton's Paradise Lost in the
  fable, toe characters, the sentiments, and the lan-
  guage: and have shewn toat he excels, in general,
  under each of these heads.             Addison.
    An history painter paints man in general;  a por-
  trait painter, a particular man, and consequently a
  defective model.                    Reynolds-
2. The publick; the interest ofthe whole.
   Not in use.
    Neither my place,  nor aught I heard of business,
  Hath raised me from my bed; nor doth the general
  Take hold on me; for my particular grief
  Ingluts and swallows other sorrows.       Shaksp.
3. The vulgar.   Not in  use.
    The play, I  remember, pleased not toe million;
  'twas caviare to the  general: but it was, as I re-
  ceived it, and others, whose  judgment in such mat-
  ters cried in the top of miue, an excellent play.
                                     Shaksp 
GEN
GEN
GEN
4. [general, French.]   One that has the
   command over an army.
    A general is one toat hath power to command an
  army-                                 Locke.
    The generals on the enemy's side are inferiour to
  several that once commanded the French armies.
                                      Addison.
    The war's whole art each private soldier knows,
  And with a gen'raf's love of conquest glows.
                                      Addison.
Generali'ssimo,  jen-er-al-is'e-mo.  ra.  *.
   [gcneralissme,  French, from  general]
   The supreme  commander.   It is often
   rather a title of honour than office.
    Commission of generalissimo was likewise given
  to the prince.                       Clarendon.
    Pompey had deserved  the name of great;  and
  Alexander, of the same cognomination, was gene-
  ralissimo of Greece.                    Brown.
Genera'lity,  jen-er-al'e-te. ra. s. [gener-
   alite, French; from general]
I. The state of being general; the quality
   of including  species or particulars.
    Because the  curiosity  of man's wit doth with
  peril wade farther in the search of things than were
  convenient, the  same is  thereby  restrained unto
  such generalities as, eveiy  where offering  them-
  selves, are apparent to men of the weakest conceit.
                                      Hooker.
    These certificates do only in the generality men-
  tion the parties' contumacies and disobedience.
                                       Ayliffe.
2. The main  body;  the bulk; the common
   mass.
    Necessity, not extending  to  the generality, but
  resting upon private heads.             Raleigh.
    By his own principles he excludes from salvation
  the generafift/ of his own  church; that is, all  that
  do not believe upon his grounds.         Tiffofson.
    The generality of the English  have such a  fa-
  vourable opinion of treason, nothing can cure them.
                                      Addison.
    They publish their ill-natured discoveries with a
  secret pride, and applaud toemselves for toe singu-
  larity of their judgment,  which has found a flaw
  in what toe generality of mankind admires.
                                      Addison.
    The wisest were  distracted with doubts, while
  the generality wandered without any ruler. Rogers.

Ge'nerally,  jen'er-al-e.   adv.   [from
   general.]
1» In  general;  without   specification   or
   exact  limitation.
     I am  not a woman to be touched wito so many
  giddy fancies as he  hath  generally taxed  their
  whole sex withal.                      Shaksp.
     Generally we  would not have those that read this
   work of  Sylva  Sylvarum, account it strange that
  we have set down particulars untried.      Bacon.
2. Extensively, though not universally.
3. Commonly;  frequently.
4. In the  main; without minute detail;  in
   the whole  taken  together.
    Generally speaking, toey live very quietly.
                                      Addison.
     Generally speaking, they have been gaining ever
  since, though with frequent interruptions.     Swift.
     Generally  speaking, persons  designed  for long
  life, though in their former years they were small
  eaters, yet find their appetites encrease with their
  ^g                               Blackmore.
Ge'neralness, jen'er-al-nes. ra. *. [from
   g.neral.]   Wide extent,  though short
   of universality; frequency; commonness.
    They had, with* a general  consent, rather spring-
  ing by the generalness of the cause than of any arti-
  ficiafpractice, set toemselves in arms.     Sidney.
Ge'neralty,  jen'er-ai-te.   n.   s.  [from
   general.]  The  whole; the totality.
    The municipal laws of this kingdom are of a vast
  extent,  and include in their generally, all  those
  several laws which are  allowed as the rule of jus-
  tice and judicial proceedings.               Hale.

Ge'nerant,  jen'er-ant.  n.  s.  [generans,
   Latin.]   The begetting  or  productive
   power.
    Some believe the soul made by God, some by
  angels, and some by the generant: whether it be
  immediately created or traduced hato been the great
  ball of contention.                    Glanville.
    In such  pretended  generations  the generant or
  active principle is  supposed to be  the sun, which,
  being an inanimate body, cannot act otherwise than
  by his heat.                              Ray.

To  GE'NERATE,   jen'er-ate.  v.  a.
   [genero, Lat.]
I. To beget; to propagate.
    Those creatures which being wild generate sel-
  dom, being tame, generate often.           Bacon.
2  To produce to life; to procreate.
    God created the great whales, and each
  Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously
  The waters generated  by their kinds.     Milton.
    Or find some other way to generate
  Mankind.                            Jtfifton.
3. To cause; to produce.
    Sounds are generated where there is no air at all.
                                        Bacon.
    Whatever generates a quantity of good   chyle,
  must likewise generate milk.           Arbuthnot.
Generation, jen-er-a'shun. ra. «. [from
  generate; generation, French.]
1. The act of begetting or producing.
    Seals make excellent impressions; and so it may
  be toought of sounds in their first generation: but
  then the dilation of them, without any new sealing,
  shews they cannot be  impressions.         Bacon.
    He longer will delay, to hear thee tell
  His generation, and the rising birth
  Of nature from the unapparent deep.     Milton.
    If we deduce the several races of mankind in the
  several parts ofthe world from generation, we must
  imagine the first numbers of them, who in any place
  agree upon any civil constitutions, to assemble as so
  many heads of families whom they represent.
                                      Temple.
2. A family; a race.
                Y' are a dog.
  ------Thy mother's of my generation: what's she,
  if I be a dog?                         Shaksp.
3. Progeny;  offspring.
               The barb'rous Scythian,
  Or he toat  makes his generation messes
  To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom
  Be as well neignbour'd.                 Shaksp.
4. A single  succession;  one gradation in
   the scale of genealogical  descent.
    This generation shall not pass 'till all these things
  be fulfilled.                         Matthew.
    In the fourth generation toey shall come hither
  again.                               Genesis.
    A marvellous number were excited to the con-
  quest of Palestine,  which with singular virtue they
  performed, and held that kingdom some few genera-
  tions.                               Raleigh.
5. An age.
    By some of the ancients a generation was fixed
  at an hundred years;  by others at an hundred and
  ten;  by  others at thirty-three, thirty, twenty-five,
  and twenty; but it is remarked, that the continuance
  of generations is so much longer as they come near-
  er to toe more ancient times.             Calmet.
    Every where throughout all generafions and ages
  of the christian world, no church ever perceived the
  word of God to be against it.            Hooker.

Generative, jen'er-a-tiv.61* adj. [gener-
   atif, French; from genero, Lat."]
1. Having the power of  propagation.
    He gave to all, that have life, a power genera-
  tive, thereby to continue their species and kinds.
                                       Raleigh.
    In grains and kernels the greatest part is but the
  nutriment of that generative particle, so dispropor-
  tionable unto it.                        jjr4m
  . Prolifick; having the power of produc-
   tion;  fruitful.
    If toere  hath been such a gradual diminution of
  the generative faculty upon  toe  earth,  why was
  there not toe like decay in the production of vege-
  tables?                               £enlfej,
Genera'tor,  j£n'eT-a-tur.831  186   n.  s.
   [from genero,  Lat.]  The power which
   begets,  causes, or produces.
    Imagination assimilates the idea of the generator
  into the reality in the thing engendered.    Brown.

GENE'RICAL,je-ner'e-kal.>  adj.  [ge-
GENE'RICK,je-ner'rik.'°<>  £    nerique,
   Fr. from genus, Lat.]   That compre-
   hends the genus, or distinguishes  from
   another  genus, but does  not distinguish
   the species.
    The  word  consumption being applicable to «
  proper, and improper to a true  and  bastard con-
  sumption; requires  a generical description quadrate
  to both.                              Harvey.
    Though  wine differs from other liquids, in that it
  is the juice of a certain fruit; yet this is but a gene-
  ral or generick difference; for it does not distinguish
  wine from  cyder or perry; the specifick  difference
  of wine, therefore, is its pressure from toe grape.
                                         Watts.
Gene'rically, je-neVre-kal-e. adv. [from
   generick.]  With regard to the  genus,
   though not the species.
    They have  all toe essential  characters of sea-
  shells, and  shew that they are of the very same
  specifick gravity with those to which toey are  so
  generically  allied.                    Woodward.
Genero'sity, jen-er-6s'e-te. ra. *.  [gene-
   rdsite, French; generositas, Latin.] The
   quality  of  being  generous;   magna-
   nimity;  liberality.
    Can  he  be better principled  in the grounds of
  true virtue  and generosity than his young tutor is?
                                        Locke.
    It would not have been your generosity, to have
  passed by such a fault as this.            Locke.

GE'NEROUS, jen'er-us.^  adj. [genero-
   aus, Latin; genereux, French.]
1. Not of mean birth; of  good extraction.
2. Noble of mind; magnanimous; open of
   heart.
    A generous virtue of a vigorous kind,
  Pure in the last recesses ofthe mind.     Dryden.
    That gen'rous boldness to defend
  An innocent or absent friend.             Swift.
    The gen'rous critick fann'd the poet's fire,
  And taught toe world with reason to admire.  Pope.
    Such was Roscommon, not more  learn'd than
      good,
  With manners generous as his noble blood.   Pope.
    The gen'rous god who wit and gold refines,
  And ripens spirits as he ripens mines.        Pope.
    His gen'rous spouse, Theano, heav'nly fair,
  Nurs'd the young stranger with  a mother's care.
                                         Pope.
    Pray for others in such forms, wito such length,
  importunity, and earnestness, as you use for your-
  self; and you will find all little ill-natured passions
  die away, your heart grow great and generous, de-
  lighting in  the common happiness of others, as you
  used only to delight in your own.           Law.
3. It is used of animals.   Spritely;  daring;
   courageous.
    So toe imperial eagle does  not stay
  Till the whole carcase he devour
  As if his gen'rents hunger understood 
GEN                                    GEN                                    GEN
  That he can never want plenty of food,
  He only sucks the tasteful blood.        Cowley.
          Actson spies
  His op'ning hounds, and now he hears their cries:
  A gen'rous pack.                     Addison.
4. Liberal; munificent.
    When from his vest toe young companion bore
  The cup toe gen'rous landlord own'd before,
  And paid profusely with tbe precious bowl,
  The stinted kindness of this churlish soul. Parnel.
    Fast by the margin of her native flood,
  Whose wealthy waters are well known to fame,
    Fair as the bordering flowers the princess stood,
  And rich in bounty as the gen'rous stream.  Heigh.
5. Strong; vigorous.
    Having in a digestive furnace drawn eff the ar-
  dent spirit from some good sack, the phlegm,  even
  is this generous wine, was copious.        Boyle.
    Those who in southern climes complain,
  From Phoebus' rays toey suffer pain,
  Must own that pain is well repaid,
  By gen'rous wines beneath a shade.       Swift.
Ge'nerously,  jen'er-iis-le.  adv. [from
   generous.]
1. Not meanly with  regard to birth.
3. Magnanimously; nobly.
    When all the geds our ruin have foretold,
  Yet generousfi/ he does his arms withhold.   Dryd.
3. Liberally; munificently.
Ge'nerousness, jen'er-us-nes. ra. s. [from
   generous.] The quality of being gene-
   rous.
    Is  it possible to conceive  toat toe  overflowing
  generousness of toe divine nature would create im-
  mortal beings wito mean or envious principles?
                                      Collier.
GE'NESIS, jen'e-sis. ra. s.  [yeveTtg;  ge-
   nese,  Fr.] Generation;  the first book of
   Moses, which  treats of the  production
   of the world.
GE'JVET,  jen'nit.99 ra. s. [Fr. The word
   originally signified a horseman, and per-
   haps  a gentleman or knight.]  A small-
   sized well-proportioned Spanish horse.
    You'll have your nephews  neigh to you; you'll
   have coursers for cousins, and genets for germanes.
                                   Shakspeare.
    It is no more likely that frogs should be engen-
   dered in the clouds, than Spanish genefs be begot-
   ten by the wind.                         Ray.
    He shews his  statue too, where plac'd on high,
   The genef underneato him seems to fly.    Dryd.
Genethli'acal, jen-eYA-li'a-kal. adj. [ye-
   nS-xlxK®'.] Pertaining to nativities as
   calculated by astrologers; showing  the
   configurations  of the stars at any birth.
    The  night immediately before he was slighting
   the art of those foolish astrologers, and genethliacal
   ephemerists,  that used to pry into the horoscope of
   nativities.                            Howel.
Genethli'acks, je-ne*ra'le-aks. ra. *. [from
   yeveS-Xv.]  The  science of calculating
   nativities,  or   predicting  the future
   events of life from  the stars  predomi-
   nant at the birth.
Genethlia'tick,  je-neM'le-at'ik.  ra.  «.
   [yenS-Xt).] He who calculates nativities.
    The truth of astrological predictions is not  to be
   referred to toe  constellations; the genelhliaticks
   conjecture by the  disposition, temper, and  com-
   plexion of the person.               Drummond.
Gene'va, je-ne'va\  ra. s. [A corruption of
   genevre, French,  a juniper-berry.]   A
   kind of spirit distilled from the juniper-
   berry;  what is commonly sold is made
   with no better an ingredient than oil of
   turpentine, put into the still, with a lit-
   tle common salt and the coarsest spirit.
                         Hill's Mat. Med.
GE'NIAL, je'ne-al. adj. [genialis, Lat]
1. That contributes to propagation.
    Higher of the geniaf bed by far,
  And wito mysterious reverence I deem.    MUton.
    Creator Venus,, genial pow'r of love,
  The bliss of men below and gods above!  Dryden.
2. That gives cheerfulness, or  supports
   life.
    Nor will the light of life continue long,
  But yields to double darkness nigh at hand;
  So much I feel my geniaf spirits droop.    MUton.
3. Natural; native.
    It chiefly proceedeto from natural  incapacity,
  and geniaf indisposition.                Brown.
Ge'nially, je'ne-al-le. adv. [fromgenial.]
1. By genius; naturally.
     Some men are genially disposed fo some  opi-
  nions, and naturally averse to others.    Glanville.
2. Gayly; cheerfully.
GEM'CULATED, je-nik'u-la-ted. adj.
   [geniculatus, Latin.] Knotted; jointed.
    A piece of some geniculated plant seeming to be
  part of a sugar-cane.                FFoocfioarcf.
Genioula'tion,  je-nik-u-la'shun.  ra.  s.
   [geniculatio, Latin.]   Knottiness;   the
   quality  in  plants of  having  knots  or
   joints.
Ge'nio, je'ne-6.  ra. s. [genio, Italian;  ge-
   nius, Lat.]  A man of a particular turn
   of mind.
     Some genios are not capable of pure affection;
  and a man  is born with talents for it as much as for
  poetry, or any other science.             Tatler.
Ge'nitals,  jen'e-talz.88  ra.  s. [genitalis,
   Lat.] Parts belonging to  generation.
    Ham is conceived to be Jupiter, who  was the
  youngest son who is said to have cut off toe geni-
  tals of his father.                      Brown.
Ge'niting,  jen'ne-tin. ra, s. [A  corrup-
   tion of Janeton, French, signifying Jane
   or Janet, having been so called in  ho-
   nour of some lady of  that name;  and
   the  Scotish dialect  calls  them Janet
   apples,  which  is the  same with Jane-
   ton; otherwise supposed to be corrupt-
   ed from Juneting.]  An early apple  ga-
   thered in June.
     In July come early pears and plumbs in fruit,
  genitings and codlings.                 Bacon.
Ge'nitive,   jen'e-tiv.  adj.  [genitivus,
   Latin.]  In grammar,  the name of a
   case,  which,  among  other   relations,
   signifies one begotten,  as, the  father
   of a  son; or one  begetting, as, son of a
   father.
GE'NIUS,  je'ne-iis. ra.  s. [Latin; genie,
   French.]
 1. The protecting or ruling power of men,
   places, or  things.
          There is none but he
   Whose being I do fear: and, under him,
   My genius is rebuk'd; as it is said
   Antony's was by Caesar.             Shakspeare.
     The genius and the mortal instruments
   Are then in council, and the state of man,
   Like to a little kingdom, suffers then.      Shaks.
     And as I awake, sweet musick breathe,
   Sent by some spirit to mortals good,
   Or th' unseen genitts  of the wood.       Jtfiffon.
     And the tame demon  that should guard my
         throne,
   Shrinks at a genius greater than his own. Dryden,
    To your glad genius sacrifice this day,
  Let common meats respectfully give way.   DryiL
2. A man endowed with superiour facul-
   ties.
    There is no little writer of Pindarick who is not
  mentioned as a prodigious genius.        Addison.
3. Mental power or faculties.
    The state  and order does proclaim
  The genius of toat royal dame.           Waller.'
t. Disposition of nature by which any one
   is qualified for some  peculiar employ-
   ment.
    A happy genius is the  gift of nature.   Diyden.
    Your majesty's sagacity,  and happy genius for
  natural history, is a better preparation for enquiries
  of tois kind than  all the  dead learning  of the
  schools.                             Burnet;
    One science only will one genius fit;
  So vast is art, so narrow human wit.        Pope.
    The Romans, though they had no great  genius
  for trade, yet were not entirely neglectful of it.
                                   Arbuthnot:
5. Nature; disposition.
    Studious to please the genius of the times,
  Wito periods,  points,  and tropes,  he  slurs his
        crimes.                        Dryden.
    Another genius and disposition improper for phi-
  losophical contemplations, is not so much from the
  narrowness of their understanding, as because they
  will not take time to extend toem.       Burnet.
    He tames  the genius of the stubborn plain. Pope.
Gent, jent.  adj.  [gent, old French.] Ele-
   gant; soft; gentle; polite. Disused.
    Vespasian, with great  spoil and rage,
  Forewasted all; 'till Genuissagenf
  Persuaded him to cease.            Fairy Queen.
    She that was noble, wise, as fair and genf,
  Cast how she might their harmless lives preserve.
                                     Fairfax.

GENTE'EL, jen-teel'. adj. [gentil,  Fr.]
1. Polite; elegant in behaviour; civil.
    He had a  genteeler manner of binding toe chains
  of this kingdom than most of his predecessors.
                                Swift to Gay.
    Their poets have no notion of genteel comedy,
  and fall into toe most filthy double meanings when
  they have a mind to make their audience  merry.
                                     Addison.
2. Graceful in mien.
    So spruce that he can never be genteel.  Tatler.
3. Elegantly dressed.
    Several ladies that  have twice her fortune, are
  not able  to be always so genfeef, and so constant at
  all places of pleasure and expense.         Law.

Gente'elly, jen-teel'le. adv.  [from gen-
   teel.]
1. Elegantly;  politely.
    Those that would be genteelly learned, need not
  purchase it at the dear rate of being atheists.
                                    Glanville.
    After  a long fatigue of eating and  drinking, and
  babbling, he concludes toe great work  of dining
  genteelly.                             South.
2. Gracerully; handsomely.

Gente'elness,  jen-teel'nes.  n. s.  [from
   genteel.]
1. Elegance;  gracefulness; politeness.
     He had a genius full of genfeefness and spirit,
   having nothing that was ungraceful  in his postures
   and dresses.                          Diyden.
     Parmegiano has dignified the genfeefness of mo-
   dern effeminacy, by uniting it with the simplicity of
   the ancients, and the grandeur aud severity of Mi-
   chael Angelo.                        Reynolds.
 2. Qualities befitting a man of rank.

 Ge'ntian,  jen'shan. ra. s.  [gentiane, Fr.
   gentiana, Latin.] Felwort or baldmony.
     The root of genficm is large and long, of a tole-
   rably film texture, and  remarkably tough:  it has a 
GEN
GEN
GEN
  faintish and disagreeable smell, and an extremely
  bitter taste.                              Hill.
    If it be fistulous, and the orifice small,  dilate it
  with gentian roots.                   Wiseman.
Gentiane'lla, jen-shan-el'la. n.s. A kind
   of blue colour.
GE'NTILE, jen'til, or jen'tile. ra. s. [gen-
   tilis, Latin.]
1. One of  an uncovenanted nation; one
   who knows not the true God.
    Tribulation  and anguish upon every soul that
  doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the gentile.
                                      Romans.
    Gentiles or infidels, in  those actions, upon both
  the spiritual and temporal good, have been in one
  pursuit conjoined.                       Bacon.
2. A person of rank.   Obsolete.
    Fine Basil desireth it may be her lot
  To grow, as a gilliflower, trim in her pot;
  That ladies  and gentiles, for whom we do serve,
  May help him as needeth, poor life to preserve.
                                        Tusser.
GENTILE'SSE, jen-te-les'. n.  s. [Fr.]
   Complaisance; civility. Not  used.
    She wito her wedding-cloaths undresses
  Her complaisance and gentilesses.      Hudibras.
Ge'ntilism, jen'til-izm. ra. s. [gentilisme,
   French;  from gentile.]   Heathenism;
   paganism.
    If invocation of saints had been introduced in
  the apostolical  times, it would have looked like toe
  introducing of gentilism again.       Stillingfleet.
Gentili'tious, jen-til-lish'us.  adj.  [gen-
   tilitius, Latin.]
1. Endemial;  peculiar to a nation.
    That  an  unsavory odour is  genfififious, or na-
  tional unto  the Jews, reason or sense will not in-
  duce.                                Brown.
2. Hereditary; entailed on a family.
    The common eause of this distemper is a parti-
  cular and perhaps a genfififious disposition of body.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Genti'lity, jen-til'e-te. ra. s.  [gentilite,
   French;  from genlil,  French;  gentilis,
   Latin]
1. Good extraction; dignity of birth.
2. Elegance of behaviour; gracefulness of
   mien; nicety of taste.
3. Gentry;  the class of persons well born.
    Gavelkind must needs,  in the end, make a poor
  genfififw.                             Davies.
4. Paganism;  heathenism.
    When people began to espy the falshood of ora-
  cles, whereupon all gentility was built, their hearts
  were utterly averted from it.             Hooker.
GE'NTLE, jen'tl.406 adj. [gentilis, Lat.]
1. Well  born; well descended;  ancient,
   though not noble.
    They entering and  killing all of the gentle and
  rich faction, for honesty sake broke open all prisons.
                                       Sidney.
    These are the studies wherein our  noble and
  gentle youth ought to bestow their time.    Milton.
    Of gentle  blood, part shed in honour's cause,
  Each parent sprung.                     Pope.
2. Soft; bland; mild; tame;  meek; peace-
   able.
    I am one  of  those  gentle ones that will use the
  devil himself with curtesy,           Shakspeare.
             Her voice was ever soft,
  Gentle and low; an excellent thing in woman.
                                   Shakspeare.
    As gentle, and as jocund, as to jest,
  Go I to fight.                      Shakspeare.
    A virtuous and a good man, reverend in conver-
  sation, and gentle in condition.      2 Maccabees.
    The gentlest heart on earth is prov'd unkind.
                                      Fairfax.
    Yoar change was wise; for had she been deny'd,
  A swift revenge had follow'd from ber pride:
  You from my gentfe nature had no fears;
  All my revenge is only in my tears.      Dryden.
    He had such a genffe method of reproving toeir
  faults, that they were not so much afraid as asham-
  ed to repeat them.                  Atterbury.
3. Soothing; pacifick.
    And though this sense first gentle musick found,
  Her proper object is the speech of men.   Davies.
Ge'ntle, jen'tl. ra.  *.
I. A gentleman; a man of birth.   Out of
   use.
    Genffes do not reprehend;
  If you pardon, we will mend.         Shakspeare.
               Where is my lovely bride?
  How does my father?  Genffes, methinks you frown.
                                   Shakspeare.
2. A particular kind of worm.
    He will in toe three hot months bite at a flag-
  worm, or at a green gentle.             Walton.
To Ge'ntle, jen'tl. v. a.  To make gen-
   tle; to raise from the vulgar.  Obsolete.
    He to-day toat sheds his blood with me,
  Shall be my brother: be he never so vile,
  This day shall genffe his condition.    Shakspeare.
Ge'ntlefolk, jen'tl-foke.  ra. s.  [gentle
   and  folk.]   Persons distinguished  by
   their birth from the vulgar.
    The queen's kindred are made gentlefolk. Shaks.
    Gentlefolks will not  care for the remainder of a
  bottle  of wine;  therefore set  a fresh one before
  them.                                 Swift.
GE'NTLEMAN,jen'tl-man.88ra.«. [gen-
   tilhomme, French; gentilhuomo, Italian;
   that  is, homo gentilis, a man of ances-
   try.  All other derivations seem  to be
   whimsical.]
1. A man of  birth;  a  man of extraction,
   though not noble.
    A civil war was within the bowels of that state,
  between the genffeman and the peasant.   Sidney.
    I freely told you all toe  wealth I had
  Ran in my veins; I was a gentleman.   Shakspeare.
    He  hither came a private gentleman,
  But young and brave, and  of a  family
  Ancient and noble.                     Otway.
        You say a long descended race
  Makes genffemen, and that your high degree
  Is much disparag'd to be match'd with me.  Dryd.
2. A  man raised  above the vulgar by his
   character or post.
    Inquire me out some mean-born genffeman,
  Whom I will marry strait to Clarence' daughter.
                                   Shakspeare.
    He  is so far from desiring to be used as a gentle-
  man, toat he  desires to be used as toe servant of
  all.                                    Law.
   A term  of complaisance:  sometimes
  ironical.
    The same gentlemen who have fixed tois piece
  of morality on the three naked sisters dancing hand
  in hand, would have found out as good a one had
  there been four of them sitting at a distance, and
  covered from head to foot.              •flcfcfiscm.
4. The servant that waits about the person
  of a man of rank.
    Sir Thomas More, the Sunday after he gave up
  his chancellorship, came to his wife's pew, and used
  toe usual words of his gentleman usher, Madam,
  my lord is gone.                      Camden.
            Let be called before us
  That gentleman of Buckingham's in person. Shaks.
5. It is  used of any man however high.
    The earl of Hereford was reputed then
  In England the most valiant gentleman.    Shaks.
    The king is a noble gentleman, and my familiar.
                                   Shakspeare.

Gentlemanli'ke, jen'tl-man-like. >
Ge'ntlemanly, jen'tl-man-le.      5    J'
   [gentleman  and like.] Becoming a man
   of birth.
    He holdeth himself a gentleman, and scornetk
  to work, which, he saith, is the life of a peasant or
  churl, but enureth himself to his weapon,  and to
  the genffemanfi/ trade of stealing.        Spenser.
    Pyramus is a sweet-faced man; a proper man as
  one shall see in a summer's day; a most lovely gen-
  tlemanlike man.                    Shakspeare.
    You have train'd  me up like a peasant, hiding
  from me all gentlemanlike qualities.   Shakspeare.
    Two clergymen stood candidates  for a free-
  school, where a gentleman procured the place for
  the better scholar and more gentlemanly person of
  the two.                               Swift.,
Ge'ntleness, jen'tl-nes.  ra. s. [from gen-
   tle.]
1. Dignity of  birth} goodness of  extrac-
   tion.
2. Softness of manners;  sweetness of dis-
   position; meekness; tenderness.
             My lord Sebastian,
  The truth, you speak, doth lack some gentleness.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Your brave and haughty scorn of all,
  Was stately and monarchical;
  All gentleness wito that esteem'd,
  A dull and slavish virtue seem'd.        Cowley.
              Still she retains
  Her maiden gentleness, and oft at eve
  Visits the herds.                      MUton.
    The perpetual gentleness and inherent goodness
  of the Ormond family.                 Dryden.
    Changes are brought about silently and insensi-
  bly, with all imaginable benignity and gentleness.
                                    Woodward,
    Masters must correct their  servants with gentle-
  ness, prudence,  and mercy.              Rogers.
    Women ought not  to  think gentleness  of heart
  despicable in a man.                   Clarissa.
3. Kindness; benevolence. Obsolete.
    The gentleness of all the gods go with thee.
                                   Shakspeare.
Ge'ntleshtp,  jen'tl-ship.  ra.  s.  [from
  gentle.] Carriage of a  gentleman. Ob-
  solete.
    Some in France which will needs be gentlemen,
  have more gentleship in their hat than in then-
  head.                                Ascham.
Ge'ntlewoman, jen'tl-wum-in. ra. s. [gen-
   tle and woman. See Gentleman.]
1. A woman of birth  above the vulgar; a
   woman well descended.
    The gerUlewomen of Rome did  not suffer their
  infants to  be so long swathed as poorer people.
                 Abbot's Description of the World.
            Doth this  sir Protheus
  Often resort unto this gentlewoman.    Shakspeare.
    Gentlewomen may do themselves much good  by
  kneeling upon a cushion, and weeding.    Bacon.
   A  woman who waits about the  person
  of one of high rank.
    The late queen's genffetcoman, a knight's daugh-
        ter,
  To be her mistress' mistress!         Shakspeare.
    Her gentlewomen, like the nereids,
  So many mermaids, tended her i' th' eyes,
  And made their  bends adoring.       Shakspeare.
   A  word of civility or  irony.
    Now,  gentlewoman, you are confessing your
  enormities; I know it by that hypocritical downcast
  look.                                Dryden.
Ge'ntly, jen'tle. adv. [from gentle.]
I. Softly;  meekly; tenderly; inoffensively;
   kindly.
    My mistress gently chides toe fault I  made.
                                      Dryden.
    The mischiefs that come by inadvertency, or ig-
  norance, are but very gently to be  taken notice of.
                                        Locke. 
GEO
GEO
GEO
2. Softly; without violence.
             Fortune's blows,
  When most  struck  home,  being gently warded,
        craves
  A noble cunning.                   Shakspeare.
    A sort of great bat, as men lie asleep with their
  legs naked, will suck  their  blood at a wound so
  gently made as not to awake them.        Grew.
Ge'ntry, jen'tre. ra. s.  [gentlery, gentry,
  from gentle.]
1. Birth; condition;  rank derived from in-
  heritance.
    You are certainly a gentleman,
  Clerk-like, experiene'd, which no less adorns
  Our gentry than our parent's noble name,
  In whose success we are gentle.         Shaksp.
2. Class of people above the vulgar; those
  between  the vulgar and the nobility.
    They slaughtered many of the gentry, for whom
  no sex or age could be accepted for excuse. Sidney,
    Let states that aim at greatness, take heed how
  toeir nobility and gentry multiply too fast.  Bacon.
    How cheerfully the hawkers cry
  A satyr, and the gentry buy.              Swift.
3. A  term of civility real or ironical.
    The many-colour'd gentry there above,
  By turns are rul'd by tumult and by love.   Prior.
4. Civility; complaisance.   Obsolete.
    Shew us so much gentry and good-will,
  As to extend your time with us a-while.   Shaksp.
Genuflec'tion, je-nu-ffek'snun. ra. s. [ge-
  nuflexion,  Fr.  genu  and flecto, Latin.]
   The act of bending the knee; adoration
  expressed by bending the knee.
    Here use all the rites of adoration, genuflexions,
  wax candles, incense, oblations, prayers only ex-
  cepted.                           Stillingfleet.
GL'NUINE, jen'u-in.160 adj.  [genuinus,
   Lat.] Not spurious; not counterfeit; real;
   natural; true.
    Experiments were at one time tried with genuine
  materials,  and at another time with sophisticated
  ones.                                Boyle.
    The belief and remembrance, and love and fear
  of God, have so great influence to make men reli-
  gious, that where any of these is, the rest, together
  with the true and genuine effects of toem, are sup-
  posed to be.                        TiUotson.
            A sudden darkness covers all;
  True genuine night: night added to the groves.
                                    Dryden.
Ge'nuinely, jen'u-in-le. adv.  [from ge-
   nuine.]   Without adulteration; without
   foreign admixtures; naturally.
    There is another agent able to analize compound
  bodies less violently, more genuinely, and more
  universally than the fire.                 Boyle.
Ge'nuineness, jen'u-in-nes. ra. s. [from ge-
  nuine.]  Freedom' from any thing coun-
  terfeit; freedom from adulteration; pu-
  rity; natural state.
    It is not essential to the genuineness of colours to
  be durable.                            Boyle.
GE'.YUS, je'nils. ra. s. [Lat.]  In science,
  a  class of being, comprehending under
  it many  species: as quadruped is a ge-
  nus comprehending under it almost all
  terrestrial beasts.
    A general idea is called by the schools genus, and
  it is one common nature agreeing to several other
  common natures: so  animal is a genus, because  it
  agrees to horse, lion, whale,  and butterfly.  Watts.
    If minerals are not convertible into another spe-
  cies, though of the same genus, much less can they
  be surmised  reducible  into  a species of another
  genus.                             Harvey.
Geooe'ntrick, je-6-sen'trlk. adj. [y and
  jcevTf ev; geocentrique, French.] Applied

      VOL. I.
  to a planet or orb having the  earth for '
  its centre, or the same centre with the
  earth.                           Harris.
GE'ODjESIA, je-6-de'zhe-a.4fi2 n, s, [ytu.
  }*t<nx; geodesie, French.] That part of
  geometry which contains the  doctrine
  or art of measuring surfaces, and  find-
  ing the contents of all plane figures.
                                    Harris.
Geod-s'tical, je-6-det'e-kal.  adj.  [from
  geod&sia.]   Relating to the art of mea-
  suring   surfaces;   comprehending  or
  showing the art of measuring land.

GEO'GRAPHER, je-6g'gra-fur.118 a" „.
  s.  [yy and y^atpu; geographe, Fr.] One
  who describes  the earth  according to
  the position  of its different parts.
    A greater part of the earth hath ever been peo-
  pled than hath been known or described by geogra-
  phers.                               Brown.
    The bay of Naples is called the Crater by the
  old geographers.                     Addison.
    From sea to sea, from realm to realm I rove,
  And grow a mere geographer by love.      Tickel.
Geogra'phical,  je-6-graf'e-ka!  adj. [ge-
  ographic/ue,  French; from  geography.]
  Relating  to geography;  belonging to
  geography.
Geographically,je-6-graf'e-kal-e. adv.
  [from geographical.]  In a geographical
  manner; according  to the  rules of geo-
  graphy.
    Minerva lets Ulysses into the knowledge of his
  country;  she geographically describes it to him
                                     Broome.
Geo'graphy,  je-og'gra-fe.116 afi7 ra. s. [y
  and ypctQu; geographie, Fr.] Geography,
  in a strict sense, signifies the knowledge
  ofthe  circles of the earthly globe, and
  the situation of the various parts ofthe
  earth.  When it is taken in a little larger
  sense,  it includes the knowledge of the
  seas also; and  in the  largest  sense of
  all, it extends  to the various customs,
  habits, and governments of nations.
                                     Watts.
    Olympus is extolled by the Greeks as attaining
  unto heaven; but geography makes  slight account
  hereof, when toey discourse of Andes  or Teneriff.
                                     Brown.
    According to ancient fables the Argonauts sailed
  up toe Danube,  and from thence passed  into the
  Adriatick, carrying their ships upon their shoulders:
  a  mark of great ignorance in geography. Arbuthnot.
Geo'logy, je-6l'6-je. ra. s. [yy> and Xoy®*]
  The doctrine of the earth;  the  know-
  ledge  of the  state and nature of the
  earth.
Ge'omancer, je'6-man-sur.  ra. s. [yy and
  jttavTcj.]   A fortuneteller; a  caster of
  figures; a cheat who pretends to fore-
  tel  futurity  by  other  means  than the
  astrologer.
    Fortunetellers, jugglers, geomancers, and toe in-
  cantatory impostors, though commonly men of infe-
  riour rank, daily delude the vulgar.       Brown.
GE'OMANCY, je'o-man-se.61" ra. s.  [yn
  and i^*vrict;  geomance, Fr.] The  act of
  casting figures; the act of foretelling by
  figures what shall  happen.
    According to some there are four kinds of divi-
  nation; hydromancy, pyromancy, aeromancy, and
  geomancy.                           •Ayliffe.
                    5 N
Geoma'ntick,  je-6-man'tik.  adj. [from
  geomancy.]  Pertaining  to  the  act  of
   casting figures.
    Two geomantick figures were display'd
  Above his head, a warrior and a maid;
  One when direct, and one when retrograde.  Diyd.
Geo'meter, je-6m'e-tur. ra. s. [yeu^erprr,
   geometre, Fr.] One skilled in geometry;
   a geometrician.
    He became one ofthe chief geomet ers of his age,
                                       I Faffs.
Geo'metral,  je-om'e-tral. adj. [geome-
   tral, French; from geometry.] Pertain-
   ing to geometry.                   Diet.

Geome'trical, je-6-met'tre-kal. ~)     ,.
Geome'trick,  je-6-met'trik.    $    ■''
   [yeaftelpiKos; geometrique, French,  from
   geometry/]
 1. Pertaining to geometry.
    A geometrical scheme is let in by the eyes, but
  the demonstration is discerned by reason.    More.
    This mathematical discipline, by the help  of geo-
  metrical  principles doth teach to contrive several
  powers.                             Wilkins.
2. Prescribed or laid down by geometry.
    Must men take the measure of God just by the
  same geometrical proportions that he did,  toat ga-
  thered the  height and  bigness of Hercules  by his
  foot?                            Stillingfleet.
    Does not this wise philosopher assert,
  That the vast orb, which casts so fair his beams,
  Is such, or not much bigger than he seems?
  That the dimensions of his glorious face
  Two geometrick feet do scarce surpass? Blackmore
3. Disposed according to geometry.
    Geometrick jasper seemeth of affinity  with the
  fapis sanguinalis described by Boetius; but it is cer-
  tainly one sort of lapis cruciformis.         Grew.
Geometrically, je-o-met'ire-kal-e. adv.
   [from geometrical.]   According to the
   laws of geometry.
    'Tis possible geometrically to contrive such  an
  artificial  motion as shall be of greater swiftness than
  the revolutions of the heavens.           Wilkins.
    All the bones, muscles, and vessels of  the body
  are contrived most geometrically, according to the
  strictest rules of mechanicks.  "            Ray.

Geometrician,  je-6m-e-trlsh'a,n.   ra.  s.
   [yeufttTpiis.]   One skilled in geometry;
   a geometer.
    Although there be a  certain truth, geometricians
  would not receive satisfaction without demonstra-
  tion thereof.                         Broion.
    How easily does an expert geometrician, with one
  glance of his eye,  take in a  complicated  diagram,
.  made up of many lines and circles!         Ifaffs.

 To  Geo'metrize,  je-6m'e-trize.  v.  ra.
   [yea^elpea]   To act  according to the
   laws of geometry.
    We obtained good store of crystals, whose figures
  were differing enough, though prettily shaped, as if
  nature had at once affected variety in their  figura-
  tion,  and yet confined herself to geometrize.  Boyle.

GEO'METRY, je-om'me-tre.116 2S? C18 ra.
   *. [ytufieTplct; geometrie, Fr.] Originally
   signifies the art of measuring the earth,
   or  any distances  or  dimensions on  or
   within  it:  but  it is now used  for the
   science of quantity, extension, or  mag-
   nitude, abstractedly considered, without
   any regard to matter.
    Geometry is usually divided into speculative and
  practical; the former of which contemplates  and
  treats of the properties  of continued  quantity ab-
  stractedly; and the latter applies these speculations
  and theorems to use and practice.         Harris 
GER                                    GES                    ^                GET
    In the muscles alone there seems to be more ge-
  ometry  than in all  the artificial  engines  in  the
  world.                                 Ray.
    Him also for my censor I disdain,
  Who thinks all science, as all virtue, vain;
  V\ ho counts geometry and numbers toys,
  And with his foot the sacred dust destroys. Dryden.
Geopo'nical, je-6-pon'e-kal. adj. [yr, and
   v-iv®*; geoponique, French.] Relating to
   agriculture;  relating to the cultivation
   of the ground.
    Such expressions are frequent in authors geoponi-
  cal, or such as have treated de re rustica.   Brown.
Geopo'nicks,  je-6-pon'iks.  ra. 3.  [yti and
   jrav®-.]  The science of cultivating the
   ground; the doctrine  of agriculture.
George, jorje. ra. s. [Georgius,  Lat.]
I. A figure of St. George on  horseback
   worn by the  knights ofthe garter.
    Look on my george,  I am a gentleman;
   Rate me at what thou wilt.               Shaksp.
2. A brown  loaf.  Of this  sense I  know
   not the  original.
    Cubb'd  in  a cabin, on a mattrass laid,
   On a brown george, with lowsy swobbers fed.
                                      Dryden.
Geo'rgick,  jor'jik.11
s.  [yeopytKOV,
   georgiques, French.]  Some part of the
   science of husbandry put into a pleasing
   dress,  and set off with all the beauties
   and embellishments of poetry. Addison.
 Geo'rgick, jor'jik. adj.   Relating to the
   doctrine of agriculture.
    Here I peruse the Mantuan's georgick strains,
   And learn the labours of Italian swains.      Gay.
 Geo'tick, je ot'ik.609 adj. [from yn.] Be-
   longing to the earth; terrestrial.   Diet.

 Ge'rent, je'rent. adj. [gerens, Lat.] Car-
   rying;  bearing.                     Diet.
 Ge'rfalcon, jer-faw'kn. ra. s.   A bird of
   prey, in  size between a  vulture and a
   hawk,  and of the greatest strength next
   to the eagle.                      Bailey.
 Ge'rman, jer'man.88 ra. s. [germain, Fr.
   germanus,  Latin.]  Brother;  one ap-
   proaching to a brother  in proximity of
   blood:  thus the children of brothers  or
   sisters are called  cousins german, the
   only sense in which  the  word  is  now
   used.
    They knew it was their cousin german, the  fa-
   mous Amphialus.                      Sidney.
    And to him said, Go now, proud miscreant,
   Thyself thy message do to german dear.  F. Queen.
    Wert thou a bear, thou wouldst be killed by the
   horse; wert thou  a horse, thou wouldst  be seized
   by the leopard; wert thou  a leopard, thou wert ger-
   man to the, lion, and the spots of thy kindred were
   juries on thy life.                       Shaksp.
    You'll  have your nephews neigh to you; you'll
   have coursers for cousins, and genets for germans.
                                       Shaksp.
 Ge'rman, jer'man. adj.  [germanus, Lat.]
   Related.  Obsolete.
    Not he alone shall suffer what wit  can make
   heavy, and vengeance bitter; but those that are ger-
   man to him, though removed fifty times, shall come
   under the hangman.                    Shaksp.
Gk'rmander, jer-man'diir. ra. a. [german.
   dree, Fr. chamadrys,  Lat.] A plant.
                                      Miller.
Cerme, jerm. ra. s.  [germen, Latin]   A
   sprout  or shoot; that part which grows
   and spreads.
    Whether it be not made out  of the germe, or
  treadle of the egg, doth seem of lesser doubt.
                                      Brown.
Ge'rmin, jer'min.  ra. s.  [germen, Latin.]
   A shooting or sprouting  seed.  Out of
   use.
    Though palaces and pyramids do slope
  Their heads to their foundations; though the trea-
        sure
  Of nature's germins tumble all together,
  Even 'till destruction sicken;  answer me
  To what I ask you.                     Shaksp.
            Thou all-shaking thunder,
  Strike flat the thick rotundity o'the world;
  Crack nature's mould, all germins spill at once
  That make ungrateful man.             Shaksp.
 To  GERMINATE,  jer'me-nate.  v. ra.
   [germino, Lat.]  To sprout; to shoot; to
   Dud; to put forth.
    This action is  furthered by the chalcites,  which
  hath within a spirit that will put forth and germi-
  nate, as we see in chymical trials.         Bacon.
    The seeds of all kinds of vegetables being planted
  near the surface of toe earth, in a convenient soil,
  amongst matter proper for the formation of vegeta-
  btes, would germinate, grow up, and replenish toe
  face of toe earth.                  Woodward.
 Germina'tion, jeT-me-na'shun. ra. s. [ger-
   mination,  Fr.  from  germinate.]   The
   act of sprouting or shooting; growth.
    For acceleration of germination, we shall handle
  the subject of plants generally.            Bacon.
    The duke of Buckingham had another kind of
  germination; and surely, had he  been a plant, he
  would have been reckoned  among the  sponfe nas-
  tentes.                               Wotton.
    There is but little similitude between a terreous
  humidity and plantal germinations.     Glanville.
    Suppose the earth should be carried to the great
   distance of Saturn; there toe whole globe would be
  one frigid zane;  there would be no life, no germi-
  nation.                              Bentley.
 Ge'rund,j&r'rimd.n.s.[gerundium, Lat]
   In the Latin grammar, a kind of verbal
   noun, which governs cases  like a  verb.

 Gest, j£st. ra. *. [gestum,  Lat.]
 I. A deed; an action; an achievement.
    Who fair them quite*, as him beseemed best,
  And  goodly can discourse with many a noble gesf.
                                      Spenser.
 2. Show;  representation.
     Gesfs should be interlarded after the Persian
  manner, by ages, young and old.
 3. The  roll or journal of the several days
   and  stages prefixed,  in the progresses
   of our kings, many of them being still
   extant in the herald's office, [from giste,
   or gite, French.]               Hanmer.
         I'll give you my commission,
  To let him there a month, behind the gesf
  Prefix'd for's parting.                 Shaksp.
 4.  A  stage; so much of a journey as pas-
   ses without interruption.   In all senses
   obsolete.
    He distinctly  sets down  the gesfs and  progress
  thereof.                             Brown.
 Gesta'tion,  j^s-ta'shun. n. s.  [gestatio,
   Latin.]  The act of bearing the young
   in the womb.
    Aristotle affirmeth the birth of the infant, or time
  of its  gestation, extendeth sometimes unto  the
  eleventh month; bat Hippocrates avers that itex-
  ceedeth not the tenth.                 Brown.
    Why in viviparous animals, in the time of gesta-
  tion, should the nourishment be carried to the em-
  bryo in the womb, which at other times goeth not
  that way?                               Ray.

 To GESTI'CUL ATE, jes-tlk'u-late. v. ra.
   [gesticulor,  Lat. gesticuler,  Fr.]   To
  play antick tricks; to show postures.
                                       Diet.
Gesticulation, jes-tlk-u-la'shAn.  ra.  «.
  [gesticulatio, Lat. gesticulation, French;
  from gesticulate.]   Antick tricks; vari-
  ous postures.
Ge'sture, jes'tshure.481 n.  s.  [gero,ges-
  tum, Latin; geste, French.]
I. Action or posture  expressive of senti-
  ment.
    Ah, my sister, if you had heard his words,  or
  seen his gestures, when he made me know what and
  to whom his love was, you would have matched in
  yourself those two rarely matched together, pity and
  delight.                              Sidney.
    When we make profession of our faith, we stand;
  when we acknowledge our sins, or seek unto God
  for favour, we fall down; because the gesture  of
  constancy becometo us best in toe one, in the other
  the behaviour of humility.               Hooker.
    To the dumbness of gesfure
  One might interpret.                   Shaksp.
    Humble and reverend gestures in our approaches
  to God express the inward reverence of our souls.
                                 Duty of Man.
2. Movement ofthe body.
    Grace was in all her steps, heav'n in her eye,
  In ev'ry gesture dignity and love!         Milton.
    Every one will agree in this, that we ought either
  to lay aside all kinds of gesture, or at least to make
  use of such  only as are graceful and expressive.
                                     Addison.
To Ge'sture, jes'tshure. v. a.  [from the
  noun.]   To accompany with  action or
  posture.
    Our attire disgraceth  it; it  is not orderly read,
  nor gestured as beseemeth.              Hooker.
    He undertook so to gesture and muffle up himself
  in his hood,  as the duke's  manner was, that none
  should discern him.                    Wotton.
To GET, get.381  v. a. pret.  I got, anci-
  ently gat; part.  pass,  got or gotten.
  [getan,  gettan, Saxon.]
1. To procure; to obtain.
    Thine be the cosset, well hast thou  it got.
                                      Spenser.
    Of that which was our father's hath he goffen all
  this glory.                            Genesis.
    We gaf our bread with the peril of our lives.
                                      Samuel.
    David gaf him a name when he returned from
  smiting of  the Syrians.               2 Samuel.
    Most of these things might be more exactly tried
  by the Torricellian experiments,  if we could get
  tubes so  accurately blown that the cavity were per-
  fectly cylindrical.                       Boyle.
    Such a conscience, as has not been wanting to it-
  self, in endeavouring to gef the utmost and clearest
  information about the will of  God,  that its power,
  advantages, and  opportunities  could afford  it, is
  that great internal judge, whose absolution is a ra-
  tional and  sure ground of confidence-       South.
    He insensibly gof  a facility,  without perceiving
  how; and toat is attributed wholly to nature which
  was much more the effect of use and practice. Locke.
    The man who lives upon alms, gefs him his set of
  admirers, and delights in superiority.     Addison.
    Sphinx was a monster that would eat
  Whatever stranger she could get,
  Unless his ready wit disclos'd,
  The subtle riddle she  propos'd.          Addison.
    This practice is to be used at first, in order to gef
  a fixed habit of attention, and in some cases only.
                                        Watts.
    The word get is variously used:  we say  to gef
  money, to gef in, to gef off, to gef ready, to gef a
  stomach, and to gef a cold.               Waffs.
2. To force; to seize.
    Such losels and scatterlings cannot easily, by any
  constable, or other ordinary officer, be gotten, when
  they are challenged for any such fact.    Spenser. 
GET
GET
GET
     The king seeing tois, started from where he sat,
  Out from his trembling hand his weapon gaf.
                                         Daniel.
     All things but one you can restore;
  The heart you gef returns no more.        Waller.
3. To win by contest.
             Henry the sixth hath lost
  All that which Henry the fifth had goffen.  Shaksj\
     He gat his people great honour, and he made
  battles, protecting the  host with his sword.
                                    1 Maccabees.
     To get toe day of them of his own nation, would
  be a most unhappy day for him.      2 Maccabees.
     Auria held toat course to have drawn the gallies
  within  his great ships,  who  thundering amongst
  them with their great ordnance,  might have opened
  a way unto his gallies to have goffen a victory.
                                        Knolles.
A.  To have possession of;  to  have.  This
   sense is  commonly  in  the compound
   preterit.
    Then forcing  thee, by fire he made thee bright;
  Nay, thou hast got the face of man.      Herbert.
5. To beget upon a female.
    These boys are boys of ice; they'll none of her:
  sure they are bastards of the  English,  toe French
  never gof them.                         Shaksp.
     Women with  study'd  arts they vex:
  Ye gods destroy that impious sex;
  And if there must be some t' invoke
  Your pow'rs, and make your altars smoke,
  Come down yourselves,  and, in their place,
  Gef a more just and nobler race.         Waffer.
    Children toey gof on their female captives.
                                          Locke.
    If you'll take 'em as their  fathers gof 'em, so
  and well; if not, you must  stay 'till they gef a bet-
  ter generation.                         Dryden.
    Has no man, but who has kill'd
  A father, right to gef a child?              Prior.
    Let every married man that's grave and wise,
  Take a tartuff of known  ability,
  Who shall so settle lasting reformation;
  First gef a son, then give him education.    Dorset.
    The god of day, descending from above,
  Mixt with the day, and gof the queen of love.
                                      Granriffe.
6.  To gain as  profit.
     Though creditors will lose one fifth of their prin-
  cipal and use, and  landlords one fifthLof their in-
  come, yet the debtors and tenants will not gef it.
                                         Locke.

7. To gain a superiority or advantage.
    If they gef ground and 'vantage of the king,
  Then join you with them like a rib of steel. Shaks.
8. To earn; to  gain by labour.
    Having no mines, nor any other way of getting or
  keeping of riches  but by trade, so much of our
  trade as is lost,  so much of our riches must  neces-
  sarily go wito it.                        Locke.
    If it be so much pains  to count the money I
  would spend,  what labour did  it coat my ancestors
  to gef it?                                Locke.
9. To receive as a  price or reward.
    Any tax laid on foreign commodities in England
  raises their price, and makes toe importer gef more
  for them; but a  tax laid on your home-made com-
  modities lessens  their price.               Locke.
10. To  learn.
    This  defect he  frequently  lamented,  it being
  harder with him to gef one sermon by heart than to
  pen twenty.                               Tell.
    Get by heart the more common and useful words
  out of some judicious vocabulary.           Waffs.
11. To  procure  to  be.
    I  shall shew  how we may gef it thus  informed,
  and afterwards preserve and keep it so.     SoufA.
12. To  put into  any  state.
    Nature taught  them  to make certain vessels of
  a tree,  which they gof down, not with cutting,  but
  with fire.                                Abbot.
    Take no repulse, whatever she doth say;
  For, gef you gone, she doth not mean away. Shaks.
    He who attempts to gef another man into his ab-
  solute power,  does thereby put himself into  a state
  of war wito him.                         Locke.
    Before your ewes bring forth, they may be pretty
  well kept, to get them a little into heart, Mortimer.
    Helim, who was taken up in embalming the bo-
  dies, visited toe place very frequently: his greatest
  perplexity was how to gef the lovers out of  it, the
  gates being watched.                  Guardian.
13. To prevail on; to induce.
    Though the  king could not gef him to engage in
  a life of business, he made him however his chief
  companion.                          Spectator.
14. To draw;  to  hook.
    With  much communication  will he tempt thee,
  and smiling upon thee gef out thy secrets.  Eccles.
    By the marriage of his grandson Ferdinand he
  gof into his family the kingdoms of Bohemia and
  Hungary.                             Addison.
    After  having gof out of you every thing you can
  spare, I  scorn to trespass.              Guardian.
15. To betake; to remove: implying haste
   or danger.
    Gef you to bed on th' instant; I will be return'd
  forthwith.                           Shakspeare.
    Arise, gef thee out from this land.      Genesis.
    Lest they join also  unto  our enemies, and fight
  against us, and so gef them up out of the land.
                                       Exodus.
    He with all  speed got himself with his followers
  to the strong town of Mega.             Knolles.
16. To remove by  force or art.
    She was quickly gof off toe land again. Knolles.
    The roving fumes of quicksilver, in evaporating,
  would oftentimes fasten upon the gold in such plen-
  ty, as would put him  to much trouble to get them
  off from  his rings.                        Boyle.
    When mercury is gof  by the help of the fire out
  of a metal, or other mineral body, we may suppose
  this quicksilver to have  been a perfect body of its
  own kind.                               Boyle.
    They would be glad to gef out those weeds which
  their own hands have  planted, and which now have
  taken too deep  root to be easily extirpated.  Locke.
17. To put.
    Gef on thy boots; we'll ride all night.    Shaks.
18. To Get off.  To  sell or  dispose of by
  some expedient.
    Wood, to gef his halfpence off,  offered an hun-
  dred pounds in  his coin for seventy in silver.  Swift.
To Get, get.660  v. ra.
I.  To arrive   at  any  state or  posture by
  degrees  with some kind of labour,  ef-
  fort, or  difficulty: used either of per-
  sons or things.
    Phalantus was entrapped, and  saw round about
  him, but could  not gef out.               Sidney.
    You knew he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge
  More likely to fall in  than to gef o'er.      Shaks.
    The stranger shall gef up  above thee very high,
  and thou shalt come down very low.        fleuf.
    The fox bragged what a number of shifts and de-
  vices he  had to get from the hounds,  and  the cat
  said he had but one, which was to climb a tree.
                                         Bacon.
    Those that are very cold, and especially in their
  feet, cannot gef to sleep.                 Bacon.
    I  utterly condemn  the  practice of the  latter
  times, that some who are pricked for sheriffs,  and
  were fit, should gef out of the bill.         Bacon.
    He got away  unto the christians,  and hardly
  escaped.                               Knolles.
    He would be at their  backs before they could gef
  out of Armenia.                       Knolles.
    She plays wito his  rage,  and gefs above his an-
  ger.                                  Denham.
    The latitant air had gof away in bubbles.  Boyle.
    There are few bodies whose minute parts stick so
  close together, but that it is possible to meet with
  some other body  whose small parts  may get be-
  tween, and so disjoin  them.                Boyle.
                    5*2
     There was but an insensible diminution  of the
   liquor upon toe recess  of whatever it was that gof
   through the cork.                         Boyle.
     Although toe  universe,  and every part thereof,
   are objects  full of excellency, yet the multiplicity
   thereof is so various, that  the understanding falls
   under a kind of despondency of getting  through so
   great a task.                             Hale.
     If there should be any leak at the bottom of the
   vessel,  yet very little water would gef in, because
   no air could gef out.                    Wilkins,
     O heav'n, in what a lab'rinth am I led!
   I could gef out, but she detains the thread!  Dryd.
     So have I seen some fearful hare maintain
   A course, 'till tir'd before the dog she lay;
   Who, stretch'd behind her,  pants upon the plain,
   Past pow'r to kill, as she to gef away.    Dryden.
     The more oily and light part of this mass would
   gef above the other, and swim upon it.     Burnet.
     Having gof through toe foregoing passage, let us
   go on to his next argument.                Locke.
     The removing of the pains we feel, is thegeffing
   out of misery, and consequently the  first thing to
   be done, in order to happiness, absent good. Locke*
     If, having gof into the sense  of the epistles, we
   will but compare what he says, in the places where
   he treats of the same  subject, we can  hardly be
   mistaken in his sense.                     Locku
     I gof up  as fast as possible, girt on my rapier,
   and snatched up my hat,  when my landlady came
   up to me.                              Tatler]
     Bucephalus would let nobody  get upon him but
   Alexander the great.                   Addison-
     Imprison'd fires in the close dungeons pent,
   Roar to gef loose, and struggle for a vent;
   Eating their way, and undermining all,
   'Till with a mighty burst whole mountains fall.
                                        Addison
     When Alma now in diff'rent ages,
   Has finish'd  her ascending stages,
   Into the head at length she gets,
   And there in public grandeur sits,
   To judge of things.                       Prior-.
     I resolved to break through all measures to gef
   away.                                   Swift.

2. To fall;  to come by accident.
     Two  or three men of the  town are gof among
   them.                                  Taffer.

3. To find the way; to insinuate itself.
     When an egg is made hard by boiling,  since
   there is nothing that appears to gef in at the shell,
   unless  some little particles of the water, it is not
   easy to discover from whence else this change pro-
   ceeds than from a change  made  in toe texture of
   the parts.                               Boyle.
         He raves; his words  are loose
   As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense;
   So high he 's mounted in his airy hopes,
   That now the wind is gof into his  head,
   And turns his brain to frenzy.           Dryden.
     A child runs to overtake and gef up to the top of
   his shadow,  which still advances  at  the same rate
   that he does.                            Locke.
     Should dressing,  feasting, and balls once gef
   among the Cantons, their military roughness would
   be quickly lost.                        Addison.
     The fluids which surround bodies, upon the sur-
   face of the globe, gef in between the surfaces of
   bodies, when they are at any distance.     Cheyne.
4. To move; to remove.
     Gef home with thy fewel made  ready to set;
   The sooner, and easier carriage to get.     Tusser.
5. To  have recourse to.
     The Turks made great  haste through the midst
   of the town ditch, to gef up into the bulwark to help
   their fellows.                           Knolles.
     Lying is so cheap a cover for any miscarriage,
   and so much in fashion, that a child can scarce be
   kept from getting into it.                  Locke.
6. To  go; to  repair.
     They ran to toeir weapons, and furiously assailed
   the Turks, now fearing no such matter,  and were
I   not as yet all gof into the rastle.          Knolles, 
GET
GHA
GI  A
     A knot of ladies, got together by themselves, is a
  very school of impertinence.              Sicift.
 7. To  put one's self in any state.
     They might get over the river Avon at Stratford,
  and gef between the king and Worcester.
                                    Clarendon.
     We can neither find source nor issue for such an
  excessive mass of waters,  neither  where to have
  them; ner if we had them, how to gef quit of them.
                                       Burnef.
     Without his assistance we can no more gef quit
  of our affliction, than  but by his  permission we
  should have fallen into it.                Wake.
     There is a sort of men who  pretend to divest
  themselves  of  partiality on both sides, and to gef
  above that  imperfect idea of their subject which
  little  writers fall into.                    Pope.
     As the obtaining the love of valuable men is the
  happiest end of this life, so the  next felicity is to
  get rid of fools  and scoundrels.            Pope.
 8.   To become by any act what one was
   not  before.
     The laughing sot, like alt unthinking men,
  Bathes and gefs drunk;  then bathes and drinks
       again.                            Dryden.
 9. To  be a  gainer; to receive advantage.
     Like jewels to advantage set,
  Her beauty by the shade does gef.        Waffer,
 10. To Get off.  To escape.
     The gallies,  by the benefit of the shores and shal-
  lows, gof off.                           Bacon.
     Whate'er thou dost, deliver not thy sword;
  With that thou may'st gef off, too' odds oppose thee.
                                       Dryden.
 11.  To Get over. To conquer; to  sup-
   press; to pass without being stopped in
   thinking or acting.
     'Tis very pleasant to hear the lady propose her
  doubts, and to see the  pains he  is  at to  gef over
  them.                              Addison.
     I cannot gef  over the prejudice  of taking some
  little  offence at the clergy, for perpetually reading
  their  sermons.                          Swift.
     To remove this difficulty, Peterborough was dis-
  patched to Vienna, and gof over  some part of those
  disputes.                              Swift.
 12.  To Get up. To rise from repose.
     Sheep will gef up betimes in the morning to feed
  against rain.                           Bacon.
 13.  To Get up. To rise from a seat.
 14.  To remove from a place.
     Gef you up from about the tabernacle of Koran,
  Dathan, and Abiram.                 Numbers.
 15.  To get, in  all its  significations  both
   active and  neutral,  implies the acqui-
   sition of something, or  the arrival at
   some state  or place by  some means;
   except in the use of the preterit com-
   pound, which  often implies mere pos-
   session:  as, he has got  a good  estate,
   does not always mean  that  he has ac-
   quired, but barely that he possesses it.
   So we say the lady  has got black eyes;
   merely meaning that she has them.
 Ge'tter, get'tilr. ra. s. [from^e*.]
 1. One who procures or obtains.
 2. One who begets on a female.
     Peace is a very lethargy, a geffer of more bas-
  tard children than war's a destroyer of men.
                                    S/iafcspeare.
 Ge'tting,  get'ting. n.  s. [from get.]
 1. Act of getting; acquisition.
     Wisdom is the principal thing, therefore get wis-
  dom ; and with al) thy getting get understanding.
                                     Proverbs.
'2. Gain; profit.
     Who hath a state to repair may not despise small
  things; aud  it is less dishonourable  to abridge a
  petty  charge than to stoop to petty getiings. Bacon.
    The  meaner families  return a small share of
  their gettings, to be a portion for the child.  Swift.

Ge'wgaw, gu'gaw.3" ra. s. [gegaf, Sax.
  joyau, French.]  A showy trifle; a toy;
   a bauble; a splendid playth'ng.
    That metal they exchanged for  the meanest
  trifles and gewgaws which the others could bring.
                                       Abbot.
    Prefer that which Providence has pronounced to
  be the staff of life,  before a glittering gewgaio that
  has no other value than what vanity has set upon it
                                  L'Esfrange.
    As children, when they throw one toy away,
  Straight a more foolish gewgaw comes in play.
                                     Dryden.
    A heavy gewgaw, call'd a crown, that spread
  About his temples,  drown'd his narrow head,
  And would have crush'd it.             Dryden.
            Some loose the bands
  Of ancient friendship, cancel nature's laws,
  For pageantry and  tawdry gewgaws.      Philips.
    The first images were fans, silks, ribbands, laces,
  and many other gewgaws, which lay so thick that
  the whole heart was nothing else but a toyshop.
                                     Addison.
Ge'wgaw, gu'gaw. adj.   Splendidly trif-
   ling;  showy without value.
    Let him that  would learn the happiness of re-
  ligion, see the poorgetegato happiness of Feliciana.
                                        Law.
Gha'stful,   gast'ful.390 adj.  [gayt  and
   pulle;  Saxon.] Dreary; dismal; melan-
   choly;  fit for walking spirits.  Obsolete.
    Here will I dwell apart,
  In ghastful grave, 'till my last sleep
  Do close  mine eyes:
  Help me, ye baneful birds, whose shrieking sound
  Is sign of dreary death.                 Spenser.
Gha'stliness,   gast'le-n£s.  ra.  s.  [from
   ghastly.]  Horrour  of countenance;  re-
   semblance of a ghost; paleness.
GHA'STLY, gast'le.  adj.  [gar-e,orghost.
   and like.]
1. Like a ghost; having  horrour  in  the
   countenance; pale;  dreadful; dismal.
    Why looks your  grace so heavily to-day?
  —0, I have past a  miserable night;
  So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams,
  So full of dismal terrour was the time.     Shaks.
    Envy  quickly discovered in  court  Solyman's
  changed  countenance upon the great  bassa,  and
  began now to shew her ghastly  face.      Knolles.
                 Death
  Grinn'd horrible a ghastly smile, to hear
  His famine should  be fill'd.             Jtfiffon.
    Those  departed friends whom at our  last separa-
  tion we saw disfigured by all the ghastly horrours of
  death, we shall then see assisting about the majes-
  tick throne of Christ; with their once vile bodies
  transfigured into the  likeness of his glorious body,
  mingling  their glad acclamations with the hallelu-
  jahs of thrones, principalities, and powers.  Boyle.
    He came, but with such alter'd looks,
  So wild, so ghastly, as if some ghost had met him,
  All pale and speechless.                Dryden,
    1 did not for these ghastly visions send;
  Their sudden coming does some ill portend. Dryd.
2. Horrible;  shocking; dreadful.
            To be  less than gods
  Disdained; but meaner  thoughts  learn'd in their
         flight,
  Mangled  with ghastly wounds through plate  and
        mail.                          Jtfiffon.
      I who make the triumph of to-day,
  May of to-morrow's pomp one part appear,
  Ghastly with wounds, and lifeless on,the bier!
                                       Prior.
Gha'stness,  gast'nes. ra.  s. [from gayt,
   baxon.] Ghastliness; horrour of look.
   Not used.
            Look you pale, mistress?
  Do you perceive the ghastness of the eye ?   Shaks,
Ghe'rkin,  ger'kin.  ra. s.  [from gurcke,
   German, a cucumber.] A small pickled
   cucumber.                      Skinner.
To Ghess, ges.  v. ra.  [See To Guess.
   Ghess is by criticks considered  as the
   true orthography,  but guess  has uni-
   versally prevailed.]  To conjecture.
GHOST, gost.3<»° n. *."[gart,  Saxon.]
I. The soul of man.
    Vex not his gfcosf.- O, let him pass! He hates him,
  That would upon the rack of this rough world
  Stretch him out longer.              Shakspeart.
            Often did I strive
  To yield the gfiosf; but still the envious flood
  Kept in my soul.                   Shakspeart.
2. A spirit appearing after death.
    The mighty ghosts of our great Harrys rose,
  And armed Edwards look'd with anxious eyes,
    To see this fleet among unequal foes,
  By which fate promis'd  them their Charles should
        rise.                          Dryden.
3.  To  give  up the  Ghost.  To die; to
   yield  up  the spirit into  the  hands of
   God.
             Their shadows seem
  A canopy most fatal, under which
  Our army lies ready to give up the ghost.   Shaks.
4. The  third person  in  the adorable Tri-
   nity, called the Holy Ghost.
 To Ghost, gost.  v.  ra. [from  the  noun.]
   To yield up the ghost;  to die.   Not in
   use.
    Euryalus taking leave of Lucretia, precipitated
  her into such a love-fit, that within  a few hours
  she ghosted.                          Sidney.
 To Ghost, gost. v. a.  To haunt with ap-
   paritions of departed men.  Obsolete.
            Julius Caesar
  Who at Philippi the good Brutus ghosted,
  There saw you labouring for him.     Shakspeare*
Gho'stliness, gost'le-nes. ra.  s.  [from
   ghostly.]  Spiritual tendency; quality of
   having reference chiefly to the soul.
Gho'stly,  gost'le. adj. [frorri ghost.]
 I. Spiritual; relating to the soul; not  car-
   nal; not secular.
    Save and defend us from our ghostly enemies.
                               Common Prayer.
    Our common necessities, and the lack which we
  all have, as well of ghostly as of earthly favours, is
  in each kind so easily known, but the gifts of God,
  according to these degrees and times, which  he in
  his secret wisdom seeth meet,  are so diversely be-
  stowed, that it seldom appeareth what all receive,
  what all stand in need of, it seldom lieth hid.
                                      Hooker.
    The graces of the spirit are much more precious
   than worldly benefits, and our ghostly evils of
   greater importance than any harm which  the body
   feeleth.                             Hooker.
     To deny me the ghostly comfort of my chapluins,
   seems  a greater barbarity than is ever used by
   christians.                      King Charles.
  .  Having a character from religion; spi-
   ritual.
    Hence will I to my ghostly friar's close cell,
   His help to crave, ai d my dear hap to tell.  Shaks.
    The ghostly father low hath done his shrift.
                                    Shakspeare.
 GIA'LALIJYA, je-aTai-e-na. ra. s. [Ital.]
   Earth of a bright  gold coiour, found in
   the kingdom of Naples, verv fine, and
   much valued by painters.  IVoodward.
 Gia'mbeux, jan/booz. ra.  s. [jambes, Fr.]
   Legs, or armour for legs; greaves.
4 
GIB
GIB
GID
    The mortal steel despiteously entail'd
  Deep in their flesh, quite through the iron walls,
  That a large purple stream adown their giamoeua:
        falls.                         Spenser.
GI'ANT, ji'ant.  n.s.  [geant, Fr. gigas,
  Latin.]  A man of size above  the ordi-
  nary rate  of men; a man unnaturally
  large.  It is observable, that the idea of
  a giant  is always associated with pride,
  brutality, and wickedness.
    Now does he  feel his axle
  Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe
  Upon a dwarfish thief.              Shakspeare.
             Gates of monarchs
  Are arch'd so high that giants may jet through,
  And keep their  impious turbans on, without
  Good-morrow to toe sun.             Shakspeare.
             Woman's gentle brain
  Could not drop forth such gianf rude invention;
  Such Ethiop words.                 Shakspeare.
           Fierce faces threat'ning wars,
  Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise!  MUton,
    Those giants, those mighty men, and men of re-
  nown, far exceeded  the proportion, nature, and
  strength of those giants remembered  by Moses of
  his own time.                        Raleigh,
    The giant brothers, in their camp, have found
  I was not fore'd with  ease  to quit my ground.
                                      Dryden.
           By weary steps and slow
  The groping giant with a trunk of pine
  Explor'd his way.                    Addison.
    Neptune, by  prayer repentant, rarely won,
  Afflicts the chief t' avenge his giant son,
   Great Polypheme of more  than mortal might. Pope.
 Gi'antess,  ji'au-tes.  ra. s.  [from giant.]
   A she-giant; a woman of unnatural bulk
   and  height.
    I had rather  be a giantess, and lie under mount
   Pelion                            Shakspeare.
    Were this subject  to the cedar, she would  be
   able to make head against that huge giantess.
                                       Howel.

 Gi'antlike, ji'dnt-like.} adj. [from giant
 Gi'antly, ji'ant-le.     3   and  like] Gi-
    gantick; vast; bulky.
     Single courage has often, without romance, over-
   come giantly difficulties.          Decay of Piety.
    Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and phi-
   losophy, which they  are  deplorably strangers  to,
   and  those  unanswerable  doubts  and  difficulties,
   which, over their cups,  they  pretend  to  have
   against Christianity; persuade but toe covetous man
   not to deify his  money, the proud man not to adore
   himself, and I  dare undertake toat all their gianf-
   like objections  against the christian religion shall
   presently vanish and quit the field.         South.
 Gi'antship, ji'ant-ship. ra. s. [from giant ]
   Quality or character of a giant.
    His giantship is gone somewhat crest fallen,
   Stalking with less unconscionable strides,
   And lower looks.                      Milton.
 Gi'hbe,  gib.382 ra. s.   Any  old   worn-out
   animal.                         Hanmer.
    For who that's but a queen, fair, sober, wise,
  Would from a paddock, from a bat, a gibbe,
  Such dear concernings hide?          Shakspeare.
 To Gi'bber,  gib'bilr.382 v. ra. [from jab-
   ber.] To speak  inarticulately.
              The sheeted dead
   Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets.
                                    Shaksjieare.
 Gi'bberish, gib'biir-ish.382 ra. s. [Derived
   by   Skinner from  gaber,  French,  to
   cheat;  by  others  conjectured   to be
   formed by corruption from jabber. Bul
   as it was anciently  written  gebrish,  v
   is probably  derived  from the  chymica
   cant, and originally  implied  the jargon
   of Geber and his tribe.]  Cant; the pri-
   vate language of  rogues and gipsies;
   words without meaning.
    Some, if they happen to hear an old word, albeit
  very natural and significant, cry out straightway,
  that we speak no English, but gibberish.   Spenser.
    Some of both sexes writing down a number of
  letters, just as it came into their heads; upon read-
  ing this gibberish,  that which the men had wrote
  sounded like High Dutch, and the other  by the
  women like Italian.                      Swiff.
Gi'bbet, jib'bit. ra. s. [gibet, French.]
1. A gallows;  the post on which malefac-
   tors are hanged, or on which their car-
   cases are exposed.
    When was there ever cursed atheist brought
  Unto the gibbet, but he did adore
  That blessed pow'r which he had set at nought?
                                       Dawes.
    You scandal to the stock of verse, a race
  Able to bring the gi66ef in disgrace.   Cleaveland.
    Haman suffered death himself upon toe very gib-
  bet toat he had provided for another.  L'Estrange.
    Papers lay such principles to the Tories, as, if
  they were true, our next business should be to erect
  gibbets in every parish, and  hang them out of the
  way.                                  Swift.
 2. Any traverse beams.
 To  Gi'bbet,  jib'bit.   v.  ra.   [from the
   noun.]
 I. To  hang or expose on a gibbet.
     I'll gibbet up his name.               Oldham.
 2.  To hang on any thing going  traverse:
   as the  beam of a gibbet.
     He shall come off and on  swifter than he toat
  gibbets on the brewer's bucket.       Shakspeare.
 <i VERIER,  jib'bere.  ra.  *. [Fr.J  Game;
   wild fowl.
     These imposts are laid on all butcher's meat,
   while, at the same time, the fowl and gibbier are
   tax-free.                            Addison.
 Gibbo'sity, gib-bos'e-te.  ra. s. [gibbosite,
   Fr.  from gibbous.]  Convexity;  promi-
   nence;  protuberance.
     When ships, sailing contrary ways, lose the sight
   one of another, what should take away the sight of
   ships from each other, but the gibbosity of the inter-
  jacent water?                           Ray.
 GI'BBOUS, gib'bus.383 adj. [gibbus, Lat.
   gibbeux, French.]
 I. Convex; protuberant; swelling  into in-
   equalities.
     The bones will rise, and make a gibbous mem-
   ber.                               Wiseman.
     A pointed flinty rock, all bare and black,
   Grew gibbous from behind the mountain's back.
                                       Dryden.
     The sea, by this access and recess, shuffling the
   empty shells, wears them away, reducing those that
   are concave and gio&ous to a flat.      Woodward.
 2.  L/i*ookbacked.
     I demand how the camels of Brectria came to
   have two bunches in their back, whereas  the ca-
   mels of Arabia have but one?  How oxen,  in some
   countries, began and continue gibbous or hunch-
   backed?                              Brown.
 Gi'bbousness, gib'biis-nes. ra.  s.  [from
   gibbous.] Convexity: prominence.
     To make the convexity of the earth discernible,
   suppose a man lifted in the air, that he may have
   a  spacious horizon; but then, because of the dis-
   tance, the convexity and gibbousness would vanish
   away, and he would only see a great circular flat.
                                       Bentley.
 '•i:  bcat, gib'kat.382  ra.  s.  [gib and cat.]
   An old worn-out cat.
     I am as melancholy as a gibcat, or a lugg'd bear.
                                    Shakspeare.
To GIBE, jibe. v. ra. [gaber, old French,
   to sneer, to ridicule.]  To sneer; to join
   censoriousness with  contempt.
    They seem to imagine  that we have erected of
  late a frame of some new religion,  the furniture
  whereof we should not have borrowed  from  our
  enemies, lest  they should afterwards laugh  and
  gibe at our party.                     Hooker.
    When he saw her toy, and gibe, and geer,
  And pass the bounds of modest merry make,
  Her dalliance he despis'd.              Spenser.
    Why that's the way to choke a gibing spirit,
  Whose influence is begot of that loose grace
  Which shallow laughing hearers give to fools.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Thus with talents well endu'd
  To be scurrilous and rude,
  When you  pertly raise your snout,
  Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout.         Swift.
To Gibe, jibe. v.  a. To reproach by con-
   temptuous  hints; to flout; to scoff; to ri-
   dicule; to treat with scorn; to  sneer;  to
   taunt.
    When rioting in Alexandria, you
  Did pocket up  my letters, and with taunts
  Did gibe my missive out of audience.     Shaksp.
    Draw the beasts as I describe them,
  From their features, while  1 gibe them.     Swift.
Gibe, jibe. ra. s. [from the verb.]   Sneer;
   hint of contempt by word or look; scoff;
   act or expression of scorn; taunt.
    Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable  scorns
  That dwell in ev'ry region of his face.    Shaksp.
    The rich have still a gibe in store,
  And will be monstrous witty on the poor.   Dryden.
    if they  would  hate  from the bottom  of their
  hearts, their aversion would be too strong for little
  gi6es every moment.                   Spectator.
    But the dean, if this secret should come to his
        ears,
  Will never have done with his gibes and his jeers.
                                        Swift.
Gi ber, ji'bur. ra. s. [from gibe.] A sneer-
   er;  one who turns others to ridicule by
   contemptuous hints; a scoffer; a  launter.
    You are well understood to be a more perfect gi-
  ber of the  table,  than  a necessary  bencher of the
  capitol.                              Shaksp.
    He is a giber, and our present business
  Is of more  serious consequence.       Ben Jonson.
Gi'bingly, ji'bing-le. adv.  [from gibe.]
   Scornfully; contemptuously.
             His present portance,
   Gibingfty and ungravely he did fashion
  After th' inveterate hate he bears to you.   Shaksp.

Gi'blets, jib'iets. ra. s. [accordingto Min-
   shew from gobbet, gobblet: according  to
   Junius more probably from gibier, game,
   French.]  The  parts of a  goose which
   are cut  off before it is roasted.
     'Tis holyday; provide me  better cheer:
   'Tis holyday;  and shall be round the year:
   Shall I my household gods and genius cheat,
   To make him rich who grudges me my meat?
   That he may loll at ease; and pamper'd high,
   When I am laid, may feed ongififef pie?   Diyden.
G'ibstaff,  jib'staf. ra. s.
 I. A long  staff to  gage water, or to  shove
   forth a vessel into the deep.
2. A weapon  used formerly to fight beasts
   upon the stage.                     D  iet
Gi'nniLY, gid'de-le. adv. [from  giddy.]
 I.  With the head seeming to turn round.
2.  Inconstantly; unsteadily.
             To roam
   Giddily, and be every where but at home,
   Sd3li freedom doth a banishment become.  Donne,
 „. Carelessly; heedlessly; negligently. 
GID
GIF
GIL
    The parts that fortune hath bestow'd upon her,
  Tp.ii uer, i hold as giddily as fortune.      Shaksp.
Gi'ddiness, gid'de-nes. ra. s. [from giddy.]
1. The state of being giddy or vertiginous;
   the  sensation which  we  have  when
   every thing seems to turn round.
    Megrims and giddiness are rather when we rise
  after long sitting, than while we sit.       Bacon.
    This blessed thistle, which is so sovereign a me-
  dicine against the giddiness of the brain; 'tis this
  will settle it.                         Holyday.
    Vain show and noise intoxicate the brain,
  Begin with gicfcfiness, and end in pain.      Young.
2. Inconstancy;  unsteadiness; mutability;
   changeableness.
    There be that delight in giddiness, and count it a
  bondage to fix a belief.                 Bacon.
3.  Quick  rotation; inability to  keep its
   place.
    The indignation of Heaven rolling and turning
  us,  'till at length such a giddiness seized upon go-
  vernment, that it fell into the very dregs of sectaries.
                                        South.
4. Frolick;  wantonness  of life.
       Thou, like a contrite penitent,
  Charitably warn'd of thy sins,  do'st repent
  These vanities and giddinesses.           Donne
Gl'DDY, gid'de.382 B6°  adj.   [gibig,  Sax.
   I know not whether  this  word may not
   come from gad, to wander, to  be  in mo-
   tion, gad, gid, giddy]
1. Vertiginous; having in the head a whirl,
   or sensation of circular motion, such as
   happens  by disease or drunkenness.
    Them rev'ling thus the Tentyrites invade,
  By giddy heads and stagg'ring legs betray'd.  Tafe.
2. Rotatory; whirling; running round with
   celerity.
    As Ixion fix'd, the wretch shall feel
  The giddy motion of the whirling mill.       Pope.
3.  Inconstant; mutable; unsteady; change-
   ful.
    Our fancies are more giddy and unfirm,
  More longing, wavering, sooner lost and won,
  Than women's are.                     Shaksp.
    It may be gnats and flies have  their  imagination
  more mutable and giddy, as small birds  likewise
  have.                                Bacon.
    Thanks to giddy chance,  which never bears
  That mortal bliss should last for length of years,
  She cast us headlong from our high estate,
  And here in hope  of thy return we wait.   Dryden.
    The giddy vulgar, as their fancies guide,
  With noise say nothing, and in parts divide.   Dryd.
    You are as giddy and volatile as ever, the reverse
  of Pope, who hato always loved a domestick life.
                                  Swift to Gay.
4. That causes giddiness.
     fie frequent errors ofthe pathless wood,
  The giddy precipice, and the dang'rous flood. Prior.
    The sylphs through mystick mazes  guide  their
        way,
  Through all the giddy circle they pursue.     Pope.
5. Heedless; thoughtless; uncautious; wild
    Too many giddy fooiish hours are gone,
  And in fantastick measures danc'd away.    Rowe.
    How inexcusable are those giddy creatures, who,
  in the same hour,  leap from a parent's window to a
  husband's bed.                       Clarissa.
6. Tottering; unfixed.
        As we have pac'd along
  Upon the gic% footing of the hatches,
  Methought that Glo'ster stumbled.        Shaksp.
7. Intoxicated; elated to  thoughtlessness;
   overcome by  any overpowering  intice-
   ment.
    Art thou not giddy with the fashion too, that thou
  hast shifted out of thy tale into  telling me of the
  fashion?                              Shaksp.
    Like one of two contending in a prize,
  That thinks he hath done well in people's eyes;
  Hearing applause and universal shout,
  Giddy in spirit, gazing still in doubt,
  Whether those peals of praise be his or no, Shaksp.

 To Gi'nDY, gid'de. v. ra. [from the noun.]
   To turn quick.   Obsolete.*
    A sodaine north-wind fetcht,
  With an extreme sea, quite about againe,
  Our whole endeavours;  and  our course constrain
  To giddie round.                      Chapman.
Gi'ddybrained, gid'de-bran'd. adj. [gid-
   dy and brain.] Careless; thoughtless.
    Turn him out again, you unnecessary, useless,
  giddybrain'd  ass!                      Otway.
Gi'ddyheaded, gld'de-h<M-ed.ec7/. [gid-
   dy and head.] Without thought or cau-
   tion;  without steadiness or constancy.
    And sooner may a gulling  weather spy,
  By drawing forth heav'n's scheme descry
  What fashion'd hats or ruffs, or suits next year,
  Our giddy-headed antick youth will wear.  Donne.
    That men are  so misaffected, melancholy giddy-
  headed, hear the testimony of Solomon.     Burton.
Gi'ddypaced,  gid'de-paste.  adj.  [giddy
   and  pace.] Moving without regularity.
    More than light airs, and  recollected terms,
  Of these most brisk and giddypaced times. Shaksp.
Gi'er-eagle, jer'e-gl.406 ra. s. [Sometimes
   it is written jer-eagle.]   An eagle of a
   particular kind.
    These fowls shall not be eaten, the swan, and the
  pelican, and the gier-eagle.            Leviticus.
Gift, gift.382 ra. s.  [from give.]
 1. A thing given or bestowed;  something
   conferred without  price.
    They presented unto him gifts, gold, and frankin-
  cense and myrrh.                      Matthew.
    Recall yourgi/f, for I your pow'r confess;
  But first take back my life, a  gift that's less. Dryd.
2. The act of giving.
         Creator bounteous and benign,
  Giver of all things good,  but fairest this
  Of all thy gifts nor envyest.              Milton.
    Thee all things living gaze on, all things thine
  By gift.                              MUton.
3. The  right or power of bestowing.
            They cannot give;
  For had the gift been theirs,  it had not here
  Thus grown.                           Milton.
    No man has any antecedent right or claim to that
  which comes to him by free gift.          South.
4. Oblation;  offering.
    Many nations shall come with gifts in their fcands,
  even gifts to the king  of heaven.           Tb&if.
5. A  bribe.
    Thou shalt not wrest judgment, thou  shalt not
  respect persons, neither  take a gift; for a gift  doth
  blind the eyes of the wise.         Deuteronomy.
6. Power; faculty.
    And if the boy have not a  woman's  gift,
  To rain a shower of commanded tears,
  An onion will do well for such a shift.      Shaksp.
            She was lovely to attract
  Thy love, not thy subjection, and her gifts
  Were such as made government well seem'd
  Unseemly to bear rule.                  MUton.
    He who has the giff of ridicule, finds fault with
  any thing that gives him an opportunity of exerting
  his talents.                           Addison.
Gi'fted, gifted, adj. [from gift]
 I. Given; bestowed.
    Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze,
  To grind in brazen fetters, under task,
  With my heaven gifted strength.         MUton.
2. Endowed with  extraordinary  powers.
   It  is commonly used ironically.
    Two of their gifted  brotherhood,  Hacket  and
  Coppinger, got up into a pease-cart, and harangued
  the people to dispose them to an insurrection. Dryd,
    There is no talent so pernicious as eloquence, to
  those who have it not under command: women, who
  are so liberally gifted by nature in this particular,
  ought to study the rules of female oratory. Addison.
Gig, gig.38a ra. s.  [Etymology  uncertain.]
1. Any thing that is whirled round in play.
    Playthings, as tops, gigs, battledores, should be
  procured them.                          Locke.
2. [gigia, Islandick.] A fiddle.  Out of use.
Giga'ntick, ji-gan'tik.317 adj.   [gigantes,
   Lat.]   Suitable to a  giant;  big; bulky;
   enormous: likewise wicked;  atrocious.
         Others from the wall defend
  Wilh dart and jav'lin, stones, and sulphurous fire;
  On each hand slaughter and gigantick deeds.
                                       MUton.
    I dread him not,  nor all his giant brood,
  Though fame divulg'd him father of five sons,
  All of gigantick size, Goliah chief.        Milton
    The son of Hercules  he justly seems,
  By his broad shoulders, and  gigantick limbs.  Dryd.
    The Cyclopean race in arms arose;
  A lawless nation of gigantick foes.         Pope-
To GI'GGLE, glg'gl.382   v. ra. [gichelin,
   Dutch.]  To laugh idly; to titter; to grin
   with merry levity. It  is retained in Scot-
   land.
   ' We shew our present joking, giggling race;
  True joy consists in gravity and grace.   Garrick.
Gi'ggler, gig'gl-ilr. ra. s.  [from giggle.]
   A laugher; a titterer; one idly and fool-
   ishly merry.
    A sad wise valour is the  brave complexion,
  That leads the van, and  swallows up the cities:
    The giggler is a milkmaid whom infection,
  Or the fir'd  beacon, frighteth from his ditties.
                                      Herbert-
Gi'glet,  gig'gl-it.  ra. s. [geagl, Saxon;
  geyl, Dutch; gillet, Scotish,  is still re-
   tained.]  A wanton;  a lascivious  girl.
   Out of use.
    Young Talbot was not bora
  To be toe pillage of a gigfef wench.      Shaksp,
    The fam'd Cassibelan was once at point,
  Oh gtgfef fortune! to master Cssar's  sword.  Shak.
    Away with those giglets  too,  and  wito the other
  confederate companion.                 Shaksp.
Gl'GO71, jig'ut.  ra. *. [French.] The hip
  joint. It seems  to  mean  in   Chapman a
  joint for the spit.
             The inwards slit,
  They broil'd on coales and eate: the  rest, in gigots
        cut, they split.                 Chapman.
To GILD,  gild383 v.a.  pret.   gilded  or
  gilt, [gilban, Saxon.]
1. To  overlay with  thin  gold; to cover
   with foliated gold.
    The room was large and wide,
  As it somegiff or solemn temple were:
  Many great golden pillars did uprear
  The massy roof.                       Spenser.
    To gild refined gold,  to paint the lily,
  To throw a perfume on  the violet.         Shaksp.
    And the gifefeef car of day
  His glowing axle doth allay
  In the steep Atlantick stream.           Milton.
     Purchasing riches ivith our time and care,
  We lose our freedom in  a gilded snare. Roscommon.
     When Britain, looking with a just disdain
  Upon this gilded majesty of Spain,
  And knowing well that empire must decline,
  Whose chief support and sinews are of coin.  Waller.
     Her joy in gilded chariots, when alive;
  And love of ombre after death survive.      Pope.
2. To cover with any yellow matter.
           Thou didst drink
  Tbe  stale of horse* and the gilded puddle,
  Which beasts would cough at.          '  Shaksp.
i 
GIL
GIM
GIN
3. To adorn with lustre.
    No more the rising sun shall gild the morn,
  Nor ev'ning Cynthia fill her silver horn.     Pope.
4. To brighten; to illuminate.
    The lightsome passion of joy was not that trivial,
  vanishing,  superficial thing, that only gilds toe ap-
  prehension, and plays upon the surface of toe soul.
                                       South.
9. To recommend  by  adventitious orna-
   ments.
    For my part, if a lie may do thee grace,
  I'll gifcf it with the happiest terms I have.  Shaksp.
    Yet, oh! to' imperfect piece moves more delight;
  'Tisgifcfecf o'er with youth, to catch the sight.  Dryd.
Gi'lder, gil'dur. n.s.  [from gild.]
I. One who lays gold on the surface of any
   otner body.
    Gilders use to have a piece of gold in their mouth,
  to draw the spirits of the quicksilver.       Bacon.
    We have here  a gilder with his anvil and  ham-
  mer.                                Broome.
2. A coin from  one shilling  and six pence
   to two shillings.                Phillips.
             I am bound
  To Persia, and want gilders for my voyage. Shaksp.
Gi'lding, gil'ding.  ra. s. [from gild] Gold
   laid on any surface by way of ornament.
    Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding,
  which, if it might be corrected with  a little mixture
  of gold,  there is profit.                  Bacon
    The church of the Annunciation, all but one cor-
  ner of it, is covered wito statues, gilding, and paint.
                               Addison on Italy.
     Could laureate Dryden Pimp and Fry'r engage,
  And I not strip the gilding off a knave,
  Unplac'd, unpension'd, no man's heir or slave? Pope.
Gill,  jii. ra. s.  [agulla, Span, gula, Lat.]
 1. The  apertures at each side of  a fish's
   head.
             The  leviathan,
   Stretch'd like a promontory, sleeps or swims,
   And seems a moving land, and at his gills
   Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out a sea. Milton.
     Fishes perform respiration under water by the
   giffs.                                   Ray.
     He had two giff-fins; not behind the gills, as in
   most fishes, but before them.            Walton.
     'Till they, of farther passage quite bereft,
   Were in the mesh with giffs entangl'd left.  King.
 2.  The flaps  that hang below tne  beak ot
   a fowi.
     The turkeycock hath great and  swelling giffs,
   and the hen hath less.                   Bacon.
 3.  The flesh under the chin.
     In many there is no paleness at all; but contrary-
   wise,  redness about the cheeks and gills, which is
  by the sending forth of spirits in  an appetite to re-
  venge.                                Bacon.
     Like toe long bag of flesh hanging down from the
  giffs of the people in Piedmont.            Swift.
4. [gilla, barbarous  Latin.]   A measure of
   liquids containing the fourth part  of a
   pint, or, in some places, half of a pint.
    Every bottle must be rinced ivith wine: some, out
  of mistaken thrift, will rince a dozen with the same:
  change the wine at every second bottle: a gillI may
  be enough.                             Swift.
5. A kind of measure among the  tinners.
    They measure  their block-tin by the giff, which
  containeto a pint.                      Carew.
6. [from  Gillian, the old  English  way of
   writing  Julian, or Juliana.]  The  ap-
   pellation of a woman in ludicrous lan-
   guage.
    I can, for 1 will,
  Here at  Burley o' th' Hill,
  Give you all your fill,
  Each Jack with his Giff.            JBen Jonson.
7. [chelidonium.] A plant; ground-ivy.
8. Malt liquor medicated with ground-ivy.
   In sense  four, and all following,  it  is
   spoken jill, jil.
Gi'llhouse,  jil'hotis.   ra.  s.   [gill  and
   house]  A house where gill is sold.
    Thee shall each alehouse, thee  each gillhouse
        mourn,
  And answering ginshops sourer sighs return.  Pope.
Gi'llyflower, jfl'le-flour. ra.  s. [either
   corrupted  from  Julyflower,  or  from
   girofee, Fr.]
    Gillyflowers, or rather Julyflowers, so called from
  toe month they blow  in, may be reduced to these
  sorts; red and white, purple and white, scarlet and
  white.                             Mortimer.
    In July come gillyflowers of all varieties. Bacon.
    Fair is the gillyflow'r of gardens sweet,
  Fair is the marygold,  for pottage meet.     Gay.
Gilt, gilt.382 n.  s.  [from  gild]   Golden
   show;  gold laid on the  surface of any
   matter. Obsolete.
    Our gayness and our giff are all besmireh'd,
  Wito rainy marching  in the painful field.  Shaksp.
    When thou wast in thy giff, and thy perfume-,
  toey mockt thee for too much curiosity; in thy rags
  thou know'st none, but art despis'd for the contrary.
                                   Shakspeare.
Gilt, gilt.860 The  participle of gild.
    Where the giff chariot never mark'd its way.
                                        Pope.
Gi'lthead, gilt'hed.  ra.  s. [gilt and head.]
I. A sea fish.                         Diet.
2. A bird.
    He blended together  the livers of giltheads, the
  brains of pheasants and peacocks, tongues of pheni-
  copters, and the melts of lampres.      Hakewill.
Gilt-tail, gilt'iaie.  ra.  s.  [gilt and tail]
   A worm  so called from his  yellow tail.
Gim,  jim.  adj.   [an  old  word.]  Neat;
   spruce;  well dressed.
Gi'mcrack, jim'krak. ra. s. [Supposed by
   Skinner to be iuciicrously formed  from
   gin, derived from  engine.]   A slight  or
   trivial mecnanism.
    For though these gimcracks were away,
   However, more reduc'd and plain,
   The watch would still a watch  remain;
   But if the horal orbit  ceases,
   The whole stands still, or breaks to pieces.  Prior.
    What's the meaning of all these trangrams and
  gimcracks? Jumping over my master's hedges, and
  running your lines cross his grounds?    Arbuthnot.
Gi'mlet, g'im'let.382  ra.  s.  [gibelet, guim-
   belete, French.]  A borer with a screw
   at its point.
    The gimfef hath a worm at the end of its bit.
                                      Moxon.
Gi'mmal,  glm'mal.  ra.  s.  [Supposed by
   Skinner  and  Ainsworth to  be  derived
   from gimellus, Latin, and to be  used
   only of something  consisting of corres-
   pondent parts, or  double, it  seems ra-
   ther to  be  gradually corrupted from
   geometry  or  geometrical.   Any  thing
   done by  occult means is vulgarly said
   to be done by  geometry.]   Some little
   quaint devices or pieces of  machinery.
                                    Hanmer.
    I think by some odd gimmals or device
  Their arms are set like clocks,  still to strike on,
  Else they could not hold out so  as they do. Shaksp.
Gi'mmer,  gim'mur.  n.  s.  [See Gimmal.]
   Movement; machinery.
    The holding together of toe parts of matter has
  so confounded me, that I have been prone to con-
  clude with  myself, that the gimmers of the world
  hold together not so much by geometry as some na"
  tural magick,          More's Divine Dialogues.
Gimp, gimp.382 ra. s. [See Gim. Gimp, in
   old English, is neat, spruce.] A kind of
   silk twist  or lace.

Gin, jin. ra. s.  [from engine]
1. A trap; a  snare.
              As the day begins,
  With twenty gins we will the small birds take,
  And pastime make.                    Sidney.
    Which two, through treason and deceitful gin,"
  Hath slain sir Mordant.                Spenser.
    So strives the woodcock wito the gin;
  So doth the coney struggle in the net.  Shakspeare-
    Be it by gins, by snares, by  subtilty. Shakspeare
    If those, who have but sense, can  shun
  The engines that have them annoy'd;
    Little for me had reason done,
  If I could not thy gins avoid.          Ben Jonson.
              I know thy trains,
  Though dearly to my cost; thy gins and toils
  No more on me  have pow'r, their  force is null'd.
                                      Milton.
    He made a planetary gin,
  Which rats would run their own heads in,
  And come on purpose to be taken,
  Without the expence of cheese and bacon.
                                    HudwraS:
    Keep from flaying scourge thy skin,
  And ankle free from iron gin.          HudUrras.
2. Any thing moved  with screws, as an
   engine of torture.
    Typhaeus' joints were stretched on agin. Spens.
3. A pump worked by rotatory sails.
    The delfs would be so flown with waters, it be-
  ing impossible to make any adits or soughs to drain
  them, that no gins or machines would suffice to lay
  and keep them dry.                       Rau
    A bituminous plate, alternately yellow and black,
  formed by water drivelling on the outside of the gin
  pump of Mostyn coalpits.            Woodward.
4. [Contracted from  Geneva.]  The  spi-
   rit drawn by distillation from juniper-
   berries.
    This calls the church to deprecate our sin,
  And hurls the thunder of our laws on gin.    Pope.
     Gin shops sourer sighs return.           Pope.
GI'NGER,  jin'jur.  ra. s. [zinziber, Latin;
   gingero, Italian.]
    The flower consists of five leaves, shaped some-
  what like  those of the iris, these are produced in
  the head or club, each coming out of a  separate
  leafy scale. The ovary becomes a triangular fruit,
  having three cells which contain seeds.   Afiffcr
    The root of ginger is of the tuberous kind, knotty!
  crooked, and irregular; of a hot, acrid, and pungent
  taste, toough  aromatick, and of a very agreeable
  smell.  The Indians eat both the young shoots of the
  leaves and the roots themselves.            Hill
    Or wafting ginger round the streets to go,
  And visit alehouse where ye first did grow.   Pope.

Gi'ngerbread, jin'jur-bred. ra. s. [ginger
   and bread.] A kind of farinaceous sweet-
   meat made of dough, like that of bread
   or biscuit, sweetened with treacle, and
   flavoured  with ginger and some aroma-
   tic seeds.  It is sometimes gilt.
    An' I had but one  penny in  the world,  thou
  should'st have it to buy gingerbread.    Shakspeare.
    Her currents there and gooseberries were spread"
  With the enticing gold of gingerbread.
                               King's  Cookery.
    'Tis a loss you are not here, to partake of three
  weeks  frost, and eat gingerbread in a booth by a fire
  upon the Thames.                       Swift

Gi'ngerly, jin'jur-le.  adv.  [I  know not
   whence derived.]  Cautiously; nicely
              What is't that you
  Took up so gingerly?                Shakspeare 
GIP
GIR
GIR
Gi'ngerness, jin'jur-nes. ra.  s. Nicencss;
   tenderness.                        Diet.
Gi'ngival, jin'je-val. adj. [gingiva, Lat.]
   Belonging to the gums.
    Whilst the Italians strive to cut a thread in their
  pronunciation between D and T,  so to sweeten it,
  they make the  occluse appulse, especially  the gin-
  gival, softer than we do, giving a little of pervious-
  ness.                                Holder.
 To Gi'ngle, jing'gl.406 v. ra.
 1. To utter a sharp clattering noise; to ut-
   ter a sharp noise in quick succession.
     The foot grows black that was with dirt em-
         brown'd,
   And in thy pocket gingling halfpence sound.  Gay.
     Once, we confess, beneath the patriot's cloak,
   From the crack'd bag the dropping guinea spoke,
   And gingling down the backstairs, told the crew,
   Old Cato is as great a rogue as you.        Pope.
 2. To make an affected  sound in periods
    or cadence.
 To Gi'ngle, jing'gl. v. a. To shake so that
    a sharp shrill clattering noise should be
    made.
     Her infant grandame's whistle next it grew;
   The bells she gingled, and the whistle blew.  Pope.
 Gi'ngle, jing'gl. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1. A shrill resounding noise.
 2. Affectation in the sounds  of periods.
 Gi'nglymoid, ging'gle-mokl. adj. [yty-
    Xvft©*-, a hinge, and £«r©-.] Resembling
    a ginglymus, approaching to a gingly-
    mus.
     The malleus lies along, fixed to the  tympanum,
    and on the other end is joined to the incus by a
    double or ginglymoid joint.             Holder.
 Gi'nglymus, ging'gle-miis. ra. s.  A mu-
    tual indenting of two  bones  into  each
    other's cavity, in the manner of a hinge,
    of which the elbow is an  instance.
                                   Wiseman.
 Gi'nnet, jin'net. ra. s. [y<w^.]  A nag; a
    muie; a degenerated breed. Hence, ac-
    cording to some, but, I  believe, erro-
    neously, a Spanish  gennet, improperly
    written for ginnet.
  Gi'nseng, jin'seng. ra. s. [I suppose Chi-
    nese/]  A root brought lately into Eu-
    rope, of a brownish colour on the out-
    side, and somewhat  yellowish within;
    and so pure  and fine, that it  seems al-
    most transparent. It is of a very agree-
    able and aromatick smell, though  not
    very strong.  Its taste is  acrid and aro-
    matic,  and has somewhat bitter  in it.
    We have it from China and  America.
    The Chinese value  this  root at  three
    times its weight in silver.         Hill.
  To Gip, jip. v. a. To  take out the guts
    of herrings.                      Bailey.
  GI'PSY, jip'se.438  «.  s. [corrupted from
    Egyptian; for when they first appeared
    in Europe, they declared, and perhaps,
    truly, that they were driven from Egypt
    by the  Turks. They  are  now mingled
    with all nations.]
  1. A vagabond  who  pretends  to  foretell
    futurity, commonly  by  palmestry  or
    physiognomy.
      The butler, toough  he is sure to lose  a knife, a
    fork, or a spoon every time  his fortune is told  him,
    shuts himself up in the pantry with an old gipsy for
    above half an hour.                  Addison.
   A frantick gipsy now, the house he haunts,
  And in wild phrases speaks dissembled wants.
                                      Prior.
   In this still labyrinth around her lie
  Spells, philters, globes, and spheres of palmestry;
  A sigil in his hand the gipsy bears,
  In th' other a prophetick sieve and sheers   Garfft.
   I, near yon stile, three sallow gypsies met;
  Upon my hand they cast a poring look,
  Bid me beware,  and thrice their heads they shook.
                                       Gay.
   A reproachful name for a dark  com-
   plexion.
   Laura, to her lady, was bit a kitchen wench;
  Dido a dowdy; Cleopatra a gipsy; Helen and
  Hero hildings  and harlots.           Shakspeare.
3. A name of slight reproach to a woman.
   The widow play'd the gipsy, and so did her con-
  fidant too, in pretending to believe her.  L'Estrange.
   A slave I am to Clara's eyes:
  The gipsy knows her pow'r, and flies.      Prior.
Gi'rasole, ji'ra-sole. ra.  s. [girasol, Fr.]
1. The herb turnsol.
2. Tbe opal stone.
To GIRD, gerd.382660 v'. a. pret. girded
   or girt,  [gyrtban, Saxon.]
1. To bind round.
    They sprinkled earth upon their heads, and gird-
  ed  their loins with sackcloth.        2 Maccabees.
2. To put on so as to surround or bind.
     Cords of the bigness of packthread were fastened
  to  bandages, which the workmen hadgirf round my
  neck.                                Swift.
3. To fasten  by binding.
     He girf his warlike harness about him.   1 Mac.
     My bow  and thunder, my almighty arms
   Gird on, and sword upon thy puissant thigh.  .Miff.
     No, let us rise at once, gird on our swords,
   And, at the head of our remaining troops,
   Attack the foe.                      Addison.
     The combatant too late the field declines,
   When now the sword is girded to his loins. Prior.
4. To invest.
     Stoop then, and set your knee against my foot;
   And in reguerdon of that duly done,
   I gird thee with the valiant sword of York.  Shaksp.
              The son appear'd,
   Girf with omnipotence.                 Milton.
   To dress; to habit; to  clothe.
     I girded thee about wito fine linen, and I covered
   thee with silk.                       Ezekiel-
     Tysiphone there keeps the ward,
   Girf in her sanguine gown, by night and day,
   Observant ofthe souls that pass the downward way.
                                     Dryden.
   . To cover round as a  garment.
     These, with what skill they had, together sow'd,
   To gird toeir waist: vain covering, if it hide
                                      Milton.
 Their guilt, and dreaded shame!
r. To furnish; lo equip.
    So to the coast of Jordan he directs
 His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles.   Jtfiffon.
3. To enclose; to encircle.
             That Nyseian isle,
 Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham
 Hid Amalthea, and her florid son
 Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye.
                                    JWiffon.
3. To reproach; to gibe.
    Being mov'd, he will not spare to gird the gods.
                                 S/iafcspeare.
To  Gird, gerd. v.n. [Of this word in this
  sense I know not the  original; it may
  be formed by a very customary trans-
  position from gride or cut.]  To break
  a scornful jest;  to gibe; to sneer.
    This wond'red error growth
 At which our criticks gird.             Drayton.
    Men of all sorts take a pride to gircf at me: the
 brain of  this foolish compounded clay, man, is not
  able to invent any thing that tends to laughter more
  than I invent, or is invented  on me: I am not only
  witty in myself, but the cause that wit is  in other
  men.                            Shakspeare.
Gird, gerd.  ra.  s.  [from the verb.]  A
  twitch;  a pang: it may come from the
  sensation caused by a bandage or girdle
  drawn hard suddenly. This word is now
  seldom  used, unless the former etymo-
  logy be admitted.
    Sweet king! the bishop hath a kindly gird;
  For shame, my lord of Winchester, relent. Shaks.
    Conscience by this means is freed from many
  fearful girds and twinges which the atheist feels.
                                   Tiffofson.
    He has  toe glory of his conscience, when he doth
  well, to set against the checks and girds of it when
  he doth  amiss.                     Goodman.
Gi'rder,  geVdiir.  ra.  s.  [from  gird.]  In
  architecture,  the largest piece of timber
  in a floor.  Its end  is usually fastened
  into the summers, or  breast summers,
  and the joints are framed in at one arm
  to the girders.                   Harris.
     The girders are also to be of the same  scantling
  the summers and ground-plates  are of, though the
  back girder need  not  be so strong as the front gir-
  der.                                Moxon.
     These mighty girders which the fabrick bind,
  These ribs robust and vast in order join'd.  Black.
GI'RDLE, ger'dl.405 ra. s. [jypbei. Sax.]
 I.  Any  thing drawn round  the waist, and
   tied or  buckled.
     There will I make thee beds of roses,
  With a thousand  fragrant posies;
  A cap of flowers, and a girdle,
  Embroider'd all with leaves of myrtle. Shakspeare.
     Many conceive there is somewhat amiss, until
  they put on their girdle.                 Brown.
     On him his mantle, girdle, sword and bow,
  On him his heart and soul he did bestow.   Cowley.
 2.  Enclosure; circumference.
     Suppose within the gireffe of these walls
  Are now confinM two mighty monarchies.  Shaksp.
 3.  The  zodi.-.ok.
     Great breezes  in great circles, such as are under
  the gireffe of toe world, do refrigerate.     Bacon.
 To Gi'rdle, ger'dl. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1.  To gird; to bind as with a girdle.
     Lay  the gentle babes, girdling one another
   Within their innocent alabaster arms.  Shakspeare.
 2.  'I o enclose; to  siiut in; to environ.
             Those sleeping stones,
   That as a waist do girdle you about.   Shakspeare.
     Let  me look back upon thee, 0 thou wall,
   That girdlest in those wolves!        Shakspeare.
 Gi'rdlf.belt, ger'dl-belt. ra. *. [girdle and
    belt.]  The belt that encircles the waist.
     Nor did his eyes less longingly behold
   The girdlebelt, with nails of burnish'd gold.  Dryd.
 Gi'rdler, ger'dl-ur. ra.  s.  [from  girdle.]
    A maker of girdles.
 Gire, jire. n. s. [gyrus, Latin.]  A circle
    described by any thing in motion.  See
    Gyre.
GIRL, gerl.332 ra. s.  [About the etymolo-
  gy of this word there is much question:
  Meria  Casaubon, as is his custom, de-
  rives it from x-ogy, of the same significa-
  tion; Minshew  from  garrula, Latin, a
  prattler, or girella, Italian, a weather-
  cock; Junius thinks that if comes from
  herlodes,  Welsh,  from  which,  says
  he, harlot is very easily  deduced. Skin-
  ner imagines that the Saxons, who used
  ceortl for  a man, might likewise have 
GIT                                       GIV
GIV
   ceortla for a woman, though no such
   word is now found. Dr. Hickes derives it
   most probably from  the lslandick kar-
   linna, a woman.]   A young woman, or
   female child.
    In those unfledg'd days was my wife a girl.
                                   Shakspeare.
    I will love thee ne'er the less, my girl.   Shaksp.
    The foole Amphimachus, to field brought gold to
        be his wracke,
  Proud girfe like, that  doth ever beare her dowre
        upon her backe.               Chapman.
    A weather-beaten lover, but once known,
  Is sport for every girf to practise on.       Donne.
    Tragedy should blush as much to stoop
  To the low mimick follies of a farce,
  As a grave matron  would to dance with girls.
                                   Roscommon.
    A boy, like thee, would make a kingly line;
  But oh! a girf like  her, must be divine!    Dryden.
Gi'rlish, gerl'fish.  adj. [from^-fW.] Suit-
   ing a girl; youthful.
    In her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor.
                                        Carew.
Gi'rlishly, gerl'lish-le. adv. [from gir-
   lish.] In a girlish manner.
To  Girn, gern.  v. ra. It seems to be a
   corruption of grin.   It  is  still  used in
   Scotland,  and  is  applied  to a crabbed,
   captious, or peevish person.
Gi'rrock, gir'rok.  ra. s. [acus major]  A
   kind of fish.                         Diet.
Girt,  gert.382 The part. pass, of gird. '
To Girt,  gert.  v.  a.  [from gird.]   To
   gird; to encompass; to encircle.  Not
   proper.
    In the dread ocean,  undulating wide
   Beneath the radiant line that girts the globe.
                                     Thomson.

&&4~--f«»*"-:i    ■
 1. A band by which the saddle or burden
   is fixed upon the horse.
     Here lies old Hobson, death hath broke his girf;
   And here, alas! hath laid him in the dirt.  Milton.
     Or the saddle turn'd round, or the girths brake;
   For low on the ground, woe for his sake,
   The law is found.                  Ben Jonson.
    Nor Pegasus could bear the load,
   Along the high celestial road;
   The steed oppress'd, would brake his girth,
   To raise the lumber from the earth.        Swift.
    Mordanto gallops on alone;
   The roads are with his foll'wers strewn;
   This breaks a girth and that a bone.       Swift.
2. A circular bandage.
    Tbe most common way of bandage is by that of
   the girf, which girt hath  a bolster in the middle,
   and the ends are tacked firmly  together.  Wiseman
3. The compass  measured by the  girdle,
   or enclosing bandage.
    He  's a lusty jolly fellow that lives well, at least
   three yards in the girth.                Addison.
To Girth, ger^A. v. a.   To bind  with a
   girth.
To Gise Ground, gize. v.  a.   Is  when
   the owner of it does not feed it with  his
   own stock,  but takes in other cattle to
   graze.                             Bailey.
Gi'sle,  giz'zl.   Among  the   English
   Saxons, signifies  a  pledge: thus, Fred-
   gisle is  a pledge of peace;  Gislebrrt  an
   illustrious pledge, like  the Greek Ho-
   merus.                 Gibson's Camden.
Gith, gifA. ra. s.  [nigella.] An herb called
   Guinea pepper.
      VOL. I.
To GIVE, glv.167 382 v. a. prefer,  gave;
   part.  pass, given,  [gipan,  Saxon.]
1. To bestow;  to confer without any price
   or reward; not to  sell.
    I had a master toat gave me all  I could  ask, but
  thought fit to take one thing  from  me again.
                                       Tempfe.
    Constant at church and change; his gains were
         sure,
  His givings rare, save farthings to the poor.  Pope.
    While tradesmen starve these Philomels are gay;
  For gen'rous lords had rather give than pay. Young.
            Half useless doom'd to live,
  Pray'rs and advice are all I have to give.    Harte.
2. To transmit from  himself  to another by
   hand, speech, or writing; to deliver.
    The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she
  gave me of the tree, and I did eat.         Genesis.
    They were eating and drinking, marrying and
  giving in marriage.                   Matthew.
    Those bills were printed not only  every week,
  but also a general account of the  whole year was
  given in upon the Thursday before  Christmas.
                                       Graunt.
    We shall give an account of these phenomena.
                                       Biwnef.
    Aristotle advises not poets to put things evidently
  false and impossible into  their poems, nor gives them
  licence to run out into wildness.          Broome.
3. To put into one's  possession;  to con-
   sign;  to impart; to communicate.
    Give us of your oil, for our lamps are gone out.
                                     Matthew.
    Nature gives us many  children and friends,  to
  take them away; but takes none away to give them
  us again.                              Temple.
    Give me, says Archimedes, where to stand firm,
  and I will remove the earth.             Temple.
    If the agreement of men first gave a sceptre into
  any one's hands, or  put  a crown on his head, that
  almost  must direct its conveyance.          Locke.
4. To pay as a price or  reward, or in  ex-
   change.
    All that a man hath will he give for his life. Job.
    If you did know to whom I gave  the  ring,
  If you did know for whom I gave the ring,
  And would conceive for  what I gave the ring,
  And how  unwillingly I left the ring,
  You would abate the strength of your displeasure.
                                       Shaksp.
    He would give his nuts for apiece of metal, and
  exchange his sheep for shells, or wool  for a spark-
  ling pebble.                            Locke.
5. To yield; not to withhold.
    Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence against
  a prisoner at a time he was drowsy, and seemed  to
  give small attention.  The prisoner, after sentence
  was pronounced, said, I  appeal: the king somewhat
  stirred, said, To whom do you appeal ?  The pri-
  soner answered, from Philip, when he gave no ear,
  to Philip, when  he shall give ear.         Bacon.
    Constantia accused herself for having so tamely
  given an ear to the proposal.            Addison.
6. To quit; to  yield as due.
    Give place, thou stranger, to an  honourable man.
                                       jEccfus.
7. To confer; to impart.
    1 will bless her, and give thee a  son also of her.
                                       Genesis.
    Nothing can  give that to  another which it  hath
  not itself.              Bramhall against Hobbes.
    What beauties I  lose in some  places, I give to
  others which had them not originally.      Dryden.
8. To expose; to yield without retention.
    All clad in skins of beasts the jav'lin bear:
  Give to the wanton winds their flowing hair. Dryd.
9. To grant; to  allow.
    'Tis given me once again to behold  my friend.
                                        Roice.
    He has not given Luther fairer play.  Atterbury.
 10. To  yield;  not to  deny.
                     5o
           I gave his wise proposal way;
  Nay, urg'd him to go on: the shallow fraud
  Will ruin him.                           Rowe-
11. To afford; to supply.
    This opinion  abated  the fear of  death in them
  which were so resolved, and gave them courage to
  all adventures.                         Hooker.
    Give us also sacrifices and burnt-offerings, that
  we may sacrifice unto the Lord.           Exodus,
12. To empower; to  commission.
                   Prepare
  The due libation and the solemn pray'r;
  Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine. Pope.
13. To enable.
    God himself requireth the lifting up of pure hands
  in prayers; and hath given the world  to understand,
  that the wicked,  although toey cry, shall not be
  heard.                                Hooker.
                Give me to know
  How this  foul rout began, who set it  on.    Shaksp.
    So some weak shoot which else would poorly rise.
  Jove's tree adopts, and lifts into toe skies;
  Through the new pupil fost'ring juices flow,
  Thrust forth the gems, and give the flow'rs to blow.
                                       Ticket.
14. To pay.
    The applause and approbation I give to both your
  speeches.                              Shaksp.
15. To utter; to  vent; to pronounce.
    So you must be the first that gives this sentence,
  And he  that suffers.                     Shaksp-
    The  Rhodians,  seeing toeir  enemies turn toeir
  backs, gave a great shout in derision  of them.
                                       Knolles,
    Let toe first  honest  discoverer gire the word
  about, that Wood's halfpence have  been offered,
  and caution the poor people not to receive them.
                                        Swift.
16. To exhibit; to show.
    This  instance gives the  impossibility of an eter-
  nal existence in any thing essentially alterable or
  corruptible.                             Hale.
17. To exhibit as the product of a calcula-
  tion.
    The number of men being divided by the num-
  ber of ships gives four hundred and twenty-four men
  a-piece.                           Arbuthnot.
18. To do any act  by which  the  conse-
  quence reaches others.
    As we desire to give no offence ourselves, so nei-
  ther shall  we take any at the difference of judgment
  in others.                              Burnet.
19. To  exhibit;  to  send forth as odours
  from  any body.
    In oranges the ripping of toe rind giveth out then
  smell more.                            Bacon.
20. To addict; to apply.
    The  Helots, of the  other side,  shutting theit
  gates, gave themselves to bury  their dead, to cure
  their wounds, and rest their wearied bodies. Sidney.
    After man began to grow to number, toe first
  thing we read they gave themselves into, was toe
  tilling of the earth, and  the feeding of cattle.
                                       Hooker.
    Groves and hill-altars were dangerous, in regard
  of the  secret access which people,  superstitiously
  given, might have always thereunto with ease.
                                       Hooker.
    The duke is virtuous,  mild, and too well gii'e»i,
  To dream on evil, or to work my downfall. Shaksp.
    Fear him not, Caesar, he 's not dangerous;
  He is a noble Roman, and well gii-en.     Shaksp.
    His name is Falstaff:  if that man should be lewd-
  ly given, he deceives me; for Harry, I see virtue in
  his looks.                              Shaksp.
    Huniades, the  scourge  of the Turks, was dead
  long before; so was also Mathias: after whom suc-
  ceeded  others, giicn all  to pleasure and ease.
                                       A'noffes.
    Though he  was given  to pleasure, yet  he was
  likewise desirous of glory.                Bacon.
    He toat giveth  his mind to  the law ofthe Must 
G  IV
GIV
GI V
  High, will seek out the wisdom of all the ancients.
                                    Ecclesiasticus-
    He  is much given  to  contemplation, and  the
  viewing of tois theatre of the world.         Afore.
    They who gave  themselves to warlike action and
  enterprises, went immediately to the palace of Odin.
                                         Temple.
    Men are given  to this licentious humour of scoff-
  ing at personal  blemishes and defects.  L'Estrange.
    Besides he is too much given to horseplay in his
  raillery; and comes to battle like a dictator from the
  plough.                                Dryden.
    I have some business of importance  with her;
  but her husband is so horribly given to be jealous.
                                         Dryden.
    What can I refuse to a man so charitably given?
                                         Dryden.
21. To resign; to yield up.
    Finding  ourselves in the  midst of the greatest
  wilderness of waters, without victual,  we gave our-
  selves  for lost men, and prepared for death.  Bacon.
    Who say, I care not. those I give for lost;
  And to instruct them will not quit the  cost. Herbert.
              Virtue giv'n for lost;
  Deprest and overthrown as seem'd;
  Like that self-begott'n bird
  From out her ashy womb now teem'd.    MUton.
    Since no deep within her gulph can hold
  Immortal vigour,  though oppress'd and fall'n,
  I give not Heav'n for lost.                Milton.
    For a man to give his name to Christianity in those
  days, was to list himself a  martyr.          South.
    Our's gives himself for gone; you 've watch'd
         your time;
  He fights this clay unarm'd, without his rhyme.
                                         Dryden.
    The parents after a long search for  toe body,
  gave him for drowned in one of the canals. Addison.
    As  the  hinder feet of the horse  stuck  to  toe
  mountain, while the body reared up in the air,  the
  poet with great difficulty kept himself from sliding
  off his  back, insomuch that the people gave him for
  o-oue.                                  Addison.
22. To conclude; to suppose.
    Whence came  you here, O friend, and whither
         bound?
  All gave you lost  on fair Cyclopean ground.  Garth.

23. To  Give  away.   To  alienate  from
   one's self; fo make over to another;  to
   transfer.
     Tbe more he got,  the more he shewed that he
  gave away  to his  new mistress,  when he betrayed
  his promises to the former.               Sidney.
              If you shall marry,
  You give away tois hand, and that is mine;
  You give away heav'n's vows, and those are mine;
  You give away myself, which is known mine. Shak.
    Honest company, I thank you all,
  That have beheld me give away myself
  To this most patient, sweet, and virtuous wife.
                                          Shaksp.
    I  know not how they sold themselves; but thou,
  like a  kind fellow, gav'st thyself away gratis, and I
  thank  thee for thee.                     Shaksp.
    Love gives away all things, toat so he may ad-
  vance  the interest ofthe beloved person.    Taylor.
    But we who give our native rights away,
  And our enslav'd posterity betray,
  Are now reduc'd  to beg an alms and go
  On holy days to see a puppet-show.       Dryden.
    Alas, said I, man was made in vain!  How is he
  given away to misery and mortality!       Addison.
    Theodosius made a  private vow never to inquire
  after Constantia, whom he looked upon as given
  away to his rival, upon toe day on which their mar-
  riage was to have been solemnized.       Addison.
    Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses, during
  our lives, is given away from ourselves:  what  we
  bequeath at our death, is given from others only, as
  our nearest relations.                  Atterbury-
24. To  Give back.  To return;  to restore
    Their vices  perhaps give  back all those  advan-
  tages which  their victories  procured.    Atterbury-
25, To  Give, forth.  To publish; to tell,
    Soon after it was given forth,  and believed by
  many, that the king was dead.          Hayward.

26. To  Give  the  hand.   To  yield  pre-
   eminence, as  being  subordinate  or in-
   feriour.
    Lessons being free  from some  inconveniencies,
  vvhereunto sermons are more subject, they may in
  this respect  no less take than in others they must
  give the hand, which betokeneth pre-eminence.
                                         Hooker.
27. To Give over.    To leave; to quit; to
   cease.
    Let novelty therefore in  this give over  endless
  contradictions, and let ancient customs prevail.
                                         Hooker.
    It may be  done rather than that be given over.
                                         Hooker.
             Never give her o'er;
  For scorn at first makes after love the more.  Shak.
    If Desdemona will return me my jewels, I will
  give over my suit,  and repent  my unlawful solici-
  tations.                                 Shaksp.
    All the soldiers,  from the highest to  the  lowest
  had solemnly sworn to defend the  city, and not to
  give it over unto the last man.            Knolles.
    Those  troops which were levied, have given over
  the prosecution of the war.             Clarendon,
    But worst of all to give her over
  'Till she's as desperate to recover.       Hudibras.
    A woman  had a  hen that laid every day an egg;
  she fancied that  upon a larger allowance this hen
  might lay twice a day; but the hen grew fat,  and
  gave quite over laying.               L'Estrange.
    Many have given over their pursuits after fame,
  either from the disappointments they have met, or
  from their experience of the little  pleasure which
  attends it.                             Addison.

28. To Give over. To addict; to attach to.
    Zelmane,  govern and direct me; for I am wholly
  given over unto thee.                      Sidney.
    When  the Babylonians had given themselves over
  to all manner of vice, it was time for toe Lord, who
  had set up that empire, to pull it down.      Grew.
    I used  one thing ill, or gave myself so much over
  to it, as to neglect what I owed either to God or the
  world.                                  Temple.
29. To Give over. To conclude lost.
    Since  it is lawful to practise upon them that
  are forsaken and given over, I  will venture to pre-
  scribe to you.                         Suckling.
    'Tis not amiss, e'er y' are giv'n o'er,
  To try one desp'rate med'eine more;
  And where your case can be no worse,
  The desp'ratest is the wisest course.    Hudibras.
    The abbess, finding that the physicians had given
  her over,  told her that Theodosius was just gone be-
  fore her,  and had sent her his benediction. Addison.
    Her condition was now quite  desperate, all regu-
  lar  physicians,  and her nearest relations, having
  given her over.                        Arbuthnot.
    Yet tois false comfort never gives him o'er,
  That whilst he creeps, his vig'rous thoughts can soar.
                                           Pope.
    Not one foretells I shall recover;
  But all agree to give me over.              Swift.
30. To Give over.   To abandon.
    The duty  of uniformity throughout all churches
  in all manner of indifferent ceremonies,  will be
  very hard, and therefore best to give it over.
                                         Hooker.
    Abdemeleck, as one weary  of  tbe  world, gane
  over all,  and betook himself to a solitary life, and
  became monk.                          Knolles.
    Sleep hath forsook, and giv'n me o'er
  To death's benumbing opium, as my only cure.
                                          Milton.
    The cause for which we fought and swore
  So boldly, shall we now give o'er.       Hudibras.
31.  To Give out.   To proclaim; to pub-
   lish; to utter.
    The fathers give it owf for a rule, that whatsoever
  Christ is said in scripture to  have received, toe
  same we ought to apply only to  the  manhood  of
  Ch.li?t-  .                               Hooker.
     It is given out, that, sleeping in  my orchard,
  A serpent stung me.  So the whole ear of Denmark
  Is, by a forged process of my death,
  Rankly  abused.                         Shaksp.
     One that gives out himself prince Florizel,
   Son of  Polixenes, with his princess.   '    Shaksp.
     It hath been given out, by an  hypocritical thief
  who was the first master of  my ship, that I carried
  with me out of England twenty-two thousand pieces
  of twenty-two shillings per piece.         Raleigh.
     He gave out general summons for the assembly of
  his council for the wars.                  Knolles.
     The night was distinguished by  the orders which
  he gave  out to his  army, that they should forbear all
  insulting of their enemies.               Addison.
32.  To Give out.    To  show in  false ap-
   pearance.
     His givings out were of an infinite distance
  From his true meant design.              Shaksp.
     She that, so young, could give out such a seeming,
  To seal her father's eyes up  close as oak.  Shaksp.
33.  To Give  up.    To  resign; to quit; to
  yield.
    The people, weary of the  miseries of war, would
  give him up, if they saw him shrink       Sidney.
    He has betray'd your business, and given up,
  For certain drops of salt, your city Rome. Shaksp.
     The sun, breaking out with his  cheerful beams,
  revived many, before ready to give up toe ghost for
  cold; and gave comfort to them all.       Knolles.
    He found the lord Hopton in trouble for the loss of
  the regiment of foot at Alton,  and with  the unex-
  pected assurance ofthe giving up of Arundel castle.
                                      Clarendon.
    Let us give ourselves wholly up to Christ in heart
  and desire.                             Taylor.
    Such an expectation will never come to  pass;
  therefore I'll e'en give it  up and  go and fret my-
  self.                                    Collier.
    I can give up to the historians of your country the
  names of so many generals and heroes which crowd
  their annals.                           Dryden.
    He declares himself to be now satisfied  to the
  contrary, in which he has given up  the cause. Dryd.
    The leagues made between several states disown-
  ing all claim to the land in the other's possession,
  have, by common consent, given up their pretences
  to their natural right.                     Locke.
    If they give them  up to their reasons, then they
  with  them give up all truth and  farther enquiry,
  and think there is no such thing as certainty. Locke.
    We should see him give up  again  to the wild
  common of nature, whatever was  more than would
  supply the conveniencies of life            Locke.
    Juba's surrender, since his father's death,
  Would give up Africk into Cssar's hands,
  And  make him lord of half the burning zone.
                                        Addison.
     Learn to be honest men, give up your leaders,
  And  pardon shall descend on all the rest. Addison.
    A popish priest threatened to excommunicate  a
  Northumberland squire, if he did not give up to him
  the church lands.                       Addison.
     He saw the celestial deities acting in a confede-
  racy against him,  and immediately gave up a cause
  which was excluded from all possibility of success.
                                        Addison.
     An old  gentleman who had been engaged in an
  argument with the emperor,  upon his  friend's tell-
  ing him he wondered he would give up the question,
  when he had the better, I am never ashamed, says
  he, to be confuted by one who is master of  fifty le-
  gions.                                 Addison.
     He may be brought to give up the  clearest evi-
  dence.                               Atterbury.
     The constant health and longevity of men must
  be given up also, as a groundless conceit.  Bentley.
     Have the physicians giv'n up all their hopes;
  Cannot  they add a few days to a monarch?   Rowe.
     These people were obliged to demand peace, and
  give up  to the Romans all their possessions in Sicily.
                                       Arbuthnot.
     Every one  who will not ask for the conduct  of 
GIV
GIZ
GL A
   God in the study of religion, has just reason to fear
   he shall be left of God, and given up a prey to  a
   thousand prejudices, that he shall be consigned over
   to the follies of his own heart.              W affs.
     Give yourselves  up to some hours of leisure.
                                         Watts.
 34. To Give up.  To abandon.
    If any be given up to believe lyes, some must be
   first given up to tell them.            Stillingfleet.
    Our  minds   naturally give themselves  up  to
   every diversion which  they are much  accustomed
   to;  and we  always find that  play, when followed
   with assiduity,  engrosses the whole woman.   Add.
    A good poet no  sooner communicates his works,
   but it is imagined he is a  vain  young creature,
   given up to the ambition of fame.           Pope.
    I am  obliged at this  time to give  up my whole
   application to Homer.                     Pope.
    Persons, who, through misfortunes, chuse not to
   dress,should not, however, give up neatness, Clarissa.
 35. To Give  up.  To deliver.
     And Joab gave up the sum  of the number of the
   people to the king.                   2 Samuel.
     His accounts were  confused,  and he could not
   then give them up.                       Swift.
 36. To Give  way.  To yield; not to resist;
    to make room for.
     Private respects, with him,  gave way to the com-
   mon good.                              Carew.
     Perpetual pushing and assurance put  a difficulty
   out of countenance, and make a seeming impossi-
   bility give way.                        Collier.
     Scarce had he spoken when the cloud gave way;
   The mists flew upwards, and dissolv'd in day. Dryd.
     His golden helm gives way with stony blows,
   Batter'd and flat, and beaten  to bis brows. Dryden.

 37.  The  word give is  used  with  great
    laxity, the  general idea is  that of trans-
    mitting from one  to another.
 To Give,  giv. v. ra.
 1. To rush; to fail on; to  give the assault.
    A phrase merely  French,  and  not wor-
    thy of adoption.
    Your orders come too late, the fight's begun;
   The enemy gives on with fury led.       Dryden.
     Hannibal gave upon  the Romans.       Hooke.

 2. To relent; to  grow  moist;  to melt  or
    soften; to thaw.
    Some things are harder  when  they come from
   the fire, and afterwards give again, and grow soft;
   as the crust of bread, bisket, sweetmeats, and salt.
                        Bacon's Natural Histoiy.
    Only a sweet and virtuous soul,
   Like season'd timber, never gives;
   But though the whole world turn to coal,
   Then chiefly lives.                      Herbert.
    Unless it is kept in a hot house, it will so give
   again, that it will be little better than raw malt.
                                      Mortimer.
    Before you carry your large cocks in, open them
   once, and spread them: hay is apt to give  in the
   cock.                                Mortimer.
 3. To move.  A French phrase.
    Up and down  he traverses his ground,
  Then nimbly shifts a thrust, then lends a wound;
  Now back he gives, then rushes on amain.
                             Daniel's  Civil War.
 4. To Give in. To go back;  to give way.
   Not in use.
    The charge was given with so well governed fury,
  that the left corner of the Scots  battalion was en-
  forced to give in.                     Hayward.
5.  To Give into.  [A  French phrase.]  To
   adopt; to embrace.
    This is a geography particular to the medalists;
  toe poets, howeicr, have sometimes given in to  it,
  and  furnished  us with very good lights  for the ex-
 plication of it.                         Addison.
    This consideration may induce  a  translator  to
 give  in to those  general phrases, which have at-
   tained a veneration in our language from being used
   in the Old Testament.                     Pope.
     The whole body of the people are either stupidly
   negligent, or else giving in with all their might to
   those very practices that are working their destruc-
   tion.                                   Swift.
 6. To Give off. To cease; to forbear.
     The punishment would be kept from  being too
   much, if we gave off as soon as we perceive that it
   reaches the mind.                       Locke.
 7. To Give over.   To cease; to  act no
    more.
     If they will speak to the purpose,  they must give
   over, and stand upon such particulars only as they
   can show we have either added or abrogated, other-
   wise than we ought, in the  matter of church polity.
                                        Hooker.
     Neither hath Christ, thro' union of both natures,
   incurred the damage of either; lest,  by being born
   a man, we should think he hath given over to be
   God, or that because he continued  God, therefore
   he cannot be man also.                  Hooker.
     Give not o'er so; to him again; intreat him,
   Kneel down before him, hang upon his gown;
   You are too cold.                  Shakspeare.
     Tbe state of human actions is so variable, that
   to try things oft  and never  to give over, doth won-
   ders.                                 Bacon.
     Demetrius, king of Macedon, had a petition of-
   fered him divers times by an old woman, and still
   answered he had no leisure; whereupon the woman
   said aloud, Why then give over to be king. Bacon.
     So Satan, whom repulse  upon repulse
   Met ever, and to shameful silence brought,
   Yet gives not o'er, though desperate of success.
                                        Jtfiffon.
     Shall we  kindle all tois flame
   Only to put  it out again?
     And must we now give o'er,
   And only end where ivu begun?
   In vain this  mischief we have done,
     If we can  do no more.                Denham.
     It would be well for all authors, if they knew when
   to give over, and to desist from any farther pursuits
   after fame.                           Addison.
     He coined again, and was forced to give over for
   the same reason.                        Swift.
 8. To Give out.  To publish; to proclaim.
     Simon bewitched toe people of Samaria, giving
   out that himself was some great one.        Acts.
    Julius Caesar laid asleep  Pompey's preparations,
   by  a fame that he cunningly gave out how Caesar's
   own soldiers loved him not.              Bacon.
    Your ill-wishers will give out you are now going
   to quit your school.                      Swift.
 9.  To Give out. To  cease; to yield.
           We are toe earth; and they,
   Like moles within us, heave and cast about:
   And 'till  they foot and clutch their prey;
   They never cool, much less give out.     Herbert.
    Madam, I always believ'd you so stout,
   That for twenty denials you would not give out.
                                         Swift.
 Gi'ver, giv'ur. ra. s.  [from give.]   One
   that gives; donor; bestower; distributer;
   granter.
              Well we may afford
   Our givers their own gifts.               Milton.
    By thee how fairly is the giver now
   Repaid? But gratitude in thee is lost
   Long since.                           Milton.
    I have not liv'd since first I heard the news;
  The  gift the  guilty giver  doth accuse.     Dryden.
    Both gifts destructive to the givers prove;
  Alike both lovers fall by  those they love.     Pope.
Gives,  jivz. ra. s.  Fetters or shackles for
   the feet.
Gi'zzard,   giz'ziird.88  383  ra.   s.  [gesier,
   French; gigeria, Latin.] It is sometimes
   called gizzern.
 I.  The strong  musculous  stomach of a
   fowl.

                   5o2
     Fowls have two ventricles, and pick up stones to
   convey  them into their second ventricle, the giz-
   zerne.                                  M e.
     In birds there is no m tstication in the mouth: b it
   in such  as are not carnivorous,  it  is immediately
   swallowed into  toe crop,  a kind of  antestomach,
   where it is moistened by  some proper juice from
   the glandules distilling in  toere,  and  thence trans-
   ferred into toe gizzard, or musculous stomach.
                             Ray on the Creation.
           They nestle near the throne,
   By their high crops and corny gizzards known.
                                       Dryden.
 2. It is proverbially used  for apprehension
   or  conception of mind: as,  he frets his
   gizzard, he  harasses his imagination.
     But that which does them greatest harm,
   Their spiritual gizzards are too warm;
   Which puts the overheated sorts
   In fevers still.                        Hudwras.
     Satisfaction and restitution lie so cursedly herd
   upon the gizzards of our publicans, that their blood
   is  not half so dear to them as the treasure in their
   coffers.                            L'Estrange.
 Gla'brity, glab're-te. ra. s. [from glaber,
   Latin.] Smoothness; baldness.     Diet.
 Gla'cial, gla'she-al.113 adj, [glacial, Fr.
   glaciulis, Latin.] Icy; made of ice;  fro-
   zen.
 To GLA'CIATE, gla'she-ate. v. ra. [gla-
   des, Latin;  glacer, French.]    To turn
   into ice.
 Glacia'tion, gla-she-a'shiin.  ra. s. [from
   glaciate.] The  act of turning into  ice;
   ice formed.
    Ice is plain upon toe surface of water, but round
   in hail, which is also a glaciation, and figured in i^
   guttulous descent from the air.          Brown.
 Gla'cious, gla'shiis.  adj. [glacio, Latin.]
   Icy; resembling ice.
    Although exhaled and placed in cold conservato-
   ries, it will crystallize and shoot into glacious bo-
   dies.                                 Brown.
 GLA'CIS,  gla'sis,   or  gla-seze'.   ra.  s.
   [French.]   In  fortification,  a  sloping
   bank.   It is  more  especially taken for
   that which rangeth from the  parapet of
   the covered  way to the  level on tht side
   ofthe field.                       Harris.
 GLAD,  glad.  adj. [glaeb,  Saxon;  glad,
   Danish.]
 1. Cheerful; gay; in a state of hilarity.
    They  blessed the king, and went unto their tents,
  joyful and gfacf of heart.                 1  Kings.
    Glad we return'd up to  the coasts of light.
                                       Afiffon.
    The wily adder blithe and gfacf.       Milton.
                 Thither they
   Hasted with gfacf precipitance.          MUton.
 2. Wearing  a  gay   appearance; fertile;
   bright; showy.
    The wilderness  and the solitary  place shall be
  gfacf for them, and toe desert shall rejoice and blos-
  som as the rose.                         Isaiah.
               Then first adorn'd
  With their bright luminaries, that set and rose,
   Gfad ev'ning and gfacf morn crown'd the fourth day.
                                       M/iton.
3. Pleased; elevated with  joy.   It ha:>  ge-
   nerally of, sometimes at or with before
   the cause of gladness:  perhaps  of is
   most proper,  when the cause of joy is
   something gained or possessed; and at
   or with, when it  is some accident befal-
   len  himself or  another.
   I am glad to see your worship.      Shakspeare. 
GL  A
GL A
GL  A
   He hath an uncle in Messla will be very much
 gfacf of it.                         Shakspeare.
   He that is gfacf af calamities shall not be unpu-
 nished.                              Proverbs.
                  He gfacf
 O/her attention, gain'd wito serpent tongue,
 His fraudulent temptation thus began.     Milton.
   If he be  my enemy, let him  triumph; if he be
 toy friend, he will be gfacf of  my repentance.
                                      Dryden.
   The gaping wound gush'd out a crimson flood;
 The Trojan, gfacf wUh sight of hostile blood,
 His fauchion drew.                    Dryden.
    Glad of a quarrel strait I clap the door.   Pope.

4.  Pleasing;  exhilarating.
              Her conversation
  More gfacf to me than to a miser money is. Sidney.
5.  Expressing gladness.
     Hark! a gfacf voice the lonely desert cheers:
  Prepare the way, a god, a god appears!     Pope.
6. It is used in a familiar sense, approach-
   ing to ludicrousness.
     I would be gfacf to learn  from  those who pro-
  nounce that the human soul always thinks, how they
  know it.                               Locke.
 To  Glad,  glad.  v. a. [from the  adjec-
   tive ]  To make  glad;  to cheer; to ex-
   hilarate.
     He saw rich nectar-thaws release the rigour
   Of to' icy north; from frost-bound Atlas hands
     His adamantine fetters fall: green vigour
   Gladding  the Scythian rocks, and Lybian sands.
                                      Crashaw.
                   It glads me
   To see so many virtues thus united,
   To restore justice and dethrone oppression. Otway.
     Each drinks the juice that glads toe heart of man.
                                         Pope,
     If justice Philips' costive head,
   Some frigid rhymes disburses,
     They shall like Persian tales be read,
   And gfacf both babes and nurses.           Swift,
 To  Gla'dden, glad'd'n.103  v.  a.  [from
   glad]  To  cheer; to  delight;  to make
    glad; to exhilarate.
     Oh, he was all made up of love and charms!
   Delight of every eye! When he appear'd
   A secret pleasure gladden'd all toat saw him.
                                       Addison,
     A kind of vital heat in the soul  cheers and gfad-
   cfens her, when she does not  attend to it.  Addison.
 Gla'dder, glad'duv.  ra. s.  [from glad.]
    One  that makes  glad;  one that glad-
    dens; one that  exhilarates.
     Thou gladder of the mount of Cytheron,
   Have pity,  goddess.                    Dryden.
 Glade, glade, ra.  s. [from  jlob-an, to  be
    hot, or to  shine:  whence  the  Danish
    glod, and the obsolete English gleed, a
     red hot coal.]   A lawn  or opening in a
     wood.  Lucus.  It is taken for an avenue
     through a wood, whether open or sha-
     ded,  and has therefore epithets of oppo-
     site meaning.
      So flam'd his eyen wito rage and rancorous ire;
   But far within, as in a hollow gfacfe,
   Those  glaring lamps were set, that made a dreadful
          shade.                         Spenser.
      Lo where they spy'd, how in a gloomy glade,
   The lion sleeping, lay in secret shade.  Hub. Tale.
                  O might 1 here,
   In solitude live savage, in some gfacfe
   Obscur'd, where highest woods, impenetrable
   To star or sun-light, spread their  umbrage broad,
   And brown as evening.                 Milton.
      When any,, favour'd of high Jove,
   Chances to pass through this adventurous gfacfe,
    Swift as a sparkle of a glancing star
    I shoot from heav'n to give him safe convoy.
                                        Milton.
   For noonday's heat are closer arbours made,
 And for fresh ev'ning air the op'ner gfacfe. Dryden.
   There interspers'd in lawns and op'ning glades,
 Thin trees arise that shun each other's shades.
                                        Pope,
   By the heroes armed shades
 Glitt'ring through the gloomy glades;
 By the youths that dy'd for love,
 Wand'ring in the myrtle grove,
 Restore, restore Eurydice to life!
 Oh! take the husband or restore the wife!   Pope.
             She smil'd, array'd
 With all the charms of sun-shine, stream and gfacfe,
 New drest and blooming as a bridal maid.  Harte.
Gla'den, glad'cln.  } ra.  s. [from gladius,
Gla'der, glud'diir. $    Latin, a   sword.]
   Swordgrass: a general  name of plants
   that  rise with a broad  blade like sedge.
   Junius.
Gla'd* ulness,  glad'ful-nes.  ra. s.  [glad
   and fulness]  joy; gladness.  Obsolete.
     And toere him rests in riotous  suffisance
   Of all his gladfulness, and kingly joyance. Spenser.

Gladia'tor, glad-de-a'tiir.s34 ra. s. [Latin;
   gladiateur,  French.]   A  swordplayer;
   a prizefighter.
     Then whilst his foe each gladiator foils,
   The atheist, looking on, enjoys the spoils. Denham.
     Besides, in gratitude for such high matters,
   Know 1 have vow'd two hundred gladiators. Dryd.
 Gla'dly, glad'le. adv. [from glad]   Joy-
   fully;  with  gayety;   with  merriment;
   with triumph; with exultation.
     For his particular, I'll receive him gladly;
   But not one follower.                   Shaksp.
     You are going to set us right;  and 'tis an advan-
   tage  every body  will  gladly see you  engross the
   glory of.                      Blount to Pope.
 Gla'dness, glad'nes.  ra.  s.  [from glad.]
    Cheerfulness; joy; exultation.
     By such degrees the spreading gladness grew
   In every heart, which fear had froze before:
   The  standing streets with so much joy they view,
   That with less grief the perish'd they deplore.
                                       Dryden.
 Gla'dsome, glad'sum. adj. [from glad.]
 I.  Pleased; gay; delighted.
     The highest angels to and fro descend,
   From highest heaven in gfacfsome company.
                                   Fairy Queen.
     The gladsome ghost in circling troops attend,
   And with unweary'd eyes behold their friend.
                                       Dryden.
 2.  Causing joy; having an appearance  of
     gayety.
     Each morn they wak'd me with a sprightly lay;
   Of opening heav'n they sung and gladsome day.
                                         Prior.
 Gla'dsomely,  glad'sum-le. adv.  [from
    gladsome.] With gayety and delight.

 Gla'dsomeness, glad'sum-nes. ra. s. [from
     gladsome] Gayety; showyness; delight,
 Glaire, glare, ra.  s.  [jlaert, Sax. amber;
     glar,  Danish, glass;  glaire,  Fr. glarea,
     Latin.]
   1.  The white of an egg.
      Take the glaire of eggs, and strain it as short as
    water.                             Peacham.
   2.  A  kind of halbert.                  Diet.
   To Glaire, glare, v. a.  [glairer, French;
     from  the  noun.]   To smear with  the
     white of an  egg.   This  word  is still
     used  by the bookbinders.
   GLANCE,  gianse.?8 ™  n.  s.  [glantz,
     German,  glitter.]
   I. A sudden shoot of  light or splendour.
Rowe.
Shah
    His off'ring soon propitious fire from heav'n
  Consum'd with nimble glance, and grateful steam:
  The other's not, for his was not sincere.   Milton.
2. A sirokeordart ofthe beam of  sight.
    The aspects which procure love are not gazings,
  but sudden glances and dartings of toe eye. Bacon.
    There are of those sort of beauties which last
  but for a moment; some  particularity of  a violent
  passion, some graceful action,  a smile,  a glance of
  an eye, a disdainful look, and a look of gravity.
                                      Dryden.
    Boldly she look'd, like one of high degree:
  Yet never seem'd to cast a glance on me;
  At which I inly joy'd, for truth to say,
  I felt an unknown awe,  and some dismay.  Harte.
3. A  snatch of sight;  a quick view.
    The ample mind takes a survey of several objects
  with one glance.                         Walts.
To Glance, glanse. v. ra. [from the noun.]
I. To shoot a sudden ray of splendour.
    He double blows about him fiercely laid,
   That glancing fire out of the iron play'd,
   As sparkles from  the anvil use
   When heavy hammers on the wedge are sway'd.
                                      Spenser.
    When through  the gloom the glancing  lightnings
         fly,
   Heavy the rattling thunders roll on high.
   To fly off in  an oblique direction.
    He has a little gall'd me, I  confess;
   But as the jest did glance away from me,
   'Tis ten to one it maim'd you  two outright.
  . To strike in  an oblique direction.
    Through Paris' shield the forceful weapon went,
   His corslet pierces, and his garment rends,
   And glancing downwards near his flank descends.
                                         Pope.
 4. To view with  a quick  cast of the eye;
    to  play the eye.
     O' to' sudden up they rise and dance,
   Then sit again, and sigh and glance;
   Then dance again and kiss.            Suckling.
    . Mighty dulness crown'd,
   Shall  take through Grub-street  her  triumphant
         round;
   And her Parnassus glancing o'er at once,
   Behold a hundred sons, and each a dunce.   Pope.
  5. To censure  by oblique hints.
      How canst thou thus, for shame, Titania,
    Glance at my credit with Hippolita,
    Knowing I Ijnow thy love to Theseus?     Shaksp.
      Some men glance and dart at others, by justifying
    themselves by negatives; as to say, this 1 do not.
                                         Bacon.
      I have never glanced upon  the late designed pro-
    cession of his holiness and his attendants, notwith-
    standing it might have afforded  matter for many
    ludicrous speculations.                Addison.
      He  had written verses wherein he glanced at a
    certain reverend doctor famous for dulness.  Swift.
  To  Glance, glanse. v. a. To move nim-
    bly; to shoot obliquely.
      Glancing an eye of pity on his losses,
    Enough to press a royal merchant down.   Shaksp.
  Gla'ncingly,  glan'sing-le.   adv.   [from
    glance.]  In an oblique broken manner,
    transiently.
      Sir Richard Hawkins hath done something in this
    kind, but brokingly and glancihgly, intending chiefly
    a discourse of his own voyage.          Hakewill.
  GLAND, giand. ra. s. [glans, Lat. gland,
     French.]  The glands of a human body
     are reduced to  two sorts, viz.  conglo-
     bate and conglomerate.  A  conglobate
     gland is a little  smooth body, wrapt up
     in a fine skin; by  which it is  separated
     from all the other parts, only admitting
     an artery and nerve to pass in, and giv-
     ing  way to  a  vein and  excretory canal
     to come out;  of this sort are the glands 
GL  A
GL  A
GL A
   in the brain, the labial glands, and tes-
   tes. A conglomerate gland is composed
   of many little  conglobate  glands, all
   tied together, and wrapt up in  the com-
   m in tunicle  or  membrane.      Quincy.
    The abcess begun deep in the body of the glands,
                                     Wiseman.
    The glands, which o'er the body spread,
  Fine complicated clues of nervous thread,
  Involv'd and twisted with th' arterial duct,
  The rapid motion of the blood obstruct.  Blackm.
Gla'nders, glan'durz. ra. s. [from gland.]
   In a horse,  is  the  running of corrupt
   matter from the  nose, which differs in
   colour according to  the degree of the
   malignity,  being white, yellow, green,
   or black.                 Farrier's Diet.
    His horse is possest with toe glanders, and like to
  mose in  the chine.                   Shakspeare.
Glandi'ferous,    glan-dif'le-rus.   adj.
   [gians and fero, Latin.]  Bearing mast;
   bearing acorns; or  fruit like acorns.
    The beach is of two  sorts, and numbered amongst
  the glandiferous trees.                 Mortimer.
GL.VNDULE,  glan'dule. ra. s.  [glandu-
   la, Latin; qlandule,  French.]  A small
   gland serving   to  the secretion of  hu^-
   mours.
    Nature hath provided several glandules to sepa-
  rate this juice from  the blood, and no less than four
  pair of channels to convey it into the mouth, which
  are called cfucfus salivates.                 Ray.
Glandulo'sity,  glan-du-los'e-te.  ra. s.
   [from  glandulous]  A  collection  of
   glands.
     In the upper parts of  worms are found certain
  white andeval glandulosities.            Brown.

Gla'ndulous, glan'du-lus.294 adj. [glan-
   dulusus,  Latin; glanduleux,  Fr.  from
   glandule/]   Pertaining  to   the glands;
   subsisting in the glands; having the na-
   ture of glands.
     The beaver's  bags are no testicles,  or parts of-
   ficial unto generation,  but glandulous  substances,
   that hold the nature of emunctories.      Brown.
     Such constitutions must be subject to glandulous
   tumours, and ruptures of the lymphaticks.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 To GLARE, glare,  v. n. [glaren, Dutch.J
 1. To shine so as  to dazzle the eyeh.
     After great light,  if you come suddenly into the
  dark, or contrariwise, out of the dark into agfaring
  light, the eye is dazzled for a time, and toe sight
   confused.                             Bacon.
    His glaring  eyes with anger's venom swell,
  And like the brand of foul Alecto flame   Fairfax.
    He is every where above conceits of epigram-
  matick  wit, and gross hyperboles: he  maintains
  majesty  in the midst  of plainness; he shines but
  glares not; and is stately without ambition.  Dryd.
    The court of Cacus stands reveal'd to sight;
  The cavern glares with new admitted light.  Dryd.
                 Alas,  thy dazzled eye
  Beholds this man in  a false glaring  light,
  Which  conquest and  success  have thrown  upon
        him.                         Addison.
2. To look with fierce piercing eyes.
    Thou hast no speculation in those eyes,
  Which thou dostgfare with.          Shakspeare-
    Look,  how pale he glares!         Shakspeare.
    Now friends no more, nor walking hand in hand;
  But when they met they made a surly stand,
  Andgfar'cf, like angry lions, as they pass'd,
  And wish'd that ev'ry look might be their last.
                                      Dryden.
3. To shine  ostentatiously,  or  with too
  much laooured  lustre.
    The most glaring and notorious passages are none
  of the finest or most correct.             Felton.
 To Glare,  glare,  v. a.  To  shoot such
   splendour as the eye cannot bear.
    One spirit in them  rul'd, and eveiy eye
  Glar'd lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire
  Among th' accurst, that wither'd all their strength.
                                       Afiffon.
 Glare,  glare, ra. s. [from the verb.]
 I  Overpowering lustre;  splendour, such
   as dazzles  the eye.
    The frame of burnish'd steel that cast a gfare
  From far, and seem'd to thaw  the freezing air.
                                      Dryden.
    I have grieved to see a person of quality gliding
  by me in her chair at two o'clock in the morning,
  and looking like a spectre amidst a gfare  of flam-
  beaux.                             Addison.
    Herein a grotto, shelter'd close from air,
  And screen'd in shades from day's detested glare,
  She sighs for ever.                      Pope.
 2. A  fierce piercing look.
             About them round,
  A lion now he stalks with fiery gfare.     Milton.
 Gla'reous, gla're-us.  adj. [glarieux, Fr.
  glareosus, Latin; from glaire.]  Consist-
   ing of viscous tiansparent matter, like
   the white of an egg.
 Gla'ring, gla'ring.  adj.  Applied to any
   thing  notorious:  as, a glaring crime.
 GLASS, glas.79 ra. s. [jlaef, Saxon; glas,
   Dutch; as  Pezon  imagines,  from glas,
   British,   green.  In  Erse  it is  called
   kldnn, and this primarily signifies clean
   or clear,  being so denominated from its
   transparency.]
 1. An artificial substance  made by fusing
   fixed  salts  and  flint or sand together,
   with a vehement fire.
    The word glass cometh from the Belgick and
  High Dutch: glass, from the verb glansen, which
  signifies  amongst  them to shine; or perhaps from
  glades in the Latin, which is ice, whose colour it
  resembles.                          Peacham.
    Glass  is thought so compact and firm a body, that
  it is indestructible by  art or nature,  and is also of
  so close  a texture toat the subtlest chymical spirits
  cannot pervade it.                      Boyle.
    Show'rs of grenadoes rain by sudden burst
  Disploding murd'rous  bowels, fragments of steel
  And  stones, and gfoss  and nitrous grain adust.
                                      Philips.
2. A  glass vessel of any kind.
              I'll  see no more,
  And yet  the eighth appears, who bears a glass
  Which shews me many more.        Shakspeare.
3. A  looking-glass; a mirror.
    He was the mark and gfoss, copy and book,
  That fashion'd others.              Shakspeare.
    He spreads his subtle nets from sight,
  With twinkling glasses, to betray
  The larks that in the meshes light.       Dryden.
4. An Hour Glass. A  glass used in mea-
  suring time by the flux of sand.
            Were  my wife's liver
  Infected  as her  life, she would not live
  The running of one glass.            Shakspeare.
5. The destined  time of man's  life.
    No more his royal self did live, no more his no-
      ble  sonne,
  The golden Meleager now, their glasses all were run.
                                    Chapman.
6. A cup or glass used to  drink in.
        To tois last costly treaty,
  That swallow'd  so  much treasure, and like a glass
  Did break i' In' rinsing.            Shakspeare.
            When thy heart
  Dilates with fervent joys, and eager soul
  Prompts to pursue the sparkling gfoss, be sure
  'Tis time to shun it.                    Philips.

 7. The quantity of wine usually contained
   in a glass;  a draught.
     While a man thinks one  glass more will  not
  make him drunk, that one glass hath disabled him
  from well discerning his present condition. Taylor-.
     The first glass may pass for health, the second for
  good-humour,  the  third for our friends;  but  the
  fourth is for our enemies.              Temple.
 8. A perspective glass.
             The moon whose  orb
  Through optick gfoss toe Tuscan artist views.
                                      Jif iff on.
     Like those who survey toe moon by glasses, I tell
  of a shining world above, but not relate the glories
  of the place.                          Dryden.

Glass, glas. adj.  Vitreous; made of glass.
            Get thee glass eyes:
  And, like a scurvy politician, seem
  To see the things thou dost not.       Shakspeare.
     Glass  bottles are more fit for this second fining
  than those of wood.                  Mortimer.
 To Glass, glas.  v. a.
 I. To see as in a glass; to represent as in
  a glass or mirrour. Not in use.
    Methinks I am partaker of thy passion,
  And in thy case do glass mine own debility. Sidney.
2. To case in giass.
    Methought all his senses were lockt in his eye,
  As jewels in crystal for some prince to buy;
  Who tend'ring their own worth, from whence they
      were glasst,
  Did point out to buy them, along as you past.
                                   Shakspeare.
3. To cover with glass; to glaze.
    I have observed little  grains  of silver  to lie hid
  in the small cavities, perhaps glassed over by a vi
  trifying heat, in crucibles wherein silver has  been
  long kept in fusion.                     Boyle.
Gla'ssfurnace, glas'fflr-nas. ra. *. [glass
  and furnace.] A furnace in which glass
  is made by liquefaction.
    If our dreamer pleases to try whether the glow-
  ing heat of a glassfurnace be barely a wandering
  imagination  in a drowsy man's fancy, by putting
  his hand into it, he may perhaps be awakened into
  a certainty that  it  is something more than  bare
  imagination.                           Locke.
Gla'ssgazing, glas'ga-zing.  adj.  [glass
  and gazing.]  Finical;   often  contem-
  plating himself in a mirror.
    A whorson, glassgazing, finical rogue.    Shaks.
Gla'ssgrinder, glas'grind'ur. ra.s. [glass
  and grinder]  One whose  trade is  to
  polish  and  grind glass.
    The glassgrinders complain  of the trouble they
  meet with.                            Boyle.
Gla'sshouse, glas'house. n.s. [glass  and
  house..] A house where glass is manu-
  factured.
    I remember to have met with an old Roman Mo-
  saic, composed of little pieces of clay half vitrified,
  and prepared at the glasshouses.        Addison.
Gla'ssman,  glaVman.88 ra. s. [glass  and
  man.]  One who sells glass.
    The profit of glasses consists only in a small pre-
  sent made by theglassman.              Suift.
Gla'ssmetal, gias'met-tl.  ra. s. [glass and
  metal.] Glass in fusion.
    Let proof be made of the incorporating of cop-
  per or brass with glassmetal.              Bacon.
Gla'sswork,  gias'wilrk.  ra. s. [glass and
  work]  Manufacture  of glass.
    The crystalline  Venice glass is  a mixture, in
  equal portions, of stones brought from Pavia, and
  the ashes  of a weed called kali, gathered in  a de-
  sert between AJexandria and Rosetta; by the Egyp- 
GL A
GLE
CLE
   lians used first for fuel, and then they crush the
   ashes into lumps like a stone, and  so sell them to
   the Venetians for their glassworks.        Bacon.
 Gla'sswort,  glas'wtirt. ra. <s.  [salicornia,
    or saltwort.]  A plant.
     It  hath an apetalous flower, wanting the empale-
   ment; for the stamina, or chives, and the embryoes
   grow on the extreme part ofthe leaves; these em-
   bryoes afterward  become pods or  bladders, which,
   for the most part, contain  one seed. The inhabi-
   tants near  the sea-coast cut the plants up toward
   the latter end of summer;  and having dried them
   in the sun,  they burn them for their ashes, which
   are used  in making of glass and soap.  These herbs
   are by the country people called kelp.   From toe
   ashes of these plants is extracted the salt called saf
   kali, or alkali, by the chymists.           Miller.
      For the fine glass we use the purest of the finest
   sand, and the ashes  of chali or glasswort; and for
   the coarser or green sort,  the ashes of brake or
   other plants.                           Brown.
 Gla'ssy, glas'se. adj. [from glass.]
 1. Made  of glass;  vitreous.
      In the  valley near mount Carmel  in Judea there
   is  a  sand, which, of all others, hath most affinity
   with glass; insomuch as other minerals laid in  it
   turn to a glassy substance.               Bacon.
 2. Resembling  glass, as in smoothness or
    lustre, or brittleness.
              Man! proud man!
   Drest in a little brief authority,
   Most ignorant of what he's most assur'd,
   His glassy essence, like an angry ape,
   Plays such fantastick tricks before high heav'n,
   As makes the angels weep.          Shakspeare.
      There  is a willow grows aslant  a brook,
   That shows his hoary leaves in the glassy stream.
                                     Shakspeare.
      The magnet  attractcth  the shining or glassy
   powder brought from the  Indies, usually employed
   in  writing dust.                         Brown.
      Whose womb produe'd the glassy ice.' Who bred
   The  hoary frosts that fall on winter's head? Sandys.
      The glassy deep.                     Dryden.
 Glastonbury   Thorn,   glas-s'n-ber-e-
    thorn'. ra. s.  A species of Medlar.
     This species  of thorn produces some bunches of
   flowers in winter, and flowers again  in spring.
                                         Miller.
 Glauco'ma, glaw-ko'ma. ra. s.  [yXec6xuf*.ec;
   glaucome, French.] A fault in the  eye,
    which  changes the  crystalline humour
   into a grayish colour, without detriment
   of sight, and therein differs from what is
   commonly understood by suffusion.
                                      Quincy.
     The glaucoma is no other disease  than the  cata-
   ract.                                   Shai-p.
 Glave, glave. ra. s. [glaive, French; glaif,
   a  hook,  Welsh.]  A  broad sword;  a
   falchion.
    Two hundred Greeks came next in sight well try'd,
   Not surely arm'd in steel or iron strong,
   But each a glave had pendant by his side. Fairfax.
    When zeal, with aged ciubs and glaves
   Gave chase to rockets and white staves.  Hudibras.
 To Gla'ver, gla'vur. v. n. [glave, Welsh,
   flattery; £,jpan, Saxon, to  flatter.  It is
   still retained in Scotland.]   To flatter;
   to wheedle.  A low word.
    Kingdoms have  their distempers,  intermissions,
  and paroxysms,  as well as natural bodies; and a
  glavering council  is as dangerous as a wheedling
  priest  or a flattering physician.       L'Estrange.

To Glaze,  glaze,  v. a. [To glass, only
   accidentally varied.]
1.  To furnish with windows of glass.
    Let  there be two delicate cabinets daintily paved,
   richly hanged, and glazed with crystalline glass.
                                         Bacon
 2. To cover with glass, as potters do their
   earthen ware, [from the French gldise,
   argilla.]
 3. To overlay with something shining and
   pellucid.
     Sorrow's eye, gfaz'cf with blinding tears,
   Divides one thing entire to many objects.   Shaks.
     The reason of one man operates on that of ano-
   ther in all true oratory; wherein though with other
   ornaments he may glaze and brandish the weapons,
   yet is it sound reason that carries the stroke home.
                                         Grew.
     White, with other strong colours with which we
   paint that which we intend togfaze, are the life, the
   spirit, and the lustre of it.              Dryden.
 Gla'zier, gla'znur.283 4fi0  ra. s. [corrupted
   from glasier, or glassier, of glass.] One
   whose trade is to make glass  windows.
   Otiier manufacturers of glass are other-
   wise named.
     Into rabbets the several panes of glasswork are
   set and fastened by the glazier.          Moxon.
     The dex'trtus glazier strong returns the bound,
   And gingling sashes on the penthouse sound.   Gay.
     And then, without the  aid of neighbour's art,
   Perform'd the carpenter's and glazier's part. Harte.
 GLEAM,  gieme. 2> ra. s.  [geiioma, Sax.]
   Sudden shoot of light; lustre; brightness.
     Then was the fair Dodonian tree far seen
   Upon seven hills to spread his gladsome gleam;
     And conquerors bedecked with his green,
   Along the banks of the Ausonian stream.  Spenser.
             At last a gleam
   Of dawning light turn'd thitherward in haste
   His travell'd steps.                     Milton.
     As I bent down  to look just  opposite,
   A shape within the wat'ry gleam appear'd,
   Bending to look on me.                 Milton.
     Mine is a gleam of bliss, too hot to last;
   Wat'ry it shines, and will be soon o'ercast.  Dryd.
     We ken them from afar; the setting sun
   Plays on  their shining arms and burnish'd helmets,
   And covers all toe field with gleams of fire. Addis.
     In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen,
   And floating forests paint  the waves with green.
                                         Pope.
     Nought was seen, and nought was heard,
   But dreadful gleams
   Fires that glow.                         Pope.

 To Gleam, gleme. v.  ra. [from the  noun. 1
 1. To shine with sudden coruscation.
     Observant of approaching day,
   The meek-eyed morn appears, mother of dews,
   At first faint gleaming in the dappled east.
                             Thomson's Summer.
 2. To shine.
     On each hand the gushing waters play,
  And down the rough cascade white dashing fall,
  Or gleam in lengthen'd vistas through the trees.
                                     Thomson.
Glea'my,  gle'me.  adj.   [from  gleam.]
   Flashing; darting sudden coruscations
   of light.
    In brazen arms, that cast a gleamy ray,
  Swift through toe town the warrior bends his way.
                                         Pope.
 To  Gi^EAN, glene.23? v.  a. [glaner, Fr.
   as Skinner thinks, from granum, Lat.]
I. To gatner what the reapers of tne har-
   vest leave behind.
    She came and gfeanecf in the field after  the
  ieaPers-                                Ruth.
    Cheap  conquest  for his following  friends  re-
        main'd;
  He reap'd the field, and toey but only glean'd.
   _.                                 Dryden.
   The precept of not gathering their land clean but
   that something should be left to the poor to glean,
   was a secondary offering to God himself.   Nelson.
     She went, by hard necessity coinpell 'd,
   To gfean Palaemon's fields.            Thoimon.
 2. To  gather any thing thinly scattered.
                  Gather
   So much as from occasions you may gfean,
   If aught, to us unknown, afflicts him thus.   Shaks
                  That goodness
   Of gleaning all the land's wealth into one,
   Into your own hands, card'nal, by extortion. Shaks,
     They gleaned of them in the highways five thou-
   sand men.                             Judges.
     But Argive chiefs, and Agamemnon's train,
   When his refulgent arms flash'd through the shadv
         plain,
   Fled from his well known face wito wonted fear;
   As when his thundering sword and pointed spear
   Drove headlong to their ships,  and glean'd  the
         routed rear,                    Diyden.
     In the knowledge of bodies we must be content to
   gfean what we can from  particular experiments;
   since  we cannot, from a discovery of their real es-
   sences, grasp at a time whole sheaves, and in bun-
   dles comprehend toe nature and properties of whole
   species together.                        Locke.
 Glean, giene. ra. s. [from the verb.] Col-
   lection  made laboriously  by slow  de-
   grees.
     Plains, meads, and  orchards all the day he plies;
   The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs:
   He spoils the saffron.                   Dryden.
 Gle'aner, gle'nur. ra. s.  [from glean.]
 1. One who gathers after the reapers.
     For still the world prevail'd, and its dread laugh,
   Which scarce the firm philosopher can scorn,   J
   Should his heart own agfeaner in the field.  Thorn.
 2. One who gathers any thing slowly and
   laboriously.
    An ordinary coffee-house gleaner of the city is an
   arrant statesman.                       Locke.
 Gle'aning,  gle'ning. ra. s. [from glean]
   The  act of gleaning, or thing gleaned.
    There shall be as the shaking of an olive-tree,
   and as toe gleaning of grapes when the  vintage is
   done.                                   Bible.
    The orphan and widow are members of toe same
  common family, and  have a right to be supported
  out of tbe incomes of  it, as the poor Jews had to
  gather  the gleanings of toe rich man's harvest.
                                     Atterbury.
 GLEBE, glebe, ra.  s. [gleba, Latin.]
 I. Turf; soil; ground.
    This, like the moory plots, delights  in  sedgy
         bowers;
  The grassy garlands loves, and oft  attir'd with
         flowers
  Of rank and mellow gfeoe.             Drayton.
    Fertile of corn the gfe&e of oil and wine,
  With-herds toe pastures throng'd, with  flocks toe
         hills.                           Jlfiffon.
    Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood;
  If od'rous blooms the bearing branches load,
  The glebe will answer  to the sylvan reign,
  Great  heats will follow, and large crops of grain.
                                      Dryden.
             Sleeping vegetables lie,
  'Till the glad summons of a genial ray
  Unbinds the glebe, and calls toem out to-day.
                                        Garfft.
2. The  land possessed as  part ofthe re-
   venue of an ecclesiastical benefice.
    The ordinary living  or revenue of a parsonage
  is of three sorts: the one in land, commonly called
  the glebe; another in tythe,  which is a set pari  of
  our goods rendered to  God; the third, in other of-
  ferings  bestowed upon  God and his church by the
  PeoPle-                              Spetman.
    A trespass done on a parson's glebe land, which is
  a freehold, cannot be tried in a spiritual court.
                                       Ayliffe.
    Many parishes have  not an inch of glebe.   Swift. 
GLE                                      GLI                                      GLI
Gle'bous,   gle'bus.  adj. [from glebe.]
   Turfy.                               Diet.
Gle'by, gle'be. adj. [from glebe.] Turfy;
   perhaps in the following passage fat or
   fruitful, if it  has indeed any meaning.
    Pernicious flatt'ry! thy malignant seeds
  In an ill hour, and by a fatal hand
  Sadly diffus'd o'er virtue's gfe&y land,
  With rising pride amidst the corn appear,
  And choke the hopes and harvest of the year. Prior.
Glede, glede.  ra. *. [ghbughbe, Saxon.]
   A kind of  hawk.
    Ye shall not eat the gfecfe, the kite, and the vul-
  ture.                            Deuteronomy,
Glee,  glee. ra. s.  [ghgge, Sax.] Joy;
   merriment; gayety.  It anciently signifi-
   ed musick played at feasts. It is not now
  used, except in ludicrous writing, or with
   some mixture of irony and contempt.
    She marcheth home, and by her takes the knight,
  Whom all the people follow with great glee.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Many wayfarers make themselves gfee by vexing
  the inhabitants;  who  again foreslow not to  baigne
  them wito perfume.                    Carew.
    Is Blouzelinda dead? Farewell my gfee.'
  No happiness is now reserv'd for me.        Gay.
    The poor man then was rich, and liv'd with glee;
  Each barley-head untaxt, and day-light free. Harte.
Gleed, glede. n. s. [from jlopan, Saxon,
   to glow.]   A hot glowing coal. A pro-
   vincial and obsolete word.
Gle'eful,  glee'fui. adj.  [glee and  full.]
   Gay; merry;  cheerful.  Not used.
    My lovely Aaron, wherefore look'st thou sad,
  When every thing doth make a gleeful  boast?
                                      SAafcsp.
Gleek, gleek.  ra. s. [gligje, Sax.]   Mu-
   sick; or musician.
    What will  you give us?----No money, but the
  gleek: I will give you toe minstrel.       Shaksp.
T-i Gleek,  gleek. v.a. [ghgman, in Saxon,
   is a mimick or a droii.]
1. To  sneer; to gibe; to droll upon.
    I can gfeefc upon occasion.            Shaksp.
    I have seen you gleeki>g or galling at this gen-
  tleman twice or thrice.                 Shaksp.
2. In .Scotland it is  still retained, and sig-
   nifies to fool or spend  time  idly, with
   something of mimickry or drollery.
To Gleen,  gleen. v. ra.   To  shine with
   heat or polish.   I know  not the original
   notion of this word:  it  may be  of the
   same race with  glow or with gleam.  I
   have not remarked it in any other place.
            Those who labour
  The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
  Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleening armour,
  Acknowledge Vulcan's aid.              Prior.
GLEET, gleet, ra. s.   [It is  written  by
   Skinner glitt,  and derived from ghban,
   Saxon,  to run softly.]   A  sanious ooze;
   a thin ichor running from a sore.
    A hard dry eschar, without either matter or
  gfeef.                               Wiseman.
To Gleet,  gleet, v. ra. [from the noun.]
I   :"   drip or ooze with a thin sanious li-
  quor.
        thumb being inflamed and  swelled, I made
  an incision into it to toe bone: this not only bled,
  butgfeefed a few drops.              Wiseman.
2. To  run slowly.
    Vapours raised by the sun make clouds, which
  are carried up and down the atmosphere, 'till they
  hit against the mountainous places of the globe, and
  by this concussion are condensed, and so gfeef down
  the caverns of these mountains; whose Inner parts,
  being hollow, afford them a bason.        Cheyne.
Gle'ety, glee'te. adj. [from gleet.]  Icho-
   rous; thinly sanious.
    If the flesh lose its ruddiness, and the  matter
  change to  be  thin and gleety, you may suspect it
  corrupting.                          Wiseman.
Glen, glen. ra. s.  [gleann, Erse.]  A val-
   ley; a dale; a depression between two
   hills.
    From me his madding mind is start,
  And wooes the widow's daughter of the gfen.
                                      Spenser.
Glew,  glu. ra. s. [gluten, Latin.]  A vis-
   cous  cement  made  by  dissolving the
   skins of  animals  in boiling water, and
   drying the  gelly. See Glue.
GLIB,  glib. adj. [from Xti&-.   Skinner]
1.  Smooth; slippery; so  formed as to  be
   easily moved.
    Liquid bodies have nothing to sustain their parts,
  nor any thing to cement them: the parts being gfi6
  and continually in motion, fall off from one another,
  which way soever gravity inclines them.   Burnet.
    Habbakkuk brought him a smooth strong rope
  compactly twisted together, with a noose that slipt
  as glib as a birdcatcher's gin.          Arbuthnot.
2.  Smooth; voluble.
          I want that glib and oily art
  To speak and purpose not, since what I well intend,
  I'll do't before 1 speak.                Shaksp.
    There was never so much glib nonsense put  to-
  gether in well sounding English.          Locke.
    Now Curl his shop from rubbish drains;
  Three genuine tomes  of Swift's remains;
  And then, to make them pass toe glibber,
  Reviz'd by  Tibbald.  More, and Gibber.     Swift.
         Be sure he's a fine spoken man;
  Do but hear on the clergy how glw his tongue ran.
                                        Swift.
Glib, glib. ra. s.
    The  Irish have from the Scythians  mantles  and
  long glibs;  which is  a  thick curled bush  of hair
  hanging down over toeir eyes, and monstrously dis-
  guising them.                         Spenser.
To Gliu, glib. v. a.  [from  the adjective.]
   To castrate.
    I'll geld  them all:  fourteen they shall not see,
  To bring false generations; they are coheirs,
  And  I had rather glib myself, than they
  Should  not produce fair issue.            Shaksp.
GLi'BLY,glib'le. adv.[fromglib.] Smooth-
   ly;  volubly.
    Many who would startle at an oath, whose  sto-
  machs as well as conscience recoil at an obscenity,
  do yet  slide glibly into a detraction.
                      Government of the  Tongue.
Gli'bness,  glib'nes  ra. s.  [from  glib.]
   S:noothness; slipperiness.
    A polish'd ice-like glibness doth enfold
  The rock.                          Chapman.
    The tongue  is the most ready for motion of any
  member, needs not so much as the flexure of a joint,
  and by  access of humours acquires a glibness too,
  the more to facilitate its moving. Gov. ofthe Tongue.
To GLIDE,  glide, v. ra.  [ghban, Saxon;
   glijden,  Dutch.]
I. To fl >w  gently and silently.
    By east, among the dusty vallies glide
  The  silver streams of Jordan's  crystal flood.
                                      Fairfax.
    Broke by the jutting land on either side,
  In double streams the briny waters glide.  Dryden.
    Just before the confines of the wood,
  The gliding Lethe leads her silent flood.  Dryden.
    Where stray toe muses, in what lawn or grove?
  In those fair fields where sacred  Isis glides,
  Or else where Cam his winding vales divides. Pope.
2. To pass on without change of step.
     Ye gliding ghosts, permit me to relate
   The mystic wonders of your silent state.   Dryden.
 3. To move swiftly and smooth.y along.
             If one of mean affairs
   May plod it in a week, why may not I
   Glide thither in a day?                 Shaksp.
     Shoals of fish, with fins and shining scales,
   Gficfe under the green wave.             Milton.
     He trembled every limb, and feft a smart
  As if cold steel had glided through his heart. Dryd.
     All things are beheld as in  a hasty motion, where
  the objects only gficfe before the eye and disappear.
                                       Diyden.
Glide, glide, n. s. [from the verb.] Lapse;
   act or manner of passing smoothly.
             Abodt his neck
  A  green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself,
  Who, with her head nimble in threats, approach'd
  The opening of his mouth; but suddenly,
  Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself,
  And with indented glides dicislip away
  Into a bush.                           Shaksp.
Gli'der, gli'dur.  ra. s. [from glide.]  One
   that glides.
    The glaunce into my heart did glide;
  Hey ho the glider;
    Therewith my soul was sharply gride,
  Such wounds soon waxen wider.         Spenser.

Glike, glike. ra.  s.  [jhj. Saxon.   See
   Gleek.] A sneer; a scoff; a flout.  Not
   now in use.
    Where 's the bastard's braves, and  Charles his
  glikes.                                Shaksp.
To GLI'MMER, glim'mur. v. ra.  [glim-
   mer, Danish, to shine; glimmen, Dutch,
   to glow.]
i. To shine faintly.
    The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day.
                                       Shaksp.
    The truth appears so naked  on my side,
  That any purblind eye may find it out.
  —And on my side it is so well  apparel'd,
  So clear, so shining, and so  evident,
  That it will glimmer through a blind man's eye.
                                       Shaksp.
    For there no twilight of the  sun's dull ray
  Glimmers upon the pure and native day.   Cowley.
    Oft in glimmering bowers and glades
  He met her.                           Milton.
    See'st thou yon' dreary plain, forlorn and wild,
  The seat of desolation, void of light,
  Save what the glimmering of  these  livid flames
  Casts pale and dreadful?                Millon.
            The sacred influence
  Of light appears, and from the walls of heav'n
  Shoots far into the bosom of dim night
  A glimmering dawn.                    Milton.
    Through these sad shades this chaos in my soul,
  Some seeds of light at length  began to roll;
  The rising motion  of an infant ray,
  Shot glhnm'ring through the  cloud, and promis'd
        day.                            Prior.
    Oft by the winds, extinct  the signal lies;
  Or smother'd in the glimm'ring socket dies.  Gay.
    When rosy morning glimmer'd o'er the dales,
  He drove to pasture all toe lusty males.     Pope.
2. To be perceived imperfectly; to appear
   faintly.
    On the way the baggage post-boy, who had been
  at court, got a glimmering who they were.   Wotton.
    The pagan priesthood was  always in the druiils;
  and there was a perceivable glimmering of the Jew-
  ish rites in it, though much corrupted.      Swift.
Gli'mmer, giini'mur. n.s. [from the verb.]
 I. Faint splendoui;  weak light.
2. A kind of fossil.
     The lesser masses that are  lodged in sparry and
  stony bodies, dispersedly,  from  their shining and
  glimmering, were  an inducement to the writers of
  fossils to give those bodies  the name of mica and
  glimmer.                           Woodward. 
GLI
GLO
GLO
    Stones which are composed of plates,  that are
  generally plain and parallel, and  that are flexible
  and elastick: talc, catsilver, or glimmer, of which
  there are three sorts, the yellow or golden, the white
  or silvery, and the black.            " Woodward.
Glimpse, glimps. n. s. [glimmen,  Dutch,
  to  glow.]
I. A weak faint light.
            Such vast room in nature,
  Only to shine, yet scarce to contribute
  Each orb a glimpse of light, convey'd so far
  Down to this  habitable, which returns
  Light back to them.                     Milton.
    Thousands of things which now either wholly es-
  cape our apprehensions, or which our short sighted
  reason having got some faint glimpse of, we, in the
  dark, grope alter.                       Locke.
'2. A quick flashing light.
    Light as the lightning glimpse they ran? MUton.
    My thoughtless youth was wing'd with vain de-
        sires,
  My manhood, long misled by wand'ring fires,
  Follow'd  false lights; and when their glimpse was
        gone,
  My pride struck out new spangles of her own. Dryd.
3.  Transitory lustre.
    There no dear glimpse of the sun's lovely face
  Strikes through the solid darkness of the place.
                                       Cowley.
    If I, celestial  sire, in aught
  Have serv'd thy will, or gratified thy thought,
  One glimpse of glory to my issue give;
  Grac'd for the little time he has to live.    Dryden.
4.  Short fleeting enjoyment.
     If, while this wearied flesh draws fleeting breath,
  Not satisfy'd  with life, afraid of death,
  If haply be thy will that I should know
  Glimpse of delight, or pause from anxious woe;
  From now, from instant now, great sire, dispel
  The clouds that press my soul.             Prior.
5. A short transitory view.
     O friends! I hear the tread of nimble feet
  Hasting this  way, and now by glimpse discern
  Ithuricl, and Zephon, through the shade.   Milton.
     Some God punisheth exemplarily in this world,
  that we might have a taste or glimpse of his present
  justice.                             Hakewill.
     A man used to such sort of reflections, sees  as
  much at one glimpse as would require a long dis-
  course to lay before another,  and make out in one
  entire and gradual deduction.             Locke.
     What should I do! while here I was enchain'd,
  No glimpse of godlike liberty remain'd.    Dryden.
6.  The exhibition of a faint  resemblance.
     No man hath  a virtue that he hath not a glimpse
  of-                                  Shaksp
 7"b  Gli'sten,   glis's'n.*72  v. ra.  [glittan,
    German.]   To shine;  to sparkle with
   light.
             The bleating kind
  Eve the bleak heaven, and next the glistening earth,
  With looks of dumb despair.           Thomson.
     The ladies' eyes glistened with pleasure.
                           Richardson's Pamela.
 To Gli'ster, glis'tur. v. ra. [glittan, Ger-
   man; glisteren, Dutch.] To shine; to be
   bright.
     The wars  flame most in summer, and the helmets
  glister brightest in the fairest sunshine.    Spenser.
              'Tis better to be lowly born,
  And range with humble livers in content,
  Than to be perk'd up in agfisfering grief,
  And wear a golden sorrow.              Shaksp.
             The golden sun
  Gallops the zodiack in hia glistering coach. Shak.
    All thatgfisfers, is not gold.           Shaksp.
    You were  more the eye and talk
  Of the court to day, than all
  Else that glisler'd in Whitehall.      Ben Jonson.
    When the  sun shone upon the shields of gold and
  brass, toe mountains glistered therewith,  andshiued
  like lamps of fire.                  1 Maccabees.
    It consisted not of rubies, yet the small pieces of
  it were of a pleasant redish colour,  and glistered
  prettily.                              Boyle.
Gli'ster,  glis'tfir. ra. s. [properly written
   clyster, from xXufy.]  See Clyster. It
   is written wrong even by Brown.
    Now enters Bush with new state airs,
  His lordship's premier minister;
    And who, in all profound affairs,
  Is held as needful as his glister.           Swift.
    Choler is the natural glister, or one excretion
  whereby nature excludeth another; which descend-
  ing daily unto the bowels, extimulates those parts,
  and excites them unto expulsion.          Brown.
To Gli'tter, glit'tftr.  v.  ra.  [glidman,
   Saxon.]
1. To shine; to exhibit  lustre; to gleam.
    Steel glosses are more resplendent than the like
  plates of brass, and so is toe glittering of a  blade.
                                       Bacon.
         Before the battle joins, from afar
  The field yet gfiffers with the pomp of war.   Dryd.
    Scarce had'st thou time t' unsheath thy conqu'ring
         blade;
  It did but glitter, and the rebels fled.    Granuiffe.
2. To be specious; to be striking.
    On the one hand set the most glittering  tempta-
  tions to discord, and on the other the dismal effects
  of it.                         Decay of Piety.
    In glitt'ring scenes o'er her own heart severe;
  In crowds collected; and in courts sincere.   Ybtcng.
Gli'tter, glit'tiir. n.s.  [from the  verb.]
   Lustre; bright show;  splendour.
                   Clad
  With what permissive glory since his fall
  Was left him, or falsegfiffer.             Milton.
    Flourish not too much upon the glitter of  fortune,
  for fear there should be too much alloy in it.  Collier
    Take away this measure from our dress and hab-
  its, and all is turned into such paint and glitter, and
  ridiculous ornaments, as are a real  shame to the
  wearer.                                Late.
Gli'tterand,   glit'tur-and.     Shining;
   sparkling.  A participle used  by  Chau-
   cer and  the old English  poets.   This
   participial  termination  is  still retained
   in Scotland.
Gli'tteringly,    glit'tur-ing-le.    adv.
   [from glitter.]   With shining lustre.
 To Gloar, glore. v. a.  [gloeren,  Dutch.]
 I. To  squint; to look askew.      Skinner.
2. In Scotland, lo  stare: as, what  a  gloar-
   and quean.
 To Gloat, glote. v. ra.  [This word  I  con-
   ceive to be ignorantly written for gloar]
   To cast side glances as a timorous lover.
    Teach every grace to smile in your behalf,
  And her deluding eyes to gloat for you.     .Roioe.
Glo'bard,  glo'bard. ra. s.   [from glow.]
   A glowworm.
Glo'bated, glo'ba-ted. adj.  [from globe.]
   Formed in shape of a globe; spherical;
   spheroidical.
GLOBE, globe, ra. s.  [globe, Fr. globus,
   Latin.]
 1. A sphere;  a ball; a round body; a body
   of which every part of the surface  is at
   the  same distance from the centre.
2. The terraqueous ball.
    The youth, whose fortune the vastgfo&e obey'd,
  Finding his rcyal enemy betray'd,
   Wept at his fall.                      Stepney.
    Where God declares his  intention to give  domi-
  nion, he meant that he would make a species of
  creatures that should have dominion over the other
  species of this terrestrial gfooe.           Locke.
3. A sphere in which the various regions
   of the earth are  geographically de-
   picted, or  in which  the constellations
   are laid down according to their places
   in  the  sky.
    The astrologer who spells the stars,
  Mistakes his gfo&e, and in her brighter eye
  Interprets heaven's physiognomy.      Cleaveland.
            These are the stars,
  But raise thy thought from sense, nor think to find
  Such figures as are in gfo&es design'd.      Creech.
4. A body of soldiers  drawn  into a circle.
            Him round
  A gfooe of fiery seraphim  inclos'd
  With bright imblazoning, and horrent arms.  Milt
Globe Amaranth, or everlasting flower,
   globe, ra. s. [amaranthoides.]  A flower.
                                     Miller.
Globe Daisy,   globe, ra. s.    A  kind  of
   flower.
Globe Fish,  globe, ra. s.  A kind of orbi-
   cular fish.
Globe Ranunculus, globe, ra. s. [hellebo-
   ro-ranunculus.]  A  plant.        Miller.
Globe Thistle,  globe, ra. s.  [carduus or-
   biculatus.]  A plant.             Miller.

GLOBO'SE,  glo-bose'.  adj.  [globosus,
   Latin.] Spherical;  round.
            Regions, to which
  All thy dominion, Adam,  is no more
  Than what this garden is  to all the earth,
  And all  the sea;  from one entire globose
  Stretch'd into longitude.                MUton.
            Then form'd the moon
  Globose,  and ev'ry magnitude of stars.    Milton.
Globo'sity, glo-bos'e-te. ra. *. [from glo-
   bose]  Sphericity; sphericalness.
    Why the same eclipse  of the sun which is seen
  to  them  that live more easterly, when the sun  is
  elevated  six degrees  above the horizon,  should  be
  seen to them that live one  degree more westerly,
  where the sun is but five degrees above the horizon,
  and so lower and lower proportionably, 'till at last
  it appear not at all;  no account can be  given, but
  the globosity of the. earth.                  Ray.
Glo'bous, glo'bus.314 adj.  [globosus, Lat.
   When the  accent is intended  to  be on
   the last syllable, the  word should be
   written globose, when on the first glo-
   bous:  I have transferred  hither a pas-
   sage of Milton, in which this rule has
   been neglected.] Spherical; round.
    Wide over all the plain, and wider far
  Than all this globose earth in plain outspread
  Such are the courts of God!              MUton.
     The brazen instruments of death discharge
  Horrible flames and turbid streaming clouds;
  Large globous irons fly, or dreadful hiss,
   Singeing the air.                       Philips.
Glo'bular,  glob'u-lar.63s adj.  [globulus,
   Latin.]    Having the form  of a small
   sphere; round;  spherical.
     The figure ofthe  atoms of all visible fluids seem-
   eth to be globular,  there being no other figure  so
  well fitted to the making of fluidity.       Grew.
 GLOBULA'RIA,   glob'u-la-re-a.  ra.   *.
   [Latin;  globulaire, Fr.]   A flosculous
   flower.                            Miller.
GLO'BULE, glob'ule. ra. *. [globule, Fr.
   globulus, Latin.] Such a  small particle
   of matter as is of a  globular or spherical
   figure; as the red particles of the blood,
   which swim  in a transparent serum, and
   are easily discovered by the microscope.
   These will  attract one  another when
   they  come within  a due distance, and 
GLO
GLO
  unite like the spheres of quicksilver.
                                    Quincy.
   The hailstones have opaque globules of snow in
 their centre, to intercept the light within the halo.
                                     Newton.
   Blood consists of red globules, swimming in a thin
  liquor called serum: the red.gfobnfes are  elastick,
  and will break; toe vessels which admit the smaller
  fffo6ufe, cannot admit the greater without a disease.
  5     '                            Arbuthnot.
Glo'bulous, gl6b'u-lus. adj. [from glo-
  bule.] In  form of a small sphere; round.
    The  whiteness of such globulous particles; pro-
  ceeds from the air included in the froth.     Boyle.
 To Glo'merate,  gl6m'er-ate. v. a.  [glo-
   mero, Latin.]   To  gather into a ball or
   sphere.   A filamentous substance  gath-
   ered into a ball  is said to be glomerated,
   but discontinuous particles are conglo-
   bated.
 Glomera'tion,   gkWer-a'shun.  n.   s.
   [glomeratio,  Latin.]
 1. The act  of forming into a ball or sphere.
 2.  A. body  formed into a ball.
     The rainbow consisteth of a gfomerafton of small
   drops, which cannot fall but from the air toaUs

 GloCerous, gl&m'er-us."4 adj.  [glome-
   rosus, Latin.]   Gathered into a ball or
    sphere,  as a ball of thread.
  GLOOM, gl66m.306 ra. s. [jlomanj, bax.
    twilignt.]
  1. Imperfect darkness; dismalness;  obscu-
    rity,  defect  of light.
      Glowing embers through the room,
    Teach light to counterfeit a gloom.       Milton.
              This the seat,           _
    That we must change for heav'n?  This mournful

    For thaf cStial light ?   Milton's Paradise Lost.
      The still night, not now, as ere men tell,
    Wholesome, and cool,  and mild; but  with black

    Accompany'd; with damps and dreadful S^om.^

       Now warm in love,  now with'ring in thy bloom,
     Lost in a convent's solitary gfoom.          rope
   2. Cloudiness of aspect; heaviness of mind;
     sullenness.                              -.
   To Gloom,  gl66m. v.n. [from the noun.]
   1.  To shine  obscurely,  as the twilight.
     This sense  is not now in use.
             His Klist'ring armour made
     A little glooming light much like a shade.  Spenser.
       Scarcely had Phcebus in the glooming east
     Yet harnessed his fiery footed team.       Spenser.
   2. To be cloudy; to be dark.
   3. To be melancholy; to be sullen.
   Gloo'mily,   gl66m'e-le.   adv.   [from
     eloomy.]                  . ,          c   ,
   1.  Obscurely;   dimly;  without  perfect
      lierht;  dismally.
   2. Sullenly; with cloudy aspect; with dark
      intentions;  not cheerfully.
       See, he comes: bow gloomily he looks!  Dryden.
       Gloomily retir'd the spider lives.      Thomson.
   Gloo'miness,  gl66m'e-nes.  ra. ..  [from

      eloomy.]                  .     .      «.  .
   1.  Want of  light; obscurity;  imperfect
      light;  dismalness.
   o   want of  cheerfulness;  cloudiness ot
   *" i00k.  heaviness of mind; melancholy.
       Neidect spreads gloominess  upon their humour,
       ^mnkps them srow sullen and inconversable.
     and makes them e          ^.^ ^ ^ ^^

       The gloominess in which sometimes the minds of

          VOL. I.
  the best men are involved, very often stands in need
  of such little incitements to mirth and l^r as
  are apt to dispel melancholy.           Aaaison.
Gloo'my, gl66m'e. adj. [from gloom.]
1. Obscure; imperfectly illuminated; al-
   most dark; dismal for want  of light.
          These were from without
  The growing miseries, which Adam  saw
  Already in part, though hid in gfoonuesf shade
  To sorrow abandon'd.                   MUton.
    Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god,
  Whose gloomy mansion nor toe rising sun,
  Nor setting visits, nor toe  lightsome moon.  Dryd.
    The surface of the earth is clearer or gloomier,
  just as the sun is bright or more overcast.   Pope.
  .  Dark of complexion.
                 That fair field
   Of Euna, where Proserpine gathering flow'rs,
   Herself a fairer flow'r, by gloomy Dis
   Was gather'd.               ,    j    /**°?-
 3. Sullen; melancholy;  cloudy  of look;
   heavy of heart.
 Glo'ried, gl6'rid.28*   adj.  [from  glory.]
    Illustrious; honourable; decorated with
    glory; dignified with honours.   Not in
    use.
                  Old respect
   As I suppose, toward your once glory'd friend,
   My son now captive, hither hato inform'd
   Your younger feet, while mine, cast back wito age,
    Came lagging after.                   jniUon'
  Glorifica'tion, gl6-re-fe-ka'shun. n.  s.
    [glorification, French,  from   glorify.]
    The act of giving  glory.
      At opening your eyes, enter upon the day with
    thanksgiving  for the preservation of  you the last
    ni<tot, with toe gforificaficn of God for toe works of
    toe creation.                           T<^or-
   To GLO'RIFY, glo're fi.183  v.  a. [glori-
    fer, French; glorifico, Latin.]
   1. To procure honour or praise to one.
      Two such silver currents, when they join,
    Do glorify the banks that bound them  in.   Shaks.
      Justice is their virtue: that alone
    Makes them sit sure, and glorifies the throne.
                                         Daniel
      To pay honour or praise in worship.
       God is glorified when such his excellency,  above
     all things, is wito due admiration acknowledged
          °                             Hooker.
       This form and manner of glorifying God was not
     at that time first  begun; but received long before,
     and alleged  at that hme as an  argument tor the
     truth.                      .        Hooker.
       Good fellow, tell us here the circumstance,
     That we for thee may glorify the Lord.    Shaks.
       All nations shall glorify thy name.      Psalms.
       Our bodies with which the apostle  commands us
     to glorify God, as well as with our souls.
       8  J9                        Duty of Man.
       This is the perfection of every thing, to attain its
     true and proper end: and the end of all these gifts
     and endowments, which God  hath given us, is to
     glorify  the giver.                    Tiffofson.
   3   To praise; to honour;  to extol.
        Whomsoever they find to be  most licentious of
     life, desperate in all parts of  disobedience and re-
     bellious disposition, him they set up and glorify.
              r                         Spenser.
        No chymist yet toe elixir got,
     But glorifies his pregnant pot,
     If by the way to him befall,
     Some odoriferous thing, or med'cinal.    Donne.
       To exalt  to glory  in heaven; to raise
      to celestial beatitude.
        If God be glorified in him, God shall also glorify
      him in himself, and shall straightway glorify him.
                                            John-
        Whom he justified, them he also  glorified.
                                          Romans.

                         5p
                  GLO

    The members of the church remaining.being
  perfectly sanctified,  shall be  eternally g^*-
  then shall the whole church be truly and g^JJ

   °The soul, being immortal, will, at some time or
  other, resume its body again in  a glorified maimer.
                             Ayliffe's  Paragon.
GLO'RIOUS, glo'ie-fis.31* adj. [gloriosus,
   Latin; glorieux, French.]
1   Boastful; proud; haughty; ostentatious.
    Gfortous  followers, who  make  themselves as
  trumpets of the commendation of those they  follow,
  taint business for want of secrecy.          Boron.
    They that are glorious must needs be factious;
  for all bravely stands upon comparisons.     Bacon.
2.  Noble;  illustrious; excellent.   It  is
   frequently used by theological writers,
   to express the brightness of triumphant
   sanctity rewarded in heaven.
    Let them know that thou art Lord, the only God
   and glorious over the whole world.         Uanut.
    He is glorious in respect of the brightness and
   splendour of  his celestial body, still made  more
   glorious and majestick by the authority which his
   Father hath committed to him of universal Judge^

     Impartial justice holds her equal scales,
   'Till stronger virtue does the weight incline;
   If over thee thy glorious foe prevails,
   He now defends the cause that once was tome.

     Let us remember we  are Cato's friends,
   And act like men who claim toat gfonous title.
                                       Jtddison.
      She must stand amongst toe first servants of God,
    and be glorious amongst those toat have fought the
      H fi ht                              Law.
    g°If there be nothing so gforients  as  doing good, if
    there is nothing that makes us so like to God, then
    nothing can be so glorious in toe use of our money,
    as to use it all in works of love and goodness  Law.
  Glo'riously,  glo're-us-16.  adv.  [from
    glorious.]  Nobly;  splendidly; illustri-

    ously.                     ...       ...
      They inspire with those  celestial flames  which
    shine so gloriously in their works.         Dryden.
      Great wits sometimes may gloriously ottend,
    And rise to faults  true criticks dare not mend.
                                          Pope.
  Glo'ry, glo're. ra. *. [gloire, French; glo-
    ria, Latin.  Among  the  old  poets, it
     was  used  sometimes  as one syllable,

     glore.]
   I.  Praise paid in  adoration.
       Glory to God in the highest.            JMke.
   2.  The  felicity  of  heaven prepared  tor
     those that please God.
       Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and after-
    wards receive me in thy glory-            Psalms.
       Then enter into glory, and resume
    His seat at God's right hand, exalted high
     Above all names in heav'n.              Milton.
       It is hardly possible for you to beseech and in-
     treat God to make  any one happy in the highest en-
     joyments of his gfory to all eternity, and yet be
     troubled to see him enjoy the much smaller  gifts
     of God, in this short and low state of human life.
                                            Law.
    . Honour;  praise; fame;  renown;  cele-
      brity.                              „.,
       Think it no glory to swell in tyranny.    Sidney.
        Gforu is like a circle in the water,
     Which never ceaseth to enlarge itself,
     >Till bv broad spreading it disperse to nought.
           J      r                   Shakspeare.
        And with that word and warning soon was dight,
      Each soldier longing for near coming glory.
                                          Fairfax.
        Israel's bright sceptre for less glory brings,
      There have been fewer friends on  earth  than kings.
                                          Coirfeu. 
ft  LO
GLO
GLO
    Can we  imagine  that neither  the ambition of
  princes, or interest, or gain in private persons, or cu-
  riosity and the desire of knowledge, or the gfory of
  discoveries  could ever move them in that  endless
  time to try their fortunes upon the  sea.    Burnet.
    Your sex's gfory, 'tis to shine unknown,
  Of all applause be fondest of your own.     Fbung.
Ai. Splendour;  magnificence.
    Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed  like
  one of these.                          Matthew.
    Treated so ill, chas'd from your throne,
  Returning,  you adorn the town;
  And with a brave revenge do show
  Their glory went and came with you.       Waffer.
    Aristotle  says, that should a man under ground
  converse  with works  of  art,  and be  afterwards
  brought up into  the open day,  and see the  several
  glories of the heaven and earth, he would pronounce
  them the works of God.                 Addison.
"i. Lustre;  brightness.
    Now sleeping flocks on toeir soft fleeces lie;
  The moon, serene in glory, mounts the sky.  Pope.
    From opening skies may streaming glories shine,
  And saints embrace thee with  a love like mine.
                                          Pope.
J. A circle of  rays which surrounds  the
   heads of saints in pictures.
    It is not a converting but a crowning grace; such
  an one as irradiates, and puts a circle of glory about
  the head of him upon  whom it descends.    South.
    A smile plays with a surprising agreeableness in
  the eye, breaks out with the brightest  distinction,
  and sits like a glory upon the countenance.  Collier.
7. Pride; boastfulness; arrogance.
    By the vain gfory of men they entered into the
  world,  and therefore shall they come shortly to an
  end.                                 Wisdom.
    On death-beds some in conscious glory lie,
  Since of the doctor in the mode they die.   Young.
8.  Generous pride.
    The success of those wars was too notable to be
  unknown to your ears, to which all worthy fame
  hath glory to come unto.                  Sidney.
To Glo'ry,  glo're. v.  ra. [glorior, Latin.]
   To boast in; to be proud of.
    With like judgment glorying when he had hap-
  pened to do a thing well, as when he had perform-
  ed some notable  mischief.                 Sidney.
    They were wont, in the pride of toeir own  pro-
  ceedings, to glory,  that whereas Luther  did but
  blow away the  roof,  and  Zuinglius batter  but the
  walls of popish  superstition, the last and  hardest
  work of all remained, which was to raze up the very
  ■ground and foundation of popery.         Hooker.
    Let toem look toey glory not in mischief,
  Nor build their evils on the graves of great men;
  For then my guiltless  blood must cry against them.
                                     Shakspeare.
    Your glorying is not good.        1 Corinthians.
             Thou hast seen Mount Atlas,
  "While storms and tempests thunder on its brow,
  And oceans break their billows at its feet,
  It stands unmov'd, and glories in its height.  Add.
    This title of freeholder is what I most glory in,
  and what  most effectually calls  to my mind the
  happiness of that government under which I live.
                                       Addison.
    If others may glory in their birth, why may not
  we, whose parents were called by God to attend on
  him at his altar.                      Atterbury.
    No one is out  ofthe reach of misfortune; no one
  therefore should glory in his prosperity.    Clarissa.
To Glose, gloze.437  v. a.  To flatter; to
   collogue.   Hanmer.  See  To Gloze.
GLOSS,  glos.437  «.  s.  [yXarret;  glose,
   French.]
1. A scholium; a comment.
    They never hear sentence, which mentioneth the
  word or scripture, but forthwith their glosses upon it
  are the word preached, the scripture explained, or
  delivered unto us in sermons.             Hooker.
    If then all souls, both good and bad do teach,
  With gen'ral voice, that souls can never die;
  'Tis not man's  flalt'ring gfoss, but nature's speech,
  Which, like God's oracles, can never lie.  Davies.
    Some mutter at certain passages therein, by put-
  ting ill glosses  upon the text, and taking with  the
  left hand what I offer with the right.      Howel.
    All this, without a gloss or comment,
  He could  unriddle in a moment.        Hudibras.
    In many places he has perverted my meaning by
  his glosses, and  interpreted my words into blasphe-
  my and bawdry, of which they were not guilty.
                                       Dryden.
    They give the scandal, and the wise discern;
  Their glosses teach an age too apt to learn.  Dryd.
    Explaining the text in short glosses was Acursius'
  method.                               Baker.
    Indentures, cov'nants, articles they draw,
  Large as the fields themselves,  and larger far
  Than civil codes with all their glosses are.   Pope.
2.  Superficial  lustre.    In  this   sense  it
   seems to have another derivation; it has
   perhaps some affinity  to glow.
    His iron coat all over-grown with rust,
  Was underneath enveloped with gold,
  WTiose glistering gloss dark'ned with filthy dust.
                                       Spenser.
             You are a sectary,
  That's  the plain truth: your painted gloss discovers,
  To men that understand you, words and weakness.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Golden opinions from all sorts of people,
  Whi«h would be worn now in their newest gloss.
                                    Shakspeare.
    The  doubt will be whether it will polish so well,
  for steel glosses are more resplendent than plates of
  brass.                                 Bacon.
           Weeds that the wind did toss
  The virgins wore: the youths, woven coats, that cast
         a faint dim gloss,
  Like that of oil.                      Chapman.
    It was the colour of devotion, giving a lustre to
  reverence, and  a gloss to humility.         South.
    Groves, fields, and meadows, are at  any season
  pleasant to look upon; but never so much as in the
  opening of the  spring, when they are all new and
  fresh, with their first gloss upon them.     Addison.
3. An   interpretation artfully  specious; a
   specious  representation.   This  sense
   seems  to partake of both the former.
    Poor painters oft with silly poets join,
  To fill the world with strange but vain conceit;
  One brings the  stuff, the other stamps the coin,
  Which breeds nought else but glosses of deceit.
                                        Sidney.
    It is  no part  of my secret meaning to draw you
  hereby into hatred, or to  set upon toe face of this
  cause any fairer gloss than the naked truth doth af-
  ford.                                 Hooker.
    He seems with forged quaint conceit
  To set  a gloss upon his bad  intent.    Shakspeare.
           The common gloss
  Of theologians.                        Milton.

To  Gloss,  glos. v.  ra.  [gloser,  French,
   from the noun.]
1. To comment.
    Thou detain'st Briscis in thy bands,
  By priestly glossing on the gods' commands. Dryd.
2. To make sly remarks.
    Her equals first observ'd her growing zeal,
  And laughing, gloss'd, that Abra serv'd  so well.
                                         Prior.
To Gloss, glos. v. a.
1. To explain by comment.
    In parchment then, large as  the fields, he draws
  Assurances, big as gloss'd civil laws.      Donne.
2. To   palliate  by specious  exposition  or
   representation.
    Is this  the paradise, in  description  whereof so
  much glossing  and deceiving eloquence  hath been
  sPeJ»t?                                Hooker.
    Do I not reason wholly on your conduct?
  You have the art to gloss the foulest cause.  Philips.
3. To embellish with superficial  lustre.
    But thou, who lately of the common strain
  Wert one of us, if still thou dost retain
  The same ill habits, the same follies too,
  Gloss'd over only with a saint-like show,
  Then I resume the freedom which I gave,
  Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave. Dryd.
Glo'ssary,  glos'sa-re. ra. s.  [glossarium,
   Latin; glossaire, French.] A dictionary
   of obscure or  antiquated words.
    According to Varro,  when delubrum was applied
  to a place, it signified such a one, in quo dei simula-
  chrum dedicatum est; and also in toe old glossaries.
                                    Stillingfleet.
    I could add another word to the glossary.  Baker.
Glossa'tor, glos-sa'tiir. ra. s.  [glossateur,
   French;  from   gloss.]   A   writer  of
   glosses; a commentator.
    The reason why the assertion of a single judge
  does not prove the existence  of judicial acts, is be-
  cause his office is to pronounce  judgment, and not
  to become an evidence: but why may not the same
  be said of two judges?  Therefore, in this respect,
  the glossator's opinion must be false.       Ayliffe,
Glo'sser,  glos'stir.  ra.  s.   [glossariusy
   Latin.]
1.  A scholiast; a  commentator.
2.  A  polisher.
Glo'ssiness,  glos'se-n£s.  ra.  a.    [from
  glossy.]   Smooth  polish;   superficial    v
   lustre.
    Their surfaces  had a  smoothness and gfossiness
  much surpassing whatever 1 had observed in marine
  or common salt.                         Boyfe.
Glo'ssographer,  glos-sdg'gra-fi&r. ra  s.
   [yXaa-tra  and y§u0u.]   A  scholiast; a
   commentator.
Glo'ssography,  glos-sog'gra-fe.618 ra.  s.
   [yXao-a-et, and y^«p«.]   The writing of
   commentaries.

Glo'ssy, glos'se.  adj. [from gloss.] Shin-
   ing; smoothly polished.
    There came  towards us a person of place; he
  had on  him a gown with wide sleeves, of a kind
  of water camblet, of an excellent azure colour, far
  more glossy than ours.                    Bacon.
        The rest entire
  Shone with a glossy  scurf.                Milton.
    His surcoat was a bearskin on his back;
  His hair hung long behind, and glossy raven black.
                                        Dryden.
    Myself will search our planted grounds at home,
  For downy peaches and the glossy plum.   Dryden.
GLOVE, gluv.166 ra.*. [glope, Sax. from
   klaffue, Danish, to divide.]  Cover of
   the hands.
    They flew about like chaff i' th' wind;
  For haste some left  their masks behind,
  Some could not stay their gloves to find.   Drayton.
    White gfoves were on his hands, and on his head
  A wreath of laurel.                      Dryden.
To Glove,  gluv. v. a.  [from the  noun.j
   To cover as with a glove.
           My limbs,
  Weaken'd with  grief, being now  enraged with
         grief,
  Are thrice themselves: hence, therefore,  thou nice
         crutch;
  A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
  Must glove this hand.                 Shakspeare.
    The  next he preys on is her palm,
  That alm'ner of transpiring balm;
  So soft, 'tis air but once removed;
  Tender as 'twere a jelly glov'd.        C/eat>efancf.
Glo'ver, gluv'ur. n s. [from glove.] One
   whose trade is to make or sell  gloves.
    Does he  not wear a great round beard like a
  glover's paring knife?                 Shakspeare.
lo Glout,  glbut.313  v. ra. [A  low word 
GLO
GLO
GLU
   of  which  I  find no  etymology.]   To
   pout; to look sullen.  It is slili used in
   Scotland.
     She lurks in midst of all her den, and streaks
   From out a ghastly whirlpool all her necks,
   Where, glowting round her rock, to fish she falls.
                                      Chapman.
     Glouting with sullen spight, the fury shook
   Her clotted locks, and blasted with each look.
                                         Garfft.
 To  GLOW, glo.33* v. ra. [giopan, Saxon;
   gloeyen, Dutch.]
 1. To be  heated  so  as  to shine without
   flame.
     But sithence silence lesseneth not my fire,
   But told it flames, and hidden it does glow,
   I will reveal what ye so much desire.     Spenser.
         His goodly eyes,
   That o'er the files and musters ofthe war
   Have gfoio'cf like plated Mars, now bend, now turn
   Their office upon a tawny  front.       Shakspeare.
     Kunigund, wife to the emperor Henry 11. to shew
   her innocence, did take seven  glowing irons,  one
   after another, in her bare hands, and had thereby
   no harm.                           Hakewill,
     Not all parts like, but all  alike inform'd
   With radiant light, as glowing iron with fire.
                                        Jtfiffon.
2. To burn with vehement heat.
     Nor would you find it easy to compose
   The mettled steeds, when from toeir nostrils flows
   The scorching fire that in their entrails glows.
                                       Addison.
     How op'ning heav'ns toeir happy regions show,
   And yawning gulphs with flaming vengeance gfoic.
                                         Smith.
     Fires that gfow,
   Shrieks  of woe.                           Pope.
 3. To feel heat of  body.
             Did not his temples glow
   In the same sultry winds and  scorching heats?
                                       Addison.
   The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands.
                                          Gay.

 4. To exhibit a strong  bright colour.
           With smile  that glow'd
   Celestial rosy red, love's proper hue.     Jtfiffon.
     Clad  in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays.
                                       Dryden.
               A malicious joy,
   Whose red and fiery beams cast through your visage
   A glowing pleasure.                    Dryden.
     From the mingled strength of shade and light,
   A new creation rises to my sight;
   Such heavenly figures from his pencil flow,
   So warm with life his blended colours gfou>,
   Amidst the soft variety I'm lost.         Addison.
     Like the ethereal glow'd the green expanse.
                                       Savage,
             Fair ideas flow,
  Strike in the sketch, or in the picture gfow.  Pope.
    Not the fair fruit that on yon branches glows,
  With toat ripe red, th' autumnal sun bestows
  Can move the god.                       Pope.
    Each pleasing Blount shall endless smiles bestow,
  And fair Belinda's blush for ever glow.     Pope.
    Here clearer stars gfoio round the frozen pole.
                                         Pope.
5. To feel passion of mind,  or activity  of
   fancy.
                You strive in vain
  To hide your thoughts from him, who knew too well
  The inward glowings of a heart in love.  Addison.
    Fore'd compliments and formal bows
  Will shew thee just above neglect;
   The fire with which thy lover glows
  Will settle into cold respect.              Prior.
   Did Shadracirs zeal my glowing breast inspire
  To weary tortures, and rejoice in tire.      Prior.
   Let the gay conscience of a life well  spent
  Calm ev'ry thought, inspirit ev'ry grace;
  Glow in thy heart, and smile upon thy face.  Pope.
              With furies surrounded,
   Despairing, confounded,
   He trembles, he glows,
   Amidst Rhodope's snows.                  Pope.
     So perish all, whose breasts ne'er learn'd togfoi«
   Epr others good, or melt at others woe.      Pope.
              To praise is always hard,
   When real virtue fires toe glowing bard.   Lewis.
 6. To rage  or burn as a passion.
     Afire which every windy passion blows;
   With pride it mounts, and with revenge it gloios.
                                        Dryden.
                When crept into aged veins,
   Love slowly burns, and long remains;
   It glows, and with a sullen heat,
   Like fire in logs, it warms us long.       Shadwell,

 To Glow, glo. v.  a.   To make hot so as
   to shine.    Not in  use.
                On each side her
   Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids,
   With divers colour'd fans, whose wind did seem
   To glow the  delicate cheeks which they did cool.
                                        Shaksp.

 Glow, glo. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1. Shining heat.
 2. Vehemence of passion.
 3. Brightness or vividness of colour.
           The pale complexion of true love,
   And the red gfeno of scorn and proud disdain.
                                        Shaksp.
     A waving gfoio his bloomy beds display,
   Blushing in bright diversities of day.       Pope.
     Such as suppose that the great  stile might hap-
   pily be blended wito toe ornamental, toat the sim-
   ple, grave, and majestick dignity of Raffaelle could
   unite with the gfow and bustle of a Paulo, or Tin-
   toret, are totally mistaken.             Reynolds.

 Glo'wworm, glo'wfirm. ra. s.  [glow  and
   worm.]   A small creeping grub with a
   luminous tail.
     The honey-bags steal from the humble bees,
   And for night-tapers crop their waxen thighs,
   And light them at the fiery glowworm's eyes. Shak.
     The glowworm shews the matin to be near,
   And 'gins to pale his ineffectual fire.       Shaksp.
     A great light drowneth a  smaller that it cannot
   be seen; as the sun that of a glowworm.    Bacon.
     The man who first upon the ground
   A glowworm spy'd, supposing he had found
   A moving diamond, a breathing stone;
   For life it had, and like those jewels shone:
   He held it dear, 'till by the springing day
   Informed, he threw the worthless worm away.
                                        Waller.
 To Gloze,  gloze. v. ra. [gleran,  Sax.]
 I. To flatter;  to wheedle; to  insinuate; to
   fawn.
    Man will hearken to his glozing lies,
  And easily transgress.                   Jtfiffon.
    So gloz'd the tempter, and his proem tun'd:
  Into the heart of Eve his words made way.  Milton.
    A false glozing parasite would call his foolhardi-
  ness valour, and then he may go on boldly, because
  blindly, and  by mistaking himself for a lion, come
  to perish like an ass.                    South.
            Now for a glozing speech,
  Fair protestations, specious marks of friendship.
                                        Philips.
2. To comment.    This  should  be gloss.
    Which Salique land toe French unjustly gloze
  To be the realm of France.              Shaksp.
Gloze, gloze. ra. s. [from  the verb.]
1. Flattery; insinuation.
    Now to plain dealing; lay these gfozes by.  Shak.
2. Specious  show; gloss.   Not used.
    Precious couches full oftareshaked with a fever;
  If then a bodily evil  in a bodily gloze he not  hid-
        den,
  Shall such morning dews be an ease to the heat of
        a love's fire?                     Sidney.
                    5?Z
 Glo'zer, gloze'ilr. ra. s. [from gloze.]   A
    flatterer.
 GLUE, glu. w. s.  [glu, French; gluten,
    Latin; glud, Welsh.]  A viscous body
    commonly  made by  boiling  the  skins
    of animals to a jelly;  any viscous or  te-
    nacious  matter by  which  bodies  are
    held one to another;  a cement.
     Water, and all liquors, do hastily receive dry and
   more terrestrial bodies proportionable; and dry  bo-
   dies, on the other side, drink in waters and liquors:
   so that, as it was well said by one of the ancients of
   earthly and watery substances, one is a glue to ano-
   ther.                                  Bacon,
     The driest and most transparent glue is the best,
                                        Moxon.
     To build the earth  did chance materials chuse,
   And through the parts cementing glue diffuse.
                                      Blackmore-
     The  flowers of grains, mixed with  water, will
   make a sort of gftce.  .                Arbuthnot,

 To Glue, glu. v. a. [from  the noun.]
 1. To  join  with a viscous cement.
              I fear thy overthrow
   More than my body's parting with my soul:
   My love and fear gfu'cf many friends to thee. Shak-
     Whoso teacheth a  fool is as one that glueth a
   potsherd together.                      Ecclus.
    The custom of crowning the holy Virgin is so much
   in vogue among toe Italians, that one often sees in
   their churches a little  tinsel  crown,  or  a circle of
   stars, gfned to the canvass  over the head of the
   figure.                               Addison.
     Most wounds, if kept clean,  and from the air,
   the flesh will gfwe together with its own native balm.
                                       Derftam.
2. To  hold together.
     The parts of all homogeneal hard bodies, which
   fully touch one another, stick together very strongly;
   and for explaining how this may be, some have in-
   vented hooked atoms,  which  is begging the  ques-
   tion;  and others tell us toeir bodies  are gfned  to-
   gether by rest; that is, by an occult  quality, or ra-«
   ther by nothing.                       JVeiofon.
3. To join; to unite; to inviscate.
     Those wasps in a  honeypot   are sensual  men
   plunged in toeir lust and  pleasures; and when they
   are once glued to them  'tis  a very hard matter  to
   work themselves out.                L'Estrange.
    Intemperance, sensuality, and fleshly lusts, do de-
  base men's minds and clog  their spirits;  sink  us
  down into sense, and gfue us to those low and infe-
   rior things.                          Tillotson.
     She curb'd a groan, that else had come;
  And pausing, view'd the present in the tomb:
  Then  to the heart ador'd devoutly glu'd
  Her lips, and raising it, her speech renew'd. Dryd.
    I hear thee, view thee, gaze o'er all thy charms,
  And round thy phantom gfwe  my clasping arms.
                                         Pope.
Glu'eboiler, glu'boil-iir. n. s. [glue and
   boil.]   One whose  trade is to  make
   glue.

Glu'er, glu'dr.98 ra. s. [from glue.]   One
   who cements with  glue.
Glum,  gliim.  adj.  [A  low   cant  word
   formed by corrupting  gloom.]   Sullen;
   stubbornly grave.
    Some, when they hear a story, look gfum, and
  cry, Well, what then?                  Guardian.

To GLUT, glut. v. a. [engloutir, French;
   glutio, Latin, to swallow;  yXvgo.]
I  To swallow; to devour.
    'Till cramm'd and gorg'd,  nigh burst
  With suck'd  and glutted offal.           Milton.
2. To cloy;  to fill beyond  sufficiency;  to
   sate; to disgust.
    The ambassador, making his oration, didsomao-- 
GLU
GNA
GN A
 nify the king and queen, as was enough to gfuf
 the hearers.                            Bacon.
    Love breaks friendship, whose delights
 Feed, but not gfuf our appetites.         Denham.
               What may remove
 His settled hate, and reconcile his love,
 That he may look propitious on our toils,
 And hungry  graves no more  be glutted with our
        spoils.                          Dryden.
               No more, my friend;
 Here let our glutted execution  end.       Dryden.
               I found
 The fickle ear soon glutted with the sound,
 Condemn'd eternal changes to pursue,
 Tir'd of the  last, and  eager of the new.    Prior.
3.  To feast or delight even  to satiety.
    With death's carcase glut the grave.   Jtfiffon.
    His faithful heart,  a bloody sacrifice,
  Torn from his breast, to gfuf the tyrant's eyes.
                                       Dryden.
    A sylvan scene, which, rising by degrees,
  Leads up the eye below,  nor gfufs the sight
  Wito one full prospect; but invites by  many,
  To view at last the whole.               Dryden.
4.  To overfill; to load.
     He attributes the ill success of either party  to
  their glutting the market, and retailing too much of
  a bad commodity at once.             Arbuthnot.
5. To saturate.
     The menstruum, being already gfnffecf, could not
  act powerfully enough to dissolve it.       Boyle.
Glut, gliat. ra.  s. [from the verb.]
1. That which is gorged  or swallowed.
               Disgorged foul
  Their devilish gfuf, chain'd thunderbolts, and hail
  Of iron globes.                        Milton.
2.  Plenty even to loathing and satiety.
               So death
  Shall be deceiv'd his gfuf;  and with us two
  Be fore'd to satisfy his rav'nous maw.     Jtfiffon.
     Let him but set the one in balance against the
  other, and he shall find  himself miserable, even  in
  the very gfuf of his delights.          L'Estrange.
     A glut of study and retirement in the first part of
  my life, cast me  into this; and  this will throw me
  again into study and retirement.            Pope.
3.  More than enough;  overmuch.
     If you pour a gfuf of water upon a bottle, it re-
  ceives little of it.                    Ben Jonson.
4.  Any thing that  fills  up a passage.
     The water some suppose to pass from toe bottom
|  of the sea to the heads of springs,  through certain
  subterranean conduits or channels, until they  were
  by some gfuf, stop, or other means, arrested in their
   passage.                           Woodward.
GLU'TINOUS,  glu'te-nus.  adj. [gluti-
   neux, Fr. from  gluten, Lat.]  Gluy;
   viscous; tenacious.
     The cause of all vivification is a gentle and pro-
  portionable  heat, working upon a gfufinous and
   yielding substance;  for the heat doth bring  forth
   spirit  in that substance, and toe substance  being
  gfufinous, produceth two  effects; toe  one, that the
   spirit is detained, and cannot break forth; the other,
   that the matter, being gentle and  yielding, is dri-
   ven forwards by the motion of toe spirits, after some
   swelling, into shape  and members.         Bacon.
     Next this marble venom'd seat,
   Smear'd with gums of gfufinous heat.      MUton.
     Nourishment too viscid  and glutinous to be sub-
   dued by the vital force.               Arbuthnot.
Glu'tinousness,  glu'te-nfis-n£s.  ra.  s.
   [from glutinous.]  Viscosity; tenacity.
     There is a resistance in fluids; which may arise
  from their elasticity, glutinousness, and the friction
  of their parts.                         Cheyne.
Glu'tton, glut't'n.170 103  ra.  s.  [glouton,
   French;  from glutio, Latin, to swallow.]
 1.  One who  indulges  himself  too much
   in eating.
     The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day, and some
  gluttons have used to have catsflesh baked.  Bacon.
    Through Macer's gullet she runs down
  While the vilegfuffo/i dines alone;
  And, void of modesty and toought,
  She follows Bibo's endless draught.        Prior.
    If a glutton was to say in excuse of his gluttony,
  that he only eats such things as it is lawful to eat,
  he would  make  as good an excuse for himself as
  toe greedy, covetous, ambitious tradesman,  that
  should say, he only deals in lawful business.  Law.
2. One eager of any thing to excess.
    The rest bring home in state the happy pair
  To that last scene of bliss, and leave them toere;
  All those free joys insatiably to prove,
  With which rich beauty feasts the gfuffon love.
                                       Cowley.
    Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy,
  Their fatal arts so impiously employ.    Granville.
T*oGLUTTONi'sE,glut'tu.ii-ize. v. ra. [from
   glutton.]   To play the  glutton;  to  be
   luxurious.
Glu'ttonous,  glut'tun-iis.  adj.   [from
   glutton.]  Given to excessive  feeding;
   delighted overmuch with food.
    When they would smile and fawn upon his debts,
  And take down th' interest in their gfuff'nous maws.
                                        Shaksp.
     The  exceeding luxuriousness of this gluttonous
  age, wherein we press nature  with overweighty bur-
  dens, and finding her strength  defective, we take
  toe work out of her  hands, and commit it to the
  artificial help of strong waters.           Raleigh.
               Well observe
  The rule of not too much, by temperance taught
  In  what  thou  eat'st  and drink'st;  seeking  from
         thence
  Due nourishment, no gluttonous delight.    Milton.
Gluttonously,    glut'tun-us-le.    adv.
   [from gluttonous/]   With the voracity
   of a glutton.
Glu'ttony,  glut'tiin-e. ra.  s.   [glutonnie,
   French; from glutton]  Excess of eat-
   ing; luxury of the table.
     Gluttony, a vice in a great fortune, a  curse in a
   small.                               Holyday.
     Their sumptuous gluttonies and gorgeous feasts,
   On citron tables or Atlantick  stone.        MUton.
     Well may they fear some miserable end,
   Whom gluttony and want at once attend.  Dryden.
     The inhabitants of cold moist countries are gene-
   rally more fat than those of warm and dry: but the
   most common cause is too great a quantity  of food,
   and too small a quantity of motion; in plain English,
   gfuffony and laziness.                Arbuthnot.
 Glu'y, glu'e.  adj. [from glue.]  Viscous;
   tenacious; glutinous.
     It is called balsamick  mixture, because it is a
   gfuy spumous matter.                   Harvey.
     With gfuy wax some new foundations lay
   Of virgin combs.                       Dryden.
     Whatever is the composition of the vapour, let
   it have but one quality of being very gluy or viscous,
   and it will mechanically solve all the phaenomena of
   the grotto                            Addison.
 GLYJV,  glin.  ra. s. [Irish;  gleann, glyn,
    plur.  Erse; glenn, Scotish.]  A  hollow
    between two mountains.
     Though he could  not beat  out the Irish, yet  he
   did shut them up within those narrow corners  and
   gfyns under the mountain's foot.          Spenser.
  To Gnar, nar.     ? z/.ra.[5nyrin.an, Sax.
  To Gnarl, narl.384 \   knorren, Dut.]  To
    growl;  to  murmur;  to snarl.
     When he 'gan to rear his bristles strong,
   And felly gnar, until day's enemy
   Did him appease.                      Spenser.
     Thus is toe shepherd beaten from thy side,
   And wolves are gnarliug who shall gnaw thee first.
                                     S/iafcspeare.
      Gnarling sorrow hath less power to bite
   The man that mocks at it, and sets it light. Shaksp.
      The gnarring porter durst not whine for doubt;
  Still were the furies while toeir sovereign spoke.
                                       Fairfax.
Gna'rled,  nar'led. adj.  [gnar,  nar, or
  rawrr, is  in Staffordshire  a hard knot of
  wood  which  boys  drive with  sticks.]
  Knotty.
                 Merciful heav'n!
  Thou rather with thy sharp and sulph'rous bolt
  Split'st the unwedgeable and gnarled oak,
  Than the soft myrtle.                   Sliaksp,
To  Gnash, nash.38* v. a. [knaschen, Dut.]
  To strike together; to clash.
    The seer, who could not yet this wrath assuage,
  Roll'd his green eyes, that sparkl'd with his rage,
  And gnas/t'd his teeth.                  Dryden.
To Gnash, nash. v. ra.
1. To grind or  collide the teeth.
    He shall gnash wito his teeto, and melt away.
                                       Psalms.
    There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
                                      Matthew.
2. To rage even to collision of  the teeth;
  to  fume; to growl.
    His great iron teeth he still did grind,
  And grimly gnash, threatening revenge in vain.
                                       Spenser.
    They gnashed upon me with their teeth. Psalms.
                  They him  laid
  Gnashing for anguish, and despite and shame,
  To find himself not matchless.            Jtfiffon.
    With boiling rage Atrides burn'd,
  And foam betwixt his gnashing grinders churn'd.
                                       Dryden.
GNAT, nat.384 ra. s. [jnaec, Saxon.]
I. A small winged stinging insect.
    Her whip of cricket's bones,  the lash of film;
  Her waggoner, a small grey-coated gnat.  Shaksp.
2. Any thing  proverbially smaii.
    Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnaf and swal-
  low a camel.                         Matthew.
Gna'tflower,  nat'flou-dr.  ra.  s.  [gnat
   and flower.]  A flower, otherwise called
   the beeflower.
Gna'tsnapper, nat'snap-pur.  ra. s. [gnat
   and snap.]  A  bird  so called, because
   he lives by catching gnats.
    They deny that any bird is to be  eaten whole,
  but only the gnalsnapper.              Hakewill.
 To Gnaw,  naw.*84 v. a. [jnagan, Saxon;
   knaghen, Dutch.]
 1. To eat  by degrees;  to devour by  slow
   corrosion.
     A knowing fellow that would gnaw  a man
  Like to a vermine, with his hellish braine,
   And many an honest soule, even quick had slain.
                                      Chapman.
     To you  suchscabb'd harsh fruit is giv'n, as raw
  Young soldiers at their exercisings gnaio.  Dryden.
 2. To bite in  agony or rage.
     Alas, why gnaw you so your nether lip?
   Some bloody passion shakes your very frame. Shak.
     They gnawed toeir tongues for pain.       Rev.
     He comely fell, and dying gnawed the ground.
                                        Dryden.
 3.  To wear away by biting.
     Gnaioing with my teeth  my bonds asunder,
   I gain'd my freedom.                    Shaksp.
     Like rotten fruit I fall, worn like a  cloth
   Gnawn into rags by the devouring moth.   Sandys.
     A lion, hampered  in a net, called to a mouse to
   help him out of the snare: the mouse gnawed the
   threads to pieces, and set the lion at liberty.
                                     L'Esfrange.
 4. To fret; to waste;  to corrode.
 5  To pick with the teeth.
      His  bones clean pick'd; his very bones they gnaw.
                                         Dryden.
  To  Gnaw,  naw.  v.  ra.   To  exercise the
    teeth.   It is now used actively. 
GO
GO
GO
    1 might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the
  chain toat ties  me; but 1 should  sooner mar my
  teeth than procure liberty.               Sidney.
    See the hell  of having a false woman: my bed
  shall be abused, my coffers ransack'd, my reputation
  gnawn at.                             Shaksp.
    I thought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks,
  A thousand men that fishes gnaio'd upon.  Shaksp.
Gna'wer, naw'tir.98  ra. s. [from gnaw.]
   One that gnaws.
Gno'mon, no'mon.354 ra. s. [yvap.m]  The
   hand or pin of a dial.
    The gnomon of  every dial is supposed to repre-
  sent the axis of the world, and therefore the two
  ends or extremities thereof must directly answer to
  toe north and south pole,                 Harris.
    There were from great antiquity sun-dials, by the
  shadow of a style or gnomon, denoting the hours of
  the day.                               Brown.
Gno'monicks, no-mon'iks.809 ra. s. [yvufic-
   tmn]   A science  which  makes a  part
   of the mathematicks:  it teaches to find
   a just  proportion  of  shadows for  the
   construction of all  kinds  of sun  and
   moon  dials,  and   for   knowing  what
   o'clock it  is by means thereof;  as also
   of a gnomon or stile that throws off the
   shadow for this purpose.      Trevoux.
To GO, go.  v. ra. pret. I  went;  I  have
   gone, [gan, Saxon.   This  was  pro-
   bably changed to gone, or gang,  then
   contracted to go.    Went is the preterit
   of the old verb wend.]
1. To walk; to move step by step.
              You know that love
  Will creep in  service where it cannot go.  Shaksp.
    After some months those muscles become callous;
  and having yielded to the extension, the  patient
   makes shift to go upon it, though lamely. Wiseman.
2. To  move, not  stand still.
     Rise, let us be going.                Matthew.
3. To  walk solemnly.
     If there be cause for  toe church to go forth in
   solemn procession,  his whole family have such bu-
   siness come upon them toat no one can be spared.
                ^                        Hooker.
4. To walk leisurely,  not  run.
     And must I go to him?
   —Thou must  run  to him; for  thou  hast staid so
   long, toat going will scarce serve the turn. Shaksp.
5. To  march  or  walk  afoot.
     I will only go through on my feet.    JVumoers.
6. To travel;  to journey.
                From them I go
   This uncouth errand sole.               Jtfiffon.
7. To  proceed; to make a progress.
     Thus others we  with defamation wound,
   While they stab us; and so the jest goes round.
                                        Dryden.
8. To  remove from place to  place.
                 I am in blood
   Stept in so far, toat should I wade no more,
   Returning were as tedious as go o'er.  Shakspeare.
9. To  depart from  a place;  to  remove
   from a place:  the opposite of to come.
     I hope it be not gone, to tell my lord
   That 1 kiss aught but him.            Shakspeare.
             At once good night:
   Stand not upon the order of your going,
   But go at once.                     Shakspeare.
     And when she had so said she toenf her way.
                                          John.
     I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice, only you
   shall not go very far away.              Exodus.
     Colchester  oysters are put  into pits where the
   sea goeff* and cometh.                    Bacon.
            A young tall squire
   Did from die camp at first before him go. Cowley.
    Then I concur to let him go for Greece,
  And wish our Egypt fairly rid of him.     Dryden.
    Go first the master of thy herds to find,
  True to his charge, a loyal swain and kind.  Pope.
10. To move or pass in any manner, or to
  any end.
    Though the vicar be bad, or the parson be evil,
  Go not for thy tything thyself to  the devil.  Tusser.
    She may go to bed when she list; all  is as she
  will.                               Shakspeare.
    You did wish that I would make her turn,
  Sir, she can turn and turn and yet go on.  Shaksp.
    I am glad to see your lordship abroad:  I  heard
  say your lordship was sick: I hope your  lordship
  goes abroad by advice.               Shakspeare.
    The mourners go about the streets.     Eccles.
    The sun shall go down over the prophets, and the
  day shall be dark over them.          Maccabees.
    Put every man his sword by his side, and go in
  and out from gate to gate throughout the camp.
                                       Exodus.
    The sun, which once did shine alone,
  Hung down his head, and wish'd for night,
  When he beheld twelve suns for one
  Going about the world, and giving light.   Herbert.
    This seen, the rest at awful distance stood,
  As if they had been there as servants set,
  To stay, or to go on as he thought .good,
  And not pursue but wait on his retreat.    Dryden.
    Turn not children going, till you have given them
  all the satisfaction they are capable of.     Locke.
    History only acquaints us that his fleet  went up
  the Elbe, he having carried his arms as far as that
  river.                              Arbuthnot.
    The last advice I  give you relates to your beha-
  viour when you are going to be hanged, which,
  either for robbing your master, for  housebreaking,
  or going  upon  the highway, may very probably  be
  your lot.                                Swift.
    Those who come for gold will go off with pewter
  and brass, rather than return empty.       Swift.
11. To pass in company with others.
    Thou shalt again  be adorned  wito  toy tabrets,
  and shalt go forth in the dances of them that make
  merry.                              Jeremiah.
    Away, and with thee go the worst of woes,
  That seek'st my friendship, and  toe gods thy foes.
                                     Chapman.
    He goeth in company with the workers of iniqui-
  ty, and walketh with wicked men.           Job.
    Whatever remains in story of Atlas, or his king-
  dom of old, is so obscured with  age or fables, that
  it may go along with those of the Atlantick islands.
                                       Tempfe.
12. To proceed in any course  of life good
  or bad.
    And toe Levites that are gone away far from me,
  when Israel toenf astray, which went  astray away
  from me after their idols, they shall even bear their
  iniquity.                              Ezekiel.
13. To  proceed in mental  operations.
    If I had unwarily  too far engaged myself for the
  present publishing it, truly I should have kept it by
  me tili I had once again gone over it.      Digby.
    Thus I have gone through the speculative consi-
  deration ofthe divine providence.          Hale.
    I hope by going over all these particulars, you
  may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this
  great subject.                           South.
    If we go over the laws of Christianity,  we shall
  find that, excepting a few particulars, they  enjoin
  the same things, only toey have made our duty more
  clear and certain.                     TMotson.
    In their primary  qualities we can go but a very
  little way.                              Loclte.
    I go over some parts of this argument again, and
  enlarge a little more upon  them.          Locke.
    They are not able all their lifetime to reckon, or
  regularly go over any moderate series  of numbers.
                                        Locke.
 14. To take any road.
    I will go  along by the highway; I  will neither
  turn to the right hand nor to the left.       Deuf.
    Who shall bemoan thee? Or who shall go aside
  to ask how thou dost?                  Jeremiah.
        His horses go about
  Almost a mile.                      Shakspeare.
    I have endeavoured to escape into the ease and
  freedom of a private scene, where  a man may go
  his own way and his own pace.            Temple.
15. To march in a hostile or warlike man-
  ner.
    You were advis'd his flesh was capable
  Of wounds and scars, and that his forward spirit
  Would lift him where most trade of danger rang'd;
  Yet did you say go forth.             Shakspeare.
    We be not able  to go up against the people; for
  they are stronger than we.            lumbers.
    Let us go, down after the Philistines by night,
  and spoil them until the morning light.  1 Samuef.
    Thou art not able to go against this Philistine to
  fight with him.                       l Samuel.
    The remnant of Jacob  shall  be among the gen-
  tiles as a lion among the beasts of the forest; who,
  if he go through, both treadeth down and teareth in
  pieces, and none can deliver.             Micah.
16. To change state  or opinion, for better
  or worse.
    We will not hearken to the  king's words to go
  from our religion.                  1  Maccabees.
    The regard of the public state, in  so great a dan-
  ger, made all those goodly things, which icenf so to
  wreck, to be  lightly accounted of in comparison of
  their lives and liberty.                   Knolles.
    They look upon  men and matters with  an evil
  eye; and are best pleased when things go backward,
  which  is toe worst property of a  servant of a prince
  or state.                                Bacon.
    All goes to ruin; they  themselves contrive
  To rob the honey, and subvert the hive.   Dryden.
    Landed men, by their providence and good hus-
  bandry, accommodating their expences  to their in-
  come, keep themselves from going backwards in the
  world.                                 Loc&e.
    Cato, we all go into your opinion.     Addison.
17. To apply one's self.
    Seeing himself confronted by  so many, like a re-
  solute  orator, he went not to denial, but to justify
  his cruel falsehood.                      Sidney.
    Because this  atheist goes mechanically to work,
  he will not offer to affirm that  all  the parts of the
  embryon could,  according  to  his  explication, be
  formed at a time.                      Bentley.
18. To have recourse  to.
    Dare any of you, having  a matter against ano-
  ther, go to law before toe unjust, and not before the
  saints?                          1 Corinthians.
I 9. To be  about to do.
    So extraordinary an example, in so degenerate an
  age, deserves for the rarity, and, I was going to say,
  for the incredibility of it,  the attestation of all that
  knew him, and considered his worth.       Locke.
20. To shift; to pass life not quite well.
    Every goldsmith, eager to engross to himself as
  much  as he could, was content to pay high for it ra-
  ther than go without.                     Locke.
    Cloaths they must have, but if they speak for this
  stuff, or that colour, they should be sure to go with-
  out it.                                  Locke.
21. To decline; to tend  toward  death or
   ruin. This  sense  is  only in the partici-
   ples going and gone.
    He is far gone, and, truly, in  my youth,
  I suffer'd much extremity for love
  Very near this.                       Shakspeare.
22. To be in party or design.
    They with the vanquish'd prince and  party go,
  And leave their temples empty  to  the foe. Dryden.
23. To escape.
    Timotheus himself fell  into  Ae  hands of Dosi-
  theus  and Sosipater, whom  he  besought with much
  craft to let him go with his life.          2 Mac.
24. To tend >o any act.
    There be some women, Silvius, had they mark'd.
         him 
GO
GO
GO
  In parcels as I did, would have gone near
  To fall in love with him.              Shakspeare.
25. To be uttered.
    His disciples personally appeared among them,
  and ascertained the report which had gone abroad
  concerning a life so full of miracles.      Addison.
26.  lo be talked of; to be known.
    It has the greatest town in the island that goes
  under toe name of Ano-Caprea, and is in several
  places covered with a very fruitful soil.   Addison,
27. To pass; to be received.
    Because  a fellow of my acquaintance set forth
  her praises in verse, I will only repeat them, and
  spare my own tongue, since she goes for a woman.
                                         Sidney.
    And the man went among men for an old man in
  the days of Saul.                     1 Samuef.
    A  kind  imagination makes a bold  man  have
  vigour and enterprize in his air and motion:  it
  stamps value upon his face, and tells the people he
  is to go for so much.                     Collier.
    Clipping should be finally stopped, and  the mo-
  ney which remains,  should go according to its true
  value.                                 Locke.
 28. To move by mechanism.
    This pope is decrepit, and the bell goeth for him.
                                         Bacon.
    Clocks will go as they are set; but man,
  Irregular man's never constant, never certain.
                                         Otway.
    'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none
   Go just alike, yet each believes his own.     Pope.
 29. To be in motion from whatever cause.
    The weyward sisters, hand in hand,
  Posters of the sea and land,
  Thus do go about, about.             Shakspeare.
     Clipt and washed money goes about, when the
  entire and weighty lies hoarded up.        Waller.
 30. To move in any direction.
    Doctor, he is a curer of souls, and you a curer of
  bodies: if you should fight, you go against the hair
  of your professions.                  Shakspeare.
     Shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go
  back ten degrees?                     2 Kings.
 31. To flow;  to pass; to have a course.
     The god I am, whose yellow water flows
  Around these fields, and fattens as it goes,
  Tyber my name.                      Dryden.
 32. To have any tendency.
           Athenians, know
  Against right reason all your counsels go;
  This is not fair, nor profitable that,
  Nor t' other question proper for debate.   Dryden.
 33. To be in  a state of compact or part-
   nership.
     As a lion was bestriding an ox that he had newly
  pluckt down, a robber passing by cried out to him,
  half shares: you should go  your snip, says the lion,
  if you were not so forward  ter be your own carver.
                                     L'Estrange.
    There was a hunting match agreed upon betwixt
  a lion, an ass,  and a fox, and they were to go equal
  shares in the booty.                  L'Estrange.
 34. To be regulated  by any  method; to
   proceed upon principles.
    Where  the  multitude  beareth sway, laws  that
  shall  tend  to the preservation of that state, must
  make common smaller offices to go by lot,  for fear
  of strife and divisions likely to arise.      Hooker.
    We are to go by another measure.        Sprat.
    The principles I there tcenf on, I see no reason
  to alter.                                Locke.
    The reasons that they toenf upon were very spe-
  cious and probable.                     Bentley.
35. To be pregnant.
           Great bellied women,
  That had not half a week to go.       Shakspeare.
           The fruit she goes with,
  I  pray that it good time and life may find.   Shaks.
    Of living creatures some  are a longer time in the
  womb, and  some shorter: women go commonly nine
  months, the cow and the ewe about six months.
                                         JSacon.
    Some do go with their young the sixth part of a |
  year, or two months over or under, that is,  aboui
  six or nine weeks:  and the whelps of these see not
  till twelve days.                        Brown,
    And now with second hopes she goes,
  And calls Lucina to her throes.          Jtfiffon.
36. To pass; not  to remain.
    She began to afflict him,  and his strength went
  from him.                              Judges.
    When our merchants have brought them,  if our
  commodities  will not be enough,  our money must
  go to pay for them.                       Locke,
37. To  pass, or  be  loosed; not to be re-
   tained.
            Then he lets me go,
  And, with his head over his shoulder turn'd,
  He seem'd to find his way without his eyes.  Shaks.
    Let go the hand of that arch heretick.    Shaks.
38. To  be expended.
    Scholars are close  and frugal of toeir words, and
  not willing to let any go for ornament, if they will
  not serve for use.                       .Feffon.
39. To  be in order  of time or place.
    We must enquire farther what is the connection
  of that sentence with those  that go before it, and
  those which follow it.                     Watts.
40.  To reach or be extended to any de-
   gree.
    Can another man perceive that I am conscious of
  any thing, when I perceive it not myself? No man's
  knowledge here can go beyond his experience.
                                         Locke.
41. To  extend to consequences.
    It  is  not one master that either  directs or takes
  notice of these: it goes a great way barely to permit
  them.                             L'Estrange.
42. To  reach by effects.
    Considering toe cheapness, so much money might
  go farther than a sum ten times greater could do
  now.                                 Wilkins.
43. To  extend in meaning.
    His amorous expressions  go no  further than vir-
  tue may allow.                         Dryden.
44. To  spread;  to be dispersed;  to reach.
    Whose flesh, torn off by lumps, tbe rav'nous foe
  In morsels cut, to make it farther go.        Tate.
45. To  have influence; to be  of weight; to
   be of value.
    I had another reason to decline it, that ever uses
  to go far with me upon all new inventions or experi-
  ments; which is, that the best trial of them is by
  time, and observing whether they live or no.
                                        Tempfe.
    'Tis  a rule-that goes a great way in the govern-
  ment of a sober man's  life, not to put any thing to
  hazard that may be  secured by industry, conside-
  ration,  or circumspection.            L'Estrange.
    Whatever  appears against their prevailing vice
  goes for nothing, being either not  applied,  or pas-
  sing for libel and slander.                Swift.
46. To be rated  one with  another;  to be
   considered  with  regard to  greater or
   less worth.
    I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of
  man  enough.                        Arbuthnot.
4,7. To  contribute; to conduce; to concur;
   to be an ingredient,
    The  medicines which go to toe ointments are so
  strong,  that, if they were used inwards, they would
  kill those that use them.                 Bacon.
    More parts of the greater wheels go to the ma-
  king one part of their lines.             Glanville.
    There goes a great many qualifications to the
  compleating  this relation: there is no small share
  of honour and conscience and sufficiency required.
                                        Collier.
    I give the sex their revenge, by laying together
  the many vicious characters that prevail in the male
  world,  and shewing  the different ingredients that
  go to the making up of such different humours and
  constitutions.                          Addison.
    Sometoing better and greater than high birth and
  quality must go toward acquiring those demonstra-
  tions of public esteem and love.            Swift.
48. To fall out, to terminate; to succeed.
    Your  strong possession  much  more than your
        right,
  Or else it must go wrong with you and me.  Slutks.
    Howe'er the business goes, you have made fault
  I' th' boldness of your speech.         Shakspeare.
    I will send to thy father, and they shall declare
  unto him how things go with thee.          Tobtf.
    In many armies, if the matter should be tried by
  duel between two champions, the victory shall go
  on the one side; and yet if it be  tried by toe gross,
  it would go on the other side.             Bacon,
    It has been the constant observation of all, that
  if a minister had a cause depending in the court, it
  was ten  to one but it icenf against him.     SoufA.
    At toe time of the prince's landing, the father,
  easily foreseeing how things would go, went over,
  like many others, to the prince.            Swift.
    WTiether the cause goes for  me or against me,
  you must pay me toe reward.             Watts.
49. To be in any  state.  This sense is im-
   personal.
    It shall  go  ill with him toat is left in his. taber-
  nacle.                                   Job.
    He called his name Beriah, because it went evil
  with his house.                     1 Chronicles.
50. To proceed in train and consequencei
           How goes the night, boy?
  —The moon is down: I have not heard the clock;
  And she goes down at twelve.         Shakspeare.
           I had hope,
  When violence was ceased, and war on earth,
  All would have then gone well.           MUton.
    Duration in itself is to be considered as going on
  in one constant, equal, uniform course.     Locke.
51. To Go about. To attempt;  to endea-
   vour;  to set one's self to any business.
          0 dear father,
  It is thy business that I go about.      Shakspeare.
    I lost him; but so found, as well I saw
  He could not lose himself, but went about
  His father's business.                    Milton.
    Which answer exceedingly united the vulgar
  minds to them, who concurred only with toem as
  toey saw them like to prevail in what they went
  about.                              Clarendon.
    Some men, from a false persuasion that they can-
  not reform their lives, and root out their old vicious
  habits, never so much as attempt, endeavour, or go
  about it.                                South.
    Either my book is plainly enough  written to be
  rightly understood by those who peruse it with at-
  tention  and indifferency, or else I have writ mine
  so obscurely that it is in vain to go about to meDd it.
                                         Locke.
    They never go about, as in former times, to hide
  or palliate their vices; but expose them freely to
  view.                                  Swift.
52.  To Go aside. To err; to deviate from
   the  right.
    If any man's wife go aside, and commit a tres-
  pass against him.                     Numbers.
53.  To  Go  between.    To  interpose;  to
   moderate between two.
    I did go between  them, as I said,  but more than
  that,  he loved her; for,  indeed, he was mad for
  her.                                Shakspeare.
54.  To Go by.   To pass away unnoticed.
    Do not you come my tardiness to  chide,
  That laps'd in time and passion, lets go by
  Th' important acting of your dread command ?
                             Shakspeare's Hamlet.
    So much the more our carver's excellent,
  Which lets go by some sixteen years, and makes her
  As she lived now.     Shaksjieare's Winter's Tale.
    What's that to us? the time goes by; away.
                                     S/iafcspeare.
55.  To Go by.  To find or get in the con-
   clusion. 
GO
GO
GOA
    In argument with men a woman ever
  Goes by the worse, whatever be her cause.  Jtfiifon.
    He 's sure to go by the worst that contends with
  an adversary that is too mighty for him.    L'Est.
56.  To Go  by.  To observe as a rule.
    'Tis not to be supposed, that by searching one
  can positively judge of the size and form of a stone;
  and indeed  toe frequency of the fits, and violence
  of the symptoms, are a better rule to go by.
                               Sharp's Surgery.
57.  To Go down.   To be swallowed; to
   be received, not rejected.
    Nothing so ridiculous, nothing so impossible, but
  it goes down whole with him for truth and earnest.
                                   L'Estrange.
    Folly will not easily go down in its own natural
  fprm with discerning judges.            Dryden.
    If he be hungry, bread will go down.     Locke.
    Ministers are so wise to leave their proceedings
  to be accounted for by reasoners at a distance, who
  often mould them into the systems toat do not only
  go down very well in the coffeehouse, but are sup-
  plies for pamphlets in the present age.      Swift.
58.  To Go  in and out.   To do the  busi-
   ness of life.
    The Lord shall preserve thy going out and thy
  coming in.                            Psalms.
59.  To Go in and out.  To be at  liberty.
    He shall go in and out, and find pasture.    John.
60.  To Go off.   To die;  to go out of life;
   to decease.
    I would the friends we miss were safe arrived:
  Some must go off; and yet, by these I see,
  So great a day as this is cheaply bought.   Shaksp.
    In this manner he went off, not like a man that
  departed out of life, but one that returned to his
  abode.                                Tatler.
61. To Go off.  To depart from a post.
    The leaders having charge from you to stand,
  Will not go off until they hear you speak.  Shaksp.
63. To Go on.  To make attack.
              Bold Cetoegus,
  Whose valour I have turn'd into his poison,
  And praised so to daring, as he would
  Go on upon the gods.               Ben Jonson.

63. To Go on.  To proceed.
    He found it a great war to keep that peace, but
  was fain to go on in his story.             Sidney.
    He that desires only that the work of God and
  religion shall go on, is pleased with it, whoever is
  toe instrument.                         Taylor.
    I have escaped many threats  of ill fits  by these
  motions: if they go  on, the only poultice I have
  dealt with is wool from the belly of a fat sheep.
                                      Temple.
    To look upon the soul as going on from strength
  to strength, to consider that she is to shine for ever
  with new accessions of glory,  and  brighten to all
  eternity, is agreeable.                  Addison.
    Gi on cheerfully in the glorious course you have
  undertaken.                           Addison.
    Copious bleeding is the most effectual remedy  in
  toe beginning of toe disease; but when toe expecto-
  ration goes on successfully, not so proper, because it
  sometimes suppresseth it.             Arbuthnot.
    I have already handled some abuses during the
  late management, and in convenient time shall go
  on with the rest.                         Swift.
    When we had found that design impracticable,
  we should not have gone on in so expensive a ma-
  nagement of it.                   .       swi/f.
    Many clergymen  write in so diminutive a man-
  ner, with  such frequent blots  and  interlineations,
  that they are hardly able to go on without perpetual
  hesitations, or extraordinary expletives.     Swift.
    I wish you health to go on with that noble work.
                                      Berfcfey.

64. To Go  over.   To  revolt;  to  betake
  himself to another party.
    In the change of religion, men of ordinary under-
  standino-s don't so much consider the  principles as
  the practice of those to whom they go over.
                                      Addison.
    Power, which, according to the old maxim, was
  used to follow, is now gone over to money.   Swift.

65.  To Go out.   To go upon any expedi-
   tion.
    You need not have pricked me:  there are other
  men fitter to go out than I.               Shaksp.
66. To Go out.  To be extinguished.
    Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out,
  With titles blown from adulation?        Shaksp.
    Spirit of wine burned till it go out of itself, will
  burn no more.                          Bacon.
    The care of a state, or an army,  ought to be  as
  constant as the chymist's fire, to make any great
  production; and if it goes out for an hour,  perhaps
  the whole operation fails.                Temple.
    The morning, as mistaken, turns  about:
  And all her eariy fires again go out.     Dryden.
    Let the acquaintance be decently buried, and toe
  flame  rather go out than be smothered.     Collier.
    My blood runs cold, my heart forgets  to heave,
  And life itself goes out at thy displeasure. Addison.
    And at her felt approach and secret might,
  Art after art goes out, and all is night.       Pope.
67. To  Go through.   To   perform  tho-
   roughly; to execute.
    Finding Pyrocles every way able to go  through
  with that  kind of life, he was as desirous for  his
  sake as for his own to enter into it.        Sidney.
    If you can as well go through wito  toe statute
  laws of that land,  I will think you have not lost all
  your time toere.                       Spenser.
    Kings ought not to suffer their council  to go
  through with the resolution  and  direction, as if it
  depended on them, but take the  matter back into
  their own hands.                       Bacon.
    He much  feared  the earl of Antrim had  not
  steadiness of mind enough to  go through with such
  an undertaking.                     Clarendon.
    The amazing difficulty and greatness of his ac-
  count will rather terrify than inform him, and keep
  him from setting heartily about such a task, as he
  despairs ever to go through with it.         South.
    The powers of  Germany are borrowing money,
  in order to go through their part of the expense.
                                     Addison.
68. To  Go  through.   To  suffer; to un-
  dergo.
   I tell thee that it is absolutely necessary for the com-
  mon good toat thou shouldst go through  this  opera-
  tion.                              Arbuthnot.
69. To Go ufion.  To take as a principle.
    This supposition I have gone upon through those
  papers.                             Addison.
70. The senses of  this word are  very in-
  distinct; its general notion is motion or
  progression.   It  commonly expresses
  passage from a  place, in  opposition  to
  come.  This is often observable even in
   figurative  expressions.   We  say,  the
  words  that go  before  and that  come
  after; to-day goes away and to-morrow
   comes.
Go to, go-t66'.  inter j. Come, come, take
  the right course.  A  scornful exhorta-
  tion.
    Go  to then, O thou far renowned son
  Of great Apollo; shew thy famous might
  In medicine.                          Spenser.
    Go  to, go to, thou art a foolish fellow:
  Let me be clear of thee.                Shaksp.
    My favour is not bought with words like these:
  Go fo; you'll teach your tongue another tale. Rowe.
Go-between,  go'be-tween. n. s. [go and
   between.]  One that transacts business
   by running between two parties.  Com-
   monly in an ill sense.
    Even as you came into me, her assistant, or go-
  between, parted from me: I say I shall be with her
  between ten and eleven.                 Shaksp.
Go-by,  go-bi'. ra. s.  Delusion; artifice;
   circumvention; overreach.
    Except an apprentice  is instructed how to adul-
  terate and varnish, and give you the go-6y upon oc*
  casion, his master may be charged with neglect.
                                       Collier.
Go-oart, go'kart. ra. s. [go and cart]   A
   machine  in  which children are inclosed
   to teach them to walk,  and  which they
   push forward without danger of falling.
    Young children, who are try'd in
  Go carts, to keep their steps from sliding,
  When members knit and legs grow stronger,
  Make use of such machine no longer.       Prior.
Goad, gode.295 ra. s. [gab, Sax.] A point-
   ed  instrument with which  oxen  are
   driven forward.
    Oft in his hardened hand a goad he bears. Pope.
To Goad, gode.  v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To prick or drive  with the goad.
2. To incite; to stimulate; to instigate;  to
   drive forward.
              Most dangerous
  Is that temptation, that doth goad us  on
  To sin in loving virtue.                  Shaksp,
        Goaded with most sharp occasions,
  Which lay nice  manners by, I put you to
  The use  of your  own virtues.             Shaksp.
    Of all tkat breathes the various progeny,
  Stung with delight, is goaded on by thee.   Dryden.
Goal, gole.29S  ra. *. [gaule, French, a long
   pole, set up to mark the bounds of the
   race.]
1. The landmark set  up to bound  a race;
   the point marked  out  to which racers
   run.
    As at the  Olympian games, or Pythian fields,
  Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goaf
  With rapid wheels.                     Jtfiffon.
    And the slope sun his upward beam
  Shoots against the dusky pole,
  Pacing towards the other  goaf.            Jtfiffon*
2. The starting post.
    Hast thou beheld, when from the goal they start,
  The youthful charioteers  with heaving heart
  Rush to the race?                      Dryden.
3. The final purpose; the end  to which a
   design tends.
    Our poet has always the goaf in his eye, which
  directs him  in  his race: some beautiful design,
  which he first establishes, and then  contrives  the
  means, which will naturally  conduct  him to  his
  end.                                 Dryden.
    Each individual seeks a separate goaf:
  But heav'n's great view is one, and that the whole.
                                         Pope,
    So man, who here seems principal alone,
  Perhaps  acts second to some sphere unknown;
  Touches some wheel, or verges to some goaf;
  'Tis but a part we see, and not the whole.    Pope.
4. It is sometimes improperly  written lor
   gaol or jail.
Goar, gore.295 n. s. [goror, Welsh.]  Any
   edging sewed  upon cloth to strengthen
   it.                               Skinner.
GOAT, gote.29s ra.  s. [jac,  Saxon  and
   Scotish.] A ruminant animal that seems
   a  middle  species   between  deer and
   sheep.
    Gall of goat,  and slips  of yew.          Shaksp.
    We Cyclops care not for your goat-fed Jove,
  Nor other blest ones; we  are better farre. Chapman.
    You may draw  naked boys riding and playing
  with their paper mills upon goals, eagles, or dol-
   phins.                               Peacham.
    The little bear that rock'd the mighty Jove, 
GOB
GOD
GOD
  The swan whose borrow'd shape conceal'd his love,
  Are grac'd with light; the nursing goaf 's repaid
  With heav'n, and duty rais'd the pious maid.
                                      Creech.
Goa'tbeard,  gote'berd. ra.  s. [goat and
   beard; barba cafiri]  A  plant.
Goa'tchaffer,  gote'tsha-ftir. ra. s.   An
   insect; a  kind of beetle.          Bailey.
Goa'therd,  gote'herd.  ra.  s.  [gat  and
   hyp.b, Sax. a feeder or tender.]  One
   whose employment is to tend goats.
    Is not thilk same goatherd proud,
   That sits on yonder bank,
    Whose straying herd themself doth shroud
   Among the hushes rank?                Spenser.
    They first gave the goatherd good contentment,
   and the marquis and his servant chased the kid
   about toe stack.                       fFoffon.
 Goa'tmarjoram, gote'mar-j&r-ftm.  ra.  s.
   The same with Goatbeard.
 Goa'tsmilk,  gots'milk. ra.  s. [goat and
   milk.   This  is  more   properly  two
   words.]
     After the fever and such  like accidents are  di-
   minished, asses and goatsmilk may be necessary.
                                     Wiseman.
 Goa'tmilker, gote'milk-ilr.  ra. s.  [goat
   and milker.]   A kind of owl so called
   from sucking goats.             Bailey.
 Goats Rue, gots'rdo.  ra. s.  [galega.]  A
   plant.
     Goaf's Rue has the reputation of being a great
   alexipharmick and sudorifick: the  Italians eat it
   raw and boiled; wito us it is of no esteem.   Hill.
 Goa'tskin,  gote'skin.  n. *.  [goat and
   skin]
     Then fill'd two goatskins, with her hands divine;
   With water one, and one wito  sable wine.   Pope.
 Goats-thobn,  gots'fAorn. ra. s. [goat and
    thorn.]    An herb.
 Goa'tish,  gote'ish. adj. [from goat.] Re-
   sembling   a   goat  in any   quality:  as
    rankness;  lust.
     An admirable evasion  of whoremaster, man, to
   lay his goatish disposition on the change of a star.
                                        Sfeafcsp.
     The last is notorious for its goatish smell,  and
   tufts not unlike the beard of that lecherous  animal.
                                         More.
 Gob, gob. ra. s. [gobe, French.]   A  small
    quantity.  A low word.
     Do'st think I have so little  wit as to part with
   such a gob of money.                L'Estrange.
 GO'BBET, gob'bit. ra. s.  [gobe, French.]
    A mouthful;  as much as  can be swal-
    lowed at once.
     Therewith she spew'd, out of her filthy maw,
   A flood of poison, horrible and black,
   Full of great lumps of flesh and gobbets raw.
                                       Spenser.
     By devilish policy art thou grown great,
   And like ambitions Sylla, overgorg'd
   With goft&efs of thy mother's bleeding heart. Shak.
     The cooks slicing it into little go&oefs, prick it on
   a prong of iron, and hang it in a furnace.   Sandys.
     The giant gorg'd with flesh, and wine, and blood,
   Lay stretch'd at length, and snoring in his den,
   Belching raw gobbets from his maw o'ercharg'd
   With purple wine, and cruddled gore confus'd.
                                      Addison.

 To  Go'bbet,   gob'bit. v. a.  [from the
   noun.]   To swallow  at a mouthful.   A
   low word.
     Down comes a kite powdering upon them,  and
   gobbets up both together.             L'Estrange
 To GO'BBLE,  gob'bl. v. a.  [gober}  to
  swallow,  old  French.]   To
  hastily with tumult and noise.
    The sheep were so keen upon the acorns, that
  they gobbled up now and then a piece of the  coat
  along with them.                   L'Estrange.
    Of last year's corn in barn  great store;
  Fat turkies gobbling at the door.           Prior.
    The time too precious now  to waste,
  And supper gobbled up in haste,
  Again afresh to cards they run.            Swift.
Go'bbler, gob'bl-tir. ra. s. [from  gobble]
  One that devours in haste;  a gormand;
  a greedy eater.
Go'blet, gob'let. ra. s. [gobelet, French.]
  A  bowl,  or  cup, that  holds  a  large
  draught.
    My figur'd goblets for a dish of wood,    Shaksp.
    We love not loaded boards, and goblets crown'd;
  But free from surfeits our repose is sound. Denham.
    Crown high the goblets with a cheerful draught;
  Enjoy the present hour, adjourn the future thought.
                                      Dryden.
Go'blin, gob'lin. ra. s. [French, gobeline,
  which S/ienser has once  retained; writ-
  ing it in  three  syllables.   This word
   some derive from the  Gibellines, a  fac-
   tion in Italy;  so that elfe and goblin,  is
   Guelfih   and  Gibelline,   because  the
   children of either party  were  terrified
   by the  nurses with  the  name  of  the
   other: but it appears that elfe'is Welsh,
   and  much older than those  factions.
   Eilff uishon are phantoms of the night;
   and  the  Germans likewise have long
   had spirits among them named gobotdi
   from which gobeline might be derived.]
 1.  An  evil  spirit;   a  walking  spirit;   a
   frightful  phantom.
     Angels and ministers of grace  defend  us!
  Be thou a spirit of health, or goblin damn'd,
  Bring with thee airs from heav'n, or blasts  from
         hell!                           Shaksp.
     To whom the goblin, full of wrath, reply'd,
  Art thou that tray tor augel?              Milton.
     Always, whilst he is young, be sure to  preserve
  his tender mind from  all impressions and notions of
  spirits and goblins, or any fearful apprehensions in
  the dark.                             Locke.
 2.  A fairy;  an  elf.
     His son was Elfinel, who overcame
  The wicked gobbelines in bloody field;
     But Elfant was of most renowned fame,
  Who of all crystal did Panthea build.     Spenser.
     Go, charge my goblins that they grind their joints
  With dry convulsions; shorten up their sinews
  With aged cramps.                     Shaksp.
     Mean time the village rouzes up the fire,
  While well attested, and as well believ'd,
   Heard solemn goes the goblin story round.
                                     Thomson.
 GOD, god. ra. s. [50b, Saxon, which like-
    wise signifies good.   The same word
    passes in both  senses with only acci-
    dental  variations  through  all  the Teu-
    tonick  dialects.]
 1.  The Supreme Being.
     God is a spirit, and they that worship him must
  worship him in spirit and in  truth.          John.
                 God above
   Deal between thee and me.              Shaksp.
     All the churches of God  are united into one by
   the unity of discipline and  government, by  virtue
   whereof the same Christ ruleth in them all. Pearson.
     The Supreme Being,  whom we call  God, is
   necessary, self-existent, eternal, immense, omnipo-
   tent, omniscient, and  best being; and therefore also
   a being who is and ought to  be  esteemed  most sa-
  cred or holy.                           Grew
swallow |2.  A false god;  an idol.
              He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the
            Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed.   Exodus.
              As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods,
            They kill us for their sport.              Shaksp.
              Strong god of arms, whose iron sceptre sways
            The freezing north, and Hyperborean seas,
            And Scythian colds, and Thracia's winter coast,
            Where  stand thy steeds,  and thou art honour'd
                  most.                         Dryden.
          3.  Any person or thing deified or too much
             honoured.
              Whose end is  destruction,  whose god  is their
            belly.                            Philippians.
                      I am  not Licio,
            But one that scorns to live in this disguise,
            For such a one as leaves a gentleman,
            And makes a god of such a cullion.       Shaksp.
          To God, god. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
             deify; to exalt to divine  honours.
                        This last old man
            Lov'd me above the measure of a father;
            Nay, godded me, indeed.                Shaksp.
          Go'dchild,  god'tshild.  ra.  s. [god and
             child] A term of spiritual relation; one
             for whom one became  sponsor at bap-
             tism,  and  promised  to  see educated as
             a christian.
          Go'ddaughter, god'daw-tur. ra.  *. [god
             and daughter]   A  girl for whom one
             became  sponsor at baptism.  A term of
             spiritual  relation.
          Go'ddess. god'des.  ra. s.  [from god.]  A
             female divinity.
              Hear, nature, hear; dear goddess, hear a father!
                                                Shaksp.
              A woman I forswore; but I will prove,
             Thou being a goddess, I forswore not thee:
             My vow was earthy, thou a heavenly love.   Shak.
              I long have waited in the temple nigh,
             Built to the gracious goddess Clemency;
             But rev'rence thou the pow'r.            Dryden.
              From his seat the goddess born arose,
             And thus undaunted spoke.              Dryden.
              When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself
             among a crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished
             by her graceful stature and superior beauty. Addis.
              Modesty with-held the goddess' train.     Pope.
          Go'ddess-likk, yod'des-like. adj.  [god-
             dess and like.]  Resembling a goddess.
              Then female voices from the shore I heard;
             A maid amidst them goddess-like appear'd.  Pope.
          Go'dfather,  god'fa-THlir. ra. s. [god and
             father.]  The sponsor at  the font.
               He had a son  by her, and the king did  him the
             honour, as to stand godfather to his child.   Bacon.
               Confirmation,   a profitable  usage of the  church,
             transcribed from the apostles, consists in the child's
             undertaking in his own name the baptismal  vow;
             and, that he may more solemnly enter  this obliga-
             tion, bringing some godfather with him, not now, as
             in baptism, as bis procurator.         Hammond.
           Go'dhead, god'hed. ra. s. [from god.]
           I. Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature.
              It is  used both  of idols and of the true
              God.
                            Be content:
             Your low-laid son our godhead will uplift.  Shaksp
                       At the holy mount
             Of heav'n's high-seated top, th' imperial throne
             Of godhead, fix'd for ever firm and sure,
             The filial pow'r  arriv'd.                 MUton.
               So may thy godhead be confest,
             So the returning year be blest.            Prior.
           2. A deity in person; a god or goddess.
               Were your godheads to borrow  of men, men
             would forsake toe gods.                 Shaksp.
               Adoring first the genius ofthe place,
             The nymphs and native godheads yet unknown.
                                                 Dryden. 
GOD
GOL
&0L
Go'dless, g6d'les. adj. [from god.] With-
   out sense of duty  to  God;  atheistical;
   wicked;  irreligious; impious.
    Of these  two sorts of men, both godless, the one
  has  utterly  no  knowledge of God, and the  other
  studies how to persuade themselves that there is no
  such tiring to be known.                Hooker.
              That godless crew
  Rebellious.                           Jtfiffon.
    For faults not his, for guilt and crimes
  Of godless men, and of rebellious times,
  Him his ungrateful country sent,
  Their best Camillus, into banishment.    Dryden.
Go'dlike,  god'like.  adj.  [god and like]
   Divine; resembling a divinity; supreme-
   ly  excellent.
    Thus Adam his illustrious guest besought,
  And thus the godlike angel answer'd mild. Jtfiffon.
    Musing and much revolving in his breast,
  How best the mighty work he might begin
  Of saviour to mankind, and which way first
  Publish his  godlike office now mature.    Jtfiffon.
    That prince  shall be so wise and godlike, as, by
  established  laws of liberty, to secure protection and
  encouragement to the honest industry of mankind.
                                      Locke.
Go'dling, god'ling.  ra. s.  [from god.]  A
   little  divinity; a diminutive god.
    Thy puny godlings of inferior race,
  Whose  humble statues are content with brass.
                                     Dryden.
Go'dliness, god'le-n£s.  ra. *.[from,§-oc%.]
1. Piety to God.
2. General observation  of all  the duties
   prescribed  by religion.
    Virtue and godliness of life are required at the
  hands of the minister of God.           Hooker.
Go'dly, god'le. adj.  [from god.]
 1. Pious toward God.
    Grant that we may hereafter live a godly, righ-
  teous, and sober life.           Common Prayer.
2. Good; righteous; religious.
    Help, Lord,  for the godly man  ceascth, for the
  faithful fail among the children of men.   Psalms.
    The  same church  is really holy in  this world, in
  relation to  all godly persons contained in it by a
  real infused sanctity.                  Pearson.
Go'dly, god'le. adv.  Piously;  righteous-
   ly.  By analogy it should be godlily, but
   the repetition   of  the  syllable  is  too
   harsh.
    The  apostle St. Paul teacheth, that every one
  toat will live godly in Christ Jesus must suffer per-
  secution.                            Hooker.
Go'dlvhead, god'le-he'd.  ra. s/[ from god-
   ly.] Goodness;  righteousness.  An old
   word.
    For this, and many more such outrage,
  I crave your godlihead to ass wage
  The rancorous rigour of his might.       Spenser.
Go'dmother,  god'muTH-tir.  ra. *. [god
   and mother.] A woman who  has under-
   taken sponsion in baptism.  A term of
   spiritual relation.
Go'dship,  g6d'ship. n. s. [from^orf.] The
   rank or  character  of  a  god;  deity;  di-
   vinity.
    Discoursing largely on this theme,
  O'er hills and dales their godships came.   Prior.
Go'dson,  god'sun. ra. s. [god  and son.]
   One for  whom one has been  sponsor at
   the font.
    What, did my father's godson seek your life?
  He  whom my father named? your Edgar?  Shaks.
Go'dward, g6d'ward. adj.  To Godward
   is  toward God.   So we  read,  Hac Are-
   thusa terms-, for hactenus Arethusa.

      VOL. I.
    And such trust have we  through Christ to God-
  ward.                         2 Corinthians.
Go'dwit, god'wit. ra. *. [50b, good, and
   pica, an animal.] A bird of particular
   delicacy.
    Nor ortolans nor godwits crown his board.
                                     Cotefey.
Go'dyeld,  I   ..,.,,  $adv. [corrupt-
Go'dyield, 5 goU yem' I    ed from God
   shield or protect.]  A term of thanks.
   Not used.
              Herein I teach you,
  How you should bid godyeld us for your pains,
  And thank us for your trouble.       Shakspeare.
Goel, go'cM.  adj. [joleji, Sax.]  Yellow.
   An old word.
    In March at the farthest, dry season or wet,
  Hop roots so well chosen let skilful go set;
  The goefer and younger, the better I love;
  Well gutted and pared, toe better they prove.
                                     Tusser.
Go'er, go'Ar. ra. s. [from go.]
1. One that goes; a runner.
    I would they were in Africk both together,
  Myself by with a needle, that I might prick
  The goer back.                   Shakspeare.
                Such a man
  Might be a copy to these younger times;
  Which, follow'd well, would now demonstrate them
  But goers backward.               Shakspeare.
    Nothing could hurt either of us  so much as the
  intervening officious impertinence of those goers
  between us, who in England pretend to  intimacies
  with you, and in Ireland to intimacies with me.
                               Pope to Swift.
2. A walker;  one that has a gait  or man-
   ner of walking good or bad.
    The earl was so far from being  a good dancer,
  that he was no graceful goer.            Wotton.
3. The foot.  Obsolete.
          A double mantle, cast
  A'thwart his shoulders, his faire goers grac'd
  With fitted shoes.                   Chapman.
To Go'ggle, gog'gl.406 v. ra.  To look
   asquint.
    Inflam'd all over with disgrace,
  To be seen by her in such a place,
  Which made him hang his head, and scoul,
  And wink and goggle like an owl.      Hudibras.
    Nor sighs, nor groans,  nor goggling eyes did
          want.                      Dryden.
Goggle-eyed, gog'gl-ide.883 adj. [rcegl
   ejen, Saxon.]  Squint-eyed; not look-
   ing straight.
    They are deformed, unnatural, or lame; and very
  unseemly to look upon, except to men that be gog-
  gle-eyed toemselves.                 Ascham.
Go'ing, go'ing. ra. s. [from go]
I. The act of walking.
    When nobles are their taylors tutors,
  No hereticks burnt, but wenches suitors,
  Then comes the time, who lives to see 't,
  That going shall be us'd with feet.    Shakspeare.
2. Pregnancy.
    The time of death has a far greater latitude than
  that of our birth; most women coming, according to
  toeir reckoning, within the compass of a fortnight:
  that is the twentieth part of their going.     Grew.
   Departure.
    Thy going is not lonely; with thee goes
  Thy husband;  him to follow thou art bound.  Jtfiff.
Go'la, go'la. ra. s.   The same with Cyma-
   tium.
    In a cornice the gola or cymatium of the corona,
  the  coping, the modillions or dentelli, make  a
  noble show.                        Spectator.
GOLD,  gold  or g661d.164   ra. «. [$olb,
   Saxon; golud, riches,  Welsh. It is call-
   ed  gold in  our English tongue,  either

                   5  Q
   of geel,  as Scaliger says,  which is in
   Dutch to shine;  or of  another  Dutch
   word, which is gelten,  and signifies in
   Latin valere,  in English to be of price
   or value: hence cometh their ordinary
   word gelt, for  money.   Peacham  on
   Drawing.]
1. Gold is the heaviest,  the most dense,
   the most simple, the most ductile, and
   most fixed of all bodies, not  to be in-
   jured either by air,  or  fire, and seem-
   ing  incorruptible.   It   is  soluble   by
   means of sea-salt; but is injured by  no
   other salt. Gold is frequently found na-
   tive, and very rarely in a state of ore.
   Pure gold is so fixed,  that Boerhaave
   informs us of an ounce of it  set in the
   eye of a  glass  furnace for two months,
   without losing a single  grain.
                           Hill on Possils.
    Gold hath these natures; greatness of weight,
  closeness of parts, fixation, pliantness or softness,
  immunity from rust, and the colour or tincture of
  yellow.                             Bacon.
    Ah! Buckingham, now do I ply the touch,
  To try if thou be current gold indeed.   Shakspeare.
    We readily say tois is gofd, and  that a silver
  goblet, only by the different figures and colours re-
  presented to the eye by the pencil.         Locke.
    The gofd fraught vessel which mad tempests beat,
  He sees now vainly make to his retreat.  Dryden
2. Money.
    For me, the gofd of France did not seduce,
  Although I did admit it as a motive
  The sooner to effect what I intended.   Shakspeare.
    Thou that so stoutly had resisted me,
  Give me thy gofd, if thou hast any gold;
  For 1 have bought it wito an hundred blows. Shaks.
3. It is used for any thing pleasing or va-
   luable.  So among the  ancients, xpvo-q
   uQpt-fari); and animamque moresque au-
   reos educit in astra. Horace.
    The king's a bawcock, and a heart of gold,
  A lad of life, an imp of fame.        Shakspeare,
Gold of Pleasure, gold. ra. s. [myagrum.]
   A plant.

Go'ldbeater,  gold'be-tur.  ra.  s. [gold
   and beat.] One whose occupation is to
   beat or  foliate  gold   to  gild  other
   matter.
    Our goldbeaters,  though, for their own  profit
  sake, they are wont to use the finest gold they can
  get, yet they scruple not to employ coined gold; and
  that toe mint-masters are wont to alloy with copper
  or silver, to make the coin more stiff, and less sub-
  ject to be wasted by attrition.            Boyle.
Go'ldbeater's  Skin, g6ld'be-turz-skin'.
   ra.  s.  The intestinum rectum of an ox,
   which   goldbeaters  lay between  the
   leaves of their metal while they beat it,
   whereby the membrane is reduced thin,
   and made  fit to apply to cuts or small
   fresh wounds,  as is now  the common
   practice.                        Quincy.
    When your gillyflowers blow, if they break  the
  pod,  open it with a penknife  at each division, as
  low as the flower  has  burst it, and bind  it about
  wito a narrow slip  of goldbeater's  skin, which
  moisten with your tongue, and it will stick together.
                                   Mortimer.
Go'ldbound, gold'bound. adj. [gol..<  and
   bound.]  Encompassed  with gold.
               Thy air,
  Thou other goldbound brow, is like the first,
                                  Shakspeare. 
GOL
GON
GOO
Go'lden, gol'd'n.103  adj.  [from gold.]
1.  Made of gold; consisting of gold.
    0 would to God that the inclusive verge
  Of golden metal, that must round my brow,
  Were redhot steel to sear me to the brain. Shaksp.
    Nine royal knights in equal rank succeed,
  Each warrior mounted on a fiery steed,
  In golden armour, glorious to behold;
  The rivets of their arms were nail'd with gold.
                                       Dryden.
3.  Shining; bright;  splendid;  resplendent.
    So  sweet a kiss the golden sun gives not
  To those fresh morning drops upon the rose;
  Nor shines the silver moon one half so bright
  Through the transparent bosom of the deep.
                                    Shakspeare.
    'Tis better to be lowly born
  Than wear a golden sorrow.          Shakspeare.
    Heaven's golden winged herald late he saw
  To a  poor Galilean virgin sent.         Crashaw.
    To her hard yoke you must hereafter bow,
  Howe'er she shines all golden to you now.   Dryd.
    And see the guardian  angels of the good,
  Reclining soft on many a golden cloud.     Rowe.
 3.  Yellow; of the colour of gold.
     Golden russeting hath a gold coloured coat under
  a russet hair, and its flesh of a yellow colour.
                                      Mortimer.
 4.  Excellent; valuable.
               I have bought
   Golden opinions from  all sort of people,
   Which would be worn now in their newest gloss,
   Not cast aside so soon.              Shakspeare.
     That verse which they commonly called golden,
   has  two substantives and two adjectives, with a
   verb  betwixt them to keep the peace.     Dryden.
     Thence  arises that golden rule of dealing  with
   others as we would have others deal with us.
                                  Waffs's Lcgick.
 5.  Happy; resembling the age of gold.
     Many young gentlemen  flock to him every  day,
   and fleet the time carelesly, as they did  in the gof-
   den world.                        Shakspeare.
 Go'lden Saxifrage, gol'd'n.  ra. *.  [chry-
    sofilenium.]  An herb.
 Go'ldenly, gol'd'n-le.ffrf-u. [fromgolden.]
    Delightfully; splendidly.
     My brother Jacques he keeps at school, and re-
   port speaks goldenly of his profit.     Shakspeare.
 Goldfinch, gold'finsh.  ra. *. [goibpinc,
    Sax.] A singing  bird  so  named from
    his golden  colour.   This  is called in
    Staffordshire a proud tailor.
     Of singing birds they have linnets, goldfinches,
   ruddocks, Canary-birds, black-birds, thrushes, and
   divers others.                          Carew.
     A  goldfinch there I saw, with gaudy pride
   Of painted plumes  that hopp'd from side to side.
                                        Dryden.
 Go'ldfinder,  gold'find-iir.  ra.  s. [gold
    and find.]   One  who  finds gold.   A
    term  ludicrously  applied to those  that
    empty jakes.
     His empty paunch that he might fill,
   He suck'd his victuals through a quill;
   Untouch'd it pass'd between bis grinders,
   Or 't had been happy for goldfinders.
 GVldhammer,  gold'ham-milr. ra
    kind of  bird.
 Go'lding, gdld'ing. ra. *.  A sort of apple.
                                         Diet.
 Go'ldney, gold'ne.  ra. s.  A sort of fish,
    otherwise called gilthead.         Diet.
 Go'ldpleasure, gold'plezh-ure.  n. s. An
    herb.                                Dict-
 Go'ldsize,  gold'size.  ra. s.   A  glue of
    a golden colour;  glue  used by gilders.
     The gum of ivy is good  to put into your goldsizc,
   and other colours.                    Peacham.
 Swift.
s.   A
 Dict.
Go'ldsmith, gold'smif/*. n. s. [golb and
   pmic, Sax.]
1. One  who manufactures gold.
    Neither  chain nor goldsmith came to me.
                                   Shakspeare.
   A banker;  one who keeps  money for
   others in his hands.
    The goldsmith or scrivener, who takes all your
  fortune to dispose of, when he has beforehand  re-
  solved to break the following day, does surely  de-
  serve the gallows.                       Swift.
Go'ldylocks, gold'e-loks.  ra. s.   [coma
   aurea, Lat.] A plant.
Goll, gol. ra.  s. [corrupted, as  Skinner
   thinks, from pal or pol, whence pealban,
   to handle or manage.]   Hands;  paws;
   claws.   Used  in  contempt, and  obso-
   lete.
    They set hands, and Mopsa put her golden goffs
  among  them; and blind fortune,  that saw not  the
  colour of them, gave her the pre-eminence.
                                       Sidney.
Gome, gome. ra. s.  The black grease of
   a  cart-wheel.                    Bailey.
GOMPHO'SIS, gom-fo'sis. ra. s.  A par-
   ticular form of articulation.
     Gomphosis  is the  connexion of a tooth to  its
  socket.                             Wiseman.
GO'NDOLA, gon'd6-la. ra.  s. [gondole,
   French.]   A boat much  used in  Ven-
   ice; a small boat.
             He saw did swim
   Along the shore, as swift as glance of eye,
   A little gondelay bedecked trim
   With boughs and arbours woven  cunningly.
                                       Spenser.
     In a gondola were seen  together Lorenzo and his
   amorous Jessica.                   Shakspeare.
     As with gondolas and men, his
   Good excellence the duke of Venice
   Sails out, and gives the gulph a ring.       Prior.
Gondoli'er, gon-do-Jeer'.   ra. s.  [from
   gondola.]   A boatman; one that rows a
   gondola.
             Your fair daughter,
   Transported with no worse nor better guard,
   But with a knave of hire,  a gondolier,
   To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor.  Shaksp.
Gone, gon. part, prefer,  [from go.  See
   To GO.]
 1.  Advanced; forward in progress.
     I have known sheep cured of the rot, when they
   have not been far gone with it, only by  being put
   into broomlands.                    Mortimer.
     The observator is much the brisker of  the two,
   and, I think, further gone of late in lyes and impu-
   dence than his presbyterian brother.        Swift.
 2. Ruined;  undone.
     He must know 'tis none of your daughter,  nor
   my sister; we are gone else.              Shaksp.
 3. Past.
     I'll tell  the story of my life,
   And toe particular accidents gone by,
   Since I came to this isle.             Shakspeare.
 4. Lost; departed.
     When her masters saw that  the hope of their
   gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas. Acts.
     Speech is confined to the living, and imparted to
   only those that are in presence, and is transient and
   gone.                                 Holder.
 5. Dead;  departed from life.
     I mourn Adonis dead and gone.       Oldham.
     A dog, that has his nose held in the vapour, loses
   all signs of life; but carried into  the air,  or thrown
   into a lake, recovers, if not quite gone.    Addison
 Go'nfalon, gon'fa-lu:;.  £ i6g n. s.  [gonfa-
 Go'nfa*on, goi/fa-;iun. $     raon,French;
   gunfana, Islandick, from  gunny  a bat-
   tle, and/araf, a  flag.  Lye.] An ensign;
   a standard.
    Ten  thousand thousand ensigns  high advane'd
  Standards and gonfalons, 'twixt van and rear,
  Stream in the air.                      Milton.
Gonorrhoe'a, gon-6r-re'a.  ra.  s.  [y«v@-
   and pen.]   A morbid running of vene-
   real hurts.
    Rauty mummy or  stone  mummy grows on the
  tops of high rocks: they powder and boil it in milk,
  and then give it to stop gonorrhoeas.   Woodward.
GOOD, gvid.307 adj. comp. better, superl.
   best,  [job,  Saxon; goed, Dutch.]
I. Having, either  generally  or for  any
   particular end,  such  physical qualities
   as are  expected or  desired; not bad;
   not evil.
    God saw every thing that he had made, and be-
  hold it was very good.                 Genesis.
    An universe of death! which God by curse
  Created evil; for evil only good.          Milton.
                  Resolv'd
  From an ill cause to draw a good effect.   Dryden.
    Notwithstanding  this criticism the verses  were
  good.                              Spectator.
    A  man  is no more to be praised upon this ac-
  count, than because he has a  regular  pulse and a
  good digestion.                       Addison.
    Ah! ne'er so dire a thirst of glory boast,
  Nor in the critick let the man be lost!
   Good nature and good sense must ever join;
  To err is human, to forgive, divine.        Pope.
2.  Proper;  fit;  convenient;  right;  not
   wrong.
    Amongst a man's  peers a man shall be sure of
  familiarity, and therefore it is good a little to keep
  state; amongst a man's inferiors one shall be sure
  of reverence, and therefore it is good a little to  be
  familiar.                              Bacon.
    If you think good, give Martius leave.    Bacon.
    It was a good time to comply with the importuni-
  ty of the gentlemen of Sussex.        Clarendon.
3. Conducive  to happiness.
    It is not good that the man should be alone.
                                      Genesis.
    We may as well  pretend to obtain the good
  which we  want without God's assistance, as to
  know what is good for us without his direction.
                                    Smalridge.
4.  Uncorrupted; undamaged.
    He also bartered away plums,  that would have
  rotted in a week, for nuts, that would last good for
  his eating a whole year.                 Locke.
5.  Wholesome; salubrious.
     A man first builds a country seat,
   Then finds the walls not good to eat.      Prior.
6.  Medicinal; saimary.
     The  water of Nil us is sweeter than other waters
   in taste, and it is excellent good for the stone and
   hypochondriack melancholy.             Bacon.
7.  Pleasant to the  taste.
     Eat thou honey,  because it is good; and the  ho-
   neycomb, which is sweet.              Proverbs.
     Of herbs and plants some are good to eat raw: as
   lettuce, endive, and purslane.           Bacon.
8. Complete; full.
     The protestant subjects of the abbey make up  a
   good third of its people.               Addison.
9. Useful; valuable.
     All quality,  that is good for any thing, is origi-
   nally founded upon merit.               Collier.
     We  discipline betimes those other  creatures we
   would make useful and good for somewhat.  Locke.
 10. Sound; not false; not fa1 lac ious.
     He is resolved now to show how slight the propo-
   sitions were which Luther let go for good.
                                     Atterbury.
 11. Legal; valid; rightly claimed or  neld.
     According to military custom, toe place was good,
   and the lieutenant of the colonel's company might 
GOO
GOO
GOO
  well pretend to the next vacant captainship in the
  same regiment.                         Ifoffon.
12. Confirmed; attested; valid.
    Ha!  am I  sure  she's  wrong'd?   Perhaps 'tis
         malice;
  Slave, make it clear, make good your accusation.
                                         Smith.
13. With as preceding.   It has a kind of
  negative or inverted sense; as good as,
  no better than.
    Therefore sprang toere  even of one, and him as
  good as dead, so many as the stars of the sky in
  multitude.                             Hebrews.
14. With o*  preceding.   No worse.
    He sharply reproved them as men of no courage,
  which,  being many times as good as in possession of
  the victory,  had most cowardly turned their  backs
  upon their enemies.                     Knolles.
    The  master will be as good as  his word for his
  own business.                      L'Estrange.
IS.  Well qualified; not deficient.
    If they had held their royalties by  that title,  ei-
  ther there must have been but one sovereign over
  them all, or else every father of a family had been
  asgood a prince, and had as good a claim to royal-
  ty as these.                             Locke.
16.  Skilful; ready; dexterous.
    Flatter him it may, I confess; as those are gene-
  rally good at flattering who are good for nothing
  else.                                   South.
    I make my way where-e'er I see my foe;
  But you, my  lord, are good at a retreat.   Dryden.
17.  Happy; prosperous.
    Behold how good  and how pleasant it  is  for
  brethren to dwell together in unity.       Psafms.
    Many good morrows to my noble lord!
  —Good morrow, Catesby,  you are early stirring.
                                     Shakspeare.
       Good e'en, neighbours;
  Good e'en to  you all, good e'en to you all. Shaksp.
    At my window,  bid good morrow.       Milton.
    Good morrow, Portius!  let us once embrace.
                                       Addison.
 18. Honourable.
    They cast  to get themselves a name,
  Regardless whether good or evil fame.    Milton.
    Silence, toe knave's repute,  the  whore's good
         name,
  The only honour ofthe wishing dame.      Pope.
19.  Cheerful; gay.  Joined with any words
   expressing temper of mind.
    They may be of good comfort, and ever go cheer-
  fully about their own affairs.              2 Mac.
    Quietness  improves into cheerfulness,  enough to
  make me just so good humoured as to  wish that
  world well.                               Pope.
20.  Considerable;  not  small though  not
   very  great.
    A good while ago God made choice that the gen-
  tiles by my mouth should hear the word.      Acts.
    The  plant,  having a great stalk  and  top, doth
  prey upon the grass a good  way about by drawing
  the juice of the earth  from it.             Bacon.
    Myrtle and pomegranate, if  they be planted,
  though  a good space one from the other, will meet.
                                       Peacham.
    The  king had provided a good fleet, and a body
  of three thousand foot to be embarked. Clarendon
    We may suppose a great many degrees of little-
  ness and lightness in  these  earthy particles, so as
  many of them might float  in the air a good while
  like exhalations, before toey fell down.    Burnet.
    They held  a good share  of civil and military em-
  ployments during the whole time ofthe usurpation.
                                          Swift.
21.  Elegant; decent; delicate: with breed-
  ing.
    If the critick has published nothing but rules and
  observations  in criticism,  1  then consider whether
  there be a propriety and elegance in his thoughts
  and words, clearness and  delicacy in his remarks,
  wit and good breeding in his raillery.      Addison.
    Mankind have been forced to invent a kind of
  artificial humanity, which is what we express by the
  word good breeding.                    Addison.
    Those among them who return into their several
  countries, are sure to be followed  and imitated as
  the greatest patterns of wit and good breeding.
                                         Swift.

22.  Real;  serious; not feigned.
    Love not in good earnest, nor no farther in  sport
  neither, than with safety of a pure blush thou may'st
  in honour come off again.             Shakspeare.

23.  Rich;  of credit; able  to fulfil engage-
   ments.
    Antonio is a  good man: my meaning,  in saying
  that he is a good man, is to have you understand me
  that he is sufficient.                  Shakspeare.
24.  Having moral qualities, such as are
   wished; virtuous; pious; religious: ap-
   plied both to persons and actions.   Not
   bad; not evil.
    For a good man some would even dare to die.
                                        Romans.
    The woman hath wrought a good work upon me.
                                       Matthew.
           All man's works on me,
   Good or not good, ingraft, my merit those
   Shall perfect, and for those my death shall pay.
                                        Jtfiffon.
                  What reward
   Awaits the good, toe rest what punishment.   Jtfiff.
             The only Son of light
   In a  dark age against example good,
   Against allurement.                     Jtfiffon.
    Such follow him, as shall be registred
   Part good, part bad, of bad the larger scroll.  Jtfiff.
    Grant the bad what happiness they would,
   One  they must want, which is to pass for good.
                                          Pope.
    Why drew Marseilles' good bishop  purer breath,
   When nature sicken'd, and each gale was death?
                                          Pope.
     Such was Roscommon, not more learn'd than
         good,
   With manners gen'rous as his noble blood.  Pope.
    No farther intercourse wito Heav'n had he,
   But left good works to men of low degree.   Harte.

25. Kind; soft; benevolent.
    Matters being so turned in her,  that where at first
   liking her manners did breed good will,  now good
   will  became  the chief cause of liking her manners.
                                         Sidney.
     Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace,
   and  good will toward men.                Luke.
     Without good nature man is but a  better kind of
   vermin.                                Bacon.
     Here we are lov'd, and there we love;
   Good nature now and passion strive
   Which ofthe two should be above,
   And laws unto the other give.           Suckling.
     'Tis no wonder if toat which affords so little glory
   to God, hath no more good will for men.
                                  Decay of Piety.
     When you shall see him, sir, to die for pity,
   'Twere such a thing, 'twould so deceive the world,
   'Twould make toe people think you were good na-
         tur'd.                         Denham.
    To teach him  betimes to love  and be good na-
   tured to others,  is to lay early the true foundation
   of an honest man.                       Locke.
     Good sense and good nature are never separated,
   though the ignorant world has toought otherwise.
                                        Dryden.
    Affability,  mildness, tenderness,  and a  word
   which I would fain bring back to its original  signi-
   fication of virtue, I mean good nature, are of daily
   use.                                   Dryden.
    This doctrine  of God's good will towards  men,
   this command of men's proportionable good will  to
  one another,  is not this toe very body and substance,
   this  the very spirit and life of our Saviour's whole
  institution?                              Sprat.
    It  was his greatest pleasure to spread his healing
                    5<i2
  wings over  every  place, and to make  every  one
  sensible of his good will  to mankind.      Calamy
    How could you chide  the young good  natur'd
        prince,
  And drive him from you with so stem an air.  Add.
26.  Favourable; loving.
    But  the men  were very good unto us, and we
  were not hurt.                        1 Samnef.
    Truly God is  good to Israel even to such as are
  of a clean heart.                        Psalms.
    You have good remembrance of us always, de-
  siring greatly to  see us, as we also to see you.
                                 1 Thessalonians.
    This idea must necessarily  be adequate, being
  referred to nothing else but itself, nor made by any
  other original but the good liking and will of him
  that first made this combination.           Locke.
27.  Companionable;  sociable; merry. Of-
   ten used ironically.
    Though he did not draw the good fellows to  him
  by drinking, yet he eat well.            Clarendon.
    Not being permitted to drink without eating, will
  prevent the  custom of having the cup often at his
  nose; a dangerous beginning and preparation to good
  fellowship.                              Locke.
    It was  well known, that sir Roger had  been  a
  good fellow  in his youth.              Arbuthnot.
28.  It is  sometimes  used  as an epithet
   of slight contempt,  implying  a kind ot
   negative  virtue or bare freedom  from
   ill.
    My good  man, as far from jealousy as I am from
  giving him cause.                    Shakspeare.
    She had left the good man at home, and brought
  away her gallant.                     Addison.
29.  In a  ludicrous sense.
    As for  all other good  women that love to do but
  little work, how handsome it is to louse  themselves
  in the sunshine, they that have been but & while in
  Ireland can well witness.                Spenser.
30.  Hearty; earnest; not dubious.
    He, that  saw the time fit for the delivery he in-
  tended,  called  unto  us to follow him, which we
  both,  bound by  oath,  and willing by  good will,
  obeyed.                                Sidney.
    The good will ofthe nation to the present war has
  been since  but too much experienced by the  suc-
  cesses that have attended it.               Temple.
     Goodwill, she said, my want of strength supplies;
  And diligence shall give what age denies. Dryden.

31.   In Good time.  Not too fast.
     In  good  time,  replies another, you  have heard
  them  dispute against a vacuum  in the schools.
                                         Collier.

32.   In Good  sooth.   Really; seriously.
     What, must I hold a candle to my shames?
  They in themselves, good sooth, are too  too light.
                                      Shakspeare.
33.  Good. [To  make.] To  keep; to main-
   tain; not to give up; not  to abandon.
     There  died upon toe place all the chieftains, all
  making good the fight, without any ground given.
                                         Bacon.
     He forced them to retire in spite of their dra-
  goons, which were placed there to make good their
  retreat.                             Clarendon.
     Since we claim a proper interest above others in
  the pre-eminent rights of the household of ff.ith,
  then to make good chat claim, we are obliged above
  others to conform to the proper manners and virtues
  that belong to this houshold.               Sprat.
     He without fear a dangerous war pursues;
   As honour made him first the danger chuse,
   So still he makes ii good on virtue's score.  Diyden.
34.   Good.   [To make.]  To confirm;  to
   establish.
              I farther will maintain
  Upon his bad life to m ike all this good.    Shaksp.
     To make  good this explication of tin: article  it
  will be necessary lo  prove that  ihe church,  which
  our Saviour founded and the apostles gathered, was 
Goe
GOO
GOO
  to receive a constant  and perpetual accession.
                                       Pearson.
    These propositions I  shall endeavour to make good.
                                     Smalridge.
35. Good.  [7b make.] To perform.
    While she so far extends her grace,
  She makes but good the promise of her face.
                                        Waffer.
16. Good.  [7o make.]  To supply.
    Every distinct being  has somewhat peculiar to
  itself to make good in  one circumstance what  it
  wants in another.                   L'Estrange.
Good, gud. ra. s.
\. That which physically contributes to
   happiness; benefit;  advantage; the con-
   trary to evil or misery.
    I fear the emperor means no good to us. Shaksp.
    Let me play the lion too; I will roar,  that I will
  do any man's heart good to hear me.      Shaksp.
    He wav'd indifferently 'twixt them,  doing nei-
  ther good nor harm.                 Shakspeare.
          Love with fear the only God,
  Merciful over all his works, with good
  Still overcoming evil.                   Jtfiffon.
    God is also in sleep, and dreams advise,
  Which he hath sent propitious, some great good
  Presaging.                            Jtfiffon.
    Nature in man's heart her laws doth pen,
  Prescribing truth to wit,  and good to will. Davies.
    The lessening or escaping of evil is to be reckoned
  under the notion of  good; the lessening or loss
  of good is to be reckoned under the notion of evil.
                                       Wilkins.
    This caution will have also this good in it,  that
  it will put them upon  considering,  and teach them
  the necessity of examining more than they do.
                                        Locke.
    Good is what is apt to  cause or increase pleasure,
  or diminish pain in us;  or else to  procure or  pre-
  serve us in the possession of any other good, or ab-
  sence of any evil.                       Locke.
    Refuse to leave thy  destin'd charge too soon,
  And for the church's good defer thy own.   Prior.
    Works may have more wit than  does them good,
  As bodies perish through excess of blood.   Pope.
    A  thirst after truth,  and a desire of good, are
  principles which still act with a great and universal
  force.                                Rogers.
2. Prosperity;  advancement.
               If he had employ'd
  Those excellent gifts of fortune and of nature
  Unto the good, not ruin of toe ttate.   Ben Jonson.
3.  Earnest; not jest.
    The good woman never died after this, 'till she
  came to die for good and all.         L'Estrange.
4.  Moral qualities, such  as are  desirable;
   virtue; righteousness;  piety;  the con-
   trary to wickedness.
    Depart from evil and  do good.         Psalms.
    Not only carnal good  from  evil  does not justify;
  but no good, no not a  purposed good, can make evil
  good.                                 Holyday,
    O sons, like one of  us is Man become,
  To know both good and evil, since his taste
  Of that defended fruit, but let him boast
  His knowledge of good lost, and evil got,
  Happier had it  suffic'd him to have known
  Good by itself, and evil not at all.        MUton.
    Empty of all good, wherein consists
  Woman's domestick honour, and chief praise.
                                       Jtfiffon.
    By good, I question  not but good, morally so call-
  ed bonum honestum,  ought,  chiefly at least, to be
  understood; and that the good of profit or pleasure
  the bonum utile or jucundum, hardly come into any
  account here.                          South.
    Nor holds this earth a more deserving knight
  For virtue, valour, and for noble blood,
  Truth,  honour,  all  that  is compnz'd in  good.
                                       Dryden.
5. Good placed after had, with  as, seems
  a substantive;  but the expression is,  1
  think, vitious;  and  good  is  rather an
  adjective  elliptically  used, or it  may
  be considered as adverbial.  See Good.
  adv.
    The pilot must intend some port before he steers
  his course, or he had as good  leave his vessel to
  toe direction  of the  winds, and the  government of
  the waves.                             South.
    Without good nature and gratitude,  men had as
  good live in  a wilderness as in  a society.
                                   L'Estrange.
Good, gud. adv.
1. Well; not ill; not amiss.
2. As Good.   No worse.
    Was I to have never parted from thy side,
  As good have grown there still a lifeless rib.
                                       Jtfiffon.
    Says the cuckow to the hawk, Had  you  not as
  good have been eaten worms now as pigeons?
                                   L'Estrange.
Good, gud.  interjection.   Well!  right!  It
  is sometimes used ironically.
Good-conditioned,   gud-kon-dish'un'd.
  362 adj.  Without ill qualities or symp-
  toms.  Used  both of things and persons,
  but not elegantly.
    No surgeon dilates an  abscess of any  kind by in-
  jections, when the pus is good-conditioned.  Sharp.
Good-now,  gud'nou.  interjection.
1. In good  time;  d la  bonne heure.   A
  gentle  exclamation of  entreaty.   It is
  now a low word.
    Good-now, sit down, and tell me, he that knows,
  Why this same watch?               Shakspeare.
2. A soft exclamation of wonder.
    Good-now, good-now, how your devotions jump
  with mine!                           Dryden.
Goo'dliness,  gud'le-nes.  n.  s.  [from
  goodly.] Beauty; grace; elegance.
    She sung this song wito a voice no less beautiful
  to his ears, than her goodliness was full  of harmony
  to his eyes.                           Sidney.
    The stateliness of houses, the goodliness of trees,
  when we behold  them, delighteth toe eye. Hooker.
Goo'dly, gud'le.  adj. [from good.]
1.  Beautiful;  graceful;  fine;  splendid.
  Little in use.
    A prince of a goodly aspect, and the more goodly
  by a grave majesty,  wherewith his mind did deck
  his outward graces*                     Sidney.
    A goodly city is this Antium.       Shakspeare.
           Patience and sorrow strove
  Which should express her goodliest: you have seen
  Sunshine and rain at once.  Her smiles and tears
  Were like a wetter May.              Shakspeare.
    Here from gracious England have I offer
  Oi goodly thousands.                 Shakspeare.
    Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldest son
  Esau, and put toem  upon Jacob.          Genesis.
    There was not among  the  children  of Israel a
  goodlier person than he.                  1 Sam.
    Both younger  than they were;  of stature more;
  And all their formes, much goodlier than before.
                                      Chapman.
    He had not  made them  any recompence  for
  their goodly houses and olive gardens,  destroyed in
  the former wars.                       Knolles.
    The goodliest man of men since born
  His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve. Milton.
    Ofthe fourth Edward was his noble song;
  Fierce, goodly,  valiant, beautiful, and young.
                                        Waller.
    Not long since, walking in the field,
  My nurse and I, we there beheld
  A goodly fruit, which tempting me,
  I would have pluck'd.                  Waller.
    How full of ornament is all I view
  In all its parts! and seems as beautiful as new:
  O goodly order'd work! 0 pow'r divne!
  Of thee I am, and what I am is thine!    Dryden.
    His eldest born, a goodfy youth to view;
  Excell'd the rest in shape and outward show;
  Fair, tall, his limbs with due proportion join'd,
  But of a heavy, dull, degen'rate mind.    Dryden.
2. Bulky;  swelling;  affectedly  turgid.
    Round as a globe, and liquor'd every chink,
  Goodly and great he falls behind his link. Dryden.
3. Happy;  desirable; gay.
    England was a peaceable kingdom, and but late-
  ly inured to the mild and goodly government of the
  Confessor.                             Spenser.
    We have many goodly days to see.     Shaksp.
Goo'dly, gud'le. adv.  Excellently   Ob-
  solete.
    There Alma,  like a virgin queen most bright,
  Doth flourish in all beauty excellent;
  And to her guests doth bounteous banquet dight,
  Attempered goodly well for health and for delight.
                                       Spenser.
Goo'dlyhood,  gud'le-hud.   ra. *. [from
  goodly.]  Grace; goodness.  Obsolete,
    But mote thy goodlyhood forgive it me,
  To meet which of the gods I shall thee name.
                                       Spenser.
Goo'dman, gvid'man.   ra.  s.   [good  and
  man.]
1. A  slight appellation  of civility:  gene-
  rally ironical.
    How now, what's the matter? part.
  —With you, goodman boy, if you please: come,
  I'll flesh ye.                        Shakspeare.
2. A rustic term of compliment;  gaffer.
    Nay, hear you, goodman delver.        Shaksp.
    But see the sun-beams bright to labour warn,
  And gild the thatch of goodman Hodge's barn.
                                          Gay.
    Old goodman Dobson of the green,
  Remembers he the trees has seen.          Swift.
Goo'dness, gud'nes.  ra. s.  [from good.]
  Desirable qualities either moral or phy-
  sical; kindness; favour.
    If for any thing he loved greatness, it was because
  therein he might exercise his goodness.    Sidney.
    There is in all things an appetite or desire where-
  by they incline to something which they may be;
  all which perfections are contained under the gene-
  ral name of goodness.                   Hooker.
             AH goodness
  Is poison to thy stomach.
  ------Yes, that goodness,
  Of gleaning all the land's wealth into one,
  Into your own hands, cardinal, by extortion:
  The goodness of your intercepted packets
  You writ to the pope against the king: your good-
        ness,
  Since you provoke me, shall be most notorious.
                                    Shakspeare.
    There is no goodness in thy face.       Shaksp,
    There is a general, or natural goodness in  crea-
  tures, and a more special or moral goodness.
                                      Perkins.
    The goodness of every  thing is measured by its
  end and use, and that's the best thing which serves
  the best end and purpose.              Tillotson.
    All made very particular relations of the strength
  of the Scots army, the excellent discipline that was
  observed in it, and the goodness of the men.
                                     Clarendon.
    No body can  say that tobacco of the same good-
  ness is risen in respect cf itself; one pound of the
  same goodness will never exchange for a pound and
  a quarter of the same goodness.            Locke.
Goods,  gudz.  ra. *. [from good.]
 1. Moveables  in a house.
             That giv'st to such a guest
  As my poor selfe, of all thy goods the best.   Chap.
2   Personal or moveable estate.
         That a writ be su'd against you,
  To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements,
  Castles, and whatsoever.             Shakspeare.
    This hinders nothing the proceedings of the. civil 
G  OR
GOR
GO  S
  courts, which respect toe temporal punishment upon
  body and goods.                       Lesley.
3.  Wares; freight;  merchandise.
    Her majesty, when the goods of our English mer-
  chants were attached by the duke of Alva, arrested
  likewise the goods of the low Dutch here in Eng-
  land.                                Raleigh.
    Salee, that scorn'd all powV and laws of men,
  Goods with their owners hurrying to their den.
                                      Waffer.
Goo'dy, gud'de. ra. s.  [corrupted from
  good  wife.]  A low term of civility used
  to  mean persons.
    Soft, goody sheep, then said the fox, not so;
  Unto the king so rash you may not go.    Hubberd.
    Swarm'd on a rotten stick the bees I spy'd,
  Which  erst I  saw when goody Dobson dy'd.  Gay.
    Plain goody would no longer down;
  'Twas madam in her grogram gown.       Swift.
Goo'dyship, gud'de-ship.  ra.  s.   [from
  goody.]   The quality of  goody.  Lu-
  dicrous.
    The more shame for her goodyship,
  To give so near a friend the slip.       HudUrras.
GOOSE, goose,  ra.  s. plural geese, [joy,
  Saxon; goes,  Dutch; gawe, Erse, sing.
  gewey, plural.]
1.  A large waterfowl  proverbially noted,
  I know not why, for  foolishness.
          Thou cream-faced lown,
  Where  got'st thou that goose look.        Shaksp.
    Since I pluck't geese, play'd truant, and whipt
  top, I knew not what 'twas to be beaten till lately.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Birds most easy to be drawn are waterfowl; as
  the goose and swan.        Peacham on Drawing.
    Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,
  Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace.
                                     Dryden.
2.  A tailor's smoothing iron.
    Come in, taylor; here you may roast your goose.
                                  Shakspeare.
Go'oseberry,  godz'b£r-e.  ra.  s.  [goose
  and berry,  because  eaten  with   young
  geese as sauce.]  A berry and tree.
    The species are, 1. The  common gooseberry. 2.
  The large manured gooseberry.   3. The red hairy
  gooseberry. 4. The large white Dutch gooseberry.
  5. The large amber gooseberry.  6. The large
  green gooseberry.  1. The large red gooseberry.
  8. The yellow-leaved gooseberry.   9. The striped-
  leaved gooseberry.                     Miller.
    August has  upon his arm a basket of all manner
  of ripe fruits; as pears, plums, apples,  gooseberries.
                                    Peacham.
    Upon a gooseberry bush a snail I found;
  For always snails near sweetest fruit abound.  Gay.
Go'osecap, gddse'kap. ra. s. [from goose
  and cap.]  A silly person.
Go'osefoot,  godse'fut.  ra. s. [chenofte-
  dium] Wild  orach.              Miller.
Go'osegrass, gddse'gras. ra.  *.  Clivers;
  an  herb.
    Goosegrass, or wild tansy, is a weed that strong
  clays are very subject to              Aforfimer.
Go'rbellied,  gdr'bel-lid.383  adj.   [from
  gorbelly.] Fat; bigbellied; having swell-
  ing paunches.
    Hang ye gorbellied knaves, are you undone?
  No, ye fat chuffs, I would your store were here.
                                  Shakspeare.
GO'RBELLY,  gor'bel-le.  ra.  s.   [from
  govt,  dunp;,  and  belly, according  to
  Skinner, and  Junius:   It  may perhaps
  come  from gar,   Welsh,  beyond, too
  much; or, as seems to me more  likely,
  may  be  contracted from  gormand, or
  gorman's belly, the belly  of a glutton.]
   A big paunch;  a  swelling  belly.   A
   term of reproach for a fat man.

 Gord, g6rd.  ra. s.  An instrument of  ga-
   ming, as appears from Beaumont  and
   Fletcher.                    War burton.
     Thy dry bones  can reach  at  nothing now, but
  gords and ninepins.       Beaumont and Fletcher.
     Let vultures gripe thy guts; for gords and  Ful-
  ham holds.                           Shaksp.
 GORE, gore.  ra. s.  [jorte, Saxon; gdry
   Welsh,  sanious matter.]
 I. Blood effused from the body.
            A  grisly wound,
  From which forth  gush'd a stream of gore blood
        thick;
  That all her goodly garment stain'd around,
  And into a deep sanguine dy'd the grassy ground.
                                     Spenser.
     Another's crimes toe youth unhappy bore,
  Glutting his father's eyes with guiltless gore. Dryd.
 2. Blood clotted or congealed.
            The bloody fact
  Will be aveng'd; though here thou see him die,
  Rolling in dust and gore.                Milton.
     His horrid beard and knotted tresses stood
  Stiff wito his gore, and all his wounds ran blood.
                                    Denham.

 To Gore,  gore. v. a. [gebejuan,  Sax.]
 1. To stab; to pierce.
    Oh, let no noble eye profane a tear
  For me, if I be gor'd with Mowbray's spear. Shak.
    No weaker lion's by a stronger slain;
  Nor from his larger tusks the forest boar
  Commission takes his brother swine to gore. Tate.
    For arms his men long pikes and jav'lins bore,
  And poles with pointed steel  their foes in battle
        gore.                         Dryden.
 2. To pierce with a horn.
     Some  toss'd, some gor'd,  some trampling down
        he kill'd.                      Dryden.
            He idly butting, feigns
  His rival gor'd  in every knotty trunk.     Thomson.

GORGE, gorje. ra. s. [gorge, Fr.]
 1. The throat; the swallow.
    There were birds also made so finely, that they
  did not only deceive the  sight wito toeir  figures,
  but the hearing with their songs, which  the watry
  instruments did make their gorge deliver.   Sidney.
    And now how abhorred in my imagination it is!
  my gorge rises at it.                   Shaksp.
    Her delicate tenderness will find itself abused,
  begin to  heave the  gorge, disrelish and abhor the
  Moor.                               Shaksp.
2. That  which  is gorged or swallowed.
  Not in use.
    And all the way, most like a brutish beast,
  He spewed up his gorge, that all did him  detest.
                                     Spenser.
 To Gorge, gorje. v. ra. [gorger, French.]
 1. To fill up the throat; to glut; to satiate
    Being with his presence glutted, gorg'd, and full.
                                     Shaksp.
    He toat makes  his generation messes,
  To gorge his appetite.                  Shaksp.
    Gorge with my blood toy barbarous appetite.
                                     Dryden.
    I desire that toey will not gorge the lion either
  with nonsense or obscenity.            Addison.
    Nor would his slaughter'd army now have lain
  On Alrick's sands, disfigur'd with their wounds,
  To gorge toe wolves and vultures of Numidia.
                                    Addison.
    The giant, gorg'd with flesh, and wine,  and blood,
  Lay stretch'd at length, and snoring in his den.
                                    Addison.
2. To swallow: as, the fish has gorged  the
  hook.

Go'rged,  g6r'jed. adj.  [from  gorge.]
  Having a gorge or throat.
     Look up a height, the shrill gorg'd lark so far
   Cannot be seen or heard.                Shaksp.
 GO'RGEOUS  gdr'jtis.*6* adj.  [gorgias,
   old French.  Skinner.]   Fine;  splendid;
   glittering  in various colours;  showy;
   magnificent.
     0, that deceit should dwell
   In such a gorgeous palace!              Sliaksp.
     As full of spirit as the month of May,
   And gorgeous as the sun at  midsummer.  Shaksp.
     He bad them look upon themselves and upon their
   enemies, themselves dreadful, their enemies gorge-
   ous and brave.                     Hayward.
     The gorgeous east, with richest hand,
   Pours on  her kings barbaric pearl and gold.  Milt.
     With gorgeous wings, the marks of sov'reign sway,
   The two contending princes make their way. Dryd.
 Go'rgeouslv, g6r'jus-le. adv. [from gor-
   geous.]    Splendidly;   magnificently;
   finely.
     The duke one solemn day, gorgeously clad in a
   suit all overspread with diamonds, lost one of toem
   of good value.                        Wotton.
 Go'rgeousness, gor'jus-n£s.  ra. s.  [from
   gorgeous.]  Splendour;  magnificence;
   show.
 Go'rget, gdr'jet.  ra.   s.  [from gorge.]
   The piece of armour that  defends the
   throat.
     He with a palsy fumbling on his gorget
   Shakes in and out the rivet.              Shaksp.
     He did oftentimes spend  the night in  toe church
   alone praying, his headpiece, gorget, and gauntlets
   lying by him.                         KnoUes.
     See how his gorget peers  above his gown,
   To tell the people in what  danger he was.
                                  Ben Jonson.
     About his neck a threefold gorget
   As rough  as trebled leathern target.     Hudibras.
 Go'rgon,  gor'gun.166 ra.  s.  [yogya.]  A
   monster with snaky hairs, of which the
   sight turned  beholders  to stone;  any
   thing ugly or horrid.
     Gorgons and hydras, and  chimeras dire.  Milton.
     Why didst thou not encounter man for man,
   And try the virtue of that gorgon face
   To stare me into stature.               Dryden.
 GO'RMAND,  gor'mand.  ra. *.    [gour-
   mand, French.]   A greedy  eater; a ra-
   venous luxurious feeder.
 To  Go'rmandize,   gor'man-dize.   v. ra.
   [from gormand]   To eat  greedily; to
   feed ravenously.
 Gormandi'zer,   gor'man-di-zur.   ra. s.
   [from the verb.]   A voracious eater.

 Gorse, gorse. «.*.  [jojif, Sax.]  Furz;
   a thick prickly shrub that bears  yellow
   flowers in winter.

 Go'ry, go're. adj. [from gore]
 I. Covered with congealed blood.
     When two boars with rankling malice met,
   Their gory sides the fresh wounds fiercely fret.
                                      Spenser,
     Why dost thou shake thy gory locks at me?
   Thou canst not say I did it.              Shaksp.
 2. Bloody; murderous; fatal.   Not in use.
     The obligation of our blood forbids
   A  gory emulation 'twixt us twain.        Shaksp.

 Go'shawk, g&s'hawk. ra. *.  [gor,  goose,
   and hapoc, a hawk.]  A hawk of a large
   kind.
     Such dread his awful visage on them  cast;
   So seem poor doves at goshawks sight aghast.
                                      Fairfax.
IGo'sling, g6z'ling.n.s. [fromgoose.] 
GOS
GOV
GOV
I. A young goose; a goose not yet  full
   grown.
    Why do you go nodding and waggling so like a
  fool, as if you were hipshot? says the goose to her
  gosling.                           L'Estrange.
    Nature hath instructed even a brood of goslings
  to stick together, while the kite is hovering over
  their heads.                           Swift.
2. A katkin on nut-trees and pines.

GO'SPEL, gos'pel. ra. s. [gober- rpel, or
   God's or good tidings; evctyyeXiev;  sos-
   kel,  skeal, suach, happy tidings, Erse.]
1. God's word; the  holy book ofthe christ-
   ian revelation.
    Thus may the gospef to the rising sun
  Be sprea i, and flourish wnere it first begun. Waller.
    All  toe decrees whereof scripture treateth are
  conditionate, receiving Christ as the gospel offers
  him, as Lord and Saviour; the former, as well as
  the latter, being the condition of scripture-election,
  and the rejecting, or not receiving  him thus, the
   condition ofthe scripture-reprobation.  Hammond.
     How is a good christian animated and cheered
   by a stedfast belief in the promises of the gospel.
                                      Bentley.
2.  Divinity; theology.

 To Go'spel, gos'pel.v.n. [from the noun.]
   To  fill  with  sentiments  of  religion.
   This  word  in  Shakspeare,  in whom
   alone I have found it, is used, though
   so venerable in itself, with some degree
   of irony:  I  suppose from the  gospel-
   lers, who  had long been  held in  con-
   tempt.
             Are you so gospell'd
   To pray for this good man, and for his issue,
   AVhose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave?
                                       Shaksp.
 Go'speller,  gos'pel-iir. ra. *.  [from  gos-
   pel.]    A  name of  the  followers  of
    Wickliffe, who  firsl  attempted  a re-
    formation from popery, given them by
    the   papists in  reproach,  from  their
    professing  to follow and  preach  only
    the  gospel.
     These gospellers have had their golden days,
   Have trodden down our holy Roman faith.  Rowe.
 Go'ssamer, gos'sa-milr. ra. s. [gossipium,
    low Latin.]   The  down of  plants; the
    long  white  cobwebs which fly in  the
    air  in calm sunny weather,  especially
    about the time of autumn.     Hanmer.
     A lover may bestride the gossamour,
   That idles in the wanton summer air,
   And yet not fall, so light is vanity.       Shaksp.
     Four nimble gnats the horses were,
   Their harnesses of gossamere.           Drayton.
     The filmy gossamer now flits no more
   Nor halcyons bask on the short sunny shore. Dryd.

 GO'SSIP,  gos'sip.  ra. s.  [from  gob and
    ryb, relation, affinity, Saxon.]
 1. One who answers for the  child in  bap-
    tism.
     Go to a gossip's feast and gaude with me,
   After so  long grief such nativity.         Shaksp.
     At the christening  of George duke of Clarence,
   who was born in  the castle of Dublin, he  made
   both the earl of Kildare and the earl of Ormond
   his gossips.                           Davies.
 2. A tippling companion.
     And sometimes lurk I in a gossip's bowl,
   In very likeness of a roasted crab,
   And when she drinks against her lips I bob.
                                    Shakspeare.
 3. One who runs about tattling like women
    at a lying-in.
   To do the office of a neighbour,
  And be a gossip at his labour.         Hudibras.
            'Tis sung in ev'ry street,
  The common chat of gossips when they meet.
                                     Dryden.
To Go'ssip, gos'sip. v. ra. [from the noun.]
I. To chat; to prate; to be merry.
    Go to a gossip's feast and gaude with me.
  —Wito all my heart, I'll gossip at this feast.
                                     Shaksp.
    His mother was a votress of my order,
  And in the spiced Indian air by night,
  Full often hath she gossipt by my side.    Shaksp.
    The market and exchange must be left to toeir
  own ways of talking; and  gossipings  not be robbed
  of their ancient privilege.               Locke.
    He gives himself up to an idle gossiping conver-
  sation.                                 Law.
2. To be a pot-companion.
    Nor met with fortune, other than at feast,
  Full warm of blood, of mirth, of gossiping. Shaksp.
Go'ssipred, gos'sip-red. ra. s.  [gossipry^
  from gossip.]
    Gossipred  or compaternity, by the canon law, is
  a spiritual affinity; and the juror, that was gossip to
  either of toe parties, might, in former times, have
  been challenged as not indifferent.        Davies.
Go'sting,   gos'ting. ra. s.  [rubia.]   An
  herb.                         Ainsworth.
Got, got.  The preterit of get.
    Titus  Lartius writes, they fought together; but
  Aufidius gof off.                       Shaksp.
    If you have strength Achilles' arms to bear,
  Though foul Thersitesgof thee, thou  shalt be
  Lov'd and esteem'd.                   Dryden.
    These regions and this realm my wars have gof;
  This mournful empire is the loser's lot.    Dryden.
    When they began to reason about the means, how
  the sea gof thither, and away back again, there they
  were presently in the dark.           Woodward.
Got, got.  The part.  pass, of  get.
    Solyman commended them for their valour  in
  their evil haps, in a plot so well by them laid, more
  than he did the victory of others got by good for-
  tune, not grounded upon any good reason. Knolles.
    A gentle persuasion in reasoning,  when the first
  point of submission to your will is gof,  will most
  times do.                            Locke.
    If he behaves himself so when he  depends on us
  for his daily bread, can any man say what he will
  do when he is gof above the world?    Arbuthnot.
    Thou wert from ./Etna's burning entrails torn,
  Gof by fierce whirlwinds,  and in thunder borne.
                                        Pope.
Go'tten, got't'n.  The part. pass, of get.
    Wisdom cannot be gotten for gold.         Job.
    Few of them when they are gotten into an office,
  apply their thoughts to the execution  of it.  Temple.
Goud, goud. n. s.  Woad; a plant.  Dict.
Gove,  gove. ra. s.   A  mow.        Tusser.
To Gove, gove. v. ra.  To mow; to put in
  a gove, goff, or mow An old word.
    Load safe, carry home, follow time being fair,
  Gove just in the barn, it is out of despair.  Tusser.
To GO'VERN, guv'flrn. v. a. [gouverner,
  French; guberno, Latin.]
1. To rule as a chief magistrate.
    This inconvenience is more hard to be redressed
  in toe governor than in the governed; as a malady in
  a vital part is more incurable than in an external.
                                     Spenser.
    Slaves to our passions we become, and then
  It grows impossible to govern men.        Waller.
2. To regulate; to influence; to direct.
    I am at present against war, though it puts the
  power into my hands, and though such turbulent and
  naughty spirits as you are govern all things in times
  of peace.                          Davenant.
    The chief point which he  is to carry always in
  his  eye, and by which  he is to govern all his coun-
  sels, designs, and actions.            ^tferoury.
3. To manage; to restrain.
    Go after her,  she's desperate; govern her.
                                  Shakspeare.
4. [In grammar.] To have force with re-
   gard to syntax: as, amo governs the ac-
   cusative case.
    Listen, children, unto me,
  And let this your lesson be,
  In our language evermore
  Words that govern go before.   AJaugcr's Fr. Gr.
5. To pilot;  to regulate the motions of a
   ship.
To Go'vern, giiv'urn.98 v. ra. To keep su-
   periority; to behave with haughtiness.
            By that rule,
  Your wicked atoms may be working now
  To give bad counsel, that you still may govern.
                                      Dryden.
Go'vernarle, gfiv'tir-na-bl. adj.  [from
   govern.] Submissive to authority; sub-
   ject to rule; obedient; manageable.
    The flexibleness of the former part of a man's
  age, not yet grown up to be headstrong, makes it
  more governalile and safe.                Locke.
Go'vernance, guv'tir-nanse. ra. s.  [from
   govern]
1. Government; rule; management.
    Jonathan took the governance upon him at that
  time; and rose up instead of his brother Judas.
                                  1 Maccabees.
2. Control, as that  of a guardian.
    Me he knew not, neither his own ill,
  'Till through wise handling, and fair governance,
  I him recurred to a better will.          Spenser.
    What! shall king Henry be a pupil still,
  Under the surly Gloucester's governance?  Shaksp.
3. Behaviour; manners.  Obsolete.
    He likest is to fall  into mischance,
  That is regardless of his governance.     Spenser.
Go'vernante,  go-vur-nant'. ra.  s. [gou-
   vefnante,  French.]  A lady  who has
   the care of young girls of quality. The
   more usual   and proper  word  is go-
   verness.

Go'verness,  guv'ur-n^s.  ra. s. [gouver-
   nesse, French, from  govern.]
I. A  female invested with authority.
    The moon, the governess of floods,
  Pale in her anger, washes all the air,
  That rheumatick diseases do abound.      Shaksp.
2. A  tutoress;  a woman that has the care
   of  young ladies.
    He presented himself unto her, falling down upon
  both his knees, and  holding up his hands, as  the
  old governess of Danse is painted, when she sud-
  denly saw the golden shower            Sidney.
    His three younger children were taken from  the
  governess in whose hands he put them. Cfarendon.
3. A  tutoress; an instructress; a directress.
    Great affliction that severe governess  of the life
  of man brings upon those souls she seizes on. More.
Go'vernment, guv'urn-ment. ra. s. [gou-
   vernement, French.]
I. Form of a  community with respect to
   the disposition ofthe supreme authority.
    There seem to be  but two general kinds of go-
   vernment in the world: the one exercised accord-
   ing to the arbitrary commands and will of some sin-
   gle  person; and the other according to certain  or-
   ders or laws introduced by agreement, or custom,
   and not to be changed without the consent of many.
                                      Tempfe.
    No government can do any act to limit itself; the
   supreme legislative  power cannot make itself not
   to be absolute.                         Lesley.
2. An  established state  of legal authority.
I             There they shall found 
GOV
GOU
GRA
   Their governmenf, and their great senate chuse
   Through toe twelve tribes, to rule bylaws ordain'd.
                                       Milton.
     While he survives,  in concord and content
   The commons live, by no division rent;
   But the great monarch's death dissolves the govern-
         menf.                          Dryden.
     Every one knows, who has considered the nature
   of government, that there must be in each particu-
   lar form of it an absolute  unlimited  power.
                                      Addison.
     Where any one person or body of men seize into
   their hands the  power in the last resort, there is
   property no longer a governmenf, but what Aristo-
   tle and  his followers call the abuse or corruptibn
   of ' ne.                                Swift.
 3. A«.!■ ministration of publick  affairs.
     Safety and equal government are things
   Whicli subjects make  as happy as their kings.
                                       Waller.
     Those governments which curb not evils, cause;
   And a rich knave's a libel on our laws.   Young.
 4. Regularity  of behaviour.  Not  in use.
     You needs must learn, lord, to  amend this fault;
   Though sometimes it shews  greatness, courage,
         blood,
   Yet oftentimes it doth  present harsh rage,
   Defect of manners, want of government,
.   Pride, haughtiness, opinion, and  disdain.   Shaksp.
     'Tis government that makes them seem divine;
   The want thereof makes thee abominable. Shaksp.
 5. Manageableness; compliance; obsequi-
   ousness.
          Thy eyes windows fall,
   Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;
   Each part deprived of supple government,
   Shall stiff and stark, and cold appear, like death.
                                       Shaksp.
 6. Management of the limbs or body. Ob-
   solete.
             Their god
   Shot many a dart at me with fierce intent;
   But I them warded all  with wary government.
                                      Spenser.
 7. [In grammar.] Influence with  regard
   to construction.

 Go'vernour,   gtiv'iir-nur.314  n.  s.  [gou-
   verneur, French.]
 1. One who has the  supreme direction.
     It must be confest, that of Christ, working  as a
   creator and agovernour of the world by providence,
   all are partakers.                     Hooker.
     They beget in us a great idea and veneration of
   the mighty author and governour of such stupen-
   dous bodies, and excite and elevate our minds to
   his adoration and praise.               Bentley.
 2. One .vho is  invested with supreme  au-
   thority in a state.
     For the kingdom is the Lord's,  and he is toe go-
  vernour among the nations.             Psalms.
    The magistrate cannot urge obedience upon such
  potent grounds as the minister, if  so disposed,  can
  urge disobedience:  as,  for instance, if my gover-
  riottr should command me to do a thing, or 1 must
  die, or forfeit my estate;  and  the minister steps in
  and tells me, that I offend God, and ruin my soul,
  if  I obey that command,  'tis easy to  see a greater
  force in this persuasion.                  South.
3. One who rules any place with delegated
   and temporary authority.
            To you, lord governonr,
  Remains the censure of this hellish villain.  Shak.
4. A tutor; one who has  care of  a young
   man.
    ToEltham will I, where the young king is,
  Being ordain'd his special governour;
  And for his  safety there I'll best devise.   Shaksp.
    The great work of a governour is to fashion the
  carriage, and form tbe  mind; to settle in iiis pjpii
  good habits, and the principles of virtue and wisdom.
                                       Locke.
     During the minority of kings,  the election of
   bishops,  and other affairs of the church,  must be
   left in the bands of their governours and courtiers.
                                        Lesley.
 5. Pilot;  regulator; manager.
     Behold all the  ships,  which though they be so
   great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet toey are
   turned about with a very small helm, whithersoever
   the governour Iisteth.                   James.
 GOUGE, goddje. ra. s.  [Fr.]  A chissel
   having a round edge, for  the cutting of
   such wood as is to be  rounded or hol-
   lowed.                           Moxon.
 Gou'jeres,  god'jer. ra. s. [gouje, French,
   a camp trull.]  The French disease.
                                    Hanmer.
 Gourd, gord or goord.818 ra. s. [gouhorde,
   French.]
 1.  A  plant.   The fruit of  some species
   are  long,  of others round,  or bottle-
   shaped.                           Miller.
     But I will  haste,  and from each bow and brake,
   Each plant,  and juiciest gourd, will pluck such
         choice
   To entertain  our angel guest.            Jtfiffon.
     Gourd seeds abound so much in oil, that a sweet
   and pleasant one may be drawn from thence by ex-
   pression ; they are of the four greater cold seeds, and
   are used in emulsions.                    Hill.
 2.  A  bottle,  [from gourt, old French.
   Skinner.]   The large  fruit so called is
   often scooped  hollow,  for the purpose
   of containing and carrying wine, and
   other liquors: from thence any leathern
   bottle grew to  be called  by  the  same
   name,  and  so  the  word is  used  by
   Chaucer.                        Hanmer.

 Gou'rdiness,  gor'de-n£s.  ra.  s.   [from
   gourd.]   A  swelling  in  a  horse's leg
   after a journey.         Farrier's Dict.
 Gou'rnet, gtlr'net.31* ra.  s. [cuculus.]   A
   fish.

 GOUT, gout.313 ra. s. [goutte, French.]
 1. The arthritis;  a periodical  disease at-
   tended with great pain.
    The gonf is a disease which may affect any mem-
  braneous part, but commonly those which are at the
  greatest distance from the heart or the brain, where
  the motion of toe fluids is the slowest, the resist-
  ance,  friction, and  the stricture  of the solid parts
  the greatest, and the sensation of pain, by the di-
  laceration of the nervous fibres extreme. Arbuthnot.
    One that's sick o' th' gonf, had rather
  Groan so in perplexity, than be cur'd
  By to' sure physician death.              Shaksp.
    This very rev'rend lecher, quite worn out
  With rheumatisms, and crippled with the gonf,
  Forgets what he in youthful times has done,
  And swinges his own vices in his son.     Dryden.
2.  A drop, [goutte, French; gutta, Latin.]
   Gut for drop is still used in Scotland
   by physicians.
            I see thee still,
  And on the blade o' to' dudgeon goufs of blood,
  Which was not so before.               Shaksp
GOUT, g66.3" ra. s.  [French.]  A  taste.
   An affected cant word.
    Catalogues serve for a direction to any one toat
  has a gout for the like studies.        Woodward.
Go'utwort, gout'wurt. ra. s. [gout  and
   wort; podagraria.]   An herb.
                                 Ainsworth.
Go'uty, g6i'te. adj.  [from gout.]
1.  Afflicted or diseased with the gout
    There dies not abore one of a thousand of the
   gout, although I believe that more die gouty.
                                       Graunt.
     Knots upon his gowfy joints appear,
   And chalk is in his crippled fingers found. Diyden.
     Most commonly a gouty constitution is  attended
   wito great acuteness of parts,  the nervous  fibres,
   both in  the brain and in the other extremities, being
   delicate.                           Arbuthnot.
 2. Relating  to the gout.
     There are likewise other causes of blood spitting;
   one is the settlement of a gowfy matter in the sub-
   stance of the lungs.                  Blackmore.

 GOWN,  goun.  ra.  s. [gonna,  Italian;
   gwn,  Welsh and Erse.]
 1. A long upper garment.
     They make garments either short, as cloaks, or
   as gowns, long to the ground.             Abbot.
     If ever I said a loosebodied gown, sew me up in
   the skirts of it, and beat me to death with a bottom
   of brown thread; I said a gown.          Shaksp.
     In length of train descends her sweeping gotvn,
   And  by her  graceful walk  the queen of love  is
        known.                        Dryden.
 2. A woman's upper garment.
     I despise your new gown, 'till I see you dressed
   in it.                                   Pope.
 3. The  long habit of a man dedicated to
   arts of  peace,   as divinity,  medicine,
   law.
     The benefices  themselves are so mean in Irish
   counties, that they will not yield any  competent
  maintenance  for any  honest minister, scarcely to
  buy him a gown.                       Spenser.
     Girt in his  Gabin goicn the hero sat.   Dryden.
    Yet not superior to her sex's cares,
  The mode she fixes by the gowm she wears;
  Of silks and china she's the last appeal;
  In these great points she leads the common weal.
                                       Young.
 4. The dress of peace.
     He Mars depos'd, and arms to gowns made yield j
   Successful councils did him soon approve
  As fit for close intrigues as open field.     Dryden.

Go'wned, goun'd.383 adj.  [from gown.]
   Dressed in a gown.
    A noble crew about them waited round
  Of sage and sober peers, all  gravely gown'd.
                                      Spenser.
    In velvet white as snow the troop was gown'd,
  The seams wito sparkling emeralds set around.
                                      Dryden.
Go'wnman,  goun'man.88 ra. s. [gown  and
   man.]  A man  devoted to  the  arts of
   peace; one whose proper  habit  is  a
   gown.
              Let him with pedants
  Pore out his life amongst the lazy gownmen. Rowe.
    Thus will that whole bench, in an age or two, be
  composed of mean, fawning gownmen, dependants
  upon the court for a morsel of bread.       Swift.
 To Gra'hble, grab'bl.405 v. ra. [probably
   corrupted  from  grapple.]   To  grope;
   to feel eagerly with the  hands.
    My blood chills about my heart at the thought of
  these rogues,  with their bloody hands grabbling in
  my gutSi a"<i  pulling  out my very entrails.
                                   Arbuthnot.
 To Gra'bble, grab'bl. v. a.  To lie pros-
   trate on  the ground.         Ainsworth.
GRACE, grase. ra. *. [grace,  Fr. gratia,
   Lat. graace, Erse.]
 1. Favour; kindness.
    If toe highest love in no base person may aspire
  to grace, then may I hope your beauty will not  be
  without pity.                          Sidney.
    O momentary grace of mortal men,
  Which we more hunt for than the grace of God!
                                      Shaksp.
            Such as were popular 
GRA
GRA
GRA
   And well-deserving, were advanc'd by grace.
      .                                    Daniel.
      Is this the reward and thanks  I  am to have for
   those many acts of grace I have lately passed?
                                    King Charles.
                Yet those remov'd,
   Such grace shall one just man find in his sight,
   That he relents, not to blot out mankind.   MUton.
      He received all the graces and degrees, the proc-
   torship and the doctorship could be obtained there.
                                       Clarendon.
      Or each, or all, may win a lady's grace;
   Then either of you knights may well deserve
   A princess born.                       Dryden.
      None of us, who now your grace implore,
   But held the rank of sov'reign queen  before.
                                         Dryden.
      Proffer'd service I repaid the fair,
   That of her grace she gave her maid to know
   The secret meaning of this moral show.   Dryden.
 2. Favourable influence  of  God  on  the
    human mind.
      The grace  of God, that  passeth understanding,
   keep your hearts and minds.     Common Prayer.
      The evil of sin is that we are especially to pray
   against, most earnestly begging of God, that he
   will, by the power of  his grace, preserve us  from
   falling into sin.                    j)uty of Man.
      Prevenient grace descending had remov'd
   The stony from their hearts, and made new flesh
   Regenerate grow instead.                Jtfiffon.
 3. Virtue;  effect of God's influence.
      Within toe church, in  the public profession and
   external communion thereof are contained persons
   truly good and sanctified, and hereafter saved; and
   together with  toem other persons void of all saving
   grace, and hereafter to be damned.      Pearson.
      How Van wants grace who never wanted wit.
                                           Pope.
 4. Pardon;  mercy.
                Noble pity held
   His hand awhile, and to their choice gave space
   Which they would prove, his valour or his grace.
                                         Waller.
                Bow and sue for grace
   Wito suppliant knee.                    Jtfiffon.
 5. Favour conferred.
      I should  therefore esteem it a great favour and
          grace,
   Would  you  be so kind as to go in my place. Prior.
 S. Privilege.
      But to return  and view the cheerful skies,
   To few great Jupiter imparts this grace.    Dryden.
 7. A goddess, by the  heathens  supposed
   to bestow beauty.
     This  forehead, where your verse has said
   The loves delighted and the graces play'd.   Prior.
 8. Behaviour; considered as decent or  un-
   becoming.
     The same words in Philoclea's  mouth, as from
   one woman to  another,  so as  toere were  no other
   body  by, might have had a better grace, and  per-
   chance have found a gentler receipt.       Sidney.
     Have I reason or good grace  in what I do?
                                         Temple.
9. Adventitious or artificial beauty;  plea-
   sing appearance.
    One lilac only, with a statelier grace,
  Presum'd to  claim toe oak's and cedar's place;
  And, looking round him with a monarch's care,
  Spread his exalted boughs to wave in air.   Harte.
    Her purple habit sits with such a grace,
  On  her smooth  shoulders, and so suits her face.
                                        Dryden.
    To write and speak correctly gives a grace,  and
  gains a favourable attention to what one has to  say.
                                         Locke.
10. Natural excellence.
    It doth grieve me, that things of principal excel-
  lency  should be thus bitten at  by men whom God
  hath endued with graces  both of wit  and learning,
  for better purposes.                      Hooker.
                To some kind of men,
   Their graces serve them but as enemies.   Shaksp.
     In his own grace he doth exalt himself
   More than in your advancement          Shaksp.
     The charming Lausus, full of youthful fire,
   To Turnus only second in the grace
   Of manly mien, and features of the face.  Dryden.
 11.  Embellishment;    recommendation;
    beauty.
     Where justice grows,  there grows the greater
         grace,
   The which doth quench the  brand of hellish smart.
                                        Spenser.
     Set-all things in their own peculiar place,
   And know that order is the greatest grace. Dryden.
     The flow'r which lasts for little  space,
   A short-liv'd good, and an uncertain grace. Dryden.
 12. Single beauty.
     I pass their  form and every charming grace.
                                        Dryden.
 13. Ornament; flower; highest perfection.
     By their hands this grace of kings must die,
   If hell and treason hold their promises.    Shaksp.
 14. Single or  particular virtue.
                The king-becoming graces,
   As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
   Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
   I have no relish of toem.                Shaksp.
     The graces  of his religion prepare him for the
   most useful discharge of every relation of life.
                                        Rogers.
 15. Virtue physical.
     O,  mickle is the pow'rful grace that lies
   In plants, herbs, stones, and then-  true qualities.
                                        Shaksp.
 16. The title  of a duke or archbishop; for-
   merly  of the king, meaning the same as
   your goodness,  or your  clemency.
     Here come I for our princely general,
   To know your griefs; to tell you from his grace,
   That he would give you audience.         Shaksp.
     High and mighty king, your grace, and those your
   nobles here present, may be pleased to bow your
   earf'                                   Bacon.
    According to the usual proceeding of your grace,
   and of the court, wito delinquents which are over-
   taken with error in simplicity, toere was yielded
   unto him  a deliberate, patient, and full hearing, to-
  gether with a satisfactory answer to all his main ob-
  jections.                                mUtm
 17. A  short prayer  said  before and after
   meat.
    Your soldiers use him as the grace Tore meat,
  Their talk at table, and their thanks at end. Shaksp.
    While  grace  is  saying after meat,  do you and
  your brethren take the chairs from behind the com-
  ply-                                   Swift.
    Then cheerful healths, your  mistress shall have
         place;
  And what's more rare, a poet shall say grace. Pope.
Grace-cup, grase'kfip.  ra. *.  [grace and
   cup.]   The cup or  health drank after
   grace.
    The grace-cup serv'd, the cloth away,
  Jove thought it  time to shew his play.       Prior.
To Grace, grase.  v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To adorn; to dignify;  to embellish;  to
   recommend; to decorate.
    This toey  study, this they practise, this they
  grcwe with a wanton superfluity of wit.    Hooker.
    I do not think a braver gentleman,
  More daring, or more bold, is now  alive,
  To grace this  latter age with noble deeds.   Shaksp.
    Little of this great world can I speak,
  And therefore little shall I grace my cause,
  In speaking for myself.                  Shak
    There is due from the judge to the advocate some
  commendation and gracing, where causes are well
 hw£1**-                               Bacon.
    Rich crowns   were  on their  royal  scutcheons
        plac'd,
   With saphires, diamonds, and with rubies graced.
                                         Dryden
      By both his parents of descent divine;
   Great Jove and Phoebus grac'd his nobler line.
                                           Pope.
      Though triumphs were to generals only due,
   Crowns were reserv'd to grace the soldiers too.
                                           Pope.
 2. To  dignify or raise by an act of favour.
                He writes
   How  happily he lives, how well belov'd,
   And daily graced by the emperor.         Shaksp.
      He might at his pleasure grace or disgrace whom
   he would in court.                      Knolles.
      Dispose all honours of the sword  and gun,
   Grace with a nod, and ruin with a frown.  Dryden.
 3. To favour.
            When the guests withdrew,
   Their courteous host saluting all the crew,
   Regardless pass'd her o'er, nor grac'd with kind
          adieu-                         Dryden.
 Gra'ced, grast.369  adj. [from grace.]
 1. Beautiful, graceful.  Not  in  use.
     He saw this gentleman, one of the properest and
   best grac'd men that ever I saw, being of a middle
   age and a mean stature.                 Sidney.
 2. Virtuous; regular; chaste.  Not in use!
                Epicurism and lust
   Make it more like a tavern or a brothel
   Than  a grac'd palace.                   Shaksp.

 Gra'ceful, grase'ful. adj. [from grace]
   Beautiful with dignity.
     Amid' the troops, and like the leading god,
   High o'er the rest in arms the graceful Turnus rode.
                                        Dryden.
     Matchless his pen, victorious was his lance;
   Bold in the lists, and graceful in toe dance.  Pope.
     Yet graceful ease, and sweetness void of pride,
   Might hide her faults; if belles had faults to hide.
     n   *■ ,                              Pope.
     Graceful to sight, and elegant to thought,
   The great are vanquish'd, and the wise are taught.
 r~,                                       Young.
 Gra'oefully,  grase'ful-e.  adv.  [from
   graceful]   Elegantly;   with  pleasing
   dignity.
     Through nature and  through art she rang'd;
   And gracefully her subject chang'd.        Swift.
     Walking  is the mode or manner of man, or of
   a beast; but walking gracefully implies a manner or
   mode superadded to toat action.          Watts.

 Gra'cefulness, grase'ful-nes. ra. *. [from
   graceful.] Elegance of manner; dignity
   with beauty.
     His  neck, his hands,  his shoulders, and his breast,
   Did next in gracefulness and beauty stand
   To breathing figures.                    Dryden.
     He  executed with  so  much gracefulness  and
   beauty, that he alone got money and reputation.
                                        Dryden.
     There is a secret gracefidness of youth which ac-
   companies his writings, toough  the staidness  and
   sobriety of age be wanting.              Dryden.
     If hearers are amaz'd from whence
  Proceeds toat fond of wit and sense,
   Which, though her modesty would shroud,
  Breaks like toe sun behind a cloud;
  While  gracefulness its art conceals,
  And yet through ev'ry motion steals.       Swift.

Gra'celess, grase'les. adj. [from grace.]
   Void of grace; wicked;  hopelesly cor-
   rupt; abandoned.
    This graceless man, for furtherance of his guile,
  Did court the handmaid of my lady dear.   Spenser.
  «t-„        ose haP shaU be t0 haTe her,
  Will not so graceless he, to be ingrate.     Shaksp.
    In all manner of graceless and hopeless charac-
  ters, some are lost for  want of advice, and other*
  for want of heed.                    L'Estrange.
    Furnish'd for offence, he crossed the way
  Betwixt the graceless viilain and his prey. Dryden. 
GRA                                    GRA                                     GRA
Gra'ces, gra'slz." ra. s.  Good graces for
   favour is seldom used in the singular.
    Demand deliv'ry of her heart,
  Her goods and chatties, and good graces,
  And person up to his embraces.        Hudibras.
Gra'cile, gras'sil.140 adj. [gracilis, Lat.]
   Slender;  small.                     Dict.
Gra'cilent, gras'e-lent. adj. [gracilentus,
   Latin.]   Lean.                     Dict.
Graci'litv, gra-sil'e-te. ra. s.  [gracilitas,
   Latin.] Slenderness, smallness.
GRA'CIOUS, gra'shus.314otf/. [gracieux,
   French.]
 1. Merciful; benevolent.
    Common  sense  and reason could not  but tell
  them, that the good and gracious God could not be
  pleased,  nor consequently worshipped, with any
  thing'barbarous or cruel.                 South.
    To be good and gracious, and a lover of know-
  ledge, are two of the most amiable things.  Burnet.
2. Favourable; kind.
    And the Lord was gracious unto  toem, and had
  compassion on them.                  2 Kings.
               Unblam'd Ulysses' house,
  In which I finde receipt so gracious.     Chapman.
               From now reveal
  A gracious beam of light; from now inspire
  My tongue to sing, my hand to touch the lyre.
                                        Prior.
3. Acceptable; favoured.
    Doctrine is much more profitable and gracious by
  example than by rule.                  Spenser.
    He made us  gracious before the kings of Persia,
  so that they gave us food.              1 Esdras.
    Goring, who was now general of the horse, was
  no  more gracious  to prince Rupert than Wilmot
  had been.                         Clarendon.
4. Virtuous; good.
    Kings are no less unhappy, toeir issue not  being
  gracious, than they are in losing them when they
  have approved their virtues.             Shaksp.
5. Excellent.   Obsolete.
    The grievous abuse which hath been of councils,
  should rather cause  men to study how so gracious a
  thing may again be reduced to that first perfection.
                                       Hooker.
6. Graceful; becoming.   Obsolete.
    Our women's names are more gracious than their
  Rutilia, that is, red  head.               Camden.
Gra'ciously,  gra'shtis-le.   adv.   [from
  gracious.]
1. Kindly; with kind condescension.
    His testimony he graciously confirmed, that  it
  was the best of all my tragedies.         Dryden.
    He heard my vows, and graciously decreed
  My grounds to be restor'd, my former flocks to feed.
                                      Dryden.
    If her majesty would but graciously be pleased to
  think a  hardship of this nature worthy her royal
  consideration.                           Swift.
2. In  a pleasing manner.

Gra'ciousness,  gra'shus-nes.  ra. s. [from
  gracious.]
1. Kind condescension.
    The graciousness and temper of this answer made
  no impression on them.               Clarendon.
2. Pleasing  manner.
Grada'tion,  gra-da'shun. ra.  *. [grada-
  tion, French; gradus, Latin.]
1. Regular  progress from one degree to
  another.
    The desire of more and  more rises by a natural
  gradation to most, and after that to all. L'Estrange.
2. Regular advance step  by step.
              From thence,
  By cold gradation, and well balanc'd  form,
  Wc shall proceed wito-Angelo.           Shaksp.
    The psalmist very elegantly expresseth to us the

      VOL.  I.
  several gradations  by which men at last come to
  this horrid degree of impiety.          TUlotson.
3. Order; sequence; series.
               'Tis the curse of service;
  Preferment goes by letter ansl affection,
  Not, as of old, gradation, where each second
  Stood heir to to' first.                  Shaksp.
4. Regular process of argument.
    Certain it is, by a direct gradation of  conse-
  quences from this principle of merit, that the obli-
  gation to gratitude flows from, and is enjoined  by,
  the first dictates of nature.                South.
Gra'datory, grad'a-tur-e.612 ra. s. [gradus,
   Latin.] Steps from the cloisters into the
   church.                      Ainsworth.
Gra'dient,  gra'de-ant, or  gra'je-ant.293
   adj. [gradiens, Lat.]  Walking; moving
   by steps.
    Amongst those gradient automata, that iron spi-
  der is especially remarkable, which, being but of an
  ordinary bigness, did creep up and down as if it had
  been alive.                           Wilkins.
GRA'DUAL, grad'u-al,  or grad'ju-al.2"3
   294 376 adj€ [graduel, French.] Proceed-
   ing by  degrees; advancing step by  step;
   from one  stage to another.
               Nobler birth
  Of creatures animate with gradual life,
  Of growth, sense, reason, all summ'd up in man.
                                      Jtfiffon.
    Men still  suppose a gradual  natural  progress of
  things; as toat, from great, things and persons
  should grow greater, 'till at length, by many steps
  and ascents, toey come to be at greatest.    South.
Gra'dual, grad'u-al.88 ra. s. [gradus, Lat.]
   An order  of steps.
    Before toe gradual prostrate they ador'd,
  The pavement kiss'd. and thus the saint implor'd.
                                      Dryden.
Gradua'lity, grad-u-al'e-te. ra. s.  [from
   gradual]    Regular progression.
    This some  ascribe unto the mixture of the ele-
  ments, others to the graduality of opacity and light,
                                      Brown,
Gra'dually,   grad'u-al-le.  adv.  [from
   gradual.]
I. By degrees; in regular progression.
    When the moon passes over toe fixed stars, and
  eclipses them, your light vanishes: not gradually,
  like toat of the planets, but all at once.   Newton.
    The  author  of our being weans  us gradually
  from our  fondness of life toe nearer we approach
  towards the end of it.                   Swift.
    Human creatures are able to bear air of much
  greater density in  diving, and of much less upon
  the tops of mountains, provided toe changes be made
  gradually.                          Arbuthnot.
2. In degree.
    Human reason doth not only gradually but spe-
  cifically differ from the fantastick reason of brutes.
                                       Grew.
To GRA'DUATE, grad u-ate. v. a. [gra-
   duer, Fr. gradus, Latin.]
1. To dignify with a degree in  the univer-
   sity.
    John Tregonwell, graduated a doctor and dub-
  bed a knight, did good service.           Carew.
    Concerning columns and their adjuncts,  archi-
  tects make such a noise, as  if the terms of  archi-
  traves, frizes, and cornices, were enough to gradu-
  ate a master of this art.                 Wotton
2. To mark  with degrees.
    The places were  marked where the spirits stood
  at the severest cold and greatest heat, and according
  to these  observations  he graduates his thermome-
  ters.                                Derham.
3. To raise to  a higher place in the scale
   of metais:  a chymical term.
    The tincture was capable to transmute or gra-
                    5  R
  duafe as  much silver as equalled  in weight that
  gold.                                  Boyle.
4. To heighten; to improve.
    Not only vitriol is a cause of blackness, but the
  salts of natural bodies; and diers advance and gra-
  duate their colours with salts.             Brown.
Gra'duate, grad'u-ate.91  ra.  s.  [gradue,
   French;  from gradus, Latin.]   A man
   dignified with an academical degree.
    Of graduates I dislike the teamed rout,
  And chuse a female  doctor for the gout. Bramston
Gradua'tion, grad-u-a'shun.  ra.  s. [gra*
   duation, Fr. from graduate.]
I.  Regular progression by succession of
   degrees.
    The graduation of the  parts of  the universe is
  likewise necessary to toe perfection ofthe whole.
                                        Grew.
2. Improvement; exaltation of qualities.
    Of greater repugnancy unto reason is toat which
  he delivers concerning its graduation, that heated
  in fire, and often extinguished in oyl of mars or iron,
  the  loadstone acquires an ability to extract a  naii
  fastened in a wall.                     Brown.
3.  The act of conferring academical  de-
   grees.
Graff, graf. ra. s.   A ditch; a moat.   See
   Grave.
    Though  toe fortifications were not regular, yet
  the walls were good, and the graff broad and deep.
                                    Clarendon.
Graff, graf.   ?  ra. s.   [greffe, French.]
Graft, graft.79 >  A small branch inserted
   into the stock of another tree, and nou-
   rished by its  sap, but bearing  its own
   fruit;  a  young cion.
    God gave unto man all kinds of seeds and graffs
  of life; as the vegetative life of plants, the sensual
  of beasts,  the rational of man, and the intellectual
  of angels.                            Raleigh.
    It  is likely, that as  in fruit-trees the graft ma-
  keth a great fruit, so in trees that bear no fruit it
  will make the greater leaves.             Bacon.
    'Tis usual now an  inmate graff to see
  Wito insolence invade a foreign tree.     Dryden.
    If you cover the top with clay and horse-dung in
  the same manner as  you do a graft it will help to
  heal the sooner.                     Mortimer.
    Now the cleft rind inserted graffs receives,
  And yields an offspring more than nature gives.
                                        Pope.

To GRAFT, |3ft. I v' a-  ter&tr> Fr"]
I.  To insert a cion or  branch of one tree
  into the stock of another.
    His growth is but a wild and fruitless plant;
  I'll cut his barren branches to the stock,
  And graff you on to bear.               Diyden.
    With his pruning hook disjoin
  Unbearing branches  from their head,
  And graft more happy in their stead.     Dryden.
2. To propagate by insertion or inocula-
   tion.
    Now let me graff my pears, and prune the vine.
                                      Dryden.
3. To insert into a place or body to which
  it did  not originally belong.
    And  they also, if toey bide not still in unbelief,
  shall be graffed in;  for God is able to graff them
  in again.                            Romans.
    These are to' Italian names which fate will  join
  With ours, and graff upon the Trojan line.  Dryd.
 .  To impregnate  with an  acbcititious
   branch.
    We've some old crab-trees here at home,  that
        will not
  Be grafted to your relish.               Shaksp.
    The noble isle doth want her proper limbs;
  Her royal  stock graft with ignoble plants. Shaksp, 
GRA
GRA
GRA
5. To join one thing so as to receive sup-
   port from another.
    This resolution against any peace with Spain is
  a new incident grafted upon the original quarrel,
  by the intrigues of a faction among us.      Swift,
    May one kind grave unite each hapless name,
  And graft my love immortal on thy fame.    Pope.
To Graff,  graf. v. n.  To practise insi-
   tion.
    In March is good grqffing the skilful do know,
  So long as the wind in the east do not blow:
  From moon being changed, 'till past be the prime,
  For graffing and cropping is very good time.
                                       Tusser.
     To have  fruit in greater plenty the  way is to
  graft not only upon young stocks,  but upon divers
  boughs of an old  tree; for they will  bear great
  numbers of fruit; whereas, if ymi graft but upon
   one stock, toe tree can bear but few.       Bacon.
Gra'fter,  graf'tur.  ra. ».  [from graff or
   graft.]   One who  propagates fruit  by
   grafting.
     I  am informed,  by the trials of the most skilful
  grafters of these parts, that a man shall seldom fail
   of having cherries borne by his graft the same year
   in which the insition is made.            Evelyn.
Grail, grale ra. *. [from grele, Fr.] Small
   particles  of any kind.
     Hereof this gentle knight unweeting was,
   And, lying down upon the sandy grails,
   Drank of the stream as  clear as crystal  glass.
                                      Spenser.
 GRAIN, grane.203 ra. s. [graine, Fr. gra-
   num, Latin; grano, Italian, has  all  the
   following significations.]
 1. A single seed of corn.
             Look into the seeds of time,
   And say which grain will grow, and which will
         not.                           Shaksp.
     His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in
  "two bushels of chaff.                    Shaksp.
     Let them pronounce the steep Tarpeian death,
   Vagabond exile, flaying, pent to linger
   But with a grain a day, I would not buy
   Their mercy at toe price of one  fair word.
                         Shakspeare's Coriolanus,
     Many of  the ears, being  six inches long,  had
   sixty grains in them, and none less than forty.
                          Mortimer's Husbandry.
%. Corn.
             As it ebbs, the seedsman
   Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain,
   ^nd shortly comes to harvest.            Shaksp.
     Pales no longer swell'd the teeming grain,
  -Nor Phoebus fed his oxen on the plain.     Dryden.
     'Tis a rich soil, I grant you;  but oftener covered
   with weeds than grain.                  CoUier.
 3. The seed of any fruit.
 4. Any minute particle;  any single body.
     Thou exist'st on many thousand grains
   That issue out of dust.                  Shaksp.
             By intelligence
   And proofs as clear as founts in July, when
   We see each grain of gravel.            Shaksp.
5. The smallest weight, of which  in phy-
   sick twenty  make a  scruple,  and in
   Troy  weight  twenty-four  make a pen-
   ny-weight; and so named because it is
   supposed of equal  weight with a  grain
   of corn.
     Unity  is a precious diamond, whose grains as
   they double, twice double in their value.  Holyday.
     They began at a known body, a barley-corn, the
   weight whereof is therefore called a grain; which
   ariseth,  being multiplied, to scruples,  drachms,
   ounces, and pounds.                    Holder.
     The trial being made betwixt lead  and lead,
   weighing severally seven drachms, in the air; the
   balance in the water weighing only lour drachms
   find forty-one grains, and abateth of the weight in
  the air two drachms and nineteen grains: toe ba-
  lance kept the same depth in toe water.   Bacon.
            His brain
  Outweigh'd his rage but half a grain.   Hudibras.
6. Any thing proverbially small.
    For toe whole world before thee  is as a little
  grain of toe balance.                  Wisdom.
    It is a  sincerely pliable, ductile temper,  that
  neglects not to make use of any grain of grace.
                                   Hammond.
    The ungrateful person lives to himself and sub-
  sists by the good nature of  others, of which he
  himself has not the least grain.           South.

7. Grain of Allowance.   Something  in-
   dulged or remitted; something above
   or under  the exact weight.
    He whose very best actions must be seen with
  grains of allowance, cannot be too mild, moderate,
  and forgiving.                       Addison.
    I would always give some grains of allowance to
  the sacred science of theology.           Watts.

8. The direction  ofthe fibres of wood, or
   other fibrous matter.
    Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
  Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain
  Tortive and errant from his course of growth.
                                      Shaksp.
9. The body of the wood as modified by
   the fibres.
    The beech, the swimming  alder, and the plane,
  Hard box, and linden of a softer grain.   Dryden.
 10. The body considered with respect  to
   the form or direction of the constituent
   particles.
    The tooth of a sea-borse, in the midst of the so-
  lider parts, contains a curdled grain not to be found
  in ivory.                             Brown.
    Stones of a constitution so compact, and grain so
  fine, that they bear a fine polish.        Woodward.
 11. Died or  stained substance.
    How the red roses flush up in her cheeks,
  And the pure snow with goodly vermil stain,
  Like crimson dy'd in grain.             Spenser.
            Over his lucid arms
  A military vest of purple flow'd,
  Livelier than melibaean, or the grain
  Of sarra, worn by kings and  heroes old.  Milton.
    Come, pensive nun, devout and pure,
  All in a robe of darkest grain,
  Flowing with majestick train.           Jtfiffon.
            The third, his feet
  Shadow'd from either heel with feather'd mail,
  Sky-tinctur'd grain!                  Milton.
 12. Temper; disposition; inclination;  hu-
   mour from  the direction  of fibres.
    Your minds, preoccupied with what
  You rather must do than with what you should do,
  Made you against the grain to voice him consul.
                                      Shaksp.
    Quoth Hudibras, it is in vain,
  I see to argue 'gainst the grain.         Hudibras.
    Old clients weary'd out with fruitless care,
  Dismiss their hopes of eating, and despair;
  Though much against the grain, fore'd to retire,
  Buy roots for supper, and provide a fire.  Dryden.
 13. The heart; the bottom.
    The one being tractable and mild, the other stiff
  and impatient of a superior,  they lived but in cun-
  ning  concord, as brothers glued together, but not
  united in grain.                      Hayward.
 14. The form of  the surface with regard
   to roughness and smoothness.
    The smaller the  particles  of cutting substances
  are, the smaller will be  the scratches by which
  they  continually fret and wear away the glass until
  it be  polished; but be they never so small, they can
  wear away the  glass no otherwise than by grating
  and scratching it, and breaking the protuberances;
  and therefore polish  it no otherwise than by break-
  ing its roughness to  a very fine grain, so that the
  scratches and frettings of the surface become too
  small to be visible.                   Newton.
Gra'ined,  gran'd.3*9  adj. [from grain.]
   Rough; made less smooth.
    Though now this grained face of mine be hid
  In sap consuming winter's drizzled snow,
  Yet hath my night of life some memory.  Shaksp.
Grains, granz. ra. s.  [without a  singu-
   lar.]   The husks of malt exhausted  in
   brewing.
    Give toem grains their fill,
  Husks, draff, to drink and swill.     Ben Jonson.
Grains of  Paradise,   granz. ra. s. [carda-
   momum, Lat.] An Indian spice.
Gra'iny, gra'ne. adj.  [from grain.]
1. Full of corn.
2. Full of  grains or kernels.
Grame'rcy, gra-mer'se. interj. [contract-
   ed from  grant me mercy.]  An obsolete
   expression of surprise.
    Gramercy, sir, said he; but mote I weet
  What strange adventure do ye now pursue?
                                      Spenser.
    Gramercy, lovely  Lucius, what's the news?
                                      Shaksp.
Grami'neous, gra-min'e-us. adj. [grami-
   neus, Lat.]  Grassy.  Gramineous plants
   are such as have a  long leaf without a
   footstalk.
Gramini'vorous,     gram-e-nlv'6-ru.s.618
   adj.  [gramen and voro, Lat.] Grasseat-
   ing; living upon grass.
    The ancients were versed chiefly in the dissection
  of brutes,  among which the graminivorous kind
  have a party-coloured choroides.           Sharp.

GRA'MMAR,  gram'mar.418 ra. *. [gram-
   maire, Fr.  grammatica, Latin; ygajujuct*
   7«*.]
1. The science of speaking correctly; the
   art which teaches the relations of words
   to each other.
    To be accurate in the grammar and idioms of the
  tongues, and then as a rhetorician to make all their
  graces serve his eloquence.                Fell.
    We make a  countryman  dumb,  whom we will
  not allow to speak but by toe rules of grammar.
                                      Dryden.
    Men, speaking language according to the gram-
  mar rules of that language, do yet speak improperly
  of things.                              Locke.
2. Propriety or justness of speech; speech
   according to grammar.
    Varium et mutabile semper femina, is the  sharp-
  est  satire that ever was made on woman: for the
  adjectives are neuter, and animal must be under-
  stood to make them grammar.           Dryden.
3. The book that treats of the various re-
   lations of words to  one another.
Gra'mmar School, gram'mar-sk661. ra.  *.
   A school in which  the learned langua-
   ges are grammatically taught.
    Thou  hast most traitorously corrupted the youth
  of the realm in erecting  a grammar school. Shak.
    The ordinary way of  learning Latin in a gram-
  mar school, I cannot encourage.            Locke.
Gramma'rian,   gram-ma're-an.    ra.   s.
   [grammairien, French; from grammar/]
   One  who teaches  grammar;  a philo-
   loger.
    Many disputes  the ambiguous nature of  letters
  hath created among the grammarians.     Holder.
    They who have called  h'm the torture of gram-
  marians, might also have called him the plague of
  translators.                           Dryden. 
                 GRA

Grammatical,   gram-mat'e-kal.   adj.
  [grammatical, Fr. grammaticus, Lat.]
1. Belonging to grammar.
    The beauty of virtue still being set before their
  eyes, and that taught them with far more diligent
  care than grammatical rules.            Sidney,
    I shall take the number of consonants, not from
  the granmaficaf alphabets of any  language, but
  from the diversity of sounds framed by single arti-
  culations with appulse.                 Holder.
2. Taught by grammar.                .
    They seldom  know  more than the grawwnaftcaf
  construction, unless born with a poetical Senius^n

Grammatically, gram-mat'e-kal-e.  adv.
   [from grammatical.]  According to the
   rules or science of grammar.
     When a sentence is distinguished into the nouns,
   toe verbs, pronouns, adverbs, and other particles
   of speech which compose it, then it is said to be
   analyzed grammalicaffy.                 Watts.
     As grammar teacheth us  to speak properly, so
   it is the part of rhetorick to instruct how to do it
   elegantly,  by adding beauty to that language that
   before was naked and grammatically true.  Baker.
 GRAMMATICA'STER,  gram-mat-e-
    kas'tur. ra. *. [Latin.]  A mean verbal
    pedant; a low grammarian.
     I have not vexed language with the doubts, the
   remarks, and eternal triflings of the French gram-
   maticasters.                   A     , ^fer'
 Gra'mple,  gram'pl.408 ra. s. A crabfish.
                                 Ainsworth.
 Gra'mfus,  gram'pus. ra. s.   A large fish
    of the cetaceous kind.
 Gra'nary,  gran'a-re.603 ra. s. [granarium,
    Lat.]  A storehouse for thrashed corn.
     Ants by their labour and industry,  contrive toat
    corn will keep as dry in their nests as in oujrgmji-
    ties.                  .    . .,
             The naked nations clothe,
    And be to'  exhaustless granary of a world.
    **•                         Thomson's Spring.
  Ora'nate,  gr&n'at. ra. *.  [from granum,
    Latin ]   A kind of  marble so called,
    because it is marked with  small  vane-
     nations like grain. Otherwise Granite.
  GRAND, grand, adj. [grand, Fr. grandis,

    Latin.]                .  ,  .
  I. Great; illustrious; high in  power  or

     dGoTthad  planted,  that  is,  made to grow the
    trees of life  and knowledge, plants only proper and
    becommg the paradise and garden of so  grarg>a
    Lord.                     .~
  2. Great; splendid; magnificent.
              A voice has flown
    To re-enflame a grand design.            *oung.
  3. Principal;  chief.
              What cause
    Mov'd our grand  parents in that happy state,
    Favour'd of heav'n so highly, to fall off
    From their  Creator.               r„a„.,t>nt\v
  4.  Eminent;  superiour:  very  frequently

     in an Ul  ««se.                    jwaion.



   5. Noble;   sublime; lofty; conceived or
     expressed with  great dignity.
   6. It is used to signify ascent or descent
     of consanguinity.
   GRA'NDAM,lran'dam.  n.s.   [grand and

     dam or  dame.]
   ,. Grandmother/  my father or  mother's

     Tmeeting him, will tell him that my lady
GRA
  Was fairer than his grandam and as chaste
  As may be in toe world.                 T%.\
    We have  our forefathers and great grandames
  all before us, as they were in Chaucer's days. ^

    Thy tygress heart belies thy angel face:
  Too well thou shew'st thy pedigree from stone;
  Thy grandame's was the first by Pyrrha thro™-rfm

2. An old withered woman.
            The women       -
  Cry'd, one and all, the suppliant should have right,
  And to the grandame hag adjudg'd toe knight
                                    Dryden.
Gra'ndaughter,   grand'daw-tur.   ra  s.
   [grand and daughter/]  The  daughter
   of a son or daughter.
Gra'ndchild,  grand'tshild. n. s.  [grand
   and child]  The son or daughter of my
   son or daughter;   one in the second de-
   erree of descent.
    Augustus Caesar, out of indignation against his
   daughters and  Agrippa his grandchild would say
   that they were not his seed, but imposthumes bro-
   ken from him.            ,      .,    Bac°n-
    These hymns may work on future wits, and so
   May great  grandchildren of thy praises 8™*^

     He hoped his majesty did believe, that he would
   never make the least scruple to obey toe grandchild
   of king  James.                   jWiSIi
     Fair daughter, and thou son and grandchild both.

     He 'scaping, with his gods and reliques; fled,
   And tow'rds the shore his little grandchild led.
                                    Denham.
 Grande'e,  gran-dee', ra. s.  [grand, Fr.
   grandis, Latin.]   A man of great rank,
    power or dignity.
     They had some sharper and some milder difier-
   ences, which might easily happen in such an inter-
   view of grandees, both  vehement on the parts
   which toey swayed.                   .w?ttm-
     When a prince or grandee manifests a liking to
   such a thing, men generally set about to make them-
   selves considerable for such things,        boutn.
     Some parts of the Spanish monarchy are rather
   for ornament than strength: they  furnish out vice-
   royalties for the grandees, and posts of honour tor
   the noble families.                   -^*»on.
  Grande'vity, gran-dev'e-te.  n.s.  [from
    trrandevus, Lat.] Great age; length ot

    life.                            .   rDict'
  Grande'vous,  gran-de'vus.  adj,  [gran-
    davus, Lat.] Long lived; of great age.
                                        Dict.

  Gra'ndeur, gran'jur.^e  ra. s.  [French.]
  1.  State;  splendour of appearance; mag-
    nificence.
     As a magistrate or great officer, he locks himself
    from all approaches  by the multiplied formalities
    of attendance, by toe distance  of ceremony  and
    grandeur.                    ,
  2. Elevation of sentiment, language, or

     mien.                        s
  Grandfather,   grand'fa-THur.   ra.   s
    [grand  and father.]  The father of
     my father or mother; the  next above
     my  father or mother  in the  scale of

     ascent*
      One was saying that his great grandfather, and
    srandfat/ier, and father died at sea:  said another
    that heard him, an'  I were as you, I would never
    come at sea.  Why, saith he, where did your great
    erandfather, and grandfather, and father die?  He
    answered, where but in their beds? He answered,
    an' I were as you, I would never come in bed.
                                        Bacon.
       Our grandchildren will see a few rags hung up
                      5r2
                 GRA

  in Westminster-halh which cost an hundred mil
  lions, whereof they are paying  the arrears,  and
  boast toat their grandfathers were rich and great.
                                       Swift.

Grandi'fick, gran-dlf'ik.*09  adj.  [gran*
   dis  and facio, Latin.]   Making  great.
                                       Dict.
Gra'ndinous, gran'de-nus. adj. [grando,
   Latin.]  Full of hail; consisting of hail.
         J                             Dict.
Gra'ndity, gran'de-te. ra. s. [from gran-
   dis, Lat.]  Greatness;  grandeur;  mag-
   nificence.   An old word.
    Our poets excel in grandify and gravity, smooth-
  ness and property, in quickness and briefness.

Gra'ndmother,  grand'muTH-ur.   ra.  *.
   [grand and mother.]  The mother ot
   my father or mother.
    Thv grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice.
       J 6                          1  Timothy.
Gra'ndsire, grand'sire.  ra. s.  [grand and
   sire.]
 1. Grandfather.
    Think'st thou that I will leave my kingly throfig,
   Wherein my grandsire  and my father sat.  Shaksp.
    Thy grandsire, and his brother, to whom fame ^
   Gave, from two conquer'd parts o' to' world  their
         name.                        Denhattl.
    The wreaths his grandsire knew to reap
   By active toil and military sweat.         Prior.
 2. Any ancestor, poetically.             _
     Why should a man whose blood is warm witom,
   Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?    Shaksp.
     Above the portal, carv'd in cedar wood,
   Plac'd in their ranks, their godlike grandsiree stood.
                                      Dryden.
         So mimick ancient wits at best,
   As apes our grandsires in their doublets drest.
       r                                 Pope.
 Gra'ndson, grand'sun. n.  s.  [grand and
    son.]  The son of a son  or  daughter.
     Almighty Jove augment your wealthy store,
   Give much to you, and to his grandsons more-
                                      Drydett.
     Grandfathers in private families are not much
   observed to have great influence on their grandsons,
   and, I believe, they have much less among princes.
                                        Swift.
  Grange, granje. ra. s. [grange, French.]
    A farm: generally a farm  with a house
    at a distance from neighbours.
      One, when he had got the inheritance of an un-
    lucky old grange, would needs sell it; and. to draw
    buyers, proclaimed the virtues of it: nothing ever
    thrived on it, saith he; the trees were all blasted,
    toe swine died of the  measles, the cattle  of the
    murrain,  and the sheep of the rot; nothing  was
    ever reared there, not a duckling or a goose.
                                    Ben Jonson.
      At the moated grange resides this dejected Ma-
    riana.                     .      Shakspeare.
            The loose unletter'd hinds,
    When for their teeming flocks and granges full
    In wanton dance toey praise the bounteous Pan.
                                        Milton.
      If toe church was  of their own foundation,  they
    might chuse, the incumbent being once dead, whe-
    ther they would put any other therein; unless, per-
    haps, the said church had people, belonging to it;
    for then they must still maintain  a curate;  and ol
    this sort were toeir granges and priories.   Ayliffe.
   Gra'nite,  gran'it.140 ra.  s.  [graml,  It.
     from granum;  Latin;  because  consist-
     ing  as it  were of grains,  or smalt  dis-
     tinct particles.]  A stone compos- d of
     separate  and  very  large  concretions,
     rudely compacted together,   otNgreat 
GRA
GRA
GRA
  hardness, giving fire with steel; not fer-
  menting   with  acids,  and  imperfectly
  calcinable in a great fire.  The hard
  white granite  with  black  spots,  com-
  monly called moorstone,  forms a very
  firm,  and though  rude,  yet beautifully
  variegated  mass.    It is  found  in im-
  mense strata in Ireland,  but not used
  there.   In Cornwall it is found  in pro-
  digious  masses, and  brought to Lon-
  don,  for the steps of publick buildings.
  Ha:d red granite,  variegated with black
  and  white, now called oriental granite,
  is valuable for its extreme hardness and
  beauty, and  capable of a most  elegant
  polish.                             Hill.
    Alabaster, marble of divers colours, both simple
  and mixed, the opulites, porphyry, and toe granite
                                   Woodward.
    There are still great  pillars of granite,  and other
  fragments of this ancient temple.        Addison.
Grani'vorous,  gra-niv'vo-rus.518   adj
  [granum and voro,  Lat.]  Eating  grain;
  living upon grain.
    Granivorous  birds, as a crane,  upon  the first
  peck of their bills,  can distinguish the qualities of
  hard bodies, which the sense of men discerns not
  without mastication.                    Brown.
    Panick affords a soft demulcent nourishment, both
  for granivorous birds and mankind-   Arbuthnot.
Gra'nnam,  gran'ntim.88 ra.  s. [for  gran-
   dam]   Grandmother.   Only  used  in
  burlesque works.
    Oft my kind grannam told me, Tim, take warn-
  ing.                                   Gay.
 To GRANT, grant. ?8 ™ v.  a. [from gar-
  antir, French; Junius   and  Skinner;
   perhaps as  Minshew  thinks, from gra-
   tuito, or rather from gratia or gratif-
   cor.]
 1.  To admit that which  is not yet prov-
   ed;  to allow; to yield; to concede.
     They gather out of Scripture general rules to be
  followed in making laws;  and  so, in effect, they
  plainly grant that we ourselves may lawfully make
  laws for toe church.                    Hooker.
     I take it for granted, that though the Greek word
  which we translate saints, be in itself as  applicable
  to things as persons; yet in this article it signifieth
  not holy things, but holy ones.           Pearson.
     Grant toat the fates  have firm'd, by their decree,
  The Trojan race to reign in Italy.        Dryden.
     Suppose, which  yet I grant not, toy desire
   A moment elder than my rival fire,
  Can chance of seeing first thy title prove?   Dryd.
     If he be one indifferent  as to toe present rebel-
  lion, they may take it for granted his complaint is
  the rage of a disappointed man.         Addison.
 2.  To bestow something which cannot be
   claimed of right.
     The God of Israel grant thee thy petition  that
  fhou hast asked of him.               1 Samuel.
     Then hath God also to the gentiles granted repen-
  tance unto life.                         Acts.
     Didst thou not kill this king?
  ----1 grant ye.
  __Do'st grant me, hedgehog?  then granf me too,
  Thou may'st be damned for toat wicked  deed.
                                   Shakspeare.
     He heard, and granted half his prayer;
  The rest the winds dispers'd.              Pope.
 Grant, grant, ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1.  The act of granting or bestowing.
 2.  The thing granted;  a gift; a boon.
           Courtiers justle for a grant,
  And when they break their friendship plead their
         want.                         Dryden,
3.  In law.
    A gift in writing of such a thing as cannot aptly
 be passed or conveyed by word only; as rent, rever-
 sions, services, advowsons in gross, common in gross,
 tithes, &c. or made by such persons as cannot give
 but by deed, as the king,  and all  bodies politick;
 which differences be often in speech neglected, and
 then is taken generally for every gift whatsoever,
 made of any thing by any  person;  and he  that
 granteth it is named the granter, and he to whom
 it is made the grantee.  A thing is  said to be in
 g»-anf which cannot be assigned without deed.
                                      Cowell.
    All the land is the queen's, unless there be some
 grant of any part thereof, to be showed  from her
 majesty.                             Spenser.
    Not only the laws of this kingdom, but of other
 places,  and the  Roman  laws, provide that toe
 prince should not be deceived in his grants.
                                    Davenant.
4.  Concession; admission of something in
   dispute.
    But of this so large a grant, we are content not
  to take advantage.                    Hooker.
    This grant destroys all you have urg'd before.
                                     Diyden.
Gra'ntable, grant'a-bl.oe(/'. [from grant.]
   That  may be granted.
    The office of the bishop's chancellor was grant-
  able for life.                          Ayliffe,

Grante'e,  gran-tee',  ra. s.  [from grant.]
   He to whom any grant is made.
    To smooth the way for popery in Mary's time,
  the grantees were confirmed by the pope in the pos-
  session of the abbey-lands.               Swift.
Gra'ntor, grant-tor.168 ra. s. [from grant]
   He by whom a grant is made.
    A duplex querela, shall not be granted under pain
  of suspension of the grantor from the execution  of
  his office.                            Ayliffe.

Gra'nulary,  gran'u-lar-e.  adj.  [from
   granule]   Small and compact; resem-
   bling a small  grain  or seed.
    Small coal,  with sulphur and  nitre,  proportion-
  ably mixed, tempered, and formed into  granulary
  bodies, do make up that powder which is used for
  guns.                               Brown.

 To  GRA'NULATE,  gran'u-late.  v. ra.
   [granuler,  French,  from granum, Lat.]
   To be formed into  small  grains.
    The juice of grapes, inspissated by heat, granu-
  lates into sugar.                        Sprat.
 To Gra'nulate, gran'u-late. v.  a.
 1.  To break into small masses or gra-
   nules.
 2.  To raise into  small asperities.
     I have observed, in many birds, the gullet, before
   its entrance into the gizzard, to be much  dilated,
   and thick set, or as it were grannfafed with a mul-
   titude of glandules, each whereof was provided with
   its excretory vessel.                      Ray.
 Granula'tion,  gran-u-la'shun. ra. 8. [gra-
   nulation, Fr. from granulate.]
 1.  The act of pouring melted metal  into
   cold water, so as it  may  granulate or
   congeal  into  small  grains;  it  is  gene-
   rally done  through a colander,  or  a
   birchen broom.   Gunpowder and some
    salts are likewise said to be granulated,
   from their  resemblance to grain or seed.
                                     Quincy.
 2. The  act  of  shooting or  breaking  in
    small masses.
     Tents in wounds, by resisting the growth of the
   little granulations of the  flesh, in process  of time
   harden them,  and in that manner produce a fistula.
                                       Sharp.
GRA'NULE, gran'tile. ra.  s. [from gra-
  num,  Latin.]   A  small  compact par-
  ticle.
    With an excellent microscope, where the naked
  eye did see but a green powder, the  assisted eye
  could dhcern  particular grannfes,  some blue, and
  some yellow.                           Boyle.
Gra'nulous, gran'u-lils.  adj. [from gra-
  nule.]   Full of little grains.
GRAPE, grape,  ra. s.  [grappe, French;
  krappe, Dutch.]   The  fruit ofthe vine,
  growing  in  clusters;  the fruit  from
  which wine is expressed.
    And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither
  shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou
  shalt leave them for the poor and stranger.   Levi,
    Anacreon, for thy sake
  I  of the grape no mention make;
  Ere my Anacreon by thee fell,
  Cursed plant, I lov'd thee well.          Cowltq.
    Here are the vines in early flow'r descry'd,
  Here grapes discolour'd on the sunny side.   Pope,
Grape  Hyacinth,  or  Grape   F ower,
  grape,  ra.  s.   A flower.
Gra'pestone, grape'stone. ra.  s.  [grape
  and stone.]  The stone or seed contain-
  ed in the grape
    When obedient nature knows his will,
  A fly, a grapestone, or a hair can kill.       Prior.
GRA'PHICAL, graf'e-kal. adj. [yp*e*.]
   Well delineated.
    Write with a needle, or bodkin,  or knife, or the
  like, when the fruit or trees are young; for as toey
  grow, so the letters will grow more large and gra-
  phical.                                Bacon.
Gra'phically, graf'e-kal-e.  adv.  [from
  graphical]   In a picturesque manner;
  with good description or delineation.
    The hyena  odorata, or civet cat,  is delivered and
  graphically described by Castellus.        Brown.
Gra'pnel, grap'nel. ra. a.  [grapin, Fr.]
 1.  A  small anchor  belonging to  a  little
   vessel.
2.  A  grappling iron with which  in  fight
  one ship fastens on another.
 To GRA'PPLE,  grap'pl.406  v.  ra. [grab-
   belen,  Dutch; krapfieln, German.]
 I.  To contend by seizing each  other, as
   wrestlers.
    They must be also practised in all the locks and
  gripes of wrestling,  as need may  often be in fight
  to tugg or grapple, and to close.          Jtfiffon.
     Living virtue, all achievements past,
  Meets envy still to grapple with at last.    Waller.
     Does  he think toat he can grapple with divine
  vengeance, and endure the everlasting burnings?
                                        South.
     Antaeus here and stern  Alcides strive,
  And both the grappling statues seem to live.  Add.
 2.  To contest in close  fight.
     I'll in my standard bear the arms of York,
  To grapple with the house of Lancaster.    Shaksp.
     Sometimes, from fighting squadrons  of each fleet,
  Two grappling iEtnas on the ocean meet,
  And English fires with Belgian flames contend.
                                       Dryden.
 To Gra'pple, grap'pl. v.  a.
 1.  To fasten; to fix; to join indissolubly.
    Obsolete.
     Grapple your minds to sternage  of the navy,
  And leave your England as dead midnight still.
                                    Shakspeare.
             That business
   Grapples you to the heart and love of us.  Shaksp.
    To seize; ro lay  fust hold of.
     For Hippagines,  vessels for the transporting  of
   horse, we are indebted  to the Salaminians;  for 
GRA
GRA
GRA
  grappling hooks to Anacharsis.           Hey'in.
 Gra''ple, grap'pl. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1.  Contest  hand to  hand;  in  which  the
   combatants seize each other; the wrest-
   lers hold.
     As when earth's son, Antaeus strove
  With Jove's Alcides, and, oft foil'd, still rose
  Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple join'd,
  Throttled at length in to' air, expir'd and fell.
                                        Milton.
             Or did his genius
  Know mine the stronger demon, fear the grapple,
  And, looking round him, found this  nook of fate,
  To skulk behind my sword.               Diyden.
 2.  (.'lose fight.
     In the grapple I boarded them; on the instant
  they got clear of our ship, so I alone became their
  prisoner.                              Shaksp.
 3.  Iron instrument by which one ship fas-
   tens on  another.
     But Cymon soon his crooked grapples cast,
  Which with tenacious hold his foes embrac'd.
                                        Diyden.
 Gra'pplement, grap'pl-ment.  ra. s. [from
  grapfile.]  Close fight;  hostile embrace.
   Not in use.
     They catching hold of him, as down he lent,
  Him backward overthrew, and down  him stay'd
  With toeir rude hands and griesly grapplement.
                                        Spenser.
 Gra'shopper,  gras'hop-ur.  ra. *.   [grass
   and hop.]   A small  insect  that hops
   in the  summer grass.  The cicada of
   the Latins is often by the poets  trans-
   lated grashofiper,  but improperly.
     Her waggon spokes made of long spinners legs,
  The cover of the wings of grashoppers.    Shaksp.
     Grashoppers eat up the green of the whole coun-
  tries.                                  Bacon.
     Where silver lakes with verdant shadows crown'd,
  Disperse a grateful chilness all around;
  The grashopper avoids th' untainted air,
  Nor in the midst of summer ventures  there.  Add.
     The women were of such an enormous  stature,
  that we appeared as graslioppers before them. Add.
 Gra'sier, gra'zhilr.283   See Grazier.
 To  GRASP,  grasp,  v. a.   [graspare,
   Italian.]
 I.  To hold in the  hand; to gripe.
     0 fool that I am, that thought I could grasp
  water and bind the wind.                Sidney.
        In his right hand
  Grasping ten thousand thunders, which he  sent
  Before him, such as in their souls  infix'd
  Plagues.                               MUton.
    Kings by grasping more than they can hold,
  First made their subjects, by oppression, bold.
                                      Denham.
    Doom, as they please, my empire not to stand,
  I'll grasp my sceptre with my dying hand.    Dryd.
 2. To seize;  to catch at.
    This grasping of the militia of  the kingdom into
  their own hands, was desired the summer before.
                                     Clarendon.
    For what are men who grasp at praise sublime,
  But bubbles on the rapid stream of time?   Young.
 To  Grasp, grasp,  v. ra.
 1. To catch;  to endeavour  to seize;  to
  try  at.
    So endless and exorbitant  are the desires of men,
  that they will grasp at all, and can form no scheme
  ef perfect happiness with less.             Swift.
2. To snuggle; to strive;  to grapple. Not
  in use.
    See, his face is black,  and full of blood;
  His hands abroad display'd,  as one that graspt
  And lujrg'd for life.                      Shaksp.
3. To giii>- ; u> encroach.
          Like a miser 'midst his store,
   Who grasps and grasps 'till he can hold no more.
                                        Dryden.
 Grasp, grasp,  ra. s.  [from the  verb.]
 1. The gripe or  seizure ofthe  hand.
           Nor wanted in bis grasp
   What seem'd both spear and shield.       Milton.
     This hand and sword have been acquainted well;
   It would have come before into my grasp,
   To kill the ravisher.                   Dryden.
     The left arm is a little defaced, though one may
   see it held something in its grasp formerly- Addison.
 2. Possession;   hold.
     I would not be the villain that thou  think'st
   For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp,
   And the rich east to boot.                Shaksp.
 3. Power of seizing.
           Within the direful grasp
   Of savage hunger, or of savage heat.       Milton.
     They looked upon it  as their own, and had  it
   even within their grasp.               Clarendon.
 Gra'sper, grasp'ur.93 ra. s.  [from grasp]
   One  that grasps, seizes, or catches at.
 GRASS, grds.78 ™ ra. s.  [jjiaer,  Saxon.]
   The  common herbage of  the  field on
   which cattle  feed; an herb  with  long
   narrow leaves.
     Ye are grown fat as the heifer at grass, and bel-
   low as  bulls.                         Jeremiah.
    The beef being young, and only grass fed, was thin,
   light and moist,  and not of a  substance to endure
   the salt.                              Temple.
     You'll be no more your former you;
   But for a blooming nymph will pass,
   Just fifteen, coming summer's grass.        Swift.
 Grass  of Parnassus, gras.  ra. s.  [parnas-
   sia, Lat.]  A plant.
     This plant is called parnassia, from mount Par-
   nassus, where it  was supposed to grow; and because
   the cattle feed on it, it obtained the name of grass,
   though  the plant  has no resemblance  to the  grass
   kind.                                  Miller.
 To  Grass, gras.  v. ra.  [from the noun.]
   To breed grass; to become pasture.
     Land arable, driven, or worn to the proof,
   With oats you may sow it, the sooner to grass,
   More soon to be pasture, to bring it to pass. Tusser.
Grass-plot, gras'plot. ra. s. [grass  and
   plot.] A small level  covered with short
   grass.
     Here on this grass-plot in this very place,
   Come and sport.                    Shakspeare.
     The  part of your garden  next your  house should
   be a parterre  for flowers,  or grass-plots bordered
   with flowers.                           Temple.
     They are much valued by our modern planters to
  adorn their walks and grass-plots.       Mortimer.
Grass-pola, gras'po-la. ra. 8.   A species
   of willow-wort.
Gra'ssiness,  gras'se-nes.  ra.  s.   [from
   grassy.]   The   state  of  abounding in
   grass.
Gra'ssy, gras'se.  adj. [from grass.]  Co-
   vered with grass; abounding with grass.
    Ne did he leave the mountains bare unseen,
  Nor toe rank grassy fens delights untry'd. Spenser.
           Rais'd of grassy turf
  Their table was, and mossy seats had round. Milt.
    The  most in fields, iike herded beasts,  lie down,
  To dews obnoxious, on the grassy floor.     Dryd.
Grate, grate,  ra. s.  [crates, Latin.]
 I.  A partition  made  with   bars  placed
   near  to one another, or  crossing each
   other; such as in cloisters or  prisons.
    I have grated upon my good friends for three re-
  prieves  for you, and your couch fellow Nim: or else
  you had look d through the gr-ates,  like a geminy of
  baboons.                           Shakspeare.
    Out at a little grafe his eyes he cast
  Upon those bord'ring hills, and open plain. Daniel.
     A fan has on it a nunnery of lively black eyed
   vestals, who are endeavouring to creep out  at the
   grates.                               Addison.
 2. The range of bars within  which  fires
   are made.
     My dear is of opinion that an old fashioned grate
   consumes coals, but gives no heat.      Spectator.
 To Grate, grate, v. a.  [gratter, French.]
 I. To rub  or wear any  thing by the attri-
   tion of a rough body.
     Thereat the fiend his gnashing teeth did grate.
                                       Spenser.
     Blind oblivion swallow'd cities up,
   And mighty states characterless are grated
   To dusty nothing.    Shaksp. Troilus and Cressida.
     If the particles of the putty were  not made to
   stick fast in the pitch, they would, by rolling up and
   down, grafe and fret the object metal, and fill it full
   of little holes.                JVeiofon's Opticks.
 2.  To offend  by  any thing harsh or vexa-
   tious.
    Thereat enraged, soon he 'gan upstart,
   Grinding his teeth, and grating his great heart.
                                       Spenser.
    They have been partial in the gospel, culled and
   chosen  out  those softer and more gentle  dictates
   which would less grafe and  disturb them.
                                Decay of Piety.
    Just resentment and hard usage coin'd
   Th' unwilling word, and grating as it is,
   Take it, for 'tis thy due.                Dryden.
    This habit of writing and discoursing, wherein I
   unfortunately differ from almost the whole kingdom,
   and am apt to grate the ears of more  than I  could
   wish, was acquired during my apprenticeship in Lon-
   don-                                   Swift.
 3. To form a sound by collision of asperi-
   ties or hard bodies.
    The grating shock of wrathful iron arms.
                         Shakspeare's Richard II.
             On a sudden open fly,
   With impetuous recoil and jarring sound,
   Th' infernal doors, and on their hinges  grafe
   Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
   Of Erebus.               Mitlon's Paradise Lost.
 To Grate,  grate,  v. ra.
 I. To rub hard so as to injure  or offend;
   to offend, as by oppression or importu-
   nity.
    Wherein  have you been galled by the king?
  What peer hath been suborn'd to grafe on you,
  That you should seal tois lawless bloody book
  Of forg'd rebellion, with a seal divine?     Shaksp.
    1 have grated upon my good friends  for three re-
  prieves for you, or  else you  had looked through the
  Sraies-    .                         Shakspeare.
    Faradoxing is of great use; but the  faculty must
  be so  tenderly managed  as not to grafe upon toe
  truth and reason of things.           L'Estrange.
    This grated harder upon the hearts of men. ° '
                                        South.
    1 never heard him make the least complaint, in a
  case that would have grated sorely on some men's
  patience, and have filled their lives with discontent.
   T-                                   Locke.
2.  1 o make a harsh noise,  as  that  of  a
   rough body drawn over another.
    We are not so nice as to east away a sharp  knife
  because the  edge of it may sometimes grate.
                                       Hoolcpy
GRATEFUL,  grate'ful. adj.   [gratus,
   Latin.]

 1. Having a due  sense of benefits; willing
   to  acknowledge  and repay benefits.
             A grateful mind
  By owing owes  not, but still p  vs.         Milton.
    When some degree of ::• V  "was given, he exert-
  ed all his strength in a return o. -rafe/W recognition
  to the author of it.                      n  r ,,
                 Years of servi,,. past,
  From grateful souls exact reward at last.  Dryden, 
GRA
GRA
GRA
2.  Pleasing;  acceptable;  delightful;  de-
   licious.
    Whatsoever is ingrate  at first, is made grateful
  by custom; but whatsoever is too pleasing at  first,
  groweth quickly to satiate.                Bacon.
    A man will endure tbe pain of hunger and thirst,
  and refuse such meats and drinks as are most grafe-
  ful to his appetite, if he be persuaded thattbey will
  endanger his health.                   Wilkins.
     This place  is the more  grateful to strangers, in
   respect that it being a frontier town, and  bordering
   upon divers nations, many languages are understood
   here.                         jBrowm's Travels.
     Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine,
   And grateful clusters swell with floods of wine.
                                          Pope.
 Gra'tefully,  grate'ful-e.  adv.    [from
    grateful.]
 1. With  willingness to  acknowledge and
    repay benefits;  with due sense  of obli-
    gation.
     He, as new wak'd, thus gratefully reply'd.  Jtfiff.
     Enough remaius for household charge beside,
    His wife and tender children to sustain,
    And gratefully to feed his dumb deserving train.
                                 Dryden's Virgil.
     In Cyprus long by men and gods obey'd,
    The lover's toil she gratefully repaid.    Granuiffe.
  2. In a pleasing manner.
      Study detains the mind by the perpetual occur-
    rence of something new, which may gratefully strike
    the imagination.                         Watts.

  Gra'tefulness, grate'ful-nes. n.s. [from
    grateful]
  1. Gratitude;  duty to benefactors.   Now
    obsolete.
      A Laconian knight having some time served him
    with more gratefiUness than good courage defended
    him.                                 Sidney.
      Blessings beforehand, ties of gratefulness,
    The sound of glory ringing in our ears.     Herbert.
  2. Quality of being acceptable;  pleasant-
    ness.
  Gra'ter, grate'&r. ra. s. [gratoir, Fr. from
    grate.] A kind of coarse file with which
    soft bodies are rubbed to  powder.
      Tender handed touch a nettle,
    And it stings you for your pains,
      Grasp it like a man of mettle,
    And it soft as silk remains.
      So it is with common natures,
    Treat them gently toey rebel,
      But be rough as nutmeg-grafers,
    And the rogues obey you well.           A. Hill.

  Gratification, grat-e-fe-ka'shun.  ra. s.
    [gratifcatio, Latin.]
  1. The act of pleasing.
      They are  incapable of any design above the pre-
    sent gratification of their palates.          South.
  2. Pleasure;  delight.
      How hardly is his will brought to  change all its
    desires and aversions and to renounce those gratifi-
    cations in which he has been long used to place his
    happiness.                            Rogers.
  3. Reward;  recompense.   A low word.

  To Gra'tify,  grat'e-fi. v.  a.  [gratifcor,
    Latin.]
  1. To indulge; to please by compliance.
      You steer between the country and the court,
    Nor gratify whate'er toe great desire,
    Nor grudging give what publick needs require.
                                         Diyden.
  2. To  delight;  to please; to  humour;  to

    sooth.
      But pride stood ready to prevent the blow;
    For who would die to gratify a foe?       Dryden*
      The captive generals to tis car are ty'd;
    The joyful citizens tumultuous tide
  Echoing his glory, gratify his pride.       Prior.
    A palled appetite is humorous, and must be gra-
  tified with sauces rather than food.         Taffer.
    At once they gratify their scent and taste,
  While frequent cups prolong the rich repast. Pope.
    A thousand little impertinencies are very gratify-
  ing to curiosity, though not improving to the under-
  standing.                             Addison.
3. To requite with a recompense: as, I'll
  gratify you for this trouble.
Gra'tingly,  grate'tlng-16.  adv.  [from
  grate.]   Harshly;  offensively.
GRA'TIS, gra'tis.644 adv.  [Latin.]   For
  nothing;  without a recompense.
    The people cry you mock them;  and, of late,
  When corn was given toem gratis, you repin'd.
                                    Shakspeare.
    They sold themselves; but thou,  like a kind fel-
  low, gav'st thyself away gratis, and I thank thee for
  thee.                              Shakspeare.
    The taking of use, though he judged lawful, yet
  never approved by practice, but lent still gratis both
  to friends and strangers.                   Fell.
    Kindred are no welcome clients, where  relation
  gives toem a title to have advice gratis. L'Estrange.
     I scorned to take my degree at Utrecht  or Ley-
  den, toough offered it gratis by those universities.
                           Arbuthnot's John Bull.
 Gra'titude, grat'e-tude. n.s. [gratitudo,
   low Lat.]
 I.  Duty to benefactors.
               Forbid
   That our renowned Rome, whose gratitude
   Towards her deserving children is enroll'd,
   Should now eat up her own!   Shaksp. Coriolanus.
     Suspicious thoughts his pensive mind employ,
   A sullen gratitude,  and clouded joy.       Harte.
 2. Desire  to return benefits.
     The debt immense of endless grafifnde.  Milton.
     Gratitude is properly a virtue, disposing the mind
   to an inward sense and an outward acknowledgment
   of a benefit received,  together wito a readiness to
   return the same,  or the like.     South's Sermons.
 GRATUITOUS, gra-tu'e-tus. adj. [gra-
    tuitus, Latin; gratuit, French.]
 1. Voluntary;  granted without claim or
   merit.
     We mistake toe gratuitous blessings of heaven
   for the fruits of our own industry.      L'Estrange.
 2. Asserted without proof.
     The second motive they had to introduce this gra-
   tuitous declination of atoms, toe same poet gives us.
                                           Ray.
 Gratuitously,    gra-tu'e-tus-le.    adv.
   [from gratuitous]
 1. Without claim or merit.
 2. Without proof.
     I would know whence came this obliquity of di-
   rection, which they gratuitously tack to matter: this
   is to ascribe will and choice to these particles.
                             Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
 Gratu'ity,  gra-tu'e-te.   ra.  a.  [gratuit6,
    French,  from  gratuitous.]   A present
    or acknowledgment; a free gift.
     They might have pretended to comply with Ulys-
   ses, and dismissed him with a small gratuity.
                           Broome on the Odyssey.
     He used every year to  present us with his alma-
   nack, upon the score of some little gratuity we gave
   him.                                   Swift.
  To  Gra'tulate, gratsh'u-late or  grat'u-
    late.461 v. a.  [gratulor, Latin.]
  1. To congratulate; to salute with decla-
    rations of joy.
           To gratify the good Andronicus,
   And gratulate his safe return to Rome,
   The people will accept whom he admires.  Shaksp.
                Whither away so fast?
   ----No farther than the Tower,
  To grafufafe the gentle princes there.     Shaksp.
    Since nature could behold so dire a crime,
  I gratttfafe at least my native clime,
  That such a land which such a monster bore,
  So far is distant from our Thracian shore.  Dryden,
2. To  declare joy  for; to  mention  with
   expressions of  joy.
    Yet give thy jealous subjects leave to doubt,
  Who this toy 'scape from rumour grafwfafe,
  No less than if from peril;  and devout,
  Do beg thy care unto thy after state.   Ben Jonson.,
Gratula'tion, gratsh-u-la'shiin. ra. s. [gra-
   tulatio, Latin.]    Salutations  made  by
   expressing joy; expression of  joy.
    They are the first gratulations wherewith  our
  Lord and Saviour was  joyfully received  at his en-
  trance into the world, by such as in their hearts,
  arms, and bowels  embraced him.        Hooker.
             The earth
  Gave signs of gratulation, and each hill.   Milton.
    Your enjoyments, according to the standard of a
  christian  desire, require no addition: I shall turn
  my wishes into grafnfafions, and,  congratulating
  their fulness, only wish their continuance.   Soitfn.
Gra'tulatory,  gratsh'u-la-tur-e.612  adj.
   [from  gratulate]  Congratulatory; ex-
   pressing congratulation.
Grave, grave, a final syllable in the names
   of  places,  is from the  Saxon SJiaep,  a
   grove  or  cave.                  Gibson.
GRAVE,  grave, ra.  «. [grtaep,  Saxon.]
   The place in  the ground in which the
   dead are reposited.
     Now it is the time of night,
   That the graves, all gaping wide,
     Eveiy one lets forth  his spright,
   In the church-way paths to glide.         Shaksp.
     Thou wilt not leave me in the loathsome grave.
                                       Milton.
     To walk upon  the graves of our dead masters,
   Is our own security.                   Denham-
     A flood of waters would overwhelm all those frag-
   ments which the earth  broke into, and bury in one
   common  grave all the inhabitants of the earth.
                                       JBnrnef.
     They were wont once a year to meet at the graues
   of the martyrs; there solemnly  to recite their suf-
   ferings and triumphs, to praise toeir virtues, to bless
   God for  their pious examples, for toeir holy lives,
   and their happy deaths.                Nelson.
 Gra've-clothes,    grave'kloze.   ra.    s.
   [grave and clothes.]   The dress of  the
   dead.
     But of such subtle substance and unsound,
   That like a ghost  he  seem'd, whose grave-clothes
         were unbound.                  Spenser.
     And he that was dead came  forth, bound han«
   and foot with grave-clothes.               John,
 Grave-stone, grave'stone, ra. s.  [grave
   and stone.] The  stone that is  laid over
   the grave; the monumental stone.
     Timon, presently prepare thy grave;
   Lye where the light foam of the sea may beat
   Thy grave-stone daily.        Shakspeare's  Timon.
  To GRAVE, grave, v. a.  preter. graved;
   part. pass, graven, [graver, Fr. y%*<pa/\
  1. To insculp,  to  carve  a figure or  in-
   scription in any hard substance.
     Cornice wito bossy sculptures graven.   Milton.
     Later vows, oaths, or leagues can never blot out
   those former gravings  or characters, which  by  just
   and lawful oaths were made upon toeir souls.
                                   King Charles.
     Thy sum of duty let two words contain;
   O may they graven in thy heart remain,
   Be humble and be just.                  Prior.
  2.  To carve or form.
     What profiteth the graven image, that the maker
   thereof  hath graven it?                Hebrews. 
GRA
GRA
GRA
3. To copy paintings upon wood or metal,
  in order to be impressed on paper.
    The gravers can and ought to imitate the bodies
  of the colours by the degrees of the lights and sha-
  dows: 'tis impossible to give much strength to what
  they grave,  after toe works of  the schools, without
  imitating in some sort  the colour of  the objects.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 4.  [from grave.] To entomb.  Not in use.
               There 's more gold:
  Do you damn others, and let this damn you:
  And ditches grave you all!     Shakspeare's Timon.
 5.  To clean, caulk, and sheath a ship.
                                   Ainsworth.
 To Grave, grave,  v. ra.    To write or de-
   lineate on hard substances.
    Thou shalt make a  plate of pure gold, and grave
  upon it.                               Exodus.
 Grave,  grave,  adj.  [grave,  Fr. gravis,
    Latin ]
  L.  Solemn; serious; sober; not  gay; not
    light  or  trifling.
               To th'  more mature,
   A glass that featur'd them; and to  the grave,
   A child that guided dotards.   Shaksji. Cymbeline.
              We should have else desir'd
   Your good  advice, which still hath  been both grave
   And prosperous, in this day's council.      Shaksp.
     That grave awfulness, as in your best breed of
   mastives, or elegancy and prettiness, as in your les-
   ser dogs, are modes of beauty.            More.
     Even the grave and serious characters are distin-
   guished by their several sorts of gravity.  Dryden.
     Youth on silent wings is flown;
    Graver years come rolling on.             Prior,
     To laugh, were want of goodness and of grace;
    And to be grave exceeds alt power of face.   Pope.
     Folly painting humour, grave himself,
    Calls laughter forth.                   Thomson.
     They have as much reason  to pretend to, and as
    much necessity to aspire after, the highest accom-
    plishments of a christian and solid virtue, as  the
    gravesf and wisest among christian  philosophers.
                                           Law.
  2. Of weight; not futile; credible.   Lit-
    tle used.
     The Roman state was of all  others, the most cele-
    brated for their virtue, as the gravest of their own
    writers, and of strangers, do  bear them witness.
                                   Greto's Cosmol.
  3. Not showy; not tawdry:   as,  a  grave
    suit of  clothes.

  4. Not sharp of sound; not acute.
      Accent, in the Greek names and usage, seems to
    have regarded the tone of the voice; toe acute ac-
    cent raising the voice, in some syllables, to a high-
    er, i. e. more acute pitch or tone, and the grave de-
    pressing it lower, and both having some emphasis,
    i. e. more  vigorous pronunciation.         Holder.

  GRA'VEL, grav'el.99 ra. s.  [gravier,  Fr.
    graved, Dutch; gravel, Armorick.]
  1. Hard  sand;  sand  consisting  of  very
    small pebble-stones.
      Gravel consists of  flints of all the usual sizes and
    colours, of the several sorts of pebbles; sometimes
    with a few pyrit®, and other mineral bodies,  con-
    fusedly intermixed, and common sand.  Woodward.
      His armour, all gilt, was so well handled, that it
    shewed like a glittering sand and gravel, interlaced
    with silver rivers.                       Sidney.
      Proofs as clear as founts in July, when
    We see each grain of graref. Shaksp. Henry VIII.
      Providence permitted not the earth to spend itself
    in base gravels and pebbles,  instead of quarries of
    stones.                                 «Vore.
      So deep, and yet so clear, we might behold
    The gravel bottom, and that  bottom gold.    Dryd.
      The upper garden at Kensington was at first noth-
    ing but a  gravel pit.                   Spectator.
      Gravel walks are  best for fruit-trees. Mortimer.
I.  [gravelle, P rench.]  Sandy matter con-
  creted in the kidneys.
    If the stone is brittle it will often crumble, and
  pass in toe form of gravel: if the stone is too big to
  pass, the best method is to come to a sort of a com-
  position or truce with it.               Arbuthnot.

To  Gra'vel,  grav'el.  v. a.  [from  the
  noun.]
I. To pave or cover with  gravel.
    Moss groweth upon alleys, especially such as lie
  cold, and upon the north, as in divers terrasses; and
  again, if they be much trodden, or if they  were at
  toe first gravelled.                       Bacon.
2.  To stick in the sand.
    William the conqueror, when  he invaded  this
  island, chanced at his arrival to be gravelled;  and
  one of his feet stuck so fast in the sand, toat he fell
  to toe ground.                         Camden.
    To puzzie;  to stop; to put to a  stand;
   to embarrass.
     I would kiss before I spoke.
  —Nay, you were better speak first, and when you
  were gravelled for lack of matter you might take oc-
  casion to kiss.                          Shaksp.
     The disease itself will gravel him to judge of it;
  nor can there be any prediction made of it, it is so
  sharp.                                 Howel.
     What work do our imaginations make with eter-
  nity and immensity?   and how  are we  gravelled
   by their cutting dilemmas?             Gfanriffe.
     Mat, who was here a little gravell'd,
   Tost up his nose, and would have cavill'd.  Prior.
 4.  [In horsemanship.]   To hurt the foot
    with  gravel confined by the shoe.
 Gra'veless, grave'les. adj.  [from grave]
    Wanting a tomb;  unburied.
             My brave Egyptians  all,
   By toe discandying of this pelletted storm,
   Lie graveless.    Shakspeare's Ant, and Cleopatra.
 Gra'velly, grav'el-le.  adj.  [graveleux,
    French; from gravel] Full  of  gravel;
    abounding with  gravel;  consisting  of
    gravel.
     There are some natural spring waters  that will
   inlapidate wood; so toat you shall see one piece of
   wood, whereof the part above  the water shall con-
   tinue wood, and  the part  under  the water shall be
   turned into a gravelly  stone.              Bacon.
     If you live in a consumptive air, make  choice of
   the more open, high, dry, andgraueffy part of it.
                         Harvey on Consumptions.

 Gra'vely,  grave'le. adv. [from grave.]
  I.  Solemnly;  seriously;  soberly;  without
    lightness  or  mirth.
              Thou stand'st
    Gravely in doubt when to hold them wise.  Jtfiffon.
     A girl longs to tell her confidant that she hopes to
    be married in a little time, and asks her very grave-
    ly what she would have her to do.       Spectator.
     Wisdom 's above suspecting wiles;
    The queen of learning gravely smiles.       Swift.
      A formal story was  very gravely carried to  his
    excellency, by some zealous members.      Swift.
      Is 't not enough the blockhead scarce can read,
    But must he wisely look, and gravely plead? Young.
  2. Without gaudiness or show.

  Gra'veness, grave'nes. ra. s. [from grave.]
    Seriousness;  solemnity and  sobriety of
    behaviour.
              Youth no less becomes
    The light and careless livery toat it wears,
    Than settled age his sables, and  his weeds
    Importing health and graveness.        Shakspeare.
      But yet beware of counsels when too full;
    Number makes long disputes and graveness dull.
                                        Denham.

  Gra'veolent,  gra- ve'6-lent.  adj.  [gra-
     veolens) Latin.]  Strong  scented.  Diet.
ra. s.  [graveur, I l
Gra'ver,  gra'vur.
   from grave.]
I. One whose business is  to inscribe or
   carve upon  hard  substances;  one  who
   copies pictures upon wood or metal to
   be impressed on paper.
    If he makes a design to be graved, he  is to re-
  member that the gravers dispose not their colours as
  the painters do; and that, by consequence, he must
  take occasion to find the reason of his design in the
  natural shadows of the figures, which  he  has dis-
  posed to cause the effect.                Diyden.
2. The style or tool used in graving.
    With all the care wherewith I tried  upon it the
  known ways of softening gravers, I could not soften
  this.                                   Boyle.
    The toilsome hours in diff 'rent labour slide,
  Some work the file, and some the graver guide.
                                     Gay's Fan.
Gravi'dity, gra-vid'e-te. ra. s. [gravidust
   Latin.]   Pregnancy; state of being with
   child.
    Women, obstructed, have not always  the fore-
  mentioned symptoms: in those the signs of gravidity
  and obstructions are hard to be distinguished in the
  beginning.                          Arbuthnot.

Gra'ving,  gra'ving. ra. s.  [from grave.]
   Carved work.
     Skilful  to work in gold; also to  grave any man-
   ner of graving, and to find out eveiy device which
   shall  be put to him.                2 Chronicles-.
 To   GRA'VITATE,  grav'e-tate.  v.  ra.
   [from gravis, Latin.]   To tend to  the
   centre of attraction.
     Those who have nature's steps with care pursu'd.
   That matter is with  active force endu'd,
   That all its parts magnetick pow'r exert,
   And  to each other grauifafe, assert.    Blackmore.
     That subtle matter must be of the same substance
   with  all other matter, and as much as is compre-
   hended within a particular body must  gravitate
   jointly with toat body.                  BenUey.
 Gravita'tion,   grav-e-ta'shiin.    ra.  s.
   [from gravitate.] Act of tending to the
   centre.
     The most considerable phenomenon belonging to
   the terrestrial bodies, is the general action of gravi-
   tation, whereby all known bodies, in the vicinity of
   the earth, do tend and press towards its centre.
                                        .Benffey.
     When toe loose mountain trembles from on high,
   Shall gravitation cease, if you go by?        Pope.
 Gra'vity, grav'e-te. ra. s.  [gravitas, Lat.
   gravite, Fr.]
   . Weight;  heaviness;   tendency  to  the
    centre.
      That quality by which all heavy bodies tend to-
   wards  tbe centre, accelerating their motion  the
   nearer toey approach towards it, true  philosophy
   has shewn to be unsolveable by any hypothesis, and
   resolved it into the immediate will of the Creator.
   Of all bodies, considered within the confines of any
   fluid, there is a twofold gravity, true and absolute,
   and  vulgar or comparative: absolute gravity is the
   whole force by which any body tends downwards;
   but the relative or vulgar is the excess of gravity in
   one  body above the specifick gravity of the  fluid,
   whereby it tends downwards more than the ambient
   fluid doth.                            Quincy.
      Bodies do swim  or sink in different liquors, ac-
    cording to the tenacity or gravity of those liquors
    which are to support them.                Brown.
      Though this increase of density may at great dis-
    tances be exceeding slow, yet  if the elastick tone
    of this medium be exceeding great,  it may suffice
    to impel bodies from  the denser  parts of the me-
    dium towards toe rarer, with all that power which
    we  call gravity.                        JVeacfon.
  2. Atrociousness;  weight of guilt.
      No man could ever have thought this reasonable, 
GRA
GRA
GRE
  that had intended thereby only to punish the injury
  committed, according to the gravity of toe fact.
                                        Hooker.
3. Seriousness; solemnity.
    There is not a white hair on your face but should
  have his effect of gravity.                Shaksp.
    Our youths and wildness  shall no whit appear,
  But all be buried in his gravity.          ijhaksp.
    For the advocates  and  council that plead, pa-
  tience and gravity of hearing is an essential part of
  justice.                          i       Bacon.
    Great Cato there, for gravity renown'd. Dryden.
    The emperors often jested on their rivals or pre-
  decessors, but  their  mints still maintained their
  gravity.                              Addison.
    He will tell you  with great grarify, that it is  a
  dangerous thing for a man that has been used to get
  money, ever to leave it off.                  Law.

Gra'vy,  gra've.  ra. s.   The  serous  juice
   that runs from flesh  not much dried by
   the  fire.
    Meat we  love half raw, with the blood trickling
  down from it, delicately terming it the gravy, which
  in truth looks more like an ichorous or raw bloody
  matter.                               Harvey.
    There may be stronger broth made of vegetables
  than of any gravy soup.              Arbuthnot.
GRAY, gra\ [adj.  [jriaeg  Saxon;  grau,
   Danish; graau, Dutch.]
 1. White  with a mixture of black.
    They left me then, when the gray headed even,
  Like  a sad votarist  in Palmer's weed.
  Rose  from the hindmost wheels of Phoebus' wain.
                                        Milton.
    These gray and  dun colours  may be also pro-
  duced by mixing whites and blacks, and  by conse-
  quence differ from  perfect whites, not in species
  of colours, but only in degree of luminousness.
                                        Newton.
2. White or hoary with old age.
    Living creatures  generally  do  change  their hair
  with age,  turning to be gray; as  is seen in men,
  though some earlier and some later; in horses, that
  are dappled and turn white;  in  old  squirrels that
  turn grisly, and many others.              Bacon.
    Thou hast neither forsaken me now I am become
  gray headed, nor suffered me to forsake thee in the
  late days of temptation.                 Walton.
                    Anon
  Gray headed men and grave, with warriours mix'd,
  Assemble.                             Milton.
    The restoration of gray  hairs  to juvenility, and
  renewing the exhausted marrow, may be effected.
                                       Gfara>iffe.
     Gray headed infant! and in vain grown old!
  Art thou to learn that in another's gold
  Lie charms resistless?                  Dryden.
    We most of us are grown gray headed  in our
  dear master's service.                  Addison.
    Her gray hair'd synods damning books unread,
  And Bacon trembling for his brazen head.   Pope.

3. Dark like the  opening or close of clay;
   of the colour of ashes.
    Our women's names are more gracious than their
  Caesilia, that is, gray eyed.             Camden.
    The gray ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night,
  Chequ'ring the eastern clouds with streaks of light.
                                        Shaksp.
    I'll  say yon gray is not the morning's eye;
  'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow.  Shaksp.
    Soon as toe gray  ey'd morning streaks the skies,
  And in the doubtful day toe woodcock flies.   Gay.
Gray, gra. ra. *.  A gray colour.
    Down sunk the sun, the closing hour of day
  Came onward, mantled o'er with dusky gray.
                                        Parnef.

Gray, gra.  ra.  s.   A  badger.    Ainsworth.
Gra'ybeahd,  gra'beerd. ra. s. [gray and
  beard.]  An  old man: in contempt.
    Youngling, thou canst not love  so dear as I.
  —Graybeard, thy love doth  freeze.        Shaksp.
    Have I in conquest stretcht mine arm so far,
  To be afraid to tell graybeards the truth?   Shaksp.
Grayling, gra ling. ra.*. [thymallus.] The
   umber,  a fish.
    The grayling  lives in such  rivers as  the trout
  does, and is usually taken with the same baits, and
  after the same manner: he is of a fine shape, his
  flesh white, and his teeth, those  little ones that he
  has, are in his throat.  He is not so general a fish
  as the trout, nor so good to eat.          Walton.
Gra'yness,  gra'nes.  ra.  s. [from gray.]
   The quality of being gray.
 To Graze, graze,  v.  ra. [from grass.]
 1. To eat grass; to teed on grass.
    The greatest of my pride is to see my ewes graze,
  and my lambs suck.                     Shaksp.
     Graze where you  will, you shall not house wito
        me.                            Shaksp.
    Leaving in the fields his grazing cows,
  He sought himself some hospitable house. Dryden.
          The more ignoble throng
  Attend their stately steps, and slowly graze along.
                                       Dryden.
2. To supply grass.
    Physicians  advise their patients to  remove into
  airs which are plain champaigns, but gi-azing, and
  not overgrown wito heath.               Bacon.
    The sewers must be kept so as the water may not
  stay too  long in the spring; for then toe  ground con-
  tinueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to pur-
  pose that year.                         Bacon.
    A third  sort of grazing ground is that near  the
  sea, which is commonly very rich land.   Mortimer
3. To move on  devouring.
    As every state lay next to the other that was op-
  pressed, so the fire perpetually grazed.     Bacon.
4. [from raser,  Fr.] To touch lightly.
    Mark then abounding valour in our English,
  That being dead, like to the bullets grazing,
  Breaks out into a second course of mischief,
  Killing in relapse of mortality.            Shaksp.
 To Graze, graze, v.  a.
 I. To tend grazing cattle; to  set cattle to
   feed on  grass.
    Jacob graz'd his uncle  Laban's sheep.   Shaksp.
    0 happy man, saith he, that, lo! I see
  Grazing his cattle in those pleasant fields,
  If he but know his good.      Daniel's Civil  War.
2. To feed upon.
    I was at first as other beasts,  that graze
  The trodden herb, of abject thoughts and  low.
                                       Jtfiffon.
               Their steeds around,
  Free from  their harness, graze toe flow'ry ground.
                                       Dryden.
    Some graze their land 'till Christmas,  and some
  longer.                             Mortimer.
    This Neptune gave him, when he gave  to keep
  His scaly flocks that graze the wat'ry deep. Dryden.
    The lambs with wolves shall graze  the verdant
        mead.                           Pope.
3. To supply  with grass.
    He  hath a house and barn in repair, and a field
  or two to graze his cows, with a garden and orchard.
                                         Swift.
Gra'zer,  gra'zur.  ra.  s.  [from graze.]
   One that  grazes or feeds on grass.
             His flock daily crops
  Their  verdant dinner from the mossy turf
  Sufficient;  after them the  cackling goose,
  Close grazer, finds wherewith to ease her want.
                                       Philips.
Gra'zier, gra'zhiir.283 ra. a.  [from graze.]
   One who feeds cattle.
    All  graziers prefer toeir cattle from meaner pas-
  tures to better.                         Bacon.
    Gentle peace, which  filleth the husbandman's
  barns, the grazier's folds,  and the tradesman's shop.
                                        Howel.
    His confusion increased when he found toe al-
  derman's father to be a grazier.         Spectator.
     Of agriculture the desolation made in the countn
  by engrossing graziers, and the great yearly im-
  portation of corn  from England, arc lamentable
  instances under what discouragement it lies. Swift.
GREASE, grese.227 n. s. [graisse,  Fr.J
 I. The soft part  of the fat; the oily or
   unctuous part of animals.
                Grease, that's sweaten
  From the murth'rer's gibbet, throw
  Into the flame.                         Shaksp.
     To take out a spot of grease they use a coal  upon
  brown paper.                           Bacon.
     Thou hop'st, with sacrifice of oxen slain,
  To compass wealth,  and bribe toe god of gain
  To give thee flocks and herds, with large encrease;
  Fool! to expect them from a  bullock's grease.
                                        Dryden.
   A girdle, foul with grease, binds his obscene attire.
                                        Dryden.
2. [In  horsemanship.]   A  swelling  and
   gourdiness of the legs, which happens
   to a horse after a journey, or by stand-
   ing  long in the  stable.
 To   Grease,  greze.437  v.  a.  [from the
   noun.]
 1. To smear or  anoint with grease.
2. To bribe; to corrupt with  presents.
                 Envy not toe store
  Ofthe greas'd advocate that  grinds the poor. Dryd.
Gre'asiness,  gre'ze-nes.   ra.  s.  [from
   grease] Oiliness; fatness.
     Upon the most of these stones, after they are cut,
  toere appears always, as it were, a kind of greasi-
  ness or unctuosity                        Boyle.
Gre'asy, gre'ze. adj. [from grease.]
 1. Oily; fat; unctuous.
     The fragments, scraps,  the  bits and greasy re-
         liques
  Of her o'ereaten faith.                  Shaksp.
2. Smeared with grease.
               Even toe lewd rabble
  Govern'd their roaring throats, and grumbled pity:
  I could have hugg'd the greasy rogues; they pleased
        me.                             Otway.
    Buy sheep, and see that they be big-boned, and
  have a soft, greasy, well curled close wool.
                                     Mortimer.
3. Fat of body; bulky: in reproach.
    Let 's consult together against this greasy knight.
                                        Shaksp.
GREAT, grate.**0 241 adj.  [jneat, Sax
   groot, Dutch.]
1. Large in bulk or number.
    Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a
  greaf multitude with  swords and staves.      Mat.
    All these cities were fenced  with  high walls,
  gates  and bars, besides unwalled towns a greaf
  many.                           Deuteronomy.
             Elemental air diffus'd
  In circuit to the uttermost convex
  Of this greaf round.                     Jtfiffon.
    And God created the greaf whales.      Milton.
    A dungeon horrible, on all sides round,
  As one great furnace flam'd.              Jtfiffon.
               The tallest pine
  Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
  Of some greaf admiral.                  Jtfiffon,
2. Having any quality in a high degree.
    There were they in greaf fear.          Psalms.
    Their pow'r was greaf.                Jtfiffon.
     Greaf triumph and rejoicing  was in heav'n.
                                        Jtfiffon.
    Charms such as  thine, inimitably greaf
  He only could express.                  Broome.
   Having number or  bulk, relative or
   comparative.
    The idea of so much is positive and clear: the
  idea of greaf er is also clear, but it is but a compara-
  tive idea.                               Locfce.
4. Considerable in extent or duration. 
a  re
GRE
GRE
    Thou hast spoken of toy servant's  house for a
  great while to come.                  2 Samuel.
5. Important; weighty.
                   Make sure
  Her favours to thee, and the greaf oath take
  With which the blessed gods assurance make.
                                     Chapman.
                   Many
  Have broke their backs with laying manors on toem
  For this greaf journey.                  Shaksp.
      What is low raise and support,
  That to toe height of this greaf argument
  I may assert eternal Providence,
  And vindicate the ways of God to men.   Milton.
    On some greaf charge employ'd
  He seem'd, or fix'd in cogitation deep.   Jtfiffon.
    By experience of this greaf event,
  In arms not worse.                     Jtfiffon.
             After silence then,
  And summons read, the greaf consult began. Jtfiff.
    And though this be a great truth, if it be impar-
  tially considered, yet it is also a great paradox to
  men of corrupt minds and vitious practices.
                                      Tillotson.

6. Chief; principal.
    Hear  the king's pleasure,  cardinal, who com-
        mands you
  To render up the greaf seal presently.      Shaksp.
7. Venerable; adorable; awful.
    Thou first art wont God's greaf authentick will,
- Interpreter, through highest heav'n to  bring.  Jtfiff.
8. Wonderful; marvellous.
     Great things, and full of wonder.       MUton.
9. Of high  rank; of large power.
    Such men as he be never at heart's ease,
  Whilst toey behold a greater than toemselves.
                                       Shaksp.
              Worthiest by being good,
  Far more than greaf or high.             Milton.
              Of all the greaf how few
  Are just to heav'n, and to toeir promise true! Pope.
    Misfortune made toe throne her seat,
  And none could be unhappy but the greaf.   Rowe.
              Despise the farce  of state,
  The sober follies of the wise and greaf.     Pope.
    The marble tombs toat rise on high,
  Whose dead in  vaulted arches lie;
  These, all the poor remains of state,
  Adorn the rich, or praise the greaf.       Parnel.

 10. General;  extensive in consequence or
   influence.
    Prolifick humour softning all her globe,
  Fermented toe greaf mother to conceive.   Jtfiffon.
 11.  Illustrious;  eminent; noble;  excellent.
    0 Lord, thou art greaf, and thy name is greaf in
  might.                               Jeremiah.
    The greaf Creator thus reply'd.        Milton.
              The greaf Son return'd
  Victorious with his saints.               Jtfiffon.
    Fair angel, thy desire that tends to  know
  The works of God, thereby to glorify
  The greaf work-master, tends to  no excess
  That reaches blame.                    Milton.
    Great are thy works Jehovah,  infinite
  Thy pow'r! what thought can  measure  thee,  or
        tongue
  Relate thee! greater now in thy return
  Than from toe giant angels: thee that  day
  Thy thunders magnified, but to create
  Is greater than created to destroy.        Milton.
              The greaf luminary,
  Aloof the vulgar constellations thick,
  That from his lordly eye keep distance due,
  Dispenses light from far                Milton.
    Here Cesar grac'd with both Minervas shone,
  Cesar, the world's greaf master, and his own. Pope.
                 Scipio,
  Greaf in his triumphs, in retirement greaf.   Pope.

12. Grand  of aspect;  of elevated mien.
    Such Dido was; with  such becoming  state,
  Amidst the crowd, she walks serenely greaf.  Dryd.
13. Magnanimous; generous; high minded.

      VOL. I.
    In her every thing was goodly and stately; yet so,
  that it might seem that greaf mindedness was but
  the ancient-bearer to the humbleness.      Sidney.
14. Opulent; sumptuous;  magnificent.
               Not Babylon,
  Nor great Alcairo, such magnificence
  Equall'd in all their glories.             Jtfiffon.
    He  disdained not to appear  at greaf  tables and
  festival entertainments.               Atterbury.
15. Intellectually great; sublime.
    This new created world, how good, how fair,
  Answering his greaf idea.                MUton.
16. Swelling; proud.
    Solyman  perceived that Vienna  was not  to be
  won with words, nor  the  defendants to be discou-
  raged  with great looks; wherefore he began to bat-
  ter the walls.                          Knolles.
17. Familiar; much  acquainted.  A  low
   word.
    Those  that would  not censure, or speak ill of a
  man immediately, will talk more boldly of  those
  that are great with toem, and thereby wound their
  honour.                                Bacon.
18. Pregnant; teeming.
  His eyes sometimes even greaf with tears.  Sidney.
               Their bellies greaf
  With  swelling vanity, bring forth deceit.  Sandys.
    This fly, for most he stings in heat of  day,
  From  cattle great wito young keep thou away. Jtfay.
19. It is added  in every step of ascending
   or descending consanguinity:  as great
   grandson is the  son of my grandson.
    I dare not yet  affirm for toe  antiquity  of our lan-
  guage, that our great-great-great grandsires tongue
  came  out of Persia.                    Camden.
    What we call greaf greaf grandfather they called
  forthafader.                           Camden.
    Their holydays cloaths go from father to son, and
  are seldom worn out till the second or  third gene-
  ration ; so that 'tis common enough to see a country-
  man in toe doublet and breeches of his great grand-
  father.                              Addison.
20.  Hard;  difficult;   grievous.   A   pro-
   verbial expression.
    It is no greaf  matter to live lovingly with good
  natured and meek persons.               Taylor.
Great, grate,  ra. s. [from the adjective.]
   The whole;  the gross; the  whole  in a
   lump.
    To let out thy harvest by greaf or by day,
  Let this by experience lead thee the way,
  By greaf will deceive thee with ling'ring it out,
  By day will dispatch.                    Tusser.
    It were behoveful,  for the strength of the  navy,
  that no ships should be builded by toe greaf; for by
  daily  experience toey are found to be weak and
  imperfect.                            Raleigh.
    He  did at length so many slain forget,
  And lost toe tale, and took them by the  greaf.
                                       Dryden.
    Carpenters build an house by the greaf,  and are
  agreed for toe sum of money.            Moxon.
    I set aside one day in a week for  lovers, and in-
  terpret by the greaf  for any  gentlewoman who is
  turned of sixty.                        Addison.

Grea'thellied,    grate-bel'id.283   adj.
   [great  and belly.] Pregnant; teeming.
             Greatbellied women,
  That had not half a week to go, like rams
  In the old time of war, would shake  the press.
                                        Shaksp.
    A greatbellied woman, walking through the city
  in the day-time, had  her child struck out of her
  womb, and carried half a furlong from her. Wilkins.
To Gre'aten,  gra'tn.  v.  a. [from great]
   To aggrandize;  to enlarge; to  magnify.
   Little used.
    After they sought to greaten themselves in Italy
  itself,  using strangers for the command  of  their
  armies, the Turks by degrees beat them out of all
  their goodly countries.                  Raleigh.
                      5s
    A favourite's business, is to please the king, a mi-
  nister's to gj-eafen and exalt him.            Ken.
Greathea'rted,    grate-hart'ed.    adj.
   [great and heart.]   High-spirited;  un-
   dejected.
    The earl, as greathearted as he, declared that he
  neither cared for his friendship, nor feared  his ha-
  tred.                               Clarendon.

Gre'atly, grate'le. adv. [from great.]
I. In a great degree.
    Thy sorrow I will greaf fy multiply.       Milton.
2. Nobly;  illustriously.
    Yet London, empress of the northern clime,
  By an high fate thou greatly didst expire.  Dryden.
3. Magnanimously; generously; bravely.
    Where are these bold intrepid sons of war,
  That greatly turn their backs upon toe foe,
  Aud to their general  send a brave defiance?
                                      Addison.

Gre'atness,  grate'nes. ra. s. [from great.]
I. Largeness of quantity or number.
2. Comparative quantity.
    We can have no positive  idea of any  space or
  duration, which is not made up of and commensu-
  rate to repeated numbers of feet or yards, or days
  or years, and whereby we judge of the greatness of
  these sort of quantities.                   Locke.
    AH absent good does not, according to the great-
  ness it has, or is acknowledged to have, cause pain
  equal  to that greatness, as all  pain  causes desire
  equal to itself;  because the absence  of good is not
  always a pain, as the presence of pain is.    Locke.
3. High degree of any quality.
    Zeal,  in  duties, shall  be proportioned  to the
  greafness of the reward, and the certainty.  Rogers.
4. High place; dignity;  power; influence;
   empire.
    The most servile flattery is lodged most easily in
  the  grossest capacity; for toeir ordinary  conceit
  draweth  a yielding to greatness, and then have
  they not wit to discern the right degrees of duty.
                                        Sidney.
    Farewel,  a long farewel to all my greatness.
                                        Shaksp.
             So many
  As will to greatness dedicate themselves.   Shaksp.
    I beg your greatness not to give the law
  In other realms; but beaten, to withdraw.  Dryden.
    Approaching greatness met him with her charms
  Of pow'r and future state,
  He shook her from his arms.            Dryden.
    Themistocles raised the Athenians to their great-
  ness at sea,  which he  thought to  be the  true and
  constant interest of that commonwealth.    Swiff.
5. Swelling pride;  affected state.
    My lord would have you  know, that it is not of
  pride or greafness that he cometh not aboard your
  ships.                                  Bacon.
6. Merit; magnanimity; nobleness of mind.
    Greatness of mind and nobleness their seat
  Build in her loveliest.                    Milton.
7. Grandeur;  state; magnificence.
    Greatness with Timon dwells in such a draught,
  As  brings all  Brobdignag before your thought.
                                          Pope.
Greave, greve. ra.  s.  [grtaep, Saxon] A
   grove                            Spenser.
    Yet when there haps a honey-fall,
  We'll lick the sirupt leaves,
    And tell the bees that theirs is gall
  To  that upon the greaves.            M. Drayton.
Greaves, grevz  ra. s. [from greves, Fr.]
   Armour for the legs; a sort of boots. It
   wants the singular number.
    He had greaves of brass upon his legs.    1 Sam.
    A shield make for him, and a helm, fairgreaces
        and  curets, such
  As may renown toy workmanship, and honour him
        as much.                      Chapman. 
GRfc
GRE
GRE
Gre'cism,  gre'slzm.  ra. s.  [grceeismus,
   Lat.] An idiom of the Greek language.
Gree, grei. ra. *. [gre. Fr. probably from
   gratia.] Good-will; favour; good graces.
    And falling her before on lowly knee,
  To her makes present of his service seen,
  Which she accepts with thanks and goodly gree.
                                      Spenser.

Greece,  greese.  ra. s.  [corrupted from
   degrees.  It is  written  likewise greeze
   or gr ice.]   A flight of steps.  Obsolete.
             Every greece of fortune
   Is smother'd by that below.             Shaksp.
     After the procession, the king himself remaining
   seated in the quire, the lord archbishop, upon the
   greece ofthe quire made a long oration.    Bacon.
 Gre'eoily, gree'de-le. adv.  [from gree-
   dy.] Eagerly; ravenously; voraciously;
   with keen appetite or desire.
     Greedily she engorg'd witliout restraint.  MUton.
     He swallow'd it as greedily
   As parched earth drinks rain.          Denham.
     Ev'n deadly plants, and herbs of pois'nous juice,
   Wild hunger seeks; and to prolong our breath,
   We greedily devour  our certain death.    Dryden.
 Gke'ediness,  gree'd£-nes.  ra. *.  [from
   greedy j  Ravenousness; voracity; hun-
    ger; eagerness  of appetite or desire.
     Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness.       Shaksp.
     Thither wito all greediness  of affection are they
   gone, and there they intend to sup.        Shaksp.
     If thou wert the wolf, thy greediness would afflict
   thee.                                Shaksp.
     I with the same greediness did seek,
   As water when I thirst, to swallow' Greek. Denham.
 GRE'EDY,  gree'de. adj. [sp-sebij, Sax.
    graadig, Danish; gretig, Dul.]
  1. Ravenous; voracious; hungry.
     As a lion that is greedy of  his prey. ,  Psalms.
     Be not unsatiable in  any dainty thing, nor too
   greedy upon meats.                    Ecclus.
     He made the greedy ravens to be Elias's caterers,
   and bring him food.               King Charles
  2. Eager; vehemently desirous. It is  now
    com nonly taken in an ill sense.
      Greedy to know, as is the mind of man,
    Their cause of death, swift to the fire she ran.
                                        Fairfax.
      The ways of every one that is greedy of gain.
                                       Proverbs.
      Stem look'd the fiend, as frustrate of his will,
    Not half suffie'd, and greedy yet to kill.   Dryden.
      While the reaper fills his greedy hands,
    And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands.
                                        Dryden.
      How fearful would he be of all greedy and unjust
    ways of raising their fortune?               Law.
  GREEN,  green, adj.   [grun, German;
    groen, Dutch.]
  1. Having a colour formed commonly by
    compounding  blue and yellow;  of the
    colour of  the leaves of trees or herbs
    The green colour is said to be most fa-
    vourable to the sight.
      The general colour of plants is green, which is a
    colour that no flower is of: there is a greenish prim-
    rose, hut it is pale and scarce a green.     Bacon.
      Gi*Oves for ever grem.                  Pope.

  2.  Pale; sickly: from which we call the
    maid's disease the green -sickness, or
    ehlorosis.  Like it is Sappho's y,Xu^ori^
    7r»tx<;.
              Was the hope drunk
    Wherein you drest yourself?  Hath it slept since?
    And wakes it now to look so green and pale
    At what it did so freely?                 Shaksp.
      There's  never any of these demure boys come
 to any proof; they fall into a kind of male gr,een- '
 sickness.                             Sliaksp.
   Till the green sickness and love's force hetray'd
 To death's remorseless aims to' unhappy maid-
                                      Garth.

. Flourishing;  fresh;  undecayed: from
 trees in  spring.
   If I have any where said a green old age, I have
 Virgil's authority; Sed cruda deo viridisque senectus.
                                     Dryden.
 New; fresh: as, a green wound.
   The door is open, sir; there lies yoor way:
 You may be jogging while your boots are green.
                                     Shaksp.
           Griefs are green;
 And all thy friends, which  thou must  make toy
       friends,
 Have but  their stings and teeto newly ta'en out.
                                     Shaksp.
           In a vault,
 Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth
 Lies festering in his blood.              Shaksp.
   A man that studieth  revenge keepeth his own
 wounds green, which otherwise would heal and do
 well.                                 Bacon.
   I might dilate on the temper of the people, the
 power, arts, and interest of the contrary party, but
 those are invidious  topicks,  too green in our re-
 membrance.                          Dryden.
 . Not dry.
   If a spark of errorhave thus far prevailed falling
 even where the wood was green, and farthest off
 from any inclination  unto furious attempts, must
 not the peril  thereof be greater in  men, whose
 minds are of themselves as  dry fewel, apt before-
 hand unto tumults?                    Hooker.
            Being an olive tree
 Which late he fell'd; and being greene, must be
 Made lighter for his manage-          Chapman.
    Of fragility toe cause is an impotency to be ex-
 tended,  and  therefore stone is more fragil than
 metal,  and so dry wood is more fragil than green.
                                      Bacon-
    If you  but consider a piece of green wood  burn-
 ing in a chimney, you will readily  discern, in the
 disbanded parts of it, the four elements.    Boyle.
    The green  do often heat the ripe, and the  ripe,
 so heated, give fire to the green.        Mortimer.
 i.  Not  roasted; half raw.
    Under this head we may rank those words which
 signify different ideas, by a sort of an unaccountable
 far-fetched analogy, or distant resemblance, that
 fancy has introduced between one thing and another;
  as when  we say the meat is green when it is half
 roasted.                                Waffs.
7.  Unripe;  immature;  young:  because
  fruits are green before they are ripe.
            My sallad days,
  When I was green in judgment, cold in Wood!
                                       Shaksp.
            You'll find a difference
  Between the promise of his greener days.
  And these he masters now.               Shaksp.
    Oh, charming youth, in the first op'ning page;
  So many graees in so green an age.      Diyden.
    If you would fat green geese, shut toem up when
  they are about a month old.           Mortimer.
    Stubble geese at Michaelmas are seen
  Upon the spit, next May produces green.    King.
Green, green, ra. s.
1. The green colour; green  colour  of dif-
   ferent shades.
            Her mother hato intended,
  That quaint in green she shall be loose enrob'd.
                                       Shaksp.
    But wito your  presence cheer'd they cease to
        mourn,
  And walks wear fresher green at  your return.
                                       Diyden.
    Cinnabar illuminated by this beam, appears of
  toe same red colour as in daylight; and if at the lens
  you intercept  the green making and blue making
  rays, its redness will become more full and lively
                                      Newton.
    Let us but consider the two colours of yellow ai\?(
  blue; if they are mingled together in any consider-
  able proportion, they make a green.        Watts.
   A grassy plain.
    For this down-trodden equity, we tread
  In warlike march these greens before your town.
                                       Shaksp.
    O'er  the smooth enamell'd green,
  Where no print of step hath been,
  Follow me as I sing.                    Milton.
    The young Emilia, fairer to be seen
  Than the fair  lily on the flow'ry green.   Dryden.
3. Leaves; branches; wreaths.
    Wito greens and flow'rs recruit their empty hives,
  And seek fresh forage to sustain their lives.
                                      Dryden.
    Ev'ry brow with cheerful green is crown'd;
  The feasts are doubled, and the bowls go round.
                                      Dryden.
    The fragrant greens I seek, my brows to bind.
                                      Diyden.
To Green, green, v. a. [from the noun.]
   To make green.   A low word.
            Great spring before
  Green'd all the year; and fruits and blossoms blush'd
  In social sweetness on  the self-same bough
                                      Thomson.
Gre'enbroom, green-brodm'. ra. s. [cytiso
   genistra, Lat.] A shrub.         Miller,
Gre'encloth, green'klofra. ra. s.  A board
   or court of justice held in the counting-
   house of  the king's household, for the
   taking cognizance of all matters of go-
   vernment and  justice within the king's
   court royal; and  for correcting all the
   servants that shall offend.          Dict.
    For the  greencloth law, take  it  in  the  largest
  sense, 1 have no opinion of it.             Bacon.
Gre'eneyed,  green'ide.2S3  adj.  '[green
   and  eye.]   Having eyes coloured with
   green.
    Doubtful thoughts, and rash-embrae'd despair,
  And shndd'ring fear, and gi-eeney'd jealousy. Shak.
Gre'enfinch, green'finsh. ra. s.  [chloris/]
   A kind of bird.
    The chaffinch, greenfinch,  dormouse, and other
   small birds, are injurious to some fruits. Mortimer.
Gre'enfish,   green'flsli.  ra.  s.  [usellus,
   Latin.]  A kind  of fish.      Ainsworth.
Gre'engage, green-gaje'. ra. *. A species
   of plum.
Gre'enhouse, green'house.  ra. s.  [green
    and house.]   A house  in which tender
    plants arc sheltered from the weather.
     If the season prove exceeding piercing, which you
   may know by the freezing of a moistened cloth set
   in your greenhouse, kindle some charcoal.  Evelyn.
     Sometimes  our road  led us into several  hollow
   apartments among the rocks  and  mountains, that
   look like so many natural greenhouses,  as  being
   always shaded with a great  variety of trees and
   shrubs toat never lose their verdure.     Addison.
     A kitchen garden is a more pleasant sight than
   the finest orangery or artificial greenhouse.   Sped.
 Gre'enish, green'ish. adj. [from green.]
    Somewhat green; tending to green.
     With goodly greenish locks, all loose unty'd,
   As each had been a bride.               Spenser.
     Of this order the green of all vegetables seems
    to  be,  partly by reason of the intenseness of their
    colours, and  partly because,  when  they wither,
   some of them turn to a greenish yellow.  JVen-fcn.
 Gre'enly, green'le. adv.  [from green/
   With a greenish colour.
2. Newly; freshly.
3. Immaturely. 
GRE
GRE
GRI
4. Wanly; timidly. Not in  use.
    Kate,  I cannot look greenly,  nor gasp out my
  eloquence; nor have  I cunning in protestation.
                                      Shaksp.
Grk'enness, green'nes. ra. s. [from green.]
1. The quality of  being  green;  viridity;
   viridness.
    About it grew such sort of trees, as either excel-
  lency  of  fruit, stateliness  of  growth, continual
  greenness,  or poetical fancies, have made at any
  time famous.                          Sidney.
    In a meadow, though the meer grass and green-
  ness delights, yet the variety of flowers doth height-
  en and beautify                   J5en Jonson.
    My reason, which discourses on What it finds in
  my  phantasy, can consider greenness by itself, or
  mellowness, or sweetness, or coldness, singly and
  alone by itself.                         Digby.
2. Immaturity;  unripeness.
    This prince, while  yet the errors in his nature
  were excused by the  greenness of his youth, which
  took all toe fault upon itself, loved a private man's
  wife.                                Sidney.
3. Freshness; vigour.
    Take toe picture of a man in the  greenness and
  yivacity of his youth, and in toe latter date and de-
  clension  of his drooping years, and you will scarce
  know it to belong to the same person.      South.
4. Newness.

Gre'exsickness,   green-sik'nes.   ra.  s.
   [green and sickness.]  The  disease  of
   maids,  so  called  from  the   paleness
   which it produces.
    Sour eructations, and a craving appetite, especi-
  ally of terrestrial and absorbent substances, are the
  case of girls in the greensickness.      Arbuthnot.
Gre'ensward, )    .,  ,   3  .    C   ra. *.
„   ,            S- erreen'sward.   ^ r
Gre ensword, )°               l [green
   and sward: of  the same original  with
   swath.] The turf on which grass grows.
    This is the prettiest low-born lass that ever
  Ran on the greensword.                 Shaksp.
            After break their fast
  On greensword ground, a cool and grateful taste.
                                      Dryden.
    In shallow soils all is gravel within a few inches;
  and sometimes in low ground a thin greensward and
  sloughy underneath;  which at last turns all into bog.
                                       Swift.
Gre'enweed, green'weed. n.s. [green and
   weed.]   Diers weed.
Gre'enwood,  green'wud.  ra.  s.  [green
   and wood.]   A  wood  considered as it
   appears in  the spring or summer. It is
   sometimes used as one word.
    Among wild herbs under the greenwood shade.
                                     Fairfax.
    It happen'd on a summer's holiday,
  That to the greenwood shade he took his way;
  For Cymon shunn'd the church.         Dryden.
To GREET,  greet, v.  a.  [grator,  Latin;
   griecan, Saxon.]
1. To address at meeting.
    I think if men, which in these places live,
  Durst look in themselves, and themselves retrieve,
  They would like strangers greef themselves. Donne.
            I would gladly go,
  To greef my Pallas with such news below. Dryden.
2. To address in whatever manner.
            My noble partner
  You greet with present grace, and great prediction;
  To me you speak not.                   Shaksp.
    Now, Thomas Mowbray, do I turn  to thee,
  And mark my greeting well; for what I speak,
  My body shall make  good.               Shaksp.
i. To salute in kindness or respect.
    My  lord, the mayor of  London comes  to greef
        you.
  —God bless your grace with health and happy days.
                                      Shaksp.
             Now toe herald lark
  Left his ground nest, high tow'ring to descry
  The morn's approach, and greef her with his song.
                                      JtfiffOn.
    Once had  the early matrons run
  To greef her of a lovely son.             Milton.
    The sea's  our own: and now all nations greef,
  Wito bending sails, each vessel of our fleet.
                                      Waller.
    Thus pale they meet, their eyes with fury burn:
  Nonegreefs; for none the greeting will return;
  But in dumb surliness, each arm'd with care,
  His foe profest, as brother of the war.    Dryden.
4. To congratulate.
    His lady, seeing all that channel from far,
  Approacht in haste to greef his victorie.   Spenser.
5. To pay compliments at a distance.
            The king's a-bed,
  And sent great largess to your officers:
  This diamond he greets your wife withal,
  By the name of most kind hostess.        Shaksp.
6. To  meet,  as those do who go to pay
   congratulations. Not much in use.
            Your haste
  Is now urg'd on you.
  ----We will greef the time.             Shaksp.
To Greet,  greet,  v. ra.    To  meet and
   salute.
    There greef in silence, as the dead are wont,
  And sleep in peace.                    Shaksp.
    Such was  that face on which I dwelt wito joy,
  Ere Greece  assembled stem'd the tides to Troy;
  But parting  then for that detested shore,
  Our eyes, unhappy! never greeted more.     Pope.
Gre'eter,   greet'iir.98 ra.  s.   [from the
   verb ] He  who greets.
Gre'eting, greeting,  ra. s.  [from greet]
   Salutation at meeting, or compliments
   at  a distance.
             I from him
  Give you all greetings, that a king, as friend,
  Can send his brother.                  Shaksp.
Greeze, greeze. ra. s. [Otherwise written
   greece.  See  Greece,  or Grieze,  or
   Grice; frpm degrees.] A flight of steps;
   a step.
Gre'gal,  gre'gal.  adj.  [grex, gregis,
   Lat.]  Belonging to a flock.      Dict.
Grega'rious, gre-ga're-us. adj.  [grega-
   rius, Latin.]  Going in flocks or  herds,
   like sheep  or partridges.
    No birds of prey are gregarious.          Ray.
Gre'mial, gre'me-al. adj. [gremium, Lat.]
   Pertaining  to the lap.             Dict.

GRENA'DE, gre-nade'. ra. s. [from po-
   mumgranatum, Lat.]  A little hollow
   globe or ball of iron, or other metal, about
   two inches and a half in diameter, which,
   being filled with fine powder, is  set on
   fire by means of a small fusee  fastened
   to  a touchhole; as soon  as it is  kindled,
   the case flies into many shatters, much
   to  the damage of all  that stand near.
                                    Harris.
Gre'naoier, gren-a-deer.276 ra.  s. [grena-
   dier, Fr.  from  grenade.]   A tall  foot
   soldier of whom there is one company
   in  every regiment: such men being em-
   ployed to throw grenades.
    Peace allays the shepherd's fear
  Of wearing cap of grenadier.              Gay.
Grena'd>, gre-ua'do.77 n.s. See Grenade.
    Yet to express a Scot, to play that prize,
  Not all those  mouth grenados can suffice. Cleaveland.
                   5s2
    You may as well try to quench a flaming grena-
  do wito a shell of fair water as hope to succeed.
                                       Watt?.
Greut, groot. ra. s.  A kind of fossil body.
    A sort of tin ore, with its greut; that is, a conge-
  ries of crystals, or sparks of spar, of the bigness of
  baysalt, and of a brown  shining colour immersed
  therein.                               Grete.
Grew, gnu.  The preterit of grow.
    The pleasing task he fails not to renew;
  Soft and more soft at ev'ry touch it grew.   Dryd.

Grey,  gra.  adj.   [gris^  French.   More
  properly written gray.]   See Gray.
    This ancient ruffian,  sir, whose  life I spar'd at
  suit of his grey beard.                  Shaksp.
    Our green youth copies what grey sinners act,
  When venerable age commends toe fact.  Dryden.
Gre'yhound, gra'hoiind. n.s.[grujhunb,
  Saxon.]   A tall fleet  dog  that chases
  in sight.
    First may a  trusty greyhound transform himself
  into a tyger.                          Sidney.
    So, on the downs we see, near Wilton fair,
  A hast'ned hare from greedy greyhounds go.   Sid.
    Th' impatient greyhound, slipt from far,
  Bounds o'er the glebe to catch the fearful hare.
                                     Dryden.
Grice, grise.  ra.  s.
1. A little  pig.   Gouldman.
2. A step or greeze.
            No, not a grice;
  This a step to love.                     Shaksp.
To  Gride, gride, v. ra. [gridare, Italian.]
  To cut;  to make  way  by cutting.   A
  word elegant, but not in use.
    His poignant spear he thrust with puissant sway,
  That through his thigh toe mortal steel did gride.
                                     Spenser.
            So sore
  The griding sword, with discontinuous wound,
  Pass'd through him!                   fliilton.
Gri'delin,  grid'e-lin.  ra.  s.   A  colour
  mixed of white and red.
    The ladies dress'd in rich symars were seen,
  Of Florence satten,  flower'd with white and green',
  And for a shade betwixt the bloomy gridelin. Dryd.
Gri'diron,   grid'i-urn.   ra.  s.   [grind,
  Islandick,  a grate, and iron.]  A  por-
  table grate on which meat is laid  to be
  broiled upon the fire.
    He had added two bars to the gridiron.   Sped.
Grief, greef.278 ra. s. [from grieve;  griff,
  Welsh, probably from  the  English.]
I. Sorrow; trouble for something  past.
    I will instruct my sorrows to be proud;
  For grief is proud, and makes his owner stout. Shaks.
    Wringing of the hands, knocking the breast, arc
  but the ceremonies of sorrow,  the pomp and osten-
  tation of an effeminate grief,  which speak not so
  much the greatness  of the misery as the smallness
  of the mind.                           South.
    The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine
  boy, who was her only son, that she died for  grief
  of it.                                Addison.
2.  Grievance;   harm,  [grief,   French.]
  Not in use.
    Be factious for redress of all these griefs,
  And I will set this foot of mine as far
  As who goes farthest.                  Shaksp.
          The king has sent to know
  The nature of your griefs, and whereupon
  You conjure from the breast of civil peace
  Such bold hostility.                    Shaksp.
3. Pain;  disease.   Obsolete.

Grie'vance,  gree'vans.660   n.  s.  [from
  grief]
1.  A state  of uneasiness.   Out of use.
2.  The cause of uneasiness.  Used of such 
GRI
GRI
GRI
   causes as are the effects of human con-
   duct.
    What remedy can be found against grievances,
  but to bring religion into countenance, and encour-
  age those who, from the hope of future reward, and
  dread of future  punishment, will be moved to jus-
  tice and integrity?                     Swift.
 To  GRIEVE,  greev.  v. a. [grever, Fr.
   griever, Flemish; gravis, Lat.]
 J. To afflict; to hurt.
    For he  doth  not afflict  willingly, nor grieve the
  children of men.                        Luke.
    Forty years long was I grieved with this genera-
  tion.                                Psalms.
    It  repented the Lord that he had made man on
  the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.     Gen.
     Griev'd at the thought,  he vow'd his whole en-
         deavour
  Should be to close those breaches.        Rowe.
 2-.  To make  sorrowful.
    When one man kills  another,  thinking that he
   killeth a wild beast; if toe same  man remembreth
   afterwards what he hath done, and  is not grieved
  for the fact, in this case he hath sinned; because his
   not grieving is offensive unto God, though the fact
   were merely besides his will.           Perkins.
 To Grieve, greev. v. ra.  To  be in  pain
   for something past;  to  mourn; to  sor-
   row, as for the death of friends.  It  has
   sometimes at and sometimes/br before
   the cause of grief: perhaps at is proper
   before our misfortunes, and for before
   our faults.
     Do not you grieve at this.            Shaksp.
     How didst thou grieve then, Adam, to behold
   The  end of all thy offspring end so sad.    Milton.
    Wito equal mind what happens let us bear;
  Nor  joy nor grieve too much for  things beyond our
         care.                          Diyden.
 Grie'vingly,  greev'ing-le. adv. [from
   grieve.]  In  sorrow; sorrowfully.
         Grievingly, I think,
   The  peace between the French and us not values
   The cost that did  conclude it.           Shaksp.

 GRIE'VOUS,   greev'us.   adj.  [gravis,
   Latin; or from  To grieve.]
 1.  Afflictive; painful; hard to be born.
     To the flesh, as the apostle himself granteth, all
   affliction is naturally grievous.          Hooker.
     Correction is grievous  unto him toat forsaketo
   the way, and he toat hateth reproof shall  die.
                                     Proverbs.
 2.  Such as causeth sorrow.
    To own a great but grievous truth,  though they
  quicken and sharpen the invention, they corrupt the
   temper.                              Watts.
 3.  Expressing a great degree of uneasi-
   ness.
     He durst not disobey, but sent grievous complaints
  to the parliament of  toe usage he was forced to
  submit to.                          Clarendon.
 4.  Atrocious;  heavy.
             It was a grievous fault,
  And  grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.   Shaksp.
    Crying sins I call those, which are  so heinous,
  and in their kind so grievous, toat they hasten God's
  judgments, and  call  down for speedy vengeance
  upon the sinner.                      Perkins.
5.  Sometimes  used  adverbially  in  low
   language.
    He cannot come, my lord; he 's grievous sick.
                                    Shakspeare.
Grie'vously,   greev'us-le.   adv.  [from
   grievous.]
 1.  Painfully; with pain.
    Wide was toe wound, and a large lukewarm flood,
  Red  as the rose, thence gushed grievously.   Spen.
2.  With discontent;  with ill-will.
    Grittus perceiving how grievously the matter was
  taken, with the danger he was in, began to doubt.
                                     Knolles.
3. Calamitously; miserably.
    I see  how a number of souls  are, for want  of
  right information, oftentimes grievously vexed.
                                     Hooker.
4. Vexatiously; to a great degree of  un-
  easiness.
    Houses built in plains  are apt  to be grievously
  annoyed wito mire and dirt.               iJay.

Grie'vousness, greev'us-n£s. ra. s. [from
  grievous.]   Sorrow; pain; calamity.
    They fled from the swords, from the drawn sword
  and from the bent bow, and from the grievousness
  of war.                               Isaiah.
Gri'ffin, ~>     jpr»     C ra. s. [This should
Gri'ffon, 3   s    *  '   £ rather be written
  gryfon, or gryphon; gryps, ypo-^;  but
  it is generally  written griffon.]   A fa-
  bled animal, said to be  generated  be-
  tween the  lion and  eagle, and to  have
  the head and paws  of the  lion, and the
  wings of the eagle.
    Of all bearing among  these winged creatures,
  the griffin is the most ancient.         Peacham.
    Aristeus, a  poet of  Proconesus,  affirmed, toat
  near the one-eyed nations griffins defended the
  mines of gold.                         Brown.
Grig, grig.  ra. s. [kricke, Bavarian, a lit-
  tle duck.]
1. It  seems originally to  have   signified
  any thing below the natural size.
2. A small eel.
3. A  merry  creature.   [Supposed  from
  Greek;  gree cuius festivus,  Lat.]
    Hard is her heart as flint or stone,
  She laughs  to see me pale;
    And merry as a grig is grown,
  And brisk as bottle-ale.                  Swift-
To  Grill, gril. v. ra. [grille, a grate, Fr.]
  To  broil on a grate  or gridiron.
Gri'llade, gril-lade'.  ra. s.  [from grill]
  Any thing broiled on the  gridiron.
To   Gri'lly,  gril'le.  v.  a.  [from grill.]
  This  word  signifies, as  it  seems,  to
  harass; to hurt: as we now say, to  roast
  a man, for to tease him.
    For while we wrangle here and jar,
  W' are grillied all at Temple-bar.       Hudibras.

GRIM, grim. adj. [grumma, Sax.]
1. Having  a countenance of terrour; hor-
  rible; hideous; frightful.
    The innocent prey in haste he does forsake,
  Which quit from death, yet quakes in eveiy limb,
  With change of fear to see the lion look so grim.
                                     Spenser.
          Grim Saturn yet remains,
  Bound in  those gloomy  caves with  adamantine
        chains.                       Drayton.
    Thou hast a grim appearance,  and thy face
  Bears a command in 't.           -  Shakspeare.
          Their dear causes
  Would to the bleeding and the grim alarm
  Excite the mortified man.               Shaksp.
    What if the breath that kindled those grim fires,
  Awak'd, should blow them into sevenfold rage?
                                      MiUon.
          Expert to turn the sway
  Of battle, open when and where to close
  The ridges  of grim war.                Milton.
          He toat dares to die,
  May laugh  at the grim face of law, and scorn
  The cruel wrinkle of a tyrant brow.     Denham.
    Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains,
  Doubling the native horrour of the war,
  And making death more grim.          Addison.
2. Ugly; ill-looking.
          Strait stood up to him
  Divine  Ulysses; who with looks exceeding  grave
        and grim,
  This better check gave.              Chapman.
    Grim visag'd war had smooth'd his  wrinkl'd
        front.                          Shaksp.
    Venus was like her mother; for her father is but
  grim.                                Shaksp.
Grima'ce, gre-mase'. ra. s. [French, from
  grim.]
I. A distortion of the countenance from
  habit, affectation,  or insolence.
    He had not spar'd to show his piques
  Against th' haranguer's politicks,
  With smart remarks of leering faces,
  And annotations of grimaces.          Hudibras.
    The favourable  opinion and  good word of men
  comes oftentimes at a very easy rate; and by a few
  demure looks and affected whims, set off with some
  odd devotional postures and grimaces, and such other
  little arts'of dissimulation,  cunning men will do
  wonders.                     South's Sermons.
    The  buffoon ape, with grimaces and gambols,
  carried it from the whole field.        L'Estrange.
    The French nation is addicted to grimace.  Spec.
2. Air of affectation.
    Vice  in a vizzard, to avoid grimace,
  Allows all freedom, but to see the face.  Granville.
Grima'lkin, grim-mal'kin.  ra. s.  [gris,
  French, gray, and malkin, or little Moll.
  Gray  little woman.]    The  name of an
  old cat.
    Grimalkin, to domestic vermin sworn
  An everlasting foe, with watchful eye
  Lies nightly brooding o'er a chinky  gap,
  Protending her fell claws, to thoughtless mice
  Sure ruin.                            Philips.
Grime,  grime,  ra. s.  [from  grim.]  Dirt
  deeply  insinuated;  sullying  blackness
  not easily cleansed.
    Swart, like my shoe, but her face nothing so clean
  kept; for why? She sweats:  a man may  go over
  shoes in the grime of it.             Shakspeare.
    Col low is the word by which they denote  black
  grime of burnt coals or wood.          Woodward.
To Grime, grime, v. a. [from the noun.]
  To  dirt; to sully deeply.
          My face I'll grime with filth.
  Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots.  Shaksp.
Ghi'mly, grim'le. adv. [from grim.]
I. Horribly;  hideously; terribly.
    We've landed in ill time: the skies lookgrimfy,
  And threaten present blusters            Shaksp,
    So Pluto, seiz'd of Proserpine, convey'd
  To hell's tremendous gloom to' affrighted maid;
  There grimly smil'd, pleas'd with toe beauteous
        prize,
  Nor envy'd Jove his sunshine and his skies.  Add.
2. Sourly; sullenly.
          The augurs
  Say they know not; they cannot tell; look grimly,
  And dare not speak their knowledge.     Shaksp.
Gri'mness,  grim'nds. ra. 8. [from  grim.]
  Horrour;  frightfulness of visage.

 To GRIN, grin. v. ra. [jrienman, Saxon;
  grinnen, grinden, Dutch,  undoubtedly
  of the same  origin  with   To grind, as
  we now say to grind the teeth; grincer,
  French.]
 1. To set  the teeth together  and  with-
   draw the lips either in  anger or in mirth.
    Death, death! oh, amiable, lovely death!
  Come grin on me, and I will think thou smil'st.
                                       Shaksp.
     What valour were it, when a cur doth grin,
  For one to trust his hand between his teeth,
  When he might spurn  him with his foot away.
                                       Shaksp. 
GRI                                       GRI                                       GRI
    It was no unpleasant entertainment to me to see
  Die various methods with which they have attacked
  me; nome wito piteous moans and outcries,  others
  grinning, and only showing their teeth. Stillingfleet.
          A lion's hide he wears:
  About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin;
  The teeth and gaping jaws severely grin.    Dryd.
    They neither could defend, nor can pursue;
  But grinn'd their teeth, and cast a helpless view.
                                       Dryden.
    Madness, we fancy, gave an ill-tim'd birth,
  To grinning laughter, and to frantick mirth. Prior.
    Fools grin on fools, and stoicklike support,
  Without one sigh the pleasures of a court. Young.
2. To fix the  teeth as in  anguish.
    I like  not such grinning honour as  sir Walter
  hath: give  me life, which if I  can save, so; if not,
  honour comes unlook'd for and there's an end.
                                       Shaksp.
Grin, grin. ra. s.  [from the verb.]   The
   act  of closing  the teeth and  showing
   them.
    He laughs at him, in 's face too.
  —O you mistake him; 'twas an humble grin,
  The fawning joy of courtiers and of dogs.   Dryd.
    The muscles were so drawn together on each side
  ef his face, that he showed twenty teeth at a grin.
                                      Addison.
    Deists are effectually beaten in all their combats
  at the weapons of men, that is, reason and argu-
  ments ; and they would now attack our religion with
  the talents of a vile animal,  that is grin and grimace.
                                        JPaffs.
    What lords are those saluting with a grin?
  One is just out, and  one is  lately in.      Young.
Grin, grin. ra. s.  [jnyn, gynene, Sax.]
   A snare; a trap.
    Like a birde that  hasteto to his gryn
  Not knowinge the perile.               Chaucer.
    The grin shall take him by the heel, and the
  robber shall prevail  against him.            Job.
 To GRIND, grind, v. a. preter. I ground;
   part.   pass,   ground,   [grunban, jej-
   rtunben, ground,  Sax.]
 1. To  reduce any  thing to   powder  by
   friction; to comminute by attrition.
    And whosoever shall fall on this  stone, shall  be
  broken;  but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will
  grind him to powder.                  Matthew.
    He toat will have  a cake  out of the wheat, must
  needs tarry the grinding.                Shaksp.
    What relation or affinity is toere between a min-
  ute body and cogitation,  any more  than the  great-
  est?  Is  a  small drop  of rain any  wiser than the
  ocean ?   Or do we grind inanimate  corn into living
  rational  meal?                         Bentley.
 2. To sharpen or smooth by rubbing  on
   something hard.
    Meeting with time, slack thing, said I,
  Thy si the is dull; whet it, for shame:
    No marvel, sir, he did reply,
  If it at length deserve some blame;
  But where one man would have me grind it
  Twenty to one too sharp do find it.        Herbert.
    Against a stump his tusk the monster grinds,
  And in the sharpen'd edge new vigour finds.  Dryd.
 3. To rub  one against another.
    So up he let him rise; who with grim  look,
  And count'nance stern, upstanding,  'gan to grind
  His grated teeth for great disdain.        Spenser.
    Harsh sounds, as of a saw when it is sharpened,
  and grinding of one  stone against another, make a
  shivering or horror in the body, and set the teeto on
  edge.                                  Bacon.
    That  the stomach in animals grinds the sub-
  stances which it receives,  is evident from the dis-
  section of animals, which have swallowed metals,
  which have been found polished on the side next
  the stomach.                        Arbuthnot.
4. T> iiarass; to oppress.
    Some merchants and tradesmen,  under colour of
  furnishing the  colony  with necessaries,  may  not
  grind them so as shall always keep them in poverty.
                                        Bacon.
    Another way the Spaniards have taken to grind
  the Neapolitans, and yet to take off the odium from
  themselves.                          Addison.
5.  In  the following  lines,  I  know not
   whether it be  not  corruptly used for
   griding, cutting.
    Not knowing 'twas my labour, I complain
  Of sudden shootings and of grinding pains,
  My throws come thicker,  and my cries encreas'd.
                                      Dryden.
To Grind, grind, v. ra.
1. To perform the act of grinding; to move
   a mill.
          Fetter'd they send thee
  Into toe common prison, toere to grind
  Among the slaves and asses.             Jtfiffon.
2.  To be moved as in  the act of grinding.
          Shrinking sinews start,
  And smeary foam works o'er my grinding jaws.
                                        Rowe.

Gri'nder, grind'dr.98  ra. s.  [from grind]
I.  One that  grinds; one that  works in a
   mill.
2.  The instrument of grinding.
    His heart a solid rock, to fear unknown,
  And harder than the grinder's nether stone. Sandys.
          Now exhort
  Thy hinds to exercise the pointed steel
  On the hard rock, and give a wheely form
  To toe expected grinder.                Philips.

3. [grunb-tofcar.]   The back teeth, the
   double teeth.
    The teeth are in men of three kinds:  sharp,  as
  toe fore-teeth; broad, as the back-teeth, which we
  call the molar teeth, or grinders; and pointed teeth,
  or canine,  which are between both.        Bacon.
    He the raging lioness confounds,
  The roaring lion with  his javelin wounds;
  Scatters their whelps, toeir grinders breaks; so they
  With the old hunter starve for want of prey. Sandys.
    The jaw-teeth or grinders,  in Latin molares, are
  made flat and broad a-top, and withal somewhat
  uneven and rugged, toat,  by their knobs and little
  cavities, toey may the better retain, grind, and
  commix the aliments.                     Ray.
    Nature is at a great deal of labour to transmute
  vegetable into animal substances; therefore herb-
  eating animals, which do not ruminate, have strong
  grinders, and chew much.             Arbuthnot.
 .  T'-ie teeth, in irony or contempt.
    One, who at the sight of supper, open'd wide
  His jaws before, and whetted grinders try'd. Dryd.
          Both he brought;
  He mouth'd them, and betwixt his grinders caught.
                                      Dryden.
GRi'NnLESTONE,  grin'dl-stone. >   ra.   s.
Gri'nostone, grind'stone.      £   [from
   grind and stone.]  The stone on which
   edged instruments are sharpened.
    Such a light and metall'd dance
  Saw you never yet in  France;
  And by the lead-men, for the nonce,
  That turn round like grindlestones.    Ben  Jonson.
    Literature  is the grindstone to sharpen the coul-
  ters,  and to whet their natural faculties. Hammond.
    Smiths that make hinges brighten them, yet sel-
  dom file them; but grind them on a grindstone 'till
  bright.                               Moxon.
Gri'nner, grin'nCir.98  ra. s. [from grin.]
   He that grins.
    The frightful'st grinner
  Be the winner.                       Addison.

Gri'nningly,  grin'nlng-le.  adv.  [from
   grin.]   With a  grinnirg  laugh.
Grip, grip.  ra. s.   A  small ditch.  Ains.

 To GRIPE, gripe, v. a. [greipan,  Goth-
   ick;  jnipan,  Saxon;  grijpen, Dutch;
   gripp, Scotish.]
    To  hold  with  the  fingers  closed;  to
   grasp; to press with the fingers.
    He toat speaks doth gripe toe hearer's wrist,
  Whilst he  that hears makes fearful action
  With wrinkl'd brows.                  Shaksf.
 !.  To hold hard.
    He seiz'd the shining bough wito griping hold,
  And rent away wito ease the ling'ring gold.  Dryd.
3. [gripper, French.]   To oatch eagerly;
   to  seize.
    You took occasion to be quickly woo'd,
  To gripe the gen'ral sway into your hands. Shaksp.
4. To close;  to clutch.
    Unlucky Welsted! thy unfeeling master,
  The more thou ticklest, gripes his hand the faster.
                                         Pope.
5. To pinch; to press; to squeeze.
    A wond'rous way it for this lady wrought,
  From lion's claws to pluck the griped prey. Spenser.
    And first toe  dame came rushing through the
         wood;
  And next  the famish'd hounds that sought their
         food,
  And grip'd her flanks, and oft essay'd toeir jaws in
        blood.                         Dryden.
6. To give a pain in  the bowels.
    Thus full of counsel to the den she went,
  Grip'd all the way, and longing for a vent. Dryden.
To Gripe, gripe, v. ra.
1. To feel  the colick;  to have the belly-
   ache.
    Many people would, with reason, prefer the grip-
  ing  of an hungry belly to those dishes which are  a
  feast to others.                         Locke.
    Manna, by the bulk, figure, texture, and motion
  of its parts, has a power to produce the sensations
  of sickness, and sometimes of acute  pains or grip-
  ings in us.                              Locke.
2. To pinch; to catch at money meanly.
    It is mean revenue, by being scattered,  in the
  worst of times growing upon him, when  others that
  had  great  ones, by griping,  made  them less, and
  grew stark  beggars.                       Feff.
Gripe, gripe, ra.  s. [from the verb.]
I. Grasp;  hold;  seizure  of the  hand or
   paw.
               Therefore still  on high,
  He  over him did hold his cruel claws,
  Threatning wito greedy gripe to do him dy. Spenser.
    They put a barren sceptre in my gripe
  Thence to be wrench'd wito an unlineal hand.
                                       Shaksp.
                       Should I
  Slaver wito lips, as common as the stairs
  That mount the Capitol; join gripes with hands
  Made hardy with hourly falshood as with labour.
                                       Shaksp.
               He gave me his hand,
  And, with a feeble gripe, says, dear my lord,
  Command my service.                   Shaksp.
    I  fell; and with my weight the helm constrain'd,
  Was drawn along, which yet my gripe retain'd.
                                      Dryden.
2. Squeeze;  pressure.
    Fir'd with this thought, at once he strain'd the
         breast;
  'Tis true, the harden'd breast resists the gripe,
  And the cold lips return a kiss unripe.    Dryden.
3. Oppression; crushing  power.
               I take my  cause
  Out ofthe gripes of cruel men, and give it
  To  a most  noble judge, toe king my master. Shaksp.
4. Affliction; pinching d.stress.
             Adam, at the news
   Heart struck with chilling gripe of sorrow stood,
   That all his senses bound!              AJcffon.
    Can'st thou bear cold and hunger? Can these
         limbs,
   Fram'd for tender offices of love, 
GRI
GRI
GRO
  Endure the bitter gripes of smarting poverty?
                                        Of way.
5. [In the plural.]  Bellyache; colick.
    In the jaundice tbe choler is wanting;  and the
  icterical have  a great sourness  and gripes  with
  windiness.                              Floyer.
Griper,  gri'pur.98  ra.   s. [from gripe.]
   Oppressor; usurer; extortioner.
    Others pretend zeal, and  yet are professed usu-
  rers, gripers, monsters of men, and harpies. Burton.
Gri'pingly, gri'ping-le. adv. [from grip-
   ing]  With pain in the guts.
     Clysters help, lest the medicine stop in the guts,
   and work gripingly.                      Bacon.
Gri'ple, gri'pl. ra. *. A greedy  snatcher;
   a  griping miser.                Spenser.

                                     Used by
Gri'samrer, gris'am-bur. ra. s
   Milton for ambergrise.
           Beasts of chace, or fowl of game,
  In pastry built, or from the spit, or boil'd,
  Grisamber steam'd.                     Milton,

Grise, grise.  ra. s.  [See  Greece,  as  it
   should be written.]  A step, or scale of
   steps.
     Let me speak like ourself; and lay a sentence,
  Which, as a grise or step, may help these lovers
  Into your favour.                       Shaksp.
Gri'skjn,  gris'kin.  ra.  s.  [grisgin, roast
   meat, Irish.]   The vertebrae of a hog
   broiled.
Gri'sly,  grlz'le. adj.  [jjurlu,  Saxon.]
   Dreadful;  horrible;  hideous; frightful;
   terrible.
     His grisly locks, long growen  and unbound,
   Disordered hung about his shoulders round. Spenser.
     Where I was wont  to seek the honey bee,
   The grisly toadstool grown there might I  see.
                                        Spenser.
     My grisly countenance made others fly;
   None durst come near, for fear  of sudden death.
                                        Shaksp.
     Back step'd those two fair angels, half amaz'd
   So sudden to behold the grisly king;
   Yet thus, unmov'd with fear, accost him soon.
                                        Jtfiffon.
     For that damn'd magician, let him be girt
   With all the grisfy legions that troop
   Under the sooty flag of Acheron.         Milton.
           The beauteous form of fight,
   Is chang'd, and war appears a grisly sight. Dryden.
     In vision thou shalt see his grisly face,
   The  king of terrors raging in thy race.
     Thus the grisly spectre spoke again
     Close by each other laid, they press'd the ground,
   Their  maniy  bosoms pierc'd with  many a grisly
          wound.                         Dryden.
     So rushes on his foe the grisly bear.    Addison.

 Grist,  grist, ra. s.  [gjurtj Sax.]
 1. Corn to be ground.
     Get grist to the mill  to have plenty in store,
   Lest miller lack water.                  Tusser.
     A mighty trade this lusty miller drove;
   Much grist from Cambridge to his lot did fall,
   And all the corn they us'd at scholar's hall. Miller.
 2. Supply; provision.
     Matter, as wise logicians say,
   Cannot without a form subsist;
   And form, say I, as well as they,
   Must fail, if matter brings no grist.
 3. Grist to  Mill,  is profit; gain
     The computation of  degrees, in all matrimonial
   causes, is wont to be made according to the rules of
   that  law, because it brings grist to the miff. Ayliffe-
 GRrSTLE,gris'sl.472ra.s.[5pirtle,Sax.]
    A cartilage; a part of the  body next in
    hardness to a bone.
     No  living creatures, that have shells very hard,
   a* oysters, crabs, lobsters,  and especially the  tor-
  toise, have bones within them, but only little gris-
  tles.                                   Bacon.
    Lest the asperity or hardness of cartilages should
  hurt the oesophagus or gullet, which is lender  and
  of a skinny substance,  or hinder toe swallowing of
  our meat, therefore the annulary gristles of the
  windpipe are not made round, or entire circles; but
  where the gullet touches the windpipe, there, to fill
  up the circle, is only a soft membrane, which may
  easily give way to the dilatation of the gullet.  .Ray.

Gri'stly, gris'sle.  adj.  [from  gristle.]
   Cartilaginous; made of gristle.
    At last they spit out pieces of their lungs; it may
  be small gristly bits,  that are eaten off  from the
  lung pipes.                            Harvey.
    She has made the back-bone of several vertebrae,
  as being more fit to bend, more  tough, and less in
  danger of breaking, than if they were all one intire
  bone without these gristly junctures.        More.
    Fins are  made of gristly spokes, or rays  con-
  nected by membranes; so that they may be contract-
  ed or extended like women's fans.          Ray.
     They have a louder and stronger note than other
  birds of the same bigness, which have only a grisf fy
  windpipe.                              Grew.
     Each pipe distinguished by its gristly rings,
   To cherish life aerial pasture brings.   Blackmore.
 GRIT,   grit.   ra.  s.  [gpytta,    grteoe,
   Saxon.]
 1. The coarse part  of meal.
 2.  Oats husked or  coarsely ground.
 3. Sand; rough hard particle*.
     Silesian bole, crackling a little betwixt toe teeth,
   yet without the least particle of grif, feels as smooth
   as soap.                                Grew.
             The sturdy pear tree here
   Will rise luxuriant, and with toughest root
   Pierce the obstructing grif and restive marie.
                                        Philips.
 4. Grits  are fossils found in minute mas-
Dryden.
Dryden.
   gray; grisaille, French.]  A mixture of
   white  and black; gray.
    0 thou dissembling cub!  what wilt thou be
  When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy face! Shak.
Gri'zzled,  griz'zPd.3^1 adj.   [from griz-
   zle.]   Interspersed with gray.
    To the boy Caesar, send  this grizzled head. Shak.
    His beard  was grizzled:  no.
  —It was as I have seen it in his life.      Shaksp.
               His hair just grizzled,
  As in a green old age.  Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
    Those grizzled locks, which nature did provide
  In plenteous growth their asses ears to hide.
                                       Dryden.
Gri'zzly, griz'zle. adj. [from gris, gray,
   Fr.]  Somewhat gray.
    Living creatures generally do change their hair
  with age, turned to be gray and white; as is seenia
  men,  though some earlier, some  later;  in horses
  that are dappled and turn white; and in old squir-
  rels, that turn grizzly.                    Bacon.
 To  GROAN,  grone.296 v.  ra.  [gjianan,
   Saxon;  gronen,  Dutch.]    To  breathe
   with a hoarse noise,  as in pain or agony.
                 Many an heir
   Of these fair edifices, for my wars,
   Have I  heard groan and drop.           Shaksp.
     Men groan from out  of the city, and the soul of
   toe wounded crieth out.                    Job.
     Repenting and groaning for anguish of spirit.
                                        Wisdom.
              So shall the world go on,
   To good malignant, to bad men benign,
   Under her own weight groaning.          MUton.
     Nothing can so peculiarly gratify the  noble dis-
   positions of  humanity, as for one man to see an-
   other so much himself as to sigh his griefs  and groan
   his pains.                               South.
     On the  blazing pile his parent lay,
   Or a lov'd brother groan'd his life away.     Pope.
 ses, forming together a kind of powder;  Groan, grone. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 the several  particles of which are of no  i. Breath  expired  with  noise  and  diffi-
 determinate shape,  but  seem  rudely
 broken fragments of larger masses; not
 to  be  dissolved  or  disunited by water,
 but retaining their figure, and  not co-
 hering into  a mass.
  One sort is a  fine, dull looking, grey grif, which,
if wetted with  salt water,  into mortar or  paste,
dries almost immediately, and coalesces into a hard
stony mass, such as is not easily afterwards dis-
united by wafer.  This is the pulvis peteolanus of
tbe  ancients, mixed among  their cements used in
buildings sunk into the sea; and in France and Italy
 culty,  from  pain, faintness, or  weari-
 ness.
               Alas, poor country,
Where sighs and groans, and shrieks that rend  the
      air,
Are made, not mark'd!                  Shaksp.
  I led to slaughter, and to slaughter leave;
And ev'n from hence their dying groans receive.
                                     Dryden.
  Hence aching bosoms wear a visage gay,
And stifled groans frequent the ball and play.
                                      Young.
uuuujuga ouun. iiitu uicsca) auu iu l lautc auu lull)  ■«   *     i        ,   .       j
an ingredient in their harder plaisters, under the  Z' Any noarse cieacl  sound
Swift.
  name of pozzolane.  It is common on the sides of
  hills in Italy.  Another species, which is a coarse, |
  beautifully green, dull grif, is the chrysocollo of the
  ancients, which they used in soldering gold, long
  supposed a,lost fossil. It serves toe purpose of solder-
  ing  metals better than borax.  The ferrugineous
  black glittering grif, is the black shining sand em-
  ployed to throw over writing, found on the shores of
  Italy.                                    Hiff.
Gri'ttiness,  grit'te-nes.  ra.   s.   [from
  gritty.]   Sandiness;  the quality  of  a-
  bounding in  grit.
    In fuller's-earthhe could find no sand by the mi-
  croscope, nor any grittiness.            Mortimer.
Gri'tty, grit'te. <>dj.  [from grit.] Full of
   hard particles; consisting of grit.
    I could not discern the unevenness of the surface
  of toe powder, nor the little shadows let fall from
  the griffy particles thereof.              Newton.

Gri'zelin, griz'lin. ra. s. [more  properly
  gridelin.   See Gridelin ]
    The Burgundy, which is a grizelin or pale red, of
  all others, is surest to ripen  in our climate.  Temple.
GRI'ZZLE,griz'zl.4l)6  ra. s.  [from gris,
    Such sheets of fire, such bursts of horrid thunder,
  Such groans of roaring wind and rain, I never
  Remember to have heard.            King Lear.
Gro'anful,  grone'ful.  adj.  [groan and
  full.]  Sad; agonizing.   Not used.
    Adown he  kest it with so puissant wrest^
  That back again it did aloft rebound,
  And gave against his  mother  earth  a groanful
        sound.                         Spenser.
Groat,  grawt.298  ra. s.  [groot,  Dutch;
   grosso, Italian.]
 I. A piece valued at four pence.
 2. A proverbial name for a small sum.
               My mother was wont
   To call  them woollen vassals, things created
   To buy  and sell with groats.              Shaksp.
               I dare lay a groat,
   A tertian ague is at least your lot.        Diyden.
     Imagine a person of quality  to marry a woman
   much his inferior, and without  a groat to her for-
   tune.                                   Swift.
 3. Groats.  Oats   that  have  the   hulls
   taken off.                     Ainsworth.

 GRO'CER, gro'sur.os ra. s. [This should 
GRO
GRO
GRO
   be written  grosser, from gross, a large
   quantity;  a grocer originally being one
   who dealt by wholesale; or  from gros-
   sus, a fig; which their  present  state
   seems to favour.]
    A grocer is a man who buys and sells tea, sugar,
  and plums and spices for gain.             Watts.
    But still the offspring of your  brain shall prove
  The grocer's care, and brave the rage of Jove.
                                         Garth.
Gro'oery, gr6-su.r-e. ra.  s. [from grocer.]
   Grocer's  ware, such as  tea, sugar, rai-
   sins, spice.
    His troops being now in a country where they
  were not expected, met with many cart loads of
  wine, grocery, and tobacco.           Clarendon.
Gro'geram,")             fra.  s.   [gros,
Gro'gram,   \. grog'rum. <   grain,   Fr.
Gro'gran,  J             (_    grossogra-
   nus,   low  Latin.   Ainsworth.]   Stuff
   woven with a large  woof and a  rough
   pile.
    Certes they 're neatly cloath'd: I of this mind am,
  Your only wearing is your grogeram.      Donne.
    Natolia affords great store of chamelots and grog-
  rams.                                  Sandys.
    Some men will say this habit  of John's was nei-
  ther of camel's skin nor any  coarse texture of its
  hair, but rather some finer weave of camelot, grog-
  ram, or the like.                        Brown.
    The natural  sweetness and innocence  of her be-
  haviour shot me through and through, and did more
  execution upon me  in grogram than the  greatest
  beauty in town had ever done in  brocade. Addison.
    Plain goody would uo longer down;
  'Twas Madam in her grogram gown.       Swift.
Groin, groin, ra. *. [of uncertain  deriva-
   tion]   Tiie part next the thigh.
    Antipleus,  a  sonne of Priam threw
  His lance at  Ajax tiirough the preasse, which went
        by him, and flew
  On  Leucus,  wise Ulysses' friend:  His groine it
        smote.                        Chapman.
               The fatal dart arrives,
  And through the border of his  buckler drives;
  Pass'd through  and pierc'd his groin; the deadly
        wound
  Cast from his chariot, roll'd him on the ground.
                                       Dryden.
Gro'mwell,  grom'wel.  ra. s.  [lithosper-
   mum,  Lat.]  Gromill or  gray mM    A
   plant.                               Miller.

Groom, groom, ra. s. [grom, Dutch.]
1. A boy; a waiter; a servant.
    Then called she a groom, toat forth him led
  Into a goodly lodge.                    Spenser.
    From  Egypt's kings ambassadours they come-;
  Them many a squire attends, and many a groom.
                                       Fairfax.
    Think then, my soul! that death is but a groom
  Which brings a taper to the outward room. Donne.
    In the time of Edward VI. lived Sternhold, whom
  king Henry his father had made groom of his cham-
  ber, for turning of certain of David's  psalms into
  verse.                                Peacham.
            Would'st thou be  touch'd
  By the presuming hands of saucy grooms? Dryden,
    Amid  the fold he rages, nor the sheep
  Their  shepherds, nor the grooms their bulls can
        keep.                          Dryden.
2. A young man.
    I presume for to intreat this groom,
  And silly maid, from danger to redeem.  Fairfax.
3. A man newly married.
    By this* the brides arc wak'd, their grooms are
        dress'd;
  All Rhodes is summon'd to the nuptial feast.  Dryd.
Groove, gr66v  ra. s. [from grave.]
i. A deep cavern or hollow in mines.
     He might, to avoid idleness, work in a groove or
  mine-pit thereabouts, which  at that time was little
  esteemed.                              JSoyfe.
2. A channel or hollow cut with a tool.
     The screw-plate is a kind of steel well-tempered,
  with several holes in it, each less than other; and iu
  those holes are threads  grooved  inwards, which
  grooves fit the respective taps that belong to them.
                                        Moxon.
To Groove, gr66v. v. a.  [from the noun.]
   To cut hollow.
    Ofthe box every joint was  well grooved.  Swift.
To GROPE, grope, v. ra. [jriapan,  Sax.]
   To feel where one cannot see.
    My sea-gown scarf about me, in the dark
  Grop'd I to find out them.                Shaksp.
    We  grope for toe  wall like the blind, and we
  grope as if we had no eyes.               Isaiah.
    They meet with darkness in toe clearest light;
  And grope at noon, as if involv'd with night. Sandys.
    A boy was groping for eels, and laid  his hand
  upon a snake.                       L'Estrange.
    This, no doubt, is  better for men than  that they
  should  in the dark grope after knowledge,  as St.
  Paul tells us all nations did after God       Locke.
              He heard us in our course,
  And with his outstretch'd arms around him grop'd.
                                       Addison.
    O truth divine! enlighten'd by thy ray,
  I grope and guess no more, but see my way. Arbuth.
To Grope, grope, v.  a.   To  search   by
   feeling in  the   dark;  to  feel  without
   being able to see.
    How  vigilant to grope  men's thoughts,  and to
  pick out somewhat whereof they might complain.
                                     Hayward.
    They have left our endeavours to grope  them out
  by twilight,  and by darkness almost to discover that,
  whose existence is evidenced by light.     Brown.
    But Strephon, cautious, never meant
  The bottom  of the pan to grope.            Swift.
Gro'per,  gro'pur.  ra. s.  [from  grope.]
   One that searches in the dark.

GIROSS, grose.  adj.  [gros,  Fr. grosso,
   Ital. crassus, Lat.]
I. Thick; bulky
    The crows and choughs, that wing the midway
        air,
  Shew scarce so gross as beetles.           Shaksp.
    There are two gross volumes concerning the pow-
  er of popes.                              Baker.

2. Shameful; unseemly; enormous.
    He ripely considered how  gross a thing it were
  for men of his quality, wise and grave men, to live
  with such a multitude, and to be tenants at will under
  them.                                Hooker.
    They  can say  that in doctrine, in discipline, in
  prayers, and in sacraments, the church of Rome
  hath very foul and gross corruptions.      Hooker.
    So far hath the natural understanding,  even of
  sundry whole nations, been darkened, that they have
  not discerned, no, not gross iniquity to be sin.
                                       Hooker.
    There is  a vain and  imprudent use of  their es-
  tates, which, though it does not destroy like gross
  sins, yet disorders the heart, and supports  in it sen-
  suality and dulness.                        Laio.
3.  Intellectually   coarse;  palpable;  im-
   pure;  unrefined.
               To all sense 'tis gross
  You love my son: invention is asham'd,
  Against the  proclamation of thy passion,
  To  say thou dost not.                    Shaksp.
    Examples gi-oss as earth exhort me.     Shaksp.
    Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd
  Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love'
  Vice for itself.                          Milton.
    Is not religion so perfectly good  in itself, above
  all, in its Author, that, without the grossest sensu-
  ality, we cannot but admire it?             Sprat.
    It is a gross mistake of some men, to think toat
  our want only and imperfections  do  naturally in-
  duce us to be beneficent               Smalridge.
     But she dares never boast the present hour,
  So gross the cheat, it is beyond her pow'r.  Young.
 4. Inelegant; disproportionate in bulk.
     The sun's oppressive ray toe roseat bloom
  Of beauty blasting, gives the gloomy hue,
  And feature gross.                     Thomson.
 5. Dense;  not refined;  not attenuated; not
   pure.
     It is manifest, that when the eye standeth in tlie
  finer medium, and the object is in the grosser, things
  shew  greater;  but contrariwise,  when  the  eye  is
  placed in toe grosser medium, and the object in the
  finer.                   Bacon's Natural History.
                   Of elements,
  The grosser feeds the purer; earth the sea;
  Earth and the sea feed air.  Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Light fumes are merry, grosser fumes are sad;
  Both are the reasonable soul run mad.     Dryden.
    Or suck the mists in grosser air below,
  Or dip their pinions in the painted bow.      Pope.
6. Stupid;  dull.
    If she doth then the subtile sense excel,
  How gross are they that drown her in her blood?
                                        Davies.
    And in clear dream and solemn vision,
  Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear.
                                        Milton.
    Some men give more light and knowledge by the
  bare stating of the question  with perspicuity and
  justness, than others by talking of it in gross confu-
  sion for whole hours together.              Watts.
7. Coarse; rough;  not delicate.
    Fine and  delicate  sculptures  are  helped with
  nearness, and gross with distance.         Wotton.
8. Thick;  fat; bulky.
    His stature was of just height and all proportion-
  ate dimensions, avoiding the extremes of gross and
  meager.                                  feff.
Gross, grose. ra.  s.  [from the  adjective.]
1. The main body;  the  main force.
    The Belgians hop'd that with disordered haste
  The deep-cut keels upon the sands might run;
    Or,  if with caution leisurely we past,
  Their  numerous gross might charge us one by one.
                                        Diyden.
    Several casuists are of opinion, that, in a battle,
  you should discharge upon the gross of the enemy,
  without levellingyour piece at any particular person.
                            Addison's Freeholder.
    The gross of the people can have no other pros-
  pect in changes and revolutions than of publick bles-
  sings.                                 Addison.
2. The bulk;  the whole  not divided  into
   its several  parts.
    Certain general inducements are used to make
  saleable your cause in gross.             Hooker.
    There was an opinion in gross,  that the soul was
  immortal.                               Mbot.
    There  is confession, that is, the acknowledging
  our sins to God; and this may be either general or
  particular.   The general is, when we only confess
  in gross that we are sinful; the particular, when we
  mention the several sorts and acts of our sins.
                                  Duty of Man.
                   Remember, son,
  You are a general; other wars require you;
  For see the Saxon gross begins to move.    Dryden.
    Notwithstanding the decay and loss  of sundry
  trades and manufactures, yet in the gross, we ship
  off now one  third part more of the manufactures,
  as  also lead and tin, than we did twenty years past.
                                 Child on Trade.
3. Not individual,  but a body together.
    He  hath ribbons of all  the coiours i' th' rainbow;
  they come to him by the gross.           Sliaksp.
    I cannot instantly raise up the gross
  Of full three thousand ducats.         Shakspeare.
    You see  the united  design of many  persons to
  make  up one figure: after they have separated them-
  selves into many petty divisions, they rejoin one by
  one into a gross.                        Diyden. 
GRO
GRO
GRO
4. The chief  part; the main mass.
    Comets, out of question, have likewise power and
  effect over the gross and mass of things.   Bacon.
    The articulate sounds  are more confused, though
  tlie  gross of the sound be greater.         Bacon.
5. The number of twelve dozen, [grosse,
  French.]
    It is made up only of that simple idea of an unite
  repeated; and repetitions of this kind, joined to-
  gether, make those distinct simple modes of a dozen,
  a gross, and a million.                   Locke.
Gro'ssly, grose'le.  adv. [from ^ross.]
1. Bulkily;  in bulky  parts; coarsely: as,
  this matter  is grossly pulverized.
2. Without subtilty;  without art; without
  delicacy;  without refinement;  toarsely;
  palpably.
    Such kind of ceremonies as have  been so grossly
  and  shamefully abused  in the church of Rome,
  where they remain, are scandalous.       Hooker.
    Treason and murder ever kept together,
  As two yoke devils sworn to others purpose;
  Working so grossly in a natural  cause,
  That admiration did not whoop at them.   Shaksp.
                 And thine eyes
  See it so grossly shown in thy behaviour,
  That in their kind they speak it.       Shakspeare.
    What! are we cuckolds ere we have deserv'd it?
  —Speak not so grossly.       Merchant of Venice.
    What I have said has been forced from me, by
  seeing a noble sort of poetry so happily restored by
  one man, and so grossly copied by  almost all the
  rest.                                 Dryden.
    If I speak of light and rays as endued with colours,
  I would be understood to speak not  philosophically
  and properly, but grossly, and according to such con-
  ceptions as vulgar people would be apt to frame.
                               JV'eiofon's  Opticks.
    While it is so  difficult to  learn the  springs and
  motives of some facts, it is no wonder toey should
  be so grossly misrepresented to the publick  by curi-
  ous inquisitive heads.                    Swift.

Gro'ssness, grose'n£s. ra. *. [from gross.]
1. Coarseness;   not  subtilty;   thickness;
  spissitude;  density; greatness of parts.
    The purpose is perspicuous even as substance,
  Whose grossness  little characters sum up.   Shaksp.
    And I will purge toat mortal grossness so,
  That thou shalt like an airy spirit go.      Shaksp.
    The cause from the epilepsy ofthe stomach is the
  grossness of the vapours which rise and enter into
  the cells of the brain.                   Bacon.
    Then all this earthly grossness quit;
  Attir'd with stars we shall for ever sit,
  Triumphing over death.                 MUton.
    This being the first colour which vapours  begin to
  reflect, it ought to be the colour of the finest and
  most transparent skies, in which vapours are not ar-
  rived to  that grossness requisite to reflect other co-
  lours,                        JVeiefon's Opticks.
    For envy'd wit, like Sol eclips'd, makes known
  Th' opposing body's grossness, not its own.   Pope.

2. Inelegant fatness;  unwieldy corpulence.
    Wise men, toat be over-fat and fleshy, go  to so-
  journ abroad at the temperate diet of some sober
  inan; and so, by tittle and little, eat away toe gross-
  ness that is in them.                    Ascham,
3. Want  of refinement;  want of delicacy;
  intellectual coarseness.
    I was three or four times in toe thought they were
  not fairies; and yet the guiltiness of my mind drove
  the  grossness of the foppeiy  into a received  belief
  that they were fairies.                Shakspeare.
    Whatever beauties it may want, 'tis free at least
  from the  grossness of those faults I mentioned.
                                        Dryden.
    What a grossness is there in the mind of that
  man, who thinks to reach a lady's heart by wounding
  her ears.                             Clarissa.

Grot, grot. ra. «.  [grotte, French;  grotta,
   Ital.]   A  cave;  a cavern  for coolness
   and  pleasure.
    In toe remotest wood and lonely grof,
  Certain to meet that worst of evils, thought. Prior.
    Awful see the Egerian grof.             Pope.

Grote'sque, gro-tesk'.  adj.  [grotesque,
   French;  grotesco, Italian.]   Distorted
   of figure;  unnatural; wildly formed.
                   The champaign head
  Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides
  With thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild,
  Access deny'd.           Milton's Paradise Lost.
    There is yet a lower sort of poetry and painting
  which is out of nature; for a farce is that in poetry
  which grotesque is in a picture: the persons and ac-
  tions of a farce are all unnatural, and toe  manners
  false,  that  is, inconsisting with the characters of
  mankind: grotesque painting is toe just resemblance
  of tois.                               Dryden.
    An  hideous figure of their foes they  drew,
  Nor lines, nor looks, nor shades, nor colours true,
  And this grotesque design expos'd to public view.
                                       Dryden.
    Palladian walls, Venetian doors,
   Grotesco roofs, and stucco floors.           Pope.
Gro'tto, grot'to. ra. s. [grotte,  Fr.  grot-
   ta, Italian.] A cavern or cave made for
   coolness.  It is not used properly of a
   dark horrid cavern.
    Their careless chiefs to the cool grottos run,
  The bow'rs of kings, to shade toem from the sun.
                                       Dryden.
    This was found at the entry of the  groffo in toe
  Peak.                             Woodward.
Grove,  grove, ra.  s. [from  grave.]   A
   walk covered by  trees meeting above.
    I look'd toward Birnam, and anon me thought
  The wood began to move:
  Within tois three mile may you see it coming;
  I say, amoving grove.       Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    Fortunate fields, and groves, and flow'ry vales:
  Thrice happy isles!                     Milton.
    She left the flow'ry  field, and waving grove.
                                    Blackmore.
             Banish'd from courts and love,
  Abandon'd  truth seeks shelter in the grove.
                                     Granville.
    Can fierce passions vex his breast,
  While every gale is peace, and every grove
  Is melody?                   Thomson's Spring.

To Gro'vel, grov'v'l.102 v.  ra.   [grufde,
   Islandick, fiat  on the face.  It may per-
   haps come by gradual corruption from
   ground fell.]
1.  To  lie  prone;  to  creep low  on  the
   ground.
             The steel-head passage wrought,
  And through  his shoulder pierc'd; wherewith to
        ground
  He groveling fell, all  gored in his gushing wound.
                                       Spenser.
    What sees't thou  toere?  king Henry's diadem,
  Inchas'd with all the honours of the world!
  If so, gaze on, and grovel on thy face,
  Until thy  head be circled wito the same.   Shaksp.
    Oke mast and beech, and Cornell fruit they eat,
   Groveling like swine on earth, in fowlest sort.
                                      Chapman.
             Now they lie
   Groueffing and prostrate on yon lake of fire.  Jtfiff.
    Upon thy belly groveling thou shalt  go.   Milton.
    Let us then conclude that all painters ought to
  require this part of excellence; not to do it,  is to
  want courage, and not dare to shew themselves: 'tis
   to creep and grovel on the ground.         Dryden.
2.  To be mean; to  be without  dignity or
   elevation.
    I must disclaim whate'er he can express;
   His groveling sense will shew my passion less.
                                        Dryden.
    Several thoughts may be natural which  are low
  and groveling.              Addison's Spectator.
GROUND, grdund.318 ra. s. [jnunb, Sax-
   on; grondt, Danish.]
1. The earth,  considered  as superficially
   extended,  and therefore related  to til-
   lage,  travel, habitation, or almost any
   action.  The main mass of  terrene mat-
   ter is never called  the ground.   We
   never distinguish the terraqueous globe
   into ground  and  water,  but  into  earth,
   or land, and water; again, we never say
   under earth, but under ground.
    Israel shall go on dry ground through the sea.
                                       Exodus,
             Man to till the ground
  None was, and from toe earth a dewy mist
  Went up, and water'd all the ground.      Milton.
             From the other hill
  To their fix'd station all in bright array,
  The cherubim descended, on toe ground
  Gliding meteorous.                      Jtfiffon.
    A black bituminous gurge
  Boils up from under ground.              Milton.
    And  yet so nimbly he would bound,
  As if he scorn'd  to touch the ground.     Hudibras.
2. The  earth as distinguished from air or
   water.
    I have made man and beast upon the ground.
                                      Jeremiah.
    There was a dew upon all toe ground.  Judges.
    They summ'd their wings, and soaring  to'  air
         sublime,
  Wito clangs despis'd the ground.         Milton.
    Too late young Turnus the delusion found;
  Far on  the sea, still making from toe ground.
                               Dryden's AZneid,
3. Land;  country.
    The water breaks its bounds,
  And overflows the level grounds.       Hudibras.
4. Region; territory
    On heav'nly ground they stood, and from the
         shore
  They view'd the vast immeasurable abyss.   Jtfiffon.
    Wito these came they, who, from the bord'ring
         flood
  Of old  Euphrates to the brook that parts
  Egypt from Syrian ground, had general names
  Of Baalim and Ashtaroto.      Milton's Par. Lost.
5. Estate; possession.
    Uneasy still within these narrow bounds,
  Thy next design is on toy neighbour's grounds:
  His crop invites, to full perfection grown;
  Thy own seems thin, because it is toy own.   Dryd.
6. Land occupied.
    The  sea o'erflow'd my ground, *
  And my best Flanders mare was drown'd.  Jtfiffon.
7. The floor or level of the place.
    Wherefore should I smite thee to the ground.
                                     2  Samuel.
    Dagon was fallen on his face to the  ground.
                                      1 Samuel.
    A multitude sit on the ground.        Matthew.
    Some part of toe month of June,  the water of
  this  lake  descends under ground, through many
  great holes at toe bottom.                Brown.
8. Dregs;  lees;  feces;  that which  settles
   at the bottom  of liquors.
    Set  by  them cyder, verjuice, sour drink,  or
  grounds.                            Mor-timer\
    Some insist upon having had particular success
   in stopping gangrenes, from the use of the grounds
   of strong beer, mixed up with bread or oatmeal.
                                 Sharp's'Surgery.
9.  The first  stratum of  paint upon  which
I   the figures are afterward painted.
     We  see the limner to begin with a rude draught,
   and the painter to lay his grounds with darksome
   colours.                             Hakewill.
     When solid bodies, sensible to the feeling and 
GRO
GRO
GRO
  dark, are placed on light and transparent grounds,
  as for example, the heavens, the clouds and waters,
  and every other thing which is in motion, and void
  of different objects; they ought to be more  rough,
  and more distinguishable, than that with which they
  are  encompassed.                      Dryden.
10. The  fundamental  substance; that by
  which the additional or accidental  parts
  are supported.
            O'er bis head
  A well-wrought heaven of silk and gold was spread,
  Azure the ground,  the sun in gold shone bright.
                                       Coudey.
    Indeed it was but just that the finest lines in na-
  ture should be drawn upon the most durable ground.
                                         Pope.
    Then, wrought into the soul, let virtues shine,
  The ground eternal, as the work divine.    Young.

11. The  plain song;  the tune  on which
  descants are raised.
          Get a prayer-book in your hand,
  And stand between two churchmen, good my lord;
  For on that ground I'll build a holy descant.
                        Shakspeare's Richard III.
12. First hint; first traces  of an inven-
  tion; that  which gives occasion to the
  rest.
    Though jealousy of state to' invention found,
  Yet love refin'd upon the former ground;
  That way the tyrant had resen 'd to fly,
  Pursuing hate, now serv'd to bring two lovers nigh.
                                       Dryden.
13. The first principles of knowledge.
    The concords will easily be known, if the  fore-
  grounds be thoroughly beaten in. Prefi to Accidence.
    Here statesmen,  or of them they which can  read,
  May of their occupation find the grounds.  Donne.
    The grounds are already laid  whereby that is
  unquestionably resolved; for having granted that
  God gives sufficient grace, yet when he co-operates
  most effectually, he doth it not irresistibly.
                                    Hammond.
   After evening repasts, 'till bed-time, their thoughts
  will  be best taken up in the easy grounds of religion,
  and  the story of scripture.                Millon.
14.  The fundamental cause; the true  rea-
  son; original principle.
    He desired  the steward to tell him particularly
  the ground and event of this accident.     Sidney.
    Making happiness the ground of his unhappiness,
  and good  news the argument of his sorrow. Sidney.
    The use and benefit  of good laws all that live
  under them  may enjoy with delight and comfort,
  albeit the grounds  and first original cause  from
  whence they have sprung be unknown.    Hooker.
    In the solution of the Sabbatizer's objection, my
  method shall be to  examine, in the first place, the
  main grounds  and principles upon which he build-
  eth.                                   White.
       Thou could'st not have discern\1
  Fraud in the serpent, speaking as he spake,
  No ground of enmity between us known.   Milton.
   Nor did either of them ever think fit to make any
 particular relation ofthe grounds of toeir proceed-
 ings,  or toe causes of their misadventures.
                                   Clarendon.
   Sound judgment is the ground of writing well.
                                  Roscommon.
   Love once given from her, and plac'd in you,
 Would leave no ground I ever would be true.
                                      Diyden.
   It is not easy to imagine how any such tradition
*could arise so early, and  spread so universally, if
 there were not real ground for it.        Wilkins.
   If,it be natural,  ought we  not to  conclude that
 there is some ground and reason for these fears,
 and that nature  hath not planted toem in us to no
 purpose.                              Tillotson.
   Thus it appears, that suits at law are not sinful
 in themselves,  but may lawfully  be used, if there
 is no  unlawfulness in the ground and way of ma-
 nagement.                         Kettlewcll.
      VOL. I.
     Upon that prince's death, although  the grounds
   of our quarrel with France had received no manner
   of addition, yet this lord thought fit to alter his sen-
   timents.                               Swift.
     The miraculous increase of the professors  of
   Christianity was without  any  visible grounds and
   causes, and contrary to all human probability and
   appearance.                         Atterbury.
  !5. The field or place of action.
     Here was thy end decreed, when these men rose;
   And ev'n with theirs this act thy death did bring,
   Or hasten'd at the least upon this ground.    Dan.
  16. The space occupied  by an  army  as
   they fight, advance, or reiire.
     At length the left wing of the  Arcadians began
   to lose ground.                        Sidney.
     Heartless they fought, and quitted  soon their
         ground,
   While our's with easy victory were crown'd. Dryd.
     He has lost ground at the latter end of the day,
   by pursuing  his point too far, like toe prince  of
   Conde at the  battle of Seneffe.          Dryden.
  17. The intervening space between the
   flyer and pursuer.
             Ev'ning mist,
   Ris'n from a river, o'er toe marish glides,
   And gathers ground fast at the labourer's heels,
   Homeward returning.                  MUton.
     Superiors think it a detraction  from  their merit
   to see another get gromia upon them, and overtake
   them in the pursuits of glory.           Addison.
     Even whilst we speak our conqueror comes on,
   And gathers ground upon us every 'moment.
                                      Addison.
 18. The state in  which one is with respect
   to opponents or competitors.
    Had'stthou sway'd as kings should do,
   Giving no ground unto the house of York,
   They never hao then sprung.             Shaksp.
    If they get ground and 'vantage of the king,
   Then join you with them like a rib of steel,
   To make them stronger.                 Shaksp,
    He will stand his ground against all the attacks
   that can be made upon his probity.       Atterbury.
    Whatever ground we may have gotten upon our
   enemies, we have gotten  none upon our vices, the
   worst enemies of the two; but are even subdued and
   led  captive by toe one, while we triumph so glori-
   ously over the other.                .flfterowry.
 19. State of progress or recession.
    I have known so many great  examples  of this
  cure; and heard of its being so  familiar in Austria,
  that I wonder it has gained no more ground in other
  places.                                Temple.
    The squirrel is perpetually turning the wheel  in
  her cage: she runs apace and wearies herself with
  her continual motion, and gets no ground. Dryden.
20. The  foil to set a thing off.
    Like bright  metal on a sullen ground,
  My reformation glittering o'er my fault,
  Shall shew more goodly, and attract more eyes,
  Than that which hath no foil to set it off.  Shaksp.
To Ground, ground, v.n. [fromthe noun.]
I. To fix on the  ground.
2. To  found,  as  upon cause,  reason, or
   principle.
    Wisdom groundeth her laws upon an  infallible
  rule of comparison.                    Hooker.
    The church of England walking in the good and
  old way of the orthodoxal primitive fathers, ground-
  eth the religious observation ofthe Lord's day, and
  of other christian holidays, upon toe natural equity,
  and not upon the letter of the fourth commandment.
                                       White.
    It may serve us to ground conjectures  more ap-
  proaching to the truth  than we have hitherto met
  with                                  Boyle.
   If your own  actions on your will you ground,
  Mine  shall hereafter know no other bound.  Dryd.
   Some eminent spirit, having signalized his valour
  becomes to have influence on the  people, to grow
  their  leader in warlike  expeditions; aud this is
                    5  T
   grounded upon the principles of nature and common
   reason, which, where prudence and courage arc re-
   quired, rather incite us to fly to a single person than
   a multitude.                            Swift.
  3. To settle in first principles or rudiments
    of know:edge.
      Being rooted and grounded in love.   Epliesians.
  Ground,  ground.   The pret.  and  part.
    pass, of grind.
      How dull and rugged, ere  'tis ground
   And polish'd, looks a diamond.        HudUrras.
  Ground  is  much used in composition for
    that which is  next the ground,  or near
    the ground.
  Gro'und-ash, ground-ash', ra. s.  A  sap-
    lin  of ash taken  from the  ground;  not
    a branch cut from a tree.
     A  lance of tough ground-ash the Trojan threw,
   Rough in the rind,  and knotted as it grew. Dryden.
     Some cut the young ashes off about an inch above
   the ground, which causes them to make very large
   strait shoots, which they call ground-ash. Mortimer.
 Gro'und-bait, ground'bate.  ra. s. [from
   ground and bait.] A bait made of bar-
   ley  or malt boiled; which, being thrown
   into the place  where you design to an-
   gle, sinks to the bottom, and draws the
   fish to it.
     Take the depth of the place where you mean af-
   ter to cast your ground-bait, and to fish.   Walton.
 Gro'und-floor, grdund'fl6re.ra.s.[§-ro«rad
   and floor]  The lower story of a house.
 Gro'und-ivy,  grou.nd-i've. ra. s.  [hedera
   terrestrin. Lat.] Alehoof, or tunhoof.
     AI ehoof or ground-ivy is, in my opinion,  of the
   most excellent use and virtue  of any plants among
   us-                                  Temple.
 Gro'und-oak, ground-oke'. ra. s.  [ground
   and oak.]
     If the planting of oaks  were more in  use for un-
   derwoods, it  would spoil the cooper's trade for the
   making of hoops, either of hasel or ash; because
   one hoop made ofthe young shoots of a ground-oak,
   would outlast six of the best ash.       Mortimer.
 Gro'und-pine. ground-pine', ra. s.  [cha-
   m&fiitys,  Latin.]   A plant.
     The whole plant  has a very singular smell, re-
   sembling that of  resin; whence its name ground-
  pine.  It grows on dry and barren hills, and in some
   places on the ditch banks by road sides.      Hill.
 Grou'nd-plate,  ground'plate. ra.  s.  [In
   architecture.]  The outermost  pieces
   of timber lying on or near the ground,
   and  framed into one another with mor-
   tices and tenons. In these also are nior
   tices made  to receive the  tenons of the
   joists, the  summer and  girders;  and
   sometimes  the  trimmers  for the stair-
   case and chimney  way,  and the binding
   joist.                              Harris.
    In the orthographical schemes there should be a
  true delineation, if it be a timber-building, of  the
  several sizes of the-ground pfates, breast summers,
  and beams.                          Mortimer.
Gro'und-plot, grotind'plot. ra. *.
  , The  ground on which  any building  is
   placed.
    Wretched  Gynecia,  where  canst thou find  any
  small ground-plot for hope to dwell upon?  Sidney.
    A ground plot square  five hives of bees contains;
  Emblems of industry and virtuous gains.     Harte.
   The ichnography of a building.
Gro'und-rent, gr6ind'rent. ra.  s.  Rent
   paid for  the privilege of building on an-
   other man's ground. 
GRO
GRO
GRO
    A foot  in front, and thirty-three five sevenths
  deep, would bring in a ground rent of five pounds.
                                    .flr&uffmof.
    The site was neither granted him, nor giv'n;
  'Twas nature's, and the ground rent due to Heav'n.
                                        iifarfe.
Gro'lnd-room,  ground'r66m. ra.  s.   A
   room on the level with  the ground.
    I bcseeched him hereafter to meditate in aground-
  room; for that otherwise it would be impossible for
  an artist of any other kind to live near him. Tatler.
Gro'undedly, ground'£d-le. adv. [from
   grounded.] Upon firm  principles.
    He hath given the first hint of speaking ground-
  edly, and to the purpose, upon tois subject.  Glanv.
Gro'undless,  gi*6und'ies.  adj.   [from
   ground.]    Void  of  reason;   wanting
   ground.
    But when vain doubt and groundless fear
  Do that dear foolish bosom tear.          Prior.
    We have great reason to look upon the high pre-
  tensions which the Roman church makes to miracles
  as groundless, and to reject her vain and fabulous
  accounts of them.                   Atterbury.
    The party  who distinguish themselves by their
  zeal for the present establishment, should be care-
  ful to discover such a reverence for religion, as may
  shew how groundless that reproach is which is cast
  upon them, of being averse to our national worship.
                                    Freeholder.
GRo'uNDLESSLY,gr6und'les-le.cic?-y.[from
   groundless.]  Without reason;  without
   cause;  without just reason.
    Divers persons have produced the like by spirit
  of vitriol, or juice of  lemons; but have groundlessly
  ascribed toe effect to some peculiar quality of those
  two liquors.                            Boyle.

Gro'undlessness,  ground'les-nes. ra.  s.
   [from groundless] Want of just reason.
    He durst not cite the words  either of my book or
  sermons,  lest the reader should have discovered the
  notorious falshood and groundlessness of his calumny.
                                      TUlotson.
Gro'undling, ground'ling.  ra.  s. [from
   ground.] -.A  fish which keeps at the
   bottom of  the water; hence one of the
   low vulgar.                     Hanmer.
     It offends me to the soul, to hear a robusteous
  perriwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to
  very rags, to split toe ears of the groundlings.
                                       Shaksp.
Gro'undly,   ground'le.    adv.   [from
   ground.] Upon principles; solidly; not
 " superficially.  Not in use.
     A man, groundly learned already, may take much
  profit himself, in using by epitome to draw other
  men's works, for his own memory sake, into shorter
  room.          ; ,                    Ascham.

Gro'undsel, ground'sil. ra. s. [gjiundand
   rule, the  basis, Saxon, perhaps from
   sella, Lat.] The timber or raised pave-
   ment next the ground.
    The window-frame hath  every one of its lights
  rabbetted on its  outside about half  an inch into toe
  frame; and all these rabbets, but thaton thegrownd-
  sel, are grooved square; but  the rabbet  on  the
  groundsel, is levelled downwards,  that rain or snow
  may the freelier fall off.                Moxon.
Gro'undsel,  groun'sil.  «.  *.  [senecio,
   Latin.]   A plant.
Gro'undwork,   ground'wurk.    ra.   s.
   [ground and work.]
1. The  ground; the first stratum; the first
   part of the  whole;   that  to which the
   rest is  additional.
    A way  there is in heav'n's expanded plain,
  WTiicfc, when  the skies are clear, is seen below,
  And mortals by the name of milky know;
  The groundwork is of stars.             Dryden.
2. The  first part  of an undertaking;  the
   fundamentals.
    The main skill and groundwork will be to temper
  them such lectures and explanations, upon every
  opportunity, as may lead and draw them in willing
  obedience.                            MUton.
3. First principle; original reason.
    The groundwork thereof is nevertheless true and
  certain, however they through ignorance disguise
  the same or through vanity.             Spenser.
    The morals is the first business of the poet, as
  being the groundwork of his instruction.  Diyden.
Group, gr66p.316  ra. s. [grouppe, French;
   groppo, Italian.]  A  crowd; a cluster; a
   hurdle; a number thronged together.
    In a picture, besides the principal figures which
  compose it, and are placed in the midst of it, there
  are less groups or knots of figures disposed at pro-
  per distances, which are parts of the piece,  and
  seem to carry on the same design in a more inferior
  manner.                             Dryden.
    I cannot doubt but the poet had here in view the
  picture of Zetus, in  the famous  group of figures
  which represents the two brothers binding Dirce to
  the horns of a mad bull.               Addison.
    You should try your graving tools
  On this odious group  of fools.              Swift.
To Group, gr66p. v. a.   [groupper, Fr.]
   To put into a crowd; to huddle together.
    The difficulty lies  in drawing and disposing, or
  as the painters term it, in grouping such a multi-
  tude of different objects, preserving still toe justice
  and conformity of style and colouring.      Prior.
Grouse, grouse.313 ra. s.  A kind of fowl;
   a heath-cock.
    The 'squires in scorn will fly the house
  For better game, and look for grouse.       Swift.
Grout, gro&t.313 ra. s. [jriuc, Saxon.  In
   Scotland they call it groats]
1. Coarse meal; pollard.
    King Hardicnute, 'midst Danes and Saxons stout,
  Carous'd in nut-brown ale, and din'd on grout:
  Which dish its pristine honour still retains,
  And  when  each prince is crown'd in splendour
        reigns.                          King.

2. That which purges off.
    Sweet honey  some condense, some purge  the
        grouf;
  The rest, in cells apart, the liquid nectar shout.
                                      Dryden.
3. A  kind of  wild  apple,   [agriomelum,
   Latin.]
To GROW,  gro.324  v.  ra.  pret. grew;
   part.  pass, grown.  [jTtopan, Sax. gro-
   yen, Dutch.]
1. To vegetate; to have vegetable motion;
   to increase by vegetation.
    It  is not the growing of fruit that nourisheth
  man; but it is thy word which preserveth them.
                                      Wisdom.
    He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and
  herb for the service of man.             Psalms.
2. To be produced by vegetation.
    In this country groweth abundance of that wood,
  which since is brought into Europe to die red co-
  lours.                                 Abbot.
    A bag, toat groweth in the fields, at the  first  is
  hard like a tennis-ball, and white; and after grow-
  eth of a mushroom colour, and full of light dust.
                                        Bacon.
    But say, where grows the tree? from hence how-
        far?                           MUton.
    In colder regions men compose
  Poison with art; but here it grows.        Waffer.
    Those tow'rs of oak o'er fertile plains might go,
  And visit mountains  where they once did groio.
                                       Waller.
3. To shoot in any particular form.
    Children, like tender osiers, take the bow,
  And as they first are fashion'd, always grmc.
                                      Dryden.
4. To increase in stature.
    I long with all my heart to see the prince;
  I hope he is much groton since last 1 saw him.
                                       Shaksp.
    The poor man had nothing, save one little ewe-
  lamb, which he had bought and  reared up; and it
  grew up together with him and with his children.
                                    2 Samuel.
5. I'o  come to manhood   from  infancy:
   commonly followed by up.
    Now the prince groweth up fast to be a man, and
  is of a sweet and excellent disposition.     Bacon.
    The main thing to be considered in every action
  of a child, is how it will  become him when he is
  bigger,  and whither it will  lead him  when he is
  grown up.                             Locke.
    We are brought into the world children, ignorant
  and impotent; and we grow up in vanity and folly.
                                        Wake.
6. To  issue,  as plants from a soil,  or as
   branches from the main trunk.
    They will seem not stuck unto him, but growing
  out of him.                           Dryden.
7. To increase in bulk; to become greater,
   or more numerous.
    Bones, after  full growth, continue at a stay: as
  for nails they groiu continually.            Bacon.
    Then toeir numbers swell,
  And grow upon us.                   Denham.
    Divisions grow  upon us, by neglect  of practick
  duties:  as every age degenerated from primitive
  piety, they advanced in nice enquiries. Dec. of Piety.

8. To improve;  to make progress.
    Grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord
  and Saviour Jesus Christ.              2 Pefer.
    He then dispensed his best of legacies, his bles-
  sings; most passionately exhorting the young grow- ,
  ing hopes of the family.                    FefJ.
    As he grew forward in years  he was trained up
  to learning, under one Pronapides, who taught  the
  Pelasgick letter invented  by Linus.         Pope.

9. To advance to any state.
    Nature, as it grows again towards earth,
  Is fashion'd for the journey dull and heavy.  Shak.
    They doubted whereunto this would grow.  Acts.
    The  king, by this time, was grown to such an
  height of reputation for cunning and policy, that
  every accident  and event that went well was laid
  and imputed to his foresight.             Bacon.
    But when to ripen'd manhood he shall grow,
  The greedy sailor shall the seas forego.    Dryden.

10. To   come by degrees;   to  reach any
   state  gradually.
    After they grete to rest upon number,  rather
  competent than vast, they grew to  advantages of
  place, cunning diversions, and  the like; and they
  grew more skilful in the ordering of their battles.
                                       Bacon.
    Verse, or the other harmony of prose, I have so
  long studied and practised, that they are grown into
  a habit, and become familiar to me.      Dryden.
    The  trespasses of people are grown up to heaven,
  and their sins are  got beyond all restraints of law
  and authority.                         Rogers.
11. To  come forward; to gather  ground.
    Some seeing the end of their government nigh,
  and troublous practice growing up, which may work
  trouble to the next governour, will not attempt re-
  dress.                               Spenser.
    It was now the beginning of October, and winter
  began to grow fast on: great  rain, with terrible
   thunder and  lightning,  and mighty tempests, then
   fell abundantly.                       Knolles.
 12. To  be changed from one  state  to an-
   other; to become either better or worse;
   to turn. 
GRO
GRU
GRU
    A good man's fortune may grow out at heels.
                                       Shaksp.
    Scipio Nasica feared lest, if the dread of that
  enemy were taken away,  the Romans would grow
  either to idleness or civil dissension.        Abbot.
    Hence, hence, and to some barbarous climate fly,
  Which only brutes in human form does yield,
  And man grows wild in nature's common field.
                                       Dryden.
    The nymph grew pale, and in a mortal fright,
  Spent with the labour of so long a flight.   Dryden.
            Patient of command
  In time he gran; and growing us'd to hand,
  He waited at his master's board for food.   Dryden.
    We may trade and be busy, and grow poor by it,
  unless we regulate our expences.           Locke.
    You will groio a thing contemptible, unless you
  can  supply the loss of beauty with more durable
  qualities.                              Swift.
    Delos, by being reckoned  a  sacred place, greio
  to be a free port, where nations warring traded, as
  in a neutral country.                 Arbuthnot.
    By degrees the vain, deluded elf,
  Grew out of humour with his former self.   Harfe.
13. To proceed as from a cause or reason.
    What will  grow out of such errours, as masked
  under the cloak of divine authority, impossible it is
  toat ever the  wit of man should imagine, 'till time
  have brought forth the fruits of them.     Hooker.
    Shall  we  set light  by  that custom of reading,
  from whence so precious a benefit hath grown?
                                       Hooker.
    Take  heed now that ye fail not to do this: why
  should damage grow to the hurt of the king?
                                       Ezekiel.
    Hence grows that  necessary distinction of the
  saints on earth and the saints in heaven; the first
  belonging to  the militant, the  second to the trium-
  phant church.                        Pearson.
    The want of trade in Ireland proceeds from  the
  want of people; and this is not grown  from any ill
  qualities of the climate or air, but chiefly from so
  many wars.                           Temple.
14. To accrue; to be forthcoming.
    Ev'n just toe sum that I do owe to you,
  Is growing to me by Antipholis.          Shaksp.
15- To adhere; to stick  together.
    Honour and policy, like unsever'd friends,
  I' to' war do  grow together.             Shaksp.
    The frog's  mouth grows up, and he continues  so
  for at least six months without eating.      Walton.
    In burnings and scaldings the fingers would many
  times grow together;  toe chin would  grow to the
  breast, and the arms to  the sides, were they not
  hindered.                           Wiseman.
16. To swell:  a sea term.
    Mariners are used to the tumbling and rolling of
  ships from side to side, when  the sea  is never  so
  little grown.                           Raleigh.

17. The  general  idea given by  this word
   is procession or passage from one state
   to another. It is always  change, but not
   always increase;  for a thing may grow
   less, as well as grow greater.
Gro'wer,  gro'ilr.98 ra. s. [from grow.] An
   increaser.
    It will grow to a great bigness, being the quick-
  est grower of any kind of elm.         Mortimer.
To Growl,  groul.323v.ra. [grollen, Fleni.]
1. To snarl or murmur  like an angry cur.
    They roam amid' the fury of their heart,
  And groivl their horrid loves.          Thomson.
    Dogs  in this country are  of the size of  common
  mastiffs,  and by nature never bark, but growl when
  they are  provoked.                       Ellis.
2. To murmur; to grumble.
    Othello, neighbours—how he would roar about a
  foolish handkerchief!  and then he would groirf so
  manfully.                               G«!/-
Grown,  grone. The participle passive of
   grow.
1. Advanced in growth.
2. Covered or filled by the growth of any
   thing.
    I went  by the field of  the slothful, and by  the
  vineyard ofthe man void of understanding; and lo,
  it was all grown over with thorns, and nettles had
  covered the face thereof.               Proverbs.
3, Arrived at full growth  or stature.
    I saw lately a pair of China shoes, which I was
  told were  for a grown woman, that would scarce
  have been big enough for one of our little girls.
                                        Locke.
Growth, grbth.32* ra. s.  [from grown.]
I. Vegetation; vegetable life;  increase of
   vegetation.
    Deep in  the palace of long growth there stood
  A laurel's trunk of venerable wood.       Diyden.
    Those trees that have the slowest growth, are,
  for toat reason, of the longest continuance.
                                    Atterbury.
2. Product;  production; thing produced;
   act of producing.
    Forbidding every bleak unkindly fog
  To touch the prosperous growth of this tall wood.
                                       MUton.
    Our little world the image of the great,
  Of her own growth hath all toat nature craves,
  And all that's rare, as tribute  from the waves.
                                       Waffer.
    The trade of a country arises from the native
  growths of the soil or seas,               Temple.
    I had thought, for the honour of our nation, that
  the knight's tale was of English growth, and Chau-
  cer's own.                            Dryden.

3. Increase of number, bulk, or frequency.
    What I have tried, or thought, or heard upon this
  subject, may  go a great way in preventing  the
  growth of this disease, where it is but new.  Tempfe.
4. Increase of stature; advance to maturity.
             They say my son of York
  Has almost overta'en him in his growth.   Shaksp.
    The stag, now conscious of his fatal growth,
  To some dark covert his retreat had made. Denham.
    Though an animal arrives at its full growth at a
  certain age, perhaps it never comes to its full bulk
  'till the last period of life.            Arbuthnot.
    If parents should be daily calling upon God in a
  solemn deliberate manner, altering and extending
  their intercessions,  as the state and groioth of their
  children required,  such  devotion  would  have a
  mighty influence upon toe  rest of their lives.  Law.
5. Improvement; advancement.
    It grieved David's religious mind to consider  the
  growth of his own estate and dignity, the affairs of
  religion continuing still in the former manner.
                                      Hooker.
Gro'wthead, grote'hed. >  ra.  s.   [from
Gro'wtnol,  grote'n&l.   3 gross or great
   head; capito, Latin.]
1. A kind  of fish.              Ainsworth.
2. An idle lazy fellow.  Obsolete.
    Though  sleeping one hour refresheto his song,
  Yet trust not Hob growthead for sleeping too long.
                                       Tusser.
To GRUB, grilb. v. a.  [graban, preter.
   grob, to dig, Gothick.]   To dig  up; to
   destroy  by digging; to root out of the
   ground; to eradicate by throwing up out
   of the soil.
    A  foolish heir caused all the bushes and hedges
  about his vineyard to be grubbed up.   L'Estrange.
             Forest land,
  From whence  the surly ploughman grubs the wood.
                                      Dryden.
    The grubbing up of woods and trees may be very
  needful, upon the account of their untoriftiness.
                                     Mortimer.
    As  for  the thick woods which not  only Virgil
  but Homer mentions, they are  most of them  gru6-
                   5t2
  bed up, since the promontory has been cultivated
  and inhabited.                        Addison.
Grur,  grub. n. s. [from grubbing, or mi-
   ning.]
1. A small worm  that eats holes in bodies.
    There is a difference between a grub and a but-
  terfly, and yet your butterfly was a grub.   Shaksp
             New creatures rise,
  A moving mass at first, and short of thighs;
  'Till shooting out with legs, and imp'd wito wings,
  The grubs proceed  to bees with pointed stings.
                                      Dryden
             The grub
  Oft unobserv'd, invades the vital core;
  Pernicious teuant! and her secret cave
  Enlarges hourly, preying on toe pulp
  Ceaseless.                            Philips.

2. A short  thick man;  a dwarf.   In con-
  tempt.
    John Romane, a short clownish gruft, would bear
  the  whole  carcase of an ox, yet never togged with
  him.                                 Carew.
To Gru'brle, griWbl.*os'u.ra. [grubelen,
   Germ, from grub.] To feel in the dark.
             Thou hast a colour;
  Now let me rowl and grubble thee:
  Blind men say white feels smooth, and black feels
        rough:
  Thou hast a rugged  skin: I do not like thee. Dryd.

Gru'bstreet, griWstreet. n.s. Original-
   ly  the name of  a street near  Moorfields
   in  London,  much inhabited  by writers
   of small histories, dictionaries, and tem-
   porary poems;  whence any  mean pro-
   duction is calledgrubstreet.
   Xctip iB-etxij fAtV  xe&Xx, fieT xXysx Trix-gx
   lAo"7rxo-lui reov adxs iKXVof*.xi.
    The  first part, though calculated only for  the
  meridian of grubstreet,  was yet taken notice of by
  the better sort.                      Arbuthnot.
    I'd sooner ballads write, and gm&sfreef lays. Gay.

To GRUDGE, gridje. v. a.  [from gru-
  ger, according  to  Skinner,  which  in
   French is to grind or eat.  In this sense
   we say of one  who  resents  any thing
   secretly  he  chews  it.   Grwgnach, in
   Welsh,  is  to  murmur;  to  grumble.
   Grunigh, in  Scotland denotes a grumb-
   ling morose countenance.]
1. To envy; to see  any advantage  of  an-
   other with discontent.
    What means this  banishing me from your coun-
  sels? Do you love your sorrow so well, as to grudge
  me part of it?                         Sidney.
                'Tis not in thee
  To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train. Shaks.
    He struggles  into  birth, and cries for aid;
  Then helpless in his mother's lap is laid:
  He creeps, he walks; and, issuing into man,
  Grudges their life from whence  his own began.
                                       Dryden.
    These clamours with disdain he heard,
  Much grudg'd the praise,  but more the rob'd re-
        ward.                          Dryden.
    Do not, as some men, run upon toe tilt, and taste
  of the sediments of a grudging uncommunicative
  disposition.                          Spectator.
    Let us consider the  inexhausted treasures of toe
  ocean; and toough  some  have grudged the great
  share that it takes of the  surface of  the earth, yet
  we shall propose this too, as a conspicuous mark
  and character of the wisdom of God.      Bentley.
    I have often heard the presbytenans say they did
  not grudge us our employments.            Swift.
2.  To give or  take  unwillingly.
    Let me at least a  funeral marriage crave,
  Nor grudge my cold embraces in the grave.  Dryd.
    They have grudged those contributions, which 
GRU
GRU
GIT A
  have set our country at the head  of all the govern-
  ments of Europe.                     Addison.
To  Grudge, grudje. v.n.
1. To murmur; to repine.
    They knew the force of that dreadful  curse,
  whereuuto idolatry maketh subject;  nor  is there
  cause why the guilty sustaining the  same should
  grudge or complain of injustice.          Hooker.
    We do not grudge  or repine at our  portion, but
  are contented with those circumstances which the
  providence of God hath made to be our lot. Nelson.
2. To be unwilling;  to be reluctant.
    Many times they go with as great grudging to
  serve in  his majesty's ships, as  if they were to be
  slaves in the gallies.                    Raleigh.
    You steer betwixt  the country and the court,
  Nor gratify whate'er the great desire,
  Nor grudging give what publick needs require.
                                      Dryden.
3.  To be envious.
    Grudge not one against  another, brethren, lest
  ye be condemned.                      James.
4.  To wish  in secret.   A low  word.
    E'en in the most sincere advice he gave,
  He had a grudging  still to be a knave      Dryd.
 ".  To give  or have  any  uneasy' remains.
   I know  not  whether the  word in this
   sense  be  not rather grugeons, or  re-
   mains; grugeons being the part  of corn
   that remains after  the  fine  meal  has
   passed the sieve.
             My Dolabella,
  Hast thou not still some grudgings of thy fever?
                                      Z)»-yden.
 Grudge,  grijdje.  ra. s. [from the  verb.]
 !.  Old  quarrel; inveterate malevolence;
   sullen malice.
    Many countries about her were  full  of wars,
  which, for old grudges  to Corinth,  were toought
  still would oonclude there.              Sidney.
     Two housholds, both alike in dignity,
  From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
   Where civil  blood makes civil hands unclean.
                                   S/iafcspeore.
     Let me go in to see the generals:
   There is some grudge between  'em; 'tis not meet
   They be alone.                    Shakspeare.
           Deep fester'd hate:
   A grudge in both, time out of mind, begun,
   And mutually bequeath'd from sire to son.   Tafe.
 2.  Anp.er; ill-will.
     The god of wit, to show his grudge,
   Clapt ass's ears upon the judge.           Swift.
 3.  Unwillingness  to  benefit.
           Those to whom you have
   With grudge preferr'd me.          Hen Jonson.
 4.  Envy; odium;   invidious censure.
 5.  Remorse of conscience.    Ainsworth.
 6.  Some little commotion,  or  forerunner
    of a disease.                 Ainsworth.
 Ghu'dgingly, griid'jing-le. adv. [from
    grudge.] Unwillingly; malignantly; re-
    luctantly.
     Like harpies they could scent a plenteous board;
   Then to be sure they never fail'd their lord:
   The rest was form, and bare attendance paid;
   Then drank and eat, and grudgingly obey'd. Dryd.
 Gru'el,  grtl'il." n.  s.  [gruau,  gruelle,
    French.]   Food  made  by boiling  oat-
    meal and  water;  any kind  of  mixture
    made by boiling ingredients in  water.
     Finger of birth-strangl'd babe,
   Ditch-deliver'd by a drab;
   Make the gruel thick and slab.       Shakspeare.
     Was ever Tartar fierce or cruel
   Upon the strength of water-gruef ?          Prior.
     Gruel made of grain, broths, malt driDk not much
   hopped, posset-drinks, and in general whatever j-e
   laxeth.
Arbuthnot.
GRUFF, griif. adj. [groff, Dutch.] Sour
   of aspect;  harsh of manners.
    Around the fiend in hideous order, sat
  Foul bawling infamy and bold debate,
  Gruff discontent, through ignorance misled. Garth.
    The appellation of honour was such an one the
  gruff) such an one the stocky.           Addison.

Gru'ffly, grul'le.  adv.   [from  gruff.]
   Harshly; ruggedly; roughly.
    The form of Mars high on a chariot stood,
  All sheath'd in arms, and gruffly look'd the god
                                      2>rycfen.
Gru'ffness, grufnes. ra. s. [from gruff]
  ■ Ruggedness of mien; harshness of look
   or voice.
Grum,   grum.   adj.  [contracted  from
   grumble.]  Sour; surly;  severe.  A  low
   word.
    Nick looked sour and grum,  and would not open
  his mouth.                        Arbuthnot.
 To GRU'MBLE, grum'bl.408 v. ra. [grom-
   melen, grommen, Dutch.]
 I.  To  murmur  with discontent.
              A bridegroom,
   A grumbling groom, and that toe girl shall find.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
     Thou  grumblest and railest every hour on Achil-
   les, and  thou art as full of envy at  his greatness as
   Cerberus is at Proserpina's beauty.       Shaksp,
     Th' accurst Philistian stands  on to' other side,
   Grumbling aloud, and smiles 'twixt rage and pride.
                                      Cotofey.
     Suitors, all but one,  will depart grumbling, be-
   cause they miss of what toey think their due. South.
     Providence has allotted man a  competency: all
   beyond it is superfluous; and there will be g»-um6-
   fing without end,  if we reckon, that we want this,
   because we have it not.             L'Estrange.
     L'Avare, not using half his store,
   Still grumbles that he has  no more.       Prior.
  , To growl; to gnarl.
     The lion, though he sees the toils are set,
   Yet, pinch'd with raging hunger, scours away;
   Hunts in the face of danger ail the day;
   At night, with sullen pleasure, grumbles o'er his
        prey.                         Dryden.
  . To make a hoarse rattle.
     Thou grumbling thunder join thy voice. Motteux.
               Like a storm
   That gathers black upon the frowning sky,
   And grumbles in the wind.               iZoioe.
               Vapours foul
   Dash on the mountains brow, and shake the woods
   That grumbling wave below.          Thomson.

 Gru'mbler,  gr&m'bl-iir.  ra. s.   [from
   grumble.]  One that grumbles; a mur-
    inurer; a discontented man.
     The half-pence are good  half-pence,  and  I will
   stand by it: if I made them of silver, it would be
   tbe same thing to the grumbler           Swift.
 Gru'mbling,  grum'bl-ing.  ra. s. . [from
    grumble] A murmuring  through  dis-
    content; a grudge.
            I have serv'd
   Without or grudge or grumblings.     Shakspeare.
 GRU ME, groom.i39  ra, s. [grumeau, Fr.
    grumus,  Latin.]   A  thick viscid  con-
    sistence of a fluid: as  the white of an
    egg, or clotted like cold blood. Quincy.

 Gru'mly,  griim'le.  adv. [from  grum]
    Sullenly; morosely.
 Gru'mous,   groo'mus.339   adj.  [from
    grume]  Thick; clotted.
     The blood, when let,  was  black, grumous, the
   red part without a due consistence, the serum sa-
    line, and of a yellowish green.         Arbuthnot,
 Gru'mousxess, grod'mus-nes. ra. s. [from
  grumous.]   Thickness of a coagulated
  liquor.
    The cause may be referred either to the coagu-
  lation ofthe serum, or grumousness ofthe blood.
                                    Wiseman.

Gru'nsel, grun'sil.09  ra.  s.  [More  usu-
  ally groundsel,  unless Milton intended
  to preserve the  Saxon  gnunb.]   '1 he
  groundsel; the lower part ofthe building.
            Next came one
  Who mourn'd in earnest, when the captive ark
  Maim'd his brute image, heads and hands lopp'd off
  In his own temple, on the grunsel edge,
  Where he fell flat, and sham'd his worshippers.
                                      Milton.
To  GRUNT,  grunt.         )  v. ra. [gru-
To  GRU'NTLE, grun'tl.40* $  nio, Latin.]
  To murmur like a hog.
    And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar and
        burn,
  Like horse, hound, hog, bear, fire, at every turn.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Lament, ye swine; in gruntings spend your grief;
  For you, like me, have lost your sole relief.   Gay.
    Thy brinded boars may slumber undismay'd,
  Or grwnf secure beneath the chesnut shade. Ticket.
    The scolding quean to louder notes doth rise,
  To her full pipes the grunting hog replies;
  The grunting hogs alarm the neighbours round.
                                       Swift.

Grunt, grunt, ra. s. [from the verb.]  The
  noise of a hog.
    Swine's snowts,  swine's bodies,  took toey,  bris-
        tles, grunts.                  Chapman.
    Ran cow and eaif, and family of hogs,
  In panick horrour of pursuing dogs;
  With many a deadly grwnf and doleful squeak,
  Poor swine, as if their pretty hearts would break.
                                      Dryden.
          From thence were heard
  The grunts of bristled boars, and groans of bears,
  And herds of howling wolves.            Dryden.
Gru'nter, grun'tur.98 ra. s. [from grunt.]
I. He that  grunts.
2. A kind  of fish,  [xpa/^a.]
Gru'ntling,   griVit'ling.   ra.  s.  [from
  grunt.]   A  young hog.
To Grutch,  gtutsh. v. ra. [corrupted for
  the sake of  rhyme from grudge.]   To
  envy;  to repine;  to be  discontented.
  Not used
    The poor at the enclosure doth  grutch,
  Because of abuses that fall,
     Lest some mc n should have but too much,
  And some again nothing at all.           Tussir.
     But what we're born for we must bear,
  Our frail condition it is such,
     That what to all may happen here,
  If't chance to me, I must not grutch. Ben Jonson.
Grutch, grutsh.  ra. s. [from the verb.]
   Malice; iii-will.
     In it he melted leaden bullets,
  To shoot at foes,  and sometimes pullets;
  To whom he bore so fell a grutch,
  He ne'er gave quarter t' any such.     Hudibras.
 Gry, gri.  ra.  s.  [ygv.]  Any thing of lit-
   tle value: as, the paring  of  the  nails.
                                        Diet.
 Guaia'cum, gwa'a-kiim.340  ra. s.   A  phy-
   sical wood.
     Guaiaeum is attenuant and aperient.  It  is ex-
   cellent in many  chronick cases,  and was once fa-
   mous for curing the venereal disease, which it still
   does singly in warmer climates, but with us we find
   it insufficient.  We have a resin of it improperly
   called gum guaiaeum.                     Hill.

  Guarante'e, gar'ran-tc.^32  ra. s. [guaranty 
GUA                                     GUA                                      GUE
   French.]  A power who undertakes to
   see stipulations performed.
    God, the great guarantee  for the peace of man-
  kind, where laws cannot secure it, may think it the
  concern of his providence.                South.
    A prince distinguished by being a patron of pro-
  testants, and guarantee of the Westphalian treaty.
                                      Addison.
    An oath is a promise made to God,  and God is
  our superior, superior to kings.   And he is also the
  guarantee and avenger of all  breach of faith and in-
  justice.                               Lesley.

 To Gua'ranty, gaVran-te.92 ~v. a. [garan-
   tir, ¥r]  To undertake  to  secure  the
   perfpimance of any articles.
 To GUARD, gyard.9* l6°  v.  a.  [garcler,
   French; from our word ward, the iv be-
   ing changed by  the French  into g;  as
   Gallcs for  Wales.
 1.  To  watch  by way  of defence and se-
   curity.
 2.  To protect; to defend.
    Naked the graces guarded you from all
  Dangers abroad, and now your thunder shall.
                                      Waffer.
    Your power you never use, but for defence,
  To guard your own or others innocence.    Dryd.
    Fix'd on defence, the Trojans are not slow
  To guard the shore from an expected foe.   Dryd.
    The port of Genoa  is very ill guarded against the
  storms.                              Addison.
 3. To preserve by  caution.
    One would take care to guard one's self against
  this particular imperfection, because it is that which
  our nature very strongly inclines us to.   Addison.
 4. To provide against objections.
    Homer has guarded every  circumstance with as
  much caution as if he had been aware of toe objec-
  tion.                                Broome.
 5. To adorn with lists, laces, or ornamen-
   tal borders.   Obsolete.
          Give him a  livery
  More guarded than his ieilows.          Shaksp.
          See a fellow
  In a long motley, guarded with yellow.    Shaksp.
 To Guard,  gyard.333  v. n.  To  be in  a
   state of caution or defence.
    There are cases, in which  a man must guard, if
  he intends to keep fair with the world, and turn
  the penny.                            Collier.
    To guard against such mistakes, it is necessary
  to acquaint ourselves a little with words.   Watts.
 Guard, gyard.9216° ra. s. [garde,  French;
   ward,  Teutonick.]
 I.  A man,  or body of men, whose busi-
   ness  is  to watch  by way  of  defence  or
   prevention.
    The guard bare them, and brought them  back
  into tbe guard chamber.               1 Kings.
    Up into heav'n, from paradise, in haste
  Th' angelick guards ascended, mute, and sad,
  For man.                             Milton.
    They miss'd courts, guards, a gay and num'rous
        train,
  Our judges like our laws were rude and  plain.
                                      Cowley.
    With lifted hands, and gazing eyes,
  His guards behold him soaring through the skies.
                                      Diyden.
    He  must be trusted to bis own conduct, since
  there cannot always be a guard upon him, except
  what you put into his own mind by good principles.
                                       Locke.
    They, usurping arbitrary power, had their guards
  and  spies, after the practice of tyrants     Swift.
2. A  state- of "cannon;  a state of vigilance.
    The "Teat alteration which he made in the  state
  ecclesiastical, caused  him to stand upon his guard
  bi home.                             Davies.
     Temerity puts a man offhis guard. L'Estrange.
     It is wisdom  to keep ourselves upon a guard.
                                   L'Estrange.
     Now he stood collected and prepat'd;
   For malice and  revenge had put him oh his guard.
                                      Dryden.
     Others arc cooped in close by the strict guards
   of those whose interest it is to keep them ignorant.
                                       Locke.
     Men are always upon their guard against an ap-
   pearance of design.                  Smalridge.
 3. Limitation;  anticipation  of objection;
   caution of expression.
     They have  expressed themselves with as  few
   guards and restrictions as I.           Atterbuiy.
 4.  An ornamental  hem, lace, or  border.
   Obsolete.
 5.  Part of the  hilt of a sword.
 Gua'rdage,  gyar'tlage.90  n. s.  [from
   guard] State of wardship.  Obsolete.
     A maid so tender, fair and happy,
   Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom
   Of such a thing as thou.                Shaksp.
 Gua'rder,  gyar'dir.98  ra. s.  One  wlio
   guards.                      Ainsworth.
 Gua'rdian,  gyar'de-an  or gyar'je-an.293
   ag* 376 n  s   [guardien,  French, from
   guard.]
 I. One that has the care of an orphan; one
   who is to supply  the want of parents.
    I am sorry for her,  as I  have just cause,  being
   her uncle and her guardian.              Shaks.
    When  perjur'd guardians, proud with impious
         gains,
   Choak up the streets,  too narrow for their trains!
                                      Diyden.
    Hocus, with two other of the guardians, thought
   it their duty to take care of the interest of the three
   girls.                             Arbuthnot.
 2.  One to whom the care and preserva-
   tion of any thing is committed.
            I gave you all.
   Made you my guardians, my depositaries;
   But kept a reservation to be follow'd
   With such a number.                Shakspeare.
    It then  becomes the common cj i.ern of all that
  have truth at heart, u:ul more  especially of those
   who are appointee guardians of the christian faith,
   to be upon the watc'u against seducers.  Waterland.
3. A repository or  storehouse. Not used.
    Where is Duncan's body?
  ----Carried to Colmeskill,
  The sacred storehouse of bis predecessors,
   And guardian of their bones.         Shakspeare.
Gua'rdian of  the  Spiritualities, gyar'de-
   an.  He to  whom the  spiritual juris-
   diction  of any diocese  is   committed,
   during  the vacancy ofthe see.  He may
   be either guardian in law, or jure ma-
   gistrates,  as  the archbishop  is of  any
   diocese  within his province;  or guar-
   dian  by delegation,  as  he whom  the
   archbishop  or vicar-general  doth   for
   the time depute.                 Cowell.
Gua'rdian,  gyar'de-an.293 "6 adj.  Per-
   forming the office of a  kind protector
   or superintendent.
    My charming patroness protects  me unseen, like
  my guardian angel; and shuns  my  gratitude like  a
  fairy, who is bountiful by stealth, and conceals the
  giver when she bestows the gift.           Diyd.
    Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage,
  The promis'd father of a future age.       Pope.
    Meanwhile Minerva, in her guardian care,
  Shoots from the starry vaults through fields of air.
                                        Pope.
Gua'rdianship,  gyar'de-an-ship.  ra.   s.
   [from  guardian.]   The  office  of  a
   guardian.
     The curate stretched his patent for the cure of
   souls, to a kind of tutelary guardianship over goods
   and chattels.                      L'Estrange.
     This holds true, not only in losses and indignities
   offered to ourselves, but also in the  case  of trust,
   when they are offered to others who are committed
   to our care and guardianship.         Kettlcwell.
     Theseus is the first who established the popular
   state in Athens, assigning to himself the guardian-
   ship ofthe laws, and chief command in war Swift.
 Gua'rdless, gyard'les. adj. [from gua; d. .
   Without defence.
     So on toe guardless herd, their keeper slain,
   Rushes a tyger in  the Lybian plain.       Waller
     A rich land, guardless and undefended,  must
   needs have been a double incitement.      South.
 Gua'rdship,  gyard'shlp.  ra.   s.   Tfrom
   guard ]
 I. Care; protection.
     How bless'd am I, by such a man led!
   Under whose wise and careful guardship
   I now despise fatigue and hardship.        Swift.
 2. [guard and ship]   A king's  ship  to
   guard the coast.
 Guaia'va, gvva-i'va.  ~)  ra  s.  An Ameri-
 Gua'va, gwa'va       ^  can  fruit.    The
   fruit, says Sir Hans Sloane^ is extreme-
   ly delicious  and   wholesome.   They
   have only this inconvenience, that  be-
   ing very astringent,  they  stop up  the
   belly, if taken in great quantities. Miller.

Gubkhna'tion, gu-ber-na'shun.  ra. s. [gu-
   bernatio,  Lat.]  Government; superin-
   tendent, y; superiour direction.
    Perhaps there is little or  nothing in the govern-
  ment of toe kingdoms of nature and grace, but what
  is transacted by the man Jesus, inhabited by the
  divine power and wisdom, and employed as a me-
  dium or conscious instrument of this extensive gw-
  bernation.                             Watts.
Gu'dgeon,  gud'jiin 289 n. s. [goujon, Fr.]
 I. A small fish found in  brooks and  rivers,
   easily caught,  and therefore made  a pro-
   verbial name for a man  easily cheated.
    'Tis true, no turbots dignify my boards;
  Brit gudgeons, flounders, what my Thames affords.
                                       Pope.
2. A man easily cheated.
    This he did to draw you in, like so many gudg-
  eons, to swallow his false arguments.       Swift.

 3. Something to  be caught to a man's own
   disadvantage;   a bait;  an  allurement:
   gudgeons  being   commonly used  as
   baits for pike.
    But fish not with this melancholy bait,
  For this fool's gudgeon, this opinion.      Shaksp.
Gue'rdon,  ger'dun.166   n.  s.  [guerdon,
   gardon, Fr.]  A reward; a recompense,
   in a good and  bad sense.  Not in use.
    But to the virgin comes, who all this while
  Amazed stands herself so mock'd to see,
    By him who has the guerdon of his guile,
  For so misfeigning her true knight to be.  Spenser.
    He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once  receive
  toe just guerdon of all his former villunics. Knolles
    Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
  To scorn delights,  and live laborious days;
  But the fair guerdon when we hope to find,
  And think to burst out into sudden blaze,
  Comes the blind fury with th' abhorred sheers,
  And slits the thin-spun life.              Milton
 To GUESS,  geb.M6 v. a. [ghissen, Dut.]
 1. To  conjecture;  to judge without  an\
   certain principles of judgment. 
GUE
GUI
GUI
   Incapable and shallow innocents!
 You cannot guess who caus'd your father's death.
                                      Shaksp.
   Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever,
 Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound
 That ever yet they heard.
 —Hum! 1 guess at it.                  Shaksp.
   He that, by reason of his swift motions, can in-
 form himself of all places and preparations,  should
 he not very often guess rightly of things to come,
 where God pleaseth not to give impediment?
                                      iJafctgft.
          There issue swarming bands
 Of ambush'd men, whom, by their arms and dress,
 To be Taxcallan enemies I guess.        Dryden.
    The same author ventures to guess at the parti-
 cular fate which would attend the Roman govern-
 ment.                                 Swift.
           Nor can imagination guess,
  How that ungrateful charming maid
  My purest passion has betray'd.           Swift.
2.  To conjecture  rightly,  or  upon  some
   just reason.
    One may guess by Plato's writings, that his mean-
  ing, as to the inferiour deities, was, that they who
  would have them might, and they who  would not,
  might let them alone; but that himself had a right
  opinion concerning the true God.     Stillingfleet.
To Guess, ges. v. a.  To hit  upon by ac-
   cident;  to determine   rightly of  any
   thing  without  certain direction of the
   judgment.
    If Xerxes was able to call eveiy  common soldier
   by his name in his army, it may be guessed he got
   not this wonderful ability by learning his lessons by
   heart.                                Locke.
Guess, ges. ra. s. [from the verb.]   Con-
   jecture; judgment without  any positive
   or certain grounds.
    The enemy's in view; draw up your powers:
   Hard is the guess of their true strength and forces.
                                       Shaksp.
    His guesse was usually,  as near to prophecy as
   any man's.                               Tell.
             A poet must confess
   His art's like physick, but a happy guess.  Dryden.
    It is a wrong way  of proceeding to venture a
   greater good for a less, upon uncertain guesses, before
   a due examination.                      Locke.
    We may make some guess  at the distinction of
   things, into those toat are according to, above,and
   contrary to reason.                      Locke.
    This problem yet, this offspring of a gwess,
   Let us for once a child of truth confess.    Prior.
     No man is blest by accident, or guess,
   True wisdom is the price of happiness.     Young.
 Gue'sser,  ges'sur.  ra. s.  [from guess.]
   Conjecturer; one  who  judges without
   certain knowledge.
     It is the opinion of divers good guessers, that the
   last fit will not be more violent than advantageous.
                                         Pope.
     If fortune  should please  but to  take  such a
         crotchet,
   To thee I apply, great Smedley's successor,
     To give thee lawn sleeves, a mitre, and rochet,
   Whom  would'st  thou resemble?  I leave thee a
         guesser.                          Swift.
 Gue'ssingly,  ges'sing-le.  adv.   [from
   guessing.]  Conjecturally;  uncertainly.
   Not in use.
     I have a letter guessingly set down.      Shaksp.
 GUEST, gest.336 ra. s. [jert,  girc,Sax.
   gwtst, Welsh.]
 I. One entertained in the house  or at  the
   tal)(e of another.
     They all murmured, saying, that he was gone to
   be guesf  with a man that is a sinner.        Luke-
               Methinks a father
   Is, at the nuptial of his son, a guesf
   That best becomes the table.             Shaksp.
              Tell my royal guesf
  I add to his commands my own request.   Dryden.
  A stranger; one who  comes newly  to
  reside.
    0 desarts, desarts! how fit a guesf am I for you,
  since my heart can people you with wild ravenous
  beasts, which in you are wanting?        Sidney.
              Those happier smiles
  That play'd on her ripe lip, seem'd not to know
  What guesfs were in her eyes; which  parted thence
  As pearls from diamonds dropt.           Shaksp.

Gue'strite, gest'rite.  ra. *. [from guest
  and rite.]  Offices due to a guest.
              Ulysses so dear
  A gift esteem'd it, toat he would not beare
  In his black fleete that gwesfrifc to the war.
                                     Chapman.
Gu'estchamber,  gest'tsham-biir.  ra.  s.
  [guest and chamber.] Chamber of en-
  tertainment.
    Where is the guest-chamber, where I shall eat the
  passover with my disciples?               Mark.
To  Guggle, gu.g'gl.406 v. ra. [gorgolaire,
  Italian.]   To  sound  as  water  running
  with  intermissions  out  of  a  narrow
  mouthed vessel.
Gui'dage, gyi'daje.90  ra. s. [from guide.]
  The reward given to a guide.   Ainsw.

Gui'dance, gyi'danse.  ra. *. [from guide.]
  Direction; government.
     They charge me with neglecting the guidance of
  wiser men.                           Spenser.
     As to those who live under the guidance of rea-
  son alone, without  toe assistance of supernatural
  light, it is highly probable that miracles, or  a mes-
  sage from the dead  would  persuade toem.
                                     •flffer&ury.
     Particular application must be left  to christian
  prudence, under the guidance of God's holy spirit,
  who knows our necessity before we ask, and our ig-
  norance in asking.                     Rogers.
     This to the young—but thy experiene'd age
  Wants not the guidance of a former sage.   Sewell,
     A prince ought not to be under the  guidance or
  influence of either  faction, because  he declines
  from his office of presiding over toe whole to be the
  head of a party.                          Swift.
 To  GUIDE, gyide.l60z>. a. [guider, Fr.]
 1. To direct in a way.
     When the spirit of truth is come,  he will guide
  you into all truth.                        John.
     The new light served to guide  them to their
  neighbours coffers.               Decay of Piety.
     Whosoever has a faithful friend to guide him in
  the dark passages of life, may carry his  eyes in
  another man's head, and yet see never toe worse.
                                         South.
 2.  To influence.
     Upon these, or such like secular maxims, when
  nothing but toe interest of this world guides men,
  they many times conclude that the slightest wrongs
  are not to be put up.                 Kettlewell.

 3.  To govern by counsel; to instruct.
     For thy name's sake lead me and guide me.
                                        Psalms.
 4.  To regulate; to superintend.
     Women neglect that which St. Paul assigns them
  as toeir proper business, the guiding of the house.
                                  Decay of Piety.

 Guide, gyide. ra. s.  [guide, Fr.  from  the
    verb.]
  1.  One who directs another in his way.
     Thou gavest tbem a burning pillar of fire to be a
  guide of toe unknown journey.           Wisdom.
     Can knowledge have no bound, but must advance
   So far to make us wish for ignorance?
   And rather in toe dark to grope our way,
   Than, led by a false guide, to err by day? Denham.
2. One  who directs another  in his  con-
   duct.
    While yet but young, his father dy'd,
  And left him to an happy guide.          Waller.
    They have all the same pastoral guides appointed,
  authorised, sanctified, and set apart by the appoint-
  ment of God by the direction of the spirit, to  direct
  and lead the people of God in the same way of eter-
  nal salvation.                         Pearson.
3. Director; regulator.
    Who the guide of nature, but only the God of
  nature? In him we  live, move,  and are.   Those
  things which nature is said to do, are by divine art
  performed, using nature  as an  instrument: nor is
  there  any such knowledge divine in nature herself
  working, but in the guide of nature's work. Hooker.
    Some truths are not by reason to be tried,
  But we have sure experience for our guide.  Dryd.
Gui'deless, gyide'hes. adj.  [from guide.]
   Having  no guide; wanting  a governour
   or superintendent.
    Th' ambitious Swede, like restless billows tost,
  Though in his life he blood and ruin breath'd,
  To his now guidefess kingdom peace bequeathed.
                                       ■Dryden.
    There fierce winds o'er dusky valleys blow,
  Whose every puff bears empty shades away,
  Which guidefess in those dark dominions stray.
                                       Dryden.
Gui'der,  gyi'diir.98 ra.  s.  [from  guide]
   Director;  regulator; guide.  Obsolete.
    Our guider come!  to the Roman camp conduct
         us.                             Shaksp.
    That person, that  being provoked by excessive
  pain,  thrust his dagger into his body, and thereby,
  instead of reaching his vitals, opened an impost-
  hume, the unknown cause of all his  pain, and so
  stabbed himself into perfect health and ease,  surely
  had great  reason to  acknowledge chance for his
  chirurgeon, and providence for  the  guider  of his
  hand.                                 South.
 GUl'DOJY, gyi'dun. ra. *. [Fr.] A stand-
   ard-bearer; a standard.  Obsolete.
 GUILD,  gild.341  ra. s. [jilbpcip,  Saxon,
   a fellowship, a corporation.]  A society;
   a corporation; a  fraternity  or company,
   combined together  by orders and laws
   made  among   themselves  by   their
   prince's licence.  Hence the  common
   word  gild or guildhall proceeds, being
   a fraternity or commonalty  of men gath-
   ered into  one combination, supporting
   their common charge  by  mutual con-
   tribution.                         Cowell.
           Towards three or  four o'clock
   Look for toe news that the guild hall affords. Shak.
     In  woollen  cloth it appears, by  those ancient
   guilds that were settled in England for this manu-
   facture, that this kingdom greatly flourished  in toat
   art.                                    Hafe.
     As when the long-ear'd milky mothers wait
   At some sick miser's triple bolted gate,
   For their defrauded absent foals toey make
   A moan so loud, that all the guild awake.   Pope.
 GUILE,  gyile.341  ra.  s.  [guille,  gille, old
   French, the same with wile.]   Deceit-
   ful   cunning;  insidious  artifice;  mis-
   chievous subtilty.
     With fawning words he courted her awhile,
   And looking lovely, and oft sighing sore,
   Her constant heart did court with  divers guife;
   But words and looks, and signs she did abhor.
                                       Spenser.
     WTien I have most need  to employ a friend,
   Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guife,
   Be he to me! This do I beg of heav'n,
   When I am cold in zeal to you or yours.   Shaksp.
     We may, with more successful hope, resolve
   To wage by force or guife eternal war.     Jtfiffon -
      Nor thou his malice and false guile contemn: 
GUI                                      GUI                                       G  U L
  Subtile he needs must be who could seduce
  Angels.        t                       Milton.
Gui'leful, gyile'ful. adj. [guile and full.]
1. Wily;  insidious; mischievously artful/
    The way not to be inveigled by them that are so
  guUeful through skill, is thoroughly to be instructed
  in toat which maketh skilful against guile. Hooker.
               Without expence at all,
  By guileful fair words, peace may be obtain'd.
                                       Sliaksp.
               He saw his guileful act
  By Eve, though all unweeting, seconded
  Upon her husband.                     Milton.
    The guileful phantom now forsook the shrowd,
  And flew sublime, and vanish'd in a cloud. Dryden.
2. Treacherous;  secretly mischievous.
    I train'd thy brethren to that guUeful hole,
  Where the dead corps of Bassianus lay.   Shaksp.
Gui'lefully,  gyile'fiil-e.   adv.   [from
  guileful.] Insidiously; treacherously.
    To whom the tempter guilefully reply'd. Milton.
Gui'lefulness, gylle'ful-nes. ra. s. [from
  guileful.]  Secret  treachery;  tricking
   cunning.
Gui'leless, gyile'les. adj.  [from  guile]
   Free from deceit; void of insidiousness;
   simply honest.
Gui'ler, gyile'ur. ra. *. [from guile.  See
   Beguile.]  One that betrays into dan-
   ger by insidious practices.
    But he was wary wise in all his way,
  And well perceived his deceitful sleight;
  Ne suffered lust his safety to betray;
  So goodly did  beguile the guiler of toe prey.
                                       Spenser.
GUILT, gilt.341  n.s. [jilt,  Saxon,  ori-
   ginally signified the fine or mulct  paid
   for an offence, and afterward the offence
   itself.]
1. The state  of a man justly charged with
   a crime; the contrary to innocence.
    It was neither guilt of crime, nor reason of state,
  toat could quench the envy that was upon the king
  for this execution.                       Bacon.
    When these two are taken away, the possibility
  of guilt, and the possibility  of innocence, what re-
  straint can the belief of the creed lay upon  any
  man?                              Hammond.
2. A crime; an offence.
               Close pent up guiffs
  Rive your concealing continents, and ask
  These dreadful summoners grace.         Shaksp.
Gui'ltily, gilt'e-le. adv.  [from guilty]
   Without innocence;  without  clearness
   of conscience.
    Bloody and  guilty; guiltily awake,
  And in a bloody battle end thy days:
  Think on lord Hastings, and despair, and die.
                                       Shaksp.
Gui'ltiness,  gilt'e-nes.   n.  s.   [from
  guilty.]  The state   of being guilty;
  wickedness; consciousness  of  crime.
    He thought his flight rather to proceed of a fear-
  ful guiltiness than of an humble faithfulness. Sidney.
    The last was I that felt thy tyranny:
  0, in the battle think on Buckingham,
  And die  in terrour of thy guiffiness.       Shaksp.
    I should be guiltier than my guiltiness.  Shaksp.
Gui'ltless, gilt'les. adj. [from guilt.] In-
  nocent;  free from  crime.
    I am in this commanded to deliver
  The noble duke of Clarence  to your hands:
  I will not reason what is meant hereby,
  Because  I will be guiltless of the meaning. Shaksp.
    Many  worthy and chaste dames thus,
  All guiUless, meet reproach.              Shaksp.
    Then shall the man be guiltless from iniquity,
  and this woman shall  bear her iniquity.  .\ umbers.
    Thou,  who dost all  thou wishest at toy will,
  And never wiliest aught but what is right,
  Preserve this guiltless blood toey seek to spill;
  Thine be my kingdom.                 Fairfax,
     Guiltless of greatness, thus he  always pray'd,
  Nor knew  nor wish'd he that those vows he made
  On his own head should be at last repaid.  Diyden.
     The teeming earth yet guiltless of the plough,
  And unprovok'd did fruitful stores allow.  Dryden.
     Thou  knowest how guiltless first I met thy flame,
  When love approach'd me under friendship's name.
                                         Pope.
Gui'ltlessly,   gilt'les-le.   adv.  [from
  guiltless.] Without guilt; innocently.
Gui'ltlessness,  gilt'les-nes. ra. s. [from
  guiltless.]   Innocence;  freedom  from
  crime.
    A good number,  trusting to their number more
  than to their value, and valuing money higher than
  equity, felt that guiltlessness is not always with ease
  oppressed.                             Sidney.
    I would not have had any hand in his death, of
  whose guiltlessness I was better  assured than any
  man living could be.              King Charles.
GUI'LTY,  gllt'te.  adj.  [jilcij, Saxon,
  one condemned to pay a fine for an of-
  fence.]
1. Justly chargeable with  a  crime; not in-
  nocent.
     Is there not a ballad of the king and the  beggar?
  —The world wasguiffy of such a ballad some three
  ages since.                            Shaksp.
              Mark'd you not
  How that the guiUy kindred  of tlie queen
  Look'd pale, when they did hear of Clarence death?
                                       Shaksp.
    We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in
  that we saw the anguish of his soul  when he be-
  sought us, and we would not hear.        Genesis.
    With  mortal hatred  I pursu'd his life,
  Nor he,  nor you, were gwiffy of the strife;
  Nor I, but as I lov'd; yet all  combin'd,
  Your beauty and my impotence of mind.  Dryden.
              Farewel the stones
  And threshold, guiUy of my midnight moans.
                                       Dryden.
    There is no man, that is knowingly wicked, but
  is guilty to himself; and there is no man, tbat car-
  ries guilt about him, but he receives a sting into his
  soul.                               Tillotson.
2. Wicked; corrupt.
     All the tumult of a guilty world,
  Tost by ungenerous passion, sinks away. Thomson.
GUl'NEA, gin'ne.341 ra. s. [from Guinea, a
  country in Africa  abounding with gold.]
  A gold coin valued at one and  twenty
  shillings.
    By the word gold I must be understood to design
  a particular piece of matter; that is toe last gui
  nea that was coined.                     Locke.
    Ladies, whose love is constant as the wind:
  Cits, who prefer a guinea to mankind.     Young.

Gu'ineadropper,  gln'ne-drop'piir.  ra.  s.
  [guinea  and drop.] One who cheats by
  dropping guineas.
    Who now toe guineadropper's bait regards,
  Trick'd by the sharper's dice, or juggler's cards.
                                         Gay.
Gui'neahen,  gln'ne-hen. ra.  *.   A fowl,
  supposed to be of Guinea.
Gui'neapepper,   gin'ne-pep'pCir.  ra.   «.
  [capsicum, Latin.]  A plant.      Miller.
Gui'neapig, gin'ne-plg.  ra.  s.  A  small
  animal with a  pig's snout, brought,  I
  believe, from Africa.
Guise, gyize.160 341 ra. s. [The same  with
  wise, guise,  French; pifa, Saxon, the  p
  or w being changed, as is  common, into
 1.  Manner; mien; habit; cast of behaviour
     His own sire, and master of his guise,
   Did often tremble at his horrid view.     Spenser.
     Thus women know, and thus they use the guise,
   T' enchant the valiant and beguile the wise. Fairf.
     Lo you! here she comes; tbis is her very guise;
   and, upon my life, fast asleep: observe her, stand
   close.                                 Shaksp.
             They stand a horrid front
   Of dreadful length, and dazzling arms in guise
   Of warriors old, with order'd spear and shield,
   Awaiting what command their mighty chief
  Had to impose.                         MUton.
               By their guise
  Just men they seem, and all toeir study bent
  To worship God a-right.                  MUton.
           Back, shepherds, back:
  Here be without duck or nod,
  Other trippings to be trod,
  Of lighter toes and such court guise
  As mercury did first devise.              Miltoiu
     Their external  shapes are notoriously accommo-
  dated to that law or guise of life that nature has de-
  signed them.                           More
2. Practice; custom; property.
     I have drunke wine past my usual guise;
  Strong wine commands  the foole, and moves the
         wise.                        Chapman.
     This would not  be slept;
  Old guise must be kept.             Ben Jonson.
     The  swain reply'd, it never was our guise
  To slight the poor, or aught humane despise. Pope.
3. External appearance; dress.
     When I was very young, nothing was so much
  talked of as rickets among children, and consump-
  tions among young people: after these the spleen
  came in play, and then toe scurvy, which was the
  general complaint, and both were thought to appear
  in many various guises.                 Temple.
     The  Hugonots were engaged  in  a civil war, by
  toe specious pretences of some, who, under the guise
  of religion, sacrificed so many thousands to their
  own ambition.                          Swift.

Guita'r, git-tar'.341 ra. s. [ghitara, Italian;
  guiterre, French.]   A  stringed instru-
   ment of musick.
     Sallads and eggs, and lighter fare,
  Tune the Italian sparks guitar.             Prior.
Gulch, gulsh.      ? ra.  s. [from  gulo,
Gu'lchin, g&l'tshin. 3   Latin.]  A little
   glutton.                          Skinner.
Gules,  gulz. adj.  [perhaps  from goule,
   the throat.]  Red: a barbarous term of
   heraldry.
               Follow thy drum;
  With man's blood paint the ground: gufes, gules;
  Religious canons,civil laws are cruel;
  Then what should war be?               Shaksp.
             He whose sable arms,
  Black as his purpose, did the knight resemble,
  When he lay couched in the ominous horse,
  Hath now his dread and black complexion smear'd
  With heraldry more dismal; head to foot,
  Now he is total gufes.                Shakspeare.
GULF, gulf.  ra.*. [golfo, Italian.]
1. A bay;  an opening into land.
    The Venetian admiral withdrew  himself farther
  off from the island of Corfu,  into the  guff of the
  Adriatick.                            Knolles.
2.  An abyss;  an unmeasurable depth.
    Thence turning back, in silence soft they stole,
  And brought the heavy corse with easy pace
  To yawninggufpfi of deep Avernus' hole.   Spenser.
    I know thou 'dst rather
  Follow  thine enemy in a fiery gufpfe,
  Than flatter him in a bower.  Shaksp.  Coriolanus.
    This is  the gulf through which Virgil's  Alecto
  shoots herself into  hell:  the fall of waters,  the
  woods that encompass it, are all in the description.
                              Addison on Italy.
    The sea could not be much narrower than it is,
  without a great loss to the world; and must we now 
GUL                                    GUM                                     GUN
  have an ocean of mere flats and shallows, to toe ut-
  ter ruin of navigation, for fear our heads should
  turn giddy at the imagination of gaping abysses and
  unfathomable gulfs.                    Bentley.
3. A whirlpool; a sucking eddy.
    England his approaches makes as fierce
  As waters to the sucking of a gulf.    Shalcspeare.
4. Any thing  insatiable, as the  mouth or
   stomach.
    Scull of dragon, tooth of wolf,
  Witches mummy; maw and gulf
    Of  the ravening salt sea shark;
  Root of hemlock, digg'd i' th' dark.    Shakspeare.
Gu'lfy, gul'fe. adj. [from  gulf] Full  ot
   gulfs or whirlpools;  vorticosus.
    Rivers arise: whether thou be the sou
  Of utmost Tweed, or Oose, or gulfy Dun. Milton.
    At  their native realms the Greeks arriv'd,
  All who the war of ten long years surviv'd,
  And scap'd the  perils of the gulfy main.    Pope.
    High o'er a gulfy sea the Phariau isle
  Fronts the deep roar of disemboguing Nile.  Pope.

 To GULL,  gi'il. v. a.  [guiller,  to cheat,
   old  French.]   To  trick;  to cheat;  to
   defraud; to deceive.
    If I do not gull him into a nay word, and make
  him a common  recreation, do  not think I have wit
  enough to lie straight in my bed.      Shakspeare
    Yet love these sore'ries did remove, and move
   Thee  to guff thine own mother for my love. Donne.
     He would have guff'd him with a trick,
   But Mart was too too politick.          Hudibras.
    They are not to be gull'd twice wito the same
   trick.                            L'Estrange.
     The Roman  people were grossly gulled twice or
   thrice over, and as often enslaved in  ene century,
   and under the same pretence of reformation. Dryd.
     By their designing leaders taught,
   The vulgar gull'd into rebellion, arm'd.   Dryden.
     For this advantage age from youth has won,
   As not to be out-ridden, though out-run;
   By fortune he was now to Venus trin'd,
   And with stern Mars in Capricorn was join'd:
   Of him disposing in his own abode,
   He sooth'd the goddess, while he gull'd the god.
                                      Dryden.
 Gull, gul.  ra. s.  [from the verb.]
  I. [mergus.]    A sea bird.
 2. A cheat; a fraud;  a trick.
     I should think this a guff,  but that  the white-
   bearded fellow speaks it.  Shakspeare's Much Ado.
     Either they have these excellencies they are prais-
   ed for, or they have not;  if they have not,  'tis an
   apparent cheat and guff.         Gov. of Tongue.

  3. A  stupid animal; one easily cheated.
            Being fed by us you us'd us so,
   As that ungentle gicff, the cuckow bird,
   Useth the sparrow.        Shaksjieare's Henry  IV.
     Why have you suffer'd me to be imprisou'd,
   Kept in a dark house, visited by the priest,
   And  made the  most notorious geek and guff
   That e'er invention plaid on.          Shakspeare.
     That paltry story is untrue,
   And  forg'd to cheat such gults as you.   Hudibras.

 Gu'llcatcher,  gul'katsh-ur.  ra s.  [gull
    and catch/]  A cheat;  a man  of  trick;
    one who catches silly people.
     Here conies my noble gullcatcher.   Shakspeare.

  Gu'ller, gul'ltlr.98 ra.*.  [from gull.] A
    cheat;  an  impostor.
 Gu'llery,  gul'lur-e.  ra.  s. [from gull]
    Cheat; imposture.           Ainsworth.
 Gu'llet, gul'llt."9 ra. s.  [goulet, Fr. gula,
    Lat.]
  1.  The throat;  the passage through which
    the   food  passes;  the  meat-pipe;  the
    oesophagus.
     It ir.ia;ht be his doom,
  One day to sing
  With guffef in string.                  DeiUiam.
    Many have the guffef or feeding channel which
  have no lungs or windpipes;  as  fishes which have
  gills, whereby the heart is refrigerated; for such
  thereof as have lungs and respiration are not with-
  out whizzon, as whales and cetaceous animals.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. A small  stream or lake.   Not in use.
    Nature  has various tender muscles plac'd,
  By which the artful gullet is embrac'd.  Blackmore.
    The liquor in the stomach is a compound of that
  which is separated from  its inward coat, the spittle
  which is swallowed, and the liquor which distils from
  the guffef.                        Arbuthnot.
    The Euxine sea and the Mediterranean, small
  gullets, if compared with the ocean.      Heylin.
 To Gu'lly, gui'ie. v. n.  [corrupted from
  gurgle.]   To run  with noise.
Gu'llyhole, gul'le-hole. ra. s. [from gul-
  ly and hole] The  holes where the gut-
  ters empty themselves in the subterra-
  neous sewer.

Gulo'sity,  gu-16s'e-te.   ra. s.  [gulosus,
  Lat.]   Greediness; gluttony; voracity.
    They are very temperate, seldom offending in
  ebriety, not erring in gulosity, or superfluity of meats.
                                      Broicn.
 To  Gulp,  gulp, v.  a.  [golpen,  Dutch.]
   To swallow eagerly; to suck down with-
   out intermission.
     He loosens toe fish, gctfps it down, and so soon as
  ever the morsel was gone wipes his mouth.  L'Est.
     I see the double flaggon charge their hand;
  See toem puff off the froth, and gufp amain,
  While with dry tongue I lick my lips in vain. Gay.
 Gulp, gulp.  n.s. [from  the verb.]   As
   much as can be swallowed at once.
     In deep suspirations we take more large gufps of
  air to cool  our heart, overcharged with love  aud
  sorrow.                               More.
    As oft  as he can catch a gufp of air,
  And peep above the seas, he names the fair.
                               Dryden's Fables.
 GUM, gum. ra. s.  [gummi, Latin.]
 1.  A vegetable substance  differing from
   a resin, in being  more viscid  and less
   friable, and generally dissolving in aque-
   ous menstruums;  whereas  resins,  be-
   ing more sulphurous, require a spiritu-
   ous dissolvent.                   Quincy.
             One whose eyes,
  Albeit unused to the melting mood,
  Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
  Their medicinal gum-        Shakspeare's Othello.
     He ripens spices, fruit, and precious gum,
  Which from remotest regions hither come.  Waller,
             Her maiden tram,
  Who bore the vests that holy rites require,
  Incense, and od'rous gums, and cover'd fire.
                               Dryden's Fables.
 2.  [goma,-Saxon; gumme, Dutch.]   The
   fleshy covering that invests and contains
   the teeth.
             Tne babe that milks me,
   I 'd pluck my nipple from his boneless gums.
                           Shakspeare's Macbeth.
     Sh' untwists a wire, and from her gums
   A set of  teeth completely comes.         Swift.
 To Gum, gum.  v.a. [from the  noun.]  To
   close with gum;  to smear with gum.
     The eyelids are apt to be gummed together with
  a viscous humour.           Wiseman's Surgery.
 Gu'mminess, gum'me-nes.  ra. s.  [from
   gummy.]  The state of  being gummy;
   accumulation of gum.
     The tendons are involved with a great gumminess
  and collection of matter.              Wiseman.
Gummo'sity, gum-mos'se-te. ra. s.  [from
  gummous.] The  nature of gum; gum-
  miness.
    Sugar and honey make windy liquors, and the
  elastick fermenting particles are detained by their
  innate gummosity.                     Floyer,
Gu'mmous, gum'mus.314 adj. [from gum.]
  Of  the nature of gum.
    Observations concerning English amber, and re-
  lations about the amber of Prussia, prove that am-
  ber is not a gummous or resinous substance drawn
  out of trees by toe sun's heat, but a natural fossil.
                    Woodward's Natural History.
Gu'mmy, gdni'me.  adj.  [from gum]
I. Consisting of gum;  of the  nature  of
  gum.
    From toe utmost end of the head branches there
  issueth out a gummy juice,  which hangeth down-
  ward like a cord.                     Raleigh.
    Nor all the gummy  stores Arabia yields.
                              Dryden's VirgU.
    How each arising alder now appears,
  And o'er the Po distils her gummy tears.  Dryden.
2. Productive of gum.
                The clouds
  Tine the slant light'ning; whose thwart flame driv'n
        down,
  Kindles the gummy bark oi fir and pine.  MUton.
3. Overgrown with gum.
    The yawning youth, scarce half awake, essays
  His lazy limbs aud dozy bead to raise;
  Then rubs his gummy eyes, and scrubs his pate.
                                     Dryden.
GUN, gun.  ra.  s. [Of this word there  is
  no  satisfactory  etymology.    Lye  ob-
  serves that gun in Iceland  signifies bat-
  tle; but when guns came  into  use we
  had no commerce with  Iceland.   May
  not gun  come by gradual corruption
  from canne, ganne, gunne?   Canne is
  the original of cannon/]  The general
  name for fire-arms; the instrument from
  which shot is discharged  by fire.
    These dead curses, like the sun 'gainst glass,
  Or like an overcharged gun, recoil
  And  turn upon thyself.    Shakspeare's Henry VI.
    The emperor,  smiling, said that never emperor
  was yet slain with a gun.       Knolles' History.
    The  bullet flying makes the gun recoil.
                                   Cleaveland.
    In vain the dart or glitt'ring sword we shun,
  Condemn'd to perish by the slaught'ring gun.
                                    Granville.
Gu'nnel, gun'nil." ra. s. [corrupted from
   Gunwale.]
Gu'nner,  gu.n'ntir.98  ra.  s.  [from gun]
   Cannonier;  he  whose  employment is
   to manage the artillery in a ship.
             Tbe nimble gunner
  With lynstock now the devilish cannon touches,
  And down goes all before him.   Shaksp. Henry V.
     They slew  the principal gunners,  and carried
  away their artillery.                 Hayward.
Gu'nnery, giln'nur-e.  n. s.  [from gun-
   ner.]   The science of artillery;  the art
   of  managing cannon.
Gu'npowder,  gun'p6u-dur. n.  *.  [gun
   and powder.] The powder putinto guns
   to be  fired. It consists of about fifteen
   parts of  nitre, three parts of sulphur,
   and two of charcoal.  The proportions
   are not  exactly kept.
     Gunpowder consisteth of three  ingredients, salt-
  petre, smallcoal, and brimstone.          Brown.
     Burning by gunpowder frequently happens at sea.
                                     Wiseman.
 Gu'nshot, gun'shot. ra. s.  Ttruraand shotA 
GUS                                     GITS                                    GUT
   The reach or range of a gun; the space
   to which a shot can be  thrown.
     Those who are come over to the royal party are
   supposed to be out of gunshot.           Dryden.
 Gu'nshot, gfin'shot.  adj.   Made by the
   shot of  a gun.
     The  symptoms I have translated to gunshot
   wounds.                            Wiseman.
 Gu'nsmith,  gun'smifA. ra.  s.  [gun  and
   smith.]   A man whose trade is to make
   guns.
     It is of particular esteem with the gunsmiths for
   stocks.                            Mortimer.
 Gu'nstick, gun'stik. ra. s.  [gun and stick]
   The lammer, or stick,  with which the
   charge is'driven into a gun.
     Ev'n a gunsficA: flying into fame.     Steicart.
 Gu'nstock,  guh'stok.  ra.  s.  [gun  and
   stock.]   The wood  to which the barrel
   of the gun is fixed.
     The timber is used for bows, pullies, screws,
   mills, and gunstocks.      Mortimer's Husbandry.
 Gu'nstone, gun'stone.  ra.  s.  [gun  and
   stone.]   The shot  of  cannon.    They
   used formerly to shoot  stones from ar-
   tillery.
     Tell the pleasant prince, this mock of his
   Hath turn'd his ball  to gunstones, and his soul
   Shall stand sore charged for the wasteful vengeance
   That shall fly with them.    Shakspeare's Henry V.
 Gu'nwale, or Gunnel, of a Ship, gi"m'-
   nil.  ra. 8. That  piece -of timber which
   reaches on  either side of the ship from
   the half deck to the  fore-castle, being
   the uppermost bend which finisheth the
   upper works of the hull  in  that part,
   and  wherein  they put  the stanchions
   which support  the waste tree;  and this
   is called the gunwale,  whether there
   be guns in the ship  or no;  and the  low-
   er part of any port, where  any ordnance
   are,  is also termed the gunwale.   Har.
 Gurge,  gurje.  ra.  *.   [gurges, Latin.]
   Whirlpool; gulf.
    Marching from Eden he shall find
   The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge
   Boils out from under ground.   Milton's Par. Lost.
 Gu'rgion, gur'jun.369 ra. .s.  The coarser
   part of meal  sifted from the bran.
 To Gu'rgle,  gur'gl.405  v. ra.  [gorgogli-
   are,  Ital.]  To  fall  or gush with noise,
   as water from a bottle.
    Then when a fountain's gurgling waters play,
  They rush to land, and end in feasts the day. Pope.
    Pure gurgling rills, the lonely desert trace,
  And waste toeir musick on the savage race. Young.
 Gu'rnaro,)  ,,Ap,nit m J  «•«•  [gournal,
 Gu'rnet,  S  gurim'   I     Fr.] A kind
   of sea fish.
    If I be not asham'd of my soldiers I am a sowc'd
  gurnef: I have misus'd the king's press damnably.
                         Shakspeare's Henry IV.
 To Gush, gush.  v. ra.  [gostelen, Dutch.]
I. To flow or rush out with  violence; not
   to spring in a small stream but  in a lar-
   ger body.
   A sea of  blood gus&'d from the gaping wound,
  That her gay garments stain'd with filthy gore.
                                     Spenser.
   The covering of this abyss was broken  asunder,
  and the water gushed out that made the deluge.
                                     .Burnef.
   Incessant streams of thin magnetick rays
  Gush from their fountains with impetuous force,
  In either pole, then take an adverse course. Black..
     VOL. I.
     On either han8 the gushing waters play,
   And down the rough cascade white dashing fall.
                                     Thomson.
 2. To emit in a copious effluxion.
     The gaping wound gush'd out a crimson flood.
                                      Dryden.
     Line after line my gushing eyes o'erflow,
   Led through a sad variety of woe.         Pope.
 Gush, gdsh. ra. s. [from the  verb.]   An
   emission  of liquor in a large  quantity
   at once;  the liquor so emitted.
     If a lung-vein be bursted, generally at the  first
   cough a great gush of blood is coughed up.  Harv.

 Gu'sset, gus'sit."  ra.  s.   [gousset, Fr.]
   Any piece sewed on  cloth,  in  order to
   strengthen it.

 GUST, gist. ra. 8. [goust, French;  gus-
   tus, Latin.]
 I.  Sense of tasting.
     Destroy all  creatures for  toy sport or  gust,
   Yet cry, if man's unhappy,  God's unjust.    Pope.
 2.  Height  of perception; height of sen-
   sual enjoyment.
           They fondly thinking to allay
   Their appetite with gusf, instead of  fruit
   Chew'd bitter  ashes, which  to' offended  taste
   With spattering noise rejected. .Mffon's Par. Lost.
     Where love is duty on the female  side,
  On theirs meer sensual gusf, and sought wito surly
        pride.                  Dryden's Fables.
     My sight, and smell, and  hearing were employ'd,
   And all three senses in full gust enjoy'd.  Dryden.
 3.  Love;  liking.
     To kill, I grant, is sin's extremest gusf;
  But, in defence, by mercy 'tis made just. Shaksp.
     Old age shall do tbe work of taking  away both
  the gusf and comfort of them.       L'Estrange.
     We have  lost, in a great  measure, the gusf and
  relisfj of true happiness.              Tillotson.
 4. Turn of fancy; intellectual taste.
    The principal part of painting is to find what  na-
  ture has made  most proper to this art, and a choice
  of it may be made according to the gusf and man-
  ner of the ancients.                   Dryden.

 5. [from  guster, Islandick.]  A  sudden
   violent blast of wind.
    She led calm Henry, toough he were a king,
  As doth a sail,  fill'd wito a fretting gusf,
  Command an argosie to stem the waves.    Shaksp.
    You may as well forbid the mountain pines
  To wag their high tops, and  to make a noise,
  When they are fretted with  toe gusts of heav'n.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Presently come forth swarms and vollies of libels,
  which are the gusfs of liberty of speech restrained.
                            Bacon's Henry VII.
    As when  fierce  northern  blasts from to' Alps
        descend,
  From his firm roots with struggling gusfs to rend
  An aged sturdy oak.                  Denham.
    Part stay for passage, 'till a gusf of wind
  Ships o'er their forces in a shining sheet.   Dryden.
    Pardon a weak distemper'd soul that swells
  With sudden gusts, and sinks as soon in  calms,
  The sport of passion.             Addison's Cato.
6. It is written in Spenser  vitiously for
  justs, sports.
    For jolly knight he seem'd, and fair did sit,
  At one far knightly gusts, and fierce encounters  fit.
                                     Spenser.
Gu'starle, gus'ta-bl.40s adj. [gusto, Lat.]
 1. To be tasted.
    This position informs us of a vulgar errour, term-
  ing the gall bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable
  sweeter.                             Harvey.
2. Pleasant to the taste.
    A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appe-
  tite, and afftcts toe glands and parts of toe mouth.
                                    Derham.
                   5u
 Gusta'tion,  gus-ta'shiln.  ra.  s.   [gusto,
    Latin.]   The act of tasting.
     The gullet and conveying parts partake of th«
   nerves of gusfafion, or appertaining unto sapor.
                                       Brown.

 Gu'stful, gdst'ful.  adj. [gust and full.]
    Tasteful; well-tasted.
     What he defaults from some  dry insipid  sin, Is
   but to make up for some other more gustful.
                                Decay of Piety.
 GU'STO, gus't6. ra. s. [Italian.]
 1.  The relish of any thing; the power by
   which any thing  excites sensations in
   the palate.
     Pleasant gustos gratify toe appetite of the luxu-
  rious.                               Derham
 2.  Intellectual taste; liking.
     In reading what I have  written, let them  bring
  no particular gusto along with toem.      Dryden
 Gu'sty, gus'te. adj. [from gust.] Stormy;
   tempestuous.
          Once  upon a raw and gusfy day,
  The troubled Tyber chaffing wito his shores.
                       Shakspeare's Julius Caesar,
     Or whirl'd tempestuous  by the gusty wind.
                                     Thomson.
 GUT, grit. ra. s. [kutteln, German.]
 1.  The long  pipe reaching,  with  many
   convolutions,  from the stomach to the
   vent.
     This lord wears his wit in his belly, and his gufs
  in his head            Shaksp. Troil. and Cress
     A viol should have a lay of wire-strings below,
  close to the belly, and then the strings of gufs mount-
  ed upon a bridge, that by this means the  uppei
  strings stricken should make toe lower resound.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
     The  intestines or gufs may be inflamed by any
  acrid or poisonous substance taken inwardly.
                            Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The  stomach; the receptacle of food:
  proverbially.
    And cramm'd toem 'till  toeir gufs did ake,
  With cawdle, custard, and  plum-cake.   HudUrras
    With false weights toeir servants' gufs they cheat,
  And pinch their own to cover the deceit.   Dryden.
3. Gluttony; love of gormandizing.
    Apicius, thou did'st on thy gufs bestow
  Full ninety millions: yet, when this  was spent,
  Ten millions still remain'd to thee;  which thou,
  Fearing to suffer thirst and famishment,
  In poison'd potion drank'st.            Hakewill
To Gut, gilt.  v. a. [from the riOun.j
1.  To eviscerate;  to draw;  to exenterate.
    The fishermen save the  most part of their fish:
  some are guffed, spitted, powdered, and dried.
                              Carew's  Cornwal.
   To plunder of contents.
              In Nero's arbitrary time,
  When virtue was a guilt, and wealth a crime,
  A troop of cut-throat guards were sent to seize
  The rich men's goods, and guf their palaces.
                                      Dryden
    Tom Brown of facetious memory, having gutted
  a proper name of its vowels, used it as freely as he
  pleased.                             Addison.
Gu'ttated, gu.t'la-t£d. adj. [from gutta,
  Latin; a drop.]  Besprinkled with drops;
  bedropped.                        Diet.
Gu'tter, gut'tur.98  ra.  s. [from guttur, a
  throat, Latin.]
1.  A passage  for water;  a passage made
  by water.
    These guffer tiles are in length ten  inches and
  a half.                               Moxon.
    Rocks rise one above another, and have deep
 guff ers worn in the sides of them by torrents of rain.
                                     Addison. 
                  GUZ

2. A small longitudinal hollow.
To Gu'tter, gut'tur.  v.  a.  [from tlie
  noun.]  To cut in small hollows.
    Tempests  themselves, high seas, and howling
        winds,
  The gutter'd rocks, and congregated sands,
  Traitors ensteep'd to clog the guiltless keel,
  As having sense of beauty, do omit
  Their mortal natures, letting safe go by
  The divine Desdemona.                Shaksp.
    My cheeks are guffer'd with my fretting tears.
                                     Sandys.
    First in a place, by nature close, they build
  A narrow flooring, gutter'd, wall'd and til'd. Dryd.
'fo Gu'ttle, gut'tl.40*  v. ra. [from  gut.]
   To feed  luxuriously; to  gormandize.
   A low word.
    His jolly brother,  opposite in sense,
  Laughs at his thrift; and, lavish of expence,
  Quaffs, crams, and gufffes in his own defence.
                                     X>ryden.
To Gu'ttle, gut'tl. v. a. [from gut.] To
   swallow.   A low word.
    The fool spit in  his porridge, to try if they'd hiss:
  they did not  hiss, and so he gufffed them up, and
  scalded his chops.                  L'Estrange.
Gu'ttler,  gut'tl-ur.98 ra. s. [from guttle.]
   A  greedy eater.
Gu'ttulous,  gut'tshu-lus.463 adj. [from
   guttula, Latin.]  In  the form of a  small
   drop.
    Ice is plain upon the surface of toe water, but
  round in hail, which is also a glaciation, and figur-
  ed in its guttulous  descent from the air.   Brown.
GUTTURAL,  gut'tshu-ral.** adj.  [gut-
   turalis, Lat.]  Pronounced in the throat;
   belonging to the throat.
    The  Hebrews have assigned which letters are
  labial, which dental,  and which guttural.   Bacon.
    In attempting to pronounce the nasals, and some
  of the vowels spiritually,  the throat is brought to
  labour, and makes that which we call a gwffuraf
  pronunciation.                       Holder.
Gu'tturalness,  gut'tshu-ral-n£s.   ra.  s.
   [from guttural.]  The quality of being
   guttural.                            Dict.
Gu'twort, gfit'wurt. ra. s. [gut and wort]
   An herb.
Guy,  gi. ra.  s. [from guide.]  A rope  used
   to lift any thing  into the  ship.  Skinner.
To Gu'zzle, guz'zl.406 v. ra. [from gut,
                 GYN

   or gust, to guttle, or guttle.]  To gor-
   mandize; to feed immoderately; to swal-
   low any liquor greedily.
    Well season'd bowls the gossip's spirits raise,
  Who while she guzzles chats the doctor's praise.
                                  Roscommon.
    They fell to lapping and guzzling, till they burst
  themselves.                       L'Estrange.
    No more her care shall fill the hollow tray,
  To fat toe guzzling hogs with floods of whey.  Gay.
 To  Gu'zzle, giiz'zl.  v.  a.  To swallow
   with immoderate gust.
          Thy Pylian king
  Was longest liv'd of any two-legg'd thing,
  Still guzzling must of wine.            Dryden.
Gu'zzler, guz'zl-fir. ra. s. [from guzzle]
   A  gormandizer;  an immoderate eater
   or drinker.
Gybe, jibe.  ra. a. [See Gibe.]  A sneer;
   a taunt;  a  sarcasm.
    Ready in gybes,  quick answer'd, saucy, and as
  quarrellous as the weazel.              Shaksp.
 To Gybe, jibe.  v. ra.  To sneer; to taunt.
        The vulgar yield an open ear,
  And common courtiers love to gy&e and fleer. Spent.
Gymna'stically, jim-nas'te-kal-e.  adv.
   [from gymnastick]  Athletically; fitly
   for strong exercise.
    Such as with agility and vigour are not gymnas-
  tically composed,  nor actively use those parts.
                                     Proton.
GYMNA'STICK,    jim-nas'tik.^o  adj,
   [yviMxnw, gymnastique, Fr.] Pertain-
   ing to athletick exercises; consisting of
   leaping, wrestling,  running, throwing
   the dart, or quoit.
    The Cretans wisely forbid their servants gymnas-
  ftcfcs as well  as 'arms; and yet your modern foot-
  men exercise  themselves daily, whilst their ener-
  vated lords are softly lolling in their chariots.
                                  Arbuthnot.
Gy'mnick, jim'nik.  adj.  [yt/^v/xoj;  gym-
   nique, Fr.] Such as practise  the athle-
   tick or gymnastick exercises.
    Have they not sword-players, and ev'ry sort
  Of gymnick artists, wrestlers, riders, runners? Mill.
Gymnospe'rmous, jim-no-sper'miis. adj.
   yuf*v<&> and c-ve^fjut.] Having the seeds
  naked.        >
Gy'necocracv,   ji-ne-kok'ra-sd.   ra,  s.
                 G Y V

   [yvvxiKoupxTix; gynecocratie, Fr.] Petti-
   coat government; female power.
 Gyra'tion, ji-ra'shun. ra. *.  [gyro,  Lat.]
   The act of turning any thing about.
    This effluvium  attenuateth and impelleth the
  neighbour air, which, returning home, in a gyration
  carrieth with it the obvious bodies into the electrick.
                                      Brown-
    If a burning  coal be nimbly moved round in  a
  circle, with gyrations continually repeated,  the
  whole circle will  appear like fire;  the reason of
  which is, that the sensation of the coal in the seve-
  ral places of that circle remains impressed on toe
  sensorium, until the coal return again to the  same
  place. _                            JVetofon.
 Gyre, jire. ra. <s. [gyrus, Latin.]  A circle
   described  by  any thing moving in any
   orbit.
    Ne thenceforth his approved skill to ward,
  Or strike, or hurlen round in warlike gyre,
  Remember'd he; ne ear'd for his safe guard,
  But rudely rag'd.                     Spenser.
    Does the wild haggard tow'r into the sky,
  And to the south by thy direction fly?
  Or eagle in her gyres the clouds embrace? Sandys.
    He fashion'd those harmonious orbs, toat roll
  In restless gyres about the arctic pole     Sandys.
    Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres,
  Then falls, and in much foam his soul expires. .Dryd.
Gy'red, ji'red. adj.   Falling in rings.
    Hamlet, wito his doublet all unbrae'd,
  No hat upon his head, his stockings loose
  Ungarter'd, and down gyred to his ankle.  Shaksp.
Gyves, jivz. ra. s.  [gevyn, Welsh.]  Fet-
  ters; chains for the legs.
    The villains march wide betwixt the  legs, as if
  they had gyves on.                     Shaksp.
    And knowing this, should I yet stay,
  Like such as blow away their lives,
  And never will redeem a day,
  Enamour'd of their golden gyves?     Ben Jonson.
    The poor prisoners, boldly starting up, break off
  their chains and gyues.                Knolles.
    Gyues and the mill had tam'd thee.     Jtfiffon.
    But Telamon rush'd in, and hap'd to meet
  A rising root that held his fasten'd feet;
  So down he fell, whom sprawling on the ground,
  His brother from tbe wooden gyves unbound. Dryd.
To  Gyve, jive.  v. a. [from the noun.]
  To  fetter; to  shackle;  to  enchain;  to
  ensnare.
    Wito as little a web as this, will  I ensnare as
  great a fly as Cassio.  Ay, smile upon her, do. 1
  will gyve thee in thine own courtship.      Shaksp.
H.
    Hatsh. Is in English,  as in other lan-
  j guages, a note of aspiration, sound-
ed only  by a  strong emission of the
breath, without any conformation  ofthe
organs of speech,  and is therefore  by
many grammarians accounted no letter.
The  h in English is scarcely ever mute
at the beginning of a word, or where it
immediately precedes a vowel; as house,
behaviour:  where it  is  followed  by a
consonant it has no sound, according to
  the present pronunciation: but anciently,
  as now in Scotland, it made the syllable
  guttural; as, right, bought.
Ha, ha. interject,  [ha, Latin.]
1. An  expression  of wonder,  surprise,
  sudden question, or sudden exertion.
    You shall look fairer ere I give or hazard:
  What says the golden chest? ha! let me see. Shaksp.
    Ha! what art thou! thou horrid headless trunk!
  It is my Hastings!                      #oloe_
2. An expression of laughter.  Used with
  reduplication.
    He saith among the trumpets ha, ha, and he
  smelleth the battle afar off.                Job.
    Ha, ha, 'tis what so long I wish'd and vow'd;
  Our plots and delusions
  Have wrought such confusions,
  That toe monarch's a slave to the crown.  Dryden.
Haak, hake.  ra. s.  A fish.     Ainsworth.

HA'BEAS  CORPUS,  ha'be-as-k6r'pus.
  [Latin.] A writ,  the which, a man in*
  dieted of some trespass,  being laid in
  prison for the  same, may  have out of
  the King's Bench,  thereby to remove 
HAB                                     HAB                                       HAD
    himself thither at his own costs, and to
    answer the  cause there.          Cowell.
 HAUERnA'sHER,   hab'ilr-dash-i'ir.  ra.   s.
    [This word is ingeniously deduced  by
    Minshew from habt  ihr dass, German,
    have you this, the expression of a shop-
    keeper offering  his wares to sale.] One
    who sells small  wares; a pedlar.
     Because these cunning men are like haberdashers
   of small wares,  it is not amiss to set forth their shop.
                                        Bacon.
     A haberdasher who was  the oracle of the  coffee
   house, declared his opinion.            Addison.
 Ha'berdine,  hab-ur-deen'.  ra. s.  A dried
    salt cod.                      Ainsworth.
 Ha'bergeon,  ha-buVje-6n. ra. s. [hauber-
    geon, French;  halbergium, low Latin.]
    Armour to cover the neck and breast;
    breastplate; neckpiece; gorget.
     And halbert some,  and some a habergeon:
   So every one in arms was quickly dight.  Fairfax.
           The shot let fly, and grazing
   Upon  his shoulder, in the passing,
   Lodg'd in Magnano's brass habergeon.   Hudibras.

 Habi'liment,  ha-bil'e-ment.  ra. s. [habi-
    liment, French.]  Dress; clothes;  gar-
    ment.
           He toe fairest Una found,
   Strange lady in so strange habiliment,
   Teaching the satyres.             Fairy Queen.
     My riches are these poor habiliments,
   Of which if you should here disfurnish me,
   You take the sum and substance that I have. Shaks.
     The clergy should content themselves with  wear-
   ing gowns and other habiliments of Irish drapery.
                                         Swift.
 To HABI'LITATE,   ha-bll'e-tate.  v.n.
    [habiliter, Fr.]  To qualify;  to  entitle.
    Not in use.
     Divers persons in the house of commons were at-
   tainted, and thereby not legal, nor habilitate to serve
   in parliament, being disabled in the highest degree.
                                        Bacon.
 Habilita'tion,  ha-bil-e-ta'shun.   ra.   s.
   [from habilitate] Qualification.
     The  things are  but habituations towards arms;
   and what is /iabififafion, without intention and act?
                                        Bacon.
 Habi'lity,   ha-bil'e-te.  ra.  s.  [habilite,
   French.]  Faculty; power: now ability.
 Ha'bit, hab'it.  ra. s. [habitus, Lat.]
 1.  State of any thing: as, habit of body.
 2.  Dress;  accoutrement; garment.
             I shifted
  Into a madman's rags, t' assume a semblance
  The very dogs disdain'd, and in this habit
  Met I my father.                      Shaksp.
    If you have any justice,  any pity;
  If ye be any thing but churchmen's ftaoifs.  Shaksp.
    Both toe poets being dressed in  the same English
  habit, story compared wito story, judgment may be
  made betwixt toem.                    Dryden.
    The scenes are old,  the habits are the same
  We wore last year.                    Dryden,
    Changes there are in veins of wit, like those of
  ftaiifs, or other modes.                  Temple.
    There are among the statues several of Venus,
  in different habits.                    Addison.
    The clergy are the only set of men who wear a
  distinct habit from others.                 Swift.
3. Habit is a  power or ability in man  of,
  doing  any thing, when it  has been ac-
  quired by  frequent  doing the  same
  thing.                             Locke.
    He hath a better  bad habit of frowning than the
  count palatine.                      Shakspeare.
4.  Custom; inveterate use.
     The last fatal step is, by frequent repetition ofthe
   sinful act, to continue and persist in it, 'till at length
   it settles into a fixed confirmed habit of sin; which
   being that which toe apostle calls the  finishing of
   sin, ends certainly in death; death not only as to
   merit, but also as to actual infliction.       South.
     No civil broils have since his death arose,
   But faction now by habU does obey;
     And wars have that respect for his repose,
   As winds for halcyons when they breed  at sea.
                                       Dryden.
     The force of education is so great, that we may
   mould the minds and manners of toe  young  into
   what shape we please,  and give toe impressions of
   such habUs, as shall ever after remain.  Atterbury.
 To Ha'bit, hab'it. v. a.  [from the noun.]
    To dress;  to accoutre; to array.
     Present yourself and your fair princess
   Before Leontes:
   She shall be habited as it becomes
   The partner of your bed.             Shakspeare.
     Having called to his memory sir George Villiers,
   and the cloaths he used to wear, in which at the
   time he seemed to be habited, he toought him to be
   that person.                        Clarendon.
     They habited themselves like those rural deities,
   and imitated toem in their rustick dances.  Dryden.
 HA'BITABLE, hab'e-ta-bl. adj. [habita-
   ble, French; habitabilis, Lat.]   Capable
   of being dwelt in; capable of sustaining
   human  creatures.
     By means of our solitary situation, we know well
   most part of toe habitable world, and are ourselves
   unknown.                             Bacon.
     That was her torrid and inflaming time;
   This is her habitable tropique clime.      Donne.
     The torrid zone is now found habitable.  Cowley.
     Look round the habitable world, how few
   Know toeir own good, or knowing it pursue.  Dryd.
 Ha'bitableness,  hab'e-ta-bl-nes.  ra.   *.
   [from  habitable.]   Capacity of being
   dwelt in.
     The cutting of the equinoctial line decides that
   controversy of the fta&ifaofeness of the torrid zone.
                                        More.
     Those  ancient problems of toe spherical round-
   ness ofthe earth, toe being of antipodes, and ofthe
   habitableness of the torrid zone,  are abundantly de-
   monstrated.                             Ray.
 Ha'bitance, hab'e-tanse. ra. s. [habitatio,
   Lat.] Dwelling; abode.
    What art thou, man, if man at all thou art,
   That here in desart hast thine habUance?
    And these rich heaps of wealth do'st hide apart
   From the world's eye, and from her right usance.
                                      Spenser.
 Ha'bitant,  hab'e-tant.  ra.  s.  [habitant,
   French; habitans, Latin.] Dweller; one
   that lives in any place; inhabitant.
    Not to earth  are those bright luminaries
  Officious;  but to toe earth's habitant.      Milton.
    Powers celestial to each other's view
  Stand still confest, though  distant far they lie,
  Or habitants of earth, or sea, or sky.        Pope.
Habita'tion, hab-e-ta'shun.  ra. s.  [habi-
   tation, French; habitatio, Latin.]
 1. The state of a place  receiving dwellers.
    Amplitude almost immense, with stars
  Numerous, and every star perhaps a world
  Of destin'd habitation.                  Milton.
2. Act of  inhabiting; state of dwelling.
            Palaces,
  For want of habitation and repair,
  Dissolve to heaps of ruins.              Denham.
    Rocks and mountaius,  which  in the  first ages
  were high and craggy, and consequently then incon-
  venient for habitation, were by continued deterra-
  tion brought to a lower pitch.         Woodward.
3. Place of abode; dwelling.
    Wisdom, to the end she might save many, built
  her house of that nature which is common unto all;
                    5v2
   she made not this or  that man her habitation,  bm
   dwelt in us.                          Hooker
         God oft descends-to visit men
   Unseen, and through their habitations walks
   To mark their doings.                   Milton

 HABITA'TOR, hab'e-ta-tur. «. *. [Lat.]
   Dweller; inhabitant.
     The sun's presence is  more continued unto  the
   northern inhabitants; and the longest day in Cancer
   is longer unto us than that in Capricorn unto  the
   southern habitators.                    Brown.
 Habi'tual,  hab-bitsh'ti-al.481 adj. [habi*
   tuel, French; from  habit.] Customary.
   accustomed; inveterate; established  by
   frequent repetition.  It is  used for both
   good and ill.
           Sin, there in pow'r before
   Once actual; now in body, and to dwell
   Habitual habitant.                     Milton
     Art is properly an Aa&ifuaf knowledge of  certain
   rules and maxims.                      South.
           By length of time
   The scurf is worn away of each committed crime:
   No speck is left of toeir habitual stains;
   But toe pure ether of the soul remains.   Dryden
     'Tis impossible to become an able artist, without
   making your art habUual to you.         Dryden.

Habi'tually,  ha-bitsh'u-al-e.  adv. [from
   habitual.]   Customarily; by habit.
     Internal graces and qualities of mind sanctify our
   natures, and render us habitually holy.   Atterbury.
To Habi'tuate, ha-bitsh'u-ate. v. a.  [ha-
   bituer, Fr.] To accustom;  to  use one's
   self by frequent repetition: with to.
     Men are first corrupted by bad counsel and com-
  pany, and next toey habituate themselves to then
   vicious practices.                      Tillotson.
     Such as live in a rarer air, are habituated to  the
   exercise of a greater muscular strength. Arbuthnot.
Ha'bitude,  hab'e-tude.  ra. s. [habitudo,
   Latin; habitude, French.]
1. Relation; respect;  state with regard  to
   something else.
     We cannot  conclude this  complexion of nations
  from the vicinity or habitude toey hold unto the sun.
                                       Brown.
     The will of God is like a straight unalterable rule,
  but toe various comportments of the creature, ei-
   ther thwarting this rule, or holding conformity to it,
  occasion several Aaoifudes of this rule unto it.  Hale.
     It results from the very nature of things, as they
  stand in such a certain habitude, or relation to one
  another.                               South.
     As by the objective part of perfect happiness we
  understand that which is best and last, and to  which
  all other things are to be referred, so by the formal
  part must be understood the  best and last habitude
  of  man  toward that best object.           Morris.
    In all toe habitudes of life,
  The friend,  the mistress, and toe wife,
  Variety we still pursue.                  Swift.
2. Familiarity;  converse; frequent inter-
   course.
    His knowledge  in the noblest useful aits,
  Was  such dead authors could not give;
  But fta&ifudes with those who live.        Dryden.
    To write well, one must have frequent habitudes
  with the best company.
3. Long  custom; habit;  inveterate  use.
   This  is more properly habit.
    Mankind is willing to continue in a pleasing  er-
  ror, strengthened by a  long habitude.     Diyden,
    Thy ear, inur'd to charitable sounds,
  And pitying love, must feel the hateful wounds
  Of jest obscene, and vulgar ribaldry,
  The ill-bred question,  and the loud reply,
  Brought by long habitude from bad to worse;
  Must hear the frequent oath,  the direful curse.
                                        Prior, 
HAC
HAG
H AI
4. The power of doing any thing acquired
  by frequent repetition.
    It is impossible to gain  an exact  Aa&ifude with-
  out an infinite number of acts and perpetual prac-
  tice.                                Dryden.
Ha'bnab,  hlb'nab. adv. [hap ne hap,  or
  nap; as would nould, or ne  would; will
  nill, or ne will; that is, let it happen or
  not.]   At  random;   at the mercy of
  chance;  without any rule or certainty
  of effect.
          He circles draws, and squares,
  With cyphers,  astral characters,
  Then looks 'em o'er to understand 'em,
  Although set down habnab at random.  Hudibras.
 To HACK, hak.   v. a.  [haccan,   Saxon;
   hacken,  Dutch; hacher,  French;  from
   acare, an axe, Saxon.]
 1.  To cut  into small  pieces;  to chop; to
   cut  slightly  with  frequent  blows; to
   mangle  with  unskilful blows.  It bears
   commonly  some notion of contempt or
   malignity.
    He put on that armour, whereof there was no one
  piece wanting, though hacked in some places, be-
  wraying some fight not long since passed.   Sidney.
    What a slave art thou, to hack thy sword as thou
  hast done, and say it was in fight!        Shaksp.
    Richard the second here was hack'd to death.
                                     Shaksp.
    I'll fight 'till from my bones my flesh be hackt.
                                     Shaksp.
    One flourishing branch of his most royal rpof
  Is hqckt down, and his summer leaves all  faded,
  By envy's hand, and murder's bloody axe. Shaksp.
    Burn me, reacfcme, hew me into pieces. Dryden.
    Nor the  hack'd helmet, nor the dusty field,
   But purple vests, and flow'ry garlands please.
                                     Addison,.
    But fate with butchers plac'd thy priestly stall,
  Meek modern  faith to murder, hack, and mawl.
                                       Pope.
 2.  To speak unreadily, or with hesitation.
    Disarm  them, and let them question:  let toem
  keep their  limbs whole, and hack our English.
                                     Shaksp.
 To HACK,  hak. v. n.  To hackney; to
    turn  hackney or prostitute.   Hanmer.

 Ha'ckle,  hak'kl.406 n.s. Raw silk; any
    flimsy substance unspun.
    Take the hackle of a cock, or capon's neck, or a
   plover's top: take off one side of the feather,  and
   then take the hackle silk, gold or silver unread, and
  make these fast at the bent of toe hook.   Walton.
 To HA'CKLE, hak'kl. v. a.  To dress flax.
 Ha'ckney, hak'ne. ra. s. [hachnai, Welsh;
   hackeneye, Teutonick; haquenee, Fr.]
 1.  A pacing  horse.
 2.  A hired horse; hired horses being usu-
   ally taught to   pace, or recommended
    as good pacers.
    Light and lewd persons were as  easily suborned
  to make an affidavit for money, as post-horses and
  hackneys are to hire.                    jBacon.
    Who mounted a broom, the nag
  And hackney of a Lapland hag,
  In quest of you came hither post.      Hudibras.
 3.  A hireling; a prostitute.
            Three kingdoms rung
  With his accumulative and hackney tongue.
                                  Roscommon.
    That is no more than every lover
  Does from  his hackney lady suffer.     Hudibras.
    Shall each spurgall'd hackney of the day,
  "Or each new pension'd sycophant  pretend
  To break my windows.                  Pope.
 4. Any  thing  let out for hire.
    A wit can study in the streets;
  Not quite so well, however, as one ought)
  A hackney coach may chance to spoil a thought.
                                       Pope.
5. Much used; common.       ♦
    These notions young students in physick derive
  from their hackney authors.             Harvey.
To Ha'ckney, hak'ne.  v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To practise in one thing; to ac-
   custom, as to the road.
    He is long hackney'd in the ways of men.  Shak.
Ha'cqueton,  hak'kwe-ton. ra. s.  [haquet,
   old French, a little horse.] Some piece
   of armour.
    You may see the very fashion of the Irish horse-
  man in his long hose, riding shoes of costly cord-
  wain, his hacqueton, and his habergeon.   Spenser.
Hao, had. The preterit and  part. pass, of
   have. I had  better, you had better, Ecc.
   means the same  as, it would  be  better
  for me or you; or, it would be more eli-
   gible:  it is always used  potentially, not
   indicatiyely: nor  is  have  ever used  to
   that import.  We say likewise,  it had
   been better or worse.
    I had rather be a countiy servant maid,
  Than a great queen with this condition.   Shaksp.
    Had we not better leave this Utica,
  To arm Numidia in our cause?          Addison.
Ha'ddock, had'duk.166 ra. s.  [hadot, Fr.]
   A sea fish of the cod kind, but small.
    The  coast  is plentifully  stored with pilchards,
  herrings, and haddock.                  Carew.
Haft, haft." 79 „. 8#  [haepc, Saxon;  heft,
   Dutch; from To  have or hold.]  A han-
   dle; that part of  any instrument that is
   taken into the hand.
            This brandish'd dagger
   I'll bury to the haft in her fair breast.     Dryden.
    These extremities of the joints are the hafts and
   handles of the members.               Dryden.
    A needle is a simple body, being only made  of
   steel; but a sword is a compound, because its haft
   or handle is made of materials different from the
   blade.                               Watts.
 To Haft, haft. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   set in a haft.                 Ainsworth.
Hag, hag. ra. s. [haegerre, a goblin, Sax.
   heckle, a witch, Dutch.]
 1. A fury; a she-monster.
    Thus spoke  to' impatient prince,  and made a
        pause:
   His foul hags rais'd their heads, and clapt their
        hands;
    And all the powers of hell, in full applause,
   Flourish'd their snakes and tost their flaming brands.
                                    Crashaw.
2. A witch; an enchantress.
    Out of my door, you witch! you hag, you baggage,
  you poulcat, you runnion.               Shaksp.
 3. An oid ugly woman.
    Such affectations may become the young;
   But thou old hag of threescore years and three,
   Is shewing of thy parts in Greek for  thee?  Dryden,
 To Hag, hag. v. a. [from the  noun.]  To
   torment; to harass with vain  terrour.
    That makes them in the dark see visions,
   And hag themselves wito apparitions.   Hudibras.
    How are superstitious men hogged out of their
   wits, with the fancy of omens, tales, and visions!
                                  L'Esfrange.
 Ha'garb, hag'gard. adj. [hagard, Fr.]
 I. Wild; untamed; irreclaimable.
    As hagard hawk, presuming to contend
   With hardy fowl above his able might,
    His weary pounces all in vain doth spend,
   To truss the prey too heavy for his  flight.
                                Fairy Queen.
            She's too disdainful;
  I know her spirits are as coy and wild,
  As hagard as the rock.                 Shaksf

2. [hager, German.]   Lean;  rugged; per
   haps, ugly.  To this  sense  I  have put
   the following passage,  for  the  autho:
   ought to have written hagard.
    A hogged carrion of a wolf, and a jolly sort of dog,
  with good flesh upon 's  back, fell into  company to-
  gether.                           L'Estrange.
3. Deformed  with passion;  wildly disor-
   dered.
    Fearful besides of what in fight had pass'd,
  His hands and hagard eyes to heaven he cast.
                                     Dryden.
    Where are the conscious looks, the face now pale,
  Now flushing red, the down-cast hagard eyes,
  Orfixt on earth, or slowly rais'd!          SmUh.
Ha'ggard, hag'gard. ra. s*
1. Any thing wild  or irreclaimable.
    1 will be married to a wealthy widow,
  Ere three days pass, which has as long lov'd me
  As 1 have lov'd this proud disdainful haggard.
                                  Shakspeare.
2. A species cf hawk.
    Does the wild haggard tow'r into the sky,
  And to the south by thy  direction fly?     Sandys.
    I enlarge my discourse to  the observation of the
  aires, the brancher, the  ramish hawk, and  the ftag-
  gard.                               Walton.
3. A hag.  So Garth has used it for want
   of understanding it.
    Beneath the gloomy covert of an yew,
  In a dark grot, toe baleful haggard lay,
  Breathing black vengeance, and infecting day.
                                      Garth.
Ha'ggardly,  hag'gard-le.  adv.   [from
   haggard.]  Deformedly; uglily.
    For her the rich  Arabia sweats her gum;
  And precious oils from distant Indies come,
  How haggardly soe'er she looks at home.   Dryden.
Ha'ggess, hag'gis.  ra.  s.  [from hog or
   hack ] A mass of  meat, generally pork
   chopped, and enclosed in a  membrane.
   In Scotland  it is commonly made  in  a
   sheep's maw of the entrails of the same
   animal, cut small, with suet and spices.
Ha'ggish, hag'gish. adj.  [from  hag.]
   Of  the nature  of a hag;  deformed;
   horrid.
    But on us both did haggish age  steal on,
  And wore us out of act.             Shakspeare.
To HA'GGLE,hag'gl.4« v.  a. [corrupted
   from hackle or hack.]  To  cut; to chop;
   to mangle;  always in a bad  sense.
    Suffolk first died, and York all  haggled  o'er,
  Comes to him where in  gore he lay  msteep'd.
                                  Shakspeare.
To Ha'ggle, hag'gl. v.n. To be tedious
   in a bargain; to be long  in coming to
   the price.
Ha'ggler, haVgl-iir.88 ra. &•.  [from  hag-


I. One  that cuts.
2. One  that is  tardy  in bargaining.
Ha'giografher,  hag'e-6-graf'rAr.    ra.  e.
   [xyi(^ and yextpu.]   A holy writer.
    The Jews divide the holy scriptures of the old
  testament into the law, prophets, and the hagiogra-
  phers.
Hah, ha. interject. An expression of sud-
   den effort.
    Her coats tuck'd up, and all her motions just,
   She stamps, and then cries hah! at ev'ry thrust.
                                     Dryden.
HAIL,  hale.  ra.  s.  [hajel, Saxon.]  Drops 
H  AI
HAL
HAL
  of rain frozen in their falling.   Locke.
            Thunder mix'd with ftaif,
  Haif mix'd with fire, must rend th' Egyptian sky.
                                      Afiffon.
To  Hail, hale. v. ra. To  pour down hail.
    My people shall dwell in a peaceable habitation
  when it shall hail, coming down on the forest,  lsa.
Hail,  hale, interject, [hoel, health, Saxon:
  hail, therefore, is the same as salve ofthe
  Latins, or wytxive of the Greeks, health
  be to you.]   A term of salutation now
  used only in poetry; health  be to you.
  It is  used likewise to things inanimate.
            Hotf, ftaif, brave friend!
  Say to  toe king  the knowledge of the broil. Shaks.
    Her sick head is bound about with clouds;
  ft does not look as it would have a hail,
  Or health wish'd in it, as on other morns.
                                  Ben Jonson.
            The angel hail
  Bestow'd, toe holy salutation us'd
  Long after to blest Mary, second Eve.    Afiffon.
            Farewell, happy fields,
  Where joy forever dwells! hail horrors! hail
  Infernal world! and thou profoundest hell
  Receive toy new possessor!              JWiffon.
    All  ftaif, he cry'd, thy country's grace and love;
  Once first of men below, now first of bi»ds above.
                                     Dryden.
    Hail to the sun! from whose returning light
  The cheerful soldier's arms new lustre take. Rowe.
To  Hail,  hale. v. a. [from the  noun.]
  To salute;  to  call to.
    A galley drawing near unto toe shore, was hailed
  by a Turk, accompanied with  a troop of horsemen.
                                      Knolles.
   Thrice call upon my name, thrice beat your breast,
  And hail me thrice to everlasting rest.    Dryden.
Ha'ilshot, hale'shot. ra. s. [hail andshot.]
  Small shot  scattered like hail.
    The master of the artillery did visit toem sharp-
  ly with murdering hailshot, from the pieces mounted
  towards the top  of the hill.             Hayward.
Ha'ilstone, hale'stone.  n.  s.  [hail and
  stone.] A particle or single ball of hail.
            You are no surer, no,
  Than is toe coal of fire upon the ice,
  Or hailstone in  the sun.              Shakspeare.
    Hard hailstones lie not thicker on toe plain,
  Nor shaken oaks such show'rs of acorns rain. Dryd.
Ha'ily, ha'le. adj. [from hail.]  Consist-
  ing of hail.
    From whose dark womb a rattling tempest pours,
  Which toe cold  north congeals to Aaify showers.
                                       Pope.
HAIR, hare. ra. s.  [hseji, Saxon.]
1. One of the common teguments of the
  body.  It is to  be  found  upon all the
  parts of the body, except the  soles of
  the feet and palms of the hands.  When
  we examine the hairs with a microscope,
  we find  that  they have each  a round
  bulbous root, which lies pretty deep in
  the skin, and which draws their nourish-
  ment  from  the surrounding  humours:
  that  each  hair consists  of  five or  six
  others,  wrapt up  in a  common tegu-
  ment or tube.   They grow as the nails
  do, each  part near the root thrusting
  forward that which is immediately above
  it, and not by any liquor  running along
  the  hair in  tubes, as plants  grow.
                                    Quincy.
    My fleece of  woolly hair uncurls.       Shaksp.
    Shall the difference of ftair only, on the skin, be
  a mark of a different internal constitution between
  a changeling and a drill?                I^ocke.
2. A single hair.
            Naughty lady,
  These hairs which thou dost ravish from my chin,
  Will quicken and accuse thee.        Shakspeare.
            Much is breeding;
  Which like the courser's hair, hato yet but life,
  And not a serpent's poison.           Shakspeare.
3. Any thing proverbially small.
            If thou tak'st more
  Or less than just a pound; if the scale turn
  But in toe estimation of a hair,
  Thou diest.         Shaksp. Merchant of Venice.
    He judges to a ftair of little indecencies, and
  knows better than any man what is not to be written.
                                     Dryden.
4. Course;  order; grain; the hair falling
  in a certain direction.
    He is a curer of souls, and you a curer of bodies;
  if you should fight, you go against the hair of your
  profession.                         Shakspeare.
EIa'irbel,  hare'bel. ra. s.  A flower; the
  hyacinth.
HA'iRBRAiNED,hare'bran'd.3S9 adj.  [This
  should  rather  be written  harebrained,
  unconstant,  unsettled, wild  as a  hare.]
  Wild;  irregular;  unsteady.
    Let's leave this town;  for toey are hairbrain'd
        slaves,
  And hunger will enforce them be more eager.
                                   Sftafopeare.
Ha'irbreadth, hare'bredfA. ra. s.  [hair
  and breadth.]  A very small  distance;
  the  diameter of a hair.
   Seven hundred chosen men left-handed could sling
  stones at an hairbreadth, and not miss.    Judges.
    I spoke of most disastrous chances,
  Of moving accidents by flood and field;
  Of hairbreadth  'scapes in th' imminent deadly
        breach.                     Shakspeare.
Ha'iroloth,  haxe'klofA. n. *.  [hair  and
  cloth.]   Stuff made of hair, very rough
  and prickly, worn sometimes  in morti-
  fication.
    It is composed of reeds and parts of plants woven
  together, like a piece of haircloth.        Grew.
Hairla'ce, hare'lase.  ra. s. [hair and lace]
  The fillet with which women tie up
  their hair.
    Some worms  are commonly resembled to a wo-
  man's hairlace or fillet,  thence called tenia. Harv.
    If Molly happens to be careless,
  And but neglects to warm her hairlace,
  She gets a cold as sure as  death.          Swift.
Ha'irless, hare'les.  adj.  [from  hair.]
  Wanting  hair.
   Whitebeards have arm'd their chin  and hairless
        scalps
  Against thy majesty.                 Shakspeare.
Ha'iriness, ha're-nes. ra. s.  [from hairy.]
  The state of being covered with hair,
  or abounding with hair.
Ha'iry, ha're. adj. [from hair/]
1. Overgrown  with hair;  covered with
  hair.
    She his hairy temples then had rounded
  With coronet of flowers.             Shakspeare.
    Children are not ftairy, for that their skins are
  more perspirable.                      Bacon.
2. Consisting of hair.
                Storms have shed
  From vines the ftairy honours of their head. Dryd.
Hake, hake. ra. s.  A kind of fish.
    The eoast is stored with mackrel and hake. Carew.
Ha'kot, hak'u.t.168ra. *.[from hake] A kind
  of fish.                       Ainsworth.
Hal,  hal, in local  names, is derived  like
  al from the Saxon healle, i. e.  a hall, a
   palace.  In Gothick alh signifies a tem-
   ple,  or any other famous building.
                          Gibson's Camden.
HA'LBERD, hall'burd.ss ra. s. [halebarde,
   French; hallebarde, Dutch, from harde,
   an axe, and halle, a court, halberds be-
   ing  the common weapons  of  guards.]
   A battleaxe fixed to a long pole.
    Advance toy halberd higher than my breast.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Our halberds did shut up his passage.   SAafcsp.
    Four knaves in garbs succinct, a trusty band,
  Caps on toeir heads, and halberds in  their hand,
  Draw  forth to combat on the velvet plain.    Pope.

Ha'lberdier, hall-bur-deer',  ra. s.   [hal-
   berdier,  French, from halberd.]   One
   who  is armed  with a halberd.
    The duchess appointed him a guard of thirty ftaf-
  berdkrs, in a livery of murrey and blue, to attend
  his person.                            Bacon.
    The king had only his halberdiers, and fewer of
  them than used to go wito him.        Clarendon.

Ha'lcyon,  hal'she-nn.168  ra.  s.   [halcyo,
   Latin.]  A bird, of which it  is  said that
   she breeds in the sea, and that there is
   always a calm during her incubation.
    Such smiling rogues, as these, sooth ev'ry passion,
  Bring oil to fire, snow to their colder moods;
  Renege, affirm, and turn toeir halcyon beaks
  With every gale and  vary of their masters.  Shaksp.
    Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be,
  As halcyons brooding on a winter sea.    Dryden.
Ha'lcyon, hal'she-un.587 adj.  [from the
   noun.]   Placid; quiet; still;  peaceful.
    When great Augustus made war's tempest cease;
  His halcyo-a days brought forth the arts of peace.
                                    Denftom.
    No man can expect eternal serenity and halcyon
  days from so incompetent and partial a cause as the
  constant course of the sun in the equinoctial circle.
                                     Benffey.
Hale,  hale.  adj.  [This should rather be
   written hail, from heel, health.] Healthy;
   sound;  hearty;  well-complexioned.
    My seely sheep like well below,
  For they been ftafe enough I trow,
  And liken their abode.                 Spenser.
    Some of these wise partizans concluded the gov-
  ernment had hired two or three hundred ftafe men,
  to be pinioned,  if not executed,  as the pretended
  captives.                            Addison.
    His  stomach too begins to fail;
  Last year we thought him strong and ftafe,
  But now he 's quite another thing:
  I wish  he may hold out 'till spring.         Swift.
To Hale, hale  or hawl.  v. a. [halen,
   Dutch;  haler,  French.]  To drag by
   force; to pull violently and rudely.
            Fly to your house;
  The plebeians have got your fellow tribune,
  And ftafe him up and down.           Shakspeare
            My third comfort,
  Starr'd most unluckily, is from my breast
  Hal'd out to murder.                 Shakspeare.
    Give diligence toat thou mayest be delivered from
  him, lest he hale thee to the judge.          Luke.
    He by the neck hath ftaf'd, in pieces cut,
  And set me as a mark on every butt.       Sandys.
    Thither by harpy-footed furies ftaf'd,
  At certain revolutions, all tbe damn'd
  Are brought.                          Milton.
    This sinistrous gravity is drawn that way by the
  great artery, which  then subsideth, and haleth the
  heart unto it.                          Broun.
    Who would not be disgusted with any recreation,
  in itself indifferent, if he should with blows be ftafed
  to it when he had no mind?               Locke.
    In all the tumults at Rome,  though  the people
  proceeded sometimes to pull and hale one another 
HAL
HAL
HAL
  about, yet no blood was drawn, 'till the time of the
  Gracchi.                              Swjjtt

Ha'ler, ha'liir or hawl'ur.98 ra. s.  [from
  hale.]   He who pulls and  hales.
HALF, hafJ« 401 lu s  plm. haive8t [healp,

  Saxon, and all  the Teutonick dialects.
  The / is often not sounded.]
1. A moiety; one part of  two;  an equal
  part.
    An half acre of land.               1 Samuel.
    Many might go to heaven with half the labour
  they go to hell, if they would venture their industry
  the right way.                     Ben Jonson.
    Well chosen friendship, the most noble
  Of virtues all our joys makes double,
  And into halves divides our trouble.      Denham.
    Or what but riches is there known
  Which man can solely call his own;
  In which no creature goes his half,
  Unless it be to squint and laugh?       HudUrras.
    No mortal tongue can half the beauty tell:
  For none but hands divine could work so well.
                                      Dryden.
    If our manufacture foreign markets took off one
  half, and the other half were consumed amongst our-
  selves.                                Locke.
    The council is made up  half out of the noble
  families, and half out of the plebeian.    Addison.
    Half the misery  of life might be extinguished,
  would men alleviate the general  curse by mutual
  compassion.                         Addison.
    Her beauty in  toy softer half
  Bury'd and lost, she ought to grieve.       Prior.
    Natural  was it for a prince, who had proposed to
  himself the empire  of toe world, not to neglect the
  sea, the half of his dominions.         Arbuthnot.

2. It sometimes has a plural  signification
   when a number is divided.
    Had the land selected of the best,
  Half had come hence, and let toe world provide the
        rest.                          Dryden.

Half, haf. adv.
 I. In part; equally.
     I go with love and fortune, two blind guides,
  To lead my way; half loth, and half consenting.
                                      Dryden.
2. It is much used in composition  to sig-
   nify  a thing imperfect, as  the following
   examples will  show.

Half-blood, haf'blud. ra. s.  One not born
   of the same father and mother.
    Which shall be heir of toe two male twins, who,
  by the dissection  of the mother, were laid open to
  the world? Whether a sister by the half-blood shall
  inherit before a brother's daughter by the whole
  blood.                                Locke.

Half-blooded,  haf'bliid-ed.  adj.  [half
   and  blood.]  Mean; degenerate.
    The let alone lies not in your good will.
  ----Nor in thine, lord.
  ----Half-blooded fellow, yes.            Shaksp.

Half-cap, haf kap.  ra. s. Cap imperfectly
   put off,  or faintly moved.
    With certain half-caps and cold moving nods,
  They froze me into  silence.             Shaksp.
Ha'lfendeal,  haf'en-dele. ra. s. [half and
   baei, Sax.]  Part.               Spenser.
Half-faced, haffaste.363 adj. [half and
  faced.]  Showing only part of the face;
   small faced:  in contempt.
          Proud encroaching tyranny
  Burns with revenging fire, whose hopeful colours
  Advance a half-faced sun striving to shine.  Shuksp.
    This same half-faced fellow, Shadow; give me
  this man:  he presents no  mark to the enemy;  the
  foeman mey with as great  aim level at the edge of
  a penknife.                          Shaksp.
Half-hatched, haf'hatsht. adj. [half and
  hatched.] Imperfectly hatched.
              Here, thick as hailstones pour,
  Turnips, and half-hatch'd eggs, a mingled show'r,
  Among the rabble rain.                   Gay.
Half-heard, haf'herd. adj.  Imperfectly
  heard; not heard to an end.
    Not added years on years my task could close;
  Back to thy native islands might'st thou sail,
  And leave half-heard the melancholy tale.   Pope.
Half-moon, haf-modn'. ra.  s.
I. The moon  in its  appearance  when  at
  half increase or decrease.
2. Any thing in the figure of a half moon.
    See how in warlike muster they  appear,
  In rhombs and wedges, and half-moons and wings.
                                      Jtfiffon.
Half-penny, ha'pen-ne. ra. s. plural half-
  pence, [half and  penny.]
I.  A copper coin, of which  two  make  a
  penny.
    Bardolph stole a lute-case, bore it twelve leagues,
  and sold it for three half-pence.          Shaksp.
    I thank you; and sure, dear friend, my thanks are
  too dear of a half-penny.                Shaksp.
    He cheats for half-pence, and he doffs his coat
  To save a farthing in a ferryboat.        Dryden.
    Never admit this pernicious coin, no not so much
  as one single half-penny.                 Swift.
2. It has the force of an adjective conjoin-
  ed with  any  thing of which it denotes
  the  price.
    There shall be in  England seven  half-penny
  loaves sold for a penny.                 Shaksp.
    You will wonder how Wood  could get  his ma-
  jesty's broad seal for so great a sum of bad money,
  and that toe nobility here could not obtain toe same
  favour, and make our own half-pence as we used to
  do.                                   Swift.

Half-pike, haf'pike. ra. a. [half and pike.]
  The small  pike carried by officers.
    The various ways of paying the salute with the
  half-pike.                            Tatler.
Half-pint, haf'pint. ra. s. [half and pint.]
  The fourth part of a quart.
    One half-pint bottle serves them  both to dine;
  And is at once their vinegar and wine.      Pope.
Half-scholar, haf'skol-lur.  ra.  s.  One
  imperfectly learned.
    We have many  half-scholars now-a-days,  and
  toere is much confusion and inconsistency in the no-
  tions  and opinions of some persons.         Waffs.
Half-seas over, haf'sez-6'vur. A prover-
  bial expression for anyone far advanced.
  It is commonly used of one half drunk.
          I am half-seas o'er to death;
  And since I must die once, I would be loth
  To make a double work of what's half finished.
                                     Dryden.
Half-sighted, haf'site-^d. adj. [half and
  sight.]   Seeing  imperfectly;  having
   weak discernment.
    The officers of toe king's houshold had need be
  provident, both for his honour and  thrift: they must
  look both ways, else they are but half-sighted. Bac.
Half-sphere, haf'sfere. ra.  s.  [half and
  sphere.]   Hemisphere.
    Let night grow blacker with thy plots: and day,
  At shewing but thy head forth, start away
  From this half-sphere.               Ben Jonson.
Half-strained, haf'stran'd.  adj. [half and
  strain.]  Half-bred; imperfect.
    I find I'm but a half-strain'd villain yet,
  But mungrel-mischievous; for my blood boil'd
  To view this brutal act.                Dryden.
Half-sword, naf'sord. ra.  s.   Close fight;
  within half the length of a sword.
    I am a rogue, if I were not at half-sword with a
  dozen of them two hours together.        Shaksp.
Half-way, hafwa. adv. [half and way]
   In  the middle.
    Fearless he sees, who is with virtue crown'd,
  The tempest rage, and hears the thunder sound;
  Ever the same, let fortune smile or frown:
  Serenely as he liv'd resigns his breath,
  Meets  destiny half-way, nor shrinks at death. Gran
Half-wit, haf wit. ra. s. [half and wit.] A
   blockhead; a foolish fellow.
    Half wits are  fleas, so little and so light,
  We scarce could know toey live, but that they bite.
                                     Dryden
Half-witted,  haf'wit-ted.  adv.  [from
   half-wit.]  Imperfectly furnished with
   understanding.
    I would rather have trusted the refinement of out
  language, as to sound, to the judgment of the wo-
  men than to half-witted poets.           Swift.
    Jack had passed for a poor, well-meaning, half-
  witted, crack-brained fellow: people were strangely
  surprised to find  him in such a roguery. Arbuthnot.
When  half is added  to  any word noting
   personal  qualities,  it  commonly notes
   contempt.
Ha'libut, hol'le-but. ra. s. A sort  offish.
                                Ainsworth.
Ha'lidom, hol'le-dtim. ra. s.  [hahg bom,
   holy   judgment, or hahg and dame, for
   lady.]  Our  blessed lady.  In  this  it
   should be halidam.
            By my halidom quoth he,
  Ye a great master are in your degree.   Hubberd.
Ha'limass, hoi'le-mas.  ra. s. [halig  and
   mass.]  The  feast  of All-souls.
    She  came adorned hither like sweet May;
  Sent back like halimass, or shortest day.   Shaksp.
Ha'lituous, ha-litsh'u-us.*63  adj. [halitus,
   Lat.] Vaporous; fumous.
    We  speak of toe atmosphere as of a peculiar thin
  and  halituous liquor, much  lighter than spirit of
  wine.                                Boyle.
Hall, hall.  ra.  s. [hal, Sax.  halle, Dut.]
I. A  court of justice;   as  Westminster
   Hall.
    O lost too soon in yonder house or hall.    Pope.
2. A manor-house so called, because in it
   were heULjcourts for the tenants.
    Captain Sentry, my master's nephew, has taken
  possession of the ftaff house, and the whole estate.
                                     Addison.
3. The publick room  of a corporation.
    With expedition on the beadle call,
  To summon all the company to toe ftaff.   Garth.
4. The  first large room of a house.
    That light we see is burning in my ftaff.   Shak.
    Courtesy is sooner found in lowly sheds
  With smoky rafters, than in tap'stry ftaffs
  And courts of princes.                 Jtfiffon.

Hallelu'jah, hal-le-166'ya. ra. s. [.m^n]
   Praise  ye the  Lord.  A song of thanks-
   giving.
              Then shall thy saints
  Unfained hallelujahs to Thee sing,
   Hymns of high praise.                  Jtfiffon.
    Singing those devout hymns and heavenly an-
  thems, in  which the church militant seems ambi-
  tious to emulate the triumphant, and echo back toe
  solemn praises and hallelujalis ofthe celestial choirs.
                                       Boyle.

Ha'lloo, hal-166'. interj. [The original of
   this word  is  controverted:  some ima-
   gine  it corrupted  from  a lux, to him!
   others from  allons, let  us go! and Skin-
   ner from hallrr. to  draw.]   A word of 
HAL
HAL
HAM
  encouragement when dogs are let loose
  on their game.
           Some popular chief,
 More noisy than toe rest, but cries halloo,
 And, in a trice, the bellowing herd come out.
                                     Dryden.
To Ha'lloo, hal-166'. v. ra. [haler, Fr.]
1. To cry as after the dogs.
           A cry more tuneable
  Was never hatloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn. Sha.
2. To treat as in contempt.
    Country folks hallooed and hooted after me, as
  the arrantest coward toat ever shewed his shoulders
  to the enemy.                        Sidney.
To  Ha'lloo, hal-166'. v. a.
). To  encourage  with shouts.
    If, whilst a boy, Jack ran from school,
  Fond of his hunting-horn and pole,
  Though gout and age his speed detain,
  Old John halloos his hounds again.         Prior.
2. To  chase with  shouts.
              If I fly, Marcius,
  Halloo me like a hare.                 Shaksp.
3. To call or shout to.
    When we have found the king, he that first lights
        on him
  Haffoo the other.                      Shaksp.
To Ha'llow, hal lo.86 v.  a. [haljian, hal-
  15, Sax. holy.]
1. To consecrate; to make holy.
    When we sanctify our hallow churches, it is only
  to testify that we make them places of publick re-
  sort; that we invest God himself with them, and
  that we sever them from common uses.    Hooker.
    It cannot be endured to hear a man profess that
  he putteth fire to his neighbour's house, but yet so
  haltoweth toe same  with prayer that he hopeto it
  shall not burn.                        Hooker.
    Is't Cade toat I have slain, that monstrous traitor?
  Sword, I will hallow thee for this thy deed,
  And hang thee o'er my tomb,  when I am dead.
                                      Shaksp.
                 My prayers
  Are not words duly hallow'd, nor my wishes
  More worth than vanities: yet pray'is and wishes
  Are all I can return.                  Shaksp.
                   God from work
  Now resting, bless'd and hallow'd the seventh day,
  As resting on that day from all his works,
  But not in silence holy kept.             Jtfiffon.
     Then banish'd faith shall once again return,
  And vestal fires in hallow'd temples burn.  Dryden.
     No satyr lurks within this hallow'd ground;
  But nymphs and heroines, kings and gods abound.
                                    Granville.
 2.  To reverence  as holy:  hallowed be thy
    name.
 Hallucination, hal-lu-se-na'shiin. ra. a.
   hallucinatio, Latin.]  Errour;  blunder;
    mistake; folly.
     A wasting of flesh, without cause, is frequently
  termed a bewitched disease; but questionless a mere
  hallucination of toe vulgar.             Harvey.
     This must  have been toe  ftaffucinafion of the
  transcriber, who probably mistook toe dash of toe I
  for a T.                            Addison.
 Halm,   hawm.  ra. s.  [healm, Saxon.]
    Straw; pronounced hawn:  which  see.
 Ha'lo, ha/16, ra.  *. A red circle round the
    sun or moon.
     If the hail be a little flatted, toe light transmitted
   may grow so strong, at a little less distance than that
   of twenty-six degrees, as to form a ftafo about the
   sun or moon; which ftafo, as often as the hailstones
   are duly figured, may be coloured.        JVewfon.
     I saw by  reflection, in a vessel of stagnating wa-
  ter, three lialos, crowns or rings of colours about the
  sun, like  three little rainbows concentrick to  his
  body.                               JVewfon.
 Ha'lsening, halz'ning.  adj.  [hals, Ger-
  man; hass, Scotish, the neck.]  Sound-
  ing harshly; inharmonious in the throat
  or  tongue.   Not in use.
    This ill hakening horny name hath, as Cornuto
  in Italy, opened a gap to the scoffs of many. Carew.
Ha'lser, h&w'sur. n. s. [from half, neck,
  and peel, a rope.   It is now  in marine
  pronunciation corrupted to hawser.]  A
  rope less than a cable.
    A beechen mast then in the hollow base
  They hoisted, and with  well-wreath'd ftafser hoise
  Their white sails.                   Chapman.
    No halsers need to bind these vessels here,
  Nor bearded anchors; for no storms toey fear. Dryd.

To Halt,  halt. v. n. [heale, Saxon, lame;
   healcan, to limp.]
1. To limp; to be lame.
    And will she yet debase her eyes,
  On  me, that ftaff, and am mis-shapen thus? Shaksp.
    Thus inborn broils the factions would engage,
  Or wars of exil'd heirs, or foreign rage,
  'Till halting vengeance overtook our age. Dryden.
    Spenser  himself affects the obsolete,
  And Sidney's verse ftaffs ill on Roman feet.  Pope.
2. To stop in a march.
    I was  forced to ftaff in this perpendicular march.
                                     Addison.
3. To hesitate; to stand dubious.
   How long ftaff ye between two opinions? 1 Kings.
4. To fail; to faulter.
    Here  's  a paper written in his hand,
  A halting sonnet of his own pure brain,
  Fashion'd to Beatrice.                  Shaksp.
    All my familiars watched for my halting, saying,
  Peradventure he will be enticed, and we shall pre-
  vail against him.                    Jeremiah.
Halt, halt, adj, [from the verb.]  Lame;
   crippled.
    Bring in hither the poor, the maimed, the ftaff,
   and the  blind.                          Luke.
Halt,  halt. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 I .The act  of limping; the manner of limp-
   ing.
 2. [alte, Fr.]  A stop in a march.
                 The heav'nly bands
   Down from a sky of jasper lightedwiow
   In  Paradise, and on a hill made ftaff.      Jtfiffon.
     Scouts each coast light armed scour
   Each quarter to descry the distant foe,
   Where  lodg'd, or whither fled, or if for fight
   In motion, or in ftaff.                   Jtfiffon.
     Without any ftaff they marched between  the two
   armies.                            Clarendon.
     He might have made a ftaff till his foot and ar-
   tillery came up to him.              Clarendon.
 Ha'lter,  hal'tdr. ra. s. [from  halt.]   He
   who limps.
 Ha'lter,  hal'tir. ra. ». [healrtjie, Saxon,
   from  halp, the  neck.]
  I. A rope to hang malefactors.
     He 's fled, my lord, and all his pow'rs do yield;
   And humbly thus, with halters on their necks,
   Expect your highness' doom of life or death. Shak.
     They were to die by the sword if they stood upon
   defence, and by toe ftaffer if they yielded; where-
   fore they made a choice  to die rather as soldiers
   than as dogs.                        Hayward.
      Where  I a drowsy judge, whose dismal note
   Disgorgeto halters, as a juggler's throat
   Doth ribbands.                     Cleayfland.
      He gets renown, who to the naffer near,"
   But narrowly escapes, and buys it deaf.    Dryden.
  2. A cord; a strong string.
      Whom  neither ftaffer binds nor' burthens charge.
                                       Sandys.
  To  Ha'lter, hal'tur.  v.  a.  [from  the
    noun.]  To bind with a cord; to catch in
    a noose.
    He might have employed  his time in the friva
  Ious delights of catching moles and haltering frogs.
                                   Atterbury.
To Halve, hav." v. a. [from half, halves.]
   To divide  into two parts.
Halves, havz. interj. [from half, halves
   being the  plural.]  An  expression by
   which any one lays claim to an  equal
   share.
    Have you not seen how the divided dam
  Runs to the summons of the  hungry lamb?
  But when toe twin cries halves, she quits toe first.
                                   Cleaveland.
Ham, ham. whether  initial or final, is no
   other than  the Saxon ham,  a house,
   farm, or village.       Gibson's Camden.
HAM, ham. ra.  *. [ham,  Saxon; hamme,
   Dutch.]
I. The hip; the hinder part ofthe articu-
   lation of the thigh with the knee.
    The ham was much relaxed; but toere was some
   contraction remaining.                Wiseman.
   The thigh of a hog salted.
    Who has not learn'd, fresh sturgeon and ham pye
   Are no rewards for want and infamy?      Pope.
Ha'mated,  ham'a-ted.   adj.  [hamatus,.
   Lat.] Hooked; set with hooks.
To Ha'mble, ham'bl. v. a.  [from  ham.]
   To cut the sinews of the thigh; to ham-
   string.
Hame, hame. ra. s. [hama, Saxon.]  The
   collar by which a  horse draws in  a wa-
   gon.
Ha'mlet,  ham'let." ra. s. [ham, Sax.  and
   let,  the  diminutive  termination.]   A
   small village.
    Within the self-same lordship, parish, or  ftamfef,
   lands have divers degrees of value.        .Bacon.
          He pitch'd upon the plain
   His mighty camp, and when the day return'd,
   The country wasted and the ftamfefs burn'd. Dryd.
 HA'MMER,  ham'mar.98 ra.  s. [hamep,
    Sax. hammer, Dan.]
  !. The instrument  consisting  of a  long
    handle and  heavy head, with which any
    thing is forged or driven.
             The armourers,
   With busy hammers closing rivets up,
   Give dreadful note of preparation,        Shaksp.
     The stuff will not work well with a hammer.
                                       Bacon.
     It is broken  not without many blows,  and will
   break the best anvils and hammers of iron.  .Brotcn.
     Every morning he rises fresh to his hammer and
   his anvil.                             South.
     The smith prepares the hammer for the stroke.
                                      Dryden.
  2. Any thing destructive.
     That renown'd pillar of truth and hammer of he-
   resies, St. Augustine.                 Hakewill.
  To Ha'mmer, ham'mur. v.  a.  [from  the
    noun.]
  I. To beat with a hammer.
     His bones the hammer'd  steel in strength surpass
                                       Sandys.

  2. To forge or form with a hammer.
     Some hammer helmets for the  fighting field.
                                       Dryden.
     Drudg'd like a smith, and on the anvil beat,
    'Till he had hammer'd out a vast  estate.    Dryden.
     I must pay with hammered money instead of mill-
    ed.                                 Dryden,
    To work in  the mind;  to contrive by
    intellectual labour:  used commonly  in
    contempt. 
Ham                                    HAN                                     HAN
    Wilt thou still be hammering treachery,
  To humble down thy husband and thyself?  Shaksp.
    He was nobody that could not hammer out of his
  name an invention by this witchcraft, and picture it
  accordingly.                         Camden.
    Some spirits  by whom they were stirred  and
  guided in the name of the people, hammer'd up the
  articles.                            Hayward.
To Ha'mmer, ham'mur. v. n.
1. To work; to  be busy; in contempt.
    Nor need'st thou much importune me to that,
  Whereon this month I have been hammering. Shak.
    I have been studying how to compare
  This prison where I live  unto the world;
  And, for because the world is populous,
  And here is not a creature but myself,
  I cannot do it; yet I'll hammer on 't.      Shaksp.
2.  To be in agitation.
    Vengeance is in my heart, death in my hand;
  Blood and revenge are hammering in my head.
                                      Shaksp.
Ha'mmerer,  ham'mfir-riir.  ra.  s.  [from
   hammer.]  He who works with a ham-
   mer.
Ha'mmerhard,   ham'mur-hard.   ra.  s.
   [hammer and hard.]
    Hammerhard  is when you  harden iron or  steel
  with much hammering on it.            Jtfozon.
Ha'mmock, ham'muk.166 ra.  s.  [hamaca,
   Saxon.]  A swinging  bed.
    Prince Maurice of Nassau, who had been accus-
  tomed to hammocks, used toem all his life. Temple.
Ha'mper, hamp'ux.98 ra. s.  [supposed by
   Minshew  to be  contracted from hand
   ftanier;  but hanaperium appears to have
   been a word long  in use, whence hana-
   fier,  hamper.]   A  large   basket  for
   carriage.
    What powder'd wigs! what flames and darts!
   What hampers full of bleeding hearts!      Swiff.
 To Ha'mper,   hamp'iir.  v. a.  [The  ori-
   ginal of this word, in its present mean-
   ing, is uncertain.  Junius observes  that
   hamplyns in Teutonick is  a quarrel:
   others imagine that hamper, or hanaper,
   being the treasury to  which fines  are
   paid,  to hamper,  which is  commonly
   applied to the law,  means originally to
   fine.]
 1. To shackle; to entangle,  as in chains
   or nets.
     O loose this frame, this knot of man untie!
   That my free soul may  use her wing,
     Which now is pinion'd with mortality,
   As an entangl'd, hamper'd thing.        Herbert.
     We shall find such engines to assail,
   And hamper thee, as thou shalt  come of force.
                                       Jtfiffon.
     What was it but a lion hampered in a net!
                                   L'Esfrarige.
     Wear under vizard-masks their talents,
   And mother wits before their gallants; ,
   Until they 're hamper'd in the noose
   Too fast to dream of breaking loose.    Hudibras.
     They hamper and entangle our souls, and hinder
   their flight upwards.                  Tillotson.
 2. To ensnare; to  inveigle;  to catch  with
   allurements.
     She'll hamper thee, and dandle thee like a  baby.
                                       Shaksp.
 3. To complicate; to tangle.
    Enzend'ring heats, these one by one unbind,
   Stretch their small tubes, and hamper'd nerves un-
         wind.                       Blackmore.
 4.  To perplex; to  embarrass by many lets
   and troubles.
     And when th' are hamper'd by the laws,
   Release the lab'rers for the cause.       Hudibras.
Ha'mstring, ham'string. ra. s. [ham and
  string.]   The tendons ofthe ham.
            A player, whose conceit
  Lies in his hamstring,  doth think it rich
  To hear the wooden dialogue, and sound
  'Twixt his stretch'd footing and the scaffoldage.
                                      Shaksp.
    On the hinder side  it is guarded with toe two
  hamstrings.                          Wiseman.
To  Ha'mstring, ham'string.  v.  a. pret.
  and part.  pass, hamstrung, [from the
  noun.]  To lame by cutting the tendon
  of the ham.
    Hamstring'd behind, unhappy Gyges dy'd;
  Then Phalaris is added to his side.       Dryden.
Han, for have, han. in the plural. Obsolete.
                                   Spenser.
Ha'naper, han'a-pur.98 [hanaperium, low
  Lat.]  A treasury; an exchequer.  The
  clerk of the hanaper receives the fees
  due to the king for the seal of charters
  and patents.
    The fines for all original writs were wont to be
  immediately paid into  the hanaper of the chancery.
                                       Bacon.
Ha'noes, han'sis. ra. s.  [In a ship.]  Falls
  of the fife-rails placed on bannisters  on
  the poop and quarterdeck down to the
   gangway.                        Harris.
Ha'nces, han'sis. [In architecture.]  The
  'ends of elliptical arches; and these are
  the arches of smaller circles  than the
   scheme, or  middle part of  the arch.
                                     Harris.
    The sweep of the arch will not contain  above
  fourteen  inches, and perhaps you must cement
  pieces to many of the courses in the hance, to make
  them long enough to contain fourteen inches. Mox.
HAND, hand. ra. *.  [hanb, honb, Saxon,
   and in all the Teutonick dialects.]
1.  The palm with the fingers; the mem-
   ber with which we hold or use any  in-
   strument.
    They laid hands upon him, and bound him hand
  and foot.                             Knolles.
    They ftand in ftand, with wandering steps and
        slow,
  Through Eden took their solitary way.    Milton.
     That wonderful instrument toe hand, was it made
  to be idle?                           Berkley.
2.  Measure  of four  inches; a   measure
   used in the matches of horses;  a palm.
3.  Side,  right or left.
     For the other side of the court-gate on this hand
  and that hand,  were hangings of fifteen cubits.
                                      Exodus.
4.  Part; quarter; side.
     It is allowed on all hands, that the people of
  England are more corrupt in their morals than  any
  other nation this day under the sun.        Swift.
5.  Ready payment with respect to  the  re-
   ceiver.
     Of which offer the bassa accepted, receiving in
  hand one year's tribute.                 Knolles.
     These two must make our duty very  easy; a con-
  siderable reward in hand, and toe assurance of a
  far greater recompence hereafter.       Tillotson.
6.  Ready  payment  with  regard  to the
   payer.
     Let not the wages  of any man tarry with thee,
  but give it him  out of hand.               Tobit.
7.  Rate; price.
     Time is the measure of business; money of wares;
  business is bought at  a  dear hand, where there is
  small dispatch.                        Bacon.
8.  Terms; conditions; rate.
    With simplicity admire and accept the mystery,
  but at no ftand by pride, ignorance, interest, or va-
  nity wrest it to ignoble senses.            Tayfor.
    It is either an ill sign or an ill effect, and there-
  fore at no hand consistent with humility.   Taylor

). Act; deed;  external action.
    Thou sawest  the contradiction between my heart
  and hand.                       King Charles.
10. Labour; act of the hand.
    Alnaschar was a very idle fellow,  that never
  would set his hand to any business  during his fa-
  ther's life.                          Addison.
    I rather suspect my own judgment than I can be-
  lieve a fault to  be in that poem,  which lay so long
  under Virgil's correction, and had his last ftand put
  to it.                               Addison,
11. Performance.
           Where are these porters,
  These lazy knaves?  Y'ave made a fine hand! fel-
        lows,
  There 's a trim rabble let in.             Shaksp.
12. Power of performance.
    He had a great mind to try his ftand at a Spec-
  tator, and would fain have one of his writing in my
  works.                             Addison.
    A friend of mine has a very fine hand on the
  violin.                               Addison.
13. Attempt;  undertaking.
    Out of toem you dare take in  hand  to lay open
  the original of such a nation.            Spenser.
14. Manner of gathering or taking.
    As her majesty hath received great profit, so may
  she, by a moderate hand, from time to time reap
  the like.                              Bacon.

15. Workmanship;  power or act of  ma-
  nufacturing or  making.
    An intelligent being, coming out of toe ftands of
  infinite perfection,  wito an aversion or  even indif-
  ferency to be reunited wito its Author, the source
  of its utmost felicity, is such a shock and deformity
  in the beautiful analogy of things, as is not consis-
  tent wito finite  wisdom and perfection.     Cheyne-
16. Manner of acting or performing.
    The master saw the madness rise;
  His glowing cheeks, his ardent eyes;
  And while he heav'n and earth defy'd,
  Chang'd his ftand, and check'd his pride.  Dryden.

17. Agency; part in action.
    God must have set a more than ordinary esteem
  upon that which David was not thought fit to have
  an hand in.                           South.
18.  The act of giving or presenting.
    Let Tamar dress the meat in my sight, that I may
  eat it at her hand.                   2 Samuel.
    To-night the poet's advocate I  stand,
  And he deserves the favour at my hand.  Addison.
19.  Act of  receiving any thing ready to
   one's hand, when  it only waits to be
   taken.
    His power reaches no farther  than to compound
  and divide the  materials that are  made  to his hand;
  but can do nothing towards the making or destroy-
  ing one atom of what is already in being.   Locke.
    Many, whose greatness and fortune were not made
  to their hands,  had sufficient qualifications and op-
  portunities of rising to these high posts.  Addison.

20. Care; necessity of managing.
    Jupiter had  a farm a long time upon his hands,
  for want of a tenant to come up to his price-
                                   L'Estrange.
    When a statesman wants a day's defence,
  Or envy holds  a whole week's war with sense,
  Or simple pride for flatt'ry makes demands,
  May dunce by dunce be whistled off my hands.
                                        Pope.
21. Discharge of duty.
    Let it therefore be required, on both parts, at toe
  hands of the clergy, to be in meanness of estate
  like the apostles; at the ftands of the laity, to be as
  they who lived under  the apostles.        Hooker 
HAN
HAN
HAN
22.  Reach;  nearness:  as, at hand, within
   reach, near, approaching.
    Your husband is at hand, I hear his trumpet.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Cousins, I hope the days are near at hand,
  That chambers will be safe.         Shakspeare.
    He is at ftand, and Pindarus is come
  To do you salutation.                Shakspeare.
    The sight of his mind was like some  sights of
  eyes; rather strong at hand  than to carry afar off.
                                        Bacon.
    Any light thing that  moveth, when we find no
  wind, sheweth a wind at hand.           Bacon.
    A very great  sound near  ftand  hath  strucken
  many deaf.                             Bacon.
    It is not probable that any body should effect that
  at a distance, which, nearer ftand,  it cannot per-
  form.                                 Brown.
    When mineral or metal  is to be generated, na-
  ture needs  not to have at hand salt,  sulphur and
  mercury.                                Boyfe.
 23. Manual management.
     Nor swords at hand, nor hissing darts afar,
  Are doom'd t'  avenge the tedious bloody war.
                                       Dryden.
 24. State of being in preparation.
    Where is our usual manager of mirth?
  What revels are in  ftand?   Is there no play,
  To ease the anguish of a torturing hour.    Shaksp.
 25. State of being in present  agitation.
     I look'd upon her with a soldier' eye,
  That lik'd but had a rougher task in ftand
  Than to drive liking to the name of war.    Shaksp.
    It is indifferent to the matter in hand which way
  the learned shall determine of it.          Locke.
 26. Cards  held at a game.
    There was never a hand drawn, that did double
  the rest ofthe habitable world, before this. Bacon.
 27. That which is  used in  opposition  to
   another.
             He would dispute,
  Confute, change hands, and still  confute.   Hudib.
 28. Scheme of action.
    Consult of your own ways, and think which hand
  is best to take.                      ^«« Jonson.
    They who thought they could never be secure,
  except the  king  were first at their  mercy, were
  willing to change the hand in carrying on the war.
                                    Clarendon.
 29. Advantage; gain; superiority.
    The French king, supposing to make his hand by
  those rude ravages in England, broke off his treaty
  of peace,  and proclaimed hostility.     Hayward.
 30. Competition; contest.
           She in beauty, education, blood,
  Holds hand  with any princess of the world. Shaksp.
 31. Transmission; conveyance; agency of
   conveyance.
    The salutation by the hand of me Paul.    Col.
 32. Possession; power.
    Sacraments serve as the moral instruments of
  God to that purpose; the use whereof  is in our
  hands, the effect in his.                 Hooker.
    And toough you war like  petty wrangling states,
  You're in my hand;  and when I bid you cease,
  You shall be crush'd together into peace.  Dryden.
    Between the  landlord and tenant  there must be
  a quarter of the revenue of the  land constantly in
  their hands.                            Locke.
    It is fruitless pains to  learn a language,  which
  one may guess by his temper he will wholly neglect,
  as soon as  an  approach to manhood, setting him
  free from a  governour, shall put him into the hands
  of his own inclination.                    Locke.
    Vectigales Agri were lands taken from toe ene-
  my, and distributed among  toe soldiers, or left in
  the'hands of the proprietors  under the  condition of
  certain duties.                      Arbuthnot.
 33.  Pressure  of the bridle.
    Hollow men, like horses,  hot at ftand,
  Make gallant show and promise  of their mettle.
                                    Shakspeare.

      VOL. I.
 34.  Method of government;  discipline;
   restraint.
    Menelaus  bare an heavy hand over the citizens,
  having a malicious mind against his countrymen.
                                   2 Maccabees.
    He kept a strict hand on his nobility, and chose
  rather to advance clergymen and lawyers.  Bacon.
    However strict a hand is to be kept upon all de-
  sires of fancy, yet in recreation fancy must be per-
  mitted to speak.                        Locke.
 35.  Influence; management.
    Flattery, the dang'rous nurse of vice,
  Got hand upon his youth, to pleasures bent. Daniel.
 36.  That which performs  the  office of a
   hand in pointing.
    The body,  though it moves, yet  not changing
  perceivable distance with other bodies, as fast as toe
  ideas of our own minds do naturally follow one an-
  other,  the thing seems to stand still; as is evident
  in the hands of clocks and shadows of sun-dials.
                                        Locke.
 37.  Agent; person employed; a manager.
    The wisest prince,  if he can  save himself and
  his people from ruin,  under the worst administra-
  tion, what may not his subjects hope for when  he
  changeth ftands, and maketh use ofthe best. Swift.
 38.  Giver and receiver.
    This tradition is more like to be a notion  bred
  in the mind of man, than transmitted from hand to
  hand through all generations.            Tillotson.
 39.  An actor, a  workman; a soldier.
    Your wrongs are known: impose but your com-
         mands,
  This hour shall bring you twenty thousand hands.
                                       Dryden.
    Demetrius appointed the painter guards, pleased
  that he could preserve that ftand from the barbarity
  and insolence of soldiers.                 Dryd.
    A  dictionary containing a natural history requires
  too many ftands, as well as too much time, ever  to
  be hoped for.                           Locke.
40. Catch or reach without choice.
    The men of Israel  smote as well toe men  of
  every city as the beast,  and all that came to hand.
                                       Judges.
    A  sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
  First fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf,
  Uncull'd as came to hand.               Milton.
41. Form or cast of writing.
    Here is to' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
  Which in a set hand fairly is engross'd;
  Eleven hours  I've spent to write it over.    Shaksp.
    Solyman shewed him his own letters intercepted,
  asking him if he  knew not that ftand, if he knew
  not that seal?                          Knolles.
    Being discovered by their  knowledge of  Mr.
  Cowley's ftand, I happily escaped.        Denham.
    If my debtors do not  keep their day,
  Deny toeir hands, and then refuse to pay,
  I must attend.                         Dryden.
    Whether men  write court or Roman  hand,  or
  any other, there is something peculiar in every one's
  writing.                            Cockburn.
    The way to teach to write is to get a plate graved
  with the characters of such ftand you like.  Locke.
    Cons tan tia saw that the ftand writing agreed with
  toe contents of toe letter.               Addison.
    I present these thoughts in an ill hand; but scho-
  lars are bad penmen, we seldom regard  the  me-
  chanick part of writing.                 Felton.
    They were wrote on both sides, and in a small
  hand.                             Arbuthnot.
42. Hand over head.  Negligently; rash-
   ly; without seeing what one does.
    So many strokes of the alarum bell of fear and
  awakening to other nations, and the facility of toe
  titles, which, hand over head, have served their turn,
  doth ring the peal so much the louder.    Bacon.
    A country fellow got  an unlucky tumble from a
  tree.   Thus 'tis,  says  a passenger,  when people
  will be doing things hand over head, without either
  fear or wit.                        L'Estrange.
                     5x
 43. Hand to Hand.   Close fight.
     In single opposition, hand to hand,
   He did confound the best part of an hour.  Shaks.
     He issues, ere the fight, his dread command,
   That slings afar, and poignards hand to hand.
   He banish'd from the field.               Dryd.
 44. Hand in Hand. In union; conjointly.
     Had the sea been Marlborough's element, the
   war  had been bestowed there, to the advantage of
   the country, which would  then have gone ftand in
   hand with his own.                       Swiff.
 45. Hand in Hand.   Fit;  pat.
     As fair and as good, a kind  of hand in hand
   comparison,  had been something too fair and  to
   good for any lady in Britanny.        Shakspeare.
 46. Hand to mouth.   As want requires.
     I can get bread from ftand to mouth,  and make
   even at the year's end.              L'Estrange.
 47. To bear  in Hand.  To keep in  ex-
   pectation;  to elude.
     A  rascally yea forsooth knave,  to bear in hand,
   and then stand upon security.            Shaksp-
 48. To be Hand and Glove.   To be inti-
   mate and familiar; to suit one another.
 To Hand,  hand.  v. a.   [from the noun.]
 1.  To give or  transmit with the hand.
     Judas was not far off, not only because he dipped
  in the same dish, but  because he was so near  that
  our Saviour could ftand the sop unto him.  Brown.
     I have  been shewn a written prophecy that  is
  handed among them with great secrecy.  Addison.
 2.  To guide  or lead by the hand.
     Angels did hand her up,  who next God dwell.
                                       Donne.
     By safe and insensible degrees he will pass from
  a boy to a man,  which is the most hazardous  step
  in life: this therefore should be carefully watched,
  and a young man with great diligence handed over
  it.                                    Locke.
 3.  To seize;  to lay  hands  on.
    Let him, that  makes but trifles of his eyes,
  First hand me; on mine own accord, I'll off. Sftafcs.
4.  To manage; to move with the hand.
    'Tis then that with delight 1  rove,
  Upon the  boundless depth of love:
  I bless my chains, I ftand my oar,
  Nor think on all  I left on shore.           Prior.
5.  To transmit in succession, with down;
   to deliver ironi one to another.
    They had not only a tradition of it in general, but
  even  of several toe most remarkable particular ac-
  cidents of it likewise, which they handed down to
  toe succeeding ages.                 Woodward.
    I know  no other way of securing  these monu-
  ments,  and making  them numerous enough to ba
  handed down to future ages.            Addison.
    Arts and sciences consist of scattered theorems
  and practices, which are handed about amongst the
  masters, and only revealed to the filii artis,  'till
  some great genius appears,  who collects  these dis-
  jointed propositions, and reduces them into a regu-
  lar system.                         Arbuthnot.
    One would think a story  so fit for age to talk of,
  and infancy to hear, were incapable of being handed
  down.                                  Pope.

Hand  is  much used in composition  for
   that which is manageable by the  hand,
   as a handsaw; or born in the  hand, as  a
   handbarrow.

Ha'ndiiarrow, hand'bar-ro. ra. s. A frame
   on which any  thing  is  carried by  the
   hands of two men, without wheeling on
   the  ground.
    A handbairow, wheelbarrow, shovel, and spade.
                                       Tusser.
     Set tbe board  whereon the  hive stan>U th on  a
  handbarrow, and cany them to the place you in-
  tend.                               Mortimer. 
HAN
HAN
HAN
Ha'ndbasket, hand'bas-klt. ra. 5. A port-
   able basket.
    You must have woollen yarn to tie graft with, and
  a small handbasket to carry them in.    Mortimer.
Hand-bell, hand'bel. ra. s.   A bell rung
   by the hand.
    The strength of the percussion is  the principal
  cause of the loudness or softness of sounds; as in
  ringing of a hand-bell harder or softer.     Bacon.
Ha'ndbreadth,  hand'hredM.  ra.  s.    A
   space equal to the breadth of a hand; a
   paim.
    A border of a handbreadth round about.   Exod.
    The eastern people determined their handbreadth
   by the breadth of barley-corns,  six making a digit,
   and twenty-four a hand's breadth.       Arbuthnot.
Ha'nded, han'dld. adj.  [from hand.]
1.  Having  the  use  of  the  hand  left  or
   right.
    Many are right handed, whose livers are weakly
   constituted;  and many use the left, in whom that
   part is strongest.                       Broion.
2. With hands joined.
               Into their inmost bow'r
   Handed they went.                     Jtfiffon.
Ha'nder,  han'diir.  ra.  s.   [from  hand]
   Transmitter; conveyer in  succession.
    They would assume with wond'rous art,
   Themselves to be tbe whole who are but part
   Of that vast frame the church;  yet grant they were
   The handers down, can they from thence infer
   A right t' interpret? Or would they alone,
   Who brought the present, claim it for their own ?
                                       Dryden.
Ha'ndfast,  hand'fast.  ra. s.  [hand   and
   fast.] Hold; custody.  Obsolete.
    If that shepherd be not in handfast, let him fly.
                                        Shaksp.

Ha'ndful, hand'ful. ra. s. [hand and full.]
 1. As much  as the hand can gripe or con-
   tain.
    I saw a country  gentleman at  the  side of Ro-
   samond's pond, pulling a handful of oats out of his
   pocket, and  gathering the ducks about him.
                                       Addison.
 2. A  palm;  a hand's breadth; four inches;
     Take one vessel of silver and another of wood,
   each full  of water, and knap toe tongs together
   about an handful from the bottom, and the sound
   will be more resounding from the vessel of silver
   than that of wood.                      Bacon.
    The peaceful scabbard where it dwelt,
   The rancour of its edge had felt;
   For of the lower end two handful
   It had devour'd, it was so manful.       Hudibras.
3. A  small number or quantity.
    He could not, with such a handful of men, and
   without cannon, propose reasonably  to fight a bat-
   tle.                                Clarendon.
A. As much as can be done.
    Being in possession of the town, they had their
   handful to defend themselves from filing.  Raleigh.
Hand-gallop, hand'gal-lup. ra. s. A slow
   and  easy gallop,  in  which  the  hand
   presses the bridle  to hinder increase of
   speed.
    Ovid, with all his sweetness,  has as little variety
   of numbers and  sounds as he:  he is always upon a
   hand-gallop, and his verse runs upon carpet ground.
                                       Dryden.
Hand-gun,  hand'gun. ra. s. A gun wield-
   ed  by the  hand.
    Guns have names given them, some from ser-
   pents or ravenous birds, as culverines or colubrines:
   others  in other respects, as cannons, demicannons,
   hand-guns, and muskets.               Camden.
Ha'ndicraft, han'de-kraft.  ra.  *. [hand
   and craft.]
I. Manual occupation;  work  performed
   by the hand.
    Particular members of convents have excellent
  mechanical geniuses, and divert  themselves with
  painting,  sculpture, architecture,  gardening, and
  several kinds of handicrafts.            Addison.

2. A man who lives by manual labour.
    The cov'nants thou shalt teach by candle-light
  When puffing smiths, and ev'ry painful trade
  Of handicrafts, in peaceful beds are laid.  Dryden.
    The nurseries for children of ordinary gentlemen,
  and handicrafts are managed after the same man-
  ner.                                 Gulliver.
Handicraftsman,   han'de-krafts-man.88
   ra. s. [handicraft  and man]  A manu-
   facturer; one employed in manual  occu-
   pation.
    0 miserable age! virtue is not regarded in handi-
  craftsmen.                            Shaksp.
    He has simply the best wit of  any handicrafts-
  man in Athens.                        Shaksp.
    The principal bulk of  the vulgar natives  are til-
  lers of toe ground, free  servants,  and handicrafts-
  men; as smiths, masons, and carpenters.    Bacon.
    The profaneness and ignorance of handicraftsmen,
  small traders, servants, and the like, are to a  de-
  gree very hard to be imagined greater.      Swift.
    It is the landed man that maintains the merchant
  and shopkeeper, and handicraftsman.       Swift.
Ha'ndily, han'de-le.  adv. [from handy.]
   With skill;  with dexterity.
Ha'ndiness,   han'de-nes.   ra.  s.   [from
   handy.] Readiness; dexterity.

Ha'ndiwork,  han'de-wurk.  ra.  s.  [handy
   and work.]  Work  of the hand; product
   of labour; manufacture.
    In general they are not repugnant unto the natu-
  ral will of God, which wisheth to  the works of his
  own hands, in that they are his own handiwork, all
  happiness; although perhaps, for some special cause
  in our own particular, a contrary determination have
  seemed more convenient.               Hooker.
    As proper men  as ever trod upon neats-leather
  have gone upon my handiwork.           Shaksp.
    The heavens declare  the glory  of God, and the
  firmament sheweth his handiwork.         Psalms.
    He parted with the greatest blessing of  human
  nature for the handiwork of a taylor.   L'Estrange.
Ha'ndkerchief,  hang'keT-tshif.   ra.  s.
   [hand and kerchief] A piece of silk or
   linen used to  wipe the  face, or  cover
   the neck.
    She found her sitting  in a chair, in one hand
  holding a letter, in  toe other her handkerchief,
  which had lately drunk up the tears of her eyes.
                                       Sidney.
    He was torn to pieces with a bear: this avouches
  the shepherd's son, who has not only his innocence,
  but a handkerchief and rings  of his, that Paulina
  knows.                               Shaksp.
    The Romans did not make use of handkerchiefs,
  but of the lacinia or border of the garment, to wipe
  their face.                         Arbuthnot.
To  Ha'ndle, han'dl.406 v. a.  [handelen,
   Dutch, from hand.]
1. To touch; to feel with the  hand.
    The bodies which we daily ftandfe make  us per-
  ceive, that whilst they remain between them, they
  hinder the approach of the parts of our hands that
  press them.                            Locke.
2. To manage; to wield.
    That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper.
                                       Shaksp.
3. To make  familiar   to the  hand by fre-
   quent touching.
    An incurable shyness is the general vice  of  the
  Irish horses, and is hardly ever seen in Flanders,
  because the hardness of the winters  forces the breed-
  ers there to house and handle their colts six montbj
  every year.                            Temple.
4. To treat; to mention in  writing or talk.
    He left nothing fitting for the purpose
  Untouch'd, or slightly handled in discourse. Shaksp.
    Her  eyes, her hair, her cheek, her  gait, her
        voice,
  Thou handlesi in thy discourse.           Shaksp.
    Leaving to the author the exact handling of every
  particular, and  labouring to follow the rules  of
  abridgment.                           2 Mac.
    Of a number of other like instances  we shall
  speak more, when we handle the communication of
  sounds.                               Bacon.
    By Guidus Ubaldus, in his treatise, for the ex-
  plication of this instrument, the subtleties of  it are
  largely and excellently handled.         Wilkins.
    In an argument, handled thus briefly, every thin*
  cannot be said.                      Atterbury]
5. To deal with;  to practise.
    They that handle the law know me not.     Jer.
6- To treat well or ill.
    Talbot, my life, my joy, again return'd!
  How wert thou handled, being prisoner?    Shaksp.
    They were well enough pleased to be rid of an
  enemy that had handled them so ill.    Cfarendon.
7. To practise  upon; to transact with.
    Pray you, my lord, give me leave to  question;
  you shall see how I'll handle her.          Shaksp.

Ha'ndle, han'dl.406 ra.  s. [hanble, Sax.]
I. That part  of any thing by which it is
   held in the hand; a  haft.
          No hand of blood and bone
  Can gripe the sacred handle of our sceptre,
  Unless he do profane, steal, or usurp.      Shaksp.
    Fortune turneth the handle of the bottle, which
  is easy  to be taken hold  of; and  after  the bellyt
  which is hard to grasp.                  Bacon.
    There is nothing but hath a double handle, or at
  least we have two hands to apprehend it.   Taylor.
    A carpenter that had got the  iron work of an axe,
  begged only so much wood as would make a ftandfe
  toil-                             L'Estrange.
    Of bone the handles of my knives are made,
  Yet no ill taste from thence affects the blade,
  Or what. I carve; nor is there ever left
  Any unsav'ry haut goust from the haft.     Dryden,
    A beam there was, on which a beachen pail
  Hung by the ftandfe on a driven nail.      Diyden.
2. That of which use is made.
    They overturned him in all his interests by toe
  sure but fatal ftandfe of his own good nature. Sowfft.
Ha'ndless, hand'les. adj. [hand and less.]
   Without a  hand.
    Speak, my Lavinia, what accursed hand
  Hath made thee handless?               Shaksp.
          His mangled myrmidons,
  Noseless, handless, hackt and dipt, come to him,
  Crying  on Hector.                      SAafcsp.
Ha'ndmaid, hand'made. ra. s.  A maid that
   waits at hand.
    Brave Burgundy, undoubted hope of France!
  Stay, let thy humble handmaid speak to thee.
                                       Shaksp.
    She gave the knight great thanks in little speech,
  And said she would his handmaid poor remain.
                                      Fairfax-
    I will never set politicks against ethicks, espe-
  cially for that true ethicks, which are but as a hand-
  maid to divinity and religion.             Bacon.
    Heav'n's youngest teamed star
  Hath fix'd her polish'd car,
  Her sleeping Lord with handmaid lamp attending.
                                       Milton,
    Love led them on; and faith, who knew  them
        best
  Thy handmaids, clad them o'er with purple beams
  And azure wings, that up they flew so drest,
  And speak tbe truth of thee on glorious themes
  Before the judge.                      Jtfiffon.
    Those of my family toeir master slight,
  Grown despicable in my handmaid's sight.  Sandys. 
HAN
HAN
HAN
    By viewing nature, nature's handmaid, art,
  Makes mighty things from small beginnings great;
  Thus fishes first to shipping did impart,
  Their tail the rudder, and their head the prow.
                                       Dryden.
    Since he  had placed his heart upon  wisdom,
  health,  wealth, victory, and honour should always
  wait on her as her handmaids.           Addison.
    Then criticism the muse's ftandmaid prov'd,
  To dress her  charms and make her more belov'd.
                                        Pope.
Ha'ndmill,  hand'mil.  ra.  8.   [hand and
   mill.]  A mill moved by the hand.
    Oft the drudging ass is driven with toil;
  Returning late, and loaden home wito gain
  Of barter'd pitch, and ftandmiffs for the grain.
                                       Dryden.
Hands  off,  handz-ofF.  A  vulgar phrase
   for keep off; forbear.
    They cut a stag into parts; but as they were en-
  tering upon the dividends, hands off, says toe lion.
                                   L'Estrange.
Ha'ndsails, hand'salz. ra. s.   Sails man-
   aged  by the hand.
    The  seamen will neither stand to their handsails,
  nor suffer toe pilot to steer.              Tempfe.

Ha'ndsaw,  hand'saw. ra. s.   A saw man-
   ageable by the  hand.
    My buckler  cut through and through,  and my
  sword hack'd like a handsaw.            Shaksp.
    To perform this work, it is necessary to be pro-4
  vided with a  strong knife and a small handsaw.
                                    Mortimer,
Ha'ndsel, han'sel. ra.  s. [hansel,  a first
   gift, Dut.]  The first act of  using any
   thing; the first act of sale.   Not used,
   except in  the dialect of trade.
    The apostles term it the pledge  of our inherit-
  ance, and the handsel or earnest of that which is to
  come.                               Hooker.
    Thou art joy's ftandsef; heav'n lies flat in thee,
  Subject to every mounter's bended knee.  Herbert.

 To Ha'ndsel, han'sel.  v.  a.   To use or
   do any thing the first time.
    In timorous deer he handsels his young paws,
  And leaves the rugged bear for firmer claws.
                                       Cowley.
                I'd show you
  How easy 'tis to die, by my example,
  And handsel fate before you.            Dryden.
HA'NDSOME, han'siim. adj. [handsaem,
   Dutch, ready, dexterous.]
1. Ready; gainly; convenient.
    For a thief it is so handsome, as it may seem it
  was first invented for him.              Spenser.
2. Beautiful  with dignity; graceful.
    A great man entered by force into a peasant's
  house, and, finding his wife very handsome, turned
  the good man  out of his dwelling.        Addison.
3. Elegant; graceful.
    That easiness and handsome address in writing is
  hardest  to be  attained by persons bred in a meaner
  way.                                 Felton.
4. Ample; liberal: as,  a handsome fortune.
5. Generous; noble: as, a handsome action.
To  Ha'ndsome,   han'sum.  v.  a.  [from
  the adjective.]   To  render  elegant or
  neat.
              Him all repute
  For his  device in handsoming a suit;
  To judge of lace he hato the best conceit.   Donne.
Ha'ndsomely, han'silm-le.  adv.   [from
  handsome.]
I. Conveniently; dexterously.
    Under it he may cleanly convey any fit pillage
  'hat cometh handsomely in his way.        Spenser.
    When the  kind nymph, changing her  faultless
        shape,
  Becomes unhandsome, handsomely to 'scape.
                                       Waller.
 2. Beautifully;  gracefully.
 3. Elegantly; neatly.
    A carpenter,  after he hath sawn down a tree,
  hato wrought it handsomely, and made  a vessel
  thereof.                              Wisdom.
 4. Liberally; generously.
    I am finding out a convenient place for an alms-
  house, which I intend to endow very handsomely for
  a dozen superannuated husbandmen.     Addison.
 HA'NDSOMENESs,han'sum-nes. re. s. [from
   handsome.]  Beauty; grace;  elegance.
    Accompanying her mourning  garments wito  a
  doleful countenance,  yet neither forgetting ftand-
  sotneness in her  mourning garments, nor sweetness
  in her doleful countenance.               Sidney.
    For handsomeness' sake,  it were  good you hang
  the upper glass upon a nail.              Bacon.
    In cloths, cheap handsomeness doth bear the bell.
                                      Herbert.
    Persons  of the fairer sex like that handsomeness
  for which they find themselves to be  the most liked.
                                       Boyle.
 Ha'ndvice, hand'vise.   re.  s.  [hand  and
   vice.]  A vice to hold small work in.
                                    Moxon.
 Ha'ndwriting, hand-ri'ting.  ra. s. [hand
   and writing.] A cast or form of writing
   peculiar to each hand.
    That you beat me at the mart,  I have your hand
        to show;
  If the skin were parchment,  and the blows you gave
        me ink,
  Your own handwriting would tell  you what I think.
                                      Shaksp.
    To no other cause than the wise  providence of
  God can be referred the diversity  of handwritings.
                                    Cockburn.
 Ha'ndy, han'de. adj. [from hand.]
 1. Executed or performed by the hand.
    They were but few, yet  they would easily over-
  throw the great numbers of them, if ever they came
  to handy blows.                       Knolles-
    Both parties now were drawn so close,
  Almost to come to handy blows.        Hudibras.
 2. Ready; dexterous; skilful.
    She stript the stalks of all their leaves; the best
  She cull'd, and toem with handy care she drest.
                                      Dryden.
    The servants wash the platter, scour the plate;
  And each is handy in his way.           Dryden.
 3. Convenient; ready to  the hand.
    The strike-block is a plane shorter than the joint-
  er, and is more handy than the long jointer. Moxon.
 Ha'ndydandy,  han'de-dan'de. ra.  s.   A
   play in  which children change hands
   and places.
    See how yond justice rails upon yond simple
  thief! Hark in thine ear: change places; and, handy-
  dandy, which is the justice, which is  the thief?
                                      Shaksp.
    Neither cross and pile, nor ducks and drakes, are
  quite so ancient as handydandy.       Arbuthnot.
 To HANG, hang.409 v. a. preler. and part.
  pass hanged or hung, anciently hong.
  [hanjan, Saxon.]
 1. To suspend;  to fasten in such a manner
  as  to be  sustained, not below but above.
          Strangely visited people he cures;
  Hanging a golden stamp about their  necks,
  Put on with holy prayers.                Shaksp.
    His great army is utterly ruined, he himself slain
  in it, and his head and right hand cut off, and hung
  up before Jerusalem.                    Soufft.
2. To place without any solid  support.
    Thou  all things hast of nothing made,
  That hung'st the  solid earth  in fleeting ah,
  Vein'd with clear springs, which ambient seas re-
          pair.                        Sandys.
                   5x2
 3. To choke and kill by  suspending  by
   the neck, so as  that the ligature  inter-
   cepts the breath and circulation.
     He hath commission from thy wife and me
   To hang Cordelia in the prison.          Shaksp
     Hanging supposes human soul and reason;
   This animal's below committing treason:
   Shall he be hang'd, who never could rebel ?
   That's a preferment for Achitophel.      Dryden
 4. To display; to show aloft.
     This unlucky mole misled several coxcombs; and,
  like the hanging out of false colours, made some of
  them converse with Rosalinda in what they thought
  toe spirit of her party.                  .Addison.
 5. To let fall below the  proper situation;
   to decline.
     There is a wicked  man that hangeth  down  his
  head sadly: but inwardly he is full of deceit. Ecclus.
     The beauties of this place should mourn;
  Th' immortal fruits and flow'rs at my return
  Should ftang-  their wither'd head; for  sure  roy
         breath
  Is now more pois'nous.                 Dryden.
    The rose is fragrant, but it fades in time;
  The violet sweet, but quickly past the prime;
  White lilies hang their heads, and soon decay;
  And whiter snow in minutes melts away.   Dryden.
    The cheerful birds no longer sing;
  Each drops his head, and ftangs his wing.    Prior.
6. To fix in such a manner as in some di-
   rections to be moveable.
    The gates and toe chambers  they renewed, and
  hanged doors upon them.                 1 Mac

7. To cover or charge by  any thing  sus-
   pended.
    Hung be  the heav'ns with  black, yield  day to
        night!                         Shaksp.
    The pavement ever foul  with human gore;|
  Heads and their mangled members hung the door.
                                      Dryden.
8. To furnish with ornaments or draperies
   fastened to the wall.
    Musick is better in chambers wainscotted than
  hanged.                              Bacon.
    If e'er my pious father for my sake
  Did grateful off'rings on thy altars make,
  Or I increas'd them with my sylvan toils,
  Andftnng thy holy roofs with savage spoils,
  Give me to scatter these.               Dryden,
    Sir Roger has hung several  parts of his house
  with the trophies of his labours.           Addison,
 To Hang, hang. v. ra.
 1. To be  suspended;  to  be  supported
   above, not below.
    Over it a fair portcullis hung,
  Which to the gate directly did incline,
  Wito comely compass and compacture  strong.
                                      Spenser.
2. To depend; to fall loosely on the lower
   part; to dangle.
    Upon her shoulders wings she wears,
  Like hanging sleeves, lin'd through with ears.
                                    Hudibras.
    If gaming does an aged sire entice,
  Then my young master swiftly learns the vice,
  And shakes  in hanging sleeves the little box and
        d»ce.                          Dryden.
3. To bend forward.
    By hanging is only meant a posture of bending
  forward to strike the enemy.            Addison.
4. To float; to piay.
    And fall these sayings from that gentle tongue
  Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung?
                                        Prior.
5. To be  supported  by something raised
   above the ground.
    Whatever is placed on the head may be said to
  hang; as  we call hanging  gardens such as are
  planted on the top of the house.          Addison.
6. To rest upon by embracing. 
HAN
HAN
HAP
    She hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss
  She vied.                             Shaksp.
    To-day might I, hanging on Hotspur's neck,
  Have talk'd of Monmouth's grave.        Sliaksp
    Faustina is described in the form of a lady sitting
  upon a bed, and two little infants hanging about her
  neck.                               Peacham.
7. To hover; to impend.
    He hath a heavenly gift of prophecy;
  And sundry blessings hang about his  throne,
  That speak him full of grace.            Shaksp.
    Odious names of distinction, which had  slept
  while the dread of popery ftwng over  us, were re-
  vived.                              Atterbury.
8. To be loosely joined.
               Whither go you?
  ----To see your wife; is she at home?
  —Ay, and as idle as she may ftang together. Shak.
9. To drag; to  be incommodiously joined.
           In my Lucia's absence
  Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden.
                                      Addison.
 10. To be  compact or  united:  with to-
   gether.
    In toe common cause we are all  of a piece: we
  hang together.                         Dryden.
    Your device hangs very well  fogeffter;-but is it
  not liable to exceptions?               Addison.
 11. To adhere, unwelcomely or incommo-
   diously.
    A cheerful temper shines out in all her conversa-
   tion, and dissipates those apprehensions which hang
   on  the timorous  or the modest, when admitted  to
   her presence.                        Addison.
     Shining landskips, gilded triumphs, and beautiful
   faces, disperse that gloominess which is apt to hang
   upon the mind in those dark disconsolate seasons.
                                      Addison.
  12. To rest; to reside.
     Sleep shall neither night nor day
   Hang upon his penthouse lid.            Shaksp.
  13.  To be  in  suspence;  to be  in a state  of
   uncertainty.
     The life shall hang in  doubt  before thee, and
   thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none
   assurance of thy life.              Deuteronomy.
  3 4.  To be delayed; to linger.
           A noble stroke he lifted high,
   Which hung not,  but so swift with  tempest fell
   On the proud crest of Satan.            Jtfiffon.
     She thrice essay'd to speak; her  accents hung,
   And fault'ring dy'd unfinish'd on her tongue.  Dryd.
  15.  To be dependant on.
             Oh, how  wretched
   Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favours!
                                    Shakspeare.
     Great queen! whose name strikes haughty mo-
           narchs pale,
   On whose just sceptre hangs Europa's scale. Prior.
  16.  To be fixed  or suspended with at-
   tention.
     Though wond'ring senates hung on all he  spoke,
   The club must hail him master of the joke.  Pope.
  17.  To have a steep declivity.
      Sussex marl  shews itself on the middle  of the
   sides of hanging  grounds.             Mortimer.
  18.  To be executed by  the  halter.
     The court forsakes him,  and sir Balaam  hangs.
                                          Pope.
  19/ To decline; to tend down.
     His neck obliquely o'er his shoulders hung,
   Press'd with the  weight of sleep  that  tames the
            strong.                         Pope.
 Ha'nger, hang'iir.409  ra. s.  [from hang.]
   That by which any thing hangs: as, the
   pot hangers.
 Ha'nger,  hang'ur.98  ra. s.  [from hang.]
   A short broad sword.
 Ha'nger-on,  hang-fir-on'.   re.  s.  [from
  hang.]   A  dependant;  one  who eats
  and chinks without payment.
    If the wife or children were absent, their rooms
  were supplied by the umbrae, or hangers-on.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    They all excused themselves save two, which
  two  he reckoned  his  friends,  and all  the  rest
  hangers-on.                        L'Estrange.
    He is a perpetual  ftanger-on, yet nobody knows
  how to be without him.                   Swift.

Ha'nging, hang'ing.410 ra.  s. [from hang.]
1. Drapery hung or fastened  against  the
  walls of rooms  by way of ornament.
    Like rich hangings in an homely house,
  So was his will in his old feeble body.      Shaksp.
    Being informed that his  breakfast was ready, he
  drew towards the door, where  the hangings were
  held up.                           Clarendon.
    Now purple hangings cloath the palace walls,
  And sumptuous feasts are made in splendid halls.
                                      Dryden.
    Lucas Van Leyden has infected all Europe  with
  his designs for tapestry, which,  by the ignorant, are
  called ancient hangings.                Dryden.
    Rome oft has heard  a cross haranguing,
  With prompting priest behind the hanging.  Prior.
2. Any thing that hangs to another.  Not
  in  use.
    A storm, or robbery, call it what you will,
  Shook down my mellow hangings, nay, my leaves,
  And left me bare to weather.        Shakspeare.
Ha'nginu, hang'ing. participial adj. [from
  hang.]
1. Foreboding death by the halter.
    Surely, sir, a good favour you have; but that you
  have a hanging look.               Shakspeare.
             What ^Ethiop's lips he has!
  How foul  a snout, and what  a hanging face!
                                      Dryden.
2.  Requiring to be punished by the halter;
   a hanging matter.
Ha'ngman, hang'man.88 ra. s.  [hang  and
   man.
1.  The publick executioner.
    This monster sat like a hangman upon a pair of
  gallows; in his  right hand he was painted holding
  a crown of laurel, and in his  left hand a  purse of
  money.                               Sidney.
    Who makes that noise there? who are you?
  —Your friend, sir, the hangman:  you  must be so
  good, sir, to rise, and be put to death.     Shaksp.
             Men do not stand
  In so ill case, that God hath with his hand
  Sign'd kings blank charters to  kill whom they hate,
  Nor are toey vicars, but hangmen to fate.  Donne.
    I never knew a critick, who made it his business
  to lash the faults of other writers, that was not guil-
  ty of greater himself;  as the hangman is generally
  a worse malefactor  than the criminal that suffers
  by his hand.                         Addison.
2.  A term of reproach, either serious  or
   ludicrous.
    One cried, God bless us! and Amen! the other;
  As  they had seen me with  these hangman's hands:
  Listening their fear, I could not say Amen,
  When they did say God bless us.      Shakspeare.
    He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's  bowstring,
  and the little ftangwian dare not shoot at him.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
Hank, hangk.  ra. s. [hank,  Islandick,  a
   chain or coil of rope.]
 1.  A skein of thread.
2.  A tie;  a check; an influence.   Alow
   word.
    Do we think we have the ftanifc that some gal-
  lants have on their trusting merchants, that, upon
  peril of losing all former scores, he must still  go on
  to supply?                      Decay of Piety.
 To Ha'nker, hangk'iir. v. ra. [hankeren.
  Dutch.]  To long  importunately;  to
  have an incessant wish: it has common-
  ly after before the thing desired.   It is
  scarcely used but in familiar language
    And now the saints began their reign,
  For which to' had yearn'd so long in vain,
  And felt such bowel ftanfcerings,
  To see an empire all of kings.          Hudibras
    Among women and children, care is to be taken
  toat they get not a hankering  after these juggling
  astrologers and fortune-tellers.        L'Estrange.
    The  shepherd  would be a merchant, and the
  merchant hankers after something else. L'Estrange.
    Dost thou not  hanker after a greater liberty in
  some  things?  If not, there's no better sign of a
  good resolution.                        Calamy.
    The wife is an old  coquette, that is always han-
  kering after the diversions of the town. Addison.
    The republick that fell under the subjection of
  toe duke of Florence, still retains many ftanifcer-
  ings after its ancient liberty.           Addison.
Han't,  ha'nt.80  for has not, or have not.
    That roguish leer of your's makes a pretty wo-
  man's heart ake: you ftan'f  that simper about the
  mouth for nothing.                   Addison.
HAP, hap. ra.   s.  [anhap,  in  Welsh, is
  misfortune.]
I. Chance; fortune.
    Whether art it were, or heedless hap,
  As through the flow'ring forest rash she fled,
    In her rude hairs sweet flowers themselves did lap,
  And flourishing  fresh leaves and blossoms did en-
      wrap.                           Spenser.
2. That  which happens by chance or for-
  tune.
    Curst be good haps, and curst be they that build
  Their hopes on haps, and do not make despair
  For all these certain blows the surest shield.   Sid.
    To have ejected  whatsoever that  church doth
  make account of, without any other crime than that
  it hato been the hap thereof to be  used by the
  church of Rome,  and not to be  commanded in toe
  word of God, might haply have pleased some few
  men, who,  having begun such a course themselves,
  must be glad to see their example  followed.
                                      Hooker.
    Things casual do  vary, and that which a  man
  doth but chance to think well of cannot still have
  the like hap.                         Hooker.
    Solyman commended them  for their valour  in
  their evil ftaps, more than the victory of others got
  by good fortune.                       Knolles.
    A fox had toe hap to fall into the walk of a lion.
                                    L'Estrange,
3.  Accident; casual event; misfortune.
    Nor  feared she among the bands to stray
  Of armed men;  for often had she seen
    The tragick end of many a bloody fray:
  Her life had full of haps and hazards been.
                                      Fairfax.
Hap-hazard, hap-haz'ard.88 re. s. Chance;
   accident: perhaps originally hap haz-
   arde.
     The former of these is the most sure and infal-
  lible way; but  so hard that all shun it, and had
  rather  walk as men do in the dark by hap-hazard,
  than tread so long and intricate mazes for know-
  ledge' sake.                          Hooker.
     We live at hap-hazard, and without any insight
  into causes and effects.              L'Estrange.
     We take our principles at hap-hazard upon trust,
  and then believe a whole system upon a presump-
  tion that they are true.                   Locke.
 To Hap, hap. v. ra. [from the noun.]
 1.  To happen;  to have the  casual conse-
   quence.
     It will be too late to gather ships or soldiers,
  which  may need to be  presently  employed, and
  whose want may hap to hazard a kingdom. Spenser.
 2.  To come by chance; to befall casually.
             Run you to the citadel, 
HAP
HAR
HAR
  And tell my lord and lady what hath hap'd. Shaksp.
    In destructions  by deluge, the  remnant  which
  hap to be reserved are ignorant people.    Bacon
Ha'pless,  hap'les. adj. [from hap.]  Un-
   happy;  unfortunate; luckless; unlucky.
    Hapless iEgeon, whom the fates havemark'd
  To bear to' extremity of dire mishap!     Shaksp.
    Here hapless Icarus had found his part,
  Had not the father's grief restrain'd his art. Dryd.
    Did his hapless passion equal mine,
  I would refuse the bliss.                  Smith.
 Ha'ply, hap'le.  adv.  [from hap.]
 1.  Perhaps;  peradventure;  it may be.
    This love of theirs myself have often seen,
   Haply when they have judg'd me fast asleep.
                                   Shakspeare.
                   To warn
   Us, ftapfy too secure, of our discharge
   From penalty, because from death releas'd
   Some days.                           Jtfiffon.
     Then ftapfy yet your breast remains untouch'd,
   Though that seems strange.               Rowe.
     Let us now see what conclusions may be found
   for instruction of any other state, that may ftapfy
   labour under the like circumstances.        Swift.
 2. By chance;  by accident.
     Leviathan, which God of all his works
   Created hugest, toat swim the ocean stream,
   Him ftapfy slumb'ring on toe Norway foam,
   The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff
   Deeming some island oft, as seamen tell,
   With fixed anchor in his scaly rind,
   Moors by his side.                      MUton.
  To Ha'ppen, hap'p'n.408 v. ra. [from hap]
  1. To fall out;  to  chance; to come  to
    pass.
   Bring forth  your strong  reasons, and shew us
 what shall happen.                       Isaiah.
   Say not have I sinned, and what harm hath hap-
 pened unto me?                        Ecclus.
   If it so fall out toat thou art miserable for ever,
 thou hast no reason to be surprised, as if some un-
 expected thing had happened to thee.    Tillotson.
2.  To light;  to fall by chance.
   I have happened on some other accounts relating
 to mortalities.                         Graunt
Ha'ppily, hap'pe-le. adv. [from happy.]
1.  Fortunately; luckily;  successfully.
    I come to wive it wealthily in Padua:
 If wealthily, then ftappify in Padua.    Shakspeare.
    Preferr'd by conquest, happily o'ertorown,
 Falling they rise to be with us made one.  Waffer.
    Neither is it so trivial an undertaking to make a
 tragedy end ftappify;  for 'tis more difficult to save
 than kill.                          . ,  **»<*».
2.  Addressfully;  gracefully; without la-
   bour.
    Form'd by thy converse, happily to steer
  From grave to gay, from lively to severe.    Pope.
3.  In a state of felicity:  as, he  lives hap-
   pily.
4. By  chance;  peradventure.    In  this
   sense happily is written erroneously for
   haply.
    One thing more I  shall  wish  you  to desire  of
  them,  who ftappify may peruse these two treatises.
                                       Digby.
HA'ppiNESS,hap'pe-nes.ra.s.[fromA«/z/it/.]
1. Felicity; state in which the desires are
   satisfied.
    Happiness is  that estate whereby we attain,  so
  far as possibly may be attained, the full possession
  of that which  simply for itself  is to be  desired,
  and containeth  in it after an eminent  sort the con-
  tentation of our desires, the highest degree of all
  our perfection.                        Hooker.
    Oh! happiness of  sweet retired content,
  To be at once secure and innocent.       Denham.
    Philosophers differ about the chief good or hap-
  piness of man.                        Teniae.
    The various and contrary choices that men make
  in the world, argue toat the same thing is not good
  to every man alike: this variety  of pursuits shews,
  that every one does not place  his happiness in the
  same thing.                            Locke.
1. Good luck;  good fortune.
3. Fortuitous elegance;  unstudied grace.
    Certain graces and happinesses, peculiar to every
  language, give life and energy to the words.
                                     Denham.
    Some  beauties yet no precepts can declare;
  For there's a happiness as well as care.      Pope.
    Form'd by some rule toat  guides  but not con-
       strains,
  And finish'd more through happiness than pains.
                                        Pope.
Ha'ppy, hap'pe. adj. [from hap; as lucky
   for luck]
I.  In a state of felicity;  in a state where
   the desire is satisfied.
    At other end Uran did Strephon lend
  Her ftappy making hand.               Sidney.
             Am I ftappy in thy news?
  —If to have done the thing you gave in charge,
  Beget your happiness, be happy then;
  For it is done.                     Shakspeare.
    Truth and peace, and love, shall ever shine
  About the supreme throne
  Of him, t' whose ftappy making sight alone,
  Our heav'nly guided soul shall climb.     Jtfiffon.
     Though the  presence of imaginary good  cannot
   make us ftappy, the absence of  it may make us mi-
   serable.                             Addison.
 2.  Lucky; successful; fortunate.
     Chymists have been more ftappy in finding expe-
   riments than toe causes of them.           Boyle.
     Yet in this agony his fancy wrought,
   And fear supply'd him with tois ftappy toought.
                                      Dryden.
  3. Addressful; ready.
     One gentleman is ftappy at  reply, and another
   excels in a rejoinder.                    Swift.
  Ha'queton,  hak'kwe-tiin.  ra.  s.   A coat
    of mail.                         Spenser.
  Hara'ngue, ha-rang'.337 ra. s. [harangue,
    French.  The original  of the French
    word  is   much  questioned:  Menage
    thinks it a corruption of hearing, Eng-
    lish;  Junius imagines it to be  discours
    au rang, to a  circle,  which the Italian
    arringo seems to  favour.  Perhaps it
    may  be from orare, or  orationaire, ora-
    tioner, oraner, aranger, haranguer.]  A
    speech;  a  popular  oration.
      Gray-headed men, and  grave, wito warriors
         mix'd,
    Assemble, and harangues are heard, but soon
    In factious opposition.                  Milton.
      Nothing  can better improve political schoolboys
    than  the art of making  plausible  or  implausible
    harangues, against the very opinion for which they
    resolve to determine.                    Swift.
      Many preachers  neglect method  in  their ha-
    rangues.                               Watts.
  To Hara'ngue, ha-rang'.  v. ra. [haran-
    guer, French.]   To make  a speech; to
    pronounce an oration.
  To Hara'ngue,  ha-rang'. v. a.  To  ad-
    dress by an oration:  as,  he harangued
    the troops.
  Hara'nguer, ha-rang'ur. ra. s. [from  ha-
    rangue.]  An  orator;  a  publick speaker:
     generally  with  some  mixture of con-
     tempt.
   To Ha'rass, har-as. v. a.  [harasser,  Fr.
     from harasse, a heavy  buckler, accord-
     ing  to Du Cange.]  To weary;  to fa-
  tigue;  to tire  with labour and  uneas;
  ness.
    These troops came to the army but the day be-
  fore, harassed with a long and wearisome march.
                                       Bacon.
    Our walls are thinly mann'd, our best men slain;
  The rest, an heartless number, spent wito watching,
  And harass'd out with duty.              Dryden.
    Nature oppress'd, and harass'd out with care,
  Sinks down to rest.                   Addison
  Out increases the force of the verb.
Ha'rass,  har'as. ra. s. [from  the verb.]
  Waste;  disturbance.
    The men of Judah, to prevent
  The harass of toeir land, beset me round. Jtfiffon.

Ha'rbinger, har'bin-jiir. ra. s. [herberger^
  Dutch, one who  goes to provide lodg-
  ings or an harbour for those that follow.]
  A forerunner; a precursor.
    Make all our  trumpets  speak, give them all
       breath,
  Those clam'rous harbingers of blood and death.
                                   Sftafcspeare.
    I'll be myself the harbinger, and make joyful
  The hearing of my wife with your approach. Shaks.
    Sin, and her shadow death, and misery,
  Death's harbinger.                     MiUon,
    And now of love they treat, 'till to' evening star,
  Love's harbinger, appear'd.              Jtfiffon.
    Before him a great prophet, to proclaim
  His coming, is sent harbinger, who all
  Invites.                              Milton-
    As Ormond's harbinger to you they run;
  For Venus is the promise of the Sun.     Dryden.

 HA'RBOUR, har'bur.314 ra. s.  [herberget
   French; herberg, Dutch; albergo, Ital.]
 1.  A lodging; a  place  of entertainment.
    Forftar&cntr at a thousand doors toey knock'd;
  Not one of all the thousand but was lock'd.
                                       Dryden.
             Doubly curs'd
  Be all those easy fools who give it harbour.  Rowt.
 2.  A port or haven for  shipping.
              Three of your argosies
   Are richly come to harbour suddenly.    Shaksp.
     They leave the mouths of Po,
   That all toe borders of the town o'erflow;
   And spreading round in one continu'd lake,
   A spacious hospitable harbour make.     Addison

 3. An  asylum; a shelter;  a place of shel-
    ter and  security.
  To Ha'rbour, har'bur. v. ra.  [from  the
    noun.]  To  receive entertainment; to
    sojourn; to take shelter.
     This night let's harbour here in York.   Shaksp.
              They are sent by me,
    That they should harbour where their lord  would
       be.                           Shakspeare.
     Southwards they bent their flight,
    And harbour'd in a hollow rock at night:
    Next morn toey rose, and set up ev'ry sail;
    The wind was fair, but blew a mackrel gale.
                                        Dryden,
      Let me be grateful; but let far from me
    Be fawning cringe, and false dissembling look,
    And servile flattery, that ftarSours oft
    In courts and gilded roofs.               Pftiiips.
  To Ha'rbour, har'blir. v. a.
  1. To entertain; to permit to reside.
      My lady bids me tell you, that though she  ftar-
    bonrs you as her uncle, she's nothing allied to  your
    disorders.                         Shakspeare.
      Knaves I know, which in tois plainness
    Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends,
    Than twenty silky ducking observants.      Shaksp.
       Let not your gentle breast harbour one thought
    Of outrage from the king.                 Rowe.
       We owe this old house the same kind  of grati-
    tude that we do to an old friend who harbours us in 
HAR
HAR
HAR
  his declining condition, nay  even in his last ex-
  tremities.                               Pone.
    How people, so greatly warmed with a sense  of
  liberty, should be capable of  ftaroouring such weak
  superstition; and that so much bravery and so much
  folly can inhabit the same breasts.          Pope.
2. To  shelter; to secure.
    Harbour yourself this  night  in this castle: this
  Country is very dangerous for murthering thieves to
  trust a sleeping life among them.         Sidney.

Ha'rbourage, har'bilr-aje.90  ra. s. [her-
   bergage, French, from harbour.]   Shel-
   ter;  entertainment.
    Let in us, your king, whose labour'd spirits,
  Forewearied in this action of swift speed,
  Crave harbourage within your city walls.   Shaksp.

 Ha'rbourer, har'b&r-ur.98  re.  8.  [from
   harbour.]   One that entertains another.

 Ha'rbourless,  har'bCir-les.  adj.  [from
 i  harbour.]    Wanting  harbour;   being
   without lodging;  without shelter.
 Harbrough, har'bro. for harbour.
                                      Spenser.
 HARD,  hard.78 adj. [heapb,  Sax.  hard,
   Dutch.]
 1.  Firm;  resisting  penetration  or  sepa-
   ration;  not soft;  not easy to be pierced
   or broken.
     Repose you there, while 1  to the hard house,
   More hard than is the stone whereof 'tis rais'd;
   Which even but now, demanding after you,
   Denied me to come in.               Shakspeare.

 2.  Difficult;  not easy to the intellect.
     Some  diseases,  when they are easy to be cur'd,
   are hard to be known.                   Sidney.
     The ftard  causes they brought unto Moses; but
   every small matter they judged themselves.  Exod.
     When hard words, jealousies, and fears,
   Set folks together by  the ears.         Hudibras.
     'Tis hard to say if  Clymene were mov'd,
   More by his pray'r, whom she so dearly lov'd,
   Or more with fury fir'd.                 Dryden.
     As for  the hard words,  which I was obliged to
   use, they are either terms of art, or such as I sub-
   stituted in the place of others that were too low.
                                      Arbuthnot.
 3. Difficult   of  accomplishment;  full  of
   difficulties.
     Is  any thing too hard for the Lord.     Genesis.
                Possess
   As lords a spacious world, t' our native heav'n
   Little inferior by my adventure hard
   With peril great achiev'd.                Milton.
              Long is the way
   And  hard, that out of hell leads up to light:
   Our prison strong.                       Jtfiffon.
     He now discerned he was wholly to be on the de-
   fensive,  and  that was like to be a very hard part
   too.                                Clarendon.
     Nervous and tendinous parts, have worse symp-
   toms, and are harder of cure than fleshy ones.
                                       Wiseman.
     The love and pious duty which you pay
   Have pass'd the perils of so a ftard a way.   Dryd.
 4. Painful; distressful; laborious action or
   suffering.
     Rachael travailed, and she had hard labour.
                                         Genesis.
     Worcester's horse  came but to-day;
   And  now  their pride  and mettle is asleep,
   Their courage with ftard labour tame and dull,
   That not a horse is half of himself.        Shaksp.
     Continual hard duty, with little fighting, lessened
   and diminished his army.             Clarendon.
     When Sebastian weeps, his tears
   Come harder than his blood.             Dryden.
     A  man obliged to  hard labour is not reduced to
   the necessity of having twice as much victuals as one
   under no necessity to work.               Cheyne.
5. Cruel; oppressive; rigorous; as, a hard
   heart.
    The bargain of Julius III.  may be  accounted a
  very hard one.                          JJroton.
    When scarce my sheep, and scarce my painful
        plough,
  The needful aids of human life allow;
  So wretched is thy son, so hard a mother thou.
                                       Dryden.
    If you thought that ftard upon you, we would not
  refuse you half your time.               Dryden.
    A loss  of one third of their estates will be a very
  hard case upon a great number of people.   Locke.
    No people live  with  more ease  and prosperity
  than the subjects of little commonwealths; as on the
  contrary, toere are none who suffer  more under the
  grievances of a hard government than the  subjects
  of little principalities.                  Addison.
    To find a  bill that  may bring punishment  upon
  the innocent, will appear very hard.        Swift.
6.  Sour;  rough;  severe.
    What, have you given him  any  ftard  words of
  late?                                  Shaksp.
    Rough ungovernable  passions hurry men  on to
  say or do very hard or offensive things.  Atterbury,

7.  Unfavourable; unkind.
    As thou lov'st me, do him not that wrong,
  To bear a hard opinion of his truth.       Shaksp.
     Absalom  and  Achitophel he thinks is a little
  hard on his fanatick patrons.             Diyden.
    Some hard rumours have been transmitted from
  V other side the water, and rumours of the severest
  kind.                                   Swift.
8.  Insensible; inflexible.
             If I by chance succeed
   In  what I write, and that's a chance indeed,
   Know I am not so stupid, or so  hard,
   Not to feel praise, or fame's deserv'd reward.
                                        jDryden.
9.  Unhappy; vexatious.
     It is a very hard quality upon our soil or climate,
   that so  excellent a fruit, which prospers among all
   our neighbours, will not grow here.        Temple.

 10.  Vehement;  keen;  severe: as, a  hard
    winter; hard weather.
 11.  Unreasonable; unjust.
     It is a little hard, that in an affair of the last con.
   sequence to the very being of toe clergy, this whole
   reverend body should be the sole persons not con-
   sulted.                                  Swift.
     It is toe  hardest case in the world, that Steele
   should take up the reports of  his faction, and put
   them off as additional fears.                Swiff.
 12.  Forced; not easily granted.
     If we allow toe first couple, at the end of one
   hundred years,  to  have left ten pair of breeders,
   which is no hard supposition; there would arise
   from these, in fifteen  hundred years, a greater num-
   ber than the earth was capable of.        Burnet.
 13.  Powerful; forcible.
     The  stag was too  hard for the  horse, and  the
   horse flies for succour to  the man  that's too ftard
   for him, and rides the one to  death, and outright
   kills the other.                      L'Estrange.
     Let them consider  the vexation they are treasur-
   ing up for themselves,  by struggling with a power
   which will be always too hard  for them.   Addison.
     A disputant, when  he finds  toat his adversary is
   too hard for him,  with slyness turns the discourse.
                                          Watts.
 14.  Austere; rough, as  liquids.
      In making of vinegar, set vessels of wine over-
   against the  noon sun, which calleth out the more
   oily spirits, and leaveth the spirit more  sour and
   hard.                                  Bacon.
 15.  Harsh; stiff; constrained.
     Others, scrupulously tied  to the  practice  of the
   ancients, make their figures harder than  even toe
   marble itself.                          Dryden.
     His diction is hard, his figures too bold, and his
   tropes,   particularly  his  metaphors, insufferably
   strained.                              Dryden.
16. Not plentiful;  not prosperous.
    There are bonfires decreed; and, if the times had
  not been ftard, my billet should have burnt too.
                                       Dryden.
17. Avaricious; faultily sparing.

Hard, hard. adv.  [hardo, very old Ger.]
I. Close; near:  often with by.
    Hard by was a house of pleasure, built for a sum-
  mer retiring place.                      Sidney.
    They doubted a while what it should be, 'till  it
  was cast up even  liard before them; at which time
  they fully saw it was a man.              Sidney.
    A little lowly hermitage it was,
  Down in a dale hard by a forest's side,
    Far from resort of people that did pass
  In travel to and fro.                    Spenser.
    Sarce had he said,  when hard at hand they  spie
  That quicksand nigh, with water covered. Spenser.
    When these marshal the way, ftard at hand comes
  the master and main exercise.         Shakspeare.
    Abimelech went hard unto the door of toe tower,
  to burn it wito fire.                      Judges.
    The Philistines followed hard upon Saul. 2 Sam.
    Hard by a cottage chimney smokes,
  From betwixt two aged oaks.             Jtfiffon.
2.  Diligently;   laboriously;   incessantly;
   vehemently;  earnestly; importunately.
    Geneura rose in his defence,
  And pray'd so hard for mercy from the prince,
  That to his queen the king to' offender gave. Dryd.
    An ant works as hard as a man who should carry
  a very heavy load eveiy day four leagues.  Addison.
    Whoever my unknown correspondent be, he pres-
  ses ftard for an answer, and is earnest in that point.
                                     Atterbury,
3.  Uneasily; vexatiously.
    When a  man's servant  shall  play  the cur  with
  him, look you it goes hard.               Shaksp.
4.  Distressfully; so ^s  to raise difficulties.
    The  question is hard set, and we have reason  to
  doubt.                                 Brown,
    A stag, that was hard set  by the huntsmen, be-
  took himself to a stall  for sanctuary.   L'Estrange.
5.  Fast; nimbly; vehemently.
    The  wolves scampered away  as hard as  they
  could drive.                       L'Estrange.
6.  With  difficulty; in a manner requiring
   labour.
    Solid bodies foreshow rain, as boxes and pegs  of
  wood when they draw and wind hard.     Bacon.
7.  Tempestuously; boisterously.
    When the north wind blows  ftard, and it rains
   sadly,  none but fools  sit down in it and cry;  wise
  people defend themselves against it.      Taylor.
 Ha'rdbound,  hard'bd&nd. adj. [hard and
   bound.] Costive.
    Just writes to make his barrenness appear,
   And strains from hardbound brains eight lines  a-
         year.                             Pope.
 To Ha'rden, har'd'n.103 v. a. [from hard]
 1.  To make hard; to indurate.
     Sure he, who first the passage try'd,
   In harden'd oak his heart  did hide,
   And ribs of iron arm'd his side.          Dryden.
     A piece of the hardened marl.      Woodward.
 2. To confirm  in effrontery; to  make im-
    pudent.
 3. To  confirm in  wickedness; to make
    obdurate.
     But exhort one another daily, lest  any of you be
   hardened through the  deceitfulness of sin. Hebrews.
     He  stiffened  his neck,  and  hardened his  heart
   from turning unto the Lord.            2 Chron.
     It is a  melancholy  consideration, that  there
   should be several among us so  hardened and delud-
   ed as to think an oath a proper subject for a jest.
                                        Addison.
 4. To make insensible; to stupify.
     Religion sets before us  not the example of a stu-
   pid stoick, who had by obstinate principles hardened 
HAR
HAR
HAR
 himself against all sense of pain; but an example
 of a man like ourselves, that had a tender sense of
 the least suffering,  and yet patiently endured  the
 greatest.                            Tillotson.
    Years  have not yet hardened me, and I have an
 addition of weight on my spirits since we lost him.
                                 Swift to Pope.
5.  To make firm; to endue with constancy.
    Then should  I yet have comfort? yea,  I would
 harden myself in sorrow.                   Job.
    One raises the soul,  and hardens it to virtue;  the
 other softens it again,  and unbends it into vice.
                                       Dryden.
To Ha'rden, har'd'n. v. ra.  To grow hard.
    The powder of loadstone and flint, by the addi-
  tion of whites of eggs  and gum-dragon,  made into
 paste, will in a few days harden to toe hardness of
  a stone.                                Bacon.
Ha'roener, har'd'n-ur. ra. s. [from  har-
   den.]   One that  makes any thing hard.
HAROFA'vouRED,hard'fa-vur'd. adj.[hard
   and favour.]  Coarse of feature; harsh
   of countenance.
    When the blast of war  blows in you ears,
  Stiffen the sinews,  summon up the blood,
  Disguise fair nature with  hardfavour'd looks,
  Then lend the eye a terrible aspect.      Shaksp.
    The brother a very lovely youth,  and  the sister
  hard-favoured.                      L'Estrange.
    When Vulcan came into the world,  he was so
  ftarcf/auoured that both his parents frowned on him.
                                       Dryden.
Hardha'nded, hard'han-ded.  adj. [hard
   and  hand.]  Coarse; mechanick; that
   has hands hard with labour.
    —Hardhanded men toat work in Athens here,
  Which never labour'd in  their minds 'till now.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
Ha'rdhead,  hard'hed. ra.  s.   [hard  and
   head.]  Clash of heads; manner of fight-
   ing in which the combatants dash their
   heads together.
    I have been at hardhead with your butting citi-
  zens;  I have routed  your herd, I have dispersed
  toem.                                Dryden.

Hardhe'arted, hard-hart'ed.  adj.  [hard
   and heart.]   Cruel;  inexorable;  merci-
   less; pitiless; barbarous; inhuman; sav-
   age; uncompassionate-
    Hardhearted Clifford, take me from the world;
  My soul to heav'n.                 Shakspeare.
    Can you be so hardhearted to destroy
  My ripening hopes, that are so near to joy. Dryd.
    John  Bull,  otherwise a good-natur'd man  was
  very hardhearted to his sister Peg.     Arbuthnot.

Hardhe'artedness,    hard-hart'dd n£s.
   ra. s.   [from  hardhearted.]    Cruelty;
   want of tenderness;  want of compassion.
    Hardheartedness and cruelty is  not only an in-
  human vice, but worse than brutal.    L'Estrange.
    How black and  base a  vice ingratitude is, may
  be seen in those vices which it is always in combi-
  nation with, pride  and hardheartedness, or want of
  compassion.                            South.
    Hardheartedness  is  an essential in the  character
  of a libertine.                        Clarissa.
Ha'rdihead,  har'de-hed.    >  ra. s.  [from
Ha'rdihood, har'de-hud.307 5   hardy.]
   Stoutness; bravery.   Obsolete.
    Enflam'd wito fury and  fierce hardyhead,
  He seem'd in heart to harbour thoughts unkind,
  And nourish bloody vengeance  in his bitter mind.
                                       Spenser.
    Boldly assault the necromancer's hall,
  Where if be be, with dauntless hardihood. Milton.

Ha'rdiment,  har'de-ment.   ra. a. [from
   hardy, hardiment, adv.  French.] Cour-
   age; stoutness; bravery.  Not in use.
    But full of fire and greedy hardiment,
  The youthful knight could not for aught be staid.
                                      Spenser.
    On the gentle Severn's sedgy bank,
  In single opposition, hand to hand,
  He did confound toe best part of an hour,
  In changing hardiment with great Glendower.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Zeal was the spring whence  flowed her hardi-
  ment.                                Fairfax.
Ha'rdiness,  har'de-nes. ra. s.  [hardiesse,
  French; from hardy.]
1. Hardship;  fatigue.
    They are valiant and hardy; great  endurers of
  cold, hunger, and all hardiness.          Spenser.
2. Stoutness; courage;  bravery.
    If we, with thrice such powers left  at home,
  Cannot defend our own doors from the dog,
  Let us be worried; and our nation lose
  The name of hardiness and policy.     Shakspeare.
    Perkin had gathered together a power of all  na-
  tions,  neither in number, nor in the hardiness and
  courage of their persons contemptible.     Bacon.
    He  has the  courage  of a rational creature, and
  such an hardiness we should endeavour by custom
  and use to bring children to.              Locke.
    Criminal as you  are, you avenge yourself against
  the hardiness of one that should tell you of it. Spec.
3.  Effrontery; confidence.

Hardla'boured,   hard-la'bi\r'd.36a  adj.
   [hard and labour.]  Elaborate; studied;
   diligently wrought.
    How chearfully the hawkers cry
  A satire, and the gentry buy!
  While my hardlabour'd poem pines,
  Unsold upon the printer's lines.            Swift.
Ha'rdly, hard'le.  adv. [from hard.]
I.  W ith difficulty; not  easily.
    Touching things which generally are  received,
  although in themselves they be most certain, yet,
  because men presume them granted of  all, we  are
  hardliest able to bring such proof of toeir certainty
  as may satisfy gainsayers, when suddenly and  be-
  sides expectation they require the same at our hands.
                                       Hooker.
    There are but a few, and they endued with great
  ripeness of wit and judgment, free from all such af-
  fairs as might trouble their meditations, instructed
  in the sharpest and subtlest points of learning; who
  have,  and that very hardly, been able to find out
  but only the immortality of the soul.       Hooker.
    God hath delivered  a law as sharp  as the two-
  edged sword,  piercing the very closest  and most
  unsearchable corners  ofthe heart, which the law of
  nature can hardly,  human laws by no means, possi-
  bly reach unto.                        Hooker.
    There are in living creatures parts that nourish
  and repair easily, and parts that nourish and repair
  hardly.                               Bacon.
    The barks of those trees are more close and  soft
  than those of oaks and ashes, whereby the moss  can
  the hardlier issue out.                   Bacon.
    The father,  mother, daughter, they invite;
  Hardly the dame was drawn to this repast.  Dryd.
    Recov'ring hardly what he lost before,
  His right endears it much, his purchase more.
                                       Dryden.
    False confidence is easily taken up, and hardly
  laid down.                             Soufft.
2.  Scarcely;  scant;  not lightly;  with  no
   likelihood.
    The fish that once was caught,  new bait will
         hardly bite.                Jhtry Queen.
    They are worn, lord consul, so
  That we shall hardly in our ages see
  Their banners wave again.              Shaksp.
    Hardly shall you find any one so bad, but he de-
  sires the credit of being thought good.      Soufft.
3.  Almo'ii  not; barely.
    The wand'ring breath was on the wing to part,
  Weak was the pulse, and hardly heav'd the  heart.
                                       jDryden.
    There is ftardfy a gentleman  in the nation wiic
  hath not a near alliance with some of that body.
                                        Swift.
4. Grudgingly; as an injury.
            If I unwittingly
  Have aught committed that is hardly borne
  By any in this presence, I desire
  To reconcile  me.                   Shakspeare
5. Severely;  unfavourably.
    If there are some reasons inducing you to think
  hardly of our  laws, arc  those reasons demonstra-
  tive, are they necessary, or mere possibilities only?
                                       Hooker.
6. Rigorously; oppressively.
    Many men  believed that he was hardly dealt
  with.                              Clarendon.
    They are  now  in prison, and  treated hardly
  enough; for there are fifteen dead within two years.
                                      Addison.
    They have begun to say, and to fetch instances,
  where he has in  many things been hardly used.
                                        Swift.
7. Unwelcomely; harshly;
    Such information comes very  hardly and harshly
  to a grown man;  and however softened goes but ill
  down.                                  Locke.
8. Not  softly; not tenderly; not  delicately,
    Heav'n was her canopy; bare earth her bed;
  So hardly lodg'd.                      Dryden.
Ha'rdmouthed,  hard-moUTH'd'.   adj.
  [hard and mouth]  Disobedient  to  the
  rein;  not sensible of the bit.
    'Tis time my hardmcuthed coursers to controul,
  Apt to run riot, and transgress the goal.   Diyden.
    But who can youth, let loose to vice restrain?
  When once the hardmouth'd horse has got the rein,
  He's past thy pow'r to stop.             Dryden.
Ha'rdness, hard'nes. ra. *. [from hard.]
I. Durity; power of resistance in bodies.
    Hardness is a firm cohesion of the parts of matter
  that make up masses  of a sensible bulk, so toat the
  whole  does not easily ehange its figure.     Locke.
    From the various  combinations of these corpus-
  cles happen all toe varieties of the bodies formed
  out of them,  in colour, taste, smell, hardness,  and
  specifick gravity.                    Woodward.
2. Difficulty to be understood.
            This label on my bosom
  Is so from sense  in hardness, that I can
  Make no collection of it.             Shakspeare.
3. Difficulty to be accomplished.
    It was time now or never to sharpen my inten-
  tion to pierce through the hardness of this enter-
  prize.                                 Sidney.
    Concerning the duty itself, the hardness thereof
  is not  such as needeto much art.         Hooker.
4. Scarcity; penury.
    The tenants poor, the hardness of the times,
  Are ill excuses for a servant's crimes.      Swift.
5. Obduracy; profligateness.
    Every commission  of sin introduces unto the  sou".
  a certain degree of hardness, and an aptness to con-
  tinue in that sin.                        South.
6. Coarseness; harshness of look.
    By their virtuous behaviour toey compensate the
  hardness of their favour,  and by the pulchritude of
  their souls make up what is wanting  in the beauty
  of their bodies.                          Ray.
7. Keenness; vehemence  of weather  or
   seasons.
    If the hardness of toe winter should spoil them,
  neither the loss of seed nor labour will be much.
                                     Mortimer.
8. Cruelty ot temper; savageness; harsh-
  ness; barbarity.
            We  will  ask,
  That if we fail in our request,  the blame
  May hang upon our hardness.          Shakspeare.
    They quicken  sloth, perplexities unty,
  Make roughness smooth, and hardness mollify.
                                      Denham. 
HAR
HAR
HAR
9. Stiffness; harshness.
    Sculptors  are obliged to follow the manners of
  the painters, and to make many ample folds, which
  are insufferable hardnesses, and more like a rock
  than a natural garment.               Dryden.
10. Faulty  parsimony; stinginess.
Ha'rdock, har'dok. ra. s.  I suppose the
   same with burdock.
          Why he was met ev'n now,
  Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,
  AVith hardocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers.
                                   Shakspeare.
Hards, hardz. ra. s.  The refuse or coarser
   part of flax.
Ha'rdship, hard'ship. ra. s. [from hard.]
 1.  Injury;  oppression.
    They are ripe for a peace, to enjoy what we have
  conquered for them; and so arc we, to recover the
  effects of their hardships upon us.          Swift.
 2.  Inconvenience; fatigue.
    They were exposed  to hardship  and penury.
                                       Spraf.
    You could not undergo the toils of war,
  Nor bear the hardships that your leaders bore.
                                     Addison.
    In journeys or at home, in war or peace,
   By hardships many, many fall by ease.     Prior.
 Ha'rdware,  hard'ware. ra.  s. [hard and
   ware.] Manufactures of metal.
 Ha'rdwareman, hard'ware-man.  ra.   *.
   [hardware and man.] A maker or seller
   of metalline manufactures.
     One William Wood, an hardwareman, obtains by
   fraud a patent in  England to coin copper to pass in
   Ireland.                               Swift.
 HA'RDY, har'de.  adj. [hardi, French.]
 I.  Bold;  brave; stout; daring; resolute.
     Try the  imagination of some in cock-fights, to
   make one  cock more hardy, and the other more
   cowardly.                            Bacon.
                 Recite
   The feats of Amazons, the fatal fight
   Betwixt the ftardy queen and hero  knight.   Dryd.
     WTio is there ftardy enough  to contend with toe
   reproach which is prepared for those, who dare
   venture to dissent from the received opinions of
   their countiy?                          Locke.
     Could thirst of vengeance, and desire of fame,
   Excite the  female breast with martial flame?
   And shall not love's diviner pow'r  inspire
   More hardy virtue, and more gen'rous fire?  Prior.
 2. Strong; hard; firm.
     Is a man confident of his present strength?  An
   unwholesome blast may shake in pieces his hardy
   fabrick.                               Soufft.
 3.  Confident;  impudent;  vitiously  stub-
    born.
 Hare and Here, hare and here, differing
    in  pronunciation only,  signify  both an
    army and a lord.  So Harold  is a  ge-
    neral  of an  army;  Hareman, a  chief
    man in the army;  Herwin, a victorious
    army; which are much like Stratocles,
    Polemarchus, and Hegesistratus among
    the Greeks.           Gibson's  Camden.
 HARE, hare. ra. s.  [hajia,  Saxon;  karh,
    Erse.]
  I. A small quadruped, with long ears  and
    short tail, that moves by leaps, remarka-
    ble for timidity, vigilance, and  fecundi-
    ty;  the common game  of  hunters.
              Dismay'd not this
   Our captains Macbeth and Banquo?
   As spareows, eagles; or the Aare, the lion.  Shaksp.
     We view in the open champaign a brace of swift
   greyhounds coursing a good stout and well-breathed
   hare.                                 More.
    Your dressings must be with harems fur. Wiseman.
    Poor is the triumph o'er the timid hare.  Thorn.
2. A constellation.
    The hare appears,  whose active rays supply
  A nimble force, and hardly wings deny.    Creech.
To Hare,  hare. v.  ra.  [harier, French.]
   To fright; to hurry  with terrour.
    To hare and rate them, is not to teach  but vex
  them.                                Ijocke.
Ha'rebell, hare'bel. ra. a. [hare and bell]
   A blue flower campaniform.
            Thou shalt  not lack
  The flow'r that's like thy face, pale primrose; nor
  The azur'd harebell, like thy veins.    Shakspeare.
Ha'rebrained,  hare'bran'd. adj.   [from
   hare, the  verb,  and brain.]  Volatile;
   unsettled; wild;  fluttering;  hurried.
    That harebrained wild fellow begins to play the
  fool, when others are weary of it.        Bacon.
Ha'refoot, hare'f&t. ra. s. [hare and foot.]
1. A bird.                     Ainsworth.
2. An  herb.                    Ainsworth.
Ha'relip,  hare'llp.  ra. a.  A fissure  in the
   upper lip  with want  of substance, a
   natural defect.                   Quincy.
            The blots of nature's hand
   Shall not in their issue stand;
   Never mole, harelip, nor scar,
   Shall  upon their children be.         Shakspeare.
    The third stitch is performed with pins or needles,
   as in harelips.                       Wiseman.
Ha'resear, harz'eer.  ra. s.  [bupleurum,
   Latin.]   A plant.                Miller.
Ha'rier, har're-ur.  ra. s. [from hare.]  A
   dog for hunting hares.      Ainsworth.
 To Hark,  hark. v. ra. [contracted from
   hearken.]  To  listen.
                The king
   To me inveterate, harks my brother's suit.  Shaksp.
    Pricking up his ears, to ftarft
   If he could hear too  in the dark.       Hudibras.
 Hark, hark, interj. [It is originally the
   imperative  of the  verb  hark.]   List!
   hear! listen!
     What harmony is  this? My good friends, hark!
                                  Shakspeare.
     The butcher saw him upon the gallop with a
   piece of flesh, and called out, Harkye, friend, you
   may make the best of your purchase.  L'Estrange.
     Hark!  methinks the roar that late pursu'd me,
   Sinks like the murmurs of a falling wind.   Rowe.
             Hark how loud the woods
   Invite you forth!                    Thomson.
 Harl, harl. ra. s.
 1. The filaments  of flax.
 2. Any filamentous substance.
     The general sorts  are wicker hives, made of priv-
   et, willow, or ftarf, daubed with cow-dung. JWbrf.
 Ha'rlequin, har'le-kin.415  n. s.   [This
   name is  said  to have  been given  by
   Francis of France to a busy buffoon, in
   ridicule of his  enemy Charles  le quint.
   Menage derives it more probably from
   a famous comedian that frequented Mr.
    Harley's  house, whom his friends call-
   ed Harlequino, little Harley. Trev.] A
   buffoon who plays tricks to divert the
   populace; a jack-pudding; a zani.
     The joy of a king for a victory must not be like
   that of a harlequin  upon a letter from his mistress.
                                      Dryden.
     The man in graver tragick known,
   Though his best part long since was done,
           Still on the stage desires to tarry;
   And he who play'd the ftarfegnin,
   After the  jest still loads toe scene,
           Unwilling to retire, though weary.  Prior.
HA'RLOT,  har'lfit.166  ra.  *.  [hertodes,
   Welsh, a girl.   Others for  horelet,  a
   little whore.  Others from the name of
   the mother of William the Conqueror.
   Hurlet is used in Chaucer for a low male
   drudge.]  A whore; a strumpet.
    Away, my disposition, and possess  me with
  Some harlot's spirit.                Shakspeare.
    They help thee by such  aids as geese and harlots.
                                 Ben Jonson.
    The barbarous harlots crowd the publick place;
  Go, fools, and purchase an unclean embrace.
                                     Dryden.,
HA'RLOTRY,har'lut-re. n.s. [from harlot]
1. The trade  of a harlot;  fornication.
                Nor shall,
  From Rome's tribunal, thy harangues prevail
  'Gainst harlotry, while  thou art clad so thin.
                                     Dryden
2. A name of contempt for a woman.
          A peevish self-will'd harlotry,
  That no persuasion can do good upon.     Shaksp,
HARM, harm. ra. s. [heartm, Saxon.]
I. Injury;  crime;  wickedness.
2. Mischief; detriment;  hurt.
            We, ignorant  of ourselves,
  Beg often our own harms, which the wise Powers
  Deny us for our good.              Shakspeare.
    How are we happy still  in fear of harm?
  But harm precedes not sin.             Milton.
    They should  be suffered to write on;  it would
  keep them  out of harm's  way, and  prevent them
  from evil courses.                       Stvift.

To Harm, harm. v. a.  To hurt; to injure.
    What sense had I of her stolen hours of lust?
  I saw 't not, toought it not, it harm'd not me.
                          Shakspeare's Othello.
            Passions ne'er could grow
  To ftara another, or impeach your rest.    Waller.
    After their young are hatched, they  brood them
  under their wings, lest the  cold, and sometimes the
  heat, should harm them.                 Ray.
HA'RMFUL,harm'ful. adj.[harm and full]
   Hurtful; mischievous; noxious; injuri-
   ous;  detrimental.
            His dearly loved squire
  His spear of heben-wood behind him bare,
    Whose harmful head, thrice heated in the fire,
  Had riven many a breast wito pike-head square.
                                     Spenser.
    Let no man fear that harmful creature less, be-
   cause he sees the apostle safe from that poison.
                                       Hall.
    The earth brought forth fruit and food for man,
   without any mixture of harmful quality.  Raleigh.
    For flax and oats will burn the tender field,
   And sleepy poppies harmful harvests yield.  Dryd.
Ha'rm fully,  harm'ful-e.   adv.   [from
   harmful.]  Hurtfully;  noxiously; detri-
   mentally.
    A scholar is better occupied in playing or sleep-
   ing, than  spending  his time not only vainly, but
   harmfully in such kind of exercise.      Ascham.
 Ha'rmfulness, harm'fiul-nes. ra. *. [from
   harmful.]   Hurtfulness;   mischievous-
   ness;  noxiousness.
 Ha'rmless, harm'les. adj.  [from  harm]
 1. Innocent;  innoxious;  not hurtful
     Touching ceremonies harmless in themselves, and
   hurtful only in respect  of number, was it amiss to
   decree that those things that were least needful, and
   newliest come, should be the first that were taken
away?
Hooker.
  She, like harmless lightning, throws her eye
On him, her brothers, me, her master; hitting
Each object with a joy.              Shakspeare.
.  Unhurt; undamaged.
  The shipwright will be careful to gain by his la-
bour, or at least to save himself harmless, and there- 
HAR
HAR
HAR
   fore suit his work slightly, according to a slight price.
                                       Raleigh.
 Harmlessly,  harm'l£s le.  adv.  [from
    harmless]    Innocently;  without hurt;
    without crime.
     He  spent that day free from  worldly trouble,
   ftarmfessfy, and  in a recreation  that  became  a
   churchman.                           Walton.
     Bullets batter the walls which  stand inflexible,
   but  fall harmlessly  into  wood or feathers.
                                Decay of Piety.
 Ha'rmlessness, narm'les-nes.  ra. s. [from
    harmless.]   Innocence;  freedom from
    tendency to injury  or hurt.
     When, through tasteless flat humility,
   In dough-bak'd men some harmlessness we see,
   "Tis but his phlegm that's virtuous, and not he.
                                       Donne.
     Compare the harmlessness, the credulity, the ten-
   derness, the modesty, and the ingenuous pliableness
   to virtuous counsels, which  is  in  youth untainted,
   wito the mischievousness, the slyness, the craft, the
   impudence, toe falsehood, and the confirmed obsti-
   nacy in an aged long-practised sinner.      South.

 Harmo'nioal,  lvar-m6n'e-kal. }  adj.  [up-
 Harmo'nick, har-mon'lk.e08    $    /w,fl,"*«s>
    harmonique, French.]
 1.  Relating to musick; susceptible of mu-
    sical proportion to each other.
     After every three whole notes, nature requireto,
   for  all harmonical use, one half note  to be inter-
   posed.                                Bacon.
 2.  Concordant; musical;  proportioned to
    each other;  less  properly.
     Harmonical sounds, and discordant  sounds, are
   both active and positive; but blackness and dark-
   ness are, indeed, but privatives.           Bacon.
     So swells each wind-pipe; ass intones to ass,
   Harmomck twang of leather, horn and brass. Pope.
 Harmo'nious, har-mo'ne-us. adj. [harmo-
    nieux, French, from harmony.]
 1. Adapted to each  other; having the parts
    proportioned to each  other;  symmetri-
    cal.
     All the wide-extended sky,
   And all the harmonious worlds on high,
   And Virgil's sacred work shall dye.       Cowley.
     God has made the intellectual world harmonious
   and  beautiful without us; but it will never come in-
   to our  heads  all at once; we  must  bring it home
   piece-meal.                            Locke.

 2. Having  sounds  concordant  to  each
    other;  musical;  symphonious.
     Thoughts toat voluntary move harmonious num-
   bers.                                Milton.
     The verse of Chaucer is not ftaratoniotts to us:
   they who lived with him  thought it musical.  Dryd.
 Harmo'niously,  har-mo'ne-iis-le.  adv.
   [from harmonious.]
 I. With  just adaptation and proportion of
   parts to each other.
     Not chaos-like, together crush'd and bruis'd;
   But as the world,  harmoniously confus'd:
   Where order in variety we see,
   And  where, though all  things differ, toey agree.
                                        Pope.
     That all these distances, motions, and quantities
   of matter should be so accurately and harmoniously
   adjusted in tois great variety of our system, is above
   toe fortuitous hits of blind material causes, and must
   certainly flow from toat eternal fountain of wisdom.
                                      Bentley.
 2.  Musically; with concord of sounds
    If  we look upon  the world as a musical instru-
  ment, well-tuned, and harmoniously struck, we ought
  not to worship the instrument, but him that makes
  the musick.                      Stillingfleet.
Harmo'niousness, har-mo'ne-us-n^s. ra. s.

       VOL.  I.
    [from  harmonious.]  Proportion; ^mu-
    sicalness.
 To Ha'rmonize, har-mo-nize. v. a. [from
    harmony.]  To adjust in fit proportions;
    to make musical.
     Love first invented verse, and form'd the rhime,
   The motion measur'd, harmoniz'd the chime. Dryd.

IHA'RMONY,  har'mo-ne. ra. s.  [xp^vlx;
    harmonic, French.]
11. The  just  adaptation of  one  part to
    another.
     The pleasures of toe eye and ear are but the ef-
   fects  of  equality, good proportion, or correspon-
   dence; so that equality and correspondence are toe
   causes of  harmony.                    Bacon".
             The harmony of things,
   As well as that of sounds, from discord springs.
                                     Denftom.
     Sure infinite  wisdom must  accomplish all its
   works with consummate harmony, proportion, and
   regularity.                           Cheyne.
    Just proportion of sound;  musical con-
    cord.
                 The sound
   Symphonious, of ten thousand harps that tun'd
   Angelick harmonies.                    Milton.
     Harmony is  a compound idea, made up of dif-
   ferent sounds united.                   Watts.
 3. Concord;  correspondent sentiment.
             In us both one soul,
   Harmony  to behold in wedded pair!
   More grateful than harmonious sounds to to' ear.
                                       Milton.
     I no sooner in my heart divin'd,
   My heart, which by a secret harmony
   Still moves wito thine, join'd in connexion sweet!
                                       Jtfiffon.
 HA'RNESS,  har'n£s. ra. s. [harnois,  Fr.
    supposed from  iern or hiern, Runick;
    hiairn, Welsh and Erse, iron.]

 I. Armour; defensive  furniture of war.
    Somewhat antiquated.
     A goodly knight, all dress'd in harness  meet,
   That from his head no place appeared to his feet.
                                      Spenser.
     Of  no right, nor colour like to right,
   He doth fill fields with harness.       Shakspeare.
     Were I a great man, I should fear to drink:
   Great men should drink with harness on toeir throats.
                                   Shakspeare.
 2.  The traces of draught horses, particu-
   larly of carriages of pleasure or  state;
   of other carriages we say geer.
     Or wilt thou ride? Thy horses shall be trapp'd,
  Their  harness studded all wito gold and pearl.
                                   Shakspeare.
              Their steeds around,
  Free from  their harness, graze toe flow'ry ground.
                                     Dryden.
To  Ha'rness,  har'n£s.  v. a.  [from  the
   noun.]
1.  To dress in armour.
    He  was harnest light, and to the field goes he.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Full fifty years, harness'd in rugged steel,
  I have  endur'd the biting winter's blast.     Rowe.

2.  To  fix  horses in their traces.
    Before tbe door her iron chariot stood,
  All ready harnessed for journey new.     Spenser.
    Harness  the horses, and get up the horsemen, and
  stand forth  with your helmets.          Jeremiah.
    When I plough my ground, my horse is harnessed
  and chained to my plough.                Hale.
            To toe harnessed yoke
  They lend their shoulder, and begin their toil.
                                    Thomson.
HARP., harp. ra. s. [heapp, Saxon; harpe,
   Fr.   It is used through both the Teu-
                    5 Y
    tonick and Roman dialects, and has been
    long in use.
     JRomannsg; lyraplaudal twi, Barbarus harpa. Ven
   Fort.]
    A lyre; an instrument strung with wire,
    and commonly struck with the finger.
     Arion, when through tempest cruel wreck
   He forth was thrown into the greedy seas,
   Through the sweet musick which his harp did make,
   Allur'd a dolphin him from death to case.  Spenser.
     They touch'd their golden harps, and h)mning
         prais'd
   God and his  works.                    Milton.
     Nor wanted tuneful ftarp, nor vocal quire;
   The muses sung, Apollo touch'd the lyre.  Dryden.
    A constellation.
     Next shines the harp, and through the liquid skies
   The shell, as lightest, first begins to rise;
   This when sweet Orpheus struck, to list'ning rocks
   He senses gave, and ears to wither'd oaks.  Creech.

 To Harp, harp. v. n. [harper, French, from
   the noun.]
 I.  To play on the harp.
     I heard  the voice of harpers  harping with their
  harps.                             Revelation.
     Things without life giving sound, whether pipe or
  harp, except  toey give a distinction in the sounds.
  how shall it be known what is piped or harped?
                                       1 Cor.
     The helmed cherubim,
  And sworded seraphim,
  Are seen  in glitt'ring ranks with wings display'd,
  Harping in loud and solemn quire,
  With unexpressive  notes to heav'n's new-born heir.
                                       Milton.
     You harp a little too much upon one  string.
                                       Collier
    To touch any passion,  as  the harper
   touches a string;  to dwell on a subject.
            Gracious duke,
  Harp not on that, nor do not banish  reason
  For inequality; but let your reason serve
  To make the  truth  appear.           Shakspeare.
    For thy good caution, thanks:
  Thou'st harp'd my  fear aright.       Shakspeare.
                   He seems
  Proud and disdainful, harping on what  I am,
  Not what he knew I was.            Shakspeare.
Ha'rper,  har'pur.98 ra. s. [from harp]  A
   player on  the harp.
    Never will  I trust to speeches  penn'd,
  Nor to the motion of a schoolboy's tongue;
  Nor wooe in rhime, like a blind harper's song.
                                   Shakspeare.
    I'm the god of the harp: stop my fairest:—in
        vain;
  Nor toe harp, nor the harper, could fetch her again.
                                      Tickell.
Ha'rping Iron, har'ping-i'urn. ra. s. [from
  harpago, Latin.]   A bearded dart with
  a line fastened to the handle, with which
  whales are struck and caught.
    The boat which on the first assault did go,
  Struck with a harping iron toe younger  foe:
  Who, when he felt his side so rudely goar'd
  Loud as the sea toat nourish'd  him he roar'd.
                                      Waller.
Harpone'er, har-po-neer7.   ra. *. [harpo-
  neur,  French, from harpoon.]   He that
  throws the harpoon in  whalefishing.
Harpo'on, har-p66n'. ra. *.  [harpon, Fr.]
  A harping iron.

Ha'rpsichord, harp'se-kord. ra.«. A mu-
  sical instrument, strung with wires,  and
  played by  striking keys.
Ha'rpy, har'pe. n. s. [harpyia,  Latin; har-
  pie, harpye, French.]
I. The harpies were a kind of birds which 
HAR                                     HAR                                     HAR
  had the faces of women, and  foul long
  claws,  very  filthy   creatures,  which,
  when the table was furnished for Phi-
  neus, came flying in, and devouring or
  carrying  away the  greater part  of the
  victuals, did so defile the rest that they
  could not be endured.          Raleigh.
    That an ftarpy is not a  centaur  is by this way as
  much a truth, as that a square is not a circle.
                                       Locke.
2. A ravenous wretch; an extortioner.
    I will do you any ambassage to  the pigmies,
  rather than  hold three words conference with this
  harpy.                            Shakspeare.
Ha'rquebuss, har'kwe-bus. ra.  s.   [See
  Ar'quebuse.]   A  hand-gun.
Ha'rquebussier,  har-kwe-bus-seer'.27s
  ra.  8.  [from  harquebuss.]   One  armed
  with a harquebuss.
    Twenty thousand  nimble  harquebussiers  were
  ranged in length, and but five in a rank.   Knolles.

Harrida'n, har're-dan.  ra. s.  [corrupted
  from haridelle,  Fr. a worn-out  worth-
  less horse.]   A decayed  strumpet.
    She  just endur'd the winter she began,
  And in four months a batter'd harridan;
  Now nothing 's left, butwither'd, pale, and shrunk:
  To bawd  for others, and go shares with punk.
                                        Swift.

Ha'rrow, har'ro. ra. s. [charroue, French;
  harcke, German, a  rake.]  A frame of
  timbers  crossing each other, and  set
  with  teeth drawn over  sowed ground to
  break  the clods, and  throw  the  earth
  over  the  seed.
           The land with daily care
  Is exercis'd, and with an  iron  war
  Of rakes  and harrows.                 Dryden.
     Two small harrows, that clap on each side of the
  ridge, harrow it right up  and down.    Mortimer.
 To Ha'rrow, har'ro. v. cz.[from the noun.]
 1.  To cover with earth by the harrow.
    Friend, harrow in time, by some manner of means,
  Not only  thy peason, but also thy beans.   Tusser.
 2.  To break with  the harrow.
     Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the
  furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee. Job.
               Let the Volscians
  Plow Rome, and harrow  Italy.           Shaksp.
 3.  To tear up;  to rip up.
     I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
  Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood,
  Make  thy two eyes, like stars, start from their
         spheres.                        Shaksp.
     Imagine you behold me bound and scourg'd,
  My aged  muscles harrow'd up with whips;
  Or hear me groaning on  the rending rack.   Rowe,
 4.  To pillage; to strip; to lay waste. See
   Harry,  which  in  Scotish is the same
   thing.
     As the king did excel in good commonwealth
  laws so he  had in  secret a design to make use of
  them,  as  well for collecting of treasure as for cor-
  recting of manners; and  so meaning thereby to har-
  row his people, did accumulate them the rather.
                                        Bacon.
5. To  invade; to harass  with  incursions
  [from  henjian,  Saxon.]  Obsolete.
    And he that harrow'd hell wito heavy stowre,
  The faulty souls from thence brought to his hea-
         venly bowre.               Fairy Qween.
    Most glorious Lord of life, that on this day
  Did'st make thy triumph  over death and sin;
    And having harrow'd hell, didst bring away
  Captivity  thence captive, us to win.      Spenser.
6. To  disturb;  to put into commotion.
  [This should rather be  written  harry,
  harer, French.]
    Most like; it luirrows me with fear and wonder:
                                      Shaksp.
    Amaz'd I stood, harrow'd with grief and care.
                                      Milton.
Ha'rrow, har'ro. interj.  An exclamation
  of sudden  distress.  Now out of use.
    Harrow now out and weal away, he cried;
  What dismal day hath sent this cursed light,
  To see my lord so deadly damnify'd!     Spenser.
Ha'rbower, har'ro-ur.  ra.  s.  [from har-
  row.]
1. He who harrows.
2. A kind of hawk.            Ainsworth.
To Ha'rry,  har're. v. a. [harer, French.]
1. To tease;  to  hare; to ruffle.
    Thou must not take my former sharpness ill.
  —I repent me much
  That I so harry'd him.                 Shaksp.
2. In Scotland it signifies to rob, plunder,
   or oppress: as, one harried a  nest; that
   is, he took the young away:  as  also, he
   harried me out of house and  home; that
   is,  he  robbed me  of my goods,  and
   turned me out of doors.   See To  Har-
   row.
HARSH, harsh,  adj.  [hervische, Germ.
   Skinner.]
I. Austere; roughly sour.
    Our nature here is not unlike our wine;
  Some sorts, when old, continue brisk and fine:
  So age's gravity may seem severe,
  But nothing Aarsft or bitter ought t' appear.
                                     Denham.
    Sweet, bitter, sour, ftarsft, and salt, are  all the
  epithets we have to denominate  that numberless
  variety of relishes.                      Locke.
    The same defect of heat which gives a fierceness
  to our natures, may contribute to that roughness of
  our language, which bears some analogy to  the
  harsh fruit of colder countries.            Swift.
2. Rough to the ear.
    A name unmusical  to Volscian ears,
  And harsh  in sound to thine.             Shaksp.
    Age might, what nature never gives the young,
  Have taught the smoothness of toy native tongue;
  But satire needs not that, and wit will shine
  Through the ftarsft cadence of a rugged line. Dryd.
    The unnecessary consonants made  their spelling
  tedious, and their pronunciation fta?-sft.    Dryden.
          Thy lord commands thee now
  With a ftarsft voice, and supercilious brow,
  To servile  duties.                     Dryden.
3. Crabbed;  morose; peevish.
    He was a wise man and an eloquent; but in his
  nature harsh and haughty.               Bacon.
    Bear patiently the harsh words of thy enemies, as
  knowing that toe anger of an enemy admonishes us
  of our duty.                           Taylor.
    No harsh reflection let remembrance raise;
  Forbear to mention what thou can'st not praise.
                                        Prior,
    A certain quickness of apprehension inclined him
  to kindle into the first motions of anger; but for a
  long time before  he died, no one heard an intemper-
  ate or haish word proceed from  him.    Atterbury.
4. Rugged to the touch; rough.
     Black feels as if you were feeling needles points
  or some harsh sand; and red feels very smooth-
                                        Boyle.
5. Unpleasing; rigorous.
     With eloquence innate his tongue was arm'd;
  Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charm'd.
                                      Dryden.
Ha'rshly, harsh'le. adv. [from harsh]
 1. Sourly; austerely to the palate, as  un-
   ripe fruit.
2. With violence; in opposition to gentle-
  ness, unless in the following  passage it
  rather signifies unripely.
          'Till, like ripe fruit, thou drop
  Into thy mother's lap; or be with ease
  Gather'd, not harshly pluck'd.           Jtfiffon.
3. Severely;  morosely;  crabbedly.
    1 would rather he was a  man of a rough temper,
  that would treat me harshly, than  of an effeminate
  nature.                              Addison.
4. Unpleasantly to the  ear.
    My wife is in a wayward mood to-day;
  I tell you, 'twould sound harshly in her ears. Shaksp.
    Get from him why he puts on this confusion,
  Grating so harshly all his days of quiet
  With turbulent and dang'rous lunacy.     Shaksp.
    The rings of iron that on toe doors were hung,
  Sent out a jarring sound, and harshly rung.   Dryd.

Ha'rshness, harsh'nes. ra. s.  [from harsh]
I. Sourness; austere taste.
    Take an apple and roll it upon a table hard: the
  rolling doth soften and sweeten the fruit, which is
  nothing but the smooth distribution of the spirits into
  the parts; for the unequal distribution ofthe  spirits
  maketh the harshness.                   Bacon.
2. Roughness to the ear.
    Neither can the natural harshness of the French,
  or the perpetual ill accent,  be ever refined into per-
  fect harmony like the Italian.          Dryden.
    Cannot I admire the height of Milton's invention,
  and the strength of his expression, without defend-
  ing his antiquated words, and the  perpetual ftarsft-
  ness of their sound.                    Dryden.
    'Tis not enough no harshness gives offence;
  The sound must seem an echo to the sense.   Pope.
3. Ruggedness to the touch.
    Harshness and ruggedness  of bodies  is unplea-
  sant to the touch.                      Bacon.

4. Crabbedness; moroseness; peevishness.
    Thy tender hefted nature shall not give
  Thee o'er to  harshness: her eyes are fierce, but
        thine
  Do comfort and not burn.               Shaksp.

HART,  hart. ra. s.  [hervpt, Sax.]  A he
  deer; the male of the roe.
    That instant was I turn'd into a ftarf,
  And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds,
  E'er since pursue me.                  Shaksp.
                The deer
  And fearful harts do wander eveiy where
  Amidst the dogs.                        May.

Ha'rt-uoyal, hart'roe-yal. ra. s.  A plant.
   A species of buckthorn plantain.
Ha'rtshorn, harts'horn. ra.  s. A drug.
     Hartshorn is a drug that comes into use many
  ways, and under many forms.  What is used here
  are the  whole  horns of the common male deer,
  which fall off every year.   This species is toe fal-
  low deer; but some tell us,  that the medicinal harts-
  horn should be that of the  true bart or stag.  The
  salt of hartshorn is a great sudorifick, and the spirit
  has all the virtues of volatile alkalies: It is used to
  bring people out of faintings by its pungency, hold-
  ing it under the nose,  and pouring down some drops
  of it in water.                           HilL
     Ramose concretions of the volatile salts  are ob-
  servable upon the glass of the receiver, whilst the
  spirits of vipers and  hartshorn are drawn.
                                    Woodward.

Ha'rtshorn, harts'horn. ra. s.  An herb.
                                 Ainsworth.
Ha'rtstongue, harts'ting. ra. s. [lingua
   cervina, Lat.J  A plant.
     It commonly grows out from the  joints  of old
  walls and buildings, where  they are moist and shady.
  There are very few of them in Europe.    Miller.
     Hartstongue  is propagated by  parting the roots,
  and also by seed.                    Mortimer.

 Ha'rtwort,  hart'w6.rt. ra.  s. [tordylium,
   Lat.]  An umbelliferous plant.  Miller. 
HAS                                     HAS                                        HAT
HA'RVEST, har'vest. ra.  a. [hsenperc
   Saxon.]
1. The  season  of reaping ahd gathering
   the corn.
          As it ebbs, the seedsman
  Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain,
  And shortly comes to harvest.            Shaksp.
    With harvest work he is worse than in spring.
                                  L'Estrange.
2. The corn ripened, gathered, and inned.
    From Ireland come I wito my strength,
  And reap the harvest which that rascal sow'd.
                                      Shaksp.
    When the father is too fondly kind,
  Such seed he sows, such harvest shall he find. Dryd.
3. The product of labour.
    Let us the harvest of our labour eat;
  'Tis labour makes the coarsest diet sweet.  Dryden.

Ha'rvest-home, har'vest-home.  ra. s.
I. A song  which the reapers sing  at the
   feast made for having inned the harvest.
    Your hay it is mow'd, and your corn it is reap'd;
  Your barns will be full, and your hovels heap'd;
        Come, my boys, come,
        Come, my boys, come,
  And merrily roar out harvest-home.       Dryden.
2. The time of gathering harvest.
    At harvest-home, and on the shearing day,
  When he should thanks to Pan  and Pales pay.
                                      Dryden.
3. The opportunity of  gathering  treasure.
    His wife I will use as  the key of the  cuckoldy
  rogue's coffer; and there's my harvest-home. Shaksp.
Ha'rvest-lord, harvest-lord. ra. s.  The
   head reaper at the harvest.
    Grant harvest-lord more by a penny or two,
  To  call on his fellows the better to do.     Tusser.
Ha'rvester, har'ves-tilr. ra. s. [from har-
   vest.]  One who works  at harvest.
Ha'rvestman, har'vest-man.  ra.  s.  [har-
   vest and man.]   A labourer in  the har-
   vest.
    Like to a ftarvesf-rnan that's task'd to mow
  Or all, or lose his hire.                  Shaksp.
To Hash,  hash. v. ra.  [hacher,  French.]
   To mince; to  chop  into  small  pieces
   and mingle.
              He rais'd his arm
  Above his head, and rain'd a storm
  Of blows so terrible and thick,
  As if he meant to ftosft her  quick.       Hudibras.
    What have they to complain  of but too great va-
  riety, toough some of the dishes be not served in the
  exactest order and politeness, but hashed up  in haste.
                                       Garfft.
Hask, hask.  ra.  s.  This seems to  signify a
   case or  habitation made of rushes  or
   flags.   Obsolete.
    Phoebus, weary of his yearly  task,
  Established hath his steeds in lowly lay,
  And taken up his inn in fishes ftasfe.       Spenser.

Ha'slet, ha'slet.   ? ra. s.  [hasla,  Islan-
Ha'rslet, har'slet. $    dick,  a  bundle;
   hasterel, hastereau, hastier, Fr.]    The
   heart, liver,  and lights of  a hog, with
   the windpipe, and  part of the  throat to
  it.
Hasp, hasp.79 ra. s. [haepr» Sax.  whence
  in some provinces it is yet called hapse]
  A clasp folded over a staple, and fasten-
   ed  on with a  padlock.
    Have doors to  open and shut at pleasure, with
  hasps to them.                       Mortimer.
To Hasp,  hasp. v. ra. [from the noun.] To
   shut with a hasp.
 Ha'ssock, has'suk.168 ra. *. [haseck, Ger-
   man.]                           Skinner.
 l. A thick mat  on  which  men  kneel  at
   church.
     He found his parishioners very irregular: and in
  order to make them kneel, and join in  the respon-
  ses, he gave every one of them a hassock and com-
  mon prayer book.                      Addison.
 2. In Scotland it  is  applied  to any thing
   made of rushes or  privet, on which a
   person  may sit: it is therefore  probable
   that hassock and hask are the same.
 Hast, hast.   The second person singular
   of have.
 HASTE, haste.74 n.  s. [haste, Fr.  haeste,
   But.]
 1. Hurry; speed;  nimbleness;  precipita-
   tion.
               Spare him, death!
  But O, thou wilt not, can'st not spare!
  Haste hath never time to hear.         Crashaw.
     Our lines reform'd, and not compos'd in ftasfe,
  Polish'd like marble, would like marble last;
  But as toe present, so toe last age writ;
  In both we find like negligence and wit.   Waller.
     In as much ftasfe, as I am, I cannot forbear giv-
  ing an example.                       Dryden.
     The wretched father running to their aid
  With pious ftasfe, but vain, thy next invade.  Dryd.
 2. Passion; vehemence.
     I said in my ftasfe all men are liars.    Psalms,
 To  Haste, haste.472   ) v. ra.  [haster, Fr.
 To  Ha'sten, ha'sn.405 £    haesten, Dut.]
 I. To make  haste;  to be in a  hurry; to be
   busy; to be speedy.
     I have not hastened from being a pastor to follow
  thee.                              Jeremiah.
 2. To move  with swiftness, eagerness, or
   hurry.
     'Tis Cinna, I do know him  by his gait;
  He is a friend.  Cinna, where ftasfe you so?  Sftafc.
     They were  troubled and ftosfed away.    Psalms.
     All  those things are passed away like a shadow,
  and as a post that ftasfed by.             Wisdom.
    Hasting to pay his tribute to toe sea,
  Like mortal life to meet  eternity.        Denham.
    These rites perform'd, toe prince, without delay,
  Hastes to the nether world, his destin'd way. Dryd.
    To distant Sparta, and the spacious waste
  Of sandy Pyle, the royal youth shall ftasfe.    Pope.
    Soon as the sun awakes, toe sprightly court
  Leave their repose, and ftosfen to the sport  Prior.
 To Haste,   haste.   > 472        T       ,
 rr,  ir /       ia/    > *72 v. a.   lo  push
 To Ha'sten, ha'sn. $
  forward; to urge on; to precipitate; to
  drive a swifter pace.
    Let it be so hasted, that supper be ready at the
  farthest by five ofthe clock.              Shaksp.
    All hopes of succour from your arms are past;
  To save us now, you must our ruin ftasfe.   Dryden.
    Each sees his tamp with different lustre crown'd:
  Each knows his course with diff'rent periods bound;
  And in his passage through the liquid space,
  Nor ftasfens nor retards his neighbour's race. Prior.
Ha'stener, ha'sn-ur.98 ra. s. [from hasten.]
  One that hastens or hurries.
Ha'stily, has'te-le. adv. [from hasty.]
 1. In a hurry; speedily; nimbly; quickly.
    A voice that called loud and clear,
  Come hither,  hither, O come hastily!     Spenser.
    If your grace incline that we should live,
  You must not, sir, too ftosfify forgive.      Waffer,
    The next to danger hot pursu'd by fate,
  Half cloth'd, half naked, ftasfify retire.    Dryden.
2. Rashly; precipitately.
    Without considering consequences, we hastily en-
  gaged in a war which hath cost us sixty millions.
                                       Swift.
                   5y2
 3. Passionately; with vehemence.
 Ha'stiness, has'te-nes. ra. s. [from hasty.^
 1. Haste; speed.
 2. Hurry; precipitation.
     A fellow being out of breath,  or  seeming to be
   for haste, with humble hastiness told Basilius.
                                       Sidney-
 3. Rash eagerness.
     The turns of his  verse, his breakings, his pro-
   priety, his numbers, and his gravity, I have as far
   imitated as the poverty of our language, and the
   ftcisfiness  of my performance, would allow. Dryden.
     There is most just cause to fear, lest our ftasft-
   ness to embrace a thing of so perilous consequence,
   should cause posterity to feel those evils.  Hooker.
 4. Angry testiness; passionate vehemence.
 Ha'stings, has'tingz. ra.  s. [from hasty.]
   Peas that come early.
     The large white and green hastings are not to be
   set till the cold is over.               Jtforfimer.
 Ha'sty, has'te. adj. [hastif, French, from
   haste; haestig, Dutch.]
 1. Quick; speedy.
     Is this the counsel toat we two have shar'd,
   The sisters' vows, the hours that we have spent,
   When we have chid the ftasfy footed time
   For parting us!                        Shaksp.
 2. Passionate; vehement.
    He  that is  slow to wrath is of great understand-
  ing; but he that is ftasfy of spirit exalteth folly.
                                     Proueroj.
 3. Rash; precipitate.
    Seest  thou a man that is ftasfy in his words?
  There is more hope of a fool than of him. Proverbs.
    Be  not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine
  heart be ftasfy to utter any thing before God Ecclus.
 4. Early ripe.
    Beauty shall be a fading flower, and as the ftasfy
  fruit before the summer.                 Isaiah.
 Ha'sty-pudding, has-te-pud'ing. ra. s.  A
   pudding made of milk  and flower, boil-
   ed quick together; as also of oatmeal
   and water boiled together.
    Sure hasty-pudding is toy chiefest dish,
  Wito bullock's liver or some stinking fish. Dorset.
HAT,   hat.74 re.  s.  [haec, Saxon;  hatt,
   German.] A cover for the  head.
    She 's as big as he is; and toere 's her thrum ftaf,
  and her muffler too.                    Shaksp.
    Out of mere ambition you have made
  Your holy ftaf be stampt on the king's coin. Shak.
    Hi s ftaf was like a helmet, or Spanish montero.
                                      Bacont
    Hermes o'er his head in air appear'd,
  And with soft words his drooping spirits cheer'd;
  His ftaf adorn'd with wings disclos'd the god,
  And in his hand he bore the sleep-compelling rod.
                                      Dryden.
 Ha'tband, hat'band.88   re. s.  [hat  and
   band.] A string round the  hat.
    They had hats of blue velvet, with fine plume
  of divers colours, set round like ftafoands.  Bacon.
    Room for the noble gladiator! see
  His coat and hatband shew bis quality.     Diyden,
 Ha'toase, hat'kase.  re. s.  [hat  and case]
   A slight box for a  hat.
    I might mention a halcase, which  I would not
  exchange for all the beavers in Great Britain.
                                     Addison.
 To HATCH, hatsh. v. a. [hecken, Germ.
   as Skinner thinks, from heghen, eghen,
   «?»  egg> Sax.]
 1. To  produce  young from  eggs by the
   warmth of incubation.
    He  kindly spreads his spacious wing,
  And hatches plenty for th' ensuing spring. Denham.
    The tepid caves, and  fens and shores,
   Their brood as numerous hatch from th' eggs, that
        soon 
II  AT
HAT
H  AU
  Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclos'd
  Their callow young.                    Milton.
2. To quicken the egg by incubation.
    When they  have laid such a number of eggs as
  ■they can conveniently cover  and hatch,  they give
  over, and begin to sit.                     Ray.
    Others ftafcft their eggs,  and tend the birth, 'till
  it is able to shift for itself.              Addison.
>. To produce by precedent action.
    Which thing they very well know, and, I doubt
  not, will easily confess, who live to their great both
  toil and grief,  where the blasphemies of Brians are
  renewed by them; who, to ftafcft their heresy, have
  chosen those churches as fittest nests, where Atha-
  nasius's creed  is not heard.              Hooker.
4. To form by meditation; to contrive.
    He was a man  harmless and faithful, and  one
  who never hatched any hopes prejudicial to the king,
  but always intended his safety and honour.
                                      Hayward.
$. [from hacher, French, to cut.] To shade
   by lines in drawing or graving.
    Who first shall  wound through others arms, his
         blood appearing fresh,
  Shall win  this sword,  silver'd and  hatcht.
                                      Chapman.
    Such as Agamemnon and the hand of Greece
  Should hold up high in brass; and such again
  As venerable  Nestor, hatch'd in silver,
  Should wito a bond of air, strong as the axletree
  On which  heav'n rides, knit all the Grecian ears
  To his experiene'd tongue.              Shaksp.
     Those tender hairs, and those hatching strokes of
  the pencil, which make  a kind of minced meat in
  painting, are never able to deceive the sight. Dryd.

 To  HATCH, hatsh.v. «.
 1. To be in a state  of growing quick.
     He observed circumstances in eggs,  whilst they
  were hatching, which  varied.              itoyfe.
 2. To be in a state of  advance toward ef-
   fect.
 Hatch, hatsh. re. s. [from the verb.]
 1. A brood excluded from the egg.
 2. The act of exclusion from the egg.
 3. Disclosure; discovery.
            Something 's in his soul,
   O'er which his melancholy sits on brood:
   And, I do  doubt, the ftafcft and the disclose
   Will be some danger.                   Shaksp.
 4. [haeca, Saxon;  hecke, Dutch,  a bolt.]
   A half door; a door with opening over
   it: perhaps from  hacher,  to cut, as  a
   hatch is part of a door cut  in two.
     Something  about, a little from the right,
   In at the window, or else o'er the ftafcft.    Shaksp.
 :>. [In the plural.]   The  doors  or open-
   ings by which they  descend  from one
   deck or floor of  a ship to another.
     To the  king's ship,  invisible as thou art,
   There shalt thou find the mariners asleep
   Under the hatches.                      Shaksp.
             There she 's hid;
   The mariners all under hatches stow'd.     Shaksp.
      So seas impell'd by winds with added pow'r,
   Assault the sides, and o'er the hatches tow'r. Dryd.
     A ship was fasten'd to the shore;
   The plank was ready laid for safe  ascent,
   For shelter there the trembling shadow bent,
   And skipp'd and skulk'd, and under hatches went.
                                       Dryden.
 6. To be under Hatches.  To be in a state
   of ignominy, poverty, or depression.
     He assures us how  this  fatherhood continued its
   course, 'till the captivity in Egypt, and then the
   poor fatherhood was under hatches.         Locke.
 7.  Hatches.   Floodgates.       Ainsworth.
 To  HA'TCHEL,  hak'kl. v.  a. [hachelen,
   Germ.]  To beat flax so as to  separate
   the fibrous from the brittle part.
   The asbestos mentioned by Kircher, iu his descrip-
  tion of China, put into  water,  moulders like clay
  and is a fibrous small excrescence, like hairs grow-
  ing upon the stones; and for the hatcheUing, spin-
  ning, and weaving it, he refers to his mundus sub-
  terraneus.                         Woodward.
Ha'tchel,  hak'kl.  ra.  s. [from  the verb;
   hachel, German.]  The instrument with
   which flax is beaten.
Ha'tcheller,  hak'kl-ur.  ra.  s.   [from
   hatchel]   A beater of flax.
HA'TCHET,  hatsh'it.99   ra. s.  [hache,
   hachette, French; ascia, Lat.]  A small
   axe.
    The hatchet is to hew the irregularities of stuff.
                                       Moxon.
    His harmful hatchet he hent in his hand,
  And to the field he speedeth.            Spenser.
    Ve shall have a hempen caudle then, and toe
  help of a hatchet.                   Shakspeare.
    Nails, hammers,  hatchets  sharp,  and halters
        strong.                        Crashaw.
    Tyrrheus, the foster-father of the beast,
  Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist.  Dryden.
    Oar countryman  presented  him with  a curious
  hatchet, and asking him whether it had a good edge,
  tried it upon the donor.                 Addison.
Ha'tchet-face, hdtsh'it-fase. ra. s.  An
   ugly  face;  such,  I suppose,  as  might
   be hewn  out of  a block by a hatchet.
    An ape his own dear image will embrace:
   An ugly beau adores a hatchet-face.      Dryden.

Ha'tchment,  hatsh'ment. re. s.  [corrupt-
   ed from  achievement.   See Achieve-
   ment.]   Armorial  escutcheon  placed
   over a door  at a  funeral.
     His means of death, his obscure funeral,
  No trophy, sword, nor hatchment o'er his bones,
  No noble rites nor formal ostentation,
  Cry to be heard.                   Shakspeare.
Ha'tchway, hatsh'wa. ra.  s. [hatches and
   way.]  The way over  or through the
   hatches.
 To HATE, hate.7*  v. a.  [hacian, Sax.]
   To detest;  to abhor; to  abominate;  to
   regard with the passion contrary to love.
     You asre, I think, assur'd I love you not.
   —Your majesty hato no just cause to hate me.
                                   Shakspeare.
     Do all  men kill the thing they do not love?
   —Hates any man tbe thing be would not kill?
   —Every offence is not a hate at first,      Shaksp.
     Those old inhabitants of thy holy land thou ftafesf
   for doing most odious works.             Ifisdoin.
     But whatsoever our jarring fortunes prove,
   Though our lords ftafe,  methinks we two may love.
                                       Dryden,
 Hate, hate. ra. s. [hate, Saxon.]  Malig-
   nity;  detestation; the contrary to love.
     Speak then to me,  who neither beg nor fear
   Your favours nor your ftafe.              Shaksp.
     Hate to Mezentius,  arm'd five hundred more.
                                       Diyden.
     Nausicaa teaches that the afflicted are not always
   the objects of divine ftafe.               Broome.
 Ha'teful, hate'fiil. adj.  [hate  and full]
 I.  That causes abhorrence; odious;  abo-
   minable; detestable.
           My name 's Macbeth.
   —The devil himself could not pronounce a title
   More hateful to mine ear.               Shaksp.
     There is no  vice more hateful to God and man
   than ingratitude.                      Peacham.
           What owe I to his commands
   Who hates me, and hath hither thrust me down,
   To sit in hateful office here confin'd,
   Inhabitant of heav'n, and heav'nly born?   Milton.
           I hear the tread
   Of hateful steps;  I must be viewless now.  Milton.
    But Umbriel, hateful gnome! forbears not so,
  He breaks the phial whence the sorrows flow. Pope
2. That feels abhorrence; abhorrent; de-
  testing; malignant; malevolent.
          Palamon, compell'd
  No more to try the fortune of the field;
  And, worse than death, to view with hateful eyes
  His rival's  conquest.                   Dryden

Ha'tefully, hate'ful-e. adv* [from hate-


1. Odiously; abominably.
2. Malignantly; maliciously.
    AH their hearts stood hatefully appald
  Long since.                          Chapman.
    They shall deal with tbee hatefully, take away
  all toy labour, and leave thee naked and bare.
                                      Ezekiel.
Ha'tefulness,  hate'ftlilnes.  ra.  a.  [from
  hateful.]  Odiousness.
Ha'ter,  ha't&r.98  ra. s.  [from hate.]  One
  that hates; an abhorrer; a detester.
    I of her understood of that most noble constancy,
  which whosoever loves not, shews himself to be a
  hater of virtue, and unworthy to live  in the society
  of mankind.                           Sidney.
    Whilst he stood up and spoke,
  He was my master and I wore my life
  To spend upon his ftafers.              Shakspeare.
    An enemy to God, and a ftafer of  all good.
                                       Brown.
    They never wanted  so much knowledge as to in-
  form and convince them of  the unlawfulness of a
  man's being a murderer, an ftafer of God, and a
  covenant-breaker.                       Sonfft.

Ha'tred,   ha'tred. ra.  *.  [from  hate]
  Hate; ill-will; malignity;  malevolence;
  dislike;  abhorrence;  detestation;  abo-
  mination; the  passion contrary to  love.
    Hatred is  the toought of tbe pain  which any
  thing  present or absent is apt to produce in us.
                                        Locke.
    I wish I had a cause to seek him there,
  To oppose his ftafred fully.            Shakspeare.
    Hatred is toe passion of defiance, and there is a
  kind of aversation and hostility included in its very
  essence:  but then, if there could have been ftafred
  in the world  when there was scarce any thing odi-
  ous, it would have acted within the compass of its
  proper object.                          Soufft.
    Hatreds are often begotten from slight and almost
  innocent occasions, and quarrels propagated in  the
  world.                                Locke.
    Retain no malice nor ftafred against any: be ready
  to do them all the kindness you are able.    Wake.
    She is a presbyterian of the most rank and viru-
  lent kind, and consequently has an inveterate ftofrecf
  to the church.                          Swift.
    Hatred has in it the guilt of murder, and lust the
  guilt of adultery.                     Sherlock

 To Ha'tter, hat'ttir. v. a. [perhaps cor-
   rupted  from batter.]    To  harass; to
   weary;  to wear out with fatigue.
    He's hatter'd out with penance.        Dryden.
 Ha'tter, hat'tilr.98 ra. s.  [from hat.]   A
   maker of hats.
     A ftaffer sells  a dozen  of hats for five  shillings
  a-piece.                                Swift.
 Ha'ttock, hat'tuk.166 ra. *.  [attock, Erse]
   A shock  of corn.                  Dict.
 Hau'berk, haw'berk.813 ra. a.  [hauberg,
   old  French.] A coat of mail; a breast-
   plate.

     Him on the hauberk struck the princess sore,
  That quite disparted all the linked frame,
  And pierced to the skin.             Fairy Queen.
     Hauberks and helms are hew'd  with  many a
        wound;
  The mighty maces wito such haste descent], 
HAV
HAV
H  A V
  They break the bones, and make the solid armour
        bend.                          Dryden.
To  Have,  hav.76  v. a.  in the present  I
  have, thou  hast, he hath; we,  ye,  they
  have;  pret.  and part.  pass. had.  [ha-
  ban, Gothick;  habban, Saxon; hebben,
  Dutch; avoir, French; avere, Italian.]
1. Not to be  without.
    I have broughc him before you, that after exa-
  mination had, 1 might have something to  write. Acts.
2. To carry;  to wear.
    Upon the  mast they saw a young man, who sat
  as on horseback,  having nothing upon him. Sidney.
3. To make  use of.
    I have no Levite to my priest.          Judges.
A. To possess.
    He that gathered much, Add nothing over, and he
  that gathered little Aad no lack.          Exodus.
5. To obtain; to enjoy; to possess.
    Now,  O Father, glorify  me with thine own self,
  wito  the glory which I had wito thee before the
  world was.                              John.
6.  To take; to  receive.
    A  secret happiness in Petronius is called curiosa
  felicitas, and which I suppose he ftadfrom the felici-
  ter audere of Horace.                  ^Dryden.
7.  To  be  in any state;  to  be attended
   with or  united to as accident  or conco-
   mitant.
    Have I need of madmen, that ye have brought
  tois fellow?                             1 Sam.
8.  To put; to take.
    That done, go and cart it, and have  it away.
                                        Tusser.
9.  To procure; to find.
    I would have any one name to  me that  tongue,
  toat one can speak as he should do, by the rules of
  grammar.                              Locke.
 10. Not to neglect; not to omit.
    I cannot  speak; if my heart be not  ready to
  burst! Well,  sweet Jack, have a care of thyself.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Your plea is good; but still I say beware:
  Laws are explain'd  by men;  so have a  care. Pope.
 ! 1. To hold; to regard.
    Of the maid servants shall I be ftad in honour.
                                     2 Samuel.
    The proud have ftad  me greatly in derision.
                                       Psalms.
 12. To maintain; to hold opinion.
    Sometimes  they  will ftatie them to be  natural
  heat, whereas some of them are crude and cold;
  and sometimes they will have them fo be the quali-
  ties of the tangible  parts, whereas they are things
  by toemselves.                         Bacon.
 13. To contain.
    You have of these pedlars that ftace more in 'em
  than you'd think, sister.              Shakspeare.
    I will never trust a man again for  keeping his
  sword clean;  nor believe  he can have every thing
  in him by wearing his apparel neatly.     Shaksp.
 14. To require; to claim.
    What would these madmen ftare?
  First they would bribe us without pence,
  Deceive us without common sense,
  And without pow'r enslave.             Dryden.
 15. To be a  husband or wife to  another.
    If I had been  married to him, for all he was in
  woman's apparel, I would not have had him.
                                    Shakspeare.
 16. To be  engaged as in  a task  or em-
   ployment.
    If we maintain things  that are established, we
  have to 6trive with a number of heavy prejudices,
  deeply rooted  in the hearts of men.       Hooker.
    Tbe Spaniard's captain  never ftafft to  meddle
  with his soldiers' pay.                  Spenser.
    Of the evils which hindered the peace and  good
  ordering of that  land, the  inconvenience of the Taws
  was the first which you had in hand.       Spenser.
    Kings have to deal wito their neighbours,  their
  wives, their children, their prelates or clergy, their
  nobles, their merchants, and their commons. Bacon-
 17. To wish; to desire: in a lax sense.
    I had rather be a door-keeper in the house of my
  God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness.
                                       Psalms.
    I would have no man discouraged with that  kind
  of life or series of actions, in which toe choice of
  others,  or  his own necessities, may have engaged
  him.                                 Addison.
 18. To buy.
    If these trifles were rated only by art and artful-
  ness,  we should have them much cheaper.  Collier.
 19. It is  most used in English, as in  other
  European  languages,  as an auxiliary
  verb  to make  the  tenses; -have,  hast,
  and hath or has, the preterperfect;  and
  had, and hadst, the preterpluperfect.
    If there  had been words enow between them  to
  ftaue expressed provocation, they ftad gone together
  by the ears.                         Congreve.
    I have heard one of  toe greatest geniuses tois
  age has produced, who ftad been trained up in all
  the polite studies of antiquity, assure me, upon his
  being obliged to search into records, toat he at last
  took an incredible pleasure in it.        Addison.
    I have not here considered custom as it  makes
  things easy, but as it renders them delightful: and
  though others ftave made the same reflections, it is
  possible they may not have drawn those uses from it.
                                      Iddison.
    That admirable precept which Pythagoras is said
  to have given to his disciples, and which that phi-
  losopher must have  drawn from  the observation I
  have enlarged upon.                   Addison.
    The gods have placed labour before virtue, Add.
    This observation .we have made on man.   Addis.
    Evil spirits have contracted  in the body habits  of
  lust and sensuality, malice and revenge.  Addison.
    There torments ftaue already taken root in them.
                                     Addison.
    That excellent author has shewn how every par-
  ticular custom and habit of virtue will,  in its own
  ■at'ue, produce toe heaven, or a state of happiness,
  in him wiio shall hereafter practise it.    Addison.
20. Have  at,  or  with, is an expression
  denoting resolution to  make some at-
  tempt.   They seem to be imperative
  expressions;  have  this at you; let this
  reach you,  ov take this; have with you;
  take this with you: but this will not ex-
  plain have  at it, or have at him, which
  must be considered as  more  elliptical;
  as, we will have a trial at it, or at him.
    He that will caper with me for a thousand  marks,
  let him fend me the money, and have at him.
                                   Shakspeare.
    I can bear my part; 'tis my occupation: have  at
  it with you.                          Shaksp.
    I never was out at a mad frolick, toough this  is
  toe maddest I ever undertook: have with you,  lady
  mine; I take you at your word.          Dryden.
 HA'VEN, ha'v'n103  ra. s. [haven, Dutch;
  havre, French.]
 I. A port; a harbour; a station for ships.
    Love was threatened and promised to him, and
  bis cousin, as both the tempest  and haven of their
  best years.                            Sidney.
             Order for sea is given:
  They have put forth the ftaren.          Shaksp.
    After an hour and a half sailing, we entered into
  a good haven, being the port of a fair city.   Bacon.
    The queen beheld, as soon as day appear'd,
  The navy under sail, the haven clear'd.  Denham.
    We may be shipwreck'd by her breath:
  Love, favour'd once with toat sweet gale,
  Doubles his haste, and fills his sail,
  'Till he arrive, where she must prove
  The haven, or the rock of love.           WafZer.
2. A shelter;  an asylum.
     All places, that toe eye of heaven visits,
   Are to a wise man ports and happy havens. Shaksp.
 Ha'vkner, ha'v'n-ilr. n. s.  [from haven.]
   An overseer  of a port.
     These earls and dukes appointed then- special
   officers, as receiver, havener, and customer. Carew.

 Ha'ver, hav'iir.98 ra.  s.  [from have.] Pos-
   sessor; holder.
     Valour is the chiefest virtue, and
   Most dignifies the ftarer.                Shaks])

 Ha'ver, hav'ur, is a common word in the
   northern counties  for oats:  as, haver
   bread for oaten bread; perhaps properly
   aven,  from avena,  Latin.
     When you would anneal, take  a blue stone, such
  as they make haver or oat cakes upon, and lay it
  upon the cross bars of iron.             Peacham.
 Haught, hawt. adj.  [haut, French.]
 1. Haughty;  insolent; proud; contemptu-
   ous;  arrogant;  Obsolete.
        The proud insulting queen,
  With Clifford and the haught Northumberland
  Have wrought the easy melting king, like wax.
                                    Shakspiare.
    No lord of thine, thou haught insulting man;
  Nor no man's lord.                     Shaksp.
2. High; proudly magnanimous.
            His courage  haught,
  Desir'd of foreign foemen to be known,
  And far abroad foi- strange adventures sought. S»en.
 HA'uGHTiLY,h;kw'te-le. c:dx>. [from haugh-
   ty]   Proudly;  arrogantly;  contemptu-
   ously.
    Her heav'nly form too haughtily she  priz'd;
  His person hated,  and his gifts despis'd.  Dryden.
Ha'ugutiness,  haw'te-nes.  ra.   s.  [from
   haughty.]  Pride; arrogance; the quali-
   ty of being haughty.
    By toe head we make known our  supplications,
  our toreatenings, our mildness, our haughtiness, our
  love, and our hatred.                   Dryden.
HA'UGHTY,  haw'te.393 adj. [hautaine,
   French.]
 I. Proud;  lofty;  insolent; arrogant;  con-
   temptuous.
    His wife being a woman of a haughty and impe-
  rious nature, and of a wit superior to bis, quickly
  resented the disrespect she received from him.
                                    Clarendon.
    I shall sing of battles, blood and rage,
  And haughty souls, that mov'd with mutual hate,
  In  fighting  fields pursu'd and found their fate.
                                      Dryden.
2. Proudly great.
    Our vanquish'd wills that pleasing force obey:
  Her goodness takes our liberty away;
  And haughty Britain yields to arbitrary sway. Prior.
3.  Bold; adventurous;  of  high hazard.
   Obsolete.
    Who now shall give me words and sound
  Equal unto tois haughty enterprize?
    Or who shall lend me wings,  with which from
        ground
  My lowly verse may loftily arise?   Fairy Queen.
Ha'ving, hav'ing. ra. s. [from have.]
 I. Possession; estate; fortune
          My having is not much;
  I'll make division of my present with you;
  Hold, there's half my coffer.            Shaksp.
2. The act or state of possessing.
    Of the one side was alledged the having a pic-
  ture, which the other wanted; ofthe other side, the
  first striking the shield.                  Sidney.
    Thou art not for the fashion of  these  times,
  Where none will sweat but for promotion;
  And having that do choak their service  up,
  Even with the having.                   Shaksp.
3. Behaviour; regularity.   This  is  still 
H  A U                                       HAV                                   HA W
  retained in the Scotish dialect.   It may
  possibly be the meaning here.
    The gentleman is of no having: he kept compa-
  ny with the wild prince and Poinz: he is of too high
  a region; he knows too much.             Sliaksp.

Ha'vioUr,  lia've-ur.  n. s.  [from  behavi-
  our.] Conduct; manners. Not used.
    Their ill haviour garres men missay
  Both of their doctrines and their fay.      Spenser.
To Haul, hawl. v. a.  [haler, French, to
   draw.]   To pull;  to draw; to drag  by
   violence.   A word  which, applied  to
   things, implies  violence; and,  to per-
   sons, awkwardness  or rudeness.  This
   word  is  liberally exemplified in hale;
   etymology is regarded in hale, and pro-
   nunciation in haul.
    Thy Dol and Helen of thy noble thoughts,
  Is in base durance and contagious prison,
  Haul'd thither by mechanick dirty hands.  Shaksp.
    The youth with songs and rhimes,
  Some dance, some haul the rope.       Denham.
           Some the wheels prepare,
  And fasten to the horses' feet; the rest
  With cables Aauf along th' unwieldy beast. Dryd.
    In his grandeur he naturally  chuses to ftauf up
  others after him whose accomplishments most re-
  semble his own.                        Swift.
    Thither they bent, andftawf'd their ships to land;
  The crooked keel divides the yellow sand.   Pope-
         Romp loving miss
  Is haul'd about in gallantry robust.       Tliomson.

 Haul, hawl. ra. s.  [from the  verb.] Pull;
    violence in dragging.
     The leap, the slap,  the ftauf.      ^  Thomson.

 Haum, hawm.213  ra. s.  [or  hame, or halm;
    healm, Sax. halm, Dutch and Danish.]
    Straw.
    In champion countrie a pleasure toey take
   To mow up their haume  for to brew and to bake:
   The haume is the straw of the wheat or the rie,
   Which once being reaped, they  mow by and by.
                                        Tusser.
     Having stripped off the haum or binds from toe
   poles, as you pick the hops, stack them up.  Jtlorf.

 Haunch, hantsh.214 ra. s. [hancke, Dutch;
    hanche, French;  anca, Italian.]
 1.  The thigh; the hip.
     Hail, groom! didst thou not see a bleeding hind,
   Whose right haunch earstmy stedfast arrow strake?
                                       Spenser.
     To make  a man able  to teach his  horse to stop
   and turn quick, and to rest on his haunches, is of
   use to a gentleman both in peace and war. Locke.
 2.  The rear; the  hind  part
              Thou art a summer bird,
   Which ever in the haunch of winter sings
   The lifting up of day.                   Shaksp.
 To HAUNT, hant.314 v. a. [hanler, Fr.]
 1.  To  frequent;  to  be  much  about any
    place or  person.
     A man who for his hospitality is so much haunted,
   that no news stir but come to his ears.     Sidney.
     Now we being brought known unto her, after once
   we were acquainted, and acquainted we were sooner
   than ourselves  expected, she  continually almost
   haunted us.                            Sidney.
     I do haunt thee in toe battle thus,
   Because some tell me that thou art a king. Shaksp.
     She this dangerous  forest haunts,
   And in sad accents utters her complaints.  Waller.
              Earth now
   Secur'd like to heav'n, a  seat  where  gods might
         dwell,
   Or wander with delight, and love to ftaunf
   Her sacred shades.                      Jtfiffon.
     Celestial Venus haunts Idalia's groves;
  Diana Cynthus, Ceres Hybla loves.        Pope.
2. It is used frequently  in an ill sense of
   one that conies unwelcome.
    You wrong me, sir, thus still to ftaunf my house;
  I told you, sir, my daughter is dispos'd of.   Shak.
    Oh, could I see my country-seat!
  There leaning near a gentle brook,
  Sleep, or peruse some ancient book;
  And there in sweet  oblivion drown
  Those cares that haunt the court and town.  Swift.
3. It is eminently used of apparitions  or
   spectres  that  appear  in a  particular
   place.
    Foul spirits ftaunf my resting place,
  And ghastly visions break my sleep by night.
                                      Fairfax.
    All these the woes of Oedipus have known,
  Your fates, your furies, and your haunted town.
                                        Pope.
To  Haunt, hant. v.  ra.   To  be  much
   about; to appear frequently.
    I've charg'd thee not to Aannf about my doors:
  In honest plainness  thou hast heard me say,
  My daughter's not for thffe.              Shaksp.
    Where they most breed and haunt, I have ob-
         serv'd
  The air is delicate.                     Shaksj).
Haunt, hant.  ra. s. [from the verb.]
I. Place in  which one is frequently  found
    We  set toils, nets, gins, snares and traps for
  beasts and birds in their own ftaunfs and walks.
                                   L'£sfrange.
    To me pertains not, she replies,
  To know or care where Cupid flies;
  What are his haunts, or which his way,
  Where he would dwell, or whither stray.     Prior.
    A scene where, if a god should cast his sight,
  A god might gaze and wonder with delight!
  Joy touch'd toe messenger of heav'n; he stay'd
  Entranc'd, and all the blissful haunts survey'd. Pope.
2. Habit of being in a certain place.
     The ftaunf you  have got about the courts will
  one day or another bring your family to beggary.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Ha'unter, hant'tilr.98 ra. s. [from  haunt]
   Frequenter; one that  is often found in
   any place.
    The ancient  Grecians were an ingenious people,
  of whom the  vulgar sort,  such as were haunters of
  theatres,  took  pleasure in the conceits  of Aristo-
  phanes.                              Wotton.
     O goddess, haunter of the woodland green,
   Queen of the nether skies!              Dryden.

Ha'vock, hav'vdk.166  ra.  8. [hafog, Welsh,
   devastation.]  Waste; wide and general
   devastation; merciless destruction.
     Having  been never used to  have any thing of
   their own, they make no spare of any  thing, but
   havock and confusion of all they meet with. Spenser.
     Saul made havock of the church.         Acts.
     Ye gods! what havock does ambition make
   Among your works!                   Addison.
     The rabbins, to  express the great havock which
   has been made of the Jews,  tell us, that there were
   such torrents of holy blood shed, as carried rocks of
   a hundred yards in circumference above three miles
   into the sea.                          Addison.
     If it had either  air or fuel, it must make a great-
   er havock than any history mentions.      Cheyne.

Ha'vock, hav'vuk. interj. [from the noun.]
   A word of encouragement to slaughter.
     Why stand these royal fronts amazed thus?
   Cry havock, kings!                     Sftafcsp.
                Ate" by his side,
   Cries havock! and lets loose the dogs of war. Shaksp
 To  Ha'vock, hav'vilk.  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]  To waste;  to  destroy;  to  lay
   waste.
     Whatsoever they leave, the soldier spoileth and
   havocketh; so that, between both, nothing is left.
                                       Spenser.
    See, with what heat these dogs of hell advance,
  To waste and havock yonder world, which 1
  So fair and good created!                Milton
Ha'utboy,  ho'boe  ra. s. [haut and  bois,
  Fr.]  A wind instrument.
    I told John of Gaunt he beat his own name; for
  you might have truss'd him and all his apparel into
  an eel-skin;  the case of a treble hautboy was a man-
  sion for him.                         Shaksp.
     Now give the hautboys breath;  he comes,  he
        comes.                         Dryden.
Ha'utboy  Strawberry,  ho'boe.    See
  Strawberry.
Haw, haw.  ra. s. [hag, Saxon.]
I. The berry and seed ofthe hawthorn.
    The seed of the bramble with  kernel and haw.
                     ,                  Tusser.
     Store of haws and hips portend cold winters.
                                       Bacon.
    His quarrel to the hedge was, that his thorns and
  his brambles did not bring forth raisins, rather than
  haws and blackberries.              L'Estrange.
2. An excrescence in the eye.
3. [haga,  Saxon;  haw, a  garden,  Danish.]
  A small piece  of ground adjoining to a
  house.  In Scotland they call it  haugh.
    Upon the  haw at Plymouth is cut  out in  tbe
  ground the portraiture of two men, with  clubs  in
  their hands,  whom they term Gog and Magog.
                                       Carew.
To  Haw, haw. v. ra.  [perhaps corrupted
  from  hawk or hack.]   To speak slowly
  with frequent intermission and  hesita-
  tion.
    'Tis a great way; but yet,  after a little humming
  and hawing upon 't, he agreed to undertake the job.
                                   L'Estrange.
Hawk, hawk. ra. s. [hcebeg, Welsh; hapoc,
  Saxon; accipiter, Latin.]
1. A bird  of prey, used much anciently in
  sport  to catch other birds.
    Do'st thou love hawking?  Thou hast hawks will
        soar
  Above the morning lark.                Shaksp.
    It can be  no  more disgrace to a  great lord  to
  draw a fair picture, than to cut his hawk's meat.
                                     Peacham.
          Whence born on liquid wing
  The sounding culver shoots; or where toe hawk,
  High in toe  beetling cliffs, his airy builds. Thomson.
    [hoch, Welsh.]   An effort  to force
  phlegm up the throat.
To  Hawk,  hawk. v. ra. [from the noun.]
1. To fly hawks at fowls; to catch birds by
  means of a hawk.
          Ride unto St. Alban's,
  Whereas the king and queen do mean to hawk.
                                       Shaksp.
     One  followed study and knowledge, and another
  hawking and hunting.                    Locke.
     He that hawks at larks and sparrows, has no less
  sport, though a much less considerable quarry, than
  he that flies  at nobler game.               Locke.
     A falc'ner Henry is, when Emma hawks;
  With her of tarsels and of lures  he talks.    Prior.
2. To fly  at; to attack on the wing.
     A faulcon tow'ring in her pride of place,
  Was by a mousing owl hawk'd at and kill'd.
                                       Shaksp.
     WTiether upward to the moon they go,
  Or dream the winter opt in caves below,
  Or hawk at flies elsewhere, concerns us not to know.
                                       Dryden.
 3.  To force up phlegm  with a noise.
     Come, sit,  sit,  and a song.----Shall we clap
  into 't roundly, without hawking or spitting, or say-
  ing we are  hoarse, which are the only prologues to
  a bad voice!                          Shaksp.
     She complained of a stinking  tough phlegm which
   she hawked up in the mornings.          Wiseman 
HA Y
HAZ
HE
    Blood, cast out of the throat or windpipe, is spit
  out with a hawking or small cough; that out of the
  gums is spit out without hawking, coughing, or vo-
  miting.                              Harvey
4. To sell by  proclaiming it in the streets.
   [from hock, German, a salesman.]
    His works were hawk'd in every street;
  But seldom rose above a sheet.  "          Swift.
Ha'wked, haw'kdd.368 adj. [from hawk.]
   Formed like a  hawk's bill.
    Flat noses seem comely unto the Moor, an  aqui-
  line or hawked one  unto the  Persian, a large and
  prominent nose unto the Roman.         Brown,
Ha'wker,  haw'kilr."8 ra.  s.  [from  hock,
   German.]  One who sells his wares by
   proclaiming  them in the  street.
    I saw my labours, which had cost me so much
  thought, bawled about by  common hawkers, which
  I once intended for the consideration of the greatest
  persons.                              'Swift.
    To grace this honour'd day, the queen proclaims,
  By herald hawkers, high heroick games:
  She summons all her sons; an endless band
  Pours forth, and leaves unpeopled half the land.
                                        Pope,
Ha'wkweed, hawk'vveed. ra. s.  A plant.
    Oxtongue is a species of hawkweed.     Miller.
Ha'wses, haw'siz." ra. s.  [of a ship.] Two
   round holes  under the ship's head or
   beak, through which  the cables  pass
   when she is  at anchor.          Harris.
Ha'wthorn, hkw'thorn. ra. s. [hasgbonn,
   Saxon.] A species of medlar; the thorn
   that bears haws; the white thorn.
    The use to which hawthorn is applied in England
  is to make hedges;  there are two or three varieties
  of it about London; but that sort which produces the
  smallest leaves is preferable, because its branches
  always grow close together.              Miller.
    There is a man haunts the forest, that abuses our
  young plants wito carving Rosalind on their barks;
  hangs odes  upon  hawthorns, and elegies on bram-
  bles.                                Shaksp
    Some in their hands, beside the lance and shield,
  The boughs of woodbine or of hawthorn held.
                                     Dryden.
    Now hawthorns blossom, now  the daisies spring.
                                        Pope.
    The hawthorn whitens.              Thomson.
Ha'wthorn x"ly, haw'fVidrn-fli. ra. s.    An
   insect.
    The hawthorn fly is all black,  and not big.
                                      Walton.
HAY, ha. ra.  s.  [hieg,  hig, Saxon;  hey,
   Dutch.]  Grass  dried  to fodder  cattle
   in winter.
    Make hay while the sun  shines.       Camden.
    Make poor men's cattle break their necks;
  Set fire on barn? and hay stacks in the night,
  And bid the owners  quench them with their tears.
                                      Shaksp.
    We have heats of dungs, and of hays and herbs
  laid up moist.                          Bacon.
    Or if the earlier season lead
  To the tann'd hay cock in the mead.      Milton.
    Bring them for food sweet boughs and osiers cut,
  Nor all the winter long thy hay rick shut.    Afay.
    Some turners  turn  long and slender sprigs of
  ivory, as small as an hay stalk.          Moxon.
    By some hay cock, or some shady thorn,
  He bids his beads both even song and morn.
                                     Dryden.
    The best manure  for meadows is the bottom of
  hay mows and hay stacks.              Mortimer.
    Hay and oats, in the management of a groom,
  will make ale.                          Swift,
To dance the  Hay.   To  dance in a ring;
  probably  from  dancing round  a  hay
  cock.
    I will play on the tabor to the worthies).
  And let them dance the hay.             Shaksp.
    This maids think on the hearth they see,
  When fires well nigh consumed be,
  There dancing hays by two and three,
  Just as your fancy casts them.          Drayton.
    The gum and glist'ning, which with art
  And study'd method, in each part
    Hangs down,
  Looks just as if that day
  Snails there had crawl'd the hay.        Suckling.
Hay, ha.  ra. s. [from haie, Fr.   a  hedge.]
   A  net which  encloses the haunt of an
   animal.
    Coneys are destroyed by ftays,  curs, spaniels, or
  tumblers,  bred up for that purpose.     Mortimer.
Ha'ymakeu,  ha'ma-kur. ra.  s.  [hay and
   make.]   One employed in drying grass
   for hay.
    As to the return of his health and  vigour, were
  you here,  you might enquire of his haymakers.
                                 Pope to Swift.
HA'ZARD,  haz'urd.88 ra. s. [hazard,  Fr.
   azar, Spanish; haski, Runick, danger.]
1. Chance; accident; fortuitous  hap.
           I have set my life upon a cast,
  And I will stand the hazard of the die.    Shaksp,
    I will upon all hazards well believe
  Thou art my friend, that know'st my tongue so well.
                                    , Shaksp.
    Where the mind does  not perceive connection,
  there men's opinions are not the product of judg-
  ment, but the effects of chance and  hazard, of  a
  mind floating at all adventures, without choice and
  without direction.                       Locke.
2. Danger; chance of danger.
    We are bound to yield unto our Creator, the Fa-
  ther of all mercy, eternal thanks, for that he hath
  delivered his law unto toe  world; a law wherein so
  many things are laid open, as  a light which  other-
  wise would have been buried in darkness, not with-
  out  toe hazard, or rather not with  the hazard, but
  with the certain loss of thousands of souls, most un-
  doubtedly  now saved.                   Hooker.
    The hazard I have run to see you  here, should
  inform you that I love not at a common rate.  Dryd.
    Men  are led on from one stage of life to another
  in a condition of the utmost hazard, and  yet with-
  out  the least apprehension of their danger. Rogers.
3. A  game at dice.
    The duke playing at hazard, held in a great
  many hands together, and drew a huge heap of gold.
                                        Swift.
To Ha'zard,  haz'urd.  v.  a. [hazarder,
   Fr.]   To expose to chance; to put into
   danger.
    They might, by persisting  in the  extremity of
  that opinion, hazard greatly their own  estates, and
  so weaken that part which their places now give.
                                     Hooker.
    It was not in his power to adventure upon his own
  fortune, or bearing a publick charge to hazard him-
  self against a man of private condition. Hayward.
    By dealing indifferently mercies to allj  you may
  hazard your own share.                Sherlock.
To Ha'zard, haz'urd. v. ra.
1. To try  the chance.
    I  pray you tarry; pause a day or two,
  Before you hazard; for in chusing wrong,
  I lose your company.                   Shaksp.
2. To adventure; to  run the danger.
    She from her fellow-provinces would go,
  Rather than hazard to have you her foe.   Waller.
Ha'zardable,   haz'iir-da-bl.  adj. [from
   hazard.]  Venturous; liable to chance.
    An hazardable determination it  is, unto fluctua-
  ting and indifferent effects, to  affix a positive type
  or period.                             Brown.
Ha'zaroer, haz'ilr-dur. n. *. [from haz-
   ard]    He who hazards.
 Ha'zardry, luiz'ur-dre. n. s. [from haz-
   ard.]  Temerity; precipitation;  rash ad-
   venturousness.   Obsolete.
    Hasty wrath, and heedless hazardry,
  Do breed repentance late, and lasting infamy.
                                      Spenser.
 Ha'zardous, haz'ur-dris. adj. [hazardeux,
   French, from hazard/]  Dangerous; ex-
   posed to char.ee.
    Grant that our hazardous attempt prove vain,
  We feel the worst, secur'd from greater  pain.
                                      Dryden.
 Hazardously, haz'fir-diis-le. adv. [from
   hazardous.]  With danger or chance.
 Haze, haze. ra. s.   [The  etymology un-
   known.]  Fog; mist.
 To  Haze,  haze.  v. ra.  To be foggy or
   misty.
 To Haze,  haze. v. a. To  fright one.
                                 Ainsworth.
 HA'ZEL, ha'z'l.102 ra.  s. [haerel, Saxon;
   corulus, Latin.]   Nut tree.
    The nuts grow in clusters, and are closely joined
  together at the bottom, each being covered with an
  outward husk or cup, which opens at the top, and
  when toe fruit is ripe it falls out.   The species are
  hazelnut, cobnut, and filbert.  The  red and white
  filberts are mostly esteemed for their fruit.  Miller
              Kate, like the ftazef twig,
  Is straight and slender, and as brown in hue
  As ftazef nuts, and sweeter than the kernels.  Shak.
    Her chariot is an empty ftazef nut.     Shaksp.
    Why sit we not beneath toe grateful shade,
  Which hazels, intermix'd with elms, have made?
                                      Diyden.
    There are some from the size of  a  ftazef nut  to
  that of a man's fist.                 Woodward.
Ha'zel,  ha'z'l.  adj.  [from  the  noun.]
  Light brown; ofthe colour of hazel.
    Chuse a warm dry soil, toat has a good depth  ot
  light ftazef mould.                    Mortimer.
Ha'zelly, ha'z'l-e. adj.  Of the colour  of
  hazel; a light brown.
    Uplands  consist either of sand,  gravel, chalk,
  rock or stone, hazelly loam, clay, or black mould.
                                    Mortimer.
Ha'zy, ha'ze. adj. [from haze] Dark; fog-
  gy; misty.
    Our clearest day bere is misty and ftazy; we see
  not far, and wrhat we do see  is in a bad light.
                                      -Burnet.
    Oft engender'd by the fta2y north,
  Myriads on myriads, insect armies waft.  Thomson.
He, he. pronoun,  gen.  him;  plur.  they;
  gen. them,  [hy, Dutch;  he, Saxon.   It
  seems to have borrowed the plural from
  $ip, plural bay, dative birum.]
 1. The man that was named  before.
    All the conspirators, save only fte,
  Did toat they did in envy of great Ca;sar.  Shaksp.
            If much you note him,
  You shall offend him, and increase his passion;
  Feed and regard Him not.               Shaksp.
    I am weary of this moon; would fte would change.
                                      Shaksp.
            Adam spoke;
  S.0 cheer'd  he his fair spouse, and she was cheer'd.
                                      Milton
    When Adam wak'd, fte on his side
  Leaning half rais'd hung over her.       Milton.
    Thus talking, hand in hand along fftey pass'd
  On to their blissful bowers.              MUton
                Extol
  Him first, him last, him midst.           MUton.
 2. The  man;  the  person.   It sometimes
  stands without reference to  any  forego-
  ing word. 
HE A
HE A
H E A
            He is never poor
  That little hath, but fte that much desires.  Daniel.
3. Man or male being.
    Such mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's law
  Is death to any fte that utters them.        Shaksp.
    I stand to answer thee, or any fte the proudest of
        thy sort.                         Shaksp
    Tros and his race the sculptor shall employ,
  And  he the god who built the walls of Troy. Dryd.
4. Male: as, a he bear, a  he  goat.   It  is
   used where  the male and female have
   not different denominations.
   The he's in birds have toe fairest feathers. Bacon.
5. In the last two senses Ac? is rather a noun
   than  pronoun.
 HEAD, hed"4  ra.  *.  [heapob,  heapb,
   Sax. hoofd,  Dutch; heved,  old English,
   whence by contraction head.]
 1. The  part of the  animal that  contains
   the brain, or the organ  of  sensation  or
   thought.
     Vein heating verven, and liead purging dill.
                                        Spenser.
                  Over head up grew
   Insuperable height of loftiest shade.       Milton.
     The dewy paths of meadows we will tread,
   For crowns and chaplets to adorn thy head.  Dryd.
     I  could still have offers, that some who held their
   fteacfs higher, would be glad to accept.      Swift.
 2. Person  as  exposed  to any  danger  or
   penalty.
     What he gets more of her than  sharp words, let
   it lie on my head.                       Shaksp.
     WTho of all ages to succeed, but  feeling
   The evil on him brought by me, will curse
   My head? ill fare our ancestor impure.     Milton.
 3. Head and Ears.  The whole person.
     In jingling rhimes well fortified and strong,
   He fights intrench'd o'er head and ears in song.
                                       Granuiffe.
 4. Denomination of any animal.
     When Innocent desired the Marquis of Carpio to
   furnish thirty thousand head of swine, he could not
   spare them; but thirty thousand lawyers he had at
   his  service.                           Addison.
     The tax upon pasturage was raised according to a
   certain rate per head upon  cattle.      Arbuthnot.

  5. Chief; principal person; one to whom
    the  rest are  subordinate;  loader; com-
    mander.
     For their commons, there  is little danger from
   them, except it be where they have  great and po-
   tent heads.                              Bacon.
                 Your Aead I him appoint;
   And by myself have sworn, to him shall bow
   All knees in heav'n, and shall confess him lord.
                                         Milton.
     The  fteads of the  chief sects of philosophy, as
   Thales, Anaxagoras, and Pythagoras, did consent
   to this tradition.                       TUlotson.
  6. Piacc of honour; the first  place.
     Notwithstanding all the justices had taken toeir
   places upon  the bench, Ihey made room  for the old
   knight at the Aead of them.              Addison.

  7. Place of command.
     An army of four score thousand troops, with the
   duke of Marlborough at the ftead of them, could do
   nothing.                             Addison.
  S. Countenance; presence.
     Richard not far from hence hath hid his head.
                                         Shaksp.
     With Cain go wander through the shade of night,
   And never shew Ay head by day or light.   Shaksp.
     Eie to-morrow's sun shall shew his head. Dryden.
 •3. Understanding;  faculties  of the mind:
    commonly  in  a ludicrous  sense.
     The wenches laid their heads together.
                                     L'£sfrange.
     A fox and a goat went down  a well to drink:
the goat fell to hunting which way to get back; Oh, 120. The brain.
dom Rf.vnai'f!  npvpr frnuhlA  Vftlir Al/Xi/_ hilt teftvft      A-___.___
 says Reynard, never trouble your head, but leave
 that to me.                         L'Estrange.
   vVork with all the ease and speed you can, with-
 out breaking your head, and being so very industri-
 ous in starting scruples.                 Dryden.
   The lazy and inconsiderate took up toeir notions
 by chance, without much  beating their heads  about
 them.                                 Locke.
   If a  man shews that he has no religion, why
 should we think that he beats his head, and troubles
 himself to examine the grounds of this or  that doc-
 trine?                                 Locfce.
   When in ordinary discourse we say a man has a
 fine ftead, we express ourselves metaphorically, and
 speak in relation to his understanding; and when we
 say of a woman she has a fine head, we speak only
 in relation to her commode.             Addison.
   We laid our  heads together, to  consider what
 grievances  the nation had suffered  under  king
 George.                              Addison.
10. Face; front;  forepart.
            The gathering crowd pursues;
 The ravishers turn head,  the fight renews. Dryden.
11. Resistance;  hostile opposition.
   Then made he head against his enemies,
 And Hymner slew.                Fairy Qween.
    Sometimes hath  Henry Bolingbroke made head
 against my power.                      Shaksp.
    Two valiant gentlemen making head against them,
 seconded by  half a dozen more, made forty run
 away.                               Raleigh.
    Sin having depraved his judgment, and got pos-
 session  of his will, there is no other principle left
 him naturally, by which  he  can make ftead against
  it.                                      South.
12.  Spontaneous resolution.
    The bordering wars in this kingdom were made
  altogether by voluntaries, upon their own head, with-
  out any pay or commission from the state.  Davies.
13.  Stale of  a  deer's horns, by  which his
   age is known.
    It was a buck of the first ftead.     Shakspeare.
    The  buck is called the fifth year a buck  of the
  first head.                             Shaksp.
14. Individual.   It is used in  numbers or
   computation.
    If there be six millions of people, then toere is
  about four acres for every head.         Graunt.
15.  The top of any thing bigger than the
   rest.
    His spear's ftead weighed six hundred  shekels of
  iron.                                1 Samuef.
                 As high
  As his proud head is rais'd towards the sky,
  So low tow'rds hell his roots descend.    Denham.
    Trees, which have large and spreading heads,
  would lie with their branches up in the water.
                                     Woodward.
    If the buds are made our food, they are called
  fteads or tops; so heads of asparagus and artichoaks.
                                         Watts.
    Head is an equivocal term; for  it signifies  the
  head of a nail, or of a pin, as well as of an animal.
                                         Waffs.
 16.  The forepart of any thing, as of a ship.
    By gallies with brazen heads, she might transport
   over Indus at once three hundred thousand soldiers.
                                       Raleigh.
                 His gallies moor;
   Their fteads are  turn'd to sea, their sterns to  shore.
                                       Dryden.
 17.  That  which rises on  the top.
     Let  it stand in a tub four or five days before it be
   put into the cask, stirring it twice a day, and  beating
   down the Aead or yeast into it.          Mortimer.
 18.  The blaae of an axe.
     A man fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down
   fte tree, and the ftead slippeth from the helve.
                                   Deuteronomy.
 19.  Upper  part of  a bed.
     Israel bowed upon the bed's head.      Genesis.
  As eastern priests in giddy circles run,
And turn their heads to imitate toe sun.
Pope
21.  Dress of the head.
    Ladies think they gain their point when they have
  teazed their husbands to buy them a laced heud, or
  a fine petticoat.                          Swift,
22.  Piincipal topic of discourse.
    These heads are of a mixed order, and we pro-
  pose only such as belong to the natural world.
                                Burnet's Theory.
    'Tis our great interest and duty, to  satisfy our-
  selves on this Aead, upon which  our whole eonduct
  depends.                             Atterbury.
23.  Source of  a stream.
    It is the glory of God to give; his very nature
  delighteth in it;  his mercies in toe current, through
  which they would pass, may be dried up, but at the
  head they never fail.                   Hooker.
    The current by Gaza is but a small stream, rising
  between it and the Red Sea, whose head from Ga-
  za is little more  than twenty English  miles.
                               Raleigh's History.
    Some did the  song, and some the choir maintain,
  Beneath a laurel shade, where mighty Po
  Mounts up to woods above, and hides his Aead below.
                                       Dryden.
24.  Crisis;  pitch.
    The indisposition which has long hung upon me.
  is at last grown  to such a head, that it must quickly
  make an end of  me, or of itself.         Addison,

25.  Power;  influence; force; strength; do-
   minion.
     Within her breast though calm, her breast though
         pure,
  Motherly cares and fears got Aead, and rais'd
  Some troubled thoughts.                 Milton,
26.  Body; conflux.
     People under  command chuse to consult, and af-
  ter to march in order; and rebels, contrariwise, run
  upon an Aead together in confusion.         Bacon.
     A mighty and a fearful head they are,
  As ever offer'd foul play in  a state.       Shaksp
     Far in tbe  marches here we heard you were,
  Making another head to fight again.       Shaksp.
           Let all this wicked crew gather
  Their forces to one head.            Ben Jonson,

27.  Power;  armed force.
     My lord, my  lord, the French have gather'd Aead.
                                     Shakspeare.
             At sixteen years,    „
  When Tarquin  made a Aead for Some,  he sought
  Beyond the mark of others.             Shaksp
 28.  Liberty  in running a horse.
     He gave his able horse the Aead,
   And bounding forward struck his agile heels
   Against toe  panting sides of his  poor jade
   Up to the rowel-head.                   Shaksp.
 29.  License;  freedom  from  restraint:  a
   metaphor from horsemanship.
      God will not  admit of the passionate man's apolo-
   gy, ithat he has so long given  his unruly passions
   their head, that he cannot now govern nor controul
   them.                                  Soufft.
 3U.  It is  very improperly applied to  roots.
      How turneps hide their swelling Aeods below,
   And how the closing coleworts upwards grow.  Gay.
 31.  Head  and Shoulders.  By force;  vio-
    lently.
      People that hit upon  a thought that tickles them,
   will be  still bringing it in by Aead and shoulders,
   over and over,  in several companies.   L'Estrange.
      They bring in every figure of speech, Aead and
   shoulders, by main force, in spite  of  nature and
   their subject.                           Feffon.
 Head,  hed. adj.  Chief;  principal: as, the
    head workman; the head inn.
      The horse made their escape to Winchester, the
   headquarters.                       Clarendon
  To  Head,  hed. v. a.  [from the  noun.] 
HE A
HEA
HE A
1. To  lead; to  influence;  to  direct;  to
   govern.
    Abas, who seem'd our friend, is either fled,
  Or, what we fear, our enemies does head.  Dryden.
    Nor is what has been said of princes less true of
  all other governours, from him that Aeods an army
  to him that is master of a family, or of one single
  servant.                               Soufft.
    This lord had headed his appointed bands,
  In  firm allegiance to his king's commands.  Prior.
2. To behead; to kill by taking away the
   head.
    If you head and hang all that offend that way but
  tor ten years together, you'll be glad to give out a
  commission for more heads.             Shaksp.
3. To fit any thing with a head, or  princi-
   pal part.
     Headed with flints and feathers bloody dy'd,
  Arrows the Indians in their quivers  hide.
                                  fairy Queen.
     Of cornel-wood a spear upright,
  Headed with piercing steel, and polish'd bright.
                                      Dryden.
4. To lop trees.
     You must disbranch them, leaving only the sum-
  mit entire: it may be necessary to head them too.
                                    Mortimer.
HE'ADACH,hed'a.ke.36Sra. s. [head and ach]
   Pain in the  head.
         From the cruel headach
  Riches do not preserve.                 Sidney.
     Nothing more exposes to headachs, colds, catarrhs,
  and coughs, than keeping the head warm.   Locke.
     In the headach he orders  the opening of the vein
  of the forehead.                    Arbuthnot.
             At  some dear idle time,
  Not plagu'd with headachs, or the want of rhyme.
                                         Pope.
He'adband,  hed'band.  ra. s.  [head and
   band.]
 1. A fillet for the head; a topknot.
     The Lord will take away  the bonnets, and  the
  headbands.                             Isaiah.
 2.  The band at each end of a book.
 He'adborough, h£d'bur-r6.  ra. s. [head
   and borough.]    A constable; a subor-
   dinate  constable.
     Here lies John Dod, a servant of God, to whom
         he is gone,
   Father or mother, sister or  brother, he  never knew
         none;
   A headborough  and a constable, a man of fame,
  The first of his house, and last of his name.
                                      Camden.
     This none are able to break thorough,
  Until they're freed by head of borough.  Hudibras.
He'address,  hed'dr£s.  ra. s.  [head and
   dress.]
 I. The covering of a woman's head.
     There  is not so variable a thing in nature as a
  lady's headdress: I have known it rise and fall.
                                      Addison.
     If ere with airy horns I planted heads,
  Or discompos'd the headdress  of a prude.     Pope.

 2.  Any thing resembling a headdress, and
   prominent on the head.
     Among birds the males very often appear in a
  most beautiful  headdress, whether it be a crest, a
  comb, a tuft of feathers, or a natural little plume,
  erected like a kind of pinnacle on the very top of
  the head.                            Addison.
 He'ader, h£d'diir.98 ra. s. [from head.]
 1. One that heads  nails or  pins, or the
   like.
 2.  The first brick in the angle.
     If the header of one side of the wall is toothed
  as much as the stretcher on the outside, it would be
  a stronger toothing, and the joints of the headers of
       VOL.  I.
  one side would be in the middle of the headers of
  the course toey lie upon of the other side. Moxon.
He'adgargle, hed'gar-gl. ra. a. [head and
  gargle.] A disease, I suppose, in cattle.
    For the headgargle give powder of fenugreek.
                                    Mortimer.
He'adiness, hSd'de-nes.  ra. s. [from hea-
  dy.]   Hurry;  rashness; stubbornness;
  precipitation;  obstinacy.
    If any will rashly blame such his choice of old
  and unwonted words, him may I more justly blame
  and condemn, either of witless headiness in judging,
  or of headless hardiness in condemning.  Spenser.

He'adland, hed'land. ra. s. [head and land]
1. Promontory; cape.
    An heroick play ought to be an imitation  of an
  heroic poem,  and  consequently love and valour
  ought to be the subject of it: both these sir William
  Davenant began to  shadow;  but it was so as dis-
  coverers draw their  maps with headlands and pro-
  montories.                           Dryden.
2.  Ground under  hedges.
    Now down with the grass upon headlands about,
  That groweth in shadow so rank and so stout
                                      Tusser.
He'adless, hed'les.  adj.  [from head.]
1.  Without a head;  beheaded.
    His shining helmet he  'gan soon unlace,
  And left his headless body bleeding at the place.
                                     Spenser.
    Were I a man, a duke, and next of blood,
  I would remove these tedious stumbling blocks,
  And smooth my way upon their headless necks.
                                   Shakspeare.
    On the cold earth  lies th' unregarded king,
  A headless carcase, and a nameless thing. Denham.
    Prickly stubs, instead of trees are found;
  Headless the most, and hideous to behold.  Dryden.

2.  Without a chief.
    They rested not until they had made the empire
  stand headless about seventeen years.     Raleigh.
3.  Obstinate;   inconsiderate;   ignorant;
   wanting intellects: perhaps for heedless.
    Him may I more justly blame and condemn,
  either of witless headiness in judging, or of head-
  less hardiness in condemning.           Spenser.
He'adlong,  hed'long. adj.
1.  Steep;  precipitous.
2.  Rash; thoughtless.
3.  Sudden; precipitate.
    It suddenly fell from an excess of favour, which
  many examples having taught toem, never stopt his
  race, 'till it came to  a headlong overthrow. Sidney.
He'adlong,  hed'long.  adv.  [head  and
  long.]
1.  With the  head foremost.  It is  often
   doubtful whether this word be adjective
   or adverb.
            I'll look no more,
  Lest my brain turn, and the deficient sight
  Topple down headlong.                 Shaksp.
    Who, while he steering view'd the stars, and bore
  His course from Africk to the Latian shore,
  Fell headlong down.                   Dryden.
    Headlong from thence toe glowing fury springs,
  And o'er the Theban palace spreads her wings. Pope.

2.  Rashly; without thought; precipitately.
     To give Ahab such  warning as might infallibly
  have prevented  his destruction, was esteemed by
  him evil; and to push  him on headlong into it, be-
  cause he was fond of it, was accounted good. SoufA.
     Some ask for envi'd  pow'r, which public hate
  Pursues, and hurries headlong to their fate,
  Down go the titles.                    Dryden.
3.  Hastily; without delay or respite.
     Unhappy offspring of my teeming womb!
  Dragg'd headlong from thy cradle to thy tomb.
                                      Dryden.
                    5z
4. It is very negligently used  by Shaku
  peare.
    Hence will I drag thee headlong by the heels,
  Unto a dunghill, which shall be thy grave. Shaksp
He'admould-shot,  hed'mold-sh6t.  ra. s.
   [head, mould, and shot.]   This is when
   the sutures of the skull, generally the
   coronal, ride;  that is, have their edges
   shot over one another;  which is frequent
   in infants, and occasions convulsions and
   death.                            Quincy.
He'adpiece, hed'peese.  ra. s.  [head and
  piece.]
1. Armour forthe  head;  helmet; morion.
    limited off my headpiece,  and humbly entreated
  her pardon, or knowledge why she was cruel. Sidney.
    The word is giv'n;  with eager speed  they lace
  The shining headpiece, and toe shield embrace. Dry.
    A reason for this fiction of the one-eyed Cyclops,
  was their wearing a headpiece, or a martial vizor,
  that had but one sight.                 Broome.
    This champion will not come into  the field, be-
  fore his great blunderbuss can be got ready, his old
  rusty breastplate scoured, and his cracked headpiece
  mended.                              Swift.
2. Understanding;  force of mind.
            'Tis done by some severals
  Of headpiece extraordinary, lower messes
  Perchance are to this business purblind.   Shaksp
    Eumenes  had the best headpiece of all Alexan-
  der's captains.                      Prideaux.
HE'ADquARTERS,   he<l-kwar-turz.  ra.  s.
   [head and quarters.] The place of gene-
   ral  rendezvous,   or lodgment  for  sol-
   diers.   This is properly two words.
    Those spirits, posted upon the outguards, imme-
  diately scour off to the brain, which is toe head-
  quarters, or office of intelligence, and  there they
  make their report.                     Collier.
He'adship, hed'ship. ra. s.   [from head.]
   Dignity;  authority; chief place.
He'adsman, hedz'man.88 ra. s.  [head and
   man.]  Executioner;  one  that cuts off
   heads.
    Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,
  And headsmen lab'ring till they blunt their ax?
                                      Dryden.
He'adstall, hed'stall.408 ra. s.  [head and
   stall.]   Part of  the bridle that covers
   the head.
    His horse, with a half-cheek'dbit, and aheadstall
  of sheep's leather, which being restrained to keep
  him from stumbling, hath been often burst, and now
  repaired with knots.                   Shaksp.
He'adstone, hed'stone.  ra. s.  [head and
   stone.]   The first or capital stone.
    The stone, which the builders refused, is become
  the headstone.                         Psalms.
He'adstrong, hed'strong. adj. [head and
   strong.]   Unrestrained;  violent;  un-
   governable;  resolute  to  run  his  own
   way;  as a horse whose head cannot be
   held in.
    An  example, for headstrong  and inconsiderate
  zeal, no less fearful than Achitophel  for proud and
  irreligious wisdom.                    Hooker.
    How now, my headstrong! where have you been
         gadding?
   —Where I have learnt mc to repent  the sin
   Of disobedient opposition.           Shakspeare.
    But such a headstrong potent fault  it is,
   That it but mocks reproof.           Shakspeare,
             He ill  aspires to rule
   Cities of men or headstrong  multitudes,
   Subject himself to anarchy within.        MUton.
    There 's no opposing the torrent of a headstrong
   multitude.                        L'-Estrange.
    Now let the headstrong boy my will controul: 
HE A
HE A
HE A
  Virtue 's no slave of man; no sex confines the soul;
  I, for myself, th' imperial seat will gain,
  And he shall wait my leisure for his reign. Dryden.
    Your father's folly took a headstrong course;
  But I'll rule your's, and teach you love by force. Dry.
    Can we forget how the mad headstrong rout
  Defy'd their prince to arms, nor made account
  Of faith or duty, or allegiance sworn?    Philips.
    I'll try if yet I can reduce to reason
  This headstrong youth, and make him spurn at Cato.
                                      Addison.
    You'll be both judge and party; I am sorry thou
  discoverest so much of thy headstrong humour.
                                    Arbuthnot.
He'adworkman,  hed-wurk'man.    ra.  s.
   [head, work, and razara.]  The foreman,
   or chief servant over the rest.  Proper-
   ly two words.
    Can Wood be  otherwise regarded than  as the
  mechanick, the headworkman,  to prepare furnace
  and stamps?                             Swift.
He'ady, hed'de. adj. [from head]
1.  Rash;  precipitate; hasty; violent; un-
   governable; hurried on with  passion.
    Take pity of your town and of your people,
  While yet the cool and temp'rate wind of grace
  O'crblows toe filthy and contagious clouds
  Of heady murther, spoil and villany.   Shakspeare.
             I am advised what I say:
  Neither disturbed with the effect of wine,
  Nor, fteodyrash, provok'd with raging ire;
  Albeit my wrongs might make one wiser mad.
                                    Shakspeare.
             I'll forbear,
  And am fall'n out with my more heady will,
  To take the indispos'd and sickly fit
  For the sound man.                Shakspeare.
             Wives, the readiest helps
  To betray fteady husbands, rob the easy.  Ben Jons.
     Those only are  regarded who are true to their
  party; and all toe talent required is to be hot, to be
  Aeady, to be violent on one side  or other.   Temple.
    Men, naturally warm and heady, are transported
  wito the greatest flush of good-nature.    Addison.
2.  Apt to affect  the head.
     I was entertained with a sort of wine which was
  very heady, but otherwise seemed to be sack.  Boyle.
     Since hearty beef and mutton will not do,
  Here 's julip-dance, ptisan of song and show:
  Give you strong sense, the liquor is too heady;
  You're come to farce, that's asses milk, already.
                                       Dryden.
     Flow, Welsted!  flow, like thine inspirer, beer;
  Heady, not strong; and foaming, though not full.
                                         Pope.
3.  Violent;  impetuous.
    Never came reformation in a flood
  Wito such a heady current scow'ring faults;
  Nor ever hydra-headed wilfulness
  So soon did lose his seat.            Shakspeare.
To HEAL, hele.22? v.a. [halgan, Gothick;
   haelan, Saxon; heelen,  Dutch.]
1.  To cure  a  person; to restore from hurt
   or sickness.
    I will restore health, and heal thee of thy wounds.
                                     Jeremiah.
    Who would not  believe  that  our Saviour  fteafed
  the sick and raised the dead, when it was published
  by those who toemselves often did the same mira-
  cles.                                Addison.
    Physicians, by just observations,  grow up to an
  honourable degree of skill  in the art of healing.
                                         Watts.
2.  To cure  a  wound or distemper.
    Thou hast no healing medicines.      Jeremiah.
    A fontanel had been made in  the same leg, which
  he was forced to Aeaf up, by reason of toe pain.
                                      Wiseman.
3.  To  perform  the  act of making a sore
  to cicatrize, after it is cleansed.
    After separation of the eschar, I  deterged and
  healed.                              Wiseman.
4. To reconcile:  as, he healed all dissen-
   sions.
To HEAL,hele. v. ra. To grow well.  Used
   of wounds or sores.
    Those wounds Aeaf that men do give themselves.
                                    SAafcspeare.
    Abscesses will have a greater or less tendency to
  Aeaf, as they are higher or lower in the body.  Sharp.
He'aler, hele-ur.  ra. s.  [from heal.]  One
   who cures  or heals.
    I will not be  an healer.                 Isaiah.
He'aling, hele'ing. participial adj. [from
   heal.]  Mild; mollifying; gentle; assua-
   sive:  as, he is of a healing, pacific tem-
   per.
HEALTH,  helfA.8**  ra. *.  [from   heel,
   Saxon.]
I. Freedom  from bodily pain or sickness.
    Health is toe faculty of performing  all  actions
  proper to a human body, in the most perfect man-
  ner.                                Quincy.
    Our father is in good health, he is yet alive. Gen.
            May be he is not well;
  Infirmity doth still neglect all office,
  Whereto our Aeaffft is bound.            Shaksp.
2.  Welfare  of mind;  purity;  goodness;
   principle of salvation.
    There is no AeaffA in us.       Common Prayer.
    The best preservative to keep the mind in AeaffA
  is the faithful admonition of a friend.       Bacon.
3. Salvation spiritual and temporal.
    My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me,
  and art so  far from my AeaffA, and from the words
  of my complaint.                       Psalms.
4. Wish of happiness used in drinking.
          Come, love and Aeaffft to all;
  I drink to th' general joy ofthe whole table. Shak.
    He asked leave to begin two healths: the first was
  to the king's mistress, and the second to his wife.
                                       Howel.
    For peace  at home, and for  the public  wealth,
  I mean to crown a bowl to Caesar's health. Dryden.
He'althful, helfV/ful. adj. [health and
  full.]
I. Free from  sickness.
    Adam knew  no disease, so long as temperance
  from the forbidden fruit secured him:  Nature was
  his physician, and innocence and abstinence would
  have kept him healthful to immortality.     SoufA.
2. Well  disposed.
    Such an  exploit have I in hand,
  Had you an healthful ear to hear it.      Shaksp.
3. Wholesome; salubrious.
    Many good and healthful-  airs do appear  by ha-
  bitation and proofs, that differ  not in smell from
  other airs.                              Bacon.
    While they pervert pure nature's healthful rules
  To loathsome sickness; worthily since they
  God's image did not reverence in themselves. Jtfiff.
    Our healthful food the stomach labours thus,
  At first embracing what it straight doth crush.
                                      Dryden.
4. Salutary; productive of salvation.
    Pour upon them the healthful spirit of thy grace.
                               Common Prayer.
He'althfully,  helrA'ful-e. adv.  [from
   healthful/]
I. In health.
2. Wholesomely.
He'althfulness, helfA'ful-nes. ra. s. [from
   healthful]
1. Mate  of being well.
2. W holesomeness; salubrious  qualities.
    You have tasted of that cup whereof I have libe-
  rally drank, which I look upon as God's physick,
  having that in healthfulness which it wants in plea-
  sul^-        ,                  King Charles.
    We ventured to make a  standard of  the fteaffft-
  fulness of the  air from the proportion of acute and
  epidemical diseases.                    Graunf.
    To the winds  the inhabitants of Geneva ascribe
  the healthfulness of their air; for as toe  Alps sur-
  round them on all sides,  there would be a constan*
  stagnation of  vapours, did not the north wind put
  them in motion.                       Addison.
He'althily,  helfA'e-le.   adv.    [from
   healthy.]   Without sickness or pain.
He'althiness,  helfA'e-n£s.  ra.  s.   [from
   healthy.]  The state of health.
He'althless,   hekA'l£s.    adj.    [from
   health.]
I. Weak; sickly; infirm.
2. Not conducive to  health.
    He that spends his  time in sports,  is like him
  whose garment is all made of fringes, and his meat
  nothing but sauces;  they are healthless, chargeable,
  and useless.                            Tayfor.
He'althsome,   he^A'silm.   adj.    [from
   health.] Wholesome; salutary. Not used.
    Shall I not  then  be stifled in the  vault,
  To whose foul mouth no  healthsome air breathes in,
  And there be strangl'd ere my Romeo  comes?
                                    Shakspeare.
He'althy, helM'e.  adj.  [from health.]
I. Enjoying  health;  free from  sickness;
   hale; sound.
    The husbandman returns from the field, and from
  manuring his  ground, strong and healthy, because
  innocent and laborious.                   SowfA.
    Temperance, industry, and a publick spirit, run-
  ning through the whole body of the people in  Hol-
  land,  hath preserved an infant commonwealth of a
  sickly constitution,  through so many dangers,  as a
  much  more healthy one could never have struggled
  against without those advantages.         Swift.
    Air and exercise  contribute to make the  animal
  healthy.                           Arbuthnot.
2. Conducive to  health; wholesome.
    Gardening or husbandry,  and working in wood,
  are fit and healthy recreations for a man of study or
  business.                               Locke.
Heam,  heme. ra. s.   In  beasts, the  same
  as  the afterbirth in women.
HEAP, hepe.23? ra. s.  [heap, Saxon; hoop,
  Dutch and  Scotish.]
1. Many  single  things  thrown together;
  a pile; an accumulation.
    The way to  lay the city flat,
  And bury all which yet distinctly ranges,
  In Aeaps and piles of ruin.               Shaksp.
    The dead were fallen down by Aeaps, one upon
  another.                             Wisdom.
    Huge Aeaps of slain around the body rise. Dryd.
    Venice in its first beginnings had only a few
  Aeaps of earth  for its dominions.          Addison.
    'Tis one thing, only as a Aeap is one. Blackmore.
2. A crowd;  a throng; a rabble.
    A cruel tyranny; a Aeap of vassals and  slaves, no
  freemen,  no inheritance, no stirp or ancient  fami-
  lies.                                  Bacon.
3. Cluster; number driven together.
    An  universal cry resounds aloud;
  The sailors run in Aeaps, a helpless crowd.   Dryd.
To Heap, hepe.  v. a. [from  the noun.]
1. To  throw  on  heaps;  to  pile; to  throw
   together.
    Heap on wood, kindle the fire.        Ezekiel.
2. To  accumulate; to lay up.
    Though the wicked Aeap up  silver as the  dust,
  and raiment as the clay; but the just shall put  it on,
  and the innocent shall divide the silver.       Job.
    How great  the  credit was, wherein toat oracle
  was preserved,  may be gathered  from the  vast
  riches which were  there Aeaped  up from  the  offer
  ings of all the  Grecian nations.            Temple.
    They who will make profession of painting, musi
  heap up treasures out of their  reading,  and there 
HE A
HE A
HE A
  will find many wonderful means of raising toem-
  selves above others.                    Dryden.
3. To add to something else.
            For those of old,
  And the late dignities heap'd up to them,
  We rest your hermits.                   Shaksp.
He'aper, he'pur.98 ra. s.  [from heap.] One
  that makes piles or  heaps.
He'apy, he'pe.  adj. [from heap.] Lying
  in heaps.
    Where a dim gleam the paly lanthorn throws
  O'er the mid pavement, heapy rubbish grows. Gay.
            Scarce his head
  Rais'd o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk
  Lies slumb'ring sullen in toe white abyss.   Thorn.

To  HEAR,  hire.*"' v. ra. [hyytan, Sax.
  hooren, Dutch.]
1. To enjoy the  sense by which  sounds
  are  distinguished.
    Sound is nothing but a certain modulation ofthe
  external air, which, being  gathered by the external
  ear, beats, as is supposed,  upon the membrana tym-
  pani, which moves the four little bones in the tym-
  panum: in like manner, as it is beat by toe exter-
  nal air, these little bones move the internal  air
  which is in the tympanum and vestibulum; which
  internal air makes an impression upon the auditory
  nerve in the labyrinth and cochlea, according as it
  is moved by the little bones in the  tympanum: so
  that,  according to toe various reflexions of the ex-
  ternal air,  the internal air makes various impres-
  sions upon the auditory nerve, the immediate organ
  of hearing; and these different impressions repre-
  sent different sounds.                   Q,uincy.
    The object of hearing is sound, whose variety is
  so great, that it brings in admirable store of intelli-
  gence.                                Holder.
    Princes cannot  see far with their own eyes,  nor
  hear with their own ears.                Tempfe.
2.  To  listen; to hearken: as,  he  heard
  with great attention.
    So spake our mother Eve, and Adam heard
  Well-pleas'd, but answer'd not.          Milton.
         Great laughter was in heav'n,
  And looking down, to see the hubbub strange,
  And hear the din.                      Milton.
3. To be told; to have  an account: with  of.
    I have heard by many of this man.        Acts.
    I was bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dis-
  mayed at the seeing of it.                Hosea.
            Hear of such a crime,
  As tragick poets, since toe birth of time,
  Ne'er feign'd.                           Tafe.
    This, of eldest  parents,  leaves us more in  the
  dark, who, by divine institution, has  a right to civil
  power,"  than those who never fteard any thing at all
  of heir or descent.                       Locke.
To Hear, here. v. a.
1.  To perceive by the ear.
    The trumpeters and singers were as one sound to
  be heard in praising the Lord.       2 Chronicles.
    And  sure he fteard me,  but he would not ftear.
                                       Dryden.
2. To give  an audience,  or allowance to
   speak.
    He sent for Paul, and heard him  concerning the
  faith in Christ.                           Acts.
    I must beg the forbearance of censure, 'till I have
  been fteard out in the sequel of this discourse. Locke.
3.  To attend;  to listen to; to obey.
    A scorner heareth not rebuke.         Proverbs.
    Hear the  word at my mouth, and give toem
  warning from me.                      Ezekiel.
    To-day if ye will ftear his  voice, harden not your
  hearts.                               Hebrews.
4.  To attend favourably.
    They think they shall be lieard for their much
  speaking.                            Matthew.
    Since 'tis your command,  what you so well
  Are pleas'd to hear, I cannot grieve to tell. Denham.
    The goddess fteard.                     Pope.
Deut.
5. To try; to attend judicially.
    Hear the causes, and judge righteously
6. To attend, as to one  speaking.
              On earth
  Who against faith or conscience can be heard
  Infallible?                             Afiffon.
7.  To  acknowledge  a  title.   A Latin
   phrase.
    Or hear 'st thou rather pure ethereal stream,
  Whose fountain who shall tell ?           Milton.
    Hear'st thou submissive, but a lowly birth? Prior.
Heard,  herd,  signifies a keeper, and is
   sometimes initial; as heard-beart, a glo-
   rious keeper: sometimes final,  as cyne-
   heard,  a royal keeper. Gibson's Camden.
   It is now written herd: as, cowherd, a
   cow-keeper; hyrtb, Saxon.

He'arer, here'ur.98 ra. s.  [from  hear.]
1. One who  hears.
    And so  was  she dulled  withal, that we  could
  come so near as to hear her speeches, and yet  she
  not perceive the hearers of her lamentation. Sidney.
    St. John and  St. Matthew, which have recorded
  these sermons, heard them, and being hearers,  did
  think themselves as well respected as toe pharisees.
                                      Hooker.
    Words, be they never so  few, are too  many,
  when toey benefit not the ftearer.         Hooker,
    The hearers will shed tears
  And say, Alas!  it was a piteous deed!    Shaksp.
    Tell thou the lamentable fall of me,
  And send the ftearers weeping to their beds.  SAafc.
2. One  who  attends  to  any  doctrine  or
   discourse  orally delivered by another:
   as,  the hearers of the gospel.
3. One of  a collected audience.
    Plays in themselves have neither hopes nor fears:
  Their fate is only in their hearers' ears. Ben Jonson.
    Her hearers had no share
  In all she spoke, except to stares.           Swift.

Hf/aring, here'ing. ra.  s. [from  hear.]
1. The  sense  by which sounds  are  per-
   ceived.
    Bees are called with sound upon brass, and there-
  fore they have hearing.                  Bacon.
2. Audience.
    The French ambassador upon that instant
  Crav'd audience; and the hour, I  think, is come
  To give him hearing.                   Shaksp.
   Judicial trial.
    Agrippa and  Bernice  entered  into the place of
  hearing.                                 Acts.
    The readers are the jury to decide  according to
  the merits of the cause, or to bring it to another
  hearing before some other court.         Dryden.
    Those of different principles may be betrayed to
  give you a fair hearing, and to know what you have
  to say for yourself.                    Addison.
4. Note  by the ear; reach of hearing.
    If we profess  as Peter did, that we love the Lord,
  and profess it in the hearing of men; charity is prone
  to hear all  things, and therefore charitable men are
  likely to think we do so.                 Hooker.
    In our hearing the  king charged thee, beware
  that none touch  Absalom.             2 Samuel.
    You have been talked of since your travels much,
  And that in Hamlet's hearing, for a quality
  Wherein they say you shine.             Shaksp.
    The fox  had the good luck to be within hearing.
                                    L'Estrange.
To  HE'ARKEN,  har'k'n.103 2*3  v.  ra.
   [heancnian, Sax.]
I. To listen; to listen  eagerly or curiously.
    The youngest daughter, whom you hearken for,
  Her father keeps from access of suitors.   Shaksp.
    He hearkens after prophecies and dreams.  Shak.
    They do me too much injury,
  That ever said I hearken'd for your death:
                    5z2
  If it were so, I might have let alone
  Th' insulting hand of Douglas over you.   Shaksp.
    The gaping three-mouth'd dog forgets to snarl;
  The furies hearken and their snakes uncurl.   Dryd.
    Louder, and yet more loud, 1 hear toe alarms
  Of human cries:
  I mount toe terras, thence the town survey,
  And hearken what the fruitful sounds convey. Dryd.
    He who makes much necessary, will want much;
  and, wearied with the difficulty of  the attainment,
  will hearken after  any expedient  that offers to
  shorten his way to it.                   Rogers
2.  To  attend;  to pay regard.
    Hearken unto me thou son of Zippor.    JVum&.
    Those who put passion in  the place of reason,
  neither use their own, nor hearken to other people's
  reason, any farther than it suits toeir humour. Locke.
    There's not a blessing individuals find,
  But some way leans and hearkens to the kind. Pope
He'arkener,   har'k'n-ur. ra.  *.  [from
   hearken.]  Listener; one that hearkens.
He'arsay,  here'sa.  ra.  s.  [hear and say.]
   Report;  rumour;  what  is  not  known
   otherwise than  by account from others.
    For pray these shepherds two he took,
  Whose metal stiff he knew he could not bend
  With hearsay pictures, or a window look.  Sidney.
    He affirms by hearsay, that some  giants  saved
  themselves upon toe mountain Baris in Armenia.
                                      Raleigh.
    All the little scramblers after fame fall upon him,
  publish every blot in his life, and depend  upon
  hearsay to defame him.                 Addison.
Hearse, herse.a3*  ra. *. [Of unknown  ety-
   mology.]  See Herse.
1. A carriage in which the dead are con-
   veyed  to the grave.
    A  temporary   monument   set over a
   grave.
            To add to your laments
  Wherewith you now  bedew king Henry' hearse,
  I must inform you of a dismal sight.       Shaksp.
HEART,  hart.243 ra. s.  [heopc,  Saxon;
   hertz, German.]
I. The muscle which,  by its contraction
   and dilatation, propels the blood through
   the course of circulation, and is there-
   fore considered  as the source of  vital
   motion.
2. It is supposed in popular  language to
   be  the  seat sometimes  of  courage,
   sometimes of affection, sometimes of
   honesty,  or  baseness.
    He with providence and courage so passed over
  all, that the mother  took such spiteful grief at it,
  that her ftearf brake  withal, and she died.  Sidney.
    Thou would'st have left  thy dearest ftearf blood
        there,
  Rather than made toat savage duke thine heir,
  And disinherited thine only son.         Shaksp.
    Snakes in my ftearf blood warm'd, that sting my
  ftearf.                                Shaksp.
    Our battle is more full of names than yours,
  Our men more perfect in the use of arms,
  Our armour all as strong, our cause toe best;
  Then reason wills our ftearfs should be as good.
                                    Shakspeare.
    I thank you for my venison, master Shallow.
  Master Page, much good do it your good heart.
                                    Shakspeare.
    But since the brain doth lodge the pow'rs of sense,
   How makes it in the ftearf those passions spring?
    The mutual love, the  kind intelligence
   'Twixt ftearf and brain, this sympathy doth bring.
                                        Davies.
    We all set our ftearfs at rest,  since whatever
   comes from above is for the best.      L'Estrange.
    The only true zeal is that which is guided by a
   good light in the head,  and that which consists  of
   good and innocent affections in the ftearf.    Sprat. 
HEA                                      HEA                                      HEA
    Prest with ftearf corroding grief and yeaiss,
  Te the gay court a rural shed prefers.      Pope.

3.  The chief part;  the  vital part;  the vi-
   gorous or efficacious part.
    Barley being steeped in water, and turned upon
  a dry floor, will sprout half an inch; and if it be let
  alone, much more, until the Aearf be out.    Bacon.
4.  The inner part of any thing.
    Some Englishmen did with great  danger pass by
  water into the Aearf of the country.         Abbot.
    The king's forces  are  employed in appeasing
  disorders more near the Aearf of the kingdom. Hayw.
    Generally the inside or Aearf of  trees is harder
  than the outward parts.                   Boyle.
    Here in the ftearf of all the town I'll stay,
  And timely succour where it wants convey,  Dryd.
    If the foundation be bad, provide good piles made
  of heart of oak, such as will reach ground.  Moxon.

5.  Person; character.  Used with respect
   to courage or kindness.
    The king's a bawcock, and a heart of gold,
  A lad of life, an imp of fame.            Shaksp.
    Hey, my ftearfs; cheerly my hearts.     Shaksp.
    What says my ftearf of elder? Ha! is he dead?
                                     Shakspeare.
6.  Courage; spirit.
    If it please you to make his fortune known, I will
  after take Aearf again to go on with his falsehood.
                                        Sidney.
    There did other like  unhappy accidents happen
  out of England, which gave ftearf and good oppor-
  tunity to toem to regain their old possessions. Spen.
    Wide  was the wound; and a large lukewarm
         flood,
  Red as the rose, thence gushed grievously,
    That when the painim spy'd the streaming blood,
  Gave him great ftearf and hope of victory. F.  Q,ueen.
    Eve, recov'ring heart, replied.         Milton.
    Having left that city well provided, and in good
  ftearf, his majesty removed with his little armv  to
  Bewdley.                           Clarendon.
    Finding that it did  them no hurt,  they took Aearf
  upon 't, went up to 't, and view'd it.  L'Estrange.
    The expelled nations take Aearf,  and when they
  fly from one country invade another.       Temple.
7.  Seat of love.
    Ah! what avails it me the flocks to keep,
  Who lost my lieart, while I preserv'd my sheep. Pope.
8.  Affection;  inclination.
    Joab perceived that the king's Aearf was toward
  Absalom.                           2 Samuel.
    Means how to feel,  and  learn each other's Aearf,
  By th' abbot's skill of Westminster is found. Daniel.
             Nor set thy Aearf,
  Thus over-fond, on that which is not thine.  Jtfiff.
    'Tis well to be tender; but to set the Aearf too
  much upon  any thing is what we cannot justify.
                                    L'Estrange.
    A friend makes me a feast, and sets it all before
  me:  but I set my ftearf upon  one dish alone, and
  if that  happen to be thrown down,  I scorn all the
  rest.                                 Temple.
    Then mixing pow'rful herbs with  magick art,
  She  chang'd his  form who could not  change his
         ftearf-                          Dryden.
    What did I not, her stubborn ftearf to gain?
  But all my vows were answer'd with disdain. Dryd.
9.  Memory; though  South seems to dis-
   tinguish.
    Whatsoever was attained to, concerning God and
  his working in nature, the same was delivered over
  by ftearf and tradition from wise men to a posterity
  equally zealous.                        Raleigh.
    We call  the committing of a thing  to  memory
  the getting  it by Aearf, for it is the memory that
  must: transmit it to the Aearf;  and it is in  vain to
  expect that  the ftearf should  keep its  hold of any
  truth; when the memory has let it go.       SoufA.
    Shall I in London act this idle part?
  Composing songs for fools to get by ftearf.    Pope.

10. Good-will;  ardour of zeal.   To take
    to heart any thing, is to be  zealous or
    solicitous or ardent about it.
     If he take not their causes to heart, how should
   there be but  in toem frozen coldness, when his af-
   fections seem benumbed, from whom theirs should
   take fire?                             Hooker.
     If he would take the business to ftearf, and deal
   in it effectually, it would succeed well.     Bacon.
     The lady marchioness  of Hertford engaged her
   husband to take this business to heart.  Clarendon.
     Amongst those,  who took  it most to ftearf, sir
   John Stawell was the chief.          Clarendon.
     Every prudent and honest man would join him-
   self to that side, which had the good of their coun-
   try most at heart.                      Addison.
     Learned men have been now a long time search-
   ing after the happy country from which our first pa-
   rents were exiled: if they can find it, with all my
   ftearf.                             Woodward.
     I would not be sorry to find the presbyterians mis-
   taken in this point, which toey have most at ftearf.
                                         Swift.
     What I have most at ftearf is, that some method
   should be thought on for  ascertaining and fixing our
   language.                              Swift.
 11. Passion; anxiety;  concern.
                Set your ftearf at rest;
     The fairy land buys not the child of me.  Shaksp.

 12. Secret thoughts; recesses ofthe mind.
     Michael saw king David leaping and  dancing
   before the Lord, and she despised him in her ftearf.
                                         2 Sam.
     The  next  generation  will  in tongue and ftearf,
   and every way else, become English; so  as there
   will be no difference or distinction, but  toe Irish
   sea, betwixt us.                        Dacies.
     Thou sawest the  contradiction between my Aearf
   and hand.                       King  Charles.
     Would you have  him open his Aearf to you, and
   ask your advice, you must begin to do so with him
   first.                                   Locke.
     Men, some to pleasure, some to business take:
   But every woman is, at Aearf, a rake.       Pope.
 13. Disposition of mind.
     Doing all things  wito  so pretty a grace, that it
   seemed ignorance could  not make him do amiss,
   because he had a Aearf to do well.        Sidney.
 14. The  heart is  considered as the seat of
    tenderness;  a  hard heart therefore is
    cruelty.
     I've seen thee stern, and thou hast oft beheld
   .Hearf hardening spectacles.              Shaksp.
     Such iron Aearfs we are, and such
   The base barbarity of human kind.        Rowe
 15. To find in the Heart.   To be  not
    wholly averse.
     For my breaking the laws of friendship with you,
   I could find in my heart  to ask your pardon for it,
   but that your now handling of me gives me reason
   to confirm my former dealing.             Sidney.
 16. Secret meaning; hidden intention.
     I will on with my speech in your praise,
   And then show you the Aearf of my message. Shak.
 17. Conscience; sense of good  or ill.
     Every man's  ftearf and conscience doth  in good
   or evil, even secretly committed, and known to none
   but itself, either like or disallow itself.    Hooker.
 18. Strength; power;  vigour; efficacy.
     Try whether leaves of  trees, swept together, with
   some chalk and dung mixed,  to give them more
   ftearf, would not make a good compost.     Bacon.
     That the spent earth may gather ftearf again,
   And, better'd by cessation, bear the grain.  Dryden.
     Care must be taken not to plow ground out of
   ftearf, because if 'tis in Aearf, it may be improved by
   marl again.                         Mortimer.
 19. Utmost degree.
                 This gay charm,
   Like a right gipsy,  hath, at fast and loose,
   Beguil'd me to the very Aearf of loss.      SAafcsp.
|20. Lije.  For  my heart s^ems  sometimes
   to signify,  if life was  at  stake;  and
   sometimesybr tenderness.
    I bid the rascal knock upon your gate,
  And could not get him for my heart to do it.  Shak.
               I gave it to a youth,
  A prating boy, that begg'd it as a fee:
  I could not for my heart deny it him.      Shaksp,
    Profoundly skill'd in toe black art,
  As English Merlin for his heart.        Hudwras..
21.  It  is much used in composition  for
   mind, or affection.
Heart-ach, hart'ake.383 ra. s.  [heart and
   ach.]  Sorrow; pang; anguish of mind.
               To die—to sleep—
  No more; and,  by a sleep, to say we end
  The heart-ach, and the thousand natural shocks
  That flesh is heir to.                    Shaksp.
Heart-break, hart'brake. ra.  s. [heart and
   break.]  Overpowering sorrow.
    Better a little chiding than a great deal of ftearf-
  break.                                Shaksp.
Heart-breaker,  hart'bri-kir. ra. *.   A
   cant name for a  woman's curls,  sup-
   posed  to break  the  heart  of all her
   lovers.
    Like Samson's heartbreakers, it grew
  In time.to make a nation rue.          Hudibras.
Heart-breaking,   hart'bra-king.   adj.
   Overpowering with sorrow.
    Those piteous plaints and sorrowful sad time,
  Which late you poured forth, as ye did sit
  Beside the silver springs of Helicone,
  Making your musick of heart-breaking mone.
                                       Spenser.
Heart-breaking,   hart'bra-king.  ra.   a.
   Overpowering grief.
    What greater heartbreaking  and confusion  can
  there be to one, than to have  all his secret faults
  laid open, and toe sentence of condemnation passed
  upon him?                          Hakewill.
Heart-burned, hart'biirn'd.  adj.  [heart
   and burn.]  Having the heart inflamed.
    How tartly that gentleman looks! I never can see
  him but I am ftearf-oum'd an hour after.  Shaksp.
Heart-burning,   hart'bur-ning.  n.   s.
   [heart and burn.]
1. Pain  at  the  stomach, commonly from
   an acrid humour.
    Fine clean chalk is one of the most noble absorb-
  ents, and powerfully corrects and subdues toe acrid
  humours in the  stomach: this property renders it
  very serviceable in the cardialgea, or ftearf-fturntng.
                                     Woodward.
2. Discontent; secret enmity.
    In great changes,  when right of  inheritance is
  broke, there will remain much heart-burning  and
  discontent among the meaner people.       Swift.
Heart-dear,  hart'dere.  adj.   Sincerely
   beloved.
    The time was, father, that you broke your word,
  When you were more endear'd to it than now,
  When your own Percy,  when my heart-dear Harry,
  Threw many a northward look to see his father
  Bring up his pow'rs; but he did long in vain!  Shak.
Heart-ease,  bart'eze.  ra.  s.   Quiet; tran-
   quillity.
    What infinite heart-ease must kings neglect,
  That private men enjoy?                Shaksp,.
Heart-easing, hart'ez-ing. adj.  Giving
   quiet.
    But come, thou goddess, fair and free,
  In heav'n yclep'd Euphrosyne,
  And by men heart-easing mirth.          Jtfiffon.
Heart-felt,  hart'felt. adj.  Felt in the
   conscience.
    What nothing earthly gives or can destroy,
  The soul's calm sunshine, and  the heart-feU joy,
  Is virtue's  prize.                         Pope. 
HEA
HEA
HEA
He art-peas, hart'peze. ra. a. A plant with
   round seeds in form of peas, of a black
   colour, having the figure of a heart of
   a white colour upon each.       Miller.
Heart-quelling,   hart'kwel-ing.   adj.
   Conquering  the affection.
    And let fair Venus, that is queen of love,
  With her Aearf-guef Jing son, upon you smile.
                                       Spenser.
Heart-rending, hart'ren-ding. adj. Kill-
   ing with anguish.
    Heart-rending news, and dreadful to those few
  Who her resemble, and her steps pursue;
  That death should licence have to rage among
  The fair, the wise, the virtuous, and toe young!
                                       Waller.
Heart-robbing, hart'rob-blng. adj.  Ec-
   statick; depriving of thought. Obsolete.
     Sweet is thy virtue, as thyself sweet art;
  For when on me thou shinedst, late in sadness,
    A melting pleasance ran through every part,
  And me revived with fteart-roo&ing gladness.
                                       Spenser.
Heart-sick, hart'sik. adj.
 1. Pained in mind.
    If we be heart-sick or afflicted  with an uncertain
  soul, then we are true desirers of relief and mercy.
                                        Taylor.
 2.  Mortally  ill; hurt in the heart.
             Good Romeo, hide thyself.
  —Not I, unless the breath of heart-sick groans,
  Mist like, infold me from the search of eyes. Shak.
Hearts-ease,  harts'eze. ra. s.  A plant.
     Hearts-ease is a  sort of violet that blows all sum-
  mer, and often in winter: it sows itself.  Mortimer.
Heart-sore, hart'sore.  ra. s.  That which
   pains the  mind.
    Wherever he toat godly knight may find,
  His only heart-sore and his only foe.  Fairy Queen.
Heart-string,  hart'string, ra. s.  [string
   and  heart.]    The tendons  or   nerves
   supposed   to  brace   and  sustain  the
   heart.
               He was by Jove deprived
  Of life himself, and heartstrings of an eagle rived.
                                       Spenser.
    How, out of tune on toe strings?
  —Not so; but yet so false, that he grieves my very
  Aearf-sfrings.                          Shaksp,
    That grates my  heart-strings: what should dis-
         content him!
  Except he thinks I  live too long.         Denham,
    If thou thinkest thou shalt perish, I cannot blame
  thee to be sad 'till thy heart-strings crack.  Taylor.
          There  's  the fatal wound
  That tears my heart-strings; but he shall be found,
  My arms shall hold him.              Granville.

Heart-struck, hart'strfik.  adj.
1. Driven to  the  heart; infixed for  ever  in
   the mind.
               Who is with him?
  ----None but the fool who labours to out-jest
  His heart-struck injuries.                Shaksp.
2. Shocked with  fear or dismay.
    He added not; for Adam, at toe news
  Heart-struck, with chilling gripe of sorrow stood,
  That all his senses bound.                Milton.
Heart-swelling,    hart'swel-ling.  adj.
  Rankling in the  mind.
    Drawn into arms, and proof of mortal fight,
  Through proud ambition and heart-swelling hate.
                                      Spenser.

Heart-whole, hart'hwole.397  adj.
1. With the affections yet unfixed.
    You have not seen me yet, and therefore I am
  confident you are heart-whole.           Dryden.
    Cupid hath clapt him  o' to' shoulder; but I'll
  warrant him heart-whole.                Shaksp.
2. With the vitals yet unimpaired.
Heart-wounded,   hart'w66n-d£d.  adj.
   Filled with passion of love or grief.
    Mean time the queen, without reflection due,
  Heart-wounded, to the bed of state withdrew. Pope.
Heart-wounding,  hart'wdon-ding. adj.
   Filling with  grief.
    With a shriek heart-wounding loud she cry'd,
  WTiile down her cheeks the gushing torrents ran,
  Fast falling on her hands.                Rowe.
He'arted, hart'ed. adj. It is only used in
   composition: as, hard hearted.
    He ne'er like bullies coward hearted,
  Attacks in publick to be parted.             Gay.
To He'arten, har't'n.243 v. a. [from heart.]
1. To encourage;  to animate; to stir up.
    Palladius blaming those that were  slow,  hearten-
  ing them that were forward, but especially with
  his own example leading them, made an impression
  into the squadron.                      Sidney.
    My royal father, cheer these noble  lords,
  And hearten those that fight in your defence;
  Unsheath your sword, good father; cry St.  George.
                                       Shaksp.
    This rare man, Tydides, would prepare;
  That he might conquer, ftearfen'd him.   Chapman.
    Thus ftearfen'd well, and flesh'd upon his prey,
  The youth may prove a man another  day.  Dryden.
2. To meliorate or  renovate with manure.
    The ground one year at rest; forget not then
  Wito richest dung to hearten it again.       May.
Hearth, hare?/*.243 ra. s.  The pavement of
   a room  on which a fire is  made;  the
   ground under the chimney.
    Hoop'd out of Rome: now this extremity
  Hath brought me to this hearth.           Shaksp.
    Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou  leap,
  Where thou find'st fires unrak'd, and hearths un-
        swept,
  There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.  Shaksp.
    Good luck befriend thee, son; for at thy birth
  The fairy ladies dane'd upon the hearth.    Milton.
    The vanquish'd fires withdraw from every place;
  Or, full with feeding, sink into a sleep:
    Each household genius shews again his face,
  And from the hearths the little lares  creep. Dryd.
He'artily, har'te-le. adv.  [from hearty.]
I. From the heart; fully.
        I bear no malice for my death;
  But those toat sought it, I could wish more chris-
        tians;
  Be what they will, I heartily forgive them.  Shaksp.
    If to be sad is to be wise,
  I do most heartily despise
  Whatever Socrates has said,
  Or Tully writ, or Wanley read.            Prior.
2. Sincerely;  actively;  diligently;   vigo-
  rously.
    Where his judgment led him to oppose men on a
  publick  account, he would  do  it vigorously and
  ftearfify; yet toe opposition ended there. Atterbury.
3. Eagerly; with desire.
    As for my eating heartily of the food, know that
  anxiety has hindered my eating 'till this moment.
                                     Addison.
He'artiness,   har'te-nes.  ra.  s.   [from
  hearty]
1   Sincerity; freedom from hypocrisy.
    This  entertainment may a free face put on; de-
  rive a liberty from heartiness, and well become the
  agent.                                Shaksp.
2. Vigour; eagerness.
    The anger of an enemy represents our faults or
  admonishes us of our duty, with more ftearfiness than
  the kindness of a friend.                 Taylor.
He'artless, hart'les., a<lj. [from heart/]
  Without courage; spiritless.
    I joyed oft to chase the trembling pricket,
  Or hunt toe heartless hare till she were tame.
                                      Spenser
    Then hopeless, heartless 'gan the cunning thief,
  Persuade us die, to stint all further strife. F. Queen.
    What, art  thou  drawn  among  these heartless
         hinds?
  Turn thee, Benvolio; look upon thy death.  Shaksp.
    Thousands besides stood mute and heartless there,
  Men valiant all; nor was I us'd to fear.    Cowley.
    The peasants were accustom'd to payments, and
  grew heartless as they grew poor.         Temple.
    Heartless they fought,  and quitted soon their
         ground,
  While our's with easy victory were crown'd. Dryd.

He'artlessly,  hart'Ms-le.  adv.  [from
  heartless.]   Without courage;  faintly:
  timidly.

He'artlessness, hart'les-ne's. ra. s. [from
  heartless.]  Want of courage or spirit:
  dejection of mind.

He'arty, har'te.243 adj. [from heart.]
1. Sincere; undissembled; warm; zealous.
    They  did not bring  that Aearfy inclination to
  peace, which they hoped they  would have done.
                                    Clarendon
    But the kind hosts their entertainment grace
  With Aearfy welcome and an open face;
  In all they did, you might discern with ease
  A willing mind, and a desire to please.    Dryden.
    Eveiy man may pretend to any employment, pro-
  vided he has been loud and frequent in declaring
  himself Aearfy for the government.          Swift.
2. In full health.
3. Vigorous;  strong.
    Whose laughs are hearty, though  his jests are
        coarse,
  And loves you best of all things but his horse. Pope.
4. Strong; hard; durable.
    Oak,  and  the like true Aearfy  timber, being
  strong in all positions, may be better trusted in cross
  and transverse work.                   Wbffon.

Hearty-hale,  har'te-hale.  adj.  [heart
  and hale.]  Good for tbe heart.
    Vein-healing verven, and head-purging dill,
  Sound savory,  and basil Aearfy ftafe.      Spenser.
Heat,  hete.337  ra. s.  [heat, hset, Saxon;
  heete, Danish.]
I. The sensation caused by  the approach
  or touch of fire.
    ifeaf is a very brisk agitation of the  insensible
  parts of toe object which produces in us that sen-
  sation  from whence we denominate the object hot;
  so what in our sensation is heat in the object is no-
  thing but motion.                      Locke.
    The word fteaf is used to signify the sensation we
  have when we are near the fire, as well as the cause
  of that sensation, which is in the fire itself; and
  thence we conclude j that there is a sort of fteaf in
  the fire resembling our own sensation: whereas in
  the fire there is nothing but little particles of mat-
  ter, of such particular shapes as  are fitted to im-
  press such motions on our flesh as excite the sense
  of fteaf.                                Waffs.
2. The cause ofthe sensation of burning.
    The sword which is made fiery doth not only cut
  by reason of the sharpness  which simply it  hath,
  but also burns by means of that Aeaf which it hath
  from toe.                            Hooker.
3. Hot weather.
    After they came down into the valley,  and found
  the intolerable Aeafs there, and knew no means of
  lighter apparel, they were forced to go naked.
                                       Bacon.
    Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood;
  The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign;
  Great Aeafs will follow, and large crops of grain.
                                      Dryden.
    The pope would not comply with  the proposal, 
HEA
HEA
HEA
    as fearing  the Aeafs might advance too far before
    they had finished their work, and produce a  pesti-
    lence among the people.                Addison.
  4. State  of any  body  under the action of
    the fire.
      The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-
    red  fteaf, a white flame heat, and a sparkling or
    welding fteaf.                          Moxon.
  5. Fermentation; effervescence.
  6. One violent action unintermitted.
      The continual agitations of the spirits must needs
    be a weakening of any constitution, especially in
    age: and many causes are required for refreshment
    betwixt the fteafs.                      Dryden.
  7. The state  of  being  once hot;  a single
    effort.
      I'll strike my fortune with him at a fteaf,
    And give him not the leisure to forget.    Dryden.
      They the turn'd lines on golden anvils beat,
    Which look as if they struck them at a fteaf.   Tafe.
  8. A course at  a  race,  between  each  of
    which  courses there  is an  intermission.
     Feign'd zeal, you saw, set out the speedier  pace;
    But the last fteaf, plain dealing won the race. Dryd.
  9. Pimples in the face; flush.
     It has raised animosities in their hearts, and fteafs
    in their faces, and broke out in their ribbands.
                                        Addison.
  10. Agitation of  sudden or violent passion;
    vehemence of action.
     They seeing what forces  were in the city with
    them, issued against the tyrant while they were in
    this Aeaf,  before practices might be used to dissever
    them.                                Sidney.
     The friend hath lost his friend;
    And the best quarrels, in the Aeaf are curst
    By those  that feel toeir sharpness.        Shaksp.
     It might have pleased in the Aeaf and hurry of his
   rage, but must  have displeased in cool sedate re-
   flection.                               South.
     We have spilt no blood but in the Aeaf ofthe bat-
   tle or the chace.                     Atterbury.
     One playing at hazard, drew a huge heap of gold:
   but in the fteaf of play, never observed a sharper,
   who swept it into his hat.                 Swift.
  11. Faction; contest; party rage.
     They are in a most warlike preparation, and hope
   to come upon them in the Aeaf of their division.
                                        Shaksp.
     I was  sorry to hear with  what  partiality and
   popular Aeaf elections were carried.  King Charles.
     What can more gratify the Phrygian foe
   Than those distemper'd Aeafs?            Dryden.
 12. Ardour of thought or elocution.
                 Plead it to her
   With all the strength and heat of eloquence,
   Fraternal  love and friendship can inspire.  Addison.
 To Heat, hete. v. a. [from  the noun.]
 1. To make hot;  to endue with the power
    of burning.
     He commanded that they should Aeaf the furnace
   one  seven times more than  it was wont to be fteaf-
   ed.                                   Daniel.
 2. To cause to ferment.
     Hops lying undried fteafs them,  and changes  toeir
   colour.                             Mortimer.
 3. To make the.constitution  feverish.
    Thou art going to lord Timon's feast,
   __Ay, to see meat fill knaves and wine Aeaf fools.
                                        Shaksp.
    Whatever increaseto toe density of the blood,
   even without increasing its celerity, Aeafs,  because
   a denser body is hotter than a rarer.  Arbuthnot.
4. To warm  with vehemence of passion
   or desire.
    A noble emulation heats your breast,
  And your own fame now robs you of your rest.
                                       Dryden.

5. To agitate the blood  and spirits with
   action.
    Dryden.
A species
     When he was well fteafed the younger champion
   could not stand before him; and we find the elder
   contended not for the gift, but for the honour. Dryd.
 He'ater,  he'tur.98 ra. s. [from heat.]  An
    iron  made hot,  and put into a box-iron,
    to  smooth  and plait linen.
 HEATH, heth.w ra. s.  [erica,  Lat.]
 1. A  shrub of low stature: the leaves  are
    small, and abide green all the year.
                                       Miller.
     In Kent  they cut  up  the fteaf ft in May, burn  it,
   and spread the ashes.                 Mortimer.
     Oft with bolder wing  they soaring dare
   The purple fteafft.                     Thomson.
 2. A place overgrown with heath.
                Say from whence
   You owe this strange intelligence? or why,
   Upon this blasted AeatA, you stop our way
   With such prophetick greeting?          Shaksp.
     Health and long life have been found rather on
   the peak of Derbyshire, and the Aeaffts of Stafford-
   shire, than fertile soils.                  Temple.
 3. A place covered with  shrubs of what-
   ever kind.
     Some woods of  oranges, and Aeaffts of rosemary,
   will smell a great way into the sea.        Bacon.
 Heath-cock, hefA'kok.  ra. s.  [heath and
   cock.]     A  large  fowl  that  frequents
   heaths.
     Cornwall hath quail,  rail,  partridge, pheasant,
   heath-cock, and powte.           Carew's Survey.
 Heath-pout, heth'poiit.  ra. s.  [heath and
   pout.]   A  bird.
     Not heath-pout,  or the rarer bird
   Which Phasis or Ionia yields,
     More pleasing morsels would afford
   Than toe fat olives of my fields.
 Heath-peas, heth'p&ze.  ra. s.
   of bitter Vetch, which see.
 Heath-rose, heM'roze.  ra. s.  [heath and
   rose.]  A plant.             Ainsworth.
 HE'ATHEN,  he'TH'n.2*7  ra.  s.  [heyden,
   German.]   The gentiles; the  pagans;
   the nations  unacquainted with  the co-
   venant of grace.
     Deliver us from the heathen,  that we may give
  thanks to toy holy name.            1  Chronicles.
     If the opinions of others whom we think well of,
  be a ground of assent, men have reason to be fteafft-
  ens in Japan, mahometans in Turkey, papists in
  Spain, and protestants in England.         Locke.
     In a paper of morality, I consider how I may re-
  commend the particular virtues I treat of, by the
  precepts or examples ofthe ancient heathens. Addis.
He'athen, he'TH'n.103 adj. Gentile; pagan.
     It was impossible for a heathen author to  relate
  these things,  because, if he had believed them, he
  would no longer have been a heathen.    Addison.
He'athenish,  he'TH'n-ish.   adj.  [from
   heathen.]
1. Belonging to  the  gentiles.
     When the  apostles  of our Lord and Saviour were
  ordained to alter the laws of heatlienish  religion,
  chosen they were, St. Paul excepted; the  rest  un-
  schooled altogether, and unlettered men.   Hooker.
2. Wild;  savage; rapacious; cruel.
     The Moors did tread under their heathenish feet
  whatever little they found yet there standing. Spens.
    That execrable  Cromwell made a heathenish or
  rather inhuman edict against the episcopal clergy,
  that they should neither  preach, pray in publick,
  baptize, marry, bury, nor teach school.     SoufA.

HE'ATHENisHLY,he'TH'n-ish-le.arfx/.[from
   heathenish.]   After  the  manner  of
   heathens.
He'athenism, fce'TH'n-izm. n.  a. [from
   heathen.]   Gentilism; paganism.
     It signifies toe acknowledgment of the true God,
   in opposition to Aeofftenism.            Hammond.
 He'athy,  heth'e.   adj.  [from   heath]
    Full of heath.
     This sort  of land they order the same way with
   the Aeaf Ay land.          Mortimer's Husbandry.
 To Heave,  heve.327 v.  a.  pret. heaved,
    anciently hove; part, heaved or hoven.
 1. To lift; to  raise from  the ground.
     So stretch'd out huge in length the arch fiend lay,
   Chain'd on the burning lake; nor ever thence
   Had ris'n, or heav'd his head, but that the will
   And high permission of all-ruling heaven
   Left him at large.                      Milton.
 2. To carry.
             Now we bear the king
   Tow'rd Calais: grant him there; and there  being
        seen,
   Heave him away upon your winged thoughts
   Athwart the  sea.                    Shakspeare.
 3. To raise; to lift.
     So daunted,  when the giant saw toe knight,
   His heavy hand he heaved up on high,
   And him to dust thought to have batter'd quite.
                                       Spenser,
             I cannot heave
   My heart into my mouth.            Shakspeare
             He dy'd in fight;
   Fought next my person, as in consort fought,
   Save when he heav'd his shield in my defence,
   And on his naked side receiv'd my wound. Dryden.
  .  To  cause to  swell.
     The groans of  ghosts that cleave  the earth wito
          pain,
   And heave it  up: they pant and stick half way. Dryd.
          The glittering finny swarms
   That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores.
                                      Thomson.
  ■  To  force up from the  breast.
    Made she no verbal quest?
  —Yes, once or twice she heav'd the name of father
  Pantingly forth, as if it prest her heart.    Sftafop.
    The wretched animal heav'd forth such groans,
  That their discharge did stretch his leathern coat
  Almost to bursting.                  Shakspeare.
  .  To exalt; to  elevate.
    Poor shadow, painted queen;
  One heav'd on high, to be hurl'd down below. Shaks.
  .  To puff;  to elate.
    The  Scots, fteau'd up into  high hope of victory,
  took the English for foolish birds fallen into their
  net, forsook their hill, and march'd into the plain.
                                     Hayward.
To Heave,  heve. v. ra.
    To pant;  to breathe with pain.
            'Tis such as you,
  That creep like shadows by him, and do sigh
  At each his needless heavings; such as you,
  Nourish the cause of his awaking.     Shakspeare.
    He heaves for breath, which, from his lungs sup-
          ply'd,                         8  P
  And fetch'd from far, distends his lab'ring side.
                                       Dryden.
2.  To labour.
    The church of England had struggled andAeatted
  at a reformation ever since Wickliff's days.  Atterb.
3. To rise  with pain;  to swell and  fall.
    Thou hast made my curdled blood run back,
  My heart heave  up, my hair to  rise in bristles. Dryd.
    The wand'ring breath was on the wing to part;
  Weak was toe pulse, and hardly heav'd the heart.
    m    u-  4  a-                      Dryden.
    JNo object affects my imagination so much as toe
  sea or ocean: I cannot see the heaving of this pro-
  digious bulk of  waters, even in a calm, without a
  very pleasing astonishment.             Addison.
    Frequent for breathjiis panting bosom heaves.

            The heaving tide
  In widen'd circles beats  on either side.       Gov,
4. To keck;  to feel a tendency to vomit." 
HEA
HEA
HEA
Heave, heve. ra. s. [from the verb.]
1. Lift; exertion or effort upward.
    None could guess whether toe next heave of the
  earthquake would settle them on the first  founda-
  tion, or swallow them.                  Dryden.
2. Rising of the breast.
    There's matter in these sighs; these profound
          heaves
  You must translate;  'tis fit we understand them.
                                    Shakspeare.
3. Effort to  vomit.
4. Struggle to rise.
    But after many strains and heaves,
  He got up to his saddle eaves.          Hudibras.
Heave Offering, heve'of-fur-ring. n. s. An
   offering among the Jews.
    Ye shall offer a cake of the first of  your dough
  for an heave offering, as ye do the heave offering of
  toe threshing floor.                   Numbers.
HE'AVEN, hev'v'n.103 334  ra. s.  [heopon,
   which seems to be derived from heopb,
   the places overhead, Saxon.]
 1. The regions above;  the expanse ofthe
   sky.
    A station like the herald Mercury,
  New lighted on a heaven kissing hill.   Shakspeare,
             Thy race in time to come
  Shall spread the conquests of imperial Rome;
  Rome, whose ascending tow'rs shall  heav'n invade,
  Involving earth and ocean in her shade.   Diyden.
    The words are taken more properly for the air
  and ether than for the heavens.           Raleigh.
    This act, with shouts heav'n high,  the friendly
           band
  Applaud.                             Dryden.
    Some fires may fall from heav'n.       Temple.
 2.  The habitation of God, good angels,
   and pure  souls departed.
                 It is a knell
  That summons thee to heaven or to hell.   Shaksp.
                 These, the late
  Heav'n banish'd host, left desert utmost hell. Jlfiff.
    All yet left of that revolted rout,
  Heav'n falPn, in station stood, or just array,
  Sublime with expectation.               Milton.
 3.  The supreme  power;  the sovereign of
   heaven.
    Now heaven help him!             Shakspeare.
                   The will
  And high permission of all-ruling heav'n
  Left him at large.                      Milton.
    The prophets were taught to know  the will of
  God, and thereby instruct the people, and enabled
  to prophesy, as a testimony of their being sent by
  heaven.                               Temple.
 4.  The pagan  gods; the celestials.
           Take physic, pomp;
  Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,
  That thou may'st shake the superflux to them,
  And show the heavens more just.      Shakspeare.
    They can judge as fitly of his worth,
  As I can of those mysteries which heaven
  Will not have earth to know.         Shakspeare.
    Heav'ns! what a spring was in his arm, to throw!
  How high he  held  his shield,  and  rose at  every
       blow.                            Dryden.
 5.  Elevation; sublimity.
    0, for a muse of fire, that would ascend
  The brightest heav'n of invention.     Shakspeare.
 6.  It is often used in composition.
 Heaven-begot,  hev'v'n-be-got'.  Begot
   by a celestial power.
    If I am heav'n-begot, assert your  son
  By some sure sign.                     Dryden.
 Heaven-born, hev'v'n-born.  Descended
   from  the  celestial  regions;   native of
   heaven.
    If once a fever fires his sulphurous blood,
  In ev'ry fit he feels  the hand of God,
  And heav'n-born flame.                 Dryden.
    Oh heav'n-born sisters! source of art!
  Wap charm the sense, or mend the heart;
  Who lead fair virtue's train along,
  Moral truth, and mysticksong!            Pope.
Heaven-bred,  hev'v'n-bred.   Produced
  or cultivated in heaven.
    Much is toe force of heav'n-bred poesy.  Shaksp.
Heaven-built, hev'v'n-bilt.   Built by the
  agency of gods.
    His arms had wrought the destin'd fall
  Of sacred Troy, and raz'd her heav'n-built wall.
                                        Pope.
Heaven-directed,  hev'v'n-de-rek'ted.
I. Raised toward the sky.
    Who taught that fteau'n-direcfed spire to rise?
                                        Pope.
2. Taught by the powers of heaven.
    0 sacred weapon; left for truth's defence;
  To all but heav'n-directed hands deny'd;
  The muse may  give it,  but the gods must guide.
                                        Pope.
He'avenly, he v'v'n-le. adj. [from heav en]
1. Resembling  heaven;  supremely  ex-
   cellent.
    As the love of heaven makes one heavenly,  the
  love of virtue virtuous, so doth the love of the world
  make one become worldly.               Sidney.
    Not Maro's muse, who sung the mighty man;
  Nor Pindar's heav'nly  lyre,  nor  Horace when a
          swan.                       Diyden.
2. Celestial;  inhabiting heaven.
    Adoring first the genius of the place,
  Then earth, the mother of toe heav'nly race. Dryd.
He'avenly, hev'v'n-le. adv.
1. In a manner resembling that  of heaven.
    In these deep solitudes and awful cells,
  Where heav'nly pensive contemplation dwells,
  And ever-musing melancholy reigns,
  What means this tumult in a vestal's veins? Pope.
2. By the agency or  influence of heaven.
    Truth and peace and love shall ever shine
  About the supreme throne
  Of him, t' whose happy  making sight alone,
  Our heav'nly guided soul shall climb.     Jtfiffon.
He'avenward, hev'v'n-ward. adv.  [hea-
   ven   and   }>earib,  Saxon.]    Toward
   heaven.
            I prostrate lay,
  By various doubts impell'd, or to obey,
  Or to object; at length, my mournful look
  Heav'nward erect, determined, thus I spoke. Prior.
He'avily, hev'e-le. adv. [from heavy.]
I. With great ponderousness.
2. Grievously; afnictively.
    Ease must be impracticable to the envious:  they
  lie under a double misfortune; common  calamities
  and common blessings fall heavily upon them.
                                       Coffier.
3. Sorrowfully; with grief.
    I came hither to transport the tydings,
  Which I have heavily borne.          Shakspeare.
     This O'Neil  took very heavily, because his condi-
  tion in the army was less pleasant to him. Clarend.
4. With an  air of dejection.
     Why looks your grace so heavily to-day?
  —0, I have past a miserable night.   Shakspeare.
He'aviness,   hev've-nes.    ra.  s.   [from
   heavy.]
 1.  Ponderousness;   the  quality of being
   heavy; weight.
     The subject is concerning the heaviness of several
   bodies, or toe proportion that is  required  betwixt
   any weight and toe power which may move it.
                                       Wilkins.
2. Dejection of mind; depression of spirit.
     We are, at toe hearing of some,  more inclined
   unto sorrow and /wariness; of some more mollified,
   and softened in mind.                  Hooker.
    Against ill chances men are ever merry,
  But fteauiness foreruns the good event. Sludcspcare
    Let us not burthen our remembrance wish
  An heaviness that's gone.             Shakspeare
    Heaviness in the  heart of man maketh it stoop;
  but a good word maketh it glad.         Proverbs
    Ye  greatly rejoice; though now for a season yt
  are in heaviness, through manifold temptations.
                                      1 Peter
3. Inaptitude to motion or thought; slug-
   gishness; torpidness; dulness of  spirit;
   languidness; languor.
    Our strength is all gone into fteauiness,
  That makes the weight.             Shakspeare.
    What means  this fteariness that hangs upon me?
  This lethargy that creeps through all my senses?
                                      Addison.
    He would not violate that sweet recess,
  And found besides a welcome Aeauiness,
  Which seiz'd his eyes.                 Diyden.
    A sensation of drousiness, oppression,  fteauiness,
  and lassitude, are signs of a too plentiful meal.
                                    Arbuthnot.

4. Oppression;  crush;   affliction:  as,  the
   heaviness of taxes.
5. Deepness or richness of soil.
    As Alexandria exported many commodities, so it
  received some, which, by reason of the fatness and
  Aeariness of the ground, Egypt did not produce; such
  as metals, wood, and pitch.           Arbuthnot.
HE'AVY, hev've.234  adj. [heaps, Sax-]
I. Weighty; ponderous; tending strongly
   to the centre;  contrary to light.
    Mersennus tells us,  that a little child,  with an
  engine of an hundred double pulleys, might  move
  this earth, though it were much heavier than it is.
                                      Wilkins.
2. Sorrowful; dejected; depressed.
             Let me not be light;
  For a light wife doth make a Aeavy husband. Shak.
3. Grievous; oppressive; afflictive.
    Menelaus bore an heavy hand  over the citizens,
  having a malicious mind.                2 Mac.
    Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever,
  Which shall possess them with the heaviest  sound
  That ever yet they heard.           Shakspeare.
    If the cause be not good, the king himself hath a
  heavy reckoning to make.            Shakspeare.
    Pray for this goodman, and for his issue,
  Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
  And beggar'd yours for ever.         Shakspeare.
             Chartres, atthe levee,
  Tells with a sneer the tydings heavy.       Swift.
4. Wanting alacrity; wanting briskness
   of appearance.
          My heavy eyes, you say, confess
  A  heart to love and grief inclined.         Prior.
5. Wanting spirit or rapidity of sentiment;
   unanimated.
     A work was to be done, a heavy writer to be en-
  couraged,  and  accordingly  many thousand copies
  were bespoke.                           Swift.
6. Wanting activity;  indolent; lazy.
     Fair, tall, his limbs with due proportion join'd;
   But of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind.    Diyden.
7. Drowsy; dull;  torpid.
     Peter and they that  were with him were  ftecrry
   with sleep.                              Luke.
 8.  Slow; sluggish.
     But let thy spiders that suck up thy venom,
   And fteary gaited toads lie in their way.    Shaksp.
 9. Stupid;  foolish.
     This heavy headed revel, east and wist
   Makes us tradue'd, and tax"d of other nations  Shah.
     I would not  be  accounted so base minded, or
   heavy headed,  that I will confess that any of them
   is for valour, power, or fortune better than myself.
                                       Knolles.
 10.  Burdensome; troublesome; tedious.
     I put into thy hands what has been the diversion
   of some of my idle and *eai>y hours.       Locke. 
HE C
HED
HED
    When alone, your time will not lie Aeaty upon
  your hands for want of some trifling amusement.
                                       Swiff.
11. Loaded; incumbered; burdened.
    Hearing that there  were  forces  coming against
  him, and not willing  that they should find his men
  fteacy and laden with booty,  he returned unto Scot-
  land.                                 Bacon.

12.  Not easily digested; not  light to the
   stomach.
    Such preparations  as retain the oil  or fat, are
  most fteauy to the stomach,  which makes baked
  meat hard of digestion.              Arbuthnot.

13.  Rich in soil; fertile: as, heavy lands.
 14.  Deep; cumbersome:  as, heavy roads.
Hea'vy, heVve. adv.   As an adverb it is
   only used in composition; heavily.
    Your carriages were fteavy laden; toey are a bur-
  den to the weary beast.                  Isaiah.
    Come unto me  all  ye that labour and are heavy
  laden, and I will give  you rest.          Matthew.
HEBDOMAD, heb'do-mad. ra. s. [heb-
   domas,  Latin.]   A week;  a space  of
   seven days.
     Computing by the medical month, the first hebdo-
  mad or septenary  consists  of six days,  seventeen
  hours and a half.                       Brown.
 Hebdo'madal,  heb-dom'a-dal.618 ?   adj.
 HEBDo'MADARY,heb-ddm'a-dar-e. 5 [from
   hebdomas,  Latin.]  Weekly; consisting
   of seven days.
     As for hebdomadal periods, or weeks, in regard of
   their sabbaths, they were observed by toe Hebrews.
                                       JBrown.
 To HE'BETATE, heb'e-tate. v.  a.  [he-
   beta, Latin; hebeter, French.]  To dull;
   to blunt; to stupify.
     The eye, especially if hebetated, might cause the
   same perception.                       Harvey.
     Beef may confer a robustness on the limbs of my
   son, but will hebetate and clog his intellectuals.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.

 Hebeta'tion,  heb-e-ta'shun. ra. s. [From
   hebetate.]
  1. The act of dulling.
 2. The state of being dulled.
 He'betude, heb'e-tude.  ra. s. [hebetudo,
    Lat.]   Dulness; obtuseness; bluntness.
     The pestilent   seminaries,  according to their
   grossness or  subtilty, activity or  Aeftefnde, cause
   more or less truculent plagues.          Harvey.
 He'braism, heb'ra-ism.336 ra.*. [hebraisme,
    French; hebraismus, Latin.]    A  He-
    brew idiom.
     Milton  has infused a great  many Latinisms, as
   well as Graecisms, and sometimes Hebraisms, into
   his poem.                            Spectator.
 He'braist,  heb'ra-ist.603  ra.   s. [hebraus,
    Lat.]   A  man skilled in Hebrew.
 He'brician, he-brish'an. ra. s. [from He-
    brew.]  One  skilful in Hebrew.
     The words are more properly taken for the air or
   ether than the heavens, as toe best hebricians un-
   derstand them.                        Raleigh.
     The nature of the  Hebrew verse, as the meanest
   ftet)ricia?i knoweth, consists of uneven feet. Peacham.
 He'catomb, hek'a-toom. ra. s. [hecatombe,
    French; Uxrou,(iy.]   A sacrifice  of a
   hundred cattle.
             In rich men's homes
   I bid kill some beasts, but no hecatombs;
   None starve, none surfeit so.             Donne.
     One of these three is a whole hecatomb,
   And therefore only one of them shall die.  Dryden.
     Her triumphant sons in war succeed,
   And slaughtered hecatombs around him bleed. Add.
He'ctical,  h£k'te-kal. }  adj.  [hectique,
He'ctick, hek'tik.60**  5  Fr. from egi?.]
I. Habitual; constitutional.
    This word is joined only  to that kind of fever
  which is slow and continual, and ending in a con-
  sumption, is toe contrary to those fevers which arise
  from a plethora, or  too great fulness from obstruc-
  tion.  It is attended with too lax a state of the
  excretory passages, and generally those ofthe skin;
  whereby so much runs off as leaves not resistance
  enough in the  contractile  vesssels to keep toem
  sufficiently distended, so  that  they vibrate oftener,
  agitate the fluids the more, and keep them thin and
  hot.                                 Quincy.
    A hectick fever hath got hold
  Of the whole substance, not to be controul'd.
                                      Donne.
2. Troubled with a morbid heat.
    No hectick student scars the  gentle maid. Taylor.
He'ctick, hdk'tlk-  ra. s. A hectick fever.
    Like the hectick in my blood he rages,
  And thou must cure me.             Shakspeare.
He'ctor, h£k'tlir.418 ie6 ra. s. [from the
   name of Hector, the great Homeric war-
   riour.]  A bully; a  blustering,  turbu-
   lent, pervicacious, noisy fellow.
    Those usurping hectors, who pretend to honour
  without religion, think the charge of a lye a blot
  not to be washed out but by blood.         SoutA.
    We'll take one cooling cup of nectar,
  And drink to this celestial ftecfor.           Prior.
 To  He'ctor, h£k'tiir.  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]  To threaten; to treat with in-
   solent authoritative terms.
    They reckon they must part with honour together
  with their opinion,  if toey suffer themselves to be
  hectored out of  it.              Gov. of Tongue.
    The weak low spirit fortune makes  her slave; .
  But she's a drudge, when hector'd by the brave.
                                      J>ryden.
    An honest man, when he came home at night,
  found another fellow domineering in his family, hec-
  toring his servants, and calling for supper. Arbuth.
 To He'ctor,  h£k'tur. v. ra.   To play the
   bully; to bluster.
     They have attacked me, some with piteous moans
   and outcries, others grinning and only shewing their
   teeth, others ranting and hectoring, others scolding
   and reviling.                      Stillingfleet.
     One would think the hectoring, the storming, the
   sullen, and all  the different species  of the angry,
   should be cured.                     Spectator.
     Don Carlos made her chief director,
   That she might o'er the servants Aecfor.    Swift.
 Hedera'ceous, hdd-er-a'shfis. adj. [hede-
   raceus, Latin.]  Producing ivy.   Dict.
 HEDGE,  hedje.  n.s.  [hegge,  Saxon.]
   A fence made round grounds with prick-
   ly bushes, or woven  twigs.
     It is a good wood for fire, if kept dry; and is very
   useful for stakes in hedges.             Mortimer.
     The gardens unfold variety of colours to the eye
   every morning, and the hedges' breath is beyond all
   perfume.                               Pope.
             Through the verdant maze
   Of sweet-briar hedges I pursue my walk. Tftowison.
 Hedge, h£dje, prefixed to any word, notes
   something  mean,  vile, of the lowest
   class; perhaps from a hedge, or hedge-
   born  man, a  man without  any known
   place of birth.
     There are five in the first shew: the pedant, the
   braggart, the hedge-priest, the fool, and the boy.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The clergy do much  better than a little hedge,
   contemptible, illiterate vicar can be presumed to do.
                                        Swift.
     A person, who, by his style and literature, seems
   to have been the corrector of a hedge-press in Little
   Britain, proceeded gradually  to an author.  Sicift.
To Hedge, hedje. v. a.  [from the noun.}
1.  To  enclose with a  hedge, or  fence of
   wood dry or growing.
    Hedge thy possession about with thorns.  Ecclus.
    Those alleys must be hedged at both ends, to keep
  out the wind.                          Bacon.
2.  To obstruct.
    I will Aedge up thy way with thorns.     Hosea.
3.  To encircle for defence.
    England, Aedg'd in with toe main,
  That water-walled bulwark, still secure
  And confident from foreign purposes.     Shaksp,
    There 's such divinity doth hedge a king,
  That treason can but peep to what it would. Shaks.
4.  To shut up within  an enclosure.
    It must not be paid and exported in ready money;
  so says our law:  but that is a  law to Aecfge in the
  cuckow, and serves for no purpose: for if we ex-
  port not goods, for which our merchants have money
  due to them, how can it be paid by bills of exchange.
                                      Locke.
5.  To force into a place already full. This
   seems to be mistaken for edge.  To  edge
   in, is to  put in by the way that  requires
   least room; but  hedge  may signify to
   thrust in with difficulty, as into a hedge.
            You forget yourself
  To Aedge me in.              Shaksp. Jul. Cas,
    When I was hasty, thou delayd'st me  longer:
  I pr'ythee,  let me hedge one moment more
  Into thy promise; for thy life preserv'd.   Dryden.
    When you are sent on an errand, be sure to hedge
  in some business of your own.            Swift.
To Hedge, hedje. v. ra.  To shift; to  hide
   the head.
    I myself sometimes, hiding mine honour  in my
  necessity, am fain to shuffle, to Aedge, and to  lurch.
                                   Shakspeare.
Hedge-born, h£dje'born.  adj. [hedge and
   born.] Of no known birth; meanly born.
    He then, that is not furnish'd in this sort,
  Doth but usurp the sacred name of knight,
  And should, if I were worthy to be judge,
   Be quite degraded, like a hedge-born swain,
  That doth presume to boast of gentle blood. Sliaks.
Hedge-creeper,   hedje-kree'pur.  n.  s.
   [hedge   and  creep.]   One  that  skulks
   under hedges for bad purposes.
Hedge-fumitory, hedje-fu'me-tur-e. n.a.
   A plant; fumaria sepium.   Ainsworth.
Hedge-hog, hedje'hog. ra.  s. [hedge and
   hog; erinaceus.]
 1. An animal set with prickles, like thorns
   in a hedge.
             Like hedge-hogs, which
   Lie tumbling in my bare-foot way, and mount
   Their pricks at my foot-fall.           Shakspeare.
     Few have belief to swallow, or hope enough to
   experience, the collyrium of  Albertus; that is to
   make one see  in the dark: yet thus much, according
   unto his receipt, will the right eye of an hedgehog,
   boiled in oil,  and preserved in a brazen vessel, ef-
   feet.                  Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     The hedge-hog hath his backside and flanks thick
   set with strong and sharp prickles;  and besides, by
   the help of a muscle, can contract himself into a
   globular figure, and  so withdraw his whole under
   part, head, belly, and legs, within his thicket of
   prickles.                                Ray.
 2. A term of reproach.
     Did'st thou not kill this king?
   ----1 grant ye.
   ----Do'st grant me, hedge-hog?       Shakspeare.
 3. A plant; trefoil; medicaechinata.  Ains.
 4. The globe-fish; orbis echinatus.  Ains.
 Hedge-hyssop,   h£dje-hiz'ztip.    n.  e.
    [hedge  and hyssop.]   A  species of wil-
    lowortj gratiola. 
HEE
HEE
HE G
    Hedge-hyssop is a purging medicine, and a very
  rough one:  externally it is said to be a vulnerary.
                            Hill's Mat. Medtca.
Hedge-mustard, hedje-mus'larci. n. s. A
   plant.
Hedge-nettle,  hedje-net'tl.  ra. s.   A
   plant; galeopsia.             Ainsworth.
HfcDGE-NOTE, hedje'note.  ra. s.  [hedge
   anu note.]  A word of contempt tor low
   writing.
    WLen they began to be somewhat better bred,
  toey left these hedge-notes for another sort of poem,
  which was also full of pleasant raillery.   Dryden.
Hedge-pig,  liedje'pig. ra. s. [hedge  and
   pi$.]   A young lietlge-hog.
    Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd,
  Thrice and once the hedge-pig whin'd.    Shaksp.
Hedge-row, hedje'ro.  ra. s.   [hedge and
   row.]   The series of trees  or bushes
   planted for enclosures.
    Sometimes walking not unseen
  By hedge-roio elms, on hillocks green.     Milton.
    The  fields in  the northern side are divided by
  hedge-roics of myrtle.           Berkley lo Pope.
Hedge-sparrow,  hedje-spar'ro.  ra.  s.
   [hedge and sparrow;  curruca]  A spar-
   row  tnat lives in  bushes,  distinguished
   from a sparrow that builds in thatch.
    The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long,
  That it had it's head bit off by its young.  Shaksp.

He'dging-bill, hedje'ing-bil. n.s. [hedge
   and bill]  A cutting-hook used in mak-
   ing hedges.
    Comes master Dametas with a hedging bill in his
  hand, chaffing and swearing.             Sidney.
He'dger,  liedje'ur. ra. s.  [from  hedge.]
   One who makes hedges.
             The labour'd ox
   In his loose traces from the furrow came,
  And the swink'd hedger at his supper sat.  Milton.
    He would be laughed at,  that should go about to
  make a fine dancer out of a country hedger at past
  fifty.                                 Locke.
To HEED, heed.246 v. a. [heban, Saxon.]
   To mind; to regard;  to take  notice of;
   to attend.
    With pleasure Argus the musician heeds;
  But wonders much at those new vocal reeds. Dryd.
    He will no more have clear ideas of all the ope-
  rations of his mind, than he will  have all the par-
  ticular ideas of any landscape or clock, who  will
  not turn his eyes to it,  and with  attention heed all
  the parts of it.                        LocA;e.
Heed, heed. ra. s. [from  the verb.]
1. Care; attention.
    With wanting fteed and giddy cunning,
  The melting voice through mazes running. Milton.
    Take fteed that, in their tender years, ideas, that
  have no natural cohesion, come not" to be united in
  toeir heads.                           Locke.
    Thou must take fteed, my Portius;
  The world has all its eyes on Cato's son. Addison.
2. Caution;  fearful  attention; suspicious
   watch.
    Either wise bearing or ignorant carriage is caught
  as men catch diseases, one of another;  therefore,
  let men take fteed of their company.   Shakspeare.
    Take heed; have open eye; for thieves  do foot
        by night:
  Take fteed ere summer comes, or cuckoo birds af-
        fright.                      Shakspeare.
3. Care to  avoid.
    We should take fteed of the neglect  or contempt
  of his worship.                      Tillotson.
4. Notice;  observation.
    Speech must coine by hearing and learning;  and
  birds give  more fteed, and mark words more than
  beasts.                                Bacon.
      VOL. I.
5.  Seriousness; staidness.
    He did unseal them; and the first he viewed,
  He did it with a serious mind; a fteed
  Was in his countenance.             Shakspeare.
6.  Regard;  respectful notice.
    It is a way of calling a man a fool, when no fteed
  is given to what he says.            L' Estrange.
He'kdful, heed'nil. adj. [from heed.]
i.  Watchful; cautious; suspicious.
            Give him heedful note;
  For I mine eyes will rivet to his face;
  And, after, we will both our judgments join,
  In censure of his  seeming.           Shakspeare.
2.  Attentive;  careful; observing:  with of.
            I am commanded
  To tell the passion of my sovereign's heart;
  Where fame, late ent'ring at his heedful ears,
  Hath plac'd thy beauty's image and thy virtue.
                                  Shakspeare. t
    To him one of the other twins was bound,
  Whilst 1 had been like heedful of tbe other. Sftafc.
    Thou, heedful of advice, secure proceed;
  My praise the precept is, be thine the deed.  Pope.

HE'EDFULLY,heed'ful-e. adv. [from heed-
  ful]  Attentively; carefully; cautiously.
    Let the learner maintain an honourable opinion
  of his instructor,  and heedfully listen to his instruc-
  tions, as one willing to be led.            Waffs.
He'edfulness, heed'ful-nes. ra. s. [from
   heedful.]  Caution; vigilance; attention.
He'edily,  heed'e-le.  adv.  Cautiously;
   vigilantly.                          Dict.
He'ediness,  heed'e-nes. ra. s.  Caution;
   vigilance.                           Dict.
HE'EDLEss,heed'les.ac//. [fromheed.] Ne-
   gligent; inattentive; careless;  thought-
   less; regardless; unobserving: with  of.
    The heedless lover does not know
  Whose eyes toey are that wound him so.   Waller.
    Heedless of verse, and hopeless of the crown,
  Scarce half a wit, and more than half a clown. Dryd.
    Some ideas which have more than once offered
  themselves to the senses, have yet been little taken
  notice of; the mind  being either heedkss, as in chil-
  dren, or otherwise employed, as in men.    Locke.
    Surprises are often fatal to heedless unguarded in-
  nocence.                            Sherlock.

He'edlessly,  heed'les-le.  adv.   [from
   heedless.]   Carelessly; negligently; in-
   attentively.
    Whilst ye discharge the duties of matrimony,  ye
  heedlessly slide into sin.      Arbuthnot and Pope.
Heedlessness, heed'ies-nes. ra. s. [from
   heedless.]   Carelessness; thoughtless-
   ness; negligence;  inattention.
    In the little harms they suffer from knocks and
  falls, they should not be  pitied, but bid do so again;
  which  is a better  way to cure their heedlessness.
                                       Locke.
HEEL, heel.246 ra. *. [hele, Saxon.]
1.  The part of  the foot that  protuberates
   behind.
    If the luxated bone be distorted backward,  it
  lieth over the heel bone.       Wiseman's Surgery.
2.  The whole foot of animals.
    The stag recals his strength, his speed,
  His winged heels, and then his armed head;
  With these t' avoid, with toat his fate to meet;
  But fear prevails, and bids him trust his feet. Den.
    Pegasus appeared hanging off the side of a rock,
  with a fountain running from his heel.    Addison.
3.  The feet,  as employed in flight.
    Nothing is commoner, in times of danger,  than
  for men  to leave their masters to bears and tygers,
  and shew them a  fair pair of  heels for 't.   L'Estr.

4.  To be at the Heels. To pursue close-
   ly; to follow  hard.

                     6a
    Sir, when comes your book forth?
  —Upon the heels of my presentment.   Shakspeare.
    But is there no sequel at the heels of tois
  Mother's admiration?        Shakspeare's Hamlet.
   To attend closely.
            Could we break our way
  By force, and at our fteefs all hell should rise
  With blackest insurrection, lo confound
  Heav'n's purest light.                   Milton.
   To pursue as  an enemy.
    The Spaniards fled on towards the north to seek
  their fortunes, being still chased by the English navy
  at their heels, until they were fain to give them over
  for want of powder.                      Bacon.
    Want! hungry want! that hungry meagre fiend,
  Is at my heels, and chaces me in view.      Otway.
7. To follow  close as a  dependant.
    Through proud London he came sighing on,
  After the admired fteefs of Bolingbroke.   Shaksp.

H. To lay by the  Heels.   To  fetter; to.
  shackle;  to put in  gyves.
    If the king blame me for 't, I'll fay ye all
  By th'heels,  and suddenly; and on your heads
  CJap round fines for neglect.          Shakspeare-
    One half of man, his mind,
  Is, sui juris, unconfin'd,
  And cannot be faid by the heels.        Hudibras.
    I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mum-
  mers;  and wondered  that none of the Middlesex
  justices took care to lay some of them by the heels.
                                     Addison.
9. Any thing shaped like a heel.
    At the other side is a kind of heel or knob,  to
  break clots with.          Mortimer's Husbandly.
10. The back  part of a stocking: whence
  the phrase to be out ai heels, to be worn
  out.
    A good man's fortune may grow ouf of heels.
                                   Shakspeare.
To Heel, heel. v.  ra. [from the noun.]
1. To dance.
            I cannot sing,
  Nor fteef the high lavolt, nor sweeten talk. Shaksp.
2. To lean on one side: as, the ship heels.
To Heel,/'heel. v. a.  To arm a cock.
He'eler,  heel'iir.  n.s.  [from  heel]   A
   cock that strikes well with his heels.
He'el-piece,  heel'pese. ra. s.  [heel and
  piece.] A piece fixed on the hinder part
   ofthe shoe, to supply what is worn away.
To He'el-piece, heel'pese. v.a. [heel and
  piece.]  To put a piece of leather  on a
   shoe heel.
    Some blamed Mrs. Bull for new heel-piecing her
  shoes.                            Arbuthnot.
Heft, heft. n. s. jTrom  heave]
I. Heaving; effort.
             May be in the cup
  A spider steep'd, and one may drink; depart,
  And yet  partake no venom; for his knowledge
  Is not infected:  but if one present
  Th' abhorrent ingredient to his eye, make known
  How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides
  With violent hefts.     Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
2. [for haft.]   Handle.
    His oily side devours both blade and heft. Waller.

He'gira, he-ji'ra or hed'je-ra.  ra. s. [Ara-
   bick.]   A term in chronology,  signify-
   ing the epocha, or account of time, u sed
   by the Arabians  and Turks, who begin
   their  computation  from  the  day that
   Mahomet was forced to make his escape
   from the city of Mecca, which  happen-
   ed on  Friday, Juiy 16, A. D. 622, under
   the  reign of the emperor Heraclius.
                                      Harris 
HEI
HEI
HEL
 Hei'fer,  hef'fur." 2g4  n.a.  [heapojie,
    Saxon.]   A young cow.
     Who finds the heifer dead and bleeding fresh,
   And sees fast by a butcher wito an axe,
   But will suspect 'twas he that made toe slaughter?
                                    Shakspeare.
     A heifer will put  up her nose, and snuff in the
   air, against rain.                       Bacon.
     For her the flocks refuse their verdant food,
   Nor thirsty heifers seek the gliding flood.    Pope.

 Heigh-ho, hi'ho. interj.
 1. An expression  of slight languor and
    uneasiness.
     Heigh-ho! an't be  not four by the day, I'll be
   hang'd.                           Shakspeare.
 2. It is used by Dryden, contrarily to cus-
    tom, as a voice of exultation.
     We'll toss off our ale 'till we cannot stand,
   And heigh-ho for the honour of old England. Dry.
 Height, like or hate.263 n.s. [from high.]
 1. Elevation above the ground: indefinite.
             Into what pit thou seest,
   From what fteigftf fall'n.                MUton.
     An amphitheatre's amazing height
   Here  fills the eye with terror and delight, .^ddisort.
 2. Altitude;  definite space  measured up-
    ward.
             Abroad I'll study thee,
   As he removes far off, that great heights takes. Donne.
     There is in Ticinium a church  that is in length
   one hundred feet, in breadth twenty, and in height
   near fifty.                             Bacon.
             An amphitheatre appeared
   Rais'd in degrees, to sixty paces rear'd;
   That when  a man was plac'd in one degree,
   Height was allow'd for him above to see. Diyden.
 3. Degree of latitude. Latitudes are high-
    er as they approach the pole.
     Guinea lieth to the north sea, in the same fteigftf
   as Peru to the south.                    Abbot.
 4. Summit;  ascent; towering  eminence;
    high place.
     From Alpine heights the father first descends;
   His daughter's husband in the plain attends.  Dryd.
 5. Elevation of  rank;  station  of dignity;
    great degree of .excellence.
     By him that rais'd me to this careful height,
   From that contented hap which I enjoy'd.   Shaks.
     Ten kings had from the Norman conqu'ror reign'd,
   When England to her greatest height attain'd,
   Of pow'r dominion, glory, wealth, and state. Dan.
     Every man of learning need not enter into their
   difficulties,  nor climb the heights to which some
   others have arrived.                     Watts.
 6. The utmost degree; full  completion.
     Putrefaction doth not rise to its fteigftf at once.
                                        Bacon.
                 Did not she
   Of Timna first betray me, and reveal
   The secret, wrested from me in the fteigftf
   Of nuptial love profess'd?              Milton.
             Hide me from the face
   Of God, whom to behold was then my fteigftf
   Of happiness!                         Milton.
     Despair is the fteigftf of madness.     Sherlock.
 7.  Utmost  exertion.
     Come on, sir;  I shall now put you to the fteigftf of
   your breeding.                      Shakspeare.
 8.  State  of excellence;  advance toward
   perfection.
     Social duties are carried to greater  heights, and
  enforced with stronger motives, by toe principles of
  our religion.                         Addison.
 To  Hei'ghten,  hi't'n.103 v.  a.   [from
   height.]
 I.  To  raise higher.
2.  To  improve;  to meliorate.
3.  To  aggravate.
    Foreign states  used their endeavours to heighten
  our confusions, and plunge us into all the evils of a
  civil war.                           Addison.
4.  To  improve by decorations.
    As in a room, contrived for  state, the height of
  the roof should bear a proportion to the area; so in
  the heightenings of poetry, the strength and vehe-
  mence of figures should be suited to the occasion.
                                      Diyden.
HETNOUS, ha'nus.249 adj. [haineux, Fr.
   from  hane, hate;  or  from  the Teuto-
   nick, hoon, shame.] Atrocious; wicked
   in  a  high degree.
    To abrogate or innovate the gospel of Christ, if
  men or angels should attempt, it were most heinous
  and accursed sacrilege.                 Hooker.
    This is the man should do the bloody deed:
  The image of a wicked heinous fault
  Lives in his eye.                   Shakspeare.
    As it is a most heinous, so it is a most dangerous
  impiety to despise him toat can destroy us. Tillotson.

He'inously, ha'niis-le.  adv.  [from hei-
  nous]   Atrociously;  wickedly.
He'inousness,  ha'nus-nes. ra. «.   [from
  heinous.]   Atrociousness;  wickedness.
    He  who can treat offences,  provoking God, as
  jests and trifles, must have little sense  of  the hei-
  nousness of them.                     Rogers.
Heir,  are.249 394 ra. s.  [heire,  old French;
  hee res, Latin.]
I. One that is inheritor of any thing after
  the present possessor.
    An Aeir signifies the eldest, who is, by the laws
  of England, to have all his father's land.    Locke.
            What Lady is that?
  —The Aeir of Alanson, Rosaline her name.  Shaks.
    That I'll give my voice on  Richard's side,
  To bar my master's heirs in true descent,
  God knows, I will not do it.           Shakspeare.
    Being Aeirs together ofthe grace of life.   1 Pef.
    Sunk is the hero, and his glory lost,
  And I  his Aeir in misery alone.             Pope.
    The Aeirs to titles and large estates have a weak-
  ness in their eyes, and a tenderness  in their consti-
  tutions.                                Swift.
2. One neufly  inheriting an estate.
    The young extravagant Aeir had got a new stew-
  ard, and was resolved to look into his estate. Swift.
To  Heir, are. v. a. [from the noun.]  To
  inherit.
    His  son in blooming youth was snatch'd by fate,
  One only daughter heir'd the royal state. Dryden.
He'iress, are'is."  ra. s.  [from heir.]  An
  inheritrix; a woman that inherits.
    An heiress she, while yet alive;
  All  that was her's to him did give.        Waller.
    Mneas, though he married the  heiress   ot the
  crown, yet claimed no title to it during the life of
  his father-in-law.                     Dryden.
He'irless,   are'les.   adj.  [from   heir.]
  Without  an heir;  wanting one to inhe-
  rit after him.
            I still think of
  The wrong I did myself; which was so much,
  That heirless it hath made my kingdom.    Shaksp.
He'irloom, are'166m. ra. s. [heir and je-
  loma,  goods, Saxon.]   Any  furniture
  or moveable  decreed to descend  by in-
  heritance,  and   therefore   inseparable
  from  the  freehold.
    Achilles' sceptre was of wood,
  Transmitted to the hero's line;
  Thence through a long descent of kings,
  Came  an heirloom, as Homer sings.         Swift.

He'irshtp, aie'siiip. ra. s. [from heir.] The
  state, character, or priviieges of an heir.
    A layman appoints  an heir or an  executor in his
  will to build an  hospital within a year,  under pain
  of his being deprived of his heirship.      Ayliffe.
Held, held.  The preterit and part. pass.
   of hold.
    A rich man beginning to fall, is Aefd up of friends.
                                   Ecclesiastes.
    If Minerva had not appeared and held his hand,
  he had executed his design.              Dryden.
HE'LIACAL, he-li'a-kal. adj.  [heliaque,
   French, from  y\ios.]   Emerging from
   the lustre of the sun, or falling into  it.
    Had they ascribed  the heat of the season to this
  star, they would not have computed from its ftefia-
  cal ascent.                             Brown.
He'liacally,  he-li'a-kal-le.  adv.  [from
   heliacal.]
    From  the rising of this star, not cosmically, that
  is, with the sun, but heliacally, that is, its emersion
  from the rays of the  sun, the ancients computed
  their canicular days.                    .Brown.
    He is  tempestuous in the summer, when he rises
  heliacally; and rainy  in the winter, when he rises
  achronically.                          Dryden.
He'lical, hel'e-kal. adj.  [helice,  French,
   from eA/f.]  Spiral; with many  circum-
   volutions.
    The screw is a kind of wedge, multiplied or  con-
  tinued by a helical revolution about a cylinder, re-
  ceiving its motion not from any stroke, but from a
  vectis at one end of it.                 Wilkins.
Helioce'ntrick,  he-le-6-sen'trik.  adj.
   [heliocentrique, Fr. jja<o« and Kevrpe-v.]
    The heliocentrick place of a planet  is said to be
  such as it would appear to us from the sun, if our
  eye were fixed in its centre.              Harris.
He'lioid Parabola, he'le-oid-pa-rab'bo-la,
   in  mathematicks,   or  the  parabolick
   spiral, is  a curve which arises from  the
   supposition  of the  axis of the common
   Apollonian parabola being bent  round
   into the periphery  of a circle,  and is a
   line then  passing through the extremi-
   ties of the ordinates, which do now con-
   verge  toward  the  centre  of  the said
   circle.                            Harris.
He'lioscope,  he'le-6-skope. ra. s.  [helio-
   scope,  Fr. j;A»os and o-K67rea.]   A sort of
   telescope  fitted  so as  to look on  the
   body of the sun,  without offence to the
   eyes.                             Harris.
He'liotrope, he'le-6-trope.  ra.  s.  [j?A/os
   and rp'f7ru; heliotrope, Fr. heliotropium,
   Lat.]  A  plant  that turns  toward  the
   sun;  but more particularly  the turnsol,
   or sunflower.
    'Tis an observation of flatterers, toat they arc
  like the heliotrope; they open only towards  the  sun,
  but  shut  and contract themselves at night, and in
  cloudy weather.             Gov. ofthe Tongue.
He'lispherical, he-lis-fer'e-kal.  adj. [he-
   lix and sphere.]
    The helispherical line is the rhomb line in navi-
  gation, and is so  called  because on  the  globe it
  winds round the pole spirally, and still comes near-
  er and nearer to it, but cannot terminate in it.
                                       Harris.
HE'LIX,  he'liks.  ra.  s.  [helice,  French;
   eA«f.]   Part  of a spiral line;  a circum-
   volution.
    Find the true inclination of the screw,  together
  with the quantity  of water whicl. every  helix does
  contain.                              Wilkins.
HELL, hel. ra. *. [helle,  Saxon.]
I.  The  place of the  devil  and wicked
   souls.
            For it is a knell
  That summons thee to heaven or to hell.   Shaksf. 
HEL
HEL
HEL
    If a man were a porter of heU gates, he should
  have old turning the key.                Shaksp.
            Let none admire
  That riches grow in fteff; that soil  may best
  Deserve toe precious bane.              Milton.
    Hell's black tyrant trembled to  behold
  The glorious light he forfeited of old.      Cowley.
2. The place of separate  souls,  whether
  good or bad.
    I will go down  to my son mourning to fteff. Gen.
    He descended into fteff.        Apostles' Creed.
3. Temporal death.
    The pains of fteff came about me;  the snares of
  death overtook me.                    Psalms.
4. The place at a running play to which
  those who are caught are carried.
    Then couples three be straight allotted there;
  They of both ends the middle two  do fly;
    The two that in mid-place, fteff called were,
  Must strive with waiting foot and watching eye,
    To catch of them, and them to fteff to bear,
  That they, as well as they, fteff may supply. Sidney,
5. The place into which the tailor throws
  his shreds.
    This trusty squire, he had as well
  As the bold Trojan knight seen fteff;
  Not with a counterfeited pass
  Of golden bough, but true gold-lace.     Hudibras.
    In Covent-garden did a taylor dwell,
  Who might deserve a place in his own fteff.
                               King's Cookery.
6. The infernal powers.
    Much danger first, much toil did he sustain,
  While Saul and fteff crest his strong fate in vain.
                                      Cowfey.
7.  It is used in  composition  by  the  old
   writers more than by the modern.
Hell-black, hel'blak.  adj.  Black as hell.
    The sea, wito  such a storm as his bare head
  In hell-black night endur'd,  would have boil'd up,
  And quench'd the stelled fires.           Shaksp.
Hell-bred, hel'bred. adj. [hell and bred.]
   Produced in  hell.
    Heart cannot think what  courage and what cries,
  With foul enfouldred smoak and flashing fire,
  The hell-bred beast threw forth into the skies. Spen.
Hell-broth,  hel'brofVi.  ra.  s.  [hell and
   broth.]  A composition boiled  up  for
   infernal purposes.
    Adder's fork, and blind worm's sting,
  Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing;
  For a charm  of powerful trouble,
  Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.        Shaksp.
Hell-doomed, hel'doomd. adj. [hell and
   doom.] Consigned to hell.
    And reckon'st thou thyself with spirits of heav'n,
  Hell-doom'd! and breath'st defiance here and scorn,
  Where I reign'd king?                 Milton.
Hell-governed, hel'guv-iirnd. adj.  Di-
   rected  by hell.
    Earth gape open wide and ate him quick,
  As thou dost swallow up this good king's blood,
  Which his hell-gbvern'd arm has butcher'd. Shaks.
Hell-hated, heTha-ted.  adj.   Abhorred
   like hell.
    Back do I toss these treasons to thy head,
  With the hell-hated lie  o'erwhelm thy heart.  Shak.
Hell-haunted,  hel'han-ted.  adj.  [hell
   and haunt.]  Haunted by the devil.
    Fierce  Osmond clos'd me in the bleeding bark,
  And bid me stand exposed to the  bleak winds,
  Bound to  the fate of this hell-haunted grove. Dryd.
Hkll-hound,  hel'hound.  ra.  s.   [helle
   hunb, Sax.]
 1.  Dog ol hell.
    From forth the kennel  of thy womb hath crept,
  A hell-hound that doth hunt us all to death.  Shaks.
    Now the hell-hounds with superior speed
  Had reach'd tbe dame, and fast'ning on her side,
  The ground with issuing streams of purple dy'd.
                                     Dryden.
2. Agent of hell.
              I call'd
  My hell-hounds to lick up the draff, and filth,
  Which man's polluting sin with taint had shed
  On wliat was pure.                     Milton.
Hell-kite, hel'kite. ra. s.  [hell and  kite.]
   Kite of infernal breed.   The term hell
   prefixed to any word notes detestation.
    Did you say all? What all? Oh, hell-kite! all?
  What, all my pretty chickens, and their dam,
  At one fell swoop?                     Shaksp.
He'llebore, hel'le-bore. n.s. [helleborus,
   Latin]  Christmas flower.
He'llebore   White,  hei'le-bore.   ra.  s.
   [veratrum, Latin.] A  plant.
    There are great doubts whether any of  its spe-
  cies be the true hellebore of toe ancients.    Miller.
He'llenism, hel'le-nizm. ra. *. [tAAflvio-jtta?.]
   A  Greek idiom.             Ainsworth.
He'llish, hel'lish.  adj.  [from  hell]
1. Sent from  hell; belonging to hell.
    0 thou celestial or infernal spirit of love,  or what
  other heavenly or hellish title thou list to have, for
  effects of both  I find in myself, have  compassion of
  me.                                  Sidney.
    Victory and triumph to the Son of God,
  Now entering his great duel, not of arms,
  But to vanquish by wisdom hellish  wiles.    MUton.
2. Having the  qualities of hell;  infernal;
   wicked; detestable.
    No benefits shall ever allay that diabolical ran-
  cor  that ferments in some hellish breasts, but that
  it will foam out at its foul mouth in slander.  South.
He'llishly, hel'lish-le. adv.  [from hell-
   ish.]    Infernally; wickedly;  detestably.
He'llishness,  hel'lish-nes.  ra.  s.   [from
   hellish.]   Wickedness; abhorred qua-
   lities.
He'llward, hel'ward. adv.  [from  hell]
   Toward hell.
    Be next thy care the sable sheep to place
  Full o'er the pit, and hellward turn their face. Pope.
Helm,  helm, denotes defence:  as   Ead-
   helm,  happy defence;  Sighelm, victori-
   ous defence; Berthelm, eminent defence:
   like Amyntas and Boetius  among the
   Greeks.              Gibson's  Camden.
 HELM,  helm. ra. s. [helm, Saxon, from
   helan, to cover, to protect.]
 I.  A covering for the head in war;  a hel-
   met;  a morion; a headpiece.
    France spreads his banners in our noiseless land;
  With plumed ftefm the slayer begins his threats.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Mnestheus lays hard load upon his helm. Dryd.
2.  The part of  a coat of arms that bears
   the crest.
    More might  be added of ftefms, crests, mantles,
   and supporters.                       Camden.
3.  The upper part  of the  retort.
    The vulgar chymists toemselves  pretend to be
   able, by  repeated cohobations, and other fit opera-
   tions, to make toe distilled parts of a concrete bring
   its own capwf mortuum over the ftefwi.      Boyle.
4.  [helma,  Saxon.]  The  steerage; the
   rudder.
    They did not leave the helm in storms;
   And such they are make happy states, Ben Jonson.
    More in prosperity is reason tost
   Than ships in storms,  their helms aud anchors lost.
                                     Denham.
    Fair occasion shews the springing gale,
   And int'rest guides the helm, and honour swells the
         sail.                            Prior.
 5.  The station of government.

                    6a2
    I may be wrong in the means; but that is no ob-
  jection against the  design: let  those at toe  Aefm
  contrive it better.                       Swift.
6. In  the following  line it  is  difficult to
  determine whether steersman or  defen-
  der is intended: i  think steersman.
              You slander
  The helms o' th' state, who care for you like fathers,
  When you curse them as enemies,        Shaksp,
To  Helm, helm.  v. a.  [from the  noun.]
  To guide; to conduct.         Hanmer.
    The very stream of his life, and the business he
  hath helmed, must give him a better prociaiiation.
                                  Shakspeare.
He'lmed, helmd.359  adj.  [from  helm]
  Furnished with a  headpiece.
                The helmed  cherubim
  Are seen in glittering ranks with wings display'd.
                                      Milton
He'lmet, hel'mit." ra. s. [Probably a  di-
  minutive of helm.]   A  helm;  a head-
  piece; armour  for the  head.
    1 saw him down; thrice up again, and fighting;
  From helmet to the spur all bleeding o'er.  Shaksp.
    Sev'n darts are thrown at once,  and some re-
        bound
  From his bright shield, some on his helmet sound.
                                      Diyden.
Helmi'nthick, h&l-min'thik.  adj.  [from
  i^ivSog.]- Relating to worms.     Dict.

To  HELP,  help. v.  a. pret.  helped or
  holp; part,  helped  or holpen.  [hilftan,
  Gothick;  helpan,  Saxon.]
1. To assist;  to support; to aid.
    Let us work as valiant men behoves;
  For boldest hearts good fortune helpeth out. Fairfax,
    O Lord, make haste  to ftefp me.       Psalms-
    God helped him against the Philistines. 2 Chron.
    They helped them in all things with  silver and
  gold.                               1 Esdras.
    A man reads his prayers out of a book,  as  a
  means to help his understanding  and direct his ex-
  pressions.                        Stillingfleet.
2. It has, in familiar language, the parti-
  cle out, which seems to have  meant,
  originally, out  of a difficulty.
    This he conceives not hard to bring about,
  If all of you should join to Aefp him out.   Dryden.
    What I offer is so far from doing any  diskindness
  to the cause these gentlemen are engaged in, that
  it does them a real service, and Aefps them out with
  the main thing whereat they stuck.     Woodward.
    The god of learning  and of light,
  Would want a god  himself to help him out.  Swift.
3.  To raise by help; with  up.
    Woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he
  hath not another to Aefp him up.          Ecclus.
4. To enable to surmount; with over.
    Wherever they are at a stand, ftefp toem present-
  ly over the difficulty without any rebuke.   Locke,
5.  To remove by help: with off.
    Having never learned any laudable manual art,
  they have recourse to those foolish or ill ways  in
  use, to ftefp off their time.                Locke.
6.  To free from pain or vexation.
    Help and ease them, but by no  means bemoan
  them.                                 Locke,
7.  To cure; to heal: with  of. Obsolete.
    Love doth to her eyes repair,
  To help him of his blindness.            Shaksp.
8.  It is commonly used before the disease.
    The true calamus helps coughs.         Gerard.
9.  To remedy; to change for the better.
     Cease to lament for that thou can'st not ftefp;
  And study help for that which thou lament'st,
                                    Shakspeare.
 10. To prevent;  to hinder.
     Those few who reside  among us, only becai.se
  they cannot help it.                      Swift- 
HEL
HEM
HE M
     If they take offence when we give none, it is a
   thing we cannot ftefp,  and therefore the whole blame
   must lie upon them.                 Sanderson.
     It is a high point of ill nature to make sport with
   any man's imperfections that he cannot ftefp. L'Esfr.
     Those closing skies may still continue bright;
   But who can ftefp it if you'll make it night.  .Dryd.
     She, betwixt her modesty and pride,
   Her wishes, which she could not help, would hide.
                                        Dryden.
     It is reckoned ill  manners  for men  to quarrel
   upon difference in opinion,  because that is a thing
   which no man can help in himself.         Swift.
 11.  To forbear; to avoid.
     He cannot help believing, that such things he saw
   and heard.                          Atterbury.
     I cannot ftefp remarking the resemblance betwixt
   him and our author in qualities, fame, and fortune.
                                         Pope.
 12.  To promote; to forward.
     And they helped forward the afflictive.      Zech.
     If you make the earth narrower at the bottom
   than at the  top, in fashion of a sugar-loaf reversed,
   it will help the experiment.               Bacon.
 13.  To  Help to.  To supply with;  to fur-
    nish with.
     Whom they would Aefp fo a kingdom, those reign;
   and whom again they would, they displace.  1 Mac.
     The man that is now with Tiresias can ftefp him
   fo his oxen again.                  L'Estrange.
 14.  To present at  table.
     In plenty starving,  tantaliz'd in state,
   And complaisantly help'd to all I hate;
   Treated, caress'd, and tir'd, 1 take my leave. Pope.
 To Help, help. v. ra.
 1. To contribute assistance.
              Sir, how  come  it you
   Have ftofp to make this rescue?          Shaksp.
     Discreet followers and servants Aefp much to re-
   putation.                             Bacon.
     Bennet's  grave look was a pretence,
   And Danby's matchless impudence
   Help'd to support the  knave.            Dryden.
     A generous present helps to  persuade  as well as
   an agreeable person.                     Garth.
 2. To bring a supply.
     Some, wanting the  talent  to write, made it their
   care that the actors should ftefp out where the muses
   failed.                                Rymer.
 Help, help.  ra. s.  [from the verb;  hulpe,
   Dutch.]
 1. Assistance; aid; support; succour.
     Muleasses, despairing to recover the city, hardly
 '  escaped his enemies' hands  by the good help of his
   uncle.                               Knolles.
     He may be beholden to experience and acquired
   notions,  where he thinks he  has not the  least  help
   from them.                            Locke.
     So great is the stupidity of some of those,  that
   they may have no sense of  the help administred to
   them.                             Smalridge.
 2. That  which gives help.
    Though these contrivances increase the power,
   yet  they proportionably protract  the time;  that
   which by such helps one man may do in  a hundred
   days, may be done by the immediate strength of a
   hundred  men in one day.               Wilkins.
    Virtue is a friend and a help to nature; but it is
   vice and luxury that destroys it, and the diseases of
   intemperance are the  natural product of the sins of
   intemperance.                          South
    Another Aefp St. Paul himself affords us towards
   the   attaining the true meaning  contained  in his
   epistles.                               Locke.
3.  That which forwards or promotes.
    Coral is in use as an Aefp to the teeth of children.
                                        Bacon.
4. Remedy.
    There is no Aefp for it, but he must be taught
  accordingly to comply with the faulty way of writing.
                                       Holder.
He'lper, help'ur.88 ra. s. [from help.]
 1.  An  assistant;  an  auxiliary;  an aider;
   one that helps or assists.
     There was not any left, nor any Aefper for Israel.
                                      2 Kings.
     We ought to receive such, that we might be fel-
  low helpers to the truth.                 3 John.
     It is impossible for that man  to despair who re-
  members that his helper is omnipotent.    Taylor.
 2.  One that administers remedy.
     Compassion, toe mother of tears, is not always a
  mere idle spectator,  but an helper oftentimes of
  evils.                                 More.
 3.  One that supplies  with any thing want-
   ed:  with to.
                 Heaven
  Hath brought me up to be your daughter's dower,
  As it hath  fated her to be my motive,
  And helper to a husband.                Shaksp.
 4.  A  supernumerary servant.
     I live in the corner of a vast unfurnished house;
  my family consists of a steward, a groom, a Aefper
  in the stable, a footman, and an old maid.
                                 Swift to Pope.
 He'lpful, help'ful. adj.  [help and full/]
 1.  Useful; that jrives assistance.
         Let's fight wito gentle words,
   'Till time  lends friends, and friends  their helpful
         swords.                         Shaksp
     He orders all the succours which they bring;
  The helpful and the good about him run,
  And form an army.                    Dryden.
 2.  Wholesome; salutary.
     A skilful chymist can  as well, by separation of
  visible elements, draw helpful medicines out of poi-
  son,  as poison out ofthe most healthful herbs.
                                      Raleigh.
 He'lpless, help'l£s.  adj. [from help.]
 1.  Wanting power to succour one's  self.
             One dire shot
  Close by the board  the prince's main-mast bore;
  All three now helpless by each other lie.   Dryden.
     Let our enemies rage and  persecute the poor and
  the helpless; but let  it be our glory to be pure and
  peaceable.                            Rogers.
 2.  Wanting support or assistance.
     How shall I then your helpless fame  defend?
  'Twill then be infamy to  seem your friend.  Pope.
 5.  Irremediable;   admitting no help.
     Such helpless harms it's better hidden keep,
  Than rip up grief, where  it may not avail. Spenser.
 4. Unsupplied; void:  with of. This is  un-
   usual, perhaps  improper.
    Naked he lies, and ready to expire,
  Helpless of all that human wants require.  Diyden.
 He'lplessly, help'ies-le. adv. [from help-
  less.] Without ability; without succour.
 He'lplessness, help'les-nes. ra. *. [from
  helpless.]  Want of ability; want of suc-
  cour.
Helter-skelter,  hel'tdr-skel'tur.  adv.
  [As  Skinner fancies,  from  heolyten
  yceabo, the darkness  of hell; hell, says
  he,  being a  place of confusion.]  In a
  hurry; without  order; tumultuously.
    Sir John, I am thy Pistol, and thy friend:
  And helter-skelter have I rode to England,
  And tidings do I bring.              Shakspeare,
    He had no sooner turned his back but they were
  at it helter-skelter, throwing books at one another's
  heads.                            L'Estrange.
Helve, helv. ra. s. [helpe, Saxon.]  The
  handle of an axe.
    The slipping of an axe from the helve, whereby
  another is slain, was the work of God himself.
                              Raleigh's History.
 To  Helve, helv.  v. a.  [from  the noun.]
  To  fit with a helve or handle.
Hem,  hem. ra. s.  [hem, Saxon.]
 I. The edge of a  garment  doubled  and
   sewed to  keep the threads from spread-
   ing.
     Rowlers must be made of even  cloth, white and
  gentle, without hem, seam, or thread hanging by.
                                     Wiseman.
 2. [hemmen, Dutch.]   The  noise uttered
   by  a sudden and violent  expiration of
   the breath.
     I would try if I could cry hem, and have him.
                                    Shakspeare.
     He loves to clear his pipes in good air, and is not
  a little pleased with  any one who takes notice  of
  toe strength  which he still exerts in his  morning
  herns.                               Addison.
 3. Interject.   Hem! [Latin.]
 To  Hem,  hem. v. a.
 1. To close the  edge  of  cloth by  a hem
   or double border sewed together.
 2. To border; to edge.
                 All the skirt about
  Was hemm'd with golden fringe.     Fairy Queen.
     Along the  shoar of silver streaming Thames,
  VVhose rushy bank, the which his river Items. Spens.
   To enclose; to  environ;  to confine; to
   shut: perhaps always with a particle; as,
   in, about, round.
     So of either side,  stretching itself in a narrow
  length, was it hemmed in  by woody hills,  as if in-
  deed nature had  meant therein  to make a place for
  beholders.                             Sidney.
    What lets  us then the great Jerusalem
  With valiant squadrons round about to hem? Fairfax.
    Why Neptune, hast thou made us stand alone,
  Divided from the world for this, say they;
  Hemm'd in to be a spoil to tyranny,
  Leaving affliction hence no way to fly?     Daniel.
    I hurry me in haste away,
  And find his honour in a pound,
  Hemm'd by a triple circle round,
  Chequer'd with ribbons, blue and green.     Pope.
 To  Hem,  hem. v. ra. [hemmen,  Dutch.]
  To utter a noise by violent expulsion of
  the breath.
He'mic-iany, hem'e-kra-ne.  ra. s. [npirv,
  half, and x.pctvtov,  the  skull, or head.] A
  pain  that  affects only  one part of the
  head at a time.                   Quincy.

He'micycle,  hem'e-si-kl. ra.  s.   [npUv-
  k.x(&>.] A  half round.
He'mina, hem'e-na. ra. a. An ancient mea-
  sure; now  used  in  medicine to signify
  about ten ounces in measure.   Quincy.
He'miplegy, hem'e-pled-je.  ra. s. [a^uo-i/,
  half, and -nrXricro-u, to  strike or seize.] A
  palsy, or any nervous affection  relating
  thereunto, that seizes one side at a time;
  some partial disorder of  the   nervous
  system.
HE'MISPHERE, hem'e-sfere. n. s. [,^t-
  G-pctiptQV, hemisphere, French.] The half
  of a globe when  it is supposed to be cut
  through its centre in the plane of  one of
  its greatest circles.
    That place is earth, the seat  of man, that light
  His day, which else, as th' other hemisphere,
  Night would invade.                    Milton.
                 A hill
  Of Paradise, the  highest from whose top
  The hemisphere of earth, in clearest ken
  Stretch'd out to th' amplest reach of prospect lay.
                                       Afiffon.
    The sun is  more powerful in  the northern Aemis-
  phere, and in  the apogeum; for therein his motion is
  slower.                               Urotim.
    In open prospect nothing bounds our eye, 
HEN
HEN
HEN
   Until the earth seems join'd unto the sky;
   S9 in this hemisphere our utmost view
   Is only bounded by our king and you.      Dryden.
 Hemispheric al,   heiii-e-sfer'ik-al.6"" >
 Hemisphe'rick,   hem-e-sfer'ik.        )
   adj.  [from hemisphere.]  Half  round;
   containing half a globe.
     The thin film of water swells above the surface
   of the water it swims on, and commonly constitutes
   hemispherical bodies with it.              Boyle.
     A pyrites, placed in the  cavity of another of an
   hemispherick figure, in much the same manner as an
   acorn in its cup.                    Woodward.
 He'mistick,  he-mis'tik.609 ra. s. [w?'i%-
   <ev; hemistiche, French.]   Half a verse.
     He broke off in the hemistich, or midst of the
   verse;  but seized as it were, with a divine fury, he
   made up the latter part ofthe hemistich.   Dryden.
 He'mlock, iiem'lok. ra. s.  [hemloc, Sax-
   on.]  An herb.
     The leaves are cut into many minute segments;
   the petals of the flower are  bifid, heart-shaped,  and
   unequal:  the flower is succeeded by two short chan-
   neled seeds.  One sort is sometimes used in medi-
   cine, though it is  noxious; but the hemlock of the an-
   cients, which was such deadly  poison, is generally
   supposed different.                      Miller.
              He was met even now,
   Crown'd  with rank fumiter and  furrow-weeds,
   With bardocks, hemlock             Shakspeare.
     We cannot with certainty affirm, that no man can
   be nourished  by wood  or stones,  or that all  men
   will be poisoned by hemlock.              Locke
 Hf/morrhage, hem'6 radje. >  n.s. [«<>,-
 He'morrhagy,  hein'6-ra-je. }    oppxyicc;
   hemorragie, Fr.] A violent flux of biootl.
     Great hemorrhagy succeeds the separation. Ray.
     Twenty days fasting will not diminish its quanti-
   ty so much  as one great-ftemorrftag-e.   Arbuthnot.
 HE'MORRHOiDS, hem'or-roidz. ra. s.
   [ai^oppothi; hemorrhoids, French.] The
   piles; the emrods.
    I got the hemorrhoids.                  Swift.
 He'morhh  idal, hem-or-roid'al. adj [he-
   morrhoidal, French, from hemorrhoids.]
   Belonging to the veins  in  the  funda^
   ment.
    Besides toere are hemorrhages from the nose and
   hemorrhoidal veins, and fluxes of rheum.     Ray.
    Embost upon the field, a battle stood
   Of leeches,  spouting hemorrhoidal blood.    Garth.
 HEMP,  hemp. ra.  s.  [haenep,  Saxon;
   hampe,  Dutch;  cannabis.]   A fibrous
   plant of  which  coarse  linen  and ropes
   are made.
    It hath  digitated leaves opposite to  one another;
   the flowers have no visible petals; it is male and fe-
   male in different plants.  Its bark is used for cord-
   age and cloth.                         Miller.
    Let gallows go  for dog; let man go free,
   And let not  hemp his windpipe suffocate-   Shaksp.
    Hemp and flax are commodities that deserve en-
   couragement, both for their usefulness and profit.
                                    Aforfi?ner.
 Hemp Agrimony, hemp. ra. s. A plant.
    The common hemp agrimony  is  found  wild by
   ditches and sides of rivers.               Miller.
 He'mpen,  hem'p'n.103  adj.  [from hemp.]
   Made of  hemp.
    In foul reproach of knighthood's fair degree,
  About his neck a hempen rope he wears. F. Queen.
                Behold
  Upon toe hempen tackle ship-boys climbing.  Shaks.
    Ve shall  have  a  hempen caudle then,  and the
  help of a hatchet.                   Shakspeare.
    I twitch'd his dangling garter from  his knee;
  He wist not when  the hempen string I drew.  Gay.
HEN, hen.  ra. s.  [henne, Saxon; han, Ger-
   man, a cock.]
 1. The female of a house-cock.
 2. The female of any land fowl.
     The peacock, pheasant, and goldfinch cocks have
   glorious colours; the hens have not.        Bacon.
     Whilst the Aen bird  is covering her eggs,  the
   male generally takes his  stand upon a neighbouring
   bough within her hearing, and by that means diverts
   her with  his songs during the whole time of her sit-
   ting.                                Addison.
           O'er the trackless waste
   The heath Aen flutters.                 Thomson.
 Hen-driver, hen'dri-vur.  ra. s.  [hen and
   driver.]  A kind of hawk.
     The hen-driver I forbear to name.       Walton.
 He'nharm, hen'harm.       > ra. s.  [py-
 He'nharrier, hen'har-re-ur. 3  gargus.]
   A kind of kite.  Ainsworth.   So called
   probably from destroying  chickens.
 Hen-hearted, hen'har-ted.  adj. [hen and
   heart.] Dastardly;  cowardly; like a hen.
   A low word.
 Hen-pecked,  hen'pekt.369 adj.  [hen and
   pecked.] Governed by the wife.
     A stepdame too I have, a cursed she,
   Who rules my hen-peck'd sire, and orders me.
                                      Dryden.
     The neighbours reported that he was hen-pecked,
   which was impossible, by such a mild spirited wo-
   man as his wife.                    Arbuthnot.
 Hen-roost,  hen'roost.   ra. s.   [hen and
   roost.]   The place where the  poultry
   roosi.
     Many  a poor devil stands  to a whipping post for
   the pilfering of a silver  spoon, or  the robbing of a
   hen-roost.                        L'Estrange.
     Her house is frequented by a company of rogues
   whom she encourageth to rob his hen-roosts. Swift.
     If a man prosecutes gipsies with  severity, his hen-
   roost is sure to pay for it.               Addison.
     They oft have sallied out to pillage
   The hen-roosts of some peaceful village.    Ticket.
 He'nbane, hen'bane.   ra. s. [hyoscyamus,
   Latin.]  A plant.
     It is very often found growing upon the sides of
   banks and old dunghills.   This is  a very poisonous
   plant.                                Miller.
     That to which old Socrates was curs'd,
   Or henbane juice, to swell 'em till they burst. Dryd.
 He'nbit, hen'bit.  ra. s. [alsine foliis hede-
   raceis.] A plant.
     In a scarcity in Silesia a rumour  was spread of
   its raining millet-seed; but it was  found to be only
   the seeds  of the ivy-leaved speedwell, or small hen-
   bit.                 Derham's  Phys. Theology.
 HENCE, hdnse. adv. or interj. [heonan,
   Sax. hennes, old English.]
 1. From this  place to another.
    Discharge my follow'rs; let them Aence away,
   From  Richard's night to Bolingbroke's fair-day.
                                   Shakspeare.
             Th' Almighty hath not  built
   Here for his envy; will not drive us Aence. Milton.
    A sullen prudence drew thee hence
   From  noise, fraud, and impertinence.      Roscom-
 2. Away; to a distance.   A word of com-
   mand.
    Be  not  found here: hence with your little ones.
                                   SAa/fspeare.
    Hence with denial vain, and coy  excuse. Milton.
 3. At a distance; in another place.  Not  in
   use.
    Why should I then be false, since it is true
  That I must die here, and live hence by truth?
                                   Shakspeare.
    All  members of our cause, both here and hence,
  That are insinewed to this action.     Shakspeare.
4. From this time; in  the  future.
    He  who can reason well to-day about one sort of
   matters, cannot at all reason  to-day about others,
   though perhaps a year Aence he may.       Locke.
     Let not posterity a thousand years hence look foi
   truth in the voluminous annals of pedants.  Arbuth.
 5. For this reason; in consequence of this.
     Hence perhaps it is that Solomon calls the fear of
   the Lord the beginning of wisdom.      Tillotson.
 6. From this cause; from this ground.
     By too  strong a projectile  motion the aliment
   tends to putrefaction: Aence may be deduced the
   force of exercise in helping digestion.  Arbuthnot.
 7. From this source; from  this original;
   from this store.
     My Flora was my sun; for as
   One sun, so but one Fiora was;
   All other faces borrowed Aence
   Their light and grace as stars do thence. Suckling.
 8. From  hence   is  a vitious expression,
   which crept into  use even among good
   authors, as  the  original  force  of the
   word  hence was gradually  forgotten.
   Hence sign ifi escrow this.
     An ancient author prophesy'd from hence,
   Behold on  Latian shores a foreign prince!   Dryd.
 To Hence, hense. v. a.  [from the adverb.]
   To send off; to dispatch to a  distance.
   Obsolete.
     Go, bawling cur! thy hungry maw go fill
   On yon foul flock, belonging not to me;
   Wito that  his dog he henc'd, his flock he curs'd.
                                       Sidney.
 Hencefo'rth, hense'forfA\ adv. '[henon-
   popb, Sax.] From this time forward.
             Thanes and kinsmen,
   Henceforth he earls.        Shakspeare's Macbeth-
      Never henceforth shall I joy again;
   Never, oh never, shall  I see more joy.     Shaksp.
     Happier thou may'st be, worthier can'st not be;
   Taste this, and be henceforth among the gods,
   Thyself a goddess.                      Milton.
    I never from thy  side henceforth will stray,
   'Till day droop.                        Milton.
    If we treat gallant soldiers in this sort,
   Who then henceforth to our defence will come?
                                      Dryden.
 Hencefo'rward,   hense-lor'ward.   adv.
   [hence and forward.]  From tnis time to
   futurity.
              Henceforward will I bear
   Upon my target three fair shining suns.     Shaksp.
        Pardon, I beseech you;
   Henceforward I am  ever rul'd by you.      Shaksp.
    The royal academy will admit hcncefor-ward only
  such who are endued with good qualities.  Dryden.
 He'nohman, hensh'man. ra. s. [hync, a ser-
   vant, and  man,  Skinner;  hengyt, a
   horse, and man, Spelman.]  A page; an
   attendant.  Obsolete.
    Why should Titania cross her Oberon:
  I do but beg a little changeling boy,
  To be my henchman.                    Shaksp.
    Three henchmen were for ev'ry knight assign'd,
  All in rich  livery clad, and of a kind.    Dryden.
 To Hend,  hend.  v. a.   [henban, Saxon,
   from hendo, low  Latin, which  seems
   borrowed  from hand  or hond, Teuto-
   nick.]
 1. To seize; to lay hold on.
    With that the serjeants fte»if the young man stout,
  And bound  him likewise in a worthless chain. Fa'trf.
2. To crowd;  to  surround.   Perhaps the
   following passage is corrupt, and should
   be read hemmed;  or it may  mean to take
  possession.
    The generous and gravest citizens
  Have ftenf the gates, and very near upon
  The duke is entering.                  Shaksp.
Hende'cagon, hen-dek'a-gon. ra. a.  ^ae- 
HER
HER
HER
  xx and ymix.]  A figure of eleven sides
  or angles.
Hens-feet, henz'feet. ra. «. [fumaria se-
  pium]  Hedge fumitory.
Hepa'tical, h6-pat'e-kal. )  adj.  [hepati-
Hepa'tick,  he-pat'ik.609 5  cus,  Lat. he-
  patique, Fr. from »7rcip.]  Belonging to
  the liver.*
    If the evacuated blood be florid, it is stomach
  blood; if red and copious, it is hepatick.    Harvey-
    The cystick gall is thick, and intensely bitter; the
  hepatick gall is more fluid and not so bitter.  Arbuth.
Heps,  hips. n. a.  The berries of  the brier
   or dogrose,  commonly written hips.
                                 Ainsworth.
    In hard winters there is observed great plenty of
  heps and haws, which preserve the small birds from
  starving.                              Bacon.
Heptaca'psular, hep-ta-kap'su-lar.  adj.
   [_tV7« and caftsula.]  Having seven cavi-
   ties  or cells.
HE'PTAGON,  hep'ta-gon.  ra. s. [hepta-
   gone, French; 'Itc]* and ymiot.]  A figure
   with seven  sides or angles.
Hepta'gonal, hep-tag'6-nal.  adj.   [from
   heptagon/]   Having  seven angles or
   sides.
He'ptarchy,  hep'tar-ke. ra. s. [heptarchie,
   French;  eV7* and oLpy^/]   A sevenfold
   government.
     In the Saxon heptarchy I find little noted of aims,
   albeit the Germans, of whom they descended, used
   shields.                             Camden.
     England began not to be a people, when Alfred
   reduced it into  a monarchy; for the materials there-
   of were extant  before, namely, under the heptarchy.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
     The next returning planetary  hour
   Of Mars, who shar'd the heptarchy of pow'r,
   His steps bold Arcite to the temple bent.    Dryd.
 Her,  hur.98 pron.  [heria,  hep,  in Saxon,
   stood for  their,  or of them,  which at
   length  became the female possessive.]
 1. Belonging to  a female; of a she; of a
   woman.
               About his neck
   A green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself,
   Who with Aer  head, nimble in threats, approach'd
   The opening of his mouth.   Shaksp. As you like it.
     Still new favourites she chose,
   'Till  up in arms my passion rose,
   And cast away Aer yoke.                Cowley.
     One month,  three days, and half an hour,
   Judith held the sov'reign pow'r;
     W'ond'rous beautiful Aer face;
   But so weak and small Aer wit,
   That she to govern were unfit,
     And so Susanna took Aer place.         Cowley.
 2. The oblique case of she.
     England is so idly king'd,
   Her sceptre so fantastically borne,
   That fear attends Aer not.      Shaksp.  Henry V.
     She cannot seem deform'd to  me,
   And I would have Aer seem to others so.   Cowley.
     The moon arose clad o'er in light,
   With thousand stars attending on her train;
   With her they rise, with Aer they set again. Cowley.
     Should I be left, and thou be lost, the sea,
   That bury'd Aer 1 lov'd, should bury me.     Dryd.
 Hers, hurz. pronoun. This is used when
   it refers to a  substantive  going before:
   as, such are her charms,  such  charms
   as hers.
                This pride of hers,
   Upon advice, hath drawn my love from her. Sftafcs.
             Thine own unworthiness,
   Will still that thou art mine not hers confess. Cowley.
    Some secret charm did all her acts attend,
  And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend.
                                     Dryden.
    I bred you up to arms, rais'd you to power,
  Indeed to save a crown, not hers but yours.  Dryd.
HE'RALD, her'ald. ra. s. [herault, Fr. he-
  rald, German.]
1. An officer whose  business  it  is to re-
  gister  genealogies, adjust ensigns ar-
  morial, regulate funerals, and anciently
  to carry messages between princes, and
  proclaim  war and peace.
    May none, whose scatter'd names honour my
        book,
  For strict degrees of rank or title look;
  'Tis 'gainst the manner of an epigram,
  And I a poet here, no herald am.     Ben Jonson.
    When time shall serve let but the herald cry,
  And I'll appear again.    Shakspeare's King Lear.
    Embassador of peace, if peace you chuse;
  Or herald of a war, if you refuse.         Dryden.
    Please thy pride and search toe herald's roll,
  Where thou shalt find thy famous pedigree. Dryden.
2. A precursor; a forerunner; a narbinger.
    It is toe part of men to fear and tremble,
  When the most mighty gods, by tokens, send
  Such dreadful heralds to astonish us.      Shaksp.
    It was the lark, the herald of the morn.  Shaksp.
3. A proclaimer; a publisher.
    After my death I wish no other herald,
  No other speaker of my living actions,
  But such an honest chronicler as Griffith.  Shaksp.
 To  He'rald,  her'ald.  v. a.  [from the
   noun.]   To  introduce  as by a herald.
   Not used.
    We are sent from our royal master,
  Only to herald thee into his sight,
  Not pay thee.                     Shakspeare.
He'raldry, her'al-dre. w. s. [heraulderie,
   Fr. from herald.]
 1. The art or office of a herald.
     I am writing of heraldry.             Peacham.
     Grant her, besides, of noble blood that ran
  In ancient veins, ere heraldry began.      Diyden.
   Registry of genealogies.
     'Twas no false heraldry when madness drew
  Her pedigree from those who too much  knew.
                                     Denham.
 3. Blazonry.
     Metals may blazon common beauties; she
  Makes pearls and planets humble heraldry.  Cleav.
 HERB, erb.39*  ra. *,  [herbe, Fr. herba,
   Latin.]
     Herbs are those plants whose stalks are soft, and
  have nothing woody in them; as grass and hemlock.
                                        Locke.
                 In such a night
  Medea gather'd  the enchanted herbs
   That did renew old iEson.               Shaksp.
               With sweet-smelling Aerbs
   Espoused Eve deck'd first her nuptial bed.  Milton.
     Unhappy, from -whom still conceal'd does lie
   Of herbs and roots the harmless luxury.    Cowley.
     If the leaves are of chief use to us, then we call
   them herbs, as sage and mint.             JFaffs.
     Herb-eating animals, which don't ruminate, have
   strong grinders, and chew much.       Arbuthnot.
 Herb Christopher, or  Bane-berries, erb.
   ra. s.   A  plant.

 Herba'ceous, her-ba'shus.3fi6 adj. [from
   herba, Lat]
  1.  Belonging to herbs.
     Ginger is the root of neither tree nor trunk; but
   an herbaceous plant, resembling the water flower-
   de-luce.                              Brown.
 2.  Feeding  on  vegetables;  perhaps  not
   properly.
     Their teeth are fitted to their food, the rapacious
   to catching,  holding, and tearing their prey; the
  herbaceous to gathering and comminution of vegeta-
  bles.                                Derham.
He'rbage, er'bidje.90 89*  ra.  *. [herbage,
   French.]
I. Herbs collectively; grass; pasture.
    Rocks lie cover'd with eternal snow;
  Thin herbage in the plains, and fruitless fields.
                                     Dryden.
    At the time the deluge came, the earth was load-
  ed wito herbage, and thronged with animals.
                                   Woodward.
2.The tithe and the right of pasture. Ains.
He'rbal,  her'bal. n.  s.  [from  herb] A
   book  containing the names and descrip-
   tions  of plants.
    We leave the description of plants to herbals, and
  other like books of natural history.         Bacon.
    Such a plant will not be  found in the fterbal of
  nature.                              Brmvn.
    As for the medicinal use of plants, the large Aer-
  bals are ample testimonies thereof.         Moore.
    Our herbals are sufficiently stored with plants.
                                       Baker.
He'rbalist, heVba-list. ra. *. [from herb-
   al.]  A man skilled in herbs.
    Herbalists have distinguished them, naming that
  the male whose leaves are lighter, and fruit round-
  er.                                  Brown.
He'rbar, heVbar. ra.  s.   [A word, I be-
   lieve, only  to be found in Spenser.]
   Herb; plant.
    The roof hereof was arched over head,
  And deck'd with flowers and herbars daintily.
                                  .Fairy Queen.
He'rbarist,  her'ba-rist.  ra. s. [herbarius,
   from herba, Lat] One skilled in herbs.
    Herbarists have exercised a commendable curi-
  osity in subdividing plants ofthe same denomination.
                                       2?oyfe.
    He was too much swayed by the  opinions then
   current amongst herbarists, that different colours, or
   multiplicity of leaves in the flower, were sufficient
   to constitute a specifick difference.           Ray.
    As to the fuci, their seed  hath been discovered
   and shewed me first by an ingenious herbarist.
                                     Derham.
 HE'RBELET,her'be-let. ra.s. [diminutive of
   herb, or of herbula,L,at'in.] A small herb.
    These herbelets, which we upon you strew. SAafc.
 Herbe'scent, her-bes'sent.610 adj. [her-
   bescens, Lat.]  Growing into herbs.
 He'rbid,  her'bid. adj.  [herbidus, Latin.]
   Covered with  herbs.
 He'rborist, her'bo-rist. ra. s. [from  herb.]
   One curious in herbs.  This seems  a
   mistake for herbarist.
     A curious herborist has  a plant, whose flower
   perishes in about an hour.                 .Ray.
 He'rborough, her'bur-ro. ra. s. [herberg,
    German.]   Place  of  temporary resi-
    dence.  Now written harbour.
     The German lord, when he went out of Newgate
   into the cart, took  order to have his arms set up  in
   his last herborough.                Ben Jonson.
 Hf.'rbous, her'biis.  adj.  [herbosus, Lat.]
    Abounding  with  herbs.
 He'rbulent, her'bu-lent. adj. [from her-
    bula, Lat.]  Containing herbs.
 He'rbwoman, erb'wum-un.394 ra. s.  [herb
    and woman.] A woman that sells herbs.
     I was  like  to  be pulled  to pieces by brewer,
   butcher, and baker, even my herbwoman dunned me
   as I went along.                    Arbuthnot,

 Her'by, erb'e.39* adj. [from herb.]  Hav-
    ing the nature of herbs.
     No substance but earth,  and  the precedures of 
HER
HER
HER
  earth, as tile and stone, yieldeth any moss or herby
  substance.                             Bacon.
HERD, herd. n. *.  [heojib, Saxon.]
I. A  number of beasts  together.  It is
   peculiarly  applied  to  black   cattle.
   Flocks and herds  are sheep  and oxen
   or kine.
               Not a wild and wanton herd,
  Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
  Fetching mad bounds.          .       Shaksp.
    There find a herd of heifers, wand'ring o'er
  The neighbouring hill, and drive toem to toe shore.
                                       Addison.
2. A company of men, in contempt or de-
   testation.
    Survey the world, and where one Cato shines,
  Count a degenerate herd of Catilines.     Dryden.
    I do not remember where ever God delivered his
  oracles by the multitude, or nature truth by the
  herd.                                  Locke.
3. It anciently signified a keeper of cattle,
   and in Scotland it is still used,  [hyrib,
   Sax.]  A sense still retained in  compo-
   sition:  as, goatherd.
To Herd, herd. v. ra. [from the noun.]
1. To  run in herds  or companies.
    Weak women should, in danger, herd like deer.
                                       Dryden.
    It is the nature of indigency, like common danger,
  to endear men to one another, and make them herd
  together, like fellow-sailors in a storm.    Norris.
2. To  associate; to become  one   of  any
   number or party.
    I'll herd among his friends, and seem
  One ofthe number.                   Addison.
    Run to towns, to herd with knaves and fools,
  And undistinguish'd pass among the crowd. Walsh.
To Herd, herd.  v.  a.   To throw or put
   into  a  herd.
                   The rest,
  However great we are, honest and valiant,
  Are herded with the vulgar.          Ben Jonson.
He'rdgroom,  herd'groom.  ra.  s.  [herd
   and groom.]  A keeper of herds.   Not
   in use.
    But who shall judge the wager won or lost?
  That shall yonder herdgroom, and none other.
                                       Spenser,
He'rdman,  hSrd'man.      I ss n s  rherd
He'rdsman,  herdz'man.   ^
   and man.]   One  employed  in tending
   herds: formerly,  an  owner of herds.
    A herdsman rich, of much account was he,
  In whom no  evil did reign, or good appear. Sidney.
             And you, enchantment,
  Worthy enough a herdsman, if e'er thou
  These rural latches to his entrance open,
  I will devise a cruel death to thee.        Shaksp.
    Scarce themselves know how to hold
  A sheephook, or have learn'd ought else the least
  That to the faithful herdsman's art belongs.  Milt.
    There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
  Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herd,
  At loop-holes cut through thickest shade.   Milton.
    So stands  a Thracian herdsman with his spear
  Full in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear. Dryd.
            The herdsmen, round
  The chearful  fire, provoke his health in goblets
        crown'd.                        Diyden.
    When their herdsmen could not agree, they part-
  ed by consent.                           Locke.
HERE,  here.  adv. [hep,  Saxon, hier,
   Dutch.]
1. In this place.
               Before  they ftere approach,
  Old Siward, with ten thousand warlike men,
  All ready at a point, was setting forth.     Shaksp.
             I, upon my frontiers here,     '
  Keep residence.                        Afiffon.
               Here nature first begins
  Her farthest verge.                     Milton.
     How wretched does Prometheus' state appear,
  While he his second mis'ry suffers here!   Cowley.
     To day is ours, we have it here.        Cowley.
 2. In the present state.
     Thus shall you be happy here, and more  happy
  hereafter.                              Bacon.
 3. It is used in making an offeror attempt.
               Then Aere's for earnest:
  'Tis finish'd.                          Dryden.
 4. In drinking  a health.
     Here's to toee, Dick.                 Cowlty.
     However, friend, here's to the king, one cries;
  To him who was the king, the friend replies.  Prior.
 5.  It is  often  opposed  to  there;   in one
   place, distinguished  from another.
     Good night, mine eyes do itch;
  Doth that bode weeping?
  —'Tis neither Aere nor fAere.            Shaksp.
     We are come  to see thee fight, to see thee foigne,
  to see thee traverse, to see thee  fte?-e, to  see thee
  there.                                Shaksp.
     Then  tois, then  that man's aid they crave, im-
        plore;
  Post here for help, seek fftere their followers. Dan.
     I would have in the heath some thickets made
  only of sweet-briar, and honey-suckle, and some
  wild vine amongst; and the ground set with violets;
  for these are sweet, and prosper in the shade;  and
  these to be in the heath here and fftere, not in  order.
                                       Bacon.
     The devil might perhaps, by inward suggestions,
  have drawn in here and fAere a  single proselyte.
                      Government of the  Tongue.
     Your city, after the dreadful fire, was rebuilt, not
  presently, by raising continued streets; but at first
  here a house, and there a house, to which others by
  degrees were joined.                     Sprat.
     He that rides  post through  a  country,  may be
  able to give some loose description of hers  a moun-
  tain and fftere a plain, here a morass and fftere a
  river, woodland in  one part, and savanas in another.
                                        Locke.
6. Here seems, in the following passage,
  to mean  this place.
    Bid them farewel, Cordelia,  though unkind;
  Thou losest here, a better where to find.    Shaksp.

Hereabo'uts,  here'a-b6uts.  adv. [here
  and about.]   About this place.
    I saw hereabouts  nothing remarkable, except Au-
  gustus's bridge.                       Addison.
Herea'fter, here-af'tur.  adv.  [here and
  after.]
 I. In time to come; in futurity.
    How worthy he is, I will leave to  appear Aere-
  after, rather than story him in his own hearing.
                                       Shaksp.
     The grand-child, with twelve sons increas'd, de-
        parts
  From Canaan, to a land hereafter call'd
  Egypt.                                Milton.
    Hereafter he from war shall come,
  And bring his Trojans peace.            Dryden.
2. In a future  state.
    You shall be happy here, and more happy here-
  after.                                 Bacon.
Herea'fter, here-af'tur.  ra. s.   A  future
  state.  This is a figurative noun, not to
  be used but in poetry.
     'Tis the divinity that stirs within us;
  'Tis heaven itself that points out an hereafter,
  And intimates eternity to man.           Addison.
              I still shall wait
  Some new hereafter, and a future state.     Prior.
Herea't, here-at'. adv. [here and at.]  At
  this.
    One man coming to the tribune, to receive his do-
  native, with a garland in  his hand, the tribune, of-
  fended hereat, demanded what this singularity could
  mean?                                Hooker.
 Hereby', here-bi'. adv. [here and by.] By
   this.
     In what estate the fathers rested, which were
   dead before, it is not liereby either one way or other
   determined.                           Hooker.
     Hereby the Moors are not excluded by beauty:
   there being  in this description no consideration of
   colours.                               Brown.
     The  acquisition of truth is of infinite concernment,
   hereby  we become  acquainted with the nature of
   things.                                  Waffs.
 Here'ditable, he-red'e-ta-bl. adj. [hares,
   Latin.]  Whatever may be occupied as
   inheritance.
     Adam being neither a monarch, nor his imaginary
   monarchy liereditable, the power which is now in the
   world is not that which was Adam's.        Locke.
 He'reditament,  he-re-dit'a-ment.  ra. s.
   [haredium, Lat.] A law term  denoting
   inheritance, or hereditary  estate.
 Hereditarily,  he-red'e-ta're-le.   adv.
   [from hereditary.]   By inheritance.
     Here is another, who thinks one of the greatest
   glories  of his father was to have distinguished and
   loved you,  and who loves you hereditarily.
                                 Pope to Swift.
 HERE'DITARY,    he-red'e-ta-re.  adj.
   [hereditaire, Fr. hereditarius, Lat.] Pos-
   sessed  or  claimed  by right  of inheri-
   tance; descending by inheritance.
          To thee and thine, hereditary ever,
  Remain this ample third  of our fair kingdom. Shak.
               These old  fellows
  Have their ingratitude in them heredilaiy.  Shaksp.
            He shall ascend,
   The throne hereditary, and bound his reign
  With earth's  wide bounds, his glory with the hea-
        vens.                           Milton.
    Thus while the mute creation downward bend
  Their sight, and to their earthly mother tend,
  Man looks aloft, and with erected  eyes
  Beholds his own hereditary skies.         Dryden.
    When heroick verse his youth shall raise,
  And form it to hereditary  praise.         Dryden.
 Herei'n, here-in'. adv. [here and fra.] In
   this.
    How  highly soever it may please them with words
  of truth to extol sermons,  they shall not herein of-
  fend us.                              Hooker.
    My best endeavours shall be done herein.  Shak.
    Since truths,  absolutely necessary to salvation,
  are so clearly revealed that we cannot err in them,
  unless we be  notoriously wanting to ourselves, here-
  in the fault of the judgment is resolved into a pre-
  cedent default in the will.                Soufft.
 Herei'nto,   here-in'to.  adv.  [here   and
   into.] Into this.
    Because the point about which  we  strive  is the
  quality  of our laws, our first entrance hereinto can-
  not better be made than with consideration of the
  nature of law in general.                 Hooker.
Hereo'f,  here-of. adv.  [here  and  of]
   From this; of this.
    Hereof comes it that prince Harry is valiant.
                                       Shaksp.
 Hereo'n,  here-6n'. adv. [here and on.]
   Upon this.
    If we should strictly insist hereon, the possibility
  might fall into question.                 Brown.

 Hereo'ut, here-out'. adv. [here and out.]
 I. Out of this place.
     A bird all white, well feathered on each wing,
   Here-out up to the throne of God did fly.   Spenser.
 2. All the  words compounded of here and
   a preposition, except hereafter, are  ob-
   solete, or  obsolescent;  never  used  in
   poetry, and seldom  in prose, by elegant 
HE R
HER
II  E R
  writers,  though perhaps not unworthy
  to be retained.
Heremi'tical,  her-e-mit'e-kal. adj.  [Ii
  should be written eremitical, from  ere-
  mite,  ot  tpvfMc,,  a desert;  heremitique,
  Fr.]  Solitary; suitable to a  hermit.
    You  describe so well your heremitical state of life,
  that none of the ancient anchorites  could go beyond
  you for a cave in a rock.                  Pope-
He'resiarch,   he-re'zhe-ark.461   ra.  s.
   [heresiarque, French; citpeo-H; *%yji]  A
   leader in heresy; the  head  of a herd of
   hereticks.
     The pope declared him not only  an heretick, but
  an heresiarch.                     Stillingfleet.
He'resy, her^-se.  ra. s. [heresie, French;
   haresis, Latin; utperti;/]   An opinion of
   private men different from  that of the
   catholick and orthodox  church.
     Heresy prevaileth only by a counterfeit shew of
   reason, whereby notwithstanding it becometh invin-
   cinle,  unless it be convicted of fraud by manifest re-
   monstrance clearly true, and unable to be withstood.
                                        Hooker.
     As  for speculative heresies,  they work mightily
   upon men's wits;  yet do not produce great altera-
   tions in states.                          Bacon.
      Let the  truth of that religion  I profess be re-
   presented to her judgment, not in the odious disgui-
   ses of levity, schism, heresy, novelty, cruelty, and
   disloyalty.                       King Charles.
 HL'RETICK,  her'e-tlk.610  ra.  s. [here-
    tique, French; xipeTtxbs.]
 1. One who  propagates his  private opi-
    nions  in  opposition  to  the   catholick
    church.
      These things would be  prevented, if no known
   heretick or schismatick be suffered  to go into those
   countries.                              Bacon-
            No hereticks desire to spread
   Their wild opinions like  these Epicures.    Davies.
      Bellarmin owns, that he has quoted a heretick in-
   stead  of a father.            Baker on Learning.
      When a papist uses the word hereticks, he gene-
   rally means protestants;  when a protestant uses the
   word, he means any person wilfully and contenti-
   ously  obstinate in fundamental errours.      Watts.
 2.  It is or has been  used ludicrously  for
    any  one whose opinion is erroneous.
      1 rather will suspect the sun with cold
   Than thee with wantonness; thy honour stands,
   In him that was of late an heretick,
   As firm as faith.                    Shakspeare.
 Here'tical, he-reYe-kal. adj. [from here-
    tick.] Containing heresy.
      How exclude they us from being any part of the
   church of Christ under the colour of heresy, when
   they cannot but grant it possible even for him to be,
   as touching his own  personal persuasion, heretical,
   who,  in their opinion, not only is of the church, but
   holdeth toe chiefest place of authority over the same?
                                         Hooker.
      Constantinople was in an uproar, upon an igno-
   rant jealousy that those words had some heretical
   meaning.  '                     Decay of Piety.
 Hi'-re'tically. he-ret'e-kal-e. adv. [from
    heretical.] With heresy.
 Hereto', here-tdo'.  adv.  [here  and to.]
     To  this; add to this.
 Heretofo're, here-to-fore'. adv. [hereto
     and fore.] Formerly; anciently
      I have long desired to know you heretofore, with
    honouring your virtue, though I love not your per-
    son.                                  Sidney.
      So near is the connection between the civil state
    ami religious, that heretofore you will find the govern-
    ment and the priesthood united in the  same person.
                                          Sowfft.
    We now can form no more
  Long schemes of life, as heretofore.         Swift.
Hereun i o', here-iin-loo'. adv.  [here and
  unto.]  To this.
    They which rightly consider after what sort the
  heart of man hereunto is framed, must of necessity
  acknowledge, that whoso  assenteth to the words of
  eternal life, doth it in regard of his authority whose
  words they are.                       Hooker.
    Agreeable hereunto might not be amiss to make
  children often to tell a story of any thing they know.
                                       , Locke.
Herewi'th,   here-wifVi'. adv.  [here and
   with]  With this.
    You, fair sir, be not herewith dismaid,
  But constant keep the way in which ye stand.
                                      Spenser.
    Herewith the castle of Hame was suddenly sur-
  prised by the Scots.                  Hayward.
He'riot, her'e-6t. ra. s. [henejilb,  Sax.]
   A fine paid to the lord at the death of a
   landholder, commonly  the  best  thing
   in the  landholder's possession.
     This he detains from the ivy; for he should be the
  true possessory lord thereof, but the olive dispenseth
  with his conscience to pass it over with a compli-
  ment and an fteriof eveiy year.            Howel.
     Though thou consume but to renew,
  Yet love, as lord, doth claim a fteriof due.   Cleav.
     I took  him up, as your fteriof, with intention to
  have made toe best of him, and then have brought
   the whole produce of him in a purse to you.  Dryd.
 He'ritable, her'e-ta-bl. adj. [hares, Lat.]
   Capable to  inherit whatever may be in-
   herited.
     By the canon law this  son shall be legitimate and
   heritable, according to the laws of England.  Hale.
 He'ritage,   her'e-taje.90 ra. s.  [heritage,
   French.]
 I. Inheritance;  estate devolved by succes-
   sion; estate in general.
     Let us our father's heritage divide.    Hubberd.
     He considers that his proper home and heritage is
   in another world, and therefore regards the events
   of this with the indifference of a guest toat tarries
   but a day.                             Rogers.
 2.  [In divinity.] The people of God.
    O Lord, save thy people, and bless thine heritage.
                                Common Prayer.
 HERMA'PHROD  TE,  her-niat'iro-dite.
    166 ra.  s. [hermaphrodite, French; from
    tppm  and «.<ppohrn/]  An  animal uniting
    two sexes.
     Man and wife  make but one right
   Canonical hermaphrodite.             Cleaveland.
     Monstrosity could  not  incapacitate from mar-
   riage,  witness  hermaphrodites. Arbuthnot and Pope.
  Hermaphkodi'tical,   her-maf-fro-dh'e-
    kal. adj. [from hermaphrodite.] Partak-
    ing of both sexes.
     There may  be equivocal seeds and hermaphrodi-
   tical principles, that contain the radicality of differ-
   ent forms.                             Brown.
HEW VIE'TICAL, her-met'e-kal
If FR M E'T ICK, her-met'ik.60"
   Hermes, or  Mercury, the imagined in-
  ventor of  chymistry;  hermetique,  Fr.]
  Chymical.
    An hermetical seal, or to seal any thing hermeti-
  cally, is to heat  the neck of a glass till it is just
  ready to melt, and then with a pair of hot pincers to
  twist it close together.                   Qwmcy.
    The tube was closed at one end with  diachylon,
  instead of an hermetical seal.             B'ji-le.
Hekme'tically,  her-met'e-kal-e.   adv.
   [from  hermetical]   According to  the
   hvTmetiral or chymick  art.
    He suffered those things to putrefy in hermetically
  sealed glasses, and vessels close covered with paper:
  and not only so, but in vessels covered with fine lawn,
  so  as to admit the air, and keep out the insects; no
  living thing was ever produced there.     Bentley.
HE'RMiT,  her'mit.  ra. s.  [hermite,  Fr.
  contracted  from eremite,  ipvfurm.]
I. A  solitary;  an anchoret;  one  who re-
  tires from society to contemplation and
  devo»ion.
    A  wither'd hermit, fivescore winters worn,
  Might shake off fifty looking in her eye.    Shaksp,
    You lay this command upon me,  to give you  my
  poor  advice for your carriage in so eminent a place:
  I humbly return  you mine opinion,  such as an her-
  mit rather than a courtier can render.     Bacon.
    He had been  duke of Savoy,  and, after a very
  glorious reign,  took on him the habit of a ftermif,
  and retired into this solitary spot.        Addison.
2. A  beadsman;  one  bound  to  pray for
  another.   Improper.
            For those of old,
  And  the late dignities heap'd up to them,
  We rest your hermit.                   Shaksp.
He'rmitage,  her'mit-aje.90 ra.  s.   [her-
   mitage, French.]  The  cell or  habita-
   tion of a hermit.
     By that painful way they pass
  Forth to an hill, that was both steep and high;
     On top whereof a sacred chapel was,
  And  eke  a little hermitage thereby.  Fairy Queen.
             Go with speed
  To some  forlorn and naked hermitage,
  Remote from all the pleasures of the world.  Shak.
     And may at last my weary age
  Find out  the peaceful hermitage,
  The  hairy gown and mossy cell,
  Where I  may sit and rightly spell
  Of ev'ry star that heaven doth shew,
  And ev'ry herb that sips the dew.        MUton.
     About  two leagues from Fribourg we went to see
  a  hermitage; it lies in  the prettiest solitude ima-
  ginable, among woods and rocks.         Addison.
 He'rmitess, her'mit-tes  n. s.  [from her-
   mit]   A  woman retired  to devotion.
 Hermi'tical,  her-mii'e-kal. adj.   [from
   hermit/]   Suitable to a hermit.
 He'rmodactyl,   her'mo-dak-til.  ra.   8.
   [ipfws  and S'ecx.TvX'^.]
     Hermodactyl is a root of a determinate and re-
   gular figure, and represents the common  figure of
   a heart cut in  two, from half an inch to an inch in
   length.  This drug was first brought into medicinal
   use  by the Arabians, and comes from Egypt and
   Syria, where the people use  them, while fresh, as
   a vomit or purge; and have a way of roasting them
   for  food, which they eat in order to make them-
   selves fat.  The  dried roots are a  gentle  purge,
   now little used                           Hill.
 Hern, neTn. ra. s. [contractedfrom Heron,
    which see.]
     Birds  that  are most  easy to be drawn are the
   mallard, swan, hern, and bittern.        Peacham.
 He'knhill, hern'hil. ra. s. [hern and hill.]
    An  herb.                     Ainsworth.
  HiJRNlA.  her'ne-a.  ra. s. [Latin.] Any
    kind of rupture, diversified by the name
    ofthe part  affected.
     A hernia would certainly succeed.     Wiseman.
  HE'RO, ne'ro. n. s.  [heros, Latin;  epas.]
  1.  A man eminent  for bravery.
     I sing of heroes and of kings,
   In mighty numbers mighty things.        Cowley,
     Heroes in animated marble frown.        Pope.
     In this view he ceases to be an Aero, and his re-
   turn is nc longer a virtue.                 Pope.
     These are thy honours, not that here thy bust
   Is mix'd with heroes, or with kings thy dust. Pope.
  2.  A man of the highest  class  in ai.y re-
     spect: as,  a hero  in learning. 
HER
HER
HET
He'roess, he'rd-es.  ra.  s.  [from hero;
  herois, Lat.]  A heroine; a female hero.
  Not in use.
    In which were held, by sad disease,
  Heroes and heroesses.                 Chapman.
Hero'ical, he-ro'e-kal. adj.  [from hero.]
  Befitting a hero; noble; illustrious;  he-
  roick.
    Musidorus was famous over all Asia for his ftero-
  ital euterprizes.                       Sidney.
    Though you have courage in an heroical degree,
  I ascribe it to you as your second attribute.  Dryd.

Hero'ically,  he-ro'e-kal-e.  adv.  [from
  heroical.]   After  the  way  of a hero;
  suitably to a hero.
    Not heroically in killing his tyrannical cousin.
                                      Sidney.
    Free from all meaning, whether good or bad;
  And, in one word, heroically mad.        Dryden.
Hero'ick, he-ro'ik. adj. [from hero;  he-
  roique, French.]
1. Productive of heroes.
              Bolingbroke,
  From John of Gaunt doth bring his pedigree,
  Being but toe fourth of that fteroicfe line.   Shaksp.
2. Noble; suitable to a hero; brave; mag-
  nanimous; intrepid; enterprising; illus-
  trious.
    Not toat which justly gives heroic name
  To person, or to poem.                 MUton.
    Verse makes heroic virtue live,
  But you  can life to virtue give.           Waller.
3. Reciting the acts of heroes.  Used of
   poetry.
    Methinks heroick poesy, 'till now,
  Like some fantastick fairy land did show.  Cowley.
    I have chosen the most heroick subject which any
  poet could desire; I have taken upon me to describe
  the motives, the beginning, progress and successes
  of a most just and necessary war.         Dryden.
    An heroick poem is toe greatest work which the
  soul of man is capable to perform: the design of it
  is to form the mind to heroick virtue by example.
                                      Dryden.
Hero'ickly, he-r6'ik-le.  adv. [from he-
   roick.]  Suitably to a hero.  Heroically
   is more frequent, and more analogical.
            Samson hath quit himself
  Like Samson, and heroickly hath finish'd
  A life heroick.                        Afiffon.
He'roine, her'6-in.*86  ra.  s. [from hero;
   heroine, French ]  A female hero.   An-
   ciently, according to English analogy,
   heroess.
    But inborn worth, that fortune can controul,
  New-strung, and stiffer bent her softer soul;
  The heroine assum'd the woman's place,
  Confirm'd her mind, and fortify'd her face.  Dryd.
            Then shall the British stage
  More noble characters expose to view,
  And draw her finish'd heroines from you.  Addison.
He'roism,  her'6-izm.635 ra.  s. [heroi-sme,
  French.]   The qualities  or  character
  of a hero.
    If the  Odyssey be less noble than the Iliad, it is
  more instructive: toe Iliad abounds  with more fte-
  roism, this wito more morality.           Broome.
HE'RON, her'iin.106 ra. s.  [heron,  Fr.]
1. A bird that feeds upon fish.
    So lords, with sports of stag and fteron full,
  Sometimes we see small birds from nests do pull.
                                      Sidney.
    The heron, when she soareth high, shewetb winds.
                                      Bacon.
2. It is now commonly pronounced hern.
    The tow'ring hawk let future  poets sing,
  Who terrour bears upon his saaring wing;

      VOL.  I.
  Let them on high the frighted Item survey,
  And lofty numbers paint their airy fray.      Gay.
He'ronry, her'un-re.186    ? ra. s.  [from
He'ronshaw, her'un-shaw. J heron,  com-
  monly pronounced  hcrnry.]   A  place
  where herons breed.
    They carry their load to a large heronry above
  three miles.                          Derham.
He'rpes, her'pez. ra. *.  [epiris.]  A  cuta-
  neous inflammation  of two kinds: milia-
  ris, or pustularis, which is like  millet-
  seed upon the skin;  and exedens, which
  is more  corrosive  and penetrating,  so
  as to form little ulcers.         Quincy.
    A farther progress towards acrimony  maketh a
  herpes; and if the access of acrimony be very great,
  it maketh an herpes exedens.           Wiseman.
He'rring,  her'ring.  ra.  s.  [hareng, Fr.
  haejunj, Saxon.]  A small sea  fish.
    The coast is plentifully stored with round fish,
  pilchard, herring, mackrel, and cod.       Carew.
    Buy my herring fresh.                 Swiff.
Hers, hurz. pron.  The  female  posses-
  sive used  when it refers to a substan-
  tive going before: as, this is her house,
  this house is hers.   See Her.
    How came her eyes so bright? not wito salt tears;
  If so, my eyes are oftener  wash'd than hers.  Shaks.
    Whom ill fate would ruin, it prefers;
  For all toe miserable are made Aers.       Waller.
            I  see her rowling eyes;
  And panting, lo! the god, the god, she cries;
  Wito words not hers, and more than human  sound,
  She  makes th'  obedient ghosts peep  trembling
        through toe ground.          Roscommon.
HERSE,  h£rse. ra. s. [hersia,  low Latin;
  supposed  to  come  from heruan,   to
  praise.]  This is likewise written hearse;
  see Hearse.
1. A  temporary monument raised over a
  grave.
2. The  carriage in  which  corpses are
  drawn to the grave.
    When mourning nymphs attend their  Daphnis'
        herse,
  Who does not weep that reads toe moving verse?
                                  Roscommon.
    On all the line a sudden vengeance waits,
  And frequent lierses shall besiege your gates. Pope.
To Herse, herse. v. a. [from the noun.]
  To put into a herse.
    I would my daughter were dead at my foot,  and
  the jewels in her ear.   0, would she were Aers'd at
  my foot, and the ducats in her coffin.      Shaksp.
    The Grecians spitefully drew from toe darts  the
        corse,
  And Aers'd it, bearing it to fleet.        Chapman.
    The house is Aers'd about wito a black wood,
  Which nods with many a heavy-headed tree.
                                     Crashaw.
Herself, hur-s£lf/ pronoun.
1. A female individual,  as distinguished
  from others.
    The jealous o'erworn widow and herself,
  Since that our brother dubb'd toem gentlewomen,
  Are mighty gossips in tois monarchy.      Shaksp.
2. Being in  her own  power; mistress  of
  her own thoughts.
    The more she looks, the more her fears increase,
  At nearer sight; and she's herself the less.   .Dryd.
3. The oblique case of the reciprocal pro-
  noun: as, she hurt herself.
    The daughter of Pharoah came down to wash
  herself.                              Exodus.
    She returned answer to herself.         Judges.
He'rselike, heTse'like. adj.  [herse and
  like.]  Funereal; suitable to funerals.
                    6 B
    Even in the Old Testament, if you listen to Da-
  vid's harp, you shall hear as many herselUte airs  as
  carols.                                Bacon.
To He'ry, he're. v. a. [heruan, Saxon, to
   praise, to celebrate.]  To hallow;  to re-
   gard as holy.   Now no longer in use.
    Thenot, now nis the time of merrymake,
  Nor Pan to Aery, nor with love to play;
  Like mirth in May is meetest for to make,
  Or summer shade, under the cocked hay. Spenser
    But were toy years green as now be mine,
  Then wouldst thou learn to carol of love,
  And Aery with hymns thy  lass's glove.    Spenser.
He'sitancy, hez'e-tan-se.  ra. *. [from he-
   sitate.]  Dubiousness; uncertainty; sus-
   pense.
    The reason of my hesitancy about the air is, that
  I forgot to try whether toat liquor, which shot into
  crystals, exposed to toe air, would not have done
  the like in a vessel accurately stopped.     Boyle.
    Some of them reasoned without doubt or hesitancy,
  and lived and died in such a  manner as to show
  toat they believed their own reasonings.  Atterbury.
To HE'SITATE,  hez'e-tate.  v.a. [ha-
   sito,  Latin;  hesiter, French.]   To be
   doubtful; to delay;  to pause;  to make
   difficulty.
    A spirit of revenge makes him curse the Gre-
  cians in the seventh book, when toey hesitate to ac-
  cept Hector's challenge.                  Pope,
    Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,
  Just hint a fault, and hesitate disUke;
  Alike reserv'd to blame or to commend,
  A tim'rous foe, and a suspicious friend.     Pope
Hesita'tion,  h£z-e-ta'shun. ra.  s.  [from
   hesitate.]
1. Doubt;  uncertainty; difficulty made.
    I cannot foresee the  difficulties and hesitations of
  every one: they will be more or fewer, according to
  the capacity of each peruser.          Woodward-
2. Intermission of speech; want of  volu-
   bility.
    Many clergymen write in so  diminutive a man-
  ner, with  such  frequent  blots and interlineations
  that they are hardly able to go on without perpetual
  hesitation.                              Swift-
Hest, hest. ra. s.  [haeyt, Saxon.]  Com-
   mand; precept; injunction.   Obsolete,
   or written behest.
    Thou dost afflict toe not deserver,
  As him that doth thy lovely ftesfs despise. Spenser.
    Thou wast a spirit too delicate
  To act her earthy and abhorr'd commands,
  Refusing her grand ftesfs.                Shaksp.
HE'TEROCLITE, het'er-6-klite.«e ra. s.
   [heteroclite,  Fr.  heteroclitum,  Latin;
   'erepos  and x-Ximu]
1. Such nouns as vary from the common
   forms of declension, by any  redundan-
   cy, defect, or otherwise.         Clarke.
    The heteroclite nouns of the Latin, should not be
  touched in the first learning of the rudiments of the
  tongue.                                Watts.
2. Any thing or person deviating from the
   common rule.
Heterocli'tical,     het-er-r6-klit'e-kal.
   adj. [from heteroclite]  Deviating from
   the common rule.
    In toe mention of sins heteroclilical, and such  as
  want either name or precedent, toere is  oft times a
  sin, even in toeir histories.              Broicn.

He'terodox, het'er-6-doks. adj. [hetero-
   doxe, French;  'trip®* and cJeg*.]  Devi-
   ating  from the established opinion; not
   orthodox.
    Partiality may be observed in some to vulgar,  in
  others to heterodox tenets.                LocAv 
HEW
HE Y
HID
He'terodox,  het'er-6-doks.  ra.  *.  An
  opinion peculiar.
    Not only a simple heterodox, but a very hard pa-
  radox  it will seem, and of great absurdity, if we
  say attraction is unjustly appropriated  unto the
  loadstone.                             Brown.
Heteroge'neal,  het-er-6-je'ne-al.  adj.
   [heterogene,  Fr.  ertpof and yevoi.]  Not
   of the same nature;  not kindred.
     Let the body adjacent and ambient be not com-
  material, but merely heterogeneal towards the body
  that is to be preserved: such are quicksilver and
  white amber to herbs and flies.           Bacon.
     The light whose rays are all alike refrangible, I
   call simple, homogeneal, and similar; and that whose
   rays are some more refrangible than others,  I call
   compound, heterogeneal, and dissimilar.   Newton.
 HETEROGENE'iTY,het-er-6-je-ne'e-te.n.«.
 [heterogeneite, Fr. from heterogeneous.]
 1. Opposition  of nature;   contrariety  or
   dissimilitude of qualities.
 2. Opposite  or dissimilar part.
     Guaiaeum, burnt with an open fire in a chimney,
   is sequestered into ashes and soot, whereas the same
   wood distilled into a retort, does yield far other he-
   terogeneities, and is resolved into oil, spirit, vinegar,
   water, and charcoal.                    Boyle.
 HETEROGE'NEOUS,   het-er-6-je'ne-
   us.  adj.  \jTtpo$ and yevos.]   Not kind-
   red; opposite or dissimilar in nature.
      I have observed such heterogeneous bodies, which
   I found included in the mass of this sandstone.
                                     Woodward.
 Hetero'scians,  het-er-6s'she-ans.  ra.  s.
    [erepei and o-kix.]  Those whose shadows
    fall only one way, as  the shadows of us
    who  live  north  of the  tropick fall  at
    noon always to the north.
  To HEW, hu. v. a. part, hewn or hewed.
    [heapan, Saxon;  hauwen, Dutch.]
  1.  To cut by blows with an edged instru-
     ment; to hack.
      Upon the joint the lucky steel did  light,
    And made such way that fteto'd it quite  in twain.
 i                                      Spenser.
              I had purpose
    Once more to hew thy target from thy brawn,
    Or lose my arm for 't.                  Shaksp.
      He was hewn in pieces by Hamilton's friends.
                                      Hayward.
      One Vane was so  grievously  ftenm,  that many
    thousands have died  of less than half his hurts,
    whereof he was cured.                Hayward.
  2.   To chop; to cut.
      He from deep wells with engines water drew,
    And us'd his noble hands the wood to fteio.  Dryd.
  3.  To cut,  as with an axe:  with the par-
     ticles  down, when it  signifies to fell;
     up, to  excavate  from below; off, to se-
     parate.
              He that depends
    Upon your favours, swims with fins of lead,
    And hews down oaks with  rushes.        Shaksp.
      Brave followers, yonder stands the thorny wood,
    Which, by the heav'n's assistance, and your strength,
    Must by the roots be ftenm up yet ere night. Shaks.
      Scarce can I speak, my choler is  so  great:
     Oh! I could hew up rocks, and fight  with flint.
                                     Shakspeare.
      Yet shall  the axe of justice ftete him down,
     And level with the root his lofty crown.   Sandys.
      He from the mountain hewing timber tall,
     Began to build a vessel  of huge bulk.     Afiffon.
      We'll force the gate where Marcus keeps his guard,
     And fteio down all that would oppose our passage.
                                       Addison.
  4.  To form or shape  with an axe: with out.
      Thou bast hewed thee onf a sepulchre here, as he
     that Aeiced him ouf a sepulchre on high.    Isaiah,
    Nor is it so proper to hew out religious reforma-
  tions by  the sword, as to polish them by fair and
  equal disputations.               King Charles.
    This river rises in the very heart of the Alps, and
  has a long valley that seems fteion out on purpose
  to give its waters a passage amidst so many rocks.
                              Addison on Italy.
5. To form laboriously.
    The gate was adamant; eternal frame;
  Which, fteto'd by Mars himself, from Indian  quar-
        ries came,
  The labour of a god.           Dryden's Fables.
    Next unto bricks arc preferred the square Aeini
  stone.                              AJorfi?ner.
    I  now pass'd my days, not studious nor idle,  ra-
  ther polishing old works than hewing out new.
                                 Pope to Swift.
He'wer, hu'fir.98 ra. a. [from  hew]  One
   whose employment is to  cut  wood  or
   stone.
    At the building of Solomon's temple  there were
  fourscore thousand hewers in the mountains. Brown.
HE'XAGON, heks'a-gon.166 ra.  s. [hex-
   agone, French;  eg  and  ymta.]  A  fi-
   gure of six sides or  angles: the  most
   capacious of all the  figures that can be
   added to each other without any inter-
   stice;  and therefore  the cells in honey-
   combs are of that form.
Hexa'gonal, hegz-ag'o-nal.4,7* adj. [from
   hexagon/] Having six sides or corners.
    As  for the figures  of crystal, it is for the most
   part hexagonal, or six cornered.          Broion.
    Many of them shoot into regular figures; as crys-
   tal  and bastard diamonds into hexagonal.    Ray.
Hexa'gony, hegz-ag'gfin-e.478 ra. s. [from
   hexagon.]  A figure of six angles.
    When 1 read in St. Ambrose of hexagonies, or
   sexangular cellars of bees, did I therefore conclude
   that they were mathematicians?
                        Bramhall against Hobbes.
 Hexa'meter, hegz-am'e-tur."18  ra. s.  [eg
   and jK-rrpev.] A verse of six feet.
     The Latin hexameter has more feet than the En-
   glish  heroick.                        Dryden.

 Hexa'ngular,  hegz-ang'gu-lar. adj.  [eg
    and angulus, Lat.] Having six corners.
     Hexangular sprigs or shoots of crystal.  Woodw.
 He'xapod,  heks'a-pod.   ra. s.  [e'g  and
    Tribes.]  An animal with six feet.
     I take those to have been the  hexapods, from
   which the greater sort of beetles come,  for that sort
   of hexapods are eaten in America.          Ray.
  Hexa'stick, hegz-as'tik.609  ra. s. [eg  and
    g-i%»9.]  A poem of six lines.
  Hey,  ha. interj.  [from high.] An expres-
    sion  of joy, or mutual exhortation:  the
    contrary to the Latin hei.
      Shadwell from the town retires,
   To bless the town with peaceful lyrick;
   Then hey for praise and panegyrick.       Prim:
  Hey'day, ha'da.  interj. [for  high  day.]
    An expression of frolick and exultation,
    and sometimes  of wonder.
      Thoul't say anon he is some kin to thee,
    Thou spend'st such heyday wit in praising him.
                                    Shaksjieare.
      'Twas a strange riddle of a lady,
    Not  love, if any lov'd her, heyday!     Hudibras.
  Hey'day, ha'da.369  n. s.  A frolick; wild-
    ness.
              At your age
    The heyday in the blood is tame, it's humble,
    And waits upon the judgment.            Shaksp.
  He'ydegives, ha'de-givz.  ra. a.  A wild
    frolick dance.  Obsolete.
      But friendly fairies met with many  graces,
  And light-foot nymphs can chase the ling'ringnighr
  W ith fteydegires, and. trimly trodden traces.   Spen.
Hia'tion, ni-a'shun. w. s. [from hio, Lat.]
  The act of gaping.
    Men observing the continual hiation, or holding
  open the camclion's mouth, conceive the  intention
  thereof to receive the aliment of air; but this is also
  occasioned by the greatness of the lungs.   Brown.
Hia'tus, hi-a'tus.  ra. s. [hiatus, Latin.]
1. An  aperture; a gaping breach.
    Those Aiafus's are at  toe  bottom  of toe sea,
  whereby the  abyss below opens into and communi-
  cates wito it.                       Woodward.
2. The opening of the mouth by the suc-
  cession  of an initial to a  final vowel.
    The hiatus should be avoided with more care in
  poetry than in oratory; and 1 would try to prevent
  it, unless where the cutting it off is more prejudi-
  cial to the sound than the hiatus itself.       Pope.
Hihk/rnal,   hi-ber'nal.   adj.  [hibcrnus,
  Latin.)   Belonging lo the winter.
    This star  should rather manifest  its  warming
  power in the winter, when it  remains conjoined
  with the sun in its hibernal conversion.    Brown.
H1CCIUS   DOCC1US,   hlk'shus-dok'-
  shus. ra. s.   [Corrupted, I fancy, from
  hie est doctus, this, or here  is  the learn-
  ed man.   Used by jugglers  of  them-
  selves.]    A  cant word  for a juggler;
  one that plays fast and loose.
    An old dull sot, who told the clock
  For many years at Bridewell dock,
  At Westminster and Hicks's hall,
  And hiccius doccius play'd in all;
  Where, in all governments and times,
  H' had been both friend and foe to crimes. Hudib.
Hicco'ugh,  hik'kilp  or  hik'kof.  ra. s.
  [hicken, Danish.]  A convulsion ofthe
  stomach producing  sobs.
    So by an abbey's skeleton of late
  I heard an echo supererogale
  Through imperfection, and the voice restore,
  As if he had the hiccough o'er and o'er.   Cleavel.
    Sneezing cureth  the hiccough, and is profitable
  unto women in hard labour.             Brown.
    If the stomach be hurt, singultus or hiccough fol-
  lows.                              Wiseman.
 To Hi'ccough, hik'kup. v. ra.  [from the
   noun.]   To sob with  convulsion of the
   stomach.
 To  Hi'ckup, hlk'kflp. v.  ra. [corrupted
   from hiccough.]  To  sob with a con-
   vulsed stomach.
     Quoth he, to bid me not to love,
   Is to forbid  my pulse to move,
   My beard to grow, my ears to prick up;
   Or, when I 'm in a fit, to hickup.       Hudibras.
 Hi'ckwall,  hik'vval. >   ra. s. A  bird.
 Hi'ckway,   hik'wa.   \        Ainsworth.
Hid, hid.
Hi'dden,  hid'd'n
                      The  part.  pass,  of
                          hide.
   Thus fame shall be atchiev'd, renown on earth;
 And what most merits fame, in silence hid. MUton.
            Other hidden cause
 Left them superior.                    MUton.
   Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night:
 God said, Let Newton be, and all was light.  Pope.
To HIDE, hide. v. a. pret. hid; part.  pass.
  hid or hidden,  [hiban, Sax.]  To con-
  ceal;  to withhold  or withdraw   from
  sight or knowledge.
    Avaunt,  and  quit my  sight; let the earth hide
       thee!                       Shakspeare.
    His reasons are as two grains of wheat  Aid in
 two bushels of chaff.                 Shakspeare.
    Nile hears him knocking at his sev'nfold gates,
 And seeks his hidden spring, and fears his nephews
       fates.                         Dryden. 
HID
HIE
HI  E
     Thus the sire of gods and men below:
   What 1 have hidden, hope not thou to know. Dryd.
     The sev'ral parts lay hidden in the piece;
   Th' occasion but exerted  that, or tois.    Dryden.
     Then for my corps a homely grave provide,
   Which love and me from publick scorn may hide.
                                       Dryden.
     Seas hid with navies, chariots passing o'er
   The channel,  on a bridge from shore to shore. Dryd.
     With what  astonishment and veneration may we
   look into our own souls, where there are such hidden
   stores of virtue and  knowledge, such inexhausted
   sources of perfection?                 Addison.
     The crafty being  makes a much longer voyage
   than Ulysses,  puts in practice  many more wiles,
   and hides himself under a greater variety of shapes.
                                      Addison.
     Hell trembles at the sight, and ftidesjts head
   In utmost darkness, while on earth each heart
   Is fill'd with peace.                       Rowe.
 To Hide,  hide. v. ra.  To lie hid;  to be
    concealed.
     A fox, hard run, begged of a countryman to help
   him to some hiding place.            L'Estrange.
     Our bolder  talents in full view display'd;
   Your virtues open fairest in the shade:
   Bred to disguise, in publick 'tis you hide,
   Where none distinguish 'twixt your shame and pride,
   Weakness or  delicacy                    Pope,
 Hide and Seek, hide-and-seek', ra. s.   A
    play in  which some  hide themselves,
    and another seeks them.
     The boys and  girls would venture  to come and
   play at Aide and seek in my hair.        Gulliver.
 HIDE, hide. ra. s. [hyfce,  Sax.  haude,
    Dutch.]
 1. The skin of any animal, either raw or
    dressed.
           The trembling weapon past
   Through nine bull hides each under other plac'd
   On his broad shield.                    Dryden.
     Pisistratus was first to grasp their hands,
   And spread soft Aides upon the yellow sands.  Pope.
 2. The human skin: in contempt.
     Oh,  tyger's heart,  wrapt in a woman's hide!
   How could'st thou drain the life-blood of the child?
                                    Sftafcspeare.
     His mantle, now his hide, with rugged hairs
   Cleaves to his back; a famish'd face he bears.
                                      Dryden.
 3. A  certain  quantity  of  land.  [Hide,
   hyde, French; hida,  barbarous  Latin,
   as much as one plough can  till.] Ainsw.
     One  of the first things was a more particular in-
   quis-f ion than  had been before of every hide of land
   within 'the  precincts of his conquest, and how they
   were holden.                          Wotton.
 Hidebou'nd, hide'bound.  adj. [hide and
   bound.]
 1.  A horse is said to be  hidebound  when
   his skin  sticks so hard to  his ribs and
   back, that  you cannot  with your hand
   pull up or loosen the one from the other.
   It sometimes comes by poverty and bad
   keeping; at  other  times  from   over-
   riding, or a surfeit.      Farrier's Dict.
 2.  [In trees.] Being in the state in  which
   the bark will not give way to the growth.
    A root of a tree maybe Aideftound, kut it will  not
  keep open witliout somewhat put into it.    Bacon.
    Like stinted  Itidebound trees, that just have got
  Sufficient sap at once to bear and rot.      Swift.
 3.  Harsh;  untractable.
    And still the harsher and hidebounder
  The damsels prove, become the fonder.  Hudibras.
4.  Niggardly; penurious; parsimonious.
                                 Ainsworth.
HI'DEOUS, hid'e-us or hld'je-us.a03  adj.
   [hideux, French.]
 1. Horrible; dreadful; shocking.
     If he could have turned himself to as many forms
   as Proteus, every form should have been made hi-
   deous.                                Sidney.
           Some monster in thy thoughts,
   Too hideous to  be shewn.             Shakspeare.
           I fled, and cry'd out death!
   Hell trembled  at the hideous name, and sigh'd
   From all her caves, and back resounded death.  Mill.
     Her eyes grew stiffen'd, and with  sulphur burn;
   Her hideous looks and hellish form return;
   Her curling snakes with hissings fill the place,
   And open all the furies of her face.       Dryden.
 2. It is commonly used of risible objects:
   the following use is less authorized.
     'Tis forced  through the hiatuses at the bottom of
   the sea with  such vehemence,  that it puts the sea
   into the most horrible disorder, making it rage and
   roar with a most hideous and amazing noise.
                                    Woodward.
 3. It is used  by  Spenser in a sense  not
   now retained; detestable.
     O hideous hanger of dominion!         Spenser.
 Hi'deously,  hld'e-us-le. adv. [from hide-
   ous.]   Horribly; dreadfully;  in a man-
   ner that shocks.
             I arm myself
   To welcome toe condition of the time;
   Which cannot look more hideously on me,
   Than I have drawn it in my fantasy.       Shaksp.
     This, in the present application, is hideously pro-
   fane; but the sense is intelligible.         Collier.
 Hi'deousness, hid'e-us-nes. ra. s. [from hi-
   deous.]   Horribleness;  dreadfulness;
   terrour.
 Hi'der, hi'dtir.98 ra. s.  [from  the  verb.]
   He that hides.
 To Hie, hi. v. ra.  [hiegan, Saxon.]
 1. To  hasten; to go in haste.
    When they had mark'd the changed skies,
   They wist their hour was spent; then each to rest
        him Aies.                  Fairy Queen.
            My will is even  this,
   That presently you hie you home to bed.    Shaksp.
            Well, I will hie,
   And so bestow these papers as you bade me. Shaks.
          Some to the shores do fly,
   Some to the woods, or whither fear advis'd;
   But running from,  all to destruction hie.    Daniel.
            The snake no sooner hist,
   But virtue heard it, and away she hy'd.  Crashaw.
    Thither, full fraught with mischievous revenge,
   Accurs'd, and in a cursed hour, he hies.    Milton.
    Thus he advis'd me, on yon aged tree
   Hang up thy lute, and Aie thee to the sea.   Waller.
    The youth, returning to his mistress, Ales. Dryd.
2. It was anciently used with or  without
   the reciprocal pronoun.  It  is  now al-
   most  obsolete in all its uses.
        Auster spy'd him;
  Cruel Auster thither Ay'd him.          Crashaw.
HI'ERARCH,  hi'e-rark. ra. s.  [tlp0i and
   etp%ri-,  hierarque, Fr.]   The  chief of  a
   sacred order.
    Angels, by imperial summons call'd,
  Forthwith from  all toe ends of heav'n appear'd,
  Under their hierarchs in orders bright.     Milton.

Hierarchical,   hi-e-rar'ke-kal.   adj.
   [hierarchique,  Fr.]   Belonging to  sa-
   cred or ecclesiastical government.
Hi'erarchy,  hi'e-rar-ke. ra. s.[hierarchie,
   French.]
1. A sacred  government;  rank or subor-
   dination  of holy beings.
    Out of the hierarchies of angels sheen,
  The gentle Gabriel call'd he from the rest. Fairfax.
    He rounds the air, and breaks the hymnick notes
  In birds, heav'n's choristers, organick throats;
                   6b2
Which, if they did not die, might seem to be
Down
Sandy*
   A tenth rank in the heavenly hierarchy.
     Jehovah, from the summit of the sky,
   Environ'd with his winged hierarchy,
   The world survey'd.
             These the supreme king
   Exalted to such pow'r, and gave to rule,
   Each in his hierarchy, the orders bright.   MUton.
     The blessedest of mortal wights, now questionless
   the highest saint in the celestial hierarchy, began to
   be so importuned, that a great part ofthe divine li-
   turgy was addressed solely to her.         Howel.
   . Ecclesiastical establishment.
     The presbytery had more sympathy with the di-
   cipline of Scotland than the hierarchy of England.
                                        Bacou
     While  toe old Levitical hierarchy continued, it
   was part of the ministerial office to slay the sacri-
   fices.                                 South.
     Consider what I have  written,  from regard  for
   the church established under the  hierarchy of  bi-
   shops.                                 Swift.

 HIEROGLY'PII,  hi'e-ro-glif.         >
 HIEROGLY'PHICK,   hi-e-ro-glif'ik. £
   n. s. [hieroglyphe, French;  up\s, sacred,
   and y\6<po>, to carve.]
 1.  An emblem; a figure  by which a word
   was implied. Hieroglyphicks were used
   before  the alphabet was invented.  Hie-
   roglyph seems  to  be the  proper  sub-
   stantive, and hieroglyphick the adjective.
    This hieroglyphick of the Egyptians was erected
  for parental affection, manifested in the protection
  of her young ones, when her nest was set on fire.
                                       Brown.
    A  lamp amongst the Egyptians  is the hierogly-
  phick of life.                         Wilkins.
    The first writing men used was  only the single
  pictures and gravings of the  things  they,would  re-
  present,  which  way of expression  was  afterwards
  called hieroglyphick.                 Woodward.
    Between the statues obelisks were plac'd,
  And toe learn'd walls with hieroglyphicks grac'd.
                                        Pope.
2. The art of writing in  picture.
    No brute can  endure the taste of strong  liquor,
  and consequently it is against all the rules of hie-
  roglyph to assign any animals as patrons of punch-
                                        Swift.
Hierogly'phical,   hi-e-ro-glif'e-kal.
Hierogly'phick,  hi-e-ro-glif'ik.
   adj.  [hieroglyphique, French;  from the
   noun.]   Emblematical;  expressive  of
   some  meaning beyond  what immedi-
   ately appears.
    In  this place stands a stately hieroglyphical obe-
  lisk of Theban marble.                 Sandys.
    Th' Egyptian serpent figures time,
  And stripp'd, returns into his prime;
  If my affection thou would'st  win,
  First cast thy hieroglyphick skin.       Cleaveland.
    The original of the conceit was  probably hiero-
  glyphical, which after became mythological, and,
  by a process of tradition,  stole into a total verity
  which was but partly true in  its morality.  Brown,
Hierogly'phically,  hi-e-ro-glife-kal-e.
   adv. [from hieroglyphical.]  Emblema-
   tically.
    Others  have spoken emblematically and fttero-
  glyphically, as the Egyptians, and the phcenix was
  toe hieroglyphick of the sun.              Broivn.
Hiero'graphy, hi-e-rog'graf-e."8  ra.  s.
   [lepoq and ypettpu] Holy writing.
Hie'rophant, hi-er'o-fant.513  ra.  a. [lepe-
  P«vtjjs.] One who teaches rules of reli-
   gion; a priest.
    Herein the wantonness of poets, and the crafts of
  their heathenish priests and hierophants, abundantly
  gratified the fancies of the people.          Hale. 
HIG
HIG
HIG
To HIGGLE, hig'gl.*0* v. ra. [of uncer-
  tain  etymology,  probably   corrupted
  from haggle.]
1.  To chaffer; to be penurious in a bar-
   gain.
    In good offices and due retributions we may not
  be pinching and niggardly: it argues an  ignoble
  mind, where we have wronged, to higgle and dodge
  in the amends.                          Hale.
                Base thou art!
  To Aigg-fe thus for a few blows,
  Te gain thy knight an op'len t spouse.    Hudibras.
    Why all this higgling with thy friend about such
  a paltry sum? Does this become the generosity of
  toe noble and rich John Bull?        Arbuthnot.
2.  To  go selling provisions from  door to
   door.   This seems the  original mean-
   ing, such provisions being cut into small
   quantities.
Higgledy-piggledy,   hig'gl-de-plg'gl-
   de.  adv.  A cant word, corrupted from
   higgle, which denotes any confused mass,
   as higglers carry a huddle of provisions
   together.
Hi'ggler, hig'gl-iir.98 ra. s. [from  higgle.]
   One who sells provisions by retail.
HIGH, hi.390 adj.  [heah, Saxon; hoogh,
   Dutch.]
1.  Long  upward; rising above from the
   surface, or from the centre: opposed to
   deep, or long  downward.
   . Their Andes, or mountains, were far higher than
  those with us; whereby the remnants of toe gene-
  ration of men were, in such a particular  deluge,
  saved.                                Bacon.
    The higher parts of  the earth being continually
  spending,  and the lower continually gaining, they
  must of necessity at length come to an equality.
                              Burnet's Theory.
3.  Elevated in place; raised aloft: opposed
   to low.
    They that stand high have many blasts to shake
        them,
   And, if toey fall, they  dash themselves to pieces.
                       Shakspeare's Richard HI.
    High o'er their heads a mould'ring rock is plac'd,
   That promises a fall, and shakes at every blast.
                                     Dryden.
    Reason elevates our thoughts as high as the stars,
   and leads us through the vast spaces of this mighty
  fabrick; yet it comes far short of toe real extent of
   even corporeal being.                   Locke.
3.  Exalted in nature.
    The highest faculty of the soul.        Baxter.
4,  Elevated in rank or condition: as, high
   priest.
    He wooes both high and low, both rich and poor.
                                      Shaksp.
    O mortals! blind in fate, who never know
   To bear high fortune, or endure the low.  Di-yden.
5.  Exalted in sentiment.
    Solomon Iiv'd at case, nor aim'd beyond
  Higher design than to enjoy his state.     MUton.
6.  Difficult; abstruse.
    They meet te hear, and answer such high things.
                                      SAafcsp.
7.  Boastful; ostentatious.
    His forces, after all  the high  discourses, amount-
  ed really but to eighteen hundred foot.  Clarendon.
8.  Arrogant;  proud; lofty.
    The governor made himself merry with his high
  and threatening language, and sent him word he
  would neither give nor  receive quarter. Clarendon.
9.  Severe; oppressive.
    When there appeareto on either side an high
  hand, violent prosecution, cunning advantages taken,
  and combination, then  is the virtue of a judge seen.
                                       Bacon.
10. Noble;  illustrious.
    Trust me, 1 am exceeding weary.
  ----1 had thought weariness durst not have attack-
  ed so high blood—It doth me, though it discolours
  the complexion of my greatness to acknowledge it.
                                  Sliakspeare.
11. Violent; tempestuous; loud. Applied
   to the  wind.
    More ships in calms on a deceitful coast,
  Or unseen rocks, than in ftig-ft storms are lost.
                                     Denham.
    Spiders cannot weave their nets in a high wind,
                                      Duppa
    At length the winds are rais'd, the storm  blows
        high;
  Be it your care, my friends, to keep it up
  In its full fury.                       Addison.

12. Tumultuous;  turbulent;  ungoverna-
   ble.
            Not only tears
  Rain'd at their eyes, but high winds worse within,
  Began to rise; ftig-ft passions, anger,
  Mistrust, suspicion,  discord, hate, shook sore
  Their inward state of mind.             MUton.
    Can heav'nly minds such high resentment show,
  Or exercise their spite in human woe?    Diyden.
13. Full; complete: applied to time;  now
   used only in cursory speech.
    High time now 'gan it wax for Una fair,
  To think of those her captive parents dear.  F. Q.
    Sweet warriour, when  shall  I have peace with
        you?
  High time it is this  war now ended were. Spenser.
    It was Aig-A time to do so, for it was now certain
  that forces were already upon their march towards
  the west.                          Clarendon.
    It was ftig-ft time for toe lords to look about them.
                                   Clarendon.
14. Raised  to  any great degree:  as, high
   pleasure; high  luxury;  a high perform-
   ance; a high  colour.
    Solomon liv'd at ease, and full
  Of honour, wealth, high fare.           Milton.
    High sauces and spices are fetch'd from toe In-
  dies.                                 Baker.
15. Advancing in latitude from the line.
    They are forced to take their course either high
  to the north, or low  to the south.         Abbot.
16. At the most perfect state;  in the  me-
   ridian:  as, by the sun  it  is  high noon:
   whence probably the foregoing  expres-
   sion, high time.
    It is yet ftig-ft day, neither is it time that the cat-
  tle should be gathered.                 Genesis.
17. Far advanced into antiquity.
    The nominal observation of tbe several days of
  the week is very  ftig-ft, and  as old as the ancient
  Egyptians, who named the same according to the
  seven planets.                         Brown.
18. Dear; exorbitant in price.
    If they must be good at so high a rate, they know
  they may be safe at  a cheaper.           Scn*fft.
19. Capital; great;  opposed to little:  as,
   high treason, in opposition to petty.
High, hi.  ra. s.  High  place;  elevation;
   superiour region: only used with from
   and on.
    Which when the  king of gods beheld from Aig-ft,
  Hesigh'd,                          Dryden.
On High, adv. Aloft; above; into supe-
   riour regions.
    Wide  is the fronting gate, and raised on high
  With adamantine columns threats the sky. Dryden.
High is  much used in composition  with
   variety of meaning.
High-bii/st, hi'bl&t. adj.  Supremely
   liappy.
I    The good which we enjoyn-Qm ^eav'n descends,
  But that from us ought should ascend to heav'n,
  So prevalent, as to concern the mind
  Of God high-blest, or to incline his will,
  Hard to belief may seem.               MUton.
Hi'gh-blown, hi'blone.  Swelled much
   with  wind; much inflated.
            I have ventui-*d,
  Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders,
  These many summers on a sea of glory;
  But far beyond my depth: my higli-blown pride
  At length broke under me, and now bas left me,
  Weary, and old with service, to the mercy
  Of a rude stream, toat must for ever hide me.
                                   Shakspeare.
Hi'gh-born,  hi'born.   Of  noble extrac-
   tion.
            Cast round your eyes
  Upon the high-born beauties ofthe court;
  There chuse some worthy partner of your heart.
                                       J?ou»e.
Hi'gh-built, hi'bilt. adj.
1. Of lofty structure.
            I know him by his stride,
  The giant Harapha of Gath; his look
  Haughty as is his pile, Aigft-bwift and proud.  Milt.
2. Covered with lofty buildings.
            In dreadful wars
  The high-built elephant his castle rears,
  Looks down on man below, and strikes the stars.
                                      Creech.
High-co'loured, hi'kill-lilr'd. Having a
   deep  or glaring colour.
    A fever in a rancid oily blood produces a scorbu-
  tic fever, with high-coloured urine and spots in the
  skin.                                 Floyer.
High-desi'gning, hi'de-si'ning.  Having
  great schemes.
    His warlike mind, his soul devoid of fear,
  His high-designing thoughts were figured toere.
                                     Dryden.
Hi'gh-fed, hi'f&f.  Pampered.
    A favourite mule, high-fed, and in the pride of
  flesh and mettle, would still be bragging of his fa-
  mily.                            VEstrange.
High-fla'ming, hi-fla'ming.  Throwing
  the  flame to a great height.
    Hecatombs of bulls to Neptune slain,
  High-flaming, please the monarch of the main.
                                       Pope.
High-fli'er, hi'fli-ur. ra. s.  One that car-
  ries his opinions to extravagance.
    She openly professeth herself to be a high-flier;
  and it is not improbable she may also be a papist at
  heart.                                Swift.
Hi'gh-flown,  hi'flone.  adj.  [high  and
  flown, from fly.]
1. Elevated;  proud.
    This  stiff neck'd pride nor art nor force can bend,
  Nor high-flown hopes to reason's lure descend.
                                    Denham.
2. Turgid; extravagant.
    This  fable  is a high-floicn hyperbole apon toe
  miseries of marriage.              L'Estrange.
High-fly'ing, hi'fli-ing.  Extravagant in
   claims or opinions.
                 Clip the wipgs
  Of their high-flying arbitrary kings.     Dryden,
High-he'aped, hi'hep'd. adj.
1. Covered with high  piles.
    The plenteous board high-heap'dwito cates divine,
  And o'er the Coaming bowl the laughing wine.  Pope.
2. Raised into high piles.
    1 saw myself the vast unnumber'd store
  Of brass, high-lteap'd amidst the regal dome. Pope.
High-he'eled,  hi-heeld'.    Having  the
   heel  of the shoe much raised.
    By these embreider'd high-heel'd shoes,
  She shall be caught as in a noose.        Swiff
Hi'gh-hung, hi'hung.   Hung aloft. 
H  I G
HIL
HIM
    By the high-hung taper's light,
  I could discern his cheeks were glowing red. Dryd.
High-me'ttled,   hi'met-tl'd.3a9    Proud
   or ardent of spirit.
    He fails not in these to keep a stiff rein on a AigA-
  melffed Pegasus; and takes care not to surfeit here,
  as he has done on other heads,  by an erroneous
  abundance.                            Garth.
High-minded, hi'mind-ed.  Proud; arro-
   gant.
    My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage,
  But I will chastise this high-minded strumpet. Shaks.
    Because  of unbelief they were broken off, and
  thou standest by faith: be not ftig-A-minded, but fear.
                                     Romans.
High-pri'noipled,  hi-prin'se-pled.  Ex-
   travagant in notion's of politicks.
    This seems to be the political creed of all the
  high-principled men I have met with.       Swift.
High-re'd, hi'red. Deeply  red.
    Oil of turpentine,  though clear as water, being
  digested upon the purely white sugar of lead, has
  in a short time afforded a high-red tincture. Boyle.
High-se'asoned,  hi-se'zun'd. Piquant to
   the palate.
    Be sparing also of  salt in the seasoning of all his
  victuals, and use him not to high-seasoned meats.
                                        Locke.
High-si'ghted,  hi-site'ed.  Always look-
   ing upward.
    Let high-sighted tyranny range on,
  'Till each man drop by lottery.       Shakspeare.
High-spi'rited, hi-spir'it-ed. Bold;  dar-
   ing; insolent.
High-sto'mached, hi-stum'miikt.  Obsti-
   nate; lofty.
    High-stomaoh'd are they both,  and foil of ire;
  In rage, deaf as toe sea, hasty as  fire.      Shaksp.
High-ta'sted,  hl-tas'ted.   Gustful;  pi-
   quant.
    Flattery still in sugarM  words betrays,
  And poison in high-tasted meats conveys. Denham.
High-vi'ced, hi-vis'd.BBo    Enormously
   wicked.
    Be as a planetary plague, when Jove
  Will o'er some high-vic'd city hang his poison
  In toe sick air.                    Shakspeare.
Hi'gh-wrought, hi'rawt. Accurately fin-
   ished; nobly laboured.
    Thou triumph'st, victor of the high-wrought day,
  And tbe pleas'd dame, soft smiling, Icad'st away.
                                        Pope.
Hi'ghland, hi'land. ra. s.  [high and land]
   Mountainous region.
             The wond'ring moon
  Beholds her brother's steeds beneath her own;
  The highlands smoak'd, cleft by the piercing rays.
                                     Addison.
    Ladies in the highlands of Scotland use this dis-
  cipline  to their children in toe midst of winter, and
  find toat cold water does toem no harm.     Locke.
Highla'nder, hi'land-ilr. ra.s. [from high-
   land.]    An inhabitant  of mountains;
   mountaineer.
    His cabinet council of highianders.    Addison.
Hi'ghly, hi'le. adv. [from high.]
1. With elevation as to place and situation;
   aloft.
2. In a  great degree.
    Whatever expedients can allay those beats, which
  break us into different factions, cannot but be use-
  ful to the publick, and highly tend to its safety.
                                     Addison.
    It cannot but be higldy requisite for us to enliven
  our faith by dwelling often on toe same considera-
  tions.                              Atterbury.
3. Proudly; arrogantly; ambitiously.
             What thou wouldst highly,
  That thou wouldst holily; wouldst not play false,
  And yet wouldst wrongly win.        Shakspeare.
4. With esteem; with estimation.
    Every man that is among you, not to think of
  himself more ftigftfy than he ought to think. Romans.
Hi'ghmost,  hi'most. adj.  [an  irregular
   word.]    Highest;  topmost.
    Now is toe sun upon the highmost hill
  Of this day's journey.               Shakspeare.
Hi'ghness, hi'nes.  ra. s.  [from high.]
1. Elevation  above the  surface;  altitude;
   loftiness.
2. The title of princes: anciently of kings.
                Most royal majesty,
  I crave no more than that your Aigftness offer'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
    How long in vain had nature striv'd to frame
  A perfect princess, ere her highness came? Waller.
    Beauty and greatness are eminently joined in
  your royal highness.                    Dryden.
3. Dignity of nature; supremacy.
    Destruction from God was a terror to me, and by
  reason of his highness I could not endure.    Job.

Hight, hite.   [This is an imperfect verb,
   used only in the  preterit tense with a
   passive  signification;   hatan,  to  call,
   Saxon;  hessen, to be called,  German.]
I. Was named;  was called.
    The city of the great king ftig-Af it well
  Wherein eternal peace and happiness doth dwell.
                                      Spenser.
    Within this homestead liv'd without a peer
  For crowing loud, the noble chanticleer;
  So Aigftf her cock.         Dryden's Nun's Priest.
2. It is sometimes used as a  participle pas-
   sive;  called; named.   It is now obso-
   lete, except in burlesque writings.
    Amongst the rest a good old woman was,
  Hight mother Hubberd.          Hubberd's Tale.
    Hearn he ftigftf.                       Pope.
Highwa'ter, hi'wa-tur. ra. s.  [high  and
   water]   The utmost flow of the tide.
    They nave a way of draining lands that lie below
  the high-water, and are  something  above the low-
  water mark.         ,              Aforfittier.
Highwa'y, hi-wa' ra. s.  [high and way.]
1. Great road; public path.
            So few there be
  That chuse the narrow path, or seek toe right;
  All keep toe broad highway, and take delight
  Wito many rather for to go astray.  Fairy Queen.
    Two inscriptions give a great light to the histories
  of Appius, who made  the hightoay, and of Fabius
  the dictator.                         Addison.
    Entering on the broad highway,
  Where power and  titles scatter'd lay,
  He strove to pick up all  he found.         Siciff.
2. Figuratively a train of action, with ap-
   parent consequence.
    I could mention more trades  we have lost, and
  are in toe highway to lose.       Cftifd on Trade.

Hi'ghwayman, hi' wa-man.88 n.s.[highway
   and man.]   A robber  that  plunders on
   the  public  roads.
    'Tis like the friendship of pickpockets and high-
  waymen, toat observe strict justice among  them-
  selves.                               Bentley.
    A  remedy like  toat of giving my money to an
  highwayman, before he attempts to take it by force,
  to prevent the sin of robbery.             Swift.
Hi'glaper, hig'la-pir. ra. s. An herb.
                                 Ainsworth.
Hila'rity,  hil-lar^-te.  ra. *.   [hilaritas,
   Latin]    Merriment;  gayety.
    Averroes  restrained his hilrnUy,  and made no
  more thereof than  Seneca commendeth,  and was
  allowable ia Cato; that is, a sober incalescence for
  wine.                                Brown.
Hild, hild, in Elrick's grammar, is iniei
   preted a lord or lady:  so Hddebert is a
   noble lord; Mail did, an heroick lady.
                                     Gibson.
Hi'lding, hil'ding. ra. s. [hilb, Saxon, sig-
   nifies  a lord:  perhaps hilding  means
   originally  a little lord  in contempt,  for
   a man that has only the delicacy or bad
   qualities of high rank; or a term of re-
   proach abbreviated from hinderling, de-
   generate.   Hughes' Spenser.]
I. A sorry, paltry, cowardly fellow.
    He was some hilding fellow, that had stol'n
  The horse he rode on.               Shakspeare.
    If your lordship find him not a hilding, hold me
  no more in your respect.            Shakspeare.
                A base slave,
  A hilding for a livery, a squire's cloth.    Shaksp.
2. It is used likewise for a mean woman.
    Laura) to his lady, was but a kitchen  wench;
  Helen and Hero, hildings and harlots.    Shaksp.
    This idle toy, this hilding scorns my power,
  And sets us all at nought.                Rowe.

Hill, hii. ra. s. [hii,   Saxon.]   An  eleva-
   tion of ground less than a mountain.
    My sheep are thoughts, which I both guide  and
        serve;
  Their pasture is fair ftiffs of fruitless love.  Sidney.
    Jerusalem is seated on two ftiffs,
  Of height unlike, and turned side to side.  Fairfax.
    Three sides are sure imbar'd with crags and ftiffs.
  The rest is easy, scant to rise espy'd;
  But mighty bulwarks fence the plainer part:
  So art helps nature, nature strengtheneth art.  .
                                      Fairfax.
    When our eye some prospect would pursue,
  Descending from a ftiff, looks round to view. Granv.
    A hill is nothing hut the nest of  some metal or
  mineral which, by a plastick virtue, and toe effica-
  cy of subterranean fires, converting  toe adjacent
  earths into their substance, do increase and grow.
                                      C&eyne,
Hi'llock,  hil'lok. ra. s.  [from  hill.]   A
   little hill.
    Yet weigh this, alas!  great is not great to the
        greater:
  What, judge yc,  doth a hillock show by the lofty
        Olympus.                        Sidney.
    Sometime walking not unseen,
  By hedge-row elms, on hillocks green.     Milton.
    This mountain,  and a few  neighbouring hillocks
  that lie scattered about the bottom of it, is the whole
  circuit of these dominions.             Addison.
Hi'lly, hil'le. adj.   [from hill]   Full of
   hills;  unequal in the surface.
    Towards toe Aiffy corners of Druina remain yet
  her very aborigines, thrust amongst an assembly oi
  mountains.                             Howel.
    Climbing to a Aiffy steep,
  He views his herds in vales afar.         Drydtn,
    Lo! how toe Norrick plains
  Rise hilly, with large piles of slaughter'd knights.
                                      Philips.
    Hilly countries afford the most entertaining pros-
  pects, though a man would chuse to travel through a
  plain one.                           Addison
Hilt, hilt. ra.s.  [hilt,  Saxon, from heal-
   ban, to hold.] The handle of any thing,
   particularly of a sword.
    Now sits expectation  in the air,
  And hides a sword from ftiff unto the point,
  With crowns imperial; crowns and coronets. Sha\y,
            Take thou toe ftiff,
  And when my face is cover'd as 'tis now,
  Guide thou the sword.                  Shaksp.
    Be his this  sword, whose blade of brass displays
  A ruddy gleam; whose ftiff, a silver blaze.   Pope
HIM, him. [him, Saxon.]
I. The oblique case  of he. 
HIN
HIN
HIP
    Me he restored unto my office, and him he hanged.
                                       Genesis-
I. Him was anciently used for it in a neu-
   tral sense.
    The subjunctive mood hath evermore some con-
  junction joined with Aim.              Accidence.
Hi'mself, him-seif. pron. [him and self]
I. In the nominative the same as Ae, only
   more  emphatical, and more expressive
   of individual personality.
    It was a sparing speech of the  ancients to say,
  that a friend is another himself; for that a friend is
  far  more than himself.                   Bacon.
    With shame remembers, while himself was one
   Of  the-same herd, himself the same had done.
                                      Denham.
2.  It is  added  to a personal pronoun or
   noun, by way of emphatical discrimina-
   tion.
    He himself returned again.            Judges.
    God himself is with us for our captain.   Chron.
3.  In ancient authors it is used neutrally
   for itself.
             She is advane'd
   Above the clouds as high as heav'n himself. Shaks.
4.  In the oblique cases it has a reciprocal
   signification.
    David hid himself in the field.         Samuel.
5.  It is  sometimes  not  reciprocal.
    I perceive it was not altogether  your brother's
   evil disposition made him seek his death; but a pro-
   voking merit set a work by a reproveable badness in
   himself.                           Shakspeare.
    Nothing  in nature  can so  peculiarly gratify the
   noble dispositions of humanity, as for one man to
   see another so much himself as to sigh his griefs,
   and groan his pains, to sing his  joys, and do and
   feel every thing by sympathy.             South.
By Himself.   Alone; unaccompanied.
    Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went
   another way by himself.                 Kings.
 Hin, bin. ra.  s. [.in] A measure of liquids
   among the Jews, containing about ten
   pints.
    With the one lamb  a tenth deal of flour mingled
   with the fourth part of an Ain of beaten oil. Exodus.
 HIND, hind. adj. compar. hinder; superl.
   hindmost,   [hynban, Saxon.]   Back-
   ward; contrary in position to the  face:
   as, hind legs.  See Hinder and Hind-
   most.
    Bringing its tail to its head, it bends its back so
   far till its head comes to touch its Aind part, and so
   with its armour gathers itself into a ball.      Ray.
                    The stag
   Hears bis own feet, and thinks they sound like more,
   And fears his Aind legs will o'ertake his fore. Pope.

Hind, hind. ra. s. [hmbe, Saxon, from hin-
   nus, Latin.]
 '..  The she  to a  stag;  the  female of red
   deer.
    How he slew, with glancing dart amiss,
   A gentle Aind, the which the lovely boy
   Did love as life.                  Fairy Queen.
    Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?  Job.
    Nor Hercules more lands or labours knew,
   Not though the brazen-footed Aind he slew.  Dryd.
2.  [hine, Saxon.]   A servant.
    A couple of Ford's knaves, his hinds, were called
  forth by their mistress, to carry me in the name of
  foul clothes to Datchet-lane.          Shakspeare.
3.  [hineman, Saxon.] A peasant; a boor;
   a mean rustick.
    The Dutch, who came like greedy hinds before,
  To  reap the harvest their ripe years did yield,
   Now look like those, when rolling thunders roar,
   * rd sheets of lightning blast the standing field.
                                       Dryden.
    He cloath'd himself in coarse array,
  A lab'ring Aind in shew.        Dryden's Fables.
Hindbe'rries,  hind'ber-riz.  ra.  s.  The
  same as raspberries.         Ainsworth.
To  HI'NDER,  hin'dur. v. a.  [lunbruan,
  Saxon.]   To obstruct;  to stop; to let;
  to impede.
    Hinder me not, seeing the Lord hato  prospered
  my way.                             Genesis.
    The whole world shined wito clear light,  and
  none were hindered in their labour.       Wisdom.
    If the alms were hindered only by entreaty, the
  hinderer is not tied  to restitution, because entreaty
  took not liberty away from toe giver.
                   Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
    Solitude damps thought and wit; too much com-
  pany dissipates and hinders it from fixing. Temple.
    What landers  younger brothers, being fathers
  of families, from having the same right.    Locke.
To  Hi'nder, hin'dftr. v. ra. To raise hin-
  derances;  to cause impediment.
    You minimus of hindering knot-grass made!
                                   Shakspeare.
    This objection  hinders not but that the heroick
  action of some commander,  enterprised for the
  christian cause, and executed happily, may be writ-
  ten.                                 Dryden.
Hi'nder,hin'dur.61sac//. [fromrafod.] That
  is in a position contrary to  that of the
  face:  opposed to fore.
    Bears, fighting with any man,  stand upon their
  hinder feet; and so this did, being ready to give
  me a shrewd embracement.             Sidney.
    As the hinder feet of the horse stuck to the moun-
  tain, while the body reared up in the air, the poet
  with great difficulty kept himself from sliding  off
  his back.                             Addison.
Hi'nderance,  hln'dilr-anse. ra. s.  [from
  hinder.]   Impediment; let;  stop; ob-
  struction: with  of,  sometimes with  to,
  before the thing hindered; with to before
  the  person.
    False opinions, touching the will of God to have
  things done, are wont to  bring forth mighty and vio-
  lent practices against the hinderances of them, and
  those practices new opinions, more pernicious than
  the first: yea, most extremely  sometimes opposite
  to the first.                           Hooker.
    They must be in every christian church the same,
  except mere impossibility of so having it be the hin-
  derance.                              Hooker.
    What hinderance have they  been to the know-
  ledge of what is well done?             Dryden.
    Have we not plighted  each our holy oath,
  One soul should both inspire, and neither prove
  His fellow's hinderance in pursuit of  love? Dryden.
    He must  conquer all  these difficulties, and re-
  move all these hinderances out of the way that leads
  to justice.                          Atterbury.
Hi'nderer,  hin'diir-ur. ra.s.  [from hin-
  der.]  He or that  which hinders or ob-
  structs.
    Brakes, great hinderers of all plowing, grow.
                                        May.
Hi'nderling, hind'ur-ling. ra. s.  [from
  hind or  hinder.]   A paltry,  worthless,
  degenerate animal.
Hi'ndermost, hind'ur-most.  adj.  [This
  word seems to be less proper than hind-
  most]   Hindmost; last; in  the rear.
    He put the handmaids and their children foremost,
  and Leah and her children after, and Rachel and
  Joseph ftincfermost.                     Genesis.
    Like to an enter'd tide they all rush by,
  And leave you hirtdermost.           Shakspeare.
Hi'ndmost, hind'most.  adj.   [hind  and
  most.]   The last;  the lag;  that comes
  in the rear.
    'Tis not his wont to be toe ftindmost man,
  Whate'er occasion keeps him from us now.
                         Shakspeare's Henry VI
    He met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost
  of thee, even all that were feeble behind.  Dewfer.
    Let him retire, betwixt two ages cast,
  The first of  this, and hindmost of the last,
  A losing gamester.                    Dryden.
    The race  by vigour, not by vaunts is won;
  So take the hindmost, hell—he said, and run. Pope.
Hinge,  hinje.74 ra. a.  [or  hingle,  from
   hangle or hang.]
1.  Joints upon which a gate or door turns.
                 At the gate
  Of heav'n arriv'd, the gate self-open'd wide,
  On golden hinges turning.               Milton.
    Then from the Ainge their strokes the gates divorce,
  And where the way they cannot find, they force.
                                      DenAam.
    Heav'n's imperious queen shot down from high;
  At her approach the  brazen Ainges fly,
  The gates are fore'd.                  Dryden.
2.  The cardinal points of the world, east,
   west, north, and south.
    If when the moon is in the Ainge at east,
  The birth breaks forward from its native rest
  Full eighty years, if you two years abate,
  This station gives.             Creecft's Manilius.
3.  A governing rule or principle.
    The other hinge of punishment might turn upon
  a law, whereby all men, who did  not marry by the
  age of five and twenty, should pay the third part of
  their revenue.                        Temple.
4. To be off the  Hinges.  To be in a state
  of irregularity and disorder.
    The man's spirit is out of order, and off tlie hinges;
  and till that be put into its right frame, he will be
  perpetually disquieted.                 Tiffotson.
    Methinks we stand on ruins, nature shakes
  About us,  and this universal frame
  So loose, that it but wants another push
  To leap from off its hinges.              Dryden.
To Hinge,  hinje.  v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with hinges.
2. To bend  as a hinge.
    Be tbou a  flatterer now, and fting-e toe knee,
  And let his very breath, whom thou 'It observe,
  Blow off thy  cap.                      Shaksp.
To Hint, hint.  v.  a. [enter,  Fr. Skinner.]
  To bring to mind by a slight  mention,
  or remote allusion; to  mention  imper-
  fectly.
    Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,
  Just ftinf a fault, and hesitate dislike.       Pope.
    In waking whispers,  and repeated dreams,
  To Ainf pure thought, and warn toe favour'd soul.
                                     Thomson.
To Hint at, hint.   To allude to; to touch
   slightly upon.
    Speaking  of Augustus's actions, he still remem-
  bers that agriculture ought to be some  way ftinfed
  af throughout the whole poem.           Addison.
Hint, hint.  ra. s. [from tbe verb.]
1. Faint notice  given to the  mind;  remote
   allusion; distant insinuation.
    Let him strictly observe the first stirrings and in-
  timations, the first Ainfs and  whispers of good and
  evil, that pass in his heart.                Soufft.
2. Suggestion; intimation.
               On this Ainf I spake,
  She lov'd me for the dangers I had past.   Shaksp.
    Actions are so full of circumstances, that, as men
  observe some parts more than others, they take dif-
  ferent Ainfs,  and  put  different interpretations on
  them.                                Addison.
Hip, hip.  ra. s. [from  heopa, Sax.]  The
   fruit of the brier or the dogrose.
    Eating hips, and drinking watry foam.  Hubberd.
    Why should you want? Behold, the earth  hath
        roots;
  The oak bears masts, the briars scarlet hips. Shak 
HIR
HI  S
HI S
    Years of store of haws and Aips do commonly por-
  tend cold winters.                      Bacon.
HIP> hip. n. 8.  [hype, Saxon.]
1. The joint of  the thigh.
    How now, which of your Aips has the most pro-
  found sciatica?                        Shaksp.
    Hippocrates affirmeth of toe  Scythians,  that,
  using continual riding, they were generally molested
  wito the sciatica or hip gout.             Brown.
2. The haunch; the  flesh of the thigh.
              So shepherds use
  To set the same mark on the hip
  Both of their sound and rotten sheep.    Hudibras.
    Against a stump his tusks the monster grinds,
  And ranch'd his hips with one continu'd wound.
                                     Dryden.
3. To have  on the Hip.  [A low phrase.]
   To have an advantage over another. It
   seems to be  taken from  hunting,  the
   hip or haunch of  a deer being the part
   commonly seized by the dogs.
    If this poor brach of Venice, whom I cherish
  For his quick hunting, stand the putting on,
  I'll have our Michael Cassio on the hip.    Shaksp.

To Hip, hip. v. a. [from the noun.]
I. To sprain or shoot the hip.
    His horse was  hipp'd,                Shaksp.
2. Hip-hop.  A cant word  formed by the
   reduplication of hop.
    Your different tastes divide our poet's cares;
  One foot the sock, t'  other toe buskin wears:
  Thus while he strives to please, he's fore'd to do 't,
  Like Volscius hip-hop in a single boot.  Congreue.
Hip, hip. interject.  An  exclamation,  or
   calling to one;  the same  as the  Latin
   eho,  heus!                   Ainsworth.

Hip, hip.           ? adj. A corruption of
Hi'ppish, hlp'plsh. 5   hypochondriack.
                                 Ainsworth.
Hippoce'ntaur, hip'po-sen'tawr.   ra.  s.
   [i7r7rey.fvlxvpoi;  hippocentaure, Fr.]   A
   fabulous  monster,  half  horse  and half
   man.
    How are poetical fictions, how are hippocentaurs
  and chimeras to  be imagined,  which are things
  quite out of nature, and whereof we can have no
  notioa?                             Dryden.
Hi'ppocrass, hip'po-kras. ra. s. [hypocras,
   Fr. quasi vinum Hippocratis/] A medi-
   cated wine.
    Sack and the well-spic'd hippocrass, the wine,
  Wassail the bowl, with ancient ribbands fine. King.
Hi'ppocrates'   Sleeve,   hip'po-kra-tez-
   sleeve'. ra. s.   A woollen bag,- made by
   joining the  two  opposite  angles of a
   square  piece of flannel,  used to strain
   syrups and decoctions for  clarification.
                                    Quincy.
Hi'ppogriff, hip'po-grif. ra. s. [iWo?  and
  y{viL; hippogriffe, Fr.] A winged horse;
   a being imagined  by Ariosto.
    He caught him up, and without wing
  Of hippogriff, bore through the air sublime. Milton.
Hippo'potamus,   hip-po-pot'a-mijs. ra. s.
   [iW«« and n-oTccftos.]  The river horse.
   An animal found in the  Nile.
Hi'pshot,  hip'shot. ra. s. [hip  and shot.]
  Sprained or dislocated in the  hip.
    Why do you go nodding and waggling  so like a
  fool  as if you were  hipshot; says the goose to the
  gosling.                          L'Estrange.
Hi'pwort, hip'wirt. ra. s.  [hip and wort.]
   A plant.                     Ainsworth.
To HIKE, hire. v. a. [hyjian, Sax.]
1. To  procure any  thing  for  temporary
   use at a certain price.
            His sordid avarice rakes
  In excrements, and hires toe jakes.     •  Dryden.
2. To engage a man in temporary  service
   for wages.
    They  weigh silver in toe  balance,  and  hire a
  goldsmith, and he maketh it a god.         Isaiah.
    I  cannot strike at wretched  kerns, whose arms
  Are Air'd to bear their staves.           Shaksp.
3. To bribe.
    Themetes first, 'tis doubtful whether Air'd,
  Or so the Trojan destiny requir'd,
  Mov'd that the ramparts might be broken down.
                                     Dryden.
4. To engage for pay: with the reciprocal
   word.
    They  toat were  full, Aired out themselves  for
  bread; and toey that were hungry, ceased. 1 Sam.
5. To let; to  set for a time at  a  certain
   price.   This, to prevent  ambiguity, has
   sometimes  the particle out: as, he hired
   out his house to strangers.
Hire, hire. ra. s.  [hyrie,  Saxon.]
I. Reward or recompense paid for  the use
   of  any thing.
2. Wages paid for service.
    Great thanks and goodly meed to that good sire;
  He  thence departing gave for his pains  Aire.
                                     Spenser,
            I have five hundred crowns,
  The thrifty hire I sav'd under  your father.  Shaksp.
    Though little was their Aire, and light their gain,
  Yet somewhat to their share he threw.    Diyden.
    All arts and  artists Theseus could command,
  Who sold for Aire, or wrought for better fame.
                                     Dryden.
Hi'reling, hire'llng. ra. s.  [from hire.]
1. One who serves for wages.
    The hireling longs to see the shades descend,
  That with the tedious day his toil might end,
  And he his pay receive.                Sandys-
    In the  framing of Hiero's  ship there was  three
  hundred  carpenters  employed for a  year, besides
  many other hirelings for carriages.       Wilkins. '
    'Tis frequent here to see a freeborn son
  On the left hand of a rich hireling run.   Dryden.
2. A  mercenary;  a prostitute.
    Now she shades toy evening walk with bays,
  No hireling she, no prostitute  to praise.     Pope.
Hi'reling, hire'ling. adj.  Serving  for
   hire; venal;  mercenary;  doing what is
   done for money.
    Then trumpets, torches, and a tedious crew
  Of hireling mourners for his funeral due.  Dryden.
Hi'rer,  hire'rur.98 ra. s. [from hire.]
1. One who  uses any thing paying  a re-
   compense;   one  who  employs  others
   paying wages.
2. In  Scotland it denotes  one  who keeps
   small horses  to let.
Hihsu'te, her-sute'. adj.  [hirsutus, Lat.]
   Rough; rugged.
    There are bulbous, fibrous,  and hirsute roots: the
  Airsufe is a middle sort,  between the bulbous and
  fibrous; that, besides tbe putting forth sap upwards
  and  downwards, putteth forth  in round.    Bacon.

His,  hiz. pronoun possessive, [hyp, Sax.]
1. The masculine possessive.   Belonging
   to  him that was before  mentioned.
    England his approaches makes as fierce
  As waters to the sucking of a  gulph.      Shaksp.
            If much you note him,
  You shall offend him, and extend his passion.
                                     SAaftsp.
              Heav'n and yourself
  Had part in this fair maid; now heav'n  hath  all,
  And all the better is it for the maid:
  Your part in her you could not keep from death;
  But heav'n keeps Ais part in eternal life.   Shaksp.
    If our father carry authority wito such disposition
  as he bears this last surrender of Ais, it will but of-
  fend us.                              Shaksp.
    He that is nourished by the acorns lie picked up
  under an oak in the wood, has appropriated them tu
  himself: nobody can deny but the nourishment is Ais.
                                       Locke,
    Whene'er I stoop, he offers at a kiss;
  And when my arms I stretch, he stretches Ais.
                                      Addison.
2. It was anciently used in a neutral sense,
   where we now say its.
    Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
  Unfix Ais earth-bound root?              Shaksp.
            Not the dreadful spout,
  Shall dizy with more clamour Neptune's ear
  In Ais descent.                         Shaksp.
    There 's not  the smallest  orb,  which  thou  be-
        hold'st,
  But in Ais motion like an angel sings,
  Still quiring to the young-ey'd  cherubims.  Shaksp
    This rule is not so general, but toat it admitteth
  Ais exceptions.                         Careio.
    Opium loseth some of his poisonous quality if it
  be vapoured out, mingled with spirit of wine.
                                      Bacon.
3. It  is sometimes used as a sign  of the
   genitive case:  as, the man his ground,
   for the man's ground.   It  is now rarely
  thus used, as its use proceeded  proba-
   bly from a false opinion that the s form-
  ative of the genitive case  was his con-
  tracted.
    Where is this mankind now? who lives to age
  Fit to be made  Methusalem his page?     Donne.
    By thy fond consort, by thy father's cares,
  By young Telemachus Ais blooming years.   Pope.
4. It  is sometimes used  in opposition  to
  this man's.
                Were I king,
  I should cutoff the nobles for their lands,
  Desire Ais jewels, and this other's house.   Shaksp.
5. Anciently before self.
    Every of us,  each  for Ais self,  laboured how to
  recover him.                          Sidney.

To Hiss, hiss, v. ra.  [hissen,  Dutch.]
1. To utter a  noise like that of a serpent
  and some other animals.  It is remark-
  able, that this  word  cannot be  pronoun-
   ced without making the noise which it
   signifies.
    In the height of tois bath to be  thrown  into  the
  Thames and cooled glowing hot, in that surge, like
  a horseshoe; think of that; hissing  hot.     Shaksp.
    The merchants shall Aiss at thee.       Ezekiel.
    See the furies arise:
  See the snakes that they rear,
  How they Aiss in toeir hair.              Diyden.
            Against the steed he threw
  His forceful spear, which hissing as it flew,
  Pierced through the yielding planks.      Diyden.
2. To condemn  at a  publick  exhibition;
   which is sometimes done by hissing.
    Men shall pursue with merited disgrace!
  Hiss, clap their hands, and from his country chace.
                                      Sandys.
To Hiss,  hiss. v. a.  [luycean, Saxon.]
1. To condemn by hissing; to explode.
    Eveiy one will hiss him out  to his disgrace.
                                      Ecclus.
    She would so shamefully fail in the last act, that
  instead of a plaudite, she would deserve to be hissed
  off the stage.                           jtf^
    1  have seen many successions of men, who have
  shot themselves into the world, some bolting out
  upon  the  stage with vast applause, and others
  hissed off/and cjuitting it with disgrace.   Diyden. 
HIS
HIT
HIT
    Will you venture your all upon a cause, which
  would be hissed out of all the courts as ridiculous?
                                        Coffier.
2. To procure hisses or disgrace.
             Thy mother plays, and I
  Play too; but so disgrac'd a part, whose issue
  Will hiss me to my grave.               Shaksp.
               What's the newest grief?
  —That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker,
  Each minute teems a new otic.           Shaksp.
Hiss, hiss. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 I. The voice of  a  serpent, and of  some
   other animals.
     He Aiss for Aiss return'd, with forked tongue
  To forked tongue.                      Milton.
 2. Censure; expression of contempt used
   in theatres.
                He heard
   On all sides, from innumerable tongues,
   A dismal universal Aiss, the sound
   Of publick  scorn!                      Afiffon.
     Fierce champion fortitude, that knows no fears,
   Of hisses, blows, or want, or loss of ears.     Pope.
 Hist, hist, interj.  [Of this  word I know
   not the original:  some thought it a cor-
   ruption  of hush, hush it, husht, hist;
   but I have heard that it is an Irish verb
   commanding silence.]  An exclamation
   commanding silence.
     Mute silence hist along!
   'Less Philomel will deign a song,
   In her sweetest saddest plight,
   Smoothing the rugged brow of night.      Afiffon.
      Hist, hist, says another that stood by, away, doc-
   tor; for here's a whole pack of dismals coming.
                                          Swift.

 Histo'rian, his-to're-an. ra.  s. [historitus,
   Lat. historien, Fr.]  A  writer of facts
   and  events;  a writer of history.
     What thanks sufficient, or what recompence
   Equal, have 1 to render thee, divine
   Historian!                            Milton.
      Our country,  which has produced writers of the
   first figure in every other  kind of work, has been
   veiy barren in good historians.          Addison.
      Nol  added years on years my task could close,
   The long historian of my country's woes.    Pope.

 HISTORICAL, his-tor'ik-al. 7 adj. [his-
 HISTO'RICK,  his-tor'rik.609}  torique,
    Fr. historieus, Lat.]
  1. Containing or giving an account of facts
    and events.
      Because the beginning seemeth abrupt, it needs
   that you know the occasion of these several adven-
   tures; for the method of a poet historical is not such
   as of an historiographer.                Spenser.
      In an historical relation we use terms that  are
   most proper and best known.             Burnet.
      Here rising bold the patriot's honest face;
   There warriors frowning in historick brass.   Pope.
 2. Suitable or  pertaining to history or nar-
    rative.
      WTith equal justice  and historick care,
   Their laws, their toils,  their arms  with his  com-
          pare.                           Prior.

 Historically,    his-tcVrik-ul-e.   adv.
   [from historical.] Ill the manner of his-
   tory;  by way of narration.
     The gospels,  which are weekly read,  do all his-
   torically declare something which our Lord Jesus
   Christ himself either  spoke, did,  or suffered in  his
   own person.                           Hooker.
     When that which the word of God doth but  de-
   liver historically, we construe as if  it were legally
   meant, and so urge it further than we can prove it
   was intended, do we not add to the laws of God?
                                         Hooker.
     After his life has been rather invented than writ-
  ten, I shall consider him historically as an  author,
  with regard to those works he has left behind him.
                                         Pope.
To Histo'rify,  hls-tor'e-fi. v.  a.  [from
   history.]   To relate;  to  record  in his-
   tory.
            0, muse,  hUtorify
  Her praise, whose praise, to learn your skill hath
        framed me.                      Sidney.
    The third age they term historicon; that  is, such
  wherein  matters have been  more truly historified,
  and therefore may be believed.           Brown.
Historiographer,   his-to-re-og'ra-fur.
   n.s. [tcrre^tee, and y%u<pu; historiographe,
   Fr.] A  historian; a writer of history.
    The method of a poet historical is not such as of
  an historiographer.                    Spenser.
    What poor ideas must strangers conceive of per-
  sons famous among us, should they form toeir no-
  tions of them from the writings of those our histori-
  ographers.                            Addison.
    I put the journals  into a strong box, after the
  manner of the historiographers of some eastern mon-
  archs.                              Arbuthnot.
Historio'graphy,   his-to-re-og'ra-fe.619
   ra. a. [<s-«p<« and y^atpu.] The art or em-
   ployment of a historian.
HI'STORY, his'tur-e.66? ra. *. [iropicc; his-
   toria, Latin; histoire, French.]
1. A narration of events and facts deliver-
   ed with dignity.
    Justly Caesar scores the poet's  lays;
   It is to history he trusts for praise.          Pope.
2. Narration; relation.
     The history part lay within a little room.
                                      Wiseman.
    What histories of toils could I  declare?
   But still long-weary'd nature wants repair.   Pope.
3. The knowledge of facts  and events.
    History, so far as it relates to the affairs of toe
   bible, is necessary to  divines.              Waffs.
History  Piece, his'tur-e-peese.  ra.  s.   A
   picture representing  some  memorable
   event.
     His works resemble a large history piece, where
   even toe less  important figures have some conveni-
   ent place.                              Pope.
HISTRIO'NICAL,   his-tre-6n'e-kal.
HISTRIO'NICK,  his-tre-6nrik.*°9
   adj. [from histrio,  Latin; histrion,  Fr.]
   Befitting the stage; suitable to a player;
   becoming a buffoon; theatrical.
Histrio'nically,  his-tre-6n'e-kal-e. adv.
   [from histrionic al/] Theatrically; in the
   manner of a buffoon.
 To Hit, hit. v. a. [from ictus, Latin, Min-
   shew;  from  hitte, Danish,  to throw at
   random, Junius.]
 1. To strike; to touch with a  blow.
     When I first  saw her I was  presently stricken;
   and I, like a foolish child, that when any thing Aits
   him will strike himself again upon it, would  needs
   look again, as though 1 would persuade mine eyes
   that they were deceived.                 Sidney.
     His conscience shall Aif him in the teeth, and tell
   him his sin and folly.                    South.
2. To touch  the mark; not  to miss.
     Is he a god  that ever flies the light?
   Or naked  he, disguis'd in all untruth?
   If he be blind, how AiffefA he so right?     Sidney.
     So hard it is to tremble,  and  not to  err, and  to
   Ait the mark wito a shaking hand.          Soufft.
3. To attain; to reach; not to fail: used of
   tentative experiments.
           Were I but twenty-one,
   Your father's image is so ftif in you,
   His very air,  that I should call you brother,
   As I did him.                          Shaksp.
    Search every comment that your care can find,
  Some here, some there, may Ait the poet's mind.
                                   .Roscommon
    Birds learning tunes, and their endeavours to hit
  the notes right, put it past doubt that they have per-
  ception, and  retain  ideas,  and use them for pat-
  terns.                                 Locke
    Here's an opportunity to shew how great a bung-
  ler my author is in hitting features.     Atterbury.
4. To suit; to be conformable to.
    Hail, divinest melancholy!
  Whose saintly visage is too bright
  To Aif the sense of human sight.          Afiffon.
5. To strike; to catch by the right bait; to
   touch properly.
    There you Ait him: St. Dominick loves charity
  exceedingly:  that argument never fails with him.
                                       Dryden.
6. To Hit off.  To  strike out;  to fix  or
   determine luckily.
    What prince soever can ftif off this great secret,
  need know no more either for his own safety, or
  that of the people he governs.            Temple.
7. To Hit out. To perform by good luck.
    Having toe sound of ancient poets ringing in  his
  ears, he mought needs in  singing ftif out some of
  their tunes.                           Spenser.
To Hit, hit. v. ra.
1. To clash; to collide.
    If bodies be extension alone, how can they move
  and hit one against another? or what can make dis-
  tinct surfaces in an uniform extension?      Locke.
    Bones, teeth, and shells, being sustained in  the
  water with metallick corpuscles, and  the  said cor-
  puscles meeting with and hitting upon those bodies,
  become conjoined with them.          Woodward.
2. To chance luckily;  to succeed by  ac-
   cident: not  to miss.
    Oft expectation fails, and most oft there
  Where most it promises; and oft it ftifs
  Where hope  is coldest and despair most fits.  Shak.
3. To succeed; not to miscarry.
    The experiment of binding of thoughts would be
  diversified, and you are to note whether it Aifs  for
  the most part.                          Bacon
    But thou bring'st valour too and wit,
  Two things that seldom fail to Aif.       Hudibras.
    This may Aif, 'tis more than barely possible.
                                       Dryden,
    All human race would fain be wits,
  And millions miss for one that ftifs.         Swift.
4. To light  on.
    There is a kind of conveying of effectual and  im-
  printing passages amongst compliments, which is of
  singular use, if a man can Aif upon it.      Bacon.
     You 've Aif upon the very string, which touch'd,
   Echoes the sound, and jars within my soul;
   There lies my grief.                    Dryden.
     It is much, if men were from eternity, that toey
   should not find out the way of writing sooner:  sure
   he was a fortunate man, who, after men  had been
   eternally so dull as not to find it out, had the luck
   at last to Ait upon it.                  Tillotson.
     There's a just medium  betwixt eating too much
   and too little; and this dame had Aif upon 't, when
   the matter was so ordered that the hen brought her
   every day an egg.                   L'Estrange.
     None of them ftif upon toe art.        Addison.
     There 's but a true and a false prediction in any
   telling  of fortune; and a man that never ftifs on the
   right side, cannot be called a bad guesser, but must
   miss out of design.                     Bentlty,
 Hit, hit. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 I. A  stroke
     The king hath laid, that in a dozen passes be-
   tween  you and him, he shall not exceed you three
   ftifs.                                  Shaksp.
     So he the fam'd Cilician fencer prais'd,
   And at each Aif with wonder seem amaz'd. Dryden.
 2. A  chance;  a fortuitous event.
     To suppose a watch, by the blind ftifs of chance,
   to perform diversity of orderly motioe?., without the 
HIT                                      HIV                                        H 0  A
   regulation of art. this were the more pardonable
   absurdity.                           Granville.
     If the rule we judge by be uncertain, it  is odds
   but we shall judge wrong; and  if we should judge
   right, yet it is not properly skill, but chance; not a
   true judgment but a lucky Aif.             SowfA.
     But with more lucky ftif than those
   That use to make the stars depose.      Hudibras.
     The fisherman's waiting, and the  lucky Aif it had
   in the  conclusion, tells us, that honest  endeavours
   will not fail.                       L'Estrange.
     If casual concourse did the world compose,
   And things and Aifs fortuitous arose,
   Then  any thing might come from any thing;
   For how from chance can constant order spring?
                                     Blackmore.
 S. A lucky chance.
     Have all his ventures  fail'd? What, not one Aif?
                                       SAafcsp.
     These Aifs of words a true  poet often finds, with-
   out seeking.                           Dryden.
     If at first he minds his Aifs,
   And drinks champaigne among the wits,
   Five deep he toasts the tow'ring lasses.      Prior.
 To Hitch, hitsh.  v.  ra.  [hiejan, Saxon,
    or hocher, French, Skinner] To catch;
    to move by jerks.  I know not where  it
    is used  but in  the following  passage:
    nor  here know well  what it  means.
     Whoe'er offends at some unlucky  time
   Slides in a verse, or hitches in a rhyme;
   Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,
   And the sad burthen of some merry song.    Pope.
 To Hi'tchel, hltsh'il. v. a. [See Hatch-
    el.]  To beat or comb flax  or  hemp.
 Hi'tchel, hitsii'il. n. s. [heckel, German.]
    The instrument with which  flax is  beat-
    en or combed.
 Hithe, hiTHe. ra. s. [byfce, Sax.] A small
    haven  to land wares out of vessels or
   boats:  as  Queenhithe, and  Lambhithe,
   now Lambeth.
 HI'THER, hiTH'ur.^acfr. [hifcen, Sax.]
 1. To this place from some other.
     Cssar, tempted with the fame
   Of this sweet island never conquered,
   And envying the Britons blazed name,
   0 hideous hunger of dominion! Aitfter came. Spenser.
                 Men must endure
   Their going hence, even as their coming hither.
                                       Shaksp.
             Who brought me Aiffter
 Will bring me hence, no other guide I seek. Afiffon.

 2. It is   used   in   opposition;  hither and
   thither, to  this place and that.
 3. To this end;  to  this  design; to  this to-
   pick of  argument:  [hue, Latin.   Hue
   refer exitum.] Not much used.
     Hereupon dependeth %vhatsoever difference there
   is between toe states of saints in glory; Aitfter we
   refer whatsoever belongeth unto the highest perfec-
   tion of man, by  way of service towards God.
                                      Hooker.
     Hither belong  all  those texts, which require of
   us that we should not walk after the flesh, but after
   the spirit.                          Tillotson.

 Hi'ther, hiTH'ir.  adj. superl.  hithermost.
   Nearer; towards this part.
               After these,
   But on the ftiffter side, a different sort,
   From the high neighb'ring hills descended. Milton,
    An  eternal  duration may be shorter or longer
  upon the AifAer  end,  namely that extreme wherein
  it is finite.                              Hale.
Hi'thermost, hiTH'ur-most. adj.  [of hith-
   er, adv.] Nearest on this side.
    That which is external can  be extended to a
  greater extent at the hUhermost extreme.     Hale.

      VOL. I.
 Hi'therto,  hiTH'ur-tdo.   adv.   [from
    hither.]
 1. To this time; yet.
     Hitherto I have only told the reader what ought
   not to be the subject of a picture or of a poem.
                                       Dryden.
 2. In any time till now.
     More ample spirit than hitherto was wont,
   Here needs me, whiles the famous ancestries
   Of my most dreadful sovereign I recount. F. Queen.
 3. At every time till now.
     In tois we are not their adversaries, tho' they in
   the other hitherto have been ours.        Hooker.
     Hitherto, lords, what your commands impos'd
   I have perform'd, as reason  was, obeying. Afiffon.
     Hitherto she kept her love conceal'd
   And with those graces ev'ry day beheld
   The graceful youth.                    Dryden.
     He could not have failed  to add the opposition of
   ill spirits to  the good: this alone has hitherto been
   the practice of the moderns.             Dryden.
     To correct them,  is a work that has hitherto been
   assumed by toe least qualified hands.       Swiff.

 Hi'therward, hiTH'ur-ward.    }   adv.
 Hi'ther wards, hiTH'ilr-wardz. 5   [hyb-
   ep peapb, Sax.] This way; towards this
   place.
     Some parcels of their power are forth already,
   And only hitherward.                   Shaksp.
     The king himself in person hath set forth,
   Or hitherwards intended speedily.        Shaksp.
           A puissant and mighty  pow'r
   Is marching ftiffterteard in proud array.    Shaksp.
     Look now for no enchanting voice, nor fear
   The bait of honey'd words; a rougher tongue
   Draws hitherward.                     Milton.
 HIVE, hive,  ra; a. [hype, Sax.]
 1.  The habitation  or artificial  receptacle
   of bees.
     So  bees with smoke, and doves  with noisome
        stench,
   Are from their hives and houses driv'n away. Sftafc.
     So wand'ring bees would perish in the air,
   Did not a sound, proportion'd to their ear,
   Appease their rage,  invite them to the hive. Waller.
     Bees have each of them  a hole in  their  hives;
   their honey is their own, and every bee minds  her
   own concerns.                        Addison.
 2. The bees inhabiting a hive.
    The commons, like an angry hive of bees
   That want toeir leader, scatter up and down.  Shak.
 3. A company being together.
    What modern masons call a lodge, was by anti-
   quity called a hive of free masons; and therefore,
  when a dissention happens, the going off is to this
  day called swarming.                    Swift.
 To Hive, hive. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To put into hives; to  harbour.
    Mr. Addison of Oxford has been troublesome to
  me:  after his bees,  my latter swarm is scarcely
  worth hiving.                         Dryden.
    When bees are fully  settled,  and the  cluster at
  the biggest, hive them.               Mortimer.
2. To contain, as  in hives;  to  receive, as
   to a  habitation.
    Ambitious now to  take excise
  Of a more fragrant paradise,
  He at Fuscara's sleeve arriv'd,
  Where all delicious sweets are hiv'd.   Cleaveland.
 To Hive, hive. v. ra.  To take  shelter to-
   gether; to reside collectively.
            He sleeps by day
  More than the wild cat:  drones hive not with me,
  Therefore I part with him.               Shaksp.
    In summer we wander in  a paradisaical scene,
  among groves and gardens; but at this season  we
  get into warmer houses, and  hive together in cities.
                                Pope's Letters.
Hi'ver, hive'ur.98  ra.  s. [from hive.]   One
   who puts bees in hives.

                    6c
     Let toe hiver drink a cup of good beer, and tfash
   his hands and face therewith.          Mortimer.
 Ho     )       (
 ii '    £  ho.  j  interj.  [eho!  Latin.]   A

   call;  a  sudden  exclamation   to  give
   notice  of approach, or any thing else.
     What  noise there, ho?                Shaksp
     Here dwells my father Jew: Aoa, who 's within?
                                       Shaksp
     Stand, ho! speak the word along.       Shaksp,
                 When I cried hoa!
   Like boys, kings would start forth, and cry,
   Your will.                            Shaksp.
    Ho, ho, come forth and flee.         Zachariah.
    Ho, swain,  what shepherd  owns that  ragged
         sheep?                         Dryden.
 HOAR, hore. adj. [hap, Saxon.]
 I. White.
               A people,
   Whom Ireland sent from loughs and forests hore.
                                      Fairfax.
           Islands of bliss, all assaults
   Baffling, like thy hoar cliffs the loud sea wave.
                                      Thomson.
 2. Gray with age.
    It govern'd was, and guided evermore
   Through wisdom of a matron grave and Aoar.
                                      Spenser.
    Now swarms the populace, a countless throng;
  Youth and Aoar age, and man drives man along.
                                         Pope.
 3. White with frost.
 Hoar-frost,  hore'frost. ra. s. [hoar and
  frost.]   The   congellations  of dew in
   frosty mornings on the grass.
    When the dew was gone up, behold upon the face
  of toe wilderness there lay a small round thing, as
  small as the hoar-frost on the ground.     Exodus.
    In Farenheit's thermometer,  at  thirty-two  de-
  grees,  the water in  the air begins to freeze, which
  is known by hoar-frosts.              Arbuthnot.

 HOARD, horde, ra. s. [hopo, Saxon.]  A
   store laid up in secret; a hidden stock;
   a treasure.
    I have a venturous fairy, that shall seek
  The squirrel's hoard,  and fetch thee thence new
        nuts.                          SAafcsp.
    They might have even starved, had it not been
  for this providential reserve, this hoard, toat was
  stowed  in  the strata underneath, and now season-
  ably disclosed.                     Woodward.

 1 o Hoard, horde, v. ra.   To make hoards;
   to lay up store.
    He fear'd not once  himself to be in need,
  Nor ear'd to hoard for those whom he  did breed.
                                      Spenser.
    Happy was it always for that son,
  Whose father for his hoarding went to hell? Shaksp.
 To Hoard, horde, v. a.
 1.  To  lay in  hoards;  to husband privily;
   to store secretly.
    The hoarded plague of the gods requite your love?
                                      Shaksp.
    You hoard not health for your own private use,
  But on the publick spend the rich produce.  Dryd.
    You  will be unsuccessful, if you give out of a
  great man, who is remarkable for his  frugality for
  toe publick, that he  squanders away toe nation's
  money; but you may safely relate that he hoards it.
                                   Arbuthnot.
    A superfluous abundance tempts us to forget God,
  when it is hoarded in our treasures, or considered as
  a safe,  independent provision  laid up  for  many
  years.                                 Rogers.

2.  It is   sometimes  enforced  by  the  par-
   ticle up.
    I have  just occasion to complain of them, who,
  because toey understand Chaucer, would hoard him
  up as misers do their grandam gold, only to look on 
HOB
II  OB
11  OE
  it themselves, and hinder others from making use
  of it.                               Dryden.
    The base wretch who hoards up all he can,
  Is prais'd and call'd a careful thrifty man. Dryden.
Ho'arder,  hord'&r.98 ra. s. [from hoard.]
   One that stores up in secret.
    Since commodities will be raised, this alteration
  will be an advantage to nobody but Aoarders of mo-
  ney.                                 Locke.
Ho'arhound,  hore'hoind. ra. s.  [tnarru-
   bium, Lat.]  A plant.
    Hoarhound has its leaves and flower-cup covered
  very thick with  a white hoariness: it is famous for
   the relief it gives in moist asthmas, of which a thick
  and viscous matter is_the cause; but it is now little
  used.                                  Hill.
Ho'ariness, ho're-nes. ra. s. [from hoary.]
   The state of being whitish;  the colour
   of old men's hair.
    He grows a wolf, his hoariness remains, '
   And the same rage in other members reigns. Dryd.

HOARSE, horse, adj. [hap, Sax. heersch,
   Dutch.]   Having  the  voice  rough, as
   with a cold; having a rough sound.
    Come, sit, sit, and a song.
   ----Clap into 't roundly, without hawking or spit-
   ting, or saying we are hoarse.            Shaksp.
          The raven himself is hoarse,
   That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan
   Under my battlements.                 Shaksp.
    He sped his  steps  along the hoarse resounding
        shore.                        Dryden.
    The stock-dove only through the forest cooes,
   Mournfully hoarse.                  Thomson.
Ho'arsely, horse'le. adv. [from hoarse.]
   With a rough harsh voice.
    The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay'd;
   The hunter close pursu'd toe visionary maid. Dryd.
Ho'arseness,  -horse'nes.  ra.  s.  [from
   hoarse.]  Roughness of voice.
    The voice is  sometimes intercluded by an hoarse-
   ness, or viscous  phlegm.                 Holder.
    I had a voice in heav'n, ere sulph'rous steams
   Had damp'd it to a hoarseness.         Dryden.
    The want of  it in the windpipe occasions hoarse-
   ness in the gullet, and difficulty of swallowing.
                                   Arbuthnot.
HO'ARY, ho're. adj. [hap., hapunb, Sax.
   See  Hoar.]
 !. White; wliitish.
    Thus she rested on her arm reclin'd,
   The hoary willows waving with the wind. Addison.
2. White or gray with age.
    A comely palmer, clad in black attire,
   Of ripest years, and hairs all hoary grey.  Spenser.
    Solyman, marvelling at  the courage  and  ma-
   jesty of the Aoary old prince in his so great extre-
   mity,  dismissed him, and sent him again into  the
   city.                                Knolles.
    Has then my hoary head deserv'd no better?.Rou>e.
    Then in full age, and hoary holiness,
   Retire, great preacher, to thy promis'd bliss. Prior.
3. White with frost.
    The seasons alter; hoary headed frosts
   Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose.   Shaksp.
4. Mouldy; mossy; rusty.
    There was brought out of the city into the camp
   very coarse, hoary, moulded bread.        Knolles.
To HO'BBLE, hob'bl.406 v. ra. [to hop, to
   hop file,  to hobble]
\. To  walk lamely  or awkwardly upon
   one  leg more than the  other;  to hitch;
   to walk  with unequal and encumbered
   steps.
    The friar was hobbling the same way too. Dryd.
    Some persons continued a kind of hobbling march
   on the broken arches, but fell through.    Addison.
    Was he ever  able to walk without leading-strings,
  without being discovered by his hobbling?   Sw>i/f.
2. To move  roughly or unevenly.   Feet
   being ascribed  to verses,  whatever  is
   done with feet  is  likewise  ascribed  to
   them.
    Those ancient Romans had a sort of extempore
  poetry, or untuneable hobbling verse.     Dryden.
    While you Pindarick truths rehearse;
  She hobbles in alternate verse.            Prior.
Ho'rble,  hob'bl. ra. s.  [from  the  verb.]
   Uneven awkward gait.
    One of his heels is higher than the other, which
  gives him a hobble in his gait.           Gulliver.
Ho'bbler, h&b'bl-ur. n. s. [from hobby.]
    For twenty hobblers  armed, Irishmen so called,
  because they served on hobbies, he paid sixpence
  a-piece per diem.                      Davies.
Ho'bblingly, hob'bling-Ie.  adv.  [from
   hobble.]  Clumsily; awkwardly; with a
   halting gait.
Ho'bby, hob'be. ra.  s. [hobereau,Fr.]
1. A species of hawk.
    They have such  a hovering possession of the
  Valtoline, as an Ao66y hath over a lark.    Bacon.
    The people will chop like trouts at an artificial
  fly, and dare like larks under the awe of a painted
  hobby.                           L'Estrange.
    Larks lie dar'd to shun the hobby's flight.   Dryd.
2. [hoppe, Gothick, a  horse;  hobin,  Fr.
   a pacing  horse.] An Irish  or Scotish
   horse; a pacing  horse;  a  garran.   See
   Hobbler.
3. A stick on  which boys  get astride and
   ride.
    Those grave contenders about opinionative trifles
  look like aged Socrates upon his boy's Ao&fty  horse.
                                   Glanville.
    As young children, who are try'd in
  Go-carts, to keep their steps from sliding,
  When members knit, and legs grow stronger,
  Make use of such machine no longer;
  But leap pro libitu, and scout
  On horse call'd fto&oy, or without.          Prior.
    No ftoo&y horse, with gorgeous top,
  Could with this rod of Sid compare.         Swift.
4. A stupid fellow.
    I have studied eight or nine wise words to speak
  to you, which these hobby horses must not hear.
                                     SAafcsp.
Hobgo'blin, h6b-gob'lin. ra. *. [according
   to Skinner for robgoblins, from  Robin
   Goodfellow, Hob being the nickname
   of Robin: but more  probably, accord-
   ing to Wallis  and Junius,   hopgoblins
   emftusa,  because  they  do  not  move
   their feet:  whence, says Wallis,  came
   the boys' play of fox in the hole, the fox
   always hopping on one leg.]  A fright-
   ful fairy.
    Fairies, black, gray, green, and white,
  Attend your office and your quality:
  Crier hobgoblin, make the fairy o-yes.    Shaksp.
Ho'bit, ho'bit. ra. s.  A small mortar  to
   shoot little  bombs.
Ho'bnail, hob'nale. ra. s. [from hobby and
   nail.]   A nail used in  shoeing a hobby
   or little horse; a nail with a thick strong
   head.
     Steel, if thou turn thine edge, I beseech Jove on
  my knees thou may'st be turn'd into hobnails. Shak.
    We may buy maidenheads as they buy hobnails,
  by toe hundred.                    Shakspeare.

Ho'bnailed,  hob'nal'd. adj.   [from hob-
   nail.] Set with hobnails.
    Would'st thou, friend, who hast two legs alone,
  Would'st thou, to run  the gantlet, these expose
  To a whole company of hobnail'd shoes?  Dryden.
Ho'bnob, hob'nob.  This is probably cor-
   rupted  from  habnab by  a coarse  pro-
   nunciation.  See Habnab.
    His incensement at this moment is so implacable,
  that satisfaction can be none, but pangs of death
  and sepulchre: hobnob is his word; give't, or take't.
                                  Shakspeare.
Hock, hok. ra. s. [the  same with hough.]
   The joint between the  knee  and  the
   fetlock.
To Hock, hok. v. a. [from the noun.] To
   disable in the hock.
Hock, hok.                ? ra.  *.  [from
Ho'ckamore, hok'a-more. ) Hockheim on
   the  Maine.] Old strong Rhenish.
    Restor'd toe fainting high and mighty;
  With brandy, wine, and aqua vitoz;
  And made 'em stoutly overcome
  With bachrach, hockamore and mum.   Hudibras.
    Wine  becomes sharp,  as  Aocfc,  like vicriolick
  acidity.                             Floyer.
    If cyder-royal should become unpleasant, and as
  unfit to bottle as old hockamore, mix one hogshead
  of toat and one of tart new cyder together.
                                   Mortimer.
Ho'ckherb,  hok'erb. ra.  a.  [hock  and
   herb]  A plant; the same with mallows.
                                Ainsworth.
To Ho'ckle, hok'kl.406 v. a. [from hock.]
   To  hamstring; lo  cut the sinews about
   the  ham or hough.            Hanmer.
HOCUS POCUS, ho'kus-po'kus.  [The
   original of this word is referred by  Til-
   lotson  to a form of the Romish church.
   Junius derives it from hocced, Welsh,
   a cheat, and poke or pocus, a bag, j ug-
   glers using a bag for conveyance.  It is
   corrupted  from some  words  that  had
   once a meaning, and which  perhaps
   cannot be discovered.] A juggle; a cheat.
    This gift of hocus pocussing,  and of disguising
  matters, is surprising.              L'Estrange.
HOD, hod.  ra. s.  [Corrupted  perhaps in
   contempt from  hood,  a hod  being car-
   ried on the head.] A kind of trough in
   which  a labourer  carries mortar to the
   masons.
    A fork and a hook to be tampering in clay,
  A lath, hammer, trowel, a Aod or a tray.   Tusser.
Hodge-podge,  hodje'podje. ra. s.  [hache
  poche,  hoche-pot, quasi  hachis en pot,
   French.]  A medley of ingredients boil-
   ed together.
    They  have  made our English tongue a galli-
  maufrey, or hodge-podge of all other speeches.
                                     Spenser.
    It  produces excellent corn, whereof the  Turks
  make their trachana and bouhourt, a certain hodge-
  podge of  sundry ingredients.            Sandys.
Hodie'rnal, ho-de-er'nal.  adj.  [hodier-
   nus, Lat.]  Of  to-day.
Ho'dman, hod'man.88 ra.  a. [hod and man.]
   A labourer that carries mortar.
Hodmando'd, hod-man-dod'. ra. a.  A fish.
    Those that cast their shell are the  lobster, the
  crab, the craw-fish, and the hodmandod or dodman.
                                      Bacon.
Hoe,  ho. n.s. [houe, French; houwe, Dut ]
   An instrument to  cut up the earth, of
   which  the blade is at  right  angles with
   the handle.
    They should be thinned with a Aoe.    Aforfimer.
To Hoe, ho. v. a. [houer, French; houwent
   Dutch.] To cut or dig with a hoe. 
HOG
HOL
HOL
    They must be continually kept with weeding and
  Iweing.                             Mortimer.
HOG, hog. ra. s. [hwch, Welsh.]
1. The general name of swine.
    This will raise the price of hogs, if we grow all
  to be pork-eaters.                       Shaksp.
    The Aog that plows not, nor obeys thy call,
  Lives on the labours of this lord of all.       Pope.
2. A castrated boar.
3. To  bring  Hogs  to a fine  market.   To
   fail  of one's design.
    You have brought your Aogs fo a fine market.
                                     Spectator,
4. Hog is used in Lincolnshire for a sheep
   of a certain age,  I think of two years.
                                     Skinner.
Ho'gcote, hog'kot.  ra. s.  [hog and cote.]
   A house-for hogs;  a hogsty.
    Out of a small  hogcote sixty or eighty load  of
  dung hato been raised.                Aforfimer.
Ho'ggerel, hog'gril." ra. s. A  two year
   old  ewe.                      Ainsworth.
Hogh,  ho.  ra.  s.  [otherwise  written ho,
   how, or hough, from hoogh, Dutch.]  A
   hill; rising ground; a  cliff.  Obsolete.
    That can well witness yet unto this day,
  The  western Aog-ft, besprinkl'd with the gore,
  Of mighty Goemot.                Fairy Queen.
Ho'gherd,  hog'herd.  ra.  a.  [hog  and
   hypfc, a keeper.]  A keeper of hogs.
    The terms hogherd and cowkeeper are not to be
  used in our poetry; but there are  no finer words in
  the Greek.                            Broome.
Ho'ggish,  hog'gish.  adj.  [from  hog.]
   Having the qualities of a  hog; brutish;
   greedy; selfish.
    Suspicion Miso had,  for the hoggish shrewdness
  of her brain, and Mopsa, for a very unlikely envy.
                                        Sidney.
Ho'ggishly, hog'gish-le. adv. [from hog-
   gish.]  Greedily;  selfishly.
Ho'ggishness,  hog'gish-nls. ra.  s.  [from
   hoggish.] Brutality; greediness; selfish-
   ness.
Ho'gsbeans, hogz'benz.                 ~\
Ho'gsbread, hogz'bred.                 f
Ho'gsmushrooms,  hogz'mush-roomz.  f
Ho'gsfennel, hogz'fen-nel.             )
   ra. s.   Plants.                  Ainsworth.
Ho'gshead, hogs'heU   ra.  s.   [hog  and
   head.]
 1. A  measure of liquids containing sixty-
   three  gallons.
     Varro tells, that every jugerum of vines yielded
   six hundred urns  of wine; according to  this propor-
   tion, our acre should yield fifty-five hogsheads, and
   a little more.                       Arbuthnot.
 2. Any large barrel.
    Blow strongly with a pair of bellows into a hogs-
   fteod, putting into it before that which you would
   have preserved; and in the instant toat you with-
   draw the bellows, stop the hole.           Bacon.
    They slung up  one  of their largest hogsheads: I
   drank it off; for it did not hold half a pint. Gulliver.
 Ho'gsty, hog'sti. ra. s. [hog and sty.] The
   place in which swine are  shut up to  be
   fed.
    The families of farmers live in filth and nasti-
   ness without a shoe or stocking to their feet, or a
   house so convenient as an English Aogsfy.    Swift.
 Ho'gwash,  hog'w6sh.    ra.  s.   [hog and
   wash.]  The draff  which  is  given  to
   swine.
     Your butler purloins your liquor, and the brewer
   sells you hogwash.                   »2r6ufftnof.
Ho'iden, hoe'd'n.103 ra. s. [hoeden, Welsh; 6. To think  of;  to judge  with regard lb
  femina levioris famce, Latin.]  An ill
  taught awkward country girl.
To  Ho'iden,  hoe'd'n.  v.  ra.  [from  the
  noun.] To romp indecently.
    Some of  them would get a scratch; but we al-
  ways discovered, upon examining,  toat they had
  been hoidening with the young apprentices. Swift.

To  Hoise,  hoese. £  v.  a.  [hausser, Fr.]
To  Hoist,  hoist.  }  To raise  up on high.
    'Tis the sport to heve the engineer ftoisf  up with
  his own petar.                     Shakspeare.
              Join you with me;
  We '11 quickly hoht duke Humphrey from his  seat.
                                   Shakspeare.
            Hoise sail, and fly;
  And in thy  flight aloud on Cratis cry.   Chapman.
    Auria had hoised sail, and was on his way toward
  the bay of Naupactus.                  Knolles.
    They loosed the rudder-bands, and hoised up the
  mainsail to  the wind, and made toward shore. Acts.
    That man which prizeto virtue  for itself, and
  cannot endure to hoise and strike his  sails, as the
  divers natures of calms and storms requirfe,  must
  cut his sails of mean length and breadth, and con-
  tent himself with a slow and sure navigation.
                                      .Rafeig-ft.
    What made Absalom kick at all  the kindnesses
  of his father, but because his ambition  would needs
  be fingering toe sceptre, and hoisting  him  into his
  father's throne.                         Soufft.
            We thought for Greece
  The sails were hoisted, and  our fears release.
                                      Dryden,
    They ftoisf him on toe bier, and deal the  dole,
  And toere 's an end.                   Dryden.
    What haste she made to ftoisf her purple sails!
  And to appear magnificent in flight,
  Drew half  our strength away.           Dryden.
    Their navy swarms upon  the coasts: they cry
  To ftoisf toeir anchors, but the gods deny.  Diyden.
    Seke him, take, ftoisf him up, break off his hold,
  And toss him headlong from toe temple's wall.
                                     SoufAern.
    If't was  an island where they found the shells,
  they straightway concluded that  the  whole island
  lay originally at the bottom of the sea, and that it
  was hoisted up by some vapour from beneath.
                                    Woodward.

Hold, hold, in the old  glossaries, is men-
   tioned in the same sense  with wold, i. e.
   a  governour  or  chief  officer; but,  in
   some other places, for  love,  as holdlic,
   lovely.                            Gibson.
To HOLD, hold. v. a.  preter. held; part.
   pass, held or holden.  [haldan, Gothick;
   halban,  Sax. henden, Dut.]
1.  To grasp  in the hand; to  gripe;  to
   clutch.
    Lift up the lad, hold him in toy hand.   Genesis.
    France,  thou may'st hold a serpent by the tongue,
  A fasting tyger safer by toe tooth,
  Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost Aofd.
                                       SAafcsp.
2. To keep; to retain; to gripe fast; not to
   let go.
    Too late it was for satyr  to be told,
  Or ever hope recover her again;
  In vain he  seeks, that having cannot Aofd. F. Queen.
    Prove all things: Aofd fast that which is good.
                               2 Thessalonians.
   To connect; to keep from separation.
    The loops ftefd one curtain to another.   Exodus.
   To maintain as an opinion.
    Thou hast there toem that Aofd the doctrine of
  Balaam.                           Revelation.
   To  consider; to regard.
     I as a stranger to my heart and me
  Hold thee  from this for ever.             Shaksp.
                    6c2
  praise or blame.
    I ftofd him but a fool, that will endanger
  His body for a girl that loves him not.      Shaky.
    One amongst the fairest of Greece,
  That ftofds his honour higher than his ease. Shaksp-
    This makes thee, blessed peace, so light to ftofd,
  Like summer's flies that fear not winter's cold.
                                      Fairfax.
    Hold such in reputation.           Philippians
    He would make us amends, and spend some time
  wito us, if we  Aefd his  company and confei *ic<
  agreeable.                             Bacon-
    As Chaucer is the father of English poetry, so I
  ftofd him in the same degree of veneration as the
  Grecians ftefd Homer, or the Romans Virgil. Dryd.
    Ye Latian dames, if any here
  Hold your unhappy  queen Amata dear!    Dryden.
7. To receive, and keep  in a vessel.
    She tempers dulcet creams, nor these to Aofd
  Wants her fit vessels pure.               Millon.
   To contain; to receive into its capacity:
  as, a hogshead holds  sixty-three  gal-
  lons;  the  sack is  too  little  to hold the
  grain.
  To keep;  not to spill.
    Broken cisterns that can Aofd no water.     JTer.
10. To keep; to hinder from escape.
    For this infernal  pit shall never Aofd
  Celestial spirits in bondage.              MUton.
11. To keep from spoil;  to defend.
            With what arms
  We mean to ftofd what anciently we claim
  Of empire.                            Milton.
12. To keep from loss.
    Man should better Aofd his place  ~
  By wisdom.                            MUton.
13. To have any  station.
    The star that bids the shepherd fold,
  Now the top of heav'n doth Aofd.         Milton.
    And now the strand, and now the plain toey held;
  Their ardent eyes with bloody streaks were fill'd.
                                       Dryden.
    Observe  the youth who first appears in sight,
  And Aofds the nearest station to the light.  Dryden.
14.  To possess;  to have.
     Holding Corioli  in the name of Rome,
  Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash,
  To let him slip at will.                  Shaksp.
     The castle, ftofden by a garrison of Germans,  he
  commanded to be besieged.              Knolles.
     Assuredly it is more shame for a man to lose that
  which he holdeth,  than to fail in getting that which
  he never had.                       Hayward.
15.  To possess in subordination.
     He was  willing to yield himself unto Solyman as
  his vassal,  and of  him  to Aofd his seigniory for a
  yearly tribute.                         Knolles.
     The terms too hard by which I was to Aofd
  The good.                             Afiffon.
16.  To suspend; to refrain.
     Men in the midst of their  own blood, and so fu-
  riously assailed, Aefd their  hands, contrary to the
  laws of nature aud necessity.             Bacon.
     Death! what do'st? O ftofd thy blow!
  What thou do'st, thou dost not know.     Crashaw.
 17.  To stop; to restrain.
     We cannot hold mortality's strong hand.  Shaks.
     Fell, banning hag! inckantress, Aofd thy tongue.
                                       SAafcsp.
     When straight the people, by no force compell'd,
  Nor longer from their inclination Aefd,
  Break forth at once.                     Waller.
     Unless thou find occasion, hold thy tongue;
  Thyself or others, careless talk may wrong.  Denft.
     Hold your laughter, then divert your fellow-ser-
  vants.                                  Swift.
 18. To fix to any condition.

          His gracious promise you might,
   As cause had call'd you up,  have Aefd him to.
                                        Shaksp 
HOL
HOL
HOL
19. To  keep; to save.
    Stay but a little; for my cloud of dignity
  Is ftefd  from falling with so weak a wind,
  That it will quickly drop:  my day is dim.   SAafcs.
20. To  confine  to a certain  state.
    The  Most High then shewed signs  for them, and
  Aefd still the flood, till they were passed over.
                                       2 Esdras.
" 1. To  detain;  to keep in  confinement or
   subjection.

    Him God hath raised up, having loosed the pains
  of death, because it was not possible  that he should
  he Aofden of it.                            Acts.
22. To retain; to continue.
    These reasons mov'd  her  star-like husband's
           heart;
  But still he Aefd  his purpose to depart.     Dryden.
23. To practise with continuance.
                     Night
  And chaos, ancestors of nature, Aofd
  Eternal anarchy.                       Milton.
24. Not to intermit.
    Seed time and harvest, heat  and hoary frost,
   Shall Aofd their  course.                  Milton.
25.  To solemnize; to celebrate.
     The queen this day here Aofds her parliament,
   But little thinks  we shall be of  her council. Shaksp.
     He  Aefd a feast in his house, like toe feast of a
   king.                                1 Samuel.
 26. To conserve; not to infringe.
     Her husband  heard it, and Aefd his peace.
                                       Numbers.
     She said, and  Aefd her peace; lEneas went,
   Unknowing whom the sacred sybil meant.  Dryden.
 2-7. To manage; to  handle  intellectually.
     Some in their discourse desire rather commen-
   dation of wit, in being able to Aofd all arguments,
   than of judgment in discerning  what  is true. Bacon.
 28. To maintain.
     Whereupon toey also made engines against their
   engines, and Aefd them battle a long  season. 1 Afac.
 29. To carry on conjunctively.
     The Pharisees Aefd a council against him. Matt.
     A while discourse they Aofd.           Milton.
 30. To prosecute; to continue.
     He came to the land's end, where he Aofding- his
   course towards  the west,  did  at length peaceably
   pass through the straits.                   Abbot.
 31.  To Hold forth.  To  offer to exhibit;
   to propose.
     Christianity came into the world  with the great-
   est simplicity of thought and language, as well  as
   life and manners, holding forth nothing but  piety,
   charity, and humility, with the belief of toe Messi-
   ah and of his kingdom.                  Temple.
      Observe  the  connection of  ideas in the proposi-
   tions, which books hold forth and pretend to teach
   as truths.                                Locke.
      My account is so far from interfering with Moses,
   that  it holds forth a natural  interpretation of his
   sense.                              Woodward.
 32.  To Hold  forth.   To protend;  to put
   forward to view.
      How joyful anii pleasant a  thing is it  to have a
   light Aefd us forth from heaven to direct our steps!
                                          Cheyne.
 33.  To Hold in.   To restrain;  fo  govern
    by the bridle.
      I have lately  sold my nag, and honestly told his
   greatest fault, which is, that he became such a lov-
   er of  liberty, that I could scarce ftofd him in.  Swift.
 34.  To Hold  in.   To restrain in general.
      These men's  hastiness the warier  sort of you doth
   not commend; ye wish  they  had held themselves
   longer in, and not so dangerously flown abroad.
                                          Hooker.
 35.  To Hold  off.    To keep at a distance.
      Although 'tis  fit that Cassio  have  his place;
   Yet if you please to hold him off a while,
   You shall by that perceive him>           Shaksp.
    The object of sight doth strike upon the pupil of
  the eye directly without any interception; whereas
  the cave of the ear doth Aofd off the sound a little
  from the organ.                          Bacon.
    I am the better acquainted with you for absence,
  as men are with themselves for affliction: absence
  does  but  Aofd off a friend, to make one see him
  truly.                                   Pope.
36. To Hold  on.   To  continue;  to pro-
   tract; to  push forward.
    They took Barbarossa, holding on his course to
  Africk, who brought great fear upon the countiy,
                                        JKnoffes.
    If the  obedience  challenged were indeed due,
  then did our brethren  both  begin the quarrel and
  ftofd  it on.                         Saunderson.

37. To Hold  out.   To  extend; to stretch
   forth.
    The king held  out to Esther the golden  sceptre
  that  was in his hand.                    Esther.
38. To Hold  out.   To offer;  to  propose.
    Fortune Aofds ouf these to you as rewards.
                                     Ben Jonson.
39. To Hold out.   To  continue to do or
   suffer.
    He cannot long Aofd ouf these pangs,
  Th' incessant care and labour of his mind.  Shaksp.
40. To  Hold up.   To  raise aloft.
    I should remember him;  does he not Aofd up his
  head, as it were,  and strut  in his gait?     Shaks]).
    The hand of the  Almighty  visibly ftefd  up, and
  prepared to take vengeance.              Locke.
41. To Hold  up.   To  sustain; to support
   by  influence or contrivance.
    There is no man at once  either excellently good
  or extremely evil, but grows either as he ftofds him-
  self up in virtue, or lets himself slide to viciousness.
                                         Sidney.
    It followeth, that  all which they do in this sort
  proceedeth originally from some  such agent as
  knoweth, appointeth, holdethup, and actually  fram-
  eth the same.                          Hooker.
    The time misorder'd doth in common sense
   Crowd us, and crush us to this monstrous form,
   To ftofd our safety up.                   Shaksp.
    And so success of mischief shall  be born,
   And heir from heir shall Aofd his quarrel up.  Shak.
    Those princes have Aefd up their sovereignty best,
   which have been sparing in those grants.   Davies.
    Then do not strike him dead with a denial,
   But Aofd him up in life, and cheer his soul
   With the faint glimmering of a doubtful hope.
                                  Addison's Cato.
42. To keep from falling; materially.
    We have often made one considerably thick piece
   of marble take and holdup another, having purpose-
   ly caused toeir  flat  surfaces to be carefully ground
   and polished.                            Boyle.
 To Hold, hold. v. ra.
 1.  To stand; to  be right; to be without ex-
    ception.
     To say that simply an argument, taken from man's
   authority, doth hold no way, neither affirmatively nor
   negatively, is hard.                     Hooker.
     This holdeth not in the sea-coasts.       Bacon.
     The lasting of plants is  most in  those that are
   largest of body; as  oak, elm, and chesnut, and this
   holdeth in trees; but in herbs it is often contrary.
                                          Bacon.
     When  the religion formerly received is rent by
   discords,  and when the holiness of the professors of
   religion is decayed, and  full of scandal, and withal
   the  times be stupid, ignorant, and barbarous, you
   may doubt the springing up of a new sect; if then
   also there should arise any extravagant and strange
   spirit, to make himself author thereof;  all which
   points ftefd when Mahomet published his law. Bacon.
     Nothing can be of greater use and defence to the
   mind than the discovering of the colours of good and
   evil, shewing in what cases they ftofd, and in what
   they deceive.                            Bacon.
    Where outward force constrains, the sentence
        ftofds;
  But who constrains me?                 Afiffon.
    None  of his solutions will hold by mere mecha-
  nicks.                                  Afore.
    This unseen agitation of the  minute  parts will
  ftofd in light and spirituous liquors.         Boyle.
    The drift of this figure ftofds good in all the parts
  ofthe creation.                     L'Estrange.
    The reasons given by them against the worship of
  images, will equally hold against the worship of ima-
  ges amongst christians.              Stillingfleet.
    It holds in all operative principles whatsoever, but
  especially in such as relate to morality; in which not
  to proceed, is  certainly to go backward.     SoufA.
    The proverb holds, that to be wise and love,
  Is hardly granted to the gods above.       Dryden.
    As if th' experiment were made to ftofd
  For base production, and reject the gold.   Dryden.
    This remark, I must acknowledge, is not so pro-
  per for the colouring as the design;  but it will hold
  tor both.                               Dryden.
    Our author  offers no reason; and when any body
  does, we shall  see whether it will ftofd or no. Locke.
    The rule holds in land as well as all other com-
  modities.                               Locke.
    Tins seems  to Aofd in most cases.      Addison.
    The analogy Aofds  good, and  precisely keeps to
  the same properties in the planets and comets.
                                        CAeyne.
    Sanctorius's experiment of perspiration, being to
  the other secretion as five to three, does not Aofd in
  this country, except in  the hottest time of summer.
                          Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    In words, as fashions, the same rule will Aofd;
  Alike fantastick, if too new or old.          Pope,
2. To continue  unbroken or unsubdued.
    Our force by land hato nobly Aefd.      Shaksp.
3. To last; to endure.
    We see, by the peeling of onions, what a holding
  substance the  skin is.                     Bacon.
          Never any man was yet so old,
  But hop'd his  life one winter more might Aofd.
                                       Denham.
4. To  continue without variation.
               We our state
  Hold, as you yours, while our obedience Aofds. Jtfiff.
    He did not  Aofd in this mind long.   L'Estrange.
5. To refrain.
    His dauntless heart would fain have Aefd
  From weeping, but his eyes rebell'd.      Dryden.
6. To stand  up for; to  adhere.
    Through envy of the devil came death into the
  world, aud they that do Aofd of his side do find it.
                                        Wisdom.
    They must, if they Aofd to their principles, agree
  that things had their production always as now they
  have.                                   Hale.
    When Grenada for your uncle ftefd
  You was by us restor'd, and he expell'd.   Dryden:
             Numbers Aofd
  With the fair freckled king and beard of gold-
   So vig'rous are his eyes, such rays they cast,
  So prominent his eagle's beak is plac'd.   Dryden.
7.  To be dependent on.
     The other two were great princes,  though Aofd-
  ing of him; men both of giant-like hugeness and
  force.                                 Sidney.
     The  mother, if the  house ftofds of the lady, had
  rather, yea and will, have her son cunning and bold.
                                        Ascham.
     The great barons had not only great numbers of
   knights; but even petty barons holding under toem.
                                         Temple.
     My crown  is absolute, and Aofds of none.  Dryd.
8.  To derive right.
     'Tis true, from force the noblest title springs;
   I therefore Aofd from  that which first made kings.
                                        Dryden.
9.  To maintain an  opinion.
     Men  Aofd and profess  without ever having ex-
   amined.                                 Locke.
 10.  To  Hold forth.   To harangue;  to 
HOL
HOL
HOL
   speak in publick; to set forth publickiy.
    A petty conjuror, telling  fortunes, held forth  in
  toe market-place.                   L'Estrange.
II.  7'o  Hold w.    To restrain one's  self.
    I am full of the fury of  the Lord; I  am weary
  with holding in.                      Jeremiah.
12.  To  Hold in. To continue in luck.
    A duke, playing at hazard, Aefd in a great  many
  hands together.                          Swift.
13.  To  Hold off.   To  keep  at a distance
   without  closing with  offers.
    These are interests important enough, and yet we
  must be wooed to consider them; nay, that does not
  prevail  neither, but with a perverse coyness we hold
  °ff-                             Decay of Piety.
14.  To  Hold on.   To continue; not to be
   interrupted.
    The  trade ftefd on for many  years after the bi-
  shops became protestants: and some of their names
  are still remembered  with  infamy, on account of
  enriching their families by such sacrilegious aliena-
  tions.                                   Swift.
15.  To  Hold on.   To  proceed.
    He held  on, however, till he was upon the very
  point of breaking.                  L'Estrange-
16. To  Hold out.    To  last; to endure.
    Before those dews that form manna come upon
  trees in the valleys, they dissipate, and cannot ftofcf
  out.                                   Bacon.
    As there are mountebanks for the natural  body,
  so are there mountebanks for the politick body; men
  that perhaps have been lucky in two or three expe-
  riments, but want the grounds of science, and there-
  fore cannot Aofd ouf.                     Raeon.
    Truth, fidelity,  and justice, are a sure way of
  thriving, and will hold out, when all fraudulent arts
  and devices will fail.                  TUlotsoii.
    By  an extremely exact  regimen a consumptive
  person  may ftofd ouf for years, if the symptoms are
  not violent.                         Arbuthnot.

17. To  Hold out.   Not to yield; not to be
   subdued.
    The  great  master  went  with his company to a
  place where the Spaniards,  sore charged by Achi-
  metes,  had much ado to hold out.         Knolles.
    You  think it strange a person, obsequious to those
  he loves, should ftofd ouf so long against importu-
  nity.                                   Boyle.
    Nor  could the hardest ir'n hold out
  Against his blows.                    Hudibras.
    I would cry now, my eyes grow womanish;
  But yet my heart ftofds ouf.              Dryden.
    The  citadel of Milan has Aefd ouf formerly, after
  the conquest of the rest of the dutchy.   Addison.
    Pronounce your thoughts: are they still fixt
  To Aofd it ouf, and fight it to the last?
  Or are  your hearts subdu'd  at length, and wrought,
  By time and ill success, to a submission?  Addison.
    As to the holding out against so many alterations
  of state, it sometimes proceeds from principles.
                                        Collier.
18.  To  Hold  together.   To be joined.
    Those old Gothick castles made at several times,
  ftofd together only, as it were, by rags and patches.
                                       Diyden.
19.  To   Hold  together.   To remain in
   union.
    Even outlaws and robbers, who break with all the
  world besides, must keep faith amongst themselves,
  or else  they cannot Aofd together.          Locke.
20.  To  Hold up.    To  support himself.
    All  the  wise sayings which philosophers  could
  muster  up,  have helped only to support some few
  stout and obstinate minds, which, without the assis-
  tance of philosophy, could have Aefd up pretty well
  of themselves.                       Tillotson.
21. To  Hold up. Not to be foul  weather.
    Though nice and dark the point appear,
  Quoth Ralph, it may hold up and clear.   Hudibras.
22.  To  Hold up.   To  continue the same
   speed.
    When two start into the world together, the suc-
  cess of the first seems to press upon the reputation
  of the latter; for why could not he Aofd up? Collier.
23.  To Hold with.   To adhere to; toco-
   operate  with.
    There is none that holdeth with me in these things
  but Michael.                          Daniel.
Hold, hold, has the appearance  of  an in-
   terjection; but is the imperative mood.
   Forbear;  stop;  be still.
    Hold, ho!  lieutenant—sir—Montano!  Gentle-
          men,
  Have you forgot all sense of place and duty?
  The general speaks to you—ftofd,  Aofd,  for shame!
                                    Shakspeare.
    Hold, hold! are all thy empty wishes such?
  A good old woman would have  said as much.  Dryd.
Hold, hold.  ra.  s.  [from the verb.]
1. The act of seizing;  gripe; grasp;  seiz-
   ure.  It is used  with great frequency,
   both literally and figuratively,  both for
   manual  and intellectual agency.   The
   verbs with which it is  oftenest united,
   are  take, lay, have.
    Those bards delivered no  certain  truth of any
  thing; neither is there any certain hold to be fafcen
  of any antiquity which is received by tradition.
                                       Spenser.
    The wits of the multitude are such,  that many
  things they cannot fay Aofd on  at once.    Hooker.
    Uzzah put forth his hand to  the ark of God, and
  foofc hold of it; for the oxen shook it.      2  Sam.
    This is to give him liberty and power:
  Rather thou should'st fay ftofd  upon him, send him
  To deserv'd  death,  and a just punishment.
                                   Ben Jonson.
             Let but them
  Find courage to fay hold on this occasion.  MUton.
    The devil himself, when let loose upon Job, could
  not transport that patient good  man beyond his tem-
  per, or make him quit his Aofd.       L'Estrange.
    He seiz'd the shining bough with griping ftofd,
  And rent away with ease the ling'ring gold.   Dryd.
    The hand is divided into four fingers bending for-
  wards, and one opposite to them bending backwards,
  and of greater strength than  any of them singly,
  which we call the thumb, to join with them  seve-
  rally or united, whereby it is fitted to fay hold of ob-
  jects of any size or quantity.                Ray.
    Yet then, from all my grief,  0 Lord,
  Thy mercy set me free,
    Whilst in the confidence of  pray'r,
  My soul fooA ftofd on thee.              Addison.
    We  are strangely backward to fay ftofd of this
  safe, this only method of cure.          Atterbury.
             He kept his hold,
  Ner lost till beauty was decay'd and old,
  And love was by possession pall'd and cold.  Granv.
2. Something to be held;  support.
    If  a man be upon an high place, without rails or
  good  ftofd, he is ready to fall.              Bacon.
3. Power of keeping.
             On your vigour now,
  My ftofd of this new kingdom all depends.  MUton.
4. Catch; power of seizing.
    The law hath yet another ftofd on you.   Shaksp,
5. Prison; place of custody.
    They fay him in ftofd, because it was not declared
  what was to be done with him.            Hooker.
    The prisoner to his Aofd retir'd.        Dryden.
    They faid hands on them,  and put them in Aofd
  unto the next day.                         Acts.
6. Custody.
    King Richard, he is in the mighty Aofd
  Of Bolingbroke.                    Shakspeare.
7.  Power;   influence  operating  on  the
   mind.
    Rural recreations abroad, and books at home, are
  the innocent pleasures of a man who is early wise;
  and give fortune no more ftefd of him than  of ne-
  cessity he must.                        Dryden.
    Fear is that passion which hath the greatest pow-
  er over us, and by which God and his laws take the
  surest Aofd of us.                     Tillotson.
    Let it consist  with an unbeliever's interest and
  safety to wrong you, and then it will be impossible
  you can  have any hold upon him,  because there is
  nothing left to give him a check,  or to put  in the
  balance against his profit.                 Swift-
8. Hold of a  ship.  All that part which
   lies between the  keelson and the lower
   deck.                              Harris.
    Now a sea into the hold was got,
  Wave upon wave another sea had wrought.  Dryd.
9. A lurking place: as, the hold of a wild
   beast or deer.
10. A fortified place; a fort; a safe residence.
    It was his policy to leave no ftofd behind him; but
  make all plain and waste.               Spenser.
    These separated themselves unto David, into the
  ftofd to the wilderness, men of might.   Chronicles-
    He shall destroy the strong holds.     Jeremiah:

Ho'lder,  hol'dilr.98 ra. s. [from hold.]
1. One that holds or gripes any  thing in
   his hand.
    The makers and holders of ploughs are wedded
  to their own particular way.            Mortimer.
2. A tenant; one that  holds land under
   another.
    In times past  holdings were so plentiful, and
  holders so scarce, as  well was the landlord, who
  could not get one to be his tenant.         Carew.
Holderfo'rth, hol-dilr-forM'. ra. s.  [hold
   and forth.]    An haranguer;  one  who
   speaks in  publick.
    Whence some tub holdersforth have made
  In powd'ring tubs the richest trade.      Hudibras.
    He was confirmed in this opinion upon seeing the
  holderforth.                          Addison.
Ho'ldfast, hold'fast. ra. s. [hold and fast.]
   Any thing which  takes  hold;  a catch;
   a hook.
    The several teeth  are furnished with holdfasts
  suitable to  the stress that they are put to.    Rav.

Ho'lding, hokl'ing. ra. s. [from hold.]
I. Tenure;  farm.
    Holdings were so plentiful, and holders so  scarce
  as  well was the landlord, who could not get  a  te-
  nant.                                  Carew.
2. It sometimes signifies the  burden or
   chorus of a song.               Hanmer.
    The holding every man shall beat as loud
  As his strong sides can volly.         Siiakspear.e,
Hole, hole.  ra.  s. [hoi, Dutch; hole, Sax.]
1. A cavity  narrow and long, either per-
   pendicular or horizontal.
    The earth had not a ftofe to hide this deed.  Sftafcs.
    A loadstone is  so disposed, that it  shall draw
  unto it, On a reclined plane,  a bullet of steel,  which,
  as it ascends  near to the loadstone, may fall down
  through some hole, and so return to the place whence
  it began to move.                      Wilkins.
    There are the tops of the mountains, and  under
  their roots  in ftofes and caverns the air is often de-
  tained.                               Buriitt.
2. A perforation;  a small iutersticial va-
   cuity.
    Look upon linen that has  small Aofes in it: those
  ftofes appear black, men are often deceived  in tak-
  ing ftofes for spots of ink; and  painters, to  repre-
  sent holes,  make use of black.             Boyle.
3. A cave;  a hollow place.
    Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
  A precious ring, that lightens all the ftofe. Shaksp.
4. A cell of an animal.
    A tortoise  spends all his days in a hole,  with a
  house upon his head.                 L'Estran°-e.
    I have frightened ants with my fingers, and pur-
,  sued them as far as another hole, stopping all pas- 
HOL
HOL
HOL
  sages to their own nest, and it was natural for them
  to fly into the next ftofe.                Addison.
5.  A mean habitation.   Hole is  generally
   used,  unless in  speaking  of  manual
   works, with  some degree of dislike.
    When Alexander first beheld the face
  Of the great cynick, thus he did lament:
  How much more happy thou, that art content
  To live within this little hole, than I
  Who after empire, that vain quarry, fly.   Dryden.
6. Some subterfuge or shift.   Ainsworth.
7. Arm-hole. The cavity under the shoul-
   der.
    Tickling is most in the soles, and under the arm-
  holes and sides.                         Bacon.
Ho'lidam, hol'e-dam.  ra.  s. [holy dame.]
   Blessed lady.                   Hanmer.
    By my holidam, here comes Catharine. Shaksp.
Ho'lily, ho'le-le. adv. [from holy.]
1. Piously; with sanctity.
             Thou would'st be great,
   Art not without ambition; but without
   The illness should  attend it: what thou would'st
         highly,
   That would'st thou holily.      -      Shakspeare.
2. Inviolably; without breach.
    Friendship, a rare  thing in princes, more rare
   between princes, that so  Aofify was observed to the
   last of those two excellent men.          Sidney.
Ho'liness, ho'le-nes. ra. s. [from holy]
1. Sanctity; piety; religious goodness.
    Ill  it doth beseem your holiness
   To separate the husband and the wife.    Shaksp.
    Religion is rent by discords, and the  holiness of
   the professors is decayed, and full of scandal.
                                        Bacon.
    Then in full age, and hoary holiness,
   Retire, great teacher, to thy promis'd bliss.  Prior.
    We see piety and  holiness ridiculed  as morose
   singularities.                          Rogers.
2. The state of being hallowed; dedication
   to religion.
3. The title of the pope.
           I here appeal unto the pope,
   To bring my whole cause 'fore his holiness.  Shak.
    His holiness has told some English gentlemen,
   that those of our nation should have the privileges.
                                       Addison.
Ho'LLAj'hol-lo'. interj. [hola,  French.]  A
   word used in calling to any  one at a dis-
   tance.
                List, list! I hear
   Some far off Aoffa break the silent air.     Milton.
To Ho'lla, hol-16'. v.  ra.  [from  the inter-
   jection. This word is now vitiously writ-
   ten  hollow by the best  authors; some-
   times halloo.]  To cry out loudly.
    But I will find him when he lies asleep,
  And in his ear I'll Aoffa Mortimer.     Shakspeare.
    What hollaing and what stir is this to-day?
                                       SAafcsp.
Ho'lland, hol'land.88  ra.  s.   Fine  linen
   made in Holland.
    Some for the pride of Turkish courts design'd,
  For folded turbans finest holland bear.     Dryden.
Ho'llow, hol'lo.33? adj. [from hole.]
1. Excavated; having a void space within;
   not  solid.
               It is fortune's use
  To let the wretched man outlive his wealth,
  To view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow
  An age of poverty.                      Shaksp.
    Some search for hollow trees, and fell the woods.
                                       Diyden-
    He frets, he  fumes, he stares,  he stamps the
        ground;
  The hollow tow'rs with clamours ring around.
                                       Dryden.
2. Noisy, like sound  reverberated from a
   cavity.
               The southern wind,
  Now by his hollow whistling in the leaves,
  Foretels a tempest.                     Shaksp.
    Thence issu'd such a blast and hollow roar,
  As thieaten'd from the hinge to heave the door.
                                      Dryden.
.3.  Not faithful;  not  sound;  not what one
   appears.
    Who in want a hollow friend doth try,
  Directly seasons him his enemy.          Shaksp.
    Hollow church papists are like the roots of net-
  tles, which themselves  sting not; but bear all the
  stinging leaves.                       Bacon.
            He seem'd,
  For dignity compos'd, and high exploit;
  But all was false and hollow.             Milton.
Ho'llow, hol'16.  ra. s.
1. Cavity; concavity.
    I 've heard myself proclaim'd,
  And by the liappy hollow of a tree
  Escap'd the hunt.                    Shakspeare.
    I suppose there is  some vault or hollow, or isle,
  behind the wall, and some passage to it.   Bacon.
       Against the horse's side his spear
  He throws, which trembles with enclosed fear;
  Whilst from the hollows of his womb proceed
  Groans, not his own.                   Denham.
    Himself, as in the hollow of his hand,
  Holding, obedient to his high command,
  The deep abyss.                        Prior.
2. Cavern; den;  hole.
    Who art thou, that lately did'st descend
  Into this gaping hollow of the earth?       Shaksp.
                Forests grew
  Upon the barren hollows, high o'ershading
  The haunts of savage beasts.              Prior.
3.  Pit.
    A fine genius for  gardening thought of forming
  such an unsightly hollow into so uncommon and
  agreeable a scene.                     Addison.
4. Any opening or vacuity.
  He touched the hollow of his thigh.      Genesis.
5. Passage; canal.
    The little springs and rills are conveyed through
  little channels into  the  main hollotjo of the  aque-
  duct.                                Addison.
To  Ho'llow, hol'16.  v.  a. [from   the
   noun.]  To make hollow; to excavate.
    Trees rudely hollow'd, did the waves sustain,
  'Ere ships in triumph plow'd the wat'ry plain. Dryd.
    Multitudes were employed in the sinking of wells
  and the hollowing of trees.             Spectator.
To Ho'llow, hol'16. v. ra. [This is writ-
   ten by neglect  of  etymology for holla.
   See Holla.]  To shout; to hoot.
    This unseen judge will wait, and in your ear
  Will hollow, rebel, tyrant, murderer.     Dryden.
    I pass for a disaffected person and a murderer,
  because I do not hoot and hollow, and make a noise.
                                      Addison.
    He with  his hounds comes hollowing from the
        stable,
  Makes love with nods, and kneels beneath a table.
                                        Pope.
Ho'llowhearted,   hol'lo-har'ted.   adj.
   [hollow and heart.]  Dishonest;  insin-
   cere; of practice or sentiment differing
   from profession.
    What could  be  expected from  him, but knotty
  and crooked hollowhearted dealings?       Howel.
    The hollowhearted disaffected,
  And close malignants are detected.      Hudibras.
Ho'llowlv, hol'16-le. adv. [from hollow.]
I. With cavities.
2. Unfaithfully; insincerely; dishonestly.
          0 earth bear witness,
  And crown what I profess with kind event,
  If I speak true, if holloivly, invert
  What best is boadedme, to mischief!     Shaksp.
    You shall arraign your conscience
  And try your penitence, if it be sound,
  Or holloivly put on.                     Shaksp.
Ho'llowness, hol'16-nes. ra. *. [from hol-
   low]
1. Cavity;  state  of being hollow.
    If you throw a stone or a dart, they give no sound;
  no more do bullets, except they happen to be a little
  hollowed in the casting, which hollowness penneth
  the air.                               Bacon.
    I have seen earth taken up by a strong wind, so
  that there remained great empty hollowness in the
  place.                              Hakewill.
    An heap of sand  or  fine  powder will suffer no
  hollowness  within them, though  they be dry sub-
  stances. ^                              Burnet.
2. Deceit;  insincerity; treachery.
    Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least;
  Nor are those empty-hearted, whose low sound
  Reverbs no hollowness.               Shakspeare.
    People, young and raw, and soft-natured, think
  it  an easy thing to gain love,  and reckon their
  own friendship a sure  price  of any man's: but
  when experience shall have shewn them the hard-
  ness of most hearts, toe hollowness of others, and
  the  baseness and ingratitude  of  almost  all, they
  will then find that a friend is  the gift of God,
  and that he only who made hearts can unite them.
                                        Soufft.
Ho'llowroot,  hol'lo-root.   ra. s.  [hollow
  and root.] A plant.          Ainsworth.

Ho'llv, hol'le.  ra. 8. [holeyn,  Saxon.]  A
  tree.
    The leaves are set about the edges  wito long,
  sharp, stiff prickles: the berries are  small, round,
  and  generally  of  a red colour, containing four
  triangular  striated seeds in  each.  Of this kee
  there  are  several species; some variegated in the
  leaves; some with yellow  berries, and some with
  white.                                Miller.
    Fairest blossoms drop with every blast;
  But the brown beauty will like ftoffies last.   Gay.
          Some to the ftoffy hedge
  Nestling repair, and to the thicket some;
  Some to the rude protection ofthe thorn.   Thomson.
Ho'llyhock, hol'le-hok.  ra. *  [holibec,
  Saxon:   commonly  called   holy oak.]
  Rosemallow.  It is in every respect lar-
  ger than  the common mallow.    Miller.
    Hollyhocks far exceed poppies for  their durable-
  ness, and are very ornamental.        Mortimer.
Ho'llyrose, hol'le-roze. ?
Ho'llytree,  h61'le-tree. 5  n'  s' PIants-
                                  Ainsworth.
Holme, holme,  ra. s.
1. Holme or howme,  whether jointly  or
   singly,  comes from the Saxon holme,
  a river  island;  or   if the  place be not
  such, the same word signifies  also  an
  hill, or mountain.    Gibson's  Camden.
2. The ilex; the evergreen  oak.
    Under what tree did'st thou take toem compa-
  nying together? who answered, under a holm tree.
                                     Susannaft.
    The carver  ftofme,  the maple seldom inward
        sound-                          Spenser.
Ho'looaust, hol'6-kawst. n. s. [«A@- and
  K»ia.]  A burnt sacrifice;  a  sacrifice of
  which the whole was consumed by fire,
  and nothing retained by the offerer.
    Isaac carried the wood for the sacrifice, which
  being an holocaust,  or burnt offering, to be con-
  sumed unto ashes, we cannot well conceive a bur-
  then for a boy                         B
    Let the eye behold no evil thing, and it is made
  a sacrifice; let the tongue speak no filthy word, and 
II  0 L
H  0 M
II  OM
  it becomes an oblation;  let the hand do no unlaw-
  ful action, and you render it a holocaust.     Ray.
   Eumenes cut a piece from every part of the vic-
  tim, and by this he made it an  holocaust, or an en-
  tire sacrifice.                          Broome.

Ho'lograph,  hol'6-graf.  ra. s.  [«A(^  and
   y$k<pu.]  This word  is used in the Scot-
   ish  law to denote  a deed written  alto-
   gether by the granter s  own hand.
Holp, holp. The  old pret. and part. pass.
   of help.
   His great love, sharp as his spur, hath ftofp  him
  To 's home before us.                  Shaksp.
Ho'lpen,  hol'p'n.103  The old participle
   passive of help.
   In  a  long trunk the sound is  holpen, though both
  toe mouth and the ear be a handful from the trunk;
  and somewhat more holpen when the hearer is  near,
  than when toe speaker.                  Bacon.

Ho'lster,  hol'stur.98  ra.   s.  [heolyten.,
   Saxon,  a  hiding-place.]  A case for a
   horseman's  pistol.
    In 's rusty holsters put what meat
  Into his hose he cou'd not  get.            Butler.
Holt, holt, whether  at the beginning or
   ending of the name  of any place, signi-
   fies that it is or hath been woody, from
   the Saxon hoit, a wood;  or sometimes
   possibly from the Saxon  hoi,  i. e.  hol-
   low,  especially when the name  ends in
   tun or dun.                      Gibson.
HO'LY, ho'le. adj. [halig,  Saxon; heyligh,
   Dutch; from hal, healthy, or in a state
   of salvation.]
1. Good;  pious; religious.
    See where his  grace stands 'tween two clergy-
        men!
  And see a book of prayer in his hand;
  True ornaments to know a Aofy  man.      Shaksp.
    With joy he will  embrace you; for he's honour-
        able,
  And, doubling that, most Aofy.           Shaksp.
2. Hallowed; consecrated  to divine use.
    State, Aofy or unhallow'd, what of that?  Shaksp.
    Bare was his hoary head ? one Aofy hand
  Held forth his laurel crown, and one his sceptre.
                                      Dryden.
3. Pure; immaculate.
    Common sense could tell them that the good God
  could not be pleased with any  thing cruel; nor the
  most Aofy God with any thing filthy and unclean.
                                       Soufft.
4. Sacred.
    An evil soul producing Aofy witness,
  Is like a villain with a smiling cheek.     Shaksp.
    He has deserv'd it, were it carbuncled
  Like Aofy Phoebus' car.                 Shaksp.

Ho'ly-ghost,  ho'le-gost.   ra.  s.  [hahg,
   and gart, Saxon.]  The third person of
   the  adorable Trinity.
    If strength of persuasion be the light which  must
  guide us, I ask, how shall any one distinguish the
  inspirations of the Holy-ghost?            Locke.

Ho'lv-thursday,  ho'le-r/Wrz-da.  ra.  s.
   The day on  which the ascension of our
   Saviour is commemorated, ten days be-
   fore  Whitsuntide.
Ho'ly-week,  ho'le-week'. ra. s. The week
   before Easter,  in which the passion of
   our Redeemer is  commemorated.
Ho'lyday, hol'e-da.  ra. s.  [holy and day.]
1. The day of some ecclesiastical festival.
2. Anniversary  feast.
    This victory was so welcome unto the  Persians,
  that in memorial thereof they  kept that day as one
  of their solemn holy-days for many years after.
                                      A'noffes.
    Rome's holydays you tell, as if a guest
  With  the old Romans you were  wont to feast.
                                       Waller.
3.  A day of gayoty and joy.
    What, have I 'scap'd love-letters in the  holyday
  time of my beauty, and am I now  a subject for them?
                                       SAafcsp.
4. A time that comes seldom.
    Courage is but  a holyday kind of virtue, to  be
  seldom exercised.                      Dryden.
HO'MAGE, hom'aje.90 ra. s. [hommage,
   French; homagium, low Latin.]
1. Service  paid and  fealty  professed to  a
   sovereign or superiour lord.
          Call my sovereign yours,
  And do him homage as obedient subjects.   Shaksp.
    The chiefs, in a solemn manner, did their ftoma-
  ges, and made  their oaths of fidelity to the earl
  marshal.                              Davies.
2. Obeisance; respect  paid  by  external
   action.
    The gods great mother, when  her heav'nly race
  Do homage to her.                    Denham.
    A tuft of daisies on a  flow'ry lay
  They saw, and thitherward they  bent their way;
  To  this both knights and dames their homage made,
  And due obeisance to the daisy paid.      Dryden.
    Go,"go, with homage yon proud victors meet!
  Go, lie like dogs beneath your master's feet. Dryd.
To   Ho'mage,  hom'aje. v. a.  [from the
   noun.]   To reverence by external ac-
   tion; to pay honour to; to profess fealty.
Ho'mager, hom'a-jur.9s ra.  s. [hommager,
   Fr. from homage]  One who  holds by
   homage of a superiour lord.
    Thou blushest, Antony; and that blood of thine
  Is Caesar's homager.                     Shaksp.
    His subjects, traytors, are received by the duke
  of Bretagne, his homager.                Bacon.
HOME, home.  ra. s.  [ham, Saxon.]
1. His own house; the private dwelling.
    I'm now from home, and out of that provision
  Which shall be needful  for your  entertainment.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Something like home that is  not home is to  be
  desired; it is found in the house of a friend. Temple.
    Home is the sacred refuge  of our life,
  Secur'd from all approaches but  a wife.   Dryden.
          When Hector  went to see
  His virtuous wife, the fair Andromache,
  He found her not at home; for she was gone. Dryd.
    Those who have homes, when home they do re-
        pair,
  To a last lodging call their wand'ring friends.
                                      Dryden.
2. His own country.
    How can tyrants safely govern home,
  Unless abroad they purchase great alliance? Shaks.
    Their  determination  is to  return to their homes,
  and to trouble you no more.              Shaksp.
    With honour to his Aome let Theseus ride,
  With love to friend.                    Dryden.
    At Aome the hateful names of  parties cease,
  And factious souls are wearied into peace.   Dryd.
    They who pass through a foreign country, towards
  their native Aome, do not usually  give up themselves
  to the pleasures of the place.          Atterbury.
3. The place of constant residence.
    Flandria, by plenty made  the  Aome of war,
  Shall weep her crime, and bow to Charles restor'd.
                                        Prior.
4.  Home, united to a. substantive, signifies
   domestick, or ofthe same country.
    Let the exportation of home commodities be more
  in value than the importation of foreign.   Bacon.
Home, home. adv.  [from the noun.]
1.  To  one's own habitation.
    One of Adam's children in the mountains lights
  on a glittering substance;  Aome he carries it  ""
  Adam,  who finds it to be  hard, to have a bright
  yellow colour, and exceeding great weight.  Locke,
2. To one's own country.
3. Close to one's own breast or affairs.
    He that  encourages treason lays  the foundation
  of a doctrine that will come Aome to himself.
                                   L'Estrange.
    This  is a consideration that comes Aome to our
  interest.                             Addison.
    These considerations, proposed in general terms,
  you will, by particular application, bring home  to
  your own concern.                       Wake.
4. To the point designed;  to the  utmost;
  closely; fully.
    Crafty enough either to hide his faults, or never
  to shew them, but when they might pay Aome. Sid.
    With his prepared sword he charges Aome
  My unprovided body.                    Shaksp.
            A loyal sir
  To him thou follow'st: I will pay thy graces
  Home both in word and deed.            Shaksp.
    Accuse him Aome and Aome.            Shaksp.
    Men of age object too much, adventure too little,
  and seldom drive business home to the full period;
  but content themselves with  a mediocrity of success.
                                       Bacon.
    That cometh up home to the business, and taketh
  off the objection clearly.             Sanderson.
          Break through toe thick array
  Of his throng'd legions, and charge Aome  upon him.
                                     Addison.
    He makes choice of some piece of morality; and,
  in order to press this home, he makes less use  of
  reasoning.                            Broome.
    I can only refer the reader to the authors them-
  selves, who speak very Aome to the point.  Atterb.
5. United to a substantive, it implies force
  and efficacy.
            Poison may be false;
  The Aome thrust of a friendly sword is sure.  Dryd.
    I am sorry to give him such home  thrusts; for he
  lays himself so open, and uses so little art to avoid
  them, that I must either  do nothing or expose his
  weakness.                        Stilling fleet.

Homebo'rn, home'born. adj.  [home and
  born.]
1. Native;  natural.
    Though to be thus elemented, arm
  These creatures from homeborn intrinsick harm.
                                       Donne.
2. Domestick;  not foreign.
            Num'rous bands
  With homeborn lies, or tales from foreign lands.
                                        Pope.

Ho'mebred, home'bred.  adj. [home and
  bred.]
I. Native; natural.
    God hath taken care to anticipate every man,  to
  draw him early into his church,  before other com-
  petitors, homebred lusts,  or vicious customs ofthe
  world, should be able to pretend to him. Hammond.
2. Not  polished by travel;  plain; rude;
  artless; uncultivated.
    Only  to me two homebred youths belong.  Dryd.
3. Domestick; not  foreign.
    But if of danger, which hereby doth dwell
  And homebred evil, ye  desire to hear,
  I can you tydings tell.              Fairy Queen,
          This once happy land,
  By homebred fury rent, long groan'd.      Philips.

Ho'mefelt,  tiome'f^lt. adj.  [home and
  felt.]  Inward; private.
     Yet they in pleasing slumber lull'd the sense,
  And in  sweet madness robb'd it of itself;
  But such a sacred and homefelt delight,
  Such sober certainty of waking bliss,
  I never heard till now.                  Milton
     Happy next him who to these shades retires,
  Whom nature charms, and whom the muse iuspires 
II  OM
II  O M
HON
  Whom humbler joys of homefelt quiet please,
  Successive study, exercise, and ease.       Pope.
Ho'melily, home'le-le. adv. [from home-
  ly] Rudely;  inelegantly.
Ho'meliness, home'le-nes.  n.  a.  [from
  homely.]   Plainness; rudeness;  coarse-
  ness.
    Homer has opened a great field of raillery to
  men of more delicacy than greatness of genius, by
  the homeliness of some of his sentiments.  Addison.

Ho'mely, horne'le.  adj.  [from  home]
   Plain; homespun; not elegant; not beau-
   tiful; not fine;  coarse; rude.   It is used
   both of persons and  things.
     F.ach  place  handsome  without  curiosity,  and
  homely without loathsomeness.   .         Sidney.
     Within this wood, out of a rock did rise
  A spring of water mildly tumbling down;
     Whereto approached  not in any wise
  The homely shepherd, nor  the ruder clown.  Spen.
     Like rich hangings in an homely house,
  So was his will in his old feeble body.      Shaksp.
     Be plain, good son, and liomely in thy drift;
  Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. Shak.
     Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.
                                   SAafcspeare.
     Our stomachs will make what 's homely savoury.
                                       Shaksp.
     It is for homely features to keep home;
  They had their name thence.            Milton.
     It is  observed by some,  that there is  none so
  homely but loves a  looking-glass.           Soufft.
     Their homely fare dispatch'd, the hungry band
  Invade their trenchers next.            Dryden.
     Now  Strephon daily entertains
  His Chloe in the homeliest strains.         Swift.
     Homely persons, the more they endeavour to
  adorn themselves, the more they expose the defects
   they want to hide.                   Clarendon.

 Ho'mely, horne'le. adv.  Plainly; coarse-
    ly; rudely.
     Thus like the god his father, homely drest,
   He strides into toe hall a  horrid guest.    Dryden.
 Ho'melyn, home'lin.  ra. s. A  kind of fish.
                                 Ainsworth.

 Ho'memade, home'made. adj.  [home and
    made]  Made at home; not manufac-
    tured in foreign parts.
      A tax laid on your native product, and homemade
   commodities, makes them yield less to the first sel-
   ler.                                  Locke.
 Ho'mer, ho'mur.98 ra.  s.  A Hebrew mea-
    sure of about  three  pints.
      An homer of barley  seed shall be valued at fifty
   shekels of silver.                     Leviticus.
 Ho'mespun, home'spun. adj. [home  and
    spun.]
 1.  Spun or wrought at home;  not  made
    by regular manufacturers.
      Instead of homespun  coifs were seen
   Good pinners, edg'd with  colberteen.       Swift.
 2.  Not  made in  foreign countries.
      He appeared in a suit of English broad-cloth,
   very plain, but rich; every thing he wore was sub-
   stantial, honest, homespun ware.        Addison.
 j.  Plain; coarse; rude; homely; inelegant.
      They sometimes put on when  they go ashore,
   long sleeveless coats of homespun cotton.  Sandys.
      We  say in our  homespun English proverb, He
   killed two birds with one  stone.          Dryden.
      Our homespun authors must forsake the field,
   And Shakspeare to the soft Scarlatti yield.    Add.

 Ho'mespun, home'spun.  ra. *.  A  coarse,
    inelegant, rude, untaught, rustick man.
    Not in use.
      What hempen  homespuns have  we swaggering
          here,
   So near the cradle of the fairy queen?      Shaksp.
Ho'mestall, home'stall.406)  n.  a. [ham
Ho'mestead, home'sted.406 5  and ycebe,
   Saxon.]  The place of the house.
    Both house and homestead into seas are borne,
  And rocks are from their own foundations torn.
                                     Dryden.
Ho'meward, home'ward.88 }  adv. [ham
Ho'mewards, home'wardz. 5 and pearib,
   Saxon.] Toward home; toward the na-
   tive place; towardthe place of residence.
    Then Urania homeward did arise,
  Leaving in pain their well-fed hungry eyes. Sidney.
            My affairs
  Do even drag me homeward.             Shaksp.
    Since such love's natural station is, may still
  My love descend, and journey down the hill,
  Not panting after growing beauties; so
  I shall ebb on with them who homexoard  go. Donne.
    Look homeward, angel, now, and melt with ruth;
  And, 0 ye dolphins, waft the napless youth!  Afiff.
    Like a long team of snowy swans on high,
   Which clap their wings, and cleave toe liquid sky,
  While homeward from their wat'ry pastures borne,
  They sing, and Asia's lakes their notes return. Dryd.
           What now remains,
   But that once more we tempt the wat'ry plains,
   And wand'ring homewards, seek our safety hence?
                                      Dryden.

 Ho'micide, hom'e-side. ra. s.  [homicide,
   Fr. homicidium, Latin.]
 1.  Murder; manquelling.
    The apostles command to abstain from  blood:
   construe this according to the law of nature, and it
   will seem, that homicide only is forbidden; but con-
   strue it  in reference to the law of the Jews, about
   which the question was, and it shall easily appear
   to have a clean other sense,  and a truer, when  we
   expound it of eating, and not of shedding blood.
                                      Hooker.
 2. Destruction. In the  following lines it
   is not proper.
     What wonder is 't that black  detraction thrives!
   The homicide of names is less than lives.  Dryden.
 3. [homicide, Fr. homicida, Lat.] A  mur-
   derer;  a  man-slayer.
     I'd undertake the death of all  the world,
   So might I live one hour in your sweet bosom.
     ----If I thought that, I tell thee, homicide,
   These nails should rend that beauty from my cheeks.
                                      SAafcsp.
     Hector comes,  the homicide, to wield
   His conq'ring arms, with corps to strew the field.
                                      Dryden.

 Homici'dal, hom-e-si'dal.  adj.  [from ho-
   micide.]  Murderous; bloody.
     The troop forth issuing from the dark recess,
   With homicidal rage, the king oppress.      Pope.
 Homile'tical,  hom-e-let'ik-al.  adj.  [o/ni-
   toTtKo$.]  Social; conversible.
     His life was holy, and when he had leisure for
   retirements, severe; his virtues active chiefly, and
   homiletical; not those lazy sullen ones of the cloys-
   ter.                                Atterbury.

 Ho'mily, hom'e-le. ra. s. [homilie, French;
   of^ixict.]   A  discourse  read  to a  con-
    gregation.
     Homilies were  a third kind of readings usual in
   former times; a  most commendable institution, as
   well then to supply the casual, as now  the necessa-
   ry defect of sermons.                  Hooker.
     What tedious homily of love have you wearied
   your parishioners withal, and never cried, have pa-
   tience, good people!                    Shaksp.
     If we survey the homilies of  toe ancient church,
   we shall discern  that, upon  festival days, the sub-
   ject of the homily was constantly the business of the
   day.                              Hammond.

 HOMOGE'NEAL, ho-mo-je'ne-a!.   }
 HOMOGE'NEOUS,   ho-mo-je'ne-us. $
  adj. [homogene, Fr. opoyevns.]  Having
  the same nature or principles;  suitable
  to each other.
    The means of reduction,  by the fire, is but by
  congregation of ftomog-eneaf parts.         Bacon.
    Ice is a similary body, and ftomog-eneoics concre-
  tion, whose material is properly water.    Brown.
    An homogeneous  mass of  one kind is easily dis-
  tinguishable from any other;  gold from iron, sulphur
  from alum, and so of the rest.         Woodward.
    The light, whose  rays are all alike refrangible, I
  call simple, homogeneal, and similar: and that, whose
  rays are  some more refrangible than others, I call
  compound, heterogeneal, and dissimilar.  Newton.
Homoge'nealness,  ho-mo-je'ne-al-nes.l

Homogene'ity, ho-mo-je-ne/e-te.       >

HoMOGE'NEousNESs,h6-mo-je'ne-us-nes.3
  ra.  s.  [from homogeneous, or homoge-
  neal.]   Participation of the same prin-
  ciples  or nature;  similitude of kind.
    The mixtures acquire a greater degree of fluidity
  and similarity, or homogeneity of parts. Arbuthnot.
    Upon this supposition of only different diameters
  it is impossible  to account for the homogeneity or
  similarity of the secerned liquors.         Cheyne,
Ho'mogeny,  ho-mod'je-ne.618 [ifAoyevtx]
  Joint nature.   Not used.
    By the driving back of the principal spirits, which
  preserve the consistence of toe body, their govern-
  ment is  dissolved,  and every part returneth to his
  nature or homogeny.                   Bacon.
Homo'logous, ho-mol'o-gus. adj.  [homo-
  logue,  French; op.oMy(&.]   Having the
  same manner or  proportions.
Homo'nymous, ho-mon'e-mus. adj.  [ho-'
  monyme, French; ifMtvvft,®^.]  Denomi-
  nating different things; equivocal;  am-
  biguous.
    As words signifying the  same  thing are called
  synonymous, so equivocal words, or those which sig-
  nify several things,  are called homonymous, or am-
  biguous; and when persons use  such  ambiguous
  words with a design to deceive, it is called equivo-
  cation.                                Watts.
Homo'nymy, ho-mon'e-me.018 ra. s. [homo-
  nymie, French;  iftovv/Aix.]   Equivoca-
  tion; ambiguity.
Homo'tonous,   ho-mot'to-nus.618   adj.
   [oftoTev©-.]   Equable:  said of such  dis-
   tempers as keep  a constant tenour of
   rise, state, and declension.     Quincy.
Hone, hone.  ra. s. [This word M. Casau-
   bon  derives from  «jcovjj;  Junius from
   hogsaen, Welsh;  Skinner,  who is al-
   ways  rational,  from haen, Sax. a stone;
   haenan, to stone.] A whetstone for a razor.
     A Acme and a parer to pare away grass.  Tusser.
 To  Hone, hone. v. ra. [hongian,. Saxon.]
   To pine; to long for any thing.
HO'NEST,  on'nest.394 adj. [honeste, Fr.
   honestus, Lat.]
 I. Upright; true; sincere.
                What art thou?
  —A very Aonesf hearted fellow, and as poor as the
  king.                                Shaksp.
     An ftonesf physician leaves his patient when he
  can contribute no further to his health.    Temple.
     The way to relieve ourselves from those sophisms,
  is an Aonesf and diligent enquiry into the real na-
  ture and causes of things.                Watts.
 2. Chaste.
     Wives may be merry and yet Aonesf too. Shaksp.
 3. Just;  righteous;  giving  to every  man
   his due.
     Tate  will subscribe, but fix no certain day,
   He's Aonesf, and as wit comes in, will pay.   Tate. 
HON
HON
HON
Ho'nestlt, 6n'nest-le. adv. [from honest.]
1. Uprightly; justly.
           It doth make me tremble,
  There should those spirits yet breathe, that  when
           they cannot
  Live honestly, would rather perish basely. B. Jons.
    For some  time past all proposals from private
   Sersons to advance the publick service, however
   onestly and innocently designed,  have  been called
  flying in the king's face.                  Swift.
2. With chastity; modestly.
Ho'nesty,   6n'nes-te. ra.  s. [honneste, Fr.
   honestas, Lat.] Justice; truth;  virtue;
   purity.
    Thou shalt not have thy husband's lands,
  ----Why, then mine honesty shall be my dower.
                                        Shaksp.
    Goodness, as that which makes men  prefer their
  duty and their promise before their passions or their
  interest, and is properly the object of trust, in our
  language goes rather  by the name  of honesty;
  though what we  call an honest man, the Romans
  called a good man; and honesty, in their language,
  as well as in French, rather signifies a  composition
  of those  qualities which generally acquire honour
  and esteem.                           Temple.
HO'NEY, hiin'ne.166 ra. s. [hunig, Saxon;
   honig,  Dutch; honec, honag, German.]
 1. A  thick, viscous, fluid substance, of a
   whitish or yellowish colour, sweet to the
   taste, soluble in water; and becoming
   vinous on fermentation,  inflammable, li-
   quable  by a  gentle  heat, and of a fra-
   grant smell.                          Hill.
    Of honey, the first and finest kind is virgin honey,
  not very firm, and of a fragrant smell: it is the first
  produce of the  swarm, obtained by draining  the
  combs  without pressing.  The second is often al-
  most solid, procured by pressure: and  the worst is
  toe common yellow honey, extracted by heating the
  combs, and  then pressing them.  In the flowers of
  plants, by certain glands near  the basis in the pe-
  tals  is secreted a sweet juice, which  the bee by
  means of its proboscis or trunk, sucks up, and dis-
  charges again from the stomach, through the mouth
  into the comb.    The honey deposited in the comb,
  is destined for the young offspring: but in hard sea-
  sons the bees are reduced to the necessity of feed-
  ing on it themselves.                      Hill.
             So work the Aoney  bees,
  Creatures that by a ruling nature teach
  The art of order to a peopled kingdom.    Shaksp.
    Touching his education and first fostering, some
  affirm,  that he was fed by Aoney bees.    Raleigh.
    In ancient time there was a kind of honey, which,
  either of  its own  nature, or  by art, would grow as
  hard as sugar, and was not so luscious as ours.
                                        Bacon.
    When toe patient is rich, there's no fear of phy-
  sicians about him, as thick as wasps to a Aoney pot.
                                    L'Estrange.
    Honey  is  the most elaborate production of the
  vegetable kind,  being a most  exquisite vegetable
  sope, resolvent of the  bile,  balsamick, and pecto-
  ral : Aoney contains no  inflammable spirit before it
  has felt the  force of fermentation;  for by distilla-
  tion it affords nothing that will burn in the fire.
                                     Arbuthnot.
    New wine, with Aoney temper'd milk we bring;
  Then living waters from the crystal spring.   Pope.
2. Sweetness;  lusciousness.
              The king hath found
  Matter against him, that for ever mars
  The Aoney of his language.              Shaksp.
    A honey tongue, a heart of gall,
  Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall.       Shaksp.
3. Sweet;  sweetness: a name  of tender-
  ness.  [Mel; corculum.]
    Honey, you shall be well desir'd in Cyprus;
  I've found great love amongst them.  Oh, my sweet,
  I prattle out of fashion, and I dote.        Shaksp.

      VOL.  I.
    Why, Aoney bird, I bought him on purpose for
          thee.                         Dryden.
To Ho'ney,  luln'ne. v. ra. [from the noun.]
   To talk fondly.
              Nay, but to live
  In the rank sweat of an incestuous bed,
  Stew'd in corruption, honeying and making love
  Over the nasty sty.                   Shakspeare.
Ho'ney-bag, hun'ne-bag. ra. s.  [honey and
   bag.]
    The honey-bag is toe stomach, which bees always
  fill to satisfy, and to spare, vomiting  up the greater
  part of the honey to be kept against  winter.  Greio.
Ho'ney-comb, liun'ne-kome. ra. s. [honey
   and  comb.]  The cells of wax in which
   the bee stores her honey.
    All  these a milk-white honey-comb surround,
  Which in the midst the country banquet crown'd.
                                       Dryden.
Ho'ney-combed, hun'ne-kom'd. adj. [ho-
   ney  and comb.]   Spoken of a piece  of
   ordnance  flawed  with little  cavities by
   being ill  cast.
    A mariner having discharged his gun which was
  honey-combed, and loading it suddenly again, the
  powder took fire.                      Wiseman.
Ho'ney-dew, hiin'ne-du. ra. s.  [honey and
   dew.] Sweet dew.
    There is  a honey-dew which  hangs upon their
  leaves, and breeds insects.             Mortimer.
    How honey-dews embalm the fragrant morn,
  And the fair oak with luscious sweets adorn. Garth.
Ho'ney-flower,   hun'ne-flou-ur.  ra.   s.
   [melunihus, Latin.]  A plant.
    It hath a perennial root, and the appearance of a
  shrub.  This plant produces large spikes of choco-
  late-coloured flowers in May, in each of which is
  contained a  large quantity of black sweet liquor,
  from whence it is supposed to derive  its name.
                                       Afiffer.
Ho'ney-gnat, hun'ne-nat. ra.  s.  [meltio,
   Latin; honey am. gnat.] An insect. Ains.
Ho'ney-moon,  hun'ne-m66n. ra. *. [honey
   and  moon]  The first  month  after  mar-
   riage when  there is nothing  but tender-
   ness and  pleasure.
    A man should keep his finery for  the latter sea-
  son of marriage, and not begin to  dress till toe
  honey  moon is over.                    Addison.
Ho ney-suckle, hiin'ne-siik-kl. ra. s. [ca-
  prifolium, Lat.] Woodbine.
    It hath a climbing stalk, which twists itself about
  whatsoever tree stands near it: toe flowers are tu-
  bulous and  oblong,  consisting of one  leaf,  which
  opens  towards the top, and is divided into two lips;
  the uppermost of which is subdivided into two, and
  the lowermost is cut into  many segments: the tube
  of the  flowers is bent, somewhat resembling a hunts-
  man's  horn.   They are produced in clusters, and
  are very sweet.   Miller enumerates  ten species, of
  which  three  grow wild in our hedges.
    Bid her steal into the pleached bower,
  Where honeysuckles, ripen'd by the sun,
  Forbid the sun to enter; like  to favourites,
  Made  proud by princes, that advance their pride
  Against the power that bred it.          Shaksp.
              Watch upon a bank
  With ivy canopied, and interwove
  With flaunting honey-suckle.             MUton.
    Then melfoil beat and Aoney-sucfcfes pound;
  With these alluring favours strew the ground. Dry.

Ho'ney-wort, hun'ne-wurt. ra. s. [cerinthe,
   Lat.] A plant.
Ho'neyless, Inln'ne-les.  adj.  [from ho-
   ney.] Being without honey.
    But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
  And leave them honeyless.               Shaksp.
Ho'nied, hiln'nid.383 adj. [from honey.]

                     6d
I. Covered with honey.
    The bee with honied thigh,
  That at her flow'ry work doth sing.       Milton
2. Sweet; luscious.
              When he speaks,
  The air, a charter'd libertine, is still;
  And the mute wonder worketh in men's ears,
  To steal his sweet and ftonied sentences.   Shaksp.
    Look now for no enchanting voice, nor fear
  The bait of honey'd words; a rougher tongue
  Draws hitherward.                     Milton-
Mo'norary, 6n'nur-a-re.ss'' adj. [honorari-
   us,  Latin.]
I. Done in honour;  made in honour.
    There was probably some distinction made among
  the Romans between such honorary arches erected
  to emperors, and those that were raised to them on
  the account of a victory, which  are properly tri-
  umphal arches.                        Addison.
    This monument is only honorary, for the ashes of
  the emperor lie elsewhere.             Addison.
2. Conferring honour without  gain.
    The Romans abounded with little honorary re-
  wards, that without conferring wealth and riches,
  gave  only place and distinction to the person who
  received them.                      " Addison.
HO'NOUR,   on'nur.394  ra.  s.  [honeur,
   French; honor, Latin.]
1. Dignity; high rank.
2. Reputation;  fame.
    A man  is an ill husband of his honour, that en-
  tereto into any action,  the failing wherein may dis-
  grace  him more than the carrying of it through can
  honour him.                           Bacon.
3. The title of a man of rank.   Not used.
             Return unto thy lord,
  Bid him not fear the separated councils:
  His honour and myself are at the one;
  And at the other is my good friend Catesby.  SAafc.
4. Subject of praise.
              Thou happy father,
  Think that the clearest gods, who make them ho-
        nours
  Of man's impossibilities, have preserv'd thee.
                                       Shaksp.
5. Nobleness of mind; scorn of meanness;
   magnanimity.
    Now shall I see thy  love; what motive may
  Be stronger with thee than the name of wife?
  —That which upholdeth him, that thee upholds,
  His honour.  Oh,  thine honour, Lewis; thine Ao-
        nour.                           Shaksp.
    If by honour is  meant  any thing distinct from
  conscience, 'tis no  more  than a regard to the cen-
  sure and esteem  of the world.            Rogers.

   Reverence;  due  veneration.  To do ho-
   nour is to treat with reverence.
    They take thee for their mother,
  And every day do honour to thy grave.     Shaks.
            His grace of Canterbury,
  Who holds his state at door, 'mongst pursuivants.
  ----Ha!  'tis he indeed!
  Is this the honour they do one another?   Shaksp.
    This is a duty in the fifth commandment, required
  towards our prince and our parent, under the name
  of honour; a respect, which, in the notion  of it
  implies a  mixture of love and fear, and, in the ob-
  ject, equally supposes goodness and power. Rogers.
7. Chastity.
             Be she honour flaw'd,
  I have three daughters, the eldest is  eleven;
  If this prove true, they '11 pay for it.      Shaksp.
    She dwells so  securely on  the excellency of her
  honour, that the folly  of my soul dares not present
  itself: she is too  bright to be looked against.  Shaks.
8. Dignity of mien.
    Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall,
   Godlike erect; with native ftonour clad,
   In naked  maiesty,  seem'd lords of all.     Milton,
9.  Glory; boast. 
HON
II  0 0
HO O
    A late eminent person, the honour of his profes-
  sion for integrity and learning.            Burnet.
10. l'ublic mark of respect.
    He saw his friends, who  whelm'd beneath the
          waves,
  Their fun'ral honours claim'd, and ask'd their quiet
          graves.                      Dryden.
    Such discourses,  on  such  mournful occasions as
  these, were instituted not so much in honour of the
  dead, as for the use of the living.      Atterbury.
    Numbers  engage their lives  and labours, some
  to heap together a little dirt that shall bury them
  in the end; others to gain  an honour, that, at best
  can be  celebrated but by an  inconsiderable part of
  the world, and is  envied and calumniated by more
  than 'tis truly given.      Wake's Prep, for Death.
11.  Privileges of rank or birth.
    Henry the  seventh, truly pitying
  My father's loss, like a most royal prince,
  Restor'd to me my honours;  and, from ruins,
  Made my name once more noble.        Shaksp.
    Honours were conferred upon Antonine by Ha-
  drian in his infancy.                    Wotton.
12.  Civilities paid.
    Then here a slave, or if you will, a lord,
  To do the honours and to give the word.     Pope.
13.  Ornament; decoration.
    The  sire then shook the honours of his head,
  And from his brows damps of oblivion shed.  Dryd.
14. Honour, or on my honour, is a form of
   protestation used by the lords in judicial
   decisions.
    My hand to thee, my honour on my promise.
                                       Shaksp.
To  Ho'nour,  on'mlr.314 v. a.  [honorer,
   French; honoro, Latin.]
1.  To  reverence;  to  regard with  venera-
   tion.
    He was called our  father, and was continually
  honoured of  all men,  as the next person unto the
  king.                                 Esther.
    The poor man is honoured for his skill, and the
  rich man is honoured for his riches.       Ecclus.
    He that is honoured in poverty, how much more
  in riches.                             Ecclus.
    How lov'd, how honour'd once, avails thee not.
                                         Pope.
2.  To  dignify; to raise to greatness.
           We nourish 'gainst our senate
  The cockle of rebellion, insolence,  sedition,
  Which we ourselves have plow'd for, sow'd, and
           scatter'd,
  By mingling  them with us, the honour'd number.
                                       Shaksp.
3.  To glorify.
    I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall fol-
  low after toem, and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh,
  and upon all his host, that the Egyptians may know
  that I am the Lord.                    Exodus.
Honourable, on'ntir-a-bl. adj.[honorable,
   French.]
1.  Illustrious; noble.
    Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the
  crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose
  traffickers are the honourable of the earth.  Isaiah.
2.  Great; magnanimous; generous.
           Sir, i'll tell you,
  Since I am charged in honour, and by him
  That I  think honourable.                 Shaksp.
3.  Conferring  honour.
    Think'st thou it honourable for a nobleman
  Still to remember wrongs?               Shaksp.
    Then warlike kings, who for their country fought,
  And honourable wounds from battle brought.  Dryd.
    Many of those persons, who  put this honourable
  task on me, were more able to perform it  them-
  selves.                                Dryden.
4.  Accompanied with tokens  of honour.
    Sith  this wretched woman overcome,
  Of  anguish, rather than of crime hath been,
  Preserve her cause to her eternal doom;
  And in the mean, vouchsafe her honourable tomb.
                                      Spenser.'
5. Not to be disgraced.
    Here 's a Bohemian Tartar  tarries the coming
  down of thy fat woman:—let her descend, my cham-
  bers are honourable.                 Shakspeare.
6. Free from taint; free from reproach.
    As he was honourable in all  his acts, so in this,
  that he took Joppe for an haven.          1 Afac.
    Methinks I could not die any where so contented
  as in the king's company, his cause being just and
  his quarrel honourable.              Shakspeare.
7. Honest; without intention of deceit.
    The earl sent again to know if they would enter-
  tain their pardon, in case he should come in person
  and assure it: they answered, they did conceive him
  to be so honourable,  that from  himself they would
  most thankfully embrace it.            Hayward.
    If that thy bent of love be honourable,
  Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow.
                                   Shakspeare.
8. Equitable.
Ho'nourableness, on'mir-a-bl-nes.  ra. s.
   [from  honourable]  Eminence; magni-
   ficence; generosity.
Ho'nourably,  6n'nur-a-ble.  adv.  [from
   honourable.]
1. With  tokens  of honour.
              The rev'rend abbot,
  With all his convent, honourably received him.
                                       SAafcsp.
2. Magnanimously; generously.
    After some six weeks,  which the king did honoura-
  bly interpose,  to give space to his brother's inter-
  cession, he. was arraigned of high treason and con-
  demned.                              Bacon.
3. Reputably; with  exemption  from  re-
   proach.
    'Tis just, ye gods! and what I well deserve:
  Why did I not more honourably starve!     Dryd.
Ho'nourer,  on'nur-rur.98  n. s. [from ho-
   nour.]  One  that  honours; one that re-
   gards with veneration.
    I must not  omit  Mr. Gay,  whose zeal in your
  concern  is worthy a  friend and  honourer.    Pope.
Hood, hud,307 in  composition,  is derived
   from the Saxon hab, in  German heit, in
   Dutch heid.   It denotes quality; cha-
   racter; condition:  as, knighthood; child-
   hood; fatherhood.  Sometimes it is writ-
   ten  after  the  Dutch,  as maidenhead.
   Sometimes it  is taken  collectively: as,
   brotherhood, a confraternity;  sisterhood,
   a company of sisters.
Hood, hu-!. ra. s. [hod, Saxon, probably
   from hejrod, head.]
 1. The up|>s r covering of a woman's head.
    In velvet, white as snow, the troop was gown'd:
   Their hoods and sleeves the same.         Dryd.
2. Any  thing drawn upon the head,  and
   wrapping round it.
     He undertook so to muffle up himself in his hood,
   that none should discern him.            Wotton.
     The lacerna came, from being a  military habit,
   to be a common dress;  it had  a  Aood, which could
   be separated from and joined to it.      Arbuthnot.
 3. A  covering  put over the hawk's eyes,
   when he is not to  fly.
 4. An ornamental fold that hangs  down
   the back of a graduate, to mark his de-
   gree.
 To  Hood, hud.  v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To dn-ss in a  hood.
     The cobler apron'd, and the parson gown'd,
   The friar hooded, and the monarch crown'd.  Pope,
2. To blind, as with a hood.
    While grace is saying, I'll Aood mine eves
  Thus with my hat, and sigh, and say, Amen. Shak.
3. To cover.
    An hollow crystal pyramid he takes,
  In firmamental waters dipt above;
    Of it a broad  extinguisher he makes,
  And hoods the flames that to their quarry strove.
                                      Dryden.
Ho'odman Blind, hud-man-blintl'. n. &. A
   play in  which  the person hooded is to
   catch another,  and tell the name; blind-
   man's  buff.
              What devil was 't,
  That thus hath cozen'd  you at hoodman blind? Shak.
To Ho'odwink, hud'wink. v. a.  [hood and
   wink.]
I. To blind with  something bound over
   the eyes.
    They  willingly hood-winking  themselves  from
  seeing his  faults, he  often abused the virtue of
  courage to defend his foul vice of injustice.  Sidney.
    We will  bind and hood-wink him so, that he shall
  suppose he  is carried into the leaguer of the adver-
  saries                                 Shaksp.
    Then  she who hath been hood-wink'd from her
          birth,
  Doth first herself within death's mirrour see.
                                       Davies.
    So have  I seen, at Christmas sports, one lost,
  And, hood-wink'd, for a man embrace a post.
                                   Ben Jonson.
    Satan is  fain to hood-wink those that start
                                Decay of Piety.
    Prejudice so dexterously hood-winks men's minds
  as to keep them in the dark, with a belief that they
  are more in the light.                   Locke.
            Must I wed Rodogune?
  Fantastick  cruelty of hood-wink'd chance!   Rowe.
    On high, where no hoarse winds or clouds resort,
  The hood-wink'd goddess keeps her partial court.
                                       Garf/i.
2. To cover; to hide.
    Be patient; for the prize  I'll bring thee to,
  Shall hood-wink this mischance.          Shaksp.
3. To deceive; to impose  upon.
    She delighted  in infamy, which often she had
  used to her husband's shame, filling all men's ears,
  but his, with reproach; while he, hood-wink'd with
  kindness, least of all men knew who struck him.
                                       Sidney.
HOOF, hoof.306  ra. s. [hop,  Saxon; hocf,
   Dutch.]   The hard horny substance  on
   the feet  of graminivorous animals.
    With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread down
   all thy streets.                         Ezekiel.
    The bull and ram know the use of toeir horns as
   well as the horse of his hoofs.             .More.
Hoof-bound,  hoof bound, adj. [hoof and
   bound.]
    A horse is said to be hoof-bound when he has a
   pain in the fore-feet, occasioned by the dryness and
   contraction or narrowness  of the horn of the quar-
   ters, which straitens the quarters of the heels, and
   oftentimes makes the horse lame.  A hoof-bound
   horse has a narrow heel,  the sides of which come
   too near one another, insomuch that the flesh is kept
   too tight, and has not its natural extent. Far. Dict.
 Ho'ofed, h66id. adj.  [from hoof]  Fur-
   nished with  hoofs.
     Among quadrupeds,  the roe-deer is the swiftest;
   of all the hoofed, the horse is the most beautiful; of
   all the clawed, the lion is the strongest.    Grew.
 HOOK, h66k.306 ra. a.  [hoce, Saxon; ho-
    eck, Dutch.]
 1. Any  thing bent  so as to catch hold: as,
    a shepherd's hook and pot  hooks.
     This falling not, for that they had not far enough
   undermined it, toey essayed ivith great hooks  and
   strong ropes to have it pulled down.      Knolles. 
HOO
HO 0
HOT
2. The curvated wire  on which the bait
   is hung for  fishes, and with  which the
   fish is pierced.
                 Like unto golden hooks,
  That from the foolish fish their baits do hide. Spens.
    My bended hook shall pierce
  Their slimy jaws.                   Shakspeare.
    Though divine Plato thus of pleasure thought,
  They us with hooks and baits, like fishes caught.
                                      Denham.
3. A snare;  a trap.
    A shop of  all  the qualities that man
  Loves woman for, besides that Aoofc of wiving,
  Fairness,  which strikes the eye.        Shakspeare
4. An  iron to seize  the  meat in the cal-
   dron.
    About the caldron many cooks accoil'd,
  With Aoofcs and ladles, as need did require;
  The while the viands in the vessel boil'd. F. Queen.
5. A sickle  to  reap corn.
    Pease  are commonly reaped with a Aoofc at  the
  end of a long stick.                  Mortimer.
6. Any instrument to cut or  lop wuu.
    Not that I  'd lop the beauties from his book,
  Like slashing Bentley with his desperate Aoofc  Pope.
7.  The part of  the hinge fixed lo tne post:
   whence the  proverb, off the  hooks, for
   in disorder.
             My  doublet looks,
  Like him that wears it, quite off o' the hooks.
                                    Cleaveland.
    She was horribly bold, meddling and expensive,
  easily put off the hooks, ami monstrous hard to be
  pleased again.                     L'Estrange.
    While  Sheridan is off the hooks,
  And friend Delauy at his books.           Swift.
8. Hook. [In  husbandry.]   A  field sown
   two  years running.          Ainsworth.
9. Hook  or Crook. One way or  other;  by
   any expedient; by any means  direct or
   oblique.   Ludicrous.
    Which he  by hook or crook had  gather'd,
  And for his own inventions father'd.     Hudibras
    He would  bring him by Aoofc or crook  into  his
  quarrel                               Diyden.
To Hook, h66k. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To  catch with a hook.
    The huge jack he had caught was served up for
  the first dish; upon our  sitting down to it,  he gave
  us a long  account how he had hooked it, played with
  it, foiled it, and at length drew it out upon the bank.
                                      Addison.
2. To  entrap;  to ensnare.
3. To draw  as  with a hook.
            Bui  she
  I can hook to me.    Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
4. To fasten as with a nook.
5. To draw  by force or artifice.
    There  are many branches of the natural law no
  way reducible to the two tables,  unless hooked in
  by tedious consequences.                Norris.
Hooked, lidok'ed.366 adj. [from  hook.]
   Bent; curvated.
    Gryps signifies eagle or vulture;  from whence the
  epithet grypus, for an Aoofced or aquiline nose.
                                       Brown.
    Now thou threaten'st, wito unjust decree,
  To seize the prize which I so dearly bought:
  Mean  match  to thine; for still above the rest,
  Thy hook'd rapacious hands usurp the best.  Dryden.
    CaterpiMars have claws and feet:  the claws are
  hooked, to take the better hold in climbing from twig
  to  twig, and hanging on the backsides of leaves.
                                        Grew.
Ho'okedness,   h66k'ed-nes.  ra. s.  [from
   hooked.]  State of  being bent  like  a
   hook.

IIo'oknosed, hook-noz'd'. adj.  [hook and
   nose.]   Having the aquiline nose rising
   in the middle.
    I may justly  say with toe hooknosed fellow of
  Rome there, Cssar, I came, saw, and overcame.
                         Shakspeare's Henry IV.

HOOP, h66p.308 ra. s. [hoep, Dutch.]
1. Any thing circular by which something
   else is bound, particularly casks or bar-
   rels.
    Thou shalt prove a  shelter to thy friends,
  A Aoop of gold to bind thy brothers in,
  That toe united vessel of their blood
  Shall never leak.         Shakspeare's Henry IV.
                 If I knew
  What Aoop would hold  us staunch, from edge to edge,
  0' th' world,  I would  pursue it.          Shaksp.
    A quarrel, ho, already! what's the matter?
  —About a Aoop of gold, a paltry ring.    Shaksp.
    To view so lewd a town, and to refrain,
  What Aoops of iron could my spleen contain! Dryd.
    And learned Athens to our art must stoop,
  Could she behold us tumbling through a hoop. Pope.
2. The whalebone  with which women ex-
   tend their petticoats;  a farthingale.
    At coming  in you saw her stoop:
  The entry brush'd against her hoop.        Swift.
    All thai hoops are good for is to clean dirty shoes,
  and to keep fellows at a distance.        Clarissa.
3. Any thing circular.
    1 have seen at Rome an antique  statue of Time,
  with a wheel or hoop of marble in his hand. Addis.
To Hoop, hoop. v.a. [from the noun.]
i. To  bind or  enclose with hoops.
    The three  hoop'd pot shall have ten hoops,  and
  I will make it felony to drink small beer.  Shaksp.
    The casks for his majesty's shipping were hooped
  as a wine-cask, or hooped with iron.       Raleigh.
2. To encircle;  to  clasp, to surround.
            If ever henceforth thou
  Shalt Aoop his body more with thy embraces,
  I will devise a death.   Shakspeare's Winter's Tale.
    I Aoop the firmament, and make
  This my embrace the zodiack.        Cleaveland.
    That shelly guard,  which Aoops in the eye,  and
  hides the greater part of it, might occasion his mis-
  take.                                  Grew.
To Hoop, h66p. v. ra.  [from wopgan or
   wopyan, Gothick; or houpper, French,
   derived from the  Gothick.  This word
   is generally written   whoop, which  is
   more proper if we deduce it from the
   Gothick;  and hoop if we derive it  from
   the  French.]   To  shout;  to  make  an
   outcry by  way of call or pursuit.
To Hoop, h66p.  v.a.
I. To drive  with a  shout.
            Dastard nobles
  Suffer'd me, by the voice of slaves, to be
  Hoop'd out of Rome.     Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
2. To  call by a shout.
Ho'oper,  hdo'piir.98  ra. s. [from hoop, to
   enclose  with hoops.]   A  cooper; one
   that  hoops tubs.
Ho'oping-cough, hoo-ping-kof.  n.s. [or
   whooping-cough, from hoop, to shout.]
   A convulsive cough,  so called from its
   noise; the chincough.
To Hoot, h66t.308 v. n.   [hwt,  Welsh;
   huer, French.]
I. To  shout in contempt.
    A number of country folks happened to pass there-
  by, who hollowed and Aoofed after  me as at the ar-
  rantest coward.                         Sidney.
    Matrons and girls shall Aoof at thee no more.
                                      Dryden.
2. To cry  as an owl.
            Some keep back

                   6d2
  The clamorous owl, that nightly ftoofs and wonders
  At our queint sports.                 Shakspeare.
 To Hoot, h66t. v. a. To drive with noise
   and  shouts.
             We lov'd him; but, like beasts,
  Our coward nobles gave way to your clusters,
  Who did Aoof him out o' th' city.       Shakspeare-
    The owl of Rome, whom boys and girls will Aoof.'
  That were I set up for that wooden god
  That keeps our gardens, could not fright the crows,
  Or the least bird from mutiny on my head  B. Jons.
    Partridge and his clan may Aoof  me for a cheat
  and impostor, if 1 fail in any particular of moment.
                                        Swift.

 Hoot, h66t. ra. s.  [huee, French, from the
   verb.]   Clamour;  shout; noise.
    Its assertion would be entertained ivith the ftoof of
  the rabble.                  Glanville's Scepsis.
 To HOP, hop. v. ra. [hoppan,  Saxon; hop-
  pen, Dutch.]
 1. To  jump;  to skip lightly.
             I would have thee gone,
  And yet  no farther than a wanton's bird,
  That lets it hop a little from her hand,
  And with a silk thread plucks it back again. Shaksp.
    Go, Aop me over ev'ry kennel home;
  For you  shal! Aop without my custom, sir.  Shaksp.
    Be kind  and courteous to this gentleman,
  Hop in his  walks, and gambol in his eyes. Shaksp.
    The painted birds, companions of the spring,
  Hopping from spray to spray were heard.  Dryden.
    Your Ben and Fletcher, in their first young flight,
  Did no Volpone, nor no Arbaces write;
  But hopp'd about, and short excursions made
  From bough to bough, as if they were afraid.  Diyd.
   Why don't we vindicate ourselves by trial ordeal,
  and Aop over heated ploughshares blindfold?
                            Collier on Duelling.
    I  am highly delighted to see toe jay or the thrush
  hopping about my walks.               Spectator.
2. To  leap on one leg.
    Men with heads like dogs, and others with one
  huge foot alone, whereupon they did Aop from place
  to place.                              Abbot.
3. To  walk  lamely,  or with one leg less
  nimble or strong than the other; to limp;
  to  halt.
    The limping smith observ'd the sadden'd feast,
  And hopping here  and there, himself a jest,
  Put in his word.               Dryden's Homer.
4. To  move; to play.
             Softly feel
  Her feeble pulse, to prove if any drop
  Of living blood yet in her veins did hop.  F. Queen.
Hop, hop. ra. s.  [from the verb.]
 1. A jump;  a light leap.
2. A jump on one leg.
    When my wings are on, I can go above a hun-
  dred yards at a hop, step, and jump.     Addison.
3. A place where meaner people dance.
                                  Ainsworth.
HOP,  hop.  ra. s. [hop,  Dutch; luputusy
   Lat.]   A plant.
    It has  a creeping root: the leaves are rough, angu-
  lar, and conjugated;  the stalks climb and twist
  about  whatever is  near them; the flowers are male
  and female on dittereut plants:  the male flower
  consists  of a calyx divided into five parts, which
  surrounds the stamina, but has no petals to the flow-
  er;  the female plants have their flowers  collected
  intosquamose heads, which grow in bunches: from
  each leafy  scale is produced an horned ovary, which
  becomes a single roundish seed.           Miller.
    If hop yard or orchard ye mind for to have,
  For Aop  poles and crotches in  lopping to save.
                                       Tusser.
    The planting of Aop yards  is profitable for  the
  planters, and consequently for the kingdom.  Bacon.
    Beer hath malt first infused in tke liquor, and is
  afterwards boiled with the Aop.            Bacon 
HOP                                       HOP                                     HOR
    Wext to thistles  are hop strings,  cut after the
  flowers are gathered.                   Derham.
    Have toe poles without forks, otherwise it will be
  troublesome to part the hop vines and the poles.
                                     Aforfimer.
    When you water Aops,  on the top of every hill
  put dissolved dung, which will enrich your Aop hills.
                                     Aforfimer.
    In Kent they plant their Aop gardens with apple-
  trees and cherry-trees between.        Mortimer.
    The price of hoeing of Aop ground is forty shil-
  lings an acre.                       Mortimer.
    Hop poles, the largest sort, should be about twen-
  ty foot long, and about nine inches in compass.
                                      Aforfimer.
 To Hop, hop. v. a.  [from  the noun.]  To
   impregnate with hops.
    Brew in October, and Aop it for long keeping.
                                      Aforfimer.
    To increase the milk, diminished by flesh  meat,
  take malt drink not much hopped.      Arbuthnot:
 HOPE, hope. ra. s. [hopa,  Saxon;  hope,
   Dutch.]
 1.  Expectation of some good;  an expec-
   tation indulged with pleasure.
     Hope is that pleasure in the mind which every
  one finds in himself, upon  the thought of a profita-
  ble future enjoyment  of a thing  which  is apt to
  delight him.                             Locke.
     There is hope of a tree, if cut down, that it will
  sprout again.                              Job.
     When in heav'n  she shall his essence see,
  This is her sov'reign good, and perfect bliss;
     Her longing, wishings, Aopes, all finish'd be;
  Her joys are full, her motions rest in this. Davies.
     Sweet Aope.' kind cheat!  fair fallacy! by thee
  We are net where or what we be;
  But what and where we would be: thus art thou
  Our absent presence, and our future now. Crashaw.
    Faith is opposed to infidelity, and Aope to despair.
                                        Taylor.
     He sought them both, but wish'd his hap  might
         find,
  Eve separate: he wish'd, but not with Aope
  Of what so seldom  chanc'd; when to his wish,
  Beyond his hope, Eve separate he spies.   Milton.
             The Trojan dames
  To Pallas' fane in long procession go,
  In hopes to reconcile their heav'nly foe.    Dryden.
     Why not comfort myself with  the  hope of what
  may be, as torment myself with the fear on 't.
                                     L'Estrange.
    To encourage our Aopes, it gives us the highest
  assurance of most lasting happiness, in case of obe
  dience.                             Tillotson.
    The deceased really lived like one that had his
  hope in another  life; a life which he hath now en-
  tered upon, having exchanged Aope for sight, desire
  for enjoyment.                      Atterbury.
    Young men look rather to the past  age than the
  present, and  therefore the future may have some
  Aopes of them.                           Swift.
 2.  Confidence in  a future  event, or in the
  future conduct of any person.
    It is good,  being put to death by men, to look for
  hope from God, to be raised up again by him.
                                    2 Maccabees.
    Blessed is  he who is not fallen from his Aope in
  the Lord.                              Ecclus.
 3.  That which gives hope; that  on  which
  the  hopes  are  fixer.', as  an  agent by
  which  something desired  may be ef-
  fected.
    I might see from far some forty truncheoneers
  draw to her  succour, which were the hope  of the
  Strand, where she was quartered.       Shakspeare.
4. The object of hope.
    Thy mother felt more than a mother's pain,
  And yet brought forth less than a mother's Aope;
  To wit, an indigested deform'd lump.      Shaksp
    She was his care, his Aope, and his  delight,
  Most in his thought, and ever in his sight.  Dryden.
Hope, hope. n. s.  Any sloping  plain be-
   tween the ridges of mountains.    Ains.
To Hope, hope.  v. ra.  [from the noun.]
1. To live in expectation of some good.
    Hope for good success,  according to the efficacy
  of the causes and the instrument; and let the hus-
  bandman hope for a good harvest.         Taylor.
    My muse, by storms long tost,
  Is thrown upon  your hospitable coast;
  And finds more favour by her ill success,
  Than she could Aope for by her happiness.  Dryden.
    Who knows what adverse fortune may befall?
  Arm well your mind, Aope little, and fear all. Dry.
2. To place confidence  in another.
    He shall strengthen your heart, all ye that Aope
  in the Lord.                           Psalms.
lo Hope,  hope.  v. a.  To expect with de-
   sire
    The sun shines hot; and if we use delay,
  Cold-biting winter  mars our hop'd for hay.  Shaksp.
    So stands the Thracian herdsman with his spear
  Full  in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear.  Dryden.
Ho'peful, hope'fiii. adj. [hope  and full]
I. Full of qualities which  produce  hope;
   promising;  likely  to  obtain  success;
   likely to  come to  maturity; likely to
   gratify desire, or answer  expectation.
             He will advance thee:
  I know his noble nature, not to let
  Thy hopeful service perish.           Shakspeare.
    You serve a great and gracious master, and there
  is a most hopeful young prince, whom you must not
  desert.                                Bacon.
    What to the old  can greater pleasure be,
  Than hopeful and ingenious youth to see? Denham.
    They  take up a book in their declining years, and
  grow very hopeful scholars by  that time they  are
  threescore.                           Addison.
2. Full  of hope; full of  expectation of
   success.  This sense is now almost con-
   fined to  Scotland, though  it is analogi-
   cal, and  found  in good writers.
    Men of toeir own natural inclination hopeful and
  strongly conceited,  whatsoever they took in hand.
                                       Hooker.
    I was  hopeful the success of your first attempts
  would encourage you to make trial also of more
  nice and difficult experiments.             Boyle.
    Whatever ills the friendless  orphan bears,
  Bereav'd of parents in his infant years,
  Still must the wrong'd Telemachus sustain,
  If hopeful of your aid, he hopes in vain.     Pope.
Ho'pefcllv, hope'ful-e. adv. [from hope-
  ful.]
1. In  such manner as  to raise hope; in a
   promising  way.
    He left all his female kindred either matched
  with peers of the realm actually, or hopefully with
  earl's sons and heirs.                   Wotton.
    They were ready to renew the war, and to prose-
  cute it hopefully, to the reduction or suppression of
  the Irish.                          Clarendon.
2. Willi  hope;   without  despair.   This
   sense  is rare.
    From  your promising  and generous endeavours
  we may hopefully expect a considerable enlargement
  of the history of nature.     ■         Glanville.

Ho'pefulness, hope'ful-nes. ra. s.  [from
   hopeful.]   Promise of good;  likelihood
   to succeed.
    Set down beforehand certain signatures of hope-
  fulness, or  characters, whereby may be timely de-
  scribed what the child will prove in probability.
                                       Wotton.

Ho'peless, hor e'les.  adj.  [from hope.]
1. Wanting hope; being without pleasing
   expectation; despairing.
    Are they indifferent, being used as signs of im-
  moderate and hopeless lamentation for the dead?
                                      Hooker.
    Alas!  I am a woman, friendless, hopeless.  Shaks.
    He watches with greedy hope to find
  His wish, and best advantage, us  asunder;
  Hopeless to circumvent us join'd, where each
  To other speedy aid might lend at need   MUton.
    The fall'n archangel, envious of  our state,
  And hopeless to  prevail by open force,
  Seeks his advantage  Dryden's State of Innocence.
    Hopeless of ransom, and condemn'd to lie
  In durance, doom'd a ling'ring death to die. Dryden.
2. Giving  no  hope;  promising nothing
   pleasing.
    The hopeless word of never to return,
  Breathe I against thee upon pain of life.   Shaksp.
Ho'per, ho'pur.98 ra. s.  [from hope.] One
   that has pleasing expectations.
    I except all  hopers, who turn the scale, because
  the strong expectation of a good certain salary will
  outweigh the loss by bad rents.            Swift.
Ho'pingly, ho'ping-le.  adv.  [from hop-
   ing.]   With hope; with expectation of
   good.
    One sign of despair is the  peremptory contempt
  of the condition which is the ground of hope;  the
  going on not only  in terrours and amazement  of
  conscience, but also boldly, hopingly, and confident-
  ly in wilful habits of sin.             Hammond.
Ho'pper, hop'piir.98 ra. s.  [from hop.] He
   who hops or jumps on  one leg.    Ains.
Ho'ppERS,hop'plirz. ra. s. [commonly call-
   ed Scotch hoppers/]   A kind of play in
   which the actor hops on one leg.
Ho'pper, hop'pur. ra. s. [so called because
   it is always  hopping, or in agitation.   It
   is called in French, for the same reason,
   tremie or tremue.]
1. The   box or open frame  of wood into
   which the corn is put  to be  ground.
    The  salt  of the  lake  Asphaltites shooteth into
  perfect cubes.   Sometimes they are pyramidal and
  plain, like toe hopper of a mill.           Grew.
    Granivorous birds have the mechanism of a mill;
  their maw is the hopper which holds and softens the
  grain, letting it  drop by degrees into the stomach.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
          Just at tbe hopper will I stand,
  In my whole life I never saw grist ground,
  And mark the clack how justly it will sound.
                                     Befferton.
2. A basket for carrying seed. Ainsworth.
Ho'ra i,, ho'ral. adj.  [from  hora,  Latin.]
   Relating: to  the hour.
          Howe'er redue'd and plain,
  The watch would still a watch remain;
  But if the ftoraf orbit ceases,
  The whole stands still, or breaks to pieces.  Prior.
Ho'rary, ho'ra-re.  adj.  [horaire, French;
   horarius, Latin.]
1. ReLting to  an  hour.
    I'll draw a figure that shall tell you
  What you perhaps forgot befell you,
  By way of horary inspection,
  Which some account our worst erection. Hudibras.
    In his answer to an horary question, as what hour
  ofthe night to set a fox-trap, he has discussed, un-
  der the character of reynard, the manner  of sur-
  prising all sharpers.                     Tatler.
2. Continuing  for  an hour.
    When, from  a  basket of summer-fruit,  God by
  Amos foretold the destruction of his people,  thereby
  was declared the  propinquity of their desolation,
  and that toeir tranquillity was of no longer duration
  than those horary or soon decaying fruits of summer.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Horde,  horde, ra. s.  A  clan; a migratory
   crew  of people.  It is applied only to the
   Tartars. 
HOR
HOR
HOR
    Of lost mankind, in polish'd slavery sunk,
  Drove martial Aorde on Aorde with dreadful sweep,
  And gave the vanquish'd world another form.
                                      Thomson.
 HORI'ZON,h6-ri'zon.603 n.s.[ipt&>.] Vhe-
   line that terminates  the view. The ho-
   rizon is distinguisncd into sensible and
   real:  the   sensible horizon is the  circu-
   lar line which limits  the view; the real
   is that which  would  bound it, if it could
   take, in the hemisphere.   It is falsely
   pronounced by Shakspeare, ho'rizon.
     When the morning sun shall raise his car
   Above the border of this horizon,
   We'll forward towards Warwick and his mates.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
     She began to cast  with herself from what coast
   this blazing  star should first appear, and  at what
   time it must be upon the horizon of Ireland. Bacon.
     In his east the glorious lamp was seen,
   Regent of day; and all th' horizon round,
   Invested with bright rays.                Milton.
     The morning lark, the messenger of day,
   Saluted in her song the morning gray;
   And soon the sun arose wito beams so bright,
   That all th' horizon laugh'd to see the joyous sight.
                                        Dryden.
     When the sea is worked up in a tempest, so that
   the horizon on every side is nothing but foaming bil-
   lows and floating mountains, it is impossible to de-
   scribe the agreeable horrour that rises from such a
   prospect.                            Addison.
 Horizontal, hor-e-zon'tal.  adj. [horizon-
   tal, French, from horizon.]
 1. Near the horizon.
               As when the sun, new risen,
  Looks through the horizontal misty air,
  Shorn of his  beams; or from behind the moon,
  In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds
  On half the nations.                     Milton.
 2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level.
     An obelisk erected, and golden figures placed Ao-
  rizontal about it, was brought out  of  Egypt by Au-
  gustus.                                Brown.
     The problem is reduced to this; what perpendicu-
  lar height is necessary to place several ranks of row-
  ers in a plane inclined to a horizontal line in a given
  angle?                    Arbuthnot on Coins.
 Horizo'ntally,    hor-e-zon'tal-e.   adv.
   [from horizontal.] In a direction  paral-
   lel to  the  horizon.
    As it will not sink into the bottom,  so will it nei-
  ther float above, like lighter bodies; but, being near
  in weight,  lie superficially,  or almost horizontally
  unto it.                                Brown.
    The ambient ether is too liquid and empty to im-
  pel  them horizontally with celerity.      Bentley.
 HORN, norn. ra. s. [haum, Gothick;  norm,
   Saxon; horn, Dutch.]
 1. The  hard  bodTes which  grow on  the
  heads of some  graminivorous quadru-
  peds, and  serve them for weapons.
    No beast that hath horns hath upper teeth.  Bacon.
    Zetus rises  through the ground,
  Bending the bull's tough neck with pain,
  That tosses back bis Aorns in vain.        Addison.
    All that process is no more surprising than the
  eruption of horns in some brutes,  or  of teeth and
  beard in men at certain periods of age.    Bentley.
2. An instrument of wind musick made oi
  horn.
    The squire 'gan nigher to approach,
  And wind his  Aorn under the castle-wall,
  That with the noise it shook as it would fall. F. Q.
    There's a  post come from my master, with his
  Aorn full of good news.                 Shaksp.
          The goddess to her crooked Aorn
  Adds all her breath: the rocks and woods around,
  And mountains, tremble at th' infernal sound.
                                      Dryden,
     Fair Ascanius, and his youthful train,
  Wito horns and hounds a hunting match ordain.
                                       Diyden.
 3. The  extremity ofthe waxing or waning
   moon, as  mentioned  by poets.
     She  bless'd the bed, such fruitfulness convey'd,
  That ere ten moons had sharpen'd either Aorn,
  To crown their bliss, a lovely boy was born. Dryd.
               The moon
  Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns.
                                     Thomson.
 4.  The feelers of a snail.   Whence  the
   proverb,  To pull in the  horns, to re-
   press one's ardour.
     Love's feeling is more soft and sensible,
  Than are the tender horns  of cockled snails. SAafc.
               Aufidius,
  Hearing of our Marcius's banishment,
  Thrust forth his horns again into the world,
  Which were inshell'd when Marcius stood  for
         Rome,
  And durst not once peep out.             Shaksp.
 5. A drinking cup made  of horn.
 6. Antler of a cuckold.
     If I have horns to make  one mad,
  Let toe proverb  go with me, I'll be horn mad.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Merchants vent'ring through the main,
  Slight pyrates, rocks, and horns for gain. Hudibras.
 7. Horn mad.  Perhaps mad as a cuckold.
     I am glad  he went not in himself: if he had, he
  would have been Aorn mad.             Shaksp.
 Hornbe'ak, horn'beek. } n.s. A  kind of
 Hcrnfi'sh,   horn'fish. $ fish.    Ainsw.
 Ho'rnbeam, horn'beme. ra. s. [horn and
   beam, Dut. for  tree,  from the hardness
   of the timber.]
     It hath leaves  like the elm or beach-tree.  The
  timber  is very tough and inflexible, and of excellent
  use.                                  Miller.
 Ho'rnbook, horn'b66k.  ra. s. [horn and
   book]   The first book of children, co-
   vered with horn to keep it unsoiled.
    He teaches boys the hornbook,          Shaksp.
    Nothing  has been considered of tois kind out of
  the ordinary road  ofthe hornbook and primer. Locke.
    To master  John the English maid
  A hornbook gives of ginger-bread;
  And that the child may learn toe better,
  As he can name, he eats the letter.       Prior.
Ho'rned, hdr'ned. adj.  [from horn.] Fur-
  nished with horns.
    As when two rams, stirr'd with ambitious pride;
  Fight for the  rule of the rich fleeced flock,
    Their horned fronts so fierce on either side
  Do meet, that, with the terrour of the shock,
  Astonish'd both stand senseless as a block.   F.  Q.
    Thither all the horned host resorts,
  To graze the ranker mead.             Denham.
    Thou king of horned floods, whose plenteous urn
  Suffices fatness to toe fruitful corn.       Dryden.
Ho'rner, hor'nur.98   ra. s.    [from horn.]
  On  that works  in  horn, and sells horns.
    The  skin of a bull's forehead is the part of the
  hide made use of by homers, whereupon they shave
  their horns.                            Grew.
Ho'rnet, hor'net." n. s. [hyrinecce, Sax.
  from  its  horns.]   A  very  large strong
  stinging fly,  which  makes  its nest  in
  hollow trees.
    Silence, in times of suff'ring, is the best;
  'Tis dangerous to disturb a hornet's nest.    Dryd.
    Hornets do mischief to trees by breeding in them.
                                    Mortimer.
    I have often admired how hornets, that gather dry
  materials for building their nests, have found a pro-
  per matter to glue toeir combs.          Derham.
Ho'rnfoot, hom'fut. ra.  s. [horn and foot.]
  Hoofed.
     Mad frantick men, that did not inly quake!
   With hornfoot horses, and brass wheels, Jove's
         storms to emulate.             HakewiU.
 Ho'rnowl, horn'oul. n. s. A kind of horn-
   ed owl.                       Ainsworth.
 Ho'rn pipe, horn'pipe.  ra. s.   [horn  and
   pipe.]   A  country dance,  danced com-
   monly  to a  horn.
             A lusty tabrere,
   That to thee many a hornpipe play'd,
   Whereto they dauncen each one with his maid.
                                       Spenser.
     There  many a hornpipe hetun'd to bis Phyllis.
                                       Raleigh.
     Let all the quicksilver i' the mine
   Run to the feet veins, and refine
   Your firkum jerkum to a dance
   Shall fetch the fiddlers out of France,
   To wonder at the hornpipes here
   Of Nottingham and Derbyshire.      JSen Jonson.
     Florinda danced the Derbyshire hornpipe in the
   presence of several friends.               Tatler.
 Ho'rn stone, horii'stone.  n. s.   A  kind of
   blue stone.                    Ainsworth.
 Ho'rnwork,  horn'wurk.  ra. s.   A  kind of
   angular fortification.
 Ho'rny, hor'ne. adj. [from horn.]
 1. Made of horn.
 2. Resembling horn.
    He thought he by the brook of Cherith stood,
   And saw the ravens with their horny beaks
   Food to Elijah bringing even and morn.    Milton.
    The homy or pellucid coat ofthe eye doth not lie
   in  the same superficies with the white of the eye, but
  riseth up above its convexity, and is of an hyperbo-
  lical figure.                 Ray on the Creation.
    Rough are her ears, and broad her horny feet.
                                       Dryden.
    The pineal gland was encompassed with a  kind
  of horny substance.                    Addison.
    As the serum of the blood is resolvable by a small
  heat, the greater heat coagulates it so as to turn it
  horny, like parchment;  but when  it is thoroughly
  putrified, it will no longer concrete.    Arbuthnot.
3. Hard as horn;  callous.
    Tyrrheus, the foster-father of the beast,
  Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist.    Dryd.
Horo'graphy, ho-rog'gra-fe.618 ra. s. [ho-
   rographie, Fr. upa. and ypoi<p<a/\   An ac-
   count of the hours.
Ho'rologe, hor'6-lodje.   > ra. s. [horolo-
Ho'rology, ho-rol'6-je.618 $ gium,  Latin.]
   Any instrument  that tells the hour: as,
   a  clock; a watch; an hourglass.
    He '11 watch the horologe a double set,
  If drink rock not his cradle.              Shaksp.
    Before  the days of Jerome there were horologies,
  that measured the hours not only by drops  of water
  in  glasses, called clepsydra,  but  also by sand in
  glasses, called clepsammia.              Brown.
Horo'metrv,  ho-rom'e-tre.618  ra. s.  [ho-
   rometrie, French; eipx and fUTptu/]  The
   art of measuring hours.
    It is no  easy wonder how the horometry of anti-
  quity discovered not this artifice.          Brown.
Horo'scope,  hor'ro-skope.   ra. s.   [horo-
   scope, French; apoa-KOTr^.]   The confi-
   guraiion of  the  planets at the hour of
   birth.
    How unlikely is it, that the many almost number-
  less conjunctions of stars,  which occur in  the pro-
  gress of a man's life, should not match and counter-
  vail that one horoscope or conjunction which is found
  at his birth?                       Drummond.
    A proportion of the  horoscope unto the seventh
  house, or opposite signs every seventh year, oppres-
  seth living creatures.                    Brown.
    Him born beneath a boding horoscope,
  His sire the blear-ey'd Vulcan of a shop, 
HOR
HOR
HOR
  From Mars his forge sent to Minerva's school.
                                      Dryden.
    The Greek names this the horoscope,
  This governs life, and this marks out our parls.
  Our humours, manners, qualities and arts.  Creech.
    They understood the planets and tlie zodiack by
  instinct, and fell to drawing schemes of their own
  horoscopes in the same dust they sprung out of.  Bcnf.
Ho'rrext, hor'rent. adj. [horrens, Latin.
   Horrentia pilis agmina.] Pointed  out-
   ward;  bristled  with points: a word  per-
   haps introduced by  Milton.
              Him a globe
  Of fiery seraphim incircled round
  "With bright imblazonry,  and  ftorrenf arms.  Milt.
HO'RRIBLE, hor're-bl.l6u adj. [horrible,
   French;  horribilis,   Latin ]   Dreadful;
   terrible;  shocking;  hideous; enormous.
    No colour affecteth the eye much with displea-
  sure: there be sights that are horrible, because they
  excite the memory of things that are odious or fear-
  ful.                                  Bacon.
    A dungeon horrible on  all sides round,
  As one great furnace flamed.            Milton.
                   O sight
   Of terrour, foul and ugly to behold,
  Horrid to think, how horrible to feei.      Milton.
    Eternal happiness  and eternal misery,  meeting
  with a persuasion that the soul is immortal, are, of
  all  others, the first the most desirable, and the lat-
  ter the most horrible to human apprehension. South.
Ho'rribleness, hor're-bi-nes. ra. *. [from
   horrible.]   Dreadfulness;  hideousness;
   terribleness; fearfulness.
Ho'rribly, h6r're-ble. adv.  [from horri-
   ble.]
 I. Dreadfully;  hideously.
    What hideous noise was that?
   Horribly loud.                         Afiffon.
2. To a  dreadful degree.
    The contagion of these ill precedents,  both in ci-
   vility and virtue, horribly infects children.   Locke.
HO  RRID, hor'rid. adj. [horridus, Lat.]
 1. Hideous; dreadful;  shocking.
     Give colour to my pale cheek with thy blood,
   That we the horrider may seem to those
   Which chance to find us.       Shaksp. Cymbeline.
                 Not in the legions
   Of horrid hell can come a devil more damn'd
   In evils to top Macbeth.              Shakspeare.
               Horror on them fell,
   And horrid sympathy.                  Milton.
 2. Shocking; offensive; unpleasing: in wo-
   men's cant.
           Already I your tears survey,
   Already hear the horrid things they say.     Pope.
 3. Rough; rugged.
     Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn,
   Few paths of human feet, or tracks of beasts were
         worn.                         Dryden.
 Ho'rridxess, hor'rid-nes. ra. s. [from hor-
   rid.]  Hideousness; enormity.
     A bloody  designer suborns his instrument to take
   away such  a man's life, and the confessor repre-
   sents the horridness  of the fact, and brings him to
   repentance.                         Hammond.
 Ho'rrifick, hor-rif'ik.609 adj. [horrifcus,
   Latin.] Causing horrour.
     His jaws hor-rifick, arm'd with three-fold fate,
   Here dwells the direful shark.          Thomson.
 H-j'rrisonous, nor-ris'so-nus. adj.  [hor-
   riaonua, Latin.] Sounding dreadfully.
                                         Dict.
 Ho'rrour, hor'rur.31* ra. a.  [horror, hat.
    horreur,  French.]
 1. Terrour mixed with detestation; a pas-
    sion compounded of fear and hate, both
    strong.
    Over them sad horrour, with grim hue,
  Did always soar, beating his iron wings;
    And alter him owls and night ravens flew,
  The hateful messengers of heavy things. F.  Queen.
    Doubtless all souls have a surviving thought,
  Therefore of death we think with quiet mind;
    But if we think of being turud to nought,
  A trembling horrour in our souls we find.  Davies
              Me damp horrour chill'd
  At such bold words, vouch'd with a deed so bold.
                                      MUton.
    Deep horrour seizes ev'ry human breast;
  Their pride is humbled, and their fear confest.
                                      Diyden.
2. Dreadful thoughts.
    I have supt full with horrours;
  Direness, familial- to my slaught'rous thoughts,
  Cannot once start me.                  Shaksp
3. Gloom;  dreariness.
    Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,
  Shades ev'ry flow'r, and darkens ev'ry green;
  Deepens the murmur of the falling floods,
  And breathes a browner hoirour on the woods. Pope.
4. [In medicine.]  Such  a  shuddering or
   quivering as  precedes  an  ague-fit;  a
   sense of shuddering or shrinking.
                                    Quincy.
    All objects of the senses, which are very offen-
  sive,  do cause the spirits  to retire;  and upon their
  flight, the parts  are in  some degree destitute, and
  so there is induced in them a trepidation and Aor-
  ronr.                                 Bacon.

HORSE, horse, ra. s. [hortr*, Saxon.]
I. A neighing quadruped,  used in  war,
   and draught and carriage.
    Duncan's horses, the minions of the race,
  Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls.   Shaksp.
    A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse! Shak.
    We call a little horse, such a one as comes  not
  up to the size of that idea  which  we  have in our
  minds to belong ordinarily to horses.       Locke.
2. A constellation.
    Thy face, bright centaur, autumn's heats retain,
  The softer season suiting to the  man;
  Whilst winter's shiv'ring goat afflicts the Aorse
  With frost, and makes him an uneasy course.
                                       CreecA.
   To take horse; to set out to ride.
    I foofc Aorse  to the lake of Constance,  which  is
  formed by the entry of the Rhine.       Addison.
4. It is used in the plural sense,  but with
   a singular termination, for horses, horse-
   men, or cavalry.
                 I did hear
   The galloping of Aorse: who was't came by? SAafc.
    The armies were appointed, consisting of twenty-
   five thousand Aorse and foot, for the repulsing of the
   enemy at their landing.                 Bacon.
     If they had known that all the king's Aorse were
   quartered  behind them, their foot might very well
   have march'd away with their Aorse    Clarendon.
             I'h' Arcadian Aorse
   With ill success engage the Latin force.   Dryden.
 5.  Something on  which any thing is sup-
   ported: as, a horse to dry linen on.
 5. A wooden machine  which soldiers ride
   by  way of punishment.  It  is sometimes
   called a timber mare.
 T. Joined  to another substantive, it  signi-
    fies something large or  coarse: as, a
    horse-face,  a face of which the features
    are large and  indelicate.
  To Horse,  horse, v. a. [from  the noun.]
  1. To mount upon a horse; to furnish with
    a horse.
     He came  out with all his  clowns, horsed upon
   such cart-jades, and so furnished,  as 1 thought with
   myself, if that were  thrift, I wisht none of  my
   friends ever to thrive.                   Sidney,
4.
    After a great fight  there came to toe camp of
  Gonzalvo, the great captain, a gentleman proudly
  horsed and armed: Diego de Mendoza  asked (he
  great captain, Who's this? Who answered, It is St.
  Elmo, who never appears but after the storm.
                                      Bacon.
   To carry  one on the back.
   To ride any thing.
            Stalls, bulks, windows
  Are smother'd, leads are fill'd, and ridges hors'd
  With variable complexions; all agreeing
  In earnestness to see him.               Shaksp.
    To cover  a  mare.
    If you let him out to Aorse more mares than your
  own, you must feed him well.           Mortimer.
Ho'rsebaok,  hors'bak.  ra.  s.  [horse and
   back.]  Riding posture; the state of be-
   ing on a horse.
            I've seen toe French,
  And they can  well on horseback.          Shaksp.
    1 saw them salute on horseback,
  Beheld them  when they lighted.          Shaksp.
    Alexander  fought  but  one remarkable  battle
  wherein there were  any elephants, and that  was
  with Porus, king of India; in which notwithstanding
  he was on horseback.                   Brown.
    When mannish Mevia, that two-handed whore,
  Astride on horseback hunts the Tuscan boar.  Dryd.
    If your ramble was on horseback, 1 am glad of it,
  on account of your health.         Swift to Gay.

Horsebe'an, hors'bene. ra. s.  [horse and
   bean.]   A small bean usually  given to
   horses.
    Only the small horsebean is propagated by the
  plough.                            Aforfimer.
Ho'rseblock, hors'blok. ra. s.  [horse and
   block.] A block on which they climb to a
   horse.
Horsebo'at, hors'bote. ra. s.  [horse and
   boat]  A boat used in ferrying  horses.
Horsebo'y, hors'boe. ra. s. [horse and boy.]
   A boy employed in  dressing  horses; a
   stableboy.
    Some horseboys, being awake, discovered them by
  the fire in their matches.         Knolles' History.
Ho'rsebreaker, hors'bra-kur. n.s.\_horse
   and break.]  One whose employment is
   to  tame horses to the saddle.
    Under Sagittarius are born chariot-racers, horse-
  breakers, and tamers of wild beasts.        Creech.
Horseche'stnut,   h6rs'tshes-nut.  ra. s.
   [horse and chestnut; esculus.]   A tree.
    It hath digitated or fingered leaves:  the flowers,
   which consist of five  leaves, are of an  anomalous
   figure, opening with  two lips: there are male and
   female upon  the same spike: the female flowers are
   succeeded  by nuts, which grow in green prickly
   husks   Their whole year's shoot is commonly per-
   formed in three weeks' time, after which it does ne
   more  than increase in bulk, and become more firm;
   and all the latter part ofthe summer is occupied in
   forming and strengthening  the buds  for the next
   year's shoots.                          Miller,
    The AorsecAesnuf grows into a goodly standard.
                                     Mortimer.
 Ho'rsecourser, hdrs'kor-sur. ra. a. [horse
    and  courser.  Junius derives  it  from
    horse and  cose,  an  old  Scotch  word,
    w uch signifies to change;  and it should
    therefore, lie thinks, be  writ horsecoser.
    The  word  now  used  in  Scotland,   is
    horsecouper, to  denote a jockey, seller,
    or  rather changer  of horses.  It  may
    well be derived from course,  as he that
    sells  horses may  be supposed to course
    or exercise them.] 
HOR
HOR
HOS
1. One that runs horses, or keeps horses
   for the race.
2. A deaier in  horses.
    A servant to a horsecourser was thrown  off his
  horse.                              Wiseman.
    A Florentine bought a horse for so many crowns,
  upon condition to pay half down: the horsecourser
  comes to him next morning for the remainder.
                                  L'Estrange.
Ho'rsecrab, hors'krab. ra. a.  A kind  of
   fish.                           Ainsworth.
Ho'rsecucumber,    hdrs-kou'knrn-bur.
   ra. s. [horse and  cucumber.]  A plant.
    The horsecucumber is the large green cucumber,
  and the best for the table, green out of toe garden.
                                    Mortimer.
Ho'rsedung, hors'dung. ra. s.  [horse and
   dung. J The excrements  of horses.
    Put it into an ox's horn, and,  covered close, let
  it rot in hot horsedung.               Peacham.
Horsee'mmet, hors'em-met.  ra. s.  [horse
   and emmet.]   Ant of a large kind.
Ho'rseflesh, hdrs'flesh. ra. s. [horse and
  flesh]  The flesh of horses.
    The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day, and some
  gluttons have colt's flesh baked.           Bacon.
    Au old hungry lion would fain have been dealing
  wito  a good piece of horseflesh: but the nag he
  thought would be too fleet for him.    L'Estrange.
Ho'rsefly, hors'fli.  ra. s. [horse andfy.]
   A fly that stings horses, and sucks their
   blood.
Ho'iisefoot, hors'fut.  ra. s.  An herb; the
   same with coltsfoot.         Ainsworth.
Ho'rsehair, hors'hare.  ra.  s.  [horse and
   hair]  The hair  of horses.
    His glitt'ring helm, which terribly was grac'd
  With waving horsehair.                Dryden.
Ho'rseheel, hors'heel. ra.  s.   An  herb.
                                 Ainsworth.
Ho'rselaugh, hors'laf.  ra.  s.  [horse and
   laugh.]   A loud violent rude  laugh.
    A horselaugh, if you please, at honesty;
  A joke on Jekyl.                       Pope.
Ho'rselekch,  hors'leetsh.  ra. s.  [horse
   and leech]
1. A great  leech that bites  horses.
    The horseleech hath two daughters, crying give,
  give.                               Proverbs.
    Let us to France; like horseleeches, my boys,
  The very blood to suck.                 Shaksp.
2. [from leech;  signifying a  physician.]  A
   farrier.                       Ainsworth.
Ho'rselitter,  hors'lit-tiir. ra. *. [horse
   and  litter.]   A  carriage hung   upon
   poles between two horses, in which the
   person carried lies along.
    He that before thought he might  command the
  waves of the sea, was now cast on the ground, and
  carried in an horselitter.                2 Mac.
Ho'rseman, hors'man.88 ra. s.  [horse and
   man.]
1. One skilled in riding.
    A skilful horseman, and a huntsman bred. Dryd.
2. One that serves in wars  on  horseback.
    Encounters between horsemen on the one side,
  and foot on the other, are seldom with extremity
  of danger; because as horsemen  can hardly break
  a battle on foot,  so men on  foot cannot possibly
  chase horsemen.                      Hayward.
    In the early times of the Roman commonwealth,
  a horseman recehed yearly fria millia ceris, and a
  foot soldier one mille; that is more than six-pence
  a day to a horseman, and two-pence a day to a foot
  soldier.                            Arbuthnot.
3. A rider;  a man on horseback.
    With descending show'rs of brimstone fir'd,
  The wild barbarian in the storm expir'd;
  Wrapt in devouring flames the horseman rag'd,
  And spurr'd the steed in equal flames engag'd-
                                    Addison.
        A horseman's coat shall hide
  Thy taper shape, and comeliness of side.   Prior.
Ho'rsemanship,  hors'man-ship.   ra.   s.
  [from horseman]   The art of riding;
  the art of managing a horse.
    He vaulted with such ease into his seat,
  As if an angel dropt down from the clouds,
  To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus,
  And witch the world with noble liorsemanship.
                                  Shakspeare.
    They please themselves in terms of hunting  or
  horsemanship.                        Wotton.
    His majesty,  to shew his horsemanship,  slaugh-
  tered two or three of his subjects.       Addison.
    Peers grew proud, in horsemanship V excel;
  Newmarket's glory rose,  as Britain's fell.   Pope.
Ho'rsemakten,  hors'mar-ten. ra. s.   A
  kind of large bee.           Ainsworth.
Ho'rsematch, hors'matsh.  ra. s.   A bird.
                                Ainsworth.
Ho'rsemeat, hors'mete.  ra. s.  [horse and
  meat.]  Provender.
    Though green peas and beans be  eaten  sooner,
  yet the dry ones that are used for horsemeat are ripe
  last.                                 Bacon.
Ho'rsemint, hors'mint.  ra.  s.  A  large
  coarse mint.
Ho'rsemuscle,  h6rs'mus-sl.40S ra. s.   A
  large muscle.
    The great horsemuscle, with the fine shell, that
  breedeth in ponds,  do not only gape and shut as the
  oysters do, but remove from one place to another.
                                      Bacon.
Ho'rseplay,  hors'pla. ra.  s.  [horse  and
  play.]   Coarse, rough,  rugged play.
    He is too mueh given to horseplay in his raillery,
  and comes to battle like a dictator from the  plough.
                                     Dryden.
Ho'rsepond, hors'pond. ra. s. [horse and
  pond.]   A  pond  for horses.
Ho'rserace,  hors'rase. ra. s.  [horse and
  race]   A  match of horses in  running.
    In horseraces men are  curious that there be not
  toe least weight upon the one horse more  than upon
  toe other.                             Bacon.
    Trajan, in the fifth year of his tribuneship, en-
  tertained the people with a horserace.    Addison.
Ho'rseradish, hors'rad ish.  ra. s. [horse
  and radish]  A  root acrid and biting;
  a  species of scurvy grass.
    Horseradish  is increased by  sprouts  spreading
  from the old roots left in the ground, that are cut
  or oroken off.                       Mortimer.
    Stomachicks are the cresse acrids, as horseradish
  and scurvy-grass, infused in wine;         Floyer.
Ho'rseshoe,  hors'shod. ra. s. [horse and
  shoe]
I. A plate of iron nailed to the feet  of
  horses.
    I was thrown into the Thames, and cool'd, glow-
  ing hot, in that surge, like a horseshoe.    Shaksp.
2. An herb.                    Ainsworth.
Horsestealer, hors'ste-lur. ra. s. [horse
  and steal.] A thief who takes away horses.
    He is not a pickpurse, nor a horsestealer;  but for
  his verity in love, I do think him as  concave as a
  covered goblet, or a worm-eaten nut.      Shaksp.
Ho'rsetail, hors'tale. ra. s. A plant.
Ho'rsetongue, hdrs'tung. ra. s. An herb.
Ho'rsewav,   hors'wa.  n.  s.  [horse and
  way.]   A  way by  which  horses may
  travel.
    Know'st thou the way to Dover?
  —Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath.
                                  Shakspeare.
Hort\'tion, h6r-ta'slnin.  ra. *. [hortatio,
   Latin.]  The  act of exhorting;  a horta-
   tory precept; advice or  encouragement
   to something.
Ho'rtative, hor'ta-tiv. n.  s. [from hortor,
   Latin.]  Exhortation;  precept by which
   one incites or  animates.
    Generals commonly in their hoiiatives put men
  in mind of their wives and children.       Bacon.
Ho'rtatory,  hor'ta-tur-e/12  adj.  [from
   hortor,  Latin.]  Encouraging;  animat-
   ing; advising to  any thing: used of pre-
   cepts, not of persons; a hortatory speech,
   not  a hortatory speaker.
Horticulture,  hor'te-kul-tshure. ra. s.
   [hortus and cultura, Latin.]  The art of
   cultivating  gardens.
Ho'rtulan, hor'tshu-lan.461  adj.  [hortu-
   lanus,  Latin.]    Belonging to a  garden.
    This seventh edition of my hortulan kalendar is
  yours.                              Evelyn.
Hosa'nna, ho-zan'na.  ra. s. [oc-xwec.]  An
   exclamation of praise to God.
        Through the vast of heav'n
  It sounded, and toe faithful armies rung
  Hosanna to the Highest.               Milton.
    The public entrance which Christ made into Je-
  rusalem was celebrated with the hosannas and ac-
  clamations of the people.                Fiddes.
HOSE,  hoze.  ra.  s.  plur. hosen. [hoj*a,
   Saxon; Aosara,  Welsh;  ossan, Erse, os-
   sanen,  plur. chausse, French.]
I. Breeches.
    Guards on wanton  Cupid's hose.        Shaksp.
    Here's an English  taylor come hither for stealing
  out of a French hose.                 Shaksp.
    These  men were  bound in their coats,  hosen,
  hats,  and other garments, and cast into the midst of
  the burning fiery furnace.                Daniel.
    He cross examin'd both our hose,
  And plunder'd all we had to  lose.       Hudibras.
2. Stockings; covering for the legs.
    He being in love, could not see to garter his hose;
  and you,  being in love,  cannot see t  - put on your
  hose.                                 Shaksp.
    Will she toy linen wash, or ftosen darn,
  And knit thee gloves?                    Gai/#
Ho'sier,  ho'zhiir.383 ra.  s. [from  hose]
   One who sells stockings.
    As arrant a cockney  as any hosier in Cheaptide.
                                       Swift.
HO'SPITABLE,  hos'pe-ta-bl. adj. [hos-
   pitabilis, Lat ] Giving entertainment to
   strangers;  kind  to strangers.
          I'm your  host:
  With robbers' hand my hospitable favour
  You should not ruffle thus.               Shaksp.
    Receive the shipwreck'd on your friendly shore;
  Wito hospitable rites  relieve the poor.    Dryden.
Ho'spitably,  hos'pe-ta-ble.   adv  [from
   hospitable.] With  kindness to strangers.
    Ye thus hospitably  live,
  And strangers wito good cheer receive.     Prior.
    The former liveth as piously and hospitably as the
  other.                   .             Swift.
HOSPITAL, 6s'pe-tal.39* „. s. [hepital,
   French; hospitalis, Latin.]
1. A  place built for the reception of the
   sick, or support ofthe poor.
    They who were so careful to bestow them in a col-
  lege when they were  v >ing, would be so  good as to
  provide for them in some hospUal when they are old.
                                      Ifoffon. 
HO S
HOS
HOT
    1 am about to build an hospital, which I will en-
  dow handsomely for twelve old husbandmen.  Add.
2. A place for  shelter or  entertainment.
   Obsolete.
    They spy'd a goodly castle, plac'd
  Foreby a river in a pleasant dale,
  Which chusing for  that evening's hospital,
  They thither march'd.             Fairy Queen.
Hospita'lity,  hos-pe-tal'e-te. ra.  *.  [hos-
   pitalite, French.]   The practice of en-
   tertaining strangers.
 ,   The Lacedemonians  forbidding all  access of
   strangers into their coasts, are, in  that respect, de-
   servedly blamed,  as being enemies to that hospita-
   lity which for common humanity's  sake,  all the na-
   tions on the earth  should embrace.        Hooker.
     My master is of a churlish disposition,
   And little recks to find the way to  heav'n
   By doing deeds of hospitality             Shaksp.
     How has this  spirit of faction broke all the laws
   of charity, neighbourhood, alliance, and  hospUality.
                                          Swift.
 Ho'spitaller,  hos-pe-tal'ltir. ra. s. [hospi-
   tallier,  French; ho spit alar ius,  low Lat.
   from hospital/]  One residing in a hos-
   pital in order to  receive  the   poor or
   stranger.  Used perhaps  peculiarly of
   the knights  of Malta.
     Tbe first they reckon such as were granted to the
   liospitallers in titulum beneficii.            Ayliffe.
 To Ho'spitate, hos'pe-tate.  v.  a. [hospi-
    tor, Latin.]    To  reside  under  the  roof
    of another.
     That always chuses an empty shell, and this hos-
   pUates with the living animal  in the same shell.
                                 Grew's Musozum.
 HOST, host. ra. s. [hoste, French; hospes,
    hospitis, Latin.]
  1.  One  who gives  entertainment to an-
    other.
     Homer never  entertained  either guests or Aosfs
   with  long speeches,  till the  mouth of hunger  be
   stopped.                               Sidney.
     Here, father, take the shadow of this tree
   For your good Aost.                      Shaksp.
  2.  The  landlord of an inn.
          Time 's like a fashionable Aosf,
   That slightly shakes his parting guest by to' hand;
   But  with^Ue arms out stretch'd, as he would fly,
   Grasps in toe comer.                    Shaksp.
  3.  [from hostis, Latin.]   An army,  num-
    bers assembled for war.
      Let every soldier hew him down a bougb,
   And bear 't before him; thereby shall we shadow
   The numbers of our Acsf.                Shaksp.
      Then through the fiery pillar, and the cloud,
    God looking forth, will trouble all his ftosf,
   And  craze your chariot wheels.           MUton.
      After these came arm'd, with spear and shield,
   An ftosf so great as cover'd all the field.   Dryden.
  4.  Any great number.
            Give to a gracious message
   An ftosf of tongues; but let ill tidings tell
   Themselves, when they be felt.           Shaksp.
  5.  [hostia, Latin; hostie,  French.]   The
    sacrifice  ot  the  mass in the  Romish
    church; the  consecrated  wafer.
  To Host, host. v. ra.  [from  the noun.]
  1.  To take up  entertainment;  to live, as
    at an inn.
      Go, bear it to  the centaur, where we ftosf;
    And stay there, Dromio, till I come to  thee. Shak.
  2.  To encounter in battle.
            Strange to us it seem'd
   At first, that angel should with angel war,
   And in fierce hostings meet.              Jtfiffon.
      New authors of dissension spring from him,
    Two branches, that in hosting long contend,
   For sov'veign sway.                     Philips.
3.  To review  a body of men; to muster.
  Obsolete.
    Lords have had the leading of their  own follow-
  ers to the general hostings.              Spenser.
Ho'stage,  hos'taje.90 ra. s.  [ostage, Fr.]
  One  given  in  pledge  for security  of
  performance of conditions.
    i'our hostages I have, so have you mine;
  And we shall talk before we fight.        Shaksp.
         Do this message honourably;
  And if he stand on hostage for his safety,
  Bid him demand what pledge will please him best.
                                    Shaksjieare.
    He that hath wife and children,  hath given ftosf-
  ages to fortune; for they are impediments to  great
  enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.    Bacon.
    They who marry  give hostages to the public, that
  they will not attempt toe ruin or disturb the peace
  of it.                               Atterbury.
    The Romans, having seized a great number of
  hostages, acquainted them with their resolution.
                                     Arbuthnot-
 Ho'stel, ho-tel'.      >  ra. s. [hostel, hos-
 Ho'stelry, ho't<M-re. 3  telerie,  BY.]  An
   inn.                           Ainsworth.
 Ho'stess, host'es. ra. s. [hostesse, FYench;
   from host.]
    A female host; a woman that gives en-
   tertainment.
             Fair and noble hostess,
  We are your guest  to night.              Shaksp.
         Ye were beaten out of door,
  And rail'd upon the hostess of the house.    Shaksp.
     Be as kind an hostess as you have been to me,
  and you can never fail of another husband.  Dryd.
 2.  A woman  that keeps  a house of pub-
   lick  entertainment.
     Undistinguish'd civility is like a whore or a hos-
  tess.                                  Temple.

 Ho'stess-ship,  host'es-ship. ra. s. [from
   hostess]   The character of an hostess.
     It is my father's will I should take on me
   The hostess-ship 0'  to' day: you're welcome, sirs.
                                     SAafcspeare.
 HO'STILE, hos'til.1*0 adj. [hostilis, Lat.J
    Adverse; opposite; suitable to an enemy.
           He has now at last
   Giv'n hostile strokes, and that not in the presence
   Of dreaded justice, but on the  ministers
   That do distribute  it.                   Shaksp,
              Fierce Juno's hate
   Added to ftosfife force, shall urge thy fate.  Dryden.
 Hosti'lity,  hos-tU'e-te.   ra.  s.   [hostilite,
    French; from hostile.]  The practices of
    an  open  enemy;  open  war;  opposition
    in  war.
     Neither by treason, nor hostility
   To seek to put me down, and reign thyself. Shaksp.
     Hostility being thus suspended with France,  pre-
   paration was made for wan- against Scotland. Hayw.
          What peace can we return,
   But, to our pow'r hostility and hate,
   Untam'd reluctance and revenge?        Milton.
     We have shew'd ourselves fair,  nay, generous
   adversaries; and have  carried on even our  hostili-
   ties with humanity.                  Atterbury.
  Ho'stler, os'lur.39* 472   ra.  s.  [hosteller,
    from hostel.]  One who has the care of
    horses at an inn.
      The cause why  they are now to be permitted is
   want of convenient inns for lodging travellers on
   horseback, and hostlers to tend their horses by the
   way.                                 Spenser.
  HO'STRY,  ho'tre.  ra. s.  [corrupted from
    hostelry.]   A  place  where  the horses
    of guests are  kept.
      Swift rivers are with sudden ice constrain'd,
   And studded wheels are on its back sustain'd;
  An hostry now for waggons, which before
  Tall ships of burden on its bosom bore.    Dryden.
HOT, hot. adj. [hat;, Saxon; hat, Scoiibh.]
   Having the  power  to excite the  sense
   of heat;  contrary to cold; fiery.
             What is thy name ?
  ----Thou  'It be afraid to hear it.
  —No, though thou call'st thyself a ftoffer name
  Than any is in hell.                    Shaksp.
    The great breezes which the motion ofthe air in
  great circles, such as  are under toe girdle of the
  world, produceth, do refrigerate; and therefore, in
  those parts, noon is nothing so hot as about  nine in
  the forenoon.                           Bacon-
    Hot and cold were in one body fixt;
  And soft with hard, and  light with heavy mixt.
                                      Dryden.
    Black substances do soonest of all others  become
  ftof in the  sun's light, and burn; which eflect may
  proceed partly from toe multitude of refractions in
  a little room, and partly from easy commotion of so
  very  small corpuscles.                  JYeiotcm.
  . Lustful; lewd.
             What  ftoffer  hours,
  Unregister'd in vulgar fame, you have
  Luxuriously pick'd out.                  Shaksp.
    Now the ftof blooded gods assist me! remember,
  Jove, thou was't a bull for thy Europa.     Shaksp.
  . Violent; furious; dangerous.
    That of Carthagena,  where the  Spaniards had
  warning of our coming, was one of the  hottest ser-
  vices, and most dangerous assaults that hath been
  known.                                Bacon.
     He resolved to storm;  but his soldiers declined
   that  ftof service, and plied it with artillery.
                                     Clarendon.
     To court the cry directs us, when we found
   The assault so Aof as if't were only there. Denham.
                 Our army
   Is now in Aof engagement with the Moors. Dryden.
  .  Ardent; vehement;  precipitate.
     Come, come, lord Mortimer, you are as  slow,
   As Aof lord Percy is on fire to go.         Shaksp.
     Nature  to youth Aof rashness  doth dispense,
   But  with cold prudence  age doth recompense.
                                      Denftam.
     Achilles is  impatient,  Aof,  revengeful; iEneas
   patient, considerate, and careful of his people.
                                        Dryden.
  .  Eager; keen in desire.
     It is no wonder that men, either perplexed in the
   necessary affairs of life, or Aof in the pursuit of
   pleasures, should not seriously examine toeir tenets.
                                         Locke.
     She has, quoth Ralph, a jointure,
   Which makes him have so ftof a mind t' her.
                                      Hudibras.
  u It is applied likewise to the  desire, or
    sense  raising the  desire, or  action ex-
    cited:  as, a hot pursuit.
     Nor law, nor checks of conscience will we hear,
   When in  ftof scent of gain and full career.  Dryden.
  '.  Piquant; acrid:  as, hot as  mustard.
 Ho'tbed, hot'bed.  ra. s.   A  bed of earth
    made hot by  the fermentation of dung.
     The bed we call aftoffted is this:  toere was taken
   horsedung, old  and well rotted; this was laid upon a
   bank half a foot high, and supported  round about
   with planks, and upon the top  was  cast sifted earth
   two fingers  deep.                       Bacon.
     Preserve the Aof&ed as much as possible from
   rain.                                 Evelyn.
  Hotbra'ined, hot'bran'd.369  adj. [hot and
    brain.]  Violent;  vehement; furious.
    Cerebrosus.
     You shall find 'em either hotbrain'd youth,
    Or  needy bankrupts.                   Dryden.
  Ho'tchpot, hodje'pot.      } ra. *.  [hache
  Ho'tchpotch, hodje'podje. 3  en  poche,
    French; or hachee en  pot, French, as
    Camden has it, as  being boiled up in a 
H  O T
HOU
HOU
   pot; yet the former corruption  is  now
   generally used.]   A  mingled hash;  a
   mixture; a  confused mass.
    Such  patching maketh Littleton's hotchpot of our
  tongue, and, in effect, brings the same rather  to a
  Babellish confusion than any one entire language.
                                      Camden.
    A mixture of many disagreeing colours is  ever
  unpleasant to the eye, and a mixture of hotch-potch
  of many tastes is unpleasant to toe taste.   Bacon.
    Nor limbs, nor bones, nor carcass would remain;
  But a mash'd heap, a hotchpotch of the slain. Dryd.

 Hotco'ckles, hot-k&k'klz. n.s. [hautes
   coquilles,  Fr.]   A play in  which   one
   covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes
   him.
    The chytindra is certainly not our hotcockles; for
  that was by pinching, not by striking.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
    As at hotcockles once I laid me down,
  And felt the weighty hand of many a clown,
  Buxoma gave a gentle tap, and I
  Quick rose, and read soft mischief in her eye. Gay.
 Hothea'ded,  hot'hed-ed. adj.  [hot  and
   head.] Vehement; violent; passionate.
    One would not make the same person zealous for
  a standing army and publick liberty; nor a hothead-
  ed crackbrained coxcomb forward for a scheme of
  moderation.                        Arbuthnot.

 Hothouse,  hot'house.  ra. s.    [hot   and
   house.]
 1.  A bagnio;  a place to  sweat and cup in.
    Now  she professes a hothouse, which is a very ill
  house too.     Shakspeare's Measure for Measure.
 2.  A brothel.
    Where lately harbour'd many a famous whore,
  A purging bill, now fix'd upon  the door,
  Tells you it is a hothouse; so it may,
  And still be a whorehouse: to' are synonyma.
                                   Ben Jonson.
 Ho'tly, hot'le. adv.  [from hot.]
 1.  With heat; not coldly.
 2.  Violently; vehemently.
    The stag was in the end so Aoffy pursued, that he
  was driven to make courage of despair.    Sidney.
             I do contest
  As  ftoffy and as nobly with thy love,
  As  ever in ambitious strength I did
  Contend against thy valour.           Shakspeare,
    The enemy, now at hand, began hotly to skirmish
  in divers places with the christians.       Knolles.
    Though this  controversy be revived, and  hotly
  agitated, I doubt whether it  be not a nominal  dis-
  pute.                                 Boyle.
 3.  Lustfully.
    Voracious birds, that hotly bill and breed,
  And largely drink, because on salt they feed. Dryd.

 Hotmou'thed, hot'mduTH'd.  adj,  [hot
   and  mouth.]  Headstrong;  ungoverna-
  ble.
          I fear my people's faith,
  That holmouth'd beast that bears against the curb,
  Hard to  be broken.      Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

 Ho'tness, h6t'n£s. ra. s. [from hot.] Heat;
  violence; fury.
 Ho'tspur, hot'spur. ra. s.  [hot and spur.]
 1. A man violent, passionate, precipitate,
  and heady.
    My nephew's trespass may be well  forgot;
  It hath the excuse of youth and  heat of blood,
  A harebrain'd hotspur govern'd  by a spleen. Shaks.
    Wars are begun by hairbrained dissolute captains,
  parasitical fawners, unquiet  hotspurs,  and restless
  innovators.                           Burton.
2. A  kind of  pea  of speedy growth.
    Of such peas as arc planted or sown in gardens,
  the hotspur is the speediest of any in growth.
                                    Mortimer.
      VOL.  I.
 Ho'tspurred,  hot'spur'd.s*"  adj.   [from
   hotspur]  Vehement;  rash; heady.
     To draw Mars like a young  Hippolytus, with an
   effeminate countenance, or Venus like that hotspur-
   red Harpalice in Virgil, this  proceedeth from a
   senseless judgment.                   Peacham.
 Hove, hove. The preterit of  heave.
 Ho'vEL,h6v'll." ra.*. [diminutive of hope,
   house, Saxon.]

 1.  A shed open on the sides, and covered
   overhead.
     So likewise a Aouef will serve for a roome
   To stacke on the pease, when harvest shall come.
                                       Tusser.
     If you make a Aouef, thatched, over some quan-
   tity of ground, plank the ground over, and it will
   breed saltpetre.                        Bacon.
     Your hay it is mow'd, your corn it is reap'd,
   Your barns will be full, and your hovels heap'd.
                                      Dryden.
 2.  A mean habitation;  a cottage.
     The men clamber  up  the acclivities,  dragging
   their kine with them, where they  feed them  and
   milk them, and do all toe dairy-work in such sorry
   ftorefs and sheds as they build to inhabit in during
   the summer.               Ray on the Creation.
 To  Ho'vel, hov'il. v. a. [from the noun.]
   To shelter in a hovel.
     And was't thou fain, poor father,
   To hovel thee with swine and rogues forlorn,
   In short and musty straw?            Shakspeare.
 Ho'ven,  ho'v'n.103  part. pass,  [from
   heave.]  Raised; swelled; tumefied.
     Tom Piper hath hoven and puffed up cheeks;
   If cheese be so hoven, make Cisse to seek creeks.
                                       Tusser.
 To Ho'ver, hilv'tir.165 v.n.  [hovio, to hang
   over, Welsh.]
 I. To  hang in the air overhead, without
   flying off one way or other.
     Some fiery devil hovers in the sky,
   And pours down mischief.            Shakspeare.
     Ah, my poor princes! ah, my tender babes!
   If yet your gentle souls fly in the air,
   And be not fix'd in doom perpetual,
   Hover about me with your airy  wings,
   And hear your mother's lamentation. Shakspeare.
     A hovering mist came swimming o'er his sight,
   And seal'd his eyes in everlasting night.   Diyden.
     Great flights of birds are hovering  about  the
   bridge, and settling upon it.            Addison.
     'Till as the earthly  part decays and falls,
   The captive breaks her prison's mould'ring walls;
  Hovers a-while upon the sad remains,
  Which now the pile, or sepulchre, contains,
   And thence with liberty unbounded flies,
  Impatient to regain her native skies.       Prior.
     Some less refin'd, beneath the moon's pale light,
  Hover, and catch the shooting stars by night. Pope.
 2. To stand in suspense or expectation.
    The landlord will no longer covenant with him;
  for that  he daily looketh after  change and altera-
  tion, and hovereth in expectation of new worlds.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
3. To wander about one  place.
    We see so  warlike a prince  at the head of so
  great an  army, hovering on toe  borders of our con-
  federates.                           Addison.
    The truth  and  certainty is seen, and the mind
  fully possesses itself of it; in the other, it  only  ho-
  vers about it.                           Locke.
Hough,  hok.393 ra. s. [hog, Saxon,]
 1. The  lower part ofthe  thigh.
    Blood shall be from the sword  unto toe belly, and
  dung of men into the camel's hough.    2 Esdras.
2. [hue, Fr.] An adz; a  hoe. See Hoe.
    Did they really  believe that a man, by Aoicg-fts
  and an ax, could cut a god out  of a tree?
                                  Stillingfleet.
 To Hough, hok.392 v. a.  [from the noun.]
                   6 E
 1. To  hamstring; to  disable  by  cutting
   the sinews of  the  ham.
     Thou shalt hough toeir horses.          Joshua
 2. To cut up with a hough or hoe.
 3. To hawk. This orthography is uncom-
   mon.   See To Hawk.
     Neither could we hough or spit from us; much
   less could we sneeze or cough.             Grete.
 Ho'ulet, hoti'let. ra. s. The vulgar name
   for an  owf.    The  Scots and  northern
   counties still retain  it.
 Hoult,  hoult.  ra. s. [holt, Saxon.]   A
   small wood.    Obsolete.
     Or as the wind, in ftonffs and shady greaves,
   A murmur makes, among the boughs aud leaves.
                                      Fairfax.
 HOUND, hound.313 ra. s. [hunb,  Saxon;
   hund,  Scotish.]   A dog used  in  the
   chase.
     Hounds and greyhounds, mungrels, spaniels, curs,
   Are cleped all by the name of dogs.   Shakspeare.
          Jason threw, but failed  to wound,
   The boar,  and slew an undeserving hound,
   And  through the dog the dart was nail'd to ground.
                                      Dryden.
     The kind spaniel and the faithful hound,
   Likest that fox in shape and species found,
   Pursues the noted path and covets home.   Prior.

 To  Hound, hdund. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To set on the  chase.
     God is said to harden toe heart permissively but
   not operatively nor  effectively; as he who only lets
   loose a greyhound out of toe slip, is said to hound
   him at toe hare.                     Bramhall.
 2. To hunt; to pursue.
     If  the wolves had been  hounded by tygers, they
   should have worried them.          L'Estrange.
 Ho'undfish, hdftnd'fish.  ra. s. [muscela
   lavis.]  A kind of fish.     Ainsworth.
 Houndsto'ngue, hdmidz'tung.  ra. s. [ey-
   noglossum, Latin.]   A plant.    Miller.
 Ho'undtree, hound'tree. ra. s.  [comus.]
   A kind of tree.              Ainsworth.
 Houp, hupe. n.s. [upupa,  Latin.]   The
   puet.                         Ainsworth.
 HOUR, 6ur.39*3i3 „m  s> r_AeMrffj French,
   hora,  Latin.]
 1. The   twenty-fourth  part  of a  natural
   day; the space of  sixty minutes.
    See the minutes how they run:
  How  many makes the hour full compleat,
  How  many hours bring about toe day,
  How  many days will finish up the  year,
  How  many years a mortal  man may live.  Shaksp.
 2. A particular time.
          Vexation almost  stops my breath,
  That sunder'd friends greet in the hour of death.
                                   Shakspeare.
    When we can intreat an hour to serve,
  We'll spend it in some words upon that business,
  If you would grant the time.          Shakspeare.
    The conscious wretch must all his arts reveal,
  From the first moment of his vital breath,
  To his last ftowr of unrepenting death.     Dryden.
3. The time as marked by the clock.
    The hour runs through toe roughest day.  SftaJfcs.
    Our neighbour let her floor to a genteel man, who
  kept good Aonrs.                        Tatler*
    They are as loud any ftour of the morning, as our
  own countrymen at midnight.           .'iuuison.
Ho'urglass,  oiir'glas.  ra. a.  [hour and
   glass.]
 1. A glass  filled  with  sand, which,  run
   ning through a narrow hole, marks the
   time.
    Next morning, known to be a morning better bv
  the hourglass than the day's clearness.     Sidney, 
II  OU                                      HOU                                      HOU
    In sickness, the time will seem longer without a
  dock or Aourgfass than with it; for toe  mind doth
  value eveiy moment.                    Bacon.
    Shake not his hourglass when his hasty sand
  Is ebbing to the last.      Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. Space of time.  A manner of  speak-
  ing rather affected than elegant.
    We, within the  hourglass of two months, have
  won one town, and  overthrown great forces  in the
  field.                                  Bacon.
Mo'urly,  our'le.  adj. [from hour.]  Hap-
   pening  or done every hour;  frequent;
   often repeated.
                 Alcyone-
  Computes  how many nights he had been gone,
  Observes the waining moon with hourly view,
  Numbers her age, and wishes for a new.  Diyden.
    We must  live in hourly expectation  of having
  those  troops recalled, which they now leave with us.
                                         Swift.
Ho'urly,  our'le.  adv. [from hour.] Every
   hour; frequently.
               She  deserves a lord,
  That  twenty such rude boys might tend upon,
  And Aourfy call her mistress.          Shakspeare.
            Our estate may not endure
   Hazard so near us, as doth hourly grow
   Out of his lunacies.         Shakspeare's Hamlet.
            They with ceaseless cry
   Surround  me as thou saw'it; hourly conceiv'd,
   And hourly  born, wito sorrow infinite
   To me!                  Afiffon's Paradise Lost.
     Great was their strife, which Aourfy was renew'd,
   Till each  wito mortal hate his rival view'd.  Dryd.

 Ho'urplate,  66r'plate.  ra.  8.  [hour  and
   plate.]   The   dial; the plate  on which
   the  hours, pointed by the hand of a
   clock, are inscribed.
     If  eyes could not view the hand, and the charac-
   ters of the hourplate, and thereby at a distance see
   what o'clock it was, their owner could not be much
   benefited  by toat acuteness.               Locke.
 HOUSE, h6use.313 ra. *.  [hur,Sax. huys,
    Dutch; huse,  Scotish.]
  1. A  place wherein  a man lives;  a place
    of  human abode.
      Sparrows must not build in his ftouse eaves.
                                     Sfta&speare.
      Houses are built to live in,  not to look oa; there-
   fore  let use be preferred before uniformity, except
   where both  may be had.                 Bacon.
      In a Aouse the doors are moveable, and the room
   square; vet the Aouse is neither moveable nor square.
                                          JFaffs.
  2.  Any place of abode.
      The bees with  smoke, toe doves with noisome
         stench,
   Are from their hives and Aowses driven away.
                                     Shakspeare.
  3. Place  in which  religious or  studious
    persons  live   in  common;  monastery;
    college.                        s J
      Theodosius arrived at a religious house in the city,
   where now  Constantia resided.          Addison.
  4. The manner  of living; the table.
      He kept a miserable house, but the blame was
   laid  wholly  upon madam.                 Swift-
  5.' Station of a planet in the heavens,  as-
    trologically considered.
      Pure spiritual   substances we cannot converse
   with, therefore have need of  means of communica-
   tion  which some make to be the celestial Aouses.-
   those who are for the celestial Aouses worship the
   planets, as the habitations of intellectual substances
   toat  animate them.                StUlingfleet.
 6. Family of ancestors;  descendants, and
    kindred; race.
      The red rose and the white are on his face,
   The  fatal colours of our striving Aouses.    Shaksp.
    An ignominious ransom and free pardon
  Are of two houses;  lawful mercy sure
  Is nothing kin to foul redemption.     Shakspeare.
    By delaying my last fine,  upon your grace's ac-
  cession to the patrimonies of your ftouse, I may seem
  to have made a forfeiture.               Dryden.
    A poet is not born in ev'ry race;
  Two of a Aouse few ages can afford;
  One to perform, another to record.        Dryden.
7. A body of the parliament; the lords or
  commons collectively considered.
    Nor were the crimes objected against him so clear,
  as to give convincing satisfaction to the major part
  of both houses, especially toat of the lords.
                                 King Charles.
To House, hduze.437 v. a. [from the noun.]
I.  To harbour; to admit to residence.
    Palladius wished him to Aouse all the Helots.
                                       Sidney.
    Upon  the North-sea a valley houseth a gentleman,
  who hath worn out his former name.        Carew.
    Slander lives upon succession,
  For ever housed where it gets possession.   Shaksp.
    Mere  cottages are but Aoused beggars.    Bacon.
    Oh, can your counsel his despair defer,
  Who now is housed in his sepulchre ?       Sandys.
    We find them  housing themselves in dens. South.
    In expectation of such times as these,
  A chapel Aous'd 'em, truly called of ease. Dryden.
2.  To shelter;  to keep  under a  roof.
     As we house not country plants to save them, so
  we may  house our own to forward them.    Bacon.
     House your choicest carnations, or rather set them
  under a  penthouse, to preserve them in extremity of
  weather.                             Evelyn.
     Wit in northern climates will not blow,
  Except,  like orange trees, 'tis Aous'd from snow.
                                      Dryden.

 To House, hduze. v. ra.
 1.  To take shelter;  to keep abode;  to re-
   side.
     Ne suffer it to house there half a day. Hub. Tale.
     Graze where  you will, you shall not house with
        me.                        Shakspeare.
     Summers three times eight, save one,
   She had told; alas! too soon,
   After so short time of breath,
   To Aouse with darkness and with death.     Afiffon.
 2.  To have an  astrological station  in the
    heavens.
     In fear of this, observe the starry signs,
   Where  Saturn houses, and where Hermes joins.
                                       Dryden.
     I housing in the lion's hateful sign,
   Bought  senates and deserting troops are mine.
                                       Dryden.
 Housebrea'ker,   hous'bra-kur.   ra.   s.
    [house and   break.] Burglar; one who
    makes his way into houses to steal.
     All housebreakers and sharpers had fAief written
   in their foreheads.                  L'Estrange.

 Housebreaking,  hotis'bra-king.  ra.  s.
    [house and break.]  Burglary.
     When he hears  of a rogue to be tried for robbing
   or housebreaking,  he will send the whole paper to
   the  government.                        Swift.
 Ho'usedog,  hoiis'dog.  ra. s.  [house and
    dog.]   A mastiff kept  to  guard  the
    house: -.
     A very good housedog, but  a dangerous cur  to
   strangers, had a bell about  his neck.  L'Estrange.
     You sec the goodness of the master even in the
   old housedog.                         Addison.

 Ho'usehold,  hous'hold.  ra. s. [house and
    hold.]
  I. A family living together.
     Two  housholds, both alike in dignity,
   In fair  Verona, where we lay our scene,
   From ancient grudge break to new mutiny. Shaksp.
    A little kingdom is a great houshold, and a great
  houshold a little kingdom.                Bacon
            Of God observ'd
  The one just man alive, by his command,
  Shall build a wond'rous ark, as thou beheld'st,
  To save himself and houshold from amidst
  A world devote to universal wreck.       MUton.
    He has always taken to himself, amongst the sons
  of men, a peculiar houshold of his love  which at
  all times he has cherished as a father, and govern-
  ed as a master: this is the proper houshold of faith:
  in toe first ages of the world, 'twas sometimes lite-
  rally no more than a single houshold, or some few
  families.                               Sprat.
    Great crimes must be with greater crimes repaid,
  And second funerals on the former laid;
  Let the whole houshold in one ruin fall,
  And may Diana's curse o'ertake us all.    Dryden.
    Learning's little houshold did embark,
  With her world's fruitful system in her sacred ark.
                                        Swift.
    In his own church he keeps a seat,
  Says grace before and after meat;
  And calls, without affecting airs,
  His houshold twice a day to prayers.       Swift*
2. Family life; domestic management.
    An  inventory,  thus importing
  The several parcels of his plate, his treasure,
  Rich stuffs, and ornaments of houshold.   Shaksp.
3. It is used in the manner of an adjective,
   to signify domestick;  belonging to  the
   family.
    Cornelius called two of his houshold servants.
                                         Acts.
    For nothing lovelier can be found
  In woman,  than to study houshold good
  And good works in her husband to promote. MUton.
    It would be endless to enumerate the oaths among
  the men, among  the women the neglect of houshold
  affairs.                                Swift,
Ho'useholder, hous'hol-ddr. ra. s. [from
   household.]   Master of a family.
    A certain housholder planted a vineyard.   Mat.
HO'USEHOLDSTUFF, tlOUS'hold-Stuf. n.  S.
   [household and stuff.]   Furniture of a
   house; utensils  convenient  for a family.
    In this war that he maketh, he still flieth  from
  his foe, and lurketh in the thick woods, waiting for
  advantages: his cloke is his bed, yea and his hous-
  holdstuff.                   Spenser on Ireland.
     A great part of the building was consumed, with
   much costly housholdstvff.                Bacon.
     The woman had her jest for her housholdstuff.
                                   L'Estrange.
Ho'usekeeper, hous'keep-ur. ra. s. [house
   and keep.]
1. Householder;  master of a family.
     To be said an honest man and a good housekeep-
   er, goes as fairly as to say a graceful man and a great
   scholar.                           Shakspeare.
     If I may credit housekeepers and substantial trades-
   men, all sorts of provisions  and commodities are
   risen excessively.                       Locke.
2.  One who lives in plenty; one that exer-
   cises  hospitality.
     The  people are  apter to applaud  housekeepers
   than houseraisers.                       Wotton.
3. One who lives much at  home.
     How do you both? You are manifest housekeepers.
   What are you sewing there?         Shakspeaie.
4. A  woman  servant that  has care of a
    family,  and superintends the other maid
    servants.
     Merry folks, who want by chance
   A pair to make a country-dance,
   Call  the old housekeeper, and get her,
   To fill a place for want of better.          Swift.
 5. A housedog. Not in use.
     Distinguish the housekeeper, the hunter.  Shaksp.

 Housekeeping,    hou.s'keep-ing.    adj. 
HOU
HOW
HOW
   [house  and keep.] Domestick; useful to
   a family.
    His house for pleasant prospect, large scope, and
  other  housekeeping  commodities, challengcth the
  pre-eminence.                         Carew.
Housekeeping,   hous'keep-ing.  ra.  s.
   Hospitality; liberal and plentiful table.
    I hear your grace hath sworn out housekeeping.
                                    Shakspeare.
    His table was  one of the last that gave  us an
  example of the old housekeeping of an English no-
  bleman: an abundance reigned, which shewed the
  master's hospitality.                     Prior.
Ho'usel, hoi'zel. ra. />. [buy 1,  Sax. from
   hunsel, Gothick, a sacrifice, or hostia,
   dimin.  hostiola,  Latin.]  The holy eu-
   charist.
To  Ho'usel, hou'zel.  v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To give or receive the eucharist.
   Both the noun and verb are  obsolete.
Ho'useleek, bous'leek. ra. s.  [house and
   leek.]  A plant.                   Miller.
    The acerbs supply their quantity of cruder  acids;
   as juices  of apples, grapes, the sorrels, and house-
   leek.                                 Floyer.
Ho'useless, hoviz'les.  adj.  [from  house]
   Wanting  abode; wanting  habitation.
              Poor naked wretches,
   How shall your houseless heads, and unfed sides,
   Your loop'd and window'd  raggedness, defend you.
                                    Shakspeare.
    This hungry, houseless, suffering, dying Jesus, fed
   many thousands with five loaves and two fishes.
                                         West.
Ho'usemaid,  hous'made. ra. s. [house and
   maid]   A maid employed to keep  the
   house  clean.
    The housemaid may put  out the candle against
   the looking-glass.                        Swift,
Ho'useroom,  hous'room.  ra. s.  [house and
   room.]   Place in a house.
    Houseroom, that costs him nothing,  he bestows;
   Yet still we scribble on, though still we lose. Dryd.
Ho'usesnail, hovis'snale. ra.  s.  A  kind of
   snail.
Ho'usewarming,  hotis'vvar-ming. ra.  s.
   [house  and  warm.]   A feast  or  merry-
   making upon going into a new house.
Ho'usewife,  hiiz'wif.14* n.  s.  [house and
   wife. This is now frequently  written,
   huswife, or  hussy.]
\. The mistress of a family.
    You will think it unfit for a good ftouseu>£/e to stir
  in or to busy herself about her housewifery. Spens.
    I have room enough,  but the  kind and hearty
  housewife is dead.                       Pope.
2. A female economist.
    Fitting is a mantle for a bad man, and surely for
  a bad housewife it is no less convenient; for some
  of them, that be wandering women,  it is half a
  wardrobe.                   Spenser on Ireland.
    Let us sit and mock the good housewife, fortune,
  from her  wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be
  disposed equally.                   Shakspeare.
            Farmers in degree,
  He a good husband, a good housewife she. Dryden,
      Early housewives leave the bed,
  When living embers on the hearth are spread.
                                      Dryden.
    The fairest among the daughters of Britain shew
  themselves good stateswomen as well as good house-
  wives.                               Addison.
3. One skilled in female business.
    He was bred  up under the tuition  of a tender
  mother, till she  made him as good an housewife as
  herself: he could preserve apricocks, and make jel-
  lies                                  Addison.
Ho'usewifei.y, huz'wif-le.   adv.  [from
   housewife]   With  the  economy  of a
   careful woman.
Ho'usewifery,  htiz'wif-re.  adj.  [from
   housewife.]  Skilled in the  acts becom-
   ing a housewife.
Ho'usewifery,  huz'wif-re.  ra. s. [from
   housewife.]
1. Domestic or female business; manage-
   ment becoming the mistress of a family.
    You will think it unfit for a good housewife to sta-
  in or to busy herself about her housewifery. Spenser.
        He ordain'd a lady for his prise,
  Generally praiseful; fair and young, and skill'd in
      housewiferies.             Chapman's Iliad.
    Little butter was exported abroad, and that dis-
  credited by the liousewifery of tbe  Irish in making
  it up.                                Tewipfe.
2. Female economy.
    Learn good works for necessary uses; for St.
  Paul expresses the obligation of christian women
  to good housewifery, and charitable provisions for
  their family and neighbourhood.          Taylor.
Ho'using, hou'zing. ra.  s, [from house.]
I. Quantity of inhabited building.
    London is supplied with people to increase its in-
  habitants, according to the increase of housing.
                                      Graunt.
2. [from houseaux, heuses, or houses, Fr.]
   Cloth originally  used to keep off dirt,
   now added to saddles as ornamental.
Ho'usling, hous'ling. adj.  [from  house.]
   Provided for entertainment at first en-
   trance into a house; housewarming.
    His own two hands the holy knot did knit,
  That none but death for ever can divide;
    His own two hands, for such a turn most fit,
  The housling fire did kindle and  provide. Fairy Q.
Houss,  hoils.  ra. s.  [from houseaux or
   houses, French.] Covering of cloth  ori-
   ginally  used to  keep off dirt, now  ad-
   ded to saddles as ornamental; housings.
   This word, though used  by Dryden, I
   do not remember in any other place.
    Six lions' hides with thongs together fast,
  His upper parts defended to his waist;
  And where man ended, toe continued vest,
  Spread on his back, the houss and trappings  of a
      beast.                           Dryden:
HOW, hou.223 adv. [hu,Sax.  hoe, Dut.]
1. To what degree.
    How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself be-
  fore me?                            Exodus.
    How much better is it to get wisdom than gold;
  and to get understanding, rather to be chosen than
  silver?                             Proverbs.
    How oft is the candle ofthe wicked put out;
  And ftoto oft cometh their destruction upon toem ?
                                         Job.
    0 how I love thy law, it is my meditation.
                                     Psafms.
    How many children's plaints and  mother's cries!
  How many woeful widows left to  bow
  To sad disgrace!            Daniel's Civil War.
    Consider into ftow; many differing substances it
  may be analyzed by the fire.              Boyle.
   In what manner.
          Mark'd you not
  How that the guilty kindred of the queen
  Look'd pale, when they did hear of Clarence' death?
                                  Shakspeare.
    Prosecute the means of thy deliverance
  By ransom, or how else.                 MUton,
    We examine the why and toe how of things.
                                  L'Estrange.
    'Tis much in our power ftcno to live, but not at
  all when or how to die.             L'Estrange.
    It is pleasant  to see how the  small territories of
  this little  republick are cultivated to the best ad-
  vantage.                      Addison on Italy.
                   6e2
 3. For what reason; from what  cause.
     How now, my love? Why is your cheek so pale?
  How chance the roses there do fade so fast? Shaks.
     How is it thou hast found it so quickly?    Gen.
 4. By what means.
     Men would have the colours of bird's feathers, if
  toey could tell Aoio; or they will have  gay skins in-
  stead of gay clothes.                    Bacon.
 5. In what state.
     For Aoto shall I go up to my father?    Genesis.
     Whence am I fore'd, and whither am I born?
  How, and with what reproach shall I return? Dryd.
 6. It is used in a sense  marking propor-
   tion or correspondence.
     Behold, he put no trust in his servants, Aoio much
  less in them  that dwell in houses  of  clay,  whose
  foundation  is in the dust?                   Job.
     A great division fell among the nobility, so much
  the more dangerous by Aoto much  the spirits were
  more active and high.                 Hayward.
     By Aoio much they would diminish the present
  extent of the  sea, so much they would impair the
  fertility, and fountains and rivers ofthe earth.
                                      Bentley.
 7. It is much used in  exclamation.
     How are the mighty fallen!           Samuel.
     How doth the city sit solitary as  a widow! I^am.
 8. In an affirmative sense, not easily ex-
   plained; that so it is; that.
     Thick clouds  put us in some hope of land,  know-
  ing Aoio that part of the South-sea  was utterly un-
  known, and might have islands or  continents.
                                      JSacon.
 Howbe'it, hou-be'lt. >  adv.  [how be it.]
 Ho'wbe, bou'be.     5    Nevertheless;
  notwithstanding; yet; however.  Not  in
  use.
    Sikerthou speak'st like a lewd lorrel,
  Of heaven to  deemen so,
    Howbe I  am but rude and borrel,
  Yet nearer  ways I know.                Spenser.
    Things so ordained are to be kept, howbeit not
  necessarily, any longer than 'till there grow some
  urgent cause to ordain the contrary.      Hooker.
    There is  a knowledge which God hath always re-
  vealed unto them in the works of nature: this they
  honour  and esteem as profound wisdom, howbeit
  this wisdom saveth them not.            Hooker.
    There was  no army transmitted  out  of England,
  howbeit the English colonies in Ireland did win
  ground upon the Irish.                  Davies.
 Howdy'e,   hou'de-ye.  [contracted  from
  how  do  ye.]  In  what  state  is  your
  health?  A message of civility.
    I now write no letters but of plain  business, or
  plain howd'ye's, to those few I am forced  to corres-
  pond with.                              Pope.

Howe'ver,  hou-ev'vur. adv. [how and
  ever.]
 1. In whatsoever manner; in whatsoever
  degree.
            This ring he  holds
  In  most rich choice; yet in his idle  sire,
  To buy his  will, it would not seem  too  dear,
  Howe'er repented of.                Shakspeare.
             To trace the ways
  Of highest agents, deem'd however  wise.   Milton.
 2. At all  events;  happen what  will;   at
   least.
     Our chief end is to be freed from all,  if it may be,
  hoioever from the greatest evils; and to enjoy, if it
  may be, all good, however the chiefest.   Tillotson.
 3. Nevertheless;  notwithstanding; yet.
     In your excuse your love does little say;
  You might howe'er have took a fairer way.   Dryd
     Its views are bounded  on all sides by several
  ranges of mountains, which are however at so great
  a distance, that they leave a wonderful variety of
  beautiful prospects.                   Addison.
     I do not build my reasoning wholly on the  case of 
HOY                                      HUD                                     HUF
  persecution, Aotoever I do not exclude it. Atterbuiy.
    Few turn their thoughts to  examine how those
  diseases in a state are bred,  that hasten its end;
  which would, ftoioerer, be a very useful inquiry.
                                        Swift.
4. To some of  these  meanings this word
   may  be   commonly  reduced, but  its
   power is sometimes almost evansecent.
To Howl,  houl.223 v. ra. [huglen,  Dutch;
   ululo, Latin.]
I. To cry as a wolf or dog.
    Methought a legion of foul fiends
  Environ'd me, and howled in mine ears
  Such hideous cries, that with the very noise
  I trembling wak'd.                  Shakspeare.
    If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
  ffhou should'st have said, Go, porter, turn tbe key.
                                    Shakspeare.
    He found him in a desert land, and  in the waste
   hording wilderness.               Deuteronomy,
    As when a sort of wolves infest the night,
   With their wild hoWlings at fair Cynthia's light.
                                        Waller,
    Hard as his native rocks, cold as his sword,
   Fierce as the wolves that ftoud'd around his birth;
   He hates the tyrant, and the suppliant scorns.
                                        Smifft.
 2. To utter cries in distress.
     Therefore will I ftowf, and cry out for all Moab.
                                      Jeremiah.
     The damned use that word in hell,
   Howlings attend it.                 Shakspeare.
              Each new morn
   New widows howl, new  orphans cry, new sorrows
   Strike Heaven on toe face.          Shakspeare.
              I have words
   That would be howl'd out in the desart air,
   Where hearing  should not catch  them. Shakspeare.
           The noise grows louder still;
   Rattling of armour, trumpets, drums and ataballes;
   And sometimes peals of shouts that rend the heav'ns,
   Like victory: then groans again, aud howlings
   Like those of vanquish'd men.          Dryden.
 3. To speak with  a belluine cry or  tone.
     Peace, monster, peace! Go tell thy  horrid tale
   To savages, and howl it out in desarts!    Philips.
 4. It is  used  poetically  of many   noises
   loud and horrid.
 Howl,  hdul. ra.  a. [from  the verb.]
  1. The  cry of a wolf or dog.
                   Murther,
   Alarmed by his sentinel the wolf,
   Whose Aoud's his watch.            Shakspeare.
     These and the like rumours are no more  than the
   last Aouds of a dog dissected alive.         Swift.
 2. The  cry of a  human being  in horrour.
     She raves, she runs with a distracted pace,
   And fills with horrid Aoiefs the public place. Dryd.
 Howsoe'ver, hou-so-ev'vur. adv.  [how
    and soever.]
  1. In what manner soever. See However.
     Berosus, who, after Moses, was one of the most
   ancient, howsoever he hath  been since corrupted,
   doth in the substance of all agree.       Raleigh.
 2. Although.
     The  man doth fear God, howsoever it seems not
   in him.                           Shakspeare.
  To llox, hoks. v. a.  [from hog, Saxon.]
   To hough;  to hamstring.
               Thou art  a coward,
   Which hoxes honesty behind, restraining
   From course required.               Shakspeare.
     Lodronius, perceiving the old soldier's meaning,
   alighted, and with his sword hoxed his  horse, saying
   aloud, This day, valiant soldiers, shall you have me
   both your general  and fellow soldier, fighting on
   foot as one of yourstlves.                Knolles.

 Hoy, hoe.329 ra.  *. [hou,  old French.]  A
   large boat sometimes with  one deck.
     He sent to Germany,  strange aid  to rear:
  From whence eftsoons arrived here three ftoys
  Of Saxons, whom he for his safety employs.  F. Q.
    To define a barge and ftoy, which are between a
  boat and a ship, is hard.           Waffs' Logick.
Hu'bbub, hub bub. ra.  s. [I know not  the
   etymology, unless it be from up, up, or
   hobnob]  A tumult; a riot.
    People pursued the business with all contempt of
  the government; and in  the hubbub of the first day
  there appeared nobody of name or  reckoning, but
  the actors were really of the dregs of the people.
                                    Clarendon.
             An universal hubbub wild
  Of stunning sounds, and voices all confus'd,
  Borne through toe hollow dark, assaults his ear
  With loudest vehemence.               MUton.
     Why wolves raise a hubbub at her,
  And dogs howl when she shines in water. Hudibras.
Hu'okaback, huk'ka-bak. ra. s. A kind of
   linen on which the figures are raised.
Hu'cklebacked, huk'kl-bakt. adj. [hoo-
   ker,  German,  a  bunch,   and  back]
   Crooked in the shoulders.
Hu'cklebone,  huk'ki-bone.  ra. s. [from
   hucken, Dut. to sit down.] The hipbone.
Hu'ckster, huks'tur.98     ~)  ra. s. [hock,
Hu'cksterer, huks'tur-tir. 3   German, a
   pedlar; hockster,  a she-pedlar.]
1. One who sells goods by  retail,  or in
   small quantities;  a pedlar.
     There cannot be a more ignominious trade  than
   toe being hucksters to such vile merchandise.
                       Government of the Tongue.
     God deliver the world from such guides, or ra-
   ther such hucksters of souls, the very shame of reli-
   gion.                                  South.
     Should thy shoe wrench  aside, down, down you
         fall,
   And overturn toe scolding huckster's stall,
   The scolding huckster shall not o'er thee moan,
   But pence expect for nuts and pears o'erthrown.
                                          Gay.
     There should be a confederacy of all servants, to
   drive those China hucksters from the doors.  Swift.
     Those hucksterers or money-jobbers will be found
   necessary, if this brass-money is made current.
                                        Swift.
2. A trickish mean  fellow.
     Now the ape wanted his huckster man. Hub. T.
 To Hu'ckster,  huks'tur. v. ra. [from the
   noun.] To deal in petty bargains.
     They must pay a shilling, for changing their piece
   into silver, to some huckstering fellow who follows
   that trade.                             Swift.
 To Hu'ddle,  hiid'dl.4'05 v. a.  [probably
    from hood.]
 1. To dress up  close so as not to be dis-
    covered; to mobble.
 2. To put on carelessly in a hurry.
     At twelve she rose with much ado;
   Her cloaths were huddled on by two.       Prior.
     Now all in haste they huddle on
   Their hoods, their cloaks,  and get them gone.
                                        Swift.
 3. To cover up  in haste.
 4. To perform in a  hurry.
     I have given much application to this poem: this
   is not a play huddled up in haste.        Dryden.
             When continu'd rain
   The lab'ring husband in hi s house restrain,
   Let him forecast his work w ith timely care,
   Which else is huddled  whe  the skies  are fair.
                                       Dryden.
 5. To throw together in confusion.
     Our adversary, huddling several suppositions to-
   gether, and that in doubtful and general  terms,
   makes a medley and confu sion.            Locke.
 To Hu'ddle, hud'dl. f. ra. To come in a
    crowd or hurry.
    Glance an eye of pity on his losses,
  That have of late so huddled on bis back
  Enough to press a royal merchant down.  Shaksp.
    Brown answered after his  blunt and huddling
  manner.                              Bacon.
    Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delay'd
  The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,
  And sweeten'd every muskrose of toe dale. MUton.
    Their eyes are more  imperfect than others; for
  they will run against things;  and, huddling forwards,
  fall from high places.                  Brown.
Hu'ddle, hnd'cll.406 ra. a- [from the verb.]
   Crowd; tumult; confusion: with obscu-
   rity.
    That the  Aristotelian philosophy is a'huddle of
  words and terms insignificant, has been the censure
  ofthe wisest.                       Glanville.
    Your carrying business in a huddle,
  Has fore'd our rulers to new model.    Hudibras.
    Nature doth nothing in a huddle.   L'Estrange.
    The  understanding  sees nothing  distinctly in
  things remote, and in a huddle.            L< r.ke.
    Several merry answers were made to my ques-
  tion, which entertained us 'till bed-time, and filled
  my mind with a huddle of ideas.        Addison.
Hue, hu.336 ra. s. [hieye, Saxon.]
1. Colour; die.
             For never in that land
  Face of fair lady she before did view,
  Or that dread lyon's look her cast in deadly Aue.
                                      Spenser.
    To add another hue unto toe rainbow,
  Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.     Shakspeare.
    Flow'rs of all Aue, and without thorn toe rose.
                                       Milton.
    To whom the angel, with a smile that glow'd
   Celestial rosy red, love's proper Aue,
  Answer'd.                            Afiffon.
    Your's is much ofthe carnelion Aue,
   To change the die with distant view.     Dryden.
2. [huee, French.]  A clamour; a  legal
   pursuit;  and  alarm  given to  the coun-
   try. It is commonly joined with cry.
    Hue and cry, villain, go! Assist me, knight,  I am
   undone: fly, run, Aue and cry! villain, I am undone.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Immediately conies a Aue and cry after a gang of
   thieves, that had taken a purse upon the road.
                                    L'Esfrange.
    If you should hiss, he swears he'll hiss as high;
   And, like a culprit, join the Aue and cry. Addison.
    The Aue and cry went after Jack, to apprehend
   him dead or alive, wherever he could be found.
                          Arbuthnot's John Bull.
 Hu'er, hu'ur. ra. s. [huer, French, to cry.]
   One whose business  is to call out to
   others.
     They lie hovering upon the coast, and are direct-
   ed by  a balker or Auer, who standeth on the cliff-
   side, and from thence discerneth the  course of toe
   pilchard.                      Carew's Survey.
 HUFF, hilf. ra.  s.  [from  hove,  or hoven,
    swelled:  he is huffed up by distempers.
    So in some provinces we  still say the
    bread huffs up, when it begins to heave
    or ferment: huff,  therefore, may be fer-
    ment. To be  in a huff is  then to be in
    a ferment, as  we now speak.]
  1. Swell of sullen "anger or arrogance.
     Quoth Ralpho, honour's but a word
   To swear by, only in a lord;
   In others it is but a huffu
   To vapour with instead of proof.       Hudibras.
     His frowns kept multitudes in awe,
   Before the bluster of whose huff
   All hats, as in a storm, flew off.        Hudibras.
     We have the apprehensions of a change to keep
   a check upon us in the very huff of our greatness.
                                    L'Estrange.
     A Spaniard was wonderfully upon the ft iff about
   his extraction.                     L'Estrange. 
HUG
H  UK
HUM
    No man goes about to ensnare or circumvent an-
  other in a passion, to  lay trains, and give secret
  blows in a present huff.                  South.
2. A wretch swelled with  a false opinion
  of his own value.
    As for you, colonel huff-cap,we shall try before a
  civil magistrate who 's the greatest plotter. Dryd.
    Lewd shallow-brained huffs  make atheism and
  contempt of religion the sole badge and character
  ef wit.                                Soufft.
To Huff, huf.  v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To swell; to  puff.
    In many wild birds the diaphragm may easily be
  huffed up with air, and blown in at  the windpipe.
                                       Grew,
2. To hector; to treat with insolence  and
  arrogance, or brutality.
    The commissioner at Magdalen  college said  to
  Dr. Hough, you must not presume to huff us.
                                    Eacftard.
To Huff, huf.  v. ra. To bluster; to  storm;
  to bounce; to swell  with indignation or
   pride.
    A huffing, shining, flatt'ring,  cringing coward,
  A cankerworm of peace, was rais'd above  him.
                                       Otway.
    A thief and justice, fool and knave,
  A huffing officer and slave.            Hudibras.
    Huffing to cowards, fawning  to the brave,
  To knaves a fool, to cred'lous fools a knave
                                  Roscommon.
    This  senseless arrogant conceit of theirs made
  them huff at the doctrine of repentance, as a  thing
  below them.                           Soufft.
    Now what's his end? O charming glory  say!
  What, a fifth act  to crown his huffing play? Dryden.
    What a small pittance of reason  and truth is
  mixed with those  huffing opinions they are swelled
  with.                                 Locke.
    Wrhen Peg received  John's message she huffed
  and stormed like  the devil.           Arbuthnot.
Hu'ffer, huFfur."8  ra. *.  [from huff.] A
  blusterer; a bully.
    Nor have I hazarded  my art
  To be expos'd i' to' end to suffer,
  By such a braggadocio huffer.         Hudibras.
Hu'ffish, huffish,  adj. [from huff.]  Ar-
  rogant; insolent; hectoring.
Hu'ffishly, hut'fish-le. adv. [from huf-
  fish]   With  arrogant petulance; with
  bullying bluster.
Hu'kfishness, huf'fish-nes. ra.  s.   Petu-
  lance; arrogance; noisy bluster.

To Hug,  hug. v. a.  [hegian,  Saxon, to
  hedge, to enclose.]
1. To press close in  an embrace.
              He bewept my fortune,
  And hugg'd me in his arms.              Shaksp.
    What would not he do now to Aug- the  creature
  toat had given him so admirable a serenade?
                                  L'Estrange.
    Ev'n in that urn their brother they confess,
  And hug it in their arms, and to their bosom press.
                                      Dryden.
    King Xerxes was enamoured upon an oak, which
  he would Aug and kiss.                  Harvey.
2. To fondle; to treat with  tenderness.
    I, under fair pretence of friendly  ends,
  And well-plac'd words of glozing courtesy,
  Baited with reasons not unplausible,
  Win me into the easy hearted man,
  And hus him into  snares.                MUton.
    We Aw deformities, if they bear  our names.
                                    Glaiiville.
              Admire yourself.
  And, without rival, hug your darling book.
                                  Roscommon.
    Though they know that the flatterer knows the
  falsehood of his own flatteries,  yet they love the
  impostor, and with both arms Aug the abuse. SoufA.
     Mark with what joy he hugs the dear discovery!
                                        Rowe.
 3. To hold fast.
     Age makes us most fondly hug and retain the
  good things of life, when we have the least prospect
  of enjoying them.                   Atterbury.
 4. To gripe in  wrestling.

 Hug, hilg. ra. s.  [from the noun.]
 1. Close embrace.
     Why these close Augs? I owe my shame to him.
                                         Gay.
 2. A particular gripe in wrestling, called
   a Cornish hug.

 HUGE, huje. adj. [hoogh, high, Dutch.]
 1. Vast; immense.
    Let the  estate  of the people of God, when they
  were in the house of bondage, and their manner of
  serving God in a strange land, be compared with
  that which Canaan and Jerusalem did afford; and
  who seeth not what huge difference there was be-
  tween them?                         Hooker.
    This space of earth is so huge, as that it  equall-
  eth in greatness not only Asia, Europe, and Africa,
  but America.                           Abbot.
 2. Very great.
     The mountain  huge.                 MUton.
               Part, huge of bulk!
  Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,
  Tempest the ocean; there leviathan,
  Hugest of living creatures, in toe deep
  Stretch'd like  a promontory, sleeps or swims,
  And seems a moving land.              Afiffon.
 3. Great even to  deformity or terribleness.
     The patch is kind enough, but a ftug-e feeder.
                                   Shakspeare.
     Through forests huge, and long unravell'd heaths,
  With desolation brown he wanders waste. Thomson.
 Hu'gely, huje'le. adv. [from huge.]
 1. Immensely;  enormously.
               Who cries out on pride,
  That can therein tax any private party?
  Doth it not flow as  hugely as toe sea?     Shaksp.
 2. Greatly; very  much.
     I am hugely bent to believe, that whenever you
  concern yourselves  in our affairs, it is for our good.
                                        Swift.
 Hu'geness, huje'nes. ra. s. [from huge.]
 1. Enormous bulk;  greatness.
 2. Utmost extent.  Not  in use.
    My mistress exceeds in goodness the hugeness of
  your unworthy thinking.             Shakspeare.

 Hu'ggermugger, hug'giar-mug-gur. ra. s.
   [corrupted perhaps from hugger morck-
   er,  or  hug  in the  dark.    Morcker in
   Danish is darkness, whence our murky.
   It is written  by sir Thomas More, ho-
   ker moker.    Hdker, in Chaucer, is  pee-
   vish, crossgrained, of which moker may
   be  only  a  ludicrous   reduplication.
   Hooke is likewise  in  German a corner,
  and moky is  in English dark.   I know
  not  how to determine.]   Secrecy; by-
   place.
    Now hold in huggermugger in their hand,
  And all the rest do rob of goods and land. Hubberd.
    But if I can but find them out,
  Where'er th' in huggei-mugger lurk,
  I'll make tbem rue  their handy work.   HudUn-as.
    There 's a distinction betwixt what's done open-
  ly and bare-faced, and a thing that's done in Aug-
  qermugger, under a seal of secrecy and conceal-
  ment.                             L'Estrange.
 Hu'gy, hu'je.  adj.  [See Huge.]  Vast;
   great; huge.    Not in use.
    This Aug-y rock one finger's force apparently will
  move.                                Carew.
Huke, huke.  ra. s. [huque, Fr.]  A cloak.
     A s we were thus  in conference,  toere came one
   that  seemed to be a messenger, in a rich Aufte.
                            Bacon's A ew Atlantis.
 Hulk, hulk. ra.  s.  [hulcke, Dutch; hulc,
    Saxon.]
 1. The body of a  ship.
     There 's a whole merchant's venture of Bour-
   deaux stuff in him: you have not seen a hiUk better
   stuffed in the hold.                  Shakspeare.
     The custom of giving the colour of the sea to the
   hulks, sails, and mariners of their spy boats, to keep
   them  from being discovered, came from the Veneti.
                                     Arbuthnot.
             They Argo's Aufft will tax,
   And scrape toeir pitchy sides for wax.       Swift.
             The sooty hulk
   Steer'd sluggish on.                    Thomson.
 2. Any thing bulky  and unwieldy.   This
   sense is still  retained  in  Scotland:  as, a
   hulk of a fellow.
     And Harry Mon month's brawn, the hulk sir John,
   Is prisoner to your son.               Sliakspeare.
 To  Hulk, hulk. v. a.  To exenterate: as,
   to hulk a  hare.               Ainsworth.
 Hull, bill.  ra. s.  [hulgan,  Gothick,  to
   cover.]
 1. The husk or integument  of any thing;
   the outer covering: as, the hull of a nut
   covers the shell,  [hule, Scotish.]
 2. The body of a ship; the hulk.  Hull and
   hulk are   now  confounded; but hulk
   seems originally to  have  signified  not
   merely the body or hull,  but  a whole
   ship of burden, heavy and bulky.
     Deep in their ftuffs our deadly bullets light,
   And through the yielding planks a passage find.
                                      Diyden.
     So  many arts hath  the Divine Wisdom put to-
   gether, only for the Auff and tackle of  a thinking
   creature.                               Grew.
 To Hull,  hul. v. ra. [from the noun.]  To
   float; to drive to and  fro upon  the wa-
   ter without sails or rudder.
     They saw a sight full of piteous strangeness;  a
   ship, or rather toe carcase of a ship, or rather some
   few bones of the carcase, hulling there, part bro-
   ken, part burned, and part drowned.       Sidney.
     Will you hoist sail, sir? here lies your way.
   —No, good swabber, I am  to Auff  here a  little
        longer.                     Shakspeare.
     He  look'd and saw the ark Auff on  the flood.
                                      Afiffon.
    People walking down  upon toe shore,  saw some
  what come hulling toward them.     L'Estrange.
 Hu'lly, hul'ie.  adj. [from  hull.]  Sili-
   quose; husky.                Ainsworth.
 Hu'lver, hul'vur.  ra. s.  Holly.
    Save hulver and thorn, thereof flail for to make.
                                       Tusser.
 'To Hum, hum. v. a.  [homelan,  Dutch.]
 I. To make the noise of  bees.
    The ftumnwig- of bees is an unequal buzzing.
                                       Bacon.
              An airy nation flew
  Thick  as the humming bees  that hunt the golden
        dew
  In summer's heat.                      Dryden.
    So weary bees in little cells repose;
  But if night robbers lift tbe well-stor'd hive,
    An humming through their waxen city grows.
                                      Dryden.
2. To make an  inarticulate and  buzzing
   sound.
    I think he '11 hear me: yet  to bite his lip,
  And Aum at good Cominius, much unhearts me.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Upon my honour, sir,  I heard a humming,
  And that a strange one too, which did awake me.
                                  Shakspeare 
'HUM                                     HUM                                    HUM
    The cloudy messenger turns me his back,
  And hums; as who should say, you'll rue.  Shaksp.
3. To pause in speaking, and supply  the
   interval with  an  audible emission of
   breath.
    Havirgpump'd up all his wit,
  And humni'd upon it, thus be writ.      Hudibras.
               I still acquiest,
  And never humm'd and haw'd sedition,
  Nor snuffled treason.                 Hudibras.
    The man lay humming and hawing a good while;
  but in tbe end, he gave up himself to the physicians.
                                    L'Estrange.
4. To make a dull heavy noise.
    The  musical accents of the Indians, to us, are
   but inarticulate hummings;  as are  ours  to  their
   otherwise tuned organs.               Glanville.
    Still ftumming- on, their drowsy course they keep,
   And lash'd so long, like tops, are lash'd asleep.
                                         Pope.
5. To sing low.
     Hum half a tune.                     Pope.
6. To  applaud.   Approbation  was com-
   monly expressed in public assemblies
   by a  hum, about a century ago.
Hum, hum. ra. s. [from the  verb.]
 1. The noise of bees or insects.
           To black Hecat's summon
   The shard-born beetle, with his drowsy hums
   Hato rung night's yawning peal.      Shakspeare.
     Nor undelightful is the ceaseless hum,
   To him who muses through the woods at noon.
                                      Thomson.
 2. A  low confused  noise,  as  of bustling
   crowds at a distance.
     From camp  to camp, through the foul womb of
         night,
   The Aum of either army  still resounds.    Shaksp.
     Tower'd cities please us then,
   And the busy hum of men.               Afiffon.
           One theatre there is of vast resort,
   Which whilom of requests was call'd the court,
   But now the great exchange of news 'tis hight,
   And full of Aum and buz from mora 'till night.
                                       Dryden.
  3. Any low  dull noise.
     Who sat the nearest, by toe words o'ercome,
   Slept fast: the distant nodded to the hum.   Pope.
  4. A pause with an inarticulate sound.
            These shrugs, these hums and haws,
   When you have said she 's goodly, come between,
   Ere you can say she 's honest.            Shaksp.
     Your excuses want some grains to make'em cur-
   rent: hum and  ha will not do the business.   Dryd.
  5. In Hudibras it seems used for ham.
     And though his countrymen the Huns,
   Did stew their meat between their hums
   And the horses' backs, on which toey straddle,
   And every man eat up his saddle.      Hudibras.
  6. An expression of applause.
     You hear a Aum in  the right place.    Spectator.
  Hum, hum. interject.   A  sound implying
    doubt and deliberation.
     Let not your ears despise the heaviest sound
   That ever yet they heard.
   —Hum! I guess at it.               Shakspeare.
                   See sir Robert—km.'
   And never laugh for all  my life to come.    Pope.

  HU'MAN, hti'man.88 adj.  [humanus, Lat.
    humain,  Fr.]
  1. Having the qualities of a man.
     It will never be asked whether he be a gentle-
   man born, but whether he be a human creature?
                                          Swift.
  2. Belonging  to man.
     The king is but a man as I am: the violet smells
   to him as it doth  to me; all his  senses have but Au-
   man conditions.                    Sliakspeare.
     For mau to tell how human life began
   Is hai\\ ■ for u-hc himself beginning k:u- w ? MiUon.
    The serpent, subtil'st beast of all the field,
  I knew; but not with human voice indu'd.  MUton.
    Intuitive knowledge  needs no probation, nor can
  have any, this being the highest of all human cer-
  tainty.                                Locke.
HUMA'NE, hti-mane'.  adj.  [humaine.
  Fr.]   Kind;   civil;  benevolent;  good-
  natured.
    Love of others, if it be not spent upon a few, doth
  naturally spread itself towards many, and maketh
  men become humane and charitable.       Bacon.
    Envy, malice, covetousness and revenge are abol-
  ished: a new race  of virtues and graces, more di-
  vine, more moral, more humane, are planted in their
  stead.                                 Spraf.
Huma'nely, hu-mane'le. adv.  [from hu-
  mane] Kindly; with good-nature.
    If  they would yield us the superfluity, while  it
  were wholesome,  we might guess they relieved us
  humanely.                        Shakspeare.
Hu'mamst, hu'ma-nist.  ra. s. [humaniste,
  Fr.]   A philologer;  a  grammarian:  a
  term used in  tbe schools of Scotland.

Huma'nity, hu-man'e-te. ra.  s.  [humanite,
  Fr. humanitas, Latin.]
1. The nature of man.
    Look to thyself: reach not beyond humanity-
                                       Sidney.
    A rarer spirit never did steer humanity.  Shaksp.
    The middle of humanity thou never knew'st, but
  the extremity of both ends.           Shakspeare.
    To preserve the Hebrew  intire and uncorrupt,
  there hath been used the highest  caution humanity
  could invent.                          Brown.
2. Humankind; the collective body of man-
   kind.
    If he can untie  those knots, he is able to teach
  all humanity, and will do well to oblige mankind by
  his information.                      Glanville.
3. Benevolence; tenderness.
    All men ought  to maintain peace and the com-
  mon offices of humanity and friendship in diversity
  of opinions.                            Locke.
    How few, like  thee, enquire the wretched out,
  And court the offices of soft humanUy?
  Like thee reserve their raiment for the naked,
  Reach out their bread to feed the crying orphan,
  Or mix their pitying tears with those toat weep?
                                        itoioe.
 4.  Philology;   grammatical studies.  In
   Scotland, humaniores  litera.
 To Hu'manize,  hu'man-ize.  v. a.  [hu-
   mainiser, Fr.]  To soften; to make sus-
   ceptive of tenderness or benevolence.
     Here will I paint toe characters of woe,
   And here my faithful tears in show'rs shall flow,
   To humanize toe  flints whereon I tread.   Wotton.
     Was  it the business of magick to  humanize our
   natures with compassion, forgiveness, and all the
   instances ofthe most extensive charity?  Addison.
 Hu'mankind, hu-man-kyind'. n. «. [human
   and kind.]  The race of man; mankind.
     Blest with a taste exact, yet unconfin'd:
   A knowledge both of books and humankind. Pope.
 Hu'manlv, hu'man-le. adv. [from human.]
 I.  After the notions of men; according  to
    the power of men.
     Thus the  present  happy prospect of our affairs,
   humanly speaking, may seem to promise, ^fferftury.
 2.  Kindly; with good-nature. This is now
    written humanely.
     Though learn'd, well bred; and though well bred,
         sincere;
   Modestly bold, and humanly severe.        Pope.
 Hu'mbirh, hum'biird.  ra. s.  [from hum
    and bird.] The humming bird.
     All ages have conceived toe  wren the least of
   birds, yet our own plantations have shewed one far
  less; that is, the humbird, not  much exceeding a
  beetle.                               Brown-
Hu'mbi.e, um'bl.89* 40e adj.  [humble, Fr.
  humilin, Lat.]
I. Not proud; modest; not arrogant.
    And mighty proud to /tumble weak does yield.
                                      Spenser
    Now we have shewn our power,
  Let us seem humbler after it is done,
  Than when it was a-doing.          Shakspeare
    Thy humble servant vows obedience,
  And faithful service, till the point of death.
                                   Shakspeare.
    We should be as humble in our imperfections and
  sins, as Christ was in the fulness of the spirit, great
  wisdom, and perfect life.                 Taylor.
    You, if an humble  husband, may request,
  Provide and order all things for the best.  Dryden
    Ten thousand trifles light as these,
  Nor can my rage nor anger move:
    She should be humble who would please;
  And she must suffer who can love.         Prior.
2. Low; not high;  not great.
    Th' example of toe heav'nly lark,
  Thy fellow-poet, Cowley, mark!
  Above the skies let thy proud musick sound,
  Thy humble nest build on the ground.     Cowley.
    Denied what ev'ry wretch obtains of fate,
  An humble roof and an obscure retreat.     Fafden.
    Ah! prince, hadst  thou but known the joys which
        dwell
  With humbler fortunes, thou wouldst curse thy roy-
        alty!                            Rowe.
    Far humbler titles suit my lost conditions. Smith,
To Hu'mble, u-m'bl. v. a.  [from the ad-
   jective.]
1. To make humble; to make submissive;
   to make to bow down with humility.
    Take this purse, thou whom the heav'n's plagues
  Have humbled to all strokes.         Shakspeare.
                 The executioner
  Falls not the  axe upon the humbled neck,
  But first begs pardon.               Shakspeare.
    Humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God,
  toat he may exalt you.                  1 Pefer.
    Hezekiah humbled himself for the pride of  his
  heart.                           2 Chronicles.
    Why do I humble  thus myself, and suing
  For peace, reap nothing but repulse and hate?
                                       Milton.
     Let the sinner put away the evil of his doings, and
  humble himself by a speedy and sincere repentance:
  let him return to God, and then let him be assured
  that God will return to him.             Rogers.
 I. To crush; to break; to subdue; to mor-
   tify.
     Yearly injoin'd, some say, to undergo
   This annual humbling certain number'd  days,
   To dash their pride and joy, for man sedue'd. Jtfiff.
     We are pleased by some implicit kind of revenge,
   to see  him taken down and humbled in his reputa-
   tion, who had so far raised himself above us.
                                      Addison.
     The mistress of the world, toe seat of empire,
   The nurse of heroes, the delight of gods,
   That humbled the proud tyrants of the earth. Addis.
     Men that  make  a kind of  insult upon  society,
   ought to be humbled  as  disturbers of  the public
   tranquillity.                         Freeholder,
     Fortune not much of humbling me can boast;
   Though double tax'd, how little have 1 lost!  Pope.
 3. To make to  condescend.
     This would not be to condescend to their capaci-
   ties, when he humbles himself to speak to them, but
   to lose his design in speaking.             Locke.
 4. To bring down from  a height.
     In process of time the highest mountains may be
   humbled into vallies; and again,  the lowest vallies
   exalted into mountains.                Hakewill.

 Hu'miilebee,  um'bl-bee.  ra. a.  [humble
   and  bee.   What  may be the  true ety-
   mology  of  this  word  I  am  in doubt. 
H  U M
HUM
II  U AI
  The  humbkbee  is  known  to have no
  stingc   The Scotch call a cow without
  horns a humble cow;  so that the  word
  seems to  signify  inermis, wanting  the
  natural  weapons. Dr. Beattie.]  A buz-
  zing wild bee.
    The honeybags steal from the ftumbfebees,
  And for night tapers crop their waxen thighs. SAafc.
    This puts us in  mind once again, of the humble-
  bees and the tinderboxes.              Atterbury.
Hu'mblebee, um'bl-bee. ra. s. An herb.
                                 Ainsworth.
Hu'mblebee Eater, um'bl-bee. ra. s.   A
  fly that eats the humblebe'e.      Ainsw.
Hu'mbleness,  um.'bl-n£s.  ra.  s.  [from
  humble.]  Humility; absence of pride.
          With how true hunwleness
  They look'd down to triumph over pride!   Sidney.
    I am rather with all subjected Aum&feness, to
  thank her excellencies, since the duty thereunto gave
  me rather heart to save myself, than to receive
  thanks.                               Sidney.
    It was answered by us all, in all possible Aum-
  bleness; but yet  with a countenance, that we knew
  he spoke it but merrily.                  Bacon.
    A grain of glory, mixed with hunibleness,
  Cures both a fever and lethargickness.    Herbert.
Hu'mbler, um'bl-Cir.98  ra. s. [from  hum-
  ■ ble.] One that humbles or subdues him-
  self or  others.

Hu'mblemouthed, um'bl-mduTH'd. adj.
  [humble and mouthed.]   Mild; meek.
    You are meek and humblemouth'd: but yo'*i heart
  Is cramm'd with  arrogancy, spleen, and pride.
                                       SAafcsp.
Hu'mbleplant, um'bl-plant. n. s.  A spe-
  cies  of  sensitive plant.
    The humbleplant is so called, because, as soon as
  you touch  it, it prostrates itself on the ground, and
  in a short  time elevates itself again:  it is raised in
  hotbeds.                            Mortimer.
Hu'mbles, dm'blz.405 ra. s.  Entrails of a
  deer.
Hu'mkless, um'bles. n. s.  [from humble]
  Humbleness;  humility. Obsolete.
    And with meek humbless, and afflicted mood,
  Pardon for thee, and grace for me intreat. Spenser.
Hu'mbly, um'ble.  adv.  [from humble]
1. Without  pride; with  humility; modest-
  ly; with timorous modesty.
            They were us'd to bend,
  To send their smiles before them  to Achilles,
  To come humbly as they us'd to creep to holy altars.
                                      SAafcsp.
    Here the tam'd Euphrates humbly glides,
  And there the  Rhine submits her swelling tides.
                                      Diyden.
    Write him down a slave, who, humbly proud,
  With presents begs preferments from the crowd.
                                      Dryden.
    In midst of dangers, fears, and death,
  Thy goodness I '11  adore;
    And praise thee for thy mercies past,
  And humbly hope for more.              Addison.
2. Without height; without elevation.

Hu'morum, hftm'dru.m.  adj.  [from  hum,
  drone, or humming drone.]  Dull;  drcn-
  ish; stupid.
    Shall we, quoth she,  stand still humdrum,
  And see stout Bruin, all alone,
  By numbers basely overthrown?         Hudibras.
    I was talking  with an old humdrum fellow,  and,
  before  I had heard his story out, was called away
  by business.                           Addison.

To  HUME'CT, hu-mekt'.          7
To HUME'CTATE, hii-mek'tate. {
   [humecto, Latin; humecter, French.] To
   wet; to moisten.
    The Nile and Niger do not only moisten and con-
  temporate the air by their exhalations, but refresh
  and humectate the earth by their annual inundations.
                                      Brown.
    Her rivers are divided into sluices, to humectate
  the bordering soil.                     Howell.
    The medicaments are of a cool humecting quality,
  and not too much astringent.           Wiseman.
Humecta'tion, hu-mek-ta'shun. ra. s.  [hu-
   mectation,Fr. from humectate] The act
   of wetting; moistening.
    Plates of brass, applied to a blow, will keep it
  down from swelling: the cause is repercussion,  with-
  out ftttmecfafion, or  entrance of any body.  Bacon.
    That which is concreted by  exsiccation, or ex-
  pression of humidity, will be resolved by Aumecfa-
  fion, as earth and clay.                 Brown.

Hu'meral, hu'me-ral. adj. [humeral, Fr.
   from  humerus,  Latin.] Belonging to the
   shoulder.
    The largest crooked needle should be used, with
  a ligature, in taking up the humeral arteries in am-
  putation.                              Sharp.

Humicuba'tion, hu-mik-u-ba'shun. ra.  s.
   [Iiumi and cubo, Latin.]  The act of ly-
   ing  on the ground.
    Fasting and sackcloth, and ashes and tears, and
  humicubalions, used to be companions of repentance.
                                    Bramhall.

HU'MID, hu'mid. adj. [humide, French;
   humidus, Latin.] Wet; moist; watery.
    Iris there, with ftumid bow,
  Waters the odorous banks that blow
  Flowers of more mingl'd hue
  Than her purpled scarf can shew        Milton.
    The queen, recover'd, rears her humid eyes,
  And first her husband on the poop espies.  Dryden.
    If they slip easily, and are of a fit size to  be
  agitated by heat, and the heat is big enough to keep
  them in agitation, the body is fluid; and if it be apt
  to stick to things, it is humid.           JVeu'fon.
Humi'oitv, hu-mid'e-te.  ra. s.  [humidite,
   Fr. from humid]  That quality which
   we call moisture, or the power  of wet-
   ting other bodies.
    Humidity differs very much from fluidity, depend-
  ing altogether on the congruity of the component
  particles of any liquor to  the pores of surfaces of
  such particular bodies as it is  capable of adhering
  to.  Thus quicksilver is not  a moist liquor, in re-
  spect to our hands or clothes, and many other things
  it will not stick to:  but it may  be called so in re-
  ference to gold,  tin, or lead,  to whose surfaces it
  will presently adhere. And even water itself, that
  wets almost every thing,  and  is the greatest stand-
  ard of humidity, is  not capable of wetting  every
  thing, for it stands  and runs easily off in globular
  drops on the leaves of cabbages and many  other
  plants;  and it will not wet the  feathers of ducks,
  swans, and other water-fowl.             Quincy.
    We Ml use this unwholesome humidity, this  gross
  watry pumpiou.                        Shaksp.
    0 blessing-breeding sun, draw from the earth
  Rotten humidity: below thy sister's orb
  Infect the air!                         Shaksp.
    Young animals have more tender fibres and  more
  ftumidify, than old animals, which have their juices
  more exalted and relishing.           Arbuthnot.

Humiliation, hii-mil-e-a'shun. ra. s. [Fr.]
1. Descent from greatness; act of humility.
    The  former wa3  an  humiliation of Deity, the
  latter an ftumifiafion of manhood;  for which  cause
  there followed upon the latter an exaltation of that
  which was humbled; for with power he created the
  world, but restored  it by obedience.      Hooker.
    Thy humUiation shall exalt
  With thee thy manhood also to this throne. Milton.
 2. Mortification; external expression ot sm
   and unworthiness.
    John fared poorly, according unto 'he apparel he
  wore, that is, of camel's hair; and the doctrine he
  preached was humiliation and repentance.  Brown.
                  With tears
  Wat'ringthe ground, and with our sighs the air
  Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
  Of sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation meek. Milton.
 3. Abatement of pride.
    It may serve for a great lesson of humiliation to
  mankind, to behold tbe habits and passions of men
  trampling over  interest,  friendship, honour,  and
  their own personal safety, as well as that of their
  countiy.                                Su>?/f.
 Humi'lity,  hu-mil'e-te.  ra.*.  [humilite,
   French.]
 1. Freedom from pride;  modesty; not  ar-
   rogance.
    When we make profession of our faith, we stand;
  when  we acknowledge our sins, or seek unto God
  for favour, we fall down; because the gesture of
  constancy becometh us best in the one, in the other
  the behaviour of humility.              Hooker
    I do not know that Englishman alive,
  With whom my soul is any jot at odds,
  More than the infant that is born to night;
  I thank my God for my humilUy.         Shaksp.
    What  the height of a king  tempteth to revenge,
  the humility of a christian teacheth to forgive.
                                 King Charles.
    The humility  of  the style gained them  many
  friends.                            Clarendon.
           There are some that use
  Humility to serve their pride, and seem
  Humble  upon their way, to be the prouder
  At toeir wish'd journey's end.          Denham.
    It is an easy matter to extol humility in the midst
  of honour, or to begin a fast after dinner.  South.
    As high turrets for their airy steep,
  Require foundations in  proportion deep;
  And lofty cedars as far upwards shoot,
  As to the nether heavens they drive the root;
  So low did her secure foundation lye,
  She was  not humble, but ftumifify.       Dryden.
2. Act of submission.
    With  these  Auwiifities they satisfied  the young
  king, and by their bowing and bending avoided the
  present storm.                         Davies.
Hu'mmer, hum'mur.98 ra. s. [from hum.]
  That which hums; an applauder. Ains.
Hu'moral, yu'mo-rul.30* 88 adj. [from hu-
  mour.]  Proceeding  ofthe humours.
   This sort of fever is comprehended  under con-
  tinual humoral fevers.   Harvey on Consumptions.
Hu'morist, yu'mur-ist. ra.  s.  [humoristo,
  Italian; humoriste, French.]
I. One who conducts  himself by  his  own
  fancy;  one  who gratifies  his own  hu-
  mour.
   The notion of  a humorist is one that is greatly
  pleased, or greatly displeased, wito little things;his
  actions seldom directed by toe reason and nature of
  things.                                 Watts.
    This humorist  keeps to himself much more than
  he wants, and gives his superfluities to purchase hea-
  ven.                                 Addison,
2. One who has odd conceits.
    The wit sinks  imperceptibly into an humorist.
                                     Spectator.
3. One who has violent and peculiar  pas-
   sions.
    By a wise and timeous inquisition the peccant hu-
  mours and humorists must be discovered and purged,
  or cut off: mercy, in such a case, in a king,  is true
  cruelty.                      Bacon  to Villiers.
 Hu'morous, yu'mur-us.3141 adj. [from hu*
   mour.]
 1. Full of grotesque or odd images.
    Some  of the commentators tell  us, that Marsya 
II  U M                                    HUM                                    II U N
  was a lawyer who  had lost his cause; others that
  this passage alludes to tbe story of the satire Mar-
  syas  who contended with Apolk), which I think is
  more humorous.                Addison on Italy.
2. Capricious; irregular; without any rule
  but the present whim.
    I am known to be a humorous  patrician; said to
  be something imperfect, in favouring the first com-
  plaint;  hasty and tinder-like, upon too trivial mo-
  tion.                    Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
    Thou fortune's champion, that do'st never fight
  But when her humorous ladyship is by,
  To teach thee safety.                   Shaksp.
    He's humorous as winter, and as sudden
  As flaws congeal'd  in the spring of day.    Shaksp.
    O, you awake then: come away,
  Times be short, are made for play;
  The humorous moon too will not stay:
  What doth make you thus delay?      Ben Jonson.
    Vast is  his courage, boundless in his mind,
  Rough as a storm, and humorous as the wind. Diyd.
     He that would learn to pass a just sentence on
  persons and things, must take heed of a  fanciful
  temper of mind, and an humorous conduct in his
  affairs.                         Waffs' Logick.
3. Pleasant; jocular.
    Thy  humorous vein, thy pleasing folly,
  Lies all neglected, all forgot;
     And pensive, wav'ring, melancholy,
  Thou dread'st and hop'st thou know'st not  what.
                                        Prior.
Hu'morously, yu'mur-us-le.  adv.  [from
   humorous]
1. Merrily; jocosely.
     A cabinet of medals Juvenal  calls very humo-
  rously,  concisum argentum in titulos faciesque mi-
  nutas.                               Addison.
    It has been humorously said, that some have fish-
  ed the very jakes for papers left there by men of wit.
                                        Swift.
2. Capriciously;  whimsically.
     We resolve by halves, and unadvisedly, we re-
  solve rashly, sillily, or humorously, upon no reasons
  thai will hold.                         Calamy.
Hu morousness,   yu'mflr-fls-nes.   ra.  s.
   Lfrom humorous.]
1. Fickleness; capricious levity.
2. Jocularity; oddness of conceit.
Hu'morsome, yu'mu.r-sum. adj. [fromAtf-
   mour.]
1.  P evish; petulant.
2. Odd; humorous. In this sense it  is  less
   uaed.
     Our science cannot be much improved by mas-
  querades, where the wit of both sexes is altogether
  taken up in  continuing singular and humorsome dis-
  guises.                                Swift.
Hu'morsomely,   yu'mur-sijm-le.   adv.
   [from  humorsome.]   Peevishly;   petu-
   lantly.

HU'MOUR, yu'inur.*1* 3M ra. *. [humeur,
   Fr. humor, Latin.]
1. Moisture.
    The aqueous humour of the  eye will not freeze,
  which is very admirable, seeing it hath the perspi-
  cuity and fluidity of common water.         Pay.
2. The different kinds of moisture in man's
   body, reckoned by the old physicians to
   be phlegm, blood, choler,  and melan-
  choly,  which  as   they  predominated,
  were  supposed to determine  the temper
  of mind.
    Believe not these suggestions, which proceed
  From anguish ofthe mind and humours black,
  That mingle with thy fancy.              MUton.
3. (ieneral turn or temper of mind.
    As there is no humour to which impudent po-
  verty cannot make itself serviceable; so were there
  enow of those of desperate  ambition,  who would
  build their houses upon others ruin.        Sidney.
    There came a young lord,  led with the humour
  of youth, which ever thinks that good whose good-
  ness he sees not.                       Sidney.
    King James, as he was a prince of great judg-
  ment,  so he was a prince of  a marvellous pleasant
  humour: as he was going through Lusen by Green-
  wich, he asked what town it was? they said Lusen.
  He asked, a good while after, what town is this we
  are now in? They said still it was Lusen: then, said
  toe king, I will be king of Lusen.          Bacon.
    Examine how your humour is inclin'd,
  And which the ruling passion of your mind.
                                  Roscommon.
    They, who were acquainted with him, know his
  humour to be such, that he would never constrain
  himself.                             Dryden.
    In cases where it is necessary to make examples,
  it is the humour of toe multitude to forget the crime,
  and to remember tbe punishment.        Addison.
    Good humour only teaches charms  to last,
  Still makes new conquests, and maintains the past.
                                        Pope.
4. Present disposition.
    It is the curse of kings to be attended
  By slaves, that take their humours for a warrant
  To break into the blood-house of life.       Shaksp.
    Another thought her nobler humour fed. Fairfax.
    Their humours are not to be  won,
  But when they are imposed upon.       Hudibras.
            Tempt not his heavy hand;
  But one submissive word which  you let fall,
  Will make him in good humour with us all. Dryden.
5. Grotesque imagery; jocularity; merri-
   ment.
    In conversation Auntotcr is more than wit, easiness
  more than knowledge.                 Temple.
6. Tendency to disease; morbid  disposi-
   tion.
    He denied himself nothing that he  had a mind to
  eat or drink, which gave him a body full of humours,
  and made his fits of toe gout frequent and violent.
                                      Temple.
    The child had a humour which was cured by the
  waters of Glastonbury.                Fielding.
7. Petulance;  peevishness.
    Is my friend all perfection, all virtue, and discre-
  tion? Has he not fttcmoursto be endured, as well as
  kindnesses to be enjoyed?                Soufft.
8. A trick; a practice.
    I like not the humour of lying: he hath wronged
  me in some humours:  I should have  borne the liu-
  mour'd letter to her.                    Shaksp.
9.  Caprice;  whim; predominant  inclina-
   tion.
    In private, men  are more bold in  their own Au-
  mours; and in consort, men are more obnoxious to
  others humours; therefore it is good to take both.
                                       Bacon.
To Hu'mour,  yu'mur.  v. a.   [from  tbe
   noun.]

1. To gratify;  to sooth  by compliance.
    If I had a suit to master  Shallow, I would Au-
  mour his men; if to his men, I would curry with
  master  Shallow.                       Shaksp.
    If I were Brutus now, and  he were Cassius,
  He should not humour me.              Shaksp.
    Obedience and subjection were never enjoin'd by
  God to  humour the passions, lusts and vanities of
  those who are commanded to obey our governours
                                       Swift.
    You Aumour me, when I am  sick;
  Why not when I am splenetick?           Pope.
    Children are fond of  something which strikes
  their fancy most, and sullen and regardless of every
  thing else, if they are not humoured in that fancy
                                 IFaffs' Logick,
2. To  fit; to comply with.
    To after age thou shalt be writ the man,
  That with smooth air could humour best our tongue.
                                       Afiffon.
     'Tis my part to invent, and the musicians to hu
  mour that invention.                   Dryden.
    Fontainbleau is situated among rocks and woods,
  that give a fine variety of savage prospects: the king
  has humoured the genius of the place, and only made
  use of so  much art as is  necessary to  regulate na-
  ture.                                Addison.
Hump,  hump. n. «.   [corrupted perhaps
   from  bump. See Bump.]  The protube-
   rance formed by a crooked back.
    These defects were mended by matches; the eyes
  were opened in the next generation, and the hump
  fell.                                  Toffer.
Hu'mpback,  hu.mp'bak. ra. s. [hump and
   back.]   Crooked back; high shoulders.
    The chief ofthe family was born with a humpback
  and very high nose.                     Taffer.
Humpba'cked,  htimp'bakt.  adj. Having
   a crooked back.
To HUNCH, htinsh.  v. a.  [husch,  Ger-
   man.]
I. To strike  or punch with the fists.
    Jack's friends began to ftuncA and push one an-
  other: why don't you go and cut the  poor fellow
  down?                             Arbuthnot.
2. [hocker, a crooked back, German.] To
   crook the  back.
    Thy crooked mind within AuncA'd out thy back,
  And wander'd in thy limbs.             Dryden.
HuNCHBA'cKED,hiinsh'bSkt.3;i9arf/.[AMncA
   and back.]  Having a crooked back.
    His person deformed to the highest  degree, flat-
  nosed, and hunchbaked.              L'Estrange.
            But I more fear Crcon!
  To take that hunchback'd monster in my arms,
  Th' excrescence of a man.  Dryd. and Lee's  (Edip.
    The  second daughter was peevish, haggard, pale,
  with saucer eyes, a sharp nose, and hunchbacked.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Hu'ndreo,  hun'dred, or  hdn'dArd.  adj.
   [hunb, and hunbpeb, Saxon; honderd,
   Dutch.] The number consisting often
   multiplied  by ten.
    A hundred  altars in her temple smoke,
  A thousand bleeding hearts her pow'r invoke.  Dryd.
    Many thousands had seen the transactions of our
  Saviour, and many hundred thousands received an
  account of toem from the mouths of those who were
  eye-witnesses.                         Addison.
Hu'NnitED,  hun'dred.417 ra. s.
I. A company, body, or collection consist-
   ing of a hundred.
    Very few will take this proposition, that God is
  pleaded with  the doing of what  he himself com-
  mands,  for an  innate moral principle: whosoever
  does so, will have reason to  think hundreds of pro-
  positions innate.                       Locke.
    Lands,  taken from the enemy, were divided into
  centuries or hundreds, and distributed  amongst the
  soldiers.                           Arbuthnot.
2. A canton or division of a country,  per-
   haps  once containing a hundred manors.
   [hundredum, low Latin; hundrede, old
   French.]
    Imposts upon merchants do  seldom  good to the
  king's revenue; for  that that he wins in toe  hundred,
  he loseth in toe shire.                   Bacon.
    For justice they had a bench under a tree, where
  Ket usually sat, and with him two of eveiy hundred
  whence their companies had been  raised: here com-
  plaints were exhibited.               Hayward.
Hundredth, hun'dredfA. adj. [hunbpe-
   oneeogopa, Saxon.]   The ordinal of a
   hundred; the tenth  ten times told.
    We shall not need to  use the hundredth part of
 - that time, which themselves bestow in making in-
  vectives.                             Hooker.
    If this medium is rather within the sun's body
  than at its surface,  and rarer there than at the ftun- 
HUN                                       HUN                                     HUN
  ttYedtA part of an inch from its body, and rarer there
  than at the orb of Saturn,  I see no reason why the
  increase of density should stop.          .Weuifon.
Hung, hung.  The pret.  and part. pass, of
   hang.
    A wife so Aung with virtues,  such a freight,
  What mortal shoulders can  support?       Dryden.
    A room that is richly adorned, and Aung- round
  with a great variety of pictures, strikes  the eye at
  once.                                   (faffs.
HU'NGER, hung'gur.409 ra. s. [hunjeji,
   Sax. honger, Dutch.]
1. Desire of food; the pain felt from fast-
   ing.
    An  uneasy sensation at the  stomach for food.
  When the stomach is empty and toe fibres in their
  natural tensions, they draw up  so close as  to rub
  against each other, so  as  to make that  sensation:
  but when they are distended with food, it is again
  removed; unless when a person fasteth so long as
  for  want of  spirits, or nervous fluid, to  have those
  fibres grow too flaccid to corrugate, and then we say
  a person has fasted away his stomach.    Quincy.
    Thou shalt serve thine enemies in hunger and in
  thirst.                           Deuteronomy.
    The subacid part of toe animal spirits, being cast
  off by the lower nerves upon the coats  of the sto-
  mach, vellicates the fibres, and thereby produces toe
  sense we call hunger.                     Grew.
    Something viscous, fat and oily, remaining in the
  stomach, destroys the sensation  of hunger. Arbuth.
2.  Any violent  desire.
    The immaterial felicities we  expect,  do natural-
  ly suggest toe necessity of preparing our appetites
  and hungers for them, without which heaven can be
  no heaven to us.                 Decay of Piety.
    For hunger of my gold I dye.          Dryden.
To Hu'nger, hung'gur.98 v. ra. [from the
   noun.]
1.  To  feel  the pain of  hunger.
    My more having, would  be as a sauce
  To make me hunger more.              Shaksp.
    Widely they gape, and to the eye they roar,
  As if toey ftung-er'd for toe food they bore. Cowley.
2. To desire with  great eagerness; to long.
    Dost thou so hunger for my empty chair,
  That thou wilt needs invest thee with my honours,
  Before thy hour be ripe?   O  foolish youth,
  Thou  seek'st the greatness that will overwhelm thee!
  Stay but a little.                       Shaksp.
             I content me,
  And from the sting of famine fear no harm,
  Nor mind it, fed with better thoughts that feed
  Me hung'rmg more to do my Father's will. Afiffon,
Hu'ngerbit,  hting'gtir-bit.             7
Hu'ngerbitten,  hung'gfir-bit-t'n.103  5
   adj.  [hunger and bit.]  Pained  or weak-
   ened with hunger.
    His strength shall be hungerbitten.        Job.
                 Thyself
  Bred up in poverty and straits at home;
  Lost in a desert here,  and  hungerbit.     Milton.
Hu'ngerly,   hving'gur-le.   adj.   [from
   hunger.]   Hungry; in want of nourish-
   ment.
                 His beard
  Grew  thin and hungerly, and seem'd to ask
  His sops as he was drinking.             Shaksp.

Hu'ngerly,  hung'gur-le.  adv.  With
   keen appetite.
    You have sav'd my longing, and I feed
  Most hungerly on your sight.              Shaksp.
    They are all but stomachs, and we all but food,
  They  eat us hungerly, and, when they 're full,
  They  belch us.                         Shaksp.
Hu'ngerstarved, hung'giir-starv'd'. adj.
   [hunger  and  starved.]   Starved  with
   hunger; pinched  by  want of food.
    All my followers  to th1 eager foe
       VOL.  I.
  Turn back, and fly like ships before the wind,
  Or lambs pursu'd by hungerstarved wolves. Shaksp.
    Go, go, cheer up thy  ftungersfarued men.
                                    Shakspeare.
    As to some holy house  th' afflicted came,
  Th' hungerstarv'd,  the naked, and toe lame,
  Want and diseases, fled before her name. Dryden.
Hu'ngred, hiing'gur'd.369 adj. [from hun-
  ger.]   Pinched by  want of food.
    Odours do in a small degree nourish, and we see
  men an hungered love to  smell hot bread.  Bacon,

Hu'ngrily, hiing'gre-le.  adv. [from hun-
  gry]   With keen  appetite.
    Thus much to the kind rural gods we owe,
  Who pity'd suffering mortals long ago;
  When on harsh acorns hungrily they fed,
  And gave 'em nicer palates, better bread. Dryden.

Hu'ngry, hung'gre.  adj.  [from hunger.]
1. Feeling pain from  want of food.
    That face of his the hungry cannibals
  Would not have touch'd, would not have stain'd wito
        blood.                      Shakspeare.
    By eating before he was ftungry, and drinking
  before he was dry, he was sure never to eat or drink
  much at  a time.                       Tempfe.
    They  toat talk thus may say toat a man is  al-
  ways hungry, but that he does not always feel it;
  whereas  hunger consists in that very sensation.
                                       Locke.
2. Not fat; not fruitful; not prolifick;  more
  disposed to  draw from other substances
  than to impart to them.
    Cassius has a lean and hungry look.    Shaksp.
    The more fat water will bear soap best; for  the
  hungry water doth  kill its unctuous nature. Bacon.
    In rushy grounds springs are found at the first and
  second spit, and sometimes  lower in a hungry gra-
  vel.                                Mortimer.
    To the great day of retribution our Saviour  re-
  fers us, for reaping the fruits that we  here sow in
  the most hungry and barren soils.     Smalridge.
Hunks,  hungks.  ra.  a. [hunsker, sordid,
  Islandick.]-  A covetous  sordid wretch;
  a miser; a curmudgeon.
    The old hunks was well served, to be tricked out
  of a whole hog for  the securing of his puddings.
                                   L'-Esfrang-e.
    She has a husband, a jealous, covetous, old Aunfcs.
                                      Dryden.
    Irus has given all toe intimations of being a close
  hunks worth money.                   Addison.

To  HUNT, hunt, v. a. [huntian, Saxon,
  from hunb, a dog.]
1. To chase wild animals.
    The man that once did sell the lion's skin,
  While the beast liv'd was kill'd in hunting him.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Wilt thou Aunt the prey for the lion, or fill  the
  appetite  of toe young lions?                 Jb6.
    We should single every criminal out of the herd,
  and Aunt him down; however formidable and over-
  grown ; and on toe contrary, shelter and defend vir-
  tue.                                 Addison.
2. To pursue;  to follow close.
    Evil shall ftunf toe violent man to overthrow him.
                                       Psalms.
    The heart  strikes five  hundred sorts of pulses in
  an hour, and is  hunted unto such continual palpi-
  tations, through anxiety,  that fain would it break.
                                      fliarpey.
3.  To search  for.
    Not certainly affirming any thing, but by confer-
  ring of times and monuments, I do ftunf out a pro-
  bability.                             Spenser.
    Al) that is found in books is  not rightly deduced
  from principles: such an  examen  every reader's
  mind is  not forward to make, especially in those
  who have given themselves up to a party, and only
  ftunf for what may favour and support tbe tenets of
  it.                                    Locke.
                     6f
4.  To  direct or manage  hounds  in the
   chase.
    He Atcnfs a pack of dogs better than any,  and is
  famous for finding hares.               Addison.
To Hunt, litint.  v. ra.
I.  To follow the  chase.
    When he returns from ftunftng,
  I will not speak with him.               Shaksp.
    Esau went to the field to ftuuf for venison.  Gen.
    One followed study and knowledge, and another
  hawking and hunting.                   Locke
    On toe old pagan tombs, masks, hunting matches,
  and bacchanals are very common.       Addison.
2.  To pursue or  search.
    Very much of kin  to this is the hunting after ar-
  guments to make good one side of a question, and
  wholly to neglect and refuse those which favour the
  other side.                              Locke ■
Hunt, hunt.  ra. *.  [from the verb.]
I.  A pack of hounds.
    The common ftunf, though from their rage  re
        strain'd
  By sov'reign pow'r, her company disdain'd,
  Grinn'd as toey pass'd.                 Dryden.
2. A chase.
    The ftunf is up, the morn is bright and gray;
  The fields are fragrant, and toe woods are green.
                                   Shakspeare
3. Pursuit.
    I've heard myself proclaim'd;
  And by the happy hollow of a tree
  Escap'd toe ftunf.                      Shalcsp.
Hu'nter, hfin'tftr. ra. *.*[from hunt.]
1. One who chases  animals for  pastime
  or  food.
    If those English lords had been good hunters, and
  reduced the mountains, boggs, and  woods within
  the limits of forests,  chaces and  parks,  the  forest
  law would have driven them into the plains. Davies.
    Down from a hill the beast that reigns in woods,
  First ftunfer then, pursued a gentle brace,
  Goodliest of all the forest, hart  and hind. Afiffon.
    Another's crimes th' unhappy hunter bore,
  Glutting his father's eyes with guiltless gore. Dryd.
    This was the arms or device of our old Roman
  ftunfers; a passage of Manilius lets us know toe
  pagan hunters had Meleager for their patron. Add.
    Bold Nimrod first the savage chace began,
  A mighty hunter, and his game was man.    Pope.
2. A  dog  that scents  game or beasts  of
  prey.
          Of dogs, thevalu'd file
  Distinguishes the swift, the slow,  toe subtle,
  The housekeeper, the hunter.             Shaksp.
Hu'ntinghorn,   hiin'ting-h6ra.   n.   s.
  [hunting and horn]   A bugle; a horn
  used to cheer the hounds.
    W'hilst a boy, Jack ran from school,
  Fond of his huntinghorn and pole.         Prior.

Hu'ntress,  hiin'tr£s. ra. s. [from  hunter.]
  A woman that follows the chase.
    And thou thrice crowned queen of night, survey,
  With thy chaste eye, from toy pale sphere above,
  Thy ftunfress' name, that my full  life doth sway.
                                   Shakspeare.
                 Shall I call
  Antiquity from the old schools of Greece,
  To testify toe arms of chastity?
  Hence had the huntress Dian her dread bow,
  Fair silver-shafted queen, for ever chaste.  MUton.
    Let old Arcadia boast her ample plain,
  Th' immortal huntress, and her virgin train;
  Nor envy Windsor.                       Pope.
    Homer represents Diana with her quiver at  her
  shoulder; but at the same time he describes her as
  an huntress.                          Broome.
Hu'ntsman, hilnts'man.88  ra. s.  [hunt and
   man]
1.  One who delights in the  chase.
    Like as a huntsman,  after weary chase, 
MUR
II  U 11
1IU11
  Seems fie game escape from him away,
  bus uotvu to rest him.                  Spenser.
    Such game, whilst yet the world was new,
  The mighty ISimrod did pursue:
  What huntsman of our feeble race,
  Or dogs, dare such a monster chace"      Waller.
I. The  servant wiiose office is to manage
  the chase.
    Apply this moral rather to the  huiUsrnan that
  managed the chace, than to the master.   L'Eslr.

Hu'ntsmakship,  huntb'muii-shlp.   ra.   s.
  [from huntsman.]   Tlie  qualifications
  of a hunter.
      At court your fellows eveiy day
  Give the art of rhiming, huntsmanship, or play.
                                        Donne,
Hu'kdle, hur'dl.*06 ra. s.  [hyjibel, Sax.]
1. A texture of sticks  woven together; a
   crate.
    The sled, the tumbril, hurdles, and toe flail,
  These all must be prepar'd.             Dryden.
2. Grate on which criminals were  drag-
   ged to execution.
    Settle your fine joints 'gainst Thursday next,
  Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither.    Shaksp.
    The blacksmith was hanged, drawn, and quar-
  -tesed at Tyburn; taking pleasure upon tbe hurdle,
  to think that he should be famous in aftertiines.
                                        Bacon.
Huuds, hurdz. ra. *.  The refuse of hemp
   or flax.                       Ainaworth.
To HURL, hurl. v. a. [from huorlt,  to
   throw down, Islandick;  or, according to
   Skinner, from whirl]
1.  To throw  with violence;  to drive  im-
   petuously.
     If heav'ns have any grievous plagues in store,
  O, let them keep it till thy sins be ripe,
  And then fturf down toeir indignation
  On thee!                              Shaksp.
     He holds vengeance in his hand,
  To Aurf upon their heads that break his law.
                                    Shakspeare.
     I with my nails digg'd stones out of the  ground,
  To Aurf at the  beholders of my shame.     Shaksp.
     If he thrust him of hatred, or Aurf at him by ly-
  ing of wait.                         Jfumbers.
     They use both the right hand and the left in hurl-
  ing stones.                          Chronicles.
         Hurl ink and wit,
  As madmen stones.                 Ben Jonson,
         His darling sons,
  Hurl'd headlong to partake wito us, shall curse
  Their frail original and faded bliss.        MUton.
     She strikes the lute; but if it sound,
  Threatens to Aurf it on the ground.        Waller.
     Corrupted light of knowledge hurl'd,
  Sin, death, and ignorance, o'er all the world. Denh.
         Young Phaeton,
  From east to north irregularly  hurl'd,
  First set himself on fire, and then toe world. Dryd.
     Conjure him far to drive the Grecian train,
  And hurl'd toem headlong to their fleet and main.
                                         Pope.
2..  To utter with vehemence, [hurler, Fr.
   to make a  howling or hideous noise.]
   This sense  is not in  use.
     The  glad merchant that does view
  His ship far come from wat'ry wilderness,
  He Aurfs out vows.                     Spenser.
    Highly theyrag'd against the Highest,
  Hurling  defiance towards the vaults of heav'n.
                                        MUton.
■}. To play at a kind  of game.
    Hurling taketo its denomination from throwing
  of the ball, and is of two sorts; to goals, and to toe
  «ountry: forfturting to goals there  are fifteen or
  thirty players, more or less, chosen out on each side,
  who strip themselves, and then join hands in ranks,
  ase against another: out of these ranks they match
  themselves by pairs, one embracing another, ami
  so pass away; every of which couple are to watch
  one another duriug this play.             Careio.
Hurl, hurl. ra. s. I from  the  verb.]  Tu-
  mult; riot; commotion.
    He in the same fturf murdering such as he thought
  would withstand his desire, was chosen king.
                                      Knolles.
Hu'rlbat, hurl'bat.  ra.  s.  [hurl and bat.]
  Whirlbat.                    Ainsworth.
Hu'rler, hur'lur. ra. *.  [from hurl.]  One
  that plays at hurling.
    The hurlers must hurl man to man, and not two
  set upoii one man  at once.               Carew-
Hu'rlwind,  hurl'wind. ra. «.  [hurl and
  wind.] A whirlwind; a violent gust.  A
  word not in use.
    Like scatter'd down by howling Eurus blown,
  By rapid hurtoinds from his mansion thrown.
                                       Sandys.
Hu'rly, IraVle.               7 n. s. [from
Hu'klyburly, huVle-bur'le. $   the    Fr.
  hurluberlu,  inconsiderately.]   Tumult;
  commotion; bustle.
    Winds take the ruffian billows by the top,
  That with the hurly death itself awakes.   Shaksp.
            Poor discontents,
  Which gape and rub toe elbow at the news
  Of hurlyburly innovation.                Shaksp.
    Methinks, I see tois Aurfy all on foot.   Shaksp.
    All places were filled with tumult and hurlyburly,
  every man measured toe danger by his own fear;
  and such  a pitiful  cry was in eveiy place, as in ci-
  ties presently to be besieged.            Knolles.
Hu'rricane, hur're-kan.   7  ra. *. [hura-
Hu'rricano, hur-re-ka'no. >   can,  Span.
  ouragan, Fr.]  A  violent  storm, such
  as  is often experienced  in the  western
  hemisphere.
    Blow winds, and crack your cheeks;
  You cataracts and hurricanoes spout!       Shaksp.
    A storm or hurricano, though but the force of air,
  makes a strange havock where it comes.   Burnet.
    A poet who had a great genius for tragedy, made
  every man and woman too in his plays stark raging
  mad: all was tempestuous and blustering; heavcu
  and earth were coming together at every word; a
  mere hurricane from the beginning to the end.
                                      Dryden.
    The ministers of state, who gave us law,
  In corners with selected friends withdraw;
  There, in deaf murmurs, solemnly are wise,
  Whisp'ring like winds, ere hurricanes arise. Dryd.
    So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend,
  Sudden to' impetuous hurricanes descend,
  Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play,
  Tear up the sands, and  sweep whole plains away.
                                      Addison.
Hu'iirier, hur're-ur. ra. a. [from hurry.]
  One that hurries; a disturber.
    Mars, that horrid hurrier of men.     Chapman.
To Hu'rry,  hfir're. v. ra.  [hejigian, to
  plunder, Saxon;  hurs  was likewise  a
  word used  by the  old Germans in urg-
  ing their horses to speed;  but  seems
  the imperative  of  the verb.]   To  has-
  ten; to put into  precipitation or confu-
  sion;  to drive confusedly.
    Your nobles will not hear you; but are gone
  To offer service to your enemy;
  And wild amazement hurries up and down
  The little number of your doubtful friends. Shaksp.
        For whom all this haste
  Of midnight march, and fturry'd meeting here?
                                       Afiffon.
    Impetuous lust fturries him on to satisfy it. Soufft.
            That hurry'd o'er
  Such swarms of English to the neighb'ring shore.
                                      Dryden.
    A man has not time tu subdue his passions, esta-
  blish his soul in virtue, and come up to the perfec-
  tion of his nature, before he is hurried off toe stage.
                                      Addison.
    Stay these sudden gusts of passion,
  That fturry you away.                   .Rowe.
    If a council be called, or a battle fought, you are
  not  coldly informed, the reader is hurried out of
  himself by the poet's imagination.          Pope.

To Hu'rry, hur're. v.  ra.  To  move on
   with precipitation.
    Did you but know what joys your way attend,
  You would not hurry to your journey's end.  Dryd.
Hu'rrt,  hiir're. ra. s.  [from  the verb.]
   Tumult; precipitation; commotion.
    Among all the horrible hurries in England, Ire-
  land was then almost  quiet            Hayward.
    It might have pleased him in the present heat
  and fturry of his rage; but must have displeased him
  infinitely in the sedate reflection.          SoufA.
    After the violence of  the Aurry and  commotion
  was over, toe water came to a state somewhat more
  calm.                              Woodward.
    Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, it inflames
  the mind, and puts it into a violent Aurry of thought.
                                     Addison.
    A long train of coaches and six ran through the
  heart, one after another, in a very great fturry.
                                     Addison.
    I do not include the life of  those who are in a
  perpetual hurry of affairs, but of those who are not
  always engaged.                     Addison.
    The pavement sounds with trampling feet,
  And the mixt Aurry barricades the street.    Gay.
Hurst, hurst, n. *. [hyjiyc, Saxon.]  A
   grove or thicket of trees.    Ainsworth.
To HURT, hiirt. v.  a. pret. I hurt;  part.
   pass.  1  have hurt,  [hyjit, wounded)
   Saxon; heurter, to strike, French.].
1. To mischief; to  harm.
    He toat overcometh shall not be hurt of the se-
  cond death.                        Revelation.
    Virtue may be assail'd, but never fturf;
  Surpriz'd by unjust force, but not enthrall'd. MUt,
    The Adonis of toe sea is so called, because it is a
  loving and innocent fish, that Aurfs nothing that has
  life.                                 Wotton.
2.  To  wound;  to  pain by some bodily
   harm.
    My heart is turn'd to stone: I strike it, and it
  Aurfs my hand.                     Shakspeare.
        It breeds contempt
  For herds to listen, or presume to pry,
  When the Aurf lion groans within his den. Dryden,
3. To damage;  to  impair.
    See thou Aurf not the oil and wine.   Revelation.
Hurt, hirt. n. #.  [from the verb.]
I. Harm; mischief.
    The fturf thereby is greater than the good. Spen.
    I have slain a man  to my fturf.        Genesis.
    I found it stand there uncorrected, as  if there had
  been no Aurf done.                     Baker.
2. Wound or  bruise.
        Where is he wounded?
  —There will be large cicatrices to shew the people:
  he received seven Aurfs i' th' body.     Shakspeare.
    Carter  adventured bravely,  and  received  two
  great Aurfs in his body.               Hayward.
    The pains of sickness and Aurfs, hunger,  thirst,
  and  cold, all men feel.                   Locke.
    In arms and science 'tis the same,
  Our rival's fturfs create our fame.          Prior,
3. Injury; wrong.
    Why should damage grow to tbe Aurf of tbe king?
                                        Ezra.
Hu'rter, hdrt'ur. ra. *. [from hurt.] One
   that does harm.
Hu'rtful, hurt'ful.  adj. [hurt and full/]
   Mischievous; pernicious.
    Secret neglect of our duty  is but  only our own 
HITS
HUS
HUS
  hurt; one man's contempt of the common prayer of
  the church of God may be most hurtful unto many.
                                       Hooker.
    The hurtful hazle in the vineyard shun,
  Nor plant it to receive the setting sun.     Dryden.
Hu'rtfully, hilrt'ful-e. adv. [from hurt-
  ful.]   Mischievously; perniciously.
Hu'rtfulness,  hfirt'fiil-nes.  ra. a. [from
   hurtful.]  Mischievousness; pernicious-
   ness.
To  Hu'rtle,  hflr'tl.406  v.  ra.  [heurteur,
   French;  urtare, Italian.]   To clash; to
   skirmish; to run against any thing; to
   jostle;  to  meet in shock and  encoun-
   ter.                              Hanmer.
     The noise of battle hurtled in the air.   Shaksp.
               Kindness
  Made him give battle to the lioness,
  Who quickly fell before him; in which hurtling,
  From miserable slumber I awak'd.        Shaksp.
To  Hu'rtle, htir'tl.  v.  a.  To move with
   violence or impetuosity.  This is  pro-
   bably the original of hurl.   Obsolete.
     His harmful club he 'gan  to Aurffe high.
  And threaten battle to the fairy knight.  F. Queen.
Hu'rtleberry, hdr'tl-ber-e. ra. 8. [hiort
   bar,  Danish.]   Bilberry;  bacca  vilis
   id a a
Hu'rtless, hiirt'lSs.  adj.  [from hurt.]
1. Innocent;  harmless;  innoxious; doing
   no harm.
     Unto her home he oft would go,
  Where bold and hurtless many a play he tries,
     Her parents liking well it should  be so;
  For simple goodness shined in his eyes.    Sidney.
     She joy'd to make proof of her cruelty
  On gentle dame, so hurtless and so true. F. Queen.
        Shorter ev'ry gasp he takes,
  And vain efforts  and hurtless blows he makes.
                               Dryden's AZneid.
2. Receiving no  hurt.
Hu'rtlessly,   hurt'les-le.   adv.   [from
   hurtless.] Without harm.
     Your neighbours have found you  so  hurtlessly
  strong, that they thought it better to rest in your
  friendship, than make new trial of your enmity.
                                       Sidney.
Hu'rtlessness, htirt'ies-nes. ra. a. [from
   hurtlesa.] Freedom from any pernicious
   quality.
HU'SBAND, huz'bund.83 ra.*. [hosaband,
   master,  Danish; from house, and bonda,
   Runick, a master.]
1. The correlative  to a wife;  a man mar-
   ried to a woman.
     Thy husband is toy lord, thy life,  thy keeper,
  Thy head,  thy sovereign.            Shakspeare.
     Why,  woman, your Ausftand is in his old lunes
  again: he so takes on yonder wito my Ausftand, and
  so  rails against all married mankind.  Shakspeare.
     This careful hwiband had been long away,
  Whom his  chaste wife and little children  mourn.
                                      Dryden.
    The contract and ceremony of marriage is the oc-
  casion ofthe denomination of relation of husband.
                                        Locke.
2. The male of animals.
    Ev'n though a snowy ram thou shalt behold,
  Prefer him not in haste, for husband to thy fold.
                                      Dryden.
1. An economist; a  man that knows and
   practises the  methods of frugality and
   profit.  Its signification is always  mo-
   dified by some epithet implying bad or
   good.
    Edward I. shewed himself a right good husband;
  »wntr of a lordship ill husbanded,         Danes.
    I was considering the shortness of life, and wkat
  ill husbands we are of so tender a fortune. Cottier.
 4.  A  tiller of the ground;  a farmer.
    Husband's work is laborious and hard. Hubberd.
    I heard a great Ausftand say,  that it was a com-
  mon error to think that chalk helpeth arable grounds.
                                       Bacon.
              In those fields,
  The painful Ausftand plowing up  his ground,
  Shall find all fret with rust, both pikes and shields.
                                     HakewiU.
               If continu'd rain
  The lab'ring Ausftand in his house restrain,
  Let him forecast his work.              Dryden.
 To Hu'sband, hilz'bilnd. v. a. jTrom the
   noun.]
 1. To supply with a husband.
    Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
  Being so father'd and so husbanded?   Shakspeare.
               If you shall prove
  This  ring was ever her's, you shall as easy
  Prove that I husbanded her bed in Florence,
  Where yet she never was.           Shakspeare.
                  In my right,
  By me invested, he compeers the best.
  —That were the most, if he should husband you.
                                   Shakspeare,
 2. To manage  with frugality.
    It will be pastime passing excellent,
  If it be husbanded with modesty.       Shakspeare.
    The French, wisely husbanding the possession of
  a victory, kept toemselves within their trenches.
                            Bacon's Henry VII.
    If thou be master-gunner, spend not all
  That thou canst speak at once; but husband it,
  And give men turns of speech.           Herbert.
 3.' To till;  to  cultivate  the  ground  with
   proper management.
    A farmer cannot Ausftand his ground, if he sits at
  a great rent.                           Bacon.
 Hu'sbanoless, huz'biind-les. adj. [from
  husband]  Without a husband.
    A widow, husbandless, subject to fears;
  A woman, naturally born to fears.    Shakspeare.
 Hu'sbandly,   htiz'bund-le.  adj.  [from
  husband.] Frugal: thrifty.
    Bare plots full of galls, if ye plow overthwart;
  And compass it then, is a husbandly part. Tusser.
 Hu'sBANnMAN, huz'bi*ind-man. ra. s. [hus-
  band and man.] One who works in til-
  lage.
    This Davy serves you for good uses; he is your
  serVingman, and your husbandman.    Shakspeare.
    The mule being more swift in his labour than the
  ox, more ground was allowed  to toe  mule by the
  husbandman.                          Broome.
Hu'sbandry,  huz'biin-dre.  ra.  s. [from
  husband/]
 I. Tillage; manner of cultivating land.
    He began with a wild method to run over all the
  art of husbandry, especially in employing his tongue
  about well dunging of a field.            Sidney.
    Ask'd if in husbandry he ought did  know,
  To plough, to plant, to reap, to sow.  Hubb. Tale.
    Husbandry supplieth all things necessary for food.
                                      Spenser.
    Peace hato from France too long been chas'd;
  And all her husbandry doth  lie on heaps,
  Corrupting in its own fertility.        Shakspeare.
            Her plenteous womb
  Expresseth its full tilth and  husbandry. Shakspeare.
    The  seeds of virtue may, by   the  husbandry of
  christian counsel, produce  better fruit than the
  strength of self-nature.                  Raleigh.
    Husbandry the Spaniards wanting  in the valleys
  of Mexico, could not make our wheat bear seed.
                                      Raleigh.
    A family governed with order, will fall natural!)
  to the several trades of husbandly, tillage, and pas-
  turage.                              Temple
    Let any one consider toe difference between an
                   6f2
   acre of land sown with wheat, and an acre c-X Cat
   same land lying without any husbandry upon it, and
   he will find, toat toe improvement of labour makes
   the value.                             Locke.
 2. Thrift; frugality; parsimony.
    There's husbandry in heaven;
   The candles are all out.     Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    You have already saved  several millions to the
   publick, and that what we ask is too inconsiderable
   to break into any rules of the strictest good ftusfton-
   dry.                                  Swift
 3. Care of domestick affairs.
    Lorenzo, I commit into your hands
   The husbandry and manage of my house.   SAafcsp
 HUSH,  hush, interj.  [without etymolo-
   gy.]  Silence!  be still! no noise!
    The king hath done you wrong; butftusA/ 'tis so
                                   Shakspeare-
    There 's something else to do ;ftusft and be mute,
  Or else our spell is marr'd.          Shakspeare.
 Hush, hush.  adj. [from  the interjection.]
   Still;  silent; quiet.
    As we often see, against some storm,
  A silence in the heav'ns, the rack stands still,
  The bold winds speechless, and the orb below
  As AusA as death.                   Shakspeare.
 To Hush, hiish.  v. ra. [from the interjec-
   tion.]  To be still; to be silent.
    This frown'd, that fawn'd,v the third for shame did
        blush;
  Another seemed envious or coy;
    Another in her teeth did knaw a rush;
  But at these strangers presence every one did AusA.
                                      Spenser.
 To Hush, hiish. v. a.  To still; to silence;
   to  quiet; to appease.
    Yet can I not of such tame patience boast,
  As to be ftusftf, and nought at all to say.   Shaksp.
    It was my breath that blew this tempest up,
  Upon your stubborn usage of Ae pope;
  But since you are a gentle convertite,
  My  tongue shall AusA again this storm of war,
  And make fair weather in your blust'ring land.
                                   Sliakspeare.
                Speak softly;
  All 's Ausftf as midnight yet.          Shakspeare.
    My love would speak; my duty AusAes me. SAafc.
    When in a bed of straw we shrink together,
  And toe bleak  winds shall whistle round our  heads,
  Wilt thou then talk thus to me? Wilt thou then
  Hush my cares thus, and shelter me with love?
                                       Ofioay,
        Hush'das midnight silence go;
  He will not have your acclamations now.   Dryden.
        Her sire at length is kind,
  Calms eveiy storm, andftusftes every wind;
  Prepares his empire for his daughter's ease,
  And for his hatching nephews smooths toe seas.
                                      Dryden.
    The court was hushed, and  a whisper ran. Addis.
 To Hush up, hush-up. v. a. To suppress
   in  silence;  to forbid to be mentioned.
    This matter  is hushed up, and the servants are
  forbid to talk of it.                        Pope.
Hu'shmoney, hush'mun-e. ra. a. [hush and
   money.] A bribe to hinder information;
   pay to secure  silence.
    A dext'rous steward, when his tricks are found,
  Hushmoney sends to all the neighbours round;
  His  master, unsuspicious of his pranks,
  Pays all the costs, and gives toe villain thanks.
                                        Swift.
HUSK,  husk, ra. 8. [huldsch, Dutch, or
   huyscken, from huys.]  The outmost in-
   tegument of fruits.
    Do but behold yon poor and starved band,
  And your fair shew shall suck away their souls,
  Leaving them but the shales and husks of men.
                                   SAoftspeare.
    Most seeds, in their growing, leave their Atufc »>r
  rind about the  root.                      Bacon. 
HUT
H  YD
H  YD
             Thy food shall be
 The fresh brook mussels, withered toots, and husks
 Wherein toe acorn cradled.          Shakspeare.
         Fruits of all kinds, in coat
 Rough or smooth rind, or bearded ftusAs, or shell,
 She gathers; tribute large! and on the board
 Heaps with unsparing hand.             Afiffon.
    Some steep their seeds, and some in cauldrons
       boil
 O'er gentle fires; the exuberant juice to drain,
 And swell  the flatt'ring husks with fruitful  grain.
                                     Dryden.
            Some, when toe press
 Has drain'd toe pulpous mass, regale toeir swine
 With the dry refuse; thou, more wise, shalt steep
 The Ausfcs in water, and again employ
 The pond'rous engine.                 Philips.
    Barely for ptisan was first steeped in water till it
 swelled: afterwards dried in the sun, then beat till
 the husk was taken off, and ground.     Arbuthnot.
    Do not content yourselves with mere words, lest
 you feed upon husks instead of kernels.    Watts.
To Husk, husk.  v.  a. [from  the  noun.]
   To strip off the outward integument.
Hu'sked,  hus'ked.886 adj.  [from  husk.]
   Bearing a husk; covered with a  husk.
Hu'sky, hus'ke. adj. [from husk.] Abound-
   ing in husks;  consisting of husks.
              Most have found
  A ftusfcy harvest from the grudging ground.  Dryd.
             With timely care
  Shave toe goat's shaggy beard, lest  thou too late
  In vain should'st seek a strainer, to dispart
  The husky terrene dregs from purer must. Philips.
Hu'ssy,  huz'ze. ra.  s.  [corrupted  from
   housewife:  taken in an ill sense.] A sor-
   ry or bad woman; a  worthless  wench.
   It is often used ludicrously in slight dis-
   approbation.
     Get you in,  hussy, go: now will I personate this
  hopeful young jade.                _  Southern.
Hu'stings,  hfts'tingz.  ra.  *.  [hurcmg,
   Saxon.] A council; a court  held.
 To Hu'stle, his'si.*72 v. a. [perhaps cor-
   rupted  from hurtle.] To shake together
   in confusion.
Hu'swife, huz'zif.144 ra.  a.   [corrupted
   from\housewife/]
 1.  A bad  manager; a sorry woman.  It is
    common to use housewife in a good, and
   huswife or  huasy in a bad sense.
                   Bianca,
   A huswife, that, by selling her desires,
   Buys herself bread and cloth.         Shakspeare.
 2. An economist: a thrifty woman.
            Why should you want?
   The bounteous husicife, nature, on each bush
   Lays her  fulness before you.          Shakspeare.
 To Hu'swife,  huz'zif.  v.  a.  [from the
   noun.]   To manage with economy and
   frugality.
     But huswifing the little heav'n had lent,
   She duly  paid  a groat for quarter-rent;
   And pinch'd her belly, with her daughters two,
   To bring  toe year about with much ado.  Dryden.
 Hu'swifery, huz'zif-re. ra. s. [from hus-
   wife.]
 1.  Management good or bad.
             Good huswifery trieth
           To rise with the cock;
             111 huswifery lyeth
           Till  nine of toe clock.          Tusser
 2.  Management of rural business commit-
   ted to women.
     If cheeses in dairie have Argus his eyes,
   Tell Cisley the fault in her huswifery lies. Tusser.
Hut, hut. ra.  *. [hutte, Saxon; hute^ Fr.]
    A poor cottage.
    Our wand'ring saints, in woful state,
  To a small cottage came at last,
  Where dwelt a good old honest yeoman,
  Who kindly did these saints invite
  In his poor hut to pass toe night.          Swift.
    Sore pierc'd by wintry wind,
  How many shrink into the sordid ftuf
  Of cheerless poverty!                 Thomson.
Hutch,  hdtsh. ra. a. [hpaecca, Sax. huche,
  French.]  A corn chest.
    The best way to keep them, after they are thresh-
  ed, is to dry them well, and keep toem in hutches,
  or close casks.                      Mortimer.
To  Huzz, hilz. v. ra. [from the sound.] To
  buzz; to murmur.
Huzza', h^z-za'.1?4 interj. A shout; a cry
  of acclamation.
    The huzzas of the "rabble are the same to a bear
  that they are to a prince.            L'Esfrange.
    You keep a parcel of roaring bullies about me
  day and night; huzzas and hunting-horns never let
  me cool.                          Arbuthnot.
    AH fame is foreign, but of true desert;
  Plays round the head, but comes not to toe heart:
  One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
  Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas.       Pope.
To  Huzza', huz-za'. v.n. [fromthe inter-
  jection.]   To  utter acclamation.
    A caldron of fat beef, and stoop of ale,
  On the huzzaing mob shall still prevail.     King.
To  Huzza', huzza',  v. a. To receive or
  attend with acclamation.
    He was huzzaed into the court  by several thou-
  sands of weavers and clothiers.         Addison.
Hy'acinth,  hi'a-sinfA.  ra. a.  [occkivS®';
  hyacinthe, French;  hyacinthus, Latin.]
1. A flower.
    It hato a bulbous root; the leaves are long and
  narrow: toe stalk is upright and naked, toe flowers
  growing on toe upper part in a spike: the flowers
  consist each of one leaf, are naked, tubulose, and
  cut into six divisions at the brim, which are reflexed:
  the ovary becomes a roundish fruit with three angles,
  which is divided into three cells, which  are  filled
  wito roundish seeds.                    MUler.
    The silken  fleece, impurpl'd for the loom,
  Rival'd the hyacinth in vernal bloom.       Pope.
2. A gem.
    The hyacinth is the same with toe fapis lyncuri-
  us of toe ancients.  It is a less shewy gem than any
  of toe other red ones.  It is seldom smaller than a
  seed of hemp, or larger than a nutmeg. It is found
  of various degrees of deepness and paleness: but its
  colour is always a deadish red, with a  considerable
  admixture of  yellow; its most usual is that mixed
  red and yellow, which we know by toe  name of
  flame-colour.                            HUl.
Hyaci'nthine, hi-a-sin'Min.140  adj.  [bet-
  x/vSiv©-'.]   Made of hyacinths; resem-
  bling hyacinths.
Hy'ades, hi'a-dez. 7 ra. a. [»«&$.]   A wa-
Hy'ads, hi'adz.187  >    tery constellation.
    The sailors quarter'd heaven, and found a name
  For ev'ry fixed and ev'ry wand'ring star;
  The pleiads, ftyads.          Dryden's Georgicks.
HY'ALiNEjhi'a-lin.^arf/. [eJaA/v®-.] Glas-
  sy; crystalline;  made  glass;  sembling
  glass.
    From hcav'n-gate not far, founded in view
  On the clear hyaline,  the glassy sea.       Afiffon.
Hy'bribous, hlb'bre-dus. adj. [i/Gpis; hy-
   brida, Lat.] Begotten between animals
  of different species.
    Why such different species should not only min-
  gle together but also generate an animal, and yet
  that that hybridous production should not again gene-
  rate, is to me a mystery.                  Ray.
Uyba'tides, hi-dat'e-dez.187 ra. s.  [from
  «<?&£.]   Little transparent  bladders  of
   water  in any  part:  most common in
   dropsical persons,  from a distention or
   rupture  of  the lympheducts.    Quincy.
    All the water is  contained in little bladders, ad-
  hering to the liver and peritoneum,  known by the
  name of hydalides.                  Wiseman.
Hy'dra, hi'dri.  ra. a.  [hydra, Latin.]  A
   monster with  many heads slain by Her-
   cules:  whence any  multiplicity of evils
   is termed a hydra.
            New rebellions raise
  Their hydra heads, and the false north displays
  Her broken league to imp her serpent wings. Mill.
    More formidable hydra stands within,
  Whose jaws with iron-teeth severely grin. Dryden.
                Subdue
  The hydra of the many-headed hissing crew. Dryd.
Hy'dragogues,  hi'dra-gogz.'^ ra. s. [bo#g
   and ity a; hydragogue, rrench.]  Such
   medicines  as occasion the discharge of
   watery humours, which  is generally the
   case of the stronger catharticks, because
   they  shake most forcibly the bowels and
   their appendages.               Quincy.
Hydrau'lical,hi-draw'le-kal. 7 adj.[from
Hydrau'lick, hi-draw'lik.   y  hydrau-
   licks.]   Relating to the conveyance of
   water  through pipes.
    Among the  engines in which the air is useful,
  pumps may be accounted, and other hydraulical en-
  gines.                              Derham.
    We have employed a virtuoso to make an  hydrau-
  lick engine, in which a chemical liquor, resembling
  blood, is driven through elastick channels.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
HYDRAU'LICKS,  hi-draw'liks.  ra. *.
   [o'^wf,  water, and «t/A<§*», a pipe.]   The
   science  of conveying  water  through
   pipes or conduits.
Hydroce'le, hi'dro-sele. n.a.  [dtyowjAi);
   hydrocele,  French.] A watery rupture.
Hydrocephalus,  hi-dro-sef'fa-lus. ra. a.
   [fid'a^ and xecp*A».] A dropsy in  the head.
    A hydrocephalus, or dropsy of toe  head, is only
  incurable when the serum is extravasated into toe
  ventricles of the brain.       Arbuthnot on Diet.
Hydro'grapher, hi-drog'gra-fur.  ra. a.
   [iifetg and y$«.<pu; hydrographe, French.]
   One  who draws maps of the sea.
    It may be drawn from  the writings of our hydro-
  grapher.                               Boyle.

Hydro'graphy,  hi-dr6g'gra-fe."8  ra. *.
   [o<J«£  and  ypoKpu;   hydrographie, Fr.]
   Description of the  watery part of the
   terraqueous globe.

Hy'dromanoy,   hi'dro-man-sA.619  ra. a.
   [vi'ttf and /k,«vt/«} hydromantie, French.]
   Prediction by  water.
    Divination was  invented by the Persians: there
  are four kinds of divination;  hydromancy, pyro-
  mancy, acromancy, and geomancy.        Ayliffe.

Hy'dromel, hi'dro-mel.  re. a.  [veJtof and
   ftito; hydromel,  French.]  Honey, and
   water.
    Hydromel is a drink prepared of honey, being one
   of toe most pleasant and universal drinks the north-
   ern part of Europe affords, as well as one of the
   most ancient.                       Mortimer.
    Iu fevers toe aliments prescribed by Hippocrates
  were ptisans and cream  of barley; hydromel, toat
   is, honey and water, w hen toere was no tendency to
  a delirium.                        Arbuthnot.
Hydro'meter,  hi-drom'me-ttir.61H   n.  a.
   [tl^Wf  and  rttrpo*.]   An instrument to 
HYE
HYP
HYP
  measure  the extent or profundity of
  water.
HYDRo'METRY,M-drcVm'm6-tre.ra. s. [Vfag
  and n-irpoii/]  The act of measuring the
  extent of water.

Hydropho'bia, hi-dro-fo'be-a. ra. s. [vfyo-
  $4>$U; hydrophobic,  French.]   Dread
  of water.
    Among those dismal symptoms that follow the
  bite of a mad dog, the hydrophobia, or dread of wa-
  ter, is toe most remarkable.            Quincy.
Hydro'pical, hi-drop'pe-kal. 7 adj. [vfyo-
Hydro'pick, hi-drop'plk.    3     w/xaj;
  hydropique,  French;   from   hydrops,
  Latin.]
1. Dropsical; diseased with extravasated
  water.
    Cantoarides heat  the watery parts of the body;
  as urine, and hydropical water.            Bacon.
        The world's whole sap is sunk:
  The general balm th' hydropick earth hath drunk.
                                      Donne.
    Hydropical swellings, if toey be pure, are pellu-
  cid.                               Wiseman.
    Hydropick wretches by degrees decay,
  Growing the more, the more they waste away;
  By toeir own ruins they augmented lye,
  Wito thirst and heat amidst a deluge fry. Blackm.
    One sort of remedy, he uses in dropsies, toe wa-
  ter of the hydropicks.                Arbuthnot.
2. Resembling dropsy.
    Some men's hydropick insatiableness learned to
  thirst the more, by how much more they drank.
                                King Charles.
    Every lust is a kind of hydropick distemper, and
  toe more we drink toe more we shall thirst.
                                    Tillotson.
HYDROSTA'TICAL, hi-dr6-stat'e-kal.
  adj.  [vSag and «-«t<*j>.]   Relating to hy-
  drostaticks; taught by hydrostaticks.
    A human body forming in such a fluid, will never
  be reconcileable to this hydrostatical  law:  there
  will be always sometoing lighter beneath, and some-
  toing heavier above; because bone toe  heaviest in
  specie, will be ever in the midst.        Bentley.
Hydrosta'tically,    hi-dr6-stat'e-kai-e.
  adv. [from hydrostatical.]   According
  to hydrostaticks.
    The weight of all bodies around toe earth is ever
  proportional to toe quantity of  their matter: for in-
  stance, a pound weight, examined hydrostatically,
  doth always contain an equal quantity of solid mass.
                                     Bentley.

Hydrosta'ticks,  hi-dro-stat'lks.   ra.  s.
  [ofog  and  rccTiKt)-, hydrostatique, Fr.]
  The  science of  weighing  fluids, or
  weighing bodies  in fluids.
Hydro'tick, hi-drot'ik. ra. s.  [yPag; hy-
  drotique, French.]  Purger of water or
  phlegm.
    He seems to have been toe first who divided pur-
  ges into hydroticks and purgers of bile.  Arbuthnot,
Hye'n, hi'en.   7 ra. s. [hyene, Fr. hyena,
Hye'na, hi-e'na. 3    Lat.] An animal like
  a wolf, said fabulously to imitate human
  voices.
    I will weep when you are disposed to be merry;
  I  will laugh like an ftyen, when you are inclined to
  sleep.                             Shakspeare.
    A wonder more amazing would we find,
  Th' ftyena shews it,  of a double kind;
  Varying toe sexes in alternate years,
  In one begets, and in another bears.     Dryden.
    The ftyena was indeed well joined with the bever,
  as having also a bag in those  parts,  if thereby we
  "Understand toe ftyena odorata, or civet eaf. Brown.
    The keen ftyena, fellest of toe fell.   Thomson,
Hygro'meter, hi-grom'me-tiir.187   «. ».
  [vypor and fttrpiu; hygrometre, French.]
  An instrument to measure the degrees
  of moisture.
    A sponge, perhaps, might be a better hygrometer
  than toe earth of the river.          Arbuthnot.
Hy'groscope, hi'gro-skope. ra. s. [uyp<&
  and (monta;  hygroscope, French.]   An
  instrument  to show the  moisture  and
  dryness of the air, and to measure  and
  estimate the quantity of either extreme.
                                   Quincy.
    Moisture in the air is discovered by hygroscopes.
                                  Arbuthnot.
Hyla'rchioal,  hi-lar'ke-kal.  adj.  [oAjj
  and *pffl.]   Presiding over matter.
Hym, him. ra.  s. A species of dog: unless
  it is by  mistake for  lym.
            Avaunt, you curs!
  Mastiff, greyhound, mungril grim,
  Hound or spaniel, brache or ftym;
  Or bobtail tike, or trundle  tail,
  Tom will make him weep  and wail.     Shaksp.
Hy'men, hi'men. ra. s.  [i/***.]
1. The god  of marriage.
2. The virginal membrane.
Hymene'al, hi-me-ne'al. 7 ra.   a.    [«Ve-
Hymene'an, hi-me-ne'an. 5    vcn<§h.]   A
  marriage  song.
    And heav'nly choirs toe  ftymenean sung. Milton.
    For her the spouse prepares toe bridal ring;
  For her white virgins hymeneals sing.       Pope.
Hymene'al, hi-me-ne'al.  7 adj.  Pertain-
HYMENE'AN,hL-me-ne'an.5    ing to  mar-
  riage.
    The suitors heard, and deem'd the mirthful voice,
  A signal of her hymeneal choice.  Pope's Odyssey.
Hymn,  him. ra. a. [hymne, Fr.  tiftve?.]  An
  encomiastick song,  or song  of adora-
  tion to some superiour being.
    As I earst, in praise of mine own dame,
  So now in  honour of thy mother dear,
  An honourable hymn I eke should frame.  Spenser.
    Our  solemn hymns to sullen dirges change;
  Our bridal flow'rs serve for a buried corse. Shaksp.
           When steel grows
  Soft as the parasite's silk, let ftymns be made
  An overture for the wars.              Shaksp.
    There is an Aymn  sung; but the subject of it is
  always the praises of Adam, and Noah, and Abra-
  ham, concluding ever wito a thanksgiving for the
  nativity of our Saviour.                 Bacon.
         Farewell, you happy shades,
  Where angels first should practise hymns, and string
  Their  tuneful harps,  when they to Heav'n would
        sing.                         Dryden.
To  Hymn, him. v. a.  [vftnu]  To praise
  in song; to worship in hymns.
    Whose business were to serve the Lord
  High up in heav'n, with songs to hymn his throne.
                                    Afiffon.
To  Hymn, him. v. ra.   To  sing songs of
  adoration.
    They touch'd  their golden harps, and hymning
        prais'd
  God and his works.                   MUton.
    He had not left alive this patient saint,
  This anvil of affronts, but  sent him hence,
  To hold a  peaceful branch of palm above,
  And Aymn it in the quire.              Dryden.
Hy'mnick, him'nik. adj. [t/jtves.] Relating
  to hymns.
    He rounds the air, and breaks the hymnick notes
  In birds, heav'n's choristers, organick throats;
  Which, if they  did not die, might seem to be
  A tenth rank in toe heavenly hierarchy.   Donne.
To Hyp, hip.  v. a. [barbarously contract-
   ed  from hypochondriack.]   To make
   melancholy;  to dispirit.
    I have been, to the last degree, hypped since I
  saw you.                           Spectator-
 HY'pALLAGE,he-pa.l'la-je. n.s. [uV#AAi*y»>.]
   A figure by which words change  their
   cases with  each other.
 Hy'per, hi'pur. ra. *. [A word barbarous-
   ly curtailed by Prior from hypercritick.]
   A hypercritick;  one more critical than
   necessity requires. Prior did not know
   the  meaning of the word.
    Criticks I read on other men,
  And hypers upon toem again.             Prior.
HYPE'RBOLA, hi-per'bo-la.187«.s. [hy-
  perbole, French; oVef and j3«aa».]  In
   geometry,  a  section  of a  cone made
   by a plane, so that the axis of the sec-
   tion inclines to the opposite leg of the
   cone, which in the parabola is parallel
   to it, and in the ellipsis intersects it. The
   axis of the hyperbolical  section will
   meet also with the opposite side of the
   cone, when produced  above the vertex.
                                    Harris.
    Had the velocities of the several planets been
  greater or less than toey are, or had toeir distances
  from the sun, or the quantity of the sun's matter,
  and consequently his attractive power been greater
  or less than toey are now, with the same velocities,
  they would not have revolved in concentrick circles,
  but have moved in hyperbolas very eccentrick.
                                     Bentley.
Hy'perbole, hi-per'bo-le.187 ra. a. [hyper-
  bole, Fr. u7regPoX>i]  A figure in rheto-
  rick by which any thing is increased or
  diminished beyond the exact truth: as,
   He runs faster than lightning. His pos-
   sessions are fallen to dust.   He was  so
  gaunt, the  case of a flagellet  was  a
   mansion for him.                Shaksp.
            Terms unsquar'd
  Which, from the tongue of roaring Typhon dropt,
  Would seem hyperboles.                Shaksp.
    Taffata phrases, silken terms precise,
  Three pil'd hyperboles, spruce affectation,
    Figures pedantical, these summer flies,
  Have blown me full of maggot ostentation. Shaksp.
    They were above the hyperboles, toat fond poetry
  bestows upon its admired objects.      Glanville.
    Hyperboles, so daring and  so bold,
  Disdaining bounds, are yet by rules control'd;
  Above toe clouds, but yet within our sight,
  They mount with truth, and make a tow'ring flight.
                                   Granwiffe.
    The common people  understand raillery,  or  at
  least rhetorick, and will not take hyperboles  in  too
  literal a sense.                          Swift.
Hyperbo'lioal, hi-per-bol'le-kal. 7  adj.
Hyperbo'lick, hi-per-bol'ik.      £  [hy-
  perbolique,  Fr. from hyperbola, Lat.J
 1. Belonging to the hyperbola; having the
   nature of an hyperbola.
    Cancellated in the middle with squares, with tri-
  angles before and behind with hyperbolick lines.
                                       Grew,
    The horny or pellucid coat of toe eye riseto up,
  as a hillock, above the convexity of the white of the
  eye, and is of an hyperbolical or parabolical figure.
                                       Ray.
 2. [from hyperbole.]  Exaggerating or ex-
   tenuating beyond  fact.
    It is parabolical, and probably hyperbolical, and
  therefore not to be taken in a strict sense.   Boyle.-
 IIyperbo'lically,  hi-per-bol'le-kal-le.*0"
   adv.  [from hyperbolical.]
 I. In  form of an hyperbole 
HYP
HYP
HYS
2. With exaggeration or extenuation.
    Yet may all be solved, if we take it hyperbolical-
  'y.                                  Brown.
    Scylla is seated upon a narrow mountain, which
  thrusts into the sea a steep high rock, and hyperbo-
  lically described by Homer as inaccessible. Broome.
Hyperbo'liform, hi-per-bol'le-form. adj.
   [hyperbola  and forma.]   Having  the
   form,  or nearly the form of the hyper-
   bola.
Hyperbo'rean, hi-per-bo're-an. ra. *. [hy-
   perboreen, French; hyperboreus, Lat.]
   Northern.
Hypercri'tick, hi-per-krit'ik. ra. «.  [hy-
   percritic/ue,  French;  tirrtp and «.pirix.o<;/]
   A critick exact or captious beyond use
   or reason.
     Those hypercriticks in English poetry differ from
   the opinion of the Greek and Latin judges, from the
   Italians and French, and from the general taste of
   all ages.                            Dryden.
 Hypercri'tical,  hi-per-krit'e-kal.   adj.
   [from hypercritick]   Critical beyond
   necessity or use.
     We are far from imposing those nice and Ayper-
   cntUal punctilios, which some astrologers oblige our
   gardeners to.                        Evelyn.
     Such hypercritical readers will consider my busi-
   ness  was  to make a body of refined sayings,  only
   taking care  to produce them in the  most natural
   manner.                              Swift.
 Hype'rmeter, hi-per'me-tur. ra. a.  [yxep
    and  fterptv.]   Any  thing greater than
    the standard requires.
     When a man rises beyond six foot, he is an fty-
   permeter, and may be admitted into the tall club.
                                      Addison.
 Hypersarco'sis, hi-per-sar-ko'sis.620 ra. s.
    [oTTtpa-etpx-utris, oirtp and  o-xpitc-s.]    The
    growth of fungous or  proud  flesh.
     Where the hypersarcosis was great, I  sprinkled it
   with precipitate, whereby I more speedily freed the
   ulcer of its putrefaction.              Wiseman.
  Hy'phen, hi'fen.  ra. s.  [Jcpev.] A note of
    conjunction: as, vir-tue, ever-living.
  Hypno'tick, hip-not'ik.  ra. s. [«*■»««.]  Any
    medicine that induces sleep.

  HYPOCHO'NDRES,  hip-6-k6n'durz.*ie
    ra. a. [hypocondre, French; uVa^evJ^/av.]
    The two regions lying on each side the
    cartilago  ensiformis,  and  those of the
    ribs, and the tip of the  breast,  which
    have in one the liver, and in the  other
    the spleen.                     Quincy.
      The blood moving too slowly through the celiack
   and  mesenterick arteries,  produces  various  com-
   plaints in the lower bowels and hypochondres; from
   whence such persons are called hypochondriack.
                                     •tfrfrufftnof.
  Hypochondriacal,  hip-po-kon-dri'a-kal.
  Hypochondri'ack, hip-po-kon'dre-ak.
    adj. [hypocondriaque, French; from hy-
    pochondres.]
  1.  Melancholy; disordered in the  imagi-
    nation.
      Socrates laid down his life in attestation of that
   most fundamental truth, toe belief of one God; and
   vet he 's not recorded either as fool or hypochondri-
   ack.                          Decay of Piety.
  2.  Producing melancholy; having the na-
    ture  of melancholy.
      Cold sweats are many times mortal,  and always
   suspected; as in great fears, and  hypochondriacal
   passions,  being a relaxation or forsaking of toe spi-
   rits.                                 Bacon.
Hy'pocist, hlp'6-sist. ra. s.  [it-xtrti^ic,; hy-
  pociste, French.]   An inspissated  juice
  considerably  hard  and heavy,  of a fine
  shining  black  colour,  when  broken.
  The stem ofthe plant is thick and fleshy;
  and  much thicker  at  the top than  to-
  wards the  bottom.   The  fruits  contain
  a tough glutinous liquor, gathered be-
  fore they are ripe:  the juice is expres-
  sed, then formed into cakes.       Hill.

Hypo'crisy,  he-pok'kre-se.187 ra.  s. [hy-
  pocrisie, French; vroxpiTis.]  Dissimu-
  lation with regard  to the moral  or reli-
   gious character.
     Next stood hypocrisy with holy leer,
  Soft smiling and demurely looking down;
  But hid the dagger underneath the gown. Dryden.
     Hypocrisy is much more eligible than open infi-
  delity and vice: it wears toe livery of religion, and
  is cautious of giving scandal; nay,  continued dis-
  guises are too great a constraint; men would leave
  off their vices, rather than undergo the toil of prac-
  tising them in private.                   Swiff.
 HY'POCRITE, hip'po-krit. ra. a. [hypo-
    crite, French;  woKpiTi^.]
 1.  A dissembler in morality or religion.
     He heartily prays some occasion may  detain  us
  longer: I dare swear he is no hypocrite,  but prays
  from his heart.                       Shaksp.
     A wise man hateth not the law; but he toat is an
  hypocrite therein, is as a ship in a storm.   Ecclus-
     Fair hypocrite, you seek to cheat in vain;
  Your silence  argues you ask time to reign.   Dryd.
     The making religion  necessary to interest might
   increase hypocrisy; but if one in  twenty should  be
   brought to true piety,  and  nineteen be only Aypo-
   crites, the advantage would still be great.   Swift.
 2.  Dissembler.
     Beware, ye honest: the third circling glass
   Suffices virtue; but may hypocrites,
   Who slyly speak one thing, another think,
   Hateful as hell, still pleas'd unwarn'd drink on,
   And through intemp'rance grow a while sincere.
                                      PAiftps.
 HYPOCRi'TicAL,hlp-p6-krlt'ik-kal. 7  adj.
 Hypocri'tick, hip-po-krit'Ik.     5 [from
    hypocrite.] Dissembling; insincere; ap-
    pearing differently from  the reality.
     Now you are confessing your enormities; 1 know
   it by that hypocritical,  down-cast look.    Dryden.
     Whatever virtues m<*y appear in him, they will
   be esteemed an hypocritical imposture on the world;
   and in his retired pleasures,  he will be presumed a
   libertine.                            Rogers.
     Let others skrew their hypocritick face.   Swift.

 Hypocri'tically,   hip-po-krit'ik-kal-e.
    adv.  [from  hypocritical.]   With dissi-
    mulation; without sincerity; falsely.
     Simeon and Levi spake not only falsely, but in-
   sidiously, nay, hypocritically, abusing at once their
   proselytes and toeir religion.  Gov. ofthe Tongue.

 Hypoga'strick, hlp-6-gas'trik. adj. [hy-
    pogastrique,  French;  t»Vo  and yarty.]
    Seated in the lower part of the belly.
     The swelling we supposed to rise from an effusion
    of serum through all the hypogastrick arteries.
                                     Wiseman.
 Hypoge'um, hip-6-ge'um.613 ra.  s. [oto
    and yy.]   A name which  the ancient
    architects gave to all  the parts of a
    building  that were  under ground,  as
    cellars and vaults.              Harris.
 HYPOSTASIS,   hi-pos'ta-sis.187  ra.   *.
    [hypostase, French; vx-ov-rotc-if.]
 1.  Distinct substance.
   Personality.   A term used in the doc-
  trine of the Holy Trinity.
    The oneness of our Lord Jesus Christ, referring
  to the several hypostases in the one eternal, indivi-
  sible, divine nature, and the eternity of the Son's
  generation, and his co-eternity and consubstantiali-
  ty with the Father, are assertions equivalent to those
  comprised in the ancient simple article. Hammond.
Hyposta'tical, hi-po-stat'e-kal. adj. [hy-
  postatique, Fr. from hypostasis]
1. Constitutive; constituent as distinct in-
  gredients.
    Let our Carneades warn  men not to subscribe to
  toe grand doctrine of the chymist, touching  their
  three hypostatical principles, till they have a little
  examined it.                          Boyle.
2. Personal; distinctly personal.
Hypotenu'se, hi-pot'e-nfise.187  ra. a. [hy-
  potenuse, French; wortiuc*] The line
  that subtends the right-angle  of a right-
  angled triangle;  the subtense.
    The square  of the hypotenuse in a right-angled
  triangle, is equal to tbe squares of the two other
  sides.                                Locke.
HYPO'THESIS,  hip-porA'e-sis,  or  hi-
  po/A'e-sis.187 ra. *.  [hypotheset French;
  wroStrit.]  A  supposition;   a  system
  formed upon some principle not proved.
    The  mind casts and turns itself restlessly from
  one thing to another, till at length it brings all the
  ends of a long and various hypothesis together; sees
  how one part coheres wito another, and so clears off
  all the  appearing contrarieties that seemed to lie
  cross, and make the whole unintelligible.   Soufft.
           Wito imagin'd sovereignty
  Lord of his new hypothesis he reigns;
  He reigns: how long? till some usurper rise:
  And he too, mighty thoughtful, mighty wise,
  Studies new lines, and other circles feigns.  Prior.
Hypothetical,   hi-po-fAet'te-kal.187 >
Hypothe'tick,  hi-po-fAet'tik.187      5
   adj. [hipothetique, French; from hypo-
   thesis/]  Including a supposition;  con-
   ditional.
    Conditional or hypothetical propositions are those
  whose parts are united by the conditional particle
  if: as, if the sun be fixed, the earth must move.
                                       Waffs.
Hypothe'tically,  hi-p6-r//et'te-kal-e.187
   adv.  [from hypothetical.]   Upon sup-
   position; conditionally.
    The only part liable to imputation is calling her
  a goddess; yet this is proposed wito  modesty and
  doubt, and hypothetical^.               Broome.
 Hyrst,  Hurst,  Herst,  hirst,  are all
   from the Saxon hy ripe, a wood or grove.
                                    Gibson.

 Hy'ssop, hiz'ziip,  or hi'stip. ra. s.  [hys-
   sope, French; hyssopus, Latin.] A ver-
   ticillate  plant.
    It hath been a great dispute, whether the hyssop
  commonly known is the same which is mentioned in
  scripture.                           Miller.
    The hyssop of Solomon cannot be well conceived
  to be our common hyssop;  for that is not the  least
  of vegetables observed to grow upon walls; but ra-
  ther some kind of capillaries, which only grow upon
  walls and stony places.                 Brown.
 Hyste'rical,  his-teVre-kal. 7  adj. [hya-
 Hyste'rick, his-teVrik.609  } terique, Fr.
   vrtgix-oi]
 1.  Troubled with fits;  disordered in the
   regions ofthe womb.
     In hysterick women the  rarity of symptoms doth
   oft strike an astonishment into spectators.
                       Harvey on Consuription*- 
HYS
HYS
II  Y S
    Many hysterical women are sensible 01 wind pas-
  sing from the womb.                   Floyer.
2. Proceeding from disorders in the womb.
    Parent of vapours, and of female wit,
Who gave to' Aysfericfc or poetic fit.        Pope.
  This terrible scene made too violent an impres-
sion upon a woman in her condition, and threw her
into a strong hysterick fit.            Arbuthnot.
Hyste'hicks, his-ter'riks. n. s. [veepiM*. j
  Fits  of women, supposed to  proceed
  from disorders in the womb.
I.
T  i.  Is in English considered  both as a
■"-9 vowel  and consonant; though,  since
  the  vowel and consonant differ in their
  form  as well  as sound, they  may  be
  more properly accounted two letters.
     / vowel  has a long  sound, as fine,
  thine, which is usually marked with an
  e final; and  a short sound, as Jin, thin.
  Prefixed to e it  makes a diphthong of
  the  same sound with the soft  i, or dou-
  ble  e, ee: thus field, yield,  are spoken as
  feeld, yeeld;  except friend,  which is
  spoken frend.   Subjoined to a ore? it
  makes them long, ah fail, neigh; and to
  o makes a  mingled sound, which  ap-
  proaches more nearly to the true notion
  of a diphthong, or sound  composed of
  the  sounds of two vowels, than any other
  combination of vowels in the  English
  language, as oil,  coin.   The sound  of i
  before another i, and  at the  end of a
  WOrd 1S always CApicaactl by y.
     J consonant has invariably the  same
  sound with that of g in  giant, as jade,
  jet,  jilt, jolt, just.
I, i. pronoun personal,  [ik, Gothick;  ic,
  Saxon; ich,  Dutch.
        7, gen. me;  plural we, gen. us.
       ic      me;         pe,      up]
1. The pronoun ofthe first person, myself.
    I do not like  these several councils, /.   Shaksp.
    There is none greater in this house than /.  Gen.
    Be of good cheer, it is I: be not afraid.    Mat.
    What shall J do to be for ever known,
  And make thy age to come my own;
  /shall like beasts to common people dye,
  Unless you write my elegy.            Cowley.
   Hence, and make room for me.         Cowley.
   When chance of business parts us two,
  What do our souls, I wonder do?        Cowley.
   Thus, having pass'd the night in fruitless pain,
  I to my longing friends return again.     Dryden.
   Of  night impatient we demand the day,
  The day arrives, and for the night we pray.
                                  Blackmore.

2. Me  is in the following  passage written
  for /.
   There is but one man whom she can have, and
  that is me.                           Clarissa
3. I is more than once in Shakspeare writ-
  ten for ay, or yes.
   Hato Romeo slain himself? Say thou but /,
  And that bare vowel, J, shall poison more
  Than  the death-darting eye of cockatrice. Shaksp.
    Did your letters pierce the queen;
  __f sir; she took  'em and read 'em in my  pre-
        sence,
  And now and then an ample tear trill'd down.
                                 Shakspeare.
To JA'BBER, jab'biir.98 v. ra. [gabberen,
   Dutch]  To talk idly; to prate  without
   thinking; to chatter.
    We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber
  Of parties.                            Swijt.
Ja'bberer, jab'bur-fir. n. s. [from jab-
   ber.]   One  who talks inarticulately or
   unintelligibly.
    Out cant the Babylonian labourers
 > At all their dialects of jabberers.        Hudibras.
Ja'cent, ja'sSnt. adj. [jacens, Lat.] Lying
   at length.
    So laid, toey are more apt in swagging down to
  pierce than in toe jaeenf posture.         Wbtfon.
Ja'cinth, ja'sinfA.ra. *. [forhyacinth, Jeru-
   salem  for Hierusalem.]
1. The same  with hyacinth.
2. A gem of a deep reddish yellow, ap-
   proaching  to  a flame colour, or the
   deepest amber.             Woodward.
JACK,  jak.  ra. s. [probably by  mistake
   from Jaques, whii.li hi Fiwiuh io JomcoJ]
1. The diminutive of John.  Used as a
   general term of contempt for saucy or
   paltry fellows.
              I am in estimation:
  You will perceive that a Jack gardant cannot
  Office me from my son Coriolanus.   Shakspeare.
              I have in my mind
  A thousand raw tricks of these bragging Jacks,
  Which I will practise.              Shakspeare.
    Every Jack slave has his belly full of fighting, and
  I must go up and down like a cock that no body can
  match.                          fmakspeare.
2. The name of instruments which supply
   the  place of a boy:  as, an instrument to
   pull off boots.
    Foot-boys, who had frequently toe common name
  of jack given toem, were kept to turn the spit, or to
  pull off toeir masters'boots, but when instruments
  were  invented for both  those  services, they were
  both called jacks.                      Watts.
3. An engine which turns the spit,
    The excellencies of a good jack are, toat the
  jack frame be forged and filed  square; that the
  wheels be perpendicularly and strongly fixed on toe
  squares  of the spindles; and that the teeth be even-
  ly cut, and well smoothed; and toat the teeto of the
  worm-wheel fall evenly into the groove of toe worm.
                                     Moxon.
    The ordinary jacks, used for roasting of meat,
  commonly consist but of three wheels.    Wilkins.
   A cook maid, by toe fall of a jack weight upon her
  head, was beaten down.               Wiseman.
    Some strain in rhyme; the muses on their racks
  Scream, like the winding of ten thousand jacks.
                                      Pope.
4. A young pike.
    No fish will thrive in a pond where roach or
  gudgeons are, except jacks.           Mortimer.
5. [jacque, French.]  A coat of mail.
    The residue were on foot, well furnished wito
  jack and skull, pike, dagger, bucklers made of
  board, and slicing swords, broad, thin, and of an ex-
  cellent temper.                     Hayward.
6. A cup of waxed leather.
    Dead wine, which stinks ofthe borrachio, sup
  From a foul jack, or greasy maple cup.    Dryden.
7. A small bowl thrown out for a mark to
  the bowlers.
    'Tis as if one should say, that  a bowl equally
  poised, and thrown upon a plain bowling-green, will
  run necessarily in a direct motion; but if it be made
  with a byass, that may decline it  a little from a
  straight line, it may acquire a liberty of will, and
  so run spontaneously to the jack.        Bentley,
8. A part of the musical instrument call-
  ed a virginal.
    In a virginal, as soon as ever the jack falleth, and
  toucheth the string, the sound ceaseth.     Bacon.
9. The male of animals.
    A jack ass, for a stallion, was bought for three
  thousand two hundred and twenty-nine pounds three
  shillings and fnnrpenCC             Arbuthnot.
10. A  support to saw wood on.     Ainsw.
11. The colours or ensign of a ship.
                                Ainsworth,
12.  A  cunning fellow who can turn to any
  thing, as in the following phrase.
    Jack of all trades, show and sound;
  An inverse burse, an exchange under ground.
                                  Cleaveland.
Jack Boots, jak-b6ots'. ra. *. [from jack, a
  coat of mail.]  Boots which serve as ar-
  mour to the legs.
    A man on horseback, in his breeches and jack
  boots, dressed up in a commode and a night-rail.
                                   Spectator.
Jack by the hedge, jak'bi-THe-hedje. ra. *.
  [erysimum.]  An herb  that  grows wild
  under hedges, is eaten as other sallads
  are, and much used  in broth. Mortimer.
Jack Pudding, jak-pud'ding. ra.  «.  [jack
  and pudding.]   A zany; a merry An-
  drew.
    Every  jack pudding  will be ridiculing palpable
  weaknesses which they ought to cover. L'Estrange.
    A buffoon is called by every nation by toe name
  ofthe dish they like best: in French jean  pottage,
  and in English jack pudding.          Guardian.
    Jack pudding, in his party-coloured jacket,
  Tosses the glove, and jokes at ev'ry packet.  Gay.

Jack with a Lantern, jak'wrrH-a-lan'turn.
  An ignis fatuus.
Jacka'l, jak'kall.*08  ra. s. [chacal, Fr.]  A
  small  animal supposed to start prey for
  the lion. 
JAD                                        JAG                                      JAK
    The Belgians tack upon our rear,
  And raking chase-guns through our stems they send;
    Close by their fireships, like jackals appear,
  Who on their lions for the prey attend.     Dryden.
    The mighty lion, before whom  stood the little
  jackal, the faithful spy of the king of beasts.
                                     ^rftnfAnof.
Jackale'nt,  jak-a-lent'. ra.  s.  [Jack  in
   Lent, a poor starved fellow.]  A  simple
   sheepish fellow.
    You little jackalent, have you been true to us?
  —Ay, I'll be sworn.                    Shaksp.
Ja'ckanapes, jak'an-aps. ra. s.  [jack and
   ape.]
I. Monkey; an ape.
2. A coxcomb; an impertinent.
               Wliich is he?
    That jackanapes with scarfs.        Shakspeare.
    People wonder'd how such a young upstart jacka-
  napes should grow so  pert and saucy, and take so
  much upon him.                     ArbiUhnot.
Jackda'w, jak-daw'. ra. a. [jack and daw.]
   A cock daw; a bird  taught  to  imitate
   the human voice.
    To impose on a child to get by heart a long scroll
  of phrases, without any ideas, is a practice fitter for
  a jackdaw than for any thing that wears the shape
  of man.                                Watts.
Ja'cket,  jak'kit.89 ra. s. [jacquet, Fr.]
 1. A short  coat; a close waistcoat.
     In a blue jacket, with a cross of red.    Hubberd.
     And hens, and dogs, and hogs are feeding by;
   And here a sailor's jocfcef hangs to dry.     Pope.
2. To beat one's Jacket,  is  to beat the
   man.
     She fell upon the jacfcef of the parson, who stood
  gaping at her.                      L'Estrange.
Ja'cob's  Ladder, ja'kubz-lacl'dur. n.  s.
   [polemonium.]   The same with Greek
   valerian.
Jacob'* Staff,  ja-kibz-staf. ra. 4?.
 1. A pilgrim's staff.
2. Staff concealing  a dagger.
3. A cross-staff; a kind of astrolabe.
Ja'cobine, jak'6-bln.1*9  n. *.   A  pigeon
   with a  high  tuft.              Ainsworth.
Jagtita'tion, jak-te-ta'sho.n. ra. s. [jactito,
   Latin.]
 1. Tossing motion;  restlessness;  heaving.
     If the  patient be surprised wito jactitation, or
  great oppression about the stomach, expect no  re-
  lief from  cordials.                     Harvey.
2. A term in the canon law for a false pre-
   tension to marriage.

Jaoula'tion, jak-u-la'shfin. ra. *. [jacula-
   tio, jaculor, Latin.] The act of throwing
   missive weapons.
    go hills amid' toe air encounter'd bills,
  Hurl'd to and fro wito jaculation dire.    Afiffon.

JADE, jade. ra. s. [The etymology of this
   word  is  doubtful:  Skinner  derives  it
   from gaad, a goad or spur.]
1. A horse of  no  spirit;  a  hired horse; a
   worthless nag.
    Alas, what wights are these that load my heart!
  I am as dull as winter-starved sheep,
  Tir'd as a jade in overloaden cart.        Sidney.
    When they should endure the bloody spur,
  They fall  their crest, and, like deceitful jades,
  Sink  in the trial.                    Shakspeare.
    The horsemen sit Uke fixed candlesticks,
  With torchstaves in their hand; and their poor jades
  Lob down their heads, dropping their head and hips.
                                    Shakspeare.
    So have I seen with armed heel,
  A wight bestride a commonweal,
  While still the more he kick'd and spurr'd,
  The less toe sullen jade has stirr'd.      HudUrras.
    The plain nag came upon the trial to prove those
  to be jades that made sport of him.    L'Estrange.
    False steps but help them to renew their race,
  As, after stumbling, jades will mend their pace.
                                         Pope.
2. A sorry woman.  A word of contempt
   noting  sometimes  age, but generally
   vice.
    Shall these, these old jocfes, past the flower
  Of youth, that you have, pass you.       Chapman.
    But she, the cunning'st jade alive,
  Says, 'tis the ready way to thrive.        Stepney.
    Get in,  hussy: now will I personate this  young
■  jade,  and discover toe intrigue.         Southern.
    In  di'monds, pearl, and rich brocades,
  She shines toe first of batter'd jades,
  And flutters in her pride.                 Swift.
3. A young  woman;  in irony  and slight
   contempt.
    You see now  and then some handsome  young
  jocfes among them: toe sluts have very often white
  teeth and black eyes.                  Addison.
Jade, jade. ra.  s.  A species of stone.
    The jade is a  species of the jasper,  and  of ex-
  treme hardness.  Its colour is composed of a pale
  blueish grey, or ash-colour, and a pale green, not
  uniform.  It  appears dull  and  coarse on the sur-
  face, but it takes a very elegant polish.   It is used
  by the Turks for  handles of sabres.          Hill.
To Jade, jade. v. a. [from the noun]
1. To tire; to harass;  to dispirit; to weary:
   applied  originally to horses.
    With his banners, and his well-paid ranks,
  The  ne'er-yet-beaten horse of Parthia
  We 've jocfecf out o' the field.         Shakspeare.
    It is good in discourse to vary and intermingle
  speech of the present occasion with arguments; for
  it is a dull thing  to tire and jade any  thing too far.
                                        Bacon.
    If fleet dragon's progeny at last
  Proves jacfecf, and in frequent matches cast
  No favour for toe stallion we retain,
  And no re.snec.tlbr the desen'rate strain-  BryJcn.
    The mind once jaded, by  an attempt above its
  power, is  very hardly brought to exert its force
  again.                                 Locke.
    There are seasons when the brain  is overtired or
  jaded with  study or thinking; and upon some other
  accounts animal  nature may be languid or cloudy,
  and unfit to assist toe spirit in meditation.   Watts.
2. To overbear; to crush;  to degrade, to
   harass,  as  a horse that  is   ridden  too
   hard.
     If we live thus tamely,
  To be thus jaded by a piece of scarlet,
  Farewell nobility.                  Shakspeare.
3. To employ in vile offices.
            The  honourable blood
  Must not be shed by such a jaded groom.   Shaksp.
4. To ride; to rule with tyranny.
    I do not now fool  myself, to let imagination jade
  me: for every reason excites to this.   Shakspeare.
To Jade,  jade. v.  n.   To lose spirit; to
   sink.
    Many offer at  the effects  of friendship, but they
  do not last: they are promising in  the beginning,
  but toey fail and jade and tire in toe prosecution.
                                        SoufA.
Ja'dish, ja'dlsh. adj. [from jade.]
1. Vitious; bad, as a horse.
    That hors'd us on toeir backs, to shew us
  Ajadish trick at  last, and throw us.      Hudibras.
    When once the people get thejadish trick
  Of throwing off their king, no ruler's safe. SowtAern.
2. Unchaste;  incontinent.
    'Tis to no boot to be jealous of a woman: for if the
  humour takes her to be jadish, not all toe  locks and
  spies  in nature can keep her honest.  L'Estrange.
To  JAGG,  jag. v. a.  [gagaw,  slits  or
   holes, Welsh.] To cut into indentures;
   to cut into teeth like those of a saw.
     Some leaves are round, some long, some square,
  and many jagged on the sides.             Bacon.
     The jagging of pinks and gilliflowers is ,like the
  inequality  of oak leaves; but toey never have any
  small plain purls.                       Bacon.
     The banks of that sea must be jagged and torn
  by the  impetuous assaults, or the silent undermin-
  ings of waves; violent  rains must wash down earth
  from the tops of mountains.              Bentley.
     An alder-tree  is one among the lesser  trees,
  whose younger branches are soft, and whose leaves
  are jagged.                             Watts.
Jagg, jag. ra.s.[from the  verb.] A protu-
   berance or denticulation.
    The figure of toe leaves is divided into so many
  jaggs or escallops, and curiously indented round toe
  edges.                                  Ray.
    Take off all toe staring  straws, twigs,  and jaggs
  in the hive, and make them as smooth as possible.
                                    Aforfimer.
jA'GGY,jag'ge. adj. [from jagg] Uneven;
   denticulated.
    His tow'ring crest was glorious to behold;
  His shoulders and his sides were scal'd with gold;
  Three  tongues he brandish'd when he charg'd his
         foes;
  His teeth stood jaggy in three dreadful rows.
                                      Addison.
    Amid' those angles, infinitely strain'd,
  They joyful leave their jaggy salts behind.
                                      Thomson.
Ja'ggedness,  jag'ged-n£s.86e  ra. s. [from
  jagged.]   The state of being denticu-
   lated; unevenness.
    First draw rudely your leaves, making them plain,
  before you give them their veins or jaggedness.
                                      Peacham.
JAIL, jale.83 a*3 *« ra. «.  [geol, Fr.]  A
   gaol; a prison; a  place where criminals
   are confined.  See Gaol.  It is  written
   either  way;  but  commonly  by  latter
   writers yu^.
    Away with the dotard, to the jail with him.
                                    Shakspeare.
    A dependant upon him paid six thousand pounds
  ready money, which, poor man, he  lived to repent
  iQtjaU\,i         ,L.            Clarendon.
     He sigh'd and turn'd his eyes, because  he knew
  'Twas but a larger jaU he had in view.   Dryden.
     One jaif did all their criminals restrain,
  Which now toe walls of Rome can scarce contain.
                                       Dryden.
Ja ilbird, jaleOjilrd. ra. *. [jail and bird.]
   One who  has been in a jail.
Ja'iler, ja'lfir. ra. a. [from jail.] A gaol-
   er;  the keeper of a prison.
     Seeking many means to speak with her, and ever
  kept  from  it, as well  because she shunned it, see-
  ing and disdaining his mind, as because of her jeal-
  ousjaifers.                            g^
    This is as a jailer, to bring forth
  Some monstrous malefactor.          Shakspeare.
    His pow'r to hollow caverns is confin'd;
  There let them reign, the jaUer of the wind;
  With hoarse commands his breathing subjects call,
  And boast and bluster in his empty hall.   Dryden.
          Palamon, the pris'ner knight,
  Restless for woe, arose before the light;
  And, with his jailer's leave, desired to breathe
  An air more welcome than the damp beneath.
                                       Dryden.
Jakes, jaks. ra. «. [of uncertain etymolo-
  gy.]  A house of office.
    I will tread tois inbolted villain into mortar, and
  daub the walls of jokes with him.         SAafcsp.
               Their sordid avarice rakes
  In excrements, and hires the very jokes.  Dryden.
    Some have fished the very jokes for papers left
  there by men of wit.                     Swift. 
JAP
JAR
J  A V
Ja'lap, jal'l&p. ra. 8. [jalap, Fv.jalapium,
   low Lat.] A medicinal drug.
    Jalap is a firm and solid root,  of a wrinkled sur-
  face, and generally cut into slices, heavy and hard
  to break; of a faintish smell, and of an acrid and
  nauseous taste.   It had its name jalapium, orjala-
  pa,  from  Xalapa, a town in New Spain, in the
  neighbourhood of which it was discovered; though
  it is now principally brought from the Madeiras.  It
  is an excellent purgative where serous humours are
  to be evacuated.                         Hill.
 Jam, jam. 77. a. fl know not whence de-
   rived.]  A conserve of fruits boiled with
   sugar and water.
 Jamb, jam.347 ra. s. [jambe, French, a leg]
   Any supporter on  either side, as the
   posts of a door.
    No timber is to be laid within twelve inches of
  the foreside of the chimney jambs.       Moxon.
 Ia'mbick,  i-am'bik.  ra.  s.  [iambique, Fr.
   iambicus, Lat.]  Verses  composed  of
   iambick  feet, or a short and long sylla-
   ble  alternately: used  originally in sa-
   tire, therefore taken for satire.
    In thy felonious heart though venom lies,
  It does but touch thy Irish pen, and dies:
  Thy genius calls thee not to purchase fame
  In keen iambicks, but mild anagram.      Dryden.
 To Ja'ngle, jang'gl.406 v. ra. [jangler, Fr.
   Skinner.]  To altercate;  to quarrel;  to
   bicker in words.   A low word.
    Good wits will he jangling; but, gentles agree,
  This civil war of wits were much better us'd
  On Navarre and his book-men.          Shaksp.
           So far am I glad it did so sort,
  And tois their jangling I esteem a sport.   Shaksp.
    There is no errour which hath not some appear-
  ance of probability resembling truth, which when
  men, who study to be singular, find out, straining
  reason, they then  publish to  the world  matter  of
  contention and jangling.               Raleigh.
 To Ja'ngle, jang'gl.406 v. a. To  make to
   sound untuneably.
    Now see that noble and toat sovereign reason,
  Like sweet bells jangled out of tune, and harsh.
                                  Shakspeare.
    Ere Gothick forms were known in Greece,
  And in our verse 'ere monkish rhimes
  Had jangled their fantastick chimes.        Prior.
Ja'ngler, jang'gl-tir. ra. s. [from the verb.]
   A  wrangling, chattering, noisy  fellow.
Ja'nizary,  jan'ne-zar-e. ra. s. [a Turkish
   word.]  One ofthe guards ofthe Turk-
   ish king.
    His grand vizir, presuming to invest
  The chief imperial city of toe west,
f With the first charge compell'd in haste to rise;
  The standards lost, and janizaries slain,
  Render the hopes he gave his master vain. Waller.
Ja'nnock, jan'nAk. ra. s.  [probably a cor-
  ruption  of bannock.]   Oat-bread.   A
  northern word.
Ja'nty, jan'te.214 adj. [corrupted  from
  gentil, Fr.] Showy; fluttering.
    This sort of woman is ajanty slattern: she hangs
  on her cloaths, plays her head, and varies her pos-
  ture.                              Spectator.
Ja'nuary,  jan'nu-ar-e.  ra. s. [Januarius,
  Lat.] The first month of the year, from
  Janus to  whom it  was among  the Ro-
  mans consecrated.
    January is clad in white, the colour of the  earth
  at tois time, blowing his  nails.  This month had
  toe name from Janus, painted with two faces, sig-
  nignifying Providence.                Peacham.
JAFA'N, ja-pan'. ra. s,  [from  Japan  in
  Asia, where  figured  work was  origin-

      VOL.  I.
   ally done.]  Work varnished and raised
   in  gold and colours.   It is commonly
   used  with   another  substantive,  and
   therefore may be  considered as an ad-
   jective.
     The poor girl had broken a large japan  glass, of
   great value, with a stroke of her brush.     Swift.
 To  Ja'pan, ji-pan'. v. a. [from the  noun.]
 1. To varnish, and embellish with  gold
   and raised figures.
     For not toe desk with silver nails,
   Nor bureau of expence,
     Nor standish well japann'd avails
   To writing of good sense.                Swift.
 2. To black and gloss shoes. Alow phrase.
                The god of  fire
   Among these gen'rous presents joins his part,
   And aids with soot toe new japanning- art.    Gay.
 Japa'nner, ja-pan'nur. n.s. [from japan.]
 I. One  skilled in japan  work.
 2. A shoeblacker.  So  called because  he
   makes the shoes shine.
          The poor have  the  same itch;
   They change their weekly barber, weekly news,
   Prefer a new japanner to their shoes.        Pope.
 To  Jar, jar.78  v. ra.  [from eoririe,  anger,
   Saxon; or guerre,  war, French; or  gar-
   ren, old Teutonick, to clamour.]
 I. To strike together with a kind of short
   rattle.
     The rings of iron, that on the doors were hung,
   Sent out a jarring sound, and harshly rung. Dryd.
     My knees tremble wito the jarring blow.  Gay.
 2. To strike or  sound untuneably and  ir-
   regularly.
              O, you kind gods!
   Cure this great breach in his abused nature:
   Th' untun'd and jarring senses, O, wind up,
   Of this child-changed father!            Shaksp.
     I perceive you delight not in music.
   —Not a whit, when it jars so.            Shaksp.
     A string may jar in the best master's hand,
   And the most skilful archer miss his aim.  Roscom.
     He keeps his temper'd mind, serene and pure,
   And ev'ry passion aptly harmoniz'd,
   Amid a jarring world.                Thomson.
 3. To clash;  to interfere;  to  act in oppo-
   sition; to be  inconsistent.
     At last, though long, our jarring notes agree.
                                      Shaksp.
            For orders and degrees
   Jar not with liberty, but well consist.      Afiffon.
          Venalus concluded his report:
   A  jarring murmur fill'd the factious court:
   As when a torrent rolls with  rapid race,
   The flood, constrain'd within a scanty space,
   Roars horrible.                       Dryden.
4. To quarrel; to dispute.
    When those renowned noble peers of Greece,
   Through stubborn pride among themselves  did jar,
    Forgetful of the famous golden fleece,
  Then Orpheus with his harp  their strife did bar.
                                     Spenser.
    They must be sometimes  ignorant of the means
  conducing to those ends, in  which alone they can
  jar and oppose each other.              Dryden.
Jar, jar.  ra. s. [from the  verb.]
 1. A kind of rattling  vibration of sound.
    In r, the tongue is held stifly at its whole length,
  by the force of toe muscles; so as when toe impulse
  of  breath strikes upon the end of the tongue, where
  it finds passage, it  shakes and  agitates the whole
  tongue, whereby toe sound is affected with  a trem-
  blingjar.                             Holder.
2. Clash  of interests or opinions; discord;
   debate.
    He maketh war, he maketh peace again,
  And yet his peace is but continual jar.-
  0 miserable men, that to him subject are! F. Queen.
                   6g
     Nafh'less, my brother, since we passed are
   Unto this point, we will appease our jar. Hubberd.
     Force would be right; or rather, right and wrong,
   Between whose endless jar justice presides,
   Would lose their names, and so would justice too.
                                      Shaksp.
 3. A state in which a door unfastened may
    strike the post;  half opened.
     The chaffering with dissenters, and dodging about
   this or t' other ceremony, is but like opening a few
   wickets, and leaving them a jar, by which no more
   than one can get in at a time.            Swift.
 4. [giarro, Italian.] An earthen vessel.
     About the upper part of toe jar there appeared a
   good number of bubbles.                Boyle-
     He mead for cooling drink prepares,
   Of virgin honey in toe jars.            Dryden.
        Warriors welter on the ground,
   Whilst empty jars toe dire defeat resound.  Garth.
 JA'RDES, ]kr'dez. ra. s.  [French.]  Hard
    callous tumours in horses, a little below
    the bending of the ham on the outside.
    This distemper  in  time  wijl make the
    horse  halt, and grow  so painful as to
   cause  him to pine away, and  become
   light-bellied.   It is most  common to
   managed horses, that  have  been kept
   too much upon their haunches.  F. Diet.
 Ja'rgon, jar'gun.166 ra. s.  [jargon, Fr. ge-
   riconca, Span.] Unintelligible talk; gab-
   ble; gibberish.
     Nothing is clearer than mathematical demonstra-
   tion; yet let one, who is altogether ignorant in ma-
   thematicks, hear it, and he will hold it to be plain
   fustian or jargon.                    Bramhall.
     From this last toil  again what knowledge flows?
   Just as much, perhaps, as shows
   That all his predecessors' rules
   Were empty cant, all jargon of the schools.  Prior.
     During the usurpation an infusion of enthusias-
   tick jargon prevailed in every writing.      Swift.
 Ja'rgonelle, jar-go-nel'. ra. *. A species
   of pear.   See Pear.
 Ja'shawk, jas'hawk. ra. *  [probably ias or
   eyas hawk.] A young hawk. Ainsworth.
 Ja'smine,  jaz'min.434 ra. s. [gelseminum;
   jasmin, Fr. It is  often pronouncedyessa-
   mine.]   A creeping shrub  with a fra-
   grant flower.
    Thou, like toe harmless bee, may'st freely range;
   From jasmine grove to grove may'st wander.
                                    Thomson-
Ja'smine Persian, jaz'mln-per'zhtln. ra. s.
   A plant.  A species of  lilach.

Ja'sper,  jas'piir.98 ra. s.  [jaspe,  French;
   iapsis, Lat.]   A hard stone of a bright
   beautiful green colour, sometimes cloud-
   ed with white, found in masses  of  vari-
   ous sizes and  shapes.   It is capable of
   a very elegant  polish,  and  is  found in
   many parts of the  East  Indies, and  in
  "Egypt, Africa, Tartary, and  China.
                                       Hill.
    The basis of jasper is usually of a greenish hue,
  and spotted wito red,  yellow and white. Woodward.
    The most valuable pillars about Rome are fouc
  columns of  oriental jasper in  St. Paulina's chapel,
  and one of transparent oriental jasper in the Vatican
  library-                            Addison.
Iatrole'ptick, i-a-tro-lip'tik. adj. [tatro-
   leptique, Fr. ixrpos and  *Ancp«.]  That
   cures by anointing.
 To Ja'vel, or jable, jav'vil. v. a. To be-
   mire; to  soil over with dirt through un-
   necessary  traversing   and  travelling. 
JAU
IC  E
ICT
   This Word is still retained in Scotland
   and the northern counties.
Ja'vel,  jav'vil.  ra. s.  [perhaps  from the
   verb.] A  wandering or dirty fellow.
    When as time, flying with wings swift,
   Expired had tbe term that those two javels
   Should tender up a reckoning of their travels.
                                     Hubberd.
    Sir Thomas More, preparing himself for execu-
   tion; put on his best apparel, which the lieutenant
   compelled  him to put off again, saying,  That he
   who should have them was but a jaref. What, says
   eir  Thomas, shall I account him a javel, who shall
   this day do me so great a benefit?          More.
 Ja'velin, jav'lin. ra. s. [javeline, French.]
   A spear or half pike,  which anciently
   was used either by foot or horse.  It had
   an iron  head pointed.
          Others, from the wall,  defend
   Wito dart and jav'lin, stones and sulph'rous fire;
   On each hand slaughter and gigantick deeds. Milt.
     She shakes her myrtle jav'lin, and, behind,
   Her Lycian quiver dances in the wind.     Dryden.
     Flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
   Launch'd from the vigour of a Roman arm? Addis.
 JA'UNDICE, jan'dis.143 21* ra. a.  [jaun-
   isse,jaune, yellow, French.] A distem-
   per from obstructions of the  glands of
   the liver, which prevents the gall being
   duly separated by them from the blood;
   and sometimes, especially in hard drink-
   ers, they are so indurated as never after
   to be opened, and straiten the  motion
   of the blood so much through that vis-
   cus, as to make it divert with a force
   great enough into the gastrick arteries,
   which  go  off from  the   hepatick; to
   break through them, and drain into the
    stomach;  so that vomiting of  blood, in
    this  distemper, is a fatal symptom.
                                      Quincy.
      Why should a man, whose blood is warm within,
   Sit like his grandsire cut in  alabaster?
   "Sleep when he wakes, and creep into the jaundice
   By being peevish?                      Shaksp.
      Those  were thy thoughts, and thou could'st judge
          aright,
   Till int'rest made a jaundice in thy sight.  Dryden.
      The eyes of a man in the jaundice make yellow
   observations on every thing; and toe soul, tinctured
   with any  passion, diffuses a false colour over toe ap-
   pearance of things.                      Watts.
  Ja'undicep, jan'dist.869 adj. [from jaun-
    dice.]  Infected with the jaundice.
      All seems infected, that to' infected spy,
   As all looks yellow to toe jaundie'd eye.     Pope,
   To Jaunt, jant.214 v. ra. [janter, French.]
     To  wander  here  and  there;  to bustle
    about.   It  is  now always used  in  con-
     tempt  or levity.
              I was not made a horse,
    And yet  I bear a burthen like  an ass;
    Spur-gall'd and tir'd by jaunting Bolingbroke.
                                        Shaksp.

   Jaunt, jant. ra. a. [from the verb.] Ram-
     ble; flight; excursion.  It is commonly
     used ludicrously, but solemnly  by Mil-
     ton
    If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try for once who
  can foot it farthest.                    Dryden.
    Thus much of the scheme of my design in this
  part I have run over, and led my reader a long and
  tedious jaunf, in tracing out those metallick and
  mineral bodies.                    Woodward.

Ja'untiness, jan'te-nes. ra. s. [from jaun-
   ty, or janty, corrupted from gentil, Fr.
   See Janty.]  Airiness; flutter; genteel-
   ness.
    A certain stiffness in my limbs entirely destroyed
  that jaunf mess of air I was once master of. Addison.

Jaw, jaw.219  ra. s. [joue, a cheek, French;
   whence joowbone, or  cheekbone, then
  jaw.]
1. The bone of the  mouth in which  the
   teeth are fixed.
    A  generation whose teeth  are as  swords, and
  their jaio teeto as knives, to devour the poor.
                                    Proverbs.
    The jaw bones, hearts, and galls  of pikes are
  very medicinable.                      JPaffon.
    Piso, who probably  speaks Aristotle's meaning,
  saith that the crocodile doth not only move his upper
  jaw, but that  his nether jato is immoveable. Grete.
    More formidable hydra stands within,
  Whose jaics with iron teeth severely grin. Dryden.
2. The mouth.
    My tongue cleaveth to  my jaws, and thou  hast
  brought me into the dust of death.        Psalms.
    My bended hook shall pierce their slimy jatos.
                                      Shaksp.
    A smeary foam works o'er my grinding jaws,
  And utmost anguish shakes my lab'ring frame.
                                       Rowe.

Jay, ja.220   ra.  a.   [named  from  his cry.
   Skinner.]  A bird; piaglandaria.
              Two sharp winged sheers,
   Deck'd with diverse plumes, like painted jays,
   Were fixed at his back, to cut his airy ways.
                                  Fairy Queen.
     We '11 use tois unwholesome humidity, tois gross
   wat'ry pumpion—we 'U teach him to know turtles
   from jays.                            Shaksp.
     What, is the jay more precious than the lark,
   Because his feathers are more beautiful?  Shaksp.
     I am highly delighted to see the jay or the thrush
   hopping about my walks.             Spectator,
     Admires toe jay, the insects gilded wings,
   Or hears the hawk, when philomela sings.   Pope.

 Ja'zel, ja'zel. ra. s.  A  precious stone of
    an  azure  or  blue colour.          Dict.

 ICE, ise. ra. s.  [if, Sax. eyse, Dut.]
  I. Water  or other liquor made solid by
    cold.
               You are no surer, no,
   Than is the coal of fire upon the ice.
   Or hailstone in the sun.                 Shaksp.
     Thou art all ice, toy kindness freezes.   Shaksp.
     If I should ask whether tee and water were two
   distinct species of things, I doubt not but I should
   be answered in toe affirmative.           Locke,
  2. Concreted sugar.
  5. To break the Ice.   To make the first
    opening to any attempt.
     If you break the ice, and do this feat,
    Atchieve the elder, set the younger free
    For our access, whose hap shall be to have her,
    Will not so  graceless be to be ingrate.     Shaksp.
     Thus have I broken the ice to invention, for toe
    lively representation of floods and rivers necessary
    for our painters and poets.            Peacham.
     After he 'd a while look'd wise,
    At last 6rofte silence and fAe ice.       Hudihras..

  To Ice, ise. v. a.  [from the noun.]
     To cover with ice; to turn to ice.
  Our Saviour meek, and with untroubled mind,
After his airy jaunt, though hurry'd sore,
Hungry and cold, betook bim to his rest.   MUton.
  He sends me out on many a jaunf,
Old houses in toe night to haunt.       Hudwras.
  They parted, and away posts the  cavalier  in
c-test ef his vew mistress: his first jawnf is to court.
                                 L'Estrange. $1 cehouse, ise'house.ra. s.[ice and house.]
2. To cover with concreted sugar.
  A  house  in  which  ice  is  repositcd
  against the warm months.
Ichne'umon, ik-nu'mon. ra. a.  [<;jvi«jk,«».]
  A  small animal that breaks the eggs of
  the crocodile.
Ichneumonfly', ik-nu'm&n-fli. n.  a.   A
  sort of fly.
    The  generation  of toe ichneumonfly is in toe
  bodies of caterpillars, and other nymphs of insects.
                                     Derham.
Ichno'graphy,  ik-nog'gra-fe.518  ra.  *,
  [iW®* and ypipu.]  The ground  plot.
    It will be  more intelligible to have a draught of
  each front in a paper  by  itself, and also to have a
  draught of the groundplot or ichnography of every
  story in a paper by  itself.               Moxon.
I'CHOH, i'kor.168 ra. s. [/#«/>•] A thin wa-
  tery humour like serum.        Quincy.
    Milk drawn from some animals that feed only
  upon flesh, will be more apt to turn rancid and pu-
  trify, acquiring first a saline taste which is a sign
  of putrefaction, and then it will torn into an ichor.
                                   Arbuthnot.
I'chorous,  i'kor-us.  adj.  [from   ichor.]
   Serous; sanious; thin; undigested.
    The lung-growth is imputed to a superficial sa-
  nious or ichorous exulceration.         •  Harvey.
    The pus from an ulcer of the liver, growing thin
  and ichorous, corrodes the vessels.     Arbuthnot.
Ichthyo'logy, ik-fAe-6l'6-je.  ra. s. [ich-
   thyologie, French; ixivoXoyl* from <•#(>«{
   and \tyu.~] The doctrine of the  nature
   of fishes.
    Some toere are, as camels and sheep, which
  carry no name in ichthyology.           Brown.
IcHTHYo'pHAGY,ik-/7*e-6f'a-je. ra. *. [/^«s
   and <p*yu.] Diet offish; the  practice of
   eating fish.
Fctcle, i'sik-kl.406 ra. <s. [from ice.]   A
   shoot  of  ice commonly hanging down
   from the upper part.
    If distilled vinegar or aqua-fortis be poured into
  the powder of loadstone,  the subsiding powder,
  dried, retains some magnetical virtue; but if toe
  menstruum be evaporated to a consistence, and after-
  wards doth shoot into icicles, or crystals,  toe load-
   stone hath no power upon them.         Brown.
    From locks uncomb'd, and from the frozen beard,
  Long icicfes depend, and cracking sounds are heard.
                                      Dryden.
     The common dropstone  consists  principally of
   spar, and is frequently found  in form of  an icicfe,
   hanging down from the tops and sides of grottos.
                                    Woodward.
 I'ciness, i'se-nds.  ra.  a.  [from  icy.]  The
    state of generating ice.
 I'con, i'kon.166 ra. *.  [I<x«».]  A picture or
    representation.
      Boysardus, in his tract of divination, hath set
   forth the icons of these ten, yet added two others.
                                       Breton.
      Some of our own  nation, and many Netherland-
   er, whose  names  and icons are published, have de-
   served good commendation.           Hakewill.
 Ico'NOCLAST,i-k6n'6-klast.ra.*.[icoraoc/a«?e,
    French; tinovoxXas->ii.]  A breaker of im-
    ages.
 Icono'logy, i-ko-nSl'o-je.618 n. a. [icono-
    logie,  French;  ei*«v and  x'eyu.]  The
    doctrine of picture or representation.
 IeTE'RicAL,ik-ter'e-kal.809 ra. a. [icterique,
    Fr. icterua, Lat.]
  1. Afflicted  with the jaundice.
      In the jaundice toe choler is wanting, and toe
    icter-icol have a  great sourness, and gripes with
    windiness.                           Floyer
  2. Good against the jaundice. 
IB E
IDI
IDL
I'oy, i'se. adj. [from tec?.]
1. Full of ice; covered with ice; made  of
   ice; cold;  frosty.
    But my poor heart first set free,
  Bound in those icy chains by thee.     Shakspeare.
    Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
  The season's difference; as the icy phang,
  And churlish chiding of toe winter's wind.  Shaksp.
    He relates the excessive coldness of  the water
  toey met with in summer in toat icy region, where
  toey were forced to winter.               Boyle.
    Bear Britain's thunder, and her cross display
  To  the bright regions ofthe rising day;
  Tempt icy seas,  where scarce toe waters roll,
  Where clearer flames glow round toe frozen pole.
                                         Pope.
2. Cold; free from passion.
           Thou would'st have never learn'd
   The icy precepts of respect.              Shaksp.
3. Frigid; backward.
    If thou do'st find him tractable to  us,
   Encourage him,  and  tell him all our reasons;
   If he be leaden, icy,  cold, unwilling,
   Be thou so too.                         Shaksp.
I'd,  ide.  Contracted for J would.
IDE'A, i-de'a. ra.  a. [idee, French; tS'eec.]
   Mental image.
     Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself or is the
   immediate object  of perception, toought or under-
   standing, that I call  idea.                Locke.
     Tiie form under which these things appear to the
   mind, or toe result of our apprehension, is called
   an idea.                                Watts.
     Huppy you that  may to the saint,  your only
         idea,
   Although simply attir'd, your manly affection utter,
                                        Sidney.
     Our Saviour himself, being set down  the perfect
   idea of that which we are  to pray and wish for on
   earth, did not teach to pray or wish for more than
   only that here it might be with us,  as with them it
   is in heaven.                          Hooker.
     Her sweet idea wander'd through his thoughts.
                                        Fairfax.
     I did infer your lineaments,
   Being the right idea of your father,
   Both in your form and nobleness of mind.  Shaksp.
               How good, how fair,
   Answering his great idea!               Milton.
      If Chaucer by the best idea wrought,
   The fairest nymph before his eyes he set.  Dryden.
 Ide'al, i-de'al. adj. [from idea.]  Mental;
    intellectual;  not   perceived  by  the
    senses.
      There is a two-fold knowledge of material things;
   one real, when  the  thing, and real impression of
   things on our senses, is perceived; toe  other ideaf,
   when toe image or idea of a thing absent in itself,
   is  represented to and  considered on the imagina-
   tion.                                 Cheyne.
 Ide'ally, i-de'al-e. adv. [from ideal.]  In-
    tellectually; mentally.
      A transmission is made materially  from some
   parts, aud ideally from every one.        Brown.

 Ide'ntical, i-den'te-kal. 7 adj.[identique,
 Ide'ntick, i-den'tik.     $ French.]  The
    same; implying  the same  thing;  com-
    prising the  same  idea.
      The beard 's to' identic beard you knew.
   The same numerically true.            Hudibras.
      There majus is identical with magis.      Hale.
      Those ridiculous identical propositions, toat taith
   is faith, and rule is a rule, are first principles in
   this controversy of the rule of faith, without which
   nothing can be solidly concluded either about rule
   „_ r„:t£                             Tillotson.
   or taith.                   ,   ,      ...,   ...
      If this pre-existent eternity is not compatible with
   a successive duration, as we clearly and  distinctly
   perceive that it is not,  then it remains, that some
   being  though infinitely above our finite  comprehen-
   sions  must have had an identicaf, invariable con-
  tinuance from all eternity, which beting is no other
  than God.                            Bentley.
Ide'ntity,  i-den'te-te. ra. s..  [identite, Fr.
   identitas,  school Latin.]  Sameness; not
   diversity.
    There is a fallacy of equivocation from a society
  in name, inferring an identity in nature: by this
  fallacy was he deceived that  drank aqua-fortis for
  strong water.                          Brown.
    Certainly those actions must needs be regular,
  where toere is an identity between the rule and the
  faculty.                                South.
    Considering any thing as existing, at  any deter-
  mined time and place, we compare it with it self-ex-
  isting, at another time, and thereon form the ideas
  of identity and diversity.                  Locfce.
    By cutting off the sense at the end of every first
  line, which must always rhime to  toe next follow-
  ing, is produced too  frequent an identity in sound,
  and brings every couplet to the point of an epigram.
                                        Prior.
Ides, idz. ra. s. [idea, French; idus, Latin.]
   A term anciently used among  the Ro-
   mans, and still  retained in the Romish
   calendar.   It is  the 13th day  of each
   month, except in the months of March,
   May, July,  and October, in which  it is
   the  15th  day,  because  in  these four
   months it was six days before the nones,
   and  in the others four days.
     A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March.
                                    Shakspeare.
IDIO'CRASY,   id-e-Sk'kra-se.618   ra. *.
   [idiocrase,  French, 'i?t&> and xpSrij.]
   Peculiarity of constitution.
Idiocra'tical,   id-e-6-krat'te-kal.    adj.
   [from idiocrasy]   Peculiar in constitu-
   tion.
I'diocy, id'e-6-se.  ra. s.  [ifocflix.]  Want
   of understanding.
     I stand not upon their idiocy in thinking that
   horses did eat their bits.                 Bacon.
I'DIOM, ld'e-um.188 n.s.[idiome,French;
   fS'tu/AX.]  A mode of speaking  peculiar
   to a language or dialect; the particular
   cast of a  tongue; a phrase; phraseolo-

   gy-
     He did romanize our  tongue, leaving the words
   translated as much  Latin as he found them: where-
   in he followed toeir language, but did not comply
   with the idiom of ours.                 Dryden.
     Some that with care true eloquence shall teach,
   And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech.   Prior.
 Idioma'tical, id-e-6-mat'e-kal.609
 Idioma'tiok, id-e-6-mat'tlk.
   [from idiom.]   Peculiar  to
   phraseological.
     Since phrases used  in conversation  contract
   meanness by passing through  the mouths of the
   vulgar, a poet should guard himself against idio-
   matick  ways of speaking.              Spectator.
 Idio'pathy, id-e-6p'pa-fAe.818  ra. s. [idio-
   pathic, French;  ifo<&> and 7ru6&:]   A
   primary disease that  neither  depends
   on nor proceeds from another.  Quincy.
 Idiosy'ncrasy,   id-e-6-sin'kra-se.  ra.  s.
   [idiosynacrase,Fr. ihoq,o-6v,andx.tccTi<;]
   A  peculiar  temper or  disposition  of
   body not common to  another.  Quincy.
     Whether quails, from any idiosyncrasy or pecu-
   liarity  of constitution,  do  innocuously feed upon
   hellebore,  or rather sometimes but medicinally
   use the same.                         Brown.
     The understanding also hath its idiosyncrasies as
   well as other faculties.                Glanville.
 I'DIOT, id'e-ut.188 ra. s. [idiote, Fr. idio-
                     6g2
       adj.

a tongue;
   ta, Latin; <JW>rc.]  A fcol; a natural; a
   changeling; one without the  powers of
   reason.
             Life is a tale,
  Told by an ideof, full of sound and fury,
  Signifying nothing.                 Shakspeare.
    What else  doth he herein, than  by a kind of
  circumlocution tell  his humble suppliants that he
  holds them ideots, or base wretches, not able to get
  relief?                               Raleigh.
    By idle boys and ideots vilify'd,
  Who me and my calamities deride. ^    Sandys.
    Many ideots will believe toat they Tee what toey
  only hear.                             Dennis.

I'diotism,  id'e-At-izm.  n. a.  [idiotisme,
   French; IJVwtio-^o?.]
I. Peculiarity of expression;  mode of ex-
   pression peculiar to a language.
    Scholars sometimes in common speech, or writ-
  ing, in toeir native  language, give  terminations
  and idiotisms suitable to their native language unto
  words newly invented.                   Hale.
2. Folly; natural imbecility of mind.

I'DLE, L'dl.40S adj. [ybel, Saxon.]
1. Lazy; averse from labour.
    For shame!  so much to do, and yet idle.  Bull.
2. Not engaged; affording leisure.
    For often have you writ to her; and she in mo-
        desty,
  Or else for  want of idfe time, Could not again re-
        ply..                        Shakspeare.
3. Unactive; not employed.
    No war or battle's sound
  Was heard the world around,
  The idfe spear and shield were high up hung.
                                       MUton.
    Children  generally hate to be idfe; all the care
  then is, toat their busy humour should be  con-
  stantly employed in something of use to them.
                                       Locke.
    Supposing,  among a multitude embarked in the
  same vessel, there are several toat in  a tempest
  will  rather perish  than work; would  it not be
  madness in the rest to stand idfe, and rather chuse
  to sink than do more than comes to their share?
                                      Addisoti.
4. Useless; vain;  ineffectual.
        They astonish'd, all resistance lost,
  All courage; down their idle  weapons dropp'd.
                                       Milton.
    And threat'ning France,  plac'd like  a painted
        Jove,
  Held idfe thunder in his lifted hand.      Dryden.
             Where  was then
  The power that guards the sacred lives of kings?
  Why slept the lightnings and the thunderbolts,
   Or bent their idle rage on fields and trees,
   When vengeance call'd 'em here?        Dryden.

   Unfruitful;  barren;  not  productive of
   good.
     Of antres vast, and desarts idle,
   It was my bent to speak.                Shaksp.
           The murmuring surge,
   That on th' unnumber'd idfe pebbles chafes,
   Cannot be heard so  high.               Shaksp.
           He was met even  now,
   Crown'd wito rank fumiter and furrow weeds,
   Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
   In our sustaining corn.                 Shaksp.

  .  Trifling;  of no importance: as, an idle
   story.
     Suffice it then, thou money god, quoth he,
   That all thine idle offers I refuse;
   All that I need I have: what needeth me
   To covet more than I have cause to use ? F. Queen.
     This answer is both idfe in regard of Us, and re-
   pugnant to themselves.                 Hooker.
     They are not, in  our estimation, idfe reproofs;
   when toe authors of needless innovations are op-
   posed with such negatives as that of Leo: how arc 
IDL
IDO
JE A
  these new devices brought in, which our fathers
  never knew?                          Hooker.
    His friend smil'd scornful, and with proud con-
        tempt,
  Rejects as idle what his fellow dreamt.   Diyden.
    An idle reason lessens the weight of the  good
  ones you gave before.                    Stoi/f.
    He  wishes to recal the precious hours he has
  spent in trifles,  and loitered  away in idfe unprofit-
  able diversions.                        Rogers.
To I'dle,  i'dl. v. n.  [from  the adjective.]
   To lose time in laziness and inactivity.
    YetfYePfrom this poetick madness,
  Next page he says, in sober sadness,
  That she, and all her fellow-gods,
  Sit idling in their high abodes.            Prior.
Idlehe'aded, i'dl-hed-ded. adj. [idle and
   head.]
J. Foolish; unreasonable.
    These idleheaded seekers resort thither.  Carew.
2. Delirious; infatuated.
    Upon this loss she fell idleheaded, and  to  this
  f ery day stands near the place still.   L'Estrange.
I'dleness, i'dl-nes. ra. s. [from idle.]
1.  Laziness; sloth; sluggishness; aversion
   from labour.
     Nor is excess the only thing by which  sin breaks
   men in their health, and the  comfortable enjoy-
   ment of themselves; but many are also  brought to
   a very ill and languishing habit  of body by mere
   idfeness; and idleness is both itself a great sin, and
   the cause of many more.                South.
2. Absence of employment.
     All which  yet  could not  make us accuse her,
   though it  made us pine away for spite,  to lose any
   of our time in so troublesome an idleness.  Sidney.
     He, fearing idleness, the nurse of ill,
   In sculpture exercised his happy skill.    Dryden.
     Nature being liberal to all without labour, ne-
   cessity imposing  no industry  or travel,  idleness
   bringeth  forth no  other fruits than vain thoughts
   and licentious pleasures.               Raleigh.
3. Omission of business.
     Ten thousand harms more than the ills I know,
   My idleness doth hatch.                 Shaksp.
4. Unimportance; trivialness.
     To toe  English court assemble now,
   From ev'ry region, apes of idfeness.       Shaksp.
5. Inefficacy; uselessness.
6. Barrenness; worthlessness.
7. Unreasonableness; want  of judgment;
    foolishness; madness.
     There is no heat of affection, but rs joined with
   some idleness of brain.                  Bacon.
T'dler, i'dl-iir.98  ra. *. [from idle.] A lazy
    person; a  sluggard.
     Many of these poor  fishermen and idlers, that
   are commonly presented to his  majesty's ships, are
   so ignorant in sea-service, as toat they know not the
   name of a rope.                       Raleigh.
     Thou sluggish idler, dilatory slave!      Irene.
I'dly, i'dl-e.  adv. [from idle.]
 I. Lazily; without employment.
             I will slay myself,
   For living idly here in pomp and  ease.     Shaksp.
2. Foolishly;  in a trifling manner.
     And modern Asgil, whose capricious toought
   Is yet with stores of wilder notions fraught,
   Too soon convinc'd, shall yield toat fleeting breath,
   Which play'd so idly with the darts of death. Prior.
3. Carelessly; without attention.
     But shall we take the muse abroad,
   To drop her idly on the road?
   And leave our subject in the middle,
   As Butler did his bear and fiddle?         Prior.
4. Ineffectually; vainry.
     Let this and other allegations,  suitable  unto it,
   cease  to  bark any longer idly  against toe  truth
   toe course and passage whereof it is not in them to
   fchider-                               Hooker.
I'DOL, iTdul.w 168 ra. s. [idole, Fr. h?»*ov;
  idolum, Latin.]
1. An image worshipped as God.
    They  did sacrifice upon the idol  altar,  which
  was upon the altar of God.               1 Mac.
    A nation from one faithful man to  spring,
  Him on this side Euphrates yet residing,
  Bred up in idof worship.                 Afiffon.
    The apostle is there arguing against the gnos-
  ticks who joined in the idol feasts, and whom  he
  therefore accuses of participating of the idof god.
                                     Atterbury.
2. A counterfeit.
    Woe to the idof shepherd that leaveth the flock.
                                     Zechariah.
3. An image.
    Never did art so well with nature strive,
  Nor ever idof  seem'd so much alive;
  So like the wan, so golden to the sight;
  So base within, so counterfeit and light.  Dryden.
4. A representation.    Not in use.
    Men beholding so great excellence,
  And rare perfection in mortality,
    Do her adore with sacred reverence,
  As to' idof of her maker's great magnificene.(F.  Q.
5. One loved or honoured to adoration.
    He 's honoured and lovTd by all:
  The soldier's god, and people's idol.     Denham,
IDO'LATER, i-dol'la-tur."8 ra. a. [idola-
   tre, French; idolatra, Lat.]   One who
   pays  divine honours to images; one who
   worships for God that which is not God.
     The state of idolaters is two  ways miserable;
  first, in toat which they worship  toey find no suc-
  cour; and secondly, at his hands, whom they ought
  to serve, there is no other thing to be looked for
  but the  effects of most just displeasure, the with-
  drawing of grace, dereliction in this  world, and in
  toe world to come confusion.            Hooker.
     An astrologer may be no christian; he may be
  an idolater  or a pagan;  but 1 would hardly think
  astrology to be compatible with rank  atheism.
                                        Bently.
 To  Ido'latrize, i-dol'la-trize  v. a. [from
   idolater.] To worship idols. Ainsworth.
 Ido'latrous,  i-dol'la-trus.314 adj.  [from
   idolater.]   Tending  to idolatry;  com-
   prising idolatry, or the worship of false
   gods.
     Neither  may the  pictures  of our  Saviour, the
  apostles, and  martyrs ofthe church, be drawn to an
  idolatrous use, or be set up in churches to be wor-
  shipped.                            Peacham,
 Ido'latrously,    i-dol'la-trus-le.   adv.
   [from idolatrous.] In an idolatrous man-
   ner.
     Not therefore whatsoever  idolaters have either
  toought or  done; but let whatsoever they have ei-
  ther thought or  done idolatrously,  be so  far forth
  abhorred.                             Hooker.
 Ido'latry,  i-dol'la-tre. ra.  s.   [idolatrie,
   French;  idolatria, Latin.]  The worship
   of images, the worship of any thing as
   God which is not God.
     Thou shalt be worshipp'd, kiss'd, lov'd,  and
         ador'd;
  And, were toere sense in his idofafry,
  My substance should be statued in thy stead. Shak.
     Idolatry is not only an accounting or worship-
  ping that for God which is not God, but it is also a
  worshipping the true God in a way unsuitable to
  his nature; and particularly by the mediation of
   images and corporeal resemblances.        South.
     The  kings were distinguished by judgments  or
  blessings, according as they promoted idolatry, or
  the worship of the true God.            Addison.
 I'dolist, i'dil-ist.166  ra. a. [from idol.]  A
   worshipper of images. A poetical  word.
             I to God have brought
  Dishonour, obloquy, and op'd the mouths
  Of idolist and atheist.                   MUton,
To I'dolize,  i'do-lize. v. a. [from idol.]
   To love or reverence to adoration.
    Those who are generous, humble, just, and wise,
  Who not toeir gold, nor themselves idolize. Denh.
    Parties, with the greatest violation of christian
  unity, denominate themselves, not from the grand
  author and finisher of  our faith,  but from the; first
  broacher of their idolized opinions. Decay of Piety.
Ido'neous, i-do'ne-us. adj. [idoneus, Lat.]
   Fit;  proper; convenient; adequate.
    You entangle, and so fix their saline part, by
  making them corrode some idoneous body.  Boyle.
    An  ecclesiastical  benefice is sometimes void de
  jure et facto, and then  it ought to be conferred on
  an idoneous person.                     Ayliffe.
I'dyl,  i'dil. ra. s. [eiS'vXXiov; idyllium, Lat.j
   A small short  poem.
I. E. id-est. for id est, or, that is.
    That which raises the natural interest of money,
  is toe  same that raises the rent of land, i.  e. its
  aptness to bring in  yearly,  to him that manages it,
  a greater overplus of income  above his rent, as a
  reward to his labour.                    Locke.

JE'ALOUS,  jel'lus.23* 3"  adj.   [jaloux,

   Fr0 . .
I. Suspicious in  love.
    To  both  these sisters have I sworn my love:
  Each jealous of the other, as the stung
  Are of the  adder.                      Shaksp.
    Wear your eye thus; not jealous, nor secure;
  I would not have your free  and noble nature,
  Out of self bounty, be abus'd: look to 't.  Shaksp.
    Mistress Ford,  the  honest woman, toe virtuous
  creature, that hath toe jealous fool to her husband.
                                    S/Yafcspea»-e.
    A jealous empress lies within your arms,
  Too haughty to endure neglected charms.  Dryden.
2. Emulous; full  of competition.
     I could not, without extreme reluctance, resign
  the theme of your beauty to another hand: give me
  leave  to acquaint the world toat I am jealous of this
  subject.                              Dryden.
3. Zealously cautious against dishonour.
    I have been very jealous for the Lord  God of
  hosts.                                1 Kings.
4. Suspiciously vigilant.
     I am jealous over you with godly jealousy.
                                 2  Corinthians.
     His apprehensions,  as  his jealous  nature  had
  much of sagacity in it, or his restless and mutinous
  humour transported him.              Cfarendon.
5. Suspiciously careful.
     Although he were a prince in military virtue ap-
   proved, and jealous of the honour of the English na-
   tion; yet his cruelties  and parricides weighed down
   his virtues.                            Bacon.
     They jealous of their secrets, fiercely oppos'd
   My journey strange, wito clamorous uproar
   Protesting fate supreme.                MUton.
     How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own
   repute,  and yet how  maliciously prodigal of other-
   men's?                         Decay of Piety.
6.  Suspiciously  fearful.
     'Tis doing wrong creates such doubts as these;
   Renders us jealous, and destroys your peace.
                                        Waffer.
     While the people are so jealous of the  clergy's
   ambition,  I  do not see any other method left tor
   them to reform the world, than by using all honest
   arts to make themselves acceptable to the laity.
                                         Swift.
Je'axously,  jel'lus-le.  adv. [from jeal-
   ous]   Suspiciously;  emulously;  with
   suspicious fear,  vigilance, or caution.

Je'alousness, jel'lfts-n£s.ra. s. [from jeal-
   ous.]   The state of being  jealous;  ri-
   valry; suspicion; suspicious vigilance.
     Nor is it hawl for thee to preserve me amidst the 
JE L
JER
JE S
  unjust hatred and jealousness of too  many which
  thou hast suffered to prevail upon me.  K. Charles.
Je'alousy, jel'lus-e.  ra.  s.  [jalousie, Fr.
  from jeolous.]
1. Suspicion in  love.
    But gnawing jealousy, out of their sight
  Sitting alone, his bitter lips did bite.    Fairy Q.
    How all the other passions fleet to air,
  As doubtful thoughts, and rash embrac'd despair,
  And shudd'ring  fear, and green-ey'd jeafousi/.'
  O love, be moderate; allay thine extasy.  Shaksp.
    Why did you suffer Jachimo,
  Slight thing of Italy,
    To taint his noble heart and brain
  With needless jealousy.             Shakspeare.
    Small jealousies, 'tis true, inflame desire;
  Too great, not fan, but quite blow out the fire.
                                      Dryden.
2. Suspicious  fear.
    The obstinacy in Essex in refusing to treat wito
  the  king, proceeded only from  his jealousy, that
  when the king had got him into his hands he would
  toke revenge  upon him.             Clarendon.
3. Suspicious caution, vigilance, or rivalry.
To JEER, jeer.248 v. n. [Of uncertain ety-
  mology.]  To  scoff; to flout; to make
  mock.
    The merry world did on a day,
  With his train bands and mates, agree
    To meet together where I lay,
  And all in sport to jeer at me.           Herbert.
    Abstain from dissolute laughter, petulant un-
  comly jests,  loud talking and jeering, which are
  called indecencies, and incivilities.       Taylor.
To Jeer, jeer. v.  a.  To treat with scoffs.
    My children abroad are driven to disavow me,
  for fear of being jeered.                Howel.
Jeer, jeer. ra.  s. [from the verb.]  Scoff;
  taunt;  biting jest; flout; jibe; mock.
    Midas, expos'd to all their jeers,
  Had lost his art, and kept his ears.        Swift.
    They tipt toe forehead in a jeer,
  As who should say—she wants it here;
  She may be handsome, young, and rich;
  But none will burn her for a witch.        Swiff.
Je'erer, jeer'rlir. ra. s. [from jeer.]  A
  scoffer; a scorner; a mocker.
Je'eringly, jeer'ing-le. adv. [from jeer-
  ing.]   Scornfully; contemptuously;  in
  mock; in  scoff.
    He jeeringhy demandeto,  whether the sonorous
  rays are refracted?                   Derham.
Je'gget, jeg'git. ra. a. A kind of sauage.
                                 Ainsworth.
JEJU'NE, je-j66n'. adj. [jejunus, Lat.]
1. Wanting; empty; vacant.
    Gold  is the only substance which hath nothing
  in it volatile, and yet melteth without  much diffi-
  culty; the melting sheweth that it is not jejune, or
  scarce in spirit.                        Bacon.
2. Hungry; not  saturated.
   In gross and turbid streams there might be con-
  tained nutriment, and not in jejune or limpid wa-
  ter.                                  Brown.
3. Dry; unaffecting; deficient in  matter.
   You may look upon an inquiry made up of mere
  narratives, as  somewhat jejune.           Boyle.
Jeju'neness, je-jodn'nus. ra. s. [fromye-
  June.]
1. Penury; poverty.
   Causes of fixation are,  the even spreading both
  parts, and the jejuneness,  or extreme comminution
  of spirits.                            Bacon.
2. Dryness; want of matter that can en-
  gage the attention.
Je'llied, jel'Jid.283  adj.  [See  Gell\.]
  Glutinous; brought to a state of visco-
  sity.
             The kiss that sips
   The jellied philtre of her lips.         Cleaveland,
 Je'lly, jel'le. ra. a. [gelatinum,  Lat. See
   Gelly, which is the proper  orthogra-

   phy-J                            r  ,  •
 1. Any thing brought to a state of gluti-
   nousness and viscosity.
             They, distill'd
   Almost to jelly with to' effect of fear,
   Stand dumb, and  speak not to him.       Shaksp.
 2.  Sweatmeat made  by boiling  sugar  in
   the gelly.
     The desert came on, and jeffies brought.   King.
     That jelly 's rich, this malmsey healing;
  Pray dip your whiskers.                  Pope.
 Je'nneting, jen'ne-ting. ra. s. [corrupted
   from juneting, an apple ripe in June]
   A species  of  apple soon ripe, and of a
   pleasant taste. Mortimer's Husbandry.
 Je'nnet, jen'nit"  ra. s. [See Gennet.]  A
   Spanish horse.
     The Spanish king presents a jennet,
  To shew his love.                      Prior.
 To  Je'opard, jep'purd.366  v. a. [See Jeo-
   pardy.]   To hazard;  to put in danger.
   Obsolete.
     He had been accused of Judaism, and did boldly
  jeopard his body  and life for  the religion  of the
  Jews.                               2 Afac.
 Je'opardous, j£p'piir-dils. adj. [from jeo-
   pardy.]  Hazardous; dangerous.
 JE'OPARDY,  jep'pur-de.  ra.  s.  [This
   word is supposed to be  derived from y'
   ai perdu, or jeu perdu. Skinner and Ju-
   nius.] Hazard;  danger; peril.  Not in
   use.
     And would ye not poor fellowship  expel,
  Myself would offer you t' accompany,
  In this  adventure's chanceful jeopardy.  Hubbard.
     Thy  rage shall burn thee up, and thou shalt turn
  To ashes ere our blood shall quench toat fire:
  Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy.  Shakspeare.
     We may impute to  all excellencies in composi-
  tions a kind of poverty, or at least a casualty or jeo-
  pardy.                                Bacon.
 To Jerk, jerk, v. a. [jepeccan, Saxon.]
   To strike with a quick  smart blow; to
   lash.  It is sometimes written yerk.
            I lack iniquity
  Sometimes to do me service; nine or ten times
  I thought to 've jerk'd him here under the ribs.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse,
  Only dulness can produce;
  While a little gentle jerking
  Sets the spirits all a-working.             Swift.
 To Jerk, jerk.  v. ra. To strike up; to ac-
   cost   eagerly.   This seems  to be  the
   meaning in this place, but is mere cant.
    Nor  blush, should he some grave  acquaintance
        meet,
  But, proud of being known, will jerk and greet.
                                     Dryden.
Jerk, jerk. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 I. A smart quick lash.
    Contemn the silly  taunts of fleering boffoonry;
  and the jerks of that wit that is  but a kind of confi-
  dent folly.                          Glanville.
    Wit is not the jerk or sting of an epigram,  nor
  the seeming contradiction of a poor antithesis; nei-
  ther is it so much the  morality of a grave sentence,
  affected by Lucan, but more sparingly used by Vir-
  gil-                                Dryden.
 2. A sudden  spring;  a quick jolt that
   shocks or starts.
     Well run Tawney,  the abbot's churl;
  His jade gave him a jerk,
     As he would have his rider hurl
   His hood after the kirk.             Ben Jonson.
     Lobsters use their tails as fins, wherewith they
   commonly swim backwards by jerks, or springs
   reaching ten yards at once.                Grew.
 Je'rkin,   jer'kin.103  n.  s.   [cyptelkin,
   Saxon.]  A jacket; a short coat; a close
   waistcoat.
     A man may  wear it on both sides  like a leather
  jerkin.                              Shaksp.
     Unless you should expect that nature should make
  jerkins and stockings grow out of the ground, what
  could she  do better than afford us wool?    Moore-
     Imagine an  ambassador presenting himself in a
  poor frize jerkin, and tattered cloaths, certainly he
  would have but small audience.          South.
     Then strip thee of thy carnal jerkin,
  And give toy outward fellow  a firking.  Hudibras,
     I walked into the sea,  in  my leathern jerkin,
  about an hour before high water.     Gulliv. Trav.
Je'rkin, jer'kin. n. s.   A kind of hawk.
   Ainsworth.    This  should  be  written
   gytkin.
Je'rsey, jer'ze.  ra. s. [from the island  of
   Jersey,  where much yarn is spun.]  Fine
   yarn of wool.
Jeru'salem  Artichoke,  je-rod-sa-lem-ar'
   te-tshok. ra. s. Sunflower, of  which it is
   a species.
    Jerusalem artichokes  are increased  by small off-
  sets, and by quartering the jroots.       Aforfimer.
Jess, jes. ra. *. [gecte, French;  getto, Ita-
   lian.] Short straps of leather tied about
   the legs of a hawk,  with which  she  is
   held on the fist.                Hanmer.
            If  I prove her haggard,
  Though that my jesses were her dear  heart strings,
  I'd whistle her off, and let her down toe wind
  To prey at fortune.                     Shaksp.
Je'ssamine, jes'sa-min.180  ra. s.  [See Jas-
   mine.]   A fragant flower.
    Her goodly bosom, like a strawberry bed;
  Her neck, like to a bunch of cullambines;
    Her breast like lillies, ere their leaves be shed;
  Her nipples, like young blossom'd jessamines.
                                     Spenser.
To  Jest,  jest, v. ra. [jeaticulor, Latin.]
   To divert or make merry by words  or
   action.
    Jesf not wito a rude man, lest thy ancestors be
  disgraced.                            Ecclus.
    Fear you the boar, and go so unprovided?
  —You may jesf on: but I do not like  these several
  councils-                             Shaksp.
Jest, jest. ra.  s. [from the verb.]
I. Any thing ludicrous, or meant only to
   raise laughter.
    But is this true, or is it else your  pleasure,
  Like pleasant travellers, to break a jesf
  Upon the company you overtake?         Shaksp.
    As for jesf,  there be certain things which ou°fct
  to be privileged from it; namely, religion, matters
  of state, and great persons.              Bacon.
    No man ought to have the less reverence for  the
  principles of religion, or for the holy scriptures, be-
  cause  idle and  profane wits  can break jests upon
  *<*"•   J                          Tillotson.
    He had turn'd all tragedy to jesf.        Prior,
    When you the dullest of dull things have said,
  And then ask pardon for the jesf you made. Young.
2. The object of jests; a  laughingstock.
    If I suspect  without cause, why then make sport
  at me; then let me be your jesf, I deserve it. Shaksp.
i.  Manner of doing or speaking feigned;
   not real;  ludicrous, not serious;  game'
   not earnest.
     That high All-seer, which  I dallied with
  Hath  turn'd my feigned prayer on my head,
  And giv'n in earnest what I begg'd  in jtsU  Shaksp 
JET
JEW
IGN
    When his  playfellows chose him their king, he
  spoke and did those things in jesf, which would have
  become a king in earnest.                Grew.
Jes'ter, jes'ttir.118 ra. a. [from jest.]
I. One  given to merriment and pranks.
    The skipping king, he rambled up and down
  With shallow jesters, and rash bavin wits;
  Soon kindled and soon burnt.             Shaksp.
2. One  given to sarcasm.
    Now as a jesfer I accost  you,
  Which  never yet one friend hath lost you.   Swift.
3. Buffoon: jackpudding.  A jester, or li-
   censed scoffer, was kept at court to the
   time  of Charles the  first.
    Another sort of like loose fellows do pass up and
  down, amongst gentlemen, by the name of jesters;
  but are, indeed, notable rogues, and partakers not
  only of many stealths, but also privy to many traitor-
  ous practices.                         Spenser.
JET, jet.  ra. s. [gagat, Sax. get, Dutch;.
   gagates, Lat.]
1. A beautiful fossil, of a  firm and even
   structure, and a smooth surface; found
   in masses, seldom of a great size, lodg-
   ed in clay; of a fine deep black, having
   a grain resembling that  of wood.   It is
   confounded  with cannal-coal, which has
   no grain, and is extremely  hard;  and
   the yef is but moderately so.       Hill.
     Black, forsooth; coal-black, as jef.      Shaksp.
     There is more difference between thy  flesh and
  hers, than between jet and  ivory.         Shaksp.
             The bottom clear
  Now laid with many a fet,
     Of seed pearl, ere she bato'd her toere,
  Was known as black as jef.            Drayton.
     One of us in glass is set,
  One of us you'll find in jef.              Swift.
             Under flowing jef,
  The neck slight shaded.               Thomson.
2.  [jet, French.]  A  spout  or  shoot of
   water.
     Prodigious 'tis, that one  attractive ray
   Should this way bend, the  next an adverse way!
   For should th' unseen magnetick jefs descend
   All the same way, they could not gain their end.
                                   Blackmore.
     Thus the small jef, which hasty hands unlock,
   Spurts in the gard'ner's eyes who turns the cock.
                                        Pope.
 3.  A yard.  Obsolete.
     What orchard unrobbed escapes,
   Or pullet dare walk in their jef?         Tusser.
 To  Jet, jet. v. n. [jetter,  Fr.]
 1.  To shoot forward;   to shoot out; to  in-
   trude; to jut out.
           Think you not how dangerous
  It is to jef upon a prince's right?         Shaksp.
2. To strut; to agitate the body by a proud
   gait.
     Contemplation makes a  rare turkey-cock of him:
  how he jefs under his advanced plumes.    Shaksp,
3.  To jolt; to be shaken.
     Upon toe jetting of a  hackney-coach she was
  thrown out of the hinder seat against a bar of iron
  in the forepart.                      Wiseman.
Je'tsam, jet'silm. 7 ra.  s. [jetter, French.]
Je'tson, jet'sfin.  $ Goods or other things
   which, having been  cast overboard in a
   storm, or after shipwreck,  are thrown
   upon the shore,  and belong to the lord
  admiral.                          Bailey.
Je'ttv, jet'te. adj. [from jet.]
1. Made of jet.
2. Black as jet.
    The  people about Capo Negro, Cefala, and Ma-
  dagascar, are of a jetty black.            Brown.
            Her hair
  Adown her shoulders loosely lay display'd,
  And in her jefty curls ten thousand Cupids play'd.
                                      Prior.
    Nigrina black, and Mcrdamante brown,
  Vied for his love in jeffjybow'rs below.      Pope.
JE'WEL, ju'll."  ra. a.  [joyaux, French;
  jeweelen,  Dutch.]
1. Any  ornament of  great  value, used
  commonly of such as are adorned with
  precious stones.
    Here, wear this jeioef for me; 'tis my picture.
                                  Shakspeare.
    They found him dead, and cast into the streets,
  An empty casket, where toe jewel, life,
  By some damn'd hand was robb'd and ta'en away.
                                  Shakspeare.
    The pleasure of the religious man is an easy and
  portable pleasure, such an one as he carries about
  in his bosom, without alarming either the eye  or
  envy of the world: a man putting all his pleasures
  into this one, is like a traveller's putting all his
  goods into one jewel.                   South.
2. A precious stone; a gem.
    Jewels too, stones, rich and precious stones,
  Stol'n by my daughter!                 SAafcs.
    Proud fame's imperial seat
  With jercefs blaz'd, magnificently great.     Pope.
3. A name of fondness;  an appellation of
  tender regard.
    Bid farewell to your sisters
  —Ye jewels of our father, with wash'd eyes
  Cordelia leaves you.                   Shaksp.
Je'wel-house, or Office, ju'll-hoisc. ra.  s.
  The  place where the regal  ornaments
  are reposited.
    The king has made him master of toe jewelhouse.
                                  Shakspeare.
Je'weller, ju'il-ur.93 ra. *. [from jewel.]
  One  who trafficks  in precious stones.
    These grains were as  like little dice as if they
  had been made by a jeweller.             Boyle.
    The price of the market to a jeweller in his trade
  is one thing; but the intrinsick worth of a thing to
  a man of sense is another.           L'Estrange.
    I will turn jeweller: I shall then deal in diamonds,
  and all sorts of rich  stones.            Addison-
Jews-ear, juze'eer.  ra.  a.  [from its re-
  semblance  ot the  human ear.  Skinner.]-.
  A  fungus, tough  and thin;  and natural-
  ly, while growing, of a rumpled figure,
  like a flat and variously hollowed cup;
  from  an inch to  two inches  in  length,
  and about  two thirds  of its  length in
  breadth.  Its sides  in many  places run
  into the hollow, so as to represent in  it
  ridges like those ofthe human ear.  It
  generally grows  on the lower parts of
  the trunks of elder-trees decaying. The
  common  people  cure  themselves  of
  sore  throats with a decoction of it in
  milk.                              Hill.
    An herb called jews-ear groweth upon toe lower
  parts of elders, and sometimes ashes: in warm wa-
  ter it swelleth, and openeth extremely.     Bacon.
Jews-harp, jtize'harp. ra. s.   A kind of
  musical instrument  held between  the
  teeth, which gives  a sound by the mo-
  tion  of a broad  spring of iron,  which
  being struck by the hand, plays against
  the breath.
Jews-mallow, juze-ma.1'16. n. a. [corcho-
  rus,  Latin.]  Ranwolf says it is sown
  in  great plenty about Aleppo as a pot-
  herb, the  Jews boiling the  leaves of
   this plant to eat it with their meat.
                                     Miller.
Jews-stone, juze'st6ne.  n. a...The clava-
   ted spine of a very  large  egg-shaped
   sea-urchin,  petrified by long lying in
   the earth.   It is of a  regular figure, ob-
   long and rounded,  swelling in the mid-
   dle, and gradually tapering; about three
   quarters  of an inch  in length, and half
   an inch in diameter;  ridged and furrow-
   ed alternately,  in a longitudinal  direc-
   tion; and its colour is a pale dusky grey,
   with a faint cast of dusky  reddishness.
   It is found in Syria.   Hill's Mat. Med.
If, if. conjunction,  [gip, Saxon.]
I. Suppose it be so, or it were so that.
   A  hypothetical particle.
    Absolute approbation, without any cautions, qua-
  lifications, ifs or ands.                 Hooker.
            If that rebellion
  Came like itself in base and abject routs;
  I say, if damn'd commotion so appear'd,
  In his true, native, and most proper shape,
  You, reverend father, and these nobles lords,
  Had not been here.                     Shaksp.
    If they have done this deed, my noble lord.
  —If! talk'st thou to me of ifs? Thou art a traitor.
                                  S/tafcspeare.
    This seeing of all things, because we can desire
  to see all things, Malbranehe makes a proof  that
  they are present to our minds: and if they be pre-
  sent, they can no ways be present  but by the pre-
  sence of God, who contains toem ail.      Locke.
    Thi^  infallibility  upon supposition, amounts to
  tois, that if a thing be true, it is impossible to be
  false.                             Tillotson.
    All of them supposed the apostle to have allowed
  the Epicurean maxims to be good; if so be there
  were no resurrection.                Atterbury.
    Tisiphone, that oft hast heard my pray'r,
  Assist, if Oedipus deserve thy care.        Pope.
2. Whether or no.
    Uncertain if hy augury or chance;
  But by tois easy rise they all advance.    Dryden.
    She doubts if two  and two make four:
  It can't—it may be—and it must;
  To which of these must Alma trust?
  Nay, further yet they make her go,
  In doubting if she doubts or no.           Prior.
3. Allowing that;  suppose it be  granted
   that.
    Such mechanical circumstances, if I may so call
  them, were not necessary to the experiments. Boyle.
I'gneous, Ig'ne-us.  adj. [igneus, Latin.]
   Fiery;  containing  fire;  emitting  fire;
   having the nature of fire.
    That the fire burns by heat, leaves us still igno-
  rant of the immediate way  of igneous solutions.
                                   Glanville.
Igni'potent, ig-nip'po-tent.518 adj. [ignis
   and potens, Latin.] Presiding over fire.
    Vulcan is called the pow'r ignipofenf.     Pope.
TGJYIS FATUUS, ig'nis-fat'shu-us. ra. *.
   [Latin.] Will with the wisp; Jack with
   the lantern.
    Vapours arising from putrified waters are usually
  called ignesfatui.                     Newton.
To I'GNITE, ig-nite'. v. a.  [from ignis,
   fire, Latin.]   To kindle; to set on  fire.
   A chymical term.
    Take good firm chalk, ignite it in a crucible, and
  then powder it.                         Grew.

Igni'tion, ig-nish'^n. ra. s.  [ignition,  Fr.
   from ignite.]   The act of  kindling, or
   of setting on fire.
    The laborant stirred the kindled nitre,  that toe
,  ig-nifion might be presently communicated.  Boyle. 
IGN
IGN                                     JIL
    Those black circular lines we see on dishes, and
  other turned vessels of wood, are the effects of igni-
  tion, by the pressure of an edged stick upon the ves-
r sel turned nimbly in the lathe.             Ray.
Igni'tible, ig-ni'te-bl. adj. [from ignite.]
   Inflammable;  capable of  being  set  on
   fire.   Not  in use.
    Such bodies only strike fire which  have sulphur
  or ignUible parts.                      Brown.
Igni'vomous, ig-niv'vo-mas.S18 adj. [ig-
   nivomus, Latin.]  Vomiting fire.
    Vulcanos and ignivomous mountains are some of
  the most terrible shocks of the globe.     Derham.
IGNO'BLE, ig-no'bl. adj.  [ignoble, Fr.
   ignobilis, Latin.]
 1. Mean of birth; not noble, not of illustri-
   ous race.
    As when in  tumults rise th' ignoble crowd,
  Mad are their motions, and their tongues are loud.
                                      Dryden.
 2. Worthless; not deserving honour.  Used
   of things or persons.
    Tbe noble isle doth want her proper limbs;
  Her royal stock graft with igno6fe plants.  Shaksp.
 Igno'bly, ig-no'ble. adv.  [from  ignoble]
   Ignominiously; meanly; dishonourably;
   reproachfully; disgracefully.
    To these, that sober race of men, whose lives
  Religious, titled toem toe sons of God,
  Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame
  Ignobly!                             Milton.
     Here, over-match'd in fight in heaps they lie:
  There scatter'd o'er toe field ignobly fly.  Dryden.
 Ignomi'nious,  ig-no-min'yiis. adj. [igno-
   minieux, French; ignominiosus, Latin.]
   Mean; shameful;  reproachful;  dishon-
   ourable.   Used  both  of  persons and
   things.
    They with pale fear surpriz'd,
  Fled ignominious.                     Milton.
    Cethegus, though a traitor to the state,
  And tortur'd, 'scaped tois ignominious fate.  Dryd.
    They gave,  and she transferr'd the curst advice,
  That monarchs should their inward soul disguise;
  By ignominious arts, for servile ends,
  Should compliment toeir foes, and shun their friends.
                                       Prior.
    Nor has this kingdom deserved to be sacrificed
  to one single, rapacious, obscure,  ignominious pro-
  jector.                                Swift.
 Ignomi'niously,  ig-no-min'yiis-le.   adv.
   from  ignominious]  Meanly;  scandal-
   ously;  disgracefully;  shamefully;  re-
   proachfully.
    It is some allay to the infamy of him who died
  ignominiously  to be buried privately.       SoufA.
I'GNOMINY, ig'no-min-e.  ra.  s.  [igno-
   minie, French;  ignominia,  Latin.]  Dis-
   grace; reproach; shame; infamy; mean-
   ness;  dishonour.
    Adieu, and take thy praise wito thee to heavn'n:
  Thy ignominy  sleep with thee in the grave. Shaks.
    Strength from truth divided, and from just,
  Illaudable, nought merits but dispraise
  And ignominy; yet to glory aspires,
  Vain-glorious, and through infamy seeks fame.
                                      Milton.
    Their generals have been received with honour
  after toeir defeat, yours with ignominy after con-
  quest.                              Addison.
IGJVORA'MUS,\s-n6-ri'mns.n. s. [Lat.]
1. Ignoramus is a word properly used  by
  the grand  inquest impannelled in the
  inquisition  of causes criminal and  pub-
  lick;  and written  upon the bill, where-
  by any  crime is offered  to their consi-
  deration,  when they mislike their evi-
   dence as defective, or too weak to make
   good  the  presentment:  the  effect  of
   which  word so written is,  that all far-
   ther inquiry upon  that  party  for  that
   fault  is thereby stopped,  and he deli-
   vered without farther answer.  Cowell.
2. A  foolish fellow;  a vain  uninstructed
   pretender.   A low word.
    Tell an ignoramus, in place and power, that he
  has a wit  and an understanding above all the world,
  and he  shall readily admit  the commendation.
                                      Soufft.
I'gnoranoe, ig'no-ranse. ra. s. [ignorance,
   French; ignoratio,  Latin.]
1. Want of knowledge; unlearnedness.
    If all the clergy were as learned as themselves
  are that most complain of ignorance in others, yet
  our book of prayer might remain toe same. Hooker.
        Ignorance is the curse of God,
  Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heav'n.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Still banish your defenders, 'till at length
  Your ignorance  deliver you,
  As most abated  captives, to some nation
  That won  you without blows.            Shaksp.
    If we see right, we see our woes;
  Then what avails it to have  eyes?
    From ignorance our comfort flows,
  The only wretched are the wise!         Prior.
2. Want of knowledge respecting some
   particular thing.
    It is in every  body's power to pretend ignorance
  of the law.                         Sherlock.
3. Want of knowledge discovered by ex-
   ternal effect.  In  this  sense  it  has a
   plural.
    Forgive us all our sins,  negligences, and igno-
  rances.                      Common Prayer.
    Punish me not for my sins and ignorances. Tobit.

I'GNORANT, ig'no-rant. adj. [ignorant,
   French; ignorans, Latin.]
I. Wanting knowledge; unlearned; unin-
   structed; unenlightened.
    So foolish was I and ignorant, I was as a beast.
                                     Psalms.
    Thy letters have transported me beyond
  This ign'ranf present time, and I feel now
  The future in the instant.              Shaksp.
             In such business
  Action is eloquence, and the eyes of to' ignorant
  More learned than the ears.            Shaksp.
    He that doth not know those things which are of
  use for him to know, is but an ignorant man, what-
  ever he may know besides.            Tiffofson.
    Fools grant whate'et ambition craves,
  And men,  once ignorant, are slaves.        Pope.
2.  Unknown;  undiscovered.   This   is
  merely  poetical.
    If you know aught, which does behove my know-
       ledge
  Thereof to be informed, imprison 't not
  In ignorant concealment.               Shaksp.
3. Without knowledge of some particular.
    Let not  judges be so ignorant of their own right,
  as to  think there is not left to them, as a principal
  part of their office, a wise application of laws.
                                      Bacon.
    O visions ill foreseen!  Better had I
  Liv'd ignorant of future! so had borne
  My part of evil only.                  Afiffon.
4. Unacquainted with.  In a good sense.
    Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame.    Dryden.
5. Ignorantly made or done.   Unusual.
              His shipping,
  Poor ignorant baubles, on our terrible seas
  Like egg-shells mov'd.             Shakspeare.

  gnorant, ig'no-rant. ra. *. One untaught,
   unlettered, uninstructed.
    Did I for this take pains to teach
  Our zealous io-noratifs to preach!        Denham.
 I'gnorantly, ig'no-rant-le. adv. [from ig-
   norant.]  Without  knowledge; unskil-
   fully;  without information.
    The greatest and most cruel foes we have,
  Are those whom you would ignorantly save. Dryd.
    When a poet, an orator, or a painter has per-
  formed admirably, we sometimes mistake his blun-
  ders for beauties, and are so ignoraiUly fond as to
  copy after  them.                        Waffs.
 To Igno're, ig-nore'. v. a.  [ignorer,  Fr.
   ignoro, Latin.]  Not to know; to be ig-
   norant of.  This word Boyle endeavour-
   ed to introduce; but it has not been re-
   ceived.
    I ignored not the stricter interpretation, given by
  modern criticks to divers texts, by me alledged.
                                       Boyle,
    Philosophy would solidly be established, if men
  would more carefully distinguish those things that
  they know from those that toey ignore.     Boyle.
 Iono'scible, ig-nos'se-bl. adj. [ignoscibi-
   lis, Latin.] Capable of pardon.    Diet.-
 Jig,  jig. ra. s. [giga, Italian; geige, Teuto-
   nick,  a fiddle.] A light careless dance,
   or tune.
    When Cyrus had  overcome toe Lydians,  that
  were a warlike nation, instead of their warlike mu-
  sick, he  appointed to them certain lascivious lays
  and loose jigs; by which he so mollified and abated
  their corn-age, that they forgot their former fierce-
  ness.                               Spenser.
            As fiddlers still,
  Though they be paid to be gone, yet needs will
  Thrust one more jig upon you.           Donne.
    Posterity shall know that you dare, in these jig-
  given times, to countenance a legitimate poem.
                                  Ben Jonson.
    All the swains that toere abide,
  Wito jigs and rural dance resort.        MUton.
    The muses  blush'd to see toeir friends exalting
  Those elegant delights of jig and vaulting. Fenfon.
    They  wrote to her friends in the  country, that
  she  should  dance a jig next October in Westmin-
  ster-hall.                         Arbuthnot.
    Another  Phoebus, thy own Phoebus reigns,
  Joys in my jigs, and dances in my chains.   Pope.

 To Jig, jig. v.  ra.  [from the noun.]   To
  dance  carelesly; to dance.  Expressed
  in  contempt.
    As for the jigging part and figures of dances,
  I count toat little.                      Locke.
Ji'g-maker, jig'ma-kur.  ra.  *.  [jig and
  make]  One who dances or plays mer-
  rily.
    Your only jig-maker! what should  a man do but
  be merry.                        Shakspeare.
Ji'ggumbob, jig'giim-bob. ra. s.  [A cant
  word.]  A trinket;  a  knick-knack; a
  slight  contrivance in machinery.
    He rifled all his pokes and fobs
  Of gimcracks, whims, and jiggumbobs. Hudibras.

JILT, jilt. ra. s.  [gilia, Islandick, to en-
  trap in an  amour, Mr. Lye.    Perhaps
  from gigloty by contraction; or gillet, or
  gilloty  the  diminutive  of gill, the  ludi-
  crous  name of a woman. It is also cal-
  led jillet in Scotland.]
 1. A woman who gives her lover hopes,
  and deceives  him.
        Avoid  both courts and camps,
  Where dilatory fortune plays the jilt
  With the brave, noble, honest, gallant man,
  To throw herself away on fools.           Otway,
 2. A  name of contempt for a woman.
    When love was all an easy monarch's care, 
ILK
ILL
ILL
  Jilts rul'd the state, and statesmen farces writ.
                                         Pope-
To Jilt, jilt.  v.  a. [from  the  noun.]  To
   trick a man by flattering his love with
   hopes, and  then leaving him for ano-
   ther.
             Tell who loves who;
  And who is jiffed for another's sake.      Dryden.
    Tell a man,  passionately in love, that he is jiff-
  ed; bring witnesses of the falsehood of his mistress,
  and three kind words of hers shall invalidate all
  their testimonies.                        Locke.
To Jilt,  jilt. v. n.  To  play the jilt; to
   practise  amorous deceits.
    She might  have  learn'd to cuckold,  jiff, and
         sham,
  Had Covent-garden been at Surinam.  Congreve.
To Ji'ngle, jing'gl. v. ra.  [A word  made
   from jangle, or copied  from the sound
   intended to be expressed.]   To clink;
   to sound with a  kind of sharp rattle.
    What should the  wars do with these jingling
  fools?                              Shakspeare.
                 With noises
   Of roaring, shrieking, howling, jingling chains,
   We were awaked.                  Shakspeare.
    The bells she jingled, and toe whistle blew.
                                          Pope.
    You ne'er with jingling words deceive the ear;
   And yet, on humble subjects, great appear. SmUh.
    What crowds of these, impenitently bold,
   In sounds and jingling syllables grown old!  Pope.
Ji'ngle, jing'gl.400  ra. s. [from  the verb.]
 1. Any clink, or sharp rattle.
2. It is used, I think,  improperly, to ex-
   press the  correspondence of sound in
   the effects of rhyme.
    Vulgar judges  are nine parts in ten of  all na-
   tions , who call conceits and jingles wit.    Dryden.
 3. Any thing sounding; a rattle; a bell.
     If you plant where savages are, do not only en-
   tertain them with trifles and jingles, but use them
   justly.                                 Bacon.
 Ile, ile. ra. s. [corrupted from  aisle, Fr.]
    A  walk or alley in  a church  or  publick
    building.   Properly aile.
     Upward toe columns shoot, the roots ascend,
   And arches widen, and long iles extend.     Pope.
 Ile,  ile. ra. s. [aisle, French.]  An  ear of
    corn.                           Ainsworth.
 ILE'US, i-le'As.  ra. s. [Latin.]
     An ileus, commonly called the twisting of the
   guts, is really either a circumvolution, or insertion
   of one part of the gut within the other. Arbuthnot.
 I'LEX, i'leks.  ra. *. [Latin.]
     The ilex, or great scarlet oak,  thrives  well  in
   England, is a hardy sort of bee,  and easily raised
   of acorns.  The Spaniards have a sort they  call en-
   zina; the wood of which, when old, is finely cham-
   bletted, as if  it were painted.         Mortimer.
 I'liac, il'e-ak. adj. [iliacus, Latin.]   Re-
    lating to the  lower bowels.
     The iliac passion is a  kind of convulsion in the
   belly.
 I'liac Passion, il'e-ak-pash'un. A kind  of
    nervous colick, whose seat is the ilium,
    whereby that gut is twisted, or one part
    enters  the cavity of the  part  immedi-
    ately below or above:  whence it  is also
    called the volvulus, from volvo, to roll.
     Those who die of the iliac passion have toeir bel-
   lie s much swelled.        Floyer on the Humours.
 Ilk'  ilk. adv. [ealc,  Saxon.]   The same
    It is still  retained  in Scotland, and de-
    notes each; as, ilk ane of you, every one
    of you.   It also signifies, the same; as,
    Macintosh of that ilk, denotes a gentle-
  man whose surname and the title of his
  estate are  the  same; as, Macintosh  of
  Macintosh.
    Shepherds,  should it not yshend
  Your roundels fresh, to hear a doleful verse
    Of Rosalind, who knows not Rosalind,
  That Colin made? ilk can I you rehearse.  Spenser.
Ill, il. adj. [contracted  from  Evil, and
  retaining all its senses.]
I. Bad  in any respect; contrary to good,
  whether physical or  moral; evil.   See
  Evil.
    There some iff planet reigns;
  I must be patient, 'till the heavens look
  With an aspect more favourable.          Shaksp.
    Of his own body he was iff, and gave
  The clergy ill example.             Shakspeare.
    Neither is it iff air only that maketh an iff seat;
  but ill ways, iff markets, and iff neighbours. Bacon.
    Some, of an iff  and melancholy nature, incline
  the company to be sad  and ill-disposed; others,  of
  a jovial nature,i  nclinethem  tu be merry.   Bacon.
2. Sick;  disordered;  not in  health.    I
  know not  that evil is  ever used in this
  sense.
    You wish me health  in very happy season;
  For I am on the sudden something iff.     Shaksp.
    I have known  two towns of the greatest conse-
  quence lost, by the governours falling iff in the time
  ofthe sieges.                           Temple.
Ill, il.  ra. s.
1. Wickedness;  depravity; contrariety to
  holiness.
     BI, to man's nature, as it stands perverted, hath
  a natural motion strongest in continuance.  Bacon.
     Young men to imitate all ills are prone;
  But are compell'd to avarice alone:
  For then in virtue's shape they follow vice.  Dryd.
     Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still,
  Exerts itself, and then  throws off the iff.  Dryden.
2. Misfortune; misery.
     Who can all sense of others iffs escape,
  Is  but a brute at best in human shape.       Tafe.
     Though plung'd in iffs and exercis'd in care,
  Yet never let  the noble mind despair;
  When prest by dangers, and beset with foes,
  The gods their timely succour interpose;
  And when our virtue sinks, o'erwhelm'd with grief,
  By unforeseen expedients bring relief. A. Philips.
Ill, il. adv.
 1. Not  well;  not rightly in any respect.
     Iff at ease, both she and all her train
  The scorching sun had borne, and beating rain.
                                        Dryden.
2. Not  easily;  with pain; with difficulty.
             Thou desir'st
  The punishment all on thyself! alas!
  Bear thine own  first; ill able to sustain
  His full wrath, whose  thou feel'st as yet least part,
  And my displeasure bear'st so ill.         Milton.
     Ill bears the sex a youthful lover's fate,
  When just approaching to toe nuptial state. Dryd.
 Ill, il. substantive  or adverb, is used  in
   composition to express any bad quality
   or  condition,  which may be easily  un-
   derstood, by the following examples.
 Ill, il. substantive.
     Dangerous conjectures in iff breeding minds.
                                     Shakspeare.
           I have an iff divining soul:
  Methinks I see  thee, now thou art below,
   As one dead in  the bottom of a tomb.     Shaksp.
     No look, no last adieu before he went!
   In an ill boding hour to slaughter  sent.   Dryden.
                  I know
   The voice iff boding, and the solemn sound.
                                        Philips.
     The wisest prince on earth may be deceived by
  the craft of iff designing men.            Swift.
     Your iff meaning politician lords,
  Under pretence of bridal friends and guests,
  Appointed to await me thirty spies,
  Who threat'ning cruel death, constrain'd the bride
  To wring from me and tell to them my secret.
                                      "  Jtfiffon.
    A spy distinguish'd from his airy stand,
  To bribe whose vigilance, Aigisthus told
  A mighty sum of iff persuading gold.        Pope.
Ill,  11. adverb.
    There sounded an iff  according cry of the ene-
  mies, and a lamentable noise was carried abroad.
                                       Wisdom.
             My colleague,
  Being so ill affected with the gout,
  Will not be able to be there in person. B. Jonson.
             The examples
  Of every minute's instance, present now,
  Have put us in these ill beseeming arms.  Shaksp.
    Lead back thy Saxons to their ancient Elbe:
  I would restore the fruitful Kent, toe gift
  Of Vortigern, or Hengist's ill bought aid.   Dryd.
    We simple toasters take delight
  To see our women's teeth look white;
  And ev'ry saucy ill bred fellow
  Sneers at a mouth profoundly yellow.       Prior.
    The ungrateful treason of her iff chosen husband
  overthrows her.                         Sidney.
    Envy, how does it look? How  meagre and iff
        complexioned?
  It preys upon itself, and exhausts the spirits.
                                        Coffier.
                 There grows,
  In my most iff compos'd affection such
  A stanchless avarice, that, were I king,
  I should cut off the nobles for their lands.  Shaksp.
    To what end tois iff concerted lye,
  Palpable and gross?                    Dryden.
    Our generals at present  are such as are likely to
  make the best use  of their numbers, without throw-
  ing them away on any iff concerted projects.
                                       Addison.
    The second daughter was a peevish,  forward, iff
  conditioned creature as ever was.      Arbuthnot.
    No Persian arras hides his homely walls
  With antick vests, which, through their shady fold,
  Betray the streaks of iff dissembled gold. Dryden.
    You shall not find me, daughter,
  After the slander of most step-mothers,
  III ey'd unto you.                    Shakspeare.
             I see thy sister's tears,
  Thy father's anguish; and toy brother's death,
  In the pursuit of our iff fated loves.       Addison.
    Others iff fated are condemn'd to toil
  Their tedious life.                       Prior,
    Plain and rough nature, left  to itself, is  much
  better than an artificial ungratefulness, and such
  studied ways of being iff fashioned.         Locfce.
    Much better, when I find virtue in a fair lodg-
  ing, than when I am bound to seek it  in an iff fa-
  voured creature, like a pearl in a dunghill. Sidney.
    Near to an old iff favoured castle they meant fo
   perform their unknightly errand.         Sidney.
    If a man had but an Ul favoured nose, the deep
   thinkers would contrive to impute the cause to  the
   prejudice of his education.                Swift.
    I was at her house the  hour she appointed.
   ■----And you sped, sir?
   ----Very iff favouredly.             Shakspeare.
    They would not make bold, as every where they
   do, to destsoy iff formed and mishaped productions.
                                         Locke.
    The fabled dragon ne^er guarded more
   The golden fleece, than he his iff got  store. Dryd.
     Bid him employ his care for these my friends,
   And make good use of his iff gotten power,
   By shelt'ring men much better than himself.
                                       Addison.
     Ill govern'd passions in a prince's breast,
   Hazard his private, and the public rest.   Waller.
     That knowledge of theirs is very superficial and
   iff  grounded.                          Dryden.
     Ill grounded passions quickly wear away;
   What's built upon esteem can ne'er decay.  Walsh.
     Hither, of ill join'd sons and daughters born,
   First from toe ancient world these giants came.
                                         MUton, 
ILL
ILL
ILL
  Nor has he erred above once by iff judged super-
fluity.                                 Garth.
  Did you never taste delicious drink out of an iff
looked vessel ?                      L'Estrange.
  The match had been so iff made for Plexirtus,
that his iff led life would  have tumbled to destruc-
tion, had there not come fifty to his defence.
                                     Sidney.
         These are the product
Of those iff mated marriages  thou saw'st,
Where good with bad were match'd.     Jtfiffon.
  The works are weak, the garrison but thin,
Dispirited with frequent overthrows,
Already wavering on their iff mann'd walls. Dryd.
  He will not hear me out!
Was ever criminal forbid to plead?
Curb their ill manner'd zeal.            Dryden.
  It is impossible for the  most  iff  minded, avari-
cious, or cunning clergyman  to do  toe least  injus-
tice  to the  meanest cottager,  in any bargain for
rythes.                                Swift.
  Soon as toe iff omen'd rumour reach'd his ear,
Who can describe the amazement in his face!
                                     Dryden.
  The eternal law of things must not be altered, to
comply with his iff ordered choice.        Locke.
           When you expose the scene,
Down the iff organ'd engines  fall,
Off fly the vizards.                      Swift-
         For Phthia fix'd is my return;
Better at home my iff paid pains to mourn,
Than from an equal  here sustain the public scorn.
                                     Drtyden.
  There motley images her fancy strike,
Figures  iff pair'd, and similies unlike.       Pope.
  Sparta has not to boast of such a woman:
Nor Troy to thank her, for her iff plac'd love.
                                     Dryden.
  I  shall direct you a task for which  I take my-
self not to be iff qualified, because I have had op-
portunities to observe the follies of women. Swift.
  Actions are pleasing or displeasing, either in
themselves,  or considered as a means to a greater
and more desirable end: the eating of a well-sea-
soned dish, suited to a man's  palate, may move the
mind, by the delight  itself that accompanies  the
eating, without reference to any other end; to which
the  consideration of the pleasure there is in hjcalth
and strength may add a new  gust, able to make us
swallow an iff relished potion.
  Blushes, iff restrain'd, betray
Her thoughts intentive on the bridal day.
  Behold toe fruit of Ul rewarded pain.
                                      Locke.

                                       Pope.
                                     Dryden.
           The god inform'd
This iff shap'd body with a daring soul.   Dryden.
  There was plenty enough, but the dishes were ill
sorted: whole pyramids of sweetmeats for boys and
women; but little of solid meat for men.   Diyden.
  It does not belong to the priest's office to impose
tois name in baptism: he may refuse to pronounce
the same, if the parents give them ludicrous, filthy,
or iff sounding names.                  Ayliffe.
  Ill spirited Wor'ster, did we not send grace,
Pardon and terms of love to all of you?   Shaksp.
  From thy foolish heart, vain maid, remove
An useless sorrow, and an iff star'd love.   Prior.
  Ah, why th' iff suiting pastime must I try?
To gloomy care my thoughts  alone are free:
111 the gay sports with troubled hearts agree. Pope.
  Holding of  iff tasted things in the mouth will
make a small salivation.                  Grew.
  The maid,  with  downcast eyes, and mute with
      grief,
For death unfinish'd, and iff tim'd relief,
Stood sullen to her suit.                 Dryden.
  How should opinions, thus settled, be given up,
if there be any suspicion of interest  or design, as
there never fails to be, where men find themselves
iff treated?                             Lo^-
  That boldness and spirit which lads get amongst
their playfellows at  school, has ordinarily a mix-
ture of rudeness and iff turned confidence; so that
these misbecoming and disingenuous ways of shift-
ing in the world must be unlearned.       Locke.

  VOL. I.
 Il,  11. before  words  beginning  with  I,
   stands for in.
 Illa'chrymable,  il-lak'kre-ma-bl.  adj.
   [illachrymabilis, Latin.]   Incapable of
   weeping.                           Dict.
 fLLA'rsE, il-laps'. ra. s. [illapsus,  Latin.]
 1.  Gradual emission or  entrance  of one
   thing  into another.
    As a piece of iron red hot, by reason of the if-
  fapse of the fire into it, appears  all over like fire;
  so the souls ofthe blessed, by the illapse of the di-
  vine essence into  them, shall be all over divine.
                                       Norris.
 2. Sudden attack; casual coming.
           Life is oft preserved
  By the bold swimmer in the swift illapse
  Of accident disastrous.                Thomson.
 r0ILL'AQUEATE,il-la'qwe-ate.^T;.a.
   illaqueo, Latin.] To entangle; to entrap;
   to ensnare.
    I am  illaqueated, but not truly captivated into
  your conclusion.                         Afore.
 Illaquea'tion,   il-la-qwe-a'shun.  ra.   s.
   [from illaqueate.]
 I. The act of catching or ensnaring.
    The word in Matthew doth not only signify sus-
  pension, or pendulous illaqueation,  but also suffo-
  cation.                                Brown.
 •>. A snare; any thing to catch another; a
   noose.
Illa'tion, il-la'shun. ra.  *.  [illatio, Lat.]
   Inference conclusion drawn from pre-
   mises.
    Herein there seems to be a very erroneous  tffa-
  fion from the indulgence of God  unto Cain,  con-
  cluding an immunity unto himself.        Brown.
    Illation  so orders toe intermediate ideas as to
  discover what connection there  is  in each link of
  the chain, whereby toe extremes are held together.
                                       Locke.
I'llative, il'la-tlv.ls7 adj.  [Hiatus, Lat.]
   Relating to  illation or conclusion.
    In common discourse or writing such casual  par-
  ticles as for, because, manifest the act of reasoning
  as well as the illative particles then and therefore.
                                        Watts.
Illa'udable, il-law'da-bl.40s  adj.  [illau-
   dabilis,  Latin.]   Unworthy of praise or
   commendation.
    Strength from truth divided, and from just,
  niaudable, nought merits but dispraise.    Milton.
Illa'udably,   il-law'da-ble.  adv.  [from
   [illaudablc]   Unworthily;  without de-
   serving praise.
    It is natural for all people to form, not illaudably,
  too favourable a judgment of toeir own country.
                                      Broome.
Ille'gal, !l-le'gal.88  adj. [in and  legalis,
   Latin]  Contrary to law.
    No patent can oblige the subject against law,
  unless an illegal patent passed in one kingdom can
  bind another, and not itself.               Swift.
Illegality,  il-le-gal'le-te.  ra. s.  [from
   illegal.] Contrariety to law.
    He wished them to consider what votes they had
  passed, of the illegality of all those commissions,
  and of toe unjustifiableness of all  the proceedings
  by virtue of them.                   Clarendon.

Ille'gally, il-le-gal-le. adv.  [from  ille-
   gal]  In a manner contrary to law.

 Ille'gible,  il-led'je-bl.40s  adj.  [in  and
   legibilis, from lego, Latin.]  What can-
   not be read.
    The secretary poured toe ink-box all  over the
  writings, and so defaced them that they were made
  altogether illegible.                     Howel.
                     6h
 Illegi'timacy,  il-le-jit'e-ma-se.   ra.   ^.
    [from illegitimate.] State  of bastardy.
 Illegi'timate, il-ie-jit'te-mate.Bi adj. [in
    and  legitimus, Latin.]   Unlawfully  be-
    gotten; not begotten in wedlock.
     Grieve not at your  state;
   For all the world is illtgUimate.       Cleaveland.
     Being illegitimate,  1 was deprived of that endear-
   ing tenderness aud uncommon satisfaction, which a
   good man finds in toe love and conversation ef a
   parent.                              Addison.
 Illegitimately,  il-le-jit'te-mat-le.  adv.
    [from  illegitimate.]  Not begot  in  wed-
    lock.
 Illegitima'tion, il-le-jit-te-ma'shiin. ra. s.
    [from  illegitimate.] The   stale  of one.
    not begotten in wedlock.
     Richard III. had  a  resolution, out of his hatre-i
   to both his  brethren,  to disable their issues, upon
   false and incompetent  pretexts, the one of attain-
   der, the other of illegitimation.            Bacon.
Ille'viable, il-iev've-a-bl.406arfi>. [lever,
   French.]  What cannot be  levied or ex-
   acted.
     He rectified toe method of collecting his revenue,
  and removed obsolete and illeviable parts of charge.
                                         Hale.
Illfa'voured, 11-fa'vur'd.363  adj.  De-
   formed.
     0, what a world of vile ill-favour'd faults
  Look handsome in three hundred pounds a-year!
                                       Shaksp.
Illfa'voureoly, il-fa'vur'd-le. adv.
I. With deformity.
2. Roughly; ruggedly: in  ludicrous  lan-
   guage.
    He  shook him very illfavouredly  for the time,
  raging through toe very bowels of his country, and
  plundering all wheresoever he came.       Howel.
Illfa'vouredness, il-fa'vur'd-nes. ra.  s.
   Deformity.
ILLI'BERAL,  il-lib'ber-al.88 adj. [illib-
   eralis, Latin.]
I. Not noble; not ingenuous.
    The  charity of most men is grown so cold, and
  toeir religion so illiberal.           King Charles.
2. Not munificent; not generous; sparing.
    Yet subsist they did, and well too: an argument
  toat that earth did not deal out their nourishment
  with an oversparing  or illiberal hand.   Woodward.
Illibera'lity, il-lib-ber-raTle-te.  ra.  s.
   [illiberalitas, Lat. from illiberal]
1.  Meanness of mind.
   Parsimony; niggardness; want of muni-
   ficence.
     The illiberality of parents,  in allowance towards
  their children, is an harmful  error, and acquaints
  them with shifts.                        Bacon.
Illiberally,  il-lib'ber-ral-e. adv. [from
   illiberal.] Disingenuously; meanly.
     One  toat had been bountiful only upon surprize
  and incogitancy, Ulwerally retracts. Decay of Piety.
Illi'oit, il-lis'sit.  adj.  [illicitus,  Latin;
   illicite, French.]  Unlawful: as, an illicit
   trade.
 To Illi'ghten,  il-li't'n.103 v. ra.  [in and
   lighten.]  To enlighten; to  illuminate.
    A word, I believe, only in  Raleigh.
     Corporeal light cannot be, because then it would
   not pierce the air, not diaphonous bodies, and vet
   every day we see the  air illightened.      Raleigh.
 Illimitable, il-lnu'me ta-bl. adj. [in and
    limes,  Lat.]  That cannot be bounded
    or limited.
     Although in adoration  of idols,  unto the subtiler 
ILL
ILL
ILL
  heads, toe worship perhaps  might be symbolical;
  yet was the idolatry direct in the people, whose cre-
  dulity is illimitable, and who may  be made believe
  toat any thing is God.                   Brown.
    With what an awful world-revolving power,
  Where first to'  unwieldly planets launched'd along
  The illimitable void!                  Thomson.
Illi'mitably, il-lim'me-ta-b!e adv. [from
   illimitable.]    Without susceptibility of
   bounds.
Illi'mited, 11-lim'mit-ed.  adj.  [in  and
   limes,  Latin; illimite.  French.]  Un-
   bounded;  interminable.
Illi'mitedness,  ll-lim'mlt-ed-nes. ra.  s.
   [from  illimited.]  Exemption from all
   bounds.

    The absoluteness and if fimifedness of his commis-
   sion was generally much spoken of.    Clarendon.
ILLITERATE,  ii-lit'ter-ate.91 adj. [il-
   literatus, Lat.]   Unlettered; uniaught;
   unlearned;  unenlightened  by science.
    The duke was  illiterate, yet had learned at court
   to supply his own defects, by the drawing unto him
   of the best instruments of experience.     Wotton.
    Th' illiterate writer, empirick like, applies
   To minds diseas'd unsafe chance  remedies:
   The learn'd in  schools, where knowledge first began,
   Studies with care th' anatomy of  man;
   Sees virtue,  vice, and passions in  their cause,
   And fame from science, not from  fortune draws.
                                       Dryden.
     In the first ages of Christianity not only the learn-
   ed  and the wise,  but the ignorant and illiterate em-
   braced torments and death.            Tillotson.
 Illi'terateness,  il-lit'ter-at-n£s.  ra.  s.
   [from  illiterate.]  Want of learning; ig-
   norance  of science.
     Many  acquainted with chymistry  but by  report,
   have,  from the  illiterateness and  impostures of
   those that pretend skill in it, entertained an  ill opi-
   nion of the art.                         Boyle.
 Illi'terature, ll-lit'ter-&-ture. ra. s.  [in
   and literature]  Want of  learning. Not
   much  used.
     The more usual  causes of this deprivation are
   want of holy orders, illiterature, or inability for the
   discharge of that sacred function, and irreligion.
                                        Ayliffe.
 I'llness, ll'nes. ra. s. [from ill]
  1. Badness or inconvenience of any  kind,
   natural or  moral.
     He that has his chains knocked off, and the pri-
   son-doors set open,  is perfectly  at liberty,  though
   his preference be determined  to stay, by the iffness
   of the weather.                         Locke.
 2. Sickness;  malady; disorder of health.
     On the Lord's day which immediately  preceded
   his illness, he had received the sacrament,  Atterb.
     Since the account  her  majesty received of  the
   insolent faction,  during her late illness at Windsor,
   she hath been  willing to see them deprived of pow-
   er  to do  mischief.                       Swift.
 3. Wickedness.
                  Thou would be great;
   Art not without ambition; but without
   The iUness should attend it.              Shaksp.
 Illna'ture,  il-na'tshure.461  ra. s.  [ill and
   nature.]  Habitual  malevolence;  want
   of humanity.
     Illnature  inclines  a man to  those actions that
   thwart and sour and disturb conversation, and con-
   sists of a proneness to do ill turns, attended with a
   secret joy upon the sight of any mischief that befals
   another,  and of an utter insensibility of any kind-
   ness done him.                         South
 Illna'tured,  il-na'tshur'd.863  adj. [from
   illnature.]
 1. Habitually malevolent;  wanting  kind-
  ness or good-will; mischievous; desir-
  ous of another's evil.
    These ill qualities denominate a person iffnafured,
  they being such as make him grievous and uneasy
  to all whom he deals and associates himself with.
                                       SourA.
    Stay, silly bird, to' illnatur'd task refuse;
  Nor be the bearer of unwelcome news.    Addison.
    It might be  one of those  illnatured beings who
  are at enmity with mankind, and do therefore take
  pleasure in filling them with groundless terrors.
                                    Atterbury.
2. Philips applies it to land. Untractable;
  not yielding to culture.
          The fondly studious of increase,
  Rich foreign mold on their iffnafured land
  Induce.                              Philips.
Illxa'turedly,   il-na'tshur'd-le.    adv.
  [from  illnatured.]   In  a peevish, fro-
  ward manner.
Illna'tuuedness, ll-na'tshur'd-nes.  ra. s.
  [from illnatured.]   Want  of a kindly
  disposition.
Illo'gical,  ll-16d'je-kal.88 adj.  [in  and
  logical]
I. Ignorant  or negligent of the rules  of
  reasoning.
    One of the dissenters appeared to Dr.  Sanderson
  so bold and illogical in the dispute, as forced him to
  say, he had never met with a man of more pertina-
  cious confidence, and less abilities.       Walton.
2. Contrary  to  the rules of reason.
    Reason cannot dispute and make an inference so
  utterly illogical.                 Decay of Piety.
Illo'gically,  il-lod'je-kal-ie. adv. [from
  illogical.]  In a manner contrary to the
  laws of argument.
 To Illu'de, !l-lude'.  v. a. [illudo,  Lat.]
   To deceive; to  mock; to impose on;  to
   play upon;  to  torment  by some  con-
   temptuous artifice of mockery.
    Sometimes athwart,  sometimes he strook him
         strait,
  And falsied  oft his  blow, t' iffude him with such
         bait.                      Fairy Queen.
    In vain we measure tois amazing sphere,
  While its circumference, scorning to be brought
  Ev'n  into fancy'd space, illudes our vanquish'd
         thought.                         Prior.
 To  Illu'me, 11-lume'.  v.  a.  [illuminer,
   French.]
 I. To enlighten; to illuminate.
    When yon same star, that's  westward from the
         pole,
  Had  made  his course,  t'  illumine  toat part of
         heav'n,
  Where now it burns.                Shakspeare.
 2. To brighten; to adorn.
             The mountain's brow
  Illum'd with fluid gold, his near approach
  Betokens.                           Tliomson.

 To  Tllu'mine, il-lu'min.140  v. a.  [illu-
   miner, Fr.]
 1. To enlighten; to supply with light.
           To confirm his words, out flew
  Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs
  Of mighty cherubims: the sudden blaze
  Far round illumin'd hell.                MUton.
               What in me is dark,
  niumine! what is low, raise and support!  Milton.
 2. To decorate; to adorn.
    To Cato, Virgil paid one honest line;
  0 let my country's friends iffumine mine.    Pope.

 ToILLU'MINATE, il-lu'me-nate.  v. a.
   [illuminer, French;  lumen, Latin.]
 I. To enlighten; to supply with light.
    Do thou vouchsafe, with thy love-kindling  light
  T' illuminate my dim and dulled eyne.    Spenser.
    No painting  can be seen in full perfection, but
  as all nature is iffumina/td by a single light.
                                      Wotton.
              He made the stars,
  And set them in the  firmnment of heav'n,
  T' illuminate the earth and rule the night. Afiffon.
    Reason our guide, what can she more reply
  Than that the sun illuminates the sky;
  Than that night rises from his absent ray,
  And his returning lustre kincWes day?        Prior.
2. To adorn with festal lamps or bonfires.
>. To enlighten intellectually with know-
   ledge or grace.
    Satan had no power to abuse  the  iffuminafed
  world with his impostures.               Sandy.
    When he illuminates  the mind with supernatural
  light, he does not extinguish that which is natural.
                                        Locke.
4. To adorn with pictures or initial letters
   of various colours.
5. To illustrate.
    My health is  insufficient to amplify these re-
  marks,  and  to  illuminate the several pages with
  variety of examples.                      If aifs.
Illumina'tion, il-lu-me-na'shAn.  ra.  s.
   [illuminatio, Lat. illumination, Fr.  from
   illuminate.]
1. The act of supplying with light.
2. That which gives light.
    The sun is but a body illightened, and an illumi-
  nation created.                        Raleigh.
3. Festa; lights hung out as a token of joy.
    Flow'rs are strew'd, and lamps in order plac'd,
  And windows with illuminations grac'd.   Dryden.
4. Brightness; spltndour.
    The illuminaters  of manuscripts borrowed their
  title  from the  illumination which a bright genius
  giveth to his work.                      Fellon.
5. Infusion  of intellectual  light; know-
   ledge of grace.
    Hymns and psalms are such kinds of prayer as are
  not conceived upon a sudden; but framed by medi-
  tation beforehand, or by  prophetical illumination
  are inspired.                          Hooker.
    We have forms of prayer imploring God's aid
  and blessing for the iffuminafton of our labours, and
  toe turning them into good and holy uses.  Bacon.
    No holy passion, no illumination, no inspiration,
  can be now a sufficient commission to wairant those
  attempts  which contradict  the  common rules of
  peace.                                 Sprat.
Illu'minative, il-lu'me-na-tiv. adj.  [itlu-
   minatif, Fr.  from  illuminate]  Having
   the power  to give light.
    What makes itself and other things be seen, being
  accompanied by light, is called fire: what admits
  the illuminative action of fire,  and is not seen, is
  called air.                    Digby on  Bodies.
lLLUMiNA'TOR,il-lu'me-na-tur. ra. *. [from
   illuminate.]
 1.  One  who gives light.
2.  One  whose  business it  is to  decorate
   books with pictures at the beginning of
   chapters.
    Illuminators of manuscripts borrowed toeir title
   from the illumination which a bright  genius giveth
   to his work.                            Fellon.
Illu'sion, il-lu'zhiin.4S1 ra. s. [illusio, Lat.
    illusion,  Fr]   Mockery;  false   show;
   counterfeit  appearance; errour.
    That, distill'd by  magick slights,
   Shall raise such artificial sprights,
   As, by the strength  of toeir illusion,
   Shall draw him on to his confusion.       Shaksp.
    There wanted not some  about him  that would
   have persuaded him that all was but an illusion.
                                        Bacon.
               So oft they fell 
ILL
IMA
IMA
  Into the same iffusion; not as man
  Whom they triuniph'd, once laps'd.        Afiffon.
    An excuse for uncharitableness, drawn from pre-
  tended inability,  is of all others the most general
  and prevailing iffusions.              Atterbury.
    Many are  the  illusions by which the enemy en-
  deavours  to  cheat men into security,  and defeat
  their salvation.                          Rogers.
    To dream  once more I close my willing eyes;
  Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise!        Pope.
    We must use some illusion to render a pastoral
  delightful; and  this consists in exposing  the best
  side only  of a shepherd's life, and in concealing its
  miseries.                                Pope.
Illu'sive, il-lu'slv.168 *2a  adj.  [from illu-
   sus, Lat.]  Deceiving by false show.
    The heathen bards, who idle fables drest,
  Illusive dreams in mystick forms exprest.  Blackm,
               While the fond soul,
  Wrapt in gay visions of unreal bliss,
  Still paints th' illusive form.            Thomson.
Illu'sory, ii-lu'sur-e.439 612  adj. [from in
   and  lusorius,  Latin; illusoire, French.]
   Deceiving;  fraudulent.
    Subtilty, in those who make profession to teach
  or defend truth, hath passed for a  virtue: a virtue
  indeed, which, consisting for the most part in no-
  thing but the fallacious and illusory use of obscure
  or deceitful terms, is on'y fit  to make men more
  conceited in their ignorance.               Locke.
To  ILLU'S IRATE,  il-lus'trate."  v.  ra.
   [illustro, Lat. illustrer,  Fr.]
1. To brighten with liglit.
2. To brighten  with  honour.
    Matter to me of glory! whom their hate
  Illustrates, when they see all regal pow'r
  Giv'n to me to quell  toeir pride.         Milton.
    Thee she enroll'd her garter'd knights among.
  Illustrating the noble list.               Philips,
3. To  explain; to clear,  to elucidate.
    Authors take  up  popular conceits, and from tra-
  dition unjustifiable, or false, illustrate matters of un-
  deniable truth.                          Brown.
Illustra'tion, il-lus'tra'shiln. ra. s. [illus-
   tration, Fr.  from illustrate.]   Explana-
   tion; elucidation; exposition.   It is sel-
   dom used in  its  original signification
   for material brightness.
    Whoever looks about  him will  find many living
  illustrations of this emblem.          L'Estrange.
    Space and duration, being ideas that have some-
  thing very abstruse and peculiar in their nature, the
  comparing them one  with another may  perhaps be
  of use for their illustration.               Locke.
Illu'strative, il-liis'tra-tiv.  adj.  [from
   illustrate]  Having the quality  of elu-
   cidating or clearing.
    They play  much upon the simile,  or  illustrative
  argumentation,  to  induce toeir enthymemes unto
  the people.                            Brown.
Illustratively,   il-lus'tra-tiv-le.  adv.
   [from illustrative] By way of explana-
   tion.
    Things are many times delivered hieroglyphically,
  metaphorically, illustratively, and not with reference
  to action.                             Brown.
ILLU'STRIOUS,   il-lus'tre-us.314   adj.
   [illustris,  Latin;  illustre, French.]  Con-
   spicuous; noble; eminent for excellence.
    In other languages the most illustrious titles are
  derived from  things sacred.               South.
    Of ev'ry uation, each illustrious name,
  Such toys as those have cheated into fame. Dryden.
Illustriously,     il-liis'tre-us-le.    adv.
   [from illustrious.]   Conspicuously; no-
   bly; eminently.
    He disdained not to appear at festival entertain-
  ments, that he might more illustriously manifest his
  charity.                             Atterbury,
    You carrying with you all the world can boast,
  To all the world illustriously are lost.       Pope.
Illu'striou^ness,  il-lus'tre-ds-nes.  ra. s.
   [from illustrious.]  Eminence;  nobility;
   grandeur.
I'm, ime. Contracted from I am.
Im, im. is used commonly, in composition,
   for in  before mute  letters. What  is  im
   in  Latin, when it is  not negative, is
   often em  in French; and our  writers, as
   the Latin or French  occurs  to  their
   minds, use im or  em: formerly  im was
   more common, and now  em seems to
   prevail.

I'MAGE, im'mldje.90  ra. s. [image,  Fr.
   imago, Lat.]
1. Any corporeal  representation,  general-
   ly used of statues;  a statue; a picture.
    Whose is this image and  superscription?   Afaff.
    The one is too like an image, and says nothing;
  and the other too like my lady's oldest  son, ever-
  more talking.                          Shaksp.
                 Thy brother I,
  Even like a stony image, cold and numb.   Shaksp.
    The image of a deity  may be a proper object for
  toat which is but the image  oi a religion.    South.
    Still must 1 be upbraided with your line;
  But your late brother did not prize me less,
  Because I could not boast of images.      Dryden.
2. An idol;  a faise god.
    Manasseh set the carved image in  God's house.
                                    Chronicles.
3. A copy;  representation; likeness.
              Long may'st  thou live,
  To bear his image and renew his glories!  Shaksp.
    I have bewept a worthy husband's death,
  And liv'd by looking on his  images:
  But now two mirrours of his princely  semblance
  Are crack'd in pieces by malignant death.  Shaksp.
    He made us to his image  all agree:
  That image  is the soul, and  that must be,
  Or not the maker's image, or be free.     Dryden.
4. Semblance; show;  appearance.
    Deny  to speak with me? They 're sick, toey 're
        weary,
  They have travell'd all night! Mere fetches,
  The images  of revolt.                   Shaksp.
    This  is the man should do the bloody deed:
  The image of a wicked heinous fault
  Lives in his eye.                       Shaksp.
    The face  of things a frightful image bears,
  And present death in various forms appears. Dryd.
5. An idea; a  representation  of any  thing
   to  the mind; a  picture  drawn in  the
   fancy.
              The image of toe jest,
  I'll shew you here at large.               Shaksp.
    Outcasts of mortal race! can we conceive
  Image of aught delightful, soft, or great?    Prior.
    When we speak of a figure of a thousand  angles,
  we may have a clear idea of the number one thou-
  sand angles; but the image, or sensible  idea,  we
  cannot distinguish by fancy from toe  image of a
  figure that has nine hundred angles.        Watts.
To  I'mage, im'mldje.   v.   a.  [from  the
   noun.]    To copy  by  the fancy; to ima-
   gine.
    How are  immaterial substances to  be imaged,
  which are such tilings whereof we can have no no-
  tion?                                Diyden.
              Image to toy mind,
  How our forefathers to the Stygian shades
  Went quick.                          Philips.
    His ear oft frighted with  the imag'd voice
  Of heav'n, when first it thunder'd.         Prior.
    Fate some future bard shall join,
  In sad similitude of griefs-to mine,
  Condem'd whole years in absence to  deplore,
  And image charms he must behold no more. Pope.
                    6h2
I'magery, im'mid-jer-re.  ra. *.  [from in-.
   age.]
1. Sensible representations; pictures;  sta-
   tues.
          Of marble stone was cut
  An altar carv'd with cunning imagery.   F. Queen.
    When in those oratories might you see
  Rich carvings portraitures, and imagery,
  Where every figure to toe life express'd
  The godhead's pow'r.                   Dryden.
    Your gift shall two large goblets be
  Of silver, wrought with curious imagery,
  And high emboss'd.                     Dryden.
2. Show; appearance.
    Things of the world fill the imaginative part wito
  beauties and fantastick imagery.           Taylor.
    What can thy image)y of sorrow mean?
  Secluded from the world, and all its care,
  Hast thou to grieve or joy, to hope or fear?  Prior.
    All the  visionary beauties  of the prospect, the
  paint and imagery that attracted  our  senses, fade
  and disappear.                         Rogers.
3. Forms of the fancy; false ideas: ima-
   ginary phantasms.
    It might be a mere dream which he saw; the
  imagery of a melancholick fancy, such as musing.
  men mistake for a reality.             Atterbury.
4. Representations in  writing;   such  de-
   scriptions  as force the image  of  the
   thing described upon the mind.
    1 wish there may be in this  poem any instance of
  good imagery.                          Diyden.
Ima'ginable,  e-mad'jin-a-bl.  adj.  [ima-
   ginable, French, from imagine.]  Possi-
   ble to be conceived.
    It is not imaginable that men will be brought to
  obey what they  cannot esteem.            South.
    Men, sunk into the greatest darkness imaginable,
  retain some sense and awe of a Deity.    Tillotson.
Ima'ginant,  e-mad'jin-ant.  adj.  [imagi-
   nant,  French.]    Imagining;  forming
   ideas.
    We will enquire what the force of imagination is,
  either upon toe body imaginant, or upon another
  body-                                  Bacon.
Ima'ginary,  e-mad'jin-ar-e.  adj.  [imagi-
   naire,  French, from imagine.]   Fancied;
   visionary; existing  only in  the imagina-
   tion.
            False sorrow's eye,
  Which, for things true, weeps things imaginary.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Expectation whirls me round:
  Th' imaginary relish is so sweet,
  That it enchants my sense.            Shakspeare.
    Fortune is nothing else but a power imaginary,
  to which the successes of human actions and endea-
  vours were for their variety ascribed.     Raleigh.
    Why wilt thou add, to  all the griefs I suffer,
  Imaginary  ills and fancied tortures?      Addison.

Imagination,  e-niad-jin-a'shiln.   ra.  s.
   [imaginatio, Latin; imagination, French;
   from imagine.]
I. Fancy; the  power of forming  ideal pic-
   tures;  the power of representing things
   absent to one's self or  others.
    Imagination I understand to be the representa-
  tion  of an individual thought.  Imagination is of
  three kinds: joined  with belief of that which  is to
  come; joined with memory of that which is past; and
  of things present,  or as if they were present: for I
  comprehend in this imagination feigned and at plea-
  sure, as if one  should imagine such a man to be in
  the vestments of a pope, or to have wings.  Bacon.
    Our simple  apprehension of corporal objects, if
  present, is sense; if absent, imagination: when we
  would perceive  a material object,  our  fancies pre-
  sent us wito its  idea.                   Glanville.
    0 whither shall I run, or which way fly 
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  l tie sight of this so horrid spectacle,
  Which erst my eyes beheld, and yet behold!
  For dire imagination still pursues me.     Milton.
    Where beams of warm imagination play;
  The memory's soft figures melt away.       Pope.
2. Conception; image in the  mind; idea.
    Sometimes despair darkens all her imaginations;
  sometimes  the  active  passion of love cheers and
  clears her invention.                    Sidney.
    Princes have but their titles for  their glories,
  An outward honour for an inward toil;
  And, for unfelt imaginations,
  They often feel a  world of restless cares.  Shaksp.
             Better I were distract,
  So should my thoughts be sever'd from my griefs;
  And woes,  by wrong imaginations, lose
  The knowledge of themselves.           Shaksp.
    His imaginations were often as  just as they were
  bold and strong.                       Dennis.
3. Contrivance;  scheme.
    Thou  hast seen all their vengeance,  and all their
  imaginations against me.          Lamenfafions.
4. An unsolid or  fanciful opinion.
     We are apt to think that space, in  itself, is ac-
   tually boundless;  to which imagination, the idea of
   space, of itself, leads us.                  Locke.
Imaginative,   e-mad'jin-a-tiv.612   adj.
   [imaginatif, Fr. from imagine.] Fantas-
   tic; full of imagination.
     Witches are imaginative, and believe oft times
   they do  that which they do not.           Bacon.
     Lay fetters  and restraints upon the imaginative
   and fantastick part, because our fancy is usually
   pleased  with  the entertainment  of shadows and
   gauds.              Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
 To  IMA'GINE, e-mad'jin.140 v. a. [ima-
   giner, French;  imaginor, Latin.]
 1. To fancy; to  paint in the mind.
     Look  what notes and garments  he doth give thee,
   Bring them, I pray thee, with imagin'd speed.
                                    Shakspeare.
           Present fears
   Are less than horrible imaginings.     Shakspeare.
     What are our ideas of eternity and immensity but
   the repeated additions of certain ideas of imagined
   parts of duration and expansion, with the infinity of
   number, in which we can come to no end of addi-
   tion?                                  Locke.
 2 To scheme;  to contrive.
     They intended evil against thee, they imagined a
   mischievous device.                    Psalms.
 Ima'giner, e-mad'jin-ur.98 ra. s. [from ima-
   gine.]   One  who forms ideas.
     The juggler took upon him to know that such an
   one should point in such a place of a garter that was
   held up; and still he did it, by first telling toe ima-
   giner, and after bidding the actor think.    Bacon.
 Imbe'cile, im-bes'sil. or im-be-seel'.140 112
   adj. [imbecilis, Latin; imbecillc, French.]
   Weak;  feeble; wanting strength of ei-
   ther mind or body.
 To  Imbe'cile, im-bes'sil. v. a.  [from the
   adjective.  This word  is corruptly writ-
   ten embezzle.]  To weaken a  stock or
   fortune by clandestine expenses or un-
   just appropriations.
     Princes must in a special manner be guardians of
   pupils and widows, not suffering their persons  to be
   oppressed, or toeir states imbeciled.        Taylor.
 Imbeci'lity, im-be-sil'le-te.  ra. s.  [imbe-
   cillitie, French.]  Weakness;  feebleness
   of mind or body.
     A weak and imperfect rule argueth imoecifift/ and
   imperfection.                         Hooker.
     No imbecUUy of means can prejudice toe truth of
   toe promise of God herein.             Hooker.
     We that  are strong  must bear toe imbecility of
   the impotent, and not please ourselves.    Hooker.
     That  way we are contented to  prove, which, be-
   ing toe  worse in itself, is notwithstanding now, by
 reason of common imbecility, toe fitter and likelier
 to be brooked.                         Hooker.
    Strength would be lord of imbecility,
 And toe rude son would strike his father dead.
                                   S/iafcspeare.
    Imbecility, for sex and age, was such as toey could
 not lift up a hand against them.     King Charles.
    When man was fallen, and had abandoned his
 primitive  innocence, a strange  imbecility immedi-
 ately seized and laid hold of him.      Woodward.
To IMBl'BE,  itn-bibe'. v. a. [imbibo, Ldt.
  imbiber, French.]
1.  To  drink in; to  draw in.
    A pot of ashes will receive more hot water than
  cold, forasmuch as toe warm water imbibeth more
  of the salt.                            Brown.
    The torrent merciless imbibes
  Commissions, perquisites, and bribes.       Swift.
            Illumin'd wide,
  The dewy-skirted  clouds  imbUre toe sun.  Thomson.
2. To admit into the mind.
    Those, that have imbibed this error, have extend-
  ed the influence of this belief to the whole  gospel,
  which they will not  allow to contain any thing but
  promises.                          Hammond.
    It is not easy for the mind to put off those con-
  fused notions and prejudices it has imbibed from cus-
  tom.                                   Locke.
    Conversation with foreigners enlarges our minds,
  and sets thp«n  free  from manj- prejudices we are
  ready to imbibe concerning them.           Watts.
3. To  drencii; to saturate; to soak.   This
   sense,  though unusual,  perhaps unex-
   ampled, is necessary in English, unless
   the  word imbue be adopted, which our
   writers seem  not willing to receive.
    Metals, coreoded wito a little acid, turn into rust,
  which is an earth  tasteless and indissolvable in wa-
  ter; and this earth, imbibed with more acid, becomes
  a metalick salt.                       JVetofon.
Imbi'ber, im-bi'bur.98 n.s.  [from imbibe]
   That which drinks or sucks.
    Salts are strong imbibers of sulphureous streams.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Imbibi'tion, Im-be-bish'tin. ra. a.  [imbibi-
   tion, Fr. from imbibe. ] The act  of suck-
   ing or drinking in.
    Most powders grow more coherent by mixture of
  water than of oil:  the reason is the congruity of bo-
  dies,  which maketh a perfecter imbibition and incor-
  poration.                               Bacon
    Heat and cold have a virtual  transition, without
  communication  of substance, but in moisture not;
  and to all madefaction toere is required an  imbibi-
  tion.                                   Bacon.
    A drop of oil, let fall  upon a sheet of white pa-
  per, that part of it, which, by the imbwition of the
  liquor, acquires a  greater continuity and some trans-
  parency,  will  appear  much darker  than the rest:
  many of the incident beams of light being now trans-
  mitted, that otherwise would be reflected.    Boyle.
To Imbi'tter,  im-bit'tur.98  v. a.  [from
   bitter/]
I. To make bitter.
2. To  deprive of pleasure; to make un-
   happy.
    Let them extinguish their passions which hnbitter
  their lives,  and deprive  them of their share in the
  happiness of the community.            Addison.
    Is  there any thing toat more imbUters the  enjoy-
  ments of this life  than shame?              South.
3. To exasperate.

To Imbo'dy, im-bod'de. v. a. [from body.]
1. To condense to a body.
2. To invest with  matter;  to make  corpo-
   real.
           An opening cloud reveals
  An heavenly form imbody'd, and array'd
  With robes of light.                    Dryden.
    Though assiduity in the most fixed cogitation be
  no trouble to iimnaterializcd spirits, yet is it more
  than our imbodied souls can bear without  lassitude.
                             Gfanriffe's Scepsis.
3. To bring  together  into  one  mass  or
   company; to incorporate.
    I by vow am so imbodied yours,
  That she which marries you, must marry me. SAaifc.
    Never since created, man
  Met such imbodied force, as nam'd with these,
  Could merit more than that small infantry,
  Warr'd on by cranes.      Milton's Paradise Lost.
    Lnder their head imbody'd all in one.   MUton.
    Then Clausus came, who led a numerous band
  Of troops imbodied, from the Sabine land.  Dryden.
4. To enclose,   improper.
    In those strata we shall meet with the  same me-
  tal or mineral imbodied in stone,  or lodged in coal,
  that elsewhere we found in marie.     Woodward.
To Imbo'dy, im-bod'cie. v. ra.  To  unite in-
   to one mass; to coalesce.
    The soul grows clotted by contagion,
  Imbodies and imbrutes, 'till she quite lose
  The divine property of her first being.     Milton.
    The idea of white, which snow yielded yestt rday,
  and another idea of white from another snow to-day,
  put together in your mind, imbody and run into one.
                                        Locke.
To Imbo'il, im-boil'. v. ra. [from boil.] To
   exestuate;  to effervesce;  to move with
   violent agitation like  hot liquor in a cal-
   dron.   Not  in use.
    With whose reproach and odious menace,
  The knight imboiling in his haughty heart,
    Knit all his forces, and  'gan soon unbrace
  His grasping hold.                 Fairy Queen.
To Imbo'lden, im-bol'd'n.103  v. a. [from
   bold.]    To  raise to confidence; to en-
   courage.
            'Tis necessary he should die:
  Nothing iwioofcfens sin so much as mercy.   Shaksp.
    I think myself in better  plight for a lender than
  you are,  the which  hath something  imboldened  me
  to this unseasoned intrusion.             Shaksp.
    I was the more imboldened, because I found I had
  a soul congenial  to his.                 Dryden.
    Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his way;
  Imbolden'd by despair, he stood at bay.     Dryden.
    Their  virtues and superior genius inboldened
  tliem, in great exigencies of state, to attempt the
  service of their prince and country out of the com-
  mon forms.                             Swift.
To Imbo som, im-b66'zum.169 v. a. [from
   bosom.]
1. To hold on the bosom; to cover fondly
   with the folds  of one's garment; to hide
   under any  cover.
             The Father infinite
  By whom in bliss imbosom'd sat the Son.   Milton.
    Villages imbosom'd soft in trees,
  And spiry towns by surging columns mark'd.
                                      Thomson.
2.  To admit to the  heart, or to affection.
    But glad desire, his late imbosom'd guest,
  Yet but a babe,  with milk of sight he nurst. Sidney.
    Who glad t' imbosom his affection vile,
  Did all she might, more plainly to appear.   F. Q.
 To Imbo'und, im-udtind'.312  v.a.   [from
   bound.]  To enclose; to shut in.
                 That sweet breath,
  Which was imbounded in  this beauteous clay.  %
                                    Shakspeare.
 To Imbo'w, im-boi'.323 v. a. [from bow.]
    To arch; to vault.
    Prince Arthur gave a box of diamond sure,
   Imbowed with gold and gorgeous ornament.  F. Q.
    Imbowed windows be pretty  retiring  places for
   conference; they keep both the wind and sun off.
                                        Bacon.
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  To walk Ihe studious cloister's pale,
  And love toe high imboioed roof,
  With antick pillar massy proof.          Milton.
 To Imbo'wer, im-bo&'ur 322  v. a.  [irom
   bower.]  To cover with a bower; to  shei
   ter with trees.
    And stooping thence to Ham's imbowering walks,
  In spotless peace  retired.               Thomson.
 Imbo'wment, Im-bdti'ment.  ra. s.  [from
   imbow.]   Arch;  vault.
    The roof all open, not so much as any im&oicmenf
  near any of the walls left.               Bacon.
 To Imbra'ngle, im-brang'gl. v. a. To en-
   tangle. A  low  word.
          With subtie cobweb cheats
  They 're catch'd  in knotted law,  like nets;
  In which, when once they are imbrangled,
  The more they stir, the more they 're  tangled.
                                    Hudibras.

 I'mbricated, im'bre-ka-ted.  adj.  [from
   imbrex,  Lat.]  Indented  with  concavi-
   ties; bent  and hollowed  like a roof or
   gutter-tile.
 Imbrica'tion, im-bre-ka'shun.  ra.  s.  [im-
   brex, Lat.J   Concave indenture.
    All is guarded with a well-made tegument,  adorn-
  ed with neat imbrications, and many other fineries.
                                     Derham.
 To Imbro'wn,  lm-brdu.n'..  v. a.  [from
   brown]   To make  brown;  to  darken;
   to obscure; to cloud.
    Where the  morning sun first warmly smote
  The open field, and where the unpierc'd shade
  Imbrown'd the noontide bow'rs.          Milton.
    The foot grows black that was with dirt imbroivn'd,
  And in thy pocket gingling halfpence sound.  Gay.
    Another age shall see the golden ear
  Imbrown the slope, and nod on the parterre-  Pope.
    Imbrown'd with native  bronze, lo! Heniy stands.
                                        Pope.
 To Imbru'e, lm-br66'.339 v.  a. [from in and
   brue.]
 1. To steep; to soak; to wet much or  long.
   This  seems  indifferently written  with
   im or em.  1 have sustained both modes
   of writing.                              ,
    Thou mad'st many hearts to bleed
  Of mighty victors, wito wide wounds embru'd,
  And by thy cruel darts to thee subdu'd.   Spenser.
    There streams a spring of blood so fast
  From those deep  wounds, as all embru'd the face
  Of that accursed  caitiff.       Daniel's Civil War.
    The merciless  Turks, embrued with the christian
  blood, were weary of slaughter, and began greedily
  to seek after the spoil.          Knolle's History.
    At me, as at a mark, his bow he  drew,
  Whose arrows in my blood their  wings imbrue.
                                      Sandys.
          Lucius pities the offenders,
  That would embrue their hands in Cato's blood.
                                     Addison.
    Lo! these hands in murder are imbru'd,
  Tho^e trembling feet by justice are  pursu'd.  Prior.
    There, where two ways in equal parts divide,
  The direful monster from afar descry'd
  Two bleeding  babes depending at her  side;
  Whose panting vitals, warm with life, she draws,
  And in their hearts embrnes her cruel claws.  Pope.
    His virgin sword ASgysthus' veins imbru'd;
  The murd'rer fell, and blood aton'd for blood.
                                        Pope.
    A good man chooses rather to pass by a verbal
  injury than imbrue his hands in blood.    Clarissa.
2. To p'-ur; to emit moistu'e.  Obsolete.
    Some bathed kisses, and did oft embrue
  The sugar'd liquor through his melting lips.   F. Q.
To  Imbciu'te, im-br66t'.339  v. a. [from
  brute.]   To degrade to brutality.
             I, who erst contended
   With gods to sit the highest, am now constrain'd
   Into a beast; and mix wito bestial slime,
   This essence to incarnate and imbrute.    Milton.
 To  Imbku'te, im-broot'.  v.  n.  To sink
   down to  brutality.
     The soul  grows clotted by contagion,
   Imbodies and imbrutes, 'till she quite lose
   The divine property of her first being.     Afiffon.
 7,olMBu'E,im-bu'.335z'.a. [imbuo,Lat. This
   word,  which seems  wanting in our lan-
   guage, has been proposed  by  several
   writers, but not yet adopted by the rest.
   Imbu, French, the  participial  adj.  is
   only used.]   To tincture  deep; to im-
   bibe or soak with any liquor or die.
     I would render this treatise intelligible to every
  rational man,  however little versed  in scbolastick
  learning, among whom I expect it will have a fairer
  passage, than  among those that are  deeply imbued
  with other principles.                   Digby.
     Clothes which have once been  thoroughly imbued
  with black, cannot well afterwards be dyed into
  lighter colour.                         Boyle.
     Where the mineral matter is great, so as to take
  the eye, the body  appears imouecf  and  tinctured
  with the colour.                    Woodward.
 To  Imbu'rse, lm-biirse'. v. a.  [bourse,
   French.] To stock with  money.    This
   should  be  emburse, from  embourser,
   French.
 Imitabi'lity, Im-e-ta-bil'e-te. ra. s.  [imi-
   tabilitas,  Latin.]  The  quality of being
   imitable.
     According to the multifariousness  of this imitabi-
  lity, so are the possibilities of being.      Norris.
 I'mitable,  im'e-ta-bl.40e adj.  [imitabilis,
   Lat. imitable, French.]
 I. Worthy to be imitated; deserving to be
   copied.
     How could toe most base men, and separate from
  all imitable qualities, attain to honour but by an ob-
  servant slavish course?                 Raleigh.
     As  acts of parliament are not regarded by most
  imUable writers, I account the relation of them  im-
  proper for history.                   Hayward.
 2. Possible  to be  imitated; within reach of
   imitation.
     The characters of men placed  in  lower stations
  of life, are more useful, as being  imitable by greater
  numbers.                           Atterbury.
 To  1'mitate,  im'e-tate.91  v.  a.  [imitor,
   Latin; imiter, French.]
 I. To copy; to endeavour to resemble.
     We imitate and practise to make swifter motions
  than any out of your muskets.            Bacon.
     Despise wealth, and imitate a god.      Cowley.
    I would caress some stableman of note,
  And imitate his language and his coat.  Man of Taste.
2. To counterfeit.
     This hand appear'd a shining sword to wield,
  And that sustain'd an imitated shield.    Dryden.
3. To pursue the  course of a composition,
   so as to use parallel images and exam-
   ples.
    For shame! what, imitate an ode!         Gay.
Imita'tion, im-me-ta'shun.  ra.  s. [imitatio,
   Latin; imitation, French.]
 I. The act of copying; attempt to resem-
  ble.
2. That which is offered as  a copy.
    Since a  true knowledge of nature  gives us plea-
  sure, a lively imitation of it,  either"in poetry  or
  painting, must produce a  much  greater; for both
  these arts are not only true imitafiojis of nature,  but
  of tbe best nature.                    Dryden.
 3. A method of translating looser than pa-
   raphrase, in which  modern examples
   and illustrations are used for ancient, or
   domestick for foreign.
    In the way of imitation, the translator not only
  varies from the words and sense, but forsakes them
  as he sees occasion; and, taking only some general
  bints from the original, runs division upon the ground-
  work.                                Dryden,
Fmitative, im'e-ta-tiv.8ia adj.  [imitati-
  vus, Latin.]
 1. Inclined to copy: as, man  is an imita-
   tive being.
2. Aiming at resemblance: as, painting is
  an  imitative art.
3. Formed after some original.
    This temple, less in form, with equal grace,
  Was imifafice of toe first in Thrace.       Dryden.
Imita'tor, im'e-ta-tur.JS  ra. s. [Latin; imi-
  tateur, Fr.]  One that copies  another;
  one that endeavours to resemble another.
    Imitators are but a servile kind of cattle, says the
  poet.                               Dryden.
Imma'culate, im-mak'ku-late.91 adj. [im-
  maculatus, Latin; immacule, French.]
1. Spotless;  pure;  undtfiled.
   To keep this commandment immaculate and blame-
  less, was to teach the gospel of Christ.     Hooker.
    His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles;
  His  love sincere, his thoughts immaculate. Shaksp.
    The king,  whom catholicks count a saint-like and
  immaculate prince, was taken away in the flower of
  his age.                              Bacon.
          Were but my soul as pure
  From other guilts as that, Heav'n did not hold
  One more imwiacufafe.         Denham's Sophy.
2. Pure; limpid.
    Thou clear, immaculate, and silver fountain,
  From whence this stream, through muddy passages,
  Hath had his current and defil'd himself.   Shaksp.
To Imma'nacle,  im-man'na-kl.40a  v. a.
  [from manacle.]  To fetter; to confine.
    Thou can'st not touch the freedom of my mind
  Wito all thy charms, although this corporal rind
  Thou hast immanacled.                 Milton.
Imma'ne, im-mane'. adj. [immanis, Lat.]
  Vast;  prodigiously great.
I'mmanent, im'ma-nent. adj.  [immanent,
  French;  in and maneo, Latin.]   Intrin-
  sick;  inherent;  internal.
    Judging the infinite essence by our narrow selves,
  we ascribe intellections, volitions, and such likeim-
  manent  actions, to that nature which hath nothing
  in common with us.                 Glanville.
    What he wills and intends once,  he willed and
  intended from all eternity;  it being grossly contra-
  ry to the very first notions we have of the infinite
  perfections of the Divine Nature to state or suppose
  any  new immanent act in God.           South.

Imma'nifest, im-man'ne-fest. adj.  [in tnd
  manifest.]   Not  manifest,  not  plain.
  Not in use.
    A time not much unlike that which was before
  time, immanifest and  unknown.           Brown.

Imma'nity, im-ma*n'ne-te. ra. s. [immanitas,
  Latin.]   Barbarity; savageness.
          It was both impious and unnatural,
  That such immanUy and bloody strife
  Should reign among professors of one faith. Shake,

Immarce'ssible,  im-mar-ses'se-bl.  adj.
  [in and marcesco, Latin.]   Unfading.
                                      Diet,
Imma'rtial,  im-mar'shal.88  adj.  [in and
  martial/]    Not warlike.
            My pow'rs are unfit,
  Myself immartial.           Cliapman's Odyssey 
I MM
IMM
IMM
To Imma'sr, im-mask'. v.a. [in and mask.] I3- Hasty; early;  come to pass before the
  To cover; to disguise.
    I have cases of buckram for the nonce, to immask
  our noted outward garments.             Shaksp.
Immate'rial, im-ma-te're-al. adj. [imma-
  tericl, French;  in and materia, Latin.]
1. Incorporeal; distinct from matter; void
  of matter.
    Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual,
  the glorious  inhabitants of those sacred palaces,
  where there is  nothing  but light and immortality;
  no shadow of matter for  tears, discontentments,
  griefs, and uncomfortable passions to work upon;
  but all joy,  tranquillity, and peace, even for ever
  and ever, do dwell.                    Hooker.
     As then the soul  a substance hath alone,
  Besides the body, in which she is confin'd;
     So hath she not a body of  her own,
  But is a spirit, and  immaterial mind.       Davies.
     Those immaferiaf felicities we expect, suggest the
  necessity of preparing our appetites, without which
  heaven can  be no heaven to us.    Decay of Piety.
     No man that owns toe existence of an infinite
  spirit can doubt of the possibility of a finite spirit;
  that is, such a thing as is immaferiaf, and does not
  contain  any principle of corruption.     Tillotson.
 2.  Unimportant;  without weight; imper-
   tinent; without relation. This sense has
    crept into the  conversation and writings
    of  barbarians; but ought to be utterly
    rejected.
 Immatebia'lity, Im-ma-te-re-al'e-te.ra. *.
    [from immaterial]   Incorporicty; dis-
    tinctness from body or matter.
     WTien we know cogitation is  toe prime attribute
   of a spirit; we infer its immaferiufifi/, and thence its
   immortality.                           rFaffs.
 Immaterially, im-ma-te're-al-e.   adv.
    [from immaterial.]   In a manner not
    depending upon matter.
     The  visible species of things strike not our senses
   immaterially;  but streaming in corporal rays do
   carry  with toem  the  qualities of the  object from
   whence they flow, and the medium through which
    they pass.              Browns Vulgar Errours.
  Immate'rialized, im-ma-te're-al-iz'd.369
    adj.  [from in and materia, Latin.] Dis-
    tinct from matter; incorporeal.
     Though assiduity in  toe most fixed cogitation be
    no trouble to  immaterialized spirits, yet is it more
    than our embodied souls can bear without lassitude.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
  1mm tb'rialness,im-ma-te're-al-nes. ra. s.
     [from immaterial.]   Distinctness  from
     matter.
  Immate'riate,  im-ma-te're-ate.91 adj.  [in
     and materia, Latin.]   Not consisting of
     matter;  incorporeal;  wanting  body.
      It is a virtue which may be called incorporeal
    and immaferiofe, whereof there be in nature but
    few.                                 Bacon.
      After a long enquiry of things immerse in matter,
    I interpose some object which is immaferiaf e, or less
    materiate;  such as this of sounds.        Bacon.
  IMMATU'RE, im-ma-ture'. adj. [imma-
     turus, Latin.]
  1. Not ripe.
  2. Not perfect; not arrived at fulness  or
     completion.
      The land enterprize of Panama was an ill mea-
    sured and immature counsel, grounded upon a false
    account, toat the passages were no better fortified
    than Drake had left them.              Bacon.
      This is your time for faction and debate,
    For partial favour, and permitted hate:
    Let now your immature dissention cease,
    sit quiet.                            Dmden-
  natural time
    We are pleased, and call not that death immature,
  if a man lives 'till seventy.              Taylor.

Immatu'rely, im-ma-ture'le. adv. [from
  immature.]   Too  soon; too  early; be-
  fore ripeness or completion.
Immatu'reness, im-ina ture'nes. 7 ra.   s.
Immatu'rity, im-ma-tu're-te.    ) [from
  immature.]   Unripeness;  incomplete-
  ness;  a state short of completion.
    I might reasonably expect a pardon from the in-
  genuous for faults committed in  an immaturity of
  age and judgment.                   Gfanriffe.
Immeabi lity, im-me-a-bil'e-ie. n.s. [im-
  meabilu,  Latin.]   Want  of  power to
  pass.   So  it  is  used  in  the  example;
  but it is rather, incapability  of afford-
   ing passage.
     From this phlegm proceed white cold tumours,
  viscidity, and consequently immeability of the juices.
                                   Arbuthnot.
Immeasurable,  im-mezh'u-ra-bl.   udj.
   [in and measure.]   Immense; not to be
   measured; indefinitely extensive.
     Churches reared up  to an height  immeasurable,
  and adorned with far more beauty in their restora-
  tion than their founders before had given them.
                                     Hooker.
                 From the shore
  They view'd  the vast immeasurable abyss,
  Outrageous as a  sea, dark, wasteful, wild. Jtfiffon.
     Immeasurable  strength they might  behold
   In me, of wisdom nothing more than mean. MUton.
     What a glorious show are those beings entertain-
   ed with, that can see such tremendous objects wan-
   dering through those immeasuraofe depths of ether!
                           Addison's Guardian.
     Nor friends are there, nor vessels to convey,
   Nor oars to cut to' immeasuraofe way.     Pope.

 Immea'surably,  im-mezh'u-ra-ble. adv.
    [from immeasurable.]  Immensely; be-
    yond all measure.
     The Spaniards immeasurably bewail toeir dead.
                                      Spenser.
           There ye shall be fed, and fill'd
   Immeasurably; all things shall be your prey.  Milton.
 Immecha'nical,  im-me-ka.n'nr-kal.  adj.
    [in and mechanical.]   Not according to
    the laws of  mechanicks.
     We have  nothing to do to show any thing that
   is immechanical, or not according to toe established
   laws of nature.                        Cheyne.
     Nothing will clear a head possessed with wnme-
   clianical notions.                       Mead.
  Imme'diacy, im-me'de-a-se or Im-me'je-
    a-se. ra. s.  [from immediate.]   Personal
    greatness;  power of acting without de-
    pendance.   This  is a harsh word, and
    sense peculiar,I believe, to Shakspeare.
              He led our pow'rs,
    Bore the commission of my place and person,
    The which immediacy may well stand up,
    And call itself your brother.          King Lear.
  Immediate, im-me'de-at.91393 S94 3™ adj.
    [immediat, French; in and medius, Lat.]
     Being in such a state with respect to
     something else as that there is nothing
     between them; proximate; with nothing
     intervening.
     Moses mentions the immediate causes of the de-
    luge, the rains and the waters; and St. Peter men-
    tions toe more remote and fundamental causes, that
    constitution  of the heavens.             Burnet.
     Not acting by btcond causes.
     It is much to be ascribed to the immediate will of
  God, who giveth and taketh  away beauty at hii
  pleasure.                             Abbot.
3. Instant;  present with  regard to time.
   Prior therefore should not have written
   more immediate.
    Immediate are my needs, and my relief
  Must not be tost and turn'd to me in words,
  But find supply immediate.           Shakspeare-
            Death oenounc'd that day,
  Which he presumes already vain, and void,
  Because not yet inflicted, as he fear'd
  By some immediate stroke.              Jtfiffon.
    But she,  howe'er of vict'ry sure,
  Contemns the wreath too long delay'd;
  And arm'd  wito more immediate pow'r,
  Calls cruel  silence  to her aid.           Prior.

Immediately,im-me'de-at-le. adv. [from
   immediate]
1. \V ithout the intervention of  any other
   cause or event.
    God's acceptance of it,  either  immecfiafefi/ by
  himself, or mediately by toe hands of the bishop,
  is that which vests the whole  property of a thing in
  God.                                 South.
   Instantly;  at the time present; without
  delay.
    Her father hath commanded her to slip
  Away with Slender, and with him at Eton
  Immediately to marry.              Shakspeare.

ImmeDiateness,  Im-me'de-at-nes.  ra.».
  [from immediate.]
I. Presence  with regard  to time.
2. Exemption from second or intervening
  causes.

Imme'dicable, im-med'de-ka-bl. adj. [im-
  mtdicabilis,  Latin.]  Not to be healed;
  incurable.
          My griefs ferment and rage,
  Nor less than wounds immedicable,
  Rankle and fester, and gangrene
  To black mortification.       Milton's Agonistes.
Imme'morable,  im-mem'mo-ra-bl.  adj.
  [immemorabilis, Latin.]  Not worth re-
  membering.
Immemo'rial, im-me-mo're-al. adj. [im-
   memorial, French; in and memoria, Lat.]
   Past time of memory; so ancient  that
   the beginning cannot be traced.
    All toe laws of this kingdom have some memo-
  rials in writing, yet all have not  their original in
  writing; for some obtained their force by immemo-
  rial usage or custom.                   Hale.
    By a long immemorial practice, and prescription
  of an aged thorough-paced hypocrisy, they come to
  believe that for a reality, which, at first practice oi
  it, they themselves knew to be a cheat.     South.
 IMME'NJSE, im-mense'. adj. [immense^
   French; immensus,  Latin.] Unlimited;
   unbounded;  infinite.
    O goodness infinite! goodness immense.'
  That all this good of evil shall produce!   Jtfiffon.
    As infinite duration hath no relation unto motion
  and time, so infinite or immense essence hath no re-
  lation unto  body; but is a thing  distinct  from all
  corporeal magnitude, which we mean when we speak
  of immensity, and of God as of an immense being.
                                       Grew.

 Imme'nsely, im-mens'le. adv. [from im-
   mense.]   Infinitely; without measure.
     We shall find that the void space of  our system
   is immensely bigger than all its corporeal mass.
                                      Bentley.

 Imme'nsity, im-men'se-te. ra. s.  [immen-
   site, French.]   Unbounded greatness;
   infinity.
     By the power we find in ourselves of repeating, 
IMM
IMM
IMM
  as often as  we will, any idea of space, we get the
  idea of immensity.            •        Locke.
    He that  will consider the immensity of this fa-
  brick, and the great variety toat is to  be found in
  this inconsiderable  part of it which he has to  do
  wito, may think that in other mansions of it there
  maybe other and different intelligent beings. Locke.
            All these illustrious worlds,
  And millions which  the glass can ne'er descry,
  Lost in the  wilds of vastinwnensift/,
  Are suns, are centers.      Blackmore's Creation.
Immensurabi'lity, im men-siiu-ra-blle-
  te.46a  ra.  s.  [from immensurable.]  Im-
  possibility to be measured.
Immeasurable, lm-men'shu-rji-bl. adj.
  [in and mensurabilis, Latin.] Not to be
  measured.
To Imme'rge, im-merdje'. v. a. [immergo,
   Latin.]   To put unaer water.
Imme'rit,  im-mer'it. ra. s. [immerito, Lat.]
   Want of worth;  want of desert. This
  is a better word  than demerit, which  is
  now used in its stead.
    When I receive  your lines, and find toere ex-
  pressions of a passion, reason and my own immerit
  tell me it must not be for me.           Suckling.
To Imme'rse, lm-merse'. v.a. [immersus,
   Latin.]
1. To put  under  water.
2. To sink or cover deep.
                He stood
  More than a mile immers'd within  the wood;
  At once the wind was laid.             Dryden.
    They observed that they were immersed in  their
  rocks, quarries, and mines, in the same manner as
  they are at  this day found in all known parts of toe
  world.                            Woodward.
3. To keep  in a  state of  intellectual  de-
  pression.
    It is a melancholy reflection, that our country,
  which, in times of popery, was called the nation of
  saints, should now have less appearance of religion
  in it than any other neighbouring state or kingdom;
  whether toey be such as continue still immersed in
  the errors of toe church of Rome,  or such as are
  recovered out of them.      Addison's  Freeholder.
    We are prone to engage ourselves with the bu-
  siness, the pleasures, and  the amusements of this
  world; we give ourselves up too greedily to the pur-
  suit, and immerse ourselves to deeply in the enjoy-
  ments of them.                     Atterbury.
    It is impossible to have  a lively hope in another
  life, and yet be deeply immersed in the enjoyments
  of this.                            Atterbury.
Imme'rse,   im-merse'.  adj.   [immersus,
  Latin.]   Buried;  covered;  sunk  deep.
   After long inquiry of things immerse in matter, I
  interpose some object which is immateriate, or less
  materiate; such as this of  sounds, that toe intellect
  may become not partial.                Bacon.
Imme'rsion, im-mer'shun.463 ra. s. [immer-
  sio, Latin; immersion, French.]
1. The  act of putting  any  body  into  a
  fluid below the  surface.
   Achilles's mother  is said  to have dipped him,
  when he was a child, in the river Styx, which made
  him invulnerable all over, excepting that part which
  the mother held in her hand during this immersion.
                          Addison's Guardian.
2. The state of sinking below the surface
  of a fluid.
3. The state  of   being overwhelmed or
  lost in any respect.
   Many persons, who, through the heat of their
  lusts and passions, through the contagion of ill ex-
  ample, or too deep  an immersion in toe affairs of
  life, swerve  from the rules of their holy faith; yet
  would, upon  extraordinary warning, be brought to
  comply with them.                   Atterbury,
 Immetho'mcal,  im-me-^Aod'e-kal.  adj.
   [in and  methodical]   Confused; being
   without  regularity;   being   without
   method.
    M. Bayle compares the answering of an imme-
   thodical author to the hunting of a duck: when you
   havp. him full in your sight, he gives you the slip,
   and becomes invisible.                Addison.
 Immetho'dically,   im-me-^Aod'e-kal-e.
   adv.  [from immethodical.]    Without
   method; without order.
 I'mminence, im'me-nense. ra. s. [from im-
   minent.]   Any ill impending;  immedi-
   ate or  near danger.   Not in  use.
    I do not speak of flight, of fear, of death;
   But dare all imminence, that gods and men
   Address toeir dangers in.            Shakspeare.
 l'MMINENT,  im'me-nent. adj.  [immi-
   nent, French;  imminens, Latin.]   Im-
   pending; at hand; threatening. Always
   in  an ill  sense.
    What dangers at any time are  imminent,  what
   evils hang over our heads, God doth know, and not
   we.                                Hooker.
            Three times to-day
   You have defended me from imminent death. Shak.
    These she applies for warnings and portents
   Of evils imminent;  and on her knee
   Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to-day. Shaks.
            To them preach'd
   Conversion and repentance, as to souls
   In prison, under judgments imminent.    Milton.
    Men could not sail without imminent danger and
   inconveniences.                         Pope.
 To Immi'nole, im-ming'gl. v. a. [in and
   mingle.]   To mingle;  to mix; to unite.
    Some of us, like thee, through stormy life
   Toil'd, tempest-beaten, ere we could  attain
   This holy calm,  this harmony of mind,
   Where purity and peace immingle charms.
                                   Thomson.
 Imminu'tion, im-me-nu'shun. ra. s. [from
   imminuo, Lat.]   Diminution;  decrease.
    These  revolutions are as exactly uniform as toe
  earth's are, which could not be, were there any place
  for chance, and  did not a Providence continually
  oversee and secure them from all alteration or im-
  minution.                 Ray on the Creation.
Immisoibi'lity,   im-mis-se-bil'e-te.  ra.  s.
   [from immiscible.]  Incapacity of being
   mingled.
Immi'sdible, im-mis'se-bl.406 adj. [in and
   miscible]  Not capable of being min-
   gled.                           Clarissa.
Immi'ssion, im-mish'un.  ra. s.  [immissio,
   Latin.]   The act of sending in; contra-
   ry to emission.
To Immi't, im-mit'. v. ra. [immitto, Latin.]
   To send in.
To Immi'x, im-miks'. v. a.  [in and mix]
   To mingle.
    Samson wito these immixt, inevitably
  Pull'd down the same destruction on himself. Jtfiff.
Immi'xable, im-miks'a-bi.408  adj. [in  and
   mix]   Impossible to be mingled.
    Fill a glass sphere with  such  liquors as may be
  clear, of toe same colour, and immixable.  Wilkins.

Immobility, im-mo-bil'e-te.  ra. *. [immo-
   bility, French;  from immobilis,  Latin.]
   Unmoveableness;  want of motion; re-
   sistance  to motion.
    The course of fluids through the vascular  solids
  must in time harden the fibres, and abolish many of
  the canals;  from whence driness, weakness, immo-
  bility, and debility of the vital force.   Arbuthnot.
IMMO'DERATE, im-mod'der-at.^ adj.
   [immodere, Fr.   immoderatua,  Latin.]
   Excessive; exceeding the due  mean.
     One means, very effectual for the preservation of
   health, is a quiet and cheerful mind, not afflicted
   wito violent passions, or distracted with immoderate
   cares.                    Ray on the Creation.
 Immo'derately, im-mod'dei-rat-le. adv.
   [from  immoderate.]   In  an  excessive
   degree.
     Immoderately she weeps for Tybault's death.
                                   Shakspoare.
     The heat weakened  more  and more toe arch of
   the earth, sucking out the moisture that was toe ce-
   ment of its parts, drying it immoderately, and chap-
   ping it.                      Burnet's Theory.

 Immodera'tion, im-mod-der-a'shtin. ra. s.
   [immoderation,  French; from immode-
   rate]  Want of moderation;  excess.

 Immodest, im-mod'dest. adj. [immodeste,
   French; in and  modest/]
 I. Wanting shame;  wanting delicacy  or
   chastity.
     She railed at herself,  that she  should be so im-
  modest to write to one that she knew would flout her.
                                   Shakspeare,
  . Unchaste;  impure.
     Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought;
  But we proscribe the least immodest toought. Dryd.
  . Obscene.
     'Tis needful  that the most immodest word
  Be look'd upon and learned; which once attain'd;
  Comes to no farther use
  But to be known and hated.          Shakspeare.
     Immodest words admit of no defence,
  For want of decency is want of sense.  Roscommon.
4. Unreasonable;  exorbitant;  arrogant.
Immo'uesty,  im-mod'des-ti.  ra. *.  [im-
   modestie,  French;   from  immodest.]
   Want of  modesty; indecency.
     It was a piece of immodesty.            Pope.

 To  I'IMMOLATE,  im'mo-late."1  v.  a.
   [immolo, Latin;  immoler, French.]
 I. To sacrifice; to kill in sacrifice.
     These courtiers of applause being oftentimes re-
  duced to live in want, these costly trifles so engross-
  ing all that  they can spare,  that  they frequently
  enough are forced to immolate their own desires to
  their vanity.                          Boyle.
2. To offer in sacrifice.
    Now immolate toe tongues,  and mix the wine,
  Sacred to Neptune, and the pow'rs divine.   Pope.
Immola'tion,  im-mo-ia'shun. ra.  *. [immo-
   lation, French;  from immolate.]
1. The  act of sacrificing.
    In the picture of  the immolation of Isaac,  or
  Abraham sacrificing his son, Isaac is described as a
  little boy.                            Brown.
2. A sacrifice offered.
    We make more barbarous immolations  than the
  most savage heathens.          Decay of Piety.
Immo'ment,im-mo'ment adj. [in and mo-
   ment.]  Trifling;  of no importance or
   value.  A barbarous word.
   I some lady-trifles have reserv'd,
  Immoment toys, things of such dignity
  As we greet modern friends withal.   Shakspeare.
Immo'ral, im-mor'ral.88  l6s  adj. [in and
   moral]
1. Wanting regard to the laws of natural
   religion: as, a flatterer  of  vice is an im-
   moral man.
2. Contrary to honesty; dishonest:  as, de-
   sertion  of  a  calumniated  friend is  an
   immoral action.
Immora'lity, im-m6-r«U'e-te. ra. a. [from 
IMM                                      IMM                                    IM P
  immoral]   Dishonesty; want of virtue;
  contrariety to virtue.
    Such men are put into the  commission ofthe
  peace who encourage the grossest immoralities, to
  whom all  the bawds of the ward pay contribution.
                                        Swift.
IMMO'RTALjlm-mdr'tal.ss  adi.  immor-
  talis, Lat.]
1. Exempt from  death;  being never  to
  die.
    To toe king eternal, immortal, invisible toe only
  wise God, be glory for ever.             1 Tim.
    Her body sleeps in Capulet's monument,
  And her immortal part with angels lives.   Shaksp.
    There was an opinion in gross, that the soul was
  immortal.                              Abbot.
             The Paphian  queen,
  With gored hand, and veil so rudely torn,
  Like terror did among th' immortals breed,
  Taught by her wound that goddesses may bleed.
                                       Waffer.
2. Never-ending; perpetual.
    Give me my robe, put on my crown: I have
  Immortal longings in me.                Shaksp.
Immorta'lity, ini-mor-tal'e-te. ra. s. [im-
   mortality, French; from immortal.]
1. Exemption from death;  life never  to
   end.
    This corruptible shall put on incorruption, and
  this mortal, immorfafifj/.           1 Corinthians.
    Quaff immortality, and joy.            Milton.
    He th' immortality of souls proclaim'd,
  Whom to' oracle of men toe wisest nam'd. Denham.
    His existence will of itself continue for ever, un-
  less it be destroyed; which is impossible, from the
  immutability of God, and  the nature of his immor-
  tality.                                Cheyne.
    When  we know cogitation is  the prime attribute
  ef a spirit, we infer  its immateriality, and thence
  its immortality.                         Watts.
2. Exemption from oblivion.
 To  Immo'rtalize,  im-mor'ta-lize. v. a.
   [immortaliser, French; from immortal.]
 1. To make immortal; to perpetuate; to
   exempt from death.
    For mortal things desire toeir like to breed,
  That so toey may toeir kind immortalize.  Davies.
2. To Exempt from oblivion.
    Drive them from Orleans, and be immortaliz'd.
                                       Shaksp.

 To Immo'rtalize, im-mdr'ta-lize.  v.  ra.
   To become immortal.  This word is, I
   think,  peculiar to Pope.
             Fix the year precise,
  When British bards  begin t' immortalize.   Pope.
Immo'rtally,  im-mor'tal-e.  adv. [from
   immortal.] With exemption from death;
   without end.
              There is your crown;
  And he that wears the crown immorfaffy,
  Long guard it your's!               Shakspeare.
    What pity 'tis that he cannot wallow immortally
  in his sensual pleasures!               Bentley..

Immo'vable,  im-mdov'a-bl. adv.  [in and
   moveable.]
1. Not to be forced from its place.
    We  shall not question his removing toe earth,
  when he finds an immovable base to place his en-
  gine upon.                           Brown.
2. Not liable  to  be carried away; real in
   law.
    When  an executor meddles with the immovable
  estate, before he has seized on  the movable goods,
  it may be then appealed from the execution of sen-
  tence.                                Ayliffe.
3. Unshaken; unaffected.
    How much happier is he, who, centering on him-
  self, remains immovable, and smiles at the madness
  of the dance about him!                Dryden.

Immo'vably, im-mo6v'a-ble. adv. [from
  immovable.]  In a state not  to  be sha-
  ken.
    Immovably  firm to their duty, when they could
  have  no prospect of reward.           Atterbury
Immu'nity, ini-mu'ne-te. ra. s. [immunitc,
  French; immunitas, Latin.]
I. Discharge from any  obligation.
    Of things harmless whatsoever there  is, which
  toe whole church doth observe, to argue for any
  man's immunity from observing the same, it were
  a point of most insolent madness.         Hooker.
2.  Privilege;  exemption  from  onerous
  duties.
    Granting great immunities to the commons, they
  prevailed  so far as to cause Palladius to be pro-
  claimed successor.                     Sidney.
    Simon sent to Demetrius, to toe end he should give
  the land  an immunity, because all  that  Tryphon
  did was to spoil.                   1 Maccabees.
    The laity invidiously aggravate  the rights and
  immunUies of the clergy.                 Sprat.
3. Freedom-
    Common apprehensions  entertain  the antidotal
  condition of Ireland,  conceiving only in that land
  an immunity from venomous creatures.   Brown.
    But this annex'd condition of the crown,
  Immunity from errors, you disown.       Dryden.
To Immu're,  im-mure'.  v. a.   [in  and
  murus,  Latin;  emurer,  old French, so
  that it  might be written emmure.]  To
  enclose within walls; to confine; to shut
  up; to imprison.
    Pity, you ancient stones, these tender babes,
  Whom envy hath immur'd within your walls!
                                   Shakspeare.
    One of these three contains her heav'nly picture;
  And  shall I think in  silver she 's immur'd. Shaksp.
    At the  first descent on shore he was not immured
  with  a wooden vessel, but he did countenance  the
  landing in his long-boat.                Wotton.
    Lysimachus immur'd it with a wall.    Sandys.
    Though a foul foolish prison her immure
  On earth, she, when escap'd, is wise  and pure.
                                     Denham.
Immu're, im-mure'. ra. s. [from the verb.]
  A   wall; an  enclosure, as  in   Shaks-
  peare,  but perhaps no where else.
            Their vow is made
  To ransack Troy; within whose strong immures
  The  ravish'd  Helen, Menelaus' queen,
  With wanton Paris sleeps.              Shaksp.
Immu'sical, im-mu'ze-kal.88 adj. [in and
  musical.]  Inharmonious; wanting pro-
  portion of sound.
    All sounds  are either musical, which are ever
  equal, or iwwnusicaf, which are ever unequal, as the
  voice in speaking, and whisperings.       Bacon.
    We consider the immusical note of all swarms we
  ever  beheld or heard of.                Brown.
Immutability, im-mu-ta-bil'e-te. ra.  s.
  [immutabilitas,  Latin; immutabilite, Fr.
  from   immutable.]    Exemption from
  change; invariableness; unchangeable-
  ness.
    The inwnufa&ifify of God they strive  unto, by
  working after one and the same manner.  Hooker.
    His existence will of itself continue for ever, un-
  less it be  destroyed;  which is impossible, from the
  immufaoififj/ of God.                  Cheyne.
IMMU'T ABLE,im-mu'ta-bl.406 adj. [im-
  mutabilis, Latin.]  Unchangeable;  in-
  variable; unalterable.
    By two immutable things, in  which it was impos-
  sible for God to lye, we have a strong consolation.
                                      Hebrews.
    Thy threat'nings Lord, as  thine, thou may'st re-
        voke;
  But if imnmtable and fix'd they stand,
    Continue still thyself to give toe stroke,
  And let not foreign lues oppress thy land. Dryden.
Immu'tably,  im-mu'ta-ble.  adv.  [from
   immutable.]   Unalterably;   invariably;
   unchangeably.
    His love is like his essence, immutably eternal.
                                       Boyle.
Imp, imp.  ra. s.  [imp,  Welsh, a shoot, a
   sprout, a sprig.]
1. A son;  the offspring;  progeny.
    That noble imp your son.      Lord Cromwell.
    And thou, most  dreaded imp of highest Jove,
  Fair Venus' son.                  Fairy Queen.
    The tender imp was weaned from  the teat. Fairf.
    A lad of life, an imp of fame.      Shakspeare.
2. A subaltern  devil; a puny devil.   In
   this sense it is still  retained.
    Such we deny not to be the imps and limbs of
  Satan.                               Hooker.
    The serpent, after long debate, irresolute
  Of thoughts revolv'd, his final sentence chose,
  Fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom
  To enter, and his dark  suggestions hide
  From sharpest sight.      Afiffon's Paradise Lost-
    As soon as you can hear his knell,
  This god on earth  turns d----1 in hell;
  And, lo! his ministers of state,
  Transform'd to imps, his levee wait.        Swift.
To Imp, imp.  v.a.  [impw,  to  en^raff,
   Welsh.]   To lengthen or enlarge with
   any thing adscititious.   It is  originally
   a term used by falconers, who repair a
   hawk's wing with adscititious feathers.
    If then we shall shake off our slavish yoke,
  Imp out our drooping country's  broken wings.
                                   S/ioAspeare.
            New rebellions raise
  Their hydra heads, and the false north displays
  Her broken league to imp her serpent wings. Afiff.
    Help, ye tart satyrists, to imp my  rage
  With all the scorpions that should whip this age.
                                   Cleaveland.
    With cord and canvass from rich  Hamburg sent,
  His navy's  molted wings he imps once more. Dryd.
            New creatures rise,
  Amoving mass at first, and short of thighs;
  'Till shooting out  with  legs, and imp'd with wings,
  The grubs proceed to bees with pointed stings. Dryd.
    The Mercury of heav'n, with silver wings
  Impt for the flight, to overtake his ghost.  Southern.
To  Impa'ct,  im-pakt'. v.  a.   [impactus,
   Latin.]   To drive close or  hard.
    They are angular; but of what particular figure is
  not easy to determine, because of toeir being impact-
  ed so thick and confusedly together.     Woodward.
To Impa'int, im-pant'. v. a. [in and paint]
   To paint; to decorate with colours. Not
   in use.
          Never yet did insurrection want
  Such water-colours to impainf his cause.  Shaksp.
To Impa'ir, im-pare'. v. a. [empirer,
   make worse,  French.  Skinner]  To
   diminish;  to injure; to make worse;  to
   lessen in quantity, value, or excelh nee.
    To change any such law,  must  needs, with the
  common sort, impair and weaken the force of those
  grounds whereby all laws are made  effectual.
                                       Hooker.
                 Objects divine
  Must needs impair, and weary human sense. MiU.
    That soon refresh'd  him weary'd, and repair'd
  What hunger, if aught hunger had  impair'd,
   Or thirst.                             MUton.
    Nor was the work impair'd by storms  alone,
   But felt to' approaches of too warm a sun.  Pope.
    In years he seem'd, but not impair'd by years.
                                        Pope. 
IMP
IMP
IMP
To Impa'ir, im-pare'. v. ra. To be lessen-
   ed or worn out.
    Flesh may impair, quoth he; but reason can re-
        pair.                    Fairy Queen.
Impa'ir, im-pare'. ra. s. [from the verb.]
   Diminution; decrease.  Not used.
    A loadstone, kept in undue position, that is, not
  lying on the meridian, or wito its poles inverted,
  receives in longer time impair in activity and ex-
  change of faces, and is more powerfully preserved
  by site than dust of steel.               Brown.
Impairment, im-pare'ment. ra.  s.  [from
   impair.]  Diminution; injury.
    His posterity, at this distance,  and after so per-
  petual impairment, cannot but condemn toe poverty
  of Adam's conception, toat thought to obscure him-
  self from his Creator in the shade of the garden.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.
impa'lpable,  im-pal'pa-bl.405 adj. [im-
   palpable,  French;  in  and palpable.]
   Not to be perceived  by  touch.
    If beaten into an impalpable  powder, when pour-
  ed out, it will emulate a liquor, by reason toat the
  smallness of the parts do make toem easy to be put
  into motion.                          Boyle.
To Impa'radise, im-par'a-dise. v. a. [im-
   paradiaare, Italian.]  To put in a place
   or state  resembling paradise in felicity.
    This imparadised neighbourhood made Zelmane's
  soul cleave unto her, both through the ivory case of
  her body, and the apparel which did over-cloud it.
                                      Sidney.
              All my souls be
  Imparadis'd in you, in whom alone
  I understand, and grow, and see.          Donne.
              Thus these two,
  Imparadis'd in one another's arms.
  The happier Eden, shall enjoy toeir fill
  Of bliss on bliss.
                                      Milton.
 Impa'rity,  im-par'e-te. ra. s.  [imparitas,
   impar, Lat.]
 1. Inequality; disproportion.
     Some bodies are hard, some soft- the hardness is
   caused chiefly by the jejuneness of the spirits, and
   their imparity with the tangible parts.     Bacon.
 2. Oddness; indivisibility into equal parts.
     WThat verity is there in toat numeral conceit, in
   that lateral division of man, by even ami odd; and
   so by parity or imparity of letters in men's names,
   to determine misfortunes on either side of their bo-
   dies?                                Brown.
 To  Impa'rk,  !m-park.81 v. a. [in  and
   park.]  To enclose  with a park; to se-
   ver  from a common.
 To IMPA'RT, im-part'. v. a. [impartior,
   Latin.]
 1. To grant; to give.
    High state and honours to others impart,
   But give me your heart.               Dryden.
 2. To make known; to  show by words or
   tokens.
                 Gentle lady,
   When first I did impart my love to you,
   I freely told you, all the wealth I had
   Ran in  my veins.                     Shaksp.
    As in confession the revealing is for the ease of
   a man's heart, so secret men come to the knowledge
   of many things, while men  rather discharge  than
  impart their minds.                     Bacon.
          Thou to me thy thoughts
  Wast wont, I mine  to thee  was won't t' impart.
                                     MUton.
3. To communicate;  to grant as to a par-
   taker.
          I find thee knowing of thyself;
  Expressing well the spirit within thee free,
  My image, not imparted to  the brute.      MUton.
lMPA'itTiAL,lm-par'shal.88 adj. [impartial,
   Fr.  in  and partial.]   Equitable; free

      vol. r.
    from regard to party; indifferent; disin-
    terested; equal in distribution of jus-
    tice; just.  It is used as well of actions
    as persons: an impartial judge; an im-
    partial sentence.
     Success I hope, and fate I cannot fear;
   Alive or dead, I shall deserve a name;
   Jove is impartial, and to both the same. Dryden.
 Impartiality, im-par-she-al'e-te.  ra.  s.
    [impartialite,Yr. from impartial.] Equi-
    tableness; justice; indifference.
     A pious and well-disposed will gives not only di-
   ligence, but also impartiality to the understanding
   in its search into religion, which is  absolutely ne-
   cessary to give success unto our inquiries into truth;
   it being scarce possible for that man to hit the
   mark, whose eye is still glancing upon something
   beside it.                             South.
 Impartially, Im-par'shal-e. adv. [from
    impartial.]  Equitably; with indifferent
    and unbiassed judgment; without regard
    to  party or interest; justly; honestly.
     Since  the scripture promises  eternal happiness
   and pardon of sin, upon the sole condition of faith
   and sincere obedience,  it is evident, that he only
   can plead a title to such a pardon, whose conscience
   impartially tells him that he has performed toe re-
   quired condition.                      South.

 iMPA'RTiBLEjim-part'e-bl.406 adj. [impar-
    tible, French; from impart] Communi-
    cable; that may be conferred or bestow-
    ed. This word is elegant, though used
    by few writers.
     The same body may be conceived to be more or
   less impartU>le than it is active or heavy.   Digby.

 Impa'ssable, im-pas'sa-bl.40skcc(/. [in and
   passable.] Not to be passed; not admit-
   ting passage; impervious.
    There are in America many high and impassable
   mountains, which are very rich.         Raleigh.
                Over this gulf
   Impassable, impervious;  let us try
   To found a path from hell to toat new world.
                                     Afiffon.
    When Alexander would have passed the Ganges,
   he was told by the  Indians  that all beyond it was
   either impassable marshes, or sandy desarts.
                                     Temple.
 Impassibility, im-pas-se-bil'le-te. ra. s.
   [impassibilite, French; from impassi-
   ble.]  Exemption from suffering; insus-
   ceptibility  of  injury  from   external
   things.
    Two divinities might  have pleaded their prero-
  gative of impassibility, or at least  not have been
  wounded by any mortal hand.           Dryden.
 Impassi'ble, im-pas'se-bl.405 adj. [impas-
   sible,  French; in and passio, Latin.] In-
   capable of suffering; exempt from the
   agency of external causes; exempt from
   pain.
    If the upper soul check what is consented to by
  the will, in compliance wito the flesh, andean then
  hope, that, after a few years of sensuality, that re-
  bellious servant shall be eternally cast off, drop into
  a perpetual impassUile nothing, take a long progress
  in a land where all things are forgotten, this would
  be some colour.                    Hammond.
    Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart,
  Though naked, and impassUile depart.     Dryden.
Impa'ssibleness,  im-pas'se-bl-nes. ra. s.
   [from impassible.]   Impassibility;  ex-
   emption from pain.
    How  shameless a partiality is it, thus to reserve
  all the sensualities of tois world, and yet cry out for
  the impassibleness of toe next?    Decay of Piety.
                  6  i
 Impa'ssioned, im-pash'shiin'd.362 adj.  [in
    and passion.]  Disordered by passion.
     So standing, moving, or to height upgrown
   The tempter, all impassioned, thus began. Milton.
 Impa'ssive, im-pas'siv.1" adj. [in and pas-
    sive.]  Exempt from the agency of ex*
    ternal  causes.
     She told him what those empty phantons were,
   Forms without bodies, and impassive air.  Dryden.
     Pale suns, unfeit at distance, roll away:
   And on th' impassive ice the lightnings play.  Pope.
 Impa'steo, lm-pas'ted. adj. [in and paste.]
    Concreted as into paste.  Not in use.
              Horridly trickt
   With blood of fathers, mothers, daughters, sons,
   Bak'd and impost ed with the parching fires. Shaksp.
 Impa'tienoe, im-pa'shense.463 ra.  a.  [im-
   patience, French;  impatientia, Latin.]
 I.  Inability to suffer pain; rage under suf-
   fering.
    All toe power of his wits has given way to  his
  impatience.                          Shaksp.
    The experiment  I resolved to make was upon
  thought, and not rashness or impatience.   Temple.
 2. Vehemence  of temper; heat of passion.
 3.  Inability  to suffer delay; eagerness.
 Impa'tient, lm-pa'shent.463  adj.  [impa-
   tient, French; impatiens, Latin.]
 I. Not able  to endure; incapable to bear*
   with of.
    Fame impatient of extremes, decays
  Not more  by envy than excess of praise.     Pope.
 2. Furious with pain; unable to bear pain.
          The tortur'd savage turns around,
  And flings about his foam, impatient ofthe wound.
                                     Dryden.
 3.  Vehemently agitated by some  painful
   passion: with at before  the  occasion:
   with of impatience is referred more  to
   the thing,  with  at to the person.
    To be impatient at the death of a person, con-
  cerning whom it  was certain he must die, is  to
  mourn because toy friend was not born an angel.
                                     Taylor.
 i. Hot;  hasty.
    The impatient man will not give himself time to
  be informed vf the' matter that lies before him.
                                    Addison.
5.  Eager; ardently desirous; not  able  to
  endure  delay: with for before the thing
  desired.
    The mighty Caesar waits his vital hour,
  Impatient for the world,  and grasps  his promis'd
        pow'r.                        Dryden.
    On the seas prepar'd the vessel stands;
  Th' impatient mariner thy speed demands.
Impa'tiently, im-pa'shent-le. adv.
  impatient.]
I. With rage; under uneasiness.
2. Passionately; ardently.
    He considered one thing so impatiently, that he
  would not admit any thing else  to be worth consi-
  deration.                         Clarendon.
3. Eagerly; with great desire.
To Impa'tronize, ini-pat'ron-ize.  v.   a.
  [impatroniser, French:  in and patro-
  nize]   To gain to one's self the pow-
  er of any seigniory.  This  word is  not
  usual.
    The ambition of toe French king was to impa-
  tronize himself of the dutchy.             Bacon.
To Impa'wn, im-pawn'. v. a.  [in  and
  pawn]  To impignorate; to  pawn; to
  give as  a pledge; to pledge.
    Go to the king, and let there be impawn'd
  Some surety for a safe return again.      Shaksp,
 Pope.
[from 
IMP
IMP
IMP
          Many now in health
  Shall drop their blood, in approbation
  Of what your reverence shall invite us to;
  Therefore take heed how you impawn our person,
  How you awake our sleeping sword of war. Shaksp.
To  IMPE'ACH,  im-peetsh'. v.  a. [cm-
  pecher, Fr.]
1. To hinder; to impede.  This  sense  is
  little in use.
    Each door he opened without any breach;
  There was no bar to stop, nor foe him to impeach.
                                      Spenser.
    His sons did impeach his journey to the Holy Land,
  and vexed him all the days of his life.    Dames.
    If they will impeach  the purposes of  an army,
  which they have  no reason to think themselves able
  to resist, they  put themselves out of all expectation
  of mercy.                           Hayward.
    A defluxion on my throat impeached my utterance.
                                       Howel.
 2.  To accuse by public authority.
    They were  both impeached by a house of com-
  mons.                               Addison.
    Great dissentious  were kindled between the  no-
  bles and commons on account of Coriolanus, whom
  the latter had impeached.                Swift.
 Impe'ach, im-peetsh'.  ra.  s.  [from  the
    verb.]   Hinderance; let; impediment.
    Why, what an intricate impeach is tois!
   If here you hous'd him, here he would have been;
   If he were mad, he would not plead so coldly.
                                    Shakspeare.
 Impeachable, im-peetsh'a-bl. adj. [from
    impeach.]    Accusable; chargeable.
     Had God omitted by positive laws to give reli-
   gion to the world, the wisdom of his providence had
   been impeachable.                       Grew.
 Jmpe'acher,  im-peetsh'ftr.98 ra.  a. [from
    impeach.] An accuser; one who brings
    an accusation against another.
     Many of our fiercest impeachers would leave the
    delinquent to the merciful indulgence of a Saviour.
                        Government of the Tongue.
  Impea'chment,   im-peetsh'ment.  ra.   s.
    [from impeach/]
  I. Hinderance; let; impediment; obstruc-
    tion.  Not  in use.
      Tell us what things, during your late continuance
    there, are most offensive, and the greatest impeach-
    ment to the good government thereof.     Spenser.
      Tell thy king I do not seek him now;
    But could be willing to march on to Calais,
    Without impeac/unenf.                  Shaksp
      Neither is this accession of necessity any impeaclv-
    merit to christian liberty, or ensnaring of men's con-
    sciences.                           Sanderson.
  2. Publick  accusation; charge preferred.
      The king, provok'd to it by the queen,
    Devis'd impeachments to imprison him.    Shaksp.
      The lord Somers, though his accusers would  glad-
    ly have dropped their impeachment, was instant with
    them for the prosecution.              Addison.
      The consequences  of Coriolanus's impeachment
    had like to have been fatal to their state.   Swift.
  To lMPE'ARL,im-perl'. v. a. [in andpearl.]
  \.  To  form in resemblance of pearls.
      Innumerable as the stars of night,
    Or stars of morning, dewdrops, which the sun
    Impearls on  every leaf, and ev'ry flow'r.   Afiffon.
  2.  To decorate as  with pearls.
      The dews of toe morning impearl every thorn,
    and scatter diamonds  on the verdant mantle of the
    earth.                          DiS°y«°  *V-
  Impeccability, im-pek-ka-bil'e-te.  ra. s.
    [imfieccabilite, French;  from  impecca-
    ble.]  Exemption from sin;  exemption
    from failure.
      Infallibility  and imrtccabilitu are two pf his attri-
    butes.                                  p°Pe-
Impe'ccable,  im-pek'ka-bl.40s  adj. [im-
  peccable, French; in and pecco, Latin.]
  Exempt from possibility of sin.
    That man pretends he never commits any act
  prohibited by the word of God, and then that were
  a rare charm to render him  impeccable, or that is
  the means of consecrating every sin of his.
                     Hammond on Fundamentals.
 To  Impe'oe,  im-pede'.  v. a.  [impedio,
   Lat.]   To hinder; to let; to obstruct.
     All the forces are mustered to impede his passage.
                                Decay of Piety.
     The way is open, and no stop to force
  The stars return, or to impede toeir course.  Creech.

 Impe'diment, im-ped'e-ment. ra. s.  [im*
   pedimentum, Latin.]   Hinderance;  let;
   obstruction; opposition.
     The minds of beasts grudge not  at their bodies
  comfort, nor are their senses letted from enjoying
  toeir objects: we have the impediments of  honour,
   and the torments of conscience.          Sidney.
     What  impediments there are to hinder it, and
  which were the speediest way to remove them.
                                       Hooker.
     The life is led most happily wherein all  virtue is
   exercised without impediment or let.      Hooker.
             But for my tears
   The moist impediments unto  my speech,
   I had forestall'd this dear and deep rebuke. Shaksp.
             May I never
   To tois good purpose, toat so fairly shews,
   Dream of impediment.                 Shaksp.
     They bring one that was deaf, and had  an impe-
   diment in his speech.                    Mark.
     Fear is the  greatest impediment to martyrdom;
   and he that is overcome by little arguments of pain,
   will hardly consent to lose his  life with torments.
                                        Taylor.
     Free from th' impediments of light and noise,
   Man, thus retir'd, his nobler thoughts employs.
                                        Waller.
  lo Impe'l, im-pel'. v. a. [impello,  Latin.]
    To drjve on toward a point; to urge for-
     ward; to press on.
      So Mirrah's mind, impell'd on either side,
    Takes ev'ry bent, but cannot long abide.  Dryden.
      The surge impell'd me on a craggy coast. Pope.
              Propitious gales
    Attend thy voyage, and impel thy sails.     Pope.
      A mightier pow'r the strong direction sends,
    And sev'ral men impefs to sev'ral ends;
    This drives them constant to a certain coast. Pope.
  Impe'llent,  im-pel'lent.  ra. s.  [impellens,
     Lat.]   An impulsive  power; a power
     that drives forward.
      How such a variety of motions should be regular-
    ly managed, in such  a wilderness of passages, by
    mere blind impeffenfs and material conveyances, I
    have not the least conjecture.          Gfanuiffe.
  To IMPE'ND, im-pend'. v.  ra. [impendeo,
     Latin.]
  1, To hang  over.
       Destruction sure o'er all your heads impencfs;
     Ulysses comes, and death his steps attends.  Pope.
  2. To be at hand; to press nearly.   It is
     used in an ill sense.
       It expresses our deep sorrow for our  past sins,
     and our  lively sense of God's impending wrath.
                                     Smalridge.
       No story I unfold of public woes,
     Nor bear advices of impencfing foes.        Pope
  Impe'ndent, im-peVdervt. adj. [impendens,
     Lat.]   Imminent; hanging over; pres-
     sing closely.   In an ill  sense.
       If toe evil feared or impencfenf be a greater sen-
     sible evil than the good, it over-rules the  appetite
     to aversation.                          Hale.
       Dreadful in arms, on Landen's glorious plain
     Place Ormond's duke: impencfenf in the air
     Let his keen sabre, comet-like, appear.     Prior,
Impendence, im-pen'dense.  w. s. [from
  impendent] The state of hanging over;
  near approach.
    Good sometimes is not safe  to be attempted, by
  reason of the impendence of a greater sensible evil.
                                        Hale.
Impenetrability,  im-pen-e-tra-bU'e-te.
  ra.  a.  [imfienetrabilite, French;  from
  impenetrable.]
 1.  Quality of not  being pierceable, or
   permeable.
    All bodies,  so far as experience reaches, are ei-
  ther hard,  or may  be hardened; and  we have no
  other evidence of universal irnpenefraotfify, besides
  a large experience, without an experimental ex-
  ception.                              JVetofon.
 2.  Insusceptibility of intellectual  impres-
   sion.
 IMPE'NETRABLEjim-pen'e-tra-bl.arfy.
   [impenetrable, French;  imfienetrabilia,
   Latin.]
    Not to  be  pierced; not  to be  entered
   by any external force.
    With hard'ning cold, and forming heat,
  The Cyclops did toeir  strokes repeat,
  Before th' impenefraofe shield was  wrought.  Dryd.
 2.  Impervious; not  admitting entrance.
    Deep into some thick covert would I run,
  Impenetrable to the stars or sun.         Dryden.
    The mind frights itself with any thing reflected
  on  in gross: things, thus offered to  the mind, carry
   the shew of nothing but difficulty iii them, and are
   thought to be wrapped up in impenetrable obscurity.
                                        Locke.
 3.  Not to be taught; not to be informed.
 4.  Not to be affected; not to  be moved.
     It is the most impenetrable cur
   That ever kept with men.
   ----Let him alone;
   I'll follow him no more with bootless prayers.
                                    S/iafcspeare.
      Some will never believe a proposition in divini-
   ty, if any  thing can be said against it: they will be
   credulous  in all affairs of life, but impenetrable by
   a sermon of the gospel.                  Taylor,
 Impenetrably,   im-pen'e-tra-ble.   adv.
    [from  impenetrable.]   With  hardness
    to a degree incapable  of impression.
      Blunt the sense, and fit it for a skull
   Of solid proofs, impenetrably dull.           Pope.
 Impe'nitence, im-pen'e-tens.   7  ra.   s.
 Impe'nitengy, im-pen'e-ten-se. $  [impe-
    nitence, French; in and penitence.^ Ob-
    duracy; want of remorse for crimes;
    final  disregard of God's threatenings  or
    mercy.
      Where one man ever comes to repent,  a thou-
    sand end toeir days in final impenitence.    South.
      Before the revelation  of the gospel the  wicked-
    ness and  impenitency of the heathens was a much
    more excusable thing, because they were in a great
    measure  ignorant of the rewards of another life.
                                      Tiffofson.
      He will advance from one degree of wickedness
    and impenitence to another,  'till at last he becomes
    hardened without remorse.              Rogers.
  Impe'nitent,  im-pen'e-tent. adj.  [impe-
    nitent, French;  in and penitent]  Fi-
    nally negligent  of the duty  of repen-
     tance; obdurate.
      Our lord in anger hath granted some impenitent
    men's request; as, on the other side,  the apostle's
    suit he hath of favour and mercy not granted.
                                        Hooker.
               They dy'd
    Impenitent, and left  a race behind
    Like to  themselves.                     Afiffon.
       When the reward of penitents, and punishment 
IMP
IMP
1M1'
   of impenif enfs, is once assented to as hue, 'tis im-
   impossible but the mind of man should wish for the
   one, and have dislikes to the other.    Hammond.
 Impe'nitently,   lm-p£n'e-tent-le.   adv.
   [from  impenitent.]   Obdurately; with-
   out repentance.
     The condition required of us is a constellation of
   all the gospel graces, every one of them rooted in
   the heart, though mixed wito much weakness, and
   perhaps wito many sins, so toey be not wilfully, and
   impenitently lived and died in.         Hammond,
     What  crowds of these iwipenifenffy bold,
   In sounds and jingling syllables grown old,
   Still run on  poets!                      Pope.
 Impe'nnous, im-pen'nds.314 adj. [in  and
   penna, Latin.]  Wanting wings.  This
   word  is  convenient, but,  I  think, not
   used.
     It is generally received an earwig hath no wings,
   and is reckoned amongst bnpennous insects; but he
   that shall with  a needle  put aside the short and
   sheathy cases on their back, may draw forth  two
   wings, larger than in many flies.          Brown.
 I'mperate, im'pfe-rate.91 adj. [imperatus,
   Latin.] Done with consciousness; done
   by direction of the mind.
     The elicit internal acts of any habit may be quick
   and vigorous, when  the external imperate acts of
  1 the same habit utterly cease.             South.
     Those natural  and involuntary actings are not
   done by deliberation, yet they are done by the ener-
   gy of the soul and instrumentality of the spirits, as
   well as those imperate acts, wherein we see the em-
   pire of the soul.                         Hale.
 Impe'rative, im-per/ra-tiv.  adj. [impera-
   tif,  French; imperativus,  Lat.]   Com-
   manding; expressive of command.
     The verb  is formed in a different manner, to sig-
   nify the  intention of commanding, forbidding, al-
   lowing, disallowing, intreating;  which likewise,
   from the  principal use of it, is called toe imperofir-e
   mood.                Clarke's Latin Grammar.
 Impe'ratively, im-per'ra-tiv-le.  adv.  In
   a commanding style;  authoritatively.
 Imperceptible,  im-per-sep'te-bl.  adj.
   [imperceptible, French; in  and percep-
   tible.]   Not to be discovered; not to be
   perceived; small;   subtile;  quick   or
   slow, so  as to elude observation.
     Some things are in toeir nature imperceptible by
   our sense; yea, and the more refined parts of ma-
   terial existence, which, by reason of their subtilty,
   escape our perception.                   Hale.
     In the sudden changes of his subject wito almost
   imperceptible connections, the Theban  poet is his
   master.                             Diyden.
     The parts  must have their outlines in waves, re-
   sembling  flames, or the gliding of a snake upon the
   ground: they must be almost imperceptible to the
   touch, and even.                       Dryden.
     The alterations in the globe are very slight, and
   almost impercepfiofe, and such as tend to the bene-
   fit of toe earth.                         Wood.
 Imperoe'ptibleness,    im-per-sep'te-bl-
   n£s.  ra. s.   [from imperceptible.]   The
   quality of eluding observation.
     Many excellent things there are in nature, which,
   by reason of  their  subtilty and imperceptibleness to
  us, are not so much as within any of our faculties
   to  apprehend.                          Hale.
 Imperceptibly, im-per-sep'te-ble.  adv.
   [from imperceptible.]  In  a manner not
   to be perceived.
    Upon reading of a fable we are made to believe
  we advise ourselves: the moral insinuates itself im-
  perceptibly, we are taught by surprise, and become
  wiser and better unawares.             Addison.
IMPE'RFECT, Im-per'fect. adj. [impar-
  fait,  Fr. imperfectus, Lat.]
  I. Not complete; not absolutely finished;
    defective.   Used  either of persons  or
    things.
     Something he left imperfect in the state,
   Which, since his coming forth, is toought of,
   Which brought the kingdom so  much fear  and
          danger,
   That his return  %vas most required.    Shakspeare.
     Opinion is a light, vain, crude, and imperfect thing,
   settled in the imagination; but never arriving at the
   understanding, there to obtain the tineture of reason.
                                   Ben Jonson.
     The middle  action, which produceth imperfect
   bodies, is fitly called, by some of the ancients, in-
   quination or inconcoction, which is a kind of putre-
   faction.                              Bacon.
     The ancients  were imperfect in  the doctrine of
   meteors, by their ignorance of gunpowder and fire-
   works.                               Brown.
     Divers things we agree to be knowledge, which
   yet are so uneasy to be satisfactorily understood by
   our imperfect intellects, that let them be delivered in
   the clearest expressions, the notions themselves will
   yet appear obscure.                     Boyle.
     A marcor is either imperfect, tending to a greater
   withering, which is curable; or perfect,  that is, an
   entire wasting of the body, excluding all cure.
                         Harvey on Consumption.
     The still-born sounds upon the palate hung,
   And dy'd imperfect on the falt'ring tongue. Dryden.
     As obscure  and imperfect ideas often involve our
   reason, so do dubious words puzzle men.    Locke.
 2. Frail;  not  completely  good:   as,  our
   best worship is imperfect.
 Imperfe'ction, im-per-fek'shuri. ra. s. [im-
   perfection,   French;  from  imperfect]
   Defect;  failure; fault, whether physical
   or moral; whether of persons or things.
     Laws, as all other things human, are many times
   full of imperfection; and that which is supposed be-
   hoveful unto men, proveth oftentimes most pernici-
   ous.                                 Hooker.
     The duke had taken to wife Anne Stanhope, a
   woman for many imperfections intolerable; but for
   pride monstrous.                    Hayward.
    Imperfections would not be half so much taken
   notice of, if vanity did not make proclamation of
   them.                            L'Estrange.
    The world is more apt to censure than applaud,
   and himself fuller of imperfections than virtues.
                            Addison's Spectator.
    These are rather to be imputed to the simpli-
   city of the  age  than  to any imperfection in  toat
   divine poet.                          Addison.
lMPE'RFECTLY,im-peV-fiekt-le. adv. [from
   imperfect.]   Not completely; not fully;
   not without failure.
    Should sinking nations summon you away,
   Maria's love might justify your stay;
   Imperfectly toe many vows are paid,
   Which for your safety to the gods were made.
                                      Stepney,
    Those would hardly understand language or rea-
   son to any tolerable degree; but only a little and
  imperfectly about things familiar.          Locke,
Impe'rforable,  im-per-fo-ra-bl. adj.  [in
   and perforo,  Latin.]   Not to be bored
   through.
Imperforate, im-per'fo-rate. adj. [in and
   perforatus, Latin.] Not pierced through;
   without a hole.
    Sometimes children are born imperforate;  in
  which case a small puncture, dressed with a tent,
  effects the cure.                        Sharp.

IMPE'RIAL,  im-pe're-al.88  adj.   [impe-
   rial, French;  imperialis, Latin.]
I. Royal;  possessing royalty.
             Aim  he took
  At a fair vestal, throned in the west;
  But I might see young Cupid's fiery shaft
                   6i2
   Quench'd in the chaste beams of the wat'ry moon,
   And the imperial vot'ress passed on
   In maiden meditation, fancy free.     Shakspeare.
 2.  Betokening   royalty;   marking sove-
   reignty.
     My due from thee is this imperial crown,
   Which, as  immediate from thy plaee and blood,
   Derives itself to me.      Shakspeare's Henry IV.
 3. Belonging to an emperour or monarch;
   regal; royal;  monarchical.
     The main body of the marching foe
   Against th' imperial palace is designed.   Dryden.
     You toat are a sov'reign prince, allay
   Imperial pow'r with your paternal sway.   Dryden.
     To tame the proud, the fetter'd slave to free,
   These are imperial arts,  and worthy thee. Dryden.
 Impe'rialist,  im-pe're-al-ist.  ra. s.  [from
   imperial.]  One  that belongs to an  em
   perour.
     The imperialists imputed the  cause or so shame
   ful a flight unto the Venetians.           Knolles.
 IMPE'RIOUS,  im-pe're-us. 314 adj. [im-
   perieux, French; imperiosus, Latin.]
 1. Commanding; tyrannical; authoritative;
   haughty; arrogant; assuming command.
             If it be your proud will
   To show the power of your imperious eyes. Spenser
     This imperious man will work us all
   From princes into pages.     Shaksp. Heniy VIII,
             Not  to' imperious show
   Of toe full fortun'd Caesar ever shall
   Be brooch'd with me.               Shakspeare.
     He is an  imperious dictator  of toe principles of
   vice, and impatient of all contradiction.
                        Afbre's Divine Dialogues.
     How much I suffer'd, and how long I strove
   Against th' assaults of this imperious love. Dryden.
     Recollect what disorder hasty or imperious words
   from parents or teachers have caused in his thoughts.
                                        Locke.
2. Powerful;  ascendant; overbearing.
    A man, by a vast and imperious mind, and a heart
   large as the sand upon the sea shore, could com-
   mand all toe knowledge of nature and art.
                                     Tillotson.
Impe'riously,  im-pe're-us-le. adv. [from
   imperious]   With  arrogance of com-
   mand; with insolence of authority.
    Who 's there,  that knocketh so imperiously.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Who can abide, that, against their own doctors,
   six whole books should,  by their fatherhoods of
   Trent, be under pain of a curse, imperiously obtru-
   ded upon God and his church?             Hall.
    It is not to insult and domineer, to look disdain-
  fully, and revile  imperiously, that procures an es-
  teem from any one.                      South.
    The sage, transported at to' approaching hour,
  Imperiously thrice thunder'd on the floor!   GarfA.
Impe'riousness,  im-pe're-us-nes.   ra. a.
   [from imperious.]
1. Authority; air of command.
    So would he use  his imperiousness, that we had
  a delightful  fear and awe, which made us loth to
  lose our hopes.                         Sidney.
2. Arrogance of command.
    Imperiousness and severity is but  an ill way of
  treating men, who have reason of their own to guide
  them.                                Locke.

lMi'E'RiSHABLE,im-per'rish-a-bl.adj. [im-
  perissable, French;  in and perish.] Not
   to be destroyed.
    We find tois our empyreal form
  Incapable of mortal injury,
  Imperishable; and though pierc'd with wound,
  Soon closing, and by native vigour heal'd. Milton.

IMPE'RSONAL,  im-per'sun-al.88  adj.
   [impersvmel,  Fr. impersonalis,  Latin.]
   Not varied according to the persons 
IMP
IMP
IMP
    Impersonalsbe declined throughout all moods and
  tenses; a verb impersonal hath no nominative case
  before it.                           Accidence.
Impe'rsonally,   im-per-siin-al-e.   adv.
   [from impersonal.]   According to the
   manner of  an impersonal verb.
Impersua'sible, im-per-swa/ze-bl.439 adj.
   [in and persuasibilis, Lat.]   Not  to be
   moved by persuasion.
     Every pious person ought to be a Noah, a preach-
   er of righteousness; and if it be his fortune to have
   as impersuasible an auditory, if he cannot avert the
   deluge, it will yet deliver his own soul, if he can-
   not benefit other men's.           Decay of Piety.
 Impe'rtinence, im-per'te-nense. 7  ra.  s.
 Impe'rtinency, Im-per'te-nen-se. 3   [im-
    pertinence, French; from impertinent.]
  1. That  which is of no  present weight;
    that which has no relation to the matter
    in hand.
     Some though  they lead a single  life, yet their
    thoughts do end with themselves, and account fu-
    ture times impertinencies.                Bacon.
  2. Folly; rambling thought.
     O, matter and impertinency mixt,
    Reason and madness!                   Shaksp.
  3. Troublesomeness; intrusion.
      It will be said I handle an art  no  way suitable
    to my employments or fortune, and so stand charged
    with intrusion and impertinency.          Wotton.
      We should avoid  the vexation and  impertinence
    of pedants, who affect to talk  in a language not to
    be understood.                         Swift,
  4. Trifle; thing of no value.
      I  envy your felicity, delivered  from the gilded
    impertinences  of life,  to enjoy toe moments of a
    solid contentment.                      Evelyn.
      Nothing is more easy than to represent as im-
    pertinencies any  parts of learning, that have no im-
    mediate relation to the happiness or convenience of
    mankind.                            Addison.
      There are many subtile impertinencies learnt in
    the  schools,  and many painful trifles, even among
    the mathematical theorems and problems.   Watfs.
  Impe'rtinent, im-per'te-nent.  adj.  [im-
    pertinent,  Fr.  in and pertinens, LatV]
    Why will any man be so impertinently  officious
  as to tell me all this is only fancy? If it is a dream,
  let me enjoy it.                       .flefciison.
Impertra'nsibility,  im-per-tran-se-bll'-
   e-te. ra. s. [in and pertranseo, Lat.] Im-
   possibility to be passed through.
    I willingly declined those many ingenious reasons
  given by others; as ofthe imperfranstoifift/ of eter-
  nity and impossibility therein to attain to toe pre-
  sent limit of antecedent ages.              Hale.
IMPE'RVIOUS,  im-per've-us.31*  adj.
   [impervius, Latin.]
   Unpassable; impenetrable.
    Lest the difficulty of passing back
   Stay his return, perhaps, over this gulf
   Impassable, impervious; let us try
   To found a path from hell to that new world.
                                      Afiffon.
     We may thence discern of how close a texture
   glass is, since so very thin a film proved so imper-
   vious to the air, that it was  forced to break the
   glass to free itself.                      Boyle.
     The cause of reflection is not the impinging of
   light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies.
                                      JVeu/fon.
     A great many vessels  are,  in this state, imper-
   vious by the fluids.                  Arbuthnot.
     From toe damp earth impervious vapours rise,
   Increase toe darkness, and involve the skies.  Pope.
 2. Inaccessible. Perhaps improperly used.
     A river's mouth impervious to toe wind,
   And clear of rocks.                      Pope.
 Impe'rviousness, im-per've-us-n£s. ra. s.
    [from impervius.]   The  state  of not
    admitting any passage.
 Impetiginous,   im-pe-tidj'e-nis.   adj.
    [from impetigo, Lat.]  Scurfy; covered
    with  small scabs.
 I'mpetrable, im'pe-tra-bl.40a adj. [impe-
    trabilis, from impetro, Lat. impetrable,
    Fr.]   Possible to  be obtained.     Dict.

  To I'mpetrate, Im'pe-trate. v. a. [impe-
    trer,  Fr.  impetro, Lat.]  To obtain  by
    entreaty.                           Dict.
OfnoTelation tVtTe'matterVnhan^    Impetra'tion, im-pe-tra'shun. n. a. [im-
                                             petration, Er.  impretratio,  from  im-
  no weight.
    The law of angels we  cannot judge  altogether
  impertinent unto the affairs of the church of God.
                                      Hooker.
    The contemplation of things that are impertinent
  *o us, and do not concern us,  are but a  more spe-
  cious idleness.                       Tillotson.
2. Importunate; intrusive; meddling.
3. Foolish; trifling;  negligent of the pre-
   sent  purpose.
    'Tis not a sign two lovers are together, when toey
  can be so impertinent as to enquire what toe world
  does.                                  Pope.
Impe'rtinent, im-per'te-ndnt.  ra. s.  A
   trifler; a meddler; an intruder; one who
   inquires or interposes where he  has no
   right or call.
    Governors would have  enough to  do  to trouble
  their heads with the politicks  of every meddling
  officious impertinent.               L'Estrange.
Imfe'rtinently,  Im-per'te-nent-le.  adv.
   [from impertinent.]
1. Without relation to  the present matter.
2. Troublesomely; officiously;  intrusively.
    I have had joy given me as preposterously, and
  as imperfinenffy, as they give it to men who marry
  where tbey do not love.              Suckling.
    The blessedness of mortals, now the highest saint
  in the celestial hierarchy,  began to  be  so imperh-
  nently  importuned, that  great part  of ae^tar£'
  was addressed solely to her,
Hooker.
  petro, Lat.]  The act  of obtaining  by
  prayer or entreaty.   Not much used.
    The blessed sacrament is  the mystery of Ae
  death of Christ, and the application of his blood,
  which was shed for the remission of sins, and is the
  great means of impetration,  and the  meritorious
  cause of it.                            Taylor.
    It is  the greatest solemnity of prayer, toe most
  powerful liturgy, and means of impetration in this
  world.                               Taylor.
Impetuo'sity, im-p£tsh-u-6s'e-te.  ra.  s.
  [impetuosite, Fr. from impetuous.] Vio-
  lence; fury; vehemence;  force.
    I will set upon Aguecheek a notable report of va-
  lour, and drive the gentlemen into a most hideous
  opinion of his rage, skill, fury, and impetuosity.
                                      Shaksp.
    The whole  intrigue was contrived  by the duke,
  and so violently pursued by his spirit  and impetuo-
  sily.                              Clarendon.
    The mind gives not only licence, but  incitation
  to the other passions to take their freest range, and
  act wito the utmost impetuosity.    Decay of Piety.
IMPE'TUOUS, im-petsh'u-us.314 461  adj.
   [impetueux, Fr. from impetus, Lat.]
1. Violent; forcible; fierce.
    Their virtue, like their Tiber's flood,
  Rolling its course,  design'd their country's good;
  But oft the torrent's too impetuous speed
  From the low earth tore some polluted weed. Prior.
2. Vehement of mind; passionate.
    The king, 'tis true, is noble, but impefuous.
                                       Rowe.
Impe'tuously,   im-petsh'u-us-le.   adv.
   [from   impetuous.]  Violently;  vehe*
   mently:  both of men and things.
    They view toe windings of toe hoary Nar;
  Through rocks and woods impetuousfy he glides,
  While froth and foam toe fretting surface hides.
                                     Addlsoih
Impe'tuousness, im-petsh'u-us-n^s. ra. s.
   [from  impetuous^]  Violence; fury; ve-
   hemence of passion.
    I wish all words of rage  might vanish in that
  breath that utters them; that as they resemble the
  wind in  fury and impetuousness, so toey might in
  transientness.                   Decay of Piety.
I'MPE TUS, im'pe-tus.603 ra. s. [Latin.]
   Violent tendency  to  any  point;  violent
   effort.
    Why did not toey continue toeir descent 'till they
  were contiguous to the sun, whither both mutual at-
  traction and impetus carried toem.       Bentley.
Impie'rceable,  im-pere'sa-bl.  adj.  [in
   and  pierce.]   Impenetrable; not  to be
   pierced.
    Exceeding rage inflam'd toe furious beast;
  For never felt his impierceable breast
  So wond'rous force from hand of living wight.
                                     Spenser.
Impi'ety, Im-pi'e-te.  ra. s.  [impiete, Fr.
   impietas, Lat.]
 I. Irreverence  to  the  Supreme  Being;
   contempt ofthe duties of religion.
    To keep that oath were more impiety
   Than Jephtha's, when he sacrifie'd his daughter.
                                      Shaksp.
 2. An act of wickedness; expression of ir-
   religion. In this sense it  has a plural.
    If they die unprovided, no more is the king guilty
   of those impieties for which they  are now visited.
                                      Shaksp,
     Can Juno such impieties approve?     Denham.
     We have a melancholy prospect of the  stale of
   our religion: such amazing imjneties can be equalled
   by nothing but by those cities consumed of old by
   fire.                                  Swift.
 To Impi'gnorate, im-pig'n6-rate.  v. a.
   [in  and pignus,  Latin.]    To pawn; to
   pledge.
 Impignoba'tion, im-pig-no-ra'shu.n. ra.  s.
   [from impignorate.]   The act of pawn-
    ing or putting to pledge.
 To Impi'nge,  im-pinje'. v.  ra.  [impingo,
    Lat.]  To fall  against; to strike against;
    to clash with.
     Things are reserved in the memory by some cor-
   poreal exuviae and material images, which, having
   impinged on the  common  sense,  rebound thence
   into some vacant cells of toe brain.     Glanville.
     The cause of reflection is not toe impinging of
   light on toe solid or impervious  parts of bodies.
                                      •Yetofon.
  To Impi'nguate, im-ping'gwate. v. a. [in.
    and pinguis, Latin.] To fatten; to make
    fat.
      Frictions also do more fill and impinguate the
    body than exercise; for that in frictions the inward
    parts are at rest.                       Bacon.
  i'MPIOUS,  im'pe-us.603   adj.  [impius,
    Latin.]  Irreligious;  wicked; profane;
    without reverence of religion.
      That scripture standeth not toe church of God in
    any stead to direct, but may be let pass as needless
    to be consulted with, we judge it profane, impious,
    and irreligious to think.                 Hooker.
      Cease then this impious rage.          Jtfiffon.
      Then lewd Auchemolus he laid in dust, 
IMP
IMP
IMP
  Who stain'd his stepdame's bed with impious lust.
                                       Dryden.
    And impious nations fear'd eternal night.  Dryd.
    Shame and reproach  is generally  the portion
  ofthe  impious, and irreligious.            Soufft.
    When vice prevails and impious men bear  sway,
  The post of honour is a private station.   .Mfison.
    Since after thee may rise an impious line,
  Coarse manglers ofthe human face divine:
  Paint on, 'till fate dissolve thy mortal part,
  And live and die the monarch of thy art.   Ticket.
    They, impious, dar'd to prey
  On herds devoted to the  god of day.         Pope.
    Grand mistakes in religion proceed from taking
  literally what  is meant figuratively, from  which
  several impious absurdities followed, terminating in
  infidelity.                             jForoes.
 I'm piously, lm'pe-iis-le.  adv.  [from im-
  pious.]  Profanely;  wickedly.
    The Roman wit, who impiously divides
  His hero and his gods to  different sides,
  I would condemn.                    Granville.
 Implacabi'lity,  im-pla-ka-bil'e-te. ra.  s.
   [from implacable.]  Inexorableness; ir-
   reconcileable  enmity;   unappeaseable
   malice."
 IMPLA'CABLE,  im-pla'ka-bl.406  adj.
   [implacabilis, Lat.  implacable, Fr.] Not
   to  be  pacified; inexorable;  malicious;
   constant in enmity.
     His  incensement is so implacable, that satisfaction
  can be none but by pangs of death.       Shaksp.
    Darah bears a generous mind;
  But to implacable revenge inclin'd;
  A bounteous master, but a deadly foe.    Dryden.
    The French  are the most impfocoofe and the most
  dangerous enemies of toe British nation.  Addison

 Impla'cably,  im-pla'ka-ble. adv. [from
   implacable.]
 1. With malice not to be  pacified; inex-
   orably.
    An order was made for disarming all the papists:
  upon which, though nothing was after done, yet it
  kept up the apprehensions in the people of dangers,
  and disinclined them from the  queen, whom toey
  begun every day more implacably to hate, and conse-
  quently to disoblige.                 Clarendon.
 2. It is  once used by  Dryden in a  kind of
   mixed sense of a tyrant's love.
                 I love,
  And 'tis below my greatness to disown it:
  Love thee implacably, yet hate thee too.   Dryden.

 To lMPLA'NT,im-plant'. v. a. [in and planto,
   Lat.] To infix; to insert; to  place;  to
   ingraft;  to settle; to set; to sow.   The
   original meaning of putting a vegetable
   into the  ground to grow is not often
   used.
    How can you him unworthy then decree,
  In whose chief part your worths  implanted be?
                                       Sidney.
    Sec,  Father!  what first-fruits on earth are sprung,
|  From thy implanted grace in man!        Milton.
    No need of public sanctions this to bind,
  Which  nature has impfanfecf in the mind.  Dryden.
    There grew to the outside of toe arytenoides an-
  other cartilage,  capable of motion by  the help of
  some muscles that were impfanfecf in it.      Ray.
    God  having endowed man  with  faculties  of
  knowing, was no more obliged  to implant those in-
  nate notions in  his mind, than  thai, having  given
  him reason, hands and materials, he should build
  him bridges.                          Locfce.
Implanta'tion,  im-plan-ta'shun.   n.  s.
  [implantation, Fr. from implant.]   The
  act of setting or   planting;  the  act of
  enfixing or  settling.
Impla'usible, im-plaw'ze-bl.439 adj.  [in
   and plausible.] Not specious, not likely
   to seduce or persuade.
     Nothing can better improve political school-boys,
   than toe art of making plausible or implausible ha-
   rangues against the very opinion for which they re-
   solve to determine.                      Swift.
 I'mplement,  im'ple-ment.  ra. s. [imple-
   mentum, from  impleo, Latin.]
 1. bomething that fills up vacancy, or sup-
   plies wants.
    Unto life many impfemenfs are necessary; more,
  if we seek such a life as hath in it joy, comfort, de-
  light, and pleasure.                    Hooker.
 2. lnstiument of  manufacture; tools of a
   trade; vessels of a kitchen.
    Wood hath coined seventeen thousand pounds,
  and hath his tools and implements to coin six times
  as  much.                               Swift.
    It is the practice of the eastern regions for the
  artists  in metals  to  carry about with  them  toe
  whole impfemenfs of trade, to toe house where toey
  find employment.                      Broome.
 Imple'tion,  im-pie'shun. ra.  s.  [impleo,
   Latin.]  l'iie act  of filling; the state of
   being full.
    Theophrastus conceiveth, upon a plentiful imple-
  tion, there may succeed a disruption of the matrix.
                                      2?roion.
 Imple'x,  im'pieks. adj. [implexus, Lat.]
   Intricate;  entangled;  complicated: op-
   posed to simple.
    Eveiy poem is either simple or implex: it is call-
  ed simple when there is no change of fortune in it;
  implex, when the fortune of toe chief actor changes
  from bad to good, or from good to bad.   Spectator-
 To  TRIPLICATE,  im'ple-kate."  v. a.
   [impliquer, Fr.  implico, Lat.]   To en-
   tangle; to  embarrass; to involve; to in-
   fold.
    The ingredients of  saltpetre  do so mutually
  implicate and hinder each  other, toat the concrete
  acts but very languidly.                  Boyle.
 Implication, im-ple-ka'shiln. n. s.  [im-
  plicatio, Lat.  implication, Fr. from im-
  plicate.]
 1. Involution; entanglement.
    Three principal caases of firmness are  the gross-
  ness, toe  quiet contact, and toe implication of the
  component parts.                       Boyle.
 2. Inference not expressed, but tacitly in-
   culcated.
    Though civil causes, according to some men, are
  of  less moment than criminal, yet the doctors are,
  by implication, of a different opinion.     Ayliffe.
IMPLI'Cir, im-plis'it.  adj.  [imphcite,
   Fr. implicitus, Lat.]
 1. Entangled; infolded; complicated. This
   sense is rare.
          In his woolly fleece
  I cling implicit.                         Pope.
          The humble shrub,
  And bush with frizzl'd hair implicit.     Thomson.
 2. Inferred;  tacitly  comprised; not  ex-
  pressed.
   In toe first establishments of speech toere was an
  implicit compact, founded upon common consent,
  that such and such words should be signs, whereby
  toey would express toeir thoughts one to another.
                                      Soufft.
   Our express  requests  are not granted, but the
  implicit desires of our hearts are fulfilled.
                                   Smalridge.
3. Resting upon  another; connected  with
  another  over which  that which is con-
  nected  to  it has no  power; trusting
   without reserve or examination. Tnus,
   by implicit credulity,  I  may believe  a
   letter yet not opened, when  I am  con-
   fident of the writer's veracity.
     There be false peaces and unities, when  toe
   peace is grounded but upon an implicit ignorance,
   for all colours will agree in the dark.      Bacon.
     No longer by implicU faith we err,
   Whilst every man 's his own interpreter.    DerUi.
 Impli'citly, im-plis'lt-le. adv.  [from im-
   plicit/]
 I. By  inference  comprised, though not
   expressed.
     The divine inspection into the affairs of  the
   world doth necessarily follow from the nature and
   being of God; and he toat denies this, doth impfi-
   citly deny his existence: he may acknowledge what
   he will  with his mouth, but in his heart he hato
   said there is  no God.                   Bentley.
 I. By connexion with something else; de-
   pendently; with  unreserved confidence
   or obedience.
     My blushing muse with conscious fear retires,
   And whom they like, implicitly admires.   Roscom-
     Learn not to dispute the methods of his provi-
   dence; and humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in
   and adore them.                    Atterbury.
     We implicitly follow in the track  in which they
   lead us, and comfort ourselves with this poor re-
   flection, toat  we  shall fare as well as those that go
  before us.                            Rogers.
 To  IMPLO'RE,   im-plore'.  v. a.  [im-
   plorer, French; imploro, Latin.]
 1. To call upon in  supplication; to  solicit.
     They ship  their oars, and crown wito wine
  The holy goblet to the pow'rs divine,
  Imploring all the gods that reign above.     Pope.
 2. To ask. to beg.
     Do not say 'tis superstition, that
  I kneel, and then implore her blessing.    Shaksp.
 Implo're, lm-plore'. ra. s. [from the verb.]
   The act of begging;  entreaty; solicita-
   tion.   Not in use.
                Urged sore,
  Wito piercing words and pitiful implore,
  Him hasty to arise.                Fairy Queen.
 Implor'er,  im-plo'rur." n.  e. [from im-
   plore.]  Solicitor.
    Mere impforers of unholy suits,
  Breathing, like sanctified and pious,
  The better to beguile.                ' Shaksp.
Implu'mEb, im-plum'd'.383 adj. [implumis,
   Lat.] Without feathers.           Diet.
 To Imply',  lm-pli'. v. a. [impliquer,  Fr.
   implico, Lat.]
 I. To" unfold; to cover; to entangle.   Not
   in use.
              His courage stout,
  Striving to loose the knot that fast him ties,
  Himself in straighter bonds too rash implies.
                                 Fairy Queen.
    And Phoebus flying so most shameful sight,
  His blushing face in foggy cloud implies. F Queen.
 2. To involve  or  comprise as a  conse-
   quence or concomitant.
    That it was in use among the Greeks, toe word
  triclinium implieth.                     Brown.
    What  follows next is no objection; for that im-
  plies a fault.                          Dryden.
    Bows toe strength of brawny arms imply,
  Emblems of valour, and of victory.        Dryden.
    Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious in-
  tention is implied.                    Slurlock.

 To  Impo'ison,  im-poe'z'n.  v.   a.  [em-
  poisoner,   Fr. It  might  be written  em-
  poison.]
1. To corrupt with poison.
              One doth not know
  How much an ill word doth impoison liking.  Shak. 
IMP
IMP
IMP
2. To kill with poison.  This is rare.  See
   Empoison.
    A man by his own alms impoison'd,
  And with his charity slain.               Shaksp.
Impo'larily,  im-po'lar-e-le. adv. [in and
   polar.]  Not according to the direction
   ofthe poles.  Little used.
    Being impolarily adjoined unto a more vigorous
  loadstone, it will, in a short time, exchange its poles.
                                       Brown.
Impoli'tical, im-po-Ht'e-kal. 7 adj.  [in
Impo'litick, Im-pol'e-tik.610  $ and poli-
   tick.]  Imprudent;  indiscreet; void  of
   art or forecast.
    He  that exhorteth  to beware of an enemy's po-
   licy, doth not give counsel to be impolitick; but ra-
   ther to use all  prudent foresight and circumspec-
   tion, lest our simplicity be over-reach'd by cunning
   slights.                              Hooker.
 Impoli'tically,   im-po-Ht'e-kal-e.609
 Impo'litickly,   im-pcM'e-tik-le.
   adv. [in and political.]  Without  art or
   forecast.
 Impo'nderous, im-pon'der-us.   adj.  [in
   and ponderous.]   Void  of perceptible
   weight.
     It produces visible and  real effects  by imponder-
   ous and invisible emissions.              Brown.
 Imporo'sity, im-po-ros'se-te. ra. s. [in and
   porous.]   Absence of interstices; com-
   pactness; closeness.
     The porosity or imporostfy betwixt the tangible
   parts, and the greatness or smallness of the pores.
                                        Bacon.
 Impo'rous, im-po'riis.314 adj. [in and po-
   rous.]  Free from  pores;  free from va-
   cuities  or  interstices; close of texture;
   completely solid.
     It has its earthly and salinous parts  so exactly re-
   solved, that its body is left imporous, and not dis-
   creeted by atomical terminations.         Brown.
     If atoms should descend plumb down with equal
   velocity, being all perfectly solid and imporous, they
   would never the one overtake the other.      Ray.
  To IMPO'RT, im-port.492 v. a. [importo,
    Latin.]
  1. To  carry  into any country from abroad:
    opposed to export.
      For Elis I would sail with  utmost speed,
   T' import twelve mares, which there luxurious feed.
                                         Pope.
  2. To  imply; to infer.
      Himself not only comprehended all our necessi-
   ties, but in such sort also framed every petition as
   might most naturally serve  for many; and  doth,
 f though not always require, yet always import a mul-
   titude of speakers together.              Hooker.
      The name  of discipline  importeth not as they
   would fain  have it  construed; but  the self-same
   thing it signifieth, which the  name of doctrine doth.
                                        Hooker.
      This question we now asked, imported, as that we
   thought this land a land of magicians.     Bacon.
  3. To produce in consequence.
      Something he left imperfect in the state,
   Which since his coming forth is thought of, which
   Imports the kingdom  so much fear and danger,
   That his return was most requir'd.     Shakspeare.
  4. [importer, importe, French.   Imperson-
    ally.]  To  be of  moment: as, it imports,
    it is of weight or consequence.
      Her length ofsickness, with what else more serious
   Importeth thee to know, this  bears.     Shakspeare.
      Let the heat be such as may keep the metal per-
   petually molten; for that above all importeth to the
   work.                                Bacon.
     Number in armies  importelh not much, wtiere the
   people is of weak courage.               Bacon.
    This to attain, whether heav'n move, or earth
  Imports not, if thou reckon right.          Afiffon.
    It may import us in this  calm  to hearken more
  than we have done to the storms that are now raising
  abroad.                              Tempfe.
    If I endure it, what imports it yon?      Dryden.
Impo'rt, im'port. ra. s. [from the verb.]
I. Importance; moment; consequence.
                What occasion of import
  Hath all so long detain'd you from your wife?
                                   Shakspeare.
    Some business of import that triumph wears
  You seem to go wito.   Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
    When there is any dispute, the judge ought  to
  appoint the  sum according to the eloquence and
  ability of toe advocate, and in  proportion to the im-
  port of the cause.                      Ayliffe.
2. Tendency.
    Add to the former observations made about vege-
  tables  a third of the  same import made in mineral
  substances.                            Boyle.
3; Any thing brought from abroad; as, our
   imports ought  not to exceed our  ex-
   ports.
Impo'rtable,  im-por'ta-bl.  adj. [in  and
   portable.] Unsupportable; not to be en-
   dured.  A word  accented by Spenser on
   the first  syllable.    It  is used in  the
   Apocrypha.
    Both at once him charge on either side,
   With hideous strokes and importable power,
    That forced him his ground  to traverse wide,
   And wisely watch to ward that deadly stour. F.  Q.
Impo'rtance,  im-por'tanse, or im-por'
   tanse. ra.  s. [French.]
 1. Thing  imported or implied.   Rare.
    A notable passion of wonder appeared in them;
   but the wisest beholder, that knew no more but see-
   ing, could not say if  the importance were joy or sor-
   row.                             Shakspeare.
2. Matter; subject.   Not  in use.
    It had  been pity  should you have been put  to-
   gether with  so mortal a purpose, as then each bore,
   upon importance of so slight a nature.   Shakspeare.
3. Consequence; moment.
             We consider
   The importance of Cyprus to the Turks.    Shaksp.
             Thy own importance know,
   Nor bound toy narrow views to things below. Pope.
 4. Importunity.    An improper use  pecu-
   liar to  Shakspeare.
             Maria writ
   The letter at sir Toby's great  importance;
   In recompense whereof he hath married her. Sliaksp.
 Impo'rtant, im-por'tant,  or im-por'tant.
   adj. [important,  French.]
 1. Momentous;  weighty; of  great conse-
   quence.
     The most important and pressing care of a new
   and vigorous king was his marriage, for mediate es-
   tablishment of the royal line.             Woffon.
     This  superadds treachery to  the crime: 'tis  the
   falsifying the most important trust. Decay of Piety.
     0 then, what interest shall I make
   To save my last important stake,
   When the most just have cause to quake? Roscom.
     The great important end that God designs reli-
   gion for, the government of  mankind, sufficiently
   shews the necessity  of its  being rooted deep in  tbe
   heart, and put beyond the danger of  being torn up
   by any ordinary violence.                 South.
     Examine how the  fashionable practice ofthe world
   can be reconciled to the important doctrine of our
   religion.                              Rogers.
     Important truths still let your fables hold,
   And moral mysteries wito art unfold.    GranvUle.
     Th' important hour had pass'd unheeded by.
                                        Irene.
  2. Momentous; forcible; of great  efficacy.
 I   This seems to  be the meaning  here.
          He fiercely at him flew,
  And with important outrage him assail'd;
    Who soon prepar'd to field, his sword forth drew,
  And him with equal valour countervail'd. F. Queen.
3. Importunate. A corrupt use ofthe word.
  See  Importance.
                Great France
  My mourning and important tears hath pitied.
                                   Shakspeare.
Importation, im-p6r«ta'shiin. ra. *. [from
  import.] The act or practice of import-
  ing,  or  bringing into a  country from
  abroad: opposed to exportation.
    The king's  reasonable profit should not be ne-
  glected upon importation and exportation.   Bacon.
    These mines fill  toe country with  greater num-
  bers of people than it would be able to bear, with-
  out the importation of corn from foreign  parts.
                              Addison on Italy.
    The  emperor has forbidden the importation  of
  their manufactures into any part of the empire.
                              Addison on Italy.
Impo'rter, im-port'ur.98  ra.  s.  [from im-
  port] One that brings in from  abroad.
    It is impossible to limit the quantity toat shall be
  brought in, especially if the  importers of it have so
  sure a market as toe exchequer.            Swift.
Impo'rtless, im-port'lls. adj.  [from im-
  port/]  Of no moment or  consequence.
  This is a word not in  use,  but not inele-
  gant.
                We less expect
  That matter needless, of importless burthen,
  Divide thy lips.                     Shakspeare.
IMPO'RTUNATE, im-pdr'tshu-nate.*"
  adj.  [importunus, Latin; importune, Fr.]
  Unseasonable and incessant in solicita-
  tions; not to be  repulsed.
     I was in debt to my importunate business;  but he
  would not hear my excuse.            Shakspeare.
     They may not be  able to  bear toe clamour pf an
  importunate suitor.                   Smalridge.
     A rule restrains the most importunate appetites of
  our nature.                            Rogers.

Impo'rtunately, lm-por'tshu-nat-le. adv.
  [from importunate.] With incessant so-
  licitation;  pertinaciously in petition.
     Their pertinacy is such; that when you drive them
  out of one form, they assume another; and are so im-
  portunately troublesome, as makes many  think it
  impossible to  be freed from them.         Duppa.
lMPo'RTUNATENEss,lm-por'tshu-nat-nes.91
  ra. s. [from importunate.]  Incessant soj
  Ii citation.
     She with more and more importunateness craved,
  which, in all  good manners, was either of us to be
  desired, or not granted.                 Sidney.
 To  IMPORTU'NE, im-por-tune'. v.a.
   [importuner,  French; importunus, Lat.
   Accented anciently on the second svl-
   lable.]
 1. To disturb by reiteration of the same re-
   quest.
 2. To  tease; to harass with slight vexation
   perpetually recurring; to molest.
     Against all sense you do importune her.  Shaksp.
     If he espied any lewd  gaiety in  his fellow ser-
  vants, his master should straightways know it, and
  not rest free  from importuning, until the fellow had
  put away his fault.                      Carew.
     The highest saint in the celestial hierarchy began
   to be so impertinently importuned, that a great part
   of the liturgy was addressed solely to her.  Howell.
     The bloom of beauty other years demands,
   Nor will be gather'd by such wither'd hands:
   You importune it with a false desire.      Dryden.
     Eveiy one hath experimented this troublesome in-
   trusion of some frisking ideas, which thus importune 
IMP
IMP
IMP
  the understanding,  and hinder it from being em-
  ployed.                                Locke.
    We have been obliged to hire troops from seve-
  ral princes of the empire, whose ministers and resi-
  dents here have perpetually importuned the court
  with unreasonable demands.              Sicift.
Importu'ne, im-por-tune'. adj. [importu-
  nus, Latin.  It was anciently pronounced
  with the accent on the  second syllable.]
1. Constantly  recurring; troublesome  by
  frequency.
    All that charge did fervently apply,
  With greedy malice and importune toil;
    And planted toere their huge artillery,
  With which toey daily made most dreadful battery.
                                       Spenser.
    Henry, king of England, needed not to have be-
  stowed such great sums, nor so to have busied him-
  self with importune and incessant labour, to compass
  my death and ruin, if I had been a feigned person.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
2. Troublesome; vexatious.
    And to' armies of toeir creatures,  all and some,
  Do serve to them, and with importune might
  War against us, the vassals of their will.   Spenser.
    If the upper soul can check what is consented to
  by toe will in compliance with the  flesh, and can
  then hope, that after a few years of sensuality, that
  importune rebellious servant shall be  eternally cast
  off, this would be some colour for toat novel per-
  suasion.                            Hammond.
    The same airs,  which some entertain with most
  delightful transports, to others are importune.
                              Glanville's Scepsis.
3. Unseasonable; coming, asking, or hap-
   pening at a wrong time.
                    No fair to thine
  Equivalent, or second! which compell'd
!  Me thus, though importune perhaps, to come,
  And gaze and worship thee.              Afiffon.
Importu'nely, im-pdr-tune'le. adv. [from
   importune.]
1. Troublesomely; incessantly.
    The palmer bent his ear unto the noise,
  To weet who call'd so importunely:
  Again he heard a more efforcod voice,
  That bade him come in haste.      Fairy Queen.
2. Unseasonably; improperly.
    The constitutions that the apostles made concern-
  ing deacons and widows, are, with much  importu-
  nity, but very imporfunefy urged by the disciplina-
  rians .                             Sanderson.
Importu'nity, im-por-tu'ne-te.  ra.  s. [im-
  portunitas, Latin; importunite, French;
   from importunate/]   Incessant solicita-
   tion.
    Overcome with the importunity of his wife, a wo-
  man of a haughty spirit, he altered his former pur-
  pose.                                 Knolles.
    Thrice I deluded her, and turn'd to sport
  Her importunity.              Milton's Agonistes.
To IMPO'SE, im-poze'. v.a.  [imposer,
   French; impositum, Latin.]
!. To lay on as a burden or penalty.
    It shall not be lawful to impose toll upon them.
                                        Ezra.
    If a son do fall into a lewd action, the imputation,
  by your rule, should be imposed upon his father.
                                    Shakspeare.
    To tyrants others have their country sold,
  Imposing foreign lords for foreign gold.    Dryden.
    On impious realms and barb'rous kings impose
  Thy plagues, and curse them with such ills as those.
                                         Pope.
2. To enjoin as a duty or law.
    Wliat good or evil is there under the sun, what
  action correspondent  or repugnant unto  toe  law
  which God hath imposed upon his creatures, but in
  or upon  it God  doth  work,  according  to  the law
  which  himself hath eternally purposed to keep.
                                       Hooker.
    There was a thorough way made by toe sword for
  the imposing of toe laws upon them.      Spenser.
    Thou on toe deep imposest nobler laws,
  And by that justice hast remov'd the cause. Waller.
    Christianity hato hardly imposed any other laws
  upon us, but what are enacted in our natures, or are
  agreeable to the prime and fundamental laws of it.
                                     Tillotson.
          Impose but your commands,
  This hour shall bring you twenty thousand hands.
                                      Dryden.
    It was neither imposed on me, nor so much as the
  subject given me by any man.           Dryden,
3. To  fix on; to impute to.
    This cannot be allowed, except  we impute that
  unto the first cause which we impose not on the se-
  cond; or what we deny unto nature, we impute un-
  to nativity itself.                       Brown.
4. To obtrude  fallaciously.
            Our  poet thinks not fit
  T' impose upon you what he writes for wit. Diyden.
5. To Impose on.   To put a  cheat on; to
   deceive.
    Physicians and philosophers have suffered them-
  selves  to be so far imposed, upon as  to publish chy-
  mical experiments, which they never tried.  Boyfe.
    He that thinks the name centaur  stands for some
  real being, imposes on himself, and  mistakes words
  for things.                            Locke.
6. [Among printers.]  To put the pages on
   the stone, and fit on the chase, in order
   to carry the form to press.
Impo'se, im-poze'. ra. *. [from the verb.]
   Command; injunction.   Not in use.
    According to  your ladyship's impose
  I am thus early come.                Shakspeare.
Impo'seable,  im-po'za-bl.406  adj.  [from
   impose.]  To be laid as obligatory on any
   body.
    They were not simply imposeable  on any particu-
  lar man, farther  than he was a  member of some
  church.                            Hammond.
Impo'ser, im-po'zur.98 ra. s. [from impose.]
   One who enjoins as a law; one who lays
   any thing on another as a hardship.
    The universities sufferings might be manifested to
  all nations, and the imposers of these oaths might re-
  pent.                                 Walton.
Imposition, im-po-zish'un. ra. s.  [imposi-
   tion, French; impositus, Latin.]
1. The act of laying any thing on another.
    The second part of confirmation is the prayer and
  benediction of the bishop, made more solemn by the
  imposition of hands.                 Hammond.
2. The act of annexing.
    The first  imposition of  names  was grounded,
  among all nations, upon future good hope conceived
  of children.                           Camden.
    The imposition of toe name is grounded only upon
  the predominancy of that  element,  whose name is
  ascribed to it.                          Boyfe.
3. Injunction of any thing as a  law or duty.
    Their determination is to  trouble  you with no
  more suit; unless you may be won  by some other
  sort than your father's imposUion, depending on the
  caskets.                            Shakspeare.
    From imposition of strict laws, to  free
  Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear
  To filial; works of law, to works of faith.  MUton.
4. Constraint; oppression.
    The constraint of receiving and holding opinions
  by authority was rightly called imposition.  Locke.
    A greater load has been laid on us than we have
  been able to bear, and the grossest imposUions have
  been submitted  to, in order to forward the danger-
  ous designs of a faction.                  Swift.
    Let it not be  made, contrary to its own nature,
  the occasion of strife, a narrow spirit, and unreasona-
  ble imposUions on the mind and practice.   Watts.
5. Cheat; fallacy; imposture.
6. A  supernumerary  exercise   enjoined
   scholars as a punishment.
    These impositions were supply'd,
  To light my pipe, or please my pride.
                          Progress of Discontent.
lMPo'ssiBi.E,im-p6s'se-bl.40S adj. [impos-
   sible, French;  in and possible.]  Not to
   be done;  not  to be attained;  impracti-
   cable.
    It was impossible that the state should  continue
  quiet.                                2 Mac.
    Wito men this is impossible; but with God all
  things are possible.                   Matthew.
    'Twere impossible for any enterprise to be lawful,
  if that which should legitimate it is subsequent to it.
                                 Decay  of Piety.
    Difficult it is, but not impossUrle. Chillingworth.
    It is impossUrle the mind should be stopped any
  where in its progress  in this space, how far so ever
  it extends its thoughts.                   Locke.
    We cannot believe it impossUile to God to make
  a creature wito  more ways to convey into the un-
  derstanding the notice of corporeal things than five
                                       Locke.
          I my thoughts  deceive
  With hope of things impossible to find.     Walsh.
Impossibility,  im-pos-se-bll'e-te. ra. s.
   [impossibilite, Fr.  from impossible]
I. Impracticability; the state of being  not
   feasible.
    Simple Philoclea, it is the impossibilUy toat  doth
  torment me; for unlawful desires are punished after
  toe effect of enjoying, but impossible desires in the
  desire itself.                           Sidney,
    Admit all these imposswilities and great absui-
  dities to be possible and convenient.     Whitgift.
          Let the mutinous winds
  Strike the proud cedars  'gainst the fiery sun,
  Murdering impossibility, to make
  What cannot be, slight work.             Shaksp.
    They confound difficulty wito impossifrifify. South.
    Those who assert  the impossibility of space ex-
  isting without matter, must make body infinite.
                                       Locke.
    When we see a man of like passions  and weak-
  ness wito ourselves going before us in the paths of
  duty, it confutes all lazy pretences of impossibility.
                                       Rogers.
2. That which cannot be  done.
    Though men do, without offence, wish daily that
  the  affairs, which with evil  success are past, might
  have fallen out much better; yet to pray that  they
  may have been any other than they are, tois being
  a manifest impossibility in itself, the rules  of  reli-
  gion do not permit.                     Hooker.
    Impossibilities', oh no; there's none,
  Could 1 bring thy heart  captive home.     Cowley.
I'mpost, im'post. ra. s. [impost, impot, Fr.
   impositum, Latin.]  A tax;  a toll;  a cus-
   tom paid.
    Taxes and imposts upon merchants do seldom
  good to toe king's revenue; for that that he wins in
  the  hundred, he loseth in the shire.       Bacon.
[mpo'sts, im-posts'.  ra. s.  [imposte, Fr.]
   In  architecture,  that part of a  pillar, in
   vaults and arches, on which the weight
   of  the whole building lieth. Ainsworth.
To Impo'sthumate, im-pos'tshu-mate.81
   v.  ra.  [from imposthume.]  To form an
   abscess, to gather; to form a cyst  or bag
   containing matter.
    The bruise imposthumated,  and afterwards  turn-
  ed to a stinking ulcer, which made every body shy
  to come near her.                    Arbuthnot.
To   Impo'sthumate,  im-pos'tshu^mate.
   v.  a. To afflict with an imposthume.
    They would not fly that surgeon, whose lancet
  threatens none but the imposthumated parts.
                                Decay of Piety
Imposthuma'tion, lm-pos-tshu-ma'shun. 
IMP
IMP
IMP
  n. s. | from impostumate.]   The act  of
  forming an imposthume; the state  in
  which an imposthume is formed.
    He that maketh  toe wound bleed  inward, en-
  dangercth malign ulcers and pernicious imposthu-
  mations.                              Bacon.

IMPO'STHUMK, im-pos'tsmime.481 ra.*.
  [This  seems to  have  been  formed by
  corruption  from imposttm,  as  South
  writes  it;  and  impostem  to have been
  written erroneously for aposteme, kiro-
  rvt*.*, an abscess.]  A collection of pu-
  rulent matter in a bag or cyst.
    Now  rotten diseases,  ruptures, catarrhs,  and
  bladders full of impostumes, make preposterous dis-
  coveries.                          Shakspeare.
    An error  in the judgment is like an impostem in
  the head, which is always noisome,  and frequently
  mortal.                                Soufft.
    Fumes cannot transude through the bag of an im-
  posthume.                           Harvey.
 Impo'stor, im-pos'to.r.166 ra. *. [imposteur,
   French; fromimpose; impositor, Latin.]
   One  who cheats by a fictitious charac-
   ter.
     Shame and pain, poverty and sickness, yea death
  and  hell itself, are but the  trophies of those fatal
  conquests got by toat grand impostor, toe devil,
  over the deluded sons of men.             South.
 Impo'sture, lm-pos'tshure. ra.  a.  [impos-
   ture, French; impostura, Latin.] Cheat;
   fraud:  supposititiousness;  cheat  com-
   mitted by  giving to persons or things a
   false character.
     That the soul and angels have nothing to  do with
  grosser locality is generally opinioned; but  who is
  it that retains not a great part of the  imposture, by
  allowing them a definitive ubi, which is still but im-
  agination?                          Glanville.
     Open to thcin so many of toe  interior secrets of
  this  mysterious art, without imposture or invidious
   reserve.                              Evelyn.
     We know how successful  the  late  usurper  was,
   while his army believed him real in his zeal against
   kingship; but when they found out toe imposture,
   upon his aspiring to the same himself, he was pre-
   sently deserted, and never able to crown his usurp-
   ed greatness, with that title.             South.
             Form new legends,
   And fill the world with follies and impostures.
                                        Irene.
 I'mpotence, im'po-lense. 7 n.s.[impoten-
 Tmpotency, im'po-ten-se. 3    tia, Latin.]
 1.  Want of power;  inability; imbecility;
   weakness.
     Some werepoorbyimpofencyof nature; as young
  fatherless children, old decrepit persons, ideots and
   cripples.                      Sir J. Hayward.
     Weakness, or the impotence of exercising animal
   motion, attends fevers.               Arbuthnot.
     God is a friend and a father, whose care supplies
   our  wants, and defends  our impotence,  and from
   whose compassion in Christ we hope for eternal glo-
  ry hereafter.                           Rogers.
     This is not a restraint or impotency, but the roy-
   al prerogative of toe most absolute King of kings;
   that he wills to do nothing but what he can;  and
   that he can do nothing which is repugnant to his di-
   vine goodness.                        Bentley.
 2.  Ungovernableness of passion. A Latin
   signification; animi impotentia.
     Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire,
   Belike through impotence, or unaware,
   To give his enemies their wish, and end
   Them in his anger, whom his anger saves
   To punish endless?                     Milton.
             Yet all combin'd,
   Your beauty  and my impotence of mind.  Dryden.
 3.  Incapacity of  propagation.
    Dulness with obscenity must prove
  As hateful, sure,  as impotence in love.       Pope.
I'MPOTENT, im'p6-tent.1'ro  adj. [impo-
  tent, French; impotens, Latin.]
1. Weak;  feeble; wanting force; wanting
  power.
    We that are strong must bear the imbecility of
  the impotent, and not please ourselves.     Hooker.
            Yet wealth is impotent
  To gain dominion, or to keep it gain'd.    MUton.
    Although in dreadful whirls we hung,
  High on  the broken wave,
    I knew thou wert not slow to hear,
  Nor impofenf to save.        Addison's Spectator.
2. Disabled by nature or disease.
     In those porches lay a great multitude of impo-
  tent folk, of blind, halt, and withered.       John-
    There sat a certain man, impotent in his feet, be-
  ing a cripple from his mother's  womb, who never
  had walked.                            Acts.
     I have learn'd that fearful commenting
  Is  leaden servitor to dull delay;
  Delay leads impotent and snail'd-pac'd beggary.
                                   Shakspeare.
     The impotent poor might be reliev'd, and the idle
  forced to labour.                      Tempfe.
3. Without power  of  restraint,   [animi
   imfiotens.]
     With  jealous eyes at distance she had seen,
  Whisp'ring with Jove, toe silver-footed queen;
  Then, impotent of tongue, her silence broke,
  Thus turbulent in rattling tone she spoke. Dryden.
4. Without power of propagation.
     He told beau Prim, who is thought impotent, toat
  his mistress would not have him, because he is a
  sloven, and had committed a rape.         Taller.
I'm potently, im'po-tent-le.  adv. [from
   impotent.]   Without power.
     Proud Caesar, 'midst triumphal cars,
  The spoils of nations, and the pomp of wars,
  Ignobly vain, and impotently great,
  Shew'd Rome her Cato's figure drawn in state. Pope.
To  Impo'unb, lm-p6und.  v.  a.  [in  and
  pound.   Sec Pound.]
1. To enclose as  in a pound;  to shut in;
   to confine.
     The great care was rather how to impound the
  rebels, that none of  them might escape, than that
  any doubt was made to vanquish them.     Bacon.
2. To shut up in  a pinfold.
                  England
  Hath taken and impounded as a stray
  The king.                Shakspeare's Henry V.
     Seeing him wander about I took him up for a stray,
  and impounded him, wito intention  to restore him
  to  the right owner.                     Dryden-
To  Impo'wer.   See Empower.
Impra'cticable,  im-prak'te-ka-bl.  adj.
   [impracticable, French;  in  and practi-
   cable.]
I. Not to be  performed; unfeasible; im-
   possible.
     Had  toere  not been still remaining bodies, the
  legitimate offsprings ofthe antediluvian earth,'twould
  have been an extravagant and impracticable  under-
  taking to have gone about to determine any thing
  concerning it.                       Woodward.
     To preach up the  necessity of that which our ex-
  perience tells us is utterly impracticable, were to af-
  fright mankind with the terrible prospect of univer-
  sal damnation.                       Rogers.
2.  Untractable; unmanageable;  stubborn.
     That  fierce impracticable nature
  Is govern'd by a dainty-fingcr'd girl.       Rowe.
 Impra'cticableness,    im-prak'te-kS-bl-
   nes. ra. a. [from impracticable]
 I.  Impossibility.
     I do not know a greater mark of an able minister
:  than that of rightly  adapting the several faculties
  of men; nor is any thing more to be lamented than
  the impracticableness of doing this.         Sioift.
2. Untractableness; stubbornness-
To  I'MPRECATE,  Im'pre-kate.  v. a.
   [imprecor, Latin.]   To call for evil up-
   on himself or others.
Impreoa'tion, im-pre-ka'shu.n. ra. *. [im-
  precatio,  Latin;   imprecation,  French;
  from  imprecate.]   Curse;  prayer  by
  which any  evil is wished to another or
  himself.
    My mother shall the horrid furies raise
  With imprecations.           Chapman's Odyssey.
    Sir John  Hotham, uncursed by any imprecation
  of mine, paid his own and his eldest son's heads.
                                 King Charles.
    With imprecations thus he fill'd toe air,
  And angry Neptune heard th' unrighteous pray'r.
                                       Pope.
I'mprecatory,  im'pre-ka-tftr-e.618   adj.
  [from imprecate.]  Containing wishes
  of evil.
To lMPRE'GN,im-nrene'.386  v.a. [in and
  pragno, Latin.]  To fill with young; to
  fill with any matter  or quality;  to  make
  pregnant.
            In her ears the sound
  Yet rung of  his persuasive words, impregn'd
  With reason to her  seeming.             Afiffon
    Th' unfruitful rock itself, impregn'd by thee,
  Forms lucid stones.                  Thomson,
IMPRE'GNABLE,  im-preg'na-bl.  adj.
  [impregnable, French.]
I. Not to be  stormed; not to be taken.
    Two giants kept  themselves in a castle, seated
  upon  the top of a rock, impregnable, because there
  was no coming to it but by one narrow path, where
  one man's force was able  to keep down an army.
                                      Sidney.
    Let us be  back'd with God, and wito the  seas;
  Which he hath given for fence impregnable,
  And with their helps alone defend ourselves.
                                  Shakspeare.
            Hast thou not him, and all
  Which he calls his, inclosed with a wall
  Of strength impregnable?                Sandyt.
          There the capital thou see'st,
  Above the rest lifting his stately bead
  On the Tarpeian rock, her citadel
  Impregnable.                         Milton.
2. Unshaken; unmoved; unaffected;  in-
  vincible.
    The man's affection remains wholly unconcerned
  and impregnable; just like  a rock, which, being
  plied continually by the waves,  still throws them
  back  again,  but is not at  all moved.       South.

lMPRE'GNABLY,im-preg'na-ble.arfv.[from
   impregnable.]  In such a manner as to
   defy force or hostility.
    A castle sU-ongly seated on a high rock,  joineth
  by an isthmus  to the land and is impregnably forti-
  fied.                                 Sandys.
To Impre'gnate,  im-preg'nate. v.  a. [in
   and pragno, Latin.]
I.  To fill with young; to make prolifick.
     Hermaphrodites, although toey include toe parts
  of both  sexes, cannot  impregnate themselves.
                                       Brown.
     Christianity is of so prolific a nature, so apt to
  impregnate  the hearts and lives of its proselytes,
  that it is hard to imagine that any branch should
  want a due fertility.             Decay of Piety.
2.  Limpregner, French.] To fill; to satu-
   rate.
3.  In the following examples, impregnate
   may be perhaps an adjective.
     Impregnate, from their loins they shed
   A slimy juice.                 Dryden's Virgil 
IMP
IMP
IMP
     With native earth toeir blood the monsters mix'd,
   The blood, endu'd with animating heat,
   Did in to' impregnate earth new sons beget. Drycf.
 Impregnation, im-preg-na'shun.  ra.  *.
    [from impregnate.]
 I. The act of making prolifick; fecunda-
    tion.
     They ought to refer  matters unto  counsellors,
   which is toe first begetting or impregnation; but
   when they are elaborate in the womb of their coun-
   sel, and grow ripe to be brought forth,  then they
   take the matter back into their own hands. Bacon.
 2. That with which any thing is impreg-
    nated.
     What could implant in the body such peculiar im-
   pregnations, as should have such power.
                       Derham's Physico-Theolog.
 3. [impregnation, French.]  Saturation.
                                  Ainsworth.
 Impreju^icate,    im-pre-j66'de-kate.91
    adj.  [in, pra, and judico, Latin.]   Un-
    prejudiced; not prepossessed; impartial.
     The solid reason of one man with imprtjudicate
   apprehensions, begets as firm a belief as the autho-
   rity or aggregated testimony of many hundreds.
                                        Brown.
 Imprepara'tion, Im-prep-a-ra'shun.  ra. s.
    [in and preparation.]  Unpreparedness;
    want  of preparation.
     Impreparation and unreadiness when they find in
   us, they turn it to  the soothing up of themselves.
                                       Hooker.
 To IMPRE'SS,  im-pres'.  v. a.  [impres-
    sum, Latin.]
 1. To  print by pressure; to stamp.
     When God from earth form'd Adam  in the cast,
   He his own image on the clay imprest.    Denham.
     The conquering chief his foot imprest
   On the strong neck of that destructive beast.
                                 Dryden's Odd.
 2.  To fix deep.
     We should dwell upon the arguments, and im-
  p-ess the motives of persuasion upon our own hearts,
   'till we feel the force of them.            Walts.
 3.  To mark, as  impressed by a stamp.
     So foul and ugly, that exceeding fear
   Their visages imprest, when they approached near.
                                       Spenser.
 4.  To  force into  service.   This  is gene-
   rally now spoken and written press.
    His age has charms in it, his title more,
  To pluck the common  bosoms on his side,
  And turn our imprest launces in  our eyes
  Which do command them.           Shakspeare.
    Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be, until
  Great Birnam-wood to Dunsinane's high hill
  Shall come against him.
  ----That will never be:
  Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
  Unfix his earth-bound root.          Shakspeare.
    Ormond should contribute all he could for the
  making those levies of men, and for impressing of
  ships.                              Clarendon.
Impre'ss, im'pres.492 ra. s. [from the  verb.]
 1.   Mark made by pressure.
    This weak impress of love is as a figure
 Trenched in ice, which wito an hour's heat
 Dissolves to water.                  Shakspeare.
    They having taken the impresses of the insides of
 these shells with  that exquisite  niceness, as to ex-
 press even the finest lineaments of  toem.
                    Woodward's Natural History.
2.  Effects of one substance on another.
    How objects are  represented to myself I cannot
 be ignorant; but in what manner they are received,
 and what impresses they make upon the differing or-
 gans of another, he only knows that feels them.
                             Glanville's Scepsis,
5.  Mark of distinction; stamp.
    God, surveying the works of the creation, leaves

      VOL.  I.
   us this general impress or character upon them, that
   they were exceeding good.               Soufft.
 4. Device;  motto.
     To describe emblazon'd shields,
   Impresses quaint, caparisons, and steeds,
   Bases, and tinsels, trappings.             Milton.
 5. Act  of forcing into service;  compul-
   sion; seizure.  Now commonly press.
     Ajax was here toe voluntary, and you as under
   an impress.                         Shakspeare.
     Why such impress of shipwrights, whose sore task,
   Does not divide toe Sunday from the week? Shaksp.
     Your ships are not well mann'd;
   Your mariners are muleteers, reapers, people
   Ingrost by swift impress.             Shakspeare.
 Impre'ssible, im-pres'se-bl.  adj. [in and
   pressum,  Latin.]   What may be  im-
   pressed.
     The differences of impresswle and not  impressible,
   figurable and not figurable, are plebeian notions.
                        Bacon's Natural History.

 Impre'ssion, im-presh'un. ra. s. [impressio,
   Latin; impression, French.]
 1. The  act  of pressing  one  body upon
   another.
     Sensation is such an impression or motion, made
   in some part of the body, as produces some percep-
   tion in the understanding.                Locke.
 2. Mark made by pressure;  stamp.
     Like  to a chaos, or unlick'd bear-whelp,
   That carries no impression like the dam.  Shaksp.
 3. Image fixed in the mind.
     Were the offices of religion stript of  all  the ex-
   ternal decencies, they would not make a due  im-
   pression on the mind.                 Atterbury.
     The false representations of the kingdom's ene-
   mies had made some impression in toe mind of the
   successor.                             Swift.
 4. Efficacious agency;  operation;  influ-
   ence.
     The king had made him high sheriff  of Sussex,
   that he might the better make impression upon that
   country.                           Clarendon.
     We lie open to the impressions of flattery, which
   we admit without scruple, because we think we de-
   serve it.                            Atterbury.
     Universal gravitation is above all mechanism, and'
   proceeds from a divine energy and impression.
                                      Bentley.
    There is a  real knowledge  of material  things,
   when the thing itself, and the real  action and im-
  pression  thereof on our senses,  is perceived.
                                       Cheyne.
5. Effect of an attack.
    Such a defeat of near two hundred horse, second-
   ed with two thousand foot, may surely endure a com-
   parison with any of the bravest impressions in an-
   cient times.                          Wotton.
6. Edition; number  printed at once; one
   course of  printing.
    To be distracted with many opinions, makes men
  to be of  the last impression, and full of change.
                                       Bacon.
    For ten impressions, which his works have had in
  so  many years, at present a hundred  books are
  scarcely purchased once a twelve-month.   Dryden.
Impre'ssube,  iin-presh'ure.  ra. s. [from
   impress.] The mark made by pressure;
   the dint; the impression.
            Lean but upon a rush,
  The cicatrice and capable impressure
  Thy palm some moments keeps.       Shakspeare.
To Impri'nt,  im-print'. v. a.  [imprinter,
   French.]
I.   To mark upon any substance by pres-
   sure.
    One of the same seal, imprinted upon pieces of
  wax of different colours.                Holder.
    Having surveyed the image of God in the soul of
                    6k
   man, we are not to omit those characters of majes-
   ty that God imprinted upon the body.      South.
     She amidst his spacious meadows flows;
   Inclines her urn upon his fatten'd lands,
   And sees his num'rous herds imprint her sands.
                                         Prior-
 2.  To  stamp  words upon paper by the use
    of types.
 3.  To  fix on  the mind or memory.
     There is a kind of conveying of effectual and im-
   printing passages, amongst compliments, which is
   of singular use.                        Bacon.
     W'c have all  those ideas  in our understandings
   which we can make the objects of our thoughts, with-
   out the help of those  sensible qualities which first
   imprinted them.                         Lock?.
     Retention is the power to revive again in our
   minds  those ideas,  which, after imprinting, have
   disappeared.                            Locke.
     By familiar acquaintance he has got the ideas of
   those two different things distinctly imprinted on his
   mind.                                 Locke.
 4.  To Imprint in, is  less proper.
     When we set before our eyes a round globe, the
   idea imprinted in our mind is of a flat circle, vari-
   ously shadowed.                        Locke.
 To  Imprison, im-priz'z'n. v.a. [empris-
   onner, French, in and prison.]  To shut
   up; to confine;  to  keep  from  liberty;
   to restrain in place.
     He imprison'd was in chains remediless;
   For toat Hyppolytos' rent corse he did redress.
                                       Spenser.
     Now we are in the street, he first  of all,
   Improvidently proud, creeps to the wall;
   And so imprison'd and hemm'd in by me,
   Sells for a little state his liberty.          Donne.
     Try  to imprison the resistless wind;
   So swift is guilt, so hard to be confin'd.    Dryden.
     If a man imprisons himself in his closet, and em-
   ploys reason to find out the nature of the corporeal
   world,  without experiments, he will frame a scheme
   of chimeras.                           Walts.
     It  is  not improbable,  that all toe virtual heat in
   toe juices of vegetables, metals, and  minerals, may
   be owing to the action of the imprisoned rays.
                                       Cfteyne.
 Imprisonment, Im-priz'z'n-me'nt.   ra. s.
   [tmprisonnement,  French; from  impri-
   son/]   Confinement; clausure;  state of
   being shut in prison.   It  may be writ-
   ten emprisonment.
    His sinews waxen weak and raw,
   Through long imprisonment and hard constraint.
                                      Spenser.
    Which shall I first bewail,
   Thy bondage or lost sight?
   Thou art become, O worst imprisonment!
   The dungeon of thyself.      Milton's Agonistes.
          From  retentive cage
  When sullen Philomel escapes, her notes
  She varies, and of past imprisonment
  Sweetly complains.                     Philips.
    Count Serini, still close  prisoner in this castle,
  lost his  senses by his long imprisonment and afflic-
  tions.                                Addison.
    It is well if they don't fix the brand of heresy on
  the man who is leading them out of their long im-
  prisonment, and loosing the fetters of  their souls.
                             Waffs on ffte Mind.
Improbability, im-prob-a-bil'e-te. ra. s.
   [from improbable.]   Unlikelihood; dif-
   ficulty to be believed.
    The difficulty and toe improbability of attempting
  this successfully, is great.             Hammond.
    As to the improbabilities of a spirit appearing, I
  boldly answer him, that a heroic poet is not tied to
  the bare representation of what is true, or exceeding
  probable.                             Dryden.
Impro'bable,  lm-pr6b'a-bl. adj.  [impro-
   bable, French;  improbabilis,  L^tin;  in 
IMP
IMP
IMP
   ami probable.]   Unlikely; incredible
    This account of party-patches will  appear im-
  probable to those who live at a distance from the
  fashionable world.                    Addison.
Impro'bably, im-prob'a-ble.  adv. [from
   improbable.]
 1.  Without likelihood.
 2.  In a manner not to be approved.   Ob-
   solete.
     Aristotle tells us, if a drop of wine  be put into
   ten thousand measures  of water, the  wine being
   overpowered, will be turned into water: he speaks
   very impro&a&fy.                       Boyle.
 To I'mprobate, im'pro-bate. v.  a. [in and
   probo,  Latin.]  Not to approve. Ainsw.
 Improba'tion, im-pr6-ba'shun.  n.s. [im-
   probatio, Latin; improbation,  French.]
    Act of disallowing.         Ainsworth.
 Impro'bity, im-prob'e-te.  ra. s.  [improbi-
    tas, improbus, Latin.]   Want of hon-
    esty;  dishonesty;  baseness.
     He was perhaps excommunicable, yea, and cast
   out for notorious improbity.             Hooker.
     We balance  the improbity of the  one with the
   i?nproi>ify of the other.             L'Estrange.
  To Improli'ficate,  im-pro-iif'fe-kate.91
    v. a.  [in and prolifick.]  To  impreg-
    nate;  to fecundate.  Not used.
      A difficulty in eggs is how the sperm of the cock
    improftyicafes, and makes the oval conception fruit-
    ful.                                 Brown.
  IMPRO'PER, im-prop'ur.08 adj. [impro-
    pre, French;  improprius, Latin.]
  1.  Not well adapted;  unqualified.
      As every science requires a peculiar genius,  so
    likewise  there is a genius peculiarly improper for
    every one.                           JBurnet.
  2. Unfit; not conducive to the right end.
      The methods used in an original disease would
    be very improper in a gouty case.       Arbuthnot.
  3. Not  just;  not accurate.
      He disappear'd was  rerifi'd;
    For 'tis  improper speech to say he dy'd:
    He was exhal'd.                      Dryden.
  Impro'perly, im-prop'iir-le. adv.  [from
     improper.]
   1. Not fitly; incongruously.
  2. Not  justly;  not  accurately.
      Impi-operly we measure life by breath:
     Such do not truly live  who merit death.   Dryden.
      They assuring me of their assistance in correct-
     ing my faults where I  spoke improperly, I was en-
     couraged.                           Dryden.
   To  Impro'priate,  im-pr6'pre-ate.  v. a.
     [in and proprius, Latin.]
   1. To convert to private use;  to seize to
     himself.
      For the pardon of  the rest, the king thought it
     not fit it should pass by parliament; toe better, be-
     ing matter of grace, to impropriate  toe thanks to
     himself.                   Bacon's Henry VII.
  2. To put the possessions of the church
     into the hands of laicks.
      Mrs.  Gukton being possessed of the impropriate
     parsonage of Bardwell in Suffolk, did procure from
     the king leave to annex the same to the vicarage.
                                      Spelman.
  Impropriation, Im-pra-pre-a'shtin. n. s
     [from impropriate.]
      An impropriation is properly so called when the
     church land is in toe hands of a layman: and an
     appropriation is when  it is in the hands of a bishop,
     college, or religious bouse, toough sometimes these
     terms are confounded                  Ayliffe
      Having an impropriation in his estate, he took a
     course to dispose of it for the augmentation of the
     Ticarage.
Impropriator,  im-pro-pre-a'tur.166 ra.  s.
  [from  impropriate.]   A layman that
  has the  possession of the  lands of the
  church.
    Where the vicar leases his glebe, the tenant must
  pay the great tythes to the rector or impropriator.
                                      Ayliffe.

Impropriety,  im-pro-pri'e-te. ra. a. [im-
  propriete,  French;   from   improprius,
  Latin.]   Unfitness;  unsuitableness;  in-
  accuracy; want of justness.
    These mighty  ones, whose ambition could suffer
  them to be called gods, would  never be flattered
  into immortality; but toe  proudest have been con-
  vinced of the impropr-iety  of that appellation.
                                      Brown.
    Many gross improprieties, however authorized by
  practice, ought to be discarded.            Sioift.
 Impro'sperous, Im-pr6s'-pur-u3. adj. [in
   and prosperous] Unhappy; unfortunate;
   not successful.
     This method is in the design  probable,  how im-
  prosperous soever toe wickedness of  men hath ren-
  dered the success of it.              Hammond.
     Our pride seduces us at once into the guilt of bold,
   and punishment of improsperous rebels,
                                Decay of Piety.
     Seven revolving years are wholly run,
   Since the improsperous voyage we begun.  Dryden.
 Impro'sperously, im-pros'pur-us-le. adv.
   [from improsperous.]   Unhappily;  un-
   successfully; with ill fortune.
     This experiment has been but very improsperous-
   ly attempted.                          Boyle.
 Impro'vable,  im-prod'va-bl.  adj.  [from
   improve.]  Capable of being advanced
   from a good  to  a  better state; capable
   of melioration.
      Adventures in knowledge are laudable, and  the
   essays of weaker heads afford improvable hints unto
   better.                               Brown.
      We have stock enough, and that too of so  im-
   provable a nature, that is, capable  of infinite  ad-
   vancement.                    Decay of Piety.
      Man is  accommodated with moral principles, im-
   provable by the exercise of his faculties.     Hale.
      Animals are not improvable beyond their proper
   genius: a dog will never learn  to mew, nor a cat to
   bark.                                Grew.
      I have a fine spread of improvable lands, and am
   already planting woods and draining marshes.
                                      Addison.
 Impro'vableness, im-pr66'va-bl-nes. ra. *.
    [from improvable.] Capableness of being
    made better.
 Impro'vably, lm-pr66'va-ble. adv. [from
    improvable.]  In a manner that admits
    of melioration.
  To  Impro've, im-pr66v'. v.  a.  [in and
    probus. Quasi pro bum facere. Skinner]
  1. To advance any thing nearer to perfec-
    tion; to raise from good to  better.  We
    amend  a bad, but improve a good thing.
      I love not to improve the honour of the living by
   impairing that of the dead.             Denham.
      Heaven seems improv'd with a superiour ray,
   And the bright arch reflects a double day.  Pope.
  2. [in and prove;  improuver,  French;  im-
    probo,  Latin.]  To disprove. Disused.
      Though the prophet Jeremy was unjustly accused,
   yet doth not that improve any thing that I have said.
                                      Whitgift.
  To  Impro've, im-proov\i\  ra. To advance
    in goodness.
      We take care to  improve in our frugality and
  i diligence; virtues which become us, particularly in
 I times of war.                       Atterbui-u.
Impro vement, im-prd6v'ment.«. *.Qfrom
  improve/]
1. Melioration; advancement of any thing
   from good to better.
    Some  virtues tend to the preservation of health,
  and others to the improvement and security of es-
  tates.                              Tillotson.
2. Act of improving; something  added or
   changed for the better: sometimes with
   on.
    The parts of Sinon, Camilla,  and  some few oth-
  ers, are improvements on the Greek poet.  Addison.
3. Progress from good to better.
    There  is a design of publishing the  history of
  architecture, with its several improvements and de-
  cays.                               Addison*
4. Instruction; edification.
    I look upon  your  city as the best  place of im-
  provement: from the school we go to  the university,
  but from the university to London.         South
5. Effect of melioration.
    Love  is the greatest  of human affections, and
   friendship the noblest and most refined improvement
   of love.                               South.
Impro'veb, im-pr66v'ur.98 ra. s.[from im-
   prove.]
 1.  One  that makes himself  or any thing
    else better.
     They were the greatest improvers of those quali-
   fications with which courts used to be adorned.
                                   Clarendon.
     The  first started ideas have been  examined, and
   many effectually'confuted by the late improvers of
   this way.                             Locke.
     Homer is like a skillful improver, who places a
   beautiful statue so as to answer several vistas. Pope.
    Any thing that meliorates.
     Chalk is a very great improver of most lands.
                                    Aforfimer.
 Improvi'oed, im-pro-vi'ded. adj.  [impro-
    visus, Latin;  imprevu,  French.]  Un-
    foreseen;   unexpected;    unprovided
    against.
               She suborned hath
   This crafty messenger with letters vain,
   To work new woe, and improvided scath,
   By breaking off toe band betwixt us twain. Spenser.
 Impro'vidence, im-prov'e*dense.  ra.   s.
    [from  improvident.]   Want of  fore-
    thought; want of caution.
     Men  would escape floods by running up to moun-
    tains; and though  some might perish through im-
   providence, many would escape.            Hale.
     The improvidence of my neighbour must not make
    me inhuman.                     L'Estrange.
 IMPRO'VIDENT, im-pr&v'e-dent. adj.
    [improvidus, Latin.]  Wanting forecast;
    wanting care to provide.
     Improvident soldiers, had your watch been good,
    This sudden mischief never could have fall'n. Shak.
     When men well have fed, toe blood being warm,
    Then are they most improvident of harm.  Daniel.
     I shall conclude this digression, and return to the
    time when that brisk and  improvident resolution
    was taken.                        Cfarencfon.
      This were an improvident revenge in  the young
    ones, whereby they must destroy themselves. Brown:
  iMPRo'vmENTLY, im-prov'e-dent-le. adv.
    [from  improvident.]   Without
    thought; without  care.
      Now we are in the street, he first of all,
    Improvidently proud, creeps to toe wall;
    And so imprison'd, and hemm'd in  by me,
    Sells for a little state his liberty.
  Improvi'sion, im-pro-vizh'un.  n.
    and provision.]  Want of forethought.
      Her improvision would be justly accusable.
                                       Browit.
fore-
Donne.
   [in, 
IMP
IMP
IM P
Impru'dEnck, lm-prd6'densc.243 ra. s. [im-
  prudence, Fr.  imprudentia, Lat.]  Want
  of prudence;  indiscretion; negligence;
  inattention to  interest.
IMPRU'DENT,  im-pr66'dent.3«   adj.
  [imprudent, French;  imprudens,  Lat.]
  Wanting  prudence;  injudicious; indis-
  creet; negligent.
    There is no such imprudent person as  he that
  neglects God and his soul.             Tillotson.
I'mpudenoe, im'pu-d£nse.  7 ra. a. [impu-
I'mpuoency, im'pu-den-se. $    dence, Fr.
  impudentia, Lat.]   Shamelessness; im-
  modesty.
               I ne'er beard yet
  That any of these  bolder vices wanted
  Less impudence to gainsay what they did,
  Than to perform it first.                 Shaksp.
    Nor did Noah's infirmity justify Cham's impu-
  dency, or exempt him from that curse of being ser-
  vant of servants.                  .King Charles.
    Those clear truths, that either their own evidence
  forces us to admit, or common experience makes it
  impudence to deny.                      Locke.
I'MPUDENT,  im'pu-dent.603 adj. [impu-
   dent, French; impudens, Latin.]
1. Shameless; wanting  modesty.
    It is not a confident brow, nor the throng of words
  that come with such more than impudent sauciness
  from you, can thrust me from a level consideration.
                                       Shaksp.
    When we behold an angel, not to fear,
  Is to be impudent.                     Dryden.
2. Unchaste; immodest.
I'mpuoently,  im'pu-dent-le.  adv. [from
   impudent.]   Shamelessly; without mo-
   desty.
             At once assail
  Wito open mouths, and impudently rail.    Sandys.
    Why should soft Fabius impudently bear
  Names gain'd by conquest in the Gallic war?
  Why lays be claim to Hercules his strain,
  Yet dares be base, effeminate, and vain?  Dryden.
 To  IMPU'GN, im-pune.386 389 147   v. a.
   [impugner, French;  impugno, Latin.]
   To  attack; to  assault hy law or argu-
   ment.
    Of a strange nature is the suit yoa follow;
  Yet in such rules that the Venetian law
  Cannot impugn you.                    Shaksp.
    I cannot think myself engaged to discourse of lots,
  as to their nature, use, and allowableness; and that
  not only in matters  of  moment  and business, but
  afco of recreation,  which  is impugned by some,
  though better defended  by others.          Soufft.
    St. Hierom reporteto, toat he saw one of these in
  his time; but the truth hereof I will not rashly im-
  pugn, or over-boldly affirm.           Peacftam.
Impu'gner, Im-pu'nur.409 ra. s. [from im-
  pugn.]  One that attacks or invades.^
Impui'ssance, im-pu-is'sanse.  ra.  s.  [Fr.]
   Impotence; inability; weakness; feeble-
   ness.
    As he would not trust Ferdinando and Maximilian
  for supports of war, so  the impuissance  of  the
  one, and the double proceeding of the  other,  lay
  fair for him for occasions to accept of peace. Bacon.
I'MPULSE,  Im'pulse. ra.  *.  [impulsus,

   Latin.]
 1. Communicated force; the effect  of one
   body acting upon another.
    If these little  impufses  set toe great wheels of
  devotion  on work, the largeness and  height of that
  shall not at all be prejudiced by toe smallness of its
  occasion.             .         ,   , ,.  . SoVfh'
     Bodies produce ideas in us manifestly by impulse.
                                        Locke.
     Bodies, from toe impulse of a fluid, can only gra-
  vitate  in proportion to their surfaces, and not  ac-
  cording to their quantity of matter, which is contrary
  to experience.                         Cheyne.
2. Influence acting  upon the  mind; mo-
   tive; idea impressed.
    Meantime, by Jove's impulse, Mezentius arm'd,
  Succeeded Turnus.                    Dryden.
    These were my natural imjiulses for the under-
  taking; but there was an  accidental  motive, which
  was full as forcible.                    Dryden.
    Moses saw the bush  burn without being con-
  sumed, and heard a voice out of it: tois was some-
  thing, besides finding an impulse upon his mind to
  go to Pharaoh, that he might bring his brethren out
  of Egypt.                             Locke.
3. Hostile impression.
    Like two great rocks against the raging tide,
  Unmov'd the two united chiefs abide,
  Sustain toe impulse, and receive the war.   Prior.
Impu'lsion, im-puTshfin. n. s. [impulsion,
   Fr. impulsus, Lat]
1. The  agency  of body  in motion upon
   body.
    The motion in the minute parts of any solid body
  passeth without sound;  foi- that sound that is heard
  sometimes is produced only by the breaking of  the
  air,  and not by the impulsion of the air.     Bacon.
    To the impulsion there is requisite the  force of
  the  body that moveth, and toe  resistance of  the
  body that is  moved; and if the body be too great,
  it yieldeth too little; and if it be too small,  it resist-
  ed too little.                         Bacon.
2. Influence operating upon the mind.
            But thou didst plead
  Divine impulsion, prompting how thou might'sl
  Find some occasion to infest our foes.     Afiffon.
Impu'lsive, im-pul'siv. adj. [impulsif, Fr.
   from impulse.]   Having the  power of
   impulse;  moving; impellent.
    Nature and duty bind him to obedience:
  But those being placed in a lower sphere,
  His fierce ambition, like the highest mover,
  Has hurried with a strong impulsive motion
  Against their proper course.            Denham.
    What is the fountain or impulsive  cause of this
  prevention of sin? It is  perfectly free grace. South.
    Poor men! poor papers! we and they
  Do some impulsive force obey,
  And are but play'd with, do not play.      Prior.

Impu'nity,  im-pu'ne-te.  ra. s.  [impunite,
   French;  impunitas, Latin.]    Freedom
   from  punishment; exemption from pun-
   ishment.
    In toe condition of subjects toey will gladly con-
  tinue,  as long as toey may be  protected and justly
  governed, without oppression on the  one  side,  or
  impunity on the other.                  Davies.
    A general impunity would confirm them; for  the
  vulgar will never  believe, that  toere is  a crime
  where they see no penalty.              Addison.
    Men, potent in the  commonwealth, will employ
  their ill-gotten influence towards procuring impunity,
  or extorting  undue favours for toemselves or  de-
  pendents.                          Atterbury.
IMPU'RE, im-pure'. adj.  [impur,  Fr.
   impurus, Latin.]
1. Defiled with guilt; unholy: of men.
    No  more can impure man retain and move
  In that pure region of a worthy love,
  Than earthly substance can unfore'd aspire,
  And leave his nature to converse wito fire.  Donne.
2. Contrary to  sanctity; unhallowed; un-
   holy: of things.
              Hypocrites austerely talk,
   Condemning as impure what God has made
   Pure,  and commands to some, leaves free  to all.
                                       Afiffon.
3. Unchaste.
    If black scandal, or foul-fac'd reproach,
   Attend the sequel of your imposition,
                   6k2
  Your mere eriforcement shall acquittance me
  From all the impure blots and stains thereof. Shak.
    One could not devise a more proper hell  for an
  impure spirit, than that which Plato has touched
  upon.                               Addison.
4. Feculent; foul wiifi extraneous mix-
   tures; drossy.
Impu'rely,  im-pure'le.  adv.  [from im-
  pure.] With impurity.
Impu'reness, im-piire'nes. 7 ra. *. [impu-
Impu'rity, im-piVre-te.     $   ****>  Fr.
  impuritas, Lat. from impure.]
1. Want of sancity; want of holiness.  '
2. Act of unchaslity.
    Foul impurities reigned among the monkish cler-
  gy.                                Atterbury.
3. Feculent; admixture.
    Cleanse  the alimentary duct by vomiting and
  clysters,  the impurities of which will be carried into
  the blood.                         Arbuthnot.
To lMPu'RPLE,im-pur'pl.406 v. a. [empour-
  prer, Fr.  from purple.]   To make red;
  to colour as with purple.
   Now in loose garlands, thick thrown off the bright
  Pavement, toat like a sea  of jasper shone,
  Impurpled with celestial roses, smil'd.     Milton.
Impu'table, im-pu'ta-bl. adj.  [from im-
  pute.]
I.Chargeable upon any one;  that of which
  one may be accused.
    That first sort of foolishness is imputable to them.
                                       South.
2. Accusable;  chargeable with  a faulf.
  Not proper.
    If the wife departs from her husband, through any
  default of his, as on the account of cruelty, then he
  shall be compelled to allow her alimony; for the law
  deems her to be a dutiful wife as long as the fault
  lies at his door, and she is in no wise imputable.
                                      Ayliffe.
Impu'tableness,  Im-pu'ta-bl-nds. ra.  s.
  [from  imputable.] The  quality of being
  imputable.
    'Tis necessary to the imputableness  of an action
  that it be avoidable.                   Norris.
Imputa'tion, im-pu-ta'shun. ra. s. [impu-
  tation, French; from impute.]
I. Attribution  of any  thing:  generally  of
  ill.
              Trust to me, Ulysses;
  Our imputation shall be oddly pois'd
  In this wild action.                     Shaksp.
    If a son that is sent by his father about merchan-
  dise, do fall into some lewd action, the imputation
  of his wickedness, by your rule, should be imposed
  upon his father.                        Shaksp.
    To use intellections and volitions in toe infinite
  essence, as hypothesis, is  allowable: but a rigorous
  imputation is derogatory to him, and arrogant in  us.
                                     Glanville.
    I have formerly said that I could distinguish your
  writings from those of any others: 'tis now time to
  clear myself from any imputation of self conceit on
  the subject.                          Dryden.
2. Sometimes  of good.
    If I had a suit to master Shallow, I would hu-
  mour bis men with the imputation of being near
  their master.                         Shaksp.
3. Censure; reproach.
    Whatsoever happens they also the least feel that
  scourge  of vulgar imputation, which notwithstand-
  ing they deserve.                      Hooker.
    Let us be careful to guard ourselvos against these
  groundless imputations of our enemies, and to rise
  above them.                          Addison.
    Neither do I reflect upon the memoiy of his late
  majesty, whom  I entirely acquit of any imputation
  upon this matter.                         Swiff,
4. Hint; slight notice. 
IN
IN
INA
    Anthonia is a good man.
    —Have you heard any imputation to the con-
  trary?
    —No, no;  my meaning is to have you understand
  me that he is sufficient.                 Shaksp.

Imputa'tive,  lm-pu'ta-tiv.612  adj. [from
   impute.]  That may impute. Ainsworth.

To IMPU'TE, im-pute'. v.  a.  [imputer,
   French; imputo, Latin.]
1. To charge upon; to attribute: generally
   ill; sometimes good.
    It was imputed to him for righteousness.    Rom.
    Men in toeir innovations  should follow the ex-
   ample of time, which innovateth but quietly, and
   by degrees scarce  to be perceived; for otherwise
   whatsoever is new and  unlooked for, ever mends
   some, and impairs others; and he that is holpen
   takes it for a fortune, and thanks  the time; and he
   that is hurt for a wrong, imputeth it to the author.
                                         Bacon.
     I made it by your persuasion, to satisfy those who
   imputed it to folly.                     Temple.
     Impute your dangers to our ignorance.  Dryden.
     This obscurity cannot be imputed to want of lan-
   guage in so  great a master ef stile.        Locke.
     I have read a book imputed to lord Bathurst, call-
   ed a dissertation on parties.               Swift.
 2. To reckon to one  what does not proper-
    ly belong to him.
                Thy merit
   Imputed shall absolve toem who renounce
   Their own both  righteous and unrighteous deeds.
                                         Milton.
at least, nine in  ten of those  who enter into  the 1
ministry are obliged to enter.              Swift.
                                                 before some other consonants; as impro-
                                                 bable.
6. According to.                             T     ,       ,  ♦,,.,.   ,        r.     ,  ,.
    In all likelihood I bnought all my limbs out ofthe  1nab1 lity> ln-a-bll'e-te. ra. *. [m and abi
Impu'ter, im-pu'tur.98 ra. s. [from impute.]
   He that imputes.

In, in. prep, [in Latin.]
1. Noting the  place  where  any thing is
   present; not  without.
    In school of love are all things taught we see;
  There learn'd this maid of arms the ireful guise.
                                       Fairfax.
    Is this place here not sufficient strong
  To guard us in?             Daniel's Civil War-
2. Noting the state or thing present at any
   time.
     The other is only by error and misconceit named
   the ordinance of Jesus Christ: no one proof is yet
   brought forth, whereby it may clearly  appear to be
   so in very deed.                        Hooker.
     Like one of two contending in a prize,
   That thinks he hath done well in people's eyes.
                                        Shaksp.
     Sir Edmund Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
   AVith many more confederates, are in arms.  Shak.
     Danger before, and in, and after the act,
   V'ou needs must grant is great.           Daniel.
     However it be in knowledge, I  may truly say it
   is of no use  at all in probabilities; for the  assent
   there, being to be determined by toe preponder-
   ancy, after a due weighing  of all the proofs on both
   sides,  nothing is so  unfit to assist  the mind in that
   as syllogism.                           Locke.
     God hath made our eternal and temporal interests,
   in most cases, very consistent.         Smalridge.
     None was so little in their friendships, or so much
   in that of those whom  they  had most abused.
                                       Dunciad.
 5. Noting the time.
     When we would consider eternity, a parte ante,
   what do we but, beginning from ourselves and the
   present time we are in, repeat in our minds the
   ideas of years or ages past?                Locke.
 4. Noting  power.
     To feed men's souls, quoth he, is not in man.
                                       Hubberd.
 r>. Noting proportion.
     Let usury in general be  reduced to five in the
   hundred, and let that rate be proclaimed to be free
   and current.                           .Bacon.
     I cannot but lament the  common course, which,
  bed,  which, 'tis probable, he has not done off the
  breach.                               Collier.
7. Concerning.
    I only consider what he, who  is allowed to have
  carried this argument farthest, has said in it.
                                        Locke.
8. For the sake.   A  solem phrase.
    Now, in the names of all the gods at once,
  Upon what meat does this our Caesar feed,
  That he is grown so great?               Shaksp.
            In the name of the people,
  And  in the power of us the tribunes, we
  Banish him our city,     Shakspeare's Coriolanus.
     Now, in the name of honour, sir, I beg you
  That I may see your father's death reveng'd. Dryd.
 }.  Noting cause.
     King Henry, be thy title wright or wrong,
  Lord Clifford vows to fight in thy defence. Shaksp.
 10. In  that.   Because.
     Some things they do in that they are men; in that
  they are wise  men, and christian men, somethings;
  some things in that they are men misled, and blind-
  ed with error.                         Hooker.
     He cannot brook such disgrace well, as he shall
  run  into; in that it is a thing of his own search.
                                    Shakspeare.
 11. In a* much.  Since; seeing that.
     Those things are done voluntarily by us, which
   other  creatures do naturally,  in  as much as we
   might stay our doing of them if we would. Hooker.
 In, in.  adv.
 1.   Within some place;  not out.
     How infamous is the false fraudulent, and uncon-
   scionable person;  especially if he be arri\ ed at that
   consummate  and  robust degree of falsehood as to
   play in and out,  and show tricks with oaths, the
   sacredest bonds which the conscience of man  can
   be bound with.                          South.
     I fear me,  you '11 be in 'till then.       Shaksp.
     Engaged to any affair.
     We know tbe worst can come; 'tis thought upon:
   We cannot shift being in, we must go on.  Daniel.
     These pragmatical flies value themselves for be-
   ing in at every thing,  and are found at last to  be
   just good for nothing.                L'Estrange.
  3.  Placed in some state.
          Poor rogues talk of court news,
    Who loses and who wins; who 's in, who 's out.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Must never patriot then declaim at gin,
    Unless, good man, he has been fairly in?    Pope.
  4.  Noting immediate entrance.
     Go to thy fellows; bid them cover the table, serve
    in  the meat, and we will come in to dinner. Shak.
     He 's too big to go in there: what shall I do?—
    Let mc see 't!  I '11 in, I '11 in;—follow your friend's
  —advice: 1 '11 in.                     Shakspeare.
  5. Into any place.
     Next fill the hole with its own earth again,
    And trample with thy feet, and tread it in.  Dryd.
      Is it not more eligible to  come in with a smooth
    gale, than to be tossed at sea wito a storm? Collier.
      In the said cavity lies loose the shell of some sort
    of  bivalve, larger than could be introduced in at
    those holes.                        Woodward.
  6. Close; home.
       The posture of left-handed fencers is so different
    from that of the right-handed, that you run  upon
    their swords if you push forward; and they are in
    with you, if you  offer to fall back without keeping
    your guard.                             Tatler.
     In has commonly in composition a ne-
     gative or privative sense, as in  the La-
     tin:  so, active denotes that which  acts,
     inactive  that which  does not act.   In
     before r is changed into r; as irregular:
     before I  into /; as illative:  and  into  m
  lity.]   Impuissance;  impotence;  want
  of power.
    If no natural nor casual inabilUy cross their de-
  sires, they, always delighting to inure themselves
  with  actions most beneficial to others, cannot but
  gather great experience,  and through  experience
  the more wisdom.                     Hooker.
    Neither ignorance nor inability can be pretended:
  and what plea can we  offer  to divine justice to
  prevent condemnation?                  Rogers.
Ina'bstinence, in-ab'ste-nense.  ra s. [ira
  and  abstinence.]   Intemperance;  want
  of  power to abstain; prevalence of ap-
  petite.
    Diseases dire; of which a monstrous crew
  Before thee shall appear,  that thou may'st know
  What misery the inabstinence  of Eve
  Shall bring on man.                    Milton.
Inacce'ssible,  In-ak-ses'se-bl.  adj.  [in-
  accessible,  French;  in  and accessible.]
  Not to be reached; not to be approached.
             Whate'er you are,
  That in this desart inaccessible,
  Under the shade of melancholy boughs,
  Lose and neglect the creeping hours of time. Shak.
    Many other hidden parts of nature, even of a far
  lower form, arednacccssible to us.          Hale.
    There shall we see the ends  and uses of these
  things, which here were either too subtile for us to
  penetrate, or too remote and inaccessible for us to
  come to any distinct view of.               Ray.
    This part, which is so noble, is not altogether in-
  accessible; and that an easy way may be found to it,
  'tis to consider nature and to copy^her.    Dryden.

Ina'ccuracy,  in-ak'ku-ra-se. ra. s.  [from
   inaccurate.]    Want of exactness.
Ina'ccurate,   in-ak'ku-rate.91   adj.  [in
   and accurate.]  Not exact;  not  accu-
   rate.   It is used sometimes of persons,
   but more frequently of performances.
 Ina'ction,  In-ak'shun.  ra.  s.   [inaction,
   French; in and action.] Cessation from
   labour; forbearance of labour.
     The times  and amusements past are not more
   like a dream to me, than those which are present:
   I lie in a refreshing kind of inaction.       Pope.
 Ina'ctive,  in-ak'tiv.  adj. [in and active.]
    Not busy; not diligent; idle; indolent;
    sluggish.
 Ina'otively, in-ak'tiv-le. adv.   [from  in-
    active.]   Idly; without labour; without
    motion; sluggishly.
     In seasons of perfect freedom, mark how your son
   spends his time; whether he inablively loiters it
   away, when left to his own inclination.    Locke.

  Inactivity, in-ak-tiv'£-te.  ra.  s. [in  and
    activity.]  Idleness; rest; sluggishness.
     A doctrine which manifestly tends to. discourage
   the endeavours of men, to introduce a lazy inactivi-
   ty,  and neglect of the ordinary means of grace.
                                         Rogers.
     Virtue, conceal'd within our breast,
   Is inactivity at best.                      Sioift.
  Ina'dequate,  in-ad'e-kwate.91  adj.   [in
    and adequatus,  Latin.]    Not equal  to
    the purpose; defective;  falling  below
    the  due proportion.
              Remorse for vice
    Not paid, or paid inadequate in price,
    What farther means can reason now direct? Dryd.
      Inadequate ideas are such, which are but a par-
    tial or incomplete representation of those archetypes
    o which they are referred.               Locfce,
  Inadequately,  in-ad'e-kwate-le.  adv 
IN A
INA
INB
   [from  inadequate.]   Defectively;  not
   completely.
    These pores  they may  either exactly fill,  or but
  inadequately.                            Boyle,
Inadve'rtence, In-ad-ver'tense. 7   ra.  s.
Inadve'rtencv, In-ad-ver'ten-se. £ [inad-
   vertence, French; from inadvertent.]
1. Carelessness; negligence; inattention.
    There is a difference between them, as between
  inadvertency and deliberation, between surprise and
  set purpose.                            South,
    From an habitual heedless inadvertency, men are
  so intent  upon toe present that they mind nothing
  else.                              L'Estrange.
2.  Act or effect of negligence.
    Many persons have lain under  great and  heavy
  scandals,  which have taken their first rise only from
  some inadvertence or indiscretion.
                       Government of the Tongue,
    The productions of a great genius, with many
  lapses and inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable
  to the works of an inferior  kind of author,  which
  are scrupulously exact.                Addison.
Inaove'rtent,  in-ad-ver'tent.  adj.  [in
   and advertens, Latin.]  Negligent; care-
   less.

iNAnvE'RTENTLY,  in-ad-ver'tent-le.  adv.
   [from  inadvertent]  Carlessly; negli-
   gently.
    Aristotle mentions Telegonus as the son of Circe
  and Ulysses,  who afterwards slew his father with
  the bone of a fish inadvertently.          Broome.
    Worthy persons,  if inadvertently drawn into a
  deviation, will endeavour instantly to  recover their
  lost ground.                          Clarissa.
Ina'lienable, in-ale'yen-a-bl.113  adj. [in
   and alienable.]   That  cannot be alien-
   ated, or granted to another.
Inalime'ntal,  ln-al-e-men'tal.  adj.  [in
   and alimental.]   Affording no nourish-
   ment.
    Dulcoration importeth a degree of  nourishment;
  and toe making of things inafittienfaf to become ali-
  mental, may  be an experiment of great  profit for
  making new victual.                    Bacon.
Inami'ssible, in-a-mis'se-bl. adj. [inamis-
   sible, French; in  and  amissum,  Latin.]
   Not  to  be  lost.
    These advantages are inamissable.   Hammond.
In'ane, in-na.ne'. adj. [inanis, Lat.] Empty;
   void.   It is used licentiously  for a sub-
   stantive.
    We sometimes speak of place in the great inane,
' beyond the confines of the world.          Locke.
To lNA'NiMATE,in-an'e-mate. v. a. [in and
   animo, Latin.] To animate; to quicken.
  Not in use.
    There is a kind of world remaining still,
  Though she which did inanimate and fill
  Tbe world be gone; yet in this last long night
  Her ghost doth walk,  that  is, a glimmering light.
                                       Donne.

Ina'nimate,  in-an'e-mate.91   7  adj.  [ina-
Ina'nimated, in-an'e-ma-ted. £   nimatus,
  Latin; inanime,  French.]   Void of life;
  without animation.
    The spirits  of animate bodies are all in some de-
  gree kindled;  but inanimate  bodies have spirits no
  whit inflamed.                         Bacon.
    The golden goddess, present at the pray'r,
  Well knew he meant to' inanimatcd fair,
  And gave  the sign of granting.          Dryden.
    All the  ideas of sensible qualities are not  inhe-
  rent in the inanimate bodies; but are the effects of
  toeir motion upon our nerves.           Bentley.
    Both require  the constant  influence of a princi-
   ple different from that which governs toe inanimal-
   ed part ofthe universe.                 Cheyne.
     From roofs when Verrio's colours fall,
   And leave inanimate the naked wall,
   Still in thy song should vanquished France appear.
                                         Pope.
 Inani'tion, In-a-nish'iin.  ra. s. [inanition,
   French;  inanis,  Latin.]   Emptiness of
   body;  want of fulness in  the  vessels of
   the animal.
     Weakness which attends fevers proceeds from
   too great fulness in the beginning, and too great in-
   anition in the latter end of the disease. Arbuthnot.
 Ina'nity, in-an'e-te.611 ra.  s. [from inanis,
   Latin.]   Emptiness;  void space.
     This opinion excludes all such inanity,  and ad-
   mits no vacuities but so little ones as nobody what-
   ever can come to, but will be bigger than they, and
   must touch the corporal parts which those vacuities
   divide.                                Digby.
 Ina'ppetency, in-ap'pe-ten-se.  ra. s.  [in
   and  appetentia,  Latin.]   Want of sto-
   mach  or appetite.
 Inapplicable,  in-ap'ple-ka-bl.  adj.  [in
   and  applicable.]   Not  to  be  put to  a
   particular use.
 Inapplicability,     in-ap-ple-ka-bil'e-te.
   n. s.  [from  inapplicable.]   Unfitness
   for the particular purpose.
 Inapplica'tion, in-ap-ple-ka'shiin.  ra.  s.
   [inapplication, Fr. in-and application.]
   Indolence; negligence.
 Ina'rable, in-ar'rd-bl.400 adj. [in and aro,
   Latin.]   Not capable of tillage.   Dict.
 To Ina'rch, in-artsh'81 v. a. [in and arch]
     Inarching is a method of grafting, which is com-
   monly called grafting by approach.  TBts method
   of grafting is used when toe  stock and the tree
   may be joined:  take the  branch you would inarch,
   and having fitted it to that part of the stock where
  you intend to join it, pare aware the rind and wood
  on one side about three inches  in length: after the
  same manner cut  the stock or branch in the place
  where the graft  is to  be united,  so that they may
  join equally together  that the sap may meet: then
  cut a little tongue upwards in the graft, and make
  a notch in the stock to admit it; so that when they
  are joined the tongue will prevent  their slipping,
  and the graft will more closely  unite with toe stock.
  Having thus placed them exactly together, tie them;
  then cover toe place with grafting clay, to prevent
  toe air from entering to dry the wound, or the wet
  from getting in  to rot  the stock: you  should fix  a
  stake into the ground, to which that part of the stock,
  as also the graft, should be fastened, to prevent the
  wind from breaking them asunder. In this manner
  they are to remain about four months, in which time
  they will be sufficiently united;  and the graft may
  then be cut from the mother tree, observing to slope
  it off close to the stock, and cover the joined parts
  with fresh grafting clay.  The operation is always
  performed in April or May, and is commonly prac-
  tised upon oranges, myrtles, jasmines, walnuts, firs,
  and pines, which will not succeed by common graft-
  ing or budding.                         Miller.
Inarti'culate, in-ar-tik'ii-late.91 adj. [in-
   articulc,  Fr.  in  and  articulate.]   Not
   uttered with distinctness, like that ofthe
   syllables of human  speech.
    Observe what inarticulate sounds resemble any of
  the particular letters                   Wilkins.
    By the harmony of words we elevate the mind to
  a sense of devotion; as our solemn musick, which is
  inorticufafe poesy, doth in churches.       Diyden.

Inarticulately,    in-ar-tik'ku-late-le.
   adv. [from inarticulate] Not distinctly.
Inarticulateness, in-ai-tik'ku-late-nes
   ra. s. [from inarticulate.]  Confusion  of
   sounds; want of distinctness in pronoun-
   cing.

 Inartifi'cial, In-ar-te-flsh'al.  adj.  [in
   and artificial.]   Contrary to art.
     I have ranked this among the effects; and it may
   be thought inartificial to make it the cause also.
                                 Decay of Piety.
 Inartifi'cially,  in-ar-te-fish'al-e.   adv.
   [from  inartificial/]   Without art; in  a
   manner contrary to the rules of art.
     This lofty humour is clumsily and inartificially
   managed, when it is affected by those of  a self-de-
   nying profession.                       Collier,
 Inatte'ntion, in-at-ten'shun.  ra. s.  [inat-
   tention, French; in and attention.] Dis-
   regard; negligence; neglect; heedless-
   ness.
     Persons keep out of the reach of the reproofs of
   the ministry, or hear with such in«ffe?ifion or con-
   tempt as renders them of little effect.     Rogers.
     W'e see a strange inattention to this most  impor-
   tant prospect.                         Rogers.
     Novel lays attract our ravish'd  ears;
   But old, the  mind with inattention hears.     Pope.
 Inatte'ntive, in-at-ten'tiv.  adj. [in  and
   attentive]  Heedless;  careless; negli-
   gent; regardless.
     If we indulge toe frequent roving of passions, we
  shall procure an unsteady and inattentive habit.
                                        JFaffs.
 Inau'dible, ln-aw'de-bl.40fi  adj. [in and
   audible.] Not to be heard; void of sound.
     Let's take the instant  by the forward top:
  For we are old, and on our quick'st decrees
  Th', inaudible and noiseless foot of time
  Steals, ere we can effect them.       Shakspeare.
 To lNAu'GURATE,in-aw'gu-rate. v. a. [in-
   auguro, Latin.]   To consecrate; to in-
   invest with a new office by solemn rites;
   to begin with good  omens; to begin.
     Those beginnings of years were propitious to him,
  as  if kings did chuse remarkable days to inaugurate
  their favours, that they may appear acts as weir of
  the time as of the will.                  Wotton.
 Inauguration,  in-aw-gu-ra'shtin.  ra. s.
   [inaguration, Fr.  inauguro, Lat.]    In-
   vestiture  by solemn rites.
    The royal olive was solemnly sworn, at his inau-
  guration, to observejthese things inviolable. Howell.
    At his regal inauguration his old father resigned
  the kingdom to him.                    Brown.
 Inaura'tion, in-aw-ra'shun.  ra. s. [inauro,
   Latin.]   The act of gilding or covering
   with gold.
    The Romans had the art of gilding after our man-
  ner;  but some sort of their inauration, or gilding,
  must  have been much dearer than ours. Arbuthnot.
 Inauspi'cious,  in-aw-spish'ds.  adj.   [in
   and auspicious.]   Ill-omened; unlucky;
   unfortunate.
                Oh here
  I will  set up my everlasting rest?
  And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars
  From this world-wearied flesh.           Shaksp.
    Though Heaven's inauspicious eye
  Lay black on love's nativity,
  Her eye a strong appeal can give:
  Beauty smiles, and love shall live.       Craslutw.
    The stars feel not the creases their inauspicious
  influence produces.                      Boyle.
    With inauspicious love  a wretched  swain
  Pursu'd the fairest nymph of all the plain;
  She plung'd him hopeless in a deep despair.  Dryd.

Inbe'ing, in-be'ing. n. s. [in and being.]
   Inherence; inseparableness.
    When we say the bowl  is round, (he boy is witty,
  these are proper  or inherent modes; for they have 
INC                                     INC                                       JNC
  a sort of inbt mz in the substance itself, and do not
  arise from the addition of any other substance to it.
                                       Waffs.
I'nborn, in'born.  adj. [in and born] In-
   nate;  implanted by nature.
          Led by sense of good
  Inborn to all, I sought my needful food.   Dryden.
    All passions being inborn within  us, we are  al-
  most equally judges of them.             Dryden.
    Some Carolina, to Heaven's dictates true,
  Thy inborn worth with conscious eyes shall see,
  And slight th' imperial diadem for thee.   Addison.
Inbre'athed, In-breTii'd'.369 adj. [in and
   breath.] Inspired; infused by inspiration.
    Blest pair of syrens, pledges of Heaven's joy,
   Sphere-born harmonious sisters, Voice and Verse,
    Wed your divine sounds, and mixt power employ,
   Dead things with inbrealh'd sense, able to pierce.
                                       Afiffon.
I'nbreo, In'bred.  adj. [in and bred] Pro-
   duced  within;  hatched  or  generated
   within.
         My inbred enemy
   Forth issued.                          Afiffon.
    A man thinks better of his children than they  de-
   serve;  but there is an impulse of tenderness, and
   there must be some esteem for the setting of that
   inbred affection at work.             L'Estrange.
    But he unmov'd contems their idle threat.
   And inbred worth doth boasting valour slight. Diyd.
 To Inca'ge, in-kadje'. v. a. [in and cage.]
    To coop up; to shut up; to confine in a
    cage, or any narrow space.
    And yet incaged in so small a verge,
   Thy waste is no whit lesser than thy lord's. Shaks.
    It made my imprisonment a pleasure?
   Ay, such a pleasure as incaged birds
   Conceive.                         Shakspeare.
Incale'scence, In-ka-les'sense.    7 ra. s.
Incale'scency, in-ka-les'sen-se.610}  [in-
    calesco, Latin.]   The state of growing
    warm; warmth; incipient heat.
   •  Averroes restrained his hilarity, making no more
   thereof than Seneca coinmendeth,  and was allow-
   able in Cato; that is, a sober incalescence, and re-
   gulated estuation from wine.             Brown.
     The oil preserves the  ends of the bones from in-
   calescency,  which they, being solid bodies, would
   necessarily contract from a swift motion.     Ray.
 Incanta'tion in-kan-ta'shtin.  ra. s. [incan-
    tation, French; incanto, Lat.]   Charms
    uttered by singing; enchantment.
     My ancient incantations are too weak,
   And hell too strong.                    Sliaksp.
     By Adam's hearkening to his wife,  mankind, by
   that her incantation, became the subject of labour,
   sorrow, and death.                     Raleigh.
     Tbe great wonders of witches, their carrying in
   the air, and transforming themselves into other bo-
   dies, are reported to be wrought,  not by incanta-
   lions or ceremonies, but by anointing themselves
   all over, move a man to  think that  these fables are
   the effects of imagination; for ointments,  if laid on
   any thing thick, by stopping of the pores, shut in
   the vapours, and send them  to the head extremely.
                                       Bacon.
     The name of a city being discovered unto their
   enemies, their penates and patronal gods might be
   called  forth by charms and incantations.   Brown.
     The nuptial rites his outrage strait attends;
   The dow'r desir'd is bis transfigur'd friends:
   The incantation backward she repeats,
   Inverts her rod,  and what she did defeats.  Garth.
     The commands which our religion hath imposed
   on  its followers are not like the absurd ceremonies
   of pagan idolatry,  that might look  like incantation
   and magick, but had no tendency to make mankind
   the happier.                          Bentley.
Ixca'ntatoby,    in-kan'ta-tur-e.612   adj.
  [from incanto, Latin.]   Dealing  by en-
  chantment; magical.
    Fortune-tellers, jugglers, gcomancers, and  the
  like incantatory impostors, daily delude them.
                                      .Brown.
To  Inca'nton, in-kan'tiin. v.  a.  [in and
  canton.]   To unite to a canton or se-
  parate community.
    When the cantons of Bern and Zurich proposed
  the incorporating Geneva in  the cantons, toe Ro-
  man catholics, fearing the protestant interest, pro-
  posed the incanfoning- of Constance as a counter-
  poise.                               Addison.
Incapabi'lity, In-ka-pa-bil'e-te. 7  ra.  s.
Inca'pableness, in-ka'pi-bl-nes.5  [from
  incapable.]  Inability natural; disquali-
  fication legal.
    You have nothing to urge but a kind of incapabi-
  lity in yourself to the service.           Suckling.
Inca'pable, in-ka'pa-bl.406  adj. [incapa-
  ble, Fr. in and capable.]
1. Wanting  room to hold or contain:  with
  of before  the thing to be contained.
2. Wanting  power; wanting  understand-
  ing;  unable  to  comprehend, learn,  or
  understand.
    Incapable and shallow innocents!
  You cannot guess who caus'd your father's death.
                                      Shaksp.
3. Not able to  admit or have any thing.
    Wilmot, when he saw Goring put  in the  com-
  mand, toought himself incapable of reparation.
                                   Clarendon.
4. Unable; not equal to any thing.
    Is not your father grown incapable
  Of reasonable affairs? is he not stupid
  With age?                           Shaksp.
5. Disqualified by  law.
    Their lands are almost entirely taken from  toem,
  and they are rendered incapable of purchasing any
  more.                                 Swift.
6. In conversation  it is usual to  say a  man
  is incapable of  falsehood, or incapable
  of generosity, or of any thing good  or
  bad.
Incapa'cious, In-ka-pa'shils. adj. [in and
  capacious]  Narrow; of small content.
    Souls that are made little and  incapacious, can-
  not enlarge their thoughts to take in any great com-
  pass of times or things.                  Burnet.
Incapa'ciousness, in-ka-pa'shus-nes. ra. s.
  [from incapacious.]  Narrowness; want
  of containing space.
To Incapa'citate, in-ka-pas'se-tate.  v. a.
  [in and capacitate.]
I. To disable; to weaken.
    Nothing of consequence should be left to be done
  in the last incapacitating hours of life.    Clarissa.
2. To disqualify.
    Monstrosity could not incapacitate from marriage.
                                   •flrottfftnof.
Incapa'city, in-ka-pas'e-te. ra. a. [incapa-
   city, French; in and capacity.] Inability;
   want of natural power; want of power
   of body; want of comprehensiveness of
   mind.
    It chiefly proceedeth from natural incapacity, and
  genial indisposition.                    .Brown.
    Admonition he imputes either to envy, or else ig-
  norance and incapacity of estimating his worth.
                      Government of the Tongue.
    The  inactivity ofthe soul is its incapacUy to be
  moved with any tiling common.       Arbuthnot.
To  Inca'rcerate,  in-kar'se-rate.  v. a.
   [incarcero, Lat.] To imprison;  to  con-
   fine.   It is used in the Scots  law to de-
   note imprisoning or confining in a gaol;
   otherwise it is  seldom found.
    Contagion may be propagated by bodies, that easi-
  ly incarcerate the infected air; as woollen clothe*.
                                      Harvey.
Inoarcera'tion, in-kar-se-ra'shiin.  ra.  a.
   [from incarcerate.] Imprisonment; con-
   finement.
To  Inca'rn, in-karn'.81  v. a.  [incarno,
   Lat.]  To  cover with  flesh.
    The flesh will soon arise  in that cut of the bone
  and make exfoliation of what is necessary, and in-
  carn "■      „                       Wiseman.
To Inca'rn,  in-karn'. v.  ra.  To breed flesh.
    The slough came off,  and the ulcer happily in-
  «w««l.                             Wiseman.
To Inca'rnabine, fn-kar'na-dine.140 v. a.
   [incarnadine, French; incarnadino, pale
   red,  Italian.]  To die red.  This word I
   find only once.
    Will all great Neptune's  ocean wash this blood
  Clean  from my hand? No, this my hand will rafter
  The multitudinous sea incarnadine,
  Making the green one red.               SAafcsp.
To Inca'rnate, In-kar'nate. v. a. [incarn-
   er, French; incarno, Latin.]  To clothe
   with flesh; to embody with flesh.
          I, who erst contended
  With gods to  sit the highest, am now constrain'd
  Into a beast, and mix'd with bestial slime,
  This essence to incarnate and imbrute.     MUton.
Inca'rnate, in-kar'nate.01 participial adj.
   [incarnat, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Clothed with  flesh; embodied in flesh.
    Undoubtedly even the nature of God itself, in the
  person of the son, is incarnate, and hath taken  to
  itself flesh.                            Hooker.
    A most wise sufficient means  of redemption and
  salvation, by  the satisfactory death and obedience
  of the incarnate son of God, Jesus Christ, God bless-
  ed for  ever.                        Sanderson.
    Here shalt thou sit incarnate, here shalt reign
  Both God and man.                     Milton.
2. It may be doubted whether Swift un-
   derstood this word.
                But he  's possest,
  Incarnate with a thousand imps.           Swifl.
3. In Scotland  incarnate is applied to anv
   thing tinged of a deep red colour, from
   its resemblance to a flesh colour.
Incarna'tion,  in-kar-na'shtin.  ra. *. [in-
   carnation, Fr. from incarnate.]
1. The act of assuming  body.
    We must be aware we exclude not the nature of
  God from incarnation, and so make the son of God
  incarnate not to be  very God.            Hooker.
    Upon the Annunciation, or our Lady-day, medi-
  tate on the incarnation of our blessed Saviour. Tayf.
2. The state of breeding flesh.
    The pulsation under the cicatrix proceeded from
  the too lax incarnation of the wound.     Wiseman
Inca'rnative, in-kar'na-tiv. ra.  s.  [incur*
   nat if, Fr. from  incarn.]  A  medicine
   that  generates flesh.
    I deterged the abscess, and incarned by toe com-
   mon incarnative.                     Wiseman.
 To Inca'se, ln-kase'. v. a.  [in and caae]
   To cover; to enclose; to inwrap.
    Ricb plates of gold the folding doors incase,
   The pillars silver.                       p0pe
 Incau'tious, in-kaw'shiis.  adj.  [in  and
   cautious.] Unwary; negligent; heedless.
    His rhetorical expressions may easily captivate
   any incautious reader.        Keil against Burnet.
 Incau'tiously,    in-kaw'slnjs-le.   adv.
   [from incautious.] Unwarily; heedless-
   ly; negligently. 
INC
INC
IN  C
    A  species of palsy invades such as incautiously
  expose themselves to the morning air.   Arbuthnot.
IncVnoiary,  in-sen'de-a-re,  or,  in-s£n'-
  je-a-re.293 376 n. s. [incendarius;  from
  incendo, Latin; incendiaire,  French.]
1. One who sets houses  or towns on fire
  in malice or  for robbery.
2. One who inflames factions, or promotes
  quarrels.
    Nor could any order be obtained impartially to
  examine impudent incendiaries.     King Charles.
    Incendiaries of figure and distinction, who are the
  inventors and publishers of gross falsehoods, cannot
  be regarded but with the utmost detestaiion. Addis.
    Several cities of Greece drove toem out as incen-
  diaries, and pests of commonweals.       Benffey<

I'ncense, In'sense.433 ra. s. [incensum, Lat.
  a thing  burnt;  encens, Fr.]  Perfumes
  exhaled by fire in honour of some god
  or goddess.
    Upon  such sacrifices, my Cordelia,
  The gods toemselves throw incense.       Shaksp.
    Numa the rites of strict religion knew;
  On ev'ry altar laid the incense due.        Prior.
To  I'ncense, in-sense.  v.  a.  [from  the
  noun.] To perfume with incense.

To INCE'NSE, in-sense'. v. a. [incensus,
  Lat.]   To enkindle to rage; to inflame
  with anger;  to  enrage;  to provoke; to
  irritate  to anger;  to   heat; to fire;  to
  make  furious; to exasperate.
    The world, too saucy wito  the gods,
  Incenses them to send destruction.        Shaksp.
    If 'gainst yourself you be incens'd,  we '11 put
        you,
  Like one that means his proper harm, in manacles.
                                      Shaksp.
    He is  attended with a desp'rate train;
  And what they may incense him to, being apt
  To have his ear abus'd, wisdom  bids fear. Shaksp.
    Tractable obedience is a slave
  To each incensed will.                 Shaksp.
    Foul idolatries, and other faults,
  Heap'd  to the popular sum, will so incense
  God as to leave them.                 Milton.
    How could my pious son thy pow'r incense?
  Or what, alas! is vanquish'd  Troy's  offence. Dryd.

Ince'nsement,  in-sens'ment.  ra. s. [from
  incense.] Rage; heat;  fury.
    His incensement at tois moment is so implacable,
  toat satisfaction can be none  but by pangs of death.
                                      Shaksp.

Ince'nsion, in-sen'shun. ra- s.  [incensio,
  Latin.]   The act of kindling;  the state
  of being  on fire.
    Sena loseth its windiness by decocting; and sub-
  tile or windy spirits are taken off by incension or
  evaporation.                          Bacon.

Inoe'nsor, in-sen'st'ir.166  ra.  s.  [Latin.]  A
  kindler of  anger;  an  inflamer  of  pas-
  sions.
    Many  priests were impetuous and importunate
  incensors of the rage.                  Hayward.
Ince'nsory,  in'sen-sur-e."2 ra.  *. [from
  incense.]   The vessel  in  which incense
  is burnt and offered.         Ainsworth.
Ince'ntive, in-sent'iv. ra. *. [incentivum,
  Latin.]
1. That which kindles.
    Their unreasonable severity was not the least in-
  centive toat blew  up into those flames the sparks of
  discontent.                       King Charles.
2. That which  provokes; that which en-
  courages; incitement;  motive;   encour-
  agement;  spur.    It  is  used  of  that
   which incites, whether to good  or ill;
   with to.
    Congruity of opinions to our natural constitution,
  is one great incentive to toeir reception.   Glanville.
    Even  the wisdom of God hath  not  suggested
  more pressing  motives, more powerful incentives fo
  charity, than these, that we shall be judged by it at
  toe last dreadful day.                 Atterbury.
    It  encourages  speculative persons, with all the
  incentives of place, profit, and preferment. Addison.
Ince'ntive,  in-sent'iv.1"7  adj. Inciting;
   encouraging:  with to.
    Competency is the most incentive to industry: too
  little makes men desperate, and too much careless.
                                Decay of Piety.
Ince'ption,  In-sep'shun. ra. s.  [inceptio,
   Latin.] Beginning.
    The inception of putrefaction hath in  it a matu-
  ration .                                Bacon.
Inoe'ptive, ln-sep'tiv.ls7 adj. [inceptivus,
   Lat.]  Noting beginning.
    An inceptive and desitive proposition, as, the fogs
  vanish as the sun rises;  but the fogs have not yet
  begun to vanish, therefore the sun is not yet risen.
                                       Locke.
Ince'ptor, in-sep'tiir.166 ra. s. [Latin.] A
   beginner; one who is in his rudiments.
Incera'tion, in-se-ra'shun. ra. a.  [incero,
   Lat.] The act of  covering with wax.
                                       Dict.
iNCE'RTiTunE, In-ser'te-tude. ra. s.[incerti-
   tude, Fr. incertitudo, Lat.] Uncertainty;
   doubtfulness.
Ince'ssant, In-ses'sant.  adj. [in and ces-
   sans, Lat.]   Unceasing; unintermitted;
   continual; uninterrupted.
    Raging wind blows up incessant show'rs. Shaksp.
    The incessant weeping of my wife
  Fore'd me to seek delays.               Shaksp.
                   If, by prayV
  Incessant, I could hope  to change the will
  Of him who all things can, I would not cease
  To weary him with my assiduous cries.    Afiffon.
    In form, a herald of the  king she flies
  From peer to peer, and thus incessant cries.  Pope.
Ince'ssantly,  in-ses'sant-le. adv. [from
   incessant.]  Without intermission; con-
   tinually.
    Both his hands most  filthy feculent,
  Above the water were on high extent,
  And fain'd to wash themselves incessantly.
                                  Fairy Queen,
                Who reads
  Incessantly, and to his reading brings not
  A spirit and judgment equal or superior.   MUton.
    The christians, who carried their religion through
  so many  persecutions,  were incessantly comforting
  one another  with  the example and history of our
  Saviour and his apostles.               Addison.

I'NCEST, in'sest. ra. s. [inceste,  French;
  incestum, Latin.]  Unnatural  and crimi-
  nal  conjunction of persons within de-
   grees prohibited.
    Is 't not a kind of incest to take life
  From thine own sister's shame?           Shaksp.
    He who entered in the first act, a young man like
  Pericles, Prince of Tyre,  must  not  be in  danger
  in the fifth act  of committing incest with his daught-
  er.                                 Dryden.
Ince'stuous, in-seVtshu-iis.461 adj.   [in-
  cesteux, Fr.] Guilty of incest; guilty of
   unnatural cohabitation.
    Hide me, thou bloody hand,
  Thou perjure, thou simular of virtue-,
  Thou art incestuous.                    Shaksp.
    We may easily guess with what impatience the
  world would have heard  an incestuous Herod dis-
  coursing of chastity.                     Sonfft.
           Ere you reach to this incestuous Tove,
   You must divine and human rights remove. Dryden.
 Ince'stuously,  in-ses'tshu-us-le.   adv.
   [from incestuous.] With unnatural love.
    Macareus and Canace, son and daughter to iEoIus,
   god of the winds, loved each other incestuously.
                                      Dryden.
 INCH, fash.3"3 n. s.  [nice, Saxon; uncia,
   Latin.]
 1. A measure of length  supposed equal
   to three  grains  of barley,  laid  end to
   end; the twelfth  part of a foot.
    A foot is  the sixth  part of  the stature of man, a
   span one eighth of it,  and a thumb's breadth or
  inch, one seventy-second.        Holder on Time.
    The sun should never miss,  in all his race,
  Of time one minute, or one inch of space.  Blackm.
 2. A proverbial name for  a small quantity.
    The plebeians have got your fellow tribune;
  They '11  give him death by inches.        Shalcsp.
    As in  lasting, so in  length is man,
  Contracted to an incft, who was a span.    Donne.
    Is it so desirable a condition to consume by inches,
  and lose  one's blood by drops?            Collier.
    The commons were growing by degrees into pow-
  er and property, gaining ground upon toe patricians
  incft by inch.                           Swift.
 3. A nice point of time.
    Beldame, I think we watch'd you at an inch.
                                      Shaksp.
 To Inch, Insh. v. a. [from the noun.]
 1. To drive  by inches.
    Valiant they say, but very popular;
  He gets too far into the soldier's graces,
  And inches out my master.              Dryden.
 2. To  deal  out by  inches; to  give spar-
   ingly.                         Ainsworth.
 To Inch, insh. v. ra.   To  advance  or  re-
   tire a little at a time.

 I'ncheo, insht.369  adj. [with a  word of
   number before it.]   Containing  inches
   in  length or breadth.
    Poor Tom proud of heart to  ride on a bay trotting
  horse over four inched bridges.           Shaksp.
 I'nchipin, en'tshe-pin. ra.  s.  Some of the
   inside  of a deer.              Ainsworth.

 I'nchmeal, insh'mele. ra. s.   [inch  and
   meal.]  A  piece an inch long.
    All the infections that the sun sucks up
  From bogs, fens, flats, on Prospero fall, and make
        him
  By inchmeal a disease.                 Shaksp.
 To I'nchoate, in'ko-ate.91  v.  a. [inchoo,
   Lat.] To begin:  to  commence.
    It is neither a substance perfect, nor a  substance
  incftocfe, or in the way of perfection.       Raleigh.

 Inchoa'tion, in-ko-a'shAn.  ra.  a. [inchoa-
   tus, Lat.]  Inception; beginning.
    It discerneth of four  kinds of causes; forces,
  frauds, crimes various of stellionate, and the indura-
  tions or middle acts towards crimes capital, not ac-
  tually perpetrated.                     Bacon.
    The setting on foot some of those arts in those
  parts would be looked upon as the first  inchoation
  of them, which yet would  be but their reviving.
                                        Hale,
I'nchoative, in-kG'S-iiv.16'' adj. [inchoa-
   tive, Fr. inchoativus, Lat.]   Inceptive;
   noting inchoation or beginning.
 To Inci'de, in-side',  v. a.  [from  incido,
   to cut, Latin.]
    Medicines  are said to incide  which  consist of
  pointed and sharp particles; as acids, and most salts,
  by which the particles of other bodies are divided
  from one another: thus expectorating medicines are
  said to incide or cut the phlegm.          Quincy
    The menses are  promoted  by  all saponaceous 
IN C
INC
INC
  substances, which incide toe mucus in tbe first pas-
  sages.                             Arbuthnot.
I'ncidence, In'se-dense.  7 ra. a. [incido,t.o
I'ncidency, in'se-den-se. 3   fall,  Latin;
   incidence, French.]
1. The  direction  with  which  one body
   strikes  upon  another,  and the angle
   made by that line, and the plain struck
   upon, is called the  angle of incidence.
   In the occursions of two moving bodies,
   their incidence is said to be perpendicu-
   lar or  oblique, as  their  directions  or
   lines of motion make a  straight line  or
   an oblique angle at the  point  of con-
   tact.                               Quincy.
    In mirrours there is thelike angle of incidence, from
   the object of the  glass, and from the glass to  the
   eye.                                  Bacon-
     He enjoys his happy state most when he commu-
   nicates it, and receives  a more vigorous joy from
   the reflection than from the direct incidency  of  his
   happiness.                             Norris.
     In equal incidences there is  a considerable ine-
   quality of refractions, whether it be that some of
   the incident rays are refracted more and others  less
   constantly, or one and the same ray  is by refraction
   disturbed.                            .Actofon.
     The permanent whiteness argues, that in like
   incidences of the rays there is no such separation of
   the emerging rays.                    JVeiofon.
 2. [incidrns, Latin.]   Accident;  hap; ca-
    sualty.
     What incidency thou do'st guess of harm declare,
   Is creeping towards me.                 Shaksp.
 I/NCIDENT,  in'se-dent.  adj. [incident,
    French; incidens, Latin.]
  1. Casual; fortuitous; occasional;  happen-
    ing accidently;  issuing  in  beside  the
    main  design;  happening beside  expect-
    ation.
     As the ordinary course of common affairs  is  dis-
   posed of by general laws, so likewise  men's rareu
   incident necessities and utilities should be with spe-
   cial equity considered.                  Hooker.
     1 would note in children not only their articulate
   answers, but likewise smiles and frowns upon inci-
   dent occasions.                        H'offon.
     In a complex proposition the predicate or subject
   is sometimes made complex by the pronouns who,
   which, whose, whom, &.c. which make another pro-
   position: as, eveiy man,  who is pious, shall be  sav-
   ed: Julius, whose surname was  Ca?sar,  overcame
   Pompey: bodies, which are transparent, have many
   pores.  Here the whole proposition is called  the
   primary or chief, and the additional proposition is
   called an incident proposition.              Watts,
  2. Happening; apt to happen.
     Constancy is such  a  firmness of friendship as
   overlooks all those failures of kindness, that through
   passion, incident to  human nature,  a man may be
   guilty of.                               South.
  I'xcident, in'se-dent. ra. s. [incident,  Fr.
    from  the adjective.]   Something hap-
    pening  beside the  main  design;  ca-
    sualty.
     His wisdom shall fall  into it as an incident to the
   point of lawfulness.                      Bacon.
     No person, no incident in  the  play, but must be
   of use to cany on the main design.        Dryden.
 Incidental, in-se-den'tal. adj.  Incident;
    casual;  happening  by  chance;  not  in-
    tended; not deliberate; not necessary to
   the chief purpose.
     The satisfaction you  received from  those inci-
   denlal discourses which we have wandered into.
                                        MUton.
     By some religious duties scarce appear to  be re-
   garded at all, and by others only as an  incidental
  business, to be done when they have nothing else to
  do.                                   Rogers.
Incide'ntally,    in-se-den'tal-e.    adv.
   [from incidental.] Beside the main de-
   sign; occasionally.
    These general rules are but occasionally and in-
  cidentally mentioned  in Scripture, rather to mani-
  fest unto us a former, than  to lay upon us a new
  obligation.                         Sanderson.
    I treat either purposely or incidentally of colours.
                                        Boyle.
I'ncidentLy, in'se-dent-le.  adv.  [from in-
   cident.] Occasionally;  by the by; by the
   way.
    It was incidently moved amongst the judges what
  should be done for the king  himself, who was at-
  tainted; but resolved that the  crown takes away de-
  fects.                                 Bacon.
 To Inci'nerate, in-sin'ner-ate. v. a. [in
   and cineres, Lat.] To burn to ashes.
    By baking, without melting, the heat endurateth,
   then maketh  fragile; lastly, it doth incinerate and
   calcinate.                              Bacon.
    Fire burnetii wood, making it first luminous, then
   black and brittle, and lastly broken and incinerate.
                                        Bacon.
    These dregs are soon incinerated and  calcined
   into such salts which produce coughs.     Harvey.
 Incinera'tion, in-sin-ner-ra'shun.   ra.  s.
   [incineration,  French;  from incinerate]
   The act of burning any thing to ashes.
    I observed in toe fixt salt of urine, brought by
   depuration to be very white,  a taste not unlike com-
   mon salt, and very differing from the caustick lixi-
   vate taste of other salts made by incineration.
                                         Boyle.
 Incircumspe'ction,   in-ser-kum-spek'-
   shiin. n.  s.  [in   and  circumspection.]
   Want of caution; want of heed.
     An  unexpected way of delusion,  whereby  he
   more easily led away  the incircumspeclion of their
   belief.                                Brown.
 Inci'sed, in-siz'cl'.s0B adj. [inciser, French;
   incisus, Latin.]   Cut;  made by cutting:
   as, an incised wound.
     I brought the incised lips together.    Wiseman.

 Inci'sion,  in-sizh'un.  ra. «. [incision, Fr.
   incisio, Latin.]
 I. A cut; a wound made with a sharp in-
   strument.  Generally  used  for  wounds
   made by a chirurgeon.
     Let us make incision for your love,
   To prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine.
                                    Shakspeare.
     God help thee, shallow man:  God make incision
   in  thee, thou art raw.               Shakspeare.
     The reception of one is  as different from the ad-
   mission of  the other, as when  the earth falls open
   under the incisions of the plough, and when it gapes
   to drink in the dew of heaven, or the refreshments
   of a shower.                            South.
     A small incision knife is more handy than a lar-
   ger for opening the bag.         Sharp's Surgery.
 2. Division of viscosities by medicines.
     Abstersion is a scouring off, or incision of viscious
   humours,  and making them  fluid, and cutting be-
   tween them and the part; as in nitrous water, which
   scoureth linen.                         Bacon.
 Inci'sive,  in-si'siv.168 i2s adj.  [incisif,  Fr.
   from incisus, Lat.]  Having the quality
   of cutting or  dividing.
     The colour of many corpuscles will cohere by be-
   ing precipitated together,  and be destroyed by the
   effusion of very piercing and  incisive liquors. Boyle.

 Inci'sor, !n-si'sor.166 ra. s. [incisor, Latin.]
   Cutter;  tooth  in  the  forepart  of  the
   mouth.
Inoi'sory,  in-si'siir-e.613  adj. [incisoire,
   Fr.] Having the quality of cutting.
Inci'sure,  in-sizh'ure.  ra.  s.  [incisura,
   Latin.] A cut; an aperture.
    In some creatures it is wide, in some narrow, in
  some with a deep incisure up into the head, for the
  better catching and holding of prey, and comminut-
  ing of bard food.                      Derham.
Incita'tion,  in-se-ta'shdn. ra.  *. [incitatio,
   Latin.] Incitement; incentive; motive;
   impulse;  the act of  inciting; the power
   of inciting.
    Dr. Ridley defines magnetical attraction  to be a
  natural incitation and disposition conforming unto
  contiguity, and union of one magnetical body unte
  another.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    The multitude of objects do proportionably mul-
  tiply both the possibilities  and incifafions.
                      Government of the Tongue.
    The mind gives not only licence, but incitation
  to the other passions to act with the utmost impetu-
  osity.                          Decay of Piety.

 To INCI'TE, in-sitc'. v.  a.  [incito, Lat.
   inciter, Fr.] To stir  up; to push forward
   in a purpose;  to animate;  to spur; to
   urge on.
           How many now in health
   Shall drop their blood, in. approbation
   Of what your reverence shall incite us to?  Shaksp
     No blown ambition doth our arms incite;
   But, love, dear love, and  our ag'd father's right.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Antiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war,
   set before him the greatness of toe Romans, com-
   paring it to  a fire, that took and spread from king-
   dom to kingdom.            —         Bacon.
     Nature and  common reason,  in all difficulties,
   where prudence or courage are required, do rather
   incite us to fly for assistance to a single person than
   a multitude.                           Swift-

 Incitement, In-site'ment. ra. s. [from in-
   cite.]  Motive; incentive; impulse; incit-
   ing  cause.
     A marvel it were, if a man of great capacity,
   having such incitements to make him desirous of all
   furtherances unto his cause, could espy in the whole
   scripture of God  nothing  which might breed at the
   least a probable opinion of likelihood, that divine
   authority was the same way inclinable.   Hooker.
     Hartlib seems sent hither by  some good provi-
   dence, to be the occasion and incitement of great
   good to this island.                     Afiffon
     If thou must reform the stubborn times,
   From the long records of a distant age
   Derive incitements to renew thy rage.       Pope-
 Inci'vil, in-siv'vil. adj. [incivil, French.]
   Unpolished.  See Uncivil.

 Incivi'lity,  in-se-vil'le-te. ra. s. [incivilite,
   French;  in and civility.]
 1. Want of courtesy;  rudeness.
     He does  offend against toat reverence which  is
   due to  the common apprehensions of mankind,
   whether true or not, which is the greatest incivility.
                                      Tillotson-
 2. Act of rudeness.  In  this sense it has  a
   plural.
     Abstain from dissolute laughter, uncomely jests,
   loud talking and jeering, which, in civil account,
   are called indecencies and incivilUies.     Taylor.
 Ixcle'mency,  in-kleni'men-se.  ra. s.  [in-
   clemence,  Fr.  inclementia, Latin.]  Un-
   mercifulness; cruelty;  severity;  harsh-
   ness;  roughness.
     And (hough by tempests of the prize bereft,
   In heav'ns  inclemency some ease we find:
   Our foes we vanquish'd by our valour left. Dryden.
 Incle'ment, in-klern'ment.  adj.  [in  and
 \   clemens, Lat.]  Unmerciful;  unpitying; 
INC
INC
INC
   void of tenderness;  harsh.   It is used
   oftner of things than of men.
     Teach us further by what means to shun
   Th' incfemenf seasons, rain, ice, hail and snow.
                                       Afiffon.
                    I stand
   Naked, defenceless, on a foreign land:
   Propitious to my wants, a vest supply,
   To guard the wretched from th' inclement sky.
                                         Pope.
 Inclinable, in-kli'na-bl. adj .[inclinabilis,
   Latin.]
 I. Having a propension of will; favourably
   disposed; willing;  tending by disposi-
   tion: with to.
     People are not always inciinaofe fo the best.
                                      Spenser.
     A marvel it were, if a man of capacity could espy
   in the whole scripture nothing which might breed a
   probable opinion, toat divine authority was the same
   way inclinable.                       Hooker.
     The gall and bitterness of certain men's writings,
   who spared him little, made him, for  their sakes,
   toe less inclinable  to that truth  which he himself
   should have honoured.                 Hooker.
                    Desire,
   Inclinable now grown fo touch or taste,
   Solicited her longing eye.               Milton.
 2. Having a tendency.
     If such a crust naturally fell, then  it was more
   likely and inclinable to fall this thousand years than
   the last: but if the crust was always gradually near-
   er and nearer to falling, that plainly evinces that it
   had not endured eternally.             Bentley.
 Inclination,  in-kle-na'shiin. ra. s. [incli-
   naison, inclination, Fr.  inclinatio, Lat.]
 I. Tendency toward any point: with to.
     The two rays, being equally refracted, have the
   same  inclination to one  another after refraction
   which toey had  before; that is,  the inclination of
   half a degree answering to the sun's diameter.
                              Newton's Opticks.
 2. Natural aptness.
     Though most of toe thick woods are grubbed up
   since the promontory has been cultivated, there are
   still many spots of it which shew the natural incli-
   nation of the soil leans that way.        Addison.
 3. Propension of mind; favourable disposi-
   tion; incipient desire.
     The king was  wonderfully disquieted when he
   found that the prince was totally aliened from all
   thoughts of or inclination to the marriage. Clarend.
     A mere inclination to  a thing  is not properly a
   willing of that thing; and yet in  matters of duty,
   men frequently reckon it  for such:  for otherwise
   how should they so often plead and rest in the honest
   and well inclined disposition of their minds, when
   they are justly charged wito an actual nonperform-
   ance of the law?                        Soitfft.
 4. Love; affection; regard. In this sense it
   admits, for.
     We have had few knowing painters, because of
   toe little inclination which princes have for paint-
   ing.                                 Dryden.
 5. Disposition of mind.
                   Bid him
  Report the features of Octavia, her years,
  Her inclination.    Shaksp. Antony and Cleopatra.
 6. The tendency of the magnetical needle
   to the east or west.
 7. [In pharmacy.]   The  act  by which a
   clear liquor is poured off from some
   feces or sediment by only stooping  the
   vessel,  which is also called decantation.
                                     Quincy.
Incli'natory, In-klin'a-tur-e. adj. [from
   incline]  Having a  quality of inclining
   to one or other.
   If toat inclinatory virtue be destroyed by a touch

      VOL. I.
  from the contrary pole, toat end  which before was
  elevated will then decline.               Brown.
 Incli'natorily,  In-klin'a-mr-re-le. adv.
   [from inclinatory.]  Obliquely; with in-
   clination to one  side or the other; with
   some deviation from north and south.
     Whether they be refrigerated inclinatorily, or
  somewhat equinoxially, that is, toward the eastern
  or western points, they discover some verticity.
                        Brown's Vulgar Errours.
 To  INCLI'NE,  in-kline'.  v.  a.  [inclino,
   Latin; incliner, French.]
 1. To bend; to lean;  to tend toward any
   part: with  to or toward.
    Her house  incfinef/i nnfo death, and her paths
  unto the dead.                       Proverbs.
               Still fo this place
  My heart inclines, still hither turn my eyes;
  Hither my feet unbidden find their way.   JRotce.
 2. To be  favourably  disposed  to; to feel
   desire beginning.
              Doth his majesty
  Incline to it, or no?
  ----He seems indifferent;
  Or rather swaying more upon our part.    Shaksp,
    Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech.
                                       Judges.
 To Incli'ne, in-kline'. v. a.
 1. To give a tendency or direction to any
   place or  state.
           The timely dew of sleep,
  Now falling with soft slumb'rous weight, inclines
  Our eye-lids.                          MUton.
    Thus far both armies to Belinda yield;
  Now to the baron fate inclines the field.     Pope.
    A tow'ring structure to the palace join'd;
  To this his steps the thoughtful prince inclin'd.
                                        Pope.
 2. To turn  toward any  thing,  as desirous
  or attentive.
    Incline our hearts to keep this law. Com. Prayer.
    You have not  inclined your ear unto me.
                                     Jeremiah.
    But that from  us aught should ascend to heav'n
  So prevalent, as to concern  toe mind
  Of God high-blest, or to incline his will,
  Hard to belief may seem, yet this will prayer.
                                      Afiffon.
 3. To bend; to  incurvate.
    Wito due respect my body I inclin'd,
  As to some being of superior kind.       Diyden.
 To Incli'f,  in-klip'. v. a.  [in  and clip]
  To grasp; to enclose; to surround.
    Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips,
  Is thine if thou wilt ha 't.            Shakspeare.
 To Inclo'ister, in-klois'tur. v. a. [in and
  cloister.] To shut up in a cloister.
 To   iNCLo'un,  in-kloud'.  v. a.  [in and
  cloud.]  To darken; to obscure.
    In their thick breaths,
  Rank of gross diet, shall we be inclouded,
  And fore'd to drink toeir vapour.      Shakspeare.
 To  Inclu'de,  in-klude'. v. a.  [includo,
  Latin.]
 1. To enclose,  to shut in: as, the shellzra-
  cludes a pearl.
2. To comprise; to comprehend.
    This desire being recommended to her majesty,
  it liked  her to include the same  within one entire
  lease.                                 Bacon.
    The marvellous fable includes whatever is super-
  natural, and especially toe machines of the gods.
                                       Pope.
    Instead of enquiring whether he be a man of vir-
  tue, the question  is only whether he be a whig or a
  tory; under which terms  all good and ill qualities
  are incfuded.                          Swift.
Inclu'sive, in-klu'siv.168 428 adj. [inclusif,
  French.]

                    6l
 I. Enclosing; encircling.
     0, would that the inclusive verge
  Of golden metal, toat must round my brow,
  Were red hot steel, to sear me to the brain! Shak.
 2. Comprehended in the sum  or number
   as, from Wednesday to Saturday inclu-
   sive; that is, both  W ednesday and  Sa-
   turday taken into the  number.
     I'll search where ev'ry virtue dwells,
  From courts inclusive down to cells.        Swift.
 Inclusively, in-klu'siv-le. adv. [from in-
   clusive.]  The  thing mentioned reckon-
   ed  into the account.  See Inclusive.
     Thus much shall serve for the several periods or
  growth of the common law, until  the time of Ed-
  ward I. inclusively.                      Hale.
     All articulation is made within toe mouth, from
  toe throat to  the lips inclusively; and is differenced
  partly by the organs used in it, and partly by toe
  manner and degree of articulating.        Holder.
 Incoa'gulaele,  in-ko-ag'gu-la-bl.  adj.
   [in and  coagulable.]  Incapable of con-
   cretion.
 Incoexi'stence,  in-ko-eg-zls'tense. ra. *.
   [in and coexistence.] The quality of not
   existing together; non-association of ex-
   istence. An unusual word.
     Another more incurable part of ignorance, which
  sets us more  remote from a certain knowledge of
  the coexistence or incoexistence of different ideas in
  toe same subject, is, that there is no discoverable
  connexion between any secondary quality and those
  primary qualities it depends on.           Locke.
 Inco'g, in-kog'. adv. [corrupted by muti-
  lation from incognito, Latin.] Unknown;
  in private.
    But if you 're rough, and use him like a dog,
  Depend upon it, he'll remain incog.     Addison.
 Inco'gitancy, in-kod'je-tan-se. ra.  s. [in-
  cogitantia, Lat.] Want of thought.
    One man's fancies are laws to succeeders, who
  afterwards misname all unobsequiousness to their
  incogifancy presumption.                  Boyfe.
    Next to the stupid and merely vegetable state of
  incogitancy, we may rank partial and piece-meal
  consideration.                  Decay of Piety.
 Inco'gitative, in-kod'je-ta-tiv.  adj.  [in
  and cogitative.] Wanting the power of
  thought.
    Purely material beings, as clippings of our beards,
  and sensible,  thinking, perceiving beings, such as
  we find ourselves, we will call cogitative and inco-
  gitative beings.                        Locke.
 Incq'gnito,  in-kog'ne-to.  adv. [incogni-
  tus, Latin.] In  a state of concealment.
                'Twas long ago
  Since gods came down incognito.          Prior.
Incohe'rence, in-ko-he'rense.  7      r.
Inoohe'rency, in-ko-he'ren-se. £ 7Z"S-Lm
  and coherence.]
 1. Want of cohesion; looseness of material
  parts.
    If plaister be beaten into an impalpable powder,
  when poured out it will emulate a liquor, by reason
  that the smallness and incoherence of the parts do
  both  make them easy to be put into motion, and
  makes the pores they intercept so  small that they
  interrupt not the unity or continuity of the mass.
                                        Boyle.
2. Want of connexion; incongruity; incon-
  sequence of argument; want  of depend-
  ence of one part upon another.
    I find that laying the intermediate ideas naked in
  their due order, shews the incoherence of toe argu-
  mentations better than syllogisms.          Locke.
     Incoherences in matter, and suppositions without
  proofs, put handsomely together, are apt to pass for
  strong reason.                          Locke. 
IXC                                     INC                                      INC
 Incglhe'bext,ir.-k6-he'rent. adj. [in and
   coherent.]
 I. Wanting  cohesion;  loose; not fixed to
   each other.
    Had the strata of stone  become solid, but the
  matter whereof they consist continued lax and inco-
  herent, they had consequently been as pervious as
  those of marl or gravel.              Woodward,
 2.  Inconsequential;  inconsistent; having
   no dependence of one  part upon another.
    We have instances of perception whilst we are
  asleep, and retain the memory of them; but how ex-
  travagant and incoherent are toey, and how Utile
  conformable to the perfection of a rational being!
                                       Locke.
 Incohe'rently,  ln-ko-he'rent-le.   adv.
   [from incoherent/]  Inconsistently; in-
   consequentially.
    The character of Eurylochus is the imitation of a
  person confounded with fears, speaking irrationally
  and incoherently.                     Broome.
 Incolu'mity, in-ko-lu'me-te. ra. s. [incolu-
   mitas, Latin.]  Safety;  security. Little
   in use.
     The parliament is necessary to assert and pre-
   serve the national rights of  a people, with the in-
   columity and welfare of a country.       Howel.
 Incombustibility,   in-kom-bus-te-bll'e-
   te.  ra. 8.  [from incombustible.]   The
   quality of resisting fire so that it can-
   not consume.
     The stone in the Appennines is remarkable for its
   shining quality, and the amianthus for its incom-
   bustibility.                             Ray.
 Incombu'stible,  In-kom-biis'te-bl.  adj.
   [incombustible, French; in and combus-
   tible.]   Not to be consumed by fire.
    It agrees  in this common quality ascribed unto
  both, of being incomousfiWe, and not consumable
  by fire.                             Wilkins.
 Incombu'stibleness,  In-kom-b&s'te-bl-
   nes. ra. s. [from  incombustible.]   The
   quality of not being wasted by fire.

 1'noome, ln'kiim.l6s ra. a.  [in and come.]
   Revenue;  produce of any thing.
     Thou who repinest at  the plenty of thy neigh-
  bour, and the greatness of his incomes, consider
  what are frequently the dismal consequences  of all
   this.                                 Soufft.
             No fields afford
  So large an income to the village lord.   Dryden.
    St. Gaul has scarce any lands belonging to it, and
  little  or no income but what arises from its trade:
  the great support of this little state is its linen manu-
  facture.                       Addison on Italy.
    Notwithstanding the large incomes annexed to
  some few of her  preferments, this church hato in
  the whole very little to subsist on.      Atterbury.
 Incommensurability,  in-kom-men-shu-
   ra-bil'e-te. n.s. [from incommensurable.]
   The state of one thing with  respect to
   another, when they  cannot be compared
   by any common measure.
 Incommensurable, in-kom-men'shu-ra-
  bl.405 adj.  [French; from in, con, and
   mensurabilis, Latin.] Not to be reduced
  to any measure common to both; not to
  be measured together, such as that the
  proportion of one  to  the other can be

  told.
    Our disputations about vacuum or space, incom-
  mensurable quantities, the infinite divisibility of mat-
  ter,  and eternal duration, will  lead us to see toe
  weakness of our nature.                j Watts.
Inoomme'nsurate, in-kom-men'shu-rate.
eer on i vme.
>m'mo- ]

>6de'.   J
   91 adj.  [in, con,  and  mensura,  Latin.]
   Not admitting one common measure.
    The diagonal line and side of a quadrate, which
  to our apprehension  are incommensurate, are yet
  commensurable to the imfinite comprehension of the
  divine intellect.                         More.
    As all other measures of time are reducible to
  these three;  so we labour  to reduce these three,
  though strictly of themselves incommensurate to one
  another, for civil use, measuring the greater by the
  less.                         Holder on Time.
    If the year comprehend  days,  it  is but as  any
  greater space of time  may  be said  to comprehend
  a less, though the less space be  incommensurate to
  the greater.                   Holder on Time
 To INCO'MMODATE,   In-kom'mo
   date.91 v. a.
 To INCOMMO'DE, ln-kom-moi
   v. a. [incommodo,  Latin;  incommoder,
   French.]   To  be  inconvenient  to;  to
   hinder or embarrass  without very great
   injury.
    A gnat, planted upon the horn of a bull, begged
  the bull's  pardon ? but rather than  incommode ye,
  says he, I'll  remove.               L'Estrange.
    Although they sometimes molest  and incommode
  the inhabitants,  yet the agent, whereby  both  tbe
  one and the other is effected, is of  that indispensi-
  ble necessity to toe earth and to mankind, that they
  could not subsist without it.           Woodward.
 iNcoMMo'nious, in-kom-mo'de-us  or  in-
   kom-mo'je-fts.293   adj.    [incommodus,
   Latin.]   Inconvenient; vexatious with-
   out great mischief.
    Things of general benefit, for in this world what
  is so perfect that no inconvenience doth ever follow
  it, may by som» accident be incommodious to a few.
                                     Hooker.
    Men's intentions in speaking are to be understood
  without frequent explanations and incommodious in-
  terruptions.                           Locke.
 Incommo'diously,    In-kom-mo'de-iis-le.
   adv. [from  incommodious.]  Inconve-
   niently; not at ease.
 Incommo'diousness,   In-kom-mo'de-us-
   nes.  ra. s.  [from incommodious.]   In-
   convenience.
    Diseases, disorders, and the incommodiousness of
  external nature, are inconsistent with happiness.
                                     Burnet.
 lNcoMMo'niTY,ln-k6m-mod'e-te. n.s. [in-
   commodite, French; incommoditas, Lat.]
   Inconvenience; trouble.
    Declare your opinion, what incommodUy you have
  conceived to be in the common law which I would
  have thought most free from all such dislike.
                      Spenser's Slate of Ireland.
    If iron can be incorporated wito  flint or stone,
  without over great charge, or other incommodUy,
  toe cheapness doth make the compound stuff pro-
  fitable.                               Bacon.
    By considering the region and the winds,  one
  might so cast toe rooms, which shall  most needs fire,
  that he should little fear the incommodUy of smoak.
                          Wotton's Architecture.
 Incommunicabi'lity,  in-k&m-mu'ne-ka-
   bil'e-te. ra. s.  [from  incommunicable.]
   The quality of not being impartible.
lNcoMMu'NicABLE,ln-k6m-mu'ne-ka-bl.*os
   adj. [incommunicable, French;   in and
   communicable]
 1. Not impartible;  not  to  be made the
   common right,  property, or  quality of
   more than one.
    They cannot ask more  than I can give, may I
  but reserve to myself the incommunicable jewel of
  my conscience.                  King Charles.
    Light without darkness is the incommunicable
  claim of him that dwells in light inaccessible.
                                    Glanville.
    It was agreed on  both sides, that there was one
  supreme excellency, which was  incommunicable to
  any creature.                     Stillingfleet.
2. Not to be expressed;  not to be tola.
    Neither did he treat them with these peculiari-
  ties of favour in the extraordinary discoveries of the
  gospel only, but also of those incommunicable reve-
  lations ofthe divine love, in  reference to tkeir own
  personal interest in it.                    South.
Incommu'nicably, In-kom-mu'ne-ka-blt.
  adv. [from  incommunicable.] In a man-
  ner not to be imparted o r communicated.
    To annihilate is both in reason, and by toe oon-
  sent of divines, as incommunicably the effect of a
  power divine, and above nature,  as is creation itself.
                        Hakewill on Providence.
Incommu'nicating,    in-kom-mu'ne-ka-
  ting. adj. [in and communicating.] Hav-
  ing no intercourse with each other.
    The judgments and administrations of common
  justice are preserved from that confusion that would
  ensue, if the administration was by several incom-
  municating hands, or by provincial establishments.
                          Hale's Common Law.
Incompa'ct, in-kom-pakt'.       > adj [in
Incompa'cted, in-kom-pak'ted. $    and
  compact.] Not joined;  not cohering.
    Salt, say they, is the basis of solidity and perma-
  nency in compound bodies, without which the other
  four  elements  might  be variously  blended, but
  would remain incompacted.               Boyle.
Inco'mparable, in-kom'pa-ra-bl. adj. [in-
  comparable, Fr. in and comparable.] Ex-
  cellent  above compare;  excellent be-
  yond all  competition.
    My heart would not suffer me to omit any occa-
  sion,  whereby I might make the incomparable Pa-
  mela see how much extraordinary devotion I bore
  to her service.                         Sidney.
    A most incomparable man, breath'd as it were
  To an untirable and continuate goodness.   Shaks,
    Her words do shew her wit incomparable.
                        Shakspeare's Henry VI.
            Now this mask
  Was cried incomparable, and th' ensuing night
  Made it a fool and beggar.            Sftofopeare.
    If I could leave this argument of your incompara-
  ble beauty, I might turn to one which would equal-
  ly oppress me wito its greatness.         Dryden.
Inco'mparably,  in-kom'pa-ra-ble.  adv.
  [from incomparable.]
I. Beyond comparison;  without competi-
  tion.
    A founder it had, whom I  think incomparably tbe
  wisest man toat ever the French church did enjoy,
  since the hour it enjoyed him.          Hooker.
    Self-preservation will oblige a man voluntarily to
  undergo any less evil,  to secure himself but from
  the probability of an evil incomparably greater.
                                      Sonfft.
2. Excellently; to the highest degree. A
  low phrase.
    There are the heads of Antoninus Pius, the Faus-
  tinas, and Marcus Aurelius, all incomparably well
  cut.                        Addison  on Italy.
Incompa'ssionate,  ln-kom-pash'fln-ate.91
  adj. [in  and compassionate.] Void  of
  pity; void of tenderness.
Incompatibility,   in-k&m-pat-e-bil'e-te.
  ra. *.  [properly incompetibilityj  in and
  competo,  Latin.]  Inconsistency  of one
  thing with another.
    He overcame that natural incompatibility, which
  hath been noted  between the vulgar and toe sov-
  ereign favour.                        Wotton.
    The reason of the stress rests not upon the incom-
  petibility of excess of one infinitude above another, 
INC
INC
INC
   either in intention or extension; but the incompetir
   bUity of any multitude to be infinite.       Hale.
 Incompatible, in-kom-pat'e-bl. adj. [in-
   compatible, Fr. rather incomfietible, as it
   is sometimes written;  in  and competo,
   Latin.]
 1. Inconsistent with something else; such
   as cannot subsist or cannot be possessed
   together with something  else; it is fol-
   lowed by with.
     Fortune and love have ever been so incompatible,
   that it  is no wonder, madam, if, having had so
   much of the one for you, I have ever found so little
   of the other for myself.               Suckling.
     May not the outward expressions of love in many
   good cnristians be greater to some other object than
   to God? Or is  this incompetible with  the sincerity
   of the love of God?                  Hammond.
     We know those colours which have a friendship
   wito each other, and those  which are incompatible,
   by mixing together those colours of which we would
   make trial.                          Dryden.
     Sense I have proved to be incompatible with mere
   bodies,  even  those of the most  compound  and
   elaborate texture.                     Bentley.
 2. It is used sometimes with to.
     The repugnaney of infinitude is equally incom-
   petible to continued or successive  motion,  and  de-
   pends upon the incompossibility of things successive
   with infinitude.                         Hale.

 Incompatibly,  m-kom-pat'e-ble.  adv.
   [for incompetibly;  from  incompatible]
   Inconsistently.
 Incompetency, ln-kom'pe-ten-se.  ra.  s.
   [incompetence,  Fr. from  incompetent.]
   Inability;  want  of adequate  ability  or
   qualification.
     Our not being able to discern  the motion of a
   shadow of a dial-plate, or that of the index  upon a
   clock, ought to make us sensible of the incompeten-
   cy of our eyes to discern some motions of natural
   bodies incomparably slower than these.      Boyfe.
 Inco'mpetent, in-kom'pe-tent.  adj. [in
   and competent.] Not suitable; not ade-
   quate; not  proportionate.   In the civil
   law it denotes some  defect of right  to
   do  any thing.
     Richard III. had a resolution, out of hatred to his
   brethren, to disable their issues, upon false and in-
   competent pretext, the one of attainder, the other of
   illegitimation.                         Bacon.
     Every speck does not blind a man; nor does every
   infirmity make one unable to discern,  or incompe-
   tent to reprove, the grosser faults of others.
                      Government ofthe Tongue.
     I thank you for the commission  you  have given
   me:  how I have acquitted myself of it must be left
   to toe opinion of toe world,  in spight of any protes-
   tation which I can enter against the present age, as
   incompetent or corrupt judges.            Dryden.
    Laymen, wito equal advantages of parts, are not
   the most incompetent judges of sacred things.   Dryd.
    An equal attraction on all sides  of all matter,ii
  just equal to no attraction at all; and by this means
  all toe motion  in the universe must proceed from
  external  impulse alone, which is  an  incompetent
  cause for the formation of a world.        Bentley.
Inco'mpetently, in-kom'pe-tent-le.  adv.
   [from incompetent.] Unsuitably; unduly.
Inoomple'te,  in-kom-plete'.  adj. [in and
   complete.] Not perfect;  not finished.
    It pleaseth him in mercy to account  himself in-
  complete, and maimed without us.         Hooker.
    In incomplete  ideas we are apt to impose on our-
  selves, and wrangle with  others, especially where
  toey have particular and familiar names.    Locke^
Incomple'teness, in-kom-plete'nes.  ra. s.
   [from  incomplete.] Imperfection; unfin-
   ished state.
     The incompleteness of our seraphick lover's hap-
   piness, in his fruitions, proceeds not from their want
   of satisfactoriness, but of an entire possession. Boyle.
 Incompli'ance, in-kom-pli'anse; ra. s.  [in
   and compliance.]              >•
 1.  Untractableness;  impracticableness;
   contradictious temper.
     Self-conceit produces peevishness and incompli-
   ance of humour in things lawful and indifferent.
                                     Tillotson.
 2. Refusal of compliance.
     Consider toe vast disproportion between toe worst
   inconveniences that can attend  our incompliance
   with men, and toe eternal displeasure of an offend-
   ed God.                             Rogers.
 Incompo'sed, in-kom-poz'd'.359  adj.   [in
   and composed.] Disturbed;  discompos-
   ed; disordered.   Not much used.
     Somewhat incomposed they are in the trimming,
   and extraordinary tender of their young ones. Howel.
 Incompossibi'lity,  in-kom-pos-se-bil'e-
   te.  ra.  s.  [from  incompossible] Quality
   of being not  possible but by the nega-
   tion or destruction of something; incon-
   sistency with  something.
     The manifold incompossibilities  and lubricities of
   matter cannot have the same fitnesses in any modi-
   fication.                              Afore.
     Though the repugnancy of infinitude be equally
   incompetible to continued or successive motion, and
   depends upon the incompossibility of the very na-
   ture of thiHgs successive or extensive with infinitude,
   yet that incompossibility is more conspicuous in dis-
   crete quantity, toat ariseth from individuals already
   actually distinguished.   Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 Incompo'ssible,  in-kom-pos'se-bl.  adj.
   [in, con, and possible.] Not possible to-
   gether; not possible  but by the nega-
   tion of something  else.
 Incomprehensibility,  in-kom-pre-hen-
   se-bil'e-te.  ra. s.  Yincomprehcnsibilite,
   French;  from incomprehensible.]  Un-
   conceivableness; superiority to human
   understanding.
 Incomprehensible, in-kom-pre-hen'se-
   bl.40s adj. [incomprehensible, French; in
   and comprehensible]
 1. Not to be  conceived;  not to  be fully
   understood.
     His precepts tend to the improving and perfect-
  ing the most valuable part of us, and annexing in-
  comprehensible rewards  as  an  eternal  weight  of
  glory.                            Hammond.
            Stars  that seem  to roll
  Spaces incomprehensible.              Milton.
     One thing more is incomprehensible in this mat-
  ter.                                  Locke.
     The laws of vegetation and propagation are  toe
  arbitrary pleasure of God, and may vary in man-
  ners incomprehensible to  our  imaginations. Bentley.
2. Not to be contained.   Not used.
    Presence every where is the sequel of an infinite
  and incomprehensible substance; for what can be
  every where but toat which can no where be com-
  prehended.                          Hooker.
Incomprehe'nsibleness,    in-kom-pre-
   hen'se-bl  nes.  ra. s. [from incomprehen-
   sible.] Unconceivableness.
    I might argue from  God's incomprehensibleness:
  if we could believe nothing but what we have ideas
  of, it would be impossible for us to believe God is
  incomprehensible.                       Watts.
Incomprehensibly, in-kom-pre-hen'sc-
   ble. adv.  [from incomprehe?t.sible.]   In
   a  manner not to be conceived.
    We cannot but be assured that the God, of whom
  and from whom are all things, is incomprehensibly
  infinite.                              LocAe.
                  6l2
 Incompre'ssible,   in-kom-pres'se-bl.4"0
   adj.  [incompressible, French;   in  and
   compressible.]  Not   capable  of being
   compressed into less space.
     Hardness is the reason why water is incompressi-
   ble, when the air lodged in it is exhausted. Cheyne.
 In compressibility,  in-kom-pres-se-bii'-
   e-te. ra. s. [from incompressible.] Inca-
   pacity to be squeezed into less room.
 Inconcu'rring, in-kon-kur'ring. adj. [z>;
   and  concur] Not concurring.
     They derive  effects  not only from inconcurring
   causes, but things devoid of all efficiency. Brown.
 Inconce'alable,  in-kon-se'la.-bl.  adj. [in
   and  conceal.] Not to be hid;  not to be
   kept secret.
     The inconcealable imperfections of ourselves will
   hourly prompt us to our corruption, and tell us we
   are sons of earth.                     Brown.
 Inconceivable,in-kon-se'va-bl. adj. [in-
   conceivable,   French; in and conceiva-
   ble]  Incomprehensible; not to be con-
   ceived by the mind.
     Such are Christ's promises, divine inconceivable
   promises; a bliss to be enjoyed to all eternity, and
   that by way of return for a  weak obedience of some
  few years.                         Hammond.
    It is inconceivable to me, that a spiritual sub-
  stance should represent an extended  figure. Locke.
    How two ethers can be diffused through airspace,
  one of which acts upon the other, and by conse-
  quence is reacted upon, without retarding, shatter-
  ing, dispersing,  and confounding one another's mo-
  tions, is inconceivable.         Newton's Opticks.
 Inoonce'ivably,  in-kon-se'va-ble.  adv.
   [from inconceivable.] In a  manner be-
   yond  comprehension; to  a  degree be-
   yond  human  comprehension.
    Does that man take a rational course to preserve
  himself, who refuses the endurance of those lesser
  troubles, to secure himself from  a condition incon-
  ceivably more miserable?                South.
 Inconce'ptiblej in-kon-sep'te-bl. adj. [in
   and conceptible; conceptus, Lat.] Not to
   be conceived; incomprehensible; incon-
   ceivable.   Not used.
    It is inconceplible how any such man, that hath
  stood the shock of an eternal duration, without cor-
  ruption, should after be corrupted.         Hale.
 Inconclu'dExNT, in-kon-klu'dent. adj. [in-
   and concludens, Lat.] Inferring no con-
   sequence.
    The depositions of witnesses themselves, as be-
  ing false, various, contrarient, single, inconefndenf.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
Inconclu'sive, in-kon-klu'siv. adj. [in and
   conclusive.]  Not enforcing any determi-
   nation  of  the mind;  not  exhibiting co-
   gent evidence.
 Inconclusively,  in-k6n-klu'siv-le. adv.
   [from inconclusive.]  Without any such
   evidence as determines the  understand-
   ing.
Inconclu'siveness,   in-k6n-klu'siv-nes.
   n. s.  [from inconclusive.] Want  of ra-
   tional cogency.
    A man, unskilful  in syllogism, at first hearing,
  could perceive the weakness aud inconclusiveness of
  a long, artificial, and plausible discourse, where-
  with some others, better skilled in syllogism, have
  been misled.                           Locke.
Inconco'ct, In-kon-kokt'.       5  adj.  [in
Inconco'cted, ln-4on-k6kt'ed. 3  and con-
   coct.] Unripened;  immature;  not fully
   digested.
    While the body, to be converted  and altered, ii 
INC
INC
INC
  too strong for the efficient that should convert it, it
  is all that while crude and inconcoct; and the pro-
  cess is to be called crudity and inconcoction.
                       Bacon's Natural History.
    I understand, remember, and reason better in my
  riper years, than when I was a child, and  had my
  organical parts less digested and inconcocted.
                       Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Inconco'ction,  In-kon-kok'shlin.  ra.  s.
   [from inconcoct.] The state of being in-
   digested;  unripeness;  immaturity.
    The middle action, which produceth such imper-
  fect bodies, is fitly called inquination, or inconcoc-
  tion, which is a kind of putrefaction.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
    While the body, to be converted and altered, is
  too strong for the efficient that should convert it, it
  is all that  while crude and inconcoct; and toe pro-
  cess is to be called crudity and inconcoction.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
Inco'ndite, in-kon'dite. adj.  [inconditus,
   Latin.]  Irregular; rude; unpolished.
             Now sportive youth
   Carol incondite rhymes with suiting notes,
   And quaver inharmonious.               Philips.
lNcoNDi'TiONAL,in-kon-dish'un-al. orfy. [in
   and conditional.]  Having no conception,
   limitation, or stipulation.
    From toat which is but true in a qualified sense,
   an inconditional and absolute verity is inferred.
                                       Brown.
iNCONni'TiONATE,    ln-kon-dish'un-ate.91
   adj. [in and condition.]  Not limited; not
   constrained by any conditions;  absolute.
    They ascribe to God, in relation to  every man,
   an eternal, unchangeable, and incondilionate decree
   of election or reprobation.                JSoyfe.
Inconfo'rmity, ln-kon-f6r'me-te. ra. s. [in
   and conformity.]  Incompliance with the
   practice of others.
     We have thought their opinion to be, that utter
   inconformity with the church of Rome was not an
   extremity whereunto  we should  be drawn  for  a
   time, but toe  very  mediocrity itself wherein they
   meant we should ever continue.          Hooker.
 Inconku'sion,  ln-kon-fu'zh6n. ra.  s. [in
   and confusion.] Distinctness. Not used.
     The cause of the confusion in sounds, and the in-
   confusion in species visible,  is, for that the sight
   worketh in right lines, and so there can be no coin-
   cidence in the eye; but sounds  that move in oblique
   and arcuate lines,  must needs encounter  and dis-
   turb toe one the other.                  Bacon.
 Incongruence, ln-kong'gr6-ense.408 ra. *.
   [in  and  congruence.]  Unsuitableness;
   want of adaptation.
     Humidity is but  relative, and  depends  upon the
   congruity or incongruence of toe  component parti-
   cles of the liquor to the pores of toe bodies it touch-
   es.                                    s°yle-
 Incongruity, in-kon-gr6'e-te. ra. s. [in-
    congruity,  French, from incongruous]
 1. Unsuitableness of one thing to another.
     The fathers make  use of this acknowledgement
   of the incongruity of images to  the  Deity, from
   thence to prove the incongruity of the worship  of
   them.                            Stillingfleet.
 2. Inconsistency; inconsequence; absurdi-
    ty; impropriety.
     To avoid  absurdities  and  incongruUies, is toe
   same law established for both arts: the painter is
   ■mt to paint a cloud at the bottom of a picture, nor
   the poet to place what is proper to toe end in toe
   beginning of a poem.                  Dryden.
 3. Disagreement of parts;  want ot sym-
    metry.
     She whom after what form  soe'er we see,
   Is discord aud rude incongruity;
   She, she  is dead, she's dead.             Donne.
Inco'ngruous,  in-kong'gro-ds.  adj. [in-
   congru, French; in and congruous.]
   Unsuitable;  not fitting.
    Wiser heathens condemned the worship of God
  as incongruous to a divine nature, and a disparage-
  ment to the  Deity.                Stillingfleet.
   Inconsistent; absurd.
Incongruously, in-kdng'grd-fis-le. adv.
   [from  incongruous.] Improperly;  un-
   fitly.
Inconne'xeoly, in-k&n-nek'sed-le.  adv.
   [in and connex.]  Without any connex-
   ion or dependence.   Little used.
    Others ascribed hereto, as a cause, what perhaps
  but casually or i»iconne;redty succeeds.    Brown.
Inco'nscionable,    in-kon'shifn-a-bl.405
   adj. [in and conscionable.] Void of the
   sense of  good and  evil;  without influ-
   ence  of conscience.   Not used.
    So inconscionable are these common people, and
  so little feeling have they of God, or toeir own souls'
  good.                                Spenser.
Inco'nsequence,  in-kon'se-kwense. ra. s.
   [inconsequence,  French; inconaequentia,
   Latin.] Inconclusiveness;  want  of  just
   inference.
    This he bestows the name of many fallacies upon;
  and runs on with  shewing the inconsequence  of it,
  as though he did in earnest believe it were an im-
  pertinent answer.                 Stillingfleet.
Inconsequent, in-k6n'se-kw£nt. adj. [in
   and consequens, Lat.] Without just con-
   clusion; without regular  inference.
    The ground he assumes is unsound, and his illa-
  tion from thence deduced inconsequent.
                        Hakewill on Providence.
    Men rest not in false apprehensions  witliout ab-
  surd and inconsequent deductions from fallacious
  foundations, and misapprehended mediums, erect-
  ing conclusions no way inferrible from their pre-
  mises.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Inconsiderable,    in-kon-sid'er-a-bl.406
   adj. [in and considerable.] Unworthy of
   notice;   unimportant;  mean;  of  little
   value.
     I am an inconsiderable fellow, and know nothing.
                                      Denham.
     The most inconsiderable of creatures may at some
   time or other come to revenge itself upon the great-
   est.                               L'Estrange.
     Casting my eyes upon the ants, continually taken
   up wito a thousand  cares,  very inconsiderable with
   respect to us, but of toe greatest importance for
   toem, they appeared to me worthy of my curiosity.
                                      Addison.
     May not  planets and  comets perform  their mo-
   tions more freely, and with less resistance, in this
   ethereal medium than in any fluid,  which fills all
   space adequately without leaving any pores, and by
   consequence is  much denser than  quicksilver or
   gold? And may not  its resistance be so small as to
   be inconsiderable?                    Newton.
     If we were  under any real fear of the  papists, it
   would be hard to think us so stupid not to be equal-
   ly apprehensive wito others, since we  are likely to
   be the greatest sufferers; but we look upon them to
   be altogether as  inconsiderable  as toe women and
   children.                               Swift.
     Let no sin appear small or inconsiderable by
   which  an almighty God is offended, and eternal sal-
   vation endangered.                     Rogers.
 Inconsi'derableness, in-kon-sid'er-a-bl-
   nes.  ra. a. [from inconsiderable.] Small
   importance.
     To those who are thoroughly convinced of the in-
   considerableness of this short dying life, in compari-
   son of that eternal  state which remains for us in
   another life, the  consideration of a future happiness
   is the most powerful motive.            Tillotson.
    From toe consideration of our own smallness and
  inconsiderableness, in respect to  toe greatness and
  splendor of heavenly bodies, let  us with the holy
  psalmist raise up our hearts.                Ray.

Inoonsi'derate, in-kon-sld'er-ate.91  adj.
   [inconsidere, Fr. inconsideratus, Latin.]
I. Careless; thoughtless;  negligent; in-
   attentive; inadvertent: used both of men
   and things.
            When thy inconsiderate hand
  Flings ope  this casement with my trembling name,
  Then think this name alive, and that thou thus
  In it offend'st my genius.                Donne.
            If you lament it,
  That which now looks like justice, will be thought
  An inconsiderate rashness.       Denham's Sophy.
    It is a very unhappy token of our corruption, that
  there should be any so inconsiderate among us as to
  sacrifice morality to politicks.           Addison.
2. Wanting due regard;  with  of before
   the subject.
    He who laid down his life for the redemption of
  the transgressions, which were under the first Tes-
  tament, cannot be so inconsiderate of our frailties.
                               Decay of Piety.
Inoonsi'derately,  ln-kon-sid'er-ate-le.91
   adv. [from inconsiderate.] Negligently;
   thoughtlessly; inattentively.
    The king, transported with just wrath, inconsicfer-
  ately fighting and precipitating the charge  before
  his whole numbers came up, was slain in the pur-
  suit.                                  Bacon.
    Joseph was delighted wito Mariamne's conversa-
  tion, and endeavoured with all his art to set  out the-
  excess of Herod's passion for her; but when  he still
  found her cold  and incredulous, lie inconsiderately
  told her the private orders he left behind. Addison.
Inconsi^erateness,   in-kon-sld'er-ate-
   nes. ra. s. [from  inconsiderate]   Care-
   lessness; thoughtlessness; negligence;
   want of  thought;  inadvertence;  inatten-
   tion.
    If men do know and believe that there is  such a
  being as God, not to demean ourselves towards him,
  as becomes our relation to him, is great stupidity and
  inconsideratcness.                    Tillotson.
Inconsioera'tion,   ln-kon-sld-er-a'shun.
   ra. s. [inconsideration, Fr. in and  con-
   sideration]   Want of thought;  inatten-
   tion; inadvertence.
    S. Gregory reckons uncleanness to be toe parent
   of blindness of mind, inconsideration, precipitancy
   or giddiness in actions, and self-love.       Taylor.
 Inconsistence, in-kon-sls'tense. 7
 Inconsistency, ln-kon-sis'ten-se. 3
   [from inconsistent.]
   Such opposition as that one proposition
   infers the negation of the other;  such
   contrariety that both cannot be together.
    There is a perfect inconsistency between that
   which is of debt, and that which is of free gift.
                                        Soufft.
 2. Absurdity  in argument or  narration;
   argument or narrative, where one part
   destroys the other; self contradiction.
   Incongruity.
     Mutability of temper, and inconsistency with our-
   selves, is the greatest weakness of human nature.
                                      Addison.
     If a man would register all his opinions upon
   love, politicks, religion, and learning, what a bun-
   dle of inconsistencies and contradictions would ap-
   pear at last!                            Swift.
 4. Unsteadiness; changeableness.

 Inoonsi'stent, in-kdn-sis'tent. adj. [in and
   consistent.] 
INC
INC
INC
1.  Incompatible;  not  suitable;  incongru-
   ous:  followed by with.
    Finding no kind  of compliance, but sharp pro-
  testations against the demands, as inconsistent wUh
  conscience, justice, or religion,  the conference
  broke off.                          Clarendon.
    Compositions of this nature, when thus restrain-
  ed, shew that wisdom and virtue are far from being
  inconsistent u'ifft politeness and good humour. Addis.
2.  Contrary,  so as that one infers the nega-
   tion  or  destruction of the other.
    The idea of an infinite space or duration is very
  obscure and confused, because it is made  up of two
  parts very different, if not inconsistent.      Locke.
3. Absurd; having parts of which  one de-
   stroys the other.
Inconsi'stently, in-kon-sis'tent-le.  adv.
   [from inconsistent]   Absurdity; incon-
   gruously:  with self-contradiction.
Inconsi'sisting,  in-kon-sis'tlng.   adj. [in
   and consist.]  Not consistent; incompa-
   tible with.   Not used.
    The persons and actions of a farce are all unna-
  tural, and the manners false; that is, inconsisting
  with the characters of mankind.          Dryden.
Inconso'lable,  In-kon-so'la-bl. adj.  [in-
   consolable, Fr. in  and console]    Not to
   be comforted; sorrowful beyond  suscep-
   tibility  of comfort.
    Her women will represent to me that she  is in-
   consolable, by reason of my unkindness.   Addison.
    They take pleasure in an obstinate grief in ren-
   dering themselves inconsolable.      Fiddes' Serm.
lNCo'NSONANOY,in-k6n'so-nan-se. ra. s. [in
   and  consonancy]   Disagreement  with
   itself.
Inconspi'cuous,  In-kon-spik'u-us.  adj.
   [in  and  conspicuous.]   Indiscernable;
   not perceptible by the sight.
    When an excellent experimenter had taken pains
   in accurately filling up a tube of mercury, he found
   that yet there remained store of inconspicuous bub-
   bles.                                 .Boyfe.

Inco'nstanoy, ln-kon'stan-se. ra.  s. [incon-
   stantia,Latin; inconstance, French;  from
   inconstant.]
 1. Unsteadiness; want of steady adherence;
   mutability of temper or affection.
    I have suffered more for  their sakes,  more than
   the  villanous inconstancy of man is able to bear.
                                      Shaksp.
                Be made the mark
   For all the people's hate, the princess' curses,
   And his son's rage, or toe old king's inconstancy.
                                     Denham.
    Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer to
  our  choice, and inconstancy in pursuing  them, are
  toe greatest causes of all our unhappiness. Addison.
2. Diversity; dissimilitude.
    As much inconstancy and confusion is there in
  their mixtures or combinations; for it is rare to find
  any  of them pure and unmixt.         Woodward.
INCO'NSTANT, in-kon'stant. adj.  [in-
   constant, French; inconstans, Latin.]
1. Not  firm in resolution;  not steady in
   affection; various of inclination; wanting
   perseverance: of persons.
    He is so naturally inconstant,  toat I marvel his
  soul finds not some way to kill his body.    Sidney.
2.  Changeable;   mutable;   variable;  of
   things.
    0 swear not by toe moon, to' inconstant moon,
  That monthly changes in her circled orb,
  Lest that toy love prove likewise variable. Shaksp.
Inconsu'mable, in-kon-su/ma-bl. adj. [in
   and consume.]  Not to be  wasted.
    By'art were weaved napkins, "shirts, and coats,
  inconsumable by fire, and wherein they burnt toe
  bodies of kings.                        Brown.
lNcoNSu'MPTiBLE,in-kon-sum'te-bl.412arfy.
  [in and consumptus, Latin.]  Not to be
  spent; not  to be brought to an end;  not
  to be destroyed by  fire.   This seems a
  more elegant word than inconsumable.
    Before I give any answer to this objection  of
  pretended inconsumptible lights, I would gladly see
  the effect undoubtedly proved.            Digby.
Incontestable, in-kon-tes'ta-bl. adj. [in-
  contestable, Fr. in and contest.]  Not to
  be disputed; not  admitting debate; in-
  controvertible.
    Our own being furnishes us with an  evident and
  incontestable proof of a Deity; and I believe no body
  can avoid the  cogency of it, who will carefully at-
  tend to it.                            Locke.
Inconte'stably,  in-kon-tes'ta-ble.  adv.
  [from incontestable.]  Indisputably; in-
  controvertibly.
Inconti'guous, In-kon-tig'gu-ils. adj. [in
  and  contiguous.]   Not  touching  each
  other; not joined together.
    They seemed part of small bracelets, consisting
  of equally little incontiguous beads.       Boyle.
Inco'ntinence, in-kon'te-nense.   7
Inco'ntinency, in-kon'te-nen-se. 5
  [incontinentia, Latin; in and continence.]
  Inability to restrain the  appetites; un-
  chastity.
    The cognizance of her incontinency
  Is this; she hath bought the name of  whore thus
        dearly.                        Shaksp.
    But beauty like toe fair Hesperian tree,
  Laden with blooming gold, had need the guard
  Of dragon-watch wito uninchanted eye,
  To save her blossoms, and defend her fruit
  From the rash hand of bold incontinence.  MUton.
                This is my defence;
  I  pleas'd myself, I shunn'd incontinence,
  And, urg'd by strong desires, indulg'd my sense.
                                     Dryden.
    The words  sine veste Dianam agree better with
  Livia, who had the fame of chastity, than with
  either of the Julias, who were both noted of incon-
  tinency.                             Dryden.
Inco'ntinent, ln-kon'te-nent. adj.[incon-
  tinens, Lat. in and continent.]
1. Unchaste; indulging unlawful  pleasure.
    In these degrees have they made a pair of stairs
  to marriage, which toey will  climb incontinent, or
  else be incontinent before marriage.      Shaksp.
    Men shall be lovers of their own selves, false ac-
  cusers, incontinent, fierce.               2 Tim.
2. Shunning delay; immediate.   This is  a
  meaning now obsolete.
    They ran towards the far rebounded  noise,
  To weet what wight so loudly did lament;
  Unto toe place they came incontinent.  F. Queen.
    Come,  mourn  with me for what I do lament,
  And put on sullen black incontinent.      Shaksp.
    He says he will return incontinent.    Shaksp.
Inco'ntinently,   in-kon'te-nent-le.  adv.
  [from incontinent.]
1. Unchastely;  without restraint ofthe ap-
  petites.
2.  Immediately;  at  once.   An obsolete
  sense.   Spenser.
    The cause of this war is no other than that we
  will not incontinently submit ourselves to our neigh-
  bours.                            Hayward.
    Incontinently  I left Madrid, and have been dog-
  ged and waylaid through several nations.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
Incontrovertible, in-kon-tro-ver'te-bl.
   406 czdy. [in and controvertible.]  Indis-
   putable; not to be disputed.
lNcoNTRovE'RTiBLY,ln-k6n-tr6-ver'te-ble.
   adv. [from incontrovertible]  To a de-
   gree beyond controversy or dispute.
    Tbe Hebrew is incontrovertibly the primitive and
  surest text to rely upon; and to preserve toe same
  uncorrupt there hath been used toe highest caution
  humanity could invent.                 Broion.
Inconve'nience,   in-kon-ve'ne-ense.   7
Inconve'niency,   in-kon-ve'ne-en-se.  5
   ra. s. [inconvenient, French.]
1. Unfitness; inexpedience.
    They  plead against the inconvenience, not the
  unlawfulness of popish apparel; and against the in-
  convenience, not the unlawfulness of ceremonies in
  burial.                              Hooker.
2. Disadvantage;   cause  of  uneasiness;
   difficulty.
    There is a  place  upon the  top of mount Athos
  above all clouds of rain, or other inconvenience.
                                     Raleigh.
    Man  is liable  to a great  many inconveniencies
  every moment, and is continually unsecure even of
  life itself.                          Tillotson.
    The inconvenience of old age makes him incapa-
  ble of corporal pleasures.               Dryden.
    Would not quickness of sensation be an inconve-
  nience to an animal, toat must lie still where chance
  has once placed it.                      Locke.
    Consider the disproportion between the worst in-
  conveniencies  that attend incompliance with  men,
  and the eternal displeasure of God.      Rogers.
    We are freed from many inconveniencies, and we
  enjoy several advantages.             Atterbury.
    The things of another world being distant,  oper-
  ate but faintly upon us:  to remedy this inconve-
  niency, we must frequently revolve toeir certainty
  and importance.                    Atterbuiy.
Inconve'nient, in-kon-ve'ne-ent. adj. [in-
   convenient, French;  in and conveniens,
   Latin.]
1. Incommodious; disadvantageous.
    They lean  to their old customs,  though they be
  more unjust, and more inconvenient for the common
  people.                              Spenser.
    He knows  toat to be inconvenient,  which we
  falsely think convenient for us.        Smalridge.
2. Unfit; inexpedient.
    We are not to look that the church should change
  her publick laws, although it chance that for some
  particular men the same be found inconvenient,
  especially when there may be other remedy against
  particular inconveniencies.              Hooker.
Inconve'niently,     in-kon-ve'ne-ent-le.
   adv. [from inconvenient.]
1. Unfitly; incommodiously.
2. Unseasonably.               Ainsworth.
Inconve'rsable,    in  kon-ver'sa-bl.   adj.
   [in and conversable.] Incommunicative;
   ill qualified by temper for conversation;
   unsocial.
    He is a person very inconversable.       More.

Inconvertible,  ln-k6n-ver'te-bl. adj. [in
   and convertible.] Not transmutable; in-
   capable of change.
    It entereth not the veins, but taketh leave of the
  permeant parts, and accompanieth the inconvertible
  portion unto the siege.                 Brown.
Inconvi'ncible, in-kon-vin'se-bl. adj. [in
   and convincible.]  Not  to be convinced;
   not capable of conviction.
Inconvi'ncibly,   in-kon-vin'st-ble.   adv.
   [from  inconvincible.]  Without admit-
   ting conviction.
    It is injurious unto knowledge obstinately and iu-
   convincibly to side with any one.         " Broun. 
INC
INC
INC
Inco'ny  ln-kon'ne. adj.  [perhaps from in
   and conn,  to know.]
1. Unlearned; artless.   This sense is un-
   certain.
2. In  Scotland it denotes  mischievously
   unlucky:  as, he is  an incony  fellow.
   This seems to  be the meaning of Shaks-
   peare.
    O my troth, most sweet jests, most incony vulgar
        wit,
   When it comes so smoothly off.           Shaksp.
Inco'rporal, in-kor'po-ral. adj.  [in and
   corporal.]   Immaterial;   distinct from
   matter;  distinct from body.
    Why dost thou bend thine  eye on vacancy,
   And with th' incorporal air do'st hold discourse?
                                       Shaksp.
    Learned men have not resolved us whether light
   be corporal or incorporal: corporal they say it can-
   not be, because then it would neither pierce  the
   air, nor solid diaphonous bodies, and yet every day
   we see the air illightened; incorporal it cannot be,
   because sometimes it affecteth  the sight with of-
   fence.                               Raleigh.
Incorpora'lity,  in-kdr-po-ral'e-te. ra. a.
   [incorporate,  Fr.  from  incorporal.]
   Immaterialness; distinctness from body.
lNco'RPORALLY,in-kor/p6-ral-e.aof^.[from
   incorporal.] Without matter; immate-
   rially.
 To   INCORPORATE,  ln-k6r'po-rate.
   v. a. [incorporer, French.]
 I. To  mingle different  ingredients so as
   they shall make one mass.
    A fifteenth part of silver,  incorporate with gold,
   will  not be recovered, except you put  a greater
   quantity of silver to draw to it the less.    Bacon.
     Who toe swelling clouds in bladders ties,
   To molify  the stubborn clods with rain,
   And scatter'd dust incorporate again.      Sandys.
2. To conjoin inseparably, as one body.
     Villanous  thoughts, Roderigo, when these  mu-
   tualities so marshal the  way, hard at hand comes
   the master and main exercise, the incorporate con-
   clusion.                              Shaksp.
     By your leaves you shall not stay alone,
   'Till holy church incorporate two in one.   Sliaksp,
               Upon my knees
   I charm you, by that great vow
   Which did incorporate and make us one.   Shaksp.
               Death and I
   Are found eternal, aud incorporate both.   Milton.
3. To  form  into a corporation,  or body
   politick.  In this sense they say in Scot-
   land, the incorporate trades in any com-
   munity.
     The apostle  affirmeth  plainly  of all men chris-
   tian, that be they Jews or gentiles, bond  or free,
   they are all incorporated into one company, they all
   make but one body.                    Hooker.
     The same is incorporated with a majoralty, and
   nameth burgessess  to parliament.         Carew.
A. To unite;  to associate.
     It is Casca, one incorporate
   To our attempts.                      Shaksp,
     Your most grave belly was deliberate,
   Not rash like his accusers, and thus answer'd;
   True is it, my incorporate friends, quoth he,
   That I receive the general food at first,
   Which you do live  upon.                Shaksp.
    The Romans did not subdue a country to put the
   inhabitants to  fire and sword,  but to incorporate
   them into their own community.          Addison.
5. To work  into  another mass.
    All this learning  is  ignoble and mechanical
   among toem, aud the Confutian  only essential and
   incorporate in their government.          Temple.
6. To embody; to give a material  form.
    Courtesy, that seemed incorporated in his heart,
  would not be persuaded by danger to oiler any of-
  fence.                                Sidney.
    The idolaters who worshipped their images as
  gods, supposed some spirit to be incorporated there-
  in, and so to make together with it a person fit to
  receive worship.                   Stillingfleet.
To Inco'rporate, in-kor'po-rate. v. n.
1. To unite with  something  else.   It is
   commonly followed by with.
    Painters' colours and ashes do better incorporate
  wUh oil.                              Bacon.
    It is not universally true, that acid salts and oils
  will not incorporate or mingle.            Boyle.
              Thy soul
  In real darkness of the body dwells,
  Shut out. from outward light,
  T' incorporate with gloomy night.        MUton.
2. Sometimes it has into.
    It finds the mind unprepossessed wito any former
  notions, and so easily gains upon toe assent, grows
  up wito it, and incorporates into it.        South.
Inco'rporate, in-k6r'p6-rate.91 adj.  [in
   and corporate.]   Immaterial; unbodied.
   This is now disused to avoid confusion,
   incorporate being rather used of things
   mingled.
    Moses forbore to  speak of angels, and things in-
  visible and incorporate.                Raleigh.
Incorporation,  in-kor-po-ra'shun. ra. s.
   [incorporation, Fr. from  incorporate.]
1. Union of divers ingredients in one mass.
    Make proof of the incorporation of iron unfft flint;
  for if  it can be incorporated without over great
  charge, toe  cheapness of the flint doth make the
  compound stuff profitable.                Bacon.
    This, with some little additional, may further the
  intrinsick incorporation.                Bacon.
2. Formation of a body politick.
3. Adoption; union; association: with into.
    In him we actually are, by our actual incorpora-
  tion into that society which hath him for toeir head.
                                     Hooker.
Incobpo'real,  in-k6r-po're-al.  adj.  [in-
   corporalis,  Latin,  incorporel, French,
   in  and corporeal.]  Immaterial;  unbo-
   died.
    It is a virtue which may be called incorporeal and
  immateriate, whereof there be in nature but few.
                                      Bacon.
    Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms
  Reduc'd their shapes immense.          Milton.
    Sense and perception must necessarily proceed
  from some incorporeal substance within us. Bentley.

Incorpo'really,  in-kor-po're-al-e.  adv.
   [from incorporeal.] Immaterially; with-
   out body.
    Hearing  striketh the spirits  more  immediately
  than the other senses, and more incorporeally than
  the smelling.                          JBacon.
Incorpore'ity, In-kor-po-re'e-te. ra. s. [in
   and corporeity.] Immateriality; distinct-
   ness from body.
To Inco'rpse, in-korps'.  v. a. [in  and
   corpse.]   To  incorporate; to unite into
   one body.   Not used.
          He grew unto his seat,
  As he had been incorps'd aud demy natur'd
  With toe brave horse.                  Shaksp,

Incorre'ct, lu-kor-rekt'. adj. [in and cor-
   rect.]  Not nicely finished; not exact;
   inaccurate; full of faults.
    The piece you think is incorrect: why take it;
  I'm all submission; what you'd have it, make it.
                                       Pope.
Incorre'ctly, ln-kor-rekt'le. adv.  [from
   incorrect.]  Inaccurately; not exactly.
Incorre'ctness, in-kor-rekt'nes. n. a. [in
   and correctness.]   Inaccuracy; want of
   exactness.
Inco'rrigible,  in-kor're-je-bl.  adj. [in-
   corrigible, Fr. in and corrigible.]
1. Bad beyond  correction;  depraved  be-
   yond  amendment by any means; erro-
   neous beyond  hope of instruction:  of
   persons.
    Provok'd by those incorrigUtle fools,
  I left declaiming in pedantick schools.     Dryden.
    Whilst we  are incorrigible, God may in  ven-
  geance continue to chastise us with the judgment of
  war.                               Smalridge.
    The  most violent party men are such as have
  discovered least sense of religion or morality; and
  when such are laid aside, as shall be found incorri-
  gible, it will be no difficulty to reconcile the rest.
                                       Swift,
2. Not capable of amendment: of things.
    The  loss  is many times  irrecoverable, and toe
  inconvenience incorrigible.              Moore.
    What are their thoughts of things, but variety of
  incorrigible error?                  L'Estrange.
Inco'rrigibleness,   In-kdr're-je-bl-nes.
   ra. s. [from  incorrigible.]  Hopeless  de-
   pravity;  badness  beyond all  means  of
   amendment.
    What we call penitence becomes a sad attesta-
  tion of our incorrigibleness.        Decay of Piety.
    I would not have chiding used, much less blows,
  'till obstinacy and incorrigibleness make it absolutely
  necessary.                             Locke.
Inco'rrigibly,   in-kor're-je-ble.   adv.
   [from incorrigible.] To a degree of de-
   pravity beyond all means  of amend-
   ment.
    Some men appear incorrigibly mad,
  They cleanliness and company renounce. Roscom.
In corru'pt, ln-k6r-rupt'.      )  adj. [in
iNcoRRu'rTEn, In-kor-riip'ted. $ and cor-
   ruptus, Latin;  incorrompu, Fr.]
1. Free from foulness or depravation.
              Sin, that first
  Distemper'd all things,  and, of incorrupt,
  Corrupted.                            MUton.
2. Pure  of manners; honest; good.  It is
   particularly applied to a mind above the
   power of bribes.
Incorruptibility, In-kor-rup-te-bll'e-te.
   ra. a. [incorruptibilite, French from  in-
   corruptible.]  Insusceptibility of corrup-
   tion; incapacity of decay.
    Philo, in his book of toe world's incorrnptibUity,
  alledgeth the verses of a Greek tragick poet.
                                    Hakewill.
Incorruptible,  in-kor-rup'te-bl.   adj.
   [incorruptible, French;  in and corrupti-
   ble.]   Not capable of  corruption;  not
   admitting decay.
    In such abundance lies our choice,
  As leaves a great store of fruit untouoh'd
  Still hanging incorrupfiofe.              Afiffon.
    Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible
  and immortal substances, our souls be entertained
  with the most ravishing objects, and both  continue
  happy throughout all eternity.            Wake.

lNCORRu'FriON,in-k6r-rup'shiin. n. a. [in-
   corruption, French; in  and  corruption.]
   Incapacity of corruption.
    So also is the resurrection of the dead: it is sown
  in corruption, it is raised in incorruption.   1  Cor.
Incorru'ptness,  in-kor-rupt'nes.   ra.  a.
   [from incorrupt.]
1. Purity of manners; honesty; integrity.
    Probity of mind, integrity, and incorruptness  ol 
                   INC

  manners, is preferable to fine parts and subtle spe-
  culations.                          Woodward.
2. Freedom from decay or degeneration.
 To Incra'ssate, in-kraVsate. v. a. [in and
   crassus, Latin.]   To  thicken; the con-
   trary to  attenuate.
    If the cork be too light to sink under the surface,
  the body of water may be attenuated with spirits of
  wine;  if too heavy, it may be incrassated with salt.
                                      Brown.
    Acids dissolve or attenuate, alcalies precipitate
  or incrassate.                         Newton.
    Acids, such as are austere, as unripe fruits, pro-
  duce too great a stricture of the fibres,  incrassate
  and coagulate the fluids; from whence pains  and
  rheumatism.                       Arbuthnot.
 Incrassa'tion,   in-kra.s-sa'shun.   ra.   s.
   [from incrassate.]
 1. The act of thickening.
 2. The state of growing  thick.
    Nothing doth conglaciate  but water; for the de-
  termination of quicksilver is fixation, that of milk
  coagulation, and that of oil incrassation.   Brown.
 Incr'assative,  in kras'sa-tiv. ra. s. [from
   incrassate.]   Having   the   quality   of
   thickening.
    The two latter indicate  restringents to stench,
  and incrossofires to thicken toe blood.    Harvey.
 To  Incre'ase, in-krese'.  v.  ra. [in  and
   cresco, Lat.]
 1. To  grow more in number,  or  greater
   in  bulk; to  advance in quantity  or  va-
   lue,  or in  any quality  capable of being
   more or less.
    Hear and observe  to do it, that it may be  well
  with thee,  and that ye may increase mightily.
                                  Deuteronomy.
    Profane and  vain babbling will increase unto, un-
  godliness.                            2 Tim.
    From fifty to  threescore he loses not much in fan-
  cy; and judgment, the effect of observation, still in-
  creases.                              Dryden.
    Henry, in knots, involv'd his Emma's name,
  Upon  this tree;  and as the tender mark,
  Grew  wito the year, and widen'd with the bark:
  Venus had heard toe virgin's soft address,
  That as the wound the  passion might increase.
                                       Prior.
 2. To  be fertile.
    Fishes are more numerous  or increasing  than
  beasts or  birds,  as appears by their  numerous
  spawn.                                Hale.
 To Incre'ase,  in-krese'. v. a. [See  En-
   crease.]  To make more or greater.
    Hye thee from this slaughter-house,
  Lest thou increase toe number ofthe dead.
                                   Shakspeare.
    He hato increased in Judah mourning and la-
  mentation.                             Sam.
    I will increase the famine.              Ezek.
    I will increase toem with men like a flock.
                                      Ezekiel.
    It serves to increase  that treasure, or to preserve
  it.                                  Temple.
 Incre'ase, in-krese'. ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1.  Augmentation;  the  state  of growing
   more or greater.
    For three years he liv'd with large increase
  In arms of honour, and esteem in peace.     Dryd.
    Hail, bards triumphant! born in happier days,
  Whose honours wito increase of ages grow,
  As streams roll  down, enlarging as they flow. Pope.
 2.  Increment; that  which is added to  the
   original stock.
    Take thou no usury  of him nor increase.   Levi.
 3. Produce.
    The increase of the  threshing-floor, and the  in-
  crease of the wine-press.                Nitmb.
    As  Hesiod sings, spread waters o'er thy field,
                   INC

  And a most just and glad increase 'twill yield.
                                     Denham.
    Those grains  which grew produced  an increase
  beyond expectation.                  Mortimer.
4. Generation.
    Into her womb convey sterility;
  Dry up in her the organs of increase,
  And from her derogate body never spring a babe.
                                   Shakspeare.
5. Progeny.
    All the increase of thy house shall die in the flow-
  er of their age.                       Samuel.
    Him young Thoasa bore, the bright increase
  Of Phorcys.                            Pojie.
6. The state of waxing,  or  growing full
   orbed.  Used of the moon.
    Seeds, hair, nails, hedges,  and herbs, will grow
  soonest, if set or cut in the increase of the moon.
                                      Bacon.

Incre'aser, in-kre'sur.98  ra. s.  [from in-
   crease.] He  who increases.
Increa'ted, in-kre-a'ted. adj. Not crea-
   ted.
    Since toe desire is infinite, nothing but the abso-
  lute and increated Infinite can adequately fill it.
                                      Cheyne.
Incredibility, in-kred-de-bil'e-t6. ra.  s.
   [incredibilite, Fr.]  The quality of sur-
   passing belief.
    For objects of incredioifify, none are so remov-
  ed from all appearance of truth as those of Corne-
  ille's Andromede.                    Dryden.
Incre'dible, in-kred'e-bl.406  adj. [incre-
   dibilis,  Latin.]   Surpassing belief; not
   to be credited.
    The ship Argo, that there might want  no  incre-
  dwle thing in this fable, spoke to them.    Raleigh.
    Presenting things impossible to view,
  They wander through incredifde to true. Granville.
Incre'dibleness, in-kred'e-bl-nes.  ra.  s.
   [from  incredible.]  Quality of being in-
   credible.
Incre'dibly, in-kred'e-ble. adv. [from in-
   credible.]   In a manner not  to be be-
   lieved.
Incredu'lity, in-kre-du'le-te. ra. s. [in-
   credulite, French.]   Quality of not be-
   lieving; hardness of belief.
    He  was more large in the description of Para-
  dise, to take away all scruple from the incredwfify
  of future ages.                *       Raleigh.
Incre'dulous, In-kred'u-his, or in-kred'-
   ju-lus.393 S76 adj. [incredule, French; in-
   credulus, Latin.]  Hard of belief; refus-
   ing credit.
    I am not altogether incredulous but there may be
  such candles as  are made of salamander's wool, be-
  ing a kind of mineral which whiteneth  in the burn-
  ing, and consumeth not.                  Bacon.
Incre'dulousness,    In-kred'ju-lus-nes.
   ra. s. [from incredulous.]   Hardness of
   belief;  incredulity.
Incre'mable, in-kre'ma-bl.  adj. [in and
   cremo,  Latin.] Not consumable by fire.
    If from toe skin of the  salamander  these incre-
  mable pieces are composed.             Brown.

1'ncrement, ing'kre-ment.408 ra. s. [incre-
   mentum, Lat.]
1. Act of growing greater.
    Divers conceptions are concerning the Nile's in-
  crement, or inundation.                  Brown.
2. Increase;  matter added.
    This stratum is expanded at top, serving as the
  seminary that furnisheth matter for toe  formation
  and increment of animal and vegetable  bodies.
                                   Woodward.
                  INC

3. Produce.
              The orchard loves to wave
  With winter winds: the loosen'd roots then drink
  Large incmnenf, earnest of happy years.  PhUips.
To Tncrepate, ing'kre-pate. v. a. [incrc-
  po, Latin.] To chide; to reprehend.
Increpa'tion,  ing-kre-pa'shiin. ra. s. [in-
  crepatio,  Latin.]  Reprehension;  chid-
  ing.
    The admonitions, fraternal or paternal, of his fel-
  low christians, or of the governors  of the church,
  than more public reprehensions and increpalions.
                                   Hammond.
To Incru'st, in-krust.'         7 v. a. [in-
To Incru'state, in-krus'tate. 5   crusto,
  Latin, incruster,  French.]   To cover
  with an additional coat adhering to the
  internal matter.
    The finer part of the wood will be turned into
  air, and the grosser stick baked and inmtsfafe upon
  the sides of the vessel.                  Bacon.
    Some rivers bring forth spars,  and other mine-
  ral matter so as to cover and incrust the stones.
                                   Woodward.
    Save but our army; and let Jove incrust
  Swords, pikes, and guns, with everlasting rust.
                                       Pope.
    Any of these sun-like bodies in the centers of tbe
  several vortices, are so  incrustated and  weakened,
  as to be carried about in the vortex ofthe true sun.
                                      Cheyne.
    The shield was purchased by Woodward, who
  incrusted it with a new  rust.          Arbuthnot.
Incrusta'tion, ing-krus-ta'shin. ra. s.
  [incrustation, French;  from  incrusto,
  Lat.] An  adherent covering; something
  superinduced.
    Having such a prodigious stock of marble, their
  chapels are laid over with such a rich variety of in-
  crustations, as cannot be found in any other part.
                                     Addison.
To I'ncubate, Ing'ku-bate. v. ra.  [incubo,
  Latin.]  To sit upon eggs.
Inouba'tion, ing-ku-ba'shun. ra. s. [incu-
  bation, French; incubatio, Latin.]  The
  act of sitting upon eggs to hatch them.
    Whether that vitality was by incubation, or how
  else, is only known to God.             Raleigh.
    Birds have eggs enough at first conceived in them,
  to serve them, allowing such a proportion for every
  year, as will serve for one or two incubations. Ray.
    When the whole tribe of birds by incubation pro-
  duce  toeir young, it is  a wonderful deviation, that
  some few families should do it in a more novercal
  way.                                Derham.
    As the white of an egg by incubation, so can the
  serum by the action of  the fibres be attenuated.
                                   Arbuthnot.
I'ncubus, ing'ku-bus.  ra.  *. [Latin; incube,
   Fr.] The nightmare.
    The incubus is an inflation of Ae membranes of
  the stomach, which hinders the motion of the dia-
  phragma, lungs, and pulse, with a sense of a weight
  oppressing the breast.                  Floyer,
To INCU'LCATE, In-kiil'kate. v. a. [in-
   culco, Latin, inculquer, French.] To im-
   press by frequent admonitions; to  en-
   force by  constant repetition.
    Manifest truth may deserve sometimes to be in-
  culcated, because we are too apt to forget it.
                                    Atterbury.
    Homer continually inculcates morality and piety
  to the gods.                          Broome.
Inculca'tion, in-kiil-ka'shiin. ra.  s. [from
  inculcate.]  The  act of impressing by
  frequent admonition;  admonitory repe-
  tition.
Inculpable, in-kul'pa-bl.4'8 adj. [in  and 
INC
INC
IND
   culpabilis,  Lat.]   Unblamable; not re-
   prehensible.
    Ignorance, so far as it may be resolved into na-
  tural inability, is as to men, at least inculpable, and
  consequently not the object of scorn, but pity.
                                        SoufA.
Inci/lpably, in-kul'pa-ble. adv. [in and
   culpabilis, Lat.]  Unblamably; without
   blame.
    As to errors or infirmities, the  frailty of man's
  condition has invincibly,  aud therefore inculpably,
  exposed him.                           SoufA.
Incu'lt, ln-k61t'. adj. [inculte,Yrench; in-
   cultus, Latin.]  Uncultivated; unfilled.*"
                 Her forests huge,
   Incult, robust, and tall, by nature's hand
   Planted of old.                      Thomson.
Incu'mbency, in-kiim'ben-se. ra. s. [from
   incumbent.]
1. The act of lying upon another.
2. The state  of keeping a  benefice.
     These fines are only to be paid to the bishop, dur-
   ing his incumbency in  the same see.        Swift.

INCU'MBLNT, ln-kum'bent.  adj. [in-
   cumbena, Latin.]
 1. Resting upon;  lying upon.
     Then with expanded wings he steers his flight
   Aloft, incumbent on toe dusky air,
   That felt unusual weight.               Milton.
     The ascending parcels of air, having now little
   more than  the weight of the incumbent water  to
   surmount, were able both so to expand themselves
   as to fill up that part of the pipe which toey perva-
   ded, and,  by pressing every way  against the sides
   of it, to lift upwards with  them what water toey
   found above them.                      Boyle.
     W ith wings expanded wide ourselves we '11 tear,
   And fly  incumbent on  the dusky air.       Dryden.
             Here the rebel giants lye,
   And, when to move th' incumbent load they try,
   Ascending vapours on the day prevail.    Addison.
           Man is the destin'd prey of pestilence,
   And o'er his guilty domes
   She draws a close incumbent cloud of death.
                                      Thomson.
 2. Imposed as a duty.
     All men, truly zealous, will  perform those good
   works that are incumbent on all christians. Sprat.
     There is a double duty incumbent upon us in the
   exercise of our powers.              L'Estrange.
     Thus, if we  think and  act, we shall shew our-
   selves duly mindful not only of the advantages we
   receive from  thence, but of toe obligations also
   which are incumbent upon us.         Atterbury.

 Incu'mbent, in-ktim'bent. ra.  s. [incum-
   bens, Lat.]   He who is in present pos-
   session of a benefice.
     In many places the whole ecclesiastical dues are
   in lay hands,  and toe incumbent lieth at the mercy
   of his patron.                          SwijL

 To  Incu'mber, in-kum'bur.  v. a. [encom-
   brer,  Fr.] To embarrass.  See Encum-
   ber.
      My cause is call'd and that long look'd-for day
   Is still incumber'd with some new delay.  Dryden.

 To INCU'R, in-kiir'. v. a. [incurro, Lat.]
 1.  To become liable to  a  punishment or
   reprehension.
     I have incurred displeasure from inferiors for
   giving way to the faults of others.       Hayward.
                They, not obeying,
   Incurr'd, what could they less? the penalty;
   And manifold in sin, deserv'd to fall.     Afiffon.
     So judge thou still, presumptuous! 'till the wrath,
   Which  thou incurr'st by flying, meet thy flight
   Sev'nfold, and scourge that wisdom  back to hell.
                                       Afiffon.
     They had a full persuasive that not to do it were
  to desert God, and consequently to incur damna-
  tion.                                  Soutft.
2. To occur; to press on the  senses: with
   to or into.
    The motions of toe minute parts  of bodies are in-
  visible, and incur not fo the eye; but yet they are
  to be deprehended by experience.          Bacon.
    The mind of man, even in spirituals, acts wito
  corporeal dependance; and so is he helped or hin-
  dered in its operations, according  to toe different
  quality of external objects that  incur into the sen-
  ses.                                  Soufft.
Incurabi'lity, in-ku-ra-bll'e-te. ra. *.  [in-
   curabilite, French; from incurable.]  Im-
   possibility of cure; utter insusceptibili-
   ty of remedy.
    We '11 instantly open a door  to  the manner of a
  proper and improper consumption, together with the
  reason of the incurability of the former, and facile
  cure  of the other.                     Harvey.
Incu'rable,  in-k&'ra-bl.*05 adj.  [incura-
   ble, French; in and curable.]   Not ad-
   mitting remedy; not to be  removed by
   medicine; irremediable;  hopeless.
    Pause not; for toe present time 's so sick,
  That present medicine must be ministred,
  Or overthrow incurable ensues.           Shaksp.
            Stop toe rage betime,
  Before the wound do grow incurable;
  For being green, there is great hope of help. SftaJfc.
    A schirrus is not absolutely incurable, because it
  has been known that fresh pasture  hath cured it in
  cattle.                             Arbuthnot.
    If idiots and lunaticks cannot be  found, incura-
  bles may be taken into the hospital.        Swift.
Incu'rableness,  In-ku'ra-bl-nes.  ra.  «.
   [from incurable.] State of not admitting
   any cure.
Incu'rably, in-ku'ra-ble.  adv. [from in-
   curable.]  Without remedy.
    We cannot know it is or is not,  being incurably
  ignorant.                             Locke.
Incu'rious,  in-ku're-tis.  adj. [in and cu-
   rious.] Negligent; inattentive.
    The Creator did not bestow so much skill  upon
  his creatures, to be looked upon with a careless in-
  curious eye.                         Derham.
    He seldom at the Park appear'd;
  Yet, not incurious, was inclined
  To know the converse of mankind.         Swift.
Incu'rsion, in-kilr'shun. ra.  s. [from in-
   curro, Lafc]
1. Attack;  mischievous occurrence.
    Sins of daily incursion, and such as human frail-
  ty is unavoidably liable to.               Soufft.

2. [incursion, French.]  Invasion without
   conquest; inroad; ravage.
    Spain is very weak at home, or very slow to move,
  when they suffered a small fleet of English to  make
  an hostile invasion or incursion, upon their havens
  and roads.                             Bacon.
    Now the Parthian king had gather'd all his host
  Against  the Scythian, whose incursions  wild
  Have wasted Sogdiana.                Milton.
    The  incursions of the Goths disordered the af-
  fairs of the Roman Empire.           Arbuthnot.
To Incu'rvate, in-kuVvate.  v. a. [incur-
   vo, Latin.]  To bend; to crook.
    Sir Isaac Newton has shewn, by several  experi-
  ments of rays passing by the edges of bodies, that
  toey are incurvated by toe action of these bodies.
                                      Cheyne.
Incurva'tion,   Ing-kfir-va'shun.  ra.  *.
   [from incurvate.]
 1. The act of bending or making crooked.
2. State  of  being bent; curvity;  crooked-
   ness.
    One  part moving  while  the other rests,  one
  would think, should cause  an incurvation in toe
  hne.                              Gfanriife.
3. Flexion of the body  in token of reve-
   rence.
    He made use of acts of worship which God hath
  appropriated; as incurvation, and sacrifice.
                                   Stillingfleet.
 ncu'rvity, In-kur've-te. ra. s. [from  in-
   curvus, Latin.]  Crookedness; the state
   of bending inward.
    The incurtnfy of a dolphin must be taken not re-
  ally, but in appearance, when toey leap above wa-
  ter, and suddenly shoot down again: strait bodies,
  in a sudden motion, protruded obliquely downward)
  appear  crooked.                       Brown
To I'NDAGATE, In'da-gate. v. a. [inda-
  go, Latin.]  To search; to beat out.
Indaga'tion,  in-da-ga'shiln.  n.  a. [from
  indagate.]   Search; inquiry;  examina-
  tion.
    Paracelsus directs  us,  in toe indagation of co-
  lours, to have an eye principally upon salts. 2?oyfe.
    Part  hath been discover'd by himself, and some
  by human indagation.                  Brown.
Indaga'tor, in'da-ga-t&r.186 ra. a. [indaga-
  tor, Latin.]  A  searcher; an inquirer; an
  examiner.
    The number of the elements of bodies  requires
  to be searched into by such skilful indagators of na-
  ture.                                 Boyle.
To Inda'rt, ln-dart'. v. a. [in and dart.]
  To dart in; to strike in.
    I  '11 look to like, if looking liking move;
  But no more deep will I indart mine eye,
  Than your consent gives strength to make it fly.
                                   Shakspeare.
To Inde'bt, ln-det'.8?* v. a.
I. To put into debt.
2. To oblige; to put under obligation.
    Forgive us our sins, for we forgive every one toat
  is indebted to us.                        Luke.
                He for himself
  Indebted and undone, has nought to bring.  MUton.
          This blest alliance may
  Th' indebted nation  bounteously repay.   Granville.
iNDE'BTEn, in-det'ted.participial, adj. [in
  and debt.]   Obliged  by something  re-
  ceived; bound to restitution; having in-
  curred a debt.  It has  to  before the per-
  son to whom the debt is due, and  for
  before the thing received.
    If toe course of politick affairs  cannot in  any
  good course go forward without fit instruments, and
  that which fitteto them be their virtues, let polity
  acknowledge  itself indebted to religion, godliness
  being the chiefest top  and  well-spring of all  true
  virtues, even as God is of all good things.  Hooker.
    Few  consider how much  we are  indebted to go-
  vernment,  because few can represent how wretched
  mankind would  be without it.          .flfferoury.
    Let us represent  to our souls the love and bene-
  ficence/or which we daily stand indebted to God.
                                      Rogers.
    We are wholly indebted for them fo our ances-
  tors-                                 Swift.
Inoe'cency, in-de'sen-se. ra. *. [indecence,
   French.]  Any thing  unbecoming; any
   thing contrary to good manners; some-
   thing wrong, but scarcely criminal.
    He will in vain endeavour to reform indecency in
  his pupil, which he  allows in himself.      Locke.
Inde'cent, in-de'sent. adj. [indecent,   Fr.
   in and decent.]  Unbecoming; unfit for
   the eyes or  ears.
    Characters, where obscene words were proper in
  their mouths, but very indecent to be heard.  2>ryd.
    'Till these men can prove these things, ordered 
INC
IND
IND
  by our church, to be either intrinsically unlawful or
  indecent, the use of them, as established amongst us,
  is necessary.                           South.
Indecently,  in-de'sent-le.  adv. [from
   indecent.]  Without  decency; in a man-
   ner contrary to decency.
Indeci'duous,  in-de-sld'u-us,  or in-de-
   sid'ju-ils.a!>3  adj.  [in and  deciduous]
   Not  falling;  not  shed;  not  liable to a
   yearly fall of the leaf; evergreen.
    We find the statue of the sun framed  with rays
  about toe head, which were the indeciduous and un-
  shaken locks of Apollo.                 Brown.
Indeclinable, in-de-kli'na-bl. adj. [in-
   declinable, French; indeclinabilis, Lat.]
   Not varied by terminations.
    Pondo is an indeclinable  word, and when it is
  joined to numbers it signifies ttora.     Arbuthnot.
Indeco'rous,  in-dek'6-rus or  ln-de-ko'-
   rfis.612  adj. [indecorus, Latin.] Inde-
   cent;  unbecoming.
    What can be more indecorous than for a creature
  to violate the commands, and trample upon toe  au-
  thority,  of that awful Excellence to whom he owes
  his life?                             Norris.
 Indeco'rum, in-de-ko'rum. ra. s. [Latin.]
    Indecency;  something unbecoming.
     The soft address, the castigated grace,
   Are indecoi-ums in the modern maid.       Young.
 Inde'ed, in-deed'. adv. [in and deed.]
 1. In reality; in truth; in verity.
     Yet loving indeed, and therefore constant. Sidney.
     Though such assemblies he had indeed for reli-
   gion's sake,  hurtful nevertheless they may prove, as
   well in regard of toeir  fitness to serve the turn of
   hereticks and such as privily will venture  to instil
   toeir poison into new minds.             Hooker.
     Some, who have not deserved judgment of death,
   have been for their goods sake caught up and carri-
   ed straight to the bough: a thing indeed very pitiful
   and horrible.                         Spenser.
 2. Above common rate.  This use is em-
   phatical.
     Then did'st thou utter, I am yours for ever;
   'Tis grace indeed.                  Shakspeare.
     Borrows in mean affairs, his subjects pains;
   But things of weight and consequence indeed,
   Himself doth in his chamber then debate.  Davies.
     Such sons  of Abraham, how  highly soever they
   may have the luck to be thought of, are far from
   being Israelites indeed.                  South.
     I were a beast, indeed, to do you wrong,
   I who have lov'd and honour'd you so long.  Dryd.
 3.  This is to be granted that.   A  particle
   of connexion.
     This limitation, indeed, of  our author will save
   those the labour who would look for Adam's heir
  amongst the race of brutes; but will very little con-
  tribute to  toe discovery of one next heir amongst
  men.                                 Locke.
    Some sons indeed, some very few we see
  Who keep themselves from this infection free.
                                     Dryden.
    There is nothing  in the world more  generally
  dreaded, and yet less to be feared than death;  in-
  deed, for those unhappy men whose hopes terminate
  in this life, no wonder if the  prospect of another
  seems terrible and amazing.              Wake.
4.  It is used sometimes as a slight asser-
  tion or recapitulation  in a  sense hardly
  perceptible or  explicable,  and though
  some  degree of obscure  power is per-
  ceived,  might, even where it  is proper-
  ly enough  inserted, be omitted without
  miss.
   I said I toought it was  confederacy between the
 iugvler and toe two servants; too' indeed I had no
 reason so to think.
     VOL. I.
Bacon.
      There is indeed no great pleasure in visiting these
    magazines of war, after one has seen two or three
    of them.                            Addison.
     It is used to note concession in compa-
     risons.
      Against these forces were prepared to toe num-
    ber of near one hundred ships;  not so great of bulk
    indeed, but of a more nimble motion.
                         Bacon's War with  Spain.
  Inoefa'tigable,  in-de-fat'le-ga-bl.   adj.
    [indefatigabilis, in and defatigo, Latin.]
    Unwearied; not tired; not exhausted by
    labour.
      Who shall spread his airy flight,
    Upborne with inde/afiga&fe wings,
    Over the vast abrupt.                  Afiffon.
      The ambitious person must rise early and sit up
    late, and pursue his design wito a constant indefati-
    gable attendance; he must be infinitely patient and
    servile.                               Soufft.
  Indefa'tigably,  In-de-fat'te-ga-ble.  adv.
    [from   indefatigable.]  Without  weari-
    ness.
     A man indefatigably zealous in the  service  of tho
    church and state, and whose writings have highly
    deserved  of both.                      Dryden.

  Indefectibi'lity,   in-de-fek-te-bil'e-te.
    ra. s. [from indefectible.] The quality of
    suffering no decay; of being  subject to
    no defect.
  Indefe'ctible, In-de-fek'te-bl. adj.  [in
    and defectus, Latin.] Unfailing;  not lia-
    ble to  defect or decay.
  Indefei'sible, in-de-fe'ze-bl.4139 adj.  [in-
    defaisible, Fr.] Not to  be cut off; not to
    be  vacated; irrevocable.
     So indefeisible is our  estate in those joys, that if
   we do not sell it in reversion, we shall, when once
   invested, be beyond toe possibility of ill husbandry.
                                Decay of Piety.
 Indefe'nsible, in-de-fen'se-bl.439 adj. [in
    and defcnsus,  Latin.] What cannot be
    defended,  or maintained.
     As they extend toe rule of consulting scripture to
   all the actions of common life, even so far as to the
   taking up of a straw, so it is altogether false or in-
   defensible.                          Sanderson.
 INDE'Fl NITE, in-def'e-nit.16G  adj.[inde-
   finitus,  Latin;  indefni, French.]
 I.  Not determined;  not limited; not  set-
   tled.
     Though a position should be wholly rejected, yet
  that negative is more pregnant of direction than an
  indeyinife:  as ashes are more generative than dust.
                                Bacon's Essays.
    Her advancement was left  indefinite; but thus,
  that it should be as great as ever any former queen
  of England had.                       Bacon.
    Tragedy and picture are more narrowly circum-
  scribed by place and time than the epick poem: the
  time of this last is left indefinite.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
 !.  Large   beyond  the  comprehension  of
   man, though  not  absolutely without
   limits.
    Though  it is not infinite, it may be indefinite;
  toough it is not boundless in itself, it may be so to
  human comprehension.                Spectator.

Indefinitely, In-dif'e-nit-le. adv. [from
  indefinite.]
I. Without any settled or determinate li-
  mitation.
    We  observe that custom, whereunto St. Paul al-
  ludeth, and whereof the fathers  of the church in
  their writings make often mentien, to shew indcfi-
  nifefy what was done;  but not universally  to bind
                   6 M
    for ever all prayers unto one only fashion of uhfi-
    ance.                                Hooker.
      We conceive no more than toe  letter beareth;
    that is four times, or indefinUely more than thrice
                                        Brown.
      A duty to which all  are indeymifefy obliged upon
    some occasions, by toe express command of God.
                                     Smalridge.
  2. To a degree indefinite.
      If the word be indefinitely extended, that is, so
    far as no human intellect can fancy any bounds of
    it, then what we see must be the least part.
                             Ray on the Creation.
  Indefi'nitude,   in-de-fin'e-tude.  ra.  s.
    [from indefinite.]  Quantity not limited
    by our understanding, though yet finite.
     They arise to a strange and prodigious multitude,
    if not indeyinificde,  by their various positions, com-
    binations, and conjunctions.               Hale.
  Inbeli'berate,   in-de-lib'ber-ate.91
  Indeli'berated,   ln-de-lib'b^r-a-tdd.
    adj. [indelibere, Fr. in and  deliberate]
    Unpremeditated; done without conside-
    ration.
     Actions proceeding from blandishments, or sweet
   persuasions, if they be indeliberated, as in children
   who want the use of reason, are not presently free
   actions.                            Bramhall.
     The love of God better can consist with the in-
   delUrerate commission of many sins, than with  an
   allowed persistence in any one.   Gov. of Tongue.
 Inde'lible, in-del'e-bl.40s. adj. [indelible,
    Fr.  indelebilis,  Lat.  in  and  dclible.   It
    should be written  indeleble.]
  1. Not to be blotted out or effaced.
     Wilful perpetration of unworthy actions  brands
   with indefiofe characters the name and memoiy.
                                 King Charles.
     Thy heedless sleeve will drink toe  colour'd oil,
   And spot indelible toy pocket soil.    Gay's Trivia.
 2. Not to be annulled.
     They are  endued with  indelible  power from
   above to feed, to govern this  househould, and  to
   consecrate pastors and stewards of it  to the world's
   end.                                  Spraf.
 Inde'licacy, In-del'e-ka-se. ra. s. [in and
   delicacy.]  Want of delicacy; want  of
   elegant decency.
     Your papers would be chargeable wito worse than
   indelicacy, they would be immoral, did you treat
   detestable uncleanness as you rally an impertinent
   self-love.                           Addison.
 Inde'licate, in-del'e-kate.91 adj. [in and
   delicate.]  Wanting  decency;  void of  a
   quick  sense of decency.
 Indemnification, in-dem-ne-fe-ka'shun
   ra. s. [from indemnify]
 1.  Security against loss or penalty.
    Reimbursement of loss  or penalty.
 To  Inde'mnify,  In-dem'ne-fi.  v.  a.
   and damnify.]
 I. To secure against loss or penalty.
2. To maintain unhurt.
    Insolent signifies rude  and haughty; indemnify,
  to keep safe.                           Wails.
Inde'mnity, in-dem'ne-te. ra.s. [indemnite,
   French.]   Security  from  punishment;
   exemption from punishment.
    I will use all means, in the ways of amnesty and
  indemnity, which may most fully remove all fears
  and bury all jealousies in forgetfulness. A". Charles.
To INDE'NT, in-dent'. v. a. [in and dens,
   a tooth, Latin.] To mark any thing with
  inequalities like a row of teeth;  to cut
  in and out;  to  make to wave  or um'^
  late.
            About his neck
[in 
IND
IND
IND
  A green and gilded snake had wveath'd itself,
  Who with her head, nimble in threats, approach'd
  The opening of his mouth;  but suddenly,
  Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself,
  And with indented glides did slip away
  Into a bush.          Shakspeare's As you like it.
    The serpent then, not with indented wave,
  Prone on the ground, as since;  but on his rear
  Circular base, of rising folds, that tower'd
  Fold above fold, a surging maze!         Afiffon.
    Trent who, like some earth-born giant, spreads
  His thirty arms along the indented  meads. Afiffon.
    The margins on each side do not terminate in a
  straight line, but are indented.         Woodward.
To  Inde'nt, in-dent'.  v. ra.  [from  the
  method of cutting counterparts of a con-
  tract together,  that,  laid on each other,
  they may fit,  and any want of  conform-
  ity may discover a fraud.]  To contract;
  to bargain; to make  a compact.
    Shall we buy treason, and indent with fears,
  When they have lost and forfeited  themselves?
                                   Shakspeare.
    He descends to the solemnity of  a pact and cove-
  nant, and has indented with us.    Decay of Piety.
Indk'nt, in-d£nt'.  ra.  s. [from the verb.]
   Inequality; incisure; indentation.  This
   is little used.
    Trent shall not wind with such a deep indent,
  To rob me of so rich a bottom here.    Shakspeare.
Indentation,  In-den-ta'stmn.   ra. a.  [in
   and dens, Lat.] An  indenture;  waving
   in any figure.
    The margins do not terminate in a straight line,
  but are indented; each indentation being continued
  in a small ridge,  to the indentation toat answers it
  on toe opposite margin.              Woodward.
Inde'nture, in-den'tshure.461  ra. s. [from
   indent.]  A covenant, so named because
   the counterparts are  indented or cut  one
   by the other; a contract, of which  there
   is a counterpart.
     In Hall's chronicle much good matter is quite
  marred with indenture English.         Ascham.
     The critick to his grief will find
  How firmly these indentures bind.         Swift.
Independence, in-de-p£n'dense.  7  ra. s.
Indepe'ndency,  in-de-pen'den-se. £  [in-
   dependence,  Fr.  in  and  dependence]
   Freedom; exemption  from  reliance or
   control:   slate  over which  none  has
   power.
     Dreams may give us some idea of the great ex-
  cellency of a human soul,  and some intimations of
  its independency on matter.            Addison.
     Let fortune do her worst, whatever she makes us
  lose,  as long as she never makes us lose our hon-
  esty and our independence.                Pope.
     Give me, I cry'd, enough for me,
   My bread and independency,
  So bought an annual rent or two,
  And liv'd just as you see I  do.             Pope.
Independent, in-de-pen'dent. adj. [inde-
   pendant, French; in  and dependent.]
I.  Not depending; not supported by  any
   other; not relying on another; not con-
   trolled.  It is used with on, of orfrom,
   before the obj ect;  of  which  on seems
   more  proper,  since we say to  depend
   on, and consequently  dependent on.
     Creation must needs infer providence, and God's
  making the world  irrefragably proves that he gov-
  erns  it too; or that a  being of dependent nature
  remains nevertheless independent upon him  in  that
  respect.                              Souih-
     Since all princes of independent governments are
  in a state of  nature, toe world never was without
  men in that state.                       L°cke.
   The town of St. Gaul is a protestant republick,
 independent of the abbot, and under the protection
 of the cantons.                       Addison.
   Not relating to any thing else, as to a
  superiour cause or power.
   The consideration of our understanding, which is
 an incorporeal substance independent from matter;
 and  the contemplation  of our own bodies, which
 have all the stamps and characters of excellent con-
 trivance: these alone do very easily guide us to the
 wise Author of all things.               Bentley.
Independent, in-de-pen'dent. ra.s. One
  who in religious affairs  holds that eve-
  ry congregation is  a complete church,
  subject to no superiuor authority.
   We shall, in our sermons, take occasion to justi-
 fy such passages in our liturgy as have been unjust-
 ly quarrelled at by presbyterians, independents, or
 other puritan sectaries.              Sanderson.
   A very famous independent minister was head of
 a college in those times.      Addison's Spectator.
Independently, in-de-pen'dent-le. adv.
  [from independent.] Without reference
  to other things.
   Dispose lights and shadows, without finishing
 eveiy thing independently the one of the other. Dryd.
In dese'rt, ln-de-zert'. ra. s.  [in and  de-
  sert.]  Want of merit.  This is  an use-
  ful word, but not much received.
   Those who were once looked on  as his equals,
 are apt to think the fame of his merit a reflection on
 their own indeserts.                   Addison.
Inde'einently, in-des'e-nent-le. adv. [in-
  desinenter,  Fr. in and desinio,  Lat.]
  Without cessation.
   They continue a month indesinently.      Ray.
Indestru'otible, in-de-struk'te-bl.  adj.
   [in and destructible.]  Not  to be  de-
  stroyed.
    Glass is so compact and firm a body, toat it is in-
 destructwle by art or nature.  ,            Boyle.
Indete'rminaule,   ln-de-teVme-na-bl.40s
  adj. [in and determinable] Not to be
  fixed; not to be defined or settled.
    There is not only obscurity in the end, but begin-
  ning of the world; that, as its period is inscrutable,
  so is its nativity indeterminable.          Brown.
Indete'rminate, in-de-ter'me-nat.01 adj.
   [inde ter mine',  Fr.  in  and determinate.]
   Unfixed;  not defined; indefinite.
    The rays of toe same  colour were by turns trans-
  mitted at one thickness, and  reflected at another
  thickness, for an indeterminate number of succes-
  sions.                      Newton's Opticks.
Indete'rminately, In-de-tev'me-nate-le.
   adv. [in and determinately.] Indefinite-
   ly;  not in any  settled manner.
    His perspicacity discerned toe loadstone to res-
  pect the north, when ours beheld it indeterminafefy.
                                     Brown.
    The depth of toe hold is indeterminately express-
  ed in the description.         Arbuthnot on Coins.
Inoete'rmined, In-de  teVmin'd.369  adj.
   [in and determined.] Unsettled; unfixed.
    We  should  not amuse ourselves with floating
  words of indetermined  signification, which we can
  use in several senses to  serve a turn.      Locke.

In determina'tion, in-de'teT-me-na'shun.
   ra.  s.  [in  and determination/1  Want of
   determination; want of fixed  or stated
   direction.
    By contingents I understand all things which may
  be done,  and  may not be done,  may happen, or
  may not happen, by reason of the indefemiination
  or accidental concurrence of the causes.
                        Bramhall against Hobbes.
Indevo'tion, In-de-vo'shiin. n. a. [inde-
  votion, French; in and devotion] Want
  of devotion; irreligion.
    Let us make the church toe scene of our peni-
  tence, as of our faults;  deprecate our former inde-
  votion, and, by an  exemplary reverence, redress
  the scandal of profaneness.        Decay of Piety.
Indevo'ut, ln-de-v6£it'. adj. [indevot, Fr.
  in and devout.] Not  devout; not  reli-
  gious; irreligious.
    He prays much; yet  curses more; whilst  he is
  meek, but indevout.             Decay of Piety.
I'ndex, in-deks. ra.  s.  [Latin.]
1. The discoverer; the pointer out.
    Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities
  of plants, as well as of all sorts of aliment.
                         Arbuthnot on Aliments.
    That which was once the index to point out all
  virtues, does now mark out that part of the world
  where least of them resides.     Decay of Piety.
2. The hand that points to any thing, as
  to the hour or  way.
    They have no more inward self-consciousness of
  what they do or suffer,  than the index of a watch
  of the hour it points to.                Bentley.
3. The table of contents to a book.
    In such indexes, although small
  To their subsequent volumes, there is seen
  The baby figure of the giant mass
  Of things to come, at large.           Shakspeare.
    If a book has no index or good table of contents,
  'tis very useful to make one as you  are reading it;
  and in your index to take notice only of parts new
  to you.                               Watts.
Indexte'rity, In-deks-ter'e-te. ra. *. [in
  and dexterity.] Want of dexterity; want
  of readiness; want of handiness; clum-
  siness; awkwardness.
    The indexterity of our consumption curers de-
  monstrates their dimness in beholding its causes.
                       Harvey on Consumptions.
I'ndian Arrow-root,  in'de-an,  or In'je-an,
  or ind'yan."8 a9* ra.  *. [marcanta, Latin.]
  A root.
    A sovereign  remedy  for the  bite of wasps, and
  the poison of the manchineel tree.   This root the
  Indians apply to extract the venom of their arrows.
                                     differ.
I'ndian  Cress, In'de-an. re. a. [acriviola,
  Latin.]  A plait.                 Miller.
I'ndian Fig,  In'de-an. ra. s. [opuntia, Lat.]
   A plant.                         Miller.
I'ndian  Red, in'de-an. ra. s.  Is a species
   of ochre; a very fine purple earth,  and
   of a firm  compact texture, and  great
   weight.                  Hill on Fossils.
I'ndioant, in'de-kant. adj. [indicans Lat.]
   Showing;   pointing  out;   that directs
   what is to be done in any disease.
 To  1'NDiCATE, ln'de-kate.91 v. a.  [in-
   dieo, Latin.]
 1.  To show;  to point out.
 2.  [In physick.] To point out a  remedy.
   See Indication.
 Indica'tion, In-de-ka'shftn. ra. *.  [idica-
   tion, Frencn;   indicatio,  from indicon
   Latin.]
 1.  Mark;  token, sign; symptom.
     The frequent stops toey  make in the most conve-
  venient places, are a plain indication of their wea-
  riness.                             Addison.
     We think that our successes  are a plain indica-
   tion of the divine favour towards us.    Atterbury.
 2.   [In  pnysick.]  Indication is of  four
    kinds: vital, preservative, curative, and
    palliative;  as it directs  what  is to  be
    done  to  continue life,  cutting off the 
IND
IND
IND
cause  of  an  approaching  distemper;!1  able by its last judgment, would be as great an im-
    curing it while it is actually present, or
    lessening its effects, or taking off some
    of its symptoms before it can be wholly
    removed.                        Quincy.
     The depravation of toe instruments of mastica-
   tion is a natural indication of a liquid diet.
                           Arbuthnot on Aliments.
 3. Discovery  made; intelligence given.
     If a person that  had a fair estate in reversion,
   should be assured by some skilful physician, that he
   would inevitably fall into a disease that would total-
   ly deprive him of his understanding and memory;
   if, I say, upon a certain belief of this indication, the
   man should  appear overjoyed  at toe  news, would
   not all toat saw him conclude toat toe distemper
   had seized him?                      Bentley.
 4>. Explanation;  display.
     These be the things  that govern nature princi-
   pally, and without which you cannot make any true
   analysis, and indication of the proceedings  of na-
   ture.                  Bacon's Natural History.
 Indicative, in-dlk'ka-tlv.612 adj. [indica-
    tive, Latin.]
 1. Showing; informing;  pointing out.
 2. [In grammar.]  A certain modification
    of a verb, expressing affirmation or in-
    dication.
     The verb is formed in a certain manner to affirm,
   deny,  or interrogate; which formation, from the
   principal use of it, is called toe indicative mood.
                         Clarke's Latin Grammar.
 lNDi'6ATivELY,ln-dik'ka-tlv-le.aci-y.[from
    indicative.]  In such a manner as shows
    or betokens.
     These images, formed in the brain, are indica-
   tively of the same species with those of sense. Grew.
 To Indi'ct, in-dite'. See Endite, and its
   derivatives.
 Indi'ction, in-dlk'shun. re.  s.  [indiction,
   French;  indico, Latin.]
 1. Declaration; proclamation.
     After a legation ad res repetendas, and a refusal,
   and a denunciation and indiction of a war, the war
   is left at large.                         Bacon.
 2. [In chronology.] The indiction,  insti-
   tuted by Constantine the great, is pro-
   perly a cycle of tributes, orderly dispo-
   sed, for  fifteen  years,  and  by  it ac-
   counts of that  kind were kept.  After-
   ward,  in  memory of the great victory
   obtained by  Constantine over  Mezenti
   us, 8 Cal. Oct. 312,  by which an entire
   freedom was given  to Christianity,  the
   council of Nice, for the honour of Con-
   stantine, ordained  that the accounts of
   years should be no longer  kept by the
   Olympiads,  which  till  that  time  had
   been done; but that, instead thereof, the
   indiction   should be  made  use  of, by
   which  to  reckon and date their years,
   which hath its epocha A. D. 313, Jan.  1.
Indi'fference, in-dif fer-ense.  7 n.s.[in-
Indi'fferenoy, in-dif'fer-en-se. 5 differ-
   ence, Fr.  in differentia, Lat.]
1.  Neutrality;  suspension;  equipoise or
   freedom from motives on either side.
    In choice of committees  it is better to chuse in-
 different persons, than to make an  indifferency by
 putting in those that are strong on both sides.
                                Bacon's Essays.
    By an  equal indifferency for all truth, I mean,
 not loving it as such, before we know it to be true.
                                       Locke.
    A perfect tndt/Jerency in the mind, not determin-
   perfection as toe want of indifferency to act, or not
   to act, till determined by toe will.         Locke.
      Those  who would borrow light from expositors,
   either consult only those who have the good luck to
   be toought sound  and orthodox,  avoiding those of
   different sentiments; or else wito indifferency look
   into the notes of all commentators.         Locke.
   . Impartiality.
      Read the book with indifferency and judgment,
   and thou can'st not but greatly commend it.
                                       Whitgift.
   . Negligence;  want of affection;  uncon-
    cernedness.
      Indifference cannot but be criminal, when it is
   conversant about objects which are so far from be-
   ing of an indifferent  nature, that they  are of toe
   highest importance.                   Addison.
      A  place which  we must pass through not only
   with  the indifference of strangers, but with toe vi-
   gilance o those who travel through the country of
   an enemy.                            Rogers.
      Indiff'rence, clad in wisdom's guise,
   All fortitude of mind supplies;
   For how can stony  bowels melt,
   In those who never pity felt?              Swift.
      He will let you know he has got a clap with as
   much indifferency as he  would a piece of public
   news.                                 Swift.
      The people of England should be frighted with
   the French king and the pretender once a year: toe
   want of observing this necessary precept has pro-
   duced great indifference in the vulgar.   Arbuthnot.
   . State in  winch  no morai or  physical
   reason  preponderates; state  in  which
   there is no difference.
     The choice is left to our discretion, except a prin-
   cipal  bond of some  higher duty remove the indiffer-
   ence that such things have in themselves: toeir in-
   difference is removed if we take  away our own li-
   berty.                               Hooker.

 INDIFFERENT, In-dif'fer-ent. adj. [in-
   different, Fr. indifferens, Lat.]
 1. Neuiral; not determined to  either side.
     Doth his majesty
   Incline to it or no?
   ----He seems indifferent.          Shakspeare.
     Being indifferent, we should receive and embrace
   opinions according as evidence gives the attestation
   of truth.                               Locke.
               Let guilt or fear
   Disturb man's rest;  Cato knows neither of them:
   Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die.   Addison.
 2. Unconcerned; inattentive; regardless.
    One thing was all to you, and your fondness made
   you indifferent to every thing else.        Temple.
    It was a law of Solon, toat any person who, in the
   civil commotions of toe republick, remained neuter,
   or an  indifferent spectator of the contending parties,
   should be condemned to perpetual banishment.
                            Addison's Freeholder.
    But how indifferent soever man may be to eternal
  happiness, yet surely to eternal misery none can be
  indifferent.                            Rogers.
  . Not to have such difference as that the
   one  is for its own sake preferable to the
   other.
    The nature of things tndij'erenf is neither to be
  commanded nor forbidden, but left free and arbi-
  trary.                                 Hooker.
    Customs, which of toemselves are indifferent in
  other  kingdoms, became  exceedingly evil in this
  realm  by reason of the inconveniences  which fol-
  lowed  thereupon.                       Davies.
    Though at first it was free, and  in my choice
  whether or no I should publish these discourses; yet
  toe publication being once resolved, the  dedication
  was not so indifferent.                    South.
    This I mention only as my conjecture, it being
  indifferent  to the matter which way the  learned
  shall determine.                         Locke.
4. Impartial; disinterested.

                   6m2
     Metcalf was partial to none, but indifferent to all;
   a master for the whole, and a father to every one.
                                       Ascham.
     I am a most poor woman and a stranger,
   Born out of your dominions; having here
   No judge indiff'rent, and no more assurance
   Of equal friendship and proceeding.   Shakspeare.
     There can hardly be an indifferent trial had be-
   tween the king and the subject, or between party
   and party, by reason of this  general kindred and
   consanguinity.                         Davies.
   . Passable; having mediocrity; of a mid-
    dling  state;  neither good  nor worst.
    This is an improper  and colloquial use,
    especially when applied to persons.
     Some things admit of mediocrity:
   A counsellor, or pleader at  the bar,
   May want Messala's pow'rful eloquence,
   Or be less read than deep Casselius;
   Yet this indiff'rent lawyer is esteem'd. Roscommon,
     Who would excel, when few can make a test,
   Betwixt indiff'rent writing and the best?  Dryden.
     This has obliged me to publish an indifferent col-
   lection of poems, for fear of being thought the au-
   thor of a worse.                         Prior.
     There is not one of these subjects toat would not
   sell a very tndi/ferenf paper, could I think of grati-
   fying toe publick by such mean and base methods.
                                       Addison.
   In ihe same sense it has the force of an
   adverb.
     I am myself indifferent honest; but yet I could ac-
   cuse me of such things, toat it were better that my
   mother had not born me.             Shakspeare.
     This will raise a great scum on it, and leave your
   wine indifferent clear.                Mortimer.
 Indi'fferently, ln-dif'feT'-£nt-le. adv.[in-
   differenter, Lat.]
 I. Without distinction; without preference.
     Whiteness is a mean between all colours, having
   itself indifferently to them all, so as with equal fa-
   cility to be tinged with any of them.     Newton.
    Were pardon extended indifferently to all,  which
   of toem would think himself under  any particular
   obligation.                           Addison.
    Though  a church-of-England-man thinks  every
   species of government equally lawful, he does not
   think them equally expedient, or for every country
  indifferently.                            Swift.
2. Equally; impartially.
    They may truly and indifferently minister justice..
                               Common Prayer,
   In a neutral state; without wish or aver-1
   sion.
    Set honour in one eye, and death i' th' other,
  And I will  look on death indifferently. Shakspeare.
    Not  well;  tolerably;  passably;  mid-
   dlingly.
    A moyle will draw indi^erenffy  well, and carry
  great burthens.                        Carew.
    I hope it may indi/ferenffy entertain your lordship
  at an unbending hour.                    Rowe.
    An hundred and fifty of their beds, sewn together,
  kept me but very indifferently from  the floor.
                             Gulliver's  Travels.
I'ndigexoe, in'de-jense.  )  ra. s.  [indi-
I'ndigency, in'de-jen-se. 5 gence, Fr. in-
   digentia, Lat.]  Want; penury; poverty.
    Where there is happiness, there must  not be in-
  digency, or want of any due comforts of life.
                              Burnet's  Theory,
    For ev'n that indigence, that brings me low,
  Makes me myself, and him above to know,  Dryd.
    Athens worshipped God with temples  and sacri-
  fices, as if he needed habitation and sustenance: and
  that the heathens had such a mean apprehension
  about  the  indigency of  their gods, appears from
  Aristophanes aud Lucian.              Bentley.
Indi'genous, in-did'je-nus. adj. [indigene,
   French;  indigcna} Latin.]   Native  to a 
IND
IND
IND
country; originally produced or born in
a region.
    Negroes were all  transported from Africa and
  arc not indigenous or proper natives of America.
                                      Brown.
    It is wonderful to observe one creature,  that is,
  mankind, indigenous to so many different climates.
                                   Arbuthnot.
I'NDIGENT, in'de-jent.  adj. [indigent,
  French;  indigent, Latin.]
1. Poor; needy; necessitous.
    Charity consists in relieving the indigent. Add.
2. In want; wanting: with of.
    Rejoice, O Albion, sever'd from the world,
  By nature's wise indulgence; indigent
  Of nothing from without.                 Philips.
3. Void; empty.
    Such bodies have the tangible parts indigent of
  moisture.                             Bacon.
Indige'st, in-de-jest'.      7  adj.  [indi-
Indige'sted, in-de-jes'ted. y   geste,  Fr.
   indigestus,  Latin.]
 1.  Not separated into  distinct orders;  not
   regularly disposed.
    This mass, or indigested matter, or chaos, created
  in the  beginning,  was without the proper form,
  which it afterwards acquired.           Raleigh.
    Before the seas, and this terrestrial ball,
  One was the face of nature, if a face;
  Rather a rude and indigested mass.        Dryden.
 2.  Not  formed,  or shaped.  Indigest is not
    now in  use.
     Set a form upon that indigest project,
   So shapeless and so rude.            Shakspeare,
     Hence, heap of wrath, foul indigested lump;
   As crooked in thy manners as thy shape.   Shaksp.
 3.  Not  well considered and methodised.
     By irksome deformities, through  endless and
   senseless effusions of indigested prayers, toey often-
   times disgrace the  worthiest part of christian duty
   towards God.                         Hooker.
     The political creed of the high-principled men
   sets the protestant succession upon a firmer founda-
   tion than  all the  indigested schemes of those who
   profess revolution principles.             Swift.
 4. Not concocted in the stomach.
                Dreams are bred
   From rising fumes of indigested food.     Dryden.
 5. Not brought to  suppuration.
     His wound was indigested and inflamed.
                                      Wiseman.
 Indige'stible, in-de-jes'te-bl. adj. [from
    in and  digestible.]   Not conquerable in
    the stomach;  not convertible to nutri-
    ment.
      Eggs are the most nourishing and exalted of all
    animal food, and most indigestible: no body can di-
    gest toe same quantity of them as of other food.
                                     Arbuthnot.
  Indige'stion, in-de-jes'tshiin. ra. s. [indi-
    gestion,  French; from in and digestion.]
  1. A morbid weakness  of  the stomach;
    want of concoctive power.
  2. The state of meats unconcocted.
      The fumes of indigestion may  indispose men to
    thought, as well as to diseases of danger and pain.
                                        Tempfe.
  To  INDI'GITATE,  in-did'je-tate. v. a.
    [indigito, Latin.]  To point out; to show
    "by the fingers.
      Antiquity expressed numbers by the fingers; the
    repressing this finger, which in thelefthand implied
    I utsix, in the right hand indigitated six hundred.
                         Brown's Vulgar Eirours.
      As though there were a seminality of urine, we
    foolishly conceive we behold therein the anatomy of
    everv particle, and can  thereby indigUate their af-
    fections.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
    We are not to indigilate toe pat is transmittent.
                                      Harvy.
Indigita'tjon,  in-dld-je-ta'shun.   ra.  s.
  [from  indigitate.]  The act of pointing
  out or showing, as by the finger.
    Which things I conceive no obscure indigitation
  of providence.             More against Atheism.
Indi'gn, in-dine'386 adj. [indigne, French;
  indignus, Latin.]
1. Unworthy; undeserving.
    Where there is a kingdom that is altogether un-
  able or indign to govern, is it just  for another na-
  tion, that is civil or policed, to subdue them? Bacon.
2. Bringing indignity;  disgraceful.  This
  is  a word not in use.
    And all indign and base adversities
  Make head against my estimation.     Shakspeare.
Indi'gnant, in-dig'nant. adj.  [indignans,
   Lat.]  Angry; raging;  inflamed at once
   with anger and disdain.
    He scourg'd  with many a stroke to' indignant
        waves.                         Milton.
    The lustful monster fled, pursued by the valorous
  and indignant Martin.        Arbuthnot and Pope.
    What rage that hour did Albion's soul possess,
  Let chiefs imagine, and let lovers guess:
  He strides indignant, and  wito haughty cries
  To single fight toe fairy prince defies.     Ticket.

Indigna'tion,  in-dig-na'shiin.  ra.  «.  [in-
   dignation,  Fr. indignatio, Lat.]
 1. Anger mingled with  contempt or dis-
   gust.
     Suspend your indignation against my brother, till
  you derive better testimony of his intent.   Shaksp.
     From those officers, warm with indignation at the
  insolences of that vile rabble, came words of great
  contempt.                         Clarendon.
     But keep this swelling indignation down,
   And let your cooler reason now prevail.     Rowe.
    Tbe anger of a superiour.
     There was great indignation against Israel.
                                      2 Kings.
    The effect of anger.
     If heav'ns have any grievous plague in store,
   Let them hurl down their indignation
   On thee, thou troubler of the world.    Shakspeare.
 Indi'gnity, in-dlg'ne-te. ra. s. [indignitas,
    from  indignus, Lat. indignite, Fr.] Con-
    tumely;  contemptuous  injury;  viola-
    tion of right accompanied with insult.
      Bishops and prelates could not but have bleeding
   hearts to behold a person of so great place and worth
   constrained to endure so foul indignities.   Hooker.
      No emotion of passion  transported me, by the in-
   dignity of his carriage, to  any thing unbeseeming
   myself.                         King Charles.
      Man he made, and for him built
   Magnificent this world, and earth  his seat,
    Him lord pronoune'd; and, 0 indignity!
    Subjected to his service angel-wings,
    And flaming ministers, to watch and tend
    Their earthly charge.                  Milton.
      He does not see  how that mighty passion for the
    church can well consist with those  indignities and
    that contempt men bestow on the clergy.    Swift.
      To more exalted glories born,
    Tby mean indignities I scorn.           Pattison.
  I'ndigo, in'de-go.112  ra. s. [indicum, Lat.]
    A  plant, by the  Americans called anil.
    In the middle  ofthe flower is the  style,
    which afterward   becomes  a  jointed
    pod, containing one  cylindrical  seed in
    one  partition, from   which  indigo is
    made, which is used in dying for a blue
    colour.                            Miller.
  Indire'ct, in-de-rekt'. adj. [indirect, Fr.
    indirectus, Lat.]
1.  Not straight; not rectilinear.
2.  Not tending otherwise than obliquely
   or consequentially  to a  purpose: as, an
   indirect accusation.
3.  Wrong; improper.
             The tender prince
  Would fain have come with me to meet your grace;
  But by his mother was perforce with-held.
  ----Fy, what an indirect and peevish course
  Is this of hers?         Shaksjicare's Richard III.
4.  Not fair; not honest.
    Think you, that any means under the sun
  Can assecure so indirect a course?         Daniel.
    Those things which they do know they may, upon
  sundiy indirect considerations, let pass; and although
  toemselves do not err, yet may they deceive others.
                                     Hooker.
    O pity and shame! that they who to live well
  Enter'd so fair, should turn aside, to tread
  Paths indirect.                         Millon.
    Indirect dealing will be discovered  one  time or
  other, and then he loses his reputation.  Tillotson.
Indirection, in-de-rek'slnln.  ra.  s. [in
   and direction.]
I.  Oblique  means;  tendency  not  in  a
   straight line.
    And thus do we, of wisdom and of reach,
  With windlaces, and with essays of bias,
  By indirections find directions  out.    Shakspeare.
2. Dishonest practice.  Not used.
    I had rather coin my heart than wring
  From  the hard hands of peasants their vile trash
  By any indirection.     Shakspeare's Julius Cozsar.
Indire'ctly, In-de-rekt'le. adv. [from in-
   direct.]
I. Not in a right  line; obliquely.
2. Not in express terms.
    Still she suppresses the name,  which continues
  his doubts and hopes; and at last she indirectly men-
  tions it.                             Broome.
3. Unfairly; not rightly.
            He bids you then resign
  Your crown and kingdom, indirectly held
  From him toe true challenger.        Shakspeare.
    He that takes  any thing from his  neighbour,
  which was justly forfeited, to satisfy his own re-
   venge or avarice, is tied to repentance, but not to
   restitution: because I took the forfeiture indirectly,
   I am answerable to  God for my unhandsome, un-
  just, or uncharitable circumstances.       Taylor.
lNDiRE'cTNESS,in-de-rekt'nes. ra.«. [in and
   directness.]
 1. Obliquity.
2. Unfairness;  dishonesty; fraudulent art.
 Indisce'rnible, in-diz-zer'ne-bl. adj. [in
   and discernible.]  Not perceptible;  not
   discoverable.
     Speculation; which, to my  dark soul,
   Depriv'd of reason, is as indiscerntofe
   As colours to my body, wanting sight.    Denham.
 Indisce'rnibly,   in-diz-zer'ne-ble.   adv.
   [from indiscernible.]   In a manner not
   to be  perceived.
 Indisce'rptible, In-dis-serp'te-bl. adj.[in
    and discerptible.]  Not to be separated;
    incapable of being broken or destroyed
    by  dissolution  of parts.

 Indiscerptibi'lity,  in-dls-serp-te-bll'e-
    te.  ra. *. [from indiscerptible.]   Incapa-
    bility of dissolution.
 Indisco'very, In-dis-kuv'ur-e.  n.  s. [in
    and discovery.] The state of being hid-
    den.  An unusual word.
      The ground of this assertion was the magnifying
   esteem of the ancients, arising from the indiscwery
   of its head.                           Brown.. 
IND
IND
IND
 Indiscree't, in-dls-kreet'. adj. [indiscret,
   Fr. in and discreet.]  Imprudent; incau-
   tious; inconsiderate; injudicious.
                   Why then
   Are mortal men so fond and indiscreet,
   So evil gold to seek unto their aid;
   And having not complain, and having it upbraid?
                                       Spenser.
     If thou be among the indiscreet, observe the time,
   but be continually among men of understanding.
                                        Ecclus.
 Indiscree'tly, in-dis-kreet'le. adv.[from
   indiscreet.] Without prudence; without
   consideration; without judgment.
     Job on justice hath aspersions flung,
   And spoken indismetly wito his tongue.   Sandys.
     Let a great personage undertake an action pas-
   sionately, let him  manage  it indiscreetly, and he
   shall have enough to flatter him.          Taylor.
 Indiscre'tion,  in-dis-kresh'un. ra. s. [in-
   discretion, Fr. in  and discretion]   Im-
   prudence; rashness; inconsideration.
     Indiscretion sometimes serves us well,
   When our deep plots do fail.         Shakspeare.
     His offences did proceed rather from negligence,
   rashness, or rather indiscretion, than from any ma-
   licious toought.                      Hayward.
     Loose papers have been obtained from us by the
   importunity and divulged  by the  indiscretion of
   friends, although restrained by promises.    Swift.
 Indiscriminate,    in-dis-krim'e-nate.91
   adj. [indiscriminatus, Latin.] Undistin-
   guishable; not marked with any note of
   distinction.

 Indiscriminately, in-dls-krim'e-nate-le.
   adv.  [from  indiscriminate.]   Without
   distinction.
     Others use defamatory discourse purely for love
   of talk: whose speech, like a flowing current, bears
   away indiscriminately whatever lies in its way.
                       Government ofthe Tongue.
     Liquors,  strong of acid salts, destroy the blueness
   ofthe infusion of our wood; and liquors indiscrimi-
   nately, that abound with  sulphureous salts, restore
   it.                                    2?oyfe.

 IND ISPE'N SABLE,    in-dis-pen'sa-bl.
   adj. [French.] Not to be remitted; not
   to be spared; necessary.
     Rocks, mountains,  and  caverns, against which
   these exemptions are made, are of indispensable use
   and necessity, as well to toe earth as to man.
                                     Woodward.

  ndispe'nsableness, in-dls-pen'sa-bl-nes.
   ra. s.  [from indispensable.]   State of not
   being to be spared; necessity,

Indispe'nsably,  in-dis-pen'sa-ble.   adv.
   [from indispensable/]  Without dispen-
   sation; without remission; necessarily.
     Every one must look upon himself as  indispensa-
   bly obliged to the practice of duty«       Addison.
 To IN DISPO'SE,  in-dis-poze'. v.  a. [in-
   disposer, Fr.]
 1. To make unfit: with for.
    Nothing can  be  reckoned good or bad to us in
   this life, any farther than it prepares or indisposes us
  for toe  enjoyments of another.         Atterbury.
2. To disincline; to make averse: with to.
    It has a strange efficacy to indispose the heart fo
  religion.                      South's Sermons.
3. To disorder; to disqualify for its proper
   functions.
    The  soul is not now hindered in its actings by the
  distemperature of indisposed organs.    Glanville.
4. To  disorder  slightly  with  regard  to
   health.
    Though it weakened, yet it made him rather in-
  disposed than  sick,  and did no ways  disable him
  from studying.                        Walton.
 5. To make  unfavourable: with toward.
     The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the
  persons or the principles of Calvin's disciples.
                                    Clarendon.
 Indispo'sedness,  in-dis-po'zed-nes.  ra. s.
   [from  indisposed]  State of unfitness
   or disinclination?  disordered state.
     It is  not any innate harshness in piety toat ren-
  ders the first essays of it unpleasant; that is  owing
  only to  the indisposedness of our own hearts.
                                 Decay of  Piety.
 Indisposi'tion,  in-dis-po-zish'Cin.  ra.  s.
   [indisposition, Fr. from indispose.]
 1. Disorder of health;  tendency to sick-
   ness; slight disease.
     The  king did complain of a continual infirmity
  of body, yet rather as an indisposition in health than
  any set sickness.                    Hayward.
     I have known a great fleet  lose great occasions,
  by an indisposition of toe admiral, while  he was
  neither well enough to  exercise, nor ill enough to
  leave the command.                     Temple.
     Wisdom is still looking forward, from toe first in-
  dispositions into toe progress of the disease.
                                   L'Estrange.
     His life seems to have been prolonged beyond its
  natural term, under those indispositions which hung
  upon the latter part of it.               Addison.
 2. Disinclination;  dislike: with lo  or to-
   ward.
     The indisposition of the church of Rome fo  re-
  form herself, must be no stay unto us from perform-
  ing our duty to God.                   Hooker.
     The mind, by every degree of affected unbelief,
  contracts more and more of a general indisposition
  towards believing-..                   Atterbury.
Indispu'table, in-dis'pu-ta-bl,  or  in-dis-
  pu'ta-bl. adj. [in and disputable.]   Un-
  controvertible;  incontestable; evident;
  certain.
    There is no  maxim in politicks more indisputa-
  ble, than that a nation should have many honours to
  reserve for those who do national services. Addison.
    The apostle  asserts a clear indisputable conclu-
  sion, which could admit of no question.     Rogers.
Indispu'tableness,   In-dis'pu-ta-bl-nes.
  ra. s. [from indisputable.]  The state of
  being indisputable; certainty; evidence.
Indispu'tably,    !n-dls'pu-ta-ble.     adv.
  [from indisputable.]
 1. Without  controversy; certainly;  evi-
  dently.
     The thing itself is questionable, nor  is it indis-
  putably certain what death she died.      Brown.
2. Without opposition.
     They questioned a duty that had been indispufa-
  bly granted to  so many preceding kings.    Howel.
Indisso'lvable, in-diz-zol'va-bl. adj. [in
  and dissolvable]
 1. Indissoluble; not  separable as  to  its
  parts.
    Metals, corroded with a little acid, turn into rust,
  which is an'earth tasteless and indissolvable in water;
  and this earth, imbibed with more acid, becomes a
  metalliok salt.                         Newton,
2. Obligatory;  not to be broken; binding
  for ever.
    Deposition and degradation are without hope of
  any remission,  and therefore the law stiles them an
  indissolvable bond; but a censure, a  dissolvable
  bond.                                 Ayliffe.
Indissolubility,     !n-dis-s6-iu-bire-te.
  n. s.  [indissolubilite,  French; from in-
  dissoluble.]
^Resistance to a  dissolving power; firm-
  ness;  stableness.
    What hoops hold tois mass of matter in so close
  a pressure together from whence steel has its firm-
  ness, and the parts of a diamond their hardness and
  indissotucnfify?                          Locke.
 2. Perpetuity of obligation.

 Indissoluble, in-dis'so-lu-bl.  adj.  [in-
   dissoluble, French; indissolubilis, Latin;
   in and dissoluble.]
 1.  Resisting all separation  of its parts;
   firm; stable.
    When common gold and lead are mingled, the
  lead may  be severed almost unaltered; yet if, in-
  stead of the gold, a  tantillum of the red elixir be
  mingled with the saturn, their union will be so in-
  dissoluble,  that there  is no possible way of separa-
  ting the diffused elixir from toe fixed lead.  JSoyfe.

 2. Binding for ever;  subsisting  for ever;
  not to be loosed.
    Far more comfort  it were for us, to be joined
  with you in bands of indissoluble love and amity, to
  live as if our persons  being many, our souls were
  but one.                             Hooker.
    There is toe  supreme  and indissoluble consan-
  guinity between  men, of which  the. heathen poet
  saith we are all his generation.           Bacon.
    They might justly  wonder, that  men so taught,
  so obliged  to be kind to all, should behave them-
  selves so contrary  to  such heavenly  instructions,
  such  indissoluble obligations.             South.
Indi'ssolubleness,    ln-dis'so-lu-bl-nes.
  ra. s.  [from indissoluble.]  Indissolubili-
  ty; resistance to  separation of parts.
    Adam, though consisting of a composition in-
  trinsically dissolvable, might have held, by toe di-
  vine will,*a state of immortality and indissolubleness
  of his composition.                       Hale.
Indi'ssolubly, in-dis'so-bi-ble. acix>. [from
  indissoluble.]
 1. In a manner resisting all  separation.
                 On they move
  Indissolubly firm; nor obvious hill,
  Nor strait'ning vale, nor wood, nor stream divide
  Their perfect ranks.                    Milton.
    The remaining ashes, by a further degree of fire,
  may be indissolubly united into glass.      Boyle.
            They willingly unite,
  Indissolubly firm; from Dubris south
  To northern Orcades.                   Philips,
2. For ever obligatorily.

Indisti'nct, in-dis-tinkt'. adj. [indistinct,
  French; in and distinctus, Lat.]
 I. Not plainly marked; confused.
    That which is now  a horse, even with a thought,
  The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct
  As water is in water.                Shakspeare.
    She warbled in her throat,
  And tun'd her voice to many a merry note:
  But indistinct, and neither sweet nor clear.  Dryd.
    When we  speak of the infinite divisibility of
  matter, we keep  a  very clear and distinct idea of
  division and divisibility; but when we come to parts
  too small for our senses,  our ideas of these little
  bodies become obscure and indistinct.     Watts.
2. Not exactly  discerning.
    We throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
  Ev'n till we make toe main and to' atrial blue
  An indistinct regard.                    Shaksp.

 Indisti'nction,  in-dis-tink'shun.  ra.  *.
  [from indistinct.]
 1. Confusion; uncertainty.
    The indistinction of many of toe same name, or
  toe misapplication of  the act of one unto  another
  hath made some doubt.                 Broion
 2. Omission of  discrimination;  indiscri-
  mination.
    An indistinction of  all persons, or equality of all
  orders,  is far from being agreeable to Ihe wilt'of
  God.                                  Sprat. 
IND
IND
IND
Indisti'nctly, in-dis-tinkt'le. adv. [from
   indistinct]
1. Confusedly; uncertainly;  without de-
   finiteness or discrimination.
    In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its
  ends confusedly  and indistinctly,  the  light there
  vanishing by degrees.                 Newton.
2. Without being distinguished.
    Making trial thereof, both tbe liquors soaked in-
  distinctly through the bowl.             Brown.

Indistinctness, In-dis-tinkt'nes.  ra.  *.
   [from indistinct.] Confusion; uncertain-
   ty; obscurity.
    There is unevenness or indistinctness in the style
   of these places, concerning the origin and form of
   the earth.                            Burnet.
    Old age makes the  cornea and  coat of the crys-
   talline humour grow flatter; so that the light, for
   want of sufficient refraction,  will  not  converge to
   the bottom of toe eye,  but beyond  it, and by conse-
   quence paint in the bottom  of the eye a confused
   picture: and according to the indistinctness of this
   picture, the object will appear confused.  Newton.
 Indistu'rbance, in-dls-tur'banse. ra. s. [in
   and disturb.]  Calmness; freedom from
   disturbance.
     What is called by the stoicks apathy, and by the
   scepticks indisturbance, seems all  but to mean great
   tranquillity of mind.                   Temple.

 INDIVIDUAL, In-de-vld'u-al, or  in-de-
   vid ju-al.483 29s ao* 878 adj.  [individu, in-
   dividuel, French; individuus, Lat.]
  I. Separate from others of the same spe-
   cies; single; numerically one.
     Neither is it enough to consult, secundum genera,
   what the kind and character of the person should be;
   for the most judgment is shewn in  the choice of in-
   dividuals.                             Bacon.
     They present us wito images more perfect than
   the life of any individual.              Dryden.
     Must the whole man, amazing thought! return
   To the cold marble, or contracted urn!
   And never shall those particles agree,
   That were in life this individual he?       Prior.
      Know all the good  toat individuals find,
   Lies in three words, health, peace, and competence.
                                         Pope.
      We see each circumstance of art and individual
   of nature summoned  together by  the extent and fe-
   cundity of his imagination.               Pope.
      It would be wise in toem, as individual and pri-
   vate mortals, to look  back a little upon the storms
   toey have raised, as well as those they have escaped.
                                         Swift.
      The object of any particular idea is called an in-
   dividual: so Peter is  an individual man, London is
   an individual city.                      Waffs.
  2. Undivided; not  to be parted  or disjoin-
    ed.
            To give thee being, I lent
   Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart,
   Substantial life, to have thee by my side
   Henceforth an individual solace dear.     Milton.
      Long eternity shall greet our bliss
   Wito an individual kiss.                MUton.
      Under his great vicegerent reign abide
   United, as one individual soul,
   For ever happy.                       MUton.
  Individuality,  In-de-vid-u-al'e-te.  ra. s.
    [from  individual.] Separate  or distinct
    existence.
      He would tell his instructor,  that all men were
   not singular: that tndiriduafify  could hardly be
   predicated of any man; for it was commonly said,
   that a man is not the same he was,  and toat mad-
   men are beside themselves.          Arbuthnot.
  Individually,    In-de-vid'u-al-e.    adv.
   £from. individual.]
1. With separate or distinct existence; nu-
  merically.
    How should that subsist solitarily by itself, which
  hato no substance, but individually the very same
  whereby others subsist with it?           Hooker.
2. Not separably;  incommunicably.
    I dare not pronounce him omniscious, that being
  an attribute individually proper to the godhead, and
  incommunicable to any created substance.
                         Hakewill on Providence.
To  Indivi'duate, In-de-vid'u-ate.  v.  a.
   [from individuus, Latin.]   To  distin-
   guish from others of the same species;
   to make single.
    Life is  individuated  into infinite  numbers, that
  have their distinct sense and pleasure.      More.
    No man is capable of translating poetry, who,
  besides a  genius to toat art, is not a master both of
  his author's language and of his own; nor must we
  understand toe language only of toe poet, but his
  particular turn of thoughts and expression, which
  are the characters that distinguish and individuate
  him from all other writers.             Dryden.
 Individuation, In-de-vld-u-a'shun. ra. a.
   [from individuate.]  That which makes
   an individual.
     What is toe principle of individuation? Or what
   is it that  makes any one  thing the same as it was
   before?                               Watts.
 Individu'ity, In-de-vld-u'e-te. ra. s. [from
   individuus, Latin.]  The state of being
   an  individual; separate  existence.
 Indivi'nity, In-de-vin'e-te. ra. s. [in and
   divinity.]  Want of divine power.  Not
   in use.
     How openly did  the oracle, betray his indivinity
   unto Croesus, who being ruined by his amphibology,
   and  expostulating wito him, received no higher  an-
   swer than the excuse of his impotency ?    Brown.
 Indivisibility,  In-de-vlz-e-bil'e-te.'62
 Indivi'siblenf.ss, In-de-viz'e-bl-nes.
   n. s. [from indivisible.]  State in which
   no more division can be made.
     A pestle and mortar will as soon bring any par-
   ticle of matter to indivisibilUy as the acutest toought
   of a mathematician.                    Locke.
 Indivi'sible, in'de-vlz'e-bl. adj. [indivisi-
    ble,  French;  in  and divisible.]   What
    cannot be  broken  into parts; so small
    as  that  it  cannot be  smaller;  having
    reached  the  last degree of divisibility.
     By atom, no body will imagine we intend to ex-
   press a perfect indivisible, but only toe least sort of
   natural bodies.                         Digby.
     Here  is but one indivisible point of time observ-
   ed,  but  one action performed; yet the eye cannot
   comprehend at once the whole object.     Dryden.
  Indivi'sibly, in-de-viz'e-ble. adv.  [from
    indivisible.]  So as it cannot be divided.
  Indo'oible, in-dos'e-bl.  adj. [in  and do-
    cile.]  Unteachable; insusceptible of in-
    struction.
  Indo'cil, in-dos'sil.fi03 609 611 w adj. [indo-
    cile, French; indocilis, Latin.] Unteach-
    able; incapable of being instructed.
     These certainly are the fools in toe text, indocil,
   intractable fools, whose stolidity can baffle all ar-
   guments, and is proof against demonstration itself.
                                        Bentley.
  Indoci'lity, ln-do-sil'e-te. ra. a. [indocilite,
    Fr.  in and docility.]  Uoteachableness;
    refusal of instruction.
  To INDO'CTRINATE, in-d6k'tre-nate.
    81  v. a.  [en/doctriner, old French.]   To
    instruct; to tincture  with  any science,
    or opinion.
    Under a master that discoursed excellently, and
  took much delight in indoctriwting his young unex-
  perienced favourite, Buckingham had obtained a
  quick conception of speaking  very gracefully and
  pertinently.                        Cfarendon.
    They that never peep beyond the common belief,
  in which their easy understandings were at first in-
  doctrinated,  are  strongly assured of toe truth of
  their receptions.                     GlanvUle.
Indoctrination, ln-d6k-tre-na'shun. n.a.
  [from indoctrinate.] Instruction; infor-
  mation.
    Although postulates are very accommodable tint*
  junior indoctrinations, yet are these authorities not
  to be embraced beyond  toe minority of our intel-
  lectuals.                              Brown.
I'ndolence, ln'do-l£nse.  7 ra. a. [fra and
I'ndolenoy, ln'do-l6n-se. y   doleo, Lat.
  indolence, French.]
1. Freedom from pain.
    As there must be indolency where toere is happi-
  ness, so there must not be indigency.      Burnet.
    I have ease, if it may not rather be called indo-
  lence.                                Hough.
2. Laziness; inattention; listlessness.
    Let Epicures give indofency as an attribute to his
  gods, and place it in the happiness of the blest: the
  Divinity which we worship has given us not only a
  precept against it, but his own example to tbe con-
  trary.                                Dryden.
    The Spanish nation, roused from  their  ancient
  indofence and ignorance, seem now to improve trade.
                                  Bolingbroke.
I'NDOLENT, In'do-Ient. adj. [French.]
 I. Free  from  pain.   So the chirurgeons
   speak of an  indolent tumour.
2. Careless; lazy; inattentive; listless.
                 Ill fits a chief
  To waste long nights  in indolent repose.     Pope.
 I'ndolently,  in'do-l^nt-le.  adv.  [from
   indolent.]
 I. With freedom from pain.
2. Carelessly; lazily;  inattentively; listless-

   iy-
     While lull'd by sound, and undisturb'd by wit,
  Calm and serene you indolently sit.       Addison.
 To Indo'w, in-d6u'.  v. a. [indotare, Lat.]
   To portion; to enrich with gifts,  wheth-
   er of  fortune or nature.  See Endow.
 Indraught, ln'draft.ra.s.[tn and drara§-Af.]
 1. An opening in the land into which the
   sea flows.
     Ebbs and floods there could be none, when toere
  was no indraughts, bays, or gulphs to receive a flood.
                                      Raleigh.
 2.  Inlet; passage inward.
     Navigable rivers are indraughts to attain wealth.
                                       Bacon.
 To  Indre'nch, ln-drensh'.  v. a.  [from
   drench.]  To soak; to drown.
     My hopes lie  drown'd; in many fathoms deep
   They lie indrench'd.                Shakspeare.
 Indu'bious, "in-du'be-fts. adj. [in and du-
    bious.]  Not doubtful; not  suspecting;
    certain.
     Hence appears the vulgar vanity of reposing an
   indubious confidence in those antipestilential spirits.
                                       Harvey.
  Indu'bitable,  in-du'be-ta-bl. adj. [indu-
    bitabilis, Lat. indubitable,  Fr. in  and
    dubitable.] Undoubted; unquestionable;
    evident;  certain  in  appearance; clear;
    plain.
      When general observations  are  drawn from so
   many particulars as to become certain and indubi-
   table, these are jewels of knowledge.       Waffs.
  Indubitably, in-du'be-ia-blc. adv. [from 
IND
IND
IND
  indubitable.] Undoubtedly; unquestion-
  ably.
    If we transport these proportions  from audible
  to visible objects, there will induoifaofy result from
  either a graceful and harmonious contentment.
                                       Wotton.
    The  patriarchs were indubitably  invested with
  both these authorities.                    Sprat.
    I appeal to all sober judges,  whether our souls
  may be only a mere echo  from clashing atoms; or
  rather indubitably  must proceed from a spiritual
  substance.                            Bentley.
Indu'bitate, in  du'be-tate.91 adj.[indubi-
  tatus, Lat.]  Unquestioned;  certain; ap-
  parent; evident.
    If he stood upon his own title of toe house of
  Lancaster, he knew it was condemned by parlia-
  ment, and tended directly to  the disinherison  of the
  line of  York, held then the  indubitate heirs of the
  crown.                                Bacon.
    I have been tempted to wonder how, among the
  jealousies of state and court, Edgar Atheling could
  subsist, being then the apparent and indubitate heir
  of the Saxon line.                      Wotton.
To INDU'CE, ln-duse'.  v. a.  [induire,
  French; induco, Lat.]
}. To influence to any  thing; to persuade:
  of persons.
    The  self-same argument in this kind, which doth
  but induce the vulgar sort to like,  may constrain the
  wiser to yield.                         Hooker.
    This lady, albeit she was furnished with many
  excellent  endowments both  of nature  and educa-
  tion,  yet would she never be induced to entertain
  marriage with any.                   Hayioard.
    Desire wito thee still longer to converse
  Indue'd me.                           Bacon.
    Let not the covetous design of growing rich in-
  duce you to ruin your reputation,  but rather satisfy
  yourself with a moderate fortune;  and let your
  thoughts be wholly taken up with acquiring to your-
  self a glorious name.                  Dryden.
2. To produce by  persuasion or influence:
  of things.
    Let the vanity of toe times be restrained, which
  the neighbourhood of other nations have induced,
  and we strive apace to exceed our pattern. Bacon.
    As belief is absolutely necessary to all mankind,
  the evidence for inducing it must be of that nature
  as to  accommodate itself to all species of men.
                                       Forbes.
3. To  offer by way of induction, or  con-
  sequential reasoning.
    They play much upon toe simile, or illustrative
  argumentation, to induce  their enthymemes unto
  the people, and take up popular conceits.  Brown.
4. To  inculcate; to enforce.
    This  induces a general change of opinion, con-
  cerning the person or party  like  to  be obeyed by
  the greatest or strongest part of the people.
                                       Temple.
5. To  cause  extrinsically; to produce;  to
  effect.
    Sour  things induce a contraction in  the nerves,
  placed in the mouth of the stomach, which is a great
  cause of appetite.                      Bacon.
    Acidity, as it is not the  natural state of the ani-
  mal fluids, but induced by aliment, is  to be  cured
  by aliment with the contrary qualities.  Arbuthnot.
6. To  introduce;  to bring into view.
    To exprobrate their stupidity, he induceth the
  providence of storks: now, if the bird had been un-
  known  the illustration had  been obscure, and toe
  exprobration not so proper                Brown.
    The poet may be seen inducing his personages in
  the first Iliad, where he discovers toeir humours,
  interests, and designs.                    Pope.
7. To  bring  on; to superinduce;  to effect
  gradually.
    Schism is marked out by the apostle  as a kind ol
  petrifying crime, which induces that induration to
  which the fearful expectation of wrath is conse-
  quent.                         .Decay of Piety.

Inducement,  in-duse'm$nt.  n. s.  [from
  induce.] Motive to any thing; that which
  allures or persuades to any  thing.
    The former inducements do now much more pre-
  vail, when toe very thing hato ministered further
  reason.                                Hooker.
    Many inducements, besides scripture,  may lead
  me to toat, which if scripture be against, they are
  of no value, yet otherwise are strongly effectual to
  persuade.                            Hooker.
            That mov'd me to 't,
  Then mark to' inducement.              Shaksp.
                   He lives
  Higher degree of life:  inducement strong
  For us.                               Milton.
            My inducement hither,
  Was not at present here to find my son.    Afiffon.
    Instances occur of oppression,  to which there ap-
  pears no inducement from  toe circumstances of the
  actors.                                Rogers.

Indu'cer, In-du'silr.88 n.  *.[from induce]
  A  persuader; one that  influences.

To INDU'CT, In-dukt.   v.a.  [inductua,
  Latin.]
I. To introduce;  to bring in.
    The ceremonies in  toe gathering were first in-
  ducted by the Venetians.                 Sandys.
2. To put into actual  possession of a be-
  nefice.
    If a person thus instituted, though not inducted,
  takes a second benefice, it shall make the first void.
                            Ayliffe's Parergon.
Indu'ction, in-duk'shun. n. s. [induction,
  French; inductio,  Latin.]
I. Introduction; entrance;  anciently pre-
  face.
    These promises are fair, the parties sure,
  And our induction full of prosp'rous hope.  Shaksp.
2. Induction .is when, from several  parti-
  cular propositions,  we  infer one  gene-
  ral: as, the  doctrine  of the  Socinians
  cannot  be proved from the gospels, it
  cannot  be proved from the acts of the
  apostles,  it cannot be proved from the
  epistles,  nor the  book  of  revelation;
  therefore it cannot be proved from the
  New Testament.        Watts'  Logick.
    The inquisition by induction is wonderful hard;
  for the things reported are full of fables, and new
  experiments can hardly be made bul with extreme
  caution.                               Bacon.
    Mathematical  things are only capable of clear
  demonstration: conclusions in natural philosophy are
  proved by induction of experiments, things moral
  by moral  arguments, and  matters of fact by credi-
  ble testimony.                        Tillotson.
    Although the arguing from  experiments and ob-
  servations by induction he  no  demonstration of ge-
  neral conclusions, yet it is the best way of arguing
  which the nature of  things admits of, and may be
  looked upon as so much the stronger by how much
  toe induction is more general: and if no exception
  occur from phenomena, the conclusion may be ge-
  neral.                               Newton.
    He brought in a new way of arguing from induc-
  tion, and that grounded upon observation and expe-
  riments.                               Baker.
3. The act  or  state of taking possession
  of an ecclesiastical living.
Indu'ctive, in-diik'tlv. adj. [from induct.]
I. Leading;  persuasive: with to.
               A brutish vice,
  Inductive mainly fo the sin of Eve.        Afiffon.
2. Capable to infer  or produce.
    Abatements may take away infallible  concluden-
  cy in these evidences of fact, yet they may be pro-
  bable  and inductive of credibility, though not of
  science.                                Hale ■
3. Proceeding  not by demonstration, but
   induction.

To Indu'e, in-du'. v. a. [induo, Latin.]
I. To invest; to clothe.
            One first matter all,
  Indu'd wito various forms.               MUton.
2. It seems sometimes to be, even by good
   writers, confounded with endow  or in-
   dow, to furnish  or enrich with any qua-
   lity or excellence.
    The angel, by whom God indu'd the waters  of
  Bethesda with supernatural virtue, was not seen;
  yet the angel's presence was known by the waters.
                                       Hooker.
    His powYs, wito  dreadful strength  indu'd.
                                    Chapman.

To INDU'LGE, ln-dulje'. v. a. [indulgeo,
   Latin.]
I. To encourage by compliance.
    The lazy glutton safe at home will  keep;
  Indulge his sloth, and fatten wito his sleep.  Dryd.
2. To  fondle; to favour;  to gratify with
   concession; to foster.   If the  matter of
   indulgence be a single thing, it has with
   before  it; if it be a habit,  it has  in:  as
  he indulged himself with a draught  of
   wine; and, he indulged himself in shame-
  ful drunkenness.
    A mother was wont to indulge her daughters with
  dogs, squirrels, or birds; but then toey must keep
  them well.                             Locke.
    To live like  those that have their hope in an an-
  other life, implies that we indulge ourselves in the
  gratifications of this life very sparingly. Atterbury.
3. To grant not of right but favour.
    Ancient privileges, indulged by former  kings  to
  their people, must not,  without high reason, be re-
  voked by toeir  successors.                Taylor.
    The virgin ent'ring bright, indufg'd  the day
  To the brown cave, and brush'd the dreams away.
                                      Dryden.
    But since among mankind so few there are,
  Who will conform to philosophick fare,
  This much I will indulge thee for thy ease,
  And mingle something of our times to please.
                                       Dryden.
    My friend, indulge one labour more,
  And seek Air ides.                       Pope.
    Yet, yet a moment, one dim  ray of light
  Indulge,  dread chaos and eternal night!     Pope.
To Indu'lge, ln-dulje. v. ra.  [a latinism
   not in  use.]  To be favourable; to give
   indulgence: with  to.
    He must, by indulging to one sort of reproveable
  discourse himself, defeat his endeavours against the
  rest.                 Government of the  Tongue.
Indu'lgence, In-dol'jense.  7 ra. s. [indul-
Indu'lgf.ncy, in-dul'jen-se. 5  gence,  Fr.
   from indulge.]
1. Fondness;  fond kindness.
          Restraint she will not brook;
  And left to herself, if evil thence ensue,
  She first his weak indulgence will accuse.  Afiffon.
          The  glories of our isle,
  Which yet like golden ore, unripe in beds,
  Expect the warm tndufgency of heaven.   Dryden.

2. Forbearance;  tenderness; opposite  tp
   rigour.
    They  err, that through indufgence  to others, or
   fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for re-
   pentance any thing less.              Hammond.
    In known images  of life, I guess
   The labour greater, as th' indulgence  less.   Pope.
    i'u.uui granted;  liberality. 
IND                                     INE                                     INE
    If all these gracious indulgences are without  any
  effect on us, we must perish in our own folly.
                                      .Rogers.

4. Grant of  the  church of Rome, not  de-
   fined by themselves.
    Thou, that giv'st whores indulgences to sin,
  I'll canvass thee.                   Shakspeare.
    Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls,
  The sport of  winds.                   Afiffon.
    In purgatory, indufgences, and supererogation,
  the assertors seem  to be unanimous in nothing but
  profit.                         Decay of Piety.
    Leo X. is deservedly infamous for his base pros-
  titution of indulgences.               Atterbury.
Indu'lgent, In-dul'jent. adj.  [indulgent,
   French; indulgens, Latin.]
 I.  Kind; gentle; liberal.
     God has done all for us that the most indulgent
   Creator could do for the work of his hands. Rogers.
 2.  Mild; favourable.
     Hereafter such in toy behalf shall  be
   Th' indulgent censure of posterity.        Waller.
 3.  Gratifying; favouring; giving  way to:
   with of.
     The feeble old, indulgent of their  ease. Diyden.
 Indu'lgently, ln-dul'jeut- e. adv.  [from
   indulgent.]   Without severity; witliout
   censure; without self-reproach; with in-
   dulgence.
     He toat not only  commits some act of sin, but
   lives  indulgently in it, is never to be counted a re-
   generate man.                     Hammond.
 Indu'lt, ln-dtilt'.   7   ra.  a.  [Italian  and
 Indu'lto, ln-dui'to.3  French.] Privilege
   or exemption.
 To I'NDURATE, in'du-rate.*93 v. ra. [in-
   duro, Latin.]  To  grow hard; to  harden.
     Stones within the earth at first are but rude earth
   or clay: and so minerals come at first of juices con-
   crete, which afterwards indurate.          Bacon.
     That plants and ligneous bodies  may indurate
   under water without approachment of air, we have
   experiments in corallines.               Brown.
 To 1'ndurate, in'du-rate. v. a.
 I. To make hard.
     A  contracted indurated bladder is a circumstance
   sometimes attending on the stone,  and indeed  an
   extraordinary dangerous one.             Sharp.
 2. To harden the mind; to sear the  con-
    science.
 Indura'tion, in-du-ra'shiin. ra. a.  [from
   indurate.]
 1. The state of growing hard.
     This is a notable instance of condensation and
   induration,  by burial under earth, in caves,  for a
   long  time.                             Bacon.
 2.  The act of hardening.
 3.  Obduracy; hardness of heart.
     Schism is marked out by the apostle as a kind of
   petrifying crime,  which induces that induration to
   which the fearful expectation of wrath is conse-
   quent.                         Decay of Piety.
 INDU'STRIOUS, m-dus'tre-us. adj.[in-
    dustrieux, French; industrius, Latin.]
  1. Diligent; laborious; assiduous: opposed
    to slothful.
     Frugal and industrious men are commonly friend-
   ly to toe established government.         Temple.
 2.  Laborious to a particular end: opposite
    to remiss.
     He himself, being excellently learned,  and  in-
   dustrious to seek out the truth of all things concern-
^   ing the original of his own people, hath set down
   the testimony of  the ancients truly.       Spenser.
              Let  our just censures
    Attend the true event, and put we on
    Industrious soldiership.              Shakspeare.
        His thoughts were low:
  To vice industrious; but to nobler deeds
  Timorous and slothful.                  Afiffon.
3. Designed; done  for the purpose.
    The industrious perforation of the tendons of the
  second joints of fingers and toes, draw the tendons
  of the third joints through.                Afore.
    Observe carefully all the events  which  happen
  either by an occasional concurrence of various cau-
  ses, or  by the industrious application of knowing
  men.                                  Watts.
Indu'striously,  In-dus'tre-us-le.   adv.
   [from industrious.]
1.  With habitual diligence;  not idly.
2. Diligently; laboriously; assiduously.
    Great Britain was never before united under one
  king, notwithstanding that toe uniting had been in-
  dustriously attempted both by war and peace. Bacon.
3.  For  the set purpose;  with design.
    Some friends to vice indwsfriousfy defend
  These innocent diversions, and pretend
  That I the tricks of youth too roughly blame.
                              Dryden's Juvenal.
    I am not under toe necessity of declaring myself,
   and I industriously conceal my name, which wholly
  exempts me from  any hopes and fears.      Swift.
I'ndustry,  in'dus-tre. ra. s.  [industrie,
   French;  industria, Latin.]   Diligence;
   assiduity;  habitual or  actual laborious-
   ness.
    The sweat of industry would dry and die,
   But for the end it works to.           Shakspeare.
             See toe laborious bee
   For little drops of honey flee,
   And there with humble sweets content her industry.
                                       Cowley.
     Providence would only initiate mankind into toe
   useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving fte rest
   to employ our industry, that we might not live like
   idle loiterers.                          More.
 To INE'BRIATE,  in-e'bre-ate."  v.  a.
   [inebrio, Latin.] To intoxicate; to make
   drunk.
     Wine sugared inebriateth  less than  wine pure:
   sops in wine,  quantity for quantity, inebriate more
   than wine of itself.                      Bacon.
     Fish entering far in and meeting  ivith the fresh
   water, as if inebriated, turn up their bellies and are
   taken.                               Sandys.
 To Ine'briate, In-e'bre-ate. v. ra.  To
    grow drunk; to be intoxicated.
     At Constantinople, fish, toat come from toe Eux-
   ine sea into the fresh water,  do inebriate and turn
   up their bellies, so as you may take them with your
   baud.                                 Bacon.

 Inebria'tion, ln-e-bre-a'sln'in. ra. a.  [from
    inebriate]   Drunkenness;  intoxication.
     That cornelians and bloodstones  may be of vir-
   tue, experience will make us grant; but not that an
   amethyst prevents inebriation.            Brown.
 Ineffabi'lity, in-ef-fa-bil'e-te. ra. s. [from
    ineffable.]  Unspeakableness.

 Ine'ffable, in-ef'fa-bl.40* adj.  [ineffable,
    French; ineffabilis, Latin.]   Unspeak-
    able; unutterable: not  to  be expressed.
    It is used almost always in a good sense.
     To  whom the Son, with calm aspect, and clear,
   Light'ning divine, ineffable, serene!
   Made answer.                         MiUon.
     Reflect upon a clear, unblotted, acquitted con-
    science, and feed upon the ineffable comforts of the
    memorial of a conquered temptation.       South.

  Ine'ffably, in-ef'fa-ble. adv. [from in(f'
    fable.] In a manner not to be express-
     He all his father full express'd,
    Ineffably into his face receiv'd.           MUton.
  Ineife'ctive,  in-ef-fek'tiv. adj.  [ineffectif,
    French;  in  and  effective/]  That can
  produce no effect; unactive; inefficient;
  useless.
    As the body, without blood, is a dead and lifeless
  trunk; so is the word of God, without the spirit, a
  dead and tnejfecfice letter.                Taylor.
    He that  assures himself he never errs, will al-
  ways err; and his  presumptions will render all at-
  tempts to inform him ine/fective.         Glanville.
Ineffectual,  in-ef-fek'tshu-al. adj. [in
  and effectual.]  Unable to produce  its
  proper effect;  weak; wanting power.
    The public reading of the Apocrypha they con-
  demn as  a thing effectual unto evil: the bare read-
  ing even of scriptures themselves toey mislike, as a
  thing ineffectual to do good.             Hooker.
    The death of Patrocles, joined to the  offer of
  Agamemnon, which of itself had proved ineffectual.
                                        Pope.
Ineffectually, in-eT-fek'tshu-al-e. adv.
  [from  ineffectual]   Without effect.
Ine* fe'ctualness,  In-ef-fek'tshti-al-nes.
  463 ra. s.  [from ineffectual.]   Inefficacy;
  want of power to  perform the proper
  effect
    St. James speaks of the ineffectualness of some
  men's devotion, Ye ask, and receive not, because ye
  ask amiss.                             Wake.
Inefficacious, In-ef fe-ka'shus. adj. [in-
   efficace, French; inefficax, Lat.] Unable
   to produce effects; weak;  feeble.  In-
   effectual rather denotes an actual failure;
   and inefficacious, an habitual impotence
   to any effect.
    Is not that better than always to have the rod in
  hand, and, by frequent use, misapply and render in-
  efficacious this useful remedy:'             Locke.
Ine'fficaoy, In-ef'fe-ka-se.  ra. s.  [in and
   efficacia, Latin.]  Want of power; want
   of effect.
 Ine'legance, in-el'e-ganse. 7 ra. «.  [from
 Ine'legaxoy, in-el'e-gan-se. $ jnelegant]
   Absence of beauty;  want of elegance.

 INE'LEGANT, in-el'e-gant. adj.  [inele-
   gan8,  Lat.]
 I.  Not becoming; not beautiful: opposite
   to elegant.
     Wrhat order, so contriv'd as not to mix
  Tastes,  not well join'd, inelegant, but bring
  Taste after taste, upheld with kindliest change.
                                       Milton.
     This  very variety of sea and land, hill and dale,
   which is here reputed so inelegant and unbecoming,
   is indeed extremely charming and agreeable.
                                    Woodward.
  ,  Wanting ornament of language.
     Modern criticks having never  read Homer but
   in low and inelegant translations, impute the mean-
   ness of  the translation to the poet.        Broome.
 Ine'loquent, in-el'6-kwent.  adj. [in and
    tloquens, Latin.]   Not persuasive; not
    oratorical: opposite to eloquent.
 Ine'ft, in-ept'.  adj. [ineptus, Latin.]
  I. Trifling; foolish.
     The  works of  nature, being  neither  useless nor
   inept,  must be guided by some principle of know-
   ledge.                                 More.
      After their various unsuccessful ways,
   Their fruitless labour, and inept essays,
   No cause of these appearances they '11 find,
    But power exerted by th' eternal mind. Blackmore,
  2.  Unfit  for any purpose;  useless.
      When the upper and vegetative stratum was once
   washed off by rains,  the hills would have become
   barren, the strata below yielding only mere sterile
    matter, such as  was wholly inept and improper for
    the formation of vegetables.           Woodward. 
INE
INE
INE
Ine'ptly,  in-ept'le.  adv.  [inepte, Latin.]
   Triffingly; foolishly; unfitly.
    None of them are made foolishly or ineptly. More.
    All things were at first disposed by an omniscient
  intellect, that cannot contrive inepffy.    GlanvUle.
Jne'ptitude, in-ep'te-tude.  ra. s.  [from
   ineptus, Latin.]   Unfitness.
    The grating and rubbing of the axes against the
  sockets, wherein they  are placed, will cause some
  ineptitude or resistency to the rotation of  the cylin-
  der.                                  Wilkins.
    An omnipotent agent works infallibly and irre-
  sistibly, no ineptitude or stubbornness of the matter
  being ever able to hinder him.              Ray.
    There is an ineptitude to  motion from too  great
  laxity, and an ineptitude to  motion from  too  great
  tention.                            Arbutlinot.

Inequa'lity, "in-e-kwal'e-te. ra. s.  [incga-
   lite, French; from inaqualitas,  and in-
   equalis, Latin.]
 1.  Difference of comparative quantity.
    There is so great an inequalUy in the length of
  our legs and arms, as makes it impossible for us to
  walk on all four.                         Ray.
2.  Unevenness; interchange of higher and
   lower parts.
    The country is cut into so many hills and inequa-
  lities as renders it defensible.            Addison.
    The glass seemed well wrought; yet when it was
  quicksilvered, the reflexion discovered innumerable
  inequalUies all over the glass.           Newton.
    If there were no inequalities in the surface of the
  earth, nor in toe seasons of the year, we should lose
  a considerable share of  the vegetable kingdom.
                                        ZJenffey.
3.  Disproportion to any office or purpose;
   state of not being adequate; inadequate-
   ness.
    The great ineguafify of all things to the appetites
  of a rational soul appears from this,  that in all
  worldly things a man finds not half the pleasure in
   Ae actual possession that he proposed in  the expec-
   tation.                                 South.
 4.  Change of state;  unlikeness of a thing
    to itself; difference of  temper  or qua-
   lity.
    In some places,  by the nature of the earth, and
  by the situation of woods and hills, tbe air is more
  unequal than in others; and inequalUy of air is ever
  an enemy to health.                     Bacon.
 5.  Difference of rank or station.
    If so small ineguafify between man and  man make
  in them modesty a commendable virtue, who re-
  specting superiors  as superiors,  can neither speak
  nor stand before them without fear.       Hooker-
lNERRABi'LiTY,ln-er-ra-bil'e-te. ra.*. [from
   inerrable.]   Exemption  from  errour;
   infallibility.
    I cannot allow their wisdom such a completeness
  and inerrability as to exclude myself from judging.
                                  King  Charles.

INE'RRABLE,  ln-er'ra-bl.40s  adj.   [in
   and err.]   Exempt from errour.
    We  have  conviction  from  reason,  or decisions
  from the inerrable and requisite conditions of sense.
                                        Brown.
    Infallibility and inerrablencss is  assumed by the
  Romish  church, without any inerrable  ground to
  build it on.                         Hammond.
Ine'rrableness,  In-er'ra-bl-nes.   ra.  s.
   [from inerrable.]   Exemption from er-
   rour.
    Infallibility and ineiroofeness is assumed and in-
  closed by the Romish church, without any inerrable
  ground to build it on.                 Hammond.

Ine'rrably, in-er'ra-ble.  adv. [from in-
   errable.]   With security from  errour;
   infallibly.

       VOL. I.
Ine'rringly, in-er'ring-le.  adv.  [in  and
   erring/]  Without errour; without mis-
   take; without deviation.
    That divers limners at a distance, without copy,
  should draw toe same picture, is more conceivable,
  than that  matter should frame itself so inerringly
  according to toe idea of its kind.        Glanville.
INE'RT, ln-ert'. adj.  [mers, Lat.]  Dull;
   sluggish;  motionless.
    Body alone, inert and brute, you '11 find;
  The cause of all things is by you assign'd. Blackm.
    Informer ofthe planetary train!
  Without whose quickening glance their  cumb'rous
        orbs
  Were brute unlively mass, inert and dead. Thomson.
Ine'rtly, in-ert'le. adv.  [from  inert]
   Sluggishly; dully.
               Ye pow'rs,
  Suspend a while your force inertly strong. Dunciad.
Inesca'tion, In-es-ka'shiin.  ra. s.  [in  and
   esca, Latin.]  The act of baiting.   Diet.
Ine'stimable, in-es'te-ma-bl.  adj. [ines-
   timable, French; inestimabilis,  Latin.]
   Too valuable to be  rated; transcending
   all price.
    I thought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks,
  A thousand men that fishes gnaw'd upon;
  Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
  Inestimable stones, unvalu'd jewels.    Sliakspeare.
    The pope thereupon took advantage, abusing the
  simplicity of the king,  to suck out inestimable sums
  of money, to  the intolerable grievance of both the
  clergy and temporality.                  Abbot.
    There we shall see a sight worthy dying for, that
  blessed Saviour,  of whom the scripture does so ex-
  cellently entertain us,  and who does so  highly de-
  serve of us upon the score of his infinite perfections,
  and his inestimable  benefits.              Boyle.
    And shall this prize, to' inestimable prize,
  On that rapacious hand for ever blaze!     Pope.
Ine'vident, in-ev'e-dent. adj.  [inevident,
   French; in and  evident.]   Not plain;
   obscure.    Not in  use.
    The habit of faith in divinity is an argument  of
  things unseen, and a stable assent unto things ine-
  vident, upon authority ofthe divine revealer. Brown.
Inevitability,  In-ev-e-ta-bil'e-te.  ra.  s.
   [from inevitable.]   Impossibility to  be
   avoided; certainty.
    By liberty, 1 do understand neither a liberty from
  sin, misery,  servitude, nor violence, but from ne-
  cessity, or rather necessitation; that is, an universal
  immunity from all inevUability and determination to
  one.                   Bramhall against Hobbes.
INEVITABLE, in-ev'e-ta-bl. adj. [ine-
   vitable, French; inevitabilis, Lat.]  Un-
   avoidable; not  to be escaped.
    I had a pass with him:  he gives me the stuckin
  with such a mortal  motion, that it is inevitable.
                      Shakspeare's Twelfth Night.
    Fate ineinfa&fe
  Subdues us.                           Jtfiffon.
    Since my inevitable death you know,
  You safely unavailing pity show.         Dryden.
Ine'vitably, in-ev'e-ta-ble.  adv.  [from
   inevitable.]  Without  possibility of es-
   cape.
    The day thou eat'st thereof, my sole command
  Transgrest, inewtaofy thou shalt die.      Milton.
    How inevitably does an  immoderate laughter end
  in a sigh!                              Soufft.
    If they look no further than toe next line, it will
  inevitably follow, that they can drive to no certain
  point.                                Dryden.
    Inflammations of the bowels oft inevitably tend to
  the ruin ofthe whole.                   Harvey-
    If our sense of hearing  were exalted  we should
  have no quiet or sleep in the silentest nights, and
  we must inevUably  be stricken deaf or dead with a
  clap of thunder.                        Bentley.
                     6 N
Inexcu'sable, in-eks-ku'za-bl. adj. [inex-
   cusable,  Fr. inexcusabilis,  Lat.  in and
   excusable.]   Not to be excused; not to
   be palliated by apology.
    It is a temerity, and a folly inexcusable, to deliver
  up ourselves needlessly into another's power.
                                   L'Estrange-
    As we are an island wito ports and navigable
  seas, we should be inexcusabfe if we did not make
  these blessings turn to account.          Addison.
    Such a favour could only render them more ob-
  durate and more inexcusable: it would iuhance their
  guilt.                               Atterbury.
    If learning be not  encouraged under your admi-
  nistration, you are the most inexcusable person alive.
                                         Swift.
    A fallen woman is the more inezeusaofe, as, from
  the cradle  the sex is warned against the delusions
  of men.                              Clarissa.

Inexou'sableness,   in-£ks-ku'za-bl-nes.
   n. s. £from inexcusable.]  Enormity be-
   yond forgiveness or palliation.
    Their inexcusableness is stated upon the supposi-
  tion that toey knew God, but did not glorify him.
                                        Soufft.
Inexcu'sably,   in-eks-kii'za-ble.    adv.
   [from inexcusable.]   To  a degree of
   guilt or  folly beyond  excuse.
    It will inexcusably condemn some men, who hav-
  ing received excellent endowments, yet have frus-
  trated the intention.                    Brown.
Inexha'lable,  in-eks-ha'la-bl.  adj.  [in
   and exhale.] That cannot evaporate.
    A new laid egg will not so easily be boiled hard,
  because it  contains a great stock of humid parts,
  which must be evaporated before the heat can bring
  the inexhalable parts into consistence.      Brown.
Inexha'usted, in-£ks-haws'ted. adj. [in
   and exhausted.]  Unemptied; not possi-
   ble  to be emptied.
    So wert thou born into a tuneful strain,
  An early, rich, and inexhausted vein.      Dryden.
Inexha'ustible,  in-eks-haws'te-bl. adj.
   [in  and  exhaustible]  Not to be drawn
   all away; not to be spent.
    Reflect on the variety of combinations which may
  be made with number, whose stock is inexhaustible,
  and truly infinite.                       Locke.
    The stock that the  mind has in its power, by va-
  rying the idea of space, is  perfectly inexhaustUile,
  and so it can multiply figures i?i inyinificm.  Locke.
Inexi'stent,  ih-egz-is'tent.478  adj.   [in
   and existent.]
I. Not having  being;  not  to be  found in
   nature.
    To express complexed significations, they took  a
  liberty to compound and piece together creatures of
  allowable forms into mixtures inexislent.  Brown.
2. Existing in something else. This use is
   rare.
    We  doubt whether these heterogeneities be so
  much as inerisfenf in toe concrete, whence they are
  obtained.                               Boyle.
Inexi'stence, in-egz-is'tense, ra. s. [in and
   existence.]  Want of being; want of ex-
   istence.
    He calls up  tbe heroes  of former ages from  a
  state of inexistence to  adorn and diversify his poem.
                          Broome on the Odyssey.
Ine'xorable, in-eks'6-ra.-bl.  adj. [inexo-
   rable, Fr. inexorabilis, Lat.] Not  lo be
   entreated; not to be moved by  entreaty.
    You  are more inhuman,  more inexorable,
   Oh ten times more, than tygers of Hyrcania!
                                    Shakfpearex
    Inexorable dog!         Shaksp. Mer. of Venice.
             The scourge
   Inexorable calls to peoance.              MUt< >\ 
INE                                      INE                                     INF
            The guests invited came,
  And with the rest th' inexorabfe dame.     Dryden.
    Th' incajoraofe gates were barr'd,
  And nought was seen, and nought was heard,
  But dreadful gleams, shrieks of woe.        Pope.
    We can  be  deaf  to the words  of so sweet a
  charmer, and inexorable to all his invitations.
                                      Rogers.
Inexpe'dience, in-eks-pe'de-ense. 7 n.s.
Inexpediency, in-eks-pe'de-en-se. 5  [in
   and expediency.] Want of fitness; want
   of propriety; unsuitableness to time or
   place; inconvenience.
    It concerneto superiours to look well to the expe-
  diency and inexpediency of what  they enjoy  in in-
  different things.                     Sanderson.
Inexpedient,  !n-eks-pe'de-ent.293  adj.
   [in  and expedient.] Inconvenient; unfit;
   improper;  unsuitable to time or place.
    It is not inexpedient they should be known to come
  from a person altogether a stranger  to chymical af-
  fairs.                                 Boyle.
    We should be prepared not only with patience to
  bear, but to receive with thankfulness a repulse, if
   God should  see them  to be inexpedient.  Smalridge.
Inexpe'rience, in-eks-pe're-ens. ra. *. [in-
   experience, French; in and experience.]
   Want of experimental knowledge; want
   of experience.
     Thy words at random argue thine inexperience.
                                      Afiffon.
     Prejudice and  self-sufficiency naturally proceed
   from inexperience of the world,  and ignorance of
   mankind.                            Addison.
Inexpe'rienced,  In-dks-pe're-enst.  adj.
   [inexpertus, Lat.]  Not. experienced.

Inexpe'rt, in-eks-pert'. adj. [inexpertus,
   Lat. in and expert.]  Unskilful; unskil-
   led.
             The race elect advance
   Through the wild desert; not the readiest way,
   Lest entering on the  Canaanite alarm'd,
   War terrify them inexpert.               Milton.
     In letters and in laws
   Not inexpert.                          Prior.
 INE'XPIABLE,  in-eks'pe-a-bl. adj. [in-
    expiable, French; inexpiabilis, Latin.]
  1. Not to be atoned.
 2. Not to be mollified  by atonement.
             Love seeks to have love:
   My love how could'st thou hope, who took'st  the
         way
   To raise in me inexpiable hate?          MUton.
 Ine'xpiably, In-eks'pe-a-ble. adv. [from
    inexpiable.] To a degree beyond atone-
    ment.
     Excursions are inexpiably bad,
   And 'tis much safer  to leave out than add.
                                   Roscommon.

  [ne'xpleably, in-eks'ple-a-ble. adv. [in
    and expleo, Lat.]  Insatiably.   A word
    not in use.
     What were these harpies but flatterers, delators,
   and the inexpleably covetous?            Sandys.
  Ine'xplioable, in-eks'ple-ka-bl. adj. [in-
    explicable, French; in and explico, Lat.]
    Incapable of being explained; not to be
    made intelligible; not  to be  disentan-
    gled.
     What could such apprehensions breed,  but, as
   their nature is, ineirpficoofe passions of mind, de-
   sires abhorring what toey embrace, and embracing
   what they abhor?                     .**™£T
     To me at least this seems inexplicable, if light be
   nothing else than pression or motion  propagated
   through ether.                       JVwftwi.
    None eludes sagacious reason more,
  Than this obscure inexplicable pow'r.   Blackmore.

Ine'xplicably,  in-eks'ple-ka-ble.   adv.
  [from inexplicable.]  In a manner not to
  be explained.
Inexpressible,  in-£ks-pres'se-bl.   adj.
  [in and express.]  Not to  be told; not to
  be uttered; unutterable.
            Thus when in orbs
  Of circuit inexpressible they stood,
  Orb within orb.                      Milton.
    Nothing can so peculiarly gratify the noble dis-
  positions of human nature, as  for one man to see
  another so much himself as  to sigh his griefs, and
  groan his pains, to sing his joys, and do and feel
  every thing by sympathy and  secret  inexpressible
  communications.                       South.
    The true God had no certain name given to him:
  for Father, and God, and Creator,  are but titles
  arising from his works; and God is not a name but
  a notion ingrafted in human nature of an inexpres-
  sUrle being.                       Stillingfleet.
    There is an inimitable grace in Virgil's words:
  and in them principally consist toat beauty which
  gives so ine:rpressi&fe a pleasure to him who best un-
  derstands their force: this diction of his is never to
  be copied.                           Dryden.
Inexpressibly,  In-eks-preVse-ble.  adv.
  [from inexpressible.]  To a degree or in
  a manner not to be uttered; unutterably.
    God will protect and reward all his faithful ser-
  vants in a manner and measure inexpressibly abun-
  dant.                             Hammond.
    He began to play upon it: the sound was exceed-
  ing sweet, and wrought into a variety of tunes that
  were inexpressibly melodious.           Addison.
Inexpu'gnable,  in-eks-pug'na-bl.   adj.
  [inexpugnable, French; inexpugnabilis,
   Latin.]  Impregnable;  not to be taken
  by assault; not to be  subdued.
    Why should there be implanted in each sex such
  a vehement and inexpugnable appetite of copula-
  tion.                                  .Ray.
Inexti'nguishable, in-eks-tlng'gwlsh-a-
   bl.406 adj.  [inextinguible, Fr. in and ex-
   tinguo, Lat.] Unquenchable.
     Pillars, statues, and other memorials, are a sort
  of shadow of an endless life, and show an inextin-
  guishable desire which all men have of it.   Grew.
Ine'xtricable, In-eks'tre-ka-bl. adj.  [in-
   extricable, Fr. inextricabilis,  Lat.]  Not
   to be disentangled;  not  to be cleared;
   not to be set free from obscurity or per-
   plexity.
     He that should tye ineifrtcaife knots, only to baf-
  fle the  industry of those that should attempt to un-
  loose them, would be thought not to have served his
  generation.                    Decay of Piety.
     Stopt by awful heights, and gulphs  immense
  Of wisdom, and of vast omnipotence,
   She trembling stands, and does in wonder gaze,
  Lost in the wild inezfricaofe maze.    Blackmore.
     Men are led into inextricable mazes by setting up
  themselves as judges of the world.      Sherlock.
 Ine'xtricably,  in-eks'tre-ka-ble.   adv.
    [from inextricable.]  To a degree of per-
    plexity not to be disentangled.

     The mechanical atheist, toough you  grant him
  his laws of mechanism, is nevertheless inextricably
   puzzled and baffled with the first formation of ani-
   mals.                               Bentley.
     In vain they strive; th' intangling snares deny,
   Inextricably firm, the power to fly.          Pope,
  To Ine'ye,  ln-i.' v. ra.   [in and eye.]   To
    inoculate; to propagate trees by the in-
    sition of a bud into  a foreign stock.
     Let sage experience teach thee all the arts
   Of grafting and ineying.                Philips,
Infallibility, in-fal-le-bil'e-te. 7  n.   s.
Infa'llibleness, in-fal'le-bl-nes. 5    [in-
  fallibilite,  Fr. from infallible.] Inerra-
  bility; exemption from errour.
    Infallibility is the highest perfection of the know-
  ing faculty, and consequently toe firmest degree of
  assent.                             Tillotson.
Infa'llible, in-fal'le-bl.408 adj. [infallible,
  French; in and fallible] Privileged from
  errour; incapable of mistake;  not to be
  misled  or  deceived;   certain.   Used
  both of persons and things.
    Every cause  admittcth not such infallible evi-
  dence of proof,  as  leaveth no possibility of doubt
  or scruple behind it.                   Hooker.
            Believe my words,
  For they are certain and infallible.     Shakspeare.
    The success is certain and infallible, and none
  ever yet miscarried  in the attempt.        Soufft.
Infa'llibly, in-fal'le-ble. adv.  [from in-
  fallible.]
1. Without danger  from deceit; with se-
  curity from  errour.
    We cannot be as God, infallibly knowing good
  and evil.                  Smalridge's Sermons.
2. Certainly.
    Our blessed Lord has distinctly opened the scene
  of futurity to  us, and directed us to such a conduct
  as will infallibly render us happy in it.     Rogers.
To  Infa'me, in-lame', v. a.  [infamer, Fr.
  infamo, Latin.]  To represent to disad-
  vantage; to defame; to censure publick-
  iy; to make  infamous;  to brand.  To de-
  fame is  now used.
    Livia is infamedfor the poisoning of her husband.
                                      Bacon.
            Hitherto obscur'd, infam'd,
  And thy fair fruit let hang, as to no end
  Created.                             MUton.
I'NFAMOUS, In'fa-mus. aciy. [infame, in-
  famant,  Fr.  infamis, Latin.] Publickiy
  branded with guilt; openly  censured; of
  bad report.
    Those that be near, and those toat  be far from
  thee, shall mock thee, which art infamous.  Ezekiel.
    These are as  some infamous bawd or whore
  Should praise a  matron; what could hurt her more ?
                                   Ben Jonson,
    After-times will dispute it, whether Hotham were
  more infamous at Hull or at Tower-hill.
                                 Ring Charles.
    Persons infamous or branded in any public court
  of judicature, are forbidden to be advocates.
                                      Ayliffe.
1'nfamously, in'fa-mtis-le. adv.  [from in-
  famous.]
1. With open  reproach;  with publick  no-
   toriety of reproach.
2. Shamefully; scandalously.
    That poem was infamously bad.       Dryden.
I'nfamousness, in'fa-mus-nes. 7  ra.  *. [in-
I'nfamy, in'fa-me.603           $famie,Fr.
   ivfamia, Lat.]  Publick reproach; noto-
   riety of bad character.
     Ye are taken up in the  lips of talkers, and are
  the infamy of the people.               Ezekiel.
     The noble isle doth want her proper limbs,
  Her face defae'd with scar3 of infamy.   Shaksp.
     Wilful perpetrations of unworthy actions brand,
  wito most indelible characters of infamy, the name
  and memory to posterity.          King Charles.

 I'nfancy, in'fan-se.  n. s.  [infantia, Lat.]
 I. The first part of life. Usually extended
   by naturalists  to seven years.
     Dare we affirm it was ever his meaning, that un-
  to their salvation,  who even from their tender irv
  fancy never knew  any other faith or  religion than 
INF
INF
I NF
   only christian, no kind of teaching can be available,
   saving that which was so needful for the first uni-
   versal conversion of gentiles, hating Christianity?
                                        Hooker.
              Pirithous came t' attend
   This worthy Theseus, his familiar friend:
   Their love in early infancy began,
   And rose as childhood ripen'd into man.  Dryden.
     The  insensible impressions on our tender infan-
   cies, have very important and lasting consequences.
                                          Locke.
 2. Civil infancy,  extended  by the English
    law to one and twenty years.
 3. First age  of any  thing; beginning; ori-
    ginal; commencement.
     In Spain our springs, like old men's children, be
   Decay'd and wither'd from their infancy. Dryden.
     The difference between toe riches of Roman citi-
   zens in the infancy and in toe grandeur of Rome,
   will appear by comparing the first valuation of es-
   tates with the estates afterwards possessed. Arbuth.
 Infa'ngthef, or hingfangtheft, or infang-
    theof,  in-fang'fAef,  is  compounded of
    three  Saxon words: the preposition in,
   fang  or fong, to take or catch, and thef.
    It signifies a privilege or liberty grant-
    ed unto lords of certain manors to judge
    any thief taken within their fee. Cowell.
 I'nfant,  in'fant.  ra. s.  [enfant, Fr. infans,
    Latin.]
 1. A child from the  birth to the end ofthe
    seventh year.
     It being a part of their virtuous education, serv-
   eth greatly both  to nourish in toem the fear of God,
   and to put us in continual remembrance of that pow-
   erful grace, which openeth the mouths of infants to
   sound his praise.                       Hooker.
     There shall be no more thence an infant of days,
   nor an old man that hath not filled his days. Isaiah.
     Young mothers wildly stare, with fear possest,
   And strain toeir helpless infants to their breast.
                                Dryden's AZneid.
 2. [In law.]  A young person to the age of
    one and twenty.
 I'nfant,  in'fant. adj. Not  mature;  in a
    state of initial imperfection.
     Within the infant rind of this small flower
   Poison hath residence, and medicine power. Shaksp.
     First the shrill sound  of a small rural  pipe,
   Was entertainment for the infant stage.   Roscom.
     In their tender nonage, while they spread
   Their springing leaves and lift their infant head,
   Indulge their childhood.          Dryden's Virgil.
 IN FA'NT A, ln-fan'ta.9a ra. s.  [Spanish.]
   A  princess descended from  the  royal
   blood of Spain.

 Infa'nticide, in-fan'te-side.143 ra. s.   [in-
   fanticide, French; infanticidium, Latin.]
   The slaughter ofthe infants by Herod.
 I'nfantile, in-fan'tile.1*6 adj. [infantilis,
   Latin.]  Pertaining to an  infant.
    The fly lies all the winter in these balls in its in-
  fantile state, and  comes not to its maturity 'till  the
  following spring.                       Derham.
 I'nfantry, in'fan-tre.  ra.  s.   [infanterie,
   Fr.] The foot soldiers of an army.
    The principal strength of an army consisteth in
  the infantry or foot; and  to make good infantry, it
  requireth men bred in some free and plentiful man-
  ner.                        Bacon's Henry VII.
           That small infantry
  Wrarr'd on by cranes.                   MUton
Infa'rction,  in-fark'shiin.  ra. s.   [in and
  farcio, Latin.] Stuffing; constipation
    An hypochondriack consumption is occasioned by
  an infarction and obstruction of the spleen. Iltrvey.
To Infa'tuate, in-fatsh'u-ate. v. a. [infa-
    luo, from in and fatuus, Latin; infateur,
    French.]   To strike with  folly; to de-
    prive of understanding.
     The judgment of God will be very visible in in-
   fatuating a people, as ripe and prepared for de-
   struction, into folly and madness, making the weak
   to contribute to toe designs of toe wicked; and suf-
   fering even those, out of a conscience of their guilt,
   to grow more wicked.                 Clarendon.
     It  is the  reforming of the vices  and sottishness
   that had  long  overspread the infatuated gentile
   world: a prime branch of that design of Christ's
   sending his disciples.                Hammond.
              May hypocrites,
   That slily speak one thing, another think,
   Drink on unwarn'd, 'till, by enchanting cups
   Infatuate, they their wily thoughts disclose. Philips.
     The people are so universally infatuated with the
   notion, that, if a cow falls sick, it is ten to one but
   an old woman is clapt up in prison for it.  Addison.
     The carriage of our  athiests or deists is amazing:
   no dotage so infatuate, no phrenzy so extravagant us
   theirs.                               Bentley.
 Infatua'tion,  in-fatsh-i-a'shfin.   ra.   s.
    [from infatuate.]   The act of striking
    with folly;  deprivation of reason.
     Where men give themselves over to the defence
   of wicked interests, and false propositions, it is just
   with God  to smite the greatest  abilities with the
   greatest infatuation.                    South.
 Infau'sting, in-faws'tlng. ra. s. [from in-
   faustus, Latin.]  The act of making un-
    lucky.   An odd and inelegant word.
     As toe king did in  some part  remove the envy
   from  himself,  so  did he not  observe, that he did
   withal bring a kind of malediction and infausting
   upon the marriage, as an ill prognostick.   Bacon.
 Infe'asible,  in-fe'ze-bl. adj. [in and fea-
    sible]   Impracticable; not to be done.
     This is so difficult and infeasible, that it may well
   drive modesty to despair of science.     Glanville.
 To INFE'CT, in-fekt'. v. a. [infecter, Fr.
   infectus, Latin.]
 I. To   act  upon by contagion; to  affect
   with communicated qualities;  to hurt
   by contagion;  to taint; to poison; to pol-
   lute.
     One of those fantastical mind infected people, that
   children and musicians call lovers.        Sidney.
     Thine eyes, sweet lady, have infected mine.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The nature of bad news infects the teller. Shaksp.
             Every day
   It would infect his  speech, that if the king
   Should without issue die, he'd carry it so
   To make the sceptre his.             Shakspeare.
             Infected minds
   To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets.
                                    Shakspeare.
     She  speaks poignards, and  every word stabs: if
   her breath  were as terrible as her terminations,
   toere were no living near her;  she would infect to
   the north star.                      Shakspeare.
            1 am return'd your soldier;
   No more infected with my country's love,
   Then when I parted hence.          Shakspeare.
            The love-tale
  Infected Sion's daughters with like heat.   Milton.
 !. To fill  with something hurtfully conta-
   gious.
    Infected he the air whereon they ride,
  And damn'd all those that trust them!     Shaksp.
Infe'ction, in-fek'shlin.  ra. s.   [infection,
   Fr.  infectio, Latin.]   Contagion; mis-
   chief by communication; taint;  poison.
    Infection is that manner of communicating a dis-
  ra;e by some effluvia, or particles  which fly off
  from toe distempered bodies,  and mixing with the
  jr.ices of others, occasion the same disorders as in
  the bodies they come from.              Quincy.
                    6n2
              What a strange infection,
   Is fall'n into thy ear!                    Shaksp-
                The blessed gods
   Purge all infections from our air, whilst you
   Do climate here.                       Shaksp
      Vouchsafe, diffus'd infection of a man,
   For these known evils, but to give me leave,
   By circumstance, to curse toy cursed self.  Shaksp-
                  Hence,
   Lest that to' infection of his fortune take
   Like hold on thee.                      Shaksp.
     The transmission or emission of the thinner and
   more airy parts  of bodies,  as in odours  and in-
   fections, is, of all the rest, the most corporeal; but
   withal there be  a number of those emissions, both
   wholesome and unwholesome, that give no smell at
   all.                                   Bacon.
 Infe'ctious,  in-fek'shus. adj. [from in-
   fect.]  Contagious; influencing by com-
   municated  qualities.
     The most infectious pestilence upon thee.  Shak.
                  In a house,
   Where the infectious pestilence did reign.  Slutksp.
     Some  known diseases are infectious, and others
   are not:  those  that are  infectious are  such as are
   chiefly in the  spirits,  and not so much in  the hu-
   mours, and therefore pass easily from body to body;
   such as pestilencies and lippitudes.         Bacon.
     Smells may have as much power to do good as to
   do harm, and contribute to health as well as to dis-
   eases; which is too much felt by  experience in all
   that are infectious, and by  toe operations of some
   poisons, that are received only by the smell.
                                       Temple.
 Infe'ctiously, in-fek'sfms-le. adv.  [from
   infectious.] Contagiously.
     The will dotes, that is inclinable
   To what  infectiously itself affects.         Shaksp.
 Infectiousness,  in-fek'shds-nes.  ra.  s.
   [from infectious] The quality of being
   infectious; contagiousness.

 Infe'ctive, in-fek'tiv. adj.  [from infect]
   Having the quality of acting by conta-
   gion.
     True love, well considered, hato an infective pow-
   er.                                  Sidney.
 Infecu'nd, in-fek'ilnd. ra.  s.  [infecundus,
   Latin.]  Unfruitful; infertile.
     How safe and agreeable a conservatory the earth
   is  to vegetables, is manifest from their rotting,  dry-
   ing, or  being rendered infecund  in the waters, or
   the air; but in the earth their vigour is long pre-
   served.                              Derham.

 Infecu'ndity,  in-fe-kiiq-de-te. ra. s.  [in-
  facunditas, Latin.]    Want of  fertility;
   barrenness.

lNFELi'ciTY,in-fe-lis'se-te. ra. s. [infelicite,
   Fr. infelicitas,  Latin ]  Unhappiness;
   misery; calamity.
    Whatever is the ignorance and infelicity of the
  present state, we were made wise and happy.
                                      Gfanuiffe.
    Here is our great infelicity,  that,  when  single
  words signify complex ideas, one word can  never
  distinctly manifest all the parts of a complex  idea.
                                        Waffs.
 To  INFE'R,  in-fer'. v. a.  [inferer, Fr.
   infero,  Latin.]
 I. To bring on;  to induce.
    Vomits infer some small detriment to toe lungs.
                                      Harvey.
2. To infer is nothing but, by  virtue of one
   proposition laid down  as true, to draw
   another as true, i. e.  to see or  suppose
   such a  connection  of  the  two  ideas of
   the inferred proposition.          Locke.  -
    Yet what thou canst attain, which best may sene
  To glorify the Maker and infer 
INF                                         INF                                       INF
  Thee also happier, shall not be with-held
  Thy hearing.                           Milton.
                     Great,
  Or bright, infers not excellence: the earth,
  Though in comparison of heav'n so small,
  Nor glistering, may of solid good contain
  More plenty than the sun, that barren shines.
                                        Afiffon.
    One would wonder how, from so different pre-
  mises, they should all infer the same conclusion.
                                 Decay of Piety.
    They  have more  opportunities than  other men
  have of purchasing  publick esteem, by deserving
  well of mankind; and such opportunities always infer
  obligations.                           Atterbury.
3. To offer; to produce.   Not in use.
    Full well hath Clifford play'd the orator,
  Inferring arguments  of mighty force.      Shaksp.
I'nference, in'fer-ense.  ra. s.  [inference,
   French; from infer.]  Conclusion drawn
   from previous arguments.
    Though it may chance to be right in the conclu-
  sion, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the, method of
  inference.                            Glanville.
    These inferences or conclusions are the effects of
  reasoning, and the three propositions, taken all to-
  gether, are  called syllogism or argument.    Waffs.
Infe'rible, in-feVre-bl. adj. [from infer.]
   Deducible from premised grounds.
     As simple mistakes commonly beget fallacies, so
  men from fallacious Inundations, and misapprehend-
  ed mediums, erect  conclusions  no way  inferible
  from their premises.                    Brown.
Inferiority, in-fe-re-6r'e-te. ra.  s.  [infe-
   riorite, Fr.  from inferiour.] Lower state
   of dignity or value.
     The language, though not of equal dignity, yet as
   near approaching to it as our modern barbarism
   will allow;  and therefore we are to rest contented
   wito that only inferiority which is not possibly to be
   remedied.                             Dryden.
INFETUOUR, in-fe're-ur.31* adj. [infe-
   rior, Latin; inferieur, French.]
 1. Lower in place.
2. Lower in station or  rank  of life:  correl-
   ative  to  superiour.
     Render me more equal, or perhaps
   Superiour,  for inferiour who is free?      Afiffon.
 3.' Lower in value or excellency.
     The love of liberty with life is giv'n,
   And life itself to' inferiour gift of heav'n.  Dryden.
     I have added some  original papers of  my own,
   which, whether they are equal or inferiour, to my
   other poems, an author is the most improper judge
   of.                                   Dryden.
 4. Subordinate.
     General  and fundamental  truths in  philosophy,
   religion, and human life, conduct our thoughts into
   a  thousand inferiour and particular propositions.
                                          Waffs.
 Infe'riour, in-fe're-ilr. ra. s. [from  the ad-
   jective.]  One  in a lower rank or sta-
   tion than another.
     A great  person gets more  by obliging his infe-
   riour than  by disdaining him.              South.
Infe'rnal, in-fer'nal. adj.[infernal, Fr. in-
   fernus, Latin.]  Hellish;  tartarean;  de-
   testable.
     His gigantick limbs with large embrace,
   Infolds nine acres of infernal space. ^      Dryden.
Infe'rnal Stone, in-feVnal-stone'.  ra. s.
     Infernal stone, or the lunar caustick, is  prepared
   from an evaporated solution of silver, or from crys-
   tals of silver.  It is a very powerful caustick, eat-
   ing away the flesh and even the bones to which it is
   applied.                                 HilL
Infe'rtile, In-fSr'tll.1*0 adj. [infertile, Fr.
   in and fertile.]  Unfruitful; not  product-
   ive; wanting fecundity; infecund.
    Ignorance being of itself, like stiff clay, and in-
 fertile soil, when pride comes to scorch and harden
  it, it grows perfectly impenetrable.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Infertility, iu-fer-til'e-te. ra. a.  [infer-
   tilite, French; from infertile.]  Unfruit-
   fuiness; want of fertility.
    The same distemperature of the  air that occa-
  sioned  the plague,  occasioned  the  in/erfifify or
  noxiousness of the soil, whereby the fruits of the
  earth became either very small,  or very unwhole-
  some.                                  Hale.
To Infe'st, in-fest'. v. a. [infester, Fr. in-
  festo,  Lat.]  To harass;  to  disturb; to
   plague.
               Unto my feeble breast
  Come gently; but not with that mighty rage
  Wherewith the martial troops thou do'st infest,
  And hearts of greatest heroes do'st enrage. Spenser.
    They ceased not, in the mean while, to strength-
  en  that part which  in heart they favoured, and to
  infest by all means, under colour of other  quarrels,
  toeir greatest adversaries in this cause.    Hooker.
    Although they were a people infested, and migh-
  tily  hated of  all others,  yet was there nothing of
  force to work the ruin of toeir state, till  the  time
  beforementioned was expired.           Hooker.
    They were  no mean,  distressed, calamitous  per-
  sons that fled  to him for refuge; but of so great
  quality, as it was apparent toat they came not
  thither to protect their  own fortune, but to infest
  and invade his.                         Bacon.
    Envy, avarice, superstition,  love, with the  like
  cares and passions, infest human life.     Addison.
    No disease infests  mankind more terrible in its
  symptoms and effects.                 Arbuthnot.
Infesti'vity, in-fes-tiv'e-te. ra. s. [in  and
  festivity.] Mournfulness; want of cheer-
   fulness.

Infe'stred,  in-fes'tiir'd. adj. [in and feel-
   er.] Rankling.;  inveterate. Obsolete.
    This cursed creature, mindful of that old
  Infestred grudge, the which his mother felt,
    So soon as Clarion he did behold,
  His heart wito vengeful malice inly  swelt. Spenser.
Infeuda'tion, in-fu-da'shiin. ra. *.  [in  and
  feudum, Latin.] The act of putting  one
   in possession of a fee or estate.
    Another military  provision was conventional and
  by  tenure, upon the in/eudafion of the tenant, and
   was usually called knight's service.         Hale.

 I'nfidel, in'fe-del.  ra.  a.  [infidelle,  Fr.
   inf.delis, Lat.]    An unbeliever;  a mis-
   creant;  a pagan;  one who rejects Chris-
   tianity.
    Exhorting her, if she did marry, yet not to join
   herself to an infidel, as in those times some widows
   christian had done, for the advancement of  their
   estate in this world.                     Hooker.

 Infide'lity, !n-fe-dei'e-te. ra. s. [infidelite,
   Fr. infidelitas, Lat.]
 1. Want of faith.
     The consideration of the divine omnipotence and
   infinite wisdom, and our own ignorance, are  great
   instruments of silencing the murmurs of infidelity.
                                        Taylor.
 2. Disbelief of Christianity.
     One would fancy that infidels  would be exempt
   from that single fault, which seems to grow out of
   toe imprudent fervours of religion; bui so it is, that
   infidelity is propagated with as much fierceness and
   contention, as if the safety of mankind depended
   upon it.                               Addison.
 3. Treachery;  deceit; breach of contract
    or trust.
     The inyideflfies on the one  part between the two
   sexes,xand the caprices on the other; the vanities
   and vexations attending even  the most refined de-
  lights that make up tois business of  life, render it
  silly and uncomfortable.               Spectator
FN FINITE, in'fe-nlt. adj.[infini, French;
   infinitus, Latin.]
I. Unbounded; boundless;  unlimited; im-
   mense;  having no boundaries or limits
   lo its nature.
    Impossible it is,  that God should withdraw his
  presence from any thing, because the very substance
  of God is infinite.                      Hooker.
    What's time, when on eternity we think?
  A thousand ages in that sea must sink:
  Time 's nothing but a word; a million
  Is full as far from infinite as one.       Denham.
    Thou sov'reign pow'r, whose secret will controuls
  The inward bent and motion of our souls!
  Why hast thdu plac'd such inymife degrees
  Between toe cause and cure of my disease? Prior.
    When we would think of infinite space  or dura-
  tion, we at first make some very large idea; as per-
  haps of millions of ages or miles, which possibly we
  multiply several times.                   Locke.
    Even an angel's comprehensive thought
  Cannot extend as far as thou hast wrought;
  Our vast conceptions are by swelling brought,
  Swallow'd  and lost in infinite, to nought.  Dennis.
2.  It  is hyperbolically  used   for  large;
   great.
I'nfinitely, in'fe-nit-le.  adv.  [irom.infi-
   nite.]
1. Without  limits;  without bounds;  im-
   mensely.
    Nothing may be  infinitely desired, but that good
  which indeed is infinite.                 Hooker.
2. In a  great degree.
              This is  Antonio,
  To whom I am so infinitely bound.        Shaksp.
    The  king saw that contrariwise it would follow,
  toat England, though  much  less in  territory, yet
  should  have  infinitely more  soldiers of toeir na-
  tive forces than those other nations have.   Bacon.
    Infinitely toe greater part of mankind have pro-
  fessed to act under a full persuasion of tois great
  article.                               Rogers.
1'nfiniteness, in'fe-nit-nes. ra. a.   [from
   infinite.]  Immensity;  boundlesness; in-
   finity.
    The cunning of his flattery, the readiness of his
  tears, the infiniteness of his vows, were  but among
  the weakest threads of his net.            Sidney.
    Let us always bear  about us such impressions of
  reverence, and fear of God, that we may humble
  ourselves before his almightiness, and express toat
  infinite distance between his infiniteness  and our
  weaknesses.                            Taylor.
Infinite'simal,  In-fe-ne-tes'se-mal.  adj.
   [from infinite.] Infinitely divided.
Infi'nitive, in-fin'e-tiv.  adj. [infnitif, Fr.
   infinitivus,  Lat.]  In grammar, the infi-
   nitive affirms or  intimates the intention
   of affirming, which is  one use ofthe in-
   dicative; but then it does not do it abso-
    lutely.                             Clarke.

 Infi'nitude,  in-fin'e-tude. ra.  *.  [from in-
   finite.]
 I. Infinity;  immensity.
     Confusion heard his voice, and wild uproar
   Stood rul'd,  stood vast inyinifude confin'd.  MUton.
     Though the repugnancy of infinitude he equally
   incompetible to continued or successive motion, or
   continued quantity, and depends upon the incompos-
   sibility ofthe very nature of things successive or ex-
   tensive with infinitude; yet that incompossibility is
   more conspicuous  in discrete quantity, that ariseto
   from parts actually distinguished.          Hale.
 2. Boundless number.
     We see all the good sense of the age cut out, and
   minced into almost an infinitude of distinctions.
                                        Addison. 
INF                                      INF                                      INf
Infi'nity,  in-fin'e-te. ra. a. [infinite, Fr.
   inflnitas, Latin.]
1. Immensity; boundlessness;  unlimited
   qualities.
    There cannot be more infinities than one; for one
  of them would limit the other.            Raleigh.
    The better,  the more desirable;  that therefore
  taust be desirable, wherein there is infinUy of good-
  ness; so that if any thing desirable may be infinite,
  that must needs be the highest of all things that are
  desired: no good is infinite but only God, therefore
  he is our felicity and bliss.               Hooker.
2. Endless  number.   A hyperbolical use
   ofthe  word.
    Homer has concealed faults under an infinity of
  admirable beauties.                    Broome.
    The liver, being swelled, compresseth the sto-
  mach, stops the circulation of the juices,  and pro-
  duceth an infinity of bad symptoms.    Arbuthnot.
Infi'rm, ln-ferm'.108 adj.[infirme, French;
   inflrmus, Latin.]
1. Weak; feeble; disabled of body.
           Here stand I your brave;
  A poor, inyirm, weak, and despis'd old man.  SAai;.
2. Weak  of mind; irresolute.
    I am afraid to think what I have done:
  Look on 't again, I dare not.
  ----Infirm of purpose;
  Give me the dagger.                    Shaksp.
    That on my head all might be visited,
  Thy frailty, and infirmer sex, forgiv'n;
  To me committed, and by me expos'd.     Milton.
3. Not stable; not solid.
    He who fixes upon  false principles, treads upon
  infirm ground, and so sinks; and he who fails in his
  deductions from right principles, stumbles upon firm
  ground, and falls.                        South.
To Infi'rm,  ln-ferm'.  v. a. [infirmer, Fr.
   infirmo, Latin.]   To  weaken; to shake;
   to enfeeble.   Not in  use.
    Some contrary spirits will object this as  a suffi-
  cient reason to  infirm all those points.     Raleigh.
    The spleen  is unjustly introduced to invigorate
  the sinister side, which, being dilated, would rather
  infirm and debilitate it.                 Brown.

Infi'rmary, In-fer'ma-re. ra. s. [inflrmerie,
   French.]  Lodgings for the sick.
    These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both
  sides, and the  end for privy galleries,  whereof
  one should be for an infirmary,  if any special per-
  son should be sick.                      Bacon.
Infi'rmity, in-fer'me-te.  ra. s. [inflrmite,
   French.]
 1. Weakness  of sex, age, or temper.
                 Infirmity,
  Which waits  upon worn  times, hath something
        seiz'd
   His wish'd ability.                     Shaksp.
           Discover thine inyirmify,
  That warranteth by law to be thy privilege:
  I am with child, ye bloody homicides.     Shaksp.
    If he had done  or said any  thing amiss, he de-
  sired their worships to think it was his  inyirmifies.
                                       Sliaksp.
    Are the inyirmifies of the body, pains, and dis-
  eases his complaints?  His faith reminds him of the
  day when tois corruptible shall put on incorruptiou,
  and this mortal immortality.             Rogers.
2. Failing;  weakness; fault.
    A friend should bear a friend's infirmities;
   But Brutus makes mine greater than they  are.
                                       Shaksp.
    Many infirmities made it appear more requisite,
  toat a wiser man should have the application of his
  Interest.                            Clarendon.
    How difficult is it to preserve a great name, when
   he that has acquired it is so obnoxious to such little
   weaknesses and infirmities, as are no small diminu-
   tion to it.                             Addison.
 & Disease; malady.
    General laws are like general rules of physick,
  according whereunto, as now, no wise man will de-
  sire himself to be cured, if there be joined with his
  disease some special accident, in regard that thereby
  others in the same  infirmity, but  without toe like
  accident may.                        Hooker.
    Sometimes toe races of man may be depraved by
  toe infirmities of birth.                 Temple.
Infi'rmness, in-ferm'nes. ra. s.  [from in-
  firm/]  Weakness; feebleness.
    Some  experiments  may discover  toe infirmness
  and insufficiency of the peripatetick doctrine. Boyle.
To Infi'x, in-fiks'. v. a. [infixus,  Latin.]
   To  drive in; to set; to fasten.
    And at the point two stings infixed are,
  Both  deadly sharp, that sharpest steel exceeden far.
                                      Spenser.
            I never lov'd myself,
  'Till  now, infixed, I behold myself,
  Drawn in toe flatt'ring table of her eye.   Shaksp.
    Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round. MUton,
    That sting infix'd within her haughty mind,
  And her proud heart with secret sorrow pin'd.
                                      Dryden.
    The fatal dart a ready passage found,
  And deep within her heart infix'd the wound.
                                      Dryden.
To INFLA'ME, in-flame'. v. a. [inflam-
   mo, Latin.]
1. To kindle; to set on lire;  to make to
   burn.
    Love more clear, dedicated to a love more cold,
  with the clearness lays a night  of sorrow upon me,
  and with tbe coldness in/fames a world of fire within
  me.                                  Sidney.
    Its waves of torrent fire inflam'd with rage. Afiff.
2. To kindle any passion.
    Their lust was inflam'd towards her. Susannah.
3. To fire with passion.
    More  inflam'd with lust than rage.     Milton.
    Satan, wito thoughts inflam'd of highest design,
  Puts on swift wings.                   Jtfiffon.
4. To  exaggerate; to aggravate.
    A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy
  inflames his crimes.                   Addison.
5. To  heat  the  body  morbidly  with ob-
   structed matter.
6. To provoke; to irritate.
    A little vain curiosity weighs so much wito us, or
  the church's peace so little, that we sacrifice the one
  to the whetting and inflaming of the other.
                                 Decay of Piety.

To Infla'me, in-flame'. v.  ra.  To  grow
   hot, angry,  and  painful  by obstructed
   matter.
    If toe  vesiculae are opprest, they inflame.
                                     Wiseman,
Infla'mer,  In-fla'miir. ra.  s.  [from in-
  flame.]   The  thing  or person that in-
   flames.
    Interest is a great inftamer, and sets a man on
  persecution under the colour of zeal.     Addison.
    Assemblies, who act  upon  publick principles,
  proceed  upon influence from particular leaders and
  inflamers.                             Swift.

lNFLAMMABi'LiTY,in-flam-ma.-bil'e-te. ra. s.
   [from  inflammable.]  The quality  of
   catching fire.
    This it will do, if the ambient air be impregnate
  wito  subtile inflammabilities.             Brown.
    Choler is the most inflammable part ofthe blood;
  whence, from its  inflammability, it is called a sul-
  phur.                               Haney.
Infla'mmable, in-flam'ma-bl. adj.  [Fr.]
   Easy  to be  set  on  flame;  having the
   quality  of flaming.
    The juices of olives, almonds, nuts, and pine-
  apples, are all inflammable.              Bacon.
    Licetos thinks it possible to extract an inflamaiii
  ble oil from the stone asbestos.           tVUkins.
    Out of water grow all vegetable and animal sub-
  stances, which consist as well of sulphureous, fat,
  and inflammable parts, as of earthy and alcalizate
  ones.                                Newton.
    Inflammable spirits are subtile  volatile liquors,
  which eome over in distillation,  miscible with wa-
  ter, and wholly combustible.           Arbuthnot.
Infla'mmableness,     in-flam'ma-bl-nes,
  ra.  s. [from inflammable/]  The  quality
  of easily catching fire.
    We may treat of the inflammableness of bodies-
                                        Boyle*
Inflamma'tion,  in-flam-ma'shijin.  ra. s.
  [inflammatio, Latin; inflammation, Fr.]
I. The act of setting on flame.
    Inflammations of air from meteors, may have a
  powerful effect upon men.              Temple.
2. The  state of being in flame.
    The flame extendeth not beyond the inflammable
  effluence, but closely adheres unto the original of
  its inflammation.                      Brown.
    Some urns  have had inscriptions on toem express-
  ing  that the lamps within them were burning when
  they were first buried: whereas the inflammation of
  fat and viscous vapours doth presently vanish.
                              Wilkins' Dadalus.

3. [In chirurgery.] Inflammation is when
  the blood  is obstructed so as to crowd
  in  a greater quantity into any particular
  part, and gives it a greater colour and
  heat than usual.                  Quincy.
    If that bright spot stay in his place, it is an in-
 flammation of the burning.             Leviticus.
4. The act of exciting fervour of mind.
    Prayer kindleth our desire to behold God by spe-
  culation, and  the mind, delighted with that contem-
  plative sight of God,  taketh every where new in-
 flammations to pray the riches of the mysteries of
  heavenly wisdom, continually stirring up in us cor-
  respondent desires towards them.         Hooker.
Inflammatory,  in-flam'ma-mr-e.612  adj.
  [from  inflame/]  Having the power of
  inflaming.
    The extremity of pain often creates a coldness in
  the  extremities: such a sensation is very consistent
  with an inflammatory distemper.       Arbuthnot.
    An inflammatory fever hurried him out of this life
  in three days.                   Pope to Swift.
To INFLA'TE,  in-flate'.  v. a. [inflatus,
  Latin.]
I. To  swell with wind.
    That the muscles are inflated  in time of rest, ap-
  pears to the very eye in the faces of children. Ray.
    Vapours are  no other  than inflated vesiculae  of
  water.                               Derham,
 !. To fill with the breath.
    With might and main they chas'd toe murd'roui
        fox,
  With brazen  trumpets and inflated box,
  To  kindle Mars with military sounds,
  Nor wanted horns t' inspire sagacious hounds. Dryd.
Infla'tion,  in-fla'shun. ra. s. [inflatio, Lat.
   from inflate/]  The  state  ot being swell-
   ed with wind;  flatulence.
    Wind coming upwards, inflations and  tumours of
  toe belly, are signs of a phlegmatick constitution.
                             Arbuthnot on Diet.
To INFLE'CT,  in-flekt'.  v. a.  [inflecto,
   Latin.]
I.  To bend;  to turn.
    What makes toem this one way their race direct,
  While they a thousand other ways reject?
  Why do they never once their course inflect?
                                    Blackmore.
    Do not the rays of light which fall  upon  bodies,
  begin to bend before they arrive at the bodies? And
  arc toey not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one 
INF
INF
INF
  and the same principle, acting variously in various \
  circumstances?                JVcwfon's Opticks.
2. To  vary a noun or verb in its  termina-
  tions.

Infle'ction, in-flek'shun.  n. *. Unflectio,
   Latin.]
 1. The act of bending  or  turning.
     Neither the divine determinations, persuasions, or
  inylecfions of the understanding or will of rational
  creatures, doth deceive the understanding, pervert
  the will, or necessitate either to any  moral evil.
                                          Hale.
 2.  Modulation of the voice.
     His virtue, his gesture, his countenance, his zeal,
   the motion of his body, and  the inflection  of his
   voice, who first uttereth them as his own, is toat
   which giveth the very essence of instruments availa-
   ble to eternal life.                      Hooker.
 3. Variation of a noun or verb.
     The same word in  the original tongue, by divers
   inflections and variations, makes divers dialects.
                                     Brerewood.
 Infle'ctive, ln-flek'tiv.  adj.  [from  in-
   flect.]   Having  the power of bending.
     This inyXecfire quality of the air is a great incum-
   brance and confusion of astronomical observations.
                                       Derham.

 Inflexibility, in-fleks-e-bil'e-te. ? ra.  a.
 lNFLE'xiBLENESs,ln-fleks'e-bl-nes. $  [in-
   flexibility, French; from  inflexible.]
 1.  Stiffness;  quality of resisting flexure.
 2.  Obstinacy; temper  not to be bent;  in-
    exorable pertinacy.

 Infle'xible, in-fleks'e-bl.400 adj. [French.
    inflexibilis, Latin.]
 I.  Not to be bent  or incurvated.
     Such  errors  as are but acorns in our younger
   brows, grow oaks in our older heads, and become
   inflexible to the powerful arm of  reason.   Brown.
     Too great rigidity and  elasticity of the fibres
   makes them inyleiriofe to the causes, to which they
   ought to yield.                      Arbuthnot.
 2.  Not to be prevailed on;  immoveable.
     The man resolv'd and steady to his trust,
   Inflexible to ill, and obstinately just.    Addison.
     A man of an upright and inflexible temper, in the
   execution of his country's  laws,  can overcome  all
   private fear.                          Addison.
 3.  Not to be changed or altered.
     The nature of things is inflexible, and their natu-
   ral relations unalterable: we must bring our under-
   standings to things, and not bend things to our fan-
   cies.                                   Waffs.
 Infle'xibly, in-fleks'e-ble. adv. [from in-
   flexible.]  Inexorably; invariably; with-
    out relaxation or remission.
     It should be begun early, and inflexibly kept  to,
   'till there appears not the least reluctancy.  Locke.
 To INFLI'CT, in-flikt'. t;. a.  [infligo, in-
   flictus, Latin; infliger, French.]  To put
   in act  or impose as a punishment.
     I know no pain they can  inyhef upon him,
   Will make him say I mov'd him to those arms.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Sufficient is tois punishment which was inflicted.
                                         2 Cor.
     What the potent victor in his rage
   Can else inflict.                       MUton.
     What  heart  could wish, what hand inflict this
   dire disgrace.                  Dryden's At,neid.
     By luxury we condemn ourselves to greater tor-
   ments than have been yet invented by anger or re-
   venge, or inflicted by the greatest tyrants upon the
   worst of  men.                          Temple.

 Infli'cter,  in-flik'tur.98  n. s. [from in-
  flict.]   He who  punishes.
     Revenge is commonly not bounded,  but extend-
  ed to the utmost power of the inyTiefer.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Infli'ction, in-flik'shiin. ra. s. [from in-
  flict.]
I. The act of using punishments.
             So our decrees,
  Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead;
  And liberty plucks justice by the nose. Shakspeare.
    Sin ends certainly in death; death not only as to
  merit, but also as to actual infliction.      South.
2. The punishment imposed.
    What, but thy malice, movll thee to misdeem
  Of  righteous Job, than cruelly to afflict him
  With all inflictions? But his patience won. Milton.
    How despicable are the threats of a creature as
  impotent as ourselves, when compared with  the
  wrath of an Almighty Judge, whose power extends
  to eternal inflictions.                   Rogers.
    His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of
  justice and righteousness.               Rogers.
Inflictive, in-flik'tiv.  adj.   [inflictive,
   French;  from inflict.]   That imposes a
   punishment.

I'NFLUENCE, in'flu-ense.  ra.  s.  [influ-
   ence, French; influo,  Latin.]
 1. Power of the celestial aspects operating
   upon terrestrial bodies and affairs.
    The sacred influence of light appears.  Jtfiffon.
    Comets no rule, no righteous order own;
  Their myluence dreaded, as their ways unknown.
                                        Prior.
2. Ascendant power;  power  of directing
   or modifying.  It was anciently follow-
   ed by into} now, less properly, by upon.
    Incomparable lady, your commandment doth not
  only give me the will, but the power to obey you,
  such influence hath your excellency.       Sidney.
    God bath his influence into the very essence of all
  things, without which influence of Deity supporting
  them, their utter  annihilation could not chuse but
  follow.                               Hooker.
    A wise man shall over-rule his stars, and have a
  greater influence  upon his own content than all the
  constellations and planets of  the firmament.
                     Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
    Foreknowledge had no influence  on their fault.
                                       Aliffon.
    Religion  hath so great an influence upon the feli-
  city of men, toat it ought to be upheld, not only out
  of a dread of the divine vengeance in another world,
  but out of regard to temporal prosperity. Tillotson.
    Our inconsistency in toe pursuit of schemes tho-
  roughly digested,  has a bad influence on our affairs.
                                      Addison.
    So astonishing  a scene would have present influ-
  ence upon toem, but not produce a lasting effect.
                                     Atterbury.
    Where it ought to have greatest influence,  this
  obvious indisputable truth is little regarded. Rogers.
 To  I'nflwence, in'flu-ense.  v. a.  [from
   the noun.]   To act upon with  directive
   or impulsive power;  to modify  to any
   purpose; to  guide or  lead  to any end.
    By thy kind pow'r and influencing care,
  The various creatures move, and live, and are.
                                       Afiffon.
    These experiments succeed after the same man-
  ner in vacuo as in the open  air, and therefore are
  not influenced by  the weight  or pressure of toe at-
  mosphere.                   JVeuifon's Opticks.
    This standing revelation was attested in the most
  solemn and credible manner; and is sufficient to in-
  fluence their faith and practice, if they attend.
                                     Atterbury.
    All the restraint men are  under is, by the viola-
  tion of one  law, broken through; and the principle
  which influenced their obedience has lost its efficacy
  on them.                              Rogers.

I'nfluent, in'flu-ent. adj. [influensf Lat.]
  Flowing in.
    The chief intention of chirurgery,  as  well  as
  medicine, is keeping a just equilibrium between the
  influent fluids and vascular solids.      Arbuthnot.
Influe'ntia;,,  fn-flu-en'shal.  adj.  [from
  influence] Exerting influence or power.
    Our now  overshadowed souls may be emblemed
  by those crusted globes, whose influential emissions
  are interrupted by the interposal of the benighted
  element.                            Gfanriffe.
    The inward springs and wheels of toe  corporal
  machine, on the  most sublimed intellectuals, are
  dangerously influential.               Glanville.
I'NFLUX, in'fluks. ra. s.  [influxus, Lat.]
I. Act of flowing into any thing.
    We will enquire whether there be in the footsteps
  of nature, any such transmission and inylux of im-
  materiate virtues, and what  the force of imagina-
  tion is,  either upon  the body imaginant, or upon
  another body.          Bacon's Natural History.
    If once contracted in a systole, by the influx of
  the  spirits,  why, the  spirits continually flowing in
  without let, doth it not always remain so?     Ray.
    An elastick fibre, like a bow, the more extended,
  it restores itself with  the greater force: if the spring
  be destroyed, it is like a bag, only passive  as to the
  influx of the liquid.                 Arbuthnot.
2. Infusion; intromission.
    There is  another life after this; and the inylua:of
  the knowledge of God, in relation to this everlast-
  ing life, is infinitely of moment.            Hale.
3. Influence; power.   In this sense  it is
   not now  used.
    Adam, in innocence, might have held, by the con-
  tinued influx of the divine will and power, a state of
  immortality.                            Hale.
    These two do  not so much concern sea-fish, yet
  they have a great influx  upon rivers, ponds, and
  lakes.                                  Hale.
Influ'xious, in-fluk'shiis. adj.  [from in-
  flux.]   Influential.   Not used.
    The moon hath an influxious power to make im-
  pressions upon their humours.           Howell.
To Info'ld,  ln-fold'. v.  a.  [in and fold.]
   To involve;  to  inwrap; to  inclose with
   involutions.
    For all the crest a dragon did i»i/ofd
  With greedy paws, and over all did spread
  His golden wings.                 Fairy Qjueen.
    Noble Banquo, let me infold thee,
  And' hold thee to my heart.           Shakspeare.
    But does not nature for the child prepare
  The parent's love, the tender nurse's care?
  Who, for their own forgetful, seek his good,
  Infold his limbs in bands, and fill his veins with food.
                                    Blackmore.
    Wings raise her arms, and wings her feet infold.
                                         Pope.
To Info'liate, in-fo'le-ate.91 v.  a. [in and
  folium, Latin.]    To cover with  leaves.
   Not much used, but elegant.
    Long may his fruitful  vine infoliate and clasp
  about him with embracements.          Howell.
To INFO'RM, in-form'. v.a. [informer,
   French;  informo, Latin.]
I.  To animate; to actuate by vital powers.
         All  alike inform'd
  With radiant light, as glowing ir'n with fire.  MiU.
    Let others better mold toe running mass
  Of metals,  and inform the breathing brass;
  And soften  into flesh a marble face.       Diyden.
    As from chaos, huddl'd and deform'd,
  The god struck fire, and lighted up the lamps
  That beautify the sky; so he inform'd
  This ill-shap'd body with a daring soul.
                                Dryden and Lee. ■
    Breath informs this fleeting frame.       Prior.
    This sovereign arbitrary soul
  Informs, and moves,  and animates toe whole.
                                     Blackmore.
    While life informs these limbs, the king reply'd,
  Well to deserve  be all my cares employ'd.  Pope. 
INF
INF
INF
2. To instruct;  to supply with new know-
   ledge;  to  acquaint.   Before  the thing
   communicated  was  anciently put with:
   now generally of; sometimes in, I know
   not how properly.
    The drift is to inform their minds toifft some me-
  thod of reducing toe laws into their original causes.
                                      Hooker.
    I have this present evening from my sister
  Been well inform'd of them, and with cautions.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Our ruin, by thee inform'd, I learn.    Milton.
    The long speeches rather confounded than inform-
  ed his understanding.                Clarendon.
    The difficulty arises not from what sense informs
  us of, but from wrong applying our notions. Digby.
    Though I may not be able to  inform  men more
  than they know,  yet I may give toem  the occasion
  to consider.                           Temple.
    The ancients examined in what consists the beau-
  ty of good postures, as toeir works sufficiently inform
  us.                                  Dryden.
    He may be ignorant of these truths, who will
  never take the pains to employ his faculties to inform
  himself of them.                        Locke.
    To understand the commonwealth, and religion,
  is enough: few inform themselves in  these to  the
  bottom.                                Locke.
    A more proper opportunity tends to make toe nar-
  ration more informing or beautiful.      Broome.
    I think it necessary, for toe interest of virtue and
  religion, that the whole kingdom should be informed
  in some parts of your character.           Swift.
 3.  To offer  an accusation to a magistrate.
    Tertullus informed the governor against Paul.
                                         Acts.
 To Info'rm, in-form'. v. ra.   To give in-
   telligence.
    It is toe bloody business which informs
  Thus to mine eyes.                 Shakspeare.
 Info'rmal,  In-fdr'mal. adj.  [from  inform]
   Irregular; not competent.  A word not
   used.
    These poor informal women are no more
  But instruments of some more mightier member,
  That sets them on.                 Shakspeare.
 Info'rmant, in-for'mant. ra. s. [French.]
 1.  One who  gives information or instruc-
   tion.
    He believes the sentence is true, as it  is made up
  of terms  which his informant understands, though
  the ideas be unknown to him which his informant
  has under these words.                   Watts.
 2.  One who  exhibits an accusation.
 Information,  in-for-ma'shun.  ra. s.  [in-
  formatio, Latin; from inform.]
 1.  Intelligence  given;  instruction.
           But reason with the fellow,
  Lest you should chance to whip your information,
  And beat the messenger who bids beware
  Of  what is to be dreaded.           Shakspeare.
    The active informations of toe intellect filling the
  passive reception of the will, like form closing with
  matter, grew actuate into a third and distinct per-
  fection of practice.             South's Sermons.
    They gave those complex  ideas names, toat  the
  things toey were continually to give and receive in-
  formation about, might be the easier and quicker
  understood.                             Locke.
    He should  regard the propriety of his  words, and
  get  some  information in toe subject he  intends to
  handle.                                Swffl-
    These  men have had longer opportunities of in-
  formation, and are equally concerned wito ourselves.
                                       Rogers.
 2. Charge or accusation exhibited.
 3.  The act of informing or  accusing.
lNFo'RMER,in-form'ur.98 ra.*. [from inform]
 1.  One who  gives  instruction or intelli-
   gence.
    This writer is either biassed by an inclination to
  believe toe worst, or a want of judgment to chuse
  his informers.                          Swift.
2. One who  discovers offenders to  the
   magistrate.
    There were spies  and informers set at work to
  watch the company.                 L'Estrange.
    Let no court sycophant pervert my sense,
  Nor sly informer watch these words to draw
  Within toe reach of treason.               Pope.
    Informers are a detestable race of people, al-
  though sometimes necessary.              Swift.
Info'rmidable, in-for'me-da-bl.  adj. [in
   and formidabilis, Latin.] Not to be fear-
   ed; not to be dreaded.
    Of strength, of courage  haughty, and of limb
  Heroick built, though of terrestrial mold;
  Foe not informidable, exempt from wound. Milton.
Info'rmity, in-for'me-te.  ra. s.  [from in-
  formis, Latin.]   Shapelessness.
    From this narrow time of gestation may ensue a
  smallness in toe exclusion;  but this inferreto no in-
  formity.               Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Info'rmous, in-for'mus.314 adj.  [informe,
   French;  informis,  Latin.]   Shapeless;
   of no regular figure.
    That a bear brings forth her young informants and
  unshapen, which she fashioneth  after by  licking
  them over, is an opinion delivered by ancient wri-
  ters.                 Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Info'rtunate, in-for'tshu-nate. adj.  [in-
  fortune, French;  infortunatus, Latin.]
   Unhappy.   See  Unfortunate,  which
   is commonly used.
    Perkin, destitute  of all  hopes, having found all
  either false, faint, or infortunate, did gladly accept
  of the condition.             Bacon's Henry VII.
To Infka'ct,  in-frakt'.  v. a. [infractus,
   Latin.]  To break.
    Falling fast, from gradual slope to slope,
  With wild infracted course and lessen'd roay,
  It gains a safer bed.          Thomson's Summer.
Infra'otion,  in-frak'shun. ra. s. [infrac-
   tion, French;  infractio, Latin.]   The
   act  of  breaking;  breach; violation  of
   treaty.
    By the same gods, the justice of whose  wrath
  Punish'd the infraction of  my former faith.  Waller.
    The wolves, pretending an infraction in the abuse
  of their hostages, fell upon toe sheep without toeir
  dogs.                             L'Estrange.
Infra'ngible, in-fran'je-bl.  adj. [in  and
  frangible]   Not to be broken.
    The primitive atoms  are  supposed  infrangible,
  extremely compacted and hard, which compacted-
  ness and hardness is a demonstration that  nothing
  could be produced by them, since they could never
  cohere.                              Cheyne.
Infre'quency, in-fre'kwen-se.  ra. s.  [in-
  frequentia,   Latin.]    Uncommonness;
   rarity.
    The absence of toe gods, and the infrequency of
  objects, made her yield.                Broome.
Infre'quent,  in-fre'kwent.   adj.  [infre-
   quens, Latin.]   Rare; uncommon.

To Infri'gidate, in-frid'je-date. v. a. [in
   and frigidus, Latin.] To chill; to make
   cold.
    The drops reached littie further than the surface
  of the liquor, whose coldness did not infrigidate
  those upper parts of  the glass.            Boyle.

To INFRI'NGE, in-frinje'. v. a. [infringo,
   Latin.]
I. To  violate;  to break laws or contracts.
    Those many had not dar'd to do that evil,
  If the first man  that  did th' edict infringe,
  Had answer'd for his deed.           Shakspeare.
    Having injring'd the law, I wave my right
  As king, and thus submit myself to fight.   Waller.
2. To  destroy; to hinder.
    Homilies, being plain and popular instructions,
  do not infringe the efficacy, although but read.
                                      Hooker.
    Bright as toe deathless gods, and happy, she
  From all that may infringe delight is free.  Waller.
Infringement, in-frinje'ment. n.s.  [from
  infringe.]   Breach;  violation.
    The punishing of this infringement is proper to
  that jurisdiction against which the comtempt is.
                                    Clarendon.
Infri'nger, in-frinje'ur.98 n.s. [from in-
  fringe.]   A breaker; a violator.
    A clergyman's habit ought to be without any lace,
  under a severe penalty to be inflicted on toe infring-
  ers of the provincial constitution. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Infu'ndibuliform, ln-filn-de-bu'le-fdrm.
  ra. s.  [infundibulum and forma, Latin.]
  Of the shape of a funnel or tundish.
Infu'riate, in-fu're-ate.91 adj. [in andfu-
  ria, Latin.]   Enraged; raging.
    At to' other bore, with touch of fire
  Dilated and infuriate.                  Milton.
    Fir'd by the  torch of noon to tenfold rage,
  Th' infuriate hill forth shoots toe pillar'd flame.
                                     Thomson.
Infusca'tion, in-fus-ka'shun.  ra. s. [infus-
  catus, Latin.] The act of darkening or
  blackening.

To  INFU'SE, in-fuze'. v.  a. [infuser,  Fr.
  infusus, Latin.]
1. To pour in; to instil.
    Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith,
  To hold opinion wito Pythagoras,
  That souls of animals infuse themselves
  Into the trunks of men.              Shakspeare.
    My  earliest mistress, now my ancient muse,
  That strong Circean liquor cease t' in/use,
  Wherewith thou didst intoxicate my youth. Denham.
    Why should  he desire to have qualities infused
  into his son, which himself never possessed?  Swift.
2. To pour into the mind; to inspire.
    For when God's hand had written in the hearts
  Of our first parents all the rules of good,
  So that their skill infus'd surpass'd all arts
  That ever were before or since the flood.  Davies.
    Sublime ideas, and apt words infuse;
  The muse instruct my voice, and thou inspire the
        muse.                      Roscommon.
              He infus'd
  Bad influence into th' unwary breast.      Milton.
    Infuse into their young  breasts such a noble ar-
  dour as will make them renowned.        Milton,
    Meat must be with money bought;
  She therefore,  upon second thought,
  Infus'd, yet as it were by stealth,
  Some  small regard for state and wealth.     Sun/if.
3. To  steep in  any liquor with a gentle
   heal;  to macerate so as to  extract  the
   virtues of any thing  without boiling.
    Take violets, and in/use a good pugil of them  in
  a quart of vinegar.                     Bacon.
4. To  make  an infusion with any  ingre-
   dient; to supply,  to   tincture, to  satu-
   rate  with any thing infused.   Not used.
    Drink, infused with flesh, will nourish faster and
  easier than meat and drink together.      Bacon.
5. To inspire with.  Not used.
            Thou didst smile,
  Infus'd with a fortitude from heav'n.      Shahp.
    Infuse his breast with magnanimity,
  And make him, naked, foil a man at arms. Sliaksp.

Infu'sible, in-fu'ze-bl.439  adj. [from in-
  fuse.]
 I. Possible to be infused.
    From whom the  doctrines  being  infusib''. into 
ING
ING
ING
  all, it will be more necessary to forewarn all of the
  danger of them.                     Hammond.
2. Incapable of dissolution; not fusible; not
   to be melted.
    Vitrification is the last work of fire, and a fusion
  of the salt and earth, wherein toe fusible salt draws
  the earth and infusible part into one continuum.
                                       Brown.
Infu'sion, in-fu'zhun. n. s. [infuaion, Fr.
   infusio, Latin.]
I. The  act  of pouring in; instillation.
     Our language has received innumerable elegan-
  cies  and improvements from that infusion of He-
  braisms, which are derived to it out of the poetical
  passages in holy writ.                  Addison.
2.  The act of pouring into the mind;  in-
   spiration.
     We participate  Christ partly by imputation, as
  when those things which he did and suffered for us
   are imputed to us for righteousness; partly by habi-
   tual  and real infusion, as when  grace is  inwardly
   bestowed on earth, and afterwards  more fully both
   our souis and bodies in glory.            Hooker.
3. Suggestion;  whisper.
     They found it would be matter of great debate,
   and  spend much time, during which they did not
   desire their company, nor to be troubled  with their
   infusions.                           Clarendon.
     Here his  folly and his wisdom  are of his own
   growth, not the echo ofinfusion of other men. Swift.
4. The act of steeping any  thing in mois-
   ture  without boiling.
     Repeat the infusion of the body oftener.  Bacon.
5. The liquor made by  infusion.
     To have toe infusion strong, in those bodies
   which have  finer spirits,  repeat the infusion of the
   body oftener.                          Bacon.
Ixfu'sive,  ln-fu's!v.169 4ZS adj. [from  in-
   fuse.]  Having the power of  infusion,
   or being  infused. A word  not authorized.
     Still let my song a nobler note assume,
   And sing to' infusive force of spring on man. Thorns.
Inga'te, in'gate. ra. s. [in and gate.]  En-
   trance; passage in.   An  old word.
     One noble person stoppeth the ingate of all  that
   evil  which is looked for, and holdeth in all those
   which  are at his back.                  Spenser.
Inganna'tion,  in-gan-na'shiin. ra.  s.  [in-
   gannare, Italian.] Cheat; fraud;  decep-
   tion; juggle; delusion; imposture; trick;
   slight.   Neither used nor necessary.
     Whoever shall resign their  reasons, either from
   the root of deceit in themselves,  or inability to re-
   sist such trivial ingannations from others, are with-
   in the line of vulgarity.                  Brown.
Inga'thering, in-gaTH'ur-lng.  ra.  *.  [in
   and gathering.]  The act of getting in
    the harvest.
     Thou shalt keep toe  feast of ingatliering, when
   thou hast gathered in thy labours out of the field.
                                       Exodus.
Inge,  inje, in the names of places, signi-
   fies a meadow, from  the Saxon 1115, of
   the same import.                Gibson.

 To Inge'minate, in-j6m'me-nate.z>.a.[m-
   gemino, Latin.] To double; to repeat.
     He  would often ingeminate the word peace,
   peace.                             Clarendon.
Ingemina'tion,  in-j£m-me-na'shi'in. ra. *.
   [in and geminatio, Lat.]  Repetition; re-
   duplication.
Inge'noerer, in-jen'dtir-ur.  ra.  a.  [from
   ingender.]  He that generates.  See En-
   gender.
Inge'nerable, in-jen'e-ra-bl. adj. [in and
  generate.]   Not to   be  produced   or
  brought into being.
    Divers naturalists esteem the air, as well as other
  elements, to be ingeneraofe and incorruptible. Boyle.
Inge'nerate, in-jen'e-rate.91  > adj.[in-
Inge'nf.rated, In-jen'e-ra-ted. 5 genera-
  tus,  Latin.]
I. Inborn; innate; inbred.
    Those virtues were rather feigned and affected
  things to serve his ambition, than true qualities in-
  generate in his judgment or nature.        Bacon.
    In divers children  their  ingenerate and seminal
  powers lie deep, and are of slow disclosure. Wotton.
    Those noble habits are ingenerated in the soul,
  as religion, gratitude, obedience, and tranquillity.
                                        Hale.
2. Unbegotten. Not commonly used.
    Yet shall  we  demonstrate the  same, from  per-
  sons presumed as far from us in condition, as time:
  that is, our first and ingenerated fore-fathers.
                                      Brown.

INGE'NIOUS,  In-je'ne-us. adj. [inge-
  ndeux, French; ingeniosus, Lat.]
1. Witty; inventive;  possessed  of genius.
          'Tis a per'lous boy,
  Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable. Shaksp.
    Our  ingenious friend Cowley  not only has em-
  ployed much eloquence to persuade that truth in his
  preface, but has in one of  his poems  given a noble
  example of it.                          Boyle.
    The more ingenious men are, the more they are
  apt to trouble  toemselves.               Temple.
2. Mental; intellectual.  Not  in use.
    The king is mad: how stiff is my vile sense,
  That I stand up, and have ingenious feeling
  Of  my huge sorrows! better I were distract.  Shak.

Inge'niously, in-je'ne-iis-Ie.  adv. [from
   ingenious.]  Wittily;  subtileiy.
    I will not pretend  to judge by common fears or
  the schemes of men too ingeniously politick.
                                      Tempfe.
Inge'niousness,   In-je'ne-is-n^s.  ra.  s.
   [from ingenious.]   Wittiness;  subtilty;
   strength of genius.
    The greater appearance of ingeniousness there
  is in the practice I am disapproving, the more dan-
  gerous it is.                            Boyle.
Inge'nite,  In'jen-it.140 adj.  [ingenitus,
   Latin.]  Innate;  inborn;  native; ingene-
   rate.
    Aristotle  affirms toe mind to be at  first  a mere
  rosa tabula; and that notions are not ingenite, and
  imprinted by the finger of nature,  but by the latter
  and more languid impressions of sense,  being  only
  toe reports of observation, and the result of so ma-
  ny repeated experiments.                 South.
    We give toem tois ingenite, moving  force,
  That  makes them  always  downward  take  their
         course.                      Blackmore.

Ingenu'ity, in-je-nu'e-te. ra. s. [ingenuite,
   French; from ingenuous.]
 1.  Openness,  fairness; candour;  freedom
   from dissimulation.
     Such of high quality,  or rather of particular  note,
  as shall fall under my pen, I shall not let pass with-
  out toeir due character, being part of my professed
  ingenuUy.                            Wotton.
     My constancy I to the planets give;
  My truth, to them who  at the court do  live;
  Mine ingenuity and openness
  To Jesuits; to buffoons my pensiveness.     Donne.
     I know not whether it be more shame or wonder,
  that men can so put off ingenuUy, and the native
  greatness of their kind, as to descend to so base, so
  ignoble a vice.              Gov.  ofthe Tongue.
     If a child, when questioned for  any thing, direct-
  ly confess, you must commend his ingenuUy, and
  pardon the fault, be it what it will.        Locke.
2. [from ingenious.]  Wit; invention; ge-
   nius;  subtilty; acuteness.
    These are but the frigidities of wit, and become
  not the genius ef manly ingenuities.      Brown.
    The ancient atomical hypothesis might have slept
  for ever, had not tbe ingenuity of toe present age
  recalled it from its urn and silence.     GlamiUe.
    Such sots have neither parts nor wit, ingenuity of
  discourse, nor fineness of conversation, to entertain
  or delight any one.                     Soufft.
    A  pregnant  instance how far  virtue  surpasses
  ingenuity, and how much an  honest simplicity is
  preferable to fine parts and subtile speculations.
                                    Woodward.
INGE'NUOUS,  in-jen'nu-us.  adj.  [in-
   genuua, Latin.]
1. Open; fair; candid;  generous; noble.
    Many speeches  there are of Job's, whereby his
  wisdom and other virtues may appear; but the glo-
  ry of an ingenuous mind he hath purchased by these
  words only, Behold I will lay mine hand  upon  my
  mouth; I have spoken once, yet will I not therefore
  maintain argument; yea twice, howbeit for that
  cause further I will not proceed.         Hooker.
    Infuse into their young breasts such an ingenuous
  and noble ardour, as would not fail to make many
  of them renowned.                    Afiffon.
    If an ingenuous detestation of falsehood be  but
  carefully and early instilled,  that is  the  true  and
  genuine method to obviate dishonesty.     Locfce.
2. Freeborn; not of servile extraction.
    Subjection, as it preserves property, peace,  and
  safety, so it will never diminish rights nor ingenu-
  ous liberties.                     King Charles.
Inge'nuously, in-jen'u-iis-le. adv. [from
   ingenuous.]   Openly;  fairly; candidly;
   generously.
            Ingenuously I  speak,
  No blame belongs to thee.               Shaksp,
    It was a  notable observation of a wise father,
  and no less ingenuously confessed, that those which
  held  and persuaded pressure of consciences were
  commonly interested.                    Bacon.
    I will ingenuoicsfy confess, toat the  helps were
  taken from divines of the church of England.
                                      Dryden.
Inge'nuousness,  in-jen'nu-fis-nes. ra.  s.
   [from ingenuous.] Openness;  fairness;
   candour.
I'ngeny, in'je-ne. ra.  s.  [ingenium, Lat.]
   Genius; wit.  Not in use.
    Whatever of the production of  his ingeny comes
  into foreign  parts, is highly valued.        Boyle.
 To  INGE'ST, in-jest',  v. a.  [ingestus,
   Lat.]   To throw into the  stomach.
    Nor will we affirm that iron, ingested, receiv-
   eth in the belly of the osteridge no alteration.
                                       Brown.
     Some the long funnel's  curious mouth extend,
   Through which ingested meats with ease  descend.
                                    Blackmore.
 Inge'stion, in-jes'tshun.464 ra. s. [from in-
   gest.] The act of throwing into the sto-
   mach.
     It has got room enough to grow into its  full di-
   mension, which is performed by the daily ingestion
   of milk and other food, that's in a short time after
   digested into blood.                    Harvey.
 INGLO'RIOUS, in-gio're-us.  adj.  [in-
   glorius,  Lat.]  Void  of honour; mean;
   without  glory.
     Lest fear return them back to  Egypt, chusing in-
   glorious life with servitude.             Milton.
     It was never held inglorious or derogatory for a
   king to be guided by his great council, nor dishon-
   ourable for subjects to yield  and bow to their king.
                                        Howel.
     Yet though our army brought not conquest home,
   I did not from the fight inglorious come. Dryden-
 Inglo'biously, In-glo'ri.-us-le. adv.[frova 
ING
ING
INH
   inglorious.] With ignominy;  with Want
   of glory.
    This vase the chief o'ercome,
  Replenish'd not ingloriously at home.       Pope.
I'ngot, in'got.166 ra. a. [lingot, French; or
   from ingcgoten,  melted,  Dutch.]   A
   mass of metal.
    Some others were new driven, and distent
  Into great ingots, and to wedges square.  Spenser.
          If thou art rich, thou 'rt poor;
  For like an ass, whose back 's with ingots bound,
  Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey,
  And death unloadeth thee.               Shaksp.
    Within the circle arms and tripods lie,
  Ingots of gold and silver  heap'd on high.  Dryden.
    Every one  of his  pieces is an ingot of gold, in-
  trinsically and solidly valuable.            Prior,
To Ingra'ff, in-graf.  ?   v. a.  [in  and
To Ingra'ft, in-graft'. 3 graff", or graft.]
1. To propagate trees by insition.
            Nor are toe ways alike in all
  How to ingraff, how to inoculate.           May.
2.  To  plant tbe  sprig of one  tree in the
   stock of another: as,  he ingrafted an ap-
   ple upon  a crab.
3. To plant  or introduce  any thing not na-
   tive.
             All his works on me,
   Good  or not good, ingraft,  my merits  those
   Shall  perfect, and for those alone.        Milton.
    As  next of kin, Achilles' arms I claim;
  This fellow would ingraft a foreign name
  Upon our stock.                      Dryden.
4. To  fix deep; to settle.
    For a spur of diligence, we have a  natural thirst
  after knowledge ingrafted in us.         Hooker.
    'Tis great pity that the noble Moor
   Should hazard such a place as his own second,
  With one of an ingraft infirmity.         Sliaksp.
    Ingrafted love he bears to Caesar.      Shaksp.

Ingra'ftment, in-graft'ment. ra. s. [from
   ingraft.]
1. The act of ingrafting.
2. The sprig ingrafted.
Ingra'te, in-grate'.        > adj.  [ingra-
Ingra'teful, in-grate'ful. $  tusi  Latin;
   ingrat, French.]  Ingrate is proper, but
   ingrateful less  proper  than ungrateful.
1. Ungrateful; unthankful.
           That we have  been familiar,
   Ingrate forgetfulness shall poison, rather
   Than pity note how much.               Shaksp.
    And you degen'rate, you ingrate revolts. Shaksp.
             So will fall
   He and his faithless progeny: whose fault?
   Whose but his own? Ingrate,  he had of me
   All he could have: I made  him just and right,
   Sufficient to have stood, toough free to fall.  A7iff.
             Perfidious and  ingrate!
  His stores ye ravage, and usurp his state.     Pope.
3. Unpleasing to  the  sense.
    The causes of that which is unpleasing or inerate
  to the hearing, may receive light by  that which is
  pleasing and  grateful to toe sight.         Bacon.
    He gives no ingrateful food.           Milton.
To Ingra'tiate, in-gra'she-ate.461 v.a.[in
   and  gratia, Latin.]  To put in favour;
   to  recommend to kindness.   It  has
   with before the person whose favour is
   sought.
    Those  have  been far from receiving the re-
  wards of such ingratiatings with the people.
                                 King Charles.
    Their managers make them see armies in the
  air, and give them their word, the more to ingra-
  tiate themselves icnfft toem, that they signify noth-
  ing less than future slaughter  and desolation.
                                      Addison.
       VOL.  1.
    Politicians, who  would rather ingratiate  toem-
  selves with their sovereign  than promote his real
  service, accommodate his  counsels to his inclina-
  tions.                               Spectator.
lNGRA'TiTUDE,ln-grat'te-tude.ra.«. [ingra-
   titude, French; in and gratitude.]   Re-
   tribution  of evil for  good; unthankful-
   ness.
    Ingratitude-' thou marble-hearted fiend,
  More hideous, when thou shew'st thee in a child,
  Than the sea-monster.                 Shaksp.
    Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man,
  and vengeance attends those  that repay evil for
  good.                             L'Estrange.
    Nor was it with ingratitude return'd,
  In equal fires the blissful couple burn'd;
  One joy possessed  'em both, and in one grief they
        mourn'd.                      Dryden.
iNGRE'niENT, in-gre'jent.304  ra. s. [ingre-
   dient, French;  ingrediens, Latin.]
1. Component part of a body, consisting of
   different  materials. It is commonly us-
   ed of the simples of a medicine.
    The  ointment is made  of divers ingredie?ifs,
  whereof the hardest to come by is the moss upon
  the skull of a dead man unburied.         Bacon.
    So deep toe pow'r of these ingredients pierc'd,
  Ev'n to the inmost seat of mental sight,
  That Adam, now enforc'd to shut his eyes,
  Sunk down,  and all his spirits became entranc'd.
                                      Afiffon.
    By this way of  analysis we may proceed from
  compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the
  forces producing them; and in general, from effects
  to their causes, and from particular causes to more
  general ones, till toe argument end in the more ge-
  neral.                              Newton.
    I have often wondered, that learning is not thought
  a proper ingredient in the education of a woman of
  quality or fortune.                    Addison.
    Parts, knowledge, and experience, are excellent
  ingredients in a public character.        Rogers.
    Water is  the chief ingredient in all the  animal
  fluids and solids.                   Arbuthnot.
2. It is used by Temple with into, proper-
   ly, but not according to custom.
    Spleen is a bad ingredient into any other distem-
  per.                                 Temple.
I'ngress,  ing'gres.408   ra.  s.  [ingressus,
   Latin.] Entrance; power of  entrance;
   intromission.
    All putrefactions come from the ambient body;
  either by ingress of the substance of the ambient
  body into toe body  putrefied; or else by excitation
  of the body putrefied by the body ambient.  Bacon,
    Those  air-bladders,  by a  sudden subsidence,
  meet again by the ingress and egress of toe air.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Ingre'ssion,  in-gresh'iin. ra. s.  [ingres-
   sion, French; ingressio, Latin.]  The act
   of entering; entrance.
    The fire would strain the pores of the glass too
  suddenly, and break it all in pieces to get ingres-
  sion.                                 Digby.
I'nguinal,  ing'gwe-na.1.   adj.  [inguinal,
   French; inguen, Latin.]  Belonging to
   the groin.
    The  plague  seems to be a particular disease,
  characterised with  eruptions  in buboes, by the in-
  flammation and suppuration of the axillary, ingui-
  nal, and other glands.                Arbuthnot.
 To Ingu'lf, in-gulf. v. a. [in and gulf]
 1. To swallow up in a vast profundity.
                 A river large
  Pass'd underneath ingulph'd.             Milton.
             Cast out from God, he falls
  Into utter darkness  deep ingulph'd.       MUton.
             The river flows redundant,
  Then rowling back, in his capacious lap
  Ingulphs their whole militia, quick immerst.  Phil.
                     60
2. To cast into a gulf.
    If we adjoin to the lords, whether they prevail or
  not, we ingulf ourselves into assured danger.
                                     Hayward.
To  Ingu'rgitate,  In-gur'je-tate. v.  a.
   [ingurgito, Latin.] To swallow  down.
                                        Dict.
Ingurgita'tion,  in-gur-je-ti'shfin.  ra. s.
   [from  ingurgitate.]  The act of swallow-
   ing.
Ingu'stable, in-gi\s'ta-bl. adj.  [in  and
   gusto,  Latin.]  Not perceptible by the
   taste.
    As for their taste, if the camelion's nutriment be
  air, neither can the tongue be an instrument there-
  of; for the body of the element is  ingusfaote, void
  of all sapidity, and, without any action ofthe tongue,
  is, by the rough artery,  or wizzen, conducted into
  toe lungs.                            Brown.

Inha'bile, in-hab'il,  or in-a-beel'. adj. [in-
   habile,  French;  inhabilis, Latin.]   Un-
   skilful; unready; unfit;  unqualified.
To Inha'bit, in-hab'it. v. a. [habito, Lat.]
   To dwell in; to hold as a dweller.
    Not all are partakers  of  that  grace  whereby
  Christ inhabiteth whom he saveth.        Hooker.
    They shall build houses, and inhabit them. Isaiah.
    She shall be inhabited of devils.        Baruch.
To Inha'bit, in-hab'lt. v. ra. To  dwell; to
   live.
    Learn what creatures  toere infta&if.    Milton.
    They say, wild beasts  inhabit here;
  But grief and wrong secure my fear.     Waller.
Inha'bitable, in-hab'e-ta-bl. adj. [from
   inhabit.]
I. Capable of affording habitation.
    The fixed stars are all of them  suns, with sys-
  tems of inhabitable planets moving  about them.
                                        Locke.
2. [inhabitable, French.]  Incapable of in-
   habitants;  not  habitable; uninhabitable.
   Not in  use.
    The frozen ridges of the Alps,
  Or any other ground inhabitable.         Shaksp.
Inha'bitance, in-hab'it-anse.  ra.  s. [from
   inhabit.]  Residence of dwellers.
    So the ruins yet resting  in the wild moors, testify
  a former inhabitance.                   Carew.
Inha'bitant, In-hab'it-tant.  ra.  s. [from
   inhabit.] Dweller; one that lives or re-
   sides in a place.
    In this place they report that they saw inftofiif-
  anfs, which were very fair and fat  people.  Abbot.
    If the fervour of the  sun were the sole cause of
  blackness in any land of negroes, it were also rea-
  sonable that inhabitants  of the same latitude, sub-
  jected unto toe same vicinity of  the sun,  should
  also partake of the same hue.           Brown.
    For his supposed love a third
  Lays greedy hold upon a bird,
  And stands amaz'd to find his  dear
  A wild inhabitant of to'air.              FFaffer.
    What happier natures shrink at  with affright,
  The hard inhabitant contends is right.       Pope.
Inhabita'tion,   in-hab-e-ta'shun.   ra.  s.
   [from inhabit.]
1. Abode; place of dwelling.
               Universal groan,
   As  if the whole inhabitation perish'd.     Milton.
2. The act of inhabiting  or planting  with
   dwellings; the state of being inhabited.
    By knowing this place we shall  the better judge
   of the beginning of nations, and of the world's in-
   habitation.                           Raleigh.
3. Quantity  of inhabitants.
    We shall rather admire how the earth contained
   its inhabitation than doubt it.             Brown. 
I N H                                       I N H                                       INII
Inha'biter, ln-hab'it-ur.98 ra. a. [from in-
   habit.] One that inhabits; a dweller.
    The same name is  given unto  the inlanders, or
  midland inhabiters, of this island.         Brown.
    Woe to the inftaoifers of the earth.  Revelation.
    They  ought to understand, that toere is not only
  some inhabiter in this divine house, but also some
  ruler.                               Derham.
 To Inha'le, in-hale',  v. a.   [inhalo, Lat.]
   To draw in with air; to inspire: opposed
   to exhale or expire.
    Martin was walking forth  to  inftafe the fresh
   breeze of the evening.       Aibuthnot and Pope.
    But from the breezy deep the blest inftafe
   The fragrant murmurs of the  western gale.  Pope.
    There sits the shepherd on the  grassy turf,
   Inhaling healthful the descending sun.   Thomson.
 Inharmo'nious, in-har-mo'ne-us. adj. [in
   and harmonious.] Unmusical; not sweet
   of sound.
     Catullus, though his lines be rough, and his num-
   bers inharmonious, I could recommend for toe soft-
   ness and delicacy, but must decline for the looseness,
   of  his thoughts.                        Fellon.
     The identity of sound  may  appear a little inhar-
   monious, and shock the ear.             Broome.
 To Inhe're, in-here'. v. n. [inhareo, Lat.]
   To exist in something  else.
     For,  nor in nothing, nor in  things
   Extreme and scattering bright, can love inhere.
                                        Donne.
     They do butinftere in their subject which supports
   them; their being is a dependance on a subject.
                                         Digby.
 Inhe'rent, In-he're'nt.  adj. [inherent, Fr.
    inharens, Lat.]
 1. Existing in something else, so as  to be
    inseparable from it.
                 I will not do't,
   Lest I surcease to honour mine own  truth;
   And by my body's action teach my mind
   A most inherent baseness.               Shaksp.
 2. Naturally  conjoined; innate; inborn.
      I mean  not the authority  which  is  annexed to
   your office: I speak  of  that  only which is  inborn
   and inherent to your  person.             Dryden.
      The power of drawing iron is one of the ideas
   of a loadstone; and  a power to be so drawn is a
   part of the complex one of iron;  which powers pass
   for inherent qualities.                    Locke.
      Animal oil is various  according to principles in-
   herent  in it.                        Arbuthnot.
      They will  be sure to decide in favour  of them-
   selves, and talk much of their inherent right.
                                          Swift.
      The ideas of such modes can no more be subsist-
    ed, than the idea of redness was just now found to
    be infterenf in the blood, or that of whiteness in the
   brain.                                Bentley.
      The obligations we are under of distinguishing
    ourselves as much by au infterenf and habitual, as
    we are already distinguished by an external and re-
    lative holiness.                        Bentley.

  To  Inhe'rit, in-her'rit.  v. a.  [enheriler,
    French.]
  1. To receive or possess by inheritance.
      Treason is not inherited, my lord.       Shaksp.
      Why, all delights are vain; but that most vain,
    Which with pain purchas'd doth inherit pain.
                                         Shaksp.
      Prince  Harry  is valiant;  for the cold blood he
    did naturally inherit of his father he hato, like lean,
    sterile land, manured with excellent good store of
    fertile  sherris.                         Shaksp.
      Blessed are toe meek, for they shall inherit the
    earth.                                Matthew.
      The son can receive from his father, good things,
    without empire, toat was vested in him for the good
    of others; and therefore toe son  cannot claim ort'n-
    fcerif it by a title, which is founded wholly on his
    •wn private good.                        Locke,
    We must know how  the first ruler from whom
  any one claims, came by his authority,  before we
  can know who has a right to succeed him in it, and
  inherit it from him.                     I.ocke.
    Unwilling to sell an estate he had some prospect
  of inherUing, he formed delays.         Addison.
2. To possess;  to obtain possession of: in
   Shakspeare.   Not  used.
    He, that had wit, would think that I had none,
  To bury so much gold under a tree,
  And never after to inherit it.     Titus Andronicus.
Inheritable, in-heVrit-a-bl. adj.  [from
   inherit.]  Transmissible by inheritance;
   obtainable by succession.
    A kind of inheritable  estate accrued unto them.
                                       Carew.
    By the ancient laws of the realm, they were not
  inheritable to him by descent.           Hayward.
    Was the power toe  same, and from the  same
  original in Moses as it  was in David?  And was it
  inheritable in one and not in the other?    Locke.
Inhe'ritance, in-her'rit-anse. n.s. [from
   inherit.]
I. Patrimony;  hereditary possession.
    When the son dies, let toe inheritance
  Descend unto the daughter.          Shakspeare.
     Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in
  our father's house?                     Genesis.
     Claim our just inheritance of old.      Milton.
     O dear, unhappy babe! must I bequeath thee
  Only a sad inheritance of woe?
  Gods! cruel gods! can't all my pains atone,
  Unless they reach my infant's guiltless head?
                                       Smith.
2.  The reception of possession by heredi-
   tary right.
     Men are not proprietors of what toey have mere-
   ly for themselves, toeir  children have a title to part
   of it, which conies to be wholly theirs, when death
   has put an end to their  parents' use of it;  and this
   we call inheritance.                     Locke.
3.  In  Shakspeare, possession.
     You will rather show our general lowts
   How you can frown, than spend a  fawn upon  them,
   For the inheritance of  their loves, and safeguard
   Of what that want might ruin.        Coriolanus.

Inhe'ritor, in-her'rlt-ur.169 ra.  s. [from
    inherit.] An heir; one who receives any
    thing by succession.
     You, like a letcher, out of whorish loins,
   Are pleas'd to breed out your inheritors.  Shaksp.
     The very conveyances of his lands will hardly lie
   in this box; and must the inheritor himself have no
   more?                               Shaksp.
     Marriage without consent of parents  they do not
   make void, but  they mulct it in the inheritors; for
   the children of such marriages are not admitted to
   inherit above a third part of their parents' inherit-
   ance.                                 Bacon.
 Inhe'ritress, in-her'rit-r£s.  ra.  a. [from
    inheritor.]   An heiress;  a woman that
    inherits.
     He  hath given artificially some hopes to Mary
   Anne, inheritress to the duchy of Bretagnc. Bacon.

 Inhe'ritrix, in-her'rit-triks.  ra.  s. [from
    inheritor.]    An   heiress.   This is  now
    more commonly  used, though inherit-
    ress be  a word more analogically En-
    glish.
                    No feme
    Should be inheritrix in Salike land.      Shaksp.
  To lNHE'RSE,ln-herse'. v.a. [z'raand herse.]
    To enclose  in a funeral monument.
     See, where he lies,  jnftersed in the arms
   Of the most bloody nurser of his harms.  Shaksp,
 Inhe'sion, ln-he'zhun.4fil  ra. s.  [inhasio,
    Lat.]  Inherence; the state of existing
    in something else.
To Inhi'bit,  in-hlblt. v. a. [inhibco, Lat.
   inhiber, French.]
I. To  restrain;  to hinder;  to repress;  to
   check.
    Holding of the  breath doth help somewhat to
  cease the hiccough;  and vinegar put to the nostrils,
  or gargarised,  doth it also, for that it is astringent,
  and inhibiteth the  motion of the spirit.     Bacon.
    The stars and planets being whirled about with
  great velocity, would suddenly, did nothing inhibit
  it, be shattered in  pieces.                  Ray.
    Their motions also are excited and infti&ifed, are
  moderated and managed, by toe objects without
  them.                                Bentley.
2. To prohibit; to forbid.
    All men were znAicwfed by  proclamation, at the
  dissolution, so much as to mention a parliament.
                                    Clarendon.
    Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one.
                                       Ayliffe.
Inhibition,  In-he-blsh'iin.  ra. *.  [inhibi-
   tion, French;  inhibitio, Latin.]
1. Prohibition; embargo.
    He might be judged to have imposed an envious
  inhibition on  it,  because himself has  not stock
  enough to maintain the trade.  Gov. of the Tongue.
2. In law.
    Inhibition is a  writ to inhibit or forbid a judge
  from farther proceeding in the cause depending be-
  fore him.  Inhibition is most commonly a writ issuing
  out of a higher court christian  to  a lower or infe-
  riour,  upon  an appeal; and prohibition out of the
  king's court to a court christian, or to an inferiour
  temporal court.                        Cowell.
To Iniio'ld,  ln-hold'. v. a. [in and hold.]
   To have inherent; to contain in  itself.
    It is disputed, whether this light first created be
  the same which the sun inholdeth and casteth forth,
  or whether it had  continuance any  longer than till
  the sun's creation.                      Raleigh.
Inho'spitable,  in-hos'pe-ta-bl.  adj.  [in
   and hospitable.]  Affording no kindness
   or entertainment to strangers.
               All places else
  Inhospitable appear, and desolate;
  Nor knowing us, nor known.              Milton.
    Since toss'd from shores to shores, from lands lo
          lands,
  Inhospitable rocks, and barren sands.     Diyden.
Inho'spitably,   in-lios'pe-ta-ble.   adv.
   [frominhospitable.] Unkindly to strang-
   ers.
         Of guests he makes them slaves
  Inhospitably; and  kills their infant males.   Milton.
lNHo'spiTABLENEss,ln-n6s'pe-ta-bl-nes.)
Inhospita'lity, In-hos-pe-taTe-te.     \
   ra. s. [in and  hospitality;  inhospitalite,
   French.] Want of hospitality;  want of
   courtesy to strangers.
INHU'MAN,   in-hu'man."8  adj.   [in/nt-
   main, French; inhumanus, Latin." Bar-
   barous; savage;  cruel; uncompassion-
   ate.
    A just war may be prosecuted after a veiy unjust
   manner;  by perfidious breaches  of our  word, by
   inhuman cruelties, aud by assassinations. Atterbury.
    The more These praises were enlarged, the more
   inhuman was the  punishment, and the sufferer more
   innocent.                              Swift.
    Princes and peers attend! while we impart
   To you the thoughts of no inhuman heart.   Pope.
Inhuma'nitv, in-hu-man'e-te. ra. a. [inhu-
    manite, French;  from inhuman.]  Cru-
    elty; savageness; barbarity.
     Love which lover hurts is inhumanity.  Sidney.
     The rudeness of those who must make up their
   want of justice with inhumanity and impudence.
                                  King Charles. 
IN J
INJ
IN J
           Each social feeling fell,
  And joyless inhumanity pervades,
  And petrifies the heart.               Thomson.
Inhu'manly, ln-hu'man-le. adv. [from in-
   human.] Savagely; cruelly;  barbarous-

               O what are these?
  Death's ministers, not men:  who thus deal death
  Inhumanly to men; and multiply
  Ten thousand fold the sin of him who slew
  His brother!                          Milton.
    I, who have established the whole system of all
  true politeness and refinement in conversation, think
  myself most inhumanly treated by my countrymen.
                                        Swift.
 To I'nhumate, in-hu'mate.  ?  v. a. [inhu-
 To Inhu'me, in-hume'.      y    nier, Fr.
   humo, Latin.]  To bury; to inter.
    Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of  slain,
  Inhume the natives in their native plain.     Pope.
 To Inje'ct, in-jekt'. v. a. [injectus, Lat.]
 1. To throw in; to dart in.
    Angels inject thoughts into our minds, and know
  our cogitations.                      Glanville.
2. To throw up;  to cast  up.
    Though bold in open field, they yet surround
  The town wito walls, and mound inject on mound.
                                         Pope.
Inje'ction, in-jek'sh&n. ra. s.   [injection,
   French; injectio, Latin.]
 1. The act of casting in.
    This salt powdered was, by tbe repeated injection
  of well-kindled charcoal, made to flash like melted
  nitre.                                 Boyle.
2. Any medicine made to be injected  by a
   syringe, or any  other instrument, into
   any  part of the body.            Quincy.
3. The act of filling the vessels with wax,
   or  any  other  proper  matter, to show
   their shapes  and ramifications, often
   done by anatomists.              Quincy.
Ini'mical, in-im'e-kal, or in-e-mi'kal. adj.
   [inimicus,  Lat.]   Unfriendly;  unkind;
   hurtful;  hostile;  adverse.
Inimitabi'lity,  ln-im-e-ta-bil'e-te. ra.  s.
   [from inimitable.] Incapacity  to be im-
   itated.
    Truths must have an eternal existence  in  some
  understanding; or rather they  are the same with
  that understanding itself,  considered as  variously
  representative, according to the  various modes of
  iiiimifaoifify or participation.             Norris.
Ini'mitable, in-im'e-ta-bl.40s adj. [inimi-
   tabilis, Latin;inimitable,French.^] Above
   imitation; not to be copied.
    The portal shone, inimitable on earth
  By model,  or by shading pencil drawn.     Milton.
    What is most excellent is most inimitable.
                                     Denham.
    And imitate the iniwiifaftfe force.       Dryden.
    Virgil copied the ancient sculptors, in that, inr
  imitable description of military fury  in the temple
  of Janus.                            Addison.
Lvi'mitably,  in-im'e-ta-ble.  adv.  [from
  inimitable]  In a  manner not to be  imi-
  tated; to a degree of excellence above
  imitation.
    A man  could not have  been always blind who
  thus inimitably copies nature               Pope.
    Thus terribly adorn'd tlie figures shine,
  Inimitably wrought with skill divine.        Pope.
    Charms such as thine, inimitably great. Broome.

To  Injo'in, In-joln'. v. a.  [enjoindre, Fr.
  injungo, Lat.]
1. To command;  to enforce  by authority.
  See Enjoin.
     Laws do not only teach what is good, but they
   injoin it; toey  have in them a certain constraining
   force.                               Hooker.
     This garden tend, our pleasant task injoin'd.
                                      Milton.
 2. To join.  Not  used.
                The Ottomites
   Steering with due course towards the isle of Rhodes,
   Have there injoin'd  them with a fleet.    Shaksp.
 [ni'quitous, In-ik'kwe-ttis.  adj. [inujiie,
   Fr. from iniquity] Unjust; wicked.
 INI'QUITY,  in-ik'kwe-te.  ra. s. [iniqui-
   tas, Lat. iniquite, Fr.]
 1. Injustice; unrighteousness.
    There is greater or less  probability of an happy
  issue to a tedious war,  according to the righteous-
  ness or iniquity  of the cause for which it was  com-
  menced.                           Smalridge.
2. Wickedness; crime.
    Want of the  knowledge  of God is  toe cause of
  all iniquity amongst  men.               Milton.
              Till God at  last,
  Wearied with toeir iniquities, withdraw
  His presence from among  them.          Milton.

 Ini'ti al, in-nlsh'al.461 adj. [initial, French;
   initialis, Irom initium, Lat.]
 1. Placed at the beginning.
    In the editions, which had no more than the ini-
  tial letters of names, he was made by keys to hurt
  the inoffensive.                         Pope.
2. Incipient; not complete.
    Moderate labour  of the body conduces  to toe
  preservation of  health, and cures many initial dis-
  eases, but the toil of the mind destroys health, and
  generates maladies.                   Harvey.
    The schools have used a middle term to express
  tois affection, and have called it the initial fear of
  God.                                Rogers.
 To Ini'tiate,  in-ish'e-ate.  v. a. [initier,
   Fr. initio, Lat.]  To enter; to instruct in
   the rudiments of  an art;  to  place in a
   new state; to put into  a new society.
    Providence would  only initiate mankind into the
  useful knowledge of  her treasures, leaving the rest
  to employ our industry.                   Afore.
    To initiate his pupil in any part of learning, an
  ordinary skill in the governour is  enough.   Locke.
    He was  initiated into half a dozen clubs before
  he was one and  twenty.               Spectator.
    No sooner was a convert initiated, but, by an easy
  figure, he became a new man.          Addison.
 To Ini'tiate,  In-ish'e-ate.  v. ra. To do
   the first part; to perform the  first rite.
    The king himself initiates to the pow'r,
  Scatters with quiv'ring hand the sacred flour,
  And the stream  sprinkles.                Pope-
Ini'tiate, in-ish'e-ate.91  adj. [initie,  Fr.
   initiatus, Lat.]  Unpractised.
          My strange and self-abuse
  Is the initiate fear; that wants hard use:
  We're yet but young.                  Shaksp.
Initia'tion, in-ish-e-a'shun. ra. s. [initia-
   tio, Lat. from initiate.]  The reception,
   admission, or entrance of a new comer
   into any art  or state.
    The ground of initiating or entering men  into
  christian life, is  more summarily comprised in the
  form of baptism, the ceremony of this initiation in-
  stituted by Christ.                   Hammond.
    Silence is the first  thing  that is taught us at our
  initiation into sacred  mysteries.         Broome.

Injucu'ndity, in-ju-kun'de-te.  ra. s.  [in
   and jucundity.]  Unpleasantness.
In.iu'dicable, in-ju'de-ka-bl. adj [in  and
  judico,  Latin.]  Not cognizable  by  a
  judge.'
Injudicial,  in-ju-dish'dl.  adj.  [in  and

                  6o2
   judicial.] Not according to form of law.
                                       Diet.
Injudi'cious, in-ju-dish'us.  adj.  [in and
   judicious.] Void of judgment; wanting
   judgment.   Used  both of persons  and
   things.
    A philosopher would either think me in jest, or
  very injudicious, if I took the earth for a body re-
  gular  in itself, if compared with toe rest of the
  universe.                             Burnet.
    A sharp  wit may find something in the wisest
  man, whereby to expose him to the contempt of in-
  judicious people.                     Titfofson.
Injudi'ciously,   in-ju-dlsh'iis-le.   adv.
   [from injudicious.] With ill judgment;
   not wiselyr.
    Scaliger  injudiciously condemns this description.
                                      jBroome.

Inju'nction,  in-jilngk'shun.  ra. s. [from
   injoin; injunctus, injunctio, Latin.]
I. Command; order; precept.
    The institution of God's law is described as being
  established  by solemn injunction.         Hooker.
            My duty cannot suffer
  T' obey in all your daughter's hard commands;
  Though the injunction he to bar my doors,
  And let tois tyrannous night take hold upon you.
                                      Shaksp.
    For, still they knew;  and ought t' have still re-
          membered
  The high injunction, not to taste that fruit,
  Whoever tempted.                     Milton.
    The ceremonies of the church are necessary as
  the injujicfions of lawful  authority, the practice of
  the primitive church, and the general rules of de-
  cency.                                South.
2. In law.
    Injunction is an  interlocutory decree out of the
  chancery, sometimes to give possession unto the
  plaintiff for want of appearance in the defendants,
  sometimes  to the king's ordinary court, and some-
  times to the court-christian, to stay proceeding.
                                      Coioeff.
To I'njure, in'jftr. v.a. [injurier,French;
   injuria,  Latin.]
I. To  hurt unjustly; to mischief unde-
   servedly; to wrong.
    They injure by chance in a crowd, and without
  a design; then hate always whom they have once
  injured.                              Temple.
    Forgiveness to the injur'd doth belong;
  But toey ne'er pardon who  commit the wrong.
                                      Dryden.
2. To annoy; to affect with any inconveni-
   ence.
    Lest heat should injure us, his timely care
  Hath unbesought provided.              Milton.
I'njurer,  in'jtir-UT.98 ra. s. [from injure.]
   He  that hurts  another unjustly;  one
   who  wrongs another.
    Ill deeds  are well turn'd back upon their authors;
  And 'gainst an injurer; the revenge is just.
                                  Ben Jonson.
    The upright judge will countenance right, and
  discountenance wrong, whoever be the injurer or
  the sufferer.                       Atterbury.
Inju'rious, in-ju're-ils.314 adj. [from in-
  jury; injurius, Latin; injurieux, Fr.]
1. Unjust;  invasive of another's  rights.
    Till the. injurious Roman did extort
  This tribute from us, we were free.    Shakspeare.
    Injurious strength would rapine still excuse,
  By off'ring terms the weaker must refuse.  Dryden.
2. Guilty of wrong or injury.
    Yet beauty, though injurious, hath strange power
  After offence returning,  to regain
  Love once  possest.           Milton's A<ronistes.
3. Mischievous; unjustly hurtful. 
INK
INL
INL
    Our repentance is not real, because we have not
  done what we can to undo our fault, or  at least to
  binder the injurious consequences of it from pro-
  ceeding.                            Tillotson.
i. Detractory; contumelious; reproachful;
  wrongful.
    A prison,  indeed injurious, because a  prison, but
  else well testifying affection, because in all respects
  as commodious as a prison can be.        Sidney.
    It is natural for a man, by directing  his prayers
  to an image, to suppose the being he prays to re-
  presented by that image: which how injurious, how
  contumelious must it be to  the glorious nature of
  God!                                   Soufft.
    If injurious appellations were of  any advantage
  to a cause, what appellations would those deserve
  who endeavour to sow the seeds of sedition?  Swift.
Inju'riously, in-ju're-tis-le.  adv. [from
   injurious.]  Wrongfully; hurtfully with
   injustice, with contumely.
    Nor  ought he to neglect the  vindication of his
  character, when it is injuriousfy attacked.
                                  Pope and  Gay.
Inju'riousness,  in-jiVre-fis-nes.    n.  a.
   [from injurious/]  Quality  of  being in-
   jurious.
     Some miscarriages might escape, rather through
  sudden necessities of state, than  any propensity
  either  to injuriousness or oppression. King Charles.
 I'NJURY, in'ju-re.  ra. s. [injuria, Latin;
    injure, French.]
 1.  Hurt without justice.
     The places were acquired by just title of victory;
   and  therefore in keeping of toem no injury  was of-
   fered.                               Hayward.
     Riot ascends  above their loftiest tow'rs,
   And injury and outrage.                Milton.
 2.  Mischief; detriment.
     Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling
   upon trifling arguments.           Waffs's  Logick.
 3.  Annoyance.
     Great injuries mice and rats do in the fields.
                                      Aforfimer.
 4. Contumelious language;  reproachful
    appellation.  A French mode of speech,
    not now in use.
     Casting  off the respects fit to  be continued be-
   tween great kings, he fell to bitter invectives against
   the French king; and spake all tbe injuries he could
   devise of Charles.                      Bacon.
 Inju'stice, in-jAs'tis.142 ra. a.  [injustice,
    Fr. injustitia, Lat.]  Iniquity;  wrong.
     Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injusti-
   ces without being discovered; or at least without be-
   ing punished.                            Swift.
 INK, Ingk.408 ra. s. [encre, Fr. inchiostro,
    Italian.]
  1.   The  black  liquor  with  which men
    write.
     Mourn boldly, my ink; for while she looks upon
   you, your blackness will shine.            Sidney.
                 0! she  's fallen
   Into a pit of ink, that the  wide sea
    Hath  drops too few to wash her clean  again.
                                     Sftafcspeare.
     Like madmen they hurl'd stones  and ink.
                                     Ben  Jonson.
     Intending to have try'd
   The silver  favour which you gave,
     In ink the shining point I dy'd,
   And drench'd it in the sable wave.         Waffer.
     Vitriol is the active or chief ingredient in ink,
   and no other salt will strike the colour with galls.
                                         Brown.
     I have found  pens  blacked almost all over when
   I had a while carried them about me in a silver ink
   case.                                  B°yk-
     The secretary poured the ink box  all over the
   writings, and so defaced them.            Howel.
    He  that would live clear of envy  must lay his
  finger upon his mouth, and keep his hand out of the
  ink pot.                           L'Estrange.
    I could hardly restrain them from  throwing the
  ink bottle at one another's heads.      Arbutlmot.

2. Ink is used for any liquor  with  which
  they write: as, red  ink, green ink.
To Ink, ingk. v. a. [from  the noun.]  To
  black or daub with ink: as, his face is all
   over inked.

Inkho'rn, ingk'h6rn. n. a. [ink and horn.]
   A portable case for the instruments of
   writing, commonly made of horn.
     Bid him bring his pen and  inkhorn to the jail;
  we are now to examine those men.    Shaksjieare.
     Ere that we will suffer such  a prince
  To be disgraced by an inkhorn mate,
  We, and our wives and children, all will fight.
                                    Sftafopeare.
     What is more frequent than to say, a silver ink-
  horn?                                 Grew.
I'nkle, ing'kl.405 n.   a.  A kind of narrow
   fillet;  a tape;
     Inkles, caddisses, cambricks, lawns: why he songs
   them over as they were  gods and goddesses.
                                    Shakspeare.
     I twitch'd his dangling garter from his knee:
   He wist not when the hempen string I drew,
  Now mine I quickly doft of inftfe blue.       Gay.
I'nkling, ingk'Hng.  ra. s. [This  word is
   derived by Skinner from inklincken, to
   sound  within. This sense is still retain-
   ed in Scotland:  as, / heard not an  ink-
   ling.]  Hint; whisper; intimation.
     Our business is  not unknown to the senate; toey
   have had inkling what we intend to do, which now
   we'll shew them in deeds.            Shakspeare.
     We in Europe, notwithstanding all the remote
   discoveries and  navigations of this last age, never
   heard of any of the least inkling or glimpse of this
   island.                   Bacon's New Atlantis.
     They  had  some inkling of secret messages be-
   tween the marquis of Newcastle and young Hotham.
                                     Cfarendojt.
     Aboard a  Corinthian vessel he got an inkling
   among toe ship's crew of a conspiracy. L'Estrange.
 I'nkmaker,  ingk'ma-kur. ra. s.  [ink  and
   maker.]  He who  makes ink.
 I'nky, ingk'e.  adj. [from  ink.]
 I. Consisting of ink.
     England bound in with toe triumphant sea,
   Whose rocky shore beats back the  envious siege
   Of wat'ry Neptune, is bound in wito shame,
   With inky blots and rotten parchment bonds.
                                    Shakspeare.
 2. Resembling ink.
     The liquor presently  began to grow pretty clear
   and transparent, losing its inky blackness.   Boyle.
 3. Black as ink.
     'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
   Nor customary suits of solemn black,
   That can denote me truly.           Shakspeare.
 I'nland, in'land.88 adj. [in and land.] In-
   teriour; lying remote from the sea.
     In this wide inland sea,  that hight by name,
   The idle lake, my wand'ring ship I row.  Spenser.
     Goodly laws,  like little inland seat, will carry
   even  ships upon their waters.            Spenser.
     An old religious uncle of mine was, in his youth,
   an inland man.                     Shakspeare.
     A substitute shines brightly as a king,
   Until a king be by; and then his state
   Empties itself, as doth  an inland brook
   Into the  main of waters.             Shakspeare.
     This person did publish a  pamphlet printed in
   England for a general excise, or inland duty. Swift.
 I'nland, in'land. ra. «. Intcriour or midland
    parts.
     Out of these small beginnings, gotten near to the
  mountains, did toey spread themselves into the in-
  land.                                Spenser.
    They of those marches shall defend
  Our infand from the pilfering borderers.   Shaksp
             The rest were all
  Far to th' infand retir'd about the walls
  Of Pandemonium.                      MUton.
I'nlander, in'lan-dtir.98  n. *.  [from in-
  land.] Dweller remote from  the sea.
    The same name is  given unto the inlanders, or
  midland inhabitcrs of this island.         Brown.
To  Inla'pibate, in-lap'e-date.  v.  a. [in
  and lapido, Latin.]  To make stoney; to
  turn to  stone.
    Some natural spring waters will inlapidate  wood;
  so that you shall see one piece of wood, whereof the
  part above the water shall continue wood, and the
  part under the water shall be turned into a kind of
  gravelly stone.                         Bacon.
To  Inla'y, ln-la'. v. a.  [in  and  lay.]
1. To diversify  with  different bodies in-
  serted into the ground or substratum.
               They are worthy
  To inlay heav'n with stars.          Shakspeare.
    Look, how the floor of heav'n
  Is thick inlaid with patens of bright gold.  Shaksp.
    A sapphire throne, inlaid with pure
  Amber, and colours of the show'ry arch.   Milton.
    The timber bears a great price with the cabinet-
  makers, when large, for infaying.      Mortimer.
    Here clouded canes 'midst  heaps of toys  are
        found,
  And inlaid tweezer-cases strow the  ground.  Gay.
   To make variety by being inserted into
  bodies; to variegate.
                 Sea girt isles,
  That like to rich and various gems inlay
  The unadorned bosom ofthe deep.        Milton.
Inla'y, in'la.498 488  ra. s. [from  the verb.]
   Matter inlaid; matter cut to be inlaid.
             Under foot the violet,
  Crocus, and hyacinth, with rich  inlay,
  Broider'd the ground.                   Milton.
To Inla'w, in-law', v. a. [in and law.] To
   clear of outlawry or  attainder.
    It should be a great incongruity  to have them to
  make laws, who themselves were not inlawed.
                                        Bacon.
I'nlet, in'let. ra. s. [in and let.] Passage;
   place of ingress; entrance.
    Doors and windows, inlets of men and of light, I
  couple together; I find  their dimensions brought
  under one.                            Wbffon.
    She through the porch and infef of each sense
  Dropt in  ambrosial oils till she reviv'd.    Milton.
    1 desire any one to assign any simple idea, which
  is not received from one of these infefs.      Locke.
    A fine  bargain  indeed, to part with all  our com-
  modious ports, which the greater the  infef is are so
  much the better, for the  imaginary  pleasure of a
  streight shore.                         Bentley.
    Inlets amongst broken lands and  islands.  Ellis.
I'nly, in'le. adj. [from in.] Interiour; in-
   ternal; secret.
    Didst thou but know the inly touch of love,
  Thou would'st as soon go kindle fire with snow,
  As  seek to quench toe fire of love with words.
                                    Shakspeare.
I'nly, in'le. adv. Internally;within; secret-
    ly; in the heart.
     Her heart with joy unwonted infy swell'd,
  As feeling wond'rous comfort in her weaker eld.
                                       Spenser.
                I' ve infy wept,
   Or should have spoke ere this.         Shakspeare.
     Whereat he inly rag'd, and as they talk'd,
   Smote him into the midriff with a  stone,
   That beat out life.                      MUton.
     These growing thoughts, my  mother soon perceiv-
         ing
   By words at times cast forth, irUy rejoie'd. Afiffon. 
INN
INN
INN
    The soldiers shout around with gen'rous rage;
  He prais'd their ardour: infy pleas'd to see
  His host.                Dryden's Knight's Tale.
I'nmate, in'mate. ra. s. [in and mate] In-
  mates  are  those that  be  admitted  to
  dwell for their  money jointly with an-
  other man, though in several rooms of
  his  mansionhouse,  passing in and out
  by one door.                     Cowell.
    So spake the enemy of mankind, inclos'd
  In serpent, inmate bad! and toward Eve
  Addressed his way.                    MUton.
    There he dies, and leaves his race
  Growing into a nation; and now grown,
  Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks
  To stop their overgrowth, as inmate guests
  Too numerous.                        Afiffon.
    Home is the sacred refuge of our life,
  Secur'd from all approaches but a wife:
  If thence we fly, the cause admits no doubt,
  None but an inmate foe could force us out.  Dryd.

I'nmost, in'most. adj. [from in and most.]
   Deepest within; remotest from  the sur-
   face.
    'Tis you must dig with mattock and with spade,
  And pierce the injnosf centre of the earth. Shaksp.
    Rising sighs and falling tears,
  That show too well the warm desires,
  The  silent, slow, consuming fires,
  Which on my inmost vitals prey,
  And melt my very soul away.           Addison.
    Comparing  the quantity of light reflected from
  the several rings,  I found that it was  most copious
  from the first or inmost, and in  the exterior rings
  became less and less.                  JVeiufon.
    He sends a dreadful groan: the rocks around
  Through all their inmost hollow caves resound.
                                        Pope.
    I got into  the inmost court.            Gulliver.
INN, In.  ra. s. [inn, Saxon, a chamber.]
1. A house of entertainment for  travetlers.
    How all this is but a fair inn,
  Of fairer guests which dwell within.      Sidney.
    Palmer, quoth he, death is an equal doom
  To good and bad, the common inn of rest;
    But after  death the trial is to come,
  When best shall be to them that lived best.
                                  Fairy Queen.
               Now day is spent,
  Therefore with me ye may take up your inn.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    The west, that glimmers with some streaks of day,
  Now spurs the lated traveller apace
  To gain the  timely inn.     Shakspeare's Macbeth.
    Like pilgrims to th' appointed place we tend;
  The world's an inn, and death the journey's end.
                                      Dryden.
    One may learn more here in one day, than in a
  year's rambling from one inn to another.   Locke.
2. A house  where  students were boarded
   and taught: whence we still call the col-
   leges of common law inns of court.
    Go some and pull down the Savoy;  others to the
  inns of courts: down with them all.   Shakspeare.
3.  It  was  anciently  used  for  the  town
   houses  in  which  great  men  resided
   when they  attended the court.

To Inn, in.  v. ra. [from the noun.]  To take
   up temporary lodging.
               In thyself dwell;
  Inn any where: continuance maketh hell.  Donne.
To Inn, in.  v. a. To  house; to put under
   cover.
    He that ears my land, spares my team, and gives
  me leave to inn the crop.           Shakspeare.
    Howsoever the laws made in that parliament did
  bear good fruit, yet the subsidy bare  a  fruit that
  proved harsh and bitter; all was inned at last into
  toe king's bars.    -         Bacon's Henry VII.
    M6w clover or rye-grass, and make it fit to inn.
                                    Mortimer.
INNATE, in-nate'.91  ?  adj.  [inne,  Fr.
INN A/TED, in-na'ted.5  innatus, Latin.]
1. Inborn; ingenerate; natural;  not  super-
   added; not adscititious.  Innated is not
   proper.
    The Druinian hath been cried up for an innated
  integrity, and accounted  the uprightest dealer on
  earth.                               Howel.
    With eloquence innate his tongue was arm'd;
  Though harsh the precept, yet toe people charm'd.
                                      Dryden.
2. Innate is used in the following passage
   for inherent. Innate in persons, inherent
   in things.
    Mutual gravitation,  or spontaneous attraction,
  cannot possibly be innate and essential to matter.
                                      Benffey.
Inna'teness, in-nate'nes. ra.  s.  [from  in-
   nate.] The quality  of being innate.
Inna'vigable, in-nav've-ga-bl. adj. [in-
   navigabilis, Lat.] Not to  be passed by
   sailing.
    If you so hard a toil will undertake,
  As twice to pass th' innavigable lake.     Dryden.
I'nner, in'nur.98 adj. [from in.] Interiour;
   not outward.
    But th' elfin knight with wonder all the way
  Did feed his eyes, and fill'd his inner thought. Speris.
          - This attracts toe soul,
  Governs the inner man, the nobler part;
  That other o'er the body only reigns.     Milton.
    Many families are established  in  the West In-
  dies, and some  discovered in  the inner  parts of
  America.                  Addison's Spectator-
    The kidney is  a conglomerated gland,  which is
  to be understood  only ofthe outer part; for the in-
  ner part, whereof tbe papillae are composed, is mus-
  cular.                                Grew.
    Thus, seiz'd with sacred  fear,  the monarch
        pray'd;
  Then to his inner court the guests convey'd.  Pope.
I'NNER6iosT,in'nCir-m6st. adj. [from inner.
   It seems less proper  than inmost.] Re-
   motest from  the outward part.
    The reflected beam of light would be so broad at
  toe distance of six feet from the  speculum, where
  the rings appeared, as to obscure one or two of the
  innermost rings.                      JVewfon.
Innho'lder, in'hol-dur.  ra. s.  [inn  and
   hold.] A man who keeps an inn;  an inn-
   keeper.
I'nnings, in'ningz.410 ra. s. Lands recover-
   ed from the sea.             Ainsworth.

Ixnke'eper,  in'keep-ur.  ra.  s.  [inn  and
   keeper.] One who keeps  lodgings  and
   provisions for the entertainment  of tra-
   vellers.
    Clergymen must not keep a tavern, nor a judge
  be an innkeeper.     Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
    A  factious innkeeper was hanged, drawn,  and
  quartered.                 Addison's Freeholder.
    We were not so inquisitive about the inn as the
  innkeeper; and provided our landlord's principles
  were sound, did not take any notice of toe stateness
  of his provisions.                     Addison.
I'nnocence, in'no-sense.  >   ra.  s.  [inno-
I'nnocency, in'no-sen-se. 5  cence^, French;
   innocentia, Latin.]
1. Purity  from  injurious action; untainted
   integrity.
    Simplicity and spotless innocence.      MUton.
    What comfort does overflow the devout soul, from
   a conciousness of its own innocence and integrity!
                                     Tillotson.
2. Freedom  from guilt imputed.
            It will help me nothing
  To plead mine innoctuce; for that dye is on me
  Which makes my whit'st part black.   Shakspeare.
    If truth and upright innocency fail me,
  I'll to toe king my master.           Shakspeare.
3. Harmlessness; innoxiousness.
    The air was calm and serene; none of those tu-
  multuary motions and conflicts of vapours, which
  the mountains and the winds cause in ours: 'twas
  suited to a golden age, and to the first innocency of
  nature.                       Burnet's Theoiy.
4. Simplicity of heart,  perhaps  with some
   degree of weakness.
    I urge this childhood proof,
  Because what follows is pure innocence.   Shaksp.
    We laugh at the malice  of apes, as well as at the
  innocence of children.                  Temple.

I'NNOCENT, in'no-sent. adj. [innocent,
   French; innocens, Latin.]
I. Pure from mischief.
                 Something
  You may deserve of him through me and wisdom,
  To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb,
  T' appease an angry god.             Shakspeare.
    Wreck on innocent frail  man his loss.    MUton.
2. Free from any particular guilt.
    Good madam, keep yourself within yourself;
  The man is innocent.                Shakspeare.
    The peasant, innocent of all these ills,
  With crooked ploughs the fertile fallow tills,
  And the round year with daily labour fills. Dryden.
3. Unhurtful; harmless in effects.
                 The spear
  Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.     Pope.

I'nnocent,  in'no-sent.  ra. s.
1. One free from guilt or harm.
    So pure an innocent as that same lamb.   F. Q.
    Thou hast kill'd the sweetest innocent,
  That e'er did lift up eye.     Shakspeare's Othello.
    If murth'ring innocents be executing,
  Why, then thou art an executioner.   Shakspeare.
2. A natural; an  ideot.
    Innocents are excluded by natural defects.
                                     Hooker.
I'nnocently, ir/no-sent-le. adv. [from in-
   nocent]
1. Without  guilt.
    The humble and contented man pleases himself
  innocently and easily, while the ambitious man at-
  tempts to please others sinfully and difficultly.
                                       South.
2. With simplicity;  with silliness or  im-
   prudence.
3. Without  hurt.
    Balls at his feet lay innocently dead.    Cowley.
INNO'CUOUS,  in-nok'ku-us. adj. [in-
   nocuus, Latin.]  Harmless in effects.
    The most  dangerous poisons, skilfully managed,
  may be made not only innocuous, but of all other
  medicines the most effectual.             Grew.
fNivo'cuousLY,!n-n6k'ku-u^-le.arfz>.[from
   innocuous]   Without mischievous ef-
   fects.
    Whether quails, from any peculiarity of consti-
  tution, do innocuously feed upon hellebore, or rather
  sometimes but medically use  the same.    Brown.
Inno'cUousness,  in-nok'kii-iis-nes.  ra. s.
   [from innocuous.] Harmlessness.
    The blow which shakes  a wall, or beats it down,
  and kills  men, hath a greater effect on the mind
  than that which penetrates into a mudwall, and doth
  little harm; for  that innocuousness  of the effect
  makes, that, although in itself it be as great as the
  other, yet 'tis little observed.             Digby.
To IN NOVATE, in'no-vate.^ v. a. [in-
   nover,  Fr. innovo, Latin.]
1. To bring in something not.  known be-
   fore. 
INN
INO
I  N  O
    Mm pursue some few principles which they have
  chanced  upon,  and  care not to innovate,  which
  draws unknown  inconveniencies.          Bacon.
            Former things
  \rc set aside like abdicated kings;
  And every moment alters what is done,
  \nd innovates sonic act till then unknown. Diyden.
    Every man cannot  distinguish  betwixt  pedantry
  and poetry; every man therefore  is not fit to inno-
  «'«'«•                                Dryden.
-. To change by introducing  novelties.
    From his attempts  upon the civil  power, he pro-
  ceeds to tnnorafe God's worship.           Soulh.
Innova'tion,  in-no-va'shun.  n. s. [inno-
  vation, French, from innovate. ^ Change
  by the introduction of novelty.
    The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness;
  but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto
  innovations.                          Hooker.
    It were good  that men in innovations would follow
  the example of time itself, which indeed innovateth
  greatly, but quietly and by degrees.        Bacon.
    Great changes may be made in  a government,
  yet the form  continue;  but large intervals of time
  must pass between every such innovation,  enough
  to make it of a piece with the constitution.   Swift.
Innov'ator, In'no-va-tiir.186 ra. s. [innova-
   teur, French; from innovate]
 1.  An introducer of novelties.
    I attach thee as a traiterous innovator,
  A foe to the publick weal.            Shakspeare.
    He that will not  apply new remedies, must ex-
  pect new evils; for time is the greatest innovator: and
  if time of course alter things to the  worse, and wis-
  dom and counsel shall not alter them to the better,
  what shall be the end?            Bacon's  Essays.
 2.  One  that makes changes  by  introdu-
   cing novelties.
     He counsels  them to detest and persecute all in-
  novators of divine worship.               South.
 INNO'XIOUS, hi-ndk'shus.  adj. [innox-
   ius, Latin.]
 1.  Free from mischievous  effects.
     Innoxious flames  are often seen on  the hair of
   men's heads, and horses' manes.         Digby.
     We may safely use  purgatives,  toey being be-
   nign, and of innoxious qualities.          Brown.
     Sent by the  better genius of the night,
   Innoxious gleaming on the horse's mane
   The meteor sits.             Thomson's Autumn.
 2.  Pure  from crimes.
     Stranger to civil and religious rage,
   The good man walk'd innoxious through his age.
                                         Pope.
 Inno'xiously, in-nok'shus-le.  adv.  [from
   innoxious.]
    I.  Harmlessly; without  harm  done.
   2.  Without harm  suffered.
     Animals,  that can innoatfousfy digest  these poi-
   sons, become antidotal to the poison digested.
                        Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
 Inno'xiousness,   in-nok'shus-nes.  ra.  *.
   [from  innoxious.] Harmlessness.

 Innue'ndo, in-nu-en'do. ra.  a. [innuendo,
   from  innuo, Latin.]  An  oblique hint.
     As if toe commandments that require obedience
   and forbid murder, were to be indicted for  a libel-
   lous innuendo upon all the great men that come to
   be concerned.                     L'Estrange.
     Mercury,  though employed  on a quite contrary
   errand, owns it a marriage  by an innuendo.  Dryd.
     Pursue your trade of scandal-picking,
   Your hints that Stella is no chicken;
   Your innuendoes, when you tell  us,
  That Stella loves to talk wito fellows.      Swift.
 Innu'merable, in-nu'mur-a-bl.  adj.  [in-
   numerable, Fr.  innumtrabilia,  Latin.]
   Not to be counted for multitude.
     Ydu have  sent innumerable substance
  To furnish Rome, and to prepare the ways
  You have for dignities.               Shakspeare.
            Cover me ye pines,
  Ye cedars!  with innumerable boughs
  Hide me where I may never see them more. MUton.
    In lines,  which appear of an equal length, one
  may be longer than the other by innumerable parts.
                                       Locke.
Innumerably,   in-nu'mur-a-ble.   adv.
  [from innumerable.] Without number.

Innu'merocs, in-nu'mtir-us.667 adj. [innu-
  mcrus, Latin.] Too many to be counted.
    'Twould be some solace yet, some little chearing,
  In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs. Milton.
            I take the wood,
  And in thick shelter of innum'rous boughs,
  Enjoy the comfort gentle sleep allows.      Pope.
To  Ino'culate, in-ok'ku-late. v. ra. [in-
  oculo, in and oculus, Lat.] To propagate
  any plant by inserting  its bud into an-
  other stock; to practise inoculation. See
  Inoculation.
    Nor are the ways alike in all
  How to ingraff, how to  inoculate.    May's Virgil.
    Now is the season for the budding of the orange-
  tree: inocufafe therefore at the commencement of
  this month.                           Evelyn.
    But various are toe ways to change the state,
  To plant, to bud, to graft, to inoculate.   Diyden.
To Ino'culate, in-6k'ku-late. v.  a.  To
  yield a bud to another slock.
    Virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock, but we
  shall relish of it.           Shakspeare's Hamlet.
    Thy stock is too much out of date,
  For tender plants t' inocufafe.         Cleaveland.
    Where lilies, in a lovely brown,
  Inoculate carnation.                 Cleaveland.
Inooula'tion, in-ok-ku-la'slnln. ra. s. [in-
   oculatio, Latin;  from inoculate]
I.  The act of inserting the eye of  a bud
  into another stock.
    Inoculation is practised upon all  sorts of stone
  fruit, and  upon oranges  and  jasmines.  Chuse a
  smooth part of the stock; then with  your knife
  make an horizontal cut cross the rind of the stock,
  and from the middle of that cut make a slit down-
  wards about two inches in length in the form  of a
  T; but be careful not to cut  too deep,  lest you
  wound the stock: then  having cut off the leaf from
  tbe bud, leaving the foot-stalk  remaining, make a
  cross' cut about half an inch below the eye, and
  with your knife slit off the bud, with part of the
  wood to it. This done, with your knife pull off that
  part of the wood which was taken wito the bud, ob-
  serving whether the eye of the bud be left to it or
  not; for all these buds which lose  their eyes in
  stripping are good for nothing: then raising the bark
  of the stock, thrust the bud therein, placing it smooth
  between the rind and the wood of the stock; and so
  having exactly  fitted the bud to the stock, tie them
  closely round,  taking care not to bind round the eye
  of the bud.                            Miller.
     In the stem  of Elaiana they all met, and came to
  be ingrafted all upon one stock, most of toem by in-
  oculation.                             Howel.
2.  The practice of transplanting the small-
   pox, by infusion of the matter from ri-
   pened pustules into the  veins of the un-
   infected, in  hopes ol procuring a milder
   sort than what frequently comes by in-
   fection.                           Quincy.
     It is evident, by inoculation, toat toe smallest
  quantity of toe matter, mixed with  the blood, pro-
  duceth the disease.                  Arbuthnot.

Inocula'tok,  in-6k'ku-la-tur.fi21  ra.  *.
   [from inoculate.]
 I.  One that practises the  inoculation  of
   trees.
2. One  who propagates  the smallpox b\
   inoculation.
    Had  John a  Gaddesden been now living, be
  would have been at toe head of the inocufafors.
                     Friend's Hisloiy of Physick.
L\o'noRA.TE,  In-cVdo-rate.  adj.  [in "and
   odoratus, Lit ] Having no scent.
    Whites arc more inodorate than flowers of the
  same kind coloured.    Bacon's .Yatural History.
Ino'dohous, ln-6'dur-us.31* adj. [inodoru*,
   Latin.j Wanting scent;  not affecting the
   nose.
    The white of an egg is  a viscous, unactive, in-
  sipid, inodorous liquor.               Arbuthnot.
Inoffe'nsive, in-6f-fen'siv.168 adj. [in and
   offensive.]
I. Giving no scandal; giving no provoca-
   tion.
    A stranger, inoffensive, unprovoking. Fleetwood.
    However inoffensive we may be in other parts of
  our conduct, if we are  found wanting  in this trial
  of our love, we shall be  disowned by God as traitors.
                                      Rogers
2. Giving no uneasiness;  causing no  ter-
   rour.
    Should infants have taken offence at auy thing,
  mixing pleasant and agreeable appearances with it,
  must be used, 'till it be grown  inoffensive to them.
                                       Locke-
3. Harmless;  hurtless; innocent.
    For drink the grape
  She crushes, inoffensive most.             Milton.
    With whate'er gall thou set'st thyself to write,
  Thy inoffensive satires never bite.        Diyden.
    Hark, how the cannon, inoffensive  now,
  Gives signs of gratulation.  *            Philips.
4. Unembarrassed;   without stop  or ob-
   struction.  A Latin  mode of speech.
    From hence a passage broad,
  Smooth,easy, inoffensive,down to hell.    Milton.
Inoffe'nsively,   In-of-fen'siv-le.    adv.
   [from inoffensive.] Without appearance
   of harm;  without harm.
Inoffe'nsiveness,  in-6f-fen'siv-nes. n. s.
   [from inoffensive.] Harmlessness;  free-
   dom from appearance of harm.
Inoffi'cious,  ln-of-f ish'us.367 adj. [in and
   officious.] Not civil;  not  attentive to
   the accommodation of others.
Ino'pinate, ln-6p'e-nate.01 adj. [inopina-
   tus, Lat.  inopine, Fr.]  Not expected.
Inofportu'ne, in-op-por-tune'. adj. [in-
   opportunus,  Lat.]  Unseasonable;  in-
   convenient.

[no'rdinacy, ln-or'de-na-se.16* ra. s. [from
   inordinate.] Irregularity; disorder.   It
   is safer to use inordination.
     They become very sinful  by the excess, which
   were not so in their nature:  that inordinary  sets
   them in opposition to God's designation.
                       Government ofthe Tongue.
Ino'rdinate,  in-6r'de-nate81  adj. [in and
   ordinatus, Latin.] Irregular; disorder-
   ly;  deviating  from right.
     These people were wisely brought to allegiance;
   but  being straight  left unto  their own  inordinate
   life, they forgot what before they were taught.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
             Thence raise
   At last distemper'd, discontented thoughts;
   Vain hopes, vain arms, inordinate desires,
   Blown  up with high conceits engend'ring pride.
                                       Milton.
     From inordinate love and vain fear comes all un-
   quietness of spirit.    Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Ino'roinately,   in-dr'de-nate-le.   adv. 
i nq
INQ
IXQ
   [from inorczmatr.]lrrcgularly;not right-

     As soon as a man desires any thing inordinately,
  he is presently disquieted in himself.       Taylor.
 Ino'rdinateness,  in-6r'de-nate-nes. ra. *.
   [from inordinate ]  Want of  regularity;
   intemperance of any kind.
 Inordina'tion,  in-6r-de-na'shun.  w.   a.
   [from  inordinate]  Irregularity; devia-
   tion from right.
     Schoolmen and casuists, having  too much philo-
  sophy to clear a  lye from that intrinsick inordina-
  tion  and deviation from right reason, inherent in the
  nature ef it, held  that a lye was absolutely and uni-
  versally sinful.                          South.
 Inorga'nical,  in-6r-gan'e-kal.  adj.  [in
   and organical.] Void of organs or instru-
   mental parts.
     We come to toe lowest and the most inorganical
  parts of matter.                         Locke.
 To  Ino'sculate,  in-6s'ku-late. v. ra.  [in
   and osculum, Latin.]  To unite by appo-
   sition or contact.
     This fifth conjugation of  nerves is branched by
  inoscufafing with nerves.               Derham.
 Inoscula'tion,  in-6s-ku-la'shun.  ra.   s.
   [from  inosculate.]  Union  by conjunc-
   tion ofthe extremities.
    The almost infinite ramifications and inosculations
  of all the several  sorts of vessels may easily be de-
  tected by glasses.                         i?ay.
 I'NqUEST,  Ing'kwest.408  ra. s.  [enqueste,
   French;  inquisitio,  Latin.]
 1. Judicial inquiry or examination.
     What confusion of face shall we be under, when
  that  grand inquest begins; when an account of our
  opportunities of doing good,  and a particular of our
  use or misuse of them, is given in?      Atterbury.
 2. In  law.
     The inquest of jurors, or by jury, is the most usu-
  al trial of all causes, both civil and criminal; for in
  civil  causes, after proof is made on either side, so
  much as each  part thinks good for himself,  if the
  doubt be  in the fact, it is  referred to the  discretion
  of twelve indifferent men, impanelled by the sheriff;
  and as they bring  in their verdict so judgment pas-
  ses: for the judge  saitb, The jury finds the fact thus;
  then  is the law thus, and so  we judge.    Cowell.
 3. Inquiry; search;  study.
     This is the laborious and vexatious inquest that
  toe soul must make after science.         South.
 Ixqci'ETUDE, in-kwi'e-tude. ra.  s.  [inqui-
   etude, Fr. inquietudo,  inquietus, Latin.]
   Disturbed  state;  want of quiet; attack
   on  the  quiet.
     Having had such experience  of his fidelity and
  observance abroad, he found  himself engaged in
  honour to support  him at home from any farther in-
  quietude.                              Wotton.
     Iron, that has  stood long in a window,  being
  thence taken, and by a  cork  balanced  in water,
  where it may have a free mobility, will bewray a
  bind  of inquietude and  discontentment 'till it attain
  the former position.                     Wotton.
    The youthful hero, with returning light,
  Rose anxious from th' inquietudes of night.   Pope.
 To I'NQUINATE,  ing'kwe-nate. v.  a.
  [inquino, Lat.] To pollute; to corrupt.
  " An old opinion it was, that the ibis feeding upon
  serpents,  that  venomous  food so inquinated their
  oval conceptions,  that  they sometimes came forth
  in serpentine shapes.                    Brown.
'nquina'tion, Ing-kwe-na'shiln. ra. s. [in-
  ouinatio,  Latin; from  inquinate.] Cor-
  ruption;  pollution.
   Their causes and axioms arc so full of imagina-
  tion  and so infected with the old received theories,
   as they are mere inquinalions of experience,  and
   concoct it not.                          jBacon.
     The middle action, which produceth such imper-
   fect bodies, is fitly called  by some of the ancients
   inquination, or inconcoction, which is a kind of pu-
   trefaction.                             Bacon.
 iNqui'RABLE, In-kwi'ra-bl.  adj. [from in-
   quire]  That of which inquisition or in-
   quest may be made.
 To INQLT'RE, in'kwire'. v. n. [enquirer,
   French;  inquiro, Latin.]
 I.  To ask questions;  to make search;  to
   exert curiosity  on  any occasion:  with
   of before the person asked.
             You have oft inqtcir'd
  After the shepherd that complain'd of love. Shaksp.
    We will call the  damsel, and inquire  at  her
  mouth.                               Genesis.
    Herod inquired of  them diligently.     Matthew.
    They began to inquire among themselves, which
  of toem it was that should do this thing?    Luke.
    He sent Hadoram to king David, to inquire of
  his welfare.                          1 Chron.
    It is a subject of a very noble inquiry, to inquire
  of the more subtile perceptions; for it is another
  key to open nature, as well as toe house.   Bacon.
 2.  It is used with into when something is
   already imperfectly known.
    It may deserve our best skill to inquire into those
  rules by which we may guide our judgment. South.
    The step-dame poison for the son prepares;
  The son inquires into  his father's years.   Dryden.
 3.  Sometimes with of.
    Under their grateful shade jKjieas sat;
  His left young Pallas  kept, fix'd to his side,
  And oft of winds inquir'd,  and ofthe tide. Dryden.
 4. With after when something is  lost  or
   missing; in which case for is likewise
   used.
    Inquire for one Saul of Tanus.          Acts.
    They are more in  danger  to go out of toe way,
  who are matching under a guide  that will mislead
  them, than he that is likelier to be prevailed on to
  inquire after the right way.               Locke.
5.  With about, when  fuller intelligence
   is  desired.
    To those who inquired aboiU me, my lover would
  answer, that I was an old dependent upon  his fami-
  ly.                                    Swift.
6. To make examination.
    Awful Rhadamanthus rules the state;
  He bears and judges each committed crime,
  Inquires into the manner, place, and time. Dryden,
 'To Ixqui'RE, in-kwire.' v. u.
 I. To ask about; to seek out: as, he in-
   quired the way.
   To call; to name.   Obsolete.
    Canute had his portion from the rest,
  The which he call'd Canutium, for his hire,
  Now Cantium, which  Kent we commonly  inquire.
                                      Spenser.
iNqui'RER,  in-kwi'rur.9'' n. s.  [from in-
   quire.]
 I. Searcher; examiner;  one curious and
   inquisitive.
    What satisfaction  may be obtained from  those
  violent disputcrs, and  eager inquirers into what clay
  of the month the world began?           Brown.
    What's good doth open to th' inquirers stand,
  And itself offers to th' accepting hand.    Denham.
    Superficial inquirers may satisfy themselves tl.at
  the parts of matter are united by ligaments. Glunv.
    This is a question only of inquiries, not disputers,
  who neither affirm nor deny, but examine.    Locke.
    Late inquirers by their glasses  find,
  That ev'ry insect of each different kind,
  In its own egg, chear'd by the solar rays,
  Organs involv'd aud latent life displays.   Blackm.
2. One who interrogates; one who questions.
 Inqui'ry, in-kwi':-(!-. ra  s. [from inquire]
 I.  Interrogation;  search by question.
    The men which were sent from Cornelius had made
  inquiry for Simou's house, and stood before the gate.
                                         Acts.
 2.  Examination;  search.
     This exactness is  absolutely necessary  in hwui-
  ries after philosophical knowledge,  aud in contro-
  versies about truth.                       Locke.
     As to the inquiry about liberty, I  think the ques-
  tion  is not proper, whether the will be free,  but
  whether a man be free?                  Locke.
     I have been engaged in physical inquiries. Locke.
     It is a  real inquiry, concerning the nature of a
  bird, or a bat, to make their yet imperfect ideas of
  it more complete.                        Locke.
    Judgment or opinion, in a remoter sense,  may be
  called  invention: as  when a judge or a physician
  makes an exact inquiry into any cause.      Gretr.

^Nquisi'noN, ing-kwe-zish'un.*10 ra. s. [in-
  quisition,  Fr. inquisitio, Lat.]

 I.  Judicial  inquiry.
     When  he maketh  inquisition  for blood, he rc-
  membereth them; he forgetteth not  the cry of  the
  humble.                              Psalms.
     When inquisition was made of the matter, it was
  found out.                             Esther.
     With much severity,  and strict inquisition, were
  punished the adherents and aiders ofthe late rebels.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
    Though it may be impossible to recollect every fail-
  ing, yet you are so far  to exercise  an inquisUion
  upon yourself, as by  observing lesser particulars,
  you may the better discover what the corruption  of
  your nature sways you to.                Taylor.
            By your good leave,
  These men will be your judges: we must stand
  The inquisition of their raillery
  On our condition.                     Southern.
2.  Examination;  discussion.
    We were willing to make a pattern or precedent
  of an exact inquisUion.                  Bacon.
3.  [In law.]  A manner of proceeding in
  matters criminal,  by the office  of the
  judge.                            Cowell.

4.  The court established in some countries
  subject to the  pope  for  the detection
  of heresy.
    One kiss of her's, and but eighteen words,
  Put quite down the Spanish inquisUion.     Corbet.

INQUI'SITIVE,  in-kwiz'e-tiv. adj. [in-
  quisitus, Lat.] Curious; busy in search;
  active to pry into any thing:  with  about,
  after, into, or of, and sometimes to.
    My boy at  eighteen years became  inquisitive
  After his brother.      Shaksp. Comedy of Errours.
    This idleness,  together with fear of imminent
  mischiefs, have been  the cause that  the Irish were
  ever  tbe most inquisitive people after news of any
  nation in the world.                     Davies.
     He is not inquisitive info the reasonableness  of
  indifferent and innocent commands.       Taylor.
    It can be  no duty  to write his heart upon  his
  forehead, and to give all the  inquisitive and mali-
  cious world a survey of those thoughts, which is the
  prerogative of God only to know.           Soufft.
            His old shaking sire,
  Liqvbitive o/figlits, still longs in vain
  To find him in the number of the shin.    Dryden.
    Then what the (iallickanns will do,
  Art anxiously inquisitive to know.         Diyden.
   A Dutch ambassador, entertaining the king of Siam
  with  the particularities of Holland,  which he was
  iiMMc'sifire after,  told him  that the  water would,
  in cold w.utiier, be so hard that men walked upon
  »*■                                    LocA-e.
    The whole neighbourhood grew inquisitive after
  my name and character.       Addison's Spectator.
    A wise man is  not i/i^uisifue about things im-
  pertinent.                             Brmm 
INS
INS
INS
    They cannot bear with the impertinent questions
  of a young inquisitive and sprightly genius.  Watts.
Inqui'sitively,  in-kwiz'ze-tiv-le.   adv.
   [from inquisitive.] With curiosity; with
   narrow scrutiny.
Inqui'sitiveness, in-kwiz'ze-tiv-nes. ra. s.
   [from inquisitive.] Curiosity; diligence
   to pry into things hidden.
    Though he thought inquisitiveness an uncomely
   guest, he could not but ask who she was.   Sidney.
    Heights that  scorn our prospect, and  depths in
   which reason will never touch the bottom, yet sure-
   ly the pleasure arising from thence is great and no-
   ble; for as much as they afford perpetual matter to
   the inquisitiveness of human  reason, and  so  are
   large enough for it to take its full scopes  and range
   in.                           South's Sermons.
    Providence, delivering great conclusions  to  us,
   designed to excite our curiosity and inquisitiveness
   after the methods by which  things were  brought to
   pass.                                 Burnet.
     Curiosity in children nature has provided, to re-
   move that ignorance they were  born with; which,
   without this  busy inquisitiveness, will make them
   dull.                                  Locke.
 Inqui'sitor,  in-kwiz'ze-tiir.l6G ra. .s.  [in-
    quisitor, Latin; inquisiteur, French.]
 1. One who examines judicially.
     In these particulars I have played myself the in-
   quisitor, and find nothing contrary to religion or
   manners, but rather medicinable.         Bacon.
     Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears,
   And lives and crimes with his assessors hears. Dryd.
 2. An officer in  the  popish courts  of in-
    quisition.
 To Inra'il, in-rale". v.  a.  [in  and rail.]
    To enclose  with rails.
     In things indifferent, what the whole church doth
   think convenient for toe whole, the same if any part
   do wilfully violate, it may be reformed and inrailed
   again, by that  general authority whereunto each
   particular is subject.                   Hooker.
     Wrhere fam'd St. Giles's  ancient limits spread,
   An inrail'd column rears its lofty head;
   Here to sev'n streets sev'n dials count the day,
   And from each other catch the circling ray.   Gay.
 I'nroad, in'rode. ra. s. [in and road.]   In-
    cursion; sudden  and desultory invasion.
               Many hot inroads
   They make in Italy.                     Shaksp.
     From Scotland we have had in former times some
   alarms and inroads into the northern parts of tois
   kingdom.                             Bacon.
               By proof we  feel
   Our pow'r sufficient to disturb his heav'n,
   And with perpetual inroads to alarm,
   Though inaccessible, his fatal throne.     Milton.
     The loss of Shrewsbury exposed all North Wales
   to the daily inroads of the enemy.      Clarendon.
     The country open lay without defence;
   For poets frequent inroads there had made. Dryden.
 Insa'nable, in-san'na-bl.  adj. [insanabilis,
    Latin.]  Incurable; irremediable.
 Insa'ne, in-sane',  adj. [insanus, Latin.]
 1. Mad.
 2. Making mad.
     Were such things here as we do speak about?
   Or have we eaten ofthe insane root,
   That takes the reason prisoner?           Shaksp.
 INSA'TI ABLE,   in-sa'she-a-bl.  adj. [in-
    satiabilis,  Latin;  insatiable, French.]
    Greedy  beyond  measure; greedy so as
    not to be satisfied.
 Insa'tiableness,  in-sa'she-u-bl-nes.  ra. a.
    [from insatiable.] Greediness not to be
    appeased.
     Some men's hydropick insatiableness had learned
   to thirst the more, by how much more they drank.
                                  King Charles
Ivsa'tiably, in-sa'she-a-ble.  adv.  [fromj
   inaatiable.]   With greediness not to be
   appeased.
    They were extremely ambitious, and insatiably
  covetous;  and therefore no impression, from argu-
  ment or miracles, could reach them.        Soufft.
Insa'tiate,  in-sa'she-ate."1 643 adj  [insa-
   tiatus, Latin.]  Greedy so  as not to be
   satisfied.
    My mother went with child
  Of that insatiate Edward.                Shaksp.
    Insatiate to pursue
  Vain war with heav'n.                   Afiffon.
              Too oft has pride,
  And hellish discord, and insafiaJc thirst
  Of others rights,  our quiet discompos'd.    Philips.
Ixsatisfa'ction, in-sat-is-fak'shun.  ra. s.
   [in and satisfaction] Want; unsatisfied
   state.   Not in use.
    It is a profound contemplation in nature, to con-
  sider  the emptiness or  insalisfaction of several bo-
  dies, and of their appetite to take in others. Bacon.
Insa'turable,   in-satsh'u-ra-bl.461   adj.
   [insaturabilis, Lat.]  Not to be  glutted;
   not to be filled.
To Insori'be,  in-skribe'. v.  a. [inscribo,
   Latin; inscrire, French.]
1. To  write  on any thing.   It  is generally
   applied  to something written on a mo-
   nument, or on the outside of something.
   It  is therefore more  frequently used
   with on than in.
    In all you writ to Rome, or else
  To  foreign princes, ego &?  rex meus
  Was still tnscrift'd.                     Shaksp.
    Connatural principles are  in themselves highly
  reasonable, and  deducible by a strong  process of
  ratiocination to be most tree, and consequently the
  high exercise of ratiocination might evince their
  truth, though there were no such originally inscribed
  in the mind.                             Hale.
    Ye weeping loves! the stream with myrtles hide,
  And with your golden darts now useless grown,
  Inscribe a verse on this relenting stone.      Pope.
2. To  mark  any thing with writing: as, I
   inscribed the stone with  my name.
3. To assign to a patron  without a formal
   dedication.
    One ode, which pleased me in the reading, I have
  attempted  to translate  in  Pindarick verse: 'tis that
  which is inscribed to the present earl of Rochester.
                                       Diyden.
4. To draw a figure within another.
    In the circle inscribe a square.
                      A'bfes fo Creech's Manilius.
Inscription, In-skrlp'shun. ra. s. [inscrip-
   tion, French; inscriptio, Latin.]
 1. Something written or engraved.
    This avarice of praise in time to come,
   Those long inscriptions crowded on toe tomb .Dryd.
2. Title.
    Joubertus by  the same  title led our expectation,
   whereby  we reaped no  advantage,  it  answering
   scarce at all the promise of the inscription.  Brown.
3. In law.
     An obligation made in writing, whereby the ac-
   cuser binds  himself to undergo toe  same punish-
   ment, if he shall not prove the crime which he ob-
   jects to toe party  accused, in his accusatory libel,
   as the defendant himself ought to suffer, if the same
   be  proved.                            Ayliffe.
4. Consignment of a book to a patron with-
   out a formal dedication.
Inscru'table, In-skru'ta-bl.  adj. [inscru-
   tabilis, Latin; inscrutable, French.] Un-
   searchable;  not to be traced out by in-
   quiry or study.
    A jest unseen, inscrutable, invisible,
  As a weather-cock ou a steeple.           Shaksp
    This king had a large heart, inscrutable for goud.
  and was wholly bent to make his kingdom and peo-
  ple happy.                             Bacon.
    0 how inscrufa&fe.' his equity
  Twins with his power.                   Sandys.
    Hereunto they have recourse as unto the oracle
  of life, the great determinator of virginity, concep-
  tion, fertility, and the inscrufaofe infirmities of the
  whole body.                           Broicn.
    We should contemplate  reverently the works of
  nature and grace, the inscrutable ways of providence,
  and all  the wonderful methods of God's  dealing
  with men.                          Atterbury.
To  Inscu'lp, in-skulp'.  v. a.  [insculpo,
   Latin.] To  engrave; to cut.
    A coin that bears the figure of an angel
  Stamped in gold, but that inscufpf upon.    Shaksp.
Inscu'lpture,  in-skdlp'tshure.461  ra.  s.
   [from in and sculpture.] Any thing en-
   graved.
                Timon is dead,
  Entomb'd upon the very hem o' th' sea;
  And on the grave-stone this inscufpfure, which
  With wax I  brought away.              Shaksp.
    It was usual to  wear rings on either hand;  but
  when precious gems and rich insculptures were add-
  ed, the custom of wearing them was translated unto
  the left.                              Brown.
To Inse'am, in-seme'. v. a. [in and seam]
   To  impress or mark by a seam  or cica-
   trix.
    Deep o'er his knee inseam'd remain'd  the scar.
                                        Pope.
I'NSECT, in'sekt. ra. s. [insecta, Latin.]
I. Insects may be considered together as
   one great  tribe   of  animals: they are
   called insects  fiom a  separation in the
   middle of their bodies, whereby they are
   cut  into two parts, which are joined to-
   gether by a small ligature, as we see in
   wasps and  common flies.        Locke.
    Beast, bird, insect, or worm, durst enter none.
                                      Afiffon.
2. Any thing  small or contemptible.
    In ancient times the  sacred plough employ'd
  The kings, and awful fathers of mankind;
  And some with whom compar'd, your insect tribes
  Are but the beings of a summer's day.   Thomson.
Insecta'tor,  in-sek-ta'tur 166 ra. s.  [from
   insector, Latin.]   One  that persecutes
   or harasses with pursuits.         Dict.
lNSE'cTiLE,in-sek'til.140 adj. [from insect.]
   Having the nature of insects.
     InseclUe animals, for want of blood, run all out
  into legs.                             Bacon.
Insecto'loger,  fn-sek-t6l'6-jur."8  ra.  s.
   [insect and Aey©j.] One who studies or
   describes insects.   A word,  I  believe,
   unauthorized.
     The insect itself is, according to modern insecto-
   logers, of the ichneumon-fly kind.       Derham.
Insecu're, in-se-kure' adj. [in and secure.
 1. Not secure; not confident of safety.
     He  is liable to a great  many  inconveniencies
   every moment of his life, and is continually insecure
   not only of the good things of this life, but even of
   life itself.                           Tillotson.
2. Not safe.

Insecu'rity, in-se-ku're-te.  ra. *. [in  and
   security.]
 1. Uncertainty; want of confidence.
     It may be easily perceived with what insecurity
   of truth we ascribe effects, depending upon the na-
   tural period of time, unto arbitrary calculations,
   and such as vary at pleasure.             Broicn. 
INS
INS
INS
2. Want of safety; danger; hazard.
    The unreasonableness and presumption, the dan-
  ger and desperate insecurity of those that have not
  so much as a thought, all their lives long, to ad-
  vance so far as attrition and contrition, sorrow, and
  resolution of amendment.             Hammond.
Insemina'tion,  in-sem-me-na'shu.n. ra. *.
   [insemination, French; insemino, Latin.]
   The act  of scattering seed on ground.
Insecu'tion, in-se-ku'shun. ra. s.  [insecu-
   tion, French; insecutio, Latin.] Pursuit.
   Not in use.
    Not the king's own horse got more before toe
        wheel
  Of his rich chariot, that might still the  insecution
        feel,
  With the extreme hairs of his tail.       Chapman.
Inse'nsate,  in-sen'sate.91  adj.  [insense,
   French;  insensato,   Italian.]   Stupid;
   wanting  thought; wanting sensibility.
    Ye be reprobates; obdurate insensate creatures.
                                    Hammond.
           So fond are mortal men,
  As their own ruin on themselves t' invite,
  Insensate left, or to sense reprobate,
  And with blindness internal struck.       Afiffon.

Insensibi'lity, in-sen-se-bil'e-te. ra. s. [in-
   sensibilile, French; from insensible.]
1. Inability to perceive.
    InsensibilUy of slow motions may be thus account-
  ed for: motion cannot be perceived without percep-
  tion of the parts of space which is  left, and those
  which it next acquires.                Glanville.
2. Stupidity; dulness of mental  perception.
3. Torpor;  dulness of corporal sense.

Inse'nsible, in-sen'se-bl.40fi adj.  [insensi-
   ble, French.]
1. Imperceptible; not discoverable by the
   senses.
    What is that word honour? air; a trim reckon-
  ing.  Who  hath it? he  that  died  a Wednesday.
  Doth he  feel it? no.  Doth he hear it?  no.  Is it
  msensUile then? yea, to the dead: but will it not
  live with toe living? no.  Why? detraction will not
  suffer it.                              Shaksp.
    Two small  and almost  insensi&fe pricks were
  found upon Cleopatra's arm.             Brown.
    The dense and bright light of the  circle will ob-
  scure toe rare and weak light of these dark colours
  round about it, and render them almost insensible.
                                      Newton.
2. Slowly gradual, so  as that no progress
   is  perceived.
               They fall away,
  And languish with insensiWe decay.       Dryden.
3. Void of  feeling, either  mental or cor-
   poral.
                 I  thought
  I then was passing to my former state
  Insensiofe, and forthwith to dissolve.       MUton.
    Accept an obligation without being a slave to the
  giver, or insensible of his kindness.        Wotton.
4. Void of  emotion or affection.
    You grow insensiofe to toe conveniency of riches,
  the deu'ghts  of honour and praise.         Temple.
    You render  mankind insensUrle to  toeir beauties,
  and have destroyed the empire of love.    Dryden.
Inse'nsibleness,  in-sen'se-bl-nes.  ra.  s.
  [from  insensible.]  Absence  of percep-
  tion; inability to perceive.
    The insensibleness of the pain proceeds rather
  from the  relaxation of toe  nerves  than toeir ob-
  struction.                               Ray-
Inse'nsibly, in-sen'se-ble. adv.  [from  in-
  sensible.]
I. Imperceptibly;  in  such a manner as is
  not discovered by the senses.
       VOL. I.
    The planet earth, ao steadfast toough she seem,
  Insensibly three different motions moves.   Afiffon.
    The hills rise insensibly, and leave the eye a vast
  uninterrupted prospect.                 Addison.
2. By slow degrees.
              Equal they were form'd,
  Save  what  sin hath impair'd, which yet hath
        wrought
  Insensibly.                             Milton.
    Proposals agreeable to our passions will insensibly
  prevail upon our weakness.              Rogers.
            Cadenus
    Insensibly came on her side.             Swift.
3. Without mental or corporal sense.
Inseparabi'lity, in-sep-par-a-bil'e-te.  >
Inse'parableness, in-sep'par-a-bl-nes. $
  ra.  s. [from  inseparable.]  The  quality
  of being  such as cannot be severed  or
  divided.
    The parts of pure space are immoveable, which
  follows from  their inseparabUity, motion being no-
  thing but change of distance between any two things;
  but  this cannot be between parts that are insepar-
  able.                                 Locke.
Inseparable,  in-sep'par-a-bl.  adj.  [in-
  separable, Fr. inseparabilis, Lat.]   Not
  to  be disjoined; united so  as  not to be
  parted.
    Ancient times figure both the incorporation, and
  inseparable conjunction of counsel with kings, and
  the  wise and politick use of counsel by kings.
                                       Bacon.
              Thou, my shade
  Inseparable, must with me along;
  For death from sin no pow'r can separate.  Afiffon.
    Care and  toil came into the  world with sin, and
  remain ever since inseparable from it.      Soufft.
    No body feels pain, that he wishes not to be eased
  of, with a desire equal to toat pain, and inseparable
  from it.                               Locke.
    The parts of pure space are inseparable one from
  the  other, so that the continuity cannot be separ-
  ated, neither really nor mentally.          Locke.
          Together out they fly,
  Inseparable now the truth and lie;
  And this or that unmixt no mortal e'er shall find.
                                        Pope.
Inseparably, in-sep'par-a-bl e. adv. [from
  inseparable]  With  indissoluble  union.
    Drowning of metals is, when the baser metal  is
  so incorporate wito the more rich as it cannot be
  separated; as if silver should be inseparably incor-
  porated with gold.                      Bacon.
              Him thou shalt enjoy,
  Inseparably thine.                      ATiffon.
    Restlessness of mind seems inseparably annexed
  to human nature.                       Tempfe.
    Atheists  must confess, that before that assigned
  period matter had existed eternally, inseparably en-
  dued with this principle of attraction; and yet had
  never attracted nor convened before,  during that
  infinite duration.                      Bentley.
To INSE'RT, in-sert'. v.  a.  [inaerer, Fr.
  insero, insertum, Lat.]   To place in  or
  among other things.
    Those words were  very weakly inserted, where
  they are so liable to misconstruction.  Stillingfleet.
    With toe worthy gentleman's name  I will insert
  it at length in one of my papers.         Addison.
    It is not  toe editor's interest to insert what the
  author's judgment had rejected.            Swift.
    Poesy and oratory omit things not essential,
  and insert little beautiful digressions,  in order  to
  place eveiy thing in the most affecting light. Waffs.
Inse'rtion, inser'shvin. ra. s. [insertion,
   French; insertio, Latin.]
r. The act  of placing any  thing  in  or
   among other  matter.
    The great disadvantage our historians labour
  under is too tedious an interruption, by the inser-
  tion of records in toeir narration.          Feffon.
                     6p
    An ileus, commonly called the twisting of the
  guts, is either a circumvolution or insertion of one
  part of the gut within toe other.       .Irbuthnot.
2. The thing inserted.
    He softens the relation by such insertions before
  he describes the event.                 Broome.
 To Inse'rve,  in-serv'. v.a.[inservio, Lat.]
   To be of use to an end.
lNSE'RviENT,in-aer've-ent. adj.[inaerviens,
   Lat.] Conducive;  of  use to an end.
    The providence of God, which disposeth of no
  part in vain, where there is no digestion to be made,
  makes not any parts inservient to toat intention.
                                       Brown.
To Inshe'll,  In-sheT.  v. a.  [in and shell.]
   To hide in a shell. Not used.
    Aufidius, hearing of our Marcius' banishment,
  Thrusts forth his horns again into toe world,
  Which  were  inshett'd when Marcius  stood for
        Rome,
  And durst not once peep out.             Shaksp.
To Inshi'p,  in-ship'.  v. a.  [in and ship.]
   To shut in a ship; to stow:  to embark.
   Not used.   We say simply to ship.
    See toem  safely brought to Dover; where, in-
        shipp'd,
  Commit them to the fortune of the sea.    Shaksp.
To Inshri'ne,  in-shrine'. v.  a.  [in  and
   shrine.]  To enclose  in a shrine  or pre-
   cious case.   It is  written  equally  en-
   shrine.
    Warlike and  martial Talbot, Burgundy
  Inshrines thee in his heart.              Shaksp.
            Not Babylon,
  Equall'd in all its glories, toinshrine Belus. Afiffon.

I'nside, In'side. ra. s.  [in and  aide.]   In-
   teriour part; part within: opposed to the
   surface  or outside.
    Look'd he o' to' inside of the paper?
  —He did unseal them.                  Shaksp.
    Shew the inside of your  purse to  the outside of
  his hand, and no more ado.              Shaksp.
    Here are toe outsides of toe one,  the insides of
  the  other, and there 's toe moiety I promis'd ye.
                                   L'Estrange.
    As for the inside of their nest, none but them-
  selves were concerned in it.            Addison.

Insioia'tor, in-sid-e-a'tiir.106 ra. s. [Lat.]
   One who lies in wait.              Dict.

INSI'DIOUSj In-sicFe-us, or, in-sid'je-us.
   293294,acjj [insidieux,Fr.insidiosus,Lat.]
   Sly; circumventive;  diligent to entrap;
   treacherous.
    Since  men mark all our steps, and watch our
  baitings, let a sense of toeir insidious vigilance ex-
  cite us so to behave ourselves,  that they may find a
  conviction  of the  mighty power of Christianity to-
  wards regulating the passions.         Atterbury.
              They wing their course,
  And dart on distant coasts,  if some sharp rock,
  Or shoal insidious, breaks not toeir career.
                                      Thomson.
iNsi'niousLY,  in-sld'e-is-le. adv.  [from
   insidious.]  In a  sly  and treacherous
   manner; with malicious artifice.
    The castle of Cadmus was taken by Phebidas toe
  Lacedemonian, insidiously and  in  violation  of
  league.                                Bacon.
    Simeon  and  Levi spoke  not only falsely but in-
  sidiously, nay  hypocritically, abusing their prose-
  lytes and their religion, for the effecting their cruel
  designs.               Government ofthe Tongue.
I'nsight,  in'site. ra. s.  [insicht,  Dutch.
   This word  had formerly the accent on
   the last syllable.]  Introspection; deep
   view; knowledge ofthe interiour parts;
|   thorough skill in any thing. 
INS                                        INS                                      INS
   Hardy shepherd, such as thy merits, such maybe
 her insight justly to grant thee reward.     Sidney.
   Straightway sent with careful diligence
 To fetch a leech, the which had great insig-ftf
 In that disease of grieved conscience,
 And well could cure the  same; his name was Pa-
        tience.                         Spenser.
   Now will be the right season of forming them to
 be able writers, when they shall be thus fraught
 with an universal insight  into things.      Afiffon.
    The use of a little insight in those parts of know-
 ledge, which are not a man's  proper business, is to
 accustom our minds to all sorts of ideas.    Locke.
    A garden gives us a great insight into the contri-
 vance and wisdom  of providence, and suggests in-
  numerable subjects of meditation.      Spectator.
    Due consideration,  and  a  deeper  insight into
  things, would soon have made them sensible of their
  error.                              Woodward.
Insigni'fioanoe,  in-sig-nif'fe-kanse.   >
Insignificancy,  in-sig-nif'fe-kan-se.  5
   ra. s. [insignificance, French; from in-
   significant.]
 1. Want of meaning; unmeaning terms.
    To give an account of all the insignificancies and
  verbal nothings of this philosophy, would be to tran-
  scribe it.                           Gfanriffe.
 2. Unimportance.
    As I was ruminating on toat I had seen, I could
  not forbear reflecting on the insigwiyicancy of human
   art, when set in comparison with the designs of pro-
   vidence.                             Addison.
    My annals are  in mouldy mildews wrought,
   With easy insignificance of toought.        Garth.
 Insigni'ficant,   in-sig-nif'fe-kant.   adj.
   [in  and significant.]
 1.  Wanting meaning; void of signification.
     'Till you can weight and gravity explain,
   Those words are insignificant and vain. Blackmore.
 2. Unimportant;  wanting   weight;  inef-
   ectual.   This sense, though supported
   by authority, is not very  proper.
     That I might not be vapoured down by insignifi-
   cant testimonies,  I presumed to  use the great name
   of your society to annihilate all such arguments.
                                      Glanville.
     Calumny robs the public of all that  benefit that
   it may justly claim from toe worth  and virtue of
   particular persons, by rendering their virtue utterly
   insignificant.                           South.
     All the arguments to  a good life will be very in-
   significant to a man that hath a  mind to be wicked,
   when remission  of sins may be  had  upon cheap
   terms.                              Tillotson.
     Nothing can be more contemptible and  insigni-
   ficant than the scum of a people, instigated against
   a king.                              Addison.
     In a hemorrhage from the lungs, no remedy so
   proper  as bleeding, often repeated: stypticks  are
   often insignificant.                  Arbuthnot.
 Insignificantly,   in-sig-nif'fe-kant-le.
    adv.  [from insignificant.]
 1. Without meaning.
     Birds are taught to use articulate words, yet they
   understand not their import,  but use them  insigni-
   ficantly, as the  organ  or pipe  renders the tune,
   which it understands not.                 Hale.
 2. Without importance  or effect.
 Insince're, in-sin-sere', adj.  [insincerus,
    Lat. in and sincere.]
 I. Not what he appears; not hearty; dis-
    sembling; unfaithful: of  persons.
 2. Not sound; corrupted: of things.
     Ah why, Penelope, this causeless fear
   To render sleep's soft blessings insincere?
   Alike devote to sorrow's dire extreme,
   The day reflection, and the midnight dream. Pope.
 Insince'rity, In-sin-ser'e-te. ra. *.  [from
   insincere.]  Dissimulation; want of truth
   or  fidelity.
    If men should always act under a mask, and in
  disguise, that indeed betrays design and insincerity.
                                      Broome.
To Insi'new, in-sin'nu. v. a.  [in and si-
   new.]  To strengthen; to confirm.  Not
   used.
    All members of our cause,
  That are insinewed to tois action.         Shaksp.
Insi'nuant, in-sin'nu-ant. adj. [French.]
   Having the power to gain favour.
    Men not so  quick perhaps of conceit as slow to
  passions, and commonly less inventive than judici-
  ous, howsoever prove very plausible, insinuant, and
  fortunate men.                         Wotton.
To  INSI'NUATE,  in-sin'nu-ate.  v.  a.
   [insineur, French; insinuo, Latin.]
I.  To  introduce  any thing gently.
    The water easily insinuates  itself into and pla-
   cidly distends the vessels of vegetables.  Woodward.
2.  To  push gently into favour or regard:
   commonly with a reciprocal pronoun.
    There is no particular evil which hath not some
   appearance of goodness, whereby to insinuate itself.
                                       Hooker.
    At  the isle of Rhee he insinuated  himself into
   the very good grace of the duke of Buckingham.
                                    Clarendon.
3. To hint; to impart indirectly.
    And all the fictions bards pursue
   Do but insinuate what's true.            Swift.
4. To instil; to infuse gently.
     All the art of rhetorick, besides order and clear-
   ness,  are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong
   ideas, move  toe passions, and thereby mislead the
   judgment.                              Locke.
 To Insi'nuate, in-sin'nu-ate.  v.  ra.
 1. To wheedle;  to gain on the  affections
   by gentle degrees.
     I love no colours; and without all colour
   Of base insinuating flattery,
   I pluck this white rose with Plantagenet.   Shaksp.
2. To steal into imperceptibly; to be  con-
   veyed insensibly.
     Pestilential miasms insinuate into the  humoral
   and consistent parts of the body.         Harvey.
3. I know not  whether  Milton  does  not
   use this word, according to its  etymo-
   logy,  for, to enfold; to wreath; to wind.
   -  Close the serpent sly
   Insinuating, of his fatal guile
   Gave proof unheeded.                  Afiffon.
Insinuation,  in-sin-nu-a'shun.  ra.  s. [in-
   sinuatio,  Latin;  insinuation,  French;
   from insinuate.]   The power of pleas-
   ing  or stealing upon the affections.
     When the industry of one man  hath settled  the
   work, a new man,  by insinuation, or misinforma-
   tion,  may not supplant him without a just  cause.
                                       Bacon.
     He had a natural insinuation and address, which
   made him acceptable in the best company.
                                    Clarendon.
Insi'nuative,  In-sin'nu-a-tiv.  adj. [from
   insinuate.]   Stealing on the affections.
     It is a strange insinuative power which  example
   and custom have upon us.      Gov. of the Tongue.
Insinua'tor,  in-sin'nu-a-tur.621  l6B  ra.   s.
   [insinuator,  Lat.]   He that insinuates.
                                  Ainsworth.
INSI'PID, in-sip'pid.  adj. [insipide, Fr.
   insipidus, Latin.]
 1. Wanting taste; wanting  power of  af-
   fecting the organs of gust.
     Some earths yield, by distillation, a liquor very
   far from being inodorous or insipid.        Boyle.
     Our fathers much admir'd their sauces sweet,
   And often call'd for sugar with their meat:
   Insipid taste, old friend, to them that Paris knew,
   Where  rocambole, shallot, and the rank garlick
         grew.                            King.
    This chyle is the natural and alimentary pituita,
  which the ancients described as insipid.    Floyer,
    She lays some useful bile aside,
  To tinge toe chyle's insipid tide.           Prior.
2. Wanting spirit;  wanting  pathos;  fiat;
   dull; heavy.
    The gods have made your noble mind for me,
  And her insipid soul for Ptolemy;
  A heavy lump of earth without desire,
  A heap of ashes that o'erlays your fire.   Dryden.
    Some short excursions of a broken vow
  He  made indeed, but flat insipid stuff.    Dryden.
Insipi'bity, ln-se-pid'e-te.    > ra. *. [insi-
Insi'pibness, in-sip'pid-nes.  3 pidite, Fr.
   from insipid.]
1. Want of taste.
2. Want of life or  spirit.
    Dryden's lines shine strongly through the insipi-
  dity of Tate's.                           Pope.
Insi'pibly, in-sip'pld-le. adv.  [from in-
   sipid]
1, Without taste.
2. Dully;  without  spirit.
    One great reason why many children abandon
  themselves wholly  to silly sports,  and trifle  away
  all their time insipidly,  is because they have found
  their curiosity  baulked.                   Locke.
Insi'pience,  in-sip'e-cnse. ra. s. [insipien-
   tia, Lat.] Folly; want  of understanding.
To INSI'ST, in-sist'. v.n.  [insister, Fr.
   insisto,  Latin.]
1. To stand or rest upon.
    The combs  being double, the cells on each side
  the partition are so ordered, that the angles on one
  side insist  upon the centres  of the bottom of the
  cells on the other side.                    Ray.
2. Not  to recede  from terms or  asser-
   tions;  to persist in.
    Upon such large terms, and so absolute,
  As our conditions shall insist upon,
  Our peace shall stand firm as rocky mountains.
                                    Shakspeare.
3. To dwell upon in  discourse.
    Were there no other act of hostility but toat
  which we have hitherto insisted on, the intercepting
  of her supplies were irreparably injurious to her.
                                 Decay of Piety.
Insi'stent,  in-sis'tent.   adj.  [insistens,
   Latin.]  Resting upon any  thing.
    The breadth of the substruction must be at least
  double to the insistent wall.              Wbfto?i.
Insi'sture,  in-sis'lshure.461  ra. s. [from
   insist.]  This word seems in Shakspeare
   to signify  constancy or  regularity, but
   is  now not used.
    The hcav'ns themselves, the  planets,  and the
         center,
   Observe degree, priority, and place,
   Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,
   Office and custom, in all line of order.    Shaksp.

Insi'tiency, in-sish'en-se. ra. s. [in-  and
   sitio, Latin.]   Exemption  from thirst.
    What is more admirable than the fitness of every
   creature for the use we make of him? The docility
   of  an elephant, and toe insitiency of  a camel for
   travelling in desarts.                     Grew.
 Insi'tion,  in-sish'un. n. s.   [insitio, Lat.]
   The  insertion or ingraffinent  of one
   branch  into another.
     Without the use of these we could have nothing
   of culture or civility: no tillage, grafting, or insUion.
                                          Ray.
 To   Insna're,  in-snare'.  v.  a.  [in  and
   snare.]
 1.  To  intrap; to catch in a  trap, gin,  or
   snare; to inveigle.
     Why strew'st thou sugar on that bottled spider,
   Whose deadly web insnareth thee about?   Shaksp. 
INS
INS
INS
       *       She insnar'd
   Mankind with her fair looks.            MUton.
     By long experience Durfey may no doubt
   Insnare a gudgeon, or perhaps a trout;
   Though Dryden once exclaim'd in partial spite;
   He fish!—because the man attempts to write.
                                        Fenton.
 2.  To entangle in  difficulties or  perplex-
    ities.
     That which  is a great part, in the weightiest
   Causes belonging  to this present controversy, hath
   insnared the judgments both of sundry good and of
   some well learned men, is the manifest truth of
   certain general principles, whereupon the ordinan-
   ces  that  serve for usual practice in the church of
   God are grounded.                     Hooker.
     That the hypocrite reign not, lest toe people be
   insnared.                                Job.
 3.  Ensnare is more  frequent.
 Insna'rer, in-sna'rur.98  ra.  s. [from  in-
    snare.]  He that insnares.
 Inso'ciable,  in-so'she-a-bl.405  adj. [inso-
    ciable, French; insociabilis, Latin.]
 1.  Averse from conversation.
     If this austere insociable life
   Change not your offer made in heat of blood.
                                     Shakspeare.
 2.  Incapable  of connexion  or union.
     The lowest ledge or row must be merely of stone,
   closely laid, without mortar,  which is a general
   caution for all parts in building that are contiguous
   to board  or timber, because lime and wood are in-
   sociable.                               Wotton.
 Insobri'ety,  in-so-bri'e-te. ra. s.  [in and
   sobriety.]   Drunkenness;  want  of  so-
   briety.
     He whose conscience upbraids him with profane-
   ness towards God, and  insobriety  towards himself,
   if he is just to his neighbour, he thinks he has quit
   scores.                         Decay of Piety.

 To TNSOLATE,  in's6-late.« v. a.  [in-
   solo, Latin.]   To dry in the sun; to ex-
   pose to the action  of the sun.

 Insola'tion,  in-so-la'shiin.  ra. s.  [insola-
   tion, French;  from insolate.]    Exposi-
   tion to the sun.
     We use these towers for insolation, refrigeration,
   conservation, and for the view of divers meteors.
                                        Bacon.
     If it have not a sufficient insolation  it looketh
   pale, and attains not its laudable colour,  if it be
   sunned loo long, it suffereth a torrefaction.  Brown.
 I'nsolence, in'so-iense.  )   ra.  s.  [inso-
 I'nsolency, in'so-len-se. 3  lence, French;
   insolentia,  Latin.]  Pride exerted  in
   contemptuous  and overbearing  treat-
   ment of others; petulant  contempt.
     They could not restrain the insolency of O'Neal,
  who, finding none now to withstand him,  made him-
  self lord of those people that remained.    Spenser.
               Such a nature
;  Tickled with good success, disdains the shadow
  Which he  treads on at noon; but I do wonder
  His insolence can brook to be commanded
  Under Cominius.                      Shaksp.
    Blown with insolence and wine.        Milton.
    Publick judgments are the banks and shores upon
  which God breaks the insolency of sinners, and stays
  their proud waves.                     Tillotson
            The steady tyrant man
  Who with toe thoughtless insolence of power,
  For sport alone, pursues the cruel chace.  Tliomson.
    The fear of any violence, either against her own
  person or against her son, might deter  Penelope
  from  using any endeavours  to remove men of such
  insolence and power.                   Broome.
To I'nsolence,  in'so-lense. v. a. [from
  the  noun.]   To  insult;  to treat with
  contempt.   A very bad word.
      The bishops, who were first faulty, insolenced
   and assaulted.                    King Charles.
 I'nsolent, in'so-l£nt. adj.  [insolent, Fr.
    insolens, Lat.] Contemptuous of others;
    haughty; overbearing.
      We have not pillaged those rich provinces which
   we rescued: victory itself hath not made us insolent
   masters.                            Atterbury.
 I'nsolently, ln'so-lent-le. adv.  [insolen-
    ter, Latin.]   With contempt of others;
    haughtily; rudely.
     What I must disprove,
   He insolently talk'd to me of love.        Dryden.
     Not faction, when it shook thy regal seat,
   Not senates, insolently loud.
   Those echoes of a thoughtless crowd,
   Could warp thy  soul to their unjust decree.  Dryd.
     Briant, naturally of an haughty temper, treated
   him very insolently,  more like a criminal than a
   prisoner of war.                      Addison.
 Inso'lvable,  in-sol'va-bl. adj.  [insolva-
   ble, French;  in  and  solve.]
 I. Not to be solved; not to be cleared; in-
   extricable; such  as admits of no solu-
   tion, or explication.
     Spend a few  thoughts on the puzzling enquiries
   concerning vacuums,  the doctrine of infinities, in-
   divisibles, and incommensurables, wherein there
   appear some insolvable difficulties.         Watts.
 2. That cannot be paid.
 Inso'luble,  in-s6l'lii-bl.40s  adj.  [insolu-
   ble,  French;  insolubilis, Latin.]
 I. Not to be cleared; not to be  resolved.
     Admit this, and what shall the scripture be but
   a snare  and a torment  to weak consciences,  filling
   them  with infinite  scrupulosities, doubts insoluble,
   and extreme despair.                   Hooker.
 2. Not to be dissolved or separated.
     Stony matter may  grow in any part of a human
   body; for when any thing insoluble  sticks  in any
   part of toe  body, it gathers a crust about it.
                                    Arbuthnot.
 Inso'lvent, in-sol'vent. adj. [in and  sol-
   vo, Latin]   Unable to pay.
    By  public declaration he proclaimed himself in-
   solvent of those vast sums he had taken upon credit.
                                       Howel.
     A farmer accused his guards for robbing him of
   oxen,  and the emperor shot the offenders; but de-
   manding reparation of the accuser for so  many
   brave  fellows, and finding him insofvenf, compound-
   ed the matter by taking his life.         Addison.
    Ail  insofrenf is a man toat cannot pay his debts.
                                        Watts.
    Insolveat  tenant of incumber'd space.    Smart.
Inso'lvkncy, in-s&l'ven-se. ra. s.  [from in-
   solvent.] Inability to pay debts. An act
   of insolvency  is  a law by which impri-
   soned debtors are  released without pay-
   ment.
[nsomu'ch, in-so-miitsh'.362  conj. [in so
   much]  So that; to such a degree that.
   This word  is growing obsolete.
    It hath ever been the use of the conqueror to des-
  pise the language of the conquered, and to  force
  him to learn his: so did the Romans always use, in-
  somuch that there is no nation but is sprinkled wito
  their language.                        Spenser.
    To make ground  fertile,  ashes excel; insomuch
  as the  countries about  AStna have  amends made
  them, for the mischiefs the eruptions do.   Bacon.
    Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch  that
  he made his fortune by it.           L'Estrange
    They made the ground uneven about their nest,
  insomuch that the slate did not lie flat upon it, but
  left a free passage underneath.           Addison.
To Inspe'ct, in-spekt'. v. a. [inspicio, in-
   spect urn,  Latin.]   To look into by  way
   of  examination.

                   6p2
 Inspection, in-spek'shiin.  ra. a.  [inspec-
    tion, French; inspectio,  Latin.]
 I.  Prying examination; narrow and close
    survey.
     With narrow search, and with inspection deep,
   Consider  every creature.                MUton.
     Our religion is a religion that dares to be under-
   stood; that offers itself to toe search of the inquisi-
   tive, to the inspection of the severest and the most
   awakened reason; for, being secure of her substan-
   tial  truth  and purity, she knows that for  her to be
   seen and looked into, is to be embraced and admi-
   red, as there needs no greater argument for  men
   to love toe light than to see it.             Soufft.
 2. Superintendence;  presiding care.   In
   the first sense it  should have into  be-
   fore  the object, and in the second sense
   may admit over;  but authors confound
   them.
     We may safely conceal our  good deeds, when
   they run no hazard of being diverted to  improper
   ends, for want of our own inspection.    Atterbury.
     We should  apply ourselves to study the  perfec-
   tions of God,  and to procure lively and  vigorous
   impressions of his perpetual presence with us,  and
   inspection over us.                  Atterbury.
    The divine inspection into toe affairs of the world,
   doth  necessarily follow from the nature and being
   of God; and he that denies tois, doth implicit!j  de-
   ny his existence.                       Bentley.
Inspe'ctor, in-spek'tur.166  ra.  s. [Latin.]
1. A  prying examiner.
    With their new light our bold inspectors press,
   Like Cham, to shew toeir father's nakedness.
                                     Denham.
2. A  superintendent.
    Young men may travel under a wise inspector or
   tutor to different parts,  that they may bring home
■  useful knowledge.                       I rafts.
Inspe'rsion, in-sper'shiln. ra. s. [insper-
   sio, Latin.] A sprinkling upon.    Ains.
To  Insphe're,  in-sfere'.   v.  a.  [in and
   sphere.] To place in an  orb or sphere.
    Where those immortal shapes
  Of bright aerial spirits live inspher'd,
  In regions  mild of calm and serene air.    Milton.
Inspi'bable, In-spi'ra-bl.  adj.  [from  in-
   spire.]    Which may be drawn in  with
   the  breath; which  may be infused.
    To these inspirable hurts, we  may enumerate
  those they sustain from their expiration of fulgi-
  nous  steams.                         Harvey.
Inspira'tion, in-spe-ra'shian.  ra. s.  [from
   inspire.]
   The act of drawing in the  breath.
    In  any inflammation ofthe diaphragm, the symp-
  toms  are a violent fever, and a most exquisite pain
  increased upon inspiration, by which it is  distin-
  guished from a pleurisy, in which the greatest pain
  is in  expiration.                     Arbuthnot.
2.  The act of breathing into any thing.
3.  Infusion of  ideas  into the  mind by a
   superiour power.
    I never spoke with her in all my life.
 —How can she then call us by our names,
  Unless  it be by inspiration?              Shalcsp.
    Your father  was ever virtuous, and holy men at
 their  death have good inspirations.       ' Shaksp.
        We to his high inspiration owe,
 That  what  was done before the flood we know.
                                     DenJiam.
    What the tragedian wrote, the late success
 Declares was inspiration, and not piess.  Denham.
    Inspiration is when an overpowering impression
 of any proposition is made upon the mind by God
 himself, that gives a convincing and indubitable evi-
 dence ofthe truth and divinity of if so were  the
 prophets and the apostles impired.          Watts.
To INSPI'RE,  in-spire'. v.   n. [inspiru, 
INS
INS
INS
  Latin; inspirer, Fr.]   To  draw  in the
  breath: opposed to expire.
    If the inspiring  and expiring organ of any ani-
  mal be stopt, it suddenly yields to nature and dies.
                                       Walton.
To  Inspi're, in-spire'.  v. a.
1. To  breathe into.
    Ye nine, deseend and sing,
  The breathing instruments inspire.         Pope.
2. To  infuse  by breathing.
    He knew not his Maker, and he that inspired in-
  to him an active soul, and breathed in a living spirit.
                                       Wisdom.
3.  To infuse  into the mind;  to impress
  upon the fancy.
    I have been  troubled in my sleep this night;
  But dawning day new  comfort hath inspir'd.
                                    Shakspeare.
         Then to the heart inspir'd
  Vernal delight.                        Afiffon.
4.  To animate by supernatural infusion.
           Nor th' inspir'd
  Castalian spring.                       Milton.
    Erato, thy poet's mind inspire,
  And fill his soul with thy celestial fire.     Dryden.
    The letters are  often read to toe young religious,
  to inspire toem with sentiments of virtue. Addison.
i.  To draw in with the  breath.
    By  means of sulphurous coal smokes the lungs are
  stifled and  oppressed,  whereby they are forced to
  inspire and expire the  air with difficulty in compa-
  rison of the facility of inspiring  and expiring toe
  air in the country.                     Harvey.
     His baleful  breath inspiring as he glides;
  Now like a chain around her neck he rides. Dryd.
Inspi'rer,  in-spi'rur.98  ra.  s.   [from  in-
    spire.]  He  that inspires.
     To the infinite God, the omnipotent creator and
  preserver of the world, the most gracious redeemer,
  sanctifier, and inspirer of mankind, be all honour.
                                        Derham.
 To Inspi'rit,  in-splr'lt.  v.  a.  [in  and
    spirit.]  To animate;  to actuate;  to fill
    with lite and  vigour;  to enliven; to in-
    vigorate; to encourage.
     It  has pleased God to inspirit and actuate all his
   evangelical methods by a concurrence of supernatu-
   ral strength, which makes it not only eligible but
   possible; easy and pleasant to do whatever he com-
   mands us.   '                    Decay of Piety.
     A discreet use  of becoming ceremonies renders
   the service ofthe church solemn and affecting, in-
   spirits the  sluggish, and inflames even the devout
   worshipper.  *"                      Atterbury.
     The courage of Agamemnon is inspirUed by love
   of empire  and ambition.                  Pope.
     Let joy  or ease, let affluence or content,
   And  the gay conscience of a life well spent,
   Calm ev'ry thought, inspirit ev'ry grace,
   Glow in thy heart, and smile upon thy face. Pope.
  To Inspi'ssate, in-spis'sate. v. a. [in  and
    spissus, Lat.]    To  thicken; to make
    thick.
     Sugar doth inspissate the spirits of the wine, and
   maketh them  not so easy to resolve into vapour.
                                         Bacon.
     This oil farther inspissated by evaporation torns
   into  balm.                         Arbuthnot.
 Inspissa'tion, 'in-spis-sa'shun. n. s. [from
    inspissate.]  The act of making  any li-
    quid thick.
     The effect  is  wrought by the inspissalion of the
   air.                                    Bacon.
     Recent urine will crystallize by inspiration, and
   afford a salt neither acid nor alkaline.  Arbuthnot.
 Instability, in-sta-bil'e-te.  ra. s. [insta-
    bility, French; instabilitas, from insta-
    bilis, Latin.]  Inconstancy;  fickleness;
    mutability of opinion or conduct.
    Instability of temper ought to be checked, when
  it disposes men to wander from one scheme of gov-
  ernment to another; such a fickleness cannot but be
  fatal to our country.                   Addison.

Insta'ble,  in-sta'bl.406   adj.  [instabilis,
  Lat.]  Inconstant; changing.   See Un-
  stable.
To INSTA'LL, in-stall'.34 *>*  v. a. [in-
  staller, French;  in and stall.]   To ad-
  vance to any  rank  or office, by  placing
  in  the seat  or stall  proper to that con-
  dition.
    She reigns a goddess now among the saints,
  That whilom was the saint of shepherds light,
  And is installed now in heaven's hight.     Spenser.
    Cranmer is retorn'd with welcome,
  Install'd archbishop of Canterbury.    Shakspeare,
    The king chose him master of the horse, after
  this he was installed of toe most noble order.
                                       Wotton.
Installation,  in-stal-la'shun.  ra. s.  [in-
   stallation, French; from install.]  The
   act  of  giving  visible   possession of a
   rank or office, by placing in the proper
   seat.
    Upon the election the bishop gives a mandate for
  his  installation.                        Ayliffe.

Insta'lment,  In-stall'ment.  ra. s.  [from
   install.]
 1. The act of installing.
                  Is it not easy
  To make lord William Hastings of our mind,
  For the imfafmenf of this noble duke
  In toe seat royal?                  Shakspeare.
2. The seat in which one  is installed.
          Search Windsor-castle, elves,
  The several chairs of order look you scour;
  Each fair instalment, coat and several crest
  With loyal blazon evermore be blest!     Shaksp.
I'nstance, in'stanse.  f      r.   .      „  -,
T,           3 , .4.   .  > ra. * {instance, Fr. I
I'nstancy, m'stan-se. ^      L         '    J
 1. Importunity; urgency;  solicitation.
    Christian men should much better frame them-
  selves to  those heavenly precepts which our Lord
  and Saviour with so great instancy gave us concern-
  ing peace and unity, if we  did concur to have the
   ancient councils renewed.              Hooker.
 2.  Motive; influence; pressing argument.
   Not in  use.
     She dwells so securely upon her honour, toat folly
   dares not present itself.  Now, could I come to her
   with any direction in my hand, my desires had in-
   stance and argument to commend themselves.
                                    Shakspeare.
     The instances that second marriage move,
   Are base respects of thrift, but none of love.
                                    Shakspeare.
    Prosecution or process of a suit.
     The instance of a cause is said to be that judi-
   cial process which is made from the contestation of
   a suit, even to the time of pronouncing sentence in
   the cause, or till the end of three years.   Ayliffe.
 4. Example; document.
              Yet doth this accident
   So far exceed all instance, all discourse,
   That I am ready to distrust mine eyes.    Shaksp.
     In furnaces of copper and brass, where vitriol is
   often cast in, there riseto suddenly a fly, which some-
   times moveth on  the walls of the furnace; sometimes
   in  the fire below; and dieto presently as soon as it
   is out of the furnace: which is a noble instance, and
   worthy to be weighed.                   Bacon.
      We find in history instances of persons, who after
   their prisons have been flung open, have chosen ra-
   ther to languish  in their dungeons, than  stake their
   miserable lives and fortunes  upon tlie success of a
   revolution.                           Addison.
      The greatest saints are sometimes made the most
   remarkable instances of suffering.       Atterbury,
    Suppose the earth should be removed nearer to
  the sun, and  revolve  for instance in  toe orbit of
  Mercury, the whole ocean would boil with heat.
                                      Bentfey.
    The use of instances is to illustrate  and explain
  a difficulty;  and this end is best answered by such
  instances as are familiar and common.      Baker.
5. State of  any thing.
    These seem as if,  in toe time of Edward the first,
  they were drawn up into the form of a law in the
  first instance.                            Hale.
5. Occasion;  act.
    The performances required on  our  part, are no
  other than what natural reason has endeavoured to
  recommend, even in the most severe  and difficult
  instances of duty.                      Rogers.
    A soul supreme in each hard instance try'd
  Above all pain, all anger, and all  pride.     Pope.
    If Eusebia has lived as free from sin as it is pos-
  sible for human nature, it is because she is always
  watching and guarding against all instances of pride.
                            Law's Serious  Call.
To I'nstance,  in'stans.  v. ra.  [from the
   noun.]  To give or  offer an example.
    As to false citations, that the world may see how
  little he is to be trusted, I shall instance in two or
  three about which he makes the loudest clamour.
                                     Tillotson.
    In tragedy and satire, this age and toe last have
  excelled the ancients; and  I would  instance in
  Shakspeare of the former, in Dorset of the latter.
                                      Dryden.
I'NSTANT, In'stant.  adj.  [instant, Fr.
   instans, Lat.]
1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest.
    And they were instant with loud voices, requiring
  that he might be crucified.               Luke.
    Rejoicing in hope; patient in  tribulation; con-
  tinuing instant in prayer.               Romans.
2. Immediate;  without anytime  interven-
   ing; present.
           Our good old friend, bestow
  Your needful counsel to our businesses,
  Which crave the instant use.          S/iafcspeare.
    Th' instant stroke of death denoune'd to-day,
  Remov'd far off.                       Afiffon.
    Nor native country thou, nor friend  shalt see;
  Nor war hast thou to wage, nor year to come;
  Impending death is thine, and instant doom. Prior.
3. Quick; making no delay.
    Instant without disturb they took alarm. MUton.
    Griev'dthat a visitant so long should wait
   Unmark'd, unhonour'd, at a monarch's gate;
   Instant he flew with hospitable haste,
   And the new friend with courteous air embrac'd.
                                          Pope.
I'nstant, in'stant. ra. s. [instant, Fr.]
 1.  Instant  is  such  a  part of duration
   wherein  we perceive no succession.
                                       Locke.
    There is  scarce an instant between their flourish-
   ing and their not being.                 Hooker.  .
    Her nimble body yet in time must move,
   And not in instants  through all places stride:
    But she is nigh and far, beneath, above,
   In point of  time, which thought cannot divide.
                                        Davies.
     At any instant of time  the moving atom is  but in
   one single point in toe line; therefore all but that
   one point is either future or past, and no other parts
   are co-existent or contemporary with it.    Bentley.
 2. A particular time.
     I can at any unseasonable instant of the night
   appoint her to look out at her lady's  chamber win-.
   dow.                              Shakspeare.
 3. It is used  in  low  and commercial lan-
    guage for a day of the  present or cur-
    rent month.
     On the twentieth instant it is my intention to erect
   a lion's head.                        Addison.
 Instanta'neous,   in-stan-t&'ne-us.   adj. 
INS
INS
IN  S
    [instantaneus, Latin.]   Done in an in-
    stant;  acting  at  once without any per-
    ceptible  succession;  acting with  the
    utmost speed;  done  with the  utmost
    speed.
     This manner of the beginning or ceasing of toe
   deluge doth not at all agree with toe instantaneous
   actions of creation and annihilation.      Burnet.
     The rapid radiance instantaneous strikes
   Th' illumin'd mountain.               Thomson.

 Instanta'neously,     in-stan-ta'ne-us-le.
    adv. [from instantaneous.]  In an indi-
    visible point of time.
     What I had heard of the raining of frogs came
   to my thoughts, there being reason to conclude that
   those came from the clouds, or were instantaneous-
   ly generated.                         Derham.
 I'nstantly,  in'stant-le. adv. [instanter,
    Latin.]

 1. Immediately; without  any perceptible
    intervention of time.
     In a great whale, the sense and the affects of any
   one part of the body instantly  make a transcursion
   throughout the whole body.              Bacon.
     Sleep instantly fell on me.             Milton.
           As sev'ral winds arise,
   Just so their natures alter instantly.        May.
 2. With urgent importunity.
 To  Insta'te,  in-state'.91  v. a.  [in  and
    state.]
 1. To place in  a  certain  rank  or  condi-
    tion.
     This kind of conquest does only instate the victor
   in these rights, which the conquered prince had.
                                          ffafe.
     Had this glistering monster been born to thy po-
   verty, he could not have been so bad; nor, perhaps,
   had thy birth instated  thee in  toe same  greatness,
   wouldst thou have been better.            South.
     The first of them being eminently holy and dear
   to God, should derive a blessing to his posterity on
   that account, and prevail at last to have them also
   accepted as holy,  and instated in toe favour of God.
                                     Atterbury.
 2. To invest.   Obsolete.
             For his possessions,
   Although by confiscation they are ours,
   We do instate and widow you withal.      Shaksp.
 Instaura'tion, in-sta.w-ra'shu.n. ra. s. [in-
    stauration, French; instauratio,  Latin.]
    Restoration;  reparation; renewal.
 Inste'ad  of,  in-stSd'.234   prep.  [A word
   formed by the coalition of in and stead,
   place.]
 1. In room of; in place of.
     They, instead of fruit,
   Chew'd bitter ashes.                   Jtfiffon.
     Vary toe form of speech, and instead of the word
   church make it a question in politicks, whether the
   monument be in danger.                 Swift.
 2. Equal to.
     This very consideration to a  wise man is instead
   of a thousand arguments, to satisfy him, that, in
   those times, no such thing was believed. TUlotson.
 3. Instead  is sometimes used without of.
   In the  place; in the room.
               He in derision sets
  Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase
  Quite out their native language, and instead
  To sow a jangling noise of tongues  unknown.
                                       Milton.
 To Inste'ep, in-steep', v. a. [in and steep.]
 I. To soak: to macerate in moisture.
    Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled over,
  Comes to him where in gore he lay insfeep'd.
                                   Shakspeare.
2. Lying under  water.
     The gutter'd rocks, and congregated sands,
   Traitors insfeep'd to clog the guiltless keel. Shaksp.

 I'nstep, in'st£p.  ra. *.  [in and step.]  The
   upper part of the foot where it joins to
   the leg.  .
     The caliga was a military shoe with a very thick
   sole, tied above the instep with leather thongs.
                                     Arbuthnot.
 To  I'NSTIGATE, In'ste-gate. v.  a. [in-
   stigo, Latin;  instiguer,  French.]    To
   urge  to  ill; to  provoke  or  incite to a
   crime.
 Instiga'tion, in-ste-ga'shun. ra. s.  [inati-
   gation, French; from inatigate]  Incite-
   ment to  a crime; encouragement; im-
   pulse to ill.
              Why, what need we
   Commune with you of this? But rather follow
   Our forceful instigation.              Shakspeare.
     It was partly by toe instigation of some factious
   malecontents  that bare principal stroke  amongst
   toem.                                Bacon.
     Shall any man, that wilfully procures the cutting
   of whole armies to pieces, set up for an innocent?
   As if the lives toat were taken away by his inst^ra-
   fion were not  to be charged upon his account.
                                   L'Estrange.
     We have an abridgement of all the baseness and
   villainy that both the corruption of nature and the
   instigation of  toe devil could bring the sons of men
   to.                                  South.
 Instiga'tor, in'ste-ga-tur.621 ra. a.  [insti-
   gateur, French; from instigate.] Inciter
   to ill.
     That sea of blood is enough to drown in eternal
   misery the malicious  author or instigator of its ef-
   fusion.                         King Charles.
     Either toe eagerness of acquiring, or the revenge
   of missing dignities, have been toe great instiga-
   tors of ecclesiastick feuds.        Decay of Piety.
 To INSTI'L, in-stll'. v. a. [instillo, Latin;
   instiller, French.]
 I. To infuse  by drops.
     He from the well of life three drops instill'd.
                                       Milton.
 2. To insinuate  any thing  imperceptibly
   into the  mind; to infuse.
     Though assemblies be had indeed for religion's
   sake, hurtful nevertheless they may easily prove,
   as well in regard of their fitness to serve the turn
   of hereticks, and such as privily  will soonest ad-
  venture to instil toeir poison into men's minds.
                                      Hooker.
    He had a farther design to instil and insinuate
  good instruction, by contributing to men's happiness
  in  this present life.                     Calamy.
    Those heathens did in a particular manner instil
  toe principle into their children of loving their coun-
  try, which is far otherwise now-a-days.    Swift.
Insitlla'tion, in-stil-la'shun.  ra. s.  [in-
   stillatio, Lat. from instil]
 1. The act of pouring in by drops.
2. The act of infusing slowly  into  the
   mind.
3. The thing  infused.
    They embitter toe  cnp of life by insensible in-
  stillations.                           Rambler.
Instalment,  in-stil'ment.  ra. s.  [from in-
   stil.] Any thing instilled.
    The leperous instilment.           Shakspeare.
Insti'nct, in-stingkt'.  adj. [instinct, Fr.
   instinctus,  Lat.]  Moved; animated.   A
   word not in use.
    Forth rush'd with whirlwind sound
  The chariot of paternal deity,
  Flashing thick flames, wheel within wheel undrawn,
  Itself instinct with spirit, but convoy'd
  By four cherubick shapes.               Afiffon.
 I'NSTINXT, in'stingkt.*s*  n.s. [instinct,
    French; instinctus,  Latin.   This word
    had its accent formerly on the last syl-
    lable.] Desire or aversion acting in the
    mind without the intervention of reason
    or deliberation; the power of determin-
    ing the will of brutes.
     In him toey fear your highness' death;
   And mere instinct of love and loyalty
   Makes toem thus forward in his banishment.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Thou knowest I am as valiant as Hercules; but
   beware instinct; toe lion will not touch toe true
   prince: instinct is a great matter.  I was  a coward
   on instinct: I shall  think the  better of myself and
   thee, during my life; I for a valiant lion, and thee
   for a true prince.                   Shakspeare.
     But providence or instinct of nature seems,
   Or reason though disturb'd,  and scarce consulted,
   To have guided me aright.              Milton.
     Nature first pointed out my  Portius to me,
   And easily taught me by her secret force
   To love thy person, ere I knew toy merit;
   Till what was instinct grew  up into friendship.
                                       Addison.
             The philosopher avers,
   That reason guides our deed, and instinct  theirs,
   Instinct and reason how shall we divide?   Prior.
     Reason serves whenpress'd;
   But honest instinct comes a volunteer.       Pope.
Insti'ncted, in-stingk'ted. cciy. [instinc-
   tus, Latin.]  Impressed as an animated
   power.  This, neither musical nor pro-
   per, was perhaps introduced by Bentley.
     What native  unextinguishable beauty  must be
   impressed and inslincted through the whole, which
   the defedation of so many parts by a  bad printer
   and a worse  editor could not  hinder from shining
   forth!                                Bentley.
Insti'nctive, in-stlngk'tiv. adj.  [from in-
   stinct.]  Acting without the application
   of choice or reason; arising in  the mind
   without apparent cause.
                   Rais'd
   By quick instinctive motion,  up I sprung,
   As thitherward endeavouring.            Jtfiffon.
    It will be natural that Ulysses's mind should for-
  bode; and  it appears toat the instinctive  presage
  was a favourite opinion of Homer's.       Broome.
Insti'nctively,   In-stingk'tlv-le.    adv.
   [from instinctive.] By  instinct;  by the
   call of nature.
                 The very rats
  Instinctively had quit it.         Shaksp. Tempest.
To I'NSTITUTE, in'ste-tute.  v. ra. [in-
   stituo, institutum,  Latin; instituer,  Fr.]
I. To fix;  to establish;  to appoint;  to en-
   act; to settle; to prescribe.
    God then instituted a law natural to be observed
  by creatures; and therefore,  according  to toe man-
  ner of laws, the  institution thereof is described as
  being established by solemn injunction.    Hooker.
     Here let us breathe, and hapty institute
  A course of learning and ingenuous studies.  Sliak.
    To toe  production of  the  effect they arc deter-
  mined by the  laws of their  nature, instUuted and
  imprinted on them by inimitable wisdom.    Hale.
    The theocracy of the Jews was instituted by God
  himself.                               Temple.
    To institute  a court and  country  party withoai
  materials, would be a very new system in politicks.
                                        Swift.
2. To educate; to instruct; to form  by in-
   struction.
    If children were early inst'Uuted, knowledge would
  insensibly insinuate itself.         Decay of Piety.

I'nstitute, in'ste-tute.  n.  s. [institut, Fr.
   institutum, Lat.]
I. Established law;  settled order. 
IN S
INS
INS
    This law, though custom now directs the course,
  As nature's institute is yet in force,
  Uncancel'd, though disused.             Dryden.
2. Precept; maxim;  principle.
    Thou art pale in mighty studies grown,
  To make the stoick institutes thy own.     Dryden.
Institu'tion, in-ste-tu'shfln. ra. a. [insti-
   tution, Fr. institutio, Lat.]
1. Act of establishing.
2. Establishment;  settlement.
    The institution of God's law is described as being
   established by solemn injunction.         Hooker.
    It became him by whom all things are, to be the
   way of salvation to all, that the institution and re-
   stitution of the world  might be both  wrought with
   one hand.                             Hooker.
    This unlimited power placed fundamentally in the
   body of a people, is what legislators have  endea-
   voured, in their several schemes of institutions of
   government, to deposit in such hands as would pre-
   serve the people.                         Swift.
 3. Positive law.
     They quarrel  sometimes with the  execution of
   laws, and sometimes with the institution.  Temple-
     The holiness of toe first fruits and the  lump is  an
   holiness merely of institution, outward and nominal;
   whereas the holiness of  the root is an  holiness of
   nature, inherent and real.             Atterbury.
     The law and institution founded by Moses was to
   establish religion, and to  make mercy  and peace
   known to the whole earth.                Forbes.
 4. Education.
     After baptism, when it is In infancy received,
   succeeds instruction and insfifnfion in the nature and
   several branches of that vow, which was made at the
   font, in a short intelligible manner.    Hammond.
     It is a necessary piece of providence in  the in-
   stitution of our children, to train toem up to some-
   what in their youth, that may honestly entertain them
   in their age.                        L'Estrange.
     His learning was not the effect, of precept or in-
   stitution.                             Bentley.
 Institutionary,    in-ste-tu'shtin-ar-e.512
    adj. [from institution] Elemental; con-
    taining the  first doctrines, or principles
    of doctrine.
     That it was not out of fashion Aristotle declareth
   in his politicks among the institutionary rules of
   youth.                               ,  Brown.
 I'nstitutist, in'ste-tvi-tlst. ra. s. [from in-
    stitute.]   Writer  of institutes or ele-
    mental instructions.
     Green gall  the insfifufisfs would persuade  us to
   be an effect of an over-hot stomach.      Harvey.
 I'nstitutor,  in'ste-tu-tAr.16B 6ai ra. s.  [in-
    stituteur, Fr. insiitutor, Lat.]
  1. An  establishes one who settles.
     It might have succeeded a little better, if it had
   pleased the  institutors of the  civil  months of the
   sun to have ordered them alternately odd and even.
                                 Holder on Time.
 2. Instructor; educator.
     The two great aims which  every insftfufor of
   youth should mainly and intentionally drive at.
                                         Walker.

  To  Insto'p,  in-stop'.  v. a.  [in and  stop]
    To close  up; to  stop.
     Wito boiling pitch  another near at hand
   The seams instops.         Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
 To INSTRU'CT,  in-strukt'. v.  a.  parti-
    ciple  preterit  instructed  or  instruct.
    [instruo, Lat. instruire, Fr.]
 1. To teach; to form by precept; to inform
    authoritatively; to  educate; to institute;
    to direct.
     Out of heaven he made thee to bear his voice,
   that he might instruct thee.         Deuteronomy.
     His God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth
   teach him.                              Isaiah.
    Chenaniah, chief of the Levites, instructed about
  toe song,  because he was skilful.     1 Chronicles.
    Thou approvest the things that are more excel-
  lent, being instructed out of the law.      Romans.
    Instruct me, for thou knowest.          Milton.
    He ever by consulting at thy shrine
  Return'd  the wiser, or the mere instruct
  To fly or follow what concern'd him most.  Jtfiffon.
2. It has  commonly  in before  the  thing
   taught.
    They that were instructed in  the songs of the
  Lord were two hundred fourscore and eight.
                                   1 Chronicles
    These are the things tofterein Solomon  was in-
  structed for building of the house of God.  2 Chron.
3. To model; to form.  Little in use.
    They speak to  the merits of a cause,  after the
  proctor has prepared and instructed the same for  a
  hearing before the judge.                Ayliffe.
Instru'cter, in-struk'tlir.98 ra.  s.  [from
   instruct.]  A teacher; an institutor;  one
   who delivers precepts or imparts know-
   ledge.    It is often written instructor.
    Though  you have ten  thousand  instructors in
   Christ.                           1 CoHiUhians.
    After the flood arts to Chaldea fell,
   The father ofthe faithful there did dwell,
   Who both their parent and insf?-wcfor was. Denham.
    O thou, who future things can'st represent
   As present, heav'nly instructor!          Milton.
    Poets,  the first instructors of mankind,
   Brought all things to their native  proper use.
                                    Roscommon.
    They see how they are beset on every side, not
   only wito temptations, but instructors to vice. Locke.
    Several instructors were disposed among this lit-
   tle helpless people.                    Addison.
    We have precepts of duty given us by our in-
   structors.                              Rogers.
Instruction,  in-struk'shfin.  ra.  s.  [in-
   struction, French; from instruct.]
 1. The act of teaching;  information.
           It lies on you  to speak,
   Not by your own instruction, nor  by any matter
   Which your heart prompts you to.        Shaksp.
    We are  beholden  to judicious writers of all  ages,
   for those discoveries and discourses  toey have left-
   behind toem for our instruction.           Locke.
2. Precepts conveying knowledge.
    Will ye not receive instruction to  hearken to re-
   ceive my words?                     Jeremiah.
    On ev'ry thorn delightful wisdom grows,
   In ev'ry stream a sweet instruction flows;
   But some untaught o'erhear the whisp'ring rill,
   In spite of sacred leisure,  blockheads still.  Young.
3. Authoritative information;  mandate.
    See this dispatch'd with all the haste thou can'st;
   Anon I'll give thee more instruction.     Shaksp.

Instructive,  in-strilk'tiv.157  adj.  [from
   instruct;  instructif, Fr.]   Conveying
   knowledge.
     With variety of instructive expressions by speech
   man alone  is endowed.                   Holder.
     I would  not laugh but to instruct;  or if my  mirth
   ceases to be instructive, it shall  never cease  to be
   innocent.                             Addison.

INSTRUMENT,  in'stru-ment.   ra.   s.
   [instrument, Fr. instrumentum, Latin.]
 I. A tool  used for any work  or purpose.
     If he smite him with an instrument of iron,  so
   that he die, he is a murderer.          JVumbers.
     What  artificial frame, what instrument,
   Did one  superior genius e'er invent;
   Which to the muscles is preferr'd?     Blackmore.
     Box is useful for turners aud instrument makers.
                                      Aforfimer.
2. A frame constructed so as to yield har-
   monious sounds.
     He that striketh an instrument wito skill, may
   cause notwithstanding a very pleasant sound,  if the
  string whereon he striketh chance to be capable of
  harmony.                             Hooker.
        She taketh most delight
  In musick, tnsfmments and poetry.       Shaksp
     In solitary groves he makes his moan,
  Nor, mix'd in mirth, in youthful pleasure shares,
  But sighs when songs and instruments he hears.
                                       Dryden.
3. A writing  containing any  contract  or
   order.
    He called  Edna his wife,  and took  paper, and
  did write an instrument of covenants, and scaled it,
                                        Tobias.
4. The  agent.   It is  used  of persons  as
   well as things,  but  of persons  very of-
   ten in an ill  sense.
    If, haply, you  my father do suspect,
  An instrument of this your calling back,
  Lay not your blame on me.              Shaksp.
5. That by means whereof  something is
   done.
    The gods would not have  delivered  a soul into
  the body which  hath arms and  legs, only i?isfrw-
  menfs of doing; but that it were  intended the mind
  should employ them.                   Sidney.
    All voluntary self-denials  and austerities which
  Christianity commends become necessary, not sim-
  ply for themselves,  but as instruments  towards a
  higher en J.                      Decay of Piety.
    Reputation is  the smallest sacrifice  those can
  make us, who have been the instruments of our ruin.
                                         Swift.
    There is one thing to be considered  concerning
  reason, whether syllogism be  the proper instrument
  of it, and the usefullest way of exercising this fa-
  culty.                                 Locke.
6. One who acts  only to  serve the purpo-
   ses of another.
    He scarcely knew what was done in his own
  chamber, but as it pleased her instruments to frame
  themselves.                            Sidney.
    All the instruments which  aided to  expose  toe
  child, were even then lost when it was  found.
                                    Shakspeare.
    In benefits as well as injuries, it is the principal
  toat we  are to consider,  not the instrument; that
  which a man does by another, is in truth his own
  act.                               L'Estrange-
    The bold are but the instruments ofthe wise,
  They undertake the dangers  they advise. Dryden.
Instrumental, in-stru-men'tal. adj. [in-
   strumental, Fr. instrumentum,  Latin.]
 1.  Conducive  as  means  to  some end; or-
   ganical.
     All second and instrumental causes, without that
   operative faculty which God gave toem, would be-
   come altogether silent, virtueless, and dead.
                                       Raleigh.
     Prayer, which is insfrumentaf to every thing, bath
   a particular promise in this thing.        Taylor.
     It is not an essential part  of religion, but  rather
   an auxiliary and insfrumentaf duty.     Smalridge.
     I discern some excellent final causes of conjunc-
   tion of body  and soul; but toe instrumental I know
   not, nor what invisible bands and fetters unite them
   together.                             Bentley.
 2.  Acting to  some  end; contributing to
   some purpose; helpful: used of persons
   and things.
     The presbyterian merit is  of little weight, when
   they allege  themselves instrumental towards  the
   restoration.                              Swift.
 3.  Consisting  not of  voices but instru-
   ments;  produced  by  instruments;  not
   vocal.
     They which,  under pretence of the law ceremo-
   nial abrogated, require the abrogation of insfrumen-
   taf music, approving nevertheless the use of vocal
   melody to remain,  must shew some reason,  where-
   fore the one should be thought a legal ceremony
   and not the  other.                      Hooker. 
IN S
INS
IN  S
                Oft in bands,
  While they keep watch, or nightly rounding walk,
  With heavenly touch of instrumental sounds
  In full harmonious number join'd, their songs
  Divide the night, and lift our thoughts to heav'n.
                                      Afiffon.
    Sweet voices, mixt with instrumental sounds
  Ascend toe vaulted roof, the vaulted roof rebounds.
                                      Diyden.

Instrumentality,   in-stru-men-taTe-te.
  ra. s. [from instrumental.]  Subordinate
  agency;  agency of any thing as means
  to an end.
    Those natural and involuntary  actings are not
  done by deliberation and formal command, yet they
  are done by the virtue, energy, and influx of the
  soul, and the instrumentality of the spirits.   Hale.
Instrume'ntally, in-stru-men'tal-e. adv.
  [from instrumental]   In the nature of
  an instrument; as means to an end.
    Man's well-being here in this life is  but insfru-
  mentally good, as being toe means for him to be
  well in the next life.                    Digby.
    Habitual preparation for the sacrament consists
  in a standing, permanent habit, or principle of ho-
  liness, wrought chiefly  by God's spirit,  and inslru-
  mentally by his word, in the heart or soul of man.
                                        Soufft.
Instrume'ntalness, In-stru-men'tal-nes.
  ra.  s. [from instrumental.]    Usefulness
  as means to an end.
    The instrumentalness of riches to  works of cha-
  rity, has rendered it very political,  in every chris-
  tian commonwealth, by laws to settle and secure
  property.                          Hammond.

Insu'fferable,  in-suf'fur-a-bl.  adj.  [in
  and sufferable.]
1. Intolerable; insupportable;  intense  be-
  yond endurance.
    The one is oppressed with constant heat, the other
  with insufferable cold.                  Brown.
    Eyes that confess'd him born for kingly sway,
  So fierce, they flash'd insufferable day.    Dryden.
    Though great light  be  insufferable to our eyes,
  yet the highest  degree of  darkness does not at all
  disease them; because that causing no disorderly
  motion, leaves toat curious organ unharmed.  Locke.
2. Detestable;  contemptible;  disgusting
  beyond  endurance.
    A multitude of scribblers,  who daily pester the
  world with their insufferable  stuff,  should be  dis-
  couraged from writing  any more.        Dryden.
Insu'fferably,   in-sfiffiir-a-ble.   adv.
  [from insufferable]   To a degree  be-
  yond endurance.
          Those heav'nly shapes
  Will dazzle now this earthly,  with their blaze
  Insufferably bright.                    MUton.
    There is no person remarkably  ungrateful,  who
  was net also insufferably proud.            SoufA
Insuffi'cience, in-siif-fish'ense. >   ra.  s.
Insufficiency, in-siif-fish'en-se. 5    [in-
  sufficience, French;  in  and  sufficient/]
  Inadequateness to any  end or  purpose;
  want of requisite  value or  power:  used
  of things and  persons.
    The  minister's aptness or insufficiency,  other-
  wise than by reading to instruct the flock, standeth
  in this place as a stranger, with whom  our form of
  common prayer hath nothing to do.       Hooker.
    The insufficiency of the light of nature is,  by the
  light of scripture, so fully supplied, that further light
  than this hath added, toere doth not need unto that
  end.                                 Hooker.
    We will give you sleepy drinks, that your senses,
  unintelligent of our insufficience, may, though they
  cannot praise us, as little accuse us.      Shaksp
    fill experience had discovered toeir defect  aud
  insufficiency, I did certainly conclude toem to  be
  infallible.                           Wilkins.
    Consider the pleas made use of to this purpose,
  and shew the insufficiency and weakness of toem.
                                    .flfferonry.
Insufficient,  ln-silf-fish'ent.  adj.  [in-
   sufficient, French;  in  and  sufficient.]
   Inadequate  to any  need, use,  or pur-
   pose; wanting abilities; incapable; unfit.
    The  bishop to  whom  they shall  be presented,
  may justly reject them as incapable and insufficient.
                                     Spenser.
    We are weak, dependant  creatures, insufficient
  to our own happiness, full of wants  which  of our-
  selves we cannot relieve, exposed to  a  numerous
  train of evils which we know not how to divert.
                                      Rogers.
    Fasting kills by the bad state, not by the insuffi-
  cient quantity of fluids.              Arbuthnot.
Insufficiently, in-suf-fish'ent-le.  adv.
   [from insufficient]   With want of pro-
   per ability; not skilfully.
Insuffla'tion,  in-siif-fla'shun.  ra. s.  [in
   and suffio, Latin.]   The act of  breath-
   ing upon.
    Imposition of hands is a  custom of parents  in
  blessing their children, but taken up by  toe apos-
  tles instead of that divine insufflation which Christ
  used.                             Hammond.
I'nsular, in'shil-lar.461 } adj.  [in&ulaire,
I'nsulary,  in'shu-lar-e. $  French;  insu-
   laris, Latin.]   Belonging to an island. .
    Druina, being surrounded with the sea, is hardly
  to be invaded, having many other insulary advan-
  tages,                               Howel.

I'nsulated, in'shu-la-ted.  adj.  [insula,
   Latin.]   Not  contiguous on any side.
Insu'lse, in-sulse'. adj. [insulsus, Latin.]
   Dull; insipid;  heavy.              Dict.
I'nsult, in'sult.492  ra.  s.  [insultus, Latin;
   insulte, French.]
1. The act  of leaping upon any thing.  In
   this sense it has the accent  on  the last
   syllable:  the sense is rare.
    The bull's insult at four she may sustain,
  But after ten from nuptial rites refrain.  Dryden.
2. Act  or  speech of insolence  or  con-
   tempt.
    The ruthless sneer that insult adds to grief.
                                      Savage.
    Take the sentence seriously,  because railleries
  are an insult on the unfortunate.        Broome.
To  INSU'LT,  in-sult'. v.  a.  [insulter,
   French; insulto, Latin.]
1. To treat  with  insolence or  contempt.
   It  is used sometimes with over, some-
   times without a preposition.
    The poet  makes his hero,  after he was  glutted
  by the death of Hector, and the honour he did his
  friend by insuUing over his murderer, to  be moved
  by the tears of king Priam.                Pope.
2. To trample upon; to triumph over.
    It pleas'd the king his master very lately
  To strike at me upon his misconstruction;
  When he conjunct, and flatt'ring his displeasure,
  Tript me behind, being down, insulted, rail'd,
  And put upon him such a deal of man,
  That worthied him.                 Sliakspeare.
    So 'scapes toe insulting fire his narrow jail,
  And makes small outlets into open air.   Dryden.
    Ev'n when they sing at ease in full content,
  Insulting o'er the  toil they underwent,
  Yet still toey find  a future task remain,
  To turn the  soil.                     Diyden.

Insu'lter,  in-sult'ur.88  ra.  s.   [from in-
   sult] One who treats another witli in-
   solent triumph.
    Ev'n man, the merciless insulter man,
  Man, who rejoices in our sex's weakness,
  Shall pity thee.                         fcVtce.
Insu'ltingly, in-sAli'ing-le.  adv.  [from
   insulting.]   With  contemptuous  tri-
   umph.
    Insultingly, he made your love his boast,
  Gave me my life, and told me what it cost.  Dryd.
Insuperabi'lity, in-su-per-a-bH'e-te. ra. s.
   [from insuperable•.]  The quality  of be-
   ing invincible.
INSU'PERABLE, in-su'per-a-bl.484 46fi
   402  adj. [insuperabilis, Latin.]   Invin-
   cible;   insurmountable; not  to be  con-
   quered; not to be overcome.
    This appears to be an insuperable  objection, be-
  cause of the evidence that sense  seems to give it.
                                       Digby.
    Much might be done, would we but  endeavour;
  nothing is insuperable to pains and patience.  Ray.
    And middle natures how they  long to join,
  Yet never pass the insuperable line.          Pope.
lNSu'i>ERABLENEss,in-su'per-a-bl-nes. ra.*.
   [from insuperable.] Invinciblcness, im-
   possibility  to be surmounted.
Insu'perably, in-su'per-a-ble. adv.  [from
   insuperable.]   Invincibly; insurmount-
   ably.
    Between the grain and the vein  of a diamond
  there is this difference, that the former furthers,
  the latter, being so  insuperably  hard, hinders the
  splitting of it.                           Grew.
Insuppo'rtable,   in-sup-por'ta-bl.    adj.
   [insupportable, French; in and suppor-
   table]  Intolerable; insufferable;  not to
   be endured.
    A disgrace put upon a man in  company is insup-
  portable; it is heightened according to the greatness,
  and multiplied according to the number, of the per-
  sons that hear.                        South.
    The baser toe enemies are, the more insupport-
  able is the insolence.                L'Estrange.
    The  thought of being nothing after death is  a
  burden insupportable to a virtuous man; we natural-
  ly aim at happiness, and cannot bear to  have  it
  confined to our present being.           Diyden.
    To those that dwell under or  ne^r the equator,
  this spring would be a most pestilent and insupport-
  able summer;  and as for those  counlries toat are
  nearer the poles, a perpetual spring will not do their
  business.                            Bentley.
lNsuppo'RTABLENESs,in-sup-por'ta.-bl-nes.
   ra.  s.  [from  insupportable.]  Insuffer-
   ableness; the state of being beyond en-
   durance.
    Then fell she to so  pitiful  a  declaration of the
  insupportablencss of  ber desires,  toat Dorus's ears
  procured his eyes with tears to give testimony how
  much toey suffered for her sufferiug.       Sidney.
Ixsuppo'rtably,  in-siip-poi'ia-ble.   adv.
   [from  insupportable.]    Beyond  endu-
   rance.
        But safest he who stood aloof,
  When insupportablij his foot advane'd,
  In scorn of their proud arms, and warlike tools,
  Spurn'd them  to death by troops.         Milton.
    The  first day's audience  sufficiently convine'd
  me, that the poem was insupportably too long.
                                      Diyden,
Insurmountable,  in-sur-m6un'ta-bl.4us
   adj. [insurmountable,  French; in and
   surmountable]   Insuperable;  uncon-
   querable.
    This difficulty isinsiiM/ioiinfaofe, till I can  moke
  simplicity and variety the same.           Locke.
    Hope thinks nothing difficult; despair tells us,
  that difficulty is insurmountable.            If alts.
!Insi:kmo'untably,   in-sur-moun'tii-blx- 
INT
INT
INT
ra
   a. [in-
rising; a
  adv. [from  insurmountable.]   Invinci-
  bly;  unconquerably.
Insurhf/ction, in-sur-rek'shiin
  aurgo,  Latin.]   A  seditious
  rebellious commotion.
    Between the acting of a dreadful thing,
  And the first motion, all the interim is
  Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream:
  The genius and the mortal instruments
  Are then in council; and the state of man,
  Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
  The nature of an insurrection.        Shakspeare.
    This city of old time hath made  insurrection
  against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have
  been made therein.                      Ezra.
    There shall be a great insurrection upon those
  that fear the Lord.                   2 Esdras.
    Insurrections of base people are commonly more
  furious in their beginnings.               Bacon.
    The trade of Rome had like to have suffered an-
   other great stroke by an insurrection in Egypt.
                                     Arbuthnot.
 Insusurra'tion, in-su-sur-ra'shfin.  ra. s.
    [insusurro, Latin.] The act of whisper-
    ing into something.
 Inta'ctible, in-tak'te-bl.408  adj. [in  and
    factum, Latin.] Not perceptible to the
    touch.                              &ict-
 I\TA'GLIO, in-tal'yo.388 ra. s.  [Italian.]
    Any thing that has'figures engraved on
    it so as to rise above the ground.
     We meet wito the figures which Juvenal describes
    on antique intaglios and medals.        Addison.
 Inta'stable,  in-tas'ta-bl.  adj.  [in  and
    taste.]  Not  raising any  sensations  in
    the organs of taste.   A word  not  ele-
    gant,  nor used.
      Something which is invisible, infosfa&fe, and in-
    tangible, as existing only in the fancy, may produce
    a pleasure superior to that of sense.        Grew.
 I'J\i"TEGER,  in'le-jur.98  ra. a.  [Latin.]
    The whole of any thing.
      As not only signified a piece of money, but any
    integer;  from whence is derived  toe word ace, or
    unit,                               Arbuthnot.
 I'nteoral, in'te-gral. adj.  [integral, Fr.
    integer, Latin.]
  1. Whole:  applied to a thing consider-
    ed  as  comprising  all  its  constituent
    parts.
      A loeal motion keepeth bodies integraf, and their
    parts together.                         .Bacon.
  2.  Uninjured; complete; not defective.
      No wonder if one remain speechless,  though of
    integraf principles, who, from an infant, should be
    bred up amongst mutes, and have no teaching.
                                         Holder.
                            broken into  frac-
3. Not  fractional; not
   tions.
I'ntegral, in'te-gral.603 ra. *.  The whole
   made up of parts.
    Physicians, by the help of anatomical dissections,
  have searched into those various meanders of toe
  veins, arteries, nerves, and integrals of the human
  body-                    ,.          ,   Hf-
    Consider the infinite  complications  and  combi-
  nations of several concurrences to the  constitution
  and operation of almost every integral in nature
       r                                  Hale.
    A mathematical whole  is better  called integral,
  when the several parts, which make up the whole,
  are distinct, and each may subsist apart.    Watts.
Integrity, in-teg'gre-te. ra. *.  [integrite,
   French; integntas,  from integer, Lat.]
1. Honesty;  uncorrupt mind;   purity  of
   manners;  uncorruptedness.
            Your dishonour
 Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state
 Of that integrity which  should become it.  Shaksp.
            Macduff, tois noble passion,
 Child of integrity, hath from my soul
 Wip'd the black scruples, reconcil'd my thoughts
 To thy good truth and honour.           Shaksp.
    Whoever has examined both parties cannot  go
 far towards the extremes of either, without violence
 to his integrity or understanding.           Swift.
    The libertine,  instead of attempting to corrupt
 our integrity, will conceal and disguise his own  vi-
 ces.                                 Rogers.
 .  Purity; genuine unadulterated state.
    Language continued long in its purity and inte-
 grity.                                  Hale.
 \.  Intireness; unbroken whole.
    Take away this transformation,  and there is  no
  chasm, nor can it affect the integrity of the action.
                                      Broome.

Inte'gument, in-t£g'gu-ment. «.  s.  [in-
  tegumentum, intego, Latin.]  Any thing
  that covers or invelops another.
    He could no  more  live  without his frize coat
  than without his  skin:  it is  not indeed  so properly
  his coat, as what the anatomists call one of the  in-
  teguments of the body.                  Addison.

I'NTELLECT, in'tel-lekt.«. s. [intellect,
  French; intellectus, Latin.]  The intel-
  ligent mind; the power of understanding.
    All heart they live, all head, all eye, all ear,
  All intellect, all sense.                  MUton.
    All those arts, rarities,  and inventions, which
  vulgar minds gaze at, and toe ingenious pursue,  are
  but the reliques of an intellect defaced wito sin and
  time.                                  Soufft.
 Intelle'ction, in-tel-lek'shAn.  ra. s. [in-
  tellection, French;  intellectio,  Latin.]
   The act of  understanding.
     Simple apprehension denotes the soul's  naked in-
  tellection of an object, without either composition or
  deduction.                   GlarwUle's Scepsis.
     They will say 'tis not the bulk or substance of the
  animal spirit, but its motion and agility, toat produ-
  ces intellection and sense.                Bentley.
 Intelle'ctive, in-tel-lek'tiv. adj. [intel-
   lectif, French; from intellect/]   Having
   power to understand.
     If a man as intellective be created, then either he
  means the whole man, or only that by which he is
  tnteffecfive.                          Gfanmtfe.

 Intelle'ctual, in-tel-lek'tshu-al.481 adj.
   [intellectuel, French;  intellectualis, low
   Latin.]
 I.  Relating to the understanding;  belong-
   ing to  the mind; transacted by  the un-
   derstanding.
     Religion teaches us to present to  God our bodies
  as well as our souls: if the body serves the soul in
   actions  natural and civil, and intellectual, it must
   not be eased in the  only offices of religion.  Tayfor.
 2.  Mental;  comprising the faculty of  un-
    derstanding; belonging to the mind.
     Logick is to teach us the right use of our reason,
   or infetfecfuat powers.                    Waffs.
 3.   Ideal;  perceived  by the  intellect,  not
    the senses.
     In a dark vision's intellectual scene,
   Beneath a bow'r for sorrow made,
   The melancholy Cowley lay.             Cowley.
     A train of phantoms in wild order rose,
   And join'd, this infeffectuaf scene compose.  Pope.
 4.  Having the power  of understanding.
     Anaxagoras  and Plato  term toe Maker of the
   world an infeffectuaf worker.             Hooker,
              WTio would lose,
   Though full of pain,  this infeffectuaf being,
   Those thoughts that wander through eternity,
   To perish rather, swallow'd up and lost,
  In the wide womb of uncreated night,
  Devoid of sense and motion?            MUton.
5. Proposed as the object not of the  sen-
  ses but intellect:  as,  Cudworth names
  his book the intellectual system of the
  universe.
Intelle'ctual,  in-tel-lek'tshu-al.  ra. s.
  Intellect;  understanding; mental pow-
  ers or faculties.   Little in use.
            Her husband not nigh,
  Whose higher intellectual more I shun.     Jtfiffon.
    The fancies of most, like  the index of a clock,
  are  moved but by the inward springs of the corpo-
  real  machine; which,  even  on  tbe most sublimed
  infeffectuaf, is dangerously influential.   Glanville.
    I  have not consulted the repute of my infeffecfw-
  afs,  in bringing their weaknesses into such discern-
  ing  presences.                       Glanville.
Intelligence, in-tei'le-jense.  7 n.s.[in-
Inte'lligency, in-tel'le-jen-se. y    telli-
  gence, French; intelligentia, Latin.]
1. Commerce of information; notice;  mu-
  tual communication; account of things
  distant or secret.
    It was perceived there had not been in the catho-
  lics so much foresight as to provide that true intelli-
  gence might pass between them of what was done.
                                      Hooker-.
    A mankind witch! hence with her, out of door!
  A most intelligency bawd!            Shakspeare.
    He furnished his employed men liberally with
  money, to draw on and reward intelligences; giving
  them also in  charge to  advertise continually what
  they found.                            Bacon.
    The advertisements of neighbour princes are al-
  ways to be regarded, for that they receive infefft-
  gence from better authors than  persons  of inferior
  note.                              Hayward.
             Let all the passages
  Be  well  secur'd, that no intelligence
  May pass between  the prince and toem.  Denham.
    Those tales had  been sung to lull children asleep,
  before ever Berosus set up his intelligence  office at
  Coos.                                Bentley.
2. Commerce of acquaintance;  terms on
   which men live one with another.
    Factious  followers are worse to be liked, which
  follow not upon affection to  him wito whom they
  range themselves; whereupon  commonly ensueth
  that ill  intelligence that we  see between great per-
  sonages.                              Bacon.
     He lived rather in a fair infeitigenee, than any
  friendship with toe favourites.         Clarendon.
 3.  Spirit; unbodied mind.
     How fully hast thou satisfied me, pure
   Intelligence of heav'n,  angel!           Afiffon.
     There are divers ranks of created beings  inter-
   mediate between the glorious God and man, as the
   glorious angels and created infeffigences.     Hale.
     They hoped to get the favour of the  houses, and
   by the favour of the houses they hoped for  that of
   the intelligences, and by their favour, for that of the
   supreme God.                     StUlingjleet.
      The regularity of motion, visible in the great va-
   riety and curiosity of bodies, is a demonstration
   that the whole mass of matter is Under toe conduct
   of a mighty infeffig-ence.                 Collier.
      Satan, appearing like a cherub to Uriel,  the in-
   telligence of the sun circumvented him even in his
   own province.                        Dryden.
  4. Understanding; skill.
      Heaps of huge words, up hoarded hideously,
   They think to be  chief praise of poetry:
   And thereby wanting due intelligence,
   Have marr'd toe  face of goodly poesie.   Spenser.
  Inte'lligencer, in-tel'le-jen-sfir.98  ra. s.
    [from intelligence.]   One who sends or
    conveys news;  one who gives notice of
    private or distant transactions; one who
    carries messages between parties. 
INT
INT
INT
    His eyes, being his diligent infeftigencers, could
  cany unto him no other news but discomfortable.
                                        Sidney.
    How deep you were within the books of heav'n?
  To us, to' imagin'd voice of heav'n itself;
  The very opener and intelligencer
  Between the grace and sanctities of heav'n,
  And our dull workings.               Shakspeare.
    If  they had  instructions  to toat  purpose, they
  might be the best intelligencers to the king of the
  true state of his whole kingdom.           Bacon.
    They are the best sort of intelligencers;  for they
  have a  way into the inmost  closets of princes.
                                        Howel.
    They have news-gatherers and intelligencers, who
  make them  acquainted with the conversation of the
  whole kingdom.                      Spectator.
Intelligent, in-tel'le-jent. adj. [intelli-
   gent, French; intelligens, Latin.]
1.  Knowing; instructed; skilful.
    It is  not only in order of nature for him to govern
  that is the more intelligent,  as Aristotle would have
  it; but  there is no less required for  government,
  courage to protect, and above all honesty.  Bacon.
               He of times,
  Intelligent,  to' harsh hyperborean ice
  Shuns for our equal winters; when our suns
  Cleave the chill'd soil, he backward wings his way.
                                        Philips.
    Trace out the numerous footsteps of the presence
  and interposition of a most wise and intelligent ar-
  chitect throughout all this stupendous fabrick.
                                     Woodward.
2.  It  has of before the thing.
    Intelligent of seasons, they set forth
  Their airy caravan.                     Afiffon.
3.  Giving information.
    Servants who seem no less,
  Which are to France the spies and speculations
  Intelligent of our state.              Shakspeare.
Intellige'ntial, in-tel-le-jen'shal. adj.
   [from  intelligent.]
1.  Consisting of unbodied mind.
             Food alike those pure
  Intelligential substances require,
  As doth your rational.                   Afiffon.
2.  Intellectual; exercising understanding.
         In at his mouth
  The devil enter'd; and his brutal sense,
  His heart or head possessing, soon inspir'd
  With act intelligential.                   Milton.
Intelligibility, In-tel-le-je-bii'e-te. ra.s.
   [from  intelligible.]
I.  Possibility to be understood.
2.  The power of  understanding; intellec-
   tion.    Not  proper.
    The  soul's nature consists in intelligibility.
                                     Glanville.
INTE'LLIGIBLE,  in-tel'le-je-bl.  adj.
   [intelligible, French;  intelligibilis, Lat.]
   To be conceived by the understanding;
   possible  to be understood.
    We shall  give satisfaction to the mind, to shew it
  a fair and intelligible account of the deluge. Burnet.
    Something must be lost in all translations, butjthe
  sense wiil remain, which would otherwise be maim-
  ed, when it is scarce intelligible.          Dryden.
    Many natural duties relating to God, ourselves,
  and our neighbours, would be exceeding difficult for
  the bulk of mankind to find out by reason: there-
  fore it has pleased God  to express them in a plain
  manner, intelligible to souls of the lowest capacity.
                                        Watts.
Inte'lligibleness, in-tel'le-je-bl-nes. ra.*.
   [from intelligible.]  Possibility to be un-
   derstood; perspicuity.
    It is in our ideas, that both the Tightness of our
  knowledge,  and the propriety or intelligible^ess of
  our speaking consists.                    Locke.
Inte'lligibly, in-tel'le-je-ble. adv. [from
    VOL.  I.
   intelligible.]   So as  to be  understood;
   clearly; plainly.
    The genuine sense, intelligibly told,
  Shews a translator both discreet and bold. Roscom.
    To write of metals and minerals intelligibly, is a
  task more difficult than to write of animals. Woodw.
Inte'merate,  in-tem'er-ate.91  adj.   [in-
   temeratus, Latin.]   Undefiled;  unpol-
   luted.
Inte'mperament, in-tem'per-a-ment. n.s.
   [in and temperament] Bad constitution.
    Some depend upon toe intemperament of the part
  ulcerated, and others upon  the afflux of lacerative
  humours.                              Harvey.
Inte'mperance, in-tem'per-anse. } ra.  s.
Inte'mperancy, in-tem'per-an-se. )   [in-
   temperance, Fr. intemperantia, Lat.]
1. Want  of temperance;  want  of mode-
   ration:  commonly  excess  in  meat  or
   drink.
        Boundless intemperance
  In nature is a tyranny.              Shakspeare.
   Another law of Lyeurgus induced to intemperancy,
  and all kinds of incoutineucy.           Hakewill.
    Some, as thou saw'st, by violent stroke shall die;
  By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more
  Ia meats and drinks, which  on the earth shall bring
  Diseases dire; of which a monstrous crew
  Before thee shall appear; that thou  may'st know
  What misery th' inabstinence of Eve
  Shall bring on men.                    MUton.
    The Lacedemonians trained up their children to
  hate drunkenness and  intemperance, by bringing a
  drunken man into their company.          JFaffs.
2. Excessive addiction  to any appetite or
   affection.
INTE'MPERATE,ln-tem'per-ate.91 adj.
   [intemperant, Fr. intemperatus, Lat.]
1. Immoderate in appetite; excessive in
   meat  or drink; drunken;  gluttonous.
    More women should  die than men, if the number
  of burials answered in proportion to that of sick-
  nesses;  but men, being more intemperate  than wo-
  men, die as much by reason of their vices, as women
  do by the. infirmity of toeir sex.         Graunt.
    Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and phi-
  losophy,  and  those  unanswerable doubts, which,
  over their cups or their coffee, toey pretend to have
  against Christianity;  persuade but the covetous  man
  not to deify his money, the intemperate man to aban-
  don his revels, and I dare undertake that all toeir
  giant-like objections shall vanish.          Soufft.
2. Passionate; ungovernable; without rule.
    You are more intemperate in your blood
  Than those pamper'd animals
  That rage in savage sensuality.       Shakspeare.
    Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing; for
  therein is the word of  sin.               Ecclus.
3. Excessive;  exceeding the just or con-
   venient  mean:  as,  an  intemperate  cli-
   mate;  we have  intemperate weather.

Inte'mperately, in-tem'per-ate-le. adv.
   [from intemperate]
1. With breach ofthe laws of temperance.
    How grossly do many of us  contradict the plain
  precepts of the  gospel, by living intemperately or
  unjustly.                            Tillotson.
2. Immoderately; excessively.
    Do not too many believe no religion to be pure,
  but what is intemperately rigid?  Whereas, no reli-
  gion is true, that is not peaceable as well as pure.
                                        Sprat.
Inte'mperateness,   in-tem'per-ate-nes.
   ra. s.  [from intemperate.]
I. Want of  moderation.
2  Unseasonableness of weather.   Ainsw.
Inte'mperature, in-tem'per-a-ture. ra. s.

                    6q
   [from intemperate.]  Excess  of some
   quality.
 Inte'nable, in-ten'a-bl. adj. [in and tena-
   ble.]   Indefensible:  as, an  intenable
   opinion;  an intenable fortress.
 To  INTEND,  in-tend'.  v. a.  [intendo,
   Latin.]
 I.  To stretch out.   Obsolete.
    The same advancing high above his head,
  With sharp intended sling so rude him smote,
    That to the earth him drove, as stricken dead;
  Ne living- wight would  have him life behot
                                  Fairy Queen.
 2.  To enforce; to make intense; to strain.
    What seems to be the ground of the assertion, is
  the magnified quality of this star, conceived to cause
  or intend toe heat of this season, we find toat wiser
  antiquity was not of this opinion.         Brown.
    By this the lungs are intended or remitted. Hale.
    This vis inertiae is essential to matter, because it
  neither can be intended or remitted in toe same bo-
  dy; but is  always proportional to toe quantity of
  matter.                               Cheyne.
    Magnetism may be intended  and remitted, and is
  found only in the magnet and in iron.     JVewfon.
 3. To regard; to attend; to take care of.
    This they should carefully intend, and not, when
  the sacrament is administered,  imagine themselves
  called only  to walk  up and down in a  white and
  shining garment.                      Hooker.
    Having no children, she did with  singular care
  and tenderness intend toe education of Philip.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
    The king prayed them to have patience, 'till a
  little  smoke,  that was raised in his country, was
  over;  slighting, as his  manner was, that openly,
  which nevertheless he intended  seriously.   Bacon.
4. To pay regard or attention to.   This
  sense is now little used.
    They could not intend to toe recovery  of that
  country of the north.                   Spenser.
    Neither was there any who might share  in  the
  government, while the  king intended his pleasure.
                             Bacon's Henry VII.
    The earl  was a  very acute and sound  speaker
  when he would intend it.               Wotton.
    Go therefore, mighty powers! intend at home,
  While here shall be our home,  what best may ease
  The present misery.           Milton's Par. Lost.
    Their beauty they, and we our loves suspend;
  Nought can our wishes, save thy health, intend.
                                       Waller.
5. To mean; to design.
    The opinion she had of his wisdom was such, as
  made her esteem greatly of his words;  but that the
  words themselves sounded so, as she could not ima-
  gine  what they intended.                Sidney.
    The gods would  not have delivered a soul  into
  the body which hath arms and legs, only instruments
  of doing, but that it were intended the mind should
  employ them.                          Sidney.
            Thou art sworn
  As deeply to affect what we intend,
  As closely to conceal what we impart.     Shaksp.
    According to this model Horace writ his odes and
  epods, for his satires and epistles, being intended
  wholly for instruction, required another style. Dryd.
Inte'ndant,  in-ten'darit.   n. a. [French.]
  An   officer  of the highest   class,  who
  oversees  any particular allotment of the
  public business.
    Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's fleet, and
  Onesicrates, his infendant general of marine, have
  both left relations of the Indies.       Arbuthnot.

 Inte'ndiment, in-ten'cle-ment. ra. s.  [en-
  tendement, French.]  A;:ention; patient
  hearing;  accurate  examination.   This
  word is only to  be found in  Spenser.
    Be nought hcreat dismay'd,
  'Till  well ye wot, by grave intendimenf, 
INT
INT
INT
  What woman, and wherefore doth we upbraid.
                                       Spenser.
Intendment, in-tend'ment. ra. *.  [enten-
   dement, French.]   Intention; design.
    Out of my love to you, I came hither to acquaint
  you withal: that either you might stay him from his
  intendment, or brook such disgrace well as he shall
  run into.                           Shakspeare.
    All that worship  for fear, profit,  or some  other
  by-end, fall more or less within the  intendment of
  this emblem.                       L'Estrange.
 To Inte'nerate, in-ten-ner-ate. v. a.  [in
   and tener, Latin.]  To make tender; to
   soften.
             Autumn vigour gives,
   Equal,  intenerating, milky grain.        Philips.
 Intenera'tion,  in-ten ner-a'shun.    ra. s.
   [from intenerate.]   The  act of soften-
   ing or making tender.
     In living creatures the noblest use of nourishment
   is for the prolongation of life, restoration of some
   degree of youth, and infenerafion ofthe parts. Bacon.
 Inte'nible,  in-ten'e-bl.408   adj.   [in  and
   tenible.] That cannot hold.  Not in use.
     I know I love in vain, strive against hope;
   Yet in  this captious and infeni&fe  sieve,
   I still pour in the waters of my love.  Shakspeare.
 INTE'NSE,in-tense'.czciy. [intensus, Lat.]
 1. Raised  to a  high  degree;  strained;
   forced;  not slight; not lax.  -
     To observe the effects of a distillation,  prosecuted
   with so intense and  unusual a degree of heat, we
   ventured to come near.                   Boyle.
     Sublime or low, unbended or intense,
   The sound is still a comment to the  sense. Roscom.
 2.  Vehement; ardent.
      Hebraisms warm and animate our language, and
   convey our thoughts  in more ardent and  intense
   phrases.                             ■ Addison.
  3.  Kept on the  stretch;  anxiously atten-
    tive.
            But in disparity
   The one intense; the other still remiss,
   Cannot well suit with either, but soon prove
   Tedious alike.            Milton's Paradise Lost.
  Inte'nselv.,  In-tense'le.  actv.  [from in-
    tense.]  To a great degree; not slight-
    ly; not remitsly.
      If an Englishman  considers  our world, how in-
    tensely it is heated, he cannot suppose  that it will
    cool again.                           Addison.
  Inte'nseness, in-tense'nes.  ra.  s.   [from
    intense.]    The state of being  enforced
    in a high degree; force; contrariety to
    laxity or remission.
      The water of springs and rivers, that sustains a
    diminution from the heat above, being evaporated
    more  or less, in proportion to  the greater or lesser
    intenseness of heat.                   Woodward.
  Inte'nsion,  in-ten'shiin.  ra. s. [intension,
     French;  intensio, Latin.]   The act of
     forcing or straining any thing; contra-
     riety to remission or relaxation:
       Sounds will be carried further with the wind than
    against the wind; and likewise to rise and fall with
    the intension or remission of the wind.      Bacon.
       Faith differs from hope in the  extension of its
    object, and in the intension of degree.      Taylor.

  Inte'nsive,  In-ten'siv.428  adj.  [from in-
     tense.]
   1. Stretched or increased with respect to
     itself; that may admit increase  of de-
     gree.
       As his perfection is infinitely greater than the
    perfection of a man, so it is infinitely greater than
    toe perfection of an angel; and were it not infinite-
    ly greater than the perfection of an angel, it could
  not be infinitely greater than the perfection of a man,
  because the intensive distance between  the perfec-
  tion of an angel and of a man, is but finite.  Hale.
2. Intent;   unremitted.
    Tired with that assiduous attendance and  inten-
  sive circumspection,  which a long fortune did re-
  quire, he was not unwilling to bestow upon another
  some part of the pains.                  Wotton.
Inte'nsively, ln-ten'siv-le.  adv.   By in-
   crease of degree.
    God and  the good angels are more free than we
  are, that is, intensively in the degree of freedom;
  but not extensively in the latitude of the object, ac-
  cording to a liberty of  exercise, but not of specifi-
  cation.                 Bramhall against Hobbes.
Inte'nt, in-tent'. adj.  [intentus, Lat.]
close
   Anxiously diligent;  fixed  with
  application:  formerly with to.
    Distractions in England made most men intent to
 their own safety.                   A^ing Charles.
   Commonly with on.
    When we use  but those means which God hath
 laid before us, it  is a good sign that we are rather
 intent upon God's glory than our own conveniency.
                                        Taylor.
    The general himself had been more intent upon
 his command.                       Clarendon.
    They on their mirth and dance
 Intent.                                MUton.
    Of action eager, and intent on thought,
 The chiefs your honourable danger sought.  Dryden.
    Were men as intent upon this as on tilings of low-
 er concernment, there are none so enslaved to the
 necessities of life, who might not find many vacan-
 cies that might be husbanded to  this advantage of
 toeir knowledge.                         Locke.
    Whilst  they are intent on  one  particular part of
 their theme, they bend all  their thoughts to prove
  or disprove some proposition  that  relates  to  toat
 part, without attention to the consequences that may
 affect another.                           Waffs.
    Be intent and  solicitous to take up toe meaning
 of the speaker.                           Waff*
Inte'nt,  in-tent'. ra.  s. [from  intend.]
I.  A design; a  purpose;  a drift; a view
   formed; meaning.
    Although the scripture of God be stored with in-
  finite variety of matter in  all kinds, although it
  abound with all sorts of laws, yet the principal in-
  tent of scripture is to deliver the  laws of duties su-
  pernatural.                            Hooker.
    Whereas commandment was given to destroy all
  places where the  Canaanites had served the gods,
  this precept had  reference unto a special intent and
  purpose, which was, toat toere  should be but one
  place whereunto the people might bring offerings.
                                        Hooker.
    Those toat accuse him in his intent towards our
  wives, are a yoke of his discarded men.    Shaksp.
    I '11  urge his hatred more to Clarence;
  And, if I fail not  in my deep intent,
   Clarence hath not another day to live.     Shaksp,
     This fury fit for her intent she chose;
   One who delights in wars.                Dryden.
     The Athenians sent  their  fleet  to Sicily,  upon
   pretence  only to assist the Leontines; but  with an
   intent to make themselves masters of that island.
                                          Chew.
     Of darkness visible so much be lent,
   As half  to shew, half veil toe deep intent.
                                       Dunciad.
    To all intents.  In all senses, whatever
2.
  be meant or designed.
    There is an incurable blindness caused by a re-
  solution not to see; and, fo off intents and purposes,
  he who will not open his eyes is for the present as
  blind as he that cannot.                  Soufft.
    He was miserable fo off intents and purposes.
                                    L'Estrange.
Inte'ntion,  in-ten'shun.  ra. «.  [intention,
  French; intentio,  Latin.]
1. Eagerness of desire; closeness of atten-
  tion; deep  thought; vehemence or  ar-
  dour of mind.
    Intention is  when the mind with great earnest-
  ness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea, con-
  siders it on every side, and will not be called off by
  the ordinary solicitation of other ideas.     Locke.
    Effectual prayer is joined with a vehement in-
  tention of the inferior powers of the soul,  which
  cannot therein long continue without pain: it hath
  been therefore thought good, by turns, to interpose
  still somewhat for the higher part  of  the mind
  and the understanding to work upon.     Hooker.
    She did course o'er my  exteriors wito such a
  greedy intention,  that the appetite of her eye did
  seem to scorch me up like a burning-glass. Shaksp.
    In persons possessed wito other notions of reli-
  gion, the understanding cannot quit these but by
  great examination; which cannot be done without
  some labour and  intention  of the mind, and the
  thoughts  dwelling  a considerable time upon the sur-
  vey and discussion of each particular.      South.
2. Design; purpose.
    I wish others the same intention, and greater suc-
  cesses.                                Temple.
    Most part of chronical distempers proceed from
  laxity of the fibres; in which case the principal in-
  tention is to restore the tone-of the solid parts.
                                     •flr&ufftnof.
3. The state  of  being intense or  strained.
   This  fcr distinction is more generally
   and  more  conveniently  written  inten-
   sion.
    The operations of agents  admit of intention and
  remission;  but essences are not capable of such
  variation.                              Locke.
Inte'ntional, in-ten'shun-al.88 adj. [inten-
   tionel, Fr.  from intention.]   Designed;
   done by design.
    The glory of God is the end which every intelli-
  gent being is  bound to consult, by a direct and in-
  tentional service.                       Rogers.
Inte'ntionally,   in-ten'shun-al-e.  adv.
   [from intentional.]
1. By design; with fixed choice.
    I find  in myself that this inward principle  doth
  exert many of its  actions infenfionaffy and purpose-
  ly.                                     Hale.
2. In will, if not in action.
    Whenever I am wishing  to write to you, I shall
  conclude you are  intentionally doing so to me.
                               Atterbury to Pope.
Inte'ntive,  in-ten'tiv.1"7  adj. [from  in-
   tent/]   Diligently applied; busily atten-
   tive.
     Where the object is  fine and accurate, it con-
   duceth much to have the sense infentife and erect.
                                        Bacon.
     The naked relation, at least the infenfit-e con-
   sideration of that, is  able still, and at this disadvan-
   tage of time, to rend the hearts of pious contempla-
   tors.                                  Brown.
 Inte'ntively,  in-ten'tiv-le.  adv. [from
   intentive.] With application; closely.
 Inte'ntly, in-tent'le. adv. [from  intent.]
   With close attention; with close appli-
   cation; with eager desire.
     If we insist passionately or so infenffy on the
   truth of our beliefs, as not to proceed to as vigor-
   ous pursuit of all just, sober, and godly living.
                                      Hammond.
     The odd paintings of an Indian screen may please
   a little; but when you fix  your  eye intently  upon
   them, they appear so disproportioned that they give
   a judicious eye pain.                 Atterbury.
     The  Chiau medal seats him with a volume  open,
   and reading intently.                     Pope.
 Inte'ntness, in-tent'nes.  ra. s.  [from in-
    tent.] The state of being intent; anxious
    application. 
INT
INT
INT
    Me is  more disengaged  from his infenfness on
  affairs.                                 Sioift.
To INTE'R, in-ter'. v. a. [enterrer, Fr.]
1. To cover under ground; to bury.
    Within their chiefest temple I '11 erect
  A tomb, wherein his corps shall be interr'd. Shak.
    The evil that men do lives after them;
  The good is oft interred with their bones.   Shaksp.
    His body shall be royally interr'd,
  And  the last funeral pomps adorn his herse. Dryd.
    The ashes, in an old record of the convent, are said
  to have been inteired between the very wall and the
  altar where they were taken up.          Addison.
2. To cover with earth.
    The best way is  to infer them as you furrow
  pease.                               Aforfimer.
Inte'rcalar, in-ter'ka-lar.
Inte'rcalary, in-ter-kal'a-re.603 612 a13
   adj. [intercalate, Fr.  intercalaris, Lat.]
   Inserted out of the common order to
   preserve  the equation of time,  as the
   twenty-ninth of February in a leap year
   is an intercalary day.
To Intercalate, in-ter'ka-late. v. a. [in-
   tercaler, Fr. intercalo, Lat.]   To insert
   an extraordinary day.

Intercalation,   in-ter-ka-la'stnin.  ra. a.
   [intercalation,  Fr.  intercalatio,  Latin.]
   Insertion of days out of  the ordinary
   reckoning.
    In sixty-three years there may be lost almost
  eighteen days, omitting the intercalation of one day
  every fourth year, allowed for this quadrant, or six
  supernumeraries.                       Brown-
To INTERCE'DE,in-ter-seed'. v.n.[in-
   terceder, Fr. intercedo, Latin.]
1. To pass between.
    He supposeto that a vast  period interceded be-
  tween  that origination and  the age wherein he
  lived.                                  Hale.
    Those superficies reflect the greatest quantity of
  light, which have the greatest refracting power, and
  which intercede mediums  that differ most in their
  refractive densities.                    Newton-
2. To mediate; to act between two parties
   with  a view  of reconciling differences.
   It has with if only one party be named,
   and between if  both be named.
           Them the  glad  son
  Presenting, thus to intercede began.        Afiffon.
    Nor was our blessed Saviour  only our propitia-
  tion to die for us, and procure our atonement, but
  he is still our advocate, continually interceding with
  his Father in behalf of all true penitents.  Calamy.
    I may restore myself into  the good graces of my
  fair criticks, and your lordship may intercede with
  them on my promise of amendment.      Dryden.
    Origen denies that any  prayer is to be made to
  them, although it be only to intercede with God for
  us, but only the Son of God.           Stillingfleet.
Interoe'der, in-ter-see'dflr.98 ra. s. [from
   intercede]   One that intercedes; a me-
   diator.
To INTERCE'PT, in-ter-sept'. v.a. [in-
   tercept er, Fr. interceptus, Latin.]
1. To stop and seize in  the way.
    The better course should be by planting of garri-
  sons  about him, which, whensoever he  shall  look
  forth, or be drawn out, shall be always ready to in-
  tercept his going or coming.              Spenser.
    Who intercepts me in my expedition?
  ____O, she that might have intercepted thee,
  By strangling thee.                      Shaksp.
    I then in London  keeper ofthe king,
  Muster'd my soldiers, gather'd flocks of friends,
  March'd towards St. Alban's t' intercept toe queen.
                                        Shaksp.
    Your intercepted packets
  You writ to toe pope.                    Shaksp.
    If we hope for things which are at too great a dis-
  tance from us, it is possible toat we may be inter-
  ceptedhy death in our progress towards them. Addis.
2. To obstruct; to  cut off; to  stop from
   being communicated; to stop in the pro-
   gress. It is used of the thing or person
   passing.
    Though they cannot answer my distress,
  Yet in some sort they 're better than the tribunes;
  For that they will not intercept my tale.    Shaksp.
    Behind the hole  I fastened to the pasteboard,
  with pitch,  toe blade of a sharp knife, to intercept
  some part of the light which passed through the hole.
                                      Afeicfcn.
3. It is  used of the  act of passing.
    Since death 's near, and runs with so much force,
  We must meet first, and intercept his course.
                                      Dryden.
4. It is  used of that to which the passage
   is directed.
    On barbed steeds  they rode in proud array,
  Thick as the college of the bees in May,
  When swarming o'er the dusky fields they fly;
  New to the flow'rs, and intercept the sky.  Dryden-
                   The direful woes,
  With voyaging from Troy the victors bore,
  While storms vindictive intercept the shore.   Pope.
Interce'ption, in-ter-sep'shtin. ra.  s. [in-
   terception, Fr.  intercefitio,  Lat.  from
   intercept.]   Stoppage  in course; hin-
   derance;  obstruction.
    The  pillars standing at a competent distance from
  the outmost  wall, will, by interception of the sight,
  somewhat in appearance diminish the breadth.
                                       Wbffon.
    The  word in Matthew doth not only signify sus-
  pension, but also suffocation, strangulation or inter-
  ception of breath.                       Brown.
Intercession, in-ter-sesh'iln. ra. *. [inter-
   cession,   French;   intercessio,  Latin.]
   Mediation;  interposition;  agency  be-
   tween two parties;  agency in the  cause
   of another, generally in his favour, some-
   times against him.
    Loving, and therefore constant, he used still toe
  intercession of diligence and faith, ever hoping  be-
  cause he would not put himself into that hell to be
  hopeless.                               Sidney.
    Can  you,  when you pushed out of your gates the
  very defender of them, think to front his revenges
  with the palsied intercession of such a decayed do-
  tard as you seem to  be?              Shakspeare.
    He maketh intercession to God against Israel.
                                      Romans.
    He bare the sin  of many, and made intercession
  for toe  transgressors.                    Isaiah.
    Pray not thou for this people, neither make in-
  tercession to me: for I will not hear thee.     Jer.
    To pray to the saints to obtain  things by their
  merits and intercessions,  is allowed and contended
  for by the Romish church.            Stillingfleet.
    Your intercession  now is needless grown;
  Retire, and  let me speak with her alone.  Dryden.
Interce'ssour,   in-ter-ses'siir.  ra.  *. [in-
   tercesseur,  French; intercessor, Latin.]
   Mediator; agent between  two parties
   to procure reconciliation.
    Behold the heav'ns! thither  thine eyesight bend;
  Thy looks, sighs, tears, for infercessours send.
                                      Fairfax.
               On man's behalf,
  Patron or intercessour none appear'd.       Milton.
    When we shall hear our eternal  doom from our
  intercessour, it will convince us, toat a denial  of
  Christ  is more than  transitory words.       South.

To lNTERCHA'iN,in-ter-tshane'. v. a. [inter
   and chain.]  To chain; to link together.
                    6q2
     Two bosoms, interchained wito an oath;
   So then two bosoms, and a single troth.    S/iaAjp.
 To  Interchange, in-ter-tshanje'.  v. a.
   [inter and change.]
 1. To put each in the place of  the  other;
   to give  and take mutually; to exchange.
     They had left but one piece of one ship, whereon
   toey kept themselves in all truth, having infercAcmg-
   ed their cares, while either cared  for other, each
   comforting and  counselling how to labour for the
   better, and to abide the worse.           Sidney.
               I shall interchange
   My wained state for Henry's regal crown.  Shaksp.
 2. To succeed  alternately.
     His faithful friend and brother Euarchus came so
   mightily to his succour, that, with some interchang-
   ing changes  of fortune, they  begat of a just war,
   the best child peace.                    Sidney.
 Interoha'nge,  in'ter-tshanje.493    ra.  s.
   [from the verb.]
 1. Commerce;  permutation of commodi-
   ties.
    Those have an infercftange or trade with Elana.
                                        Howel.
2. Alternate succession.
    With what delights could  I  have  walk'd thee
        round!
  If I could joy in ought! sweet interchange
  Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.  Milt.
    The  original measure of time,  by help of the
  lights in the  firmament, are perceptible to us by
  the interchanges of light and darkness, and succes-
  sion of seasons.                        Holder.
    Removes and interchanges would often  happen in
  the first ages after the flood.             Burnet.
3. Mutual donation  and reception.
          Let Diomedes bear him,
  And bring  us  Cressid hither.   Good Diomede,
  Furnish you fairly for this interchange.     Shaksp.
    Farewell; toe leisure, and the fearful time,
  Cuts off the ceremonious vows  of love,
  And ample interchange of sweet discourse. Shaksp.
    Since their more mature dignities made separa-
  tion of their society, their encounters, though not
  personal, have been royally attornied with infer-
  change of gifts.                        Shaksp.
    After so vast an obligation, owned by so  free an
  acknowledgement, could any thing be expected but
  a continual interchange of kindnesses.      South.
Intercha'ngeable,  ln-ter-tshan'ja-bl.40*
   adj. [from interchange.]
 1. Given and taken  mutually.
    So many testimonies, interchangeable  warrants,
  and counterrolments, running through toe  hands and
  resting in the power of so many several persons, is
  sufficient to argue and convince all manner of false-
  hood.                                  Bacon.
2. Following each other in alternate suc-
   cession.
    Just under the line  they may seem  to have two
  winters and two summers; but  there also they have
  four interchangeable seasons, which is enough where-
  by to measure.                         Holder.
    All along the history of the Old Testament we
  find the interchangeable  providences  of God,  to-
  wards the  people of Israel, always suited to toeir
  manners.                            Tillotson.
 Interchangeably,   in-ter-tshan'ja-ble.
   adv.   [from  interchangeable.]   Alter-
   nately; in  a manner whereby each gives
   and receives.
     In these two things toe east  and west climchei
   did interchangeably both confront the Jews, and con-
   cur with them.                         Hooker.
     This in  myself I boldly will  defend,
   And interchangeably hurl down my gage
   Upon this  overweening traitor's foot.       Shaksp.
     These articles were signed  by our  plenipotentia-
   ries and those of Holland; but not by toe French,
   although it ought to have been  done interefcangeabfy;
   and the ministers here prevailed  on  the queen U 
INT
INT
INT
  execute a ratification of articles, which only one
  part had signed.                         Swift.
Interoha'ngement, in-ter-tshanje-ment.
  ra. s.  [inter and  change.]  Exchange;
  mutual transference.
    A contract of eternal bond of love,
  Confirm'd by mutual joinder of your hands,
  Attested by the holy close of lips,
  Strengthen'd by intercftang-emenf of your rings.
                                       Shaksp.
Interci'pient, in-ter-sip'e-ent.  adj. [in-
   tercipiens, Lat.]  Obstructing; catching
  by the way.
Interci'pient, in-ter-sip'e-ent. ra. s. [in-
   tercipiens, Lat.]  An intercepting pow-
   er;  something that causes a stoppage.
    They commend repellents, but not with much as-
  tringency, unless  as  intercipients upon  the parts
  above, lest the matter should  thereby be impacted
  in the part.                         Wiseman.
Interci'sion,  in-ter-sizh'un. ra. s. [inter
   and cado, Lat.] Interruption.
    By cessation of  oracles we may understand toeir
  infe?-ctsion, not  abscission,  or consummate desola-
  tion.                                 Brown.
 To Interclu'de, in-ter-klude'. v. n. [in-
   tercludo,  Lat.]  To shut from a place
   or course by something intervening;  to
   intercept.
     The voice is sometimes intercluded by a hoarse-
   ness, or viscous phlegm cleaving  to the aspera ar-
   teria.                                Holder.
 Interclu'sion,  In-ter-klu'zhun. ra. s. [in-
   terclusus, Lat.]  Obstruction; intercep-
   tion.
 Intercolumnia'tion,   in-ter-ko-lum-ne-
   a'shiin. ra. s. [inter and  columna, Latin.]
   The space between the pillars.
     The  distance or intercolumniation may be near
   four of his own diameter,  because  the materials
   commonly laid over this pillar were rather of wood
   than Stone.                           Wotton.
 To Interco'mmon, in-ter-kom'mun. v. ra.
   [inter and common.]    To  feed  at the
   same table.
     Wine is to be forborn in consumptions, for that the
   spirits of the wine do prey upon the roscid juice of
   the body, and intercommon with the spirits of the
   body, and so rob them of their nourishment. Bacon.
 Intercommunity,  in-ter-kom-mu'ne-te.
   ra. s. [inter and community.]
 1. A  mutual communication or  commu-
   nity.
 2. A mutual freedom or exercise of reli-
   gion.
 Interco'stal,  in-ter-kos'tal. adj.  [inter-
 ^ costal, Fr. inter and costa, Lat.] Placed
   between the ribs.
     The diaphragm seems the  principal instrument
   of ordinary respiration, although to restrained respi-
   ration the intercostal muscles may concur.   Boyle.
     By toe assistance of the  inward intercostal mus-
   cles,  in deep suspirations, we take large gulps of
   air.                                    Afore.

 Intercourse,  in'ter-korse.  ra. s. [entre-
   cours, French.]
 1. Commerce; exchange.
               This sweet intercourse
  Of looks and smiles; for smiles from reason flow,
  To brute deny'd, and are of love the food.  Afiffon.
2. Communication: followed by with.
    The choice of the place requireth many circum-
  stances, as the situation near the sea, for the com-
  modiousness of an  intercourse wUh England. Bacon.
    What an honoui is it toat God should admit us
  into  such a participation of himself!  That  he
  should give us minds capable of such an intercourse
  with the Supreme Mind!              Atterbury.
Intercu'rrence, in-ter-kur'rense.  ra.  s.
  [from intercurro,  Latin.]   Passage be-
  tween.
    Consider  what fluidity  saltpetre is capable  of,
  without the iufercurrence of a liquor.        .Boyfe.
Intercurrent,  in-ter-kiir'rent. adj. [in-
  tercurrens, Lat.]  Running between.
    If  into  a phial,  filled with  good spirit of nitre
  you cast a  piece of iron,  the liquor whose parts
  moved placidly before, meeting with particles in the
  iron,  altering toe motion of its parts, and perhaps
  that of some very subtile intercurrent matter, those
  active parts presently begin to penetrate,  and scat-
  ter abroad particles of the iron.            Boyfe.
Interde'al, in-ter-dele'. ra.  s.   [inter and
   deal.] Traffick; intercourse.   Obsolete.
    The Gaulish speech is the very British,  which is
  yet retained of the Welshmen and Britons of France;
  though the alteration of the trading and  inferdeaf
  with  other nations has greatly altered the dialect.
                                      Spenser.
 To INTERDI'CT, in-ter-dikt'. v. a. [in-
   tcrdire, French; interdico, Latin.]
 I. To forbid; to prohibit.
    Alone I pass'd through ways
  That brought me on a sudden to the tree
  Of interdicted knowledge.                MUton.
    By magick fene'd, by spells encompass'd round,
  No mortal  touch'd tois interdicted ground.    Ticket.
2. To prohibit from  the enjoyment of com-
   munion  with the  church.
    An archbishop may not only excommunicate and
  interdict his suffragans, but his vicar-general may
  do the same.                          Ayliffe.

Interdi'ct, In'ter-dikt.4^8 ra. s. [from the
   verb.]
 1. Prohibition;  prohibiting decree.
    Amongst his other fundamental laws, he  did or-
  dain the interdicts  and prohibitions  touching en-
  trance of strangers.                      Bacon.
    Those are not fruits forbidden, no interdict
  Defends the touching of these viands pure;
  Their taste no knowledge works at least of evil.
                                       Afiffon.
     Had he  liv'd to see her happy change,
  He would have cancell'd that harsh interdict,
  And join'd our hands himself.           Dryden.
2. A papal prohibition to  the   clergy  to
   celebrate the holy offices.
     Nani carried  himself meritoriously against the
  pope, in the time of the interdict, which held up his
  credit among the patriots.               Wotton.

 Interdiction, in-ter-dik'shun. ra. s. [in-
   terdiction, Fr. interdictio, Lat. from in-
   terdict.]
 1. Prohibition; forbidding decree.
          Sternly he pronoune'd
  The  rigid interdiction,  which resounds
  Yet dreadful in mine ear.                MUton.
2. Curse: from the papal interdict.  An im-
   proper use of the word.
    The truest issue of thy throne,
  By his own interdiction stands accurst.    Shaksp.
Interdictory,  in-ter-dik'tur-e.fi13   adj.
   [from interdict.]  Belonging  to an inter-
   diction.                            Ainsw.

 To Intere'ss,  In'ter-es. > v. a. [interes-
 To Intere'st, in'ter-est. 5 ser,   Fr.]   To
   concern; to affect; to give  share in.
    The mystical  communion of all faithful men is
  such  as maketh  every one to be interested in those
  precious blessings, which any one of them  receiveth
  at God's hands.                       Hooker.
                 Our joy,
  Although our last not least; to whose youngjlove,
  The vines of France and milk of Burgundy,
  Strive to be int'ress'd.                  Shaksp.
    To love our native country, and to study its bene-
  fit and its glory, to be inferessed iti its concerns, is
  natural to all  men.                     Dryden.
    Scipio, restoring the Spanish bride, gained a great
  nation to interest themselves for Kome against Car-
  thaSe;                               Dryden.
    This was a goddess who used to interest herself
  in marriages.                         Addison.
    Ill successes did  not discourage  that ambitious
  and interested people.                Arbuthnot.
To Intere'st, in'ter-est. v. ra.  To affect;
   to  move; to touch with passion;  io gain
   the affections:  as, this is an interesting
   story.
I'nterest, In'teT-e'st.  ra. s.  [interest, Lat.
   interet, French.]
I. Concern; advantage;  good.
    0 give us  a serious comprehension of that one
  great interest of others, as well as ourselves.
                                   Hammond.
    Divisions hinder the common interest and publick
  g°0(l-                                Temple.
    There is no man but God hath put many things
  into his possession, to be used for the common good
  and interest.                          Calamy.
2. Influence  over others.
    They, who had hitherto preserv'd them, had now
  lost their interest.                    Clarendon.
    Exert, great God, thy inf'resf in the sky;
  Gain each  kind pow'r, each guardian deity-,
  That, conquer'd by  the publick vow,
  They bear  the dismal mischief far away.   Prior.
3. Share; part in  any thing;  participation:
   as, this  is a matter in which we have
   interest.
    Endeavour  to adjust the degrees of influence, that
  each cause might have in producing the effect,  and
  the proper  agency and interest of each therein.
                                       Waffs.
4. Regard  to private profit.
    Wherever interest or power thinks fit to interfere,
  it little imports what principles the opposite parties
  think fit to charge upon each other.         Swift.
    When inf'resf calls off all her sneaking train.
                                        Pope.
5. Money paid for use; usury.
          Did he take interest?
  ----No, not take interest; not, as you would say,
  Directly, inf'resf.                      Shaksp.
    It is a sad life we lead, my dear, to be so teazed;
  paying  inferesf for  old debts, and still contracting
  neAvv ones-                         Arbuthnot.
6. Any surplus of advantage.
            With all speed
  You shall have your desires with interest.   Shaksp.
To Interfe're,  in-ter-fere'. v. ra.  [inter
   and ferio,  Latin.]
1. To interpose; to intermeddle.
    So cautious wefe our  ancestors in conversation,
  as never to interfere with  party disputes in  the state.
                                        Swift.
2. To clash;  to oppose each other.
    If each acts by an independent power, their com-
  mands may interfere.        Smalridge's Sermons.
3. A horse is said  to interfere, when the
   si'de of one of his shoes strikes against
   and hurts  one of his fetlocks: or the hit-
   ting one leg against another and strik-
   ing off the skin.          Farrier's Dict.
Inte'rfluent, In-ter'flu-ent.818  adj. [in-
   terfluens, Lat.] Flowing  between.
    Air may consist of any terrene or aqueous  cor-
  puscles, kept  swimming in the interfluent  celestial
T matter'  ,        ,                     Boyle.
Interfu'lgent, in-ter-ful'jent. adj. [inter
   and fulgens, Latin.]  Shining between.
Interfu'sed, in-ter-fuz'd'.359  adj.  [inter- 
INT
INT
INT
  fusus, Latin.]  Poured or scattered be-
  tween.
    The ambient air wide interfus'd,
  Embracing round this florid earth.        MUton.
Interja'cency,   in-ter-ja'sen-se.    ra. a.
  [from  interjacens, Latin.]
1. The act or state of lying between.
    England and Scotland arc divided only by the in-
  terjacency of the Tweed and some desert ground.
                                         .Hafe.
2. The thing lying between.
    Its fluctuations are  but  motions,  which winds,
  storms, shores, and every interjacency irregulates.
                                       Brown.
Interja'cent, in-ter-ja'sent. adj.  [inter-
  jacens, Latin.]   Intervening; lying be-
  tween.
    The  sea itself must be very  broad, and void of
  little islands interjacent, else will it  yield plentiful
  argument of quarrel to the kingdoms which it serv-
  eth.                                 Raleigh.
    Through this hole objects that were beyond might
  be seen distinctly, which  would not at all be seen
  through  other parts of the glasses, where toe air was
  interjacent.                   Newton's Opticks.
Interje'ction, in-ter-jek'shiin. n. s. [in-
   terjection,  Fr. interjectio, Latin.]
1.  A  part of speech  that  discovers the
   mind to be seized or affected with some
   passion: such as are in English, Ol alas.'
   ah!           Clarke's Latin Grammar.
    Their  wild natural notes,  when they would ex-
  press their passions, are atthe best but like natural
  interjections, to  discover their passions or impres-
  sions.                Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2.  Intervention; interposition; act of some-
   thing coming between;  act of  putting
   something  between.
    Laughing  causeth a continual expulsion  of the
  breath, with the loud noise which maketh the inter-
  jection of laughing.                      Bacon.
I'nterim, in'ter-im. ra. s. [interim, Latin.]
   Meantime; intervening time.
    I a heavy interim shall support
  By his dear absence.                Shakspeare.
    One bird happened  to be foraging for her young
  ones, and in this interim comes a torrent that wash-
  es away nest,  birds, and all.         L'Estrange.
    In this interim my women asked what I thought.
                                        Taffer,
 To Interjoi'n, in-ter-join'.  v.  a.   [inter
   and join]   To join mutually; to inter-
   marry.
         So fellest foes,
  Whose passions and whose plots have broke their
         sleep,
  To take the one the other, by some chance,
  Some trick not worth an egg, shall grow dear friends,
  And interjoin their issues.            Shakspeare.
Inte'riour,  in-te're-iir. adj. [interior, Lat.
   interieur,  French.]  Internal; inner; not
   outward; not superficial.
    The fool-multitude,  that chuse by show,
  Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach,
  Which pry not to to' interiour.           Shaksp.
    The grosser parts, thus sunk down, would harden
  and constitute the interiour parts of the earth.
                                       Burnet.
 Interkno'wledge, in-ter-nol'ledje. ra. s.
    [inter and knowledge.]   Mutual know-
    ledge.
     All nations have  interfcnoiufedg-e one of another,
   either by voyage into foreign parts, or by strangers
   that come to them.                      Bacon.
  To Interla'ce, in-ter-lase'. v. a.  [entre-
   lasser, Fr.]  To  intermix;  to put one
  -  thing within another.
     Some are to be interlaced between the divine
  readings of the law and prophets.        Hooker.
    The ambassadors interlaced, in their conference,
  the purpose of their master to match with the daugh-
  ter of Maximilian.                      Bacon.
    They acknowledged what services he had done
  for the commonwealth, yet interlacing some errors,
  wherewith they seemed to reproach him. Hayward.
    Your argument is  as strong  against the use of
  rhyme in  poems as in plays; for the epick way is
  every where interlaced with dialogue.     Dryden.
Interla'pse, in-ter-lapse'. ra. s. [inter and
  lapse.]  The flow of  time  between  any
  two events.
    These dregs are calcined into  such salts, which,
  after a short interlapse of time, produce coughs.
                                      Harvey.
To  Interla'rd, ln-ter-lard'. v. a. [entre-
  larder, French.]
I. To  mix  meat  with bacon, or fat; to di-
  versify lean with fat.
2. To interpose; to  insert between.
    Jests should be interlarded, after the Persian cus-
  tom, by ages young and old.             Careio.
3. To  diversify by mixture.
    The laws of Normandy  were  toe defloration of
  the English laws, and  a transcript of them, though
  mingled and interlarded with many particular laws
  of their own, which altered the features of toe ori-
  ginal.                Hale's  Laws of England.
4. Philips has used this word very harshly,
  and probably did not understand  it.
    They interlard their native drinks with choice
  Of strongest brandy.                    Philips.
To Interle'ave, in-ter-leve'. v. a.  [inter
  and leave.] To chequer a book  by the
  insertion of blank leaves.
To Interli'ne, in-ter-line'.  v. a.  [inter
  and line.]
I. To write in alternate lines.
    When, by interlining Latin and English one with
  another,  he has got a moderate knowledge of the
  Latin tongue, he may then be advanced farther.
                                       Locke.

2. To correct  by  something written be-
  tween the lines.
    He cancell'd an old will, and forg'd a new;
  Made wealthy at the small  expence of signing,
  WTith a wet seal, and  a fresh interlining.  Dryden.
    Three things render a writing suspected; the per-
  son producing a false instrument, the person that
  frames  it,  aud the inferfining- and rasing out  of
  words contained in such instruments.      Ayliffe.
    The muse invok'd, sit down to  write,
  Blot out, correct, and  interline.            Swift.

Interline a'tion, In-ter-lin-e-a'shiln. ra. s.
  [inter and linealion.]  Correction made
  by writing between the lines.
    Many  clergymen write in so diminutive a man-
  ner, with  such frequent blots and interlineations,
  that they are hardly able to go on without perpetual
  hesitations.                            Swift.

To Inierli'nk, in-ter-lingk'. v. a. [inter
  and link.] To connect chains one  to ano-
  ther; to join one  in another.
    The fair mixture in pictures  causes  us to enter
  into the subject which it imitates, and imprints it
  the more deeply into our imagination and our me-
  mory; these  are two chains which are interlinked,
  which contain, and are at tbe same time contained.
                                      Dryden.
Interloou'tiox, ln-ter-lo-ku'shAn.  ra. s.
   [interlocution, French; interlocutio, ha-
   tin.]
 1.  Dialogue; interchange of speech.
     The plainest and toe most intelligible rehearsal of
  toe psalms they savour not, because it is done by in-
   terlocution, and with a mutual return of sentences
   from side to side.                     Hooker.
 2.  Preparatory proceeding  in  law; an in-
   termediate act before final decision.
     These things are called accidental, because some
  new incident in judicature may emerge upon them,
  on which the judge  ought to proceed by interlocu-
  tion.                       Ayliffe's Parergon.
Interlo'outor, in-ter-16k'ku-tilr.S18  ra. s.
   [inter and loquor, Latin.] Dialogist; one
   that  talks with another.
    Some morose readers shall find fault with my hav-
  ing made the inferiocufors compliment wito one
  another.                          i  t Boyle.
Interlo'cutory,   in-ter-16k'kii-tur-e."12
   adj.  [interlocutoire, French;  inter  and
   loquor, Latin.]
1. Consisting of dialogue.
    When the minister by  exhortation  raiseth them
  up,  and the people  by protestation of their readi-
  ness declare he  speaketh not in vain unto them;
  these interlocutoiy forms of speech, what are  they
  else but most effectual,  partly testifications, and
  partly inflammations  of all piety?        Hooker.
    There are several  interlocutory discourses in the
  holy scriptures, though the persons speaking are not
  alternately mentioned or referred to.
                              Fiddes' Sei-mons.
2. Preparatory to decision.
To Interlo'pe, in-ter-lope'. v. ra.  [inter
  and loopen, Dutch,  to run.]  To run be-
  tween parties  and intercept the advan-
  tage that one should gain from the other;
  to traffick without  a proper  licence; to
  forestal; to anticipate irregularly.
    The patron is desired to leave off this interloping
  trade, or admit the knights of  the  industry to their
  share.                                Tatler.
Interlo'per,  in-ter-16'piir.98 ra. s. [from
  interlope.] One who runs into business
  to  which  he has no right.
    The swallow was a fly-catcher, and was no more
  an interloper upon the spider's  right, than the spider
  was upon the swallow's.             L'Estrange.
Interlu'cent, in-ter-lu'sent. adj. [inter-
  lucens, Latin.]  Shining between.  Dict.
I'nterlude, in't^r-lude.  ra. s.   [inter  and
   ludus, Lat.]   Something played at the
  intervals  of festivity; a farce.
    When there is a queen, and ladies of honour at-
  tending her, there must sometimes be  masques, and
  revels, and interludes.                  Bacon.
    The enemies  of Socrates hired Aristophanes to
  personate him on the stage, and by the insinuations
  of those interludes, conveyed  a hatred of him into
  toe people.           Government ofthe Tongue.
    Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes;
  When monarch reason sleeps, tois mimick wakes.
                                      Dryden.
Interlu'ency, in-ter-lu'en-se.  ra. s.   [in-
   terluo, Latin.]   Water  intcrposited; in-
   terposition of a  flood.
    Those parts of Asia and America, which are now
  disjoined by the interluency of toe sea, might have
  been formerly contiguous.                Hafe.
lNTERLu'NAR,in-ter-l u'nar.    > adj.  [in-
Interlu'nary, in-ter-lu'nar-e. 3 ter   and
   luna, Lat.]  Belonging  to the time when
   the moon, about to change, is invisible.
    We add the two  Egyptian  days in every month,
   the inferiunary and plenilunary exemptions.
                                       Brown.
     The sun to me is  dark,
   And silent as the moon,
   Wheu she deserts the night,
   Hid in her  vacant interlunar cave.       MUton.
 Ixterma'rriage,  in-tei-miii'iidje.bJ  2"'
    ra. a. [inter and marriage.] Marriage be- 
INT
INT
INT
  tween  two families, where each takes
  one and gives another.
    Because the alliances and intermarriages, among
  so small a people, might obstruct justice, they have
  a foreigner for judge of St.  Marino.      Addison.
To Interma'rry, in-ter-mar're. v. ra. [in-
   ter and marry.] To marry some of each
   family with the other.
    About the middle of the fourth century, from toe
  building of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles
  and plebeians tojinfermarry.              Swift.

To Interme'ddle,   in-ter-med'dl.   t. ra.
   [inter and meddle.]   To interpose offi-
   ciously.
    The practice of Spain hath been by war, and by
  conditions of treaty, to intermeddle with foreign
  states, and declare themselves protectors general of
  the catholicks.                         Bacon.
    Seeing the king was a sovereign prince, the em-
  peror should not intermeddle with ordering his sub-
  jects, or directing the affairs of his realm. Hayward.
    There were no ladies, who disposed themselves
  to intermeddle in business.             Clarendon.

To Interme'ddle,   in-ter-med'dl.  v. a.
   [entremesler, Fr.] To intermix;  to min-
   gle.  This is perhaps misprinted for in-
   termelled.
    Many other adventures are intermeddled; as the
  love of Britomert, and the virtuousness of Belphaebe.
                                      Spenser.
Interme'ddler,  in-ter-med'dl-ilr.  ra. s.
   [from intermeddle.]   One  that interpo-
   ses officiously; one that  thrusts himself
   into business to which he has  no right.
    There's hardly a greater pest to government and
  families, than officious  tale-bearers, and busy inter-
  meddlers.                          L'Estrange.
    Our allies, and our stock-jobbers, direct her ma-
  jesty not to change her secretary or treasurer, who,
  for the reasons that these officious intermeddlers de-
  manded their continuance, ought never to have been
  admitted into the least  trust.              Swift.
    Shall strangers, saucy intermeddlers say,
  Thus far, and thus, are you allow'd to punish?
                                    A. Philips.

Interme'diaoy, in-ter-me'de-a-se, or in-
   ter-me'je-a-se.293  n.s. [from intermedi-
   ate.] Interposition; intervention. An  un-
   authorized  word.
    In birds the auditory nerve is affected by only the
  intermediacy ofthe columella.          Derham.
Intermedial, in-ter-me'de-al, or in-ter-
   me'je-al.294 adj. [inter and medius, Lat.]
   Intervening; lying  between;  interveni-
   ent.
    The love of God makes a man temperate in the
  midst of feasts, and is active enough without any in-
  termedial appetites.                     Taylor.
    A gardener prepares  tbe ground, and in all the in-
  termedial spaces he is careful to dress it.
                             Evelyn's Kalendar.

Intermediate, in-ter-me'de-ate. adj. [in-
   termedial, Fr. inter and  medius,  Latin.]
   Intervening; interposed;   holding  the
   middle place or  degree between  two
   extremes.
    Do not the most refrangible rays excite toe short-
  est vibrations for making a sensation of a deep vio-
  let, the least refrangible the largest for making a
  sensation of deep red, and the several intermediate
  sorts of rays, vibrations of several intermediate  big-
  nesses, to make sensations of the several i?iterme-
  diafe colours?                JVeiofon's Opticks.
    An animal consists of solid and  fluid parts, un-
  less one should reckon some of  an intermediate na-
  ture, as fat and phlegm.              Arbuthnot.
    Those general natures, which stand between the
  nearest and most remote, are called intermediate.
                                        Watts.
Interme'diately,  in-ter-me'de-ate-le.37"
   adv.  [from intermediate.]   By way of
   intervention.
To Interme'll, in-ter-meT. v. a. [entre-
   mesler, Fr.]   To mix; to mingle.   Not
   in use.
    By occasion hereof many other adventures are
  intermelled, but rather as accidents than intend-
  ments                              Spense r.
Inte'rment, in-ter'ment. ra. s. [interment,
   French; from inter.] Burial; sepultuer.
Intermigra'tion,     in-ter-me-gra'shun.
   n. s.  [intermigration, French; inter and
   migro, Latin.]  Act of removing from
   one place to  another, so as that ot two
   parties removing, each takes the place
   of the other.
    Men have a strange variety in colour, stature,
  and humour;  and all  arising from  the climate,
  though  the continent be but one, as to point of ac-
  cess, mutual intercourse, and possibility of intermi-
  grations.             Hale's Origin of Mankind.

Inte'rminable, In-ter'me-na-bl. adj. [in-
   terminable,  Fr. in and termino, Latin.]
   Immense; admitting no boundary.
    As if they would confine to' infermirtaofe,
  And tie him to his own prescript.         Milton.
Inte'rminate, in-ter-me-nate.91 adj.  [in-
   terminate, French; interminatus, Latin.]
   Unbounded; unlimited.
    Within a thicket I repos'd; when round
  I ruffled up fall'n leaves in heaps, and found,
  Let fall from heaven, a sleep interminate.
                               Chapm. Odyssey.
Intermina'tion,  In-ter-me-na'shun. ra. *.
   [intermination,  French; intermino, Lat.]
   Menace; threat.
    The  threats  and  interminations of the gospel,
  those terrors of toe Lord, as goads, may drive those
  brutish creatures who will not be attracted.
                               Decay of Piety.
To  Intermi'ngle,   In-ter-mfng'gl.  v. a.
   [inter and mingle.]  To mingle; to mix;
   to put some  things among others.
    The  church in her liturgies hath  intermingled,
  with readings  out of the  New Testament, lessons
  taken out of toe law and prophets.        Hooker.
    His church he compareth  unto a field, where
  tares, manifestly known and seen by all men, do
  grow intermingled with good corn.        Hooker.
    My lord shall never rest:
  I'll intermingle every thing he does
  With Cassio's suit.                     Shaksp.
    Here sailing ships delight the wand'ring eyes;
  There trees and intermingled temples rise.   Pope.
To Intermi'ngle, in-ter-ming'gl.  v.  ra.
   To be mixed or incorporated.
Intermi'ssion,  in-ter-mish'un. ra. *. [In-
   termission, Fr. intermissio, Lat.]
1. Cessation for a time; pause; interme-
   diate  stop.
         Came a reeking post,
  Deliver'd letters, spight of intermission,
  Which presently they read.             Shaksp.
    I count intermission almost the same thing as
  change; for that that hath been intermitted, is after
  a sort new.                            Bacon.
    The water ascends gently, and by intermissions;
  but it falls continuately, and with force.
                                Wilkin's Deed.
    The peasants work on, in the hottest part of the
  day, without intermission.                Locke.
2. Intervenient time.
          But gentle heav'n
  Cut short all intermission: front to front,
  Bring thou tois  fiend of Scotland and myself.
                                   Shakspeare.
3. State of being intermitted.
    Words borrowed of antiquity, have the authority
  of years, and out  of their intermission  do win to
  toemselves a kind of grace-like  newness.
                                  Ben Jonson.
4. The space  between the paroxysms of
   a fever, or any fits of pain; rest; pause
   of  sorrow.
    Rest or intermission none I find.       Milton.
Intermi'ssive,  in-ter-mis'siv.188 adj. [in-
   termit.]   Coming by fits; not continual.
    I  reduced Ireland, after so  many intermissive
  wars, to a perfect passive obedience.      Howel.
    As though there were any feriation in  nature, or
  justitiums imaginable in professions, whose subject
  is under no intermissive but constant way of muta-
  tion, this season is commonly termed the  physicians
  vacation.              Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To INTERMI'T, in-ter-mlt'.  v. a. [inter-
   mitto, Lat.]  To forbear any thing  for a
   time; to interrupt.
    If nature should intermit her course,  and leave
  altogether, though it were but  for a-while, the ob-
  servation of her own laws.               Hooker.
    Run to your hoUses, fall upon your knees;
  Pray to the gods, to intermit the plague
  That needs must light on this ingratitude. Shaksp.
    His misled, lascivious son,
  Edward the second, infermiffed so
  The course of glory.         Daniel's Civil  War.
    The setting on foot some of those arts that were
  once well known, would be but the reviving of those
  arts which were long before practised, though infer-
  miffed and interrupted by war.             Hafe.
    Certain Indians, when a horse is running in his
  full  career, leap down, gather  any  thing from the
  ground, and immediately leap up again, the horse
  not intermitting  his course.              Wilkins.
    Speech infermiffed,  thus began.        Milton.
    We are furnished wito an  armour from heaven,
  but if we are remiss,  or persuaded to  lay by our
  arms, and intermit our guard, we may be  surprised.
                         -•"            Rogers.
To Intermi't, ln-ter-mit'. v. ra. To grow
  mild between  the fits  or   paroxysms.
  Used of fevers.
Intermittent, in-ter-mit'tent.  adj.  [in-
  termittent, Fr. intermittens,  Lat.] Com-
  ing by fits.
    Next to those durable pains, short infermiffenf or
  swift recurrent pains do precipitate patients into
  consumptions.                         Harvey.

To Intermi'x, In-teT-miks'.  v. a. [inter
   and mix.]   To mingle;  to join; to put
   some things among  others.
    Her persuasions she intermixed with tears, affirm-
  ing, that she would depart from him.    Hayward.
                   Reveal
  To Adam what  shall come in future days,
  As I shall thee enlighten: intermix
  My  cov'nant in  the woman's seed renew'd. MUton.
   - In yonder spring of roses, intermix'd
  With myrtle, find what to redress 'till noon. Milton.
    I  doubt not to perform the part of a just historian
  to my royal master without intermixing with it any
  thing of the poet.                      Dryden.

To Intermi'x, in-ter-miks'. v. ra.  To be
  mingled together.
Intermi'xture, in-ter-miks'tshure.461 n.s.
   [inter and mixtura,  Latin.]

1. Mass formed  by mingling  bodies.
    The analytical  preparations of gold or mercury
  leave persons much unsatisfied,  whether the sub-
  stances they produce be truly the hypostatical prin-
  ciples, or only  some intermixtures  of toe divided
  bodies with those employed.               Boyle. 
INT
INT
INT
 2.  Something  additional  mingled  in  a
    mass.
     In this height of impiety there wanted not an in-
   termixture of levity and folly.             Bacon.
 Intermu'ndane,  in-ter-mtin'dane.  adj.
    [inter and  mundus,  Latin.]   Subsisting
    between worlds, or between orb and orb.
     The vast distances between  these  great bodies
   are called intermundane  spaces; in which  though
   there may be some fluid,  yet it  is so thin and sub-
   tile, that it is as much as nothing.          Locke.
 Intermu'ral, in-ter-mu'ral.  adj.  [inter,
    muralis, murus, Latin.]  Lying between
    walls.                        Ainsworth.
 Intermu'tu al, in-ter-mu'tshu-al. adj. [in-
    ter and mutual.] Mutual; interchanged.
    Inter before mutual is improper.
     A solemn oath religiously  they take,
   By  infermwfuaf vows protesting  there,
   This never to reveal, nor to  forsake
   So good a cause.            Daniel's Civil War.
 Inte'rn, !n-tern'.  adj. [interne, Fr. inter-
    nus,  Latin.]  Inward; intestine; not fo-
    reign.
     The midland towns are most flourishing, which
   shews that her riches are intern and domestick.
                                        Howel.
 INTE'RNAL,  in-ter'nal.  adj.  [internus,
    Latin.]
 1. Inward; not external.
     That ye shall be as gods, since I as man,
   Internal man, is but proportion meet.      Afiffon.
     Myself,  my conscience, and internal peace.
                                        Milton.
     Bad comes of setting our hearts upon the shape,
   colour, and external beauty  of things,  without re-
   gard to the internal excellence and virtue of them.
                                    L'Estrange.
     If we think  most  men's actions to be the inter-
   preters of toeir thoughts, they have no such internal
   veneration for good rules.                 Locke.
 2. Intrinsick; not  depending  on  external
    accidents; real.
     We are to provide things honest; to consider not
   only the internal rectitude of our actions in the sight
   of God, but whether they will be free from all mark
   or suspicion of evil.                    Rogers.
 Inte'rnally, in-ter'nal-e. adv.  [from in-
   ternal]
 1. Inwardly.
 2. Mentally; intellectually.
     We are symbolically  in the sacrament, and by
   faith and the  spirit of  God, internally united to
   Christ.                               Taylor.
 Interne'cine, in-ter-ne'sine. adj.  [inter-
   necinus,  Lat.]  Endeavouring mutual
   destruction.
     Th' Egyptians worship'd dogs, and for
   Their faith made internecine  war.      Hudibras_
 Interne'cion, in-ter-ne'shiln. ra. s.  [inter-
   necion, Fr.  internecio, Latin.]  Mutual
   destruction; massacre; slaughter.
     That  natural propension of self-love, and natural
  principle of self-preservation, will necessarily break
  out into  wars and internecions.             Hale.
 Internuncio, ln-ter-niin'she-6.  ra. s. [in-
   ternuncio, Lat.]   Messenger  between
   two parties.
Interpellation,  in-ter-pel-la'shiin.  ra. s.
   [interpellation, Fr.  interpellate, Latin.]
   A summons; a call  upon.
    In  all  extrajudicial acts one citation, monition, or
  extrajudicial interpellation is sufficient.     Ayliffe.
To  INTE'RPOLATE,  in-ter'po-late.9'
  V.a. [interpoler, French; interfiolo, Lat.]
  1. To foist any thing into a place to which
    it does not belong.
     The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis
   by another law, which was  cited by Solon, or, as
   some think, interpolated by him for that purpose.
                                         Pope.
 2. To renew; to begin again; to  carry on
    with intermissions.  In this  sense it is
    not in  use.
     This motion of the heavenly bodies  themselves
   seems to be partly continued  and unintermitted, as
   that motion of the first moveable, partly interpolat-
   ed and interrupted.                       Hale.
     That individual  hath  necessarily a concomitant
   succession of interpolated motions; namely, the pul-
   ses ofthe heart, and the successive motions of respi-
   ration.                                 Hale.
 Interpolation, in-ter-po-la'shiln. ra.  s.
    [interpolation,  Fr. from   interpolate]
    Something added or put into the origi-
    nal  matter.
     I have changed toe situation of some ofthe Latin
   verses, and made some interpolations.
                              Cromwell to Pope.
 Interpolator,  in-ter'pd-la-tur.621 ra.  s.
    [Lat. interpolateur, French.]  One that
    foists in counterfeit passages.
     You or your Interpol ator ought to have considered.
                                        Swift.
 Interpo'sal, in-ter-po'zal. ra. s.  [from in-
    terpose.]
 I. Interposition;  agency between two per-
    sons.
     The inteiposal of my lord of Canterbury's com-
   mand for the  publication of  this mean discourse,
   may seem to take away my choice.         South.
 2. Intervention.
     Our overshadowed souls may  be emblemed by
   crusted globes, whose influential  emissions are  in-
   tercepted by the interposal of the benighting ele-
   ment.                      Glanville's Scepsis.
 To INTERPOSE, in-ter-poze'. v.a.[in-
   terpono, Lat. interposer, French.]
 I. To  place  between; to make  interve-
   nient.
     Some weeks the king  did honourably interpose,
   both to give space to his brother's intercession, and
   to show that he had a conflict  with himself what he
   should do.                            Bacon.
 2. To thrust  in as an obstruction, inter-
   ruption, or inconvenience.
     What watchful cares do interpose themselves
   Betwixt your eyes and night?         Shakspeare.
     Death ready stands to interpose his dart.  Milton.
     Human frailty will  too often inteipose  itself
   among persons of the holiest function.       Swift.
 3. To offer as a succour  or relief.
     The common father of mankind seasonably inter-
  posed his hand, and rescued miserable man out of
   toe gross stupidity and sensuality whereinto he was
   plunged.                           Woodward.
 To Interpo'se, in-ter-poze'. v. ra.
 1. To mediate; to act between two parties.
2. To put in by way of interruption.
     But, interposesEleutherius,  this objection maybe
   made indeed almost against any hypothesis. Boyle.
Interpo'ser, in-ter-po'zur.98  ra.  s.  [from
   interpose.]
I. One that comes between others.
    I will make haste; but, till I come again,
  No bed shall e'er be guilty of my stay;
  No rest be interposer 'twixt us twain.  Shakspeare.
2. An intervenient agent; a mediator.
Interposition,  in-ter-p6-zish'iin.  ra.  s.
   [interposition,  Fr.  interpositio, Latin;
   from interpose.]
  1. Intervenient agency.
     There never was a time  when the interposition
   of the magistrate was more  necessary to secure the
   honour of religion.                   Atterbury.
     Though warlike successes carry in toem often the
   evidences of a divine interposition, yet are they no
   sure marks ofthe divine favour.       Atterbury.
 2. Mediation; agency between  parties.
     The town and abbey would have come to an open
   rupture, had it not been  timely prevented by the
   interposition of their common protectors. Addison.
 3. Intervention; state of being placed be-
   tween two.
     The nights are so cold, fresh, and equal, by rea-
   son ofthe intire interposition ofthe earth, as 1 know
   of no other part of the world of better or equal tem-
   per.                                Raleigh.
     She sits on a globe that stands in water, to denote
   that she is mistress of a new world,  separate  from
   that which the Romans  had before conquered, by
   the interposition of the sea.            Addison.
 4. Any thing interposed.
     A shelter, and a kind of skading cool
   Interposition, as a summer's cloud.       Milton.
 To INTE'RPRET, in-ter'pret. v. a. [in-
   terpreter, French;  interpreter,  Latin.]
   To explain; to  translate; to decipher;
   to give a solution to;  to clear by  expo-
   sition; to expound.
             One, but painted thus,
   Would be interpreted a thing perplex'd
   Beyond self-explication.             Shakspeare.
          You should be women,
   And yet your beards forbid me to interpret
   That you are so.                   Shakspeare.
    Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was
   none that could interpret toem unto him.  Genesis.
    An excellent spirit, knowledge, and understand-
   ing, interpreting of dreams,  and shewing of hard
   sentences, and dissolving of  doubts, were found in
   the same Daniel.                      Daniel.
        Hear his sighs, thou mute!
   Unskilful with what words to pray, let me
   Interpret for him.         Milton's Paradise Lost.
 Inte'rpretable,    in-ter'pre-ta-bl.   adj.
   [from  interpret.] Capable  of being  ex-
   pounded  or deciphered.
    No man's face is  actionable: these singularities
   are interpretable from more innocent causes. Collier.
 Interpretation, in-ter-pre-ta'slnin. ra. s.
   [interpretation,   Fr. interpretatio,  Lat.
   from interpret/]
 1. The act of interpreting; explanation.
    This is a poor epitome of yours,
   Which, by th'  interpretation of full time,
   May shew like all yourself.          Shakspeare.
    Look how we can, or sad or merrily,
   Interpretation will misquote our looks. Shakspeare.
 2. The sense  given by an interpreter; ex-
   position.
    If it be  obscure or uncertain what they meant,
   charity, I hope, constraineth no man,  which stand-
  eth doubtful of their  minds, to lean to the hardest
   and worst interpi-etation that  their words can carry.
                                      Hooker.
    The primitive christians knew how the Jews, who
  preceded our Saviour, interpreted these predictions,
  and the marks  by which toe Messiah would be dis-
  covered, and how the Jewish doctors, who succeeded
  him, deviated from the interpretations of their fore-
  fathers.                             Addison.
 3. The power of explaining.
    We beseech thee to prosper this great sign, and
  to give us the interpretation and  use of it in mercy.
                                       Bacon.
Interpretative, in-ter/pre-ta-flv.M2 adj.
   [from interpret.] Collected by interpre-
   tation.
    Though toe creed  apostolick were sufficient, yet 
INT
INT
INT
  *'ih n the church hato erected that additional bul-
  wark against hereticks, the rejecting their additions
  may justly be deemed an  inferprefafire  siding with
  heresies.                           Hammond,
Inte'rpretatively,   in-ter'pre-ta-tiv-le.
   612 adv.  [from interpretative.]  As may
   be collected by interpretation.
    By this provision, the  Almighty interpretatively
  speaks to him in this  manner;  I have now placed
  thee  in a well-furnished world.             Ray.
Interpreter, in-ter'pre-tur. ra. s. [inter-
   prete, Fr. interpres, Latin.]
 1.  An  explainer;  an expositor; an ex-
   pounder.
         What we oft do best,
   By sick interpreters, or weak ones, is
   Not  ours, or not allow'd; what worst, as oft,
   Hitting a grosser  quality, is  cry'd up
   For  our best act.                    Shakspeare.
     In the beginning the earth was without form and
   void; a fluid, ^ark, confused mass, and so it is un-
   derstood  by interpreters, both Hebrew and Chris-
   tian .       t                         Burnet.
     We think most men's actions to be the infe?-pre-
   fers  of toeir thoughts.                   Locke.
 2. A  translator.
     Nor word toy word be careful to transfer,
   With the same faith as an interpreter.  Sherburne.
     How shall any man, who has a genius for history,
   undertake such a work with spirit, when he consi-
   ders that in an age or two he shall hardly be under-
   stood without an interpreter.              Swift-
 Interpu'notion, in-ter-pungk'shun. ra.  *.
    [interpunction, Fr. interpungo, Latin.]
    Pointing between words or sentences.
 IMTERRE'GJVUM, in-ter-reg'num. n.s.
    [Lat.] The time in which a  throne  is
    vacant between  the  death of  a  prince
    and  accession of another.
     Next ensu'd a vacancy,
   Thousand worse passions than possess'd
   The interregnum of my breast:
   Bless  me from such an anarchy!         Cowley.
     He would shew the queen my memorial with toe
   first opportunity, in order to have it done in this in-
   terregnum or suspension of title.          Swift.
  Interre'ign,  in-ter-rane'. ra.  s.  [inter-
    regne, Fr.  interregnum, Lat.]  Vacancy
    of the throne.
     The king knew there could not be any interreign
   or suspension of title.                   Bacon.
  To Interrogate, in-ter'ro-gate. v.a.[in-
    terrogo, Lat. interroger, Fr.] To exam-
    ine;  to question.
  To Interrogate,  in-ter'ro-gatc. v.  ra.
    To ask; to put  questions.
     By his instructions touching the queen of Naples,
   it seemeth he could interrogate touching beauty.
                                        Bacon.
     His proof will  be retorted by interrogating, Shall
   the adulterer and the drunkard inherit the kingdom
   of God?                           Hammond.
  Interrogation, in-ter-ro-ga'shun. ra.  *.
    [interrogation, Fr. interrogatio,  Latin.]
  1.  The act of questioning.
  2.  A question put; an inquiry.
     How demurely soever such men may pretend to
   sanctity, that interrogation of God presses hard upon
   them, Shall I count them pure with the wicked ba-
   lances, and with  the bag of deceitful weights?
                        Government of the Tongue.
     This variety is obtained by interrogations to things
   inanimate; by beautiful digressions, but those short.
                                         Pope.
 3.  A note that  marks a question; thus? as,
    Does Job serve God  for nought?
 iNrERRo'GATiVE,   in-ter-rog'ga-tiv. adj.
    [interrogatif, Fr. interrogativus, Latin.]
  Denoting  a  question; expressed in  a
  questionary form of words.
In terro'g ative, in-ter-rog'ga-tiv.el2ra.s.
  A pronoun used in asking questions: as,
  who?  what? which? whether?
Interro'gatively,   in-ter-rog'ga-tiv-le.
  adv. [from interrogative.] In form of a
  question.
Interrogator,  in-ter/r6-ga.-tur.'i21 ra.  s.
  [from interrogate.]  An asker of ques-
  tions.
Interro'g atory,  in-ter-rog'ga-tfir-e.612
  ra. s. [interrogatoire, French.] A ques-
  tion; an inquiry.
    He with no more civility began in captious man-
  ner to put.interrogatories unto him.       Sidney.
          Nor time, nor place,
  Will serve long interrogatories.      Skakspeare.
    What earthly name to interrogatories
  Can task the free breath of a sacred king? Shaksp.
    The  examination was summed up with one ques-
  tion, Whether he was prepared for death?  The boy
  was frighted out of his wits by the last dreadful in-
  terrogatory.                         Addison.
lNTERRo'GATORY,in-ter-r6g'ga-tur-e.a<3y'.
   Containing  a  question;  expressing  a
   question;  as, an interrogatory sentence.
 To Interru'pt,  in-ter-r6pt'. v. a. [inter-
   rompre, Fr. interruptus, Latin.]
 1. To hinder the process of any thing by
   breaking  in upon  it.
             Rage doth rend
  Like interrupted waters, and o'erbear
  What they are used to bear.         Shakspeare.
    He might securely enough have engaged his body
  of horse against their whole inconsiderable army,
  there being neither tree nor bush to interrupt his
  charge.                          Clarendon.
     This motion ofthe heavenly bodies seems partly
  uninterrupted, as that of the first moveable interpo-
  lated and inteirupted.                    Hale.
 2. To hinder one from proceeding by in-
   terposition.
     Answer not before thou hast heard  the cause;
  neither interrupt men in toe midst of their talk.
                                       Eccles.
 3. To divide; to separate; to rescind from
   continuity.
 Interru'pt, in-ter-riipt'. adj. Containing
   a chasm.
         Seest thou what rage
  Transports our adversary, whom no bounds,
  Nor yet the main abyss wide interrupt, can hold?
                                      Milton.
 Interru'ptedly, in-ter-rilpt'ted-le. adv.
   [from interrupted.]   Not in continuity;
   not without stoppages.
     The incident light that  meets with a grosser li-
   quor, will have its beams either refracted or im-
   bibed, or else reflected more or less interruptedly
   than they would be, if the body had been unniois-
   tened.                      Boyle on Colours.
 Interru'pter, in-ter-rupt'ilr.98 n.s. [from
   interrupt.]  He who interrupts.
 Interruption, in-ter-rtip'shun. ra. s. [in-
   terruption, Fr. interruptio,  Latin.]
 I.  Interposition; breach of continuity.
     Places severed from the continent by the intei-rup-
   tion ofthe sea.        Hale's Origin of Mankind.
 2.  Intervention;  interposition.
     You  are  to  touch the one as soon as you have
   given a stroke of the pencil to the other, lest the in-
   terruption of time cause you to lose the idea of one
   part.                               Diyden.
 3. Hinderance; stop; let;  obstruction.
     Bloody England into England gone,
  O'crbearing interruption spite of France. Shaksp.
4. Intermission.
    This way of thinking on what we read, will be a
  rub only in the beginning; when custom has made
  it familiar, it will  be dispatched without resting or
  interruption in the course of our reading.   Locke.
    Amidst the interruptions of his sorrow, seein°- his
  penitent overwhelmed with grief, he was only able
  to bid her be  comforted.               Addison.
Interscapular,  in-ter-skap'pu-Iar. adj.
   [inter-and scapula, Latin.]   Placed be-
   tween the shoulders.
To Intersoi'nd, ln-ter-sind'. v.  a. [inter
   and scindo, Lat.]   To cut  off by inter-
   ruption.                            Dict.
To Interscri'be, in-ter-skribe'. v. a. [in-
   ter and scribo, Lat.]  To write between.
                                       Dict.
Interse'cant, in-ter-se'kant. adj. [inter -
   secans, Latin.] Dividing any thing into
   parts.
To INTERSE'CT, in-ter-sekt'. v. a. [in-
   terseco, Lat.]   To cut;  to divide each
   other mutually.
    Perfect and  viviparous  quadrupeds so stand in
  their position of proneucss, that the opposite joints
  of neighbour legs consist in the same plane; and a
  line descending from their navel intersects at right
  angles the axis of the earth.             Brown.
    Excited by a vigorous loadstone,  the needle will
  somewhat depress its animated  extreme, and inter-
  sect the horizontal circumference.         Brown.
To Intersect, in-ter-sekt'. v. ra. To meet
   and  cross  each other.
    The sagittal  suture  usually begins at that point
  where these lines intersect.             Wiseman.
Intersection, in-ter-sek'shiln. ra. s. [in-
   tersect™,  Latin; from intersect/]   Point
   where lines cross  each other.
    They did spout over interchangeably from side
  to side in forms of arches, without  any intersection
  or meeting aloft, because the pipes were not oppo-
  site.                                 Wotton.
    The first star of Aries, in the time of Melon toe
  Athenian, was placed in the very intersection, which
  is now elongated, and moved eastward twenty-eight
  degrees.                             Brown.
    Ships would  move in one and the same surface;
  and consequently must needs encounter, when they
  either advance towards  one another in direct lines,
  or meet in the intersection of cross ones.   Bentley.
To INTERSE'RT, in-ter-sert'. v. a. [in-
   tersero, Latin.] To put in between other
   things.
     If I may intersert a short speculation, the depth of
   the sea is determined in Pliny to be fifteen furlongs.
                                    Brerewood.
Interse'rtion, in-ter-ser'shfin. n. s. [from
   intersert.]  An  insertion, or  thing  in-
   serted between any thing.
     These two intersertions were clear explications
   of the apostle's old form, God  the father,  ruler of
   all, which contained an acknowledgment of tbe  uni-
   ty.                               Hammond.
 To  Interspe'rse, in-ter-sperse'. v. a. [in-
   terspersus, Latin.] To scatter here and
   there among  other things.
     The possibility of a body's moving into  a  void
   space beyond the utmost bounds of body, as well as
   into a void space interspersed amongst bodies,  will
   always remain clear.                    Locke.
     It is toe editor's interest to  insert what  tlie au-
   thor's judgment had rejected;  and care is taken to
   intersperse these additions, so that scarce any book
   can be bought without purchasing something unwor-
   thy of the author.                       Swift.

 Interspe'rsion,   in-ter-sper'shun.  ra. *. 
INT
INT
INT
   [from intersperse.]   The act of scatter-
   ing here and there.
     For want of the inlerspersion of now and then an
   elegiack or a lyrick ode.                  Watts.
 Tnterste'llar, in-ter-stel'lar.  adj. [inter
   and stella, Latin.] Intervening  between
   the stars.
     The interstellar sky hath so much affinity  with
   toe star, that there is a rotation of that as well as
   of the star.                            Bacon.
 I'nterstice, in'ter-stis, or in-ter'stis. ra. s.
   [interstitium, Latin; interstice, Fr.]
 1. Space between one thing and another.
     The sun shining through a large prism upon a
   comb  placed immediately behind  the  prism, his
   light,  which passed through  toe interstices of toe
   teeth, fell upon a white paper: toe breadths of the
   teeth were equal to their interstices, and seven teeth
   together wito their interstices  took up an inch.
                                       Newton.
     The force of toe fluid will  separate toe smallest
   particles which  compose the fibres,  so as to  leave
   vacant interstices in those places where they coher-
   ed before.                          Arbuthnot.
 2. Time between one act and  another.
     I will point out the interstices of time which ought
   to be between one citation and another.    Ayliffe.
 Intersti'tial, in-ter-stish'al. adj. [from
   interstice]   Containing interstices.
     In oiled papers toe interstitial division being ac-
   tuated by  the accession of oil, becometh more trans-
   parent.                               Brown.
 Lvterte'xture, In-ter-teks'tshure.  ra. s.
   [intertexo,   Latin.]   Diversification of
   things mingled  or  woven  one among
   another.
 To  Intertwi'ne, ln-ter-twine'.}    v. a.
 To  Intertwi'st, in-ter-twist'. 3    [inter
   and twine, or twist.] To unite by twist-
   ing one in another.
           Under some concourse of shades,
   Whose branching arms  thick  inferticin'd might
         shield
   From dews and damps of night his shelter'd head.
                                        Afiffon.
 I'nterval, in'ter-val.  ra.  8. [intervalle, Fr.
   intervallum, Latin.]
 1. Space  between  places;  interstice;  va-
   cuity;  space  unoccupied;  void  place;
   vacancy;  vacant space.
     With any obstacle let  all  toe light be now stop-
   ped which passes through any one interval of the
   teeth, so  that  the range of colours which comes
   from thence may be taken away, and you will see
   the light ofthe rest of  the ranges to be expanded
   into the place of the range taken away,  and there
   to be coloured.                        JVetofon.
 2. Time passing  between two assignable
   points.
     The century  and half following was a very busy
   period, the intervals between  every  war being so
   short.                                 Swift.
 3. Remission of a  delirium  or distemper.
     Though he had a long illness, considering  the
   great heat wito which it raged, yet his intervals of
   sense being few  and short, left but  little room for
   the offices  of devotion.                Atterbury.
 To Interve'ne, in-ter-vene'. v. a. [inter-
   venio, Latin; intervenir, French.]
 I. To come between things or persons.
2. To make intervals.
    While so near each other thus all  day
   Our task we chuse, what wonder, if so near,
   Looks intervene, and smiles?             Milton.
3. To cross  unexpectedly.
    Esteem the danger of an action, and the possibi-
  lities of miscarriage, and every cross accident that

   VOL. I.
  can intervene, to be either a mercy on God's part,
  or a fault on ours.                      Taylor.
Interve'ne, in-ter-vene'.  n.s.  [from the
   verb.]   Opposition,  or  perhaps inter-
   view.  Out of use.
     They had some sharper and some milder differ-
  ences, which might easily happen in such an infe?--
  vene of grandees, both vehement on the parts which
  they swayed.                          Wotton.
Interve'nient,  in-ter-ve'ne-ent. adj. [in-
   terveniens, Latin; intervenant, French.]
   Intercedent;  interposed;  passing  be-
   tween.
     There be  intervenient  in the rise of eight,  in
  tones, two bemolls or half notes.          Bacon.
     Many arts were used to discuss new affection: all
  which notwithstanding, for I omit  things interveni-
  ent, toere is conveyed to Mr. Villiers an intimation
  of toe king's  pleasure to be sworn his servant.
                                       IFoffon.
InterVe'ntion, in-ter-ven'shtin.  n. a. in-
   tervention, French; interventio, Lat.J
1. Agency between persons.
     Let us decide our quarrels at home,  without the
  intervention of any foreign power.        Temple.
     God will judge  the world in righteousness by
  the inferuenfion  of the man Christ Jesus, who is
  the saviour as well as toe judge  of the world.
                                    Atterbury.
2. Agency between antecedents and  con-
   secutives.
     In toe dispensation  of God's mercies to the
  world, some things he does by himself, others by
  toe intervention of natural means, and by the me-
  diation of such instruments as he has appointed.
                                   L'Estrange.
3. Interposition; the state of being inter-
   posed.
     Sound is shut out by the intervention of that lax
  membrane,  and not suffered to pass into the in-
  ward ear.                             Holder.
To Interve'rt,  in-ter-vert'. v. a. [inter-
   verto, Lat.]
1. To turn to another course.
     The duke interverted the bargain,  and  gave the
  poor widow of Erpenius for the books five hundred
  pounds.                               Wotton.
2. To turn to another use.

Intervi'ew, in'ter-vu. n.a.  [entrevue,Fr]
   Mutual sight;  sight  of each other.   It
   is commonly used for a formal, appoint-
   ed, or  important  meeting  or  confer-
   ence.
    The day will come,  when the passions of former
  enmity being allayed, we shall wito  ten times re-
  doubled tokens of reconciled love shew ourselves
  each towards other the same, which Joseph and toe
  brethren of Joseph were at the time of  their inter-
  view in Egypt.                        Hooker.
    His fears were, that toe interview betwixt
  England and  France might, through toeir amity,
  Breed him some prejudice.               Shaksp.
    Such happy interview, and fair event
  Of love, and youth not lost, songs, garlands, flow'rs,
  And charming symphonies, attach'd the heart
  Of Adam.                             Milton
To Intervo'lve, In-teT-volv'. v.  a. [ivcer-
  volvo, Latin.]  To involve one wich ano-
  ther.
    Mystical dance! which yonder starry sphere
  Of planets, and of fix'd, in all her wheels
  Resembles nearest; mazes intricate,
  Eccentrick, intervolv'd, yet regular,
  Then most, when most irregular toey seem. MUton.
To Interwe'ave, in-ter-weve'. v. a. pret.
  interwove,  part.  pass, interwoven,  in-
  terwove,  or  interweaved.  [inter  and
                    6 R
    weave.] To mix one with another in a
    regular  texture; to intermingle.
           Then laid him down
   Under toe hospitable covert nigh
   Of trees thick interwoven.                Milton.
                   At last
   Words tntencot-e with sighs  found out toeir way.
                                        MUton.
     I sat me down to watch upon a bank
   With ivy canopied, and interwove
   With flaunting honeysuckle.              A/iff on
                       None
   Can say here nature ends, and art begins,
   But mixt like th' elements, and born like twins,
   So interweav'd, so  like, so much the same:
   None, this mere nature, toat mere art can name.
                                      Denham.
     The proud theatres  disclose the scene,
   Which interwoven  Britons seem to raise,
   And show toe triumph which toeir  shame displays.
                                       Dryden.
     He so infertoeaues  truth with probable fiction,
   that he puts a pleasing fallacy upon us.    Dryden.
     It appeared a vast  ocean planted  with  islands,
   that were covered  with  fruits and flowers;  and in-
   terwoven with a thousand  little shining seas that
   ran among them.                     Addison.
     Orchard  and flower-garden lie so mixt and in-
   terwoven with one another,  as to look like a natural
   wilderness.                         Spectator.
     The Supreme Infinite could not make intelligent
   creatures,  without implanting in their natures a
   most ardent desire, interwoven in the substance of
   their  spiritual natures  of being reunited  with him-
   self.                                  Cheyne.
     I do not altogether  disapprove the interweaving
   texts of scripture through the style of your sermons.
                                         Swift.
 To Interwi'sh, In-uSr-wish'.  v.  a.  [inter
   and  wish.]   To wish mutually to each
   other.
     The venom of all stepdames, gamester's gall,
   What tyrants and their subjects interwish,
   All ill fall on that man.                  Donne.
 Intertable, in-tes'ta-bl. adj. [intestabilia,
   Latin.]   Disqualified to make a will.
     A person excommunicated is rendered infamous
   and intestable both  actively and passively.   Ayliffe.
 Inte'state, in-tes'tate.91 adj.[intestat, Fr.
   intestatus, Latin.]  Wanting a  will; dy-
   ing  without a  will.
     Why should calamity be full of words?
   —Windy attorneys to their  client woes,
   Airy succeeders to  intestate joys,
   Poor breathing orators of miseries.    Shakspeare.
     Present punishment  pursues his maw,
   When surfeited and swell'd the peacock  raw,
   He bears into the bath; whence v-ant of breath,
   Repletions, apoplex, intestate death.      Dryden.
 Intesti'nal, in-tes'te-na^.88 adj. [intestinal,
   French; from  intestine]   Belonging  to
   the guts.
     The mouths of Ae lacteals are opened by the in-
   fesfinaf tube, affecting a straight instead of a spiral
   cylinder.                           Arbuthnot.
 INTE'STINE, in-tes'tin.**> adj. [intestin,
   French; intestinus, Latin.]
 1. Internal; inward;  not external.
     Of these inward and intestine enemies to prayer,
   there are our past sins  to wound us, our present
  cares to distract us, our distempered passions to dis-
  order us, and a whole swarm of loose and floating
  imaginations to molest  us.               Duppa.
    Intestine war no more our passions wage,
  Ev'n giddy factions bear away toeir rage.    Pope.
2. Contained in the body.
     Intestine stone, and ulcer, cholick pan<»s,
  And moon-struck madness.               Milton,
     A wooden jack, which had almost
  Lost, by disuse, the art to roast,
  A sudden alteration feels,
  Increas'd by new intestine wheels.         Swift. 
INT
INT
INT
o. Domestick, not  foreign.   I  know not
   whether  the  word be properly used in
   the following  example of  Shakspeare:
   perhaps for mortal and intestine should
   be read mortal internecine.
    Since the mortal and intestine jars
  'Twixt thy seditious countrymen and us,
  It hath in solemn synods been decreed
  T' admit no traffick to our adverse towns.  Shaksp.
    But God, or Nature, while they thus contend,
   To these intestine discords put an end.    Diyden.
    She saw her sons with purple death expire,
   And dreadful  series of intestine wars,
   Inglorious triumphs and dishonest scars.     Pope.
Inte'stine,  in-tes'tin. ra.  s. [intestinum,
   Latin; intestine, French.]  The  gut; the
   bowel:  most  commonly without a sin-
   gular.
    The intestines or guts may be  inflamed by an
   acrid substance taken inwardly.        Arbuthnot.
 To INTHRA'LL,  \n-thrkwl'*06  v. a. [in
   and thrall.] To  enslave; to  shackle; to
   reduce to  servitude.   A word now sel-
   dom used, at  least in prose.
     What though I be inthrall'd, he seems a knight,
   And will not any way dishonour me.       Shaksp.
     The Turk has sought to extinguish the ancient
   memory of those people which he has subjected and
   inthrall'd.                             Raleigh.
         Authors to themselves in all
   Both what they judge,  and what they chuse; for so
   I form'd them free, and free they must remain
   Till they inthrall  themselves.            Milton.
     She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind:
   Why may not peace and love for once be join'd?
                                         Prior.
 Inthra'lment, in-fArawl'ment.ra. s. [from
    inthrall.]  Servitude; slavery.
     Moses and Aaron sent from God to claim
   His pe.ople from inthralment, they return
   With glory and spoil back to their promis'd land.
                                        Afiffon.
  To Inthro'ne,  in-fArone'. v.  a.  [in  and
    throne.] To raise to royalty; to seat on
    a throne:  commonly enthrone.
      One, chief, in gracious dignity inthron'd,
    Shines o'er the rest.                   Thomson.
  I'ntimacy, in'te-ma-se. ra.  *.   [from inti-
    mate.]  Close familiarity.
      It is in our power to confine our friendships and
   intimacies to  men of virtue.             Rogers.
  I'NTIMATE,  in'te-mate"  adj. [intima-
    do, Spanish; intimus,  Latin.]
  1. Inmost; inward; intestine.
                    They knew not
    That what I  meation'd was of God, I knew
    From intimate impose.                 Milton.
      Fear being so intimate  to our natures,  it is the
    strongest bond of laws.                Tillotson.
  2. Near; not kept at distance.
      Moses was with him in the retirements  of the
    mount, received there his private instructions; and
    when the multitude were thundered  away from any
    approach, he was honoured with an intimate and
    immediate admission.                    South.
  3. Familiar; closely acquainted.
      United by this sympathetick bond,
    You grow familiar, intimate and fond. Roscommon.
  I'ntimate,  in'te-mate. ra.   s.  [intimado,
    Spanish;  intime,  French;  intimus, Lat.]
    A familiar friend;  one  who is trusted
    with our  thoughts.
      The design was to entertain  his reason with a
    more equal converse, assign him an intimate whose
    intellect as much corresponded with his as did the
    outward form.               Gov. ofthe Tongue.
   To I'ntimate, in'te-mate.91 v. a. [intimer,
    French; intimare, low Latin.]   To hint;
  to point out indirectly, or not very plain-

    Alexander Van Suchten tells us, that  by a way
  he intimates, may be made a mercury of copper, not
  ofthe silver colour of other mercuries, but green.
                                        Boyle.
    The names of simple ideas  and substances, with
  toe abstract ideas in the mind, intimate some real
  existence, from which was derived toeir  original
  pattern.                                Locke.
    'Tis the divinity that stirs within us;
  'Tis Heaven itself that points  out an hereafter,
  And intimates eternity to man.          Addison.
I'ntimately, in'te-mate-le. adv. [from in-
   timate/]
1. Closely; with intermixture of parts.
    The same oeconomy  is observed in the  circulation
  of the chyle with the blood, by mixing it intimately
  wito the parts of the fluid to which it is to be as-
  similated.                          Arbuthnot.
   Nearly; inseparably.
    Quality, as it regards the mind, has its rise from
  knowledge and virtue, and is that  which  is more
  essential to us, and more intimately united with us.
                                      Addison.
  . Familiarly; with  close  friendship.
Intima'tion, In-te-ma'shiin. ra. s. [intima-
   tion, French; from intimate.] Hint; ob-
   scure  or indirect  declaration or  direc-
   tion.
    Let him strictly observe the first  stirrings and in-
  timations; the first bints and whispers of good and
  evil that pass in his heart.                South.
    Of those that are only probable  we have  some
  reasonable intimations, but not a demonstrative cer-
  tainty.                            Woodward.
    Besides the  more solid parts of learning,  there
  are several little intimations,  to be met with on me-
  dals.                                 Addison.
I'ntime, in'time. adj. Inward; being with-
   in the mass; not being external, or on
   the surface; internal. Not used.
    As to the composition or dissolution of mixed bo-
  dies, which is the chief work  of elements, and re-
  quires an intime application of the agents, water
  hath the principality and excess over earth.
                               Digby on Bodies.
 To Inti'midate,  in-tlm'e-date. v.  a.  [in-
   timider, French; in and timidus,  Latin.]
   To make fearful; to dastardize; to make
   cowardly.
     At that tribunal stands the writing tribe,
   Which nothing can intimidate or bribe;
   Time is the judge.                      Young.
     Now  guilt once harbour'd in the  conscious breast
   Intimidates the brave,  degrades the great.   Irene.
 INTI'RE, in-tire'.  ra.  *. [integer, Latin;
    entier,  French;  better  written  entire,
    which  see, and  all   its   derivatives.]
    Whole; undiminished; unbroken.
     The lawful power of making laws, to command
   whole politick societies of men, belongeth so pro-
   perly unto the same  intire  societies, that for any
   prince to exercise  the same of himself, and not ei-
   ther by  express commission  immediately and per-
   sonally received from  God, or else by authority  de-
   rived at the  first from their consent upon whose
   persons he imposes laws, it is no better than mere
   tyranny.                              Hooker.

  Inti'keness, in-tlre'n£s. ra. s. [from intire:
    better entireness.]   Wholeness; integ-
    rity.
      So shall all times find me the same;
    You  this intireness better may fulfil,
    Who have the pattern with you still.      Donne.
  I'nto, in'to. prep, [in and to.]
  1.  Noting entrance with regard to place;
    opposed  to out of.
    Water introduces  info vegetables the matter it
  bears along with it.                  Woodward.
    Acrid  substances which pass info the capillary
  tubes, must irritate them into greater contraction.
                                    Arbuthnot.
2. Noting entrance of one thing into ano-
  ther.
    If iron will acquire by mere continuance an ha-
  bitual inclination to the site it held, how much more
  may education, being a'constant plight and inure-
  ment, induce by custom good habits info a reasona-
  ble creature?                          Wotton.
    To give life to that which has yet no being, is to
  frame a living creature, fashion the parts, and hav-
  ing fitted them together,  to put info them a living
  soul.                                   Locke.
3. Noting penetration beyond the outside,
   or some action  which  reaches beyond
   the  superficies or open part.
    To look info letters already opened or dropt is
  held an ungenerous act.                  Pope.
4. Noting inclusion real or figurative.
    They have denominated some  herbs solar and
  some lunar, and such like toys put info great words.
                                       Bacon.
5. Noting a new state to which any thing
   is brought by the agency of a cause.
    Compound bodies  may be resolved info other
  substances than such  as they  are divided into by
  the fire.                                Boyle.
    A man must sin himself info a love of other men's
  sins; for a bare notion of this black art will not car-
  ry him so far.                           South.
    Sure thou art born to some peculiar fate,
  When the mad people rise against the state,
  To look them info duty; and command
  An awful silence with thy lifted hand.     Dryden.
    It concerns every man that would not trifle away
  his soul, and fool himself info irrecoverable misery,
  with  toe greatest seriousness to enquire into these
  matters.                             Tillotson.
    He is not a frail being, that he should  be tired
  info compliance by the force of assiduous  applica-
  tion.                               Smalridge.
    In  hollow bottoms, if any fountains chance to rise,
  they  naturally spread themselves info lakes, before
  they  can find any issue.                 Addison.
    It would have been all irretrievably lost, was  it
  not by this means collected and brought  info one
  mass.                             Woodward.
    Why are these positions charged upon me as their
  sole author; and the reader led info a belief, that
  they  were never before  maintained by any person
  of virtue?                          Atterbury.
    It  is no ways congruous,  that God should be al-
  ways frightening men info an acknowledgment of
  the truth, who were made  to be  wrought upon by
   calm evidence.                      Atterbury.
    A man may whore and drink himself info  athe-
   ism; but it is impossible he should  think himself
  info it.                               Bentley.
 Intolerable, in-tol'ler-a-bl. adj.  [in-
   tolerabilis, Latin; intolerable, French.]
 I.  Insufferable; not to be endured; not to
   be born; having any  quality in a  degree
   too powerful to be endured.
     If we bring into  one  day's thoughts toe evil  of
   many, certain and uncertain, what will be and what
   will never be,  our load will be as  infoferabfe as  it
   is unreasonable.                        Tat/for.
     His awful presence did the crowd surprize,
   Nor durst the rash spectator meet his eyes;
   Eyes toat confess'd him born for kingly sway,
   So fierce, they flash'd intolerable day.     Dryden.
     Some men are quickly  weary of one  thing: toe
   same study long continued in is as intolerable to
   them, as the appearing long in  the same clothes is
   to a court lady.                         Locke.
     From Param's top th' Almighty rode,
   Intolerable day proclaim'd the God.       Broome.
  2. Bad  beyond sufferance.
  Into'lerableness, in-tol'ler-a-bl-nes. n.s 
INT
INT
INT
   [from intolerable.] Quality of  a thing
   not to be endured.
Into'lerably, in-tol'ler-a-ble. adv. [from
   intolerable.] To a degree  beyond  en-
   durance.
Into'lerant, in-tol-ler-ant. adj. [intole-
   rant, French.]  Not enduring;  not able
   to endure.
    Too great moisture  affects  human bodies  with
  one class of diseases,  and too great dryness with
  another; the powers of human bodies being limited
  and intolerant  of excesses.           Arbuthnot.
 To  Into'mb,  in-t66m'.347 v.  a.  [in  and
   tomb.]  To  enclose in  a funeral monu-
   ment; to bury.
     What commandment had the Jews for the cere-
   mony of odours used about the bodies of toeir dead,
   after which custom notwithstanding our Lord was
   contented toat his own most precious blood should
   be intomb'd?                         Hooker.
     Is't night's predominance, or the day's shame,
   That darkness does the face of earth intornb? Shak.
     Mighty heroes more majestick shades,
   And youths inftmb'd before their father's eyes.
                                      Dryden.
 To I'NTON ATE, in-to-nate'. v. a. [into-
   no, Latin.] To thunder.          Dict.
 Intona'tion, in-to-na'shiin. ra. s. [intona-
   tion, French, from intonate.] The act of
   thundering.                       Diet.
 To Into'ne,  in-tone'. v. ra. [from  intono,
   or  rather from tone; intonner, French.]
   To make a slow protracted noise.
     So swells each wind-pipe; ass intones to ass
   Harmonick twang.             Pope's Dunciad.
 To Into'rt,  in-tort'. v. a. [intortuo, Lat.]
   To twist;  to wreath; to wring.
     The brain is a congeries of glands, that separate
   toe finer parts ofthe blood,  called animal spirits:
   and a gland is nothing but a canal variously inforf-
   ed and wound  up together.            Arbuthnot.
     Wito rev'rent hand the king presents the gold.
   Which round  th' intorted horns the glider roll'd.
                                        Pope.
 To INTO'XICATE,in-t6ks'e-kate. v. a.
    [in and toxicum,  Lat.] To  inebriate;
    to  make drunk.
     The more a man drinketh of toe world, the more
   ittinfoxicatcfft; and age doth prcfit rather in  the
   powers of understanding, than in the virtues ol toe
   will and affections.                    Bacon.
     As with new wine intoxicated both,
   They swim in mirth, and fancy that they feel
   Divinity within them breeding wings,
   Wherewith to scorn the earth.          Mil ton.
     My early mistress, now my ancient muse,
    That strong Circean liquor cease t' infuse,
   Wherewith thou didst intoxicate my youth.
                                      Denham.
     What part of wild fury was there in the baccha-
    nals which we have not  seen equall'd, if not ex-
   ceeded by some intoxicated zealots. Decay oj fiety.
      Others, after having done fine things, yet spoil
   them  by endeavouring to make them  better;  and
   are so intoxicated with an earnest desire of being
   above all others, that they suffer themselves to be
    deceived.                  Dryden's Dufresnoy.
     Vegetables by fermentation are wrought up to
    snirituous liquors, having different qualities from the
    nlant- for no fruit taken crude has the mtoxicahng
    Quality of wine.             ,        ^roufftnot.
  Intoxica'tion,  in-toks-e-ka'shun.  ra. s.
     [from intoxicate.] Inebriation;  ebriety;
     the  act of making  drunk;  the  state  of
     being drunk.
      That king, being in amitv wito him, did so burn
    jn hatred towards hii',, <*  o drink of  the lees a.id
    drees of Pcikin's intoxication, who was everywhere
    else detected.                         Bacon.
    Whence  can tois proceed, but from that besot-
  ting intoxication which verbal magick brings upon
  the mind.                             South-
Intra'ctable, in-trak'ta-bl. adj. [intract-
  abilis, Latin; intraitable, French.]
I. Ungovernable;  violent;  stubborn;  ob-
  stinate.
    To love them who love us is so natural a pas-
  sion, that even toe most intractable tempers obey
  its force.                            Rogers.
2. Unmanageable;  furious.
    By what means serpents, and other noxious and
  more infracfaofe kinds, as well as toe more inno-
  cent and useful, got together.        Woodward.
Intra'ctableness, In-trak'ta-bl-nes. ra. s.
  [from intractable] Obstinacy; perverse-
  ness.
Intra'ctably, in-trak'ta-ble.  adv.  [from
  intractable.]  Unmanageably; stubborn-
  ly.
Intranqui'llity, in-tran-kwil-e-te. ra. *.
  [ira and tranquillity.] Unquietness; want
  of rest.
    Jactations were used for amusement, and allay
  in constant pains, and to relieve that infranguiffifi/
  which makes men impatient of lying in their beds.
                                      Tempfe.
Intra'nsitive, in-trans'e-tiv. adj.[intran-
   sitivus,  Lat.] [In  grammar.]  A verb
  intransitive  is that which  signifies  an
   action, not conceived  as having an ef-
   fect upon any object:  as, curro, I run.
                 Clarke's  Latin Grammar.
Intransmu'table,    in-trans-mu'ta-bl.40"
   adj. [in and  transmutable.] Unchange-
   able to any other  substance.
     Some of the most experienced chemists do affirm
  quicksilver to be intra/wwwfaofe, and therefore call
  it liquor asternus.            Ray on the Crentinn.
 To  Intre'asure, in-trezh'ure. v.  a.  [in
   and treasure.] To  lay up as in a trea-
   sury.
     There is a history in all men's lives,
  Figuring toe nature ofthe times deceas'd;
  The which observ'd, a man  may prophesy,
  With a near aim, of the main chance of things
  As yet not come to life, which in toeir seeds
  And weak beginnings he intreosur'd.  Shakspeare.
 To Intre'nch, in-trensh'. v. ra. [in and
   trencher, Fr.]  To invade; to encroach;
   to cut off part of what belongs to ano-
    ther:  with on.
     Little I desire my  sceptre should  infrencft on
   God's sovereignty, which is the only king of men's
   consciences.                    King Charles.
     That crawling insect, who from mud  began,
   Warm'd by my beams, and kindled into man!
   Durst he, who does but for my pleasure live,
   Intrench on love, my great prerogative.   Dryden.
     We are not to infrencft upon truth in any con-
   versation, but least of all with children.   Locke.
  To Intre'nch, in-trensh'. v.  a.
  1.  To break with hollows.
             His face
   Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd, and care
   Sat on his faded cheek.       Milton's Par. Lost.
  2.  To  fortify with a trench:  as,  the allies
    were intrenched in their camp.
  [ntre'nchant, in-trensh'ant. adj. [This
    word, which is, I believe,  found only in
     Shakspeare, is thus explained: The in-
     trenchant air means the air which sud-
     denly encroaches and closes  upon  the
     space left by any body which had pass-
     ed through it.   Hanmer.    I  believe
                    6r2
  Shakspeare intended rather to express
  the  idea of indivisibility or invulnera-
  bleness,  and derived intrenchant, from
  in privative, and trencher to  cut; in-
  trenchant is indeed properly not  cut-
  ting, rather than not to be cut; but this
  is not the only instance in which Shaks-
  peare confounds  words of active  and
  passive  signification.] Not to be  divi-
  vided; not to  be wounded; indivisible.
    As  easy may'st thou the intrenchant air
  With  toy keen sword impress, as make me bleed.
                                  Shakspeare.
Intre'nchment,  in-trensh'ment.  ra.   *.
  [from  intrench.]   Fortification  with a
  trench.
Intre'pid, in-trep'id.  adj. [intrepide, Fr.
  intrepidus,Lat.] Fearless; daring; bold;
  brave.
                Argyle
  Calm and intrepid in the very throat
  Of sulphurous war, on Tenier's dreadful field.
                                    Thomson.
Intrefi'dity, In-tre-pid'e-te. ra. a. [intre-
  pidite, French.] Fearlessness; courage;
  boldness.
    I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity
  of these diminutive mortals, who durst venture to
  walk  upon my body, without trembling.   Guffiwr.
Intre'pidly, in-trep'id-le. adv. [from in-
  trepid.] Fearlessly; boldly;  daringly.
    He takes the  globe for toe  scene; he launches
  forward intrepidly,  like one to whom no place is
  new.                                 p°Pe-
I'ntricacy, in'tre-ka-se. n. s. [from  intri-
   cate.]  State of being entangled;  per-
   plexity;  involution;  complication   of
   facts or notions.
    The part of Ulysses in Homer's Odyssey is much
  admired by Aristotle, as perplexing that fable with
  very  agreeable plots and intricacies,  by tbe many
  adventures in his vuyage, and the subtilty of his be-
  haviour.                            Addison.
 I'NTRICATE,  in'tre-kate91 adj. [intri-
   catus,  Latin.] Entangled;  perplexed;
   involved; complicated; obscure.
    Much of toat we are to speak may seem  to a
  number  perhaps tedious,  perhaps  obscure, dark,
  and  intricate.                        Hooker.
    His stile was fit to  convey the most intricate bu-
  siness to the understanding with the utmost clear-
  ness.                              Addison.
 To I'ntricate,  in'tre-kate.91  [from  the
    adjective.] To perplex; to darken. Not
    proper, nor in use.
     Alterations  of surnames have so intricated, or
   rather obscured, the truth of our pedigrees, that it
   will be no little hard labour to deduce them.
                                     Camden.
 I'ntricately, in'tre-kate-le. adv.  [from
    intricate.]  With involution of one in an-
    other; with perplexity.
     That variety of factions into which we are so in-
   tricately engaged, gave occasion to this discourse.
                                        Swift.
  1'ntricateness,  in'tre-kate-nes.   ra.   8.
    [from intricate.] Perplexity; involution;
    obscurity.
     He found such intricateness, that he could see no
    way to lead him out of toe maze.         Sidney.
  INTRI'GUE,  In-irceg'.11"3"7  ra.  s.  [in-
    trigue, French.]
  1.  A plot; a  private transaction in which
    many  parties  are engaged:  usually an
    affair of love. 
INT
INT
INT
    These are the grand intrigues of man,
  These his huge thoughts, and toese his vast desires.
                                     .Ftaf man.
    A young fellow long made love, with much arti-
  fice and intrigue, to a rich widow.       Addison.
    The hero of a comedy is represented  victorious
  in all his intrigues.                      Swift.
    Now love is dwindled to intrigue,
  And marriage grown a money league.      Swift.
2. Intricacy;  complication.  Little in use.
    Though this vicinity of ourselves  to ourselves
  cannot give us the full prospect of all toe intrigues
  of our nature,  yet we have much more  advantage
  to know ourselves, than to know other things with-
  out us.                                 Hale.
3. The complication or perplexity of a fa-
   ble or poem;  artful involution of feign-
   ed transaction.
    As causes are the  beginning of the action, the
  opposite designs against that of the hero  are the
  middle of it,  and  form that difficulty or intrigue
  which makes up the greatest part of the poem.
                                        Pope.

 To  Intri'gue, in-treeg'. v.  ra. [intriguer,
   French, from the noun.] To form plots;
   to carry on private designs, commonly
   of love.

 Intri'guer, in-treeg'fir.98 ra. s. [intrigueur,
   Fr. from   intrigue]   One  who  busies
   himself in private transactions;  one who
   forms plots; one who pursues women.
     I desire that intriguers will not make  a pimp  of
   my lion, and convey their thoughts to one another.
                                      Addison.

 Intri'guingly,    In-treeg'ing-le.   adv,
   [from  intrigue.]  With intrigue; with
   secret plotting.
 INTRI'NSECAL,ln-trln'se-kal.  adj. [in-
   trinsecus,  Latin;  intrinseque,  French.
   This word is now  generally written in-
   trinsical, contrary to etymology.]
 1. Internal;  solid; natural; not  acciden-
   tal; not merely apparent.
     These measure the laws of God not by the inlrin-
   secal goodness and equity of them, but by reluctan-
   cy and opposition which they find in  toeir  own
   hearts against them.                 Tillotson.
     The near and intrinsecal, and convincing argu-
   ment of the being of God, is from human nature
   itself.                                Bentley.
 2.  Intimate; closely familiar.  Out of use.
     He falls  into intrinsecal society with  sir John
   Graham, who dissuaded him from marriage.
                                       Wotton.
     Sir Fulk Greville was a man in appearance in-
   trinsecal with him, or at least  admitted  to his mel-
   ancholy hours.                        Wotton.
 Intri'nsecally,   in-trin'se-kal-e.   adv.
    [from intrinsecal.]
  1.  Internally; naturally;  really.
     A lye is a  thing absolutely and intrinsecally evil.
in-trin'sik. adj. [intrinsecus,
                                       South.
    Every one of his pieces is an ingot of gold, in-
  trinsecally and solidly valuable.           Prior.
2. Within;  at the inside.
    In his countenance no open  alteration; but the
  less he shewed without, the more it wrought intrin-
  secally.                              Wotton.
    If once bereaved of motion, matter cannot of it-
  self acquire it again:  nor till it be thrust by some
  other body from without,  or intrinsecally moved by
  an immaterial self-active substance that can per-
  vade it.                             Bentley.
Intri'nsecate, in-trin'se-kate. adj. [This
   word seems to  have been  ignorantly
   formed between intricate and  intrinse-
   cal.] Perplexed; entangled. Not in use.
          Such smiling rogues as these,
  Like rats, oft bite the holy cords in twain,
  Too intrinsecate V unloose.   Sliaksp. King Lear,
            Come, mortal wretch,
  With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsecate
  Of life at once untye.              Shakspeare

Intri'nsiok
  Latin.]
t. Inward;  internal;  real;  true.
    Intrinsick goodness consists in  accordance, and
  sin in contrariety to the secret will of God, as well
  as  to his revealed.                   Hammond.
2. Not  depending on accident;  fixed in
  the nature of the  thing.
    The difference between worth and merit, strictly
  taken: that is, a man's intrinsick, this, his current
  value.                                Grew.
    His fame, like gold, the more 'tis try'd
  The more shall its  intrinsick worth proclaim.
                                       Prior.
    Beautiful as a jewel set in gold, which, toough it
  adds little to intrinsick value, yet  improves the
  lustre, and attracts the eyes of  the beholder.
                                      .Rogers.
 To INTRODU'CE, in-tr6-duse'.«6x>. a.
   [introduco, Latin,  introduire, French.]
 1. To conduct or usher into a place, or
   to a person.
     Mathematicians  of advanced  speculations may
  have other ways to introduce into  their minds ideas
  of infinity.                             Locke.
 2. To bring  something   into  notice  or
   practice.
     This vulgar error whosoever is able  to reclaim,
  he shall introduce  a ;iew way of cure,  preserving
  by theory as well as practice.            Brown.
     An author who should introduce a sport of words
  upon the stage, would meet with small applause.
                                      Broome.
 3. To produce;  to give occasion to.
     Whatsoever introduces habits  in  children,  de-
  serves tne csu-o ana attention of their governors.
                            IjocIcp, on Ed»e''t^nn-
 4. To bring into writing  or discourse by
   proper preparatives.
     If he will introduce himself by prefaces, we can-
  not help it.                      Layer's Trial.
 Introou'cer,  in-tro-du'sur. ra. s.  [intro-
   ducteur, French,  from introduce/]
 1.  One who conducts another to a place
   or person.
 2.  Any  one who brings  any thing  into
   practice or notice.
     The beginning of the earl of Essex I must attri-
   bute to my lord of Leicester; but yet as an introdu-
   cer or supporter, not as a teacher.       Wotton.
     It is commonly charged upon the army, that the
   beastly vice of drinking to  excess hath been lately
   from their example, restored  among us;  but who-
   ever the introducers were,  they have succeeded to
   a miracle.                             Swift.
 Introduction, In-tro-duk'shun. ra. a. [in-
   troduction,  French, introductio, Latin.]
  1. The act of  conducting or ushering to
   any place or person; the  state of being
   ushered or conducted.
 2.  The act of bringing any new thing into
   notice or practice.
     The archbishop  of Canterbury had pursued the
   introduction of the liturgy and  the canons into Scot-
   land with great vehemence.          Clarendon.
 3.  The preface  or part of a book contain-
   ing previous matter.
 Introdu'ctive,  in-tro-duk'tiv.  adj.  [in-
   troductif, Fr.  from introduce.] Serving
    as the means  to something else.
     The truths of  Christ crucified, is the christian's
  philosophy, and a good life is the christian's logick;
  that great instrumental infroductice art, toat must
  guide the mind into toe former.            Soufft.
Introductory, In-tro-duk'tur-e.01-  adj.
  [from  introductus,  Latin.]  Previous;
  serving  as a means  to something fur-
  ther.
    This introductory discourse itself is to be but an
  essay, not a book.                      Boyle.
Introgre'ssion,  in-tro-grdsh'un.  ra.  a.
  [introgressio, Lat.]  Entrance; the act
  of entering.
Intro'it, in-troit'. n. a. [introit, French.]
  The beginning of the mass; the  begin-
  ning of public devotions.
Intromi'ssion, in-tro-mish'un.  ra.  s. [in-
  tromissio,  Lat.]
1. The  act of sending  in.
    If sight be  caused by intromission, or receiving
  in the form of that which is seen, contrary species
  or forms should  be received confusedly together,
  which Aristotle shews to be absurd.    Peacham.
    All the reason that I could ever hear alleged by
  the chief factors for a general intromission of all
  sects and persuasions into our communion, is, that
  those who separate from us arc stiff and obstinate,
  and will not submit to the rules of our church, and
  that therefore they should be taken away.   South.
2. [In the Scotish law.]  The act of in-
   termeddling with another's effects: as,
   he shall be  brought  to  an account for
   his  intromissions with  such an estate.
To I'ntromit, in-tro-mit'. v. a. [intromil-
   to, Latin.]
1. To send in;  to let  in; to admit.
2. To  allow to enter;  to  be the medium
   by which  any thing enters.
    Glass in the window intromits light without cold
  to those in the room.                   Holder.
    Tinged bodies and liquors reflect some sorts of
  rays, and intromit or transmit other sorts.  Newton.
To Imxh-obpe'ct, in-tro-spekt'. v.  a. [in-
   trospectus, Lat.] Totake a view of the
   inside.
Introspe'ction,  in-tro-spek'shun. ra.  s.
   [from introspect.] A view of the inside.
    The actings of the mind or imagination  itself, by
  way of reflection or introspection of themselves, are
  discernible by man.                     Hale.
     I was forced  to make an introspection into my
  own mind, and into that idea of beauty which I
  have formed  in my own imagination.     Dryden.
Introve'nient, in-tro-ve'ne-ent. adj. [in-
   tro and venio, Latin.] Entering; coming
   in.
     Scarce any condition  which is  not exhausted and
  obscured, from  the commixture of introvenient na-
   tions, either  by commerce or conquest.    Brown.

 To  INTRU'DE, in-tr66d'.  v. ra. [intrudo,
   Latin.]
 1.  To come in unwelcome  by a kind  of
   violence;  to enter without invitation or
   permission.
     Thy years want wit,  thy wit wants edge
   And manners,  to intrude  where I am  grac'd.
                                    Slwkspeare.
     The Jewish religion was  yet  in possession; and
   therefore that this might so enter, as not to intrude,
   it was to bring its warrant from  the same hand  of
   omnipotence.                          South.
 3. It is followed by  on before persons, or
   personal  possessions.
     Forgive me, fair one, if officious friendship
   Intrudes on  your repose, and comes thus  late
   To greet you wito the tidings of success.    Rowe.
     Some thoughts rise  and  intrude upon us, while 
INT
INT
IN  V
  we shun them, others fly from us, when we would
  hold them.                              Waffs.
3. To  encroach, to  force  in uncalled or
  unpermitted; sometimes with into.
    Let no man beguile  you of your  reward, in  a
  voluntary humility, and worshipping of angels, in-
  truding into those things which he hath not seen
  by his fleshly mind.                   Colossians.

To Intru'de, in-trddd'.339 v. a. To  force
  without right  or  welcome: commonly
  with the reciprocal pronoun.
    Not to intrude one's sefjf into the mysteries of
  government, which the prince keeps secret,  is re-
  presented by  the winds shut up in  a bull hide,
  which the companions of Ulysses would needs be so
  foolish as to pry into.                     Pope.

Intru'der, in-tr66'dur.98 ra. «. [from  in-
  trude.]   One  who forces himself into
  company  or  affairs  without  right  or
  welcome.
    Unmannerly intruder as thou art!       Shaksp.
    Go, base intruder! over-weening slave!
  Bestow thy fawning  smiles on equal mates.
                                       Shaksp.
    They were but intruders upon the possession, du-
  ring the minority of the heir: they knew those lands
  were the rightful inheritance of that young lady.
                                       Davies.
    Will you a bold intruder never learn
  To know your basket, and your bread discern?
                                       Dryden.
    She had seen a great variety of faces; they were
  all strangers and intruders, such as she  had no ac-
  quaintance wito.                        Locke.
    The whole  fraternity of writers rise up in arms
  against every new intruder into  the world of fame.
                                      Addison.

Intru'sion, in-tr66'zhun. ra. s. [intrusion,
  French;  intrusio,  Latin.]
I. The act  of thrusting  or forcing any
  thing or person  into any place or state.
    Many excellent strains have been jostled off by
  the intrusions of poetical fictions.         Brown.
    The separation of the parts of one body, upon
  the intrusion of another, and the change from rest
  to motion upon impulse, and the like, seem to have
  some connection.                         Locke.
2. Encroachment  upon  any  person  or
  place;  unwelcome  entrance; entrance
  without invitation  or permission.
    I think myself in better  plight for a lender than
  you are, the which hath something emboldened me
  to tois unseasoned intrusion; for toey say, if  money
  go before, all ways do lie open.          Shaksp.
    Frogs, lice, and flies, must all his palace fill
  Wito  loato'd intrusion.               Par. Lost.
    How 's this, my son? Why this intrusion?
  Were not my orders that I should be private?
                                      Addison.
    I may close, after so long an intrusion upon your
  meditations.             Wake's Prep, for Death.
3. Voluntary and uncalled undertaking of
  any  thing.
    It will be said, I handle an  art no way suitable
  either to my employment or fortune, and so stand
  charged with intrusion and impertinency. Wotton.
To  Imru'st, in-trilst'.x>. a. [in and trust]
  To  treat  with   confidence;  to  charge
  with any secret  commission, or thing of
  value: as, we intrust another with some-
  thing; or we intrust something to an-
  other.
    His majesty had a solicitous care for toe pay-
  ment  of his debts; though in such a manner, that
  none of the duke's officers were intrusted with the
  knowledge of it.                    Clarendon.
    Receive my counsel,  and securely move,
  Intrust thy fortune to the powers above.    Dryden.
    Are not the lives of those, who draw the sword
  In Rome's defence, intrusted to our care? Addison.
    He composed his billet-doux, and at toe time ap-
  pointed went to intrust it to toe bands of his confi-
  dant.                              Arbuthnot.

Intui'tion, in-tu-ish'iln. ra. s.  [intuitus,
   intueor, Latin.]
I. Sight of  any  thing: used commonly of
   mental view.  Immediate knowledge.
    At our rate of judging, St. Paul had passed for a
  most malicious persecutor; whereas God saw he did
  it ignorantly in unbelief,  and upon that intuition
  had mercy on him.    Government of the Tongue,
    The truth  of these propositions we know by a
  bare simple  intuition of the ideas, and such propo-
  sitions are called self-evident.             Locke,
2. Knowledge not obtained by  deduction
   of reason, but  instantaneously  accom-
   panying the ideas which are its object.
    All  knowledge  of causes is deductive; for we
  know none by simple intuition, but through the me-
  diation  of toeir effects; for toe casualty itself is in-
  sensible.                            Glanville.
    Discourse was then almost as quick as  intuition.
                                        South.
    He their single virtues did survey,
  By intuition in his own large breast.     Dryden.
Intu'itive, in-tu'e-tiv.  adj.  [intuitivus,
   low Latin; intuitif, French.]
1. Seen  by the mind immediately without
   the intervention of argument or  testi-
   mony.
    Immediate perception of the agreement or dis-
  agreement of two ideas,  is when, by comparing
  them together in our minds, we see their agreement
  or disagreement;  this therefore is called intuitive
  knowledge.                             Locke.
    Lofty flights of thought, and almost intuitive per-
  ception of abstruse notions, or exalted discoveries of
  mathematical theorems, we sometimes see existent
  in one person.                        Bentley.
2. Seeing, not barely believing.
    Faith beginning here with a weak apprehension
  of things not seen, endeth with toe intuitive  vision
  of God  in the world to come.            Hooker.

3. Having the power of discovering truth
   immediately without ratiocination.
    The  rule  of ghostly or immaterial natures, as
  spirits  and  angels,  is their  intuitive intellectual
  judgment, concerning the amiable beauty and high
  goodness of that object, which, with  unspeakable
  joy and delight, doth set them on work.   Hooker.
          The soul receives
  Discursive or intuitive.                  Milton.
Intuitively, in-tu'e-tiv-le.  adv. [intui-
   tivement, French.]   Without deduction
   of reason; by immediate  perception.
    That our  love is sound and  sincere, that it com-
  eth from a pure heart, and a good conscience, and
  a faith unfeigned, who can pronounce, saving only
  the searcher of all men's hearts, who  alone  intui-
  tively doth know in this kind who are his? Hooker.
    God  Almighty, who sees all things intuitively!
  does not want logical helps.   . Baker on Learning.

Intume'scence,   in-tu-mes'sense.
Intume'scency,   in-tu-mes'sen-se.510
   ra. *. [intumescence,  French; intumesco,
   Latin/] Swell; tumour; the act  or  state
   of swelling.
    According to the temper of the terreous parts at
  the bottom, as they are more hardly or easily moved
  toey variously begin, continue,  or end toeir infu-
  mescencies.                            Brown.
    This subtenanean heat cause- a great rarefac-
  tion and  intumescence of the water of  the  abyss,
  putting it into very great commotions, and occasions
  an earthquake.                      Woodward.
Inturge'scenoe, jln-tur-es'sense.610 ra. s.
   [in and turgesco, Lat.]  Swelling;  the
   act or state of swelling.
    Not by attenuation of the upper part of the sea,
  but inturgescencies caused first at the bottom, and
  carrying the upper part of it before them.  Brown.
Intu'se,  in-tiise'.  ra. s.  [intusus, Latin.]
   Bruise.
    She did search toe swelling bruze,
  And having search'd toe infuse deep,
  She bound it with her scarf.            Spenser.
To Intwi'ne, in-twine'. i\ a. [in and twine.]
1. To twist or wreath together.
    This opinion, toough false, yet infioined with a
  true, that the souls of men do never perish, abated
  toe fear of death in them.                Hooker.
2. To be inserted by being wreathed or
   twisted.
          The vest and veil divine,
  Which wand'ring foliage and  rich flow'rs intwine.
                                      Dryden.
To INVA'DE,  in-vade'.  v.  a.  [invado,
   Latin.]
1. To attack  a country; to make a hostile
   entrance.
    He will invade them with troops.        Habb.
    Should he invade any  part of toeir country, he
  would soon see that nation up  in arms.    Knolles.
    With dang'rous expedition they invade
  Heav'n,, whose high walls fear no assault.  Afiffon.
               Thy race in times to come
  Shall spread the conquests of imperial Kome;
  Rome, whose ascending tow'rs shall heav'n invade,
  Involving earth and ocean in her shade.   Dryden.
    Encouraged wito success,  he invades  the pro-
  vince of philosophy.                    Dryden.
    In vain did nature's wise command
  Divide the waters  from the land,
  If daring ships, and men prophane,
  Invade th' inviolable main.              Dryden.
2. To attack; to  assail; to assault.
    There shall  be sedition among men, and invading
  one another; they shall not regard their kings.
                                     2 Esdras.
    Thou think'st 'tis  much, that this contentious
        storm
  Invades us to the skin; so 'tis to thee:
  But where the greater malady is fix'd,
  The lesser is scarce felt.                 Shaksp.
3. To violate by  the first act of hostility; to
   attack, not defend.
    Your foes are such, as they, not you, have made;
  And virtue may repel, though  not invade.  Dryden.
Inva'der, in-va'dur.98 ra.  a. [from invado,
   Latin.]
I. One who  enters with  hostility into the
   possessions of another.
    The breath of Scotland the Spaniards  could not
  endure; neither durst they, as  invaders, land in Ire-
  land-                                  Bacon.
            Their piety
  In sharp contest of battle found no aid
  Against invaders.                       Milton.
    That knowledge, like the  coal from the altar,
  serves only to embroil and consume the sacrilegious
  invaders.                        Decay of Piety.
    Where he lost,  the naked empire
  Would be a prey expos'd to all invaders.  Denham.
    The countiy about Attica was the most barren of
  any in Greece, through which means it happened
  that the natives were never expelled by  toe fury of
  invaders.                               Swift.
    Secure, by William's care, let Britain stand,
  Nor dread the bold invader's hand.         Prior.
    Esteem and judgment with  strong fancy join,
  To call the fair invader in;
  My darling favourite inclination, too,
  All, all conspiring with the foe.         Granville.
2. An assailant.
3. Encroacher; intruder.
    The substance  was formerly comprised in that 
INV                                        I N V                                      I  N V
  uncompounded style, but afterwards prudently en-
  larged for toe  repelling  and preventing heretical
  invaders.                            Hammond.
Invale'scence, In-va-les'sense. ra. *. [in-
  valesco, Lat.]  Strength; health; force.
                                        Dict.
INVA'LID, in-val'ld. adj. [invalide, Fr.
   invalidus, Lat.]  Weak; of no weight  or
   cogency.
                 But tois I urge,
  Admitting motion in the  heav'us, to shew
  Invalid, toat which thee  to doubt it mov'd. MUton
 To Inva'lidate, In-val'e-date. v. a. [from
   invalid.]   To  weaken;  to  deprive  of
   force or efficacy.
    To invalidate  such a consequence, some things
  might be speciously enough alledged.       Boyle.
    Tell a man, passionately in love, that he is jilted,
  bring a score of witnesses of  the falsehood of his
  mistress, and it is ten to one but three kind words
  of her's shall invalidate all their testimonies.  Locke.
 Invali'de, in-va-leed'.112  ra.  s. [Fr.]  One
   disabled by sickness or  hurts.
    What beggar in toe invalides,
  With lameness broke, with blindness smitten,
  Wish'd ever decently to die?              Prior.
 Invalidity,  in-va-lld'e»te. ra.  *. [in and
   validity; invalidite, French.]
 1.  Weakness; want of cogency.
 2. Want of bodily strength.   This  is  no
   English meaning.
    He ordered, that none who could work should be
   idle; and that none who could  not  work, by age,
   sickness, or invalidity, should want.      Temple.
 Inva'luable, in-val'u-a-bl.  adj.  [in and
   valuable.]   Precious above estimation;
   inestimable.
    The faith produced by terrour would not be so
   free an act as it ought, to  which are  annexed all
   the glorious and invafuaoie privileges of believing.
                                      Atterbury.
 Inva'riable,  in-va're-a-bl.  adj.  [in and
   varius, Lat. invariable, Fr.] Unchange-
   able;  constant.
     Being not able to design times by days, months,
   or years, toey thought best to determine these alter-
   ations by some known and invariable signs, and such
   did they conceive the rising and setting of the fixed
   stars.                                Brown.
    The rule of good and  evil would not  appear uni-
   form and invarioofe, but different, according to men's
   different complexions and  inclinations.   Atterbury.
 Inva'riableness, in-va're-a-bl-nes.  n. s.
   [from invariable.]    Immutability; con-
   stancy.
 Inva'riably,  in-va're-a-ble.   adv.  [from
   invariable.]  Unchangeably; constantly.
    He who steers his course invariably by tois rule,
   takes toe surest way to make all men praise him.
                                      Atterbury.
 Inva'sion, in-va'zhftn. ra. s. [invasion, Fr.
   invasio, Latin.]
 1. Hostile entrance  upon the  rights  or
   possessions of another; hostile encroach-
   ment.
    We made an invasion upon the Cherethites.
                                        1 Sam.
    Reason finds a secret  grief and remorse from
  every invasion  that sin makes upon innocence,  and
  toat  must render the first entrance and admission of
  sin uneasy.                             Soufft.
    The nations of th' Ausonian shore
  Shall hear toe dreadful  rumour, from afar,
  Of arm'd invasion, and embrace toe war. Dryden.
    William the conqueror invaded England  about
  the year 1060, which means this; that  taking  the
  duration from our Saviour's time 'till  now, for one
  entire length of time, it shews at what distance tois
  invasion was from the two extremes.       Locke.
2. Attack of a disease.
    What demonstrates  the plague to be  endemial
  to Egypt, is its invasion and going off at certain sea-
  sons.                              Arbuthnot.
Inva'sive, in-va'slv.168 428 adj.  [from in-
   vade.]   Entering hostilely upon  other
   men's possessions; not defensive.
    I must come closer to my purpose, and  not make
  more invasive wars abroad, when, like Hannibal, I
  am  called back to toe defence of my country. Dryd.
    Let other monarchs, with invasive bands,
  Lessen  their people, and extend their lands;
  By gasping nations hated and obey'd,
  Lords of the desarts toat toeir swords had made.
                                    Arbuthnot.
Inve'ctive, in-vek'tiv.140 n. s. [invective,
   French; invectiva, low Latin.]
1. A censure in  speech  or writing; a re-
   proachful accusation.
    Plain men desiring  to serve God as they ought,
  but being  not so skilful as to unwind themselves,
  where the  snares of glossing speech do lie to en-
  tangle them, are in mind not a little troubled, when
  they hear so bitter  invectives against that which this
  church  hath taught them to  reverence  as holy,  to
  approve as lawful, and to observe as behoveful for
  the exercise of christian duty.           Hooker.
    If we take  satyr, in the  general signification of
  toe word, for an invective, 'tis almost as old as verse.
                                      Dryden.
2. It is  used with against.
    So desp'rate thieves all hopeless of their lives,
  Breathe out invectives 'gainst the officers.   Shaksp.
    Casting  off respect, he fell to bitter  invectives
  against the French king.                 Bacon.
3. Less properly with at.
    Whilst we condemn others, we may indeed  be in
  the wrong; and then all toe invectives we make at
  their supposed errours fall back with  a rebounded
  force upon our own real ones.      Decay of Piety.
Inve'ctive,  In-vek'tiv.  adj. [from  the
   noun.]  Satirical;  abusive.
    Let him rail on; let  his invective muse
  Have four  and twenty letters to abuse.    Dryden.
Inve'ctively, in-vek'tiv-le. adv.  Satiri-
   cally; abusively.
    Thus most inveefivefu he pierceth through
  The body of the  country, city, court,
  Yea, and of this  our life; swearing that we
  Are mere usurpers, tyrants.              Sliaksp.
To IN VE'IGH, in-va'.349 39° v. a. [inveho,
   Latin.]  To utter censure or reproach:
   with  against.
    I cannot blame  him for  inveighing so  sharply
  against the vices of the clergy in his age.   Dryden.
    He inveighs severely against the folly of parties,
  in retaining scoundrels to retail their lies. Arbuth.
Inve'igh>er, in-va'iir. ra. s. [from inveigh.]
   Vehement railer.
     One  of these inveighers against mercury, in seven
   weeks, could not cure  one small herpes in toe face.
                                      Wiseman.
To  INVETGLE,  in-ve'gl."°  v.  a.  [in-
   vogliare, Italian;  Minshew; aveugler, or
   enaveugler,  Fr.  Skinner  and Junius.]
   To persuade to something  bad or hurt-
   ful; to wheedle; to allure; to seduce.
    Most false Duessa, royal richly dight,
   That easy was to inveigle weaker sight,
    Was, by her wicked arts and wily skill,
  Too false and strong for earthly skill or might.
              ,.                    Fairy Queen.
    Achilles hath  inveigfed his fool from him. SftaA;.
    Yet have they many baits and guileful  spells,
  To inveigle and  invite  the unwary senes
  Of them that pass unweeting by the way.   Afiffon.
              Both right able
  T' inveigle and draw in the rabble.  .   Hudibras,
    Those drops of prettiness, scatteringly sprinkled
  amongst the creatures, were  designed to exalt our
  conceptions, not inveigfe or detain our passions.
                                        Boyfe.
    I leave the use of garlick to such as are inveig-fed
  into the gout by the use of too much drinking.
                                       Temple.
    The  inveigling a woman before she  is come  to
  years of discretion, should be as criminal as the se-
  ducing of her before she is ten years old. Spectator.
Inve'igler, in-ve'gl-ur.98 n. a.  [from in-
  veigle.]   Seducer; deceiver; allurer to
  ill.
    Being presented to the emperor for his admirable
  beauty, the prince clapt him up as his inveigfer.
                                       Sandys.
To INVE'NT, ln-vent'.  v.  a.  [inventer,
  French; invenio, Latin.]
1. To discover; to find out;  to excogitate;
  to produce something  not made before.
    The substance of the service of God, so far forth
  as it hath in it any thing more than the law of rea-
  son doth teach,  may not be  invented of men, but
  must be received from God himself.      Hooker.
    By their count, which lovers books invent,
  The sphere of Cupid forty years contains. Spenser:
    Matter of mirth, enough, though there were none
  She could devise, and thousand ways invent
  To feed her foolish humour and vain jolliment.
                                  Fairy  Queen.
    Woe to them  that invent to themselves instru-
  ments of musick.                        Amos.
            We may invent
  Wito what more forcible we may offend
  Our enemies.                          MiUon.
    In the motion of the bones in their articulations,
  a twofold liquor  is prepared for  the  inunction  of
  their heads; both which make up  the most apt mix-
  ture, for tois use, that can be invented  or thought
  upon.                                   Ray.
    Ye skilful masters of Machaon's race,
  Who nature's mazy intricacies trace.
  By manag'd fire and late invented eyes. Blackmore.
    But when long time the wretches thoughts refin'd,
  When want had set an edge upon their mind,
  Then various cares their working thoughts employ'd,
  And that which each invented,  all enjoy'd.   Creech.
    The ship, by help of a screw, invented by Archi-
  medes, was launched into the water.     Arbuthnot.

2. To forge; to contrive falsely; to  fabri-
   cate.
    I never did such things as those men  have mali-
  ciously invented against me.            Susannah.
    Here is a strange figure invented against the plain
  sense ofthe words.                 Stillingfleet.
3. To feign; to make by the imagination.
    I would invent as bitter searching terms,
  With full as many signs of deadly hate,
  As lean-fae'd envy in her loathsome cave.   Shaksp.
    Herculcs's meeting with Pleasure and Virtue was
  invented by Prodicus, who  Hved before Socrates,
  and in the first dawnings of philosophy.   Addison.
4. To light on;  to meet  with.  Not  used.
    Far off he wonders what them  makes so glad:
  Or Bacchus' merry fruit they did invent,
  Or Cybel's frantick rites have  made them mad.
                                       Spenser.
Inve'nter, in-vent'iir. ra. a. [from inven-
   teur,  Fr.]
I. One  who produces something new;  a
   deviser of something not known before.
    As a translator he was just; as an  inventer,  he
  was rich.                               Garfft.
2. A forger.
Inve'ntion, in-ven'shian.  ra. s. [invention,
   French; inventio, Latin.]
I. Excogitation; the  act  or power of pro-
   ducing something new. 
                  INV

   0 for a muse of fire, that would ascend
 The brightest heaven of invention!        Shaksp.
   By improving what was writ before,
 Invention labours less, but judgment more.
                                   Roscommon.
   invention is a kind of muse, which being possess-
 ed of the other advantages common to her sisters,
 and being warmed by the fire of Apollo, is raised
 higher than the rest.                    Dryden.
   Mine is to' invention of the charming lyre:
 Sweet notes and heav'nly numbers I inspire. Dryd.
   The  chief excellence of Virgil is judgment, of
 Homer is invention.                      Pope.
2.  Discovery.
    Nature hath provided several glandules to separ-
 ate spittle from the blood, and no less than four pair
 of channels to convey it into toe mouth, which are
 of a late invention, and called ductus salivates. Ray.
3.  Forgery;  fiction.
    We hear our bloody cousins, not confessing
  Their cruel parricide, filling toeir hearers
  With strange invention.                  Shaksp.
               If thou can'st accuse,
  Do it without invention suddenly.         Shaksp.
4. The thing invented.
    The garden, a place not fairer in natural  orna-
  ments than artificial inventions.           Sidney.
    Th' invention all  admir'd; and each how he
  To be to' inventor miss'd, so easy it seem'd
  Once found,  which  yet unfound most would have
         thought
  Impossible.                            Aiitfon.
Inve'ntive, in-ven'tiv. adj. [inventif, Fr.
   from  invent.]
 1.  Quick at contrivance;  ready at expe-
   dients.
     Those have the invenfivest heads for all purpo-
   ses, and roundest tongues in all matters.   Ascham.
              That inventive head
   Her fatal image from the temple drew,
   The sleeping guardians of the castle slew. Dryden.
     The inventive god, who never fails his part,
   Inspires the wit, when once he warms the heart.
                                        Dryden.
 2. Having  the power of  excogitation or
   fiction.
     As he had an inventive  brain, so there never
   lived any man toat believed better thereof, and of
   himself.                         .     Raleigh.
     Reason, remembrance, wit, inventive art,
   No nature, but immortal, can impart.    Denham.
 Inve'ntor, in-vent'ur.166 ra. s. [inventor,
    Latin.]
 1. A finder out of something  new.  It is
    written likewise inventer.
     We have  the statue of your Columbus, that dis-
   covered toe West Indies, also the inventor of ships;
   your Monk, toat was toe inventor of ordnance, and
   of gunpowder.                         Bacon.
              Studious they appear
   Of arts that polish  life; inventors rare,
   Unmindful of their maker.              MUton.
     Why are these positions charged upon me as then-
   sole author and inventor, and the reader  led into a
   belief  that they were never before maintained by
   any person of virtue ?                 Atterbury.
 2. A contriver; a framer.  In an ill sense.
     In this upshot, purposes mistook,
   Fall'n on to' inventors' heads.      ^    Shaksp.
 Invento'rially,  in-ven-to're-al-e.  adv.
   [from  inventory,  whence perhaps  in-
   ventorial.]   In manner of an inventory.
     To divide inventorially, would dizzy  the arith-
   metick of memory.                     ShaksP-
 INVE'NTORY, in'ven-tfir-e.M2 ra. s. [m-
   ventoire,  French;  inventarium,  Latin.]
    An account or catalogue of moveables.
                I found,
   Forsooth, an inventory, thus importing,
   The several parcels of his plate.          Shaksp.
      The  leanness that afflicts us, the object of our
IN V
 misery,  is as an inventory to particularize  then-
 abundance: our sufferings is a gain lo toem.  SAafc.
                Whoe'er looks,
 For themselves dare not go, o'er Cheapside books,
 Shall find toeir wardrobe's invenforu.     Donne.
    It were of much consequence to have such an in-
 ventory of nature, wherein, as, on the one hand,
 nothing should be wanting,  so nothing repeated on
 the other.                               Grew.
    In Persia the daughters of Eve are reckoned in
 the inventory of their goods and chatties; and it is
 usual, when a man sells a bale of silk, to toss half
 a dozen women into the bargain.        Addison.
To I'NVENTORV,in'ven-tilr-e. v. a. [inven-
   torier, French.]   To register; to place
   in a catalogue.
    I will give out divers schedules of my beauty: it
 shall be inventoried,  and every particle and utensil
 labell'd.                             Shaksji.
    A man looks  on toe love of his friend as  one of
 the  richest possessions: the  philosopher thought
 friends were to be inventoried as well as goods.
                      Government of the Tongue.
Inve'ntress, in-ven'tres. ra. s. [inventrice,
   French; from inventor.] A female that
   invents.
    The arts, with all their retinue of lesser trades,
  history and tradition tell us when toey  had toeir
  beginning; and how many of their inventors and
  inventresses were deified.               Burnet.
             Cecilia came;
   Invenfress of the vocal frame;
   The sweet enthusiast, from her sacred store,
   Enlarg'd the former narrow bounds.     Dryden.
Inve'rse, in'verse.431   adj.  [inverse, Fr.
   inversus, Latin.]   Inverted; reciprocal:
   opposed to direct.   It is so called in
   proportion, when the fourth term is  so
   much greater than the third  as the  se-
   cond is  less than the first;  or so  much
   less  than  the third  as the  second is
   greater than the first.
    Every part of matter tends to every part of mat-
   ter with a force, which is  always in a direct pro-
   portion of the quantity of matter, and an  inverse
   duplicate proportion of the distance.       Garfft.
Inve'rsion, in-ver'shiln. ra. s. [inversion,
   French; inversio, Latin.]
 1. Change of order  or time, so as that
   the last is first,  and first last.
    If he speaks truth, it is upon a subtle inversion
   of the precept of God, to do good that evil may
   come of it.                           Brown.
     'Tis just the inversion of an act of parliament:
   your lordship first signed it, and then it was passed
   among the lords and commons.          Dryden.
 2. Change of place,  so that each  takes
    the room of the other.
 To INVE'RT, in-vert'.S56 v. a. [inverto,
    Latin.]
 1. To turn upside down, to place in con-
    trary method  or  order to  that  which
    was before.
     With fate inverted, shall I humbly woo?
   And some proud prince, in wild Numidia born,
   Pray to accept me,  and forget my  scorn!   Waller.
     Ask not the cause why sullen spring
   So long delays her flow'rs to bear,
   And winter storms invert the year.       Diyden.
     Poesy and oratory omit things essential, and in-
   vert times and actions, to place every thing in the
   most affecting light.                      rFaffs.
 2. To place the last first.
     Yes, every poet is a fool;
   By demonstration Ned can show it:
     Happy, could Ned's inverted rule
   Prove every fool to be a poet.            Prior.
    To  divert;  to turn into another  chan-
    nel;  to embezzle.    Instead of this con-
                   INV

  vert  or intervert  is  now  commonly
  used.
    Solyman charged him bitterly with inverting his
  treasures to his own private use, and having secret
  intelligence with his enemies.           Knolles.

Inve'rtedly,  in-ver'ted-le.  adv.  [from
  inverted.]    In  contrary or   reversed
  order.
    Placing the forepart of toe eye to toe hole of the
  window of a darkened room, we have a pretty land-
  skip  of the objects abroad, invertedly painted on
  the paper, on the back of the eye.        Derham.
 To Inve'st, ln-vest'. v. a. [investir,  Fr.
   investio, Latin.]
 I. To dress; to  clothe; to array.  It  has
  in or with before the thing  superindu-
   ced or  conferred.
            Their gesture sad,
  Invest in lank lean  cheeks and war-worn coats,
  Presented them unto the gazing moon
  So many horrid ghosts.               Shakspeare.
         Thou teifft a mantle didst invest
  The  rising world of waters.              Milton.
    Let toy eyes shine forth in toeir full lustre;
  Invest them ivifft thy loveliest smiles, put on
  Thy  choicest looks.                    Denham.
 2. To place in  possession of a  rank or
   office.
    When we sanctify or hallow churches, toat which
  we do  is only to testify that we  make places of
  publick resort,  that  we invest  God himself with
  them, and that we sever them from common  uses.
                                       Hooker.
     After the death of the other archbishop,  he  was
  invested in that high dignity, and settled in his pa-
  lace  at Lambeth.                   Clarendon.
    The practice of all ages, and all countries, hath
  been to do honour to those who are invested with
  publick authority.                    Atterbury.
 3. To adorn;  to grace:  as clothes or  or-
   naments.
               Honour must,
  Not  accompanied,  invest him only;
  But  signs of nobleness, like stars,  shall shine
  On all deservers.                       Shaksp.
     The foolish, over-careful fathers for this engross'd
  The canker'd heaps of strong atchieved gold;
  For  this they have been thoughtful to invest
  Their sons with  arts and martial  exercises. Sftafc.
         Some great potentate,
   Or of the thrones above; such majesty
   Invests him coming.                    Afiffon.
 4.  To confer;  to give.
     If there can be found such an inequality between
   man and man, as there is between man and beast,
   or between soul and body, it  invesfefft a  right  of
   government.                           Bacon.
 5.  To enclose;  to surround  so  as to in-
   tercept succours or provisions: as,  the
   enemy invested the town.
 Inve'stient, in-ves'tshent.464 adj. [inves-
   tiens, Latin.]    Covering; clothing.
     The shells served as plasms or moulds to this
   sand, which, when consolidated and freed from  its
   invesfienf shell, is of the same shape as toe cavity
   of toe shell.                        Woodward.
 lNVE'sTiGABLE,in-ves'te-ga-bl.aciy.[from
   investigate.]   To be searched out;  dis-
    coverable by  rational disquisition.   •
     Finally, in such sort they are investigable, that
   the knowledge  of them is general; toe world hath
   always been acquainted with  them.       Hooker.
     In  doing evil,  we prefer a less  good  before a
   greater, toe greatness whereof is by reason investi*
   sable, and may be known.               Hooker
  To   INVESTIGATE,   In-ves'te-gate."
    v. a. [investigo, Lat.]   To  search out;
    to find out by rational disquisition.
      Investigate  the variety of  motions and figure* 
INV
INV
INV
  made by the organs for articulation.      Holder.
    From the  present appearances investigate toe
  powers and forces of nature, and from  these ca-
  count for future observations.            Cheyne.

Investigation,  in-ves-te-ga'shun.  ra. s.
   [investigation,  Fr. investigate, Latin.]
1. The act ofthe  mind by which unknown
   truths are discovered.
    Not only the investigation of truth, but the com-
  munication of it also, is often practised in such a
  method as neither agrees precisely to syntoetick or
  analytick.                              Watts.
    Progressive truth, the patient force of thought
   Investigation calm,  whose silent powers
   Command the world.                 Thomson.
2.  Examination.
    Your travels I hear much of: my own shall never
   more be in a strange land, but a  diligent investiga-
   tion of my own territories.                 Pope.
Inve'stiture, in-ves'te-ture. ra. s. [Fr.]
 1.  The right of giving possession of any
   manor, office, or benefice.
     He had refused  to yield up to the pope toe in-
   vestUure of  bisliops, and collation of ecclesiastical
   dignities within his dominions.           Raleigh.
 3. The act of giving possession.
 Investment, in-vest'ment.  ra. s. [in  and
   vestment.]   Dress;  clothes;  garment;
   habit.
     Ophelia,  do not  believe his vows; for they are
         brokers,
   Not of that  die which their investments shew.
                                     Shakspeare.
         You, my lord archbishop,
   Whose see is by a civil peace maintained,
   Whose beard the silver hand of peace hath touch'd,
   Whose learning and good letters peace hath tutor'd,
   Whose white investments figure innocence,
   The dove, and every blessed spirit of peace;
   Wherefore do you so ill translate yourself
   Out ofthe speech of peace, that bears such grace,
   Into the harsh and boist'rous tongue of  war?
                                     Shakspeare.

 Inve'teracy, in-vet'ter-a-se.  ra.  s. [inve-
    teratio, Latin.]
  1. Long  continuance of  any  thing bad;
    obstinacy confirmed by time.
     The invefeiaci/ of the people's prejudices  com-
   pelled toeir rulers  to make use of all means for re-
   ducing them.                         Addison.
 2. [In physick.]   Long continuance of a
    disease.
 INVE'TERATE,  in-vet'ter-ate.9*  adj.
    [inveteratus, Latin.]
  1. Old; long established.
     The custom of christians was then, and had been
   a long time, not to wear garlands,  and therefore
   that undoubtedly they did offend who presumed to
   violate such a custom by not observing that thing;
   the very inveterate observation whereof was a law,
   sufficient to  bind all men to observe it,  unless they
   could  shew some higher law, some law of scripture,
   to the contrary.                        Hooker.
     It is an inveterate and received opinion, that can-
   tharidcs, applied to any part of toe body, touch
   the bladder, and exulcerate it.            Bacon.
 2.  Obstinate  by long continuance.
     It is not every sinful violation  of conscience toat
   can quench the spirit: but it must be a long invete-
   rate course and custom of sinning, that at length
   produces and ends in such a cursed effect.  South.
    He who  writes  satire honestly is no more an
   enemy to the offender, than the physician to the
  patient, when he prescribes harsh remedies to an
   inveterate disease.                     Dryden.
    In  a well-instituted state the executive power
  will never let abuses  grow  inveterate,  or multiply
  so far that it will be hard to find  remedies.  Swift.
To Inve'terate, in-v£t'teT-ate. v. a. [in-
  veterer,  Fr.  invetero,  Latin.]   To fix
  and settle by long continuance.
   The vulgar conceived, toat now there was an
  end given, and a consummation to superstitious pro-
  phecies, and to an ancient tacit expectation, which
  had by tradition been infused and inveterated into
  men's minds.                           Bacon.
   Let not atheists lay the fault of their  sins upon
  human nature, which have  their prevalence  from
  long custom and inveterated habit.         Bentley.
Inve'terateness, in-vet'ter.ate-nes. ra. s.
  [from  inveterate.]   Long continuance
  of  any thing bad;  obstinacy confirmed
  by  time.
    As time hath rendered him more perfect in the
  art,  so hato the inveterateness of his malice made
  him more ready in the execution.         Brown.
    Neither  the  inveterateness of toe  mischief, nor
  the prevalency of the fashion, shall be any excuse
  for those who will not take care about the meaning
  of their words.                          Locke.
Invetera'tion,  in-vet-ler-a'shun.  ra.  s.
  [inveteratio, Latin.]    The act  of har-
  dening or confirming by long continu-
  ance.
IN VI'DIOUS, In-vid'e-us, or in-vid'je-us.
  293 376 a([j%  [invidiosus, Latin.]
I. Envious; malignant.
    I  shall open to them the interior secrets of this
  mysterious art,  witliout imposture or invidious re-
  serve.                                Evelyn.
2. Likely  to  incur  or   to  bring  hatred.
  This is the  more usual sense.
    Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give
  toe preference to any one of the Grecian  heroes.
                                       Broome.
    Not to be further tedious, or rather invidious,
  these are a few causes which have contributed to
  the ruin of our morals.                   Swift.
Invi'diously, in-vid'e-us-le. adv.  [from
  invidious.]
1. Malignantly;  enviously.
2. In a manner likely to provoke  hatred.
    The clergy murmur against toe privileges  of the
  laity; toe laity invidiously aggravate the immnni-
  ties of the clergy.                       Sprat.
Invi'diousness,   in-vld'e-iis-nes.   ra.   s.
  [from invidious.] Quality of provoking
  envy or hatred.
To Invi'gorate, in-vig'go-rate. v. a.  [in
  and vigour.]   To  endue with  vigour;
  to  strengthen; to animate;  to enforce.
    The spleen is introduced to invigorate  the sinis-
  ter side, which,  dilated,  would rather infirm  and
  debilitate.                             Brown.
               Gentle warmth
  Discloses well the earth's all-teeming womb,
  Invigorating tender seeds.               Philips.
    I  have lived when the  prince, instead of invigo-
  rating the laws, assumed a power  of dispensing
  with toem.                           Addison.
    No one can enjoy health, without he feel a light-
  some and invigorating principle, which spurs him
  to action.                           Spectator.
    Christian graces and virtues toey cannot be un-
  less fed, invigorated, and  animated by  universal
  charity.                            Atterbury.
Invigora'tion,  in-vig-go-ra'shun.  ra.  s.
  [from invigorate.]
1. The act of invigorating.
2. The state of being invigorated.
    I find in myself an appetitive faculty,  which is
  always in the very height of activity and  invigora-
  tion.                                 Norris.
INVI'NCIBLE, In-vin'se-bl.40*  adj. [in-
  vincible,  French;   invincibilis,  Latin.]
  Insuperable; unconquerable; not to be
  subdued.
    I would have thought her spirits had been inriu-
  cwle against all assaults of afiection.      Sftafcsp.
    Should he invade their country, he would soon
  see that invincidfe nation with their united forces
  up in arms.                           Knotles.
    The spirit remains invinribfe.         Afiffon.
    That mistake, which is the consequence of invin-
  ci&fe errour,  scarce deserves  toe  name of wrong
  Jud|ment-                             Locke.
    If an atheist had had  the making of himself,  he
  would have framed a  constitution that could  have
  kept pace with his insatiable lust,  been  invincifife
  by  intemperance,  and have held out a thousand
  years in a perpetual debauch.            Bentley.

Invi'noibleness,  in-vin'se-bl-nes.  ra.  a.
   [from invincible.]  Unconquerableness;
   insuperableness.

Invi'ncibly, in-vin'se-ble. adv.  [from in-
   vincible.]  Insuperably;  unconquerably.
    Ye have been fearless in his righteous cause;
  And as ye have receiv'd, so have ye done
  Invincibly.                            Milton.
    Neither invitations nor threats avail with those
  who are invincibly impeded, to apply them to their
  benefit.                         Decay of Piety.
IN VI'OLABLE, in-vi'6-la-bl.406 adj. ^in-
   violable, Fr. inviolabilis, Latin.]
I. Not  to be profaned; not to be injured.
         Thou, be sure, shalt give account
  To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep
  This place inviolable, and these from harm. Milton.
    In vain did nature's wise command
  Divide the waters from the land,
  If daring ships, and men prophane,
  Invade to' inviolable main;
  Th' eternal fences overleap,
  And pass at will the boundless  deep.     Dryden.
    Ye lamps of heav'n, he said, and lifted high
  His hands, now free; thou venerable sky!
  Inviolable pow'rs!  ador'd with  dread,
  Be all of you adjur'd.                  Dryden.
    This birthright, when  our author pleases, must
  and must not be sacred and inviolable.      Locke.
2. Not  to be  broken.
    The prophet David thinks, that the very meeting
  of men together, and their accompanying one an-
  other to the house of God, should  make toe bond
  of their love insoluble,  and tie  toem in a league of
  inviolable amity.                      Hooker.
    See, see, they join, embrace, and seem to kiss,
  As if they vow'd some league inviotabfe.   Shaksp.
3. Insusceptible  of hurt or wound.
               Th' inviolable saints
  In cubick phalanx firm advane'd intire.    Milton.
Invi'olably,  in-vi'6-la-bie.  adv.   [from
   inviolable.]  Without breach; without
   failure.
    Mere acquaintance you have  none: you have
  drawn them all into a nearer  line;  and.  they who
  have conversed with you,  are for  ever after invio-
  lably yours.                          Dryden.
    The true profession of Christianity inviolably en-
  gages all its followers to do good to all men. Sprat.
Invi'olate,  in-vi'6-late.91. adj. [inviolate,
   French; inviolatus,  Latin.]  Unhurt;
   uninjured; unprofaned;  unpolluted; un-
   broken.
    His fortune of arms  was still inviotafe.   Bacon,
    But let inviofafe truth be always dear
  To thee, even before friendship, truth prefer.
                                      Denham.
               If the past
  Can hope a pardon, by those mutual bonds
  Nature has seal'd between us,  which, though I
  Have cancell'd, thou hast still preserv'd inviolate:
  I beg toy pardon.                      Denham.
    My love your claim inviolate secures;
  'Tis writ in fate, I can be only yours.    Dryden.
    In all the changes of his doubtful state,
  His truth, like heav'n's, was kept inviolate.  Dryd. 
INV
INV
INV
I'nvious,  in've-us.  adj. [invius, Latin.]
   Impassable; untrodden.
    If nothing can oppugn his love,
  And virtue invious ways can prove,
  What may not he confide to do,
  That brings both love and virtue too?   Hudibras.
To Invi'scate, in-vis'kate. v. a. [in  and
   viscus, Latin.]   To  lime;  to  entangle
   in glutinous matter.
    The camelion's  food being flies,  it bath in the
  tongue a mucous  and slimy extremity, whereby,
  upon a sudden emission, it inviscates and intangleth
  those insects.                          Brown.
Invisibi'lity, in-viz-e-bil'e-te.  ra.  s.  [in-
   visibilite, French; from invisible.]  The
   state of being invisible;  imperceptible-
   ness to sight.
    They may be demonstrated to be innumerable,
  substituting their smallness for the reason of  their
  invisiotfify.                               Ray.
INVI'SIBLE, in-viz'e-bl.406 adj. [invisi-
   ble, French; invisibilis, Lat.]  Not per-
   ceptible  by the sight; not to be seen.
    He was invisibfe that hurt me so;
  And none invisible, but spirits, can go.     Sidney.
           The tnreaden  sails,
  Borne with th' invisible and creeping wind,
  Drew the huge bottoms to the furrow'd sea.  Shak.
           'Tis wonderful,
  That an invisible instinct should frame them
  To loyalty unlearn'd,  honour untaught.   Shaksp.
     To us invisible, or dimly seen,
  In these thy lowest works.              MUton.
     He that believes a God, believes such a being
  as hath  all perfections;  among which  this is one,
  toat he is a spirit, and consequently that he is in-
   visible, and cannot be seen.             Tillotson.
     It  seems easier to  make  one's self invisible to
   others, than to make  another's thoughts visible to
   me, which are not visible to  himself.      Locke.
 Invi'sibly, in-vlz'e-ble. adv.  [from invi-
   sible.]   Imperceptibly to the sight.
     Age by degrees invisibly doth creep,
   Nor do we seem to die,  but fall asleep.  Denham.
 Invita'tion,  in-ve-ta'shun. ra. s.  [invita-
   tion, French;  invitatio,  Latin.]   The
   act  of inviting,  bidding, or calling  to
   any thing with ceremony and civility.
     That other answer'd with a lowly look,
   And soon the  gracious invitation took.    Dryden.
 Invi'tatory, in-ve-ta'tur-e.  adj.   [from
   invito, Latin.]   Using  invitation;  con-
   taining invitation.
 To  INVITE, in-vite'. v. a. [invito,  Lat.
   inviter, French.]
 1.  To bid; to ask  to anyplace, particu-
   larly to one's own  house, with intreaty
   and  complaisance.
     If thou be invited of a mighty man, withdraw thy-
   self.                                  Ecclus.
     He comes invited by a younger son.     Milton.
     When much company is invited, then be as  spar-
  ing as possible of your coals.             Swift.
2.  To allure; to  persuade; to induce by
   hope or  pleasure.
    A war upon the Turks is more worthy than upon
  any other gentiles, though facility and hope of suc-
  cess might invite some other choice.       Bacon.
             Nor art thou such
  Created, or such place hast here to dwell,
  As may not oft invite, though spirits of heav'n,
  To visit thee.             Milton's Paradise  Lost.
    The liberal contributions such teachers met with,
  served still to invite more labourers into that work.
                                 Decay of Piety.
    Shady groves, that easy sleep invite,
  And after toilsome days a soft repose at night.
                               Dry den'« Virgil.

   VOL. I.
To Invi'te, in-vite'. v. ra. [invito, Latin.]
   To ask or call to any thing pleasing.
          All things invite
  To peaceful counsels.                   Milton.
Invi'ter,  in-vi'tiir.98 ra. s.  [from invite.]
   He who invites.
    They forcibly cut out abortive votes, such as their
  invtfers and encouragers most fancied. King Charles.
    Honour was the  aim of the guests, and interest
  was toe scope of the inviter.          Smalridge.
    Wines and cates the tables grace,
  But most the kind inviter's cheerful face.    Pope.
Invi'tingly, in-vi'ting-le. adv. [from in-
   viting.]  In such a manner as invites or
   allures.
    If he can but dress up a temptation to look in-
  vitingly, the business is  done.     Decay of Piety.
To Inu'mbrate, In-um'brate. v. a. [inum-
   bro, Latin.]   To shade; to cover with
   shades.                             Dict.
Inu'nction, in-ilngk'shun. ra. s.  [inungo,
   inunctus, Latin.]  The act of smearing
   or anointing.
    The wise author of nature hath placed on the
  rump two glandules, which the bird catches hold
  upon with her bill, and squeezes out an oily liniment,
  fit for the inunction of the feathers, and  causing
  their filaments to cohere.                  Ray.
Inunda'tion, in-in-da'shun.  ra. s.  [inun-
   dation, French; inundatio, Latin.]
1.  The overflow  of waters; flood; deluge.
   Inundation, says  Cowley,  implies  less
   than deluge.
    Her father counts it dangerous,
  That she would give her sorrow so much sway;
  And in his wisdom  hastes our marriage,
  To  stop the inundation of her tears.    Shakspeare.
    The same  inundation was not past forty foot in
  most places;  so that some few wild  inhabitants of
  the woods escaped.                     Bacon.
        All fountains of  the deep,
  Broke up, shall heave the ocean to usurp
  Beyond all bounds, 'till inundation rise
  Above the highest hills.     Milton's Paradise Lost.
    This inundation unto the Egyptians happeneth
  when it is winter unto the Ethiopians.     Brown.
    Your care about your banks infers a fear
  Of  threatening floods, and inundations near. Dryd.
    No swelling inundation hides the grounds,
  But crystal currents glide within their bounds. Gay.
2.  A confluence  of  any kind.
    Many good towns, through that inundation  ofthe
  Irish, were utterly wasted.               Spenser.
To I'nvocate, in'vo-kate.91 v.a. [invoco,
   Latin.]  To invoke;  to  implore;  to call
   upon;  to pray to.
    Poor key-cold figure of a holy king!
  Be  't lawful, that 1 invocate toy ghost,
  To  hear the lamentations of poor Anne.   Shaksp.
          If Dagon be thy God,
  Go to his temple, invocate his aid
  With solemnest devotion.      Milton's Agonistes.
    Here rather let me drudge, and earn my bread,
  'Till vermin or the draff of servile food
  Consume me, and oft invocated death
  Hasten the welcome end of all my pains.  Milton.
Invoca'tion, in-vo-ka'shiin. ra.  s.  [invo-
   cation, French; invocatio, Latin.]
1.  The act of calling upon in prayer.
    Is not the name of prayer usual to signify even
  all the service that ever we do unto God? And that
  for  no other cause, as 1 suppose, but to shew that
  there is in  religion no acceptable  duty, which de-
  vout inroccif ton of the name of God doth not either
  presuppose or infer.                    Hooker.
2.  The form of calling for the assistance
   or presence of any being.
          My invocation is
                    6s
  Honest and fair, and in his mistress' name. Shaksp.
    The proposition of Gratius is contained in a line,
  and that of invocation in half a line.       Wase.
    I will strain myself to breathe out tois one invo-
  cation.                               Howel.
    The whole poem is a prayer to fortune,  and the
  invocation is divided between the two deities.
                               Addison on Italy.
I'nvoice, in'voise. ra. *. [This word is per-
  haps corrupted  from  the French word
  envoyez, send.]   A  catalogue  of  the
  freight of a ship, or of the articles and
  price of  goods sent by a factor.
To  Invo'ke, in-voke'. v. a.  [invoco, Latin;
  invoquer, French.]   To  call  upon; to
  implore;  to pray to; to invocate. .
    The power I will invofte dwells in her eyes.
                                       Sidney.
          One peculiar nation to select
  From all the rest of whom to be invok'd.   Milton.
             The skilful bard,
  Striking the Thracian harp, invokes Apollo,
  To make his hero and himself immortal.     Prior.
To  Invo'lve, in-volv'. v. a.  [involvo, Lat.]
I. To  inwrap; to  cover with any thing
  circumfluent.
    Leave a singed bottom all  invofv'd
  Wito stench and smoke.                 Afiffon.
    No man could miss his way to heaven for want of
  light; and yet so vain are they as to think they oblige
  toe world by involving it in darkness. Decay of Piety.
    In a cloud invofv'd, he takes his flight,
  Where Greeks and Trojans mix'd in mortal fight.
                                      Dryden.
2. To  imply;  to comprise.
    We cannot demonstrate these things so as to shew
  that the contrary necessarily involves a contradiction.
                                     Tiffofson.
3. To  intwist; to join.
    He knows his end with mine involv'd.   MUton.
4. To take in; to  catch; to conjoin.
    The gath'ring number, as it moves along,
  Involves a vast involuntary throng.          Pope.
    Sin we should hate altogether; but our hatred of
  it may involve the person which we should not hate
  at all.                                 Sprat.
             One death invofves
  Tyrants and slaves.          Thomson's Summer.
5. To  entangle.
    This reference of the name  to a thing  whereof
  we have no  idea, is so far from helping at all, that
  it only serves the more to involve us in difficulties.
                                        Locke.
    As obscure and imperfect  ideas often involve our
  reason, so do dubious words puzzle men's reason.
                                        Locke.
6. To complicate;  to make intricate.
    Some involv'd their snaky folds.        Afiffon.
    Syllogism is of necessary use, even to toe lovers
  of truth, to shew them the fallacies that  are often
  concealed in florid, witty, or involved discourses.
                                        Locke.
7. To  blend; to mingle  together  confu-
  sedly.
    Earth wito hell mingle and invofve.     ATiffon.
Invo'luntarily,   in-vol'iln-ta-re-Ie.  adv.
  [from involuntary]   Not  by  choice;
  not spontaneously.
INVO'LUNTARY, in-v61'un-ta-re. adj.
  [in and voluntarius,Latin; involuntaire,
  French.]
1. Not having the power of  choice.
    The gath'ring number, as it moves along,
  Involves a vast involuntary throng,
  Who gently drawn, and struggling less and less,
  Roll in her vortex, and her pow'r confess.     Pope.
2. Not chosen; not clone willingly.
    The forbearance of that  action,  consequent to
  such command of toe mind, is called voluntary; and 
INV                                      INW                                     JOB
  whatsoever action  is  performed without  such  a
  thought of the mind, is called involuntary.  Locke.
    But why, ah tell  me, ah too dear!
  Steals down my cheek th' involuntary tear?  Pope.

Involu'tion, in-vo-lu'shun.  ra. s.  [invo-
   lutio, Latin.]
I. The act of involving or inwrapping.
2. The state of being entangled; compli-
   cation.
    All things are mixed, and causes blended by mu-
  tual involutions.                     Glanville.
3. That which is wrapped round any thing.
    Great  conceits are raised of the  invotitfion or
  membranous covering called the silly-how, some-
  times found about toe heads of children.    Brown,

 To Inu're, in-ure'. v. a.  [in and ure.] To
   habituate; to make ready or willing by
   practice and custom;  to accustom.   It
   had anciently with before the thing prac-
   tised, now to.
     Because they so proudly insult, we must a little
   inure toeir ears teitft hearing how others, whom they
   more regard, are  accustomed to use the selfsame
   language with us.                      Hooker.
     If there might be added true art and  learning,
   there would be as much difference,  in maturity of
   judgment, between men therewith inured, and that
   which now men are, as between men that are now
   and innocents.                         Hooker.
     That it may no painful work endure,
   It fo strong labour can itself inure.    Hub. Tale.
     England was a peaceable kingdom, and but late-
   ly inured to the mild and goodly government of the
   Confessor.                            Spenser.
     The forward hand, inur'd to wounds, makes way
   Upon the sharpest fronts of the most fierce. Daniel.
     Then cruel, by their sports fo blood inur'd
   Of  fighting beasts, and men to beasts expos'd.
                                        Afiffon.
              To inure
   Our prompt obedience.     Afitfon's Paradise Lost.
     They, who had been most inured to business, had
   not in their lives  ever undergone  so great fatigue
   for twenty days together.             Clarendon.
     We may inure ourselves by custom fo bear the
   extremities of weather without injury.    Addison.
  Inu'rement, in-iire'ment.  ra. a.  [from in-
    ure.]   Practice;  habit;  use;   custom;
    frequency.
      If iron will acquire by mere continuance a secret
    appetite, and habitual inclination to the site it held,
    then how much more may education, being nothing
    else but a constant plight and inurement, induce by
    custom good habits into a reasonable creature.
                                         Wotton.
  To  Inu'rn, in-urn'.  v.a.  [in  and  urn.]
     To intomb;  to bury.
               The sepulchre
    Wherein we saw thee  quietly inum'd,
    Hath op'd its ponderous and marble jaws
    To cast thee up again.       Shakspeare's Hamlet.
       Amidst the tears of  Trojan dames inum'd,
    And by his loyal daughters truly mourn'd. Dryden.
  Inu'stion, in-tis'tshun.464 ra. a.   [inustio,
     Latin.]   The act of burning.
  Inu'tile,  in-u'til.140 adj. [inutile,French,
     inutilus, Latin.]  Useless; unprofitable.
       To refer to heat and cold is a compendious and
    inutile speculation.        Bacon's Nat. History.
   Inuti'lity,  in-u-til'e-te.  ra. a.  [inutilite,
     French; inutilitaa, Latin.]  Uselessness;
     unprofitableness.
   Invu'lnerable, in-vul'ner-a-bl.  adj.  [in-
     vulnerable,  Fr.  invulnerabilis,  Latin.]
     Not to be wounded; secure from wound.
       Our cannon's malice vainly shall be spent
     Against th' invulnerable clouds of heav'n. Shaksp.
                 Nor vainly hope
  To be invulnerable in those bright arms,
  That mortal dint none can resist.         MUton.
    Vanessa, though by Pallas taught,
  By love invulnerable thought,
  Searching in books for wisdom's aid,
  Was iii the very search betray'd.          Swift.

To  Inwa'll, in-wall', v. a. [in and wall]
  To enclose or fortify with a wall.
    Three such towns in those places with the garri-
  sons, would be so augmented as they would be able
  with little  to  inwall themselves strongly.   Spenser.
I'nward,  in'ward.88   }  adv.   [in]?ean.b,
I'nwaRds, in'wardz.ss3    Saxon.]
1. Toward  the internal parts;  within.
    The parts of  living creatures that be more in-
  wards, nourish more than the outward flesh. Bacon.
    The medicines which go to  these magical oint-
  ments are so strong, that if toey were used inwards
  they would kill;  and therefore  they work potently,
  though outwards.                      Bacon.
2. With inflection or incurvity; concavely.
    He stretches out his  arm in  sign of peace, with
  his breast bending imcard.              Dryden.
3.  Into the  mind or thoughts.
    Looking inward we  are stricken  dumb; looking
  upward we speak and prevail.           Hooker.
              Celestial light
  Shine inwards, and the soul through all her pow'rs
  Irradiate.                             MUton.
I'nward, in'ward. adj.
 I.  Internal; placed not on the  outside but
   within.
    He could not rest, but did his stout heart eat,
  And waste his inward gall with deep despight.
                                  Fairy Qjueen.
                 To each inward part
  It shoots invisible.                      Milton.
    Sickness, contributing no less than old age to the
  shaking down this scaffolding of the body, may dis-
  cover the inward structure more plainly.    Pope.
    Reflecting; deeply thinking.
     Wito outward smiles their flatt'ry I receiv'd!
  But bent and inward to myself again
  Perplex'd, these matters I revolv'd, in vain. Prior.
  .  Intimate; domestick; familiar.
     Though the lord of the liberty do pain himself
   all he may  to yield equal justice unto all, yet can
   there not but great abuses lurk in so inward and ab-
   solute a privilege.                     Spenser.
     All my inward friends abhorred me.       Job.
    Seated in the mind.
     Princes have but their titles for their glories,
   An outward honour for an inward toil;
   And  for unfelt imaginations,
   They often feef a world of restless cares.   Shaksp.

  I'NWARD, in'ward.88  ra. s.
    Any thing within, generally the bowels.
    Seldom has this sense a singular.
              Then sacrificing, laid
    The inwards, and their fat, wito incense strew'd
    On the cleft wood, and all due rites perform'd.
                                        Afiffon.
      They esteem them most profitable, because of the
    great quantity of fat upon their inwards. Mortimer.
  2. Intimate;   near  acquaintance.   Little
    used.
      Sir, I was an inward of his; a sly fellow was the
    duke; and I know the cause of his withdrawing.
                                     Shakspeare.
  I'nwardly,  in'ward-le.   adv. [from  in-
    ward.]
  I. In the  heart; privately.
      That which inwardly each man should be, the
    church outwardly ought to testify.        Hooker.
      I bleed inicardfty for my lord.      Shakspeare.
      Mean time the king, though inwardly he mourn'd,
    In pomp triumphant to the town return'd,
    Attended  by the  chiefs.                Dryden.
  2.  In the parts within; internally.
4.
    Let Benedict, like covered fire,
  Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly.   Shaksp.
    Cautoarides he prescribes both outwardly and in-
  wardly.                           Arbuthnot.
   With inflection or concavity.
I'nwardness, in'ward-nes. ra. a. [from in-
   wurd.^  intimacy; familiarity.
    You know my inwardness and love
  Is very much unto the prince and Claudio. Shaksp.
To iNWE'AVE^in-weve'.^7 pret. inwove or
   inweaved, part. pass, inwove, inwoven,
   or inweaved. [in and weave.]
1. To mix  any tiling in weaving, so that   *
   it forms part of the texture.
    A fair border, wrought of sundry flowers,
  Inwoven wito an i>y winding trail.       Spenser,
              Down the} cast
  Their crowns, inwove wito amaranth and gold.
                                      MUton.
    And o'er soft palls of purple grain unfold
  Rich tap'stry, stmen'd with inwoven gold.   Pope.
2. To intertwine; to complicate.
                The roof
  Of  thickest covert was inwoven shade.     MiUon.
To  inwo'od,  in-wutl'.307  v.  a.  [in and
   wood.] To  nide in woods.  Not used.
    He got out of toe river, inwooded himself so as
  the ladies lost toe marking his sportfulness. Sidney.
To Inwra'p, in-rap'.*;*T>.a. \_in and wrap]
I. To cover by involution; to involve.
    And over them Arachne high did lift
   Her cunning web, and spread her subtil net,
   Inwrapped in foul smoak.           Fairy Qjueen,
    This as an amber drop inwraps a bee,
   Covering discovers  your quick soul; that we
   May m your througn-slihie front our hearts thoughts
         see.                           Donne.
2.  To perplex;  to  puzzle with  difficulty
   or obscurity.
     The case is no sooner made than resolved; if it
   be made not inwrapped, but plainly and perspicu-
   ously.                                Bacon.
3.  it is doubtful whether the following ex-
   amples should not be enrap, or  inrap,
   from in and rap, rapio, Latin,  to ravish
   or transport.
     This pearl she gave me I do feel 't and see 't;
   And toough 'tis wonder that enwraps me thus,
   Yet 'tis not madness.                Shakspeare.
     For if such holy song
   Enwrap our fancy long,
   Time will run back and fetch the age of gold.
                                       Afiffon.
 Inwro'ught, in-rawt'.319  adj.   [in  and
    wrought]   Adorned with work.
      Camus, reverend sir, went footing slow,
   His mantle hairy  and his bonnet sedge,
   Inwrought wito figures dim, and on the edge
   Like to  that sanguine flower inscrib'd with woe.
                                       Afiffon.
  To  Inwre'athe,  in-reTHe'.467 v.  a.  [in
    and wreath.]  To  surround  as with a
    wreath.
      Bind their resplendent locks intcreafft'd  with
          beams.                        MUton.
      Nor less the palm of peace inwreathes thy brow.
                                      Thomson.
  JOB,  job. ra. s. [A low word now much
     in use,  of which  I cannot tell the  ety-
     mology.]
   1.  Petty, piddling work; a piece of chance
     work.
  2.  A  low mean lucrative busy  affair.
       He was now with his old friends, like an old fa-
  i  vourite of a cunning minister after the job is over.
                                      Arbuthnot.
       No cheek is known to blush, no heart to throb,
  I  Save when they lose a question, or a job.     Pope. 
JOC
JOG
JOI
 Swift.

[most
    Such patents as toese never were granted with a
  view of being a job, for toe interest of a particular
  person to the damage of the publick.       Swift.
3. A sudden stab with a sharp instrument.
To Jon, job. v.  a.
I. To strike suddenly with a sharp instru-
   ment.
    As an ass with a galled  back was feeding in a
  meadow, a raven pitched upon him, and sat jobbing
  of the sore.                       L'Estrange.
2. To drive in a sharp instrument.
    Let peacocke and turkey leave jobbing toeir bex.
                                       Tusser.
    The work would, where  a small irregularity of
  stuff should happen, draw or job the edge into the
  stuff.                                Moxon.
 To Job, job. v. ra. To play the stockjob-
   ber;  to buy and sell as a broker.
    The judge shall job, the bishop bite the town,
  And mighty dukes pack cards for half a crown.
                                        Pope.
 Job's tears, jobz-terz'.  ra. s.  An herb.
                                  Ainsworth.
 Jo'bber, job'bilr.98 ra. s. [from  job.]
 1.  A man  who sells  stock in the publick
   funds.
     So cast it in toe southern seas,
   And view it through a jobber's bill;
     Put on what spectacles you please,
   Your guinea 's but a guinea still.
 2. One who does chance work.
 Jobberno'wl,  job'b&r-nole.  n
   probably from jobbe, Flemish, dull, and
   nowl, hnol,  Saxon, a head.]  Logger-
   head; blockhead.
     And like the world, men's jobbernowls
   Turn round upon their ears, the poles.  Hudibras.
 Jo'ckey, jok'ke.270  ra. s. [from  Jack, the
   diminutive of John,  comes  Jackey, or
   as the Scotch, Jockey, used  for any boy,
   and particularly for a boy that rides race-
   horses.]
  1. A fellow  that rides horses in the race.
     These were the wise ancients, who heaped up
   greater honours on Pindar's jockies than on the poet
   himself.                             Addison.
  2. A man that deals in horses.
  3.  A cheat;  a  trickish fellow.
  To Jo'ckey, jok'ke. v. a. [from  the noun.]
  1. To justle by riding against one.
  2.  To cheat; to trick.
  JOCO'SE, jo-kose'. adj.  [jocosus, Lat.]
    Merry;  waggish;  given to  jest.
      If the subject  be sacred, all ludicrous torns, and
   jotose or  comical  airs, should be  excluded, lest
   young minds learn to trifle wito the awful solemni-
   ties of religion.                         Watts.
  Joco'sely, jo-kose'le.  adv. [from jocose.]
    Waggishly; in jest; in game.
      Spondanus  imagines that Ulysses  may possibly
   speak jocosely, but in truth Ulysses never  behaves
   with levity.                          Broome.
  Joco'seness, jo-kose'nes. }  ra. s. [fromy'o-
  Joco'sity jo-kos'e-te.     $ coseJ  WaS'
    gery;  merriment.
      A laugh there is of contempt or indignation, as
   well as of mirth or jocosity.              Brown.
  JO'CULAR, jok'u-litr.88  adj.  [jocularis,
    Latin.]  Used in  jest;  merry; jocose;
    waggish;  not serious: used both of men
    and things.
      These jocular slanders are often as mischievous
   as those of deepest design.    Gov. ofthe  Tongue.
      The satire is a dramatick poem; the stile is part-
   ly serious, and partly jocular            Dryden
      Good Vellum, don't be jocular.
Addison.
Jocula'rity, jok-u-lar'e-te.  ra.  *.  [from
  jocular.] Merriment; disposition to jest.
    The wits of those ages were short of these  of
  ours; when men  could maintain immutable faces,
  and persist unalterably at the efforts of jocularity.
                       Brown's Vulgar Errours.

JO'CUND, j6k'und. adj. [jocundus, hat.]
   Merry; gay; airy; lively.
    There's comfort yet; then be thou jocund.
                                   Shakspeare.
    No jocund health that Denmark drinks this day,
  But toe great cannon to toe clouds shall tell.
                                   S/iafespeare.
    They on their mirth and dance
  Intent with jocund musick charm his ear.  Jtfiffon.
    Alexis shunn'd his fellow-swains,
  Their rural  sports,  and jocund strains.      Prior.
Jo'oundly,  jok'tind-le.  adv. [from jo-
   cund.]  Merrily;  gayly.
    He has no power of himself to leave it;  but he
   is ruined jocundly and pleasantly, and damned ac-
   cording to his heart's desire.              Soufft.
 To JOG, jog. v.  a. [schocken, Dutch.]
   To push; to  shake by a sudden impulse;
   to give notice by a sudden push.
     Now leaps he upright, jogs me  and cries, Do you
           see
   Yonder well favour'd youth?             Donne.
     This said, he jogg'd his good steed nigher,
   And steer'd him gently toward toe squire.   Hudib.
     I was pretty well pleased while  I expected,  till
   fruition jogged me out of my pleasing slumber, and
   I knew it was but a dream.             Norris.
     Sudden I jogg'd Ulysses, who was laid
   Fast by my side.                 Pope's Odyssey.

  To Jog, jog. v.  ra.
  1. To move by succussation;  to  move
    with small  shocks like  those of  a low
    trot.
     The door ie open, sir, toere lies good way,
   You may be jogging while your boots are green.
                                    Shakspeare.
     Here lieth one, who did most truly prove
   That he could never die while he could move;
   So hung his destiny, never to rot
   While he might still jog on and keep his trot.
                                        Jtfiffon.
  2. To travel idly and heavily.
     Jog on, jog on the foot-path way,
   And merrily heat  toe stile-a,
      A merry heart goes all the day,
   Your sad tires in a mile-a.           Shakspeare.
      Away toey trotted together:  but as they were
   jogging  on, toe wolf spy'd a bare place about the
    dog's neck.                       L'Estrange.
      Thus they jog on, still tricking,  never thriving,
    And murd'ring plays, which they miscal reviving.
                                        Dryden.

  Jog, jog. ra. s. [from the verb.]
  I. A push; a slight shake; a sudden inter-
    ruption by a push or shake; a hint given
    by a  push.
      As a leopard was valuing himself upon his party-
    coloured skin, a fox gave him a jog,  and whisper-
    ed,  toat the beauty  of the mind was above that
    of a painted outside.                L'Estrange.
      Nick found the means to slip  a note into Lewis's
    hands, which Lewis as slily put into John's pocket,
    with a pinch or a jog  to warn him what he was
    about.                            Arbuthnot.
      A letter when I am inditing,
    Comes Cupid and gives me a jog,
      And I fill all the paper with writing
    Of nothing but sweet Molly Mog.         Swift.
  2. A rub;  a  small  stop; an irregularity
    of motion.
      How that which  penetrates  all bodies without
    the least jog or  obstruction, should impress a mo-
    tion on any is inconceivable.            Glanville.
                     6s2
Jo'gger, jog'gur.88 ra. *. [from jog.] One
   who moves heavily and dully.
    They, with toeir fellow joggers of the plough.
                                      Dryden-
To Jo'ggle, jog'gl.408 v. ra. To shake.
    In the head of man, toe base of the brain is paral-
  lel to the horizon; by which toere is less danger of
  the two brains joggling, or slipping out of toeir
  place.                              Derham.
Jo'hnapple, jon'ap-pl. ra. s.
    A johnapple is a good relished  sharp  apple the
  spring following, when  most other fruit is spent:
  they are fit for the cyder plantations.   .Mortimer.
 To Join, join. v. a.  [joindre,  French.]
 I. To add  one to another in continuity.
    Woe unto them toat join house to house, that lay
  field to field.                      ,     Isaiah.
    Join toem one to another into one stick.   Ezek.
    The wall was joined together unto the half.
                                   Nehemiah.
 2. To couple; to combine.
    In this faculty of repeating and joining together
  its ideas, toe mind has great power.       Locke.
 3. To unite in league or marriage.
    One only daughter heirs my crown and state,
  Whom not our oracles, nor heav'n,  nor fate,
  Nor frequent prodigies permit to join
  With any native of the Ausonian line.    Dryden.
  ..  To dash  together; to  collide; to  en-
   counter: this sense is to be found in the
   phrase to  join battle, in which, battle
   seems not to signify fight,  but troops in
   array, committere exercitus, though it
   may likewise mean fight, as, committere
   pralium.
    When they joined battle, Israel  was smitten.
                                     1 Samuel.
    They should with resolute minds endure, until
   they might join battle with toeir enemies. Knolles.
  i. To associate.
     Go near and join thyself to this  chariot.   Acts.
     Thou shalt not be joined with them in  burial.
                                       Isaiah.
  5. To unite in one act.
     Our best notes are treason to his fame,
   Join'd with the loud applause of publick voice.
                                      Dryden.
     Thy tuneful voice with numbers join,
   Thy words will more prevail than mine.   Dryden.
  7. To unite  in concord.
     Be perfectly joined together in the same mind.
                                 1 Corinthians-
  3. To act in concert with.
     Know your own int'rest, sir, where'er you lead,
   We jointly vow to join no other head.     Dryden.
  To Join, join. v. ra.
  I. To grow to; to adhere; to be  contigu-
    ous.
     Justus's house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts,
  2. To close;  to clash.
     Look you, all you  that kiss my lady peace at
   home, that our armies join not in  a hot  day.  Shak.
     Here's  the earl of Wiltshire's blood,
   Whom I encounter'd, as the battles join'd. Shaksp.
  3. To unite with in marriage, or  any other
    league.
      Should we again break thy commandments, and
   join in affinity with the people?             JEzra.
  4.  To become confederate.
      When  there falleth out any war, toey join unto
    our enemies^ and fight against us.        Exodus.
      Let us make peace with him, before he join with
    Alexander against us.             1 Maccibecs.
          Ev'n you yourself
   Join with the rest; you are armed against me.  Dryd.
      Any other may join with him that is  injured, and
    assist liim in recovering satisfaction.       Locke.
  Jo'indek, j6in'dnr. n.s. [fromy'oin.]Con-
    junction;  joining.   Not used. 
JOI
JOK
JOL
    A contract of eternal bond of love,
  Confirm'd by mutual joinder of your hands. Shaksp.
Jo'iner, joln'ur.98 ra. s. [from join.] One
   whose trade is to make utensils of wood
   compacted.
    The people  wherewith you plant  ought to be
  smiths, carpenters, and joiners.    Bacon's Essays.
    It is counted good workmanship in a joiner to
  bear his hand curiously even.   Moxon's Mech. Ex.
Jo'inery,  join'tir-e. ra. s.  [from joiner.]
    Joinery is an art whereby several pieces of wood
  are so fitted and joined together by straight lines,
  squares, mitres, or any bevel, that they shall seem
  one entire piece.                        Moxon.
Joint, joint, n.s. [junctura, Lat. jointure,
   French.]
 1. Articulation of limbs; juncture of move-
   able bones in animal bodies.
    Dropsies and asthmas, and joint  racking rheums.
                                        Jtfiffon.
    I felt the same pain in the same joint.   Temple.
3.  Hinge; junctures which admit motion
   of the parts.
    The coach, 'the  cover whereof  was made  with
  such joints thatfas they might,  to avoid the weather,
  pull it up  close when  they listed; so when  they
  Would, they might remain as discovered and open-
  sighted as  on horseback.                 Sidney.
 3.  In joinery,   [jointe, French.]
    Straight lines,  in joiners  language, is called a
  joint, that is,  two pieces of wood are shot, that is,
  planed.                               Moxon.
 4.  A knot or commissure in  a plant.
 5.  One of the limbs of  an animal cut up
   by the butcher.
    In bringing a joint of meat,  it  falls out of your
   hand.                                  Swift.
 6.  Out of Joint.  Luxated;  slipped from
   the socket, or correspondent part where
   it  naturally moves.
    Jacob's thigh was onf of joint.          Genesis.
    My head and whole body was sore hurt, and also
   one of my arms and legs put ouf of joint.  Herbert.
 7.  Out of Joint.   Thrown into confusion
   and disorder;  confused; full of disturb-
    ance.
     The time is ouf of joint, oh cursed spight!
  That ever I was born to set it right.    Shakspeare.
 Joint, joint,  adj.
 1.  Shared among many.
           Entertain no more of it,
   Than a joint burthen laid upon us  all.     Shaksp.
     Though it be common in respect of some men it
  is not so to all mankind;-but is the joint property of
   this country, or this parish.                Locke.
 2.  United in the same possession:  as  we
   say, joint heirs or coheirs, joint heiresses
   or coheiresses.
             The sun  and man did strive,
   Joint tenants ofthe world, who should  survive.
                                        Donne.
    Pride then was not; nor arts, that pride to aid;
  Man walk'd with beast joint tenant of the shade.
                                         Pope.
 3.  Combined;  acting together in concert.
             On your joint vigour now,
  My hold of this new kingdom all depends.  Milton.
    In a war carried on by the joint force of so many
  nations, France could send troops.        Addison.

 To Joint, joint, v. a. [from the  noun.]
 I.  To form in articulations.
    The fingers are jointed together for motion, and
  furnished with several muscles.             Ray.
2.  To form  many parts into one.
          Against the steed he threw
  His forceful spear, which hissing as it flew,
  Pierc'd through the yielding planks of jointed wood.
                                        Dryden.
3. To join together in confederacy.  Not
  used.
            The times
  Made friends of them, jointing their force 'gainst
        Caesar.                      Shakspeare.
4. To  divide  a joint; to  cut  or quarter
  into joints.
    He joints the neck; and wito a stroke so strong
  The helm flies off; and bears the head along. Dryd.
Jo'inted, joint'ed. adj. [from joint.] Full
  of joints, knots, or commissures.
            Three cubits high
  The jointed herbage shoots.              Philips
Jo'inter, join'tfir.98 ra. s. [fromyoira^.] A
  sort of plane.
    The jointer  is somewhat longer  than the fore-
  plane, and hath its sole perfectly strait; its office is
  to follow the fore-plane, and shoot an edge perfect-
  ly  strait, when a joint is to be shot.        Moxon.
Joi'ntly, joint'le. adv. [from joint.]
I. Together;  not separately.
    1 began a combat first with him particularly, and
  after his death wito the others jointly.     Sidney.
    Because all that are of the church cannot jointly
  and equally work, the first thing in polity required
  is a difference of persons in the church.    Hooker.
    The prince told him he could lay no claim to his
  gratitude, but desired toey might go to the  altar to-
  gether, and jointly return their thanks to whom only
  it was due.                           Addison.
2. In a state of union or co-operation.
    His name a great example stands,  to shew
  How strangely high endeavours may  be blest,
  Where piety and valour jointly go.        Dryden.
Jo'intress,  join'tres. ra.  s.  [from joint-
  ure.]    One  who  holds any  thing  in
  jointure.
                 Our queen
  Th' imperial jointress of tois warlike state,
  We've taken now to wife.    Shakspeare's Hamlet.
Jointsto'ol, joint-st661'. ra. s.  [joint and
  stool]  A  stool made not merely by in-
  sertion of the feet, but by inserting one
  part in another.
    He rides the* wild mare with the boys, and jumps
  upon jointslools, and  wears his boot very smooth
  like unto tbe  sign of the leg.          Shakspeare.
    Could that be eternal which they had seen a rude
  trunk, and perhaps the other piece of it ajointstool?
                                        South.
    He used to lay chairs and jointstools in their way,
  that they might break noses by falling.  Arbuthnot.
JOTNTURE, join'tshure.461 ra.  *.  [joint-
  ure,  French.]  Estate settled  on a wife
  to be enjoyed after  her  husband's  de-
  cease.
    The jointure  that your king must make,
  With her dowry shall be counterpois'd.    Shaksp.
    The old countess of Desmond, who lived in 1589,
  and many years since, was married  in Edward the
  fourth's time, and held her jointure from all the
  earls of Desmond since then.             Raleigh.
    There's a civil question used of late,
  Where lies my jointure, where your own estate?
                                       Dryden.
    What's property?  you see it alter,
  Or, in a mortgage, prove a lawyer's share,
  Or, in a jointure, vanish from the heir.     Pope.
Joist, joist, ra. s.  [from joindre, Fr.] The
   secondary beam of a floor.
     Some wood is not good to use for beams or joists,
  because of the brittleness.             Mortimer.
    The kettle to the top was hoist,
  And there stood fastened to a joist.         Swift.

To Joist, joist, v. a. [from the noun.] To
  fit in the smaller beams of a flooring.
JOKE, joke. ra. s.  [focus,  Lat.] A jest;
  something not serious.
    Link towns to towns wito avenues of oak,
  Inclose whole downs in walls, 'tis all a joke!
  Inexorable death shall level all.           Pope.
    Why should public mockery in print, or a merry
  joke upon a stage, be a better test of truth than pub-
  lick persecutions?                       Waffs.
To  Joke,  joke.  v. ra.  [jocor,  Lat.]  To
  jest;  to  be merry in words or  actions.
    Our neighbours tell me oft, in joking talk,
  Of ashes, leather, oat-meal, bran, and chalk. Gay

Jo'ker, jo'kiir.98 ra. s. [from joke] A jest-
   er;  a merry  fellow.
    Thou mad'st thy first appearance in the world like
  a dry joker, buffoon, or jack pudding.      Dennis.
Jole, jole. ra. s. [gueule, Fr.  crol, Saxon.]
I. The face or cheek.   It is seldom used
  but in the  phrase cheek by jole.
    Follow!  nay, I'll go with thee cheek hy jole.
                                   Shakspeare.
    And by him in another hole
  Afflicted Ralpho, cheek by jofe.        Hudibras.
    Your wan complexion, and your thin jofes, father
                                      Dryden.
    A man,  who has digested all the fathers, lets a
  poor English divine go cheek by jofe with him.
                               Collier on Pride.
i. The head of a fish.
    A salmon's belly, Helluo, was thy fate:
  The doctor call'd, declares all help too late:
  Mercy! cries Helluo, mercy on my soul!
  Is  there no hope? alas! then bring the jowl. Pope.
    Red-speckled trouts, the salmon's silver jofe,
  The jointed lobster, and unscaly soale.      Gay.
To Joll, jole. v. a. [from joll, the head.]
   To beat the  head against any thing;  to
   clash with violence.
    Howsoe'er their hearts are sever'd in religion,
  toeir heads are both one; they may joll horns to-
  gether.                           Shakspeare.
    The  tortoises  envied toe easiness of the frogs,
  'till they saw them jolted to pieces and devoured
  for want of a buckler.               L'Estrange.
Jo'llily, jol'le-le. adv. [from jolly.] In a
  disposition to noisy mirth.
    The goodly empress, joffito inclin'd
  Is to the welcome bearer wond'rous kind. Dryden.
Jo'lliment, jol'le-ment. ra. s. [from jolly.]
  Mirth; merriment;  gayety.   Obsolete.
    Matter of mirth enough, though there were none,
  She could devise, and thousand ways invent
  To feed her foolish humour, and vain jolliment.
                                  Fairy Qjueen.
Jo'lliness,  iol'le-nes. >      rr      . ,,   -,
r  /         -»uia .i     > n. 8.\ irom jolly. \
Jo llity, jol'Ie-te.     }             '  JJ
I. Gayety; elevation of spirit.
    He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave
  that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to
  enter into it.                            Sidney.
2.  Merriment; festivity.
    With joyance  bring her, and with jollity. Spens.
    There shall these pairs of faithful lovers be
  Wedded, with Theseus, all in jollity.  Shakspeare.
    The brazen throat of war had ceas'd to roar;
  All now was turn'd to joUity and game,
  To luxury and riot, feast and dance.      Milton.
     Good men are never so surprised as in toe midst
  gf their jollities, nor so fatally overtaken and caught
  as when the table is made the snare.      South.
     With branches we the fanes adorn, and waste
  In jollUy the day ordain'd to be the last.   Dryden.
     My heart was filled with melancholy to see sever-
  al dropping in the midst of mirth and jollUy. Addis.

JO'LLY,  jol'le.  adj.  [joli,  Fr.  jovialis,
   Latin.]
 1.  Gay; merry;  airy; cheerful; lively; jo-
   vial.
     Like a jolly troop of huntsmen, come
  Our lusty English.        Shakspeare's King John
             O nightingale! 
JOT                                       JOU                                       JOU
  Thou with fresh hope the lover's heart dost fill,
  While toe jolly hours lead on propitious May. Milt.
    All my griefs to this are jolly,
  Nought so sad as melancholy.            Burton.
           Ev'n ghosts had learn'd to groan;
  But free from punishment, as free from sin,
  The shades liv'd joffy, and without a king. Dryden.
    This gentle knight, inspir'd by jolly May,
  Forsook his easy couch at early day.      Dryden.
    A shepherd now along toe plain he roves,
  And with his jolly pipe delights  the groves.  Prior.
2. Plump;  like one in high health.
    He catches at an apple of Sodom, which though
  it may  entertain  his eye  with a florid,  jolly white
  and red, yet, upon the touch, it shall fill his hand
  only with stench and foulness.  •           South.
To JOLT, jolt. v. ra.  [I know not whence
   derived.] To shake as a  carriage  on
   rough  ground.
    Every little unevenness of  the ground will cause
  such a jolting of the chariot as to hinder the motion
  of its sails.                            Wilkins.
    Violent motion, as jolting in a coach, may be
  used in this case.             Arbuthnot on Diet.
    A coach and six horses is the utmost exercise you
  can bear, and how  glad would  you be, if it could
  waft you  in the air to avoid jolting.        Swift.
To Jolt, jolt.  v. a.  To  shake one  as a
   carriage does.
Jolt, jolt.  ra. s. [from  the verb.] Shock;
   violent agitation.
    The symptoms are, bloody water upon a  sudden
  jolt or violent motion.         Arbuthnot on Diet,
    The first joff had like to have shaken me out; bu^
  afterwards the motion was easy.           Swift.
Jo'lthead,  jolt'hed.  ra.  *.  [I  know  not
   whence derived.] A great head; a dolt;
   a  blockhead.
    Fie on thee, jolthead, thou can'st not read! SftaA:.
    Had man been a  dwarf,  he had  scarce been a
  reasonable creature; for  he must then have either
  had a jolthead, and so  toere would not have been
  body  and blood  enough to  supply  his brain with
  spirits; or he must have had a  small head, and so
  there would not have been brain enough for his bu.
  siness.                                 Greio
Jonqut'lle,  jun-kwil'.  ra. *.  [jonquille,
   Fr.]  A species of daffodil.  The flow-
   ers of  this plant are greatly esteemed
   for their strong sweet scent.     Miller.
    Nor gradual bloom is wanting,
  Nor hyacinths of purest virgin white,
  Low bent and blushing inward; nor jonquilles
  Of potent fragrance.          Thomson's Spring.
Jo'rden, jor'd'n.103  ra. s. [jop., stercus,
   and ben, receptaculum] A pot.
    They will allow  us ne'er a jorden, and then we
  leak in your chimney; and your chamberlye breeds
  fleas like a loach.                   Shakspeare.
    This china jorden let toe chief o'ercome
  Replenish, not ingloriously at home.         Pope.
    The copper-pot can boil milk, heat porridge, hold
  small-beer, or, in case of necessity, serve for a jor-
  den.                                   Swift.
Jo'seph's y^owers, jo'zifs-flour'iir. ra. s. A
   plant.                          Ainsworth.
To Jo'stle, jos'sl.473  v.  a. [jouster, Fr.]
   To justle; to rush against.
Jot, jot.  ra. s. [iuTx.]  A  point;  a  tittle; the
   least quantity assignable.
    As superfluous flesh did rot,
  Amendment ready still at hand did wait,
    To pluck it out with pincers fiery hot,
  That soon in him was left no one corrupt jot.
                                   Fairy  Qjueen.
    Go,  Eros, send his treasure after, do it;
  Detain no jot, I charge thee.          Shakspeare.
    Let me not stay a jot from dinner; go, get it rea-
  dy.                                Shakspeare.
    This nor hurts him nor profits you a jot;
  Forbear it therefore; give your cause to Heav'n.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
    This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood;
  The words expressly are a pound of flesh.  Shaksp.
                  I argue not
  Against Heav'n's hand, or will; nor bate one jot
  Of heart or hope; but still bear up and steer
  Right onwards.                        Jtfiffon.
    You might, with every jot as much justice, hang
  me up because I'm old, as  beat me because 1 'm
  impotent.                         L'Estrange.
    A man may read the discourses of a very rational
  author, and  yet acquire not one jot of knowledge.
                                        Locke.
    The final  event will not be one jot less the conse-
  quence of our own  choice  and actions, for God's
  having from all  eternity foreseen  and determined
  what that event shall be.                Rogers.
JO'VIAL,  jo've-al.8S adj. [jovial, Fr. jo-
  vialis, Lat.]
1. Under the influence of Jupiter.
    The fixed stars are astrologically  differenced by
  the planets,  and  are esteemed martial or jovial ac-
  cording to the colours whereby  they answer these
  planets.               Brown's  Vulgar Errours.
2. Gay; airy; merry.
    My lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks,
  Be bright and jouiaf 'mOng your guests.   Shaksp.
    Our jovial star reign'd at his birth. Shakspeare.
    Some men, of an ill and melancholy nature in-
  cline the company, into which toey come, to be
  sad and  ill-disposed; and contrariwise, others of a
  jovial nature dispose the company  to be merry and
  cheerful.             Bacon's Natural History.
     His odes  are  some of them panegyrical, others
  moral, the rest jovial or bacchanalian.   Dryden.
     Perhaps the jest that charm'd the sprightly crowd,
  And made the jovial table laugh so loud,
  To some false notion ow'd its poor pretence. Prior.
Jo'vially,  jo've-al-e. adv. [from jovial.]
   Merrily; gayly.
Jo'vialness, jo've-al-nes.  ra. a. [from jo-
   vial.]  Gayety; merriment.
Jo'uisance,  j66'e-sanse. ra.  s.  [rejouis-
   sance, Fr.] Jollity; merriment; festivi-
   ty.  Obsolete.
    Colin, my dear, when shall it please thee sing,
  As thou  were wont, songs of some jouisance?
    Thy muse too long slumbereth in  sorrowing,
  Lulled asleep through love's misgovernance.
                                      Sp enser.
Jo'urnal, jiir'nlil.88 S14 adj. [journale, Fr.
   giornale,  Italian.]    Daily;   quotidian.
   Out of use.
    Now 'gan the golden Phcebus for to steep
  His fiery face in billows of toe west,
    And his faint steeds water'd in ocean deep,
  Whilst from their journal labours  they did rest.
                                  Fairy Queen.
    Ere twice toe  sun has made his journal greeting
  To th' under generation, you shall find
  Your safety  manifested.             Shakspeare.
    Stick  to your journal course; the breach of cus-
        tom
  Is breach of all.        Shakspeare's Cymbeline.
Jo'urnal, jir'nfll. ra. s. [journale, Fr. gi-
   ornale, Italian.]
1. A diary; an account kept of daily trans-
   actions.
    Edward kept a most judicious journal of all  the
  principal passages of the affairs of his estate.
                       Hayward on Edward VI.
    Time has destroyed two noble jouraats ofthe na-
  vigation of Hanno and of Hamilcar.   Arbuthnot.
2. Any paper published daily.
Jo'urnalist, jur'nul-ist. ra. s. [fromyowr-
   nal.]  A writer of journals.
JO'URNEY,  jur'ne.3?0  ra.  s.  [journce,
   French.]
 I. The travel of a day.
       When Duncan is asleep
  Whereto the rather shall this day's hard journey
  Soundly invite him.        Sliakspeare's Macbeth.
              Scarce the sun
  Hath finish'd half his journey.           MUton.
2. Travel by  land: distinguished from a
   voyage or travel by sea.
       So are the horses of the enemy,
  In general journey bated and brought low. Shaksp.
     Before the light of the gospel, mankind travelled
  like people in the dark, without any certain pros-
  pect  of the end of toeir journey, or of the way that
  led to it.                              Rogers.
     He for the promis'd journey bids prepare
  The  smooth-hair'd horses and the rapid car.  Pope-
3. Passage from place to place.
     Some,  having a long journey from the upper re-
  gions, would float up and down a good while.
                               Burnet's Theory.
     Light of the world, the ruler of the year,
  Still  as thou do'st thy radiant journies run
  Through every  distant climate own,
  That in fair Albion thou bast seen
  The  greatest prince, the brightest queen.   Prior:
To Jo'urney, jur'ne.  v.  ra.   [from  the
  noun.]   To travel; to  pass  from place
  to place.
         Gentlemen of good esteem
  Are journeying to salute the emperor. Shakspeare.
    We are journeying unto toe place, of which the
  Lord said, I will give it you.           JVum&ers.
     Since such love's natural station is, may still
  My love descend,  and journey down the hill;
  Not panting after  growing beauties, so
  I shall ebb on with them who homeward go.
                                       Donne.
     I have journeyed this morning, and it is now toe
  heat  of the day; therefore your lordship's discourses
  had need content my ears very well, to make them
  intreat my eyes to keep open.            Bacon.
                Over toe tent a cloud
  Shall rest by day, a fiery gleam by night,
  Save when they journey.  Milton's  Paradise Lost.
     Having heated his body by journeying, he  took
  cold  upon the ground.       Wiseman's Surger-y.
Jo'urneyman, jur'ne-man.88  ra.  s. [jour-
  nee,  a  day's  work, Fr.  and man.]   A
  hired workman; a  workman  hired by
  the day.
     They were called journeymen that wrought with
  others by the day,  though now by statute to be ex-
  tended to those likewise that covenant to work  in
  their occupation with another by the year. Cowell.
     Players have so strutted  and bellowed, that I
  have thought  some of nature's journeymen had
  made.men, and not made them well.  Shakspeare.
     I intend to work for toe court myself, and will
  have journeymen under me  to furnish  toe rest of
  the nation.                           Addison.
     Says Frog  to Bull, this old rogue will take toe
  business into his hands: we must starve or turn jour-
  neymen to old Lewis baboon.           Arbuthnot.
Jo'urneywork, juVne-wurk.  ra.  *. [jour-
  nee, Fr. and work]   Work performed
  for  hire; work done by the  day.
     Did no committee sit, where he
  Might cut out journeywork for thee?
  And  set thee a task with subornation,
  To stitch up sale and sequestration ?    HudUrras.
     Her family she was forced to hire out at journey-
  work to her neighbours.              Arbuthnot.
Joust, just.31* ra. *. [joust, Fr.] Tilt; tour-
   nament; mock fight.  It is now written
   less properly just.
     Bases, and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights
  At joust and  tournament.                Milton.
 To  Joust, jflst. v. a. [jouster, Fr.] To run
   in the  tilt.
                All who since
  Jousted in Aspramont or Montalbau.     MUton, 
JOY
JOY
IRE
Jo'wler,  jole'ftr.98 ra.  a. [perhaps  cor-
   rupted from howler,  as making a hide-
   ous noise after the game, whom the rest
   ofthe puck follow as  their leader.] The
   name of a hunting  dog or beagle.
    See him drag bis feeble legs about,
  Like hounds ill-coupled: jowler lugs him still
  Through hedges, ditches, and through all this ill.
                                        Dryden.
Jo'wter, jo'tur. ra. a. [perhaps corrupted
   from jo Iter.]
    Plenty of fish is vented to the fish-drivers, whom
  we call jowters.                         Careio.
JOY, joe.339 329  ra.  a.  [joye,  Fr. giogia,
   Italian.]
1. The  passion produced by  any  happy
   accident; gladness; exultation.
    Joy is a delight of  the mind, from toe consider-
  ation of the present,  or assured  approaching pos-
  session of a good.                        Locke.
    There appears much joy in him;  even so  much,
  that joy could not shew itself modest enough with-
  out a badge of bitterness.             Shakspeare.
    There should not be such heaviness in their de-
  struction, as shall be joy over them that are per-
  suaded to salvation.                   2 Esdras.
    The lightsome passion of joy was not that trivial,
  vanishing, superficial thing, that  only gilds the ap-
  prehension, and plays upon the surface of the soul.
                                         Soufft.
2. Gayety; merriment;  festivity.
      The roofs with joy resound;
  And hymen, io hymen, rung around.     Dryden.
3. Happiness; felicity.
    My lord Bassanio,  and my gentle lady,
  I wish you all the joy that you can wish.   Shaksp.
    Come, love and health to all;
  Then I '11 sit down: give me some wine:
  I drink to the general joy of the whole table.
                                     Shakspeare.
         Almeyda smiling came,
  Attended with a train of all her race,
  Whom in the rage of empire I had murder'd;
  But now, no longer foes, they gave me joy
  Of my  new conquest.     Dryden's Don Sebastian.
                    The bride,
  Lovely herself, and lovely by her side,
  A bevy of bright nymphs, with sober grace,
  Came glitt'ring like a star, and took her place:
  Her heav'nly form beheld,  all wish'd her joy;
  And little wanted, but in vain, their wishes all em-
      ploy.                            Dryden.
4. A term of fondness.
             Now our  joy,
  Although our last, yet not our least young love,
  What say you?          Shakspeare's King Lear.
To Joy, joe. v. ra.  [from the noun.]   To
   rejoice;  to be glad; to exult.
    Sometimes I joy, when glad occasion fits,
  And mask in niirto like to a comedy;
    Soon after, when my joy to sorrow flits,
  I will make my woes  a tragedy.         Spenser.
    I cannot joy. until I be resolv'd
  Where our right valiant father is become. Shaksp.
    He will joy over thee with singing.       Zeph.
    I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in toe God
  of my salvation.                          Hab.
    Exceedingly the more joyed we for the joy of
  Titus, because his spirit was refreshed by you.
                                         2 Cor.
    They laugh,  we weep; they joy while we lament.
                                       Fairfax.
    No man imparteth  his joys to his  friend, but he
  joyeth the more; and no man  imparteth his griefs,
  but he grieveth the less.          Bacon's Essays.
    Well then, my soul, joy in the  midst of pain;
  Thy Christ that conquer'd bell, shall from above
    With greater triumph yet return again,
  And conquer his own justice with his love.  rFoffon.
             Joy thou,
  In what he gives to tbee this paradise,
  And thy fair Eve.        Afiffon's Paradise Lost.
     Their chearful age with honour youth attends,
,  Joy'd that from pleasure's slav'ry they are free.
                                       Denham.
 To Joy, joe. v. a.
 1. To congratulate; to entertain kindly.
     Like us they love or hate, like us toey know
  To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe. Prior.
2. To gladden; to exhilarate.
     She went  to  Pamela, meaning  to  delight her
  eyes, and joy her thoughts with toe  conversation of
  her beloved sister.                      Sidney.
           My soul was joy'd in vain;
  For angry Neptune rouz'd the raging main.  Pope.
3. [jouir de, French.] To enjoy; to have
   happy  possession of.
             Let us hence,
  And let her joy her raven-colour'd love.   Shaksp.
     I might have liv'd, and joy'd immortal bliss,
  Yet willingly chose rather death wito thee. Afiffon.
     Th' usurper joy'd not long
  His ill-got crown.        Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Jo'yance, joe'anse. ra. s. [joyant, old Fr.]
   Gayety; festivity. Obsolete.
     Bring home with you the glory of her gain;
  With joyance bring her, and with jollity.   Spenser.
     There  him rests in riotous suffisance,
  Of all his gladfulness and kingly joyance.  Spenser.
Jo'yful,  joe'fiiil. adj.  [joy and full]
I. Full  of joy;  glad; exulting.
     They blessed  the king, and went unto their tents
  joyful and glad of heart.                 1 Kings.
     My soul shall be joyful in my God.      Isaiah.
2. Sometimes it has of before  the cause
   of joy.
     Six brave companions from each ship we lost:
  With sails outspread we fly to' unequal strife,
  Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life.      Pope.
Jo'yfully, joe'ful-e.  adv. [from joyful.]
   With joy;  gladly.
     If we no more meet till we meet in heav'n,
  Then joyfully, my noble lord of Bedford,
  And my kind kinsmen, warriours  all, adieu. SftaA;.
     Never  did men more joyfully obey,
  Or sooner understood the sign to  flie:
     With such alacrity toey bore away,
  As if to praise them all the states stood by. Dryd.
     The good christian considers pains only as neces-
  sary passages to a glorious immortality; that through
  this dark  scene of fancied horror, sees a crown and
  a throne, and everlasting blessings  prepared for him,
  joyfully receives his summons,  as he has long im-
  patiently  expected it.                     Wake.
Jo'yfulness,  joe'ful-nes. ra. s. [from joy-
  ful]  Gladness; joy.
    Thou servedst not the Lord thy God with joyful-
  ness, and  with gladness of heart, for the abundance
  of all things.                            Deut.
Jo'yless, joe'les. adj. [from joy]
1. Void of joy; feeling no  pleasure.
    A litte  joy enjoys the queen thereof;
  For I am  she, and altogether joyless.   Shakspeare.
    With downcast eyes the joyless  victor sat,
  Revolving in his alter'd soul
    The various turns of chance below:
  And now and then a sigh  he stole,
    And tears began to flow.               Dryden.
2. It has  sometimes of before the object.
    With two fair eyes his mistress burns his breast;
  He looks  and languishes,  and leaves his rest;
  Forsakes  his food, and, pining for toe lass,
  Is joyless ofthe grove, and spurns the growing grass.
                                       Dryden.
3. Giving no pleasure,
    A joyless, dismal, black, and  sorrowful issue:
  Here is a babe,  as loathsome as a toad.    Shaksp.
    Here love his  golden shafts employs; here lights
  His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings;
  Reigns here, and revels: not in  the bought smiles
  Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendear'd,
  Casual fruition.           Milton's Paradise Lost.
    The  pure in heart shall see  God;  and if any
   others could so invade this their inclosure, as to take
   heaven by violence, it surely would be a very joy-
   less possession.                   j)ectty 0jr p^
     He forgets his sleep, and loaths his food,
   That youth, and health, and war are joyless to him.
                                       Addison.
 Jo'yous, joe'us.31* adj. [joyeux, French.]
 I. Glad;  gay; merry.
     Most joyous man, on whom toe shining sun
   Did shew his face, myself I did esteem,
   And that my  falser friend did no less joyous deem.
                                    fairy Queen.
     Joyous the  birds: fresh gales and gentle airs
   Whisper'dit.                           Jtfiffon.
     Then joyous birds frequent the lonely grove,
   And beasts, by nature stung, renew their love.
                                        Diyden.
     Fast by her flow'ry bank the sons of Areas,
   Fav'rites of heav'n, with happy care protect
   Their fleecy charge, and joyous drink her wave.
     .  .                                 Prior.
 2. Giving joy.
     They all  as glad as birds of joyous prime,
   Thence led her forth, about her dancing round.
                                   Fairy  Qjueen.
 3. It has of sometimes before the cause of
   joy-
     Round our  death-bed ev'ry friend should run,
   And joyous  o/our conquest early won;
   While the malicious world with envious tears
   Should grudge our happy end, and wish it theirs.
                                       Dryden,
 Ipeoacua'nha, ip-pe-kak-u-a'na. ra.  *. An
   Indian plant.
     Ipecacuanha is a small irregularly contorted root,
   rough, dense, and firm. One sort is of a dusky grey-
   ish colour on  the surface, and of a paler grey when
   broken, brought from  Peru: the other sort is a smal-
   ler root, resembling the former; but it is of a deep
  dusky brown on the outside, and white when broken,
  brought from  the Brasils.  The grey ought to be pre-
  ferred, because the brown is apt to operate more
  roughly.                      Hill's Mat. Med.

Ira'scible, i-ras'se-bl.118 adj. [irascibilis,
   low  Latin; irascible, Fr.]  Partaking  of
   the nature of anger.
    The irascible passions  follow the temper of the
  heart, and the concupiscible  distractions the crasis
  ofthe liver.                             Brown.
    I know more than one  instance of irascible pas-
  sions subdued by a vegetable diet.      Arbuthnot.
    We are here in the country sun-ounded with bles-
  sings and pleasures, without any occasion of exer-
  cising our irascible faculties.        Digby to Pope.
IRE,  ire. ra. s. [Fr.  ira, Lat.] Anger; rage;
   passionate hatred.
      She lik'd not his desire;
  Fain would  be free, but dreaded parents ire.
                                        Sidney.
    If I digg'd up thy forefathers graves,
  And hung their rotten coffins up in chains,
  It could not slake mine ire, nor ease mine heart.
                                     Shakspeare.
    Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long
  Perplex'd the Greek and  Cytherea's son.  Milton.
    The sentence from  thy head remov'd, may light
  On me, sole cause to thee of all this woe;
  Me! me! only just object of his ire.        Milton.
    For this to' avenging pow'r employs his darts,
  And empties all his quiver in our hearts;
  Thus will persist, relentless in his ire,
  Till the fair slave be render'd to her sire. Dryden.
I'reful, ire'ful. adj. [ire and full.] Angry;
   raging; furious.
    The ireful bastard Orleans, that drew blood
  From thee, my boy, I  soon encounter'd.  Shaksp.
    By many hands your father was subdu'd;
  But only slaughtcr'd by the ireful arm
  Of unrelenting Clifford.   Shakspeare's Henry VI.
    There learn'd this maid of arms the ireful guise!
                                       Fairfax.
     In midst of all the dome misfortune sat, 
IRO
IRO
IRR
  And gloomy discontent, and fell debate,
'  And madness laughing in his ireful mood. Dryden.
I'refully,  ire'ful-e.  adv.  [from   ire]
   With ire; in an angry manner.
I'RIS, i'ris.  ra. s. [Latin.]
 I. The rainbow.
     Beside the  solary iris, which God shewed  unto
  Noah, there is  another lunary, whose efficient is
  the moon.                            Brown.
 2. Any appearance of light resembling the
   rainbow.
     When both bows appeared more distinct, I mea-
   sured the breadth ofthe interior iris, 2gr. 10'; and
   the breadth of the red,  yellow, and green, in the
   exterior iris, was to toe breadth of the same colours
   in toe interior S to 2.          Newton's Opticks.
 3. The circle round  the  pupil of the eye.
 4. The flower-de-luce.
     Iris all hues, roses and jessamine.      Jtfiffon.
 To IRK, erk.108  v.  a. [yrk,  Islandick.]
    This word is used only impersonally, it
    irks me; mihi pane est, it give me pain;
    or, I am weary of it. Thus  the authors
    of the accidence say tazdit, it irketh.
     Come, shall we go and kill us venison?
   And yet it irks me, the poor  dappled fools
   Should,  in their own confines, with forked heads,
   Have toeir round haunches gor'd.     Shakspeare.
     It irks his heart he cannot be reveng'd. Shaksp,
 I'rksome, erk'sAm.168  adj.  [from   irk.]
    Wearisome; tedious; troublesome; toil-
    some; tiresome; unpleasing.
     I know she is an irksome brawling scold. Shaksp.
     Since that  thou can'st talk of love so well,
   Thy company, which erst was irksome to me,
   I will endure.                     Shakspeare.
            Where he may likeliest find
   Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain
   The irksome hours till his great chief return. Jtfiff.
     For not to irksome toil, but to delight
   He made us, and delight to reason join'd.  Milton.
     There is nothing so irksome as general discourses,
    especially when they turn chiefly  upon words.
                              Addison's Spectator.
      Frequent appeals from hence have been very irk-
    some to that illustrious body.             Swift.
  I'rksomely,  erk'siim-le.  adv.  [from irk-
     some.]  Wearisomely; tediously.
  I'rksomeness, erk'stim-nes.  ra. s.  [from
     irksome.] Tediousness; wearisomeness.

  I'RON, i'&rn.417 ra. s.  [haiarn, Welsh;
     lyejin, in.cn,  Saxon;  iorn,  Erse.]
  1. A metal  common  to  all  parts  of the
     world.  Though  the lightest of all me-
     tals, except tin,  it  is  considerably the
     hardest; and, when pure,  naturally mal-
     leable:  when  wrought  into steel, or
     when in the impure state from its first
     fusion,  it  is scarce malleable.  Most of
     the other metals  are brittle  while they
     are hot, but this  is most malleable as
     it  approaches nearest to fusion.   The
     specifick gravity of iron  is to water as
     7632 is to  1000.   It  is the only  known
     substance that is  attracted  by the  load-
     stone. Iron has greater medicinal  vir-
     tues than any  of  the other metals. Hill.
      Nor airless dungeon, nor  strong links of iron,
    Can be retentive to toe strength  of spirit.  Shaksp.
      If he smite him with an  instrument of iron, so
    that he die, he is a murderer.          Numbers.
      The power of drawing iron is  one of the ideas of
    a loadstone, and to be so drawn  is  a part of toat of
    „-....«,                                   Locke.
    iron.                               ,
      In a piece of iron ore, of a ferruginous colour, are
  several thin plates placed parallel to each other.
                                   Woodward.
    There are incredible quantities of iron flag in va-
  rious parts of toe forest of Dean.      Woodward.
    Iron stone lies in strata.            Woodward.
    I treated of making iron work and steel work.
                                      Moxon.
2. Any instrument or utensil made of iron:
   as, a  flat iron, box iron, or smoothing
   iron.   In this sense it has a plural.
    Irons of a doit, doublets  that hangmen would
  Bury with those that  wore  them, these base slaves,
  Ere yet the fight be done, pack up.        Shaksp.
    O Thou! whose captain I account myself,
  Look on my forces with a gracious eye:
  Put in their hands thy bruising irons of wrath,
  That they may crush  down  with a heavy fall
  Th' usurping helmets of our adversaries.   Shaksp.
    Can'st thou fill his skin with barbed irons, or his
  head with fishspears?                      Job.
    For this your locks in paper durance bound?
  For this with tort'ring irons wreath'd around? Pope.
  , Chain; shackie;  manacle: as,  he  was
   put in irons.
    The iron entered into his soul.         Psalms.
    His feet  toey hurt with fetters: he was laid in
  irons.                                Psalms.
I'ron, i'urn. adj.
 I. Made of iron.
    In iron walls they deem'd me not secure. Slw-k.
    Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
   Unto my cell.                         Shaksp.
    Some are of an  iron red,  shining and polite;
   others not polite, but as if powder'd wito iron  dust.
                                   Woodward,
    Poll-eats and weesels do a great deal of injury to
   warrens; the way of taking them is in hutches and
   iron traps.                         Mortimer.
 !. Resembling iron in colour.
     A piece of stone of a dark iron grey colour, but
   in some parts of a ferruginous colour.   Woodward.
     Some of them are of an iron red, and very bright.
                                    Woodward.
 I. Harsh;  severe;  rigid; miserable; calam-
   itous: as, the  iron  age, for an age of
   hardship  and wickedness.  These ideas
   may  be  found  more or less in all the
   following examples.
     Three vigorous virgins, waiting still behind
   Assist the throne of  th' iron scepter'd king.
                                      Crashaw.
       O sad virgin, that thy pow'r
   Might bid the soul of Orpheus  sing
   Such notes as warbled to the string,
   Drew iron tears from Pluto's cheek,
   And made hell grant what love did seek.   MUton.
     In all my iron years of wars and dangers,
   From blooming youth down to decaying age,
   My fame ne'er knew a stain of dishonour.    Jfoice.
     Jove crush the nations with an iron rod,
   And ev'ry monarch be the scourge of God.  Pope.
 4. Indissoluble; unbroken.
           Rash Elpenor, in an evil hour,
   Dry'd an immeasurable bowl,  and thought
   T' exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep;
   Imprudent! him death's iron sleep opprest. Philips.
 5. Hard; impenetrable.
     I will converse with iron-witted fools,
   And unrespective boys: none are forme,"
   That look into me wito considerate eyes.  Shaksp.
  To I'ron, i'tirn. v. a.  [from the noun.]
  1. To smooth  with  an iron.
 2. To shackle with irons.
Iro'nical,  i-ron'ne-kal.88  11B  adj. [iron-
  ique,  French; from  irony/]   Express-
  ing one  thing  and  meaning  another;
  speaking by  contraries.
    In this fallacy may be comprised all ironical mis-
  takes,  or  expressions receiving inverted significa-
  tions.                                Brown.
    I take all your ironical civilities in a literal sense,
  and shall expect them to be literally performed.
                                       Swift.
Iro'nically, i-ron'ne-kal-e.  adv. [from
  ironical] By the use of irony,
    Socrates was pronounced by toe oracle of Delphos
  to be the  wisest man of Greece, which he would
  turn from himself ironical ly, saying, There could be
  nothing in him to verify the oracle, except this, toat
  he was not wise, and knew it; and others were not
  wise, and knew it not.                   Bacon.
    The dean, ironically grave,
  Still shunn'd the fool, and lash'd toe knave. Swift.
Ironmo'nger, i'urn-miing-gur. ra. s. [iron
  and monger]  A dealer  in iron.
I'ronwood,  i'drn-wud. ra. s.   A  kind of
  wood extremely hard, and so ponderous
  as to sink  in water.   It grows in  Ame-
  rica.                   Robinson  Crusoe.
I'ronwort,  i'urn-wurt. ra.  *.   [sideritis,
  Latin.]  A plant.               "  Miller.
I'ron y, i'ilrn-ci. adj. [from iron.]  Made of
  iron; partaking of iron.
    The  force  they are under  is real, and that of
  toeir fate but imaginary; it is not  strange if the
  irony chains have more solidity than toe contempla-
  tive.                              Hammond.
    Some springs  of Hungary, highly  impregnated
  with vitriolick salts, dissolve the body of one metal;
  suppose iron,  put into the spring; and deposit, in
  lieu of the irony  particles carried off,  coppery par-
  ticles.                             rVbodioard.
I'RONY,  i'riin-e.  ra. s.  [ironie, French;
   itpaivelet.]   A mode of speech in  which
   the meaning  is  contrary to the words,
   as, Bolingbroke was a holy man.
     So grave a body,  upon so solemn an occasion,
  should not deal in irony, or explain toeir meaning
  by contraries.                           Su>i/f.
Irra'diance, ir-ra'de-anse.
Irra'diancy, lr-ra'de-an-se.
   [irradiance, French; irradio, Latin.]
 1. Emission  of rays or beams of light upon
   any object.
     The principal affection is its translucency: the ir-
  radiancy and sparkling, found in many gems, is not
  discoverable  in this.                     Brown.
 2.  Beams of light emitted.
     Love not the heav'nly spirits? or do they mix
  Irradiance virtual, or immediate touch?    Jtfiffon.
 To Irra'diate, ir-ra'de-ate. v. a. [irradio,
   Latin.]
 I.  To adorn with  light emitted upon it; to
   brighten.
     When he thus  perceives that these opacous bo-
   dies do not hinder the eye from judging light to have
   an equal plenary diffusion through the whole place
   it irradiates,  he can have no  difficulty to allow air,
   that is diaphanous, to be every where mingled with
   light.                                 Digby.
     It is not a  converting but a crowning grace; such
   an one as irradiates and puts a circle of glory about
   the head of him upon whom it descends.    South.
  I. To enlighten intellectually;  to illuminej
    to illuminate.
              Celestial light
   Shine inward, and the  mind through all her pow'rs
   Irradiate; there plant eyes; all mist from thence
   Purge and disperse.                    Milton,
  3. To animate by heat or light.
     Ethereal or solar heat must digest, influence,  ir-
    radiate, and put those more simple parts of matter
    into motion.                            Hale.
  4. To decorate with  shining ornaments.
     No weeping orphan saw his father's store
    Our shrines  irradiate, or emblaze the floor.   Pope.
  Irradia'tion, ir-ra-de-a'slnln. n. s. [irra-
    diation, French; from  irradiate.] 
IRR                                        IRR'                                   IRR
i. The act of emitting beams of light.
    If light were a body, it should drive away the air,
  which is likewise a body, wherever it is admitted;
  for within the whole sphere of the irradiation of it
  <|here is no point but light is found.         Digby
    The  generation of bodies is not effected by irra-
  diation, or answerably unto the propagation of light;
  but herein a transmission  is made materially from
  some parts, and ideally from every one.   Brown
2. Illumination; intellectual light.
    The  means of immediate union of these intelli
  gible objects to the understanding, are sometimes
  divine  and supernatural,  as by  immediate irradia-
  tion or  revelation.                        Hale.

IRRA'TIONAL,  ir-rasn'o-nal. adj.  [ir-
   rationalis, Latin.]
 1. Void of reason;  void of  understanding;
   wanting the discoursive faculty.
               Thus began
  Outrage from lifeless things; but discord first,
  Daughter of sin, among th' irrational
  Death  introduc'd.                      MUton.
       He hato eat'n and lives;
  And knows, and speaks, and reasons and discerns
  Irrational till then.                     Milton.
 2.  Absurd; contrary to reason.
     Since the brain is only a part transmittent, and
  that humours oft are precipitated to the lungs be
  fore they arrive to the brain, no kind of benefit can
  be effected from so irrational an application.
                                       Harvey
     I shall quietly submit, not wishing so irrational a
   thing as that every body should be deceived. Pope
 Irrationa'lity,  ir-rash-6-na.i'e-te.  ra.  s.
    [from irrational.]  Want of reason.
 Irra'tionally, ir-rash'6-nal-e. adv. [from
    irrational.] Without reason;  absurdly.
 Irreola'imable,   ir-re-kla'ma-bl.40S adj.
    [in and reclaimable.] Not to be reclaim-
    ed; not to be changed to the better.
     As for obstinate, breclaimable, professed enemies,
   we must expect their  calumnies will continue
                                       Addison.
 Irreconci'lable, !r-rek-6n-si'la-bl. adj
    [irreconciliable, Fr. in and reconcilable.]
 1. Not  to  be  recalled to  kindness; not to
    be appeased.
           Wage eternal war,
   Irreconcileable to our grand foe.          MUton.
     A weak unequal faction may animate a govern-
   ment; but when it grows equal  in strength, and ir-
   reconcileable by animosity,  it  cannot end without
   some crisis.                           Tempfe
 2. Not to be made consistent: it has  with
    or to.
     There are  no factions, though irreconcilable lo
   one another, that are not united in their affection to
   you.                                 Dryden.
     As  she was  strictly virtuous herself, so she always
   put the best construction upon the words and ac-
    tions of her neighbours, except where toey were ir-
   reconcileable to the rules of honesty and decency.
                                     Arbuthnot,
     Since toe sense I  oppose is attended with such
   gross irreconcileable absurdities, I presume I need
   not offer any thing farther in support of toe one, or
    in disproof of the other.                 Rogers.
      Thisessential power of gravitation or attraction
    is irreconcilable with toe atheists own doctrine of
   a chaos.                              Bentley.
     All  that can be  transmitted from the stars is
    wholly unaccountable,  and irreconcilable  to  any
    system of science.                      Bentley.
 Irreconci'lableness,  ir-rek-6n-si'la-bl-
    nes. ra. s. [from irreconcilable.]  Impos-
    sibility to be reconciled.
 Irreoonci'lably,  Ir-rek-6n-si'la-ble. adv.
    [from irreconcilable.]   In a manner not
    admitting reconciliation.
Irreconci'led,  ir-rek'on-siTd.  adj.  [in
   and reconciled.]  Not atoned.
    A servant dies in many irreconciled iniquities.
                                       Shaksp.
Irreoo'verable,  Ir-re-kdv'ur-a-bl.  adj.
   [in  and recoverable.]
1. Not to be regained; not  to be restored
   or repaired.
    Time, in a natural sense,  is irrecoverable: the
   moment just fled by us, it is impossible to recall.
                                       Rogers.
2. Not to be remedied.
    The irrecoverable loss of so many livings of prin-
   cipal value.                           Hooker.
    It concerns every man, that would not trifle away
   his soul, and fool himself into irrecoverable misery,
   with the greatest seriousness to enquire.   Tillotson.
Irreco'verably, ir-re-kuv'tir-a-ble. adv.
   [from irrecoverable.] Beyond recovery;
   past repair.
    O dark, dark, dark amid' the blaze of noon;
   Irrecov'rably dark, total eclipse,
   Without all hope of day.                Milton.
    The credit of the  exchequer is irrecoverably lost
   by the last breach with the bankers.      Temple.
Irredu'cible, ir-re-du'se-bl. adj. [in and
   reducible.]   Not to be brought or re-
   duced.
    These observations seem to argue the corpuscles
   of air to be irreducible into water.         Boyle.
Irrefragabi'lity,  ir-ref-fra-ga-bil'e-te.
   ra. a. [from  irrefragable.]  Strength of
   argument not to be refuted.
IRREFRA'GABLE, ir-ref'fra-ga-bl,  or,
   ir-re-frag'a-bl.   adj.    [irrefragabilis,
   school Latin; irrefragable, French.] Not
   to be confuted; superiour to argumental
   opposition.
     Strong and irrefragable the evidences of Christi-
   anity must be; they who resisted them  would resist
   every thing.                        Atterbury.
     The  danger  of introducing  unexperienced men
   was urged as an irrefragable reason for working by
   slow degrees.                           Swift.
 Irrefra'gably,  ir-ref'fra-ga-ble.  adv.
   [from irrefragable.]   With force above
   confutation.
     That they denied  a  future state is evident from
   St. Paul's reasonings, which are of no force but only
   on that supposition, as Origen largely and irrefraga-
   bly proves.                         Atterbury.
 Irrefu'table, ir-re-fiYta-bl.617 adj.  [irre-
   futabilis, Latin.]  Not to be overthrown
   by argument.

 IRRE'GULAR,  ir-reg'gu-lar.88  adj. [ir-
   regulier, French;  irregularis, Latin.]
 1. Deviating from rule, custom, or nature.
           The am'rous  youth
   Obtain'd of Venus bis desire,
   Howe'er irregular his fire.                Prior.
 2. Immethodical;  not confined to  any cer-
    tain rule or order.
     This motion seems excentrique and irregular,
   yet not well to be resisted or quieted.  K. Charles.
            Regular
   Then most, when most irregufar they seem. MUton.
     The numbers of pindariques are wild and irregu-
   lar, and sometimes  seem harsh and uncouth.
                                        Cowley.
  3. Not being  according  to the laws of vir-
    tue.  A soft word for vitious.
  Irregula'rity,  ir-r£g-gu-lar'e-te.  ra.  8.
    [irregularite, Fr. from irregular]
  1. Deviation from rule.
  2. Neglect of method and order.
      This irregularity of its unruly  and  tumultuous
  motion might afford a beginning unto the common
  opinion.                              Brown.
    As these vast heaps of mountains are thrown to-
  gether with so much irregularity and confusion,
  they form a great variety of hollow bottoms.
                                     Addison.
3. Inordinate practice; vice.
    Religion is somewhat less in danger of corruption
  while  the sinner  acknowledges the obligations of
  his duty, and is ashamed of his irregularities.
                                      Rogers.
lRRE'GULARLY,lr-reg'gu-lar-le. adv. [from
   irregular] Without observation of rul»
   or method.
                  Phaeton,
  By the wild courses of his fancy drawn,
  From east to west irregularly hurl'd,
  First set on fire himself, and then the world.  Dryd,
    Your's is a soul irregularly great,
  Which wanting temper, yet abounds wito heat.
                                      Dryden.
    It may give some light to those whose concern for
  their little ones makes  them so irregularly bold as
  to consult their own reason, m the education of their
  children, rather than to rely upon old custom.
                                       Locke.
To  Irre'gulate,  ir-r£g'gu-la.te. v.   a.
   [from in and regula, Latin.]   To make
   irregular; to disorder.
    Its fluctuations are but  motions subservient, which
  winds, shelves, and every interjacency irregulates.
                                      Brown.
Irre'lative,  ir-rll'la-tiv. adj.  [in and re-
   lativus, Latin.]  Having no reference to
   any thing; single; unconnected.
    Separated by  the voice of God, things in toeir
  species came out in  uncommunicated varieties, and
  irrelative seminalities.                  Brown.
Irreli'gion, ir-re-lid'jiin. ra. s. [irreligion,
   French; in and religion.]   Contempt of
   religion; impiety.
    The weapons with which I combat irreligion are
   already consecrated.                   Dryden.
    We behold every instance of prophaneness and
  irreligion, not only committed, but  defended and
  gloried in.                            Rogers.
Irreli'gious, ir-re-fid'j&s.314 adj. [irreli-
   gieux, French; in and religious]
 I. Contemning  religion; impious.
    The issue of an irreligious Moor.       Shaksp.
    Whoever sees these irreligious men,
   With burthen of a sickness weak and faint,
     But hears them talking of religion then,
   And vowing of toeir souls to ev'ry saint.   Davies.
     Shame and reproach is generally  the portion of
   the impious and irreligious.              South.
 2. Contrary to  religion.
     Wherein that scripture standeth not the church of
   God in any stead, or serveth nothing at all to direct,
   but may be let pass as needless to be consulted with,
   we judge it  prophane, impious, and irreligious to
   think.                               Hooker.
     Might not the  queen's domesticks be obliged to
   avoid swearing, and irreligious prophane discourse?
                                        Swift.
 Irreli'giously,   ir-re-lid'jils-le.    adv.
    [from irreligious.]   With impiety; with
    irreligion.

 Irre'meable,  ir-re'me-a-bl. adj. [irreme-
    abilis, Latin.]  Admitting no return.
     The keeper charm'd,  the chief without delay
   Pass'd  on, and took th' irremeable way.   Dryden.
 Irreme'diable, ir-re-me'de-a-ble. adj. [ir-
    remediable,  French; in and remediable.]
    Admitting no  cure; not to be remedied.
     They content themselves with that which was the
    irremediable error of former times, or the necessity
    of the present hath cast  upon them.       Hooker.
     A steady hand in military affairs, is more requi- 
IRR
IRR
IRR
  rite than in peace, because an  error committed in
  war may prove irremediable.              Bacon.
    Whatever he consults you about, unless it lead to
  some fatal and irremediable mischief, be sure you
  advise only as a friend.                  Locke.
Irreme'diably, ir-re-me'de-a-ble.  adv.
  [from  irremediable.]  Without cure.
    It happens to us irremediably and inevitably, toat
  we may perceive these accidents are not  toe fruits
  of our labour, but gifts of God.            Taylor.
Irremi'ssible, ir-re-mis'se-bl. adj.   [in
  and remitto, Latin; irremissible, French.]
  Not to be pardoned.
Irremi'ssibleness,   ir-re-mis'se-bl-nes.
  ra. s. [from irremissible.] The quality of
  being  not be pardoned.
    Thence arises the aggravation and irremissible-
  ness of the sin.                     Hammond.
Irremo'vable, ir-re-m66v'a-bl. adj.  [in
  and remove.]  Not to be moved; not to
  be changed.
              He is irremoi)a6fe,
  Resolv'd for flight.                     Shaksp.
Irreno'wned,  ir-re-ndlin'd'.369 adj.  [in
  and renown.] Void of honour. We now
  say, unrenowned.
    For all he did was to deceive good knights,
  And draw them from pursuit of praise and fame
    To sluggish sloth and sensual delights,
  And end their days with irrenowned shame.
                                  Fairy Qjueen.
Irre'parable, ir-rep'pa-ra-bl. adj.   [ir-
  reparabilis, Latin; irreparable, French.]
  Not to be recovered; not to be repaired.
    Irreparable is the loss, and patience says it is not
  past her-cure.                          Shaksp.
    Toil'd with loss irreparable.            Milton.
    It  is an irreparable injustice we are  guilty of,
  when we are prejudiced by the looks of those whom
  we do not know.                     Addison.
    The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha teaches that
  piety and innocence cannot miss of the divine pro-
  tection, and that the only loss irreparable is that of
  our probity.                           Garth.
Irre'parably,   ir-rep'pa-ra-ble.   adv.
  [from irreparable.]  Without recovery;
   without amends.
     Such adventures befall artists irreparably. Boyle.
     The cutting  off that  time,  industry,  and  gifts,
  whereby she would be nourished, were irreparably
  injurious to her.                Decay of Piety.
Irrepleviable,   ir-re-plev've-a-bl.  adj.
  [in and replevy.] Not to be redeemed.
   A law term.
Irreprehe'nsible, ir-rep-pre-hen'se-bl.
   adj.  [irreprehensible, French;  irrepre-
  hensibilis, Latin.] Exempt from blame.
Irreprehe'nsibly, ir-rep-pre-hen'se-ble.
  adv. [from  irreprehensible/]  Without
  blame.
Irreprese'ntable,  ir-rep-pre-zent'a-bl.
  adj.  [in  and  represent.]   Not  to be
  figured by any representation.
    God's  unpresentable  nature doth  hold against
  making images of God.             Stilling fleet.
Irrepro'achable,     ir-re-protsh'a-bl.29"
  adj. [in and  reproacliable.]  Free from
  blame; free from reproach.
     He was a serious sincere christian, of  an inno-
  cent, irreproachable, nay, exemplary life. .Vlcrbury.
    Tlieir prayer may be, that they  may raise up anJ
  breed as ineproachable a young family as their pa-
  rents have done.                         /'<y,
lRREPi<o'ACHABLY,ii'-re-pioish'a-ble. adv.
  [from irreproachable.] Without blame;
  without reproach.

    VOL. I.
Irrepro'vearle, ir-re-proov'a-bl. adj. [in
  and reproveable.] Not to be blamed; ir-
  reproachable.
Irresistibility, ir-re-zis-te-bll'e-te. ra. s.
  [from   irresistible.]   Power  or  force
  above opposition.
    The doctrine of irresisfioififw of grace, if it be
  acknowledged, there is nothing to be affixed to gra-
  titude.                            Hammond.
Irresi'stible, Ir-re-zis'te-bl. adj.  [irre-
  sistible, French; in and resistible.]   Su-
  periour to opposition.
    Fear doth  grew from an apprehension of toe
  Deity, indued with irresistible power to hurt; and is
  of all affections, anger excepted, toe unaptest to
  admit conference with reason.            Hooker.
      In mighty quadrate join'd
  Of union irrestsfi&fe.                    Milton.
    Fear of God is inward acknowledgment of an
  holy  just Being,  armed wito  almighty and  irre-
  sistwle power.                       Tillotson.
    There can be no difference in the subjects, where
  the application is almighty and irresistwle, as  in
  creation.                             Rogers.
Irresi'stibly, ir-re-zis'te-ble. adv. [from
  irresistible.]  In a manner not to be  op-
  posed.
    God irresistibly sways  all  manner of events on
  earth.                               Diyden.
    Fond of pleasing and endearing ourselves to those
  we esteem, we are irresistibly led into the same in-
  clinations and aversions with them.        Rogers.
Irresi'stless, ir-re-zist'les. adj. [A bar-
  barous ungrammatical  conjunction of
  two negatives.] Irresistible;  resistless.
    Those radiant eyes, whose irresistless flame
  Strikes envy dumb, and keeps sedition tame,
  They can to gazing multitudes give law,
  Convert the factious, and the rebel awe. Granmffe.
Irre soluble,  ir-rez'zo-lu-bl.  adj.  [in
  and resolubilis, Lat.] Not to be broken;
  not  to  be dissolved.
    In  factitious sal ammoniac  toe common  and uri-
  nous salts are so well mingled, that both in the  open
  fire and in subliming vessels  they rise together as
  one salt, which seems  in such vessels irresoluble by
  fire alone.                             Boyle.
Irre'solubleness,    ir-rez'zo-lu-bl-nes.
  ra. s. [from irresoluble.]   Resistance to
  separation of the parts.
    Quercetanus has this confession of the irresolu-
  bleness of diamonds.                     Boyle.
Irreso'lveoly, ir-rc^-zol'ved-le. adv.  [in
  and resolved.]   Without settled deter-
  mination.
    Divers of my friends have thought it strange to
  hear me speak so irresolvedty concerning those things,
  which some take to be the elements, and others the
  principles of all mixed bodies.            Boyle.
iRRE'soLUTE^r-rez'zo-lute. adj. [irresolu,
  French; in and resolute.]  Not constant
  in purpose; not determined.
    Were he evil us'd, he would  outgo
  His father, by as much as a performance
  Does an irresolute purpose.              Shaksp.
    Him, after long debate, irresolute,
  Of thoughts revolv'd his final sentence chose
  Fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom
  To enter.                             MUton.
    To make reflections upou what is past, is the part
  of ingenuous but irresolute men.         Temple.
    So Myn-iia's mind,  impell'd on either side,
  Takes ev'ry bent, but cannot long abide;
  Irresolute on which she should rely.
  At last unfix'd in all, is only fix'd to die.   Dryden.
 Irrk'solutely,  ir-rez'zo-lwi ;-le.   adv.
   [from irresolute, j  Withou  firmness of
   mind; without determined purpose.

                     6t
Irresolu'tion, ir-rez-6-lu'shiin. ra. *. [ir-
   resolution,  French; in  and resolution.]
   Want of firmness of mind.
    It hato most force upon things that have toe light
  est motion, and therefore upon the spirits of men,
  and in them upon such affections as move lightest;
  as upon men in fear, or men in irresolution. Bacon.
    Irresolution on the schemes  of life which offer
  themselves to our choice, and inconstancy in pursu-
  ing them,  are the greatest causes of all our unhap-
  piness.                              Addison.
Irrespective, ir-re-spek'tlv. adj. [in and
   respective]  Having no regard  to any
   circumstances.
    Thus did the Jew, by persuading himself of his
  particular  irrespective election, think it safe to run
  into all sins!                       Hammond.
    According to this doctrine,  it must be  resolved
  wholly into toe absolute irrespective will of God.
                                      Rogers.
Irrespectively,  Ir-re-spek'tiv-le. adv.
   [from irrespective.] Without regard to
   circumstances.
    He is convinced, that all the promises belong to
  him absolutely and irrespectively.      Hammond.
Irretrievable,  ir-re-tree'va-bl.27e adj.
   [in and  retrieve]  Not to be repaired;
   irrecoverable; irreparable.

Irretrie'vably,  ir-re-tree'va-ble.  adv.
   [from irretrievable.]   Irreparably; irre-
   coverably.
    It would not defray the charge of toe extraction,
  and therefore must have been  all irrefrievoofu lost,
  and useless to  mankind, was it not by this means
  collected.                          Woodward.
Irre'verence,  ir-rev'ver-ense. ra. s. [ir-
   reverentia,  Latin;  irreverence, French;
   in and reverence]
I. Want of reverence; want of veneration;
   want of respect.
    Having  seen our scandalous  irreverence towards
  God's worship in  general, 'tis  easy to make appli-
  cation to the several parts of it.    Decay of Piety.
    They were a sort of attributes, wito which it was
  a matter of religion to salute them on all occasions,
  and which it was  an irreverence to omit.    Pope.
2. State of being disregarded.
    The concurrence of the house of peers  in that
  fury can be imputed to no  one thing more than to
  the irreverence and scorn the judges were justly in,
  who had been always looked upon there as the ora-
  cles of the law.                    Clarendon.
Irre'verent, ir-rev'ver-ent. adj. [irrever-
   ent, French;  in and reverent.] Not pay-
   ing  clue homage  or reverence;  not ex-
   pressing or  conceiving due  veneration
   or respect.
    As our  fear excludeth not that boldness which
  becometh  saints so, if our familiarity with God do
   not savour of fear, it draweth  too nenr that iim'er-
   ent confidence wherewith true humility can never
   stand.                               Hooker.
    Knowledge men sought for, and covered  it from
   the vulgar sort as jewels of inestimable price, fear-
   ing the irreverent construction  of the  ignorant and
   irreligious.                           Raltigh.
           Witness the irreverent son
   Of him who built the ark; who, for the shame
   Done to his father, heard his heavy curse,
   Servant of servants, on his vicious race.    Milton.
    Swearing, and  the irreverent using the uamc of
   God  in common  discourse,  is another abuse of the
   tongue.                                 Ray.
    If au irreverent expression or thought too wanton
   are crept  into my verses, through my inadvertency,
   let their authors  be answerable for them.   Diyden.
 Irre'verently,   ir-rev'ver-ent-le.  adv. 
IRR                                      ISC                                     i  SL
  .[from  irreverent.]   Without  due re-
  spect or veneration.
    'Tis but an ill essay of reverence and godly fear to
  use the gospel irreverently.    Gov. ofthe Tongue.

Irreversible, ir-re-ver'se-bl.  adj. [in
  and reverse.]  Not to be recalled; not  to
  be changed.
    The sins of his chamber  and his closet shall  be
  produced before men and angels, and an eternal  ir-
  reversible sentence be pronounced.        .Rogers.
Irreve'rsibly,   ir-re-veVse-ble.   adv.
   [from  irreversible.]  Without change.
    The title of fundamentals, being ordinarily con-
  fined to the doctrine of faith, hath occasioned that
  great scandal in the church, at which so many myr-
  iads of solifidians have stumbled, and fallen irrever-
  sibly, by conceiving heaven a reward of true opi-
  nions.                             Hammond.
Irre'vocable, ir-rev'vo-ka-bl. adj.  [irre-
   vocabilis, Latin;  irrevocable,  French.]
   Not to  be  recalled;   not to be brought
   back;  not to be reversed.
           Give thy hand to Warwick,
   And, with thy hand, thy faith irrevocable,
   That only Warwick's daughter shall be thine.
                                       Shaksp.
           Firm and irrevocable is my doom,
   Which I have past upon her.            Shaksp.
     That which is past is gone and irrevocable, there-
   fore they do but trifle that labour in past matters.
                                        Bacon.
     The second, both for piety renown'd,
   And puissant deeds, a promise shall receive
   Irrevocable, that his regal throne
   For ever shall endure.                 Milton.
            By her irrevocable fate,
   War shall the country waste, and change the state.
                                       Dryden.
     The other victor flame a moment stood,
   Then fell, and lifeless left to' extinguish'd wood;
   For ever lost, th' irrevocable light
   Forsook the black'ning coals, and sunk to night.
                                       Dryden.
     Each sacred accent bears eternal weight,
   And each irrevocable word is fate.          Pope.
 Irrevocably,    ir-rev'vo-ka-ble.   adv.
    [from irrevocable.] Without  recall.
     If air were kept out four or five minutes, the fire
   would be irrevocably extinguished.         Boyle.
  To I'RRIGATE, ir'r6-gate. v.  a. [irrigo,
    Latin.]  To wet; to moisten; to  water.
     The  heart, which is one of the principal parts of
   the body, doth continually  irrigate, nourish, keep
   hot, and supple all the members.          Ray.
     They keep a bulky charger near their  lips,
   With which, in often interrupted sleep,
   Their frying blood compels to irrigate
   Their dry furr'd tongues.            A. Philips.
 Irriga'tion,  ir-re-ga'shun. ra. s.  [from
    irrigate] The  act of watering or moist-
    ening.
     Help of ground is by watering and irrigation.
                                        Bacon.
 Irri'guous,  ir-rig'gu-us.  adj. [from irri-
    gate.]
  1. Watery; watered.
                The flow'ry lap
   Of some irriguous  valley spreads her store. Milton.
 2. Dewy;  moist.   Philips  seems to have
    mistaken  the Latin  phrase  irriguus
    sopor.
                  Rash Elpenor
   Dry'd an immeasurable bowl, and thought
   T' exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep;
   Imprudent! him death's iron sleep opprest. Philips
 Irri'sion, ir-rizh'fin. ra. s. [irrisio, Latin
    irrision, French.]   The act of laughing
    at another.
    Ham, by  his indiscreet  and unnatural irrision,
  and exposing of his father, incurs his curse.
                                   Woodward.

To  I'RRITATE, ir're-tate.91 v. a. [irrito,
  Latin; irriter, French.]
1. To provoke; to tease; to exasperate.
    The earl, speaking to the freeholders in imperi-
  ous language, did not irritate the people.   Bacon.
    Laud's power at court could not  qualify him to go
  through wito that difficult reformation, whilst he had
  a  superiour in the church, who having the reins in
  his hand, could slacken them,  and was  thought to
  be the more remiss  to irrifafe his cholerick dis-
  position.                           Clarendon.
2. To fret; to put into motion or disorder
  by any irregular or unaccustomed con-
  tact; to stimulate; to vellicate.
    Cold maketh the spirits vigorous, and irrUateth
  them.                               Bacon.
3. To heighten; to agitate, to enforce.
    Air, if very cold, irrUateth the flame, and maketh
  it burn more  fiercely, as fire  scorcheth in frosty
  weather.                             Bacon.
    When they are collected,  the heat becometh
  more violent and irritate,  and thereby expelleth
  sweat.                               Bacon.
                Rous'd
  By dash of clouds, or irritating war
  Of fighting winds, while all is calm below,
  They furious spring.                 Thomson.
Irrita'tion,  ir-re-ta'shiin. ra. s. [irritatio,
  Latin; irritation, French; from irritate.]
1. Provocation; exasperation.
2.  Stimulation; vellication.
     Violent affections and irritations of toe nerves, in
  any part of toe body, is caused by something  acri-
  monious.                          Arbuthnot.
Irru'ption,  ir-rilp'shun.  ra.  *. [irruption,
   Fr. irruptio, Latin.]
I.  The act  of any thing forcing an en-
   trance.
           I refrain too suddenly
  To utter what will come at last too soon;
  Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption,
  Hitting thy aged ear,  should pierce too deep.  Milt.
     There are  frequent inundations made in mari-
  time countries by the  irruption of the sea.  Burnet.
     A full and sudden irruption of thick melancholick
  blood into the heart puts a stop to its pulsation.
                                      Harvey.
2.  Inroad; burst of invaders into any place.
     Notwithstanding the irruptions of  the barbarous
  nations, one can scarce imagine how so plentiful a
  soil should become so miserably unpeopled. Addison.

 Is, iz.420 [ir, Saxon.   See To Be.]
 1.  The third person singular of To be:  I
    am, thou art, he is.
     He that is of God, heareth  God's words.    John.
     Be not afraid of them, for  they cannot do evil;
   neither is it in them to do good.             Jer.
     My thought, whose murther yet is but fantastical,
   Shakes so my single  state of man, that function
   Is smother'd in surmise; and nothing is,
   But what is not.                       Shaksp.
  2.  It is sometimes expressed by 's.
     There 's some among you have beheld me fight-
         ing.                           Shaksp.
  Ischia'dick,   Iz-ke-a'dik.   adj.  [if^'ov,
    iG-%tctfox.&'; ischiadique, French.]  In an-
    atomy, an epithet to the  crural vein;  in
    pathology, the ischiadick  passion is the
    gout in the hip, or the  sciatica.
  Ischure'tick,  is-ku-ret'tik. ra. s. [ischu-
    retique, French; from   ischury.]   Such
    medicines as  force urine  when  sup-
    pressed.
  I'schury,  is'ku-re."58 ra.  s.  [^ln-^acU, 'W-^u
  and *pev,urine; ischurie,  French;  ischu-
  ria,  Latin.]   A  stoppage   of  urine,
  whether by gravel or other cause.
[sh, ish. [if c, Saxon.]
1. A  termination added to an adjective to
  express diminution,  a small degree, or
  incipient  state of any quality; as, bluish,
  tending to  blue;  brightish,  somewhat
  bright.
2. It  is likewise sometimes  the termina-
  tion of a gentile or possessive adjective:
  as, Swedish, Danish; the Danish terri-
  tories, or territories  of the Danes.
3. It  likewise  notes  participation  of  the
  qualities of the  substantive to which it
  is added:  as,fool, foolish; man, manish;
  rogue, roguish.

I'sicle, i's'ik-kl.406 ra. s.  [more properly
  iceicicle, but   should rather be written
  ise; irr> Saxon.]   A pendent shoot of
  ice.
              Do you know this lady?
  ----The moon of Rome? chaste as the isicfe
  That !s curdled by the frost from purest snow
  Hanging on Dian's temple.              Shaksp.
    The frosts and snows her tender body spare;
  Those are not limbs for isicles to tear.     Dryden.
Isingla'ss, i'zlng-glas. ra. s. [from ice, or
  ise, and glass; ichthyocolla, Latin.]   A
  tough, firm,  and  light  substance,  of a
  whitish  colour,  and in  some  degree
  transparent, much resembling glue.
    The fish from which  isinglass is prepared, is one
  ofthe cartilaginous kind:  it grows to eighteen and
  twenty feet  in length,  and greatly resembles  the
  sturgeon.  It is frequent in the Danube, the Boris-
  thenes, the Volga, and  the larger rivers of Europe.
  From the intestines of this  fish the isinglass is pre-
  pared by boiling.                         Hill.
    The cure of putrefaction requires an incrassating
  diet, as all viscid broths, hartshorn, ivory, and isin-
  glass.                                Floyer.
    Some make it clear by reiterated  fermentations,
  and others by additions, as isinglass.    Mortimer.
I'singlass  Stone,  i'zing-glas-stone. ra.  s.
   A  fossil which is  one of the  purest and
   simplest  of the  natural  bodies.   The
   masses are of  a brownish or  reddish
   colour; but when the plates are separ-
   ated, they are perfectly colourless, and
   more bright and pellucid than the finest
   glass.   It is found in Muscovy,  Persia,
   the island  of Cyprus, in the Alps and
   Apennines, and the  mountains of  Ger-
   many.                               Hill.
 I'SLAND, i'land.468 ra. s.  [insula, Latin;
   isola, Italian; ealand, Erse.  It  is  pro-
   nounced Hand.]   A tract of land  sur-
   rounded by water.
     He will carry this island home in his pocket, and
   give it his son for an apple.—And sowing the ker-
   nels of it in the sea, bring forth more islands.
                                       Shaksp.
     Within a long recess there lies a bay,
   An island shades it from toe rolling sea,
   And forms  a port.                    Dryden.
      Island of bliss! amid' the subject seas.  Thomson.
  I'slander, i'land-ir.98 ra. s.  [from island.
    Pronounced  ilander]  An inhabitant of
    a country surrounded  by water.
      We, as  all islanders, are Iunares, or the moons'
   men.                               Camden.
      Your dinner, and the generous islanders
   By you invited, do attend your presence.   Shaksp. 
ISS
IS  s
IT
    There are many bitter  sayings against islanders
  in general, representing them as fierce, treacherous,
  and unhospitable: those who live  on the continent
  have such frequent intercourse wito men of differ-
  ent religions and languages that toey become more
  kind than those who are the inhabitants of an island.
                                       Addison.
    A race of rugged mariners are these,
  Unpolish'd men, and boist'rous as their seas;
  The native islandeis alone their care,
  And hateful he that breathes a foreign air.   Pope.
Isle, ile.468 ra. s. [isle, Fr.  insula, Latin.
   Pronounced He.]
I. An island;  a  country surrounded  by
   water.
           The instalment  of this noble duke
  In the seat royal of this famous isle.       Shaksp.
             The dreadful fight
  Betwixt a nation and two whales I write:
  Seas stain'd with gore I sing, advent'rous toil,
  And how these monsters did disarm an isle.
                                        Waller.
2. [Written,  I  think, corruptly  for  aile,
   from aile, Fr.  from  ala,  Latin, the  aile
   being probably  at  first  only a wing or
   side walk.  It may  come likewise from
   allee, French, a walk.] A long  walk in
   a church or publick building.
    O'er the  twilight groves and dusky caves,
  Long sounding isles and intermingled graves,
  Black melancholy sits.                    Pope.
Isoperime'trioal,    i-so-per-e-met'tre-
   kal. ra. s. [iV©*, -xtqi,  and fteTfav.]   In
   geometry,  are  such  figures  as  have
   equal perimeters or  circumferences, of
   which the circle is  the greatest. Harris.

Iso'sceles, i-sos'se-l£z. ra. s. [isoscele, Fr.
   or  equiangular triangle.]   That which
   hath  only two sides equal.       Harris.
I'SSUE, ish'shu.4" ra. *. [issue, Fr.]
1. The  act of passing out.
2. Exit; egress;  passage out.
    Unto the Lord belong the issues from death.
                                        Psalms.
    Let us examine what  bodies  touch a moveable
  whilst in motion, as the only means to find an issue
  out of this difficulty.            Digby on Bodies.
    We might have easily prevented those great re-
  turns of money to France; and  if it  be true  the
  French are so impoverished, in what condition must
  they have been, if that  issue of wealth had been
  stopped?                                Swift.
3. Event; consequence.
           Spirits are not finely touch'd
  But to fine issues.                       Shaksp.
             If I were ever fearful
  To  do a thing, where I toe issue doubted,
  Whereof the execution did cry out
  Against the non-performance, 'twas a fear
  Which oft infects the wisest.             Shaksp.
    But let the issue correspondent prove
  To good beginnings of each enterprize.   Fairfax.
    If things were  cast upon tois  issue,  toat God
  should never prevent sin, 'till man deserved it, the
  best would sin, and sin for ever.            Soufft.
    The wittiest sayings and sentences will be  found
  the  issues of chance, and nothing else but so many
  lucky hits of a roving fancy.               South.
    Our present condition is better for us in the issue,
  than that uninterrupted health and security that toe
  atheist desires.                        Bentley.
4. Termination;  conclusion.
    He hath  preserved Argalus alive under the pre-
  tence of having him publickiy executed after these
  wars, of which they hope for a soon and prosperous
  issue.                                 Sidney.
    What isstte of my love remains for me!
  How wild a passion works within my breast!
  W'itowhat prodigious flames am  I possest! Dryden.
    Homer, at a loss to bring difficult matters to an
  issue, lays his hero asleep, and this solves the diffi-
  culty.   "                              Broome.
5. Sequel deduced from premises.
    I am to pray you not to strain my speech
  To grosser issues, nor to larger reach,
  Than to suspicion.                      Shaksp.

6. A fontanel;  a  vent  made  in a muscle
   for the discharge of humours.
    This tumour in his left arm was caused by strict
  binding of his issue.                   Wiseman.
7. Evacuation.
    A woman was diseased with an issue of blood.
                                      Matthew.
8. Progeny; offspring.
             O nation miserable!
  Since toat the truest issue of thy  throne,
  By his own interdiction stands accurst.     Shaksp.
    Nor where Abassin kings their issue guard,
  Mount Amara, though this by some suppos'd
  True Paradise, under toe iEthiop line
  By Nilus' head.                        Milton.
    This old peaceful prince, as Heav'n decreed,
  Was bless'd  wito no male issue to succeed.  Dryd.
    The frequent productions of monsters, in all the
  species of animals, and strange issues of human
  birth,  carry with them difficulties,  not possible to
  consist with this hypothesis.               Locke.
9.  In law.
    Issue hath divers applications in toe common law:
  sometimes used for toe children  begotten between
  a man  and bis wife; sometimes for profits growing
  from an amercement, fine,  or  expences  of suit;
  sometimes for profits of lands or  tenements; some-
  times for toat point  of matter depending  in suit,
  whereupon toe parties join and put their cause to
  toe trial of the jury.  Issue is either general or spe-
  cial: general issue seemeth to be that whereby it is
  referred to the jury to bring in toeir verdict, whether
  the defendant have done any such thing as the plain-
  tiff layeth to his  charge.   The special issue then
  must be toat, where special matter being  alleged
  by the  defendant for his defence, both the parties
  join thereupon, and so grow rather to a demurrer,
  if it be quozstio juris; or to trial by toe jury, if it be
  qucestiofacti.                           Cowell.
To I'ssue, Ish'shu. v. ra. [from the noun;
   isser, French; uscire,  Italian.]
I. To come out; to pass out of any  place.
    Waters issued out from under the threshold ofthe
  house.                                Ezekiel.
    From the utmost end of the head branches there
  issueth out a  gummy juice.             Raleigh.
    Waters issu'd  from a cave.             MUton.
    Ere Pallas issu'd from the thunderer's head,
  Dulness o'er all  possess'd her ancient right. Pope.
2. To make an irruption; to break  out.
    Three of master Ford's brothers watch the door
  with pistols,  toat none should issue out,  otherwise
  you might slip away.                    Shaksp.
    See that none  hence issue forth a spy.    Afiffon.
    Haste, arm your Ardeans, issue to toe plain;
  With faith to friend,  assault the Trojan train.
                                       Dryden.
    At length there issu'd, from the grove behind,
  A fair assembly of the female kind.       Dryden.
    A buzzing noise of bees bis ears alarms;
  Strait issue through toe sides assembling  swarms.
                                       Dryden.
    Full for the port the Ithacensians stand,
  And furl their sails, and issue on  the land.   Pope
3. To proceed as  an  offspring.
    Of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou
  shalt beget, shall toey take away.       2 Kings.
4. To be produced by any fund.
    These altarages issued out of the offerings made
  to tbe altar, and were payable to toe priesthood.
                                        Ayliffe.
5. To run out  in lines.
    Pipes made wito a belly towards the lower end,
  and then issuing into a strait concave again. Bacon.
To I'ssue, Ish'shA. v.  a.

                    6t2
 1.  To send out; to send forth.
     A weak degree of heat is not able either to digest
  the parts or to issue the spirits.           Bacon.
     The commissioners should issue money out to no
  other use.                            Temple.
2.  To  send out  judicially or authorita-
   tively. This is the more frequent sense.
   It is  commonly followed by a particle,
   out or forth.
     If the council issued out any order against them,
  or if the  king sent a proclamation for their repair
  to their houses, some noblemen published a protes-
  tation.                              Clarendon.
     Deep in a rocky cave he makes abode,
  A mansion proper for a mourning god:
  Here he gives audience, issuing out decrees
  To rivers, his dependent deities.         Dryden.
     In vain toe master issues out commands,
  In vain the trembling sailors ply toeir hands;
  The tempest unforeseen prevents toeir care. Dryd.
     They constantly wait in court to  make a due re-
  turn of what they have done, and to receive such
  other commands as the judge shall issue forth.
                                       Ayliffe.
I'ssueless, ish'shii-lds. adj. ffrom issue.]
  Having no  offspring;  wanting  descen-
  dants.
    Carew, by virtue of this entail,  succeeded to
  Hugh's portion, as dying issueless.        Carew.
             I have done sin;
  For which the Heav'ns, taking angry note,
  Have left me issueless.                  Shaksp.
I'sthmus, ist'mus.  ra.  s. [isthmus,  Latin.]
  A neck of land joining the  peninsula to
  the continent.
    There is a castle strongly seated  on a high rock,
  which joineth by an isfftmus to toe land, and is im-
  pregnably fortified.                     Sandys.
    The  Assyrian  empire  stretcheth  northward to
  that isfftmus  between the  Euxine and the Caspian
  seas.                              Brerewood.
    0 life, thou nothing's younger brother!
  Thou weak built isfftmus,  toat dost proudly rise
  Up betwixt two eternities,
  Yet canst not wave nor wind sustain;
  But broken and o'erwhelm'd toe ocean meets again.
                                       Cowley.
     Our  church  of England stands as Corinth be-
  tween two seas, and there are some busy in cutting
  the isthmus, to let in both at once upon it.
                                   Sfiffingyleef.
     Cleomenes thinking it more advisable to fortify,
  not the isfftmus, but the mountains, put his design
  in execution.                          Creech.
    Plac'd  on this isthmus of a middle state,
  A being darkly  wise, and  rudely great.     Pope.
IT, it. pronoun, [hie, Saxon.]
1.  The neutral  demonstrative.   Used  in
  speaking  of things.   For it,  our ances-
  tors used  he, as  the neutral pronoun;
  and for its they used his.   Thus in the
  Accidence,  a  noun  adjective  is  that
  which cannot stand by himself,  but re-
  quireth another word to be joined with
  him to  show his signification.
    Nothing can give that to another which if hath
  not itself.               Bramhall against Hobbes.
    Will our great anger learn  to stoop so low'
  I  know it cannot.                      Cowley.
    Tell  me, O tell, what kind of thing is wit,
  Thou who master art of it.              Cowley.
     His son, it may be, dreads no harm;
  But kindly waits his father's coming  home.
                                      Flatman.
    The  time will come, U will, when you shall know
  The rage of love.                       Dryden.
     How can I speak? or how, sir,  can you hear?
  Imagine that which  you would most  deplore,
  And  that which I would speak, is it or more.
                                       Dryden. 
IT
ITE
JUB
    A mind so furnished, what reason  has if to ac-
  quiesce in ifs conclusions?                Locke.
    The glory which encompassed them covered the
  place, and darted its rays with  so much strength,
  toat the whole fabrick began to melt.    Addison.
    If we find a greater good in the present consti-
  tution, than would  have accrued either from the
  total privation of if, or from other frames and struc-
  tures, we may then reasonably conclude,  that the
  present constitution  proceeded from  an intelligent
  and good being,  that formed U that particular way
  out of choice.                          Bentley.
    The design, if seems, is to avoid  the  dreadful
  imputation of pedantry.                  Swift.
2. It is used absolutely for the state of  a
   person or  affair.
    How is if with our general ?
  -----Even so
  As with a man by his own alms impoison'd
  And with his charity slain.              Shaksp.
3. It is used for  the  thing;  the matter;
   the affair.
             It's come to pass,
  That tractable obedience is a slave
  To each incensed will.                 Shaksp.

4. It  is sometimes express'd by 't.
    He rallied,  and again fell to 't;
  For catching foe by nearer foot,
  He lifted with such might and strength,
  As would have hurl'd  him thrice his length.
                                     Hudibras.

5. It  is used   ludicrously after neutral
   verbs, to give an emphasis.
    If Abraham brought all with  him, it is not pro-
  bable that he meant to walk it back  again for his
  pleasure.                             Raleigh.
    The Lacedemonians, at the straights of Thermo-
  pylae, when their arms failed  them,  fought if out
  with their nails and teeth.               Dryden.
    I have often seen people lavish  if profusely in
  tricking up their children, and yet starve  their
  minds.                                 Locke.
    The mole courses if not on  the ground, like the
  rat or mouse, but lives under toe earth.  Spectator.
    Whether the charmer sinner if,  or saint if,
  If folly grows romantick, I must  paint if.    Pope.
6.  Sometimes  applied familiarly,  ludi-
   crously,  or rudely to persons.
               Let us after him.
  W7hose care is gone before to bid us welcome:
  It is a peerless kinsman.               Shaksp.
     Do, child, go  to if grandam, child:
  Give grandam kingdom, and ifs  grandam will
  Give if up him.                        Shaksp.
7.  It is sometimes used of the  first or se-
   cond person, sometimes  of more. This
   mode  of speech, though used  by good
   authors,  and supported by the il y  a  of
   the French,  has  yet an   appearance  of
   barbarism.
             WTio was't came by?
  —'Tis two or three, my lord, that bring you  word
  Macduff is fled to England.              Shaksp.
                 City,
  'Tis I, that made thy widows.            Shaksp.
    'Tis these toat early taint the female soul.  Pope.
ITCH, itsh.362 ra. s. [jicha, Saxon.]
1. A cutaneous disease extremely conta-
   gious, which oyerspreads the body with
   small pustules filled with a thin serum,
   and raised, as microscopes have disco-
   vered, by a small animal.  It  is cured
   by sulphur.
             Lust and liberty
  Creep in the minds and marrows of our youths,
  That 'gainst the stream of virtue they may strive,
  And drown  themselves in riot, ifc/ies, blains.
                                    S/iafcspeare.
    The Lord will smite thee with the scab and with
  the itch, whereof thou can'st not be healed.
                                  Deuteronomy.
    As if divinity had catch'd
  The ifcft on purpose to be scratch'd.    Hudibras.
2. The  sensation of uneasiness in the skin;
   which is eased by  rubbing.
3.  A constant  teasing desire.
    A  certain ifcft of meddling wito other people's
  matters, puts us upon shifting.        L'Estrange.
    He had still pedigree in his  head, and an ifcft of
  being thought a divine king.             Dryden.
    From servants company a child is to be kept, not
  by prohibitions, for that will but give  him an ifcft
  after it, but by other ways.                Locfce.
    At half mankind when gen'rous Manly raves,
  All know 'tis virtue, for he thinks them knaves;
  When universal homage Umbra pays,
  All see 'tis vice, and ifcft of vulgar praise.   Pope.

To Itch, itsh.  v. ra.  [from the noun.]
I.  To  feel  that  uneasiness  in  the  skin
   which is removed by  rubbing.
    A troublesome itching of the part was occasioned
  by want of transpiration.             Wiseman,
    My right eye itches; some good luck is near;
  Perhaps my Amaryllis may appear.       Dryden.
2.  To  long;  to  have  continual desire.
   This  sense appears in the following ex-
   amples, though some of them are equi-
   vocal.
    Master Shallow, you have yourself been a great
  fighter, though now a man of peace.—Mr. Page,
  though  now 1 be  old, and of the peace, if I see a
  sword out, my finger ifcftes to make one.   Shaksp.
               Cassius, you yourself
  Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm,
  To sell and  mart your offices for gold.  Shakspeare.
    The  itching ears, being an epidemick  disease,
  gave fair opportunity to every mountebank.
                                 Decay of Piety.
    All such have still an itching to deride,
  And fain would be upon the  laughing side.   Pope.
I'tchy, itsh'e. adj.  [from  itch.]  Infected
   with the  itch.
i'TEM, i'tem.  adv.  [Latin.]   Also.  A
   word used when any article is added to
   the  former.
I'tem, i'tem. ra. s.
1.  A new article.
    I could have looked on him  without  the help of
  admiration,  though the catalogue of his endowments
  had been tabled by  his side, and  I to  peruse him
  by Uems.                           Shakspeare.
2.  A hint; an inuendo.
    If this discourse have not concluded our weak-
  ness, I have one item more of mine: if knowledge
  can be found,  I must lose that  which  I thought I
  had, toat there is none.               Glanville.
To  I'terate,  it'ter-ate.91  v. a.   [itero,
   Latin.]
1.  To repeat; to utter again; to  inculcate
   by frequent mention.
    We covet to make the psalms especially familiar
  unto all: this is the  very cause  why we iterate the
  psalms oftener than any other part of scripture be-
  sides; the cause wherefore we inure the people toge-
  ther with their minister, and not the minister alone,
  to read  them, as other parts of scripture he doth.
                                      Hooker.
    In the first ages God gave laws unto  our fathers,
  and their memories served instead of books; where-
  of toe  imperfections being  known to God, he re-
  lieved the same by often putting them  in mind: in
  which respect we see how many times one tiling
  hath been iterated into the best and wisest.  Hooker.
    The king, to keep a decency towards the French
  king, sent new solemn ambassadors to intimate un-
  to him the decree of his estates, and to iterate his
  motion that  the French would desist from hostility.
                                       Bacon.
    There be two kinds  of reflections of sounds; the
   one at a distance, which is  the echo, wherein the
   original is heard distinctly,  and the reflection  also
   distinctly: the other in concurrence, when the sound
   returneth immediately upon the  original, and so
   iterateth it not, but amplifieth it.          Bacon.
 2. To do over again.
     Ashes burnt, and well reverberated by fire, after
   the salt thereof hath been drawn out by iterated de-
   coctions.                               Brown.
         Adam took no thought,
   Eating his fill; nor Eve to iterate
   Her former trespass fear'd the more to sooth
   Him with her lov'd society.               Afiffon.
 I'terant, it'ter-ant. adj. [iterans, Latin.]
   Repeating.
     Waters being near, make a current echo; but
   being farther off, they make an iterant echo.
                        Bacon's Natural Histoiy.
 Itera'tion,  it-ler-a'shiln.  ra.  s.   [itera-
   tion, Fr.  iteratio,  Lat.]   Repetition;  re-
   cital over again.
         Truth tir'd with iteration,
   As true as steel, as plantage to the moon.  Shaksp.
                 My husband!
   -----Ay,  'twas he that told me first.
   ----My husband!
   -----What needs this iteration, woman?
   I say thy husband.                     Shaksp.
     Iterations are commonly  loss of time; but there
   is no such gain of time, as to iterate often tbe state
   of the question; for it chaseth away many a frivo-
   lous speech.                            Bacon.
     In all these respects, it hath a peculiar property
   to engage the receiver to persevere in all piety,  and
   is farther improved by the frequent iteration  and
   repetition.                         Hammond.
 Iti'nerant,  i-tin'nef-ant.  adj. [itinerant,
   Fr.]   Wandering; not settled.
     It should be my care to sweeten and mellow the
   voices of itinerant tradesmen, as also to accommo-
   date toeir cries to their respective wares. Addison.
 Iti'nerary, i-tin'ner-ar-e. ra. s. [itinerairei
   French; itinerarium,  Lat.]   A book of
   travels.
    The clergy are sufficiently reproached,  in most
  itineraries, for the universal poverty one meets with
  in this plentiful kingdom.               Addison.
Iti'nerary,  i-tin'ner-ar-e.   adj.   [itine-
   raire, French; itinerarius,  Lat.]   Tra-
   velling; done on a journey; done during
   frequent  change  of place.
    He  did make  a progress from Lincoln to  toe
  northern parts, though it was rather an itinerary
  circuit of justice than a progress.          Bacon.
 Itse'lf, it-self, pronoun,  [it and  self]
   The neutral reciprocal pronoun applied
   to things.
         Who then shall blame
  His pester'd senses, to recoil and start,
   When all that is within him does condemn
   Itself for being there?                   Shaksp.
     Borrowing of foreigners,  in itself, makes not the
  kingdom rich or poor.                    Locke.
Ju'bilant, ju'be-lant. adj. [jubilans, Lat.]
   Uttering songs of triumph.
    The planets list'ning stood,
   While the bright pomp ascended juoifanf.  Afiffon.

Jubila'tion, ju-be-ia'shun. ra.  s. [jubila-
   tion,  French; jubilatio, Lat.]   The act
   of declaring  triumph.

Ju'bilee, ju'be-le. ra. s.  \_jubile,  French;
   jubilum,  from jubilo, low  Latin.]   A
   publick festivity;  a time of rejoicing; a
   season  of joy.
    Angels utt'ring joy, heav'n rung
  With jubilee, and loud hosannas filled
  Th' eternal regions.                    MUton.
    Joy was then a masculine and a severe thing, the 
JUD
JUD
JUD
   recreation of the judgment,  or rejoicing the juWfee
   of reason.                             SoufA.
     The town was all a juoitee of feasts.   Dryden.
 Jucu'ndity, ju-kun'de-te.  ra. s. [jucun-
    ditas, jucundus,  Lat.]   Pleasantness;
    agreeableness.
     The new or unexpected jucundities, which pre-
   sent toemselves, will have activity enough to excite
   toe earthiest soul, and raise a smile from the most
   composed tempers.                     Brown.
 Judas  Tree, ju'das-tree.  ra.  s.  [siliquas-
    trum, Latin.]   A plant.
     Judas tree yields a fine purplish, bright, red blos-
   som in the spring, and is increased by layers.
                                     Mortimer.
 To Juda'ize,  ju'da-ize. v. ra. [judaiser,
    Fr.judaizo,  low Lat.]  To conform to
    the manner of the  Jews.
     Paul judaiz'd with toe Jews, was all to all.
                                        Sandys.
 JUDGE, judje. ra. s. [juge, French; ju-
    dex, Latin.]
 1. One who is invested with  authority to
    determine  any cause or question,  real
    or personal.
     Shall not the judge of all the earth do right?
                                       Genesis.
     A father ofthe fatherless, and a judge of the wi-
   dows, is God in his holy habitation.        Psalms.
               Thou art judge
   Of all things made, and judgest only right.  MUton.
 2. One who presides in a court of judica-
   ture.
     My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
   Unto the judge that begg'd it.        Shakspeare,
     A single voice; and that not past me, but
   By learned approbation of the judge.  Shakspeare.
         How dares your pride,
   As in a listed field to fight your cause,
   Unask'd the royal grant; nor marshal by,
   As knightly rites require, nor judge to try. Dryden.
     It is not sufficient to imitate nature in every cir-
   cumstance dully: it becomes a painter to take what
   is most beautiful,  as being the sovereign judge of
   his own art.                          Dryden.
 3. One who has skill sufficient to  decide
   upon the merit of any thing.
     One court there is in which he who knows toe se-
   crets of every heart will sit judge himself. Sherlock.
     A perfect judge will read each piece of wit
   With the same spirit that its author writ.    Pope.
 To Judge,  jiidje.  v. ra.  [juger,  French;
   judico, Latin.]
 1.  To pass  sentence.
    My wrong be upon thee: the Lord judge between
   thee and me.                         Genesis.
    Ye judge not for man, but for the  Lord,  who  is
  with you in the judgment.             2 Chron.
 2.  To form or give an opinion.
    Beshrew me, but I love her heartily;
  For she is wise, if I can judge aright.     SAafcsp.
         Authors to themselves,
  Both what toey judge and what they chuse. Milton.
    If I did not know the originals, I should  never
  be able to judge, by the copies, which was Virgil
  and which Ovid.                      Dryden.
    Whether  it be a divine revelation or no, reason
  must judge, which can never permit toe mind to re-
  ject a greater evidence, to embrace what is less
  evident.                               Locke.
    He proceeds in his inquiry into sciences,  resolv-
  ed to judge of them freely.                Locke.
3.  To discern; to distinguish; to consider
   accurately.
    How doth God know? Can he judge through the
  dark  cloud?                              loo-
    Judge in yourselves: is it comely a woman pray
  unto God uncovered?                     1 Cor.
    How properly the tories may be called toe whole
    body of the British  nation, I leave to any oats
    judging.                            Addison.

  To Judge, judje.  v. a.
  1. To  pass  sentence upon;  to examine
    authoritatively; to determine finally.
      Chaos shall judge the strife.           Milton.
      Then those, whom form of laws
    Condemn'd to die, when traitors judg'd toeir cause.
                                       Dryden.
  2. To pass severe  censure; to doom se-
    verely.   This is a sense seldom  found
    but in the scriptures.
      He shall juefg-e among the heathen; he shall fill
    the places  with the dead bodies.         Psalms.
      Judge not, that ye be not judged.      Matthew.
      Let no man judge you in  meat or drink.     Col.

 Ju'dger, judje'ur.98 ra.  s. [from judge.]
    One who forms judgment, or  passes
    sentence.
      The vulgar threatened to be their oppressors, and
   judgers of their judges.            King Charles.
     They  who guide themselves merely by what ap-
   pears, are  ill judgers of what they have not well
   examined.                             Digby.

 Ju'dgment, judje'ment. ra. s.  fjugement,
    French.]
 1. The power of discerning the relations
    between one term  or one  proposition
    and another.
     0 judgment! thou art  fled to brutish beasts,
   And men have lost their reason.          Shaksp.
     The faculty, which God has given man to supply
   toe want of certain knowledge, is judgment, where-
   by the mind takes any proposition to be true or false,
   without perceiving a demonstrative evidence in toe
   proofs.                                Locke.
     Judgment is that whereby we join ideas together
  by affirmation or negation; so this tree is high. Waffs.
 2.  Doom; the  right or  power of passing
   judgment.
     If my suspect be false, forgive me, God;
   For judgment only doth belong to thee.    Shaksp.
    The act of exercising judicature; judi-
    catory.
     They gave judgment upon him.        2 .Kings.
     When thou, O  Lord, shalt stand disclos'd
  In majesty severe,
     And sit in judgment on my soul,
  O how shall I appear*        Addison's Spectator.
 4.  Determination; decision.
     WThere distinctions or identities are purely mate-
  rial, the  judgment is  made  by the  imagination,
  otherwise by the understanding.         Glanville.
     We shall make a certain judgment what kind of
  dissolution that earth was capable of.     Burnet.
     Reason ought to accompany the exercise of our
  senses, whenever we would form a just judgment of
  things proposed to our enquiiy.           Watts.
 5. The quality of distinguishing propriety
   and impropriety;  criticism.
    Judgment, a cool and slow faculty, attends not a
  man in the rapture of poetical composition. Dennis.
    'Tis with  our judgments as our watches, none
  Go just alike; yet each believes his own.    Pope.
   Opinion; notion.
             I see men's judgments are
  A parcel of  toeir fortunes, and things outward
  Draw toe inward quality  after them,
  To suffer all alike.                 Shakspeare.
    When she did think my master lov'd her well,
  She, in my judgment, was as fair as you.  Shaksp.
7. Sentence against  a criminal.
    When he was brought again  to th' bar, to hear
  His knell rung out, his judgment, he was stiir'd
  With agony.            Shakspeare's Henry VIII.
    The chief priests informed me, desiring to have
  judgment against him.                    Acts.
    On Adam last his judgment he pronoune'd.
                                      Afiffon.
 8. Condemnation.   This  is  a theological
    use.
     The judgment was by one to condemnation; but
   the free gift is of many offences unto justification.
                                      Romans.
     The precepts, promises, and toreatenings of the
   gospel will rise up in judgment against us, and the
   articles of our faith will be so many articles of ac-
   cusation.                            Tillotson.
  . Punishment inflicted  by  Providence,
   with reference to some particular crime.
     This judgment of toe heavens that makes us trem-
           ble,
   Touches us not with pity.               Shaksp.
     We cannot be guilty of greater uncharitableness,
   than  to interpret afflictions  as punishments  and
  judgments: it aggravates the evil to him who  suffers,
   when  he looks upon himself as the mark of divine
  vengeance.                  Addison's Spectator.
 10. Distribution of justice.
    The Jews made insurrection against Paul,  and
  brought him to the judgment seat.           Acts.
             Your dishonour
  Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state
  Of that integrity  which should become it.  Shaksp.
    In judgments between rich and poor, consider not
  what the poor man needs, but what is his own.
                                      Taylor.
    A bold  and wise petitioner  goes straight to  toe
  throne and judgment seat of the monarch.
                           Arbuthnot and Pope.
11. Judiciary law; statute.
    If ye hearken  to these judgments, and keep and
  do them, the Lord toy God shall keep unto thee the
  covenant.                        Deuteronomy.
12. The last doom.
             The dreadful judgment day
   So dreadful will not be as was his sight.   Shaksp.
 Ju'dicatory, ju'de-ka-tilr-e.613 ra. a. [ju-
   dico, Laiin.]
 1. Distribution of justice.
     No such crime appeared as toe lords, toe supreme
   court of judicatory, would judge worthy of death.
                                    Clarendon.
 2. Court of justice.
     Human judicatories give  sentence on matters of
   right and wrong, but enquire not into bounty and
   beneficence.                        Atterbury.
 Ju'dicature, jiVde-ka-ture. ra. *. [judica-
   ture, French; judico, Latin.]
 I. Power of distributing justice.
     The honour of the judges in their judicature is
   toe king's honour.                       Bacon.
     If he should bargain for a place of judicature, let
  him be rejected with shame.              Bacon.
 2. Court of justice.
     In judicatures to  take away the trumpet, toe scar-
  let, the attendance, makes justice naked as  well as
  blind.                                 Soufft.
 JUDl'CIAL, ju-dish'al.88 adj. [judicium,
   Latin.]
 1. Practised in the distribution of publick
   justice.
     What government  can be without judicial pro-
  ceedings? And what judicature without a religious
  oath?                               Bentley.
 2. Inflicted on as a penalty.
     The resistance of those will cause a judicial hard-
  ness.                                  Soufft.
Judicially, ju-dish'al-e.  adv.  [from ju-
   dicial.]  In the forms of legal justice.
    It will behove  us to think that we see God still
  looking on, and weighing ali our thoughts,  words,
  and actions in the balance of infallible justice, and
  passing the same judgment which he intends here-
  after judicially to declare.                Grew.
Judi'ciary,  ju-dish'ar-e.  adj. [judiciare,
   Fr.  judiciarius, Latin.]   Passing judg-
   ment upon any thing. 
JUG
JUL
JUM
    Before weight be laid upon judiciary astrologers,
  the influence of constellations ought to be made out.
                                        Boyle.
JUDI'CIOUS,ju-dish'us. ady'.[y'udiric?w.r,
   French.]  Prudent; wise; skilful in any
   matter or affair.
            For your husband,
  He's noble, wise, judicious,  and best knows
  The fits o' th' season.                   Shaksp.
            Love hath his seat
  In reason, and is judicious.               MUton.
    To each savour meaning we apply,
  And palate call judicious.                Milton.
    We are  beholden to judicious writers of all ages
  for those discoveries they have left behind toem.
                                        Locfce.
Judi'ciously,  ju-dish'iis-le. adv.  [from
  judicious.]   Skilfully; wisely; with just
   determination.
    So bold, yet so judiciously you dare,
  That your least praise is to  be regular.   Dryden.
    Longinus has  judiciously  preferred toe sublime
   genius that  sometimes errs, to the middling or in-
  different one,  which  makes few faults, but seldom
   rises to excellence.                     Dryden.

Jug, jdg. ra. s. [jugge, Danish.]  A large
   drinking vessel with a gibbous or swel-
   ling belly.
    You'd rail upon the hostess of the house,
   Because she bought stone jugs and no seal'd quarts.
                                    Sftafcspeare.
             He  fetch'd 'em  drink,
   Fill'd a large jug up to toe brink.         Swift.
 To Ju'ggle,  jug'gl.  v.  ra.  [jougler or
   jongler, Fr.  joculari,  Latin.]
 1. To  play tricks by slight  of  hand; to
   show false appearances of extraordinary
   performances.
     The ancient  miracle of Memnon's statue seems
   to be a juggling of the Ethiopian priests.   Digby.

 2. To practise  artifice or imposture.
     Be these juggling fiends no more believ'd,
   That palter with us in a double sense.    Shaksp.
     Is 't possible  that spells of France should juggle
   Men into such strange mockeries?        Shaksp.
     They ne'er forswore themselves, nor lied,
   Disdain'd to stay for friends consents;
   Nor juggled about settlements.         Hudibras.
 Ju'ggle, jiig'gl.406 ra. s. [from the verb.]
 1. A trick  by  legerdemain.
 2. An imposture; a deception.
     The notion was not the invention of politicians,
   and a juggle of  state to cozen toe people into  obe-
   dience.                              Tillotson.
 Ju'ggler, jug'gl-or.98 n.s.  [fromjuggle.]
 1. One who  practises slight of hand; one
    who deceives the eye by nimble con-
    veyance.
     They say this town is full of cozenage,
   As nimble jugglers that deceive toe  eye,
   Drug-working sorcerers toat change the mind,
   Disguised cheaters, prating  mountebanks,
   And many such like libertines of sin.     Shaksp.
     I  saw a juggler that  had a pair of  cards,  and
   would tell a man what card  he thought.     Bacon.
     Aristaus was a famous poet, that flourished in the
   days of Croesus, and a notable juggler.    Sandys.
     Fortune-tellers, jugglers,  and impostors, do daily
   delude them.            Brown's Vulgar Errours.
     Tbe juggler which another's slight can show,
   But teaches how the world his own  may know.
                                        Garfft.
     One who is managed by a juggler fancies he has
   money in hand; but let him grasp it never so care-
   fully, upon a word or two it increases or dwindles.
                           Addison's Freeholder.
     What magick makes our  money rise,
   Wrhen droprinto the  southern main:
   Or do these jugglers cheat our eyes?       Swift.
2.  A  cheat; a trickish fellow.
    0 me, you juggler; oh, you canker blossom,
  You thief of love; what, have you come by night,
  And stol'n my love's heart from him?     Shaksp.
            I sing no harm
  To officer, juggler, or justice of peace.     Donne.
Ju'gglingly, jiig'gl-ing-le.410 adv. [from
  juggle.] In a deceptive manner.
Ju'gular, ju'gu-lar.88 adj. [jugulum, Lat.]
   Belonging to the  throat.
    A gentleman was wounded into the internal jugu-
  lar, through his neck.        Wiseman's Surgery.
JUICE, juse.343 ra. s. [jus, French; juys,
   Dutch.]
1. The liquor, sap, or water of plants and
   fruits.
    If I define wine, I must say, wine is a juice not
  liquid, or wine is a substance; for juice includes both
  substance and liquid.                   Watts.
                 Uunumber'd fruits,
  A friendly  juice  to  cool thirst's rage contain.
                                     Thomson.
2.  The fluid in animal bodies.
    Juice in language is less than  blood; for if toe
   words be but  becoming and signifying, and the sense
   gentle, there  is juice: but where that wanteth, toe
   language is thin, scarce covering toe bone.
                         Ben Jonson's  Discovery.
    An animal whose juices are unsound can never be
   nourished:  unsound juices can never repair the fluids.
                                   *3r6ufftnof.
Jui'celess,  juse'les.  adj.  [from juice.]
   Dry; without moisture;  without juice.
    Divine  Providence has spread  her table every
   where; not with  a  juiceless green  carpet, but with
   succulent herbage,  and nourishing grass.     Afore.
    When Boreas' spirit blusters sore,
   Beware th' inclement heav'ns;  now let thy hearth
   Crackle with juiceless boughs.            Philips.
Ju'iciness,  ju'se-nes. ra. s.  [from juice]
   Plenty of juice; succulence.
Ju'icy,  ju'se. adj. [from juice.] Moist; full
   of juice; succulent.
    Earth being taken out of watery woods, will put
   forth herbs of a fat and juicy substance.    .Bacon.
    Each plant and juciest gourd  will pluck. Milton.
    The musk's surpassing worth! that, in  its youth,
   Its tender nonage, loads its spreading boughs
   With large and juicy offspring.          Philips.
 To Juke,  juke. v. ra. [jucher, French.]
 I. To perch upon any thing as birds.
 2. Juking, in Scotland, denotes  still any
    complaisance  by bending of the head.
    Two asses travelled; the one laden with oats, the
   other with  money: the money-merchant was so proud
   of his trust, that  he went juking and tossing of his
   head.                            L'Estrange.
Ju'jub, ju'jub.    ~) ra. a. [zizyphus, Lat.]
Jujubes,  ju'jubz. $ A plant  whose flower
   consists of  several leaves, which  are
   placed  circularly, and expand  in  form
   of a  rose.   The  fruit is  like  a small
    plum, but it  has  little  flesh upon the
    stone.                             Miller.

Ju'lap, ju'lap.88 ra. s. [A word of  Arabick
   original; julapium, low  Lat. julep, Fr.]
    An extemporaneous form  of medicine,
    made of  simple  and compound  water
    sweetened, and serving for a vehicle to
   other forms  not  so convenient  to take
   alone.                            Quincy.
    Behold  this cordial julap here,
   That flames  and dances in his crystal bounds
   Wito spirits of balm and fragrant syrups mixt.
                                      Afiffon.
    If any part of  the after-birth  be left,  endeavour
   the bringing  that away; and by good sudorificks and
  cordials expel the venom, and contemporate the heaf
  and acrimony by julaps and emulsions.  Wiseman.
Ju'lus, ju'ltis. ra. 8.
I. July flower.
2. Julus, itfA©-,  among botanists, denotes
   those long worm-like tufts or palms, as
   they are called, in willows, which at the
   beginning of  the year grow out,  and
   hang pendular down from hazels, wal-
   nut-trees,  Sec.                    Miller.
Ju'ly, ju-li'. ra.  s.  [Julius, Latin; juillet,
   Fr.] The  month anciently called  quin-
   tilis,  or the fifth from March; named
   July in honour of Julius Casar; the se-
   venth month from January.
    Jnfy I would  have drawn in a jacket of light yel-
  low, eating cherries, with his face and bosom sun-
  burnt.                             Peacham.
JU'MART, ju'mart. ra. s. [French.]
    Mules and  jumarts, the one from the mixture of
  an ass and a mare, the other from the mixture of a
  bull and a mare, are frequent.            Locke.
To Ju'mble, j&m'bl.406  v. a. [in Chaucer
  jombre, from combler, French, Skinner.]
   To  mix  violently  and  confusedly to-
   gether.
    Persons and  humours may  be jumbled and dis-
  guised; but nature, like quicksilver, will never be
  killed.                            L'Estrange.
    A verbal concordance leads not always to texts of
  toe same meaning; and  one may observe how apt
  toat is to jumble together passages of scripture, and
  thereby disturb  the true meaning of holy scripture.
                                       Locke.
    Writing is  but just like dice,
  And lucky mains make people wise;
  And jumbled words, if fortune throw toem,
  Shall, well as Dryden, form a poem.       Prior.
    Is it not a firmer foundation for tranquillity, to be-
  lieve toat all  things were created, and are ordered
  for the best, than that the universe is mere bung-
  ling and blundering; all ill-favouredly cobbled and
  jumbled together by toe unguided agitation and rude
  shuffles of matter.                      Bentley.
    How tragedy  and comedy embrace,
  How farce and  epick get a jumbled race.    Pope.
    That the universe was formed by a fortuitous con-
  course of atoms, I will no more believe, than toat
   the accidental jumbling of the alphabet would fall
  into a most ingenious treatise of philosophy.  Swift.
To Ju'mble, jum'bl. v. ra. To be agitated
   together.
    They will  all meet  and jumble together into a
  perfect harmony.                        Swift.
Ju'mble, jum'bl. ra.  s.  [from the  verb.]
   Confused  mixture;  violent and confused
   agitation.
    Had the world been coagmented from the sup-
  posed fortuitous jumble this hypothesis had been
  tolerable.                          Glanville.
    What jumble here is made of ecclesiastical re-
  venues, as if toey were all alienated wito equal jus-
  tice.                                  Swift.
Ju'ment, ju'ment. ra. s. [jument, French;
   jumentum, Latin.]  Beast of burden.
    Juments,  as  horses, oxen,  and asses, have no
  eructation, or belching.                 Brown.
To Jump, jump. v.  ra. [gumpen, Dutch.]
1. To leap; to skip; to move without step
   or sliding.
    Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot
   and an half by the square.               Shaksp.
    The herd come jumping by me,
   And fearless quench their thirst, while I look on,
   And take me for toeir fellow-citizen.      Dryden.
    So have I seen  from Severn's brink,
   A flock of geese jump down together,
    Swim where  the bird of Jove would sink,
   And swimming never wet a feather.        Swiff. 
JUN
JUN
JUR
      Candidates petition the emperor to entertain the
    court with a dance on toe rope; and whoever jumps
    the highest succeeds in the office.       Gulliver.
  2. To leap suddenly.
      One Peregrinus jumped into a fiery furnace at the
    Olympick games, only to shew the company how far
    his vanity could carry him.              Collier.
      We see  a  little, presume a great deal, and so
    jump to the conclusion.               Spectator.
  3. To jolt.
      The  noise  of the prancing  horses, and of the
    jumping chariots.                     Nahum.
  4. To agree; to tally; to join.
      Do not embrace me till each circumstance
    Of place, time, fortune, do cohere and jump
    That I am Viola.                      Shaksp.
      In some sort it jumps with my humour.   Shaksp.
      But though  they jump not on a just account,
    Yet do they all confirm a Turkish fleet.    Shaksp.
      Because I will not jump with common spirits,
    And rank me with the barb'rous nations.   Shaksp.
      Herein perchance he jumps not with Lipsius.
                                      Hakewill.
      Never did trusty squire with knight,
    Or knight with squire, e'er jump more right;
    Their arms and equipage did fit,
    As well as virtues, parts, and wit     Hudibras.
      This shews how perfectly the rump
    And commonwealth in nature jump.*
    For as a fly that goes to bed,
    Rests wito his tail above his head;
   So in this mongrel state of ours,
    The rabble are the supreme powers.   Hudibras.
      Good wits jwmp, and mine the nimbler of toe two.
                                         More.
      Good now, how your devotions jump with mine.
                                       Dryden.
     I am happier for finding our judgments jump in
   toe notion.                      Pope to Swift.
  To Jump, jump, v. a.  To  pass by a leap;
    to pass eagerly or carelessly over.
     Here upon tois bank and shelve of time,
   We'd jump the life to come.             Shaksp,
 JUMP, jAmp. adv.  Exactly; nicely. Ob-
    solete.
     Otherwise one man could not excel another, but
   all should be either absolutely good, as hitting jump
   toat indivisible point or  center wherein goodness
   consisteto; or  else  missing it, they should be ex-
   cluded out ofthe number of well-doers.   Hooker.
     But since so jump upon this bloody question,
   You from the Polack wars, and you from England,
   Are here arrived.                      Shaksp.
     Myself toe while to draw the Moor apart,
   And bring him jump, when he may Cassio find
   Soliciting his wife.                     Shaksp.
 Jump, jftmp.  ra. a. [from the  verb.]
 1.  The act of jumping; a  leap;  a skip; a
   bound.
     The surest way for  a learner is, not to advance
   by jumps and large strides; let  that which he sets
   himself to learn next,  be as nearly conjoined with
  what he knows already, as is possible.      Locfce.
 2. A lucky chance.
             Do not exceed
  The prescript of this screw!: our fortune lies
  Upon this jump.                       Shaksp.
 3. [jupe, French.]   A waistcoat;  a  kind
   of loose or  limber stays  worn by  sickly
   ladies.
     The weeping cassock scar'd into a jump,
  A sign the presbyter's worn to toe stump.   Cleav.

Ju'ncate, jung'kit.91 408  ra. a.  [juncade,
   Fr. gioncata, Italian.]
 1. Cheesecake;  a  kind of sweetmeat  of
   curds and sugar.
2. Any  delicacy.
    A goodly table of pure ivory,
  All spread with juncates, fit to entertain
  The greatest prince.                   Spenser.
    Wito stories told of many a feat,
  How fairy Mab the juncates eat.          Milton,
  . A furtive or private entertainment.  It
   is now improperly written junket in this
   sense, which alone remains much in use.
   See Junket.
Ju'ncous, ji\ng'kils.  adj. [junceus, Lat.]
   Full of bulrushes.
Ju'nction, jung'shun.  ra. s. [jonction, Fr.]
   Union; coalition.
    Upon the junction of the two corps, our spies dis-
  covered a great cloud of dust.            Addison.
Ju'nctuue, jiingk'tshure.461  ra. *.  [junc-
   tura, Latin.]
I. The line at which two things  are join-
   ed together.
    Besides those grosser elements of bodies, salt,
  sulphur, and mercury, there may be ingredients of
  a more subtile  nature, which, being extremely lit-
  tle, may escape unheeded  at the junctures of the
  distillatory vessels, though  never so carefully luted.
                                       Boyle.
2. Joint; articulation.
    She has made the back-bone of several vertebra?,
  as being less in danger of breaking than  if they
  were all one entire bone without those gristly junc-
  tures.                                 More.
    All other  animals have transverse bodies; and
  though some do raise themselves upon their hinder
  legs to an upright posture, yet they cannot endure it
  long, neither are the figures or junctures, or order
  of their bones, fitted to such a posture.      Hale.
3. Union; amity.
    Nor are the soberest of them so apt for  that de-
  votional compliance and juncture of hearts which I
  desire to bear in those holy offices to be  performed
                                King Charles.
wito me.
 4.  A critical point or  article of  time.
     By this profession in toat juncture of time, they
  bid farewell to all the pleasures of this life. Addison.
     When any law does not conduce to  the  public
  safety, but in some extraordinary junctures, the very
  observation  of it would endanger the community,
  that law ought to be laid asleep.        Addison.
 June, june. n.s. [Juin,  French; Junius,
   Lat.]   The sixth month from  January.
     June is drawn in a mantle of dark green.
                                     Peacham.
 Ju'nior,  ju'ne-iir.166 adj. [junior, Latin.]
   One younger than another.
     The fools, my juniors by a year,
  Are tortur'd with suspense  and fear,
  Who wisely thought my age a screen,
  When death approach'd to stand between.   Swift.
     According to the nature  of men of years, I was
  repining at the rise of my juniors, and unequal dis-
  tribution of wealth.                    Taffer.
 Ju'niper,  ju'ne-piir.98  ra. s.  [juniperus,
   Latin.]   A tree.
     A clyster may be made  of the common decoc-
  tions, or of mallows, bay, and juniper berries, with
  oil of linseed.                       Wiseman.
 Junk, jungk.408 ra. s. [probably an Indian
   word.]
 1. A small ship of China.
     America, which have now but junks and canoes,
  abounded then in tall ships.              Bacon.
 2. Pieces of old cable.
 Ju'nket,  jung'kit.99408  ra. s.   [properly
  juncate.]  See Juncate.
 1. A sweetmeat.
    You know there wants no junfcefs at the feast.
                                  Shakspeare.
2. A stolen entertainment.
 To  Ju'nket, jiing'kit.  v. n.  [from  the
  noun.]
 1. To feast secretly; to  make  entertain-
  ments by stealth.
      Whatever good bits you can pilfer in toe ('ay,
    save  them  to junfcef with your  fellow-servants at
    m£L r                                Swift.
   .  1 o feast.
      J°k S cJ"ldren junketted and feasted together of-
    ten, but the reckoning cost toem dear at last. Soufft.
      The apostle would have no revelling or junket ing.
  TTTI »/■-ns\  •!   l                      South.
  JU'ATTO, jun'to. ra. *. [Italian.] A cabal;
    a kind  of men combined  in  any secret
    design.
      Would men have spent toilsome days and watch-
    ful nights in the laborious quest of knowledge pre-
    parative to this work, at length come and dance aL
    tendance for approbation  upon a junto of petty ty.
   rants, acted by party and prejudice, who denied fit]
   ness from learning and grace from morality? South
      From this time began  an  intrigue between bis
   majesty and a junto of ministers, which had like to
   have ended  in my destruction.           Gulliver
 I vory, i'viir-e.1™  n. s. [ivoire, French;
    ebur, Latin.]   A hard, solid, and  firm
    substance, of a fine white colour:  it is
    the dens  exertus of the elephant,  who
    carries on each side of his jaws  a tooth
    of six  or seven feet in length; the two
    sometimes weighing three hundred and
   thirty  pounds:  these  ivory tusks are
   hollow from the base to a certain  height,
   and the cavity  is filled with a compact
   medullary substance.               Hill.
     There  is more difference between thy flesh and
  hers, than between jet and ivory.      Shakspeare
     Draw Erato with a sweet and lovely countenance
  bearing a heart with an ivory key.  '   Peacham'.
     From toeir ivory port the cherubim
  Forth issued.                          MiUm
     Two gates the silent house of sleep adorn.
  Of polish'd Wry this, that of transparent horn;
  True visions  through transaprent horn arise,
  Through polish'd iv'ry pass deluding lies.  Dryden
Juppo'n, jup-pon'. ra. s. [juppon, Fr.] A
   short close coat.
     Some wore a breast-plate and a light juppon,
  Their horses  cloth'd with rich caparison.   Dryden.
J urat, ju'rdt. ra. *. [juratus, Lat. jure,
   French.]   A magistrate in some  corpo-
   rations.
Ju'ratory,  ju'ra-tor-e.«2 adj. [juratoire,
   French; juro, Latin.]  Comprising an
   oath.
    A contumacious person maybe compelled to give
  juratory caution de parendo juri.          Ayliffe
Juri'dical, ju-rid'de-kal. adj.  [juridicus,
   Latin; juridique,  French.]
1. Acting  in the  distribution of justice.
2.  Used in courts of justice.
    According  to a juridical account and legal signi-
  fication, time within memory, by the statute of West-  '

  of,nktr'pW\S Seiled f the beSinninS of the ™gn
  ot king Richard the first.                 jjjfc
Juridically, ju-rld'de-kal-e. adv.  [from
  juridical.]   With  legal  authority;  ac-
  cording  to forms of  justice.
Ju'risconsult, ju-ris-kon'sult. ra. *. [ju-
  ris cohsultus, Latin.]  One  who  gives
  his opinion in cases of law.
    There is mention made,  in a decision of the j'u-
  nsconsult Javolemus, of a Britannick  fleet Arbuth
Jurisdiction, ju-rls-dik'shun. n.s. [ju'.
  risdictio, Latin; jurisdiction, French.]
I. Legal authority;  extent of power.
    Sometimes toe practice of such jurisdiction mav
  swerve through error even in the very best,  and for
  other respects, where less integrity is.    Hooker
    You wrought to be a legate; by which power
  You maini'd the jurisdiction of all bishops.  Shaksp 
JUR
JUS
JUS
    All persons exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction
  should have the king's arms in their seals of office.
                                      Hayward.
             This place exempt
  From Heav'n's high jurisdiction.         Milton.
    As Adam had no such power as gave him sove-
  reign jurisdiction over mankind.           Locke.
    This custom in  a popular state of impeaching
  particular men, may seem to be nothing else but the
  people's choosing to exercise their own jurisdiction
  in person.                               Swift.
2.  District to which any authority extends.

Jurisprudence,  jA-ris-pru'dense.  ra. s.
   [jurisprudence, French; jurisprudentia,
   Latin.]  The science of law.
Ju'rist,  ju'rist.  ra. *.  [juriste, French;
  jura,  Latin.]   A  civil lawyer;  a man
   who professes  the  science of the law;
   a civilian.
    This is not  to be measured by the principles of
  jurists.                                 Bacon.

Ju'ror, ju'rur.166 ra. s. [juro, Latin.] One
   that serves on  the jury.
    Were the jurors picked out of choice men, the
  evidence will be as deceitful as the verdict. Spenser.
    I shall find your lordship judge and juror,
  You are so merciful, I see your end,
  'Tis my undoing.                    Shakspeare.
    I sing no harm, good sooth, to any wight,
  Juror, or judge.                        Donne.
    About noon the jurors went together, and because
  they could not agree, they were shut in. Hayward.

Ju'ry, ju're.  ra.  s.  [jurata,  Latin; jure,
   French.]  A company of men, as twen-
   ty-four or twelve, sworn to deliver truth
   upon such  evidence as shall be deliver-
   ed  them touching the  matter in ques-
   tion.
    There  be  three  manners of trials in England:
  one by parliament, another by battle, and the  third
  by assize or jury.   The  trial by assize, be the ac-
  tion civil or criminal,  publick or private,  personal
  or real, is referred  for the fact to a jury, and as
  they find it, so passeth the judgment.   This jury is
  used not only in circuits of justices errant, but also
  in other courts, and matters of office, as if the es-
  cheatour  make inquisition in any thing touching his
  office, he doth it by a jury of  inquest:  if the coro-
  ner inquire  how a subject found dead came to his
  end, he  useth an inquest: the justices of peace in
  their quarter-sessions, the sheriff in his county and
  turn,  the bailiff of a hundred, the steward of a
  court-leef or court-baron, if they inquire of any of-
  fence, or  decide any cause between party and par-
  ty, toey do it by the same manner: so that where it
  is said, that all  things be triable by parliament, bat-
  tle,  or assize;  assize, in this place, is  taken for a
  jury or inquest, empannelled  upon  any cause in a
  court where tois kind of trial  is used.  This jury,
  though it appertain  to most courts of the common
  law,  yet it is most notorious in the  half-year courts
  of the justices  errant,  commonly called the great
  assizes, and in toe quarter sessions, and in them it
  is most ordinarily called a jury, and that  in civil
  causes; whereas in other  courts it is often termed
  an inquest.  In the general assizes there are usually
  many juries, because there be store of causes, both
  civil and  oriminal, commonly  to be tried,  whereof
  one is called the grand jurjy, and the rest petit ju-
  ries.   The grand jury consists ordinarily of twenty-
  four "rave and  substantial gentlemen,  or  some of
  them°yeomen, chosen indifferently out of the whole
  shire by toe  sheriff, to consider of all  bills of in-
  dictment preferred to the court; which they do either
  approve by writing  upon  them these words, billa
  vera, or disallow by writing ignoramus.  Such as
  they do approve, if  they touch life and death, are
  farther referred to  another jury to be  considered
  of, because  the case is of such importance; but
  others of lighter moment are, upon their allowance
  without more work, fined by the bench, except the
   party traverse the indictment, or challenge it for in-
   sufficiencjr, or remove the  cause to a higher court
   by certiorari; in which two former cases it is refer-
   red to another jury, and in the latter transmitted to
   the higher. Those that pass upon civil causes real,
   are all or so many as can conveniently be had,  of
   the same  hundred where the land or tenement  in
   question doth lie, and four at  toe  least; and they,
   upon due examination, bring in their verdict either
   for the demandant or tenant: according unto which,
   judgment passeth afterward in the court ivhere the
   cause first began; and  the reason hereof is, because
   these justices of assize are, in this  case, for the
   ease of the countries only to take the verdict of the
   jurjy by the virtue of toe writ called nki prius, and
   so return it to the court where the cause is depend-
   ing.                                   Cowell.
     The jury, passing on the prisoner's life,
   May in the sworn twelve have a thief or two
   Guiltier than him they try.            Shakspeare.
             How innocent I was,
   His noble jury and foul cause can witness. Shaksp.
     Clodius was  acquitted by a corrupt jury, that
   had  palpably taken  shares of money before they
   gave up their verdict.                   Bacon.
 Ju'ryman, ju're-man.88 ra. s.  [jury  and
   man.]   One  who is  impannelled  on  a
   jury.
     The hungry judges soon toe sentence sign,
   And wretches hang that jurymen may dine.  Pope.
     No judge was known,  upon or off the bench,  to
   use the least  insinuation, that might affect toe in-
   terests of any one single juryman,  much less of a
   whole jury.                             Swift.
 Ju'rymast, ju're-mast.  ra. s.  It seems to
   be  properly duree mast, mat de duree,
   a mast made to last for the present oc-
   casion.   So the seamen  call whatever
   they set up  in the room of a mast lost
   in a fight  or by a storm;  being some
   great yard which they put down  into
   the  step of that lost  mast, fastening it
   into the  partners, and fitting to it the
   missen  or  some  lesser  yard with  sails
   and  ropes,  and with it make a shift to
   sail.                               Harris.
JUST, jAst. adj. [juste, French; Justus,
   Latin.]
 1. Upright; incorrupt;   equitable  in  the
   distribution of justice.
    Take it, while yet 'tis praise, before my rage
   Unsafely just, break loose on tois bad age. Dryden.
    Men are commonly so jwsf to virtue and  good-
   ness, as to praise it in  others, even when  they do
   not practise it toemselves.              Tillotson.
 2. Honest; without  crime  in  dealing  with
   others.
    Just balances, just weights, and a just ephah.
                                      Leviticus.
3. I know not  whether  just of has  any
   other authority.
    Just of thy word, in ev'ry thought sincere,
  Who knew no wish but what the world might hear.
                                         Pope.
4. Exact;  proper; accurate.
    Boileau's numbers are excellent, his expressions
  noble, his thoughts just, his language pure, and his
  sense close.                           Dryden.
             These scenes were wrought,
  Embellish'd with good morals and just thought.
                                     Granville.
    Just precepts thus from  great examples giv'n,
  She drew from toem what they deriv'd from Heav'n.
                                         Pope.
    Just to the tale, as present at the fray,
  Or taught the labours of toe dreadful way.   Pope.
    Once on a time La Mancha's knight, they say,
  A certain bard encount'ring on the way,
  Discours'd  in terms as just, with looks as sage,
  As ere could Dennis of the laws o' th' stage. Pope.
     Though the syllogism be irregular, yet the infer-
   ences arc just and true.            Waffs' Log-kfc.
   .  Virtuous; innocent;  pure.
     How should man be just with God?        Job.
     A just man falleth seven times and riseth.
                                       Proverbs.
     He shall be recompensed at the resurrection of
   Qie  Just-                             Matthew.
     The just th' unjust to serve.           MUton.
   .  True; not forged.
     Crimes were laid  to his  charge too many,  the
   least whereof being just, had  bereaved him of es-
   timation and credit.                    Hooker.
     Grounded  on  principles  of  justice;
   rightful.
             Me thought just right
   Did first create your leader.             Milton.
    Equally retributed.
     He received a just recompense of reward. Hebr.
     Whose damnation is just.            Romans.
     As Hesiod sings, spread water o'er thy fields,
   And a most just and glad increase it yields.  Denh.
 9. Complete without superfluity or defect.
     He was a comely personage, a little above just
   stature, well and straight limbed, but  slender.
                                        Bacon.
 10.  Regular; orderly.
                    When all
   The war shall stand rang'd in its just array,
   And dreadful pomp, then will I think on thee.
                                       Addison.
 11.  Exactly  proportioned.
     The prince is here at hand: pleasethyour lordship
   To meet his grace, jitsf distance 'tween our armies?
                                     Shakspeare.
 12.  Full;  of full dimensions.
     His soldiers had skirmishes wito tne  Numidians,
   so that once the skirmish was like to have come to
   a just battle.                         Knolles.
     There is not anyone particular above mentioned,
   but would take up  toe business of a just volume.
                                          Hale.
     There seldom appeared a just  army in the civil
   wars.                   Dutchess of Newcastle.
Just,  just. adv.
 1. Exactly;  nicely; accurately.
     The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of
   the beast.                              Sidney.
     They go about to make us believe that they are
  just of the same opinion,  and that toey only think
   such ceremonies are not to be used when they are
   unprofitable, or when as good or better may be es
   tablished.                             Hooker.
     There, even just toere he stood; and as she spoke,
   Where last the spectre was, she cast her look. Dryd.
     A  few understand him right; just as when our Sa-
   viour said,  in an allegorical  sense, Except ye eat
   the flesh of the son of man, and drink his blood, ye
   have no life in you.                     Bentley.
     'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none
   Go just alike, yet each believes his own.     Pope.
 2. Merely; barely.
     It is the humour of  weak and trifling men to val-
   ue themselves upon just nothing at all. L'Estrange.
             The Nereids swam before
   To smooth the seas; a soft etesian gale
   But jnsf inspir'd and gently swell'd the sail.  Dryd.
     Give me, ye gods, the product of one field,
   That so I neither may be rich nor poor;
   And having just enough, not covet more.  Dryden.
 3. Nearly;  almost; tantum non.
    Being spent with age,  and just at the point of
  death, Democritus  called for loaves of new bread to
  be brought, and with the steam of them under his
  nose prolonged his life.                 Temple.

Just,  just. n.s.  [jouste, French.] Mock
   encounter  on   horseback; tilt; tourna-
   ment.  Joust is mo"c  proper.
    None was either more grateful  to toe beholders,
  or  more noble in itself, than justs, both wito sword
  and lance.                            Sidney. 
JUS
JUS
JUS
     What news? hold those justs and triumphs?
                                 Shakspeare.
     Among themselves the tourney they divide,
   In equal squadrons ranged on either side,
   Then turn'd their horses' heads, and man to man,
   And steed to steed oppos'd, the justs began.  Drjyd.
 To  Just, just.  v.n. [jouster,  French.]
 I. To engage in a mock  fight; to tilt.
 2. To push; to drive; to  justle.
 JU'STICE,  jus'tis.143 ra. s.  [justice, Fr.
   justitia, Latin.]
 1. The  virtue by which we give to every
   man what  is his  due; opposed to injury
   or wrong.   It is either  distributive, be-
   longing to magistrates;  or commutative,
   respecting common  transactions  be-
   tween men.
     0 that I were judge, I would do justice.  2 Sam.
            The king-becoming graces,
   As justice, verity, temp'rance,  stableness,
   I have no relish of them.           Shakspeare.
     The nature and office of justice being to dispose
   toe mind to a constant  and perpetual readiness to
   render to every man his due, it is evident,  that if
   gratitude be a part of justice, it must be conversant
   about something that is due to another.    Locke.
 2. Equity; agreeableness to right:  as, he
   proved the justice of his claim.
 3. Vindicative  retribution;  punishment:
   opposed to mercy.
    He executed the justice of the Lord.     Deut.
    Let justice overtake us.              Isaiah.
    Examples of justice must be made, for terror to
   some; examples of mercy, for  comfort to others.
                                     Bacon.
 4. Right; assertion of right.
          Draw thy sword,
   That if my speech offend a noble heart,
   Thy arm may do thee justice.        Shakspeare.
 5. [justiciarius,  Latin.] One deputed  by
   the king to  do right by way of judg-
   ment.                           Cowell.
    And thou, Esdras, ordain judges and justices, that
   they may judge in all Syria.           1 Esdras.
 6. Ju'stice  of  the King''a Bench. [Justi-
   ciarius de Banquo  Regis.]   Is a lord by
   his office, and the chief of  the  rest;
   wherefore  he  is also called capitalis jus-
   ticiarius Anglie.   His office especially
   is to hear and determine all pleas of the
   crown; that is, such as concern offences
   committed against  the  crown, dignity,
   and peace  of  the king;  as treasons, fe-
   lonies, mayhems, and  such like: but it
   is  come to pass,  that  he with  his as-
   sistants heareth all personal actions,
   and real also,  if they be incident to any
   personal action depending before them.
                                   Cowell.
          Give that whipster his errand,
  He'll take my lord chief justice' warrant.   Prior.
7. Ju'stice of the Common Pleas, [jus-
   ticiarius Communium  Placitorum]  Is
   a lord by his office, and is called domi-
   nus justiciarius,  communium placito-
  rum.   He  with his  assistants original-
   ly did hear and determine all  causes at
   the common law; that is, all civil  cau-
   ses between  common persons,  as  well
   personal  as real; for which cause it was
   called the  court  of common  pleas,  in
   opposition  to the  pleas of the crown, or
  the king's pleas,  which  are special, and
  appertaining to him only.       Cowell.
   VOL.  I.
 8.  Ju'stice  of the  Forest,  [justiciarius
   Foresta.]   Is a lord by his office, and
   hath the hearing and determining of all
   offences within Jhe king's  forest, com-
   mitted against venison or vert: of these
   there be two, whereof the  one hath ju-
   risdiction over all the forests on this
   side Trent, and the other of all beyond.
                                   Cowell.
 9.  Ju'stices of Assise, [justiciarii ad ca-
  piendas  Assisas.]  Are such  as  were
   wont, by special commission, to be sent
   into this or that county  to  take assises;
   the guound of which polity  was the ease
   of the subjects:  for whereas  these ac-
   tions pass always by jury, so many men
   might not,  without great hinderance, be
   brought to London; and therefore  jus-
   tices, for this purpose, were by com-
   mission particularly authorized and sent
   down to them.                 Cowell.
 10.  Ju'stices in Eyre,   [justiciarii itine-
   raries.]  Are so termed of the French
   erre, iter.  The use of these, in ancient
   time, was to send  them with  commis-
   sion into divers counties to hear such
   causes  especially as were  termed  the
   pleas ofthe crown, and therefore I must
   imagine they were sent abroad for the
   ease of the  subjects,  who must  else
   have been hurried to the King's Bench,
  if the cause were too high for the coun-
  try court.  They differed from the jus-
  tices of Oyer  and Terminer,  because
  they were sent  upon some one or few
  especial cases, and  to one place; where-
  as the   justices  in   Eyre were sent
  through the provinces and  countries of
  the land, with more indefinite and gene-
  ral commission.                Cowell,
 11. Ju'stices of Gaol Delivery,   [justi-
  ciarii  ad Gaolas  deliberandas.]  Are
  such as  are  sent  with commission to
  hear and determine all causes appertain-
  ing to such as for any  offence  are cast
  into gaol, part  of whose authority is to
  punish such as let  to  mainprise  those
  prisoners that by law  be not  bailable.
  These  by likelihood,  in ancient  time,
  were sent to  countries upon several oc-
  casions; but  afterward justices of as-
  sise were likewise  authorized  to this.
                                  Cowell.
 12. Ju'stices of JVisi Prius are all one
  now-a-days with  justices of assise; for
  it is a common adjournment of a cause,
  in the  common pleas, to put it  off to
  such a day; nisi prius justiciarii vene-
  rint ad eas partes ad capiendas assisas;
  and  upon this  clause  of adjournment
  they are called justices of nisi prius as
  well as justices of  assise, by reason of
  the writ or action that they have to deal
  in.                              Cowell.
13.  Ju'stices  of Peace,  [justiciarii ad
  Pae cm.]  Are they  that are appointed
  by the king's commission, with others,
  to attend the peace ofthe country where
                   6u
   they dwell;  of whom  some,  upon es-
   pecial respect, are made of the quorum,
   because some  business of importance
   may not be  dealt  in without the  pre-
   sence  of them,  or one of them.  Cowell.
                The justice,
   In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
   With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
   Full of wise saws and modern instances,
   And so he plays his  part.           Shakspeare.
     Thou hast appointed justices ofthe peace to call
   poor men before them, about matters they were not
   able to answer.                   Shakspeare.
     The justices of peace are of great use: anciently
   they were conservators of the peace; these are the
   same, saving that several acts of parliament have
   enlarged their jurisdiction.             Bacon.
 To  Ju'stice,  jlis'tis.  v.  a. [from   the
   noun.]  To  administer  justice  to  any.
   Not in use.
    As for the title of proscription, wherein the em-
   peror hath been judge and party,  and hath justiced
   himself, God forbid but toat it should endure an ap-
   peal to a war.                        Bacon.
    Whereas one Styward,  a Scot, was apprehend-
   ed for intending to poison the young queen of Scots;
   the king delivered him to the  French king,  to be
  justiced by him at his pleasure.         Hayward.
Justicement,  jus'tis-ment.  ra.  s.  [from
   justice.]  Procedure in courts.
Ju'sticer, jus'tls-iir. ra. s. [from To jus-
   tice.]  Administrator  of justice.  An old
   word.
    He was a singular good justicer;  and if he had
  not died in the second year  of his  government, was
  toe likeliest person to have reformed the English
  colonies.                   Davies on Ireland.
Justiceship, jus'tls-ship. n. s. [fromy'ws-
   tice.]  Rank or office of justice.   Swift.
Justiciable, jo.s-tish'e-a-bl.s4aafiy'. [from
  justice]  Proper  to be  examined in
   courts  of justice.
Justifiable, jus'te-fi-a-bl.406  adj.  [from
   justify.] Defensible  by law or reason.
    Just  are the ways of God,
  And justifiable  to men.        Afiffon's Agonistes.
    Although some animals in the water do carry a
  justifiable resemblance to some at  land, yet are toe
  major part which bear their names unlike. Brown.
Ju'stifiableness, j&s'te-fi-a-bl-nes. ra. s.
   [from justifiable.] Rectitude;  possibili-
   ty of being fairly defended.
    Men, jealous of toe justifiableness of their doings
  before God, never think they have human strength
  enough.                       King Charles.
Justifiably,  jiis'te-fi-a-ble. adv.  [from
  justifiable.]  Rightly; so as to be sup-
   ported  by right; defensibly.
    A man may more justifiably throw cross and pile
  for his opinions, than take  them up by such  mea-
  sures.                              Locke.
Justification, jus-te-fe-ka'shvin. ra.  s.
   [justification, Fr. justificatio, low Lat.]
   Absolution.
    I hope  for  my brother's  justification; he wrote
  this but as an essay of my virtue.     Shakspeare.
    Defence;   maintenance;   vindication;
   support.
    Among theological arguments in jwsfiyicafion of
  absolute obedience, was one of a singular  nature.
                                    Swift.
3. Deliverance by pardon  from sins past.
                                   Clarke.
           In such righteousness
  To them by faith imputed,  they may find
  Justification towards God and peace
  Of conscience.           Afiffon's Paradise Lost. 
JUS                                        JUT                                        j  y M
     lis toe consummation of that former act of faith
  by this latter, or, in the words of St. Paul and St.
  James, the consummation  of faith by charity and
  good works, that God accepteth in Christ to justifi-
  cation, and not toe bare aptness of faith to bring
  forth works, if those works,  by toe fault of a rebel-
  lious infidel, will not be brought forth.  Hammond.
Justifica'tor,   jus-te-fe-ka'tiir.   n.  s.
   [from justify.] One  who supports,  de-
   fends, vindicates, or justifies.
JuStifier, j&s-te-fi-ilr.98  ra. s. [fromyus-
   t\fV'] One  who  justifies;  one who  de-
   fends  or  absolves; one who frees from
   sin by pardon.
     That he might be just, and the justifier of him
  which believeth in Jesus.                Romans.
 To JU'STIFY, jus'te-fi.11* v. a. [justifier,
   French; justifico, low Latin.]
 1.  To clear  from  imputed guilt; to ab-
   solve from an accusation.
     The law hath judg'd thee, Eleanor:
  I cannot justify whom law condemns.  Shakspeare.
     They say, behold a man gluttonous, a friend of
  publicans  and sinners; but wisdom is justified ot
  her children.                          Matthew.
     How can man be justified with God? Or how can
  he be clean that is  born of a woman?          Job.
     There is an exquisite subtilty, and  the same is
  unjust; and there is  a wise man that justifieth in
  judgment.                              Ecclus.
     Sins may be forgiven through repentance, but no
  act of wit  of man will ever justify them.   Sherlock.
     You're neither justified nor yet accus'd. Dryden.
 2.  To maintain; to defend; to vindicate.
     When we began in courteous manner to lay his
  unkindness unto him, he seeing himself confronted
  by so many, like a resolute orator, went  not to de-
  nial, but to justify his cruel falsehood.      Sidney.
     What she did, whatever in itself,
   Her doing seem'd to justify the deed.     Afiffon.
     My unwilling flight the gods inforce,
   And that must justify our sad divorce.     Denham.
     Yet still thy fools shall stand in thy defence,
   And justify their author's want of sense.   Dryden.
     Let others justify their missions as they can, we
   are sure we can justify toat of our fathers by an
   uninterrupted succession.              Atterbury.
 3.  To free from past sin by pardon.
     By him all  that believe are justified from all
   things, from which ye could not be justified by the
  law of Moses.                            Acts.
 To JuStle, jis'sl.406 473 v. ra. [from just,
   jouster,  French.] To  encounter;  to
   clash;  to rush against each other.
           While injury of chance
  Puts back leave taking, jusffes roughly by
  All time of pause, rudely beguiles our lips
  Of all rejoindure.                    Shakspeare.
     The chariots shall rage in the streets,  they shall
  jusffe one  against another in the broad ways.
                                        Nahum.
             Argo pass'd
  Through Bosphorus, betwixt the justling rocks.
                                        Afiffon.
             Late the clouds
  Justling, or push'd  with winds, rude in their shock,
  Tine the slant lightning.       MUton's Par. Lost.
             Not one starry spark,
  But gods meet gods, and jusffe in the dark.     Lee.
     Courtiers, therefore jusffe for a grant;
  And, when they break their friendship, plead their
        want.                          Dryden.
    The more remote run stumbling with their fear,
  And in the dark men justle as they meet.  Dryden.
    When elephant 'gainst elephant did rear
  His trunk, and castles juslled in the air,
  My sword thy way to victory had shown.  Dryden.
    Was there not one who had set bars and doors to
  it, and  said, Hitherto shalt  thou come, but no far-
  ther, and here shall toy proud waves be staid; then
  might we well expect such vicissitudes, such jusf-
  lings and clashings  in nature.         Woodward.
    1 thought the dean had been too proud
  To jusffe here among a croud.             Swift.
To JuStle,  jus'sl.*06 v. a.  To  push;  to
   drive;  to  force  by rushing against  it.
   It is commonly used  with  a particle
   following, as out or off.
    Private and single abilities should not jusffe  ouf
  and deprive the church ofthe joint abilities of many
  learned and godly men.            King Charles.
    Many excellent strains have been justled  off by
  their intrusions.         Brown's Vulgar  Errours.
    The surly commons shall  respect deny,
  And jusffe peerage ouf with property.      Diyden.
    It is not to be imagined that the incongruous al-
  phabets  and abuses of writing can ever be justled
  out of toeir possession of all  libraries.      Holder.
    Running in the dark,  a man may justle a post.
                                        Coffier.
    Absent good,  toough thought on,  not  making
  any part  of unhappiness in  its  absence, is justled
  out, to make way for the removal of those uneasi-
  nesses we feel.                          Locke.
    We justled one another ouf, and disputed the post
  for a great while.                      Addison.

JuStly, just'le.  adv. [from just.]
I. Uprightly; honestly; in a just manner.
    Nothing can justly he despised, that cannot justly
  he blamed: where there is  no choice, toere can be
  no blame.                             South.
    With ignominy scourg'd, in open sight:
  Next view the  Tarquin kings; th' avenging sword
  Of Brutus justly drawn, and  Rome restor'd. Dryden.
    The goddess, studious of her Grecians fate,
  Taught them in laws and letters to excel,
  In acting justly, and in writing well.       Prior,
2. Properly;  exactly; accurately.
    Their artful hands instruct the lute to sound,
  Their feet assist toeir hands, and justly  beat  the
        ground.                         Dryden.
Ju'stness, just'neS.  ra. s. [from just.]
1. Justice; reasonableness; equity. Just-
   ness is properly applied to things, and
  justice  to persons;  though we now say
   the justice  of a causej  as well  as of a
   judge.
    It maketh unto the right of the war against him,
  whose success  useth  commonly to be according to
  the justness of the cause for which it is made.
                             Spenser on Ireland.
    We may not think the justness of each act
  Such and no other than event doth form it.   Sftafc.
2. Accuracy;  exactness;  propriety.   In
   this sense it is  now most used.
    I value the satisfaction I had in seeing  it repre-
  sented with all the justness  and gracefulness of ac-
  tion.                                  Dryden.
    I appeal to the people, was the usual saying of a
  rery excellent dramatick poet, when he  had any
  dispute with particular  persons about the justness
  and regularity of his productions.         Addison.
To Jut, jut. v. ra. [Supposed  to be  cor-
   rupted from jet, perhaps from  shoot.]
   To push or shoot into prominences; to
   come out beyond the main bulk.
    Insulting tyranny begins to jut
  Upon the innocent and awless throne.  Shakspeare.
    All the projected or jutting parts should be very
  moderate, especially the  cornices of the lower or-
  ders.                                  Wotton.
    The land, if not restrain'd, had met jour way,
  Projected out a neck, and jutted to the sea. Dryden.
    Broke by the jutting land on either side;
  In double streams the briny waters glide.  Dryden.
    It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem,
  and be independent of it.                Broome.

To Ju'tty,  jut'te. v. a.  [from jut.] To
   shoot out  beyond.
    Then lend the eye a terrible aspect;
  Let it pry  through  the portage of the head
  Like a brass cannon: let  the brow o'erwhelm it
  As fearfully as doth a galled rock
  O'erhang and jutty his confounded base,
  Swill'd wito the wild and wasteful ocean.  Shaksp.
JU'VENILE, ju've-nil.1*'' adj. [juvenilis,
   Latin]  Young; youthful.
    Learning hath its infancy when it is almost child-
  ish; then its youth, when  it is luxuriant and jwve-
  nile, then its strength of years, when it is solid; and
  lastly, its old age, when it waxeth dry and exhaust.
                                 Bacon's Essays.
Juveni'lity,  ju-ve-nil'e-te.  n. s.  [from
  juvenile.]
1. Youthfulness.
    The restauration of grey hairs  to jwrenitifi/, and
  renewing exhausted marrow, may be effected with-
  out a miracle.                        Gfanriffe.
2. Light and careless  manner.  .
    Customary  strains and abstracted jurenififies
  have made it difficult to commend and speak credi-
  bly in dedications.                    Glanville.

Juxtaposition,   juks-ta-po-zish'un. ra. s.
   [juxtaposition,  Fr.  juxta  and  positio,
   Latin.]  Apposition; the state of being
   placed by each other.
    Nor can it be a difference, that the parts of solid
  bodies are held together by hooks, since  the cohe-
  rence of these will be of  difficult conception; and
  we must either suppose an infinite number of them
  holding together, or at  last come to parts that are
  united by a mere juxtaposition.         Glanville.

I'vy,  i've. ra.  s.  [ljnj,  Saxon;   hedera,
   Latin.]  A  plant.
    Ivy is a parasitick plant, sending forth roots or
  fibres from its branches, by which it is fastened to
  either trees, walls, or plants which are near it, and
  from thence receives a great  share of its nourish-
  ment.                                 Miller.
    A gown made ofthe finest wool;
  A belt of straw and ivy buds,
  With coral clasps and amber studs;
  And if these pleasures may thee move,
  Come live wito me and be my love.       Raleigh.
    Direct the clasping ivy  where to climb.  MUton.

Jy'mold, jim'old. adj. See Gimal.
            Their  poor jades
    Lob down  their heads, dropping the  hide and
      hips;
  And in their pale dull mouths  the jymold bit
  Lies, foul with chew'd grass, still and motionless.
                                    Shakspeare. 
K.
       Kka.  A letter borrowed by the En-
      • glish  from the  Greek   alphabet.
   It nas before all the vowels one invari-
   able sound: as,  keen,  ken, kill.   It is
   used after  c  at the end  of  words;  as
   knock,  clock,  crack, back,  brick,  stick,
   pluck,  check,  which were written  an-
   ciently  with e final: as, clocke, checke,
   tricke.   It  is  also in  use  between  a
   vowel and the silent e final:  as  cloke,
   broke, brake, pike, duke,  eke.  It like-
   wise ends a word after a diphthong: as,
   look, break, shook, leek.   The English
   never use c at the end of a word.  ATis
   silent in the present pronunciation be-
   fore ra;  as, knife, knee, knell.
 Ka'lendar, kaTen-diir.98 ra. s. [now writ-
   ten calendar.]  An account of time.
            Let this pernicious hour
  Stand as accursed in the kalendar.     Shakspeare.
 Ka'li, ka'le. ra. s. [an Arabick word.] Sea
   weed,  of the  ashes  of which glass  is
   made; whence the word alkali.
    The ashes of the weed fcafi are sold to the Vene-
  tians for their glass works.               Bacon.
 Kam, kam. adj. Crooked.
    A'ain, in Erse, is squint eyed, and applied to any
  thing awry; clean  kam signifies  crooked, athwart,
  awry, cross from the purpose: A-schembo, Italian;
  hence our English a-kimbo.
    Clean kam is, by vulgar pronunciation, brought
        to kim kam.
  This is clean kam;  merely awry.       Shakspeare.
 To  Kaw,  kaw.  v. ra.  [from the sound.]
   To cry  as a raven, crow,  or rook.
    Jack-daws kawing and fluttering about the nest,
  set all their young  ones a gaping; but having  no-
  thing in their mouths but air, leave them as hungry
  as before.                            Loeke.
 Kaw, kaw. ra. s. [from the verb.]   The
   cry of a  raven or crow.
    The dastard crow that to the wood made wing,
  With her loud kaios her craven-kind doth bring,
  Who, safe in numbers, cuff the noble bird. Diyden.
 Kayle, kale. ra. s.  [quitle, French.]
 I. Ninepin:  kettlepins, ot which skittles
   seems a corruption.
    And now at keels they try a harmless chance,
  And now their kur toey teach to fetch and dance.
                                     Sidney.
    The residue of their time they wear out at coits,
  kayles, or the like idle exercises.         Carew.
2. A kind  of play still retained  in  Scot-
  land,  in which nine holes ranged  in
  threes  are  made in the ground, and an
  iron bullet rolled in among them.
To  Keck, kek. v. ra. [kecken, Dutch.] To
  heave the  stomach; to reach  at vomit-
  ing.
     All those diets do dry up humours and rheums,
   which they first attenuate, and while the humour is
   attenuated it troubleth the body a great deal more;
   and therefore patients must  not keck at them at the
   first. ,                Bacon's Natural History.
     The faction, is it not notorious,
   Keck at the memory of glorious.           Swift.
 To Ke'okle,  kek'kl. v. a.  To defend a ca-
   ble round with rope.        Ainsworth.
 Ke'cksy, kek'se. ra.  s.  [commonly kex;
   cigue, French; cicuta, Latin.  Skinner.]
   Skinner seems to think kecksy or  kex
   the same as  hemlock.   It  is used in
   Staffordshire both for  hemlock, and any
   other hollow-jointed plant.
            Nothing teems
   But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs,
   Losing both beauty and utility.          Shaksp.
 Ke'cky, kek'ke. adj. [from kex.] Resem-
   bling a kex.
    An Indian sceptre, made of a sort of cane, with-
   out any joint, and perfectly round, consisteth of hard
   and blackish cylinders, mixed with a soft kecky bo-
   dy; so as at toe end cut transversely, it looks as a
   bundle of wires.                       Grew.
 To Kedge, kedje. v. a.  [kaghe, a small
   vessel, Dutch.]
    In bringing a ship up or  down a narrow river,
  when the wind  is contrary to the tide,  they set the
  foresail,  or foretopsail and  mizen,  and so let her
   drive with the tide. The sails are to flat her about,
   if she comes too  near the shore. They also carry
   out an anchor in the head ofthe boat, with a haw-
   ser toat comes from the ship; which anchor, if the
   ship comes too near  the shore, they let fall in the
   stream, and so  wind her head about it; then weigh
   the anchor again when she is about, which is called
   hedging, and from tois use the anchor a kedger.
                                     Harris.
 Ke'dger, ked'jur. ra. s.  [from kedge.]  A
   small  anchor used in  a river.   See
   Kedge.
 Ke'dlack, ked'lak.  ra.  s.  A  weed  that
   grows among corn; charnock.  Tusser.
 Kee, kee.  The  provincial plural of cow,
   properly kine.
    A lass that Cic'ly hight had won his heart,
  Cic'ly toe western lass that tends toe fcee.   Gay.
 Keel,  keel.2*6  ra. s.  [cceie, Saxon;  kiel,
   Dutch; quille, French.]   The  bottom of
   a  ship.
                Portunus
  Heav'd up his lighten'd fceef, and sunk the sand,
  And steer'd the sacred vessel.          Dryden.
    Her sharp bill serves for a  fceef to cut the air be-
  fore her; her tail she useth as her rudder.   Grew.
    Your cables burst, and you must quickly feel
  The waves impetuous ent'ring at your fceef.  Swift.
Keels,  keelz,  the  same with  kayles;
   which  see.
 To Keel, keel. v. ra.  [caelan, Sax.]  This

                    6u
   word, which is preserved in Shakspeare,
   Hanmer explains thus:
    To fceef seems to mean to drink so deep, asto-
  turn up the bottom of the pot, like turning up toe
  fceef of a ship.                       Hanmer.
   In Ireland, to keel the pot is to scum it.
    While greasy Joan doth fceef the pot.   Shaksp.
Ke'elfat, keel'vat. ra.  s.  [ccelan, Saxon,
   to cool,  and fat, or vat, a vessel.] Coolr
   er; a tub in which liquor is  let to cool.
Ke'elson, keel'sfln. ra. *. The  next piece
   of timber  in a ship  to  her keel, lying
  right over it next above the floor tim-
  ber.                              Harris.

To Ke'elhale, keel'hale. v. a. [keel and
  hale.]  To punish in  the seamanS way,
  by dragging the  criminal  under water
   on one side of the ship and up again on
  the  other.

Keen, keen.348 adj.  [cene, Saxon; kuhn,
  German; koen, Dutch.]
1. Sharp;  well edged; not blunt.  We say
  keen of an  edge; and sharp, either of
   edge or point.
              Come, thick night,
  That  my keen knife see not the wound it makes.
                                  Shakspeare.
      Here is my fceen-edged sword,
  Deck'd with fine flower-de-luces on each side.
                                  Shakspeare.
    To me the cries of fighting fields are charms,
  Keen be my sabre, and of proof my arms.  Diyden.
    A sword fceen-edg'd within his right he held,
  The warlike emblem ofthe conquer'd field.  Dryd.
2. Severe; piercing.
                  The winds
  Blow moist and keen, shattering the graceful locks
  Of these fair spreading trees; which bids us seek
  Some better shroud.                   Milton.
    The cold was very supportable;but as it changed
  to the north-west, or north, it became excessively
  keen.                          BUtf Voyage.
3. Eager;  vehement.
            Never did I know
  A creature, toat did bear the shape of man,
  So keen and greedy to confound a man.    Shaksp.
    Keen dispatch of real hunger.          Milton.
    The sheep were so keen upon the acorns, that
  they gobbled up a piece of the coat.   L'Estrange.
    Those curs are so extremely hungry, that they
  are too keen at the sport, and worry their game.
                                      Tatler.
    This was a prospect so very inviting, that it could
  not be easily withstood by any who have so keen an
  appetite for wealth.                      Swift.
-*. Acrimonious; bitter of mind.
    Good father cardinal, cry thou, amen,
  To my keen curses.                    Shaksp.
    I have known some of these absent officers as keen
  against Ireland, as if they had never been indebted
  to her.                                Swift. 
KEE                                         KEE                                         KEE
To Keen, keen.  v. a.  [from the  adjec-
   tive.]   To  sharpen.   An unauthorized
   word.
    Nor when cold winter fceens the brightening flood,
  Would I weak shiv'ring  linger on  the brink.
                                       Thomson.
Ke'enly,   keen'le.   adv.    [from  keen.]
   Sharply;  vehemently;  eagerly; bitterly.
Ke'enness, keen'nes. ra. s. [from keen.]
1. Sharpness; edge.
    No, not the hangman's ax "bears half the keen-
         ness
   Of thy sharp envy.                      Shaksp.
2. Rigour of  weather; piercing cold.
3. Asperity; bitterness of mind.
     That they might keep up the fceenness against toe
   court, his  lordship furnished them with  informa-
   tions, to the king's disadvantage.       Cfarendo?i.
     The sting of every reproachful speech is the truth
   of it; and to be conscious is that which gives an edge
   and keenness to the invective.             Soufft.
 4. Eagerness;  vehemence.
 To Keep,  keep.246  v. a.  [cepan,  Saxon;
    kepen,  old Dutch.]
 1. To retain; not to  lose.
     I kept the field with the death of some, and flight
   of other.                                Sidney.
     We  have examples  in the primitive church of
   such as by fear  being compelled to sacrifice to
   strange gods, repented,  and  fcepf  still  the office of
   preaching the gospel.                   Whitgift.
     Keep in memory what I preached unto you.
                                    1  Corinthians.
     This charge I keep till my appointed day
   Of rend'ring up.                        Milton.
     His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.   MUton.
     You have  lost a child;  but you have'fcepf one
   child, and are likely to  do so long.       Temple.
     If we would weigh, and keep in our  minds, what
   we are considering, that would instruct us when we
   should, or  should not, branch into distinctions.
                                          Locke.
 2. To have in custody.
     The crown of Stephanus,  first king  of Hungary,
   was  always fcepf in the castle of  Vicegrade.
                                         Arioffes.
     She fcepf the fatal key.                Milton.
 3. To preserve; not  to let go.
     The Lord  God merciful  and  gracious, keeping
   mercy for thousands,  forgiving iniquity.   Exodus.
     I spared  it greatly, and have fcepf me a grape of
   the cluster, and a plant  of a great people.  2 Esdras.
 4. To preserve in a  state  of  security.
     We passed by where  toe duke keeps his gallies.
                                         Addison.
 5. To protect; to guard.
     Behold I am with thee to fceep thee.     Genesis.
 6. To restrain from  flight.
     Paul dwelt with a soldier that fcepf him.   Acts.
 7. To detain, or hold as a motive.
     But what's the cause that keeps you here with me?
   —That I  may know what fceeps me here with  you?
                                         Dryden.
 8. To hold for another.
     A man delivers money or stuff to fceep.  Exodus.
     Reserv'd from night,  and fcepf for thee in store.
                                         Afiffon.
 9. To tend; to have care of.
     God put him in the garden of Eden to fceep it.
                                         Geneds.
     While  in her  girlish age she fcepf sheep on the
   moor, it chanced that a  merchant  saw her and liked
   her.                                    Carew.
                Count it  thine
   To till and fceep, and ofthe fruit to eat.   Afiffon.
 10. To  preserve in  the  same  tenour or
   state.
     To know the true state, I will fceep this order.
                                          Bacon.
     Take this at least, this last advice, my son,
  A'eep a stiff rein, and move but gently on:
  The coursers of themselves will run too fast,
  Your art must be to moderate their haste.  Addison.
11. To regard; to attend.
    While the stars and course of heaven I fceep,
  My weary'd  eyes were seized with fatal sleep.
                                        Dryden.
12. To not suffer to fail.
    My mercy will I fceep for him for ever.  Psalms.

 3. To hold in any state.
    Ingenuous  shame, and the apprehensions of dis-
  pleasure are the only  true restraints: these alone
  ought to hold toe reins, and fceep the child in order.
                             Locke on Education.
    Men are guilty of many faults  in the exercise of
  this faculty of  the mind, which fceep them in  igno-
  rance.                                 Locke.
    Happy souls! who keep such a sacred dominion
  over their inferior and animal powers, that the sen-
  sitive tumults never rise to disturb the superior and
  better operations of the reasoning mind.    Waffs.
 14. To retain  by some degree of force in
   any place  or state.  It is often follow-
   ed  in this sense by particles;  as, down,
   under, in, off, out.
    This wickedness is found by thee; no good deeds
  of mine have been able to fceep it down in  thee.
                                         Sidney.
    It is hardly to be thought that any governor should
  so much malign his successor, as  to suffer an evil to
  grow up which he might  timely have fcepf under; or
  perhaps nourish it with coloured  countenance of
  such sinister means.                    Spenser.
    What, old acquaintance! could not all this fiesh
  Keep in a little life? Poor Jack, farewel.    Shaksp,
    Venus took the guard  of noble Hector's corse,
  And fcepf the dogs  off: night and day applying so-
         vereign force
  Of rosy balms,  that to  the  dogs were horrible in
         taste.                   Chapman's  Iliad.
    The Chinese sail where they  will; which shew-
  eth that their law of keeping out strangers is a law
  of pusillanimity and fear.                Bacon.
    And those that cannot live from him asunder,
  Ungratefully shall strive  to fceep him under.   Milt.
    I? any ask me what would satisfy,
  To make life easy, thus I would reply:
  As much as keeps out hunger, thirst, and cold.  Dryd.
    Matters, recommended  by our passions, take
  possession of our minds, and will not be fcepf out.
                                         Locke.
    Prohibited commodities should be kept out, and
  useless ones impoverish us by being brought in.
                                         Locke.
    An officer with one of these unbecoming qualities,
  is looked upon  as a proper person to keep off imper-
  tinence and solicitation from his  superior.  Addison.
    And if two boots keep  out the weather,
  What need you have two hides of leather? Prior.
    We have it  in our power to keep in our breaths,
  and to suspend the efficacy of tois natural  function.
                                         Cheyne.
 15. To continue  any  state or action.
    Men gave ear,  waited,  and fcepf  silence  at my
  counsel.                                   Job.
    Auria made no stay, but still fcepf on his course.
                                         Knolles.
    It was then  such a calm, that  the ships were not
  able to fceep way with the gallies.         Knolles.
    The moon that distance keeps till night.  Milton.
    An heap of ants  on a hillock will more  easily be
  fcepf to an uniformity in motion than these.
                               Glanville's Scepsis.
             He dy'd in fight:
  Fought next my person;  as in consort fought:
  Kept pace for,pace, and blow for blow.    Dryden,
    He, being come to  the estate, keeps  on a very
  busy family; the markets are weekly frequented,
  and the commodities of his farm carried out and sold.
                                         Locke.
    Invading foes, without resistance,
  With ease I  make to fceep their distance.    Swift.
 15. To preserve  in any state.
    My son, keep the flower of thine age sound,
                                  Ecclesiasticus.
17. To practise; to use habitually.
   I rule the family very ill, and fceep bad hours. Pope.
18. To copy carefully.
    Her servant's eyes were fix'd upon her face,
  And as she mov'd, or turn'd, her motions view'd,
  Her measures fcepf, aud step by step pursu'd.  Dryd.
19. To observe or solemnize any time.
    This shall be for a memorial; and you shall fceep
  it a feast to the Lord.                   Exodus.
    That day was not in silence holy fcepf.  Milton.
20. To observe;  not to violate.
                 It cannot be,
  The king should fceep his word in loving us;
  He will suspect us still, and find a time
  To punish this offence in other faults.     Shaksp.
    Sworn for three years term to live with  me,
  My fellow scholars, and to fceep those statutes,
  That are recorded in this schedule here.  Shaksp.
    Lord God, there is none like thee: who keepest
  covenant and mercy wito toy servants.    I Kings.
    Lord God of Israel, fceep with thy servant that
  thou promisedst him.                    1 Kings.
    Obey and  keep his great command.     Milton.
    His promise Palemon accepts; but pray'd
  To fceep it better than the first he made.   Dryden.
    My debtors do not fceep their day,
  Deny  their hands and then refuse to pay.  Dryden.
              .         My wishes are,
  That  Ptolemy miy keep his royal word.   Dryden.
21.  To maintain; to support with necessa-
   ries  of life.
    Much more affliction than already felt
  They cannot well impose, nor I sustain,
  If they intend advantage of my labours,
  The work of many hands, which earns my keeping.
                                        MUton.
22.  To have in the house.
     Base tyke, call'st thou me host? I scorn the term;
  nor shall my Nell fceep lodgers.           Shaksp.
23.  Not to intermit.
     Keep a sure watch over a shameless daughter,
  lest she make thee a laughing-stock  to thine ene-
  mies,  and a bye-word in the city.          Ecclus,
     Not keeping strictest watch as she was warn'd.
                                        Milton.
24.  To maintain; to hold.
     They were honourably brought to London, where
  eveiy one of them fcepf house by himself. Hayward.
     Twelve Spartan virgins, noble, young, and fair,
,  To toe pompous palace did resort,
  Where Menelaus kept his royal court.    Dryden.
25.  To remain in; not  to leave a place.
     I pr'ythee tell me,  doth he fceep his bed? Shaksp.
26.  Not to reveal; not to betray.
     A fool cannot fceep counsel.             Ecclus.
     Great are thy virtues, though fcepf from man.
                                         MUton.
     If he were wise, he would keep all this to him-
   self.                                  Tillotson.
27. To restrain; to withhold.
     If any rebel or vain spirit of mine
   Did,  with the least affection of a welcome,
   Give  entertainment to the might of it;
   Let heaven for ever keep it from my head. Shaksp.
     Some  obscure passages in  the  inspir'd volume
   fceep from the knowledge of divine mysteries. Boyle.
     If  the god of this world did not blind their eyes,
   it would be  impossible, so long as men love them-
   selves, to fceep them from being religious.  Tillotson.
     There is no virtue children should be excited to,
   nor fault they should be fcepf from,  which they may
   not be convinced of by reasons.            Locke.
      If a child be constantly fcepf from drinking cold
   liquor whilst he  is hot, the custom of forbearing
   will preserve him.                       Lockt.
     By tois they may fceep them from little faults.
                                          Locke.
 28. To debar from any place.
     Ill fene'd for Heav'n to keep out such a foe.
                                         MUton, 
KEE
KEE
KEL
29. To Keep back.   To reserve; to with-
   hold.
    Whatsoever the Lord shall answer, I will declare:
  I will fceep nothing back from you.      Jeremiaft.
    Some are so close and reserved, as they will not
  shew their wares but by a dark light, and seem al-
  ways to keep back somewhat.              Bacon.
30. To Keep  back.   To withhold; to re-
   strain.
    Keep back thy servant from presumptuous sins.
                                       Psalms.
31. To Keep company.  To frequent any
   one; to accompany.
    Heav'n doth know, so shall the world perceive,
  That I have turn'd away my former self,
  So will I those toat fcepf me company.     Shaksp.
    Why should he call her whore?  Who fceepsher
        company?
  What place? What time?            Shakspeare.
    What mean'st thou, bride! this company to fceep?
  To sit up, till  thou fain would sleep.      Donne,
        Neither will I wretched thee
  In death forsake, but keep thee company.j, Dryden.
32. To Keep company with.   To nave fa-
   miliar intercourse.
    A virtuous woman is obliged  notgonly to avoid
  immodesty, but the appearance of it; and she could
  not approve of a young woman  keeping  company
  with men, without the permission of father or mo-
  ther.                    Broome on the Odyssey.
33.  To Keep in.   To conceal; not to tell.
    I perceive in you so excellent a touch of modesty,
  that you will not extort from me what  I am willing
  to keep in.                            Shaksp.
    Syphax, your zeal becomes importunate:
  I have hitherto permitted it to rave,
  And talk at large, but learn to keep it in,
  Lest it should take more freedom than I'll give it.
                                      Addison.
34.  To Keep in.   To restrain; to curb.
    If thy daughter  be  shameless,  keep her  in
  straightly, lest she abuse herself through over-much
  liberty.                          Ecclesiasticus.
    It will teach them to keep in, and so master their
  inclinations.                Locke on Education.
35.  To Keep off.  To bear to  distance; not
   to admit.
36.  To  Keep off.   To hinder.
    A superficial reading, accompanied with the com-
  mon opinion of his invincible obscurity, has fcepf off
  some from seeking in him the coherence of his dis-
  course.                                Locke.
37.  To  Keep  up.  To  maintain  without
   abatement.
    Land fcepf up its price, and sold for more years
  purchase than  corresponded to the interest of money.
                                        Locke.
    This restraint of their tongues  will keep up in
  them the respect and reverence due to their parents.
                                        Locke.
    Albano keeps up its credit still for wine.  Addis.
    This dangerous dissension among us we keep up
  and cherish with much pains.            Addison.
    The ancients were careful to coin money in due
  weight and fineness, and fceep it up to the standard.
                                     Arbuthnot.
38.  To Keep up.  To continue; to hinder
   from ceasing.
    You have enough to keep you alive, and to fceep
  up and improve your hopes of heaven.      Taylor.
    In joy, that which keeps up the action is the de-
  sire to  continue it.                      Locke.
    Young heirs, from their own reflecting upon the
   estates they are born to, are of no use but to keep
  up  their families, aud transmit  their lands and
   houses in a line to posterity.             Addison.
    During his  studies and travels he fcepf up a punc-
   tual correspondence with Eudoxus.       Addison.
39. To Keep under.   To oppress; to sub-
   due.
    0 happy mixture! whereby things contrary do so
  qualify and correct the one toe danger of the other's
  excesses, that neither boldness can  make us pre-
  sume, as long as we  are kept under with the sense of
  our  own wretchedness; nor, while we  trust in  the
  mercy of God through Christ Jesus, fear be able to
  tyrannize over us.                     Hooker.
    Truth may be smothered a long time,  and fcepf
  under by violence; but it will break out at last.
                                  Sfiffing-^eef.
    To live like those that have their hope in another
  life implies, that we fceep under our appetites, and
  do not let toem loose into the enjoyments of sense.
                                    Atterbury.
To Keep, keep.  v. n.
I. To  remain  by  some labour or effort in
  a certain state.
    With all our force we fcepf aloof to sea,
  And gain'd the island where  our vessels lay. Pope.
2. To continue in  any place or state;  to
   stay.
    She would give her a lesson for  walking so late,
  that should make her fceep within doors for one fort-
  night.                                Sidney.
    What! fceep a week away? seven days and nights?
  Eightscore eight hours? and lover's absent hours!
  Oh weary reckoning.                   Shaksp.
        I think it is  our way,
  If we will fceep in favour with the king,
  To be her men, and wear her livery.      Shaksp.
    Thou shalt fceep fast by my young men, until they
  have ended.                            Ruth.
    The necessity of keeping well with the maratime
  powers, will persuade them to follow our measures.
                                      Temple.
    On my better hand Ascanius hung,
  And with unequal paces tript along:
  Creusa  fcepf behind.                   Dryden.
          The goddess-born in secret pin'd;
  Nor visited the camp, nor in  the council join'd;
  But keeping close, his knawing heart he fed
  With hopes of vengeance.              Dryden.
    And while it keeps there,  it keeps within our  au-
  thor's limitation.                       Locke.
    A man that cannot fence will fceep out of bullies
  and gamesters' company.                Locke.
    There are cases in which a man must guard, if he
  intends to  fceep fair wito the  world, and turn  the
  penny.                         •      Collier.
    The endeavours Achilles used to meet with Hec-
  tor, the contrary endeavours of the Trojan to keep
  out of reach, are the intrigue.             Pope.
3. To remain unhurt; to  last; to  be du-
   rable.
    Disdain me not, although I be not fair;
  Doth beauty fceep which never sun can burn,
  Nor storms  do turn?                    Sidney.
    Grapes will fceep in a vessel half full of wine, so
  that the grapes touch not the wine.        Bacon.
    If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it
  makes will not fceep.                 Mortimer.
4. To dwell; to live constantly.
          A breath  thou art,
  Servile to all the skiey influences,
  That do tois habitation, where thou keep'st,
  Hourly afflict.                         Shaksp.
    Knock at the study, where, they say, he keeps,
  To ruminate strange plots of dire revenge. Shaksp.
5. To adhere strictly: with to.
    Did they fceep to one  constant dress they would
  sometimes be in fashion, which they  never are.
                                      Addison.
    It is so whilst we fceep fo our rule; but when we
  forsake that we go  astray.                JSafcer.
6.  To Keep on.   To go forward.
    So cheerfully he took  the  doom;
  Nor shrunk, nor stept from death,
  But, with unalter'd pace, fcepf on.        Dryden.
7.  To Keep up.  To continue  unsubdued.
    He grew sick of a consumption; yet he still  fcepf
  up, that he might free his country.
                              Life of Cleomenes.
8.  The  general  idea of this word is  care,
   continuance,  or  duration,  sometimes
   with an intimation of cogency or coer-
   cion.
Keep, keep. ra. *. [from the verb.]
1. Custody; guard.
    Pan,  thou god of shepherds all,
  Which of our lambkins takest fceep.      Spenser.
               The prison strong,
  Within-whose fceep the captive knights were laid,
  Was one partition of the palace-wall.     Dryden.
2. Guardianship; restraint.
    Youth is  least  looked into when they stand in
  most need of good fceep and regard.      Ascham.
Ke'eper, keep'ur.93 ra.  s. [from keep.]
I. One who holds any thing for the use ot
   another.
    The good old man having neither reason to  dis-
  suade, nor hopes to  persuade, received the things
  with  the mind of a keeper, not of an owner. Sidney.
2. One who has prisoners in  custody.
    The keeper of the prison,  call to him.    Shaksp.
                Io now
  With horns exalted stands, and seems to lowe:
  A noble charge; her keeper by her side
  To watch her walks his hundred eyes apply'd.
                                      Dryden.
    A pleasant beverage he prepar'd before,
  Of wine and water mix'd, with added store
  Of opium; to his keeper tois he brought,
  Who swallowed unaware toe sleepy draught. Diyd.
3. One  who  has  the care of  parks,  or
   beasts of chase.
    There is an old  tale goes, that Heme toe hunter,
  Sometime a keeper here in Windsor forest,
  Doth all toe winter-time, at still  of midnight,
  Walk round about an oak with ragged horns.
                                       Shaksp.
    The first fat buck of all the season 's sent,
  And  keeper takes no fee in compliment.    Dryden.
4. One  that  has  the  superintendence or
   care of any  thing.
    Hilkiah went unto Hildah, keeper of the ward-
  robe.                                2 Kings.
Ke'eper of the great seal, keep'ur. [custos
   magni sigilli, Latin.]  Is  a lord by  his
   office, and  called  lord  keeper of  the
   great  seal   of England, and is  of the
   king's privy council, under whose  hands
   pass  all   charters,   commissions,  and
   grants of the king.   This lord keeper,
   by the statute of 5 Eliz.  c. 18. hath  the
   likejurisdiction, and all other advantages
   as hath the lord chancellor of England.
                                      Cowell.
Ke'epership, keep'ur-ship. ra.  s.  [from
   keeper.]  Office  of the keeper.
    The gaol of  toe shire is  kept at Launceston: this
   keepership is annexed to the constableship of toe
   castle.                                 Carew.
Keg, vulgarly  kag, properly keg. ra. s.
   [caque, Fr.] A small barrel, commonly
   used  for a  fish  barrel.
Kell, kel.  ra. *. A sort of pottage.  Ains-
   worth. It is so called in  Scotland, being
   a soup made with shredded greens.
Kell, kel. ra. s. The omentum; that which
   inwraps the  guts.
     The very weight of bowels and fceff, in fat  peo-
   ple, is toe occasion of a rupture.        TFiseman.
Kelp, kelp.  ra.  s.  A  salt  produced from
   calcined sea  weed.
     In making alum the workmen  use the ashes of a
   sea-weed called fcefp, and urine.           Boyle.
 Ke'lson, kel'sin.168 ra. *. [more properly
   keelson.] The wood next the keel.
     We have added close pillars in the royal ships 
KEN
KER
KET
  which being fastened from the fcetson to the beams
  of the second deck, keep them from settling or giv-
  ing way.                             Raleigh.
Ke'lter, kel'tiir.  ra. a.   [He is not in kel-
 % ter, that is, he is not  ready; from kilter,
  to gird, Danish. Skinner/]

To Kemb, kemb.  v. a.  [coemban, Saxon;
  kammen, German:  now  written,  per-
  haps less properly, to comb.]  To sepa-
  rate  or  disentangle  by  a denticulated
  instrument.
    Yet are the men more loose than they,
  More kemb'd and bath'd, and rubb'd and trimm'd,
  More sleek.                       Ben Jonson.
    Thy head and hair are sleek;
  And then thou kemb'st the tuzzes on thy cheek.
                                      Dryden.
 To Ken, ken. v. a. [cennan, Sax. kennan,
   Dutch, to know.]
 1. To see at a distance; to descry.
    At once as far as angels ken he views
  The dismal situation, waste and wild.     MUton.
    The next day  about evening we saw, within a
  fcenning, thick clouds, which did put us in  some
  hope of land.                          Bacon,
             If thou fcen'sf from far,
  Among the pleiads,  a new-kindled star;
  'Tis she that shines  in that propitious light.  Dryd.
    We ken them from afar, toe setting sun
  Plays on their shining aims.           Addison.
 2. To know.  Obsolete.
     'Tis he, I ken the manner of his gait.   Shaksp.
    Now plain 1 ken whence love his rise begun:
   Sure he was born some bloody butcher's son,
   Bred up in shambles.                Gay's Past,

 Ken, ken. ra. s. [from   the  verb.]  View;
   reach of sight.
    Lo! within a ken  our army lies.        Shaksp.
    When from the mountain top Pisanio shew'd thee,
   Thou wast within a  ken.                Shaksp.
             It was a hill
   Of Paradise the highest; from whose top
   The hemisphere of earth in clearest ken,
   Stretch'd out to th' amplest reach of prospect lay.
                                       Afiffon.
                   He soon
   Saw within ken a glorious  angel stand.    Milton,
     Rude, as their ships, was navigation then;
   No useful compass or meridian known;
     Coasting they kept the land within their ken,
   And knew the north but when the pole star shone.
                                      Dryden.
     When we consider the reasons we have to think,
   that what lies within our ken is but a small part of
   the universe, we shall discover an huge abyss of ig-
   norance.                              Locke,
 Ke'nnel, ken'nil.99 ra. a. [chenil, French.]
 I.  A cot for dogs.
     A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to
   describe his  kennel.                    Sidney.
     From forth the kennel of thy womb  hath crept
   A hell-hound, that doth hunt us all to death. Shak.
     The seditious remain within  their station, which,
   by reason of the nastiness of the beastly multitude,
   might be more fitly  termed a kennel than a camp.
                                     Hayward.
 2.  A number of dogs  kept in a kennel.
     A little herd of England's tim'rous deer,
   Muz'd with a yelping kennel of French curs. Shak,
 3.  The hole of a fox, or other beast.
 4. [kennel, Dutch; chenal,  French, canalis,
   Latin.] The  watercourse of a  street.
     Bad humours gather to a bile; or, as divers ken-
   nels flow to one sink, so in a short time their num-
   bers i.i creased.                      Hayward.
     He always came  in so dirty, as if he had  been
   dragg'd through toe fcennef at a boarding school
                                     Arbuthnot.
 To Ke'nnel, ken'nil. v. ra. [from kennel]
ker'tshift.^5a?'tf°™
             £  kerchcij.]
  To lie; to dwell: used of beasts, and of
  man in contempt.
          Yet, when they list, would creep,
  If aught disturb'd their noise, into her womb,
  And fcennef there: yet there still bark'd and howl'd
  Within, unseen.                       MUton.
    The dog fcenneffed in a hollow tree, and the cock
  roosted upon the boughs.            L'Estrange.
Kept, kept.  The  pret. and part. pass, of
  keep.
Kerche'if,  ker'tshif.  ra.  s.  [covrecheif,
  Chaucer; couvre,  to  cover,  and chef,
  the head; and hence  a handkerchief to
  wipe the face or hands.]
1. A headdress.
    I see how thine eye would emulate  the diamond,
  thou hast the  right arched bent of the brow, that
  becomes the tire  vailant.
    ----A plain kerchief, Sir John; my brows become
  nothing else.                          Shaksp.
    O! what a time have you chose out, brave Caius,
  To wear a kerchief.                    Shaksp.
    The proudest kerchief o£ the court shall rest
  Well satisfied of what they love the best.  Dryden.
2. Any loose  cloth used in dress.
    Every man had a large kerchief folded about the
  neck                               Hayward
KERCHE'lFEn,
I^erche'ift,
   Dressed; hooded.
            The  evening comes
  Kercheift in a comely cloud,
  While racking winds are piping loud.     Milton.
Kerf, kerf.  ra. *. [ceoppan,  Saxon, to
   cut.]   The sawn-away slit between  two
   pieces of stuff.                  Moxon.
Ke'rmes, ker'mez. ra. s. A roundish body,
   ofthe bigness of a pea, and of a brown-
   ish red colour,   It contains a multitude
   of little distinct granules, soft, and when
   crushed, yield  a scarlet juice.   It till
   lately was understood to be a vegetable
   excrescence; but we now know it to be
   the extehded body of an animal parent,
   filled with a  numerous offspring, which
   are the little red granules.        Hill.
Kern, kern.  ra. s. [an Irish word.]  Irish
   foot-soldier:  an  Irish boor.
    Out of the fry  of these rake-hell horseboys, grow-
  ing up in knavery and villainy, are their kearn sup-
  plied.                               Spenser.
          Justice had wito valour arm'd,
  Compell'd  these  skipping kernes to trust their heels.
                                      Shaksp.
    If in good plight these northern kerns arrive,
  Then does fortune promise fair.          Philips.
Kern, kern. ra. s.   A handmill consisting
   of two  pieces of stone,  by which  corn
   is ground.  It is written  likewise quern.
   It is still used in some  parts  of Scot-
   land.
 To  Kern,  kern.  v. ra.  [probably from
   kernel, or, by change of a vowel,  cor-
   rupted from  corn.]
 I. To harden as ripened corn.
     When the  price  of corn falleth,  men break no
  more ground than will supply their own turn, where-
  through it falleth out that an ill kerned or saved
  harvest soon emptieth their old store.      Carew.
 2.  To take the form of grains; to granu-
   late.
     The principal knack is in making the juice, when
  sufficiently boiled, to kern or granulate.     Grew.
 KK'RNEL,  ker'nil.»9  ra.  *.  [cypnel,  a
   gland,  Saxon;  karne, Dutch;  cerneau,
   French.]
1.  The edible  substance  contained in a
   shell.
              As brown in hue
  As hazle nuts, and sweeter than toe fcernefs. Shak.
    There can be no fcernef in this light nut; the soul
  of this man is his cloathes.               Shaksp.
    The fcernef of the nut serves them for bread and
  meat, and the shells for cups.              Afore.
2.  Any thing included in a husk or integu-
   ment.
    The fcernef of a grape, the fig's small grain,
  Can cloath a mountain, and o'ershade a plain.
                                     Denham.
    Oats are ripe when the straw turns yellow and
  the kernel hard.                    Aforfimer.
3.  The seed of pulpy fruits.
    I think he will  carry this island home in his
  pocket, and give it his son for an apple.—And sow-
  ing the kernels of  it in  toe sea, bring forth more
  islands.                              Shaksp.
    The apple inolo3ed in wax was as fresh as at toe
  first putting in, and the fcernefs continued white.
                                      Bacon.
4. Thelpentral part  of any  thing  upon
   which the,am||ient strata are concreted.
    A solid bony in thetoladder makes  the fcernef of
  a stone,  f                       Arbuthnot.
5' Kqpbby concretions in children's flesh.
To  Ke'rnel. ker-nil. v.  a.  [from  the
   noun.]  To■ (ipen to kernels.
    In Staffordshire,  garden-rouncivals sown in the
  fields fcernef well, and yield a good increase.
                                   Mortimer.
Ke'rnelly, ker'nil-e. adj. [from kernel.]
   Full of kernels;  having the  quality or
   resemblance of kernels.

Ke'rnelwort, ker'nil-wurt. ra. *. [acrofu-
   laria] An  herb.            Ainsworth,
Ke'rsey,  ker'ze. ra. a.  [karsaye, Dutch;
   carisee, French.] Coarse stuff.
    Taffata phrases, linen terms precise,
  I do forswear them; and  I here protest,
  Henceforth my wooing mind shall be exprest,
  In russet yeas and  honest kersey noes.     Shaksp.
    His lackey with a linen stock on one leg, and a
  kersey boot hose on the other.            Shaksp.
    The same wool one man felts it into a hat, another
  weaves it into  cloth, and another into  kersey or
  serge.                                 Hale.
    Thy kersey doublet spreading wide,
  Drew Cic'ly's eye aside.                  Gay.

Kest,  kest.  The preter tense of cast.  It
   is still used in  Scotland.
     Only that noise heav'ns rolling circles fcesf.
                                      Fairfax.
Ke'strel, kes'tril.so  ra. s.  A little kind of
   bastard hawk.                  Hanmer.
             His kestrel kind,
  A pleasing vain of glory, vain did find.   F. Queen.
    Kites and kestrels have  a resemblance with hawks.
                                       Bacon.
Ketch,  ketsh. ra.  s. [from  caicchio, Ital.
   a barrel.]   A  heavy ship: as, a  bomb
   ketch.
             I wonder
   That such a fcefeft can with his very bulk
   Take up the rays o' th' beueficial sun,
   And keep it from the earth.             Shaksp.

KETTLE,  ket'tl.^5 ra.  a. [cecl,  Saxon;
   ketel,  Dutch.]  A vessel  in which liquor
   is boiled.   In  the  kitchen the name of
   pot  is given  to the  boiler that grows
   narrower toward the top,  and of kettle
   to that which grows wider.  In  authors
   they are confounded.
     The fire thus form'd,  she sets the kettle on;
   Like burnish'd gold the little scether shone.  Dryd. 
KEY
KIC
KIL
Ke'ttledrum,  ket'tl-driim.  ra. *. [kettle
   and drum.]  A drum of which the head
   is spread over a body of brass.
    As he drains his draughts of Rhenish down,
  The kettledrum and trumpet thus bray out
  The triumph of his pledge.              Shaksp.
KEY, ke.zss n.  s. [ccej, Saxon.]
f. An instrument formed with cavities cor-
   respondent to the wards  of a lock, by
   which the bolt of a lock  is pushed for-
   ward or backward.
    If a man were  porter of hell gate, he should have
  old turning the key.                    Shaksp
    Fortune, that arrant whore,
  Ne'er turns the key to the poor.           Shaksp.
    The glorious standard last to heav'n they spread,
  W7ith Peter's keys ennobled and his crown. Fairfax.
    Yet some there be, that by due steps aspire
  To lay their just hands on that golden key,
  That opes the palace of eternity.          Milton.
    Conscience is its own counsellor, the sole master
  of its own secrets; and it is the privilege of our na-
  ture, that every man should  keep the key of his own
  breast.                              Sowfft.
    He  came, and  knocking thrice, without delay
  The longing lady heard, and turn'd the key. Dryd.
2. An instrument by  which something is
   screwed or turned.
 \   Hide the key of the jack.               Swift.
3. An explanation of any thing difficult.
    An emblem without a fcey to 't, is no more than a
  tale of a tub.                     L'Estrange.
    These  notions  in the writings of the ancients
  darkly delivered,  receive a clearer light when com-
  pared  wito  tois  theory, which  represents every
  thing plainly, and is a key to their thoughts.
                                      Bwrnef.
    Those who are accustomed to reason have got the
  true key of books.                      Locke.
4. The  parts of a  musical   instrument
   which are struck with the fingers.
    Pamela loves to handle the spinnet, and touch
  the keys.                            Pamela.
5. [In musick.] Is a  certain tone  whereto
   every  composition,  whether  long   or
   short, ought  to be  fitted; and  this key
   is said to be either flat ov  sharp, not in
   respect of its own nature,  but  with re-
   lation  to the  flat or sharp third,  which
   is joined  with it.                Harris.
    Hippolita, I woo'd thee with my sword,
  And won  thy love doing thee injuries;
  But I will wed thee in another key,
  Wito pomp, with triumph, and wito revelling.
                                      Shaksp.
    But speak you  wito a sad brow? Or do you play
  the flouting Jack!  Come, in what key shall a man
  take you to go in  a song?                Shaksp.
    Not now know  my voice! Oh, time's extremity!
  Hast thou so crack'd and splitted my poor tongue
  In sev'n short years, that here my only son
  Knows not my feeble key of untun'd cares?  Shaksp.

6. [kaye, Dutch;  quai, French.]   A bank
   raised perpendicular for the ease of la-
   ding and  unlading ships.
    A key of fire ran along toe shore,
  And lig'nten'd all the river with a blaze.   Diyden.
7. Key  cold was  a proverbial  expression,
   now  out of use.
    Poor key cold figure of a holy king!
  Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster.     Shaksp.
Ke'yage, ke'idje.80 ra. s. [from key.] Mo-
  ney  paid for lying at the key, or quay.
                                Ainsworth.
Ke'yhole, ke'hole. ra. s. [key  and  hole.]
  The  perforation  in the door  or lock
  through which the key is  put.
    Make doors fast upon a woman's wit, and it will
  out at the easement; shut that, and 'twill out at the
  keyhole.                             Shaksp.
    I looked in at the keyhole, and saw a well-made
  man.                                Taffer.
    1 keep her in one room; I lock it;
  The key, look here, is in tois pocket;
  The keyhole, is that left? Most certain.     Pi-ior.
Ke'ystone, ke'stone. ra. s. [key and stone.]
   The middle stone of an arch.
    If you will add a keystone and  chaptrels to the
  arch, let the breadth of the upper part of toe key-
  stone he the height of the arch.           Moxon.
Kibe, kyibe. ra. s. [from kerb, a cut, Ger-
   man,  Skinner;  from  kibwe,   Welsh,
   Minshew.]   An ulcerated chilblain; a
   chap in the heel caused  by the cold.
    If 'twere a kibe, 'twould put me to my slipper.
                                     Sftafcsp.
    The toe ofthe peasant comes so near the heel of
  one courtier, that it galls his kibe.        Shaksp.
    One boasted of the cure, calling them a few kibes.
                                    Wiseman.
Kibed,  kyib'd.369 adj. [from kibe.] Trou-
   bled with kibes: as, kibed heels.
To KICK, kik. v. a.  [kauchen, German;
  *alco, Lat.]  To strike with the  foot.
    He must endure and digest all affronts, adore the
  foot that kicks  him, and  kiss the hand that strikes
  him.                                 Sowfft.
    It anger'd Turenne once upon  a day,
  To see a footman kick'd that took his pay.   Pope.
    Another, whose son had  employments at court,
  valued not, now and then, a kicking or a caning.
                                      Swift.
To KICK, kik. v. ra.  To beat the foot in
   anger or contempt.
    Wherefore kick ye at  my sacrifice which I have
  commanded.                        1 Samuel.
    Jeshurun waxed fat and kicked.          Deut.
    The doctrines of the holy scriptures are terrible
  enemies to wicked men, and tois is that which
  makes  toem kick against religion, and spurn at  the
  doctrines of that holy book.             Tillotson.
Kick, kik. ra. s. [from the verb.]  A blow
   with the foot.
    What, are you dumb?  Quick, with your answer,
        quick,
  Before my foot salutes you with a kick.   Dryden.
Ki'cker, kik'iir.9* ra. *.  [from kick.]  One
   who who  strikes with his foot.
Ki'ckshaw, kik'shaw.  ra. s.  [This word
   is supposed, I  think  with  truth,  to be
   only  a  corruption  of quelque  chose,
   something;  yet Milton seems  to have
   understood  it otherwise; for he writes it
   kickshoe,  as  if he  thought it  used  in
   contempt of dancing.]
1. Something  uncommon  or  fantastical;
   something ridiculous.
    Shall we  need the monsieurs of Paris to take
  our youth into their slight custodies, and send them
  over back again transformed into mimicks,  apes,
  and kickshoes?                        Milton.
2. A  dish so changed by the cookery that
   it can scarcely be known.
    Some pigeons, a joint of  mutton, and any pretty
  little tiny kkkshaws.                   Shaskp.
    In wit as well as war,  they give us vigour;
  Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup-meagre.
                                     Fenfon.
Ki'oksy-wicksey, kik'se-wik'se.  ra.  s.
   [from kick and  wince.]   A made word
   in ridicule  and disdain of  a  wife.
                                  Hanmer.
    He wears his honour in a box, unseen,
  That hugs his fcicfcsy-ioicfcsey here at home,
  Spending his manly man-ow in her arms.  Shaksp.
 Kid, kid. ra. s.  [kid, Danish.]
 I.  The young of a goat.
     Leaping like wanton kids, in pleasant spring.
                                 Fairy Queen.
     There was a herd of goats with their young ones-,
  upon which sight sir Richard Graham  tells, he
  would snap one of toe kids, and carry him close to
  their lodging.                        Wotton.
     Sporting the lion ramp'd, and in his paw
  Dandled the kid.                     MUton.
     So kids and whelps their sires and dams express;
  And so the great I measur'd by the less.   Dryden.
 2. [from cidwlen, Welsh, a  faggot;]  A
  bundle of heath or furze.
 To Kid, kid. v. a. [from the noun.]    To
  bring forth kids.
 Ki'dder, kid'dur.98 ra. s.   An   engrosser
   of corn to enhance its price.       dins.
 To KIDNA'P,  kid'nap. v. a. [from kind,
  Dutch, a  child,  and  nap.]   To  steal
  children; to steal human beings.
 Kidna'pper, kid'nap-pur. ra.  s.   [from
  kidnap] One who steals human beings
  a manstealer.
    The man compounded  with the merchant upon
  condition that he might have his child again; for he
  had smelt it out, that the merchant himself was the
  kidnapper.                        L'Estrange.
    These people lie in wait for our children,  and
  may be considered as a kind of kidnappers within
  the law.                           Spictator.
 KIDNEY, kid'ne.  ra. s. [etymology un-
  known.]
 1. These are two in number, one on each
  side; they  have the same figure as kid-
  neybeans:  their length is four or  five
  fingers,  their breadth three,   and their
  thickness  two: the right is under the
  liver, and   the left  under the  spleen.
  The use of the kidneys is to separate
  the  urine from the blood, which  by the
  motion ofthe heart and arteries is thrust
  into the emulgent branches, which car-
  ry it to the little glands, by which the
  serosity, being separated, is received
  by the orifice of the little tubes,  which
  go from the glands  to the pelvis, and
  from thence it runs by the ureters into
  the  bladder.                    Quincy.
    A youth laboured under a  complication of  dis-
  eases, from his mesentery and kidneys.  Wiseman.
 2. Sort; kind; in ludicrous language.
    Think of that, a man of my kidney;  think of that,
  that am as subject to heat as butter, a man of con-
  tinual dissolution and thaw.             Shaksp.
    There are millions in the world of this man's
  kidney, that take  up the  same resolution without
  noise.                            L'Estrange.
Ki'dneybean, kid'ne-bene. ra. s. [phaseo-
  lus. So named from its shape.]  A  le-
  guminous  plant.
    Kidneybeans are a sort of cod ware, that are very
  pleasant wholesome food.             Mortimer.

Ki'dneyvetch, kid'ne-vetsh. [anthillis.] ~)
Ki'DNEYW0RT,kid'ne-wilrt. [cotyledon.]^
  ra. s. Plants.                Ainsworth.

Ki'lderkin, kil'der-kln.  ra. s.  [kindekin,
  a  baby, Dutch.]  A small barrel.
    Make in the kUderkin a great bung-hole of pur-
  pose.                                jBacon.
    A tun of man in thy large bulk is writ,
  But sure thou 'rt but a kUderkin of wit.   Dryden.
 To KILL, kil. v. a.  [anciently  To quell;
  cpellan, Saxon; kelen, Dutch.] 
KIN
KIN
KIN
1. To deprive of life;  to put to death, as
  an agent.
    Dar'st thou resolve to fcitf a friend of mine?
  —Please you, I'd rather fciff two enemies. Shaksp.
    Ye have brought us forth into this wilderness, to
  fcitf this whole assembly with hunger.     Exodus.
    There was killing of young and old, making away
  of men, women, and children.             2 Afac.
2. To destroy animals  for  food.
    We're mere usurpers, tyrants, and what's worse,
  To fright the animals, and to fciff them up.
  In their assigned and native dwelling place. Shak.
    Shall I take my  bread, and my flesh toat I have
  fciffed for my shearers.                 1 Samnef.
3.  To deprive of life, as a  cause or instru-
   ment.
    The medicines,  if  they were used inwards, would
  fciff those that use  them; and therefore they work
  potently, though outwards.                Bacon.
4.  To deprive of vegetative or other mo-
   tion or active  qualities.
     Try with oil, or barm of drink, so they be such
  things as fciff not toe bough.               Bacon.
     Catharticks of mercurials mix with  all  animal
  acids, as appears by  killing it with spittle.  Floyer.
Ki'ller, kil'lur.  ra. s.  [from  kill.]   One
   that deprives  of life.
     What sorrow, what amazement, what shame was
  in Amphialus,  when he saw  his dear foster-father
  find him the fciffer of his only son ?        Sidney.
     Wilt thou for the  old lion hunt, or fill
   His hungry whelps?  and for the fciffer kill,
   When couch'd in dreadful dens?          Sandys-
             So rude a time,
   When love was held so capital a crime,
   That a crown'd head could not compassion find,
   But dy'd, because  the fciffer had been kind. Walkr.
 Ki'llow,  kil'lo.337  ra. a.  [This  seems  a
    corruption of coal and low, a flame, as
    soot  is thereby  produced.]  An earth of
    a blackish  or  deep blue  colour, and
    doubtless had its  name  from kollow,  by
    which name,  in the north, the  smut or
    grime on the  backs  of chimneys is call-
    ed.                           Woodward.
 KILN,  kll.*11  ra. *.  [cyln,  Saxon.]   A
    stove; a fabric formed for admitting
    heat, in  order to dry or burn things con-
    tained in it.
     I'll  creep up into the chimney.—There they al-
   ways use to discharge  their birding pieces: creep
   into the kiln hole.                      Shaksp.
     After the putting forth in sprouts, and toe drying
   upon the fcifn, there  will be gained  a bushel in eight
   of malt.                                Bacon.
     Physicians chuse lime which is newly drawn  out
   of the fcifn, and not  slacked.              Moxon.
 To Ki'lndry, kil'dri.  v. a. [kiln and dry]
    To dry by means of a kiln.
     The best way is to kilndry them.     Mortimer.
Kilt, kilt, for killed.              Spenser.
Ki'mbo, kim'bo. ad.  [a schembo,  Italian.]
    Crooked;  bent; arched.
     The kimbo handles seem with bears-foot carv'd,
   And never yet to table have been serv'd.  Dryden.
     He observed them edging towards one another
  to whisper: so that John was forced to sit wito  his
  arms a kimbo, to keep them asunder.   Arbuthnot.
Kin, kin.  ra. a. [cynne, Saxon.]
1.  Relation either of consanguinity or af-
   finity.
     You must use them with fit respects,  according
  to  toe  bonds of nature; but you are of kin, and
  so a friend to their persons, not to  their errours.
                                        Bacon.
             Th' unhappy Palamon,
  Whom Theseus holds in bonds, and will not free,
  Without a crime,  except his kin to me.   Dryden.
2. Relatives; those who  are of the same
   race.
             Tumultuous wars,
  Shall kin with kin, and kind wito kind confound.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The father, mother, and the kin beside,
  Were overborne by fury of toe tide.       Dryden.
    A relation;  one related.
    Then is the soul from God; so pagans say,
  Which saw by nature's light her heavenly kind:
  Naming her kin to God, and God's bright ray,
  A citizen of heaven, to earth confin'd.     Davies.
4.  The same generical class, though per-
   haps not the same  species;  thing re-
   lated.
             The burst
  And the ear-deaf'ning voice of the oracle,
  Kin to Jove's thunder, so  surpris'd my sense,
  That I was nothing.                    Shaksp.
    The odour ofthe fixed nitre is very languid; but
  that which it discovers, being dissolved in a little
  hot water, is altogether differing from the stink of
  the other, being of kin to that of other  alcalizate
  salts.                                  Boyle.
5.  A diminutive termination;  from  kind,
   a  child,  Dutch: as, manikin,  minikin,
   thomkin,  wilkin.
KIND,  kyind.160 adj.  [from cynne, rela-
   tion, Saxon.]
 1.Benevolent; filled with general good-will.
    By the kind gods 'tis most ignobly done
   To pluck me by the beard.              Shaksp.
    Some of the  ancients,  like kind hearted men,
   have talked much of annual refrigeriums, or inter-
   vals of punishment to the damned, as particularly
   on the great festivals of the resurrection and  ascen-
   sion.                                  Soufft.
2.  Favourable; beneficient.
    He is kind to the unthankful and evil.     Luke.
Kind, kyind. ra. s.  [cynne, Saxon.]
 1.  Race; generical class.   Kind  in Teu-
   tonick  English  answers to genus,  and
   sort to species;  though this distinction,
   in popular language,  is not always ob-
   served.
    Thus far we have  endeavoured in part to open
  of what nature  and  force laws  are,  according to
   their kinds.                           Hooker.
             As when the total kind
   Of birds, in orderly array on wing,
   Came summon'd over Eden, to receive
  Their names of thee.                  Afifton.
    That both are animalia,
  I grant; but not rationalia;
  For though they do agree in kind,
   Specifick difference we find.           Hudibras.
    God and Nature do not principally concern them-
   selves in the preservation of particulars, but kinds
  and companies.                         South.
    He with his wife were only left behind
   Ofperish'd man; they two were human kind. Dryd.
    Some acts of virtue are common to heathens and
   christians;  but I suppose them to  be performed  by
   christians after a more sublime manner than among
   the heathens; and even when they do not differ in
   kind from moral virtues,  yet differ in toe degrees
   of perfection.                       Atterbury.
    He, with a hundred hearts refin'd.
   Shall stretch thy conquest over half the kind. Pope.
2.  Particular nature.
    No human laws are exempt from faults, since
   those that have  been looked upon as  most perfect
   in their kind, have been found to have so many.
                                        Baker.
3.  Natural  state.
    He did give the goods  of all the prisoners unto
   those that had taken  them, either to take them in
  kind, or compound for them.              Bacon.
    The tax upon tillage was often levied in kind
  upon corn, and called decunice, or tithes.  Arbuth.
4. Nature; natural determination.
    The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands,
  And in the doing of the deed of kind,
  He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes. Shaksp.
    Some of you on pure instinct of nature;
  Are led by kind V admire your fellow-creature.
                                      Dryden.
5. Manner; way.
    Send me your prisoners wito the speediest means,
  Or you shall hear in such a fcind from me
  As will displease you.                   Shaksp.
    This will encourage industrious improvements,
  because many will rather venture in that kind, than
  take five in the hundred.                 Bacon.
6. Sort.  It has a slight  and unimportant
   sense.
    Diogenes was asked in a  kind  of score, What
  was the matter that philosophers hauntecWich men,
  and not rich men philosophers; He answered, Be-
  cause the one knew  what  they wanted, the  other
  did  not.                               Bacon.
To Ki'ndle,  kin'dl. v. a. [cinnu, Welsh;
   cynbelan,  Saxon.]
1. To  set on  fire;  to light;  to  make  to
   burn.
    He will take thereof, and warm himself; yea he
  kindleth it and baketh bread.            Isaiah.
    I was not forgetful of those sparks,  which some
  men's  distempers formerly studied to kindle in par-
  liaments.                        King  Charles.
    If the fire burns vigorously, it is no matter by
  what means it was at first kindled: there is the same
  force,  and the  same refreshing virtue in it, kindled
  by a spark  from  a flint,  as if it were  kindled from
  the sun.                               Soufft.
2. To inflame the passions; to exasperate;
   to animate; to heat; to fire the mind.
    I 've been to you a true and humble wife;
  At all  times to your will conformable:
  Ever in fear to kindle your dislike.     Shakspeare.
    He hath kindled his wrath against me, and count-
  eth me as one of his enemies.               Job.
    Thus one by one kindling each other's fire,
  'Till all inflam'd,  they all in one agree.   Daniel.
    Each was a cause alone, and all combin'd
  To kindle vengeance in her haughty mind.  Dryden.
To Ki'ndle, kin'dl.*06  v. ra.
1. To catch fire.
    When thou  walkest through the fire, thou shalt
  not be burnt, neither shall the flame kindle upon
  thee.                                 Isaiah.
2.  [from  cennan,  Saxon.]   To  bring
   forth.   It is used  of  some particular
   animals.
    Are you  native of this place?
  —As toe coney  that you  see dwells where she is
        kindled.                     Shakspeare.
Ki'ndler,  kind'dl-ur.98  ra. s. [from  kin-
   dle.] One that lights;  one who inflames.
    Now is the time that rakes their revels keep,
  Kindlers of riot, enemies  of sleep.           Gay.
Ki'ndly, k)ind'le. adv.  [from kind]  Be-
   nevolently; favourably; with  good-will.
    Sir Thurio borrows his wit from your ladyship's
  looks,  and spends what he  borrows kindly in  your
  company.                          Shakspeare.
    I sometime lay here in Corioli,
  At a poor man's house: he us'd me kindly. Shaksp.
    Be  kindly affectioned  one to another, wito bro-
  therly love, in honour preferring one another.
                                       Romans.
    His grief some pity, others blame;
  The fatal cause all  kindly seek.           Prior.
    Who with less designing ends,
  Kindlier entertain their friends,
  With good words, and count'nance sprightly,
  Strive to treat them all politely.           Swift.

Ki'ndly, kyind'le. adj.  [from kind; pro-
   bably from kind the substantive.] 
KIN
KIN
KIN
1. Homogeneal; congeneal;  kindred;  of
   the same nature.
    This competency I beseech God I may be able
  to digest into kindly juice, that I may grow thereby.
                                    Hammond.
            These soft fires
  Not only enlighten, but with fcindfy heat,
  Of various influence, foment and warm,
  Temper or nourish.                    MUton.
2. The  foregoing  sense seems to  have
   been  originally implied  by this word;
   but following writers,  inattentive to its
   etymology, confounded it with kind.
3. Bland; mild; softening.
    Through all the living regions do'st thou move,
  And scatter'st, where thou goest, the kindly seeds
         of love.                        Dryden.
    Ye heav'ns from high the dewy nectar pour,
  And in soft silence shed the kindly show'r.  Pope.
Ki'ndness, kyind'nes. ra. s.  [from kind.]
   Benevolence;  beneficence;  good-will;
   favour; love.
    If there be kindness, meekness, or comfort in her
  tongue, then is not her husband like other men.
                                 Ecclesiasticus.
    Old  Lelius professes he had an extraordinary
  kindness for several young people.        Collier.
    Ever blest be  Cythcrea's shrine,
  Since thy dear breast has felt an equal wound,
  Since in toy kindness my desires are crown'd.
                                        Prior.
    Love and inclination can be produced only by an
  experience or opinion of kindness to us.    Rogers.
Ki'ndred,  kln'dred.  ra.  s.   [from  kind;
   cynrtene, Saxon.]
1. Relation by  birth  or marriage;  cogna-
   tion; consanguinity;  affinity.
    Like her, of equal kindred to the throne,
  You keep her conquests, and extend your own.
                                      Dryden.
2. Relation; suit.
    Aryrtd motoy saddle,  and the stirrups of no kin-
  dred.                             Shakspeare.
3. Relatives.
    I think there is no man secure
  But the queen's kindred.            Shakspeare.
    Nor needs thy juster title the foul guilt
  Of eastern kings, who, to secure their reign,
  Must have their brothers, sons, and kindred slain.
                                     Denham.
Ki'ndred, kln'dred. adj.  Congenial; re-
   lated; cognate.
    From Tuscan Coritum he claim'd his birth;
  But after, when exempt from mortal earth,
  From thence ascended to his kindred skies
  A god.                              Dryden.
Kink, kyine. ra. s. plur.  from cow.
            To milk the kine,
  E'er the milk-maid fine
  Hath open'd her eyne.             Ben Jonson.
    A field I went, amid the morning dew,
  To milk my Mne.                       Gay.
KING, king. ra. s.  [A contraction ofthe
   Teutonick word cuning, or cyning, the
   name of sovereign dignity. In the pri-
   mitive tongue it signifies stout or  vali-
   ant, the kings of most nations being, in
   the  beginning, chosen by the  people
   on account of their valour and strength.
   Verstegan.]
1. Monarch; supreme governour.
    The great King of kings,
  Hath in the table of his law commanded,
  That thou shalt do no murder.        SAafcspeare.
    A substitute shines brightly as a king,
  Until a king be  by; and then his state
  Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
  Into the main of waters.                Shaksp.
   VOL. I.
    True hope is swift, and flies with swallow's wings;
  .Kings it makes gods,  and meaner creatures kings.
                                   Shakspeare.
          The fcing-becoming graces,
  As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
  Bounty, persev'rance, mercy, lowliness,
  Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
  I have no relish of them.               Shaksp.
    Thus states were form'd, the name of king un-
        known,
  'Till common int'rest plac'd the sway in one:
  'Twas virtue only, or in arts or arms,
  Diffusing blessings, or averting harms,
  The same which in a sire the sons obey'd,
  A prince the father of a people made.      Pope.
2. It is taken by Bacon  in the feminine;
   as prince also is.
    Ferdinand and Isabella, kings of Spain, recover-
  ed the great and rich kingdom of Granada from
  the Moors.                             Bacon.
3. A card  with the picture of a king.
            The king unseen
  Lurk'd in her haad, and mourn'd his captive queen.
                                       Pope.
4. King at arms,  a principal officer at
   arms, that has the pre-eminence of the
   society;  of whom there  are  three in
   number, viz. Garter, Norroy, and Cla-
   rencieux.                       Phillips.
    A letter  under his own hand was lately shewed
  me by sir William Dugdale, king at arms.  Walton.

To King, king.  v.  a. [from  the noun.]
1. To  supply with  a king.   A word   ra-
   ther ludicrous.
    England  is so idly king'd,
  Her sceptre so fantastically borne,
  That fears attend her  not.               Shaksp.
2. To  make royal; to raise to royalty.
            Sometimes am I a king;
  Then treason makes me wish myself a beggar,
  And so I am: then crushing penury
  Persuades me, I was better when  a king;
  Then am I  king'd again.             Shakspeare.

Ki'ngapple, king'ap-pl. ra. s.   A kind of
   apple.
    The kingapple is preferred before the jenneting.
                                    Aforfimer.
Ki'ngcraft, king'kraft. ra.  s. [king  and
   craft.]   The art  of governing.  A word
   commonly used by king James.

Ki'ngcup, king'kup. ra. s. [king and cup.]
   The  name  is properly,  according to
   Gerard,  kingcob]  A fiower; crowfoot.
    June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass green,
  and upon his head a  garland of  bents,  kingcups,
  and maidenhair.                     Peacham.
    Fair is the kingcup that  in meadow blows,
  Fair is the daisy that beside her grows.      Gay.

Ki'ngdom, king'dilm.166 ra. s. [from king]
1. The dominion of a king; the territories
   subject to a monarch.
          You're welcome,
  Most learned, reverend sir, into our kingdom.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Moses gave unto them the  kingdom of Sihon
  king of toe Amorites, and  the kingdom of Og king
  of Bashan.                           Numbers.
2. A different class or order of beings. A
   word chiefly used among  naturalists.
    The animal and vegetable kingdoms are so near-
  ly joined, that if you take the lowest of one,  and
   the highest of the other, there will scarce be per-
   ceived any difference.                   Locke.
  .  A region; a tract.
    The wat'ry kingdom is no bar
   To  stop  the foreign spirits;  but they come,
   As o'er a brook, to see fair Portia.    Shakspeare.
                   6x
 Ki'ngfisher, klng'flsh-ilr.  ra. *. [halcy-
   on] A species of bird.
    When dew refreshing on the pasture fields
  The moon bestows, kingfishers play on shore. *Vai/.
    Bitterns, herons, sea-gulls, kingfishers, and wa-
  ter rats, are great enemies to fish.      Mortimer.
Ki'nglike, king'like.)    ,.  rc      ,.   -.
vi        i *   fix      r  odj.  from king.
Ki'ngly, king'le.      5
1. Royal; sovereign; monarchical.
            There we'll sit
  Ruling in large and ample empery,
  O'er France, and all her almost kingly dukedoms.
                                   Shakspeare.
            Yet this place
  Hath been thy kingly  seat, and here thy race,
  From all the ends of peopled earth, had come
  To rev'rence thee.                     Dryden.
    In Sparta, a kingly  government,  though the peo-
  ple were perfectly  free, the  administration was in
  the two kings and theephori.               Swift.
    The cities of Greece, when toey drove out their
  tyrannical kings, either chose others from  a new
  family, or abolished the kingly government, and be-
  came free states.                        Swift.
2. Belonging to  a king; suitable to a king.
          Why liest thou with the vile
  In loathsome beds, and leav'st the kingly couch
  A watch-case to a  common 'larum  bell?   Shaksp
    Then shalt thou give me with thy kingly band,
  What husband in toy power I will command. Shak.
3. Noble; august;  magnificent.
    He was not born to  live a subject life, each ac-
  tion of his bearing in it majesty, such a kingly en-
  tertainment, such  a  kingly magnificence, such  a
  kingly heart for enterprizes.             Sidney.
    1 am far better born than is the king;
  More like a king, more kingly in my thoughts.
                                  Shakspeare.
Ki'ngly,  king'le.   adv.  With  an  air of
  royalty;  with  superiour  dignity.
    Adam bow'd low; he, kingly, from his state
  Inclin'd not.             Afiffon's Paradise  Lost.
    His hat which never vail'd to human pride,
  Walker with rev'rence took, and laid aside;
  Low bow'd the rest, he, kingly, did but nod.
                                     Dunciad.
Kingse'vil, kingz-e'v'l. ra.  *.  [king and
  evil.] A scrofulous distemper, in which
  the  glands are ulcerated, commonly be-
  lieved to be cured by the touch  of  a
  king.
    Sore eyes are frequently a species of the  kings-
  evil, and take toeir beginning from viscous humours
  inflaming the tunica adnata.           Wiseman,
Ki'ngship, king'ship. ra. s. [from king.]
  Royalty; monarchy.
    They designed and proposed to me the new mo-
  delling of sovereignty  and kingship, without any re-
  ality of power, or  without any  necessity of subjec-
  tion and obedience.               King Charles.
    We know how successful toe late usurper was,
  while his army believed him real in his zeal against
  kingship; but when they found out the imposture,
  upon his aspiring to the same himself, he was pre-
  sently deserted and  opposed by them, and never
  able to crown his  usurped greatness with the addi-
  tion of that title  which he passionately  thirsted
  after.                                 Sonfft.
Ki'ngspear, kingz'spere. ra. s. [asphode-
  lus.]  A plant.
Ki'ngstone,  kingz'stone. ra. s.  [squati-
   na.] A  fish.                 Ainsworth.
 Ki'nsfolk, kinz'foke.  ra. s. [kin and folk.]
   Relations;  those who  are  of the same
   family.
    Those lords, since their first  grants of those lands
  have bestowed them amongst their kinsfolks
                                      Spensei-.
    My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends
  forgotten me.                            Job. 
KIT
K  IT
KN A
Ki'nsman, klnz'man.88 ra. a. [kin and man.]
   A  man of  the same race or family.
    The jury he made to be chosen out of toeir near-
  est kinsmen, and their judges he made of their own
  fathers.                              Spenser.
    Both fair, and both of royal blood toey seem'd,
  Whom kinsmen to the crown the heralds deem'd.
                                      Dryden.
    Let me stand excluded from my right,
  Bobb'd of my kinsman's arms, who first appear'd
        in fight.                Dryden's Fables.
    There is a branch ofthe Medicis in Naples:  the
  head of it has been owned as a kinsmanhy the great
  duke, and 'tis thought will succeed to his dominions.
                               Addison on Italy.
 Ki'nswoman, kinz'wtim-ftn. ra. s. [kin and
   woman.]  A female relation.
     A young noble lady, near kinswoman to the fair
   Helen, queen of Corinth, was come thither.
                                       Sidney.
     The duke was as much in love wito wit as he was
   with his fcinsicoman.             Dennis' Letters.
 Kirk, kerk. ra. s. [cyp.ee, Saxon; xvpixx-y.]
   A church.   An  old word yet retained
   in Scotland.
     Home they hasten the posts to dight,
   And all the kirk pillars ere day-light,
   With hawthorn buds and sweet eglantine. Spenser.
     Nor is it all the nation hath these spots,
   There is a church as well as kirk of Scots.
                                    Cfeatiefand.
     What one  party thought  to rivet by the Scots,
   that the other contemns, despising the kirk govern-
   ment and discipline of the Scots.     K. Charles.
 Ki'rtle,  ker'tl.400 ra. *.  [cyp.ee 1, Saxon.]
    An upper garment;  a  gown.
     All in a fcirffe of discoloured say
   He clothed was.                  Fairy Qween.
     What stuff wilt thou have a kirtle of? Thou shalt
   have a cap to-morrow.              Shakspeare.
     Thy gowns, thy shoes, thy beds of roses,
   Thy cap, toy kirtle, and thy posies,
   Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten,
   In folly ripe, in reason rotten.           Raleigh.
  To KISS, kis. v. a. [cusan, Welsh; kuo>.]
     1.  To touch with the lips.
      But who those ruddy  lips can miss,
    Which blessed still themselves do kiss.    Sidney.
                  He took
    The bride about the neck, and kist her lips
    With such a clamorous smack, that at the parting
    All toe church echo'd.               Shakspeare.
      Their lips were four red roses on a stalk,
    And in their summer beauty kiss'd each other. Shak.
  2.  To treat with fondness.
      The hearts of princes kiss obedience,
    So much they love it, but to stubborn spirits,
    They swell and grow as terrible as storms. Shaksp.
  3. To touch  gently.
      The moon shines bright: in such a night as this,
    When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees,
    And they did make no noise.         Shakspeare.
  Kiss, kis.  ra. s. [from  the verb.]  Salute
     given by joining  lips.
      What sense had I of her stol'n hours of lust?
    I found not Cassio's kisses on her lips.      Shaks.
      Upon my livid lips bestow a kiss:
    0 envy not the dead, they feel not bliss!  Dryden.
  Ki'sser, kis'silr.9?< n, s.  [from kiss.] One
     that kisses.
  Ki'ssingcrust, kls'sing-krust. n. s. [kiss-
     ing  and  crust.]  Crust formed where
     one-loaf in  the  oven touches another.
      These bak'd him kissingcrusts, and those
     Brought him small beer.                  King.
   Kit, kit.  n. s. [kitte,  Dutch.]
   1.  A large bottle.                  Skinner.
   2. A small diminutive  fiddle.
       'Tis kept in a case fitted to it, almost like a dan-
     cing-master's fcif.                       Grew.
3. A small wooden vessel, in which New-
   castle  salmon is sent up to  town.
KITCHEN,  kitsh'in.103  ra.  s.  [kegin,
   Welsh;  keg, Flemish; cycene, Saxon;
   cuisine,  Fr.  cusina,  Italian;   kyshen,
   Erse.]   The room in a house  where
   the provisions are cooked.
    These being culpable of this  crime, or favourers
  of their  friends, which are such by whom their
  kitchens are sometimes amended, will not suffer any
  such statute to pass.                    Spenser.
    Can we  judge at  a thing seemly  for any man to
  go about the building of an house to the  God of
  heav'n, wito no other appearance  than if his end
  were to rear up a kUchen or a parlour for his own
  use?                                Hooker.
     He was  taken into service in his  court to a base
   office in his kitchen; so that he turned a broach that
   had worn a crown.                     Bacon.
     We see no new-built palaces aspire,
   No kitchens emulate the vestal fire.         Pope.
 Ki'tchengarden, kitsh'in-gar-d'n.  ra. s.
   [kitchen and garden.] Garden in which
   esculent plants are produced.
     Gardens, if planted with such things as  are fit
   for food, are called fcifeften-^ardens.       Bacon.
     A kitchen-garden is a more pleasant sight than
   toe finest orangery.                   Spectator.
 Ki'tchenmaid,    kitsh'in-made.  ra.  s.
   [kitchen and maid.]  A maid under the
   cookmaid,  whose  business is to clean
   the utensils of the kitchen.
 Ki'tohenstuff, kitsh'in-st&f. ra. s. [kitch-
   en and  stuff.] The  fat of  meat scum-
   med off the pot, or gathered out  ofthe
    dripping-pan.
     As a thrifty wench scrapes kUchenstuff,
   And barrelling the droppings and the snuff
   Of wasting candles, which in thirty year,
   Reliquely kept, perchance buys wedding cheer.
                                       Donne.
     Instead of kUchenstuff some cry
   A gospel-preaching ministry.          Hudibras.
  Ki'tchenwench,  kitsh'in-wensh.  ra..  •».
    [kitchen and wench] Scullion; maid em-
    ployed   to  clean  the   instruments  of
    cookery.
      Laura  to his lady was but a kitchenwench. Shak.
      Roasting and boiling leave to the kitchenwench.
                                         Swift.
  Ki'tchenwork, kitsh'm-wtirk.ra. s.[kitch-
    en and work.] Cookery;   work  done
    in the  kitchen.
  Kite, kyite.160 ra. *. [cyga, Saxon;  mil-
    vus.]
   .  A bird of prey that infests the  farms,
    and steals the chickens.
      More pity that toe eagle should be mew'd,
    While fcifes and buzzards prey at  liberty.  Shaksp.
      The heron, when she soareth high, so as some-
    times she is seen to pass over a cloud,  sheweto
    winds; but fcifes,  flying aloft,  shew fair and dry
    weather.                              Bacon.
      A leopard and a cat seem to differ just as a kite
    doth from an eagle.                    Grew.
     A name of reproach denoting rapacity.
      Detested kite! thou liest.           Shakspeare.
  3. A fictitious bird made of paper.
       A man may have a great estate conveyed to him;
    but if he will madly burn, or childishly make pa-
    per fcifes of his deeds, he forfeits his title wito his
    evidence.                  Gov. ofthe Tongue.
  Ki'tesfoot, kyits'fiit. ra. *. A plant.
                                   Ainsworth.
   Ki'tten, kit't'n.108 ra. s. [kattsken,  Dutch.
     It is probable that  the true  singular is
     kit, the dimunitive of cat, of which the
  old  plural  was kitten  or young cats,
  which was in time taken for the singu-
  lar, like chicken.]   A young cat.
    That a mare will sooner  drown than a horse,  is
  not experienced: nor is the same observed in the
  drowning of whelps and k'Utens.          Brown.
    It was scratched in playing with a fciffen.
                                    Wiseman.
    Helen was just slipt into bed;
  Her eyebrows on the toilet lay,
    Away the fciffen with them fled,
  As fees belonging to her prey.             P?ior.

To  Ki'tten, kit't'n. v. ra. [from the noun.]
  To bring forth young cats.
            So it would have done
  At the same season,  if your mother's cat
  Had fcitfen'd, though yourself had ne'er been born.
                                   Shakspeare.
    The eagle timbered upon the top of a high oak,
  and the cat fcitfened in toe hollow trunk of it.
                                   L'Estrange.
7b Klick, klik. v. ra. [from clack.]
I. To make a small sharp noise.
2. In  Scotland  it denotes  to pilfer, or
  steal away  suddenly  with a snatch.
To Knab, nab.399 v. a.  [knappen,  Dutch;
  knaap, Erse.] To bite.   Perhaps pro-
  perly  to bite  something  brittle,  that
  makes  a noise when it  is  broken; so
  that  knab and knap  may be the  same.
    I had  much rather lie knobbing crusts, without
  fear, in my own hole, than be  mistress of the world
  with cares.                        L'Estrange.
    An ass was wishing, in a hard winter,  for a little
  warm  weather, and a mouthful of fresh grass to
  knab upon.                        L'Estrange.
To Kna'bble, nab'bl. v. ra.  [from knab.]
   To bite idly,  or wantonly;  to  nibble.
   This word is  perhaps found no where
   else.
     Horses will knobble at walls, and rats knaw iron.
                                      Brown.
KNACK, nak.399 ra. s. [cnapinge,  skill,
   Saxon.]
 1.  A little machine; a petty contrivance;
   a toy.
           When I was young, I was wont
  To load my she with  knacks: I would  have ran-
         sack'd
   The pedlar's silken treasury,  and have pour'd it
   To her acceptance.                Shakspeare.
             For thee, fond boy,
   If I may ever know thou dost but sigh
   That thou no more shalt see this knack,  as never
   I mean thou shalt, we'll bar thee from success.
                                   Shakspeare.
     This cap was moulded on a porringer,
   A velvet dish; fie, fie, 'tis lew'd and filthy:
   Why 'tis a cockle, or a walnut shell,
   A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby's cap.     Shaksp.
     But is 't not presumption to write verse to you,
   Who make the better poems  of the two?
   For all these pretty knacks that you compose,
   Alas! what are they but poems in prose! Denham.
     He expounded both his pockets,
   And found a watch, wito rings and lockets;
   A copper-plate, with almanacks
   Engrav'd upon't, with other knacks.     Hudibras.
   .  A  readiness; an  habitual  facility;  a
    lucky dexterity.
     I'll teach you toe knacks
    Of eating of flax,
    And out of their noses
    Draw ribbands and posies.   Ben Jonson's Gypsies.
     The knack of fast and loose passes  with foolish
    people for a turn of wit; but they are not aware all
    this while of toe desperate  consequences of an ill
    habit.                            L'Estrange.
      There is a certain fcnacfc in conversation that 
KNA                                     KNE                                   KNE
  gives a good grace by the manner and address.
                                  L'Estrange.
    Knaves,  who in full assemblies have the knack
  Of turning truth to lies, and white to black.  Dryd.
    My author has  a great knack at remarks: in the
  end  he makes another about our  refining in contro-
  versy, and  coming nearer and nearer to the church
  of Rome.                          Atterbury.
    The dean was famous in his time,
  And had a kind of fcnacfc at rhyme.         Swift.
3. A nice  trick.
    For how should equal colours do the knack?
  Camcleons who can paint in white and black?
                                       Pope.
To Knack, nak.399 v. ra.  [from the noun.]
   To make a sharp quick noise, as when
   a stick breaks.
Kna'cker, nak'kiir. ra. s.  [from knack.]
I. A maker of  small work.
    One part for plow-right, knacker and smith.
                                   Aforfiwier.
2. A ropemaker. [restio, Latin.]  Ainsw.
Knag, nag.  ra.  s. [knag,   a  wart,  Danish.
   It is retained in Scotland.] A hard knot
   in  wood.
Kna'ggy, nag'ge. adj. [from knag.] Knot-
   ty;  set  with  hard rough  knots.
Knap, nap.399 ra. s. [cnap, Welsh,  a pro-
   tuberance, or  a  broken  piece;  en aep,
   Saxon,  a  protuberance.]  A protube-
   rance;  a swelling prominence.
    You shall see many fine seats set upon a knap of
   ground, environed with higher hills round about  it,
   whereby the heat ofthe sun is pent in, and toe wind
   gathered as in troughs.                 Bacon.
To Knap,  nap.  v. a.  [knappen, Dutch.]
1.  To bite;  to  break short.
    He knappeth the spear in sunder.  Com. Prayer.
    He will knap the spears a-pieces with his teeth.
                                       More.
2. [knaap, Erse.] To strike so as to make
   a sharp  noise like that of breaking.
    Knap a  pair of tongs some depth in a vessel  of
   water, and you shall hear toe sound  of the tongs.
                        Bacon's Natural History.
To Knap, nap. v.  ra.  To  make a short
   sharp  noise.
    I reduced toe shoulders so soon,  that the stand-
   ers-by heard them fcnap in before they knew they
   were out.                          Wiseman.
Kna'pbottle,  nap'bot-tl. ra.  s.  [papaver
   spumeum.] A plant.
To Kna'pple, nap'pl.408 v. ra. [from knap]
   To break off with a sharp quick noise.
Kna'psaok, nap'sak. ra. s. [from knappen,
   to  eat.]  The bag which  a  soldier car-
   ries on his back;  a bag of provisions.
    The constitutions of this church shall not be re-
   pealed, 'till I see more religious motives than sol-
   diers carry in their knapsacks.      King Charles.
    If you are for  a merry jaunt, I'll try for once who
   can foot  it farthest: there are hedges in summer,
   and barns in winter :  I with  my knapsack, and you
   with your bottle at your back: we'll leave honour to
   madmen,  and riches to knaves,  and travel till we
   come to the ridge of toe world.           Dryden.
Kna'pweed, nap-weed. ra. *. [jacea, Lat.]
   A plant.                         Miller.
Kn are, nare.399 ra.  s. [knor, German.]   A
   hard knot.
    A cake of scurf lies baking on  toe ground,
   And prickly stubs instead of trees arc found;
   Or woods with knots and knares  deform'd  and old,
   Headless the most, aud hideous to behold.  Diyden.
KN WE, nave.399 ra. s. [cnapa, Saxon.]
1. A boy; a male child.
f. A servant.  Both these are  obsolete.
    For as the moon the eye doth please
  Wito gentle beams not hurting sight,
    Yet hath sir sun the greater praise,
  Because from him doth come her light;
    So if my man must praises have,
  What then must I that keep the knave?    Sidney.
    He eats and drinks with his domestick slaves,
  A verier hind than any of his knaves.     Dryden.
3. A petty rascal;  a  scoundrel;  a disho-
  nest fellow.
    Most men rather brook their being reputed
  knaves, than for their honesty be accounted fools:
  knave, in the mean time passing for a name of credit.
                                      Soufft.
    When both plaintiff and defendant happen to  be
  crafty fcnaces, there's equity against both.
                                 L'Estrange.
    An honest man  may take a knave's advice;
  But idiots  only may be cozen'd twice.     Dryden.
    See all our fools aspiring to be knaves.    Pope.
4. A Card with  a soldier painted  on it.
    For 'twill return, and turn to t' account,
  If we are brought in play upon 't,
  Or but by  casting knaves get in,
  What power can hinder us to win!       Hudibras.
Kna'very, na/vilr-e.657 ra. s. [from knave.]
I. Dishonesty;  tricks; petty villainy.
    Here's no knavery! See, to beguile the old folks,
  how the young folks lay their heads together!
                                  Shakspeare.
    If I thought it were not a piece of honesty to ac-
  quaint the king withal, I would do it; I  hold it the
  more knavery to conceal it.           Shakspeare.
    The cunning courtier should  be slighted too,
  Who with dull knavery makes so much ado;
  'Till the shrewd fool, by thriving too too faBt,
  Like Aisop's fox, becomes a prey at last.  Dryden.
2. Mischievous  tricks  or practices.    In
   the following passage it seems a gene-
   ral term for any thing put to an ill use,
   or  perhaps of trifling  things  of more
   cost than use.
    We'll revel it as bravely as the best.
  With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knav'ry.
                                  Shakspeare,
Kna'vish, na'vish. adj.  [from knave.]
I. Dishonest; wicked; fraudulent.
    'Tis foolish to conceal it at all, and knavish to do
  it from friends.                         Pope.
2. Waggish; mischievous.
    Here she comes curst and sad;
  Cupid is a knavish lad,
  Thus to make poor females mad.      Shakspeare.
Kna'vishly,  na'vish-le. adv. [from kna-
   vish.]
1. Dishonestly;  fraudulently.
2. Waggishly;  mischievously.

To  KNEAD,  need.33? v. a.  [enseban,
   Saxon; kneden, Dutch.]  To  beat  or
   mingle  any stuff or  substance.   It  is
   seldom  applied in popular language
   but to the act of making bread. '
    Here 's yet in  the word hereafter, the kneading,
  the making of the cakes, and the heating of  the
  oven.                            Shakspeare.
    It is a lump, where all beasts kneaded be;
  Wisdom makes him an ark, where all agree.
                                      Donne.
    Thus kneaded up with milk fte new-made man
  His kingdom o'er his kindred world began;
   'Till knowledge misapply'd,  misunderstood,
  And pride of empire, sour'd his balmy blood.
                                     Dryden.
    One paste of flesh on all degrees bestow'd,
  And kneaded up alike with moist'ning blood. Dryd.
    Prometheus, in the kneading up of the heart,
  seasoned it with some furious particles ofthe lion.
                                     Addison.
    No man ever reapt his corn,
   Or from the oven drew his bread,
                    6x2
    Ere hinds and bakers yet were born,
  That taught them both to sow and fc?iead.   Prior.
    The cake she kneaded was the sav'ry meat.
                                       Prior.
Kne'adingtrough, need'ing-tr6f.   ra.  s.
  [knead  and  trough.]   A   trough  in
  which the  paste of bread is worked to-
  gether.
    Frogs shall  come  into thy kneadingtroughs.
                                     Exodus.
KNLE, nee.399 ra. s.  [cneo]>, Sax.  knee,
  Dutch.]
1. The joint of the leg where the leg  is
  joined to the thigh.
              Thy royal father
  Was a most sainted  king: the queen that bore thee,
  Oftener upon her fciiees than on her feet,
  Died every day she liv'd.            Shakspeare.
    Scotch skink  is a kind  of strong nourishment
  made ofthe knees and sinews of beef long boiled.
                                      Bacon.
    I beg and clasp thy  fcnees.            Afiffon.
    Wearied with length of ways, worn out with toil,
  lo lay down, and leaning on her knees,
  Invok'd the cause of all her miseries;
  And cast her languishing regards above,
  For help from heav'n, and her ungrateful Jove.
                                     Dryden.
2. A piece of timber  growing  crooked,
  and so cut that the trunk  and branch
  make an angle.                 Moxon.
    Such dispositions  are the fittest timber to make
  great politicks of: like to knee timber, that is good
  for ships that are to  be tossed; but not for building
  houses,  that shall stand firm.             Bacon.

To  Knee, nee. v.  a. [from  the noun.] To
  supplicate by kneeling.
    Go you that banish'd him, a mile before his tent,
  fall  down, and knee the way into his mercy.
                                  Shakspeare.
              Return with her!
  Why, toe hot blooded  France that dow'rless took
  Our youngest born:  I could as well be brought
  To knee his throne,  and squire-like pension beg.
                                  Shakspeare.
Kneed, need. adj.  [from knee]
1. Having knees:  as,  in-kneed, or  out-
  kneed.
2. Having joints: as, kneed grass.

Kne'edeep,  nee'deep.  adj.  [knee  and
  deep.]
1. Rising to  the knees.
2. Sunk to the knees.
    The country peasant meditates no harm,
  When clad with skins of beasts  to keep him warm;
  In winter weather unconcern'd  he goes,
  Almost kneedeep through mire in clumsey shoes.
                                     Dryden.
Kne'edgrass, need'gras.  ra.  s.  [gramen
  geniculatum.]   An herb.
Kne'eholm, nee'home. ra. s. [aquifolium]
   An herb.                    Ainsworth.
Kne'epan, nee'pan. ra. s.  [knee and  pan.]
   A  little  round  bone  about two inches
   broad,  pretty thick, a little convex  on
   both  sides,  and covered with  a smooth
   cartilage on its foreside.  It is soft in
   children, but very hard in those of riper
   years: it is called patella or mola.  Over
   it  passes  the  tendon of  the  muscles
   which extend the leg, to which it serves
   as a pully.                      Quincy.
    The kneepan must be shewn, wito  toe knitting
  thereof, by a fine shadow underneath the joint.
                                     Peacham.
 To Kneel, neel.399 v. ra. [from knee.]  To 
KNI                                        KNI                                      KNI
  peform the act of genuflexion; to bend
  the knee.
    When thou do'st ask me blessing, I'll kneel down
  And ask of thee forgiveness.             Shaksp.
    Ere I was risen from the place that shew'd
  My duty kneeling, came a reeking post,
  Stew'd in his haste, half breathing, panting forth
  From Goneril, his mistress, salutation.     Shaksp.
    A certain man kneeling down to him, said, Lord,
  have mercy upon my son; for he is lunatick. Afaft.
    As soon as you are dressed, fcneef and say the
  Lord's prayer.                          Taylor.
Kne'etribute, nee'trib-ute.  ra.  s.  [knee
   and  tribute.]   Genuflexion; worship or
   obeisance shown by kneeling.
               Receive from us
  lifneefrioufe yet unpaid, prostration vile.    MUton.
Knel, nel.399 ra. s. [cnil, Welsh, a funeral
   pile; cnyllan, to ring, Sax.] The sound
   of a bell rung at a funeral.
     I would not wish them to a fairer death,
  And so his fcneff is knoll'd.               Shaksp.
     Sea nymphs hourly ring his fcneff:
   Hark, now I hear thern.                 Shaksp.
     When he was brought again to to' bar, to hear
   His fcneff rung out, his judgment, he was stirr'd
   With such an agony, he sweat extremely.  Shaksp.
     All these motions, which we saw,
   Are but as ice, which crackles at a thaw:
   Or as a lute, which in moist weather rings
   Her fcneff alone, by cracking of her strings. Donne.
     Unhappy slave, and pupil to a bell,
   Which his hours work, as well as hours do tell;
   Unhappy 'till the last, the kind releasing fcneff.
                                        Cowley.
     At dawn poor Stella danc'd and sung;
   The am'rous youth around her bow'd;
     At night her fatal fcneff was rung;
   I saw, and kiss'd her in her shrowd.       Prior.
 Knew, nu.399 The preterit of know.
 Knife, nife.399 ra. s.  plur.  knives,  [cmp,
    Sax.  kniff,  Danish.] »An instrument
    edged and pointed,  wherewith meat is
    cut, and animals killed.
              Come, thick night,
   And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell.
   That my keen knife  see not the wound it makes.
                                     Shakspeare.
     Blest powers, forbid thy tender life.
   Should bleed upon a barbarous knife.    Crashaw.
     The sacred priests with ready knives bereave
   The beast of life, and in  full bowls receive
   The streaming blood.                   Diyden.
     Ev'n in his sleep he starts,  and fears the knife,
   And trembling, in his arms takes his accomplice
          wife.                           Diyden.
     Pain is not in the knife that cuts us; but we call
   it cutting in the knife,  and pain only in ourselves.
                                         Waffs.
 KNIGHT,  nite.399 ra.  s. [cnihc,  Saxon;
    knecht, Germ, a servant, or pupil.]
 1. A man advanced to a certain degree of
    military  rank.   It   was anciently  the
    custom  to knight every man of rank or
    fortune, that he might be  qualified to
    give  challenges,  to fight  in the lists,
    and to perform  feats of arms.   In  En-
    gland  knighthood  confers the  title  of
    sir: as, rdr Thomas, sir Richard.   When
    the name  was not known,  it was usual
    to say sir  knight.
     That same knight's own sword this is of yore,
   Which Merlin made.                  Spenser.
     Sir fcnigftf, if fcnigftf thou be,
   Abandon this forestalled place.          Spenser.
     When every case in law is right,
   No squire in debt, and no poor knight.     Shaksp.
     This knight; but yet why should 1 call him fcnig-ftf,
  To give impiety to this rev'rent stile?
                            Daniel's Civil War.
    No squire with knight did better fit,
  In parts, in manners, and in wit.        Hudibras.
2.  Shakspeare uses  it of  a female; and it
   must therefore  be understood  in its ori-
   ginal meaning,  pupil or follower.
    Pardon, goddess of toe night,
  Those that slew toy virgin knight;
  For the which, with songs of woe,
  Round about her tomb they go.          Shaksp.
3.  A champion.
    He suddenly unties the poke,
  Which out of it sent such a smoke,
  As ready was them all to choke,
    So grievous was the  pother;
  So that the knights each other lost,
  And stood as still as any post.          Drayton.
    Did I for this my country bring
  To help their knight against toeir king,
  And raise the first sedition ?            Denham.
Knight  errant,  nite-er'rant.  [chevalier
   errant.]  A  wandering knight; one who
   went about  in quest of adventures.
    Like a bold knight errant did proclaim
  Combat to all, and bore away the dame. Denham.
         The ancient errant knights
  Won all toeir mistresses in fights;
  They cut whole giants into fritters,
  To put them into am'rous twitters.      Hudibras.
Knight  errantry,  nite-er'rant-re.  [from
   knight errant.] The character or man-
   ners of  wandering knights.
     That which with the vulgar passes for courage is
   a brutish sort of knight errantry,  seeking out need-
  less encounters.                        Norris.
Knight ofthe post, nite. A hireling evi-
   dence; a knight  dubbed at the  whip-
    ping post, or pillory.
     There are  knights of  the post, and holy cheats
   enough, to swear the  truth ofthe broadest contra-
   dictions, where pious frauds shall give them an ex-
   traordinary call.                        South.
Knight  of the  shire, nite.  One of the
    representatives of a county  in parlia-
    ment:  he   formerly   was  a  military-
    knight, but now  any man having an es-
    tate  in land of  six hundred  pounds
    a-year is qualified.
 To Knight, nite. v. a. [from the noun.]
    To create one  a  knight, which is  done
    by the king, who  gives the person kneel-
    ing a blow  with  a sword, and bids him
    rise up sir.
     Favours  came thick upon him:  toe next St.
   George's day he was knighted.           Wotton.
     The lord protector knighted the king; and imme-
   diately the king stood up, took the sword from the
   lord protector, and dubbed the lord mayor of Lon-
   don knight.                         Hayward.
     The hero William,  and the martyr Charles,
  One knighted Blackmore, and one pension'd Quarles.
                                         Pope.
Kni'ghtly, nite'le. adv. [from knight]
    Befitting a knight; beseeming a knight.
     Let us take care of your wound,  upon condition
   that a more knightly combat shall be performed be-
   tween us.                             Sidney.
     How dares your pride presume against my laws:
   As in a listed field to  fight your cause:
   Unask'd the royal grant, no marshal by,
   As knightly rites require, nor judge to try. Dryden.
Kni'ghthood,  nite'hiid.   ra.   s.  [from
   knight.]   The character or dignity of
   a knight.
       The sword which Merlin made,
   For that is noursling, when he knighthood swore,
   Therewith to doenhis  foes eternal smart. F.  Queen.
    Speak truly on thy knighthood, and thine oath,
  And so defend thee Heaven and thy valour.
                                   Shakspeare.
    Is this the sir,  who some waste wife to win,
  A knighthood bought, to go a-wooing in? B. Jonson.
    If you needs must write, write Ccesar's praise,
  You'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays. Pope.
Kni'ghtless. nite'les. adj. [from knight.]
  Unbecoming a knight.  Obsolete.
    Arise, thou cursed miscreant,
  That hast with  knightless  guiie,  and treacherous
        train,
  Fair knighthood foully shamed.      Fairy Queeji.
To  KNIT, nit.399 v. a.  pret.  knit or knit-
  ted, [cniccan, Saxon.]
1. To make or unite by texture  without
  a  loom.
    Sleep, that fcnifsup  the ravell'd sleeve of care,
  The birth of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
  Balm of hurt minds.  -                 Shaksp.
    A thousand Cupids in those curls do sit;
  Those curious nets thy slender fingers fcnif. Waller
2. To tie.
    Send for the county; go tell him of this;
  I'll have this knot fcnif up to-morrow morning.
                                   Shakspeare.
3. To join; to unite.  This was formerly
  a word of  extensive  use; it is now less
  frequent.
    His gall did grate for grief and high disdain,
  And knitting all his force,  got one hand free.
                                      Spenser.
    These, mine enemies, are all fcnif up
  In their distractions: they are in my power. Shak.
         0 let the vile world end,
  And the premised flames of the last day
  Knit earth and heav'n together!          Shaksp.
             Lay  your highness'
  Command upon me; to the  which my duties
  Are with the most indissoluble tye
  For ever fcnif.                          Shaksp.
    This royal hand and mine are newly fcnif,
  And the conjunction of our  inward souls
  Married in league.                     Shaksp.
    By toe simplicity of Venus' doves,
  By that which  knitteth souls, and prospers loves.
                                   Shakspeare.
    If ye become peaceably,  mine heart shall be fcnif
  unto you.                            1 Chron.
    That their hearts might be comforted, being knit
  together in love.                    Colossians.
     He doth fundamentally and mathematically  de-
  monstrate the firmest  knittings of the upper  tim-
  bers, which make the roof.               Wotton.
     Pride and impudence, in faction fcnif.
  Usurp the chair  of wit.             Ben Jonson.
     Ye fcnif my heart to you by asking this question.
                                       JSacon.
     These two princes were  agreeable to be joined
  in marriage, and thereby fcnif both realms into one.
                                     Hayward,
     Come, fcnif  hands, and beat the ground
  In a light fantastic round.               MUton.
     God gave several abilities to several persons, that
  each might help to supply the public needs, and by
  joining to fill up  all wants,  they be fcnif together by
  justice, as the  parts of the world are by nature.
                                       Taylor.
     Nature cannot fcnif  the bones, while the parts are
  under a discharge.                   Wiseman.
 4.  To contract.
     What  are the thoughts toat knit thy brow in
         frowns,
  And turn toy eyes so coldly on thy prince. Addison.
 5.  To tie up.
     He saw heaven opened,  and a certain vessel de-
  scending unto him as it had been a great sheet,
  fcnif at the four corners, and let down to the earth
                                         Acts.
 To  Knit, nit.399 v. ra.
 1.  To weave without a loom.
     A young shepherdess knitting  and singing: hei 
KNO
KNO
KNO
  voice comforted her hands to work, and her hands
  kept time to her voice's musick.          Sidney.
    Make the world distinguish Julia's son,
  From the vile offspring of a trull, that sits
  By the town wall, and for her living knits.  Dryd.
2. To join; to close; to unite.  Not  used.
              Our sever'd navy too
  Have fcnif again; and float,  threat'ning most sea-
        like.                           Shaksp.
Knit, nit. ra. s.  [from  the verb.]   Tex-
   ture.
    Let their heads be sleekly comb'd, their blue
  coats brush'd,  and their garters of an indifferent
  fcnif.                              Shakspeare.
Kni'tter, nit'tur.98 ra. *. [from knit.] One
   who weaves or knits.
    The spinsters and the knitters in the sun,
  And the three maids that weave toeir thread with
        bones,
  Do use to chant it.                     Shaksp.
Kni'ttingneedle,  nit'ting-nee-dl.  ra.  s.
   [knit and needle]  A wire which  wo-
   men use in knitting.
    He gave her a cuff on the ear,  she would prick
  him with her fcnif fing-needfe.           Arbuthnot.
Kni'ttle, nit'tl. ra.  s.  [from  knit.]   A
   string that gathers a purse round.
                                  Ainsworth.
KNOB, nob.399 ra. s.  [cnaep, Sax. knoop,
   Dutch.]    A  protuberance;  any  part
   bluntly rising above the rest.
    Just before the entrance of the right auricle 6f
  the heart is a remarkable knob or bunch, raised up
  from the subjacent fat.                    Ray.
Kno'bbed,  nob'd'.389  adj.  [from knob]
   Set with knobs;  having protuberances.
    The horns of a roe deer of Greenland are pointed
  at the top, and knobbed or tuberous at the bottom.
                                         Grew.
Kno'bbiness,  nob'be-nes.  ra.  s.  [from
   knobby.]  The quality of having knobs.
Kno'bby, nob'be. adj. [from knob.]
 1.  Full  of knobs.
2.  Hard;  stubborn.
    The informers continued in a knobby kind of ob-
  stinacy, resolving  still to conceal the names of the
  authors.                              Howel.
 To Knock, nok.399. v. ra.  [cnucian,  Sax.
   cnoce, a blow, Welsh.]
 1.  To clash;  to be driven  suddenly toge-
   ther.
    Any hard body thrust  forwards by another body
  contiguous, without knocking, giveth no noise.
                                        Bacon.
    They may say, the atoms of the chaos being va-
  riously moved according to this catholick law, must
  needs knock and interfere.             Bentley.
2.  To beat  as at a  door for admittance:
   commonly with at.
    Villain, I say,  knock me at this gate,
  And rap me well; or I'll knock your knave's pate!
                                    Shakspeare.
    Whether to knock against the gates of Rome,
  Or rudely visit them in parts remote,
  To fright them, ere destroy.            Shaksp.
    I bid  the rascal knock upon your gate,
  And could not  get him for my heart to do it.
                                     Shakspeare.
    For harbour at a thousand doors they knock'd,
  Not one of all the thousand but was lock'd. Dryden.
    Knock at your own breast, and ask your soul
  If those fair fatal eyes edg'd not your sword. Dryd.
3.  To Knock under. A common expres-
   sion,  which denotes that a man yields
   or submits.   Submission  is  expressed
   among good fellows by knocking  under
   the  table.   Followed  commonly  by a
  particle; as,  to knock up, to  rouse  by
  knocking; to knock down, to fell  by a
  blow.
To  Knock, nok. v. a.
I. To affect or change  in any respect by
  blows.
    How do you mean removing him?
  —Why,  by making him  incapable of Othello's
  place; knocking out his brains.           Shaksp.
    He that has his chains knocked off, and toe pri-
  son doors set open to him, is perfectly at liberty.
                                       Locfce.
    Time was, a sober Englishman would knock
  His servants up, and rise by five o'clock;
  Instruct his family in every rule,
  And send his wife to church, his son to school.
                                        Pope.
2. To dash together; to strike;  to collide
  with a sharp noise.
    So when the cook saw my jaws thus fcnocfcf it,
  She would have made a pancake of my pocket.
                                   Cleaveland.
    At him  he launch'd his spear, and pierc'd his
        breast;
  On the hard earth the Lycian knock'd his head,
  And lay. supine; and forth the spirit fled. Dryden.
        'Tis the  sport of statesmen,
  When heroes knock their knotty heads together,
  And fall by one  another.                  Rowe.
3. To Knock  down.  To fell by a blow.
    He began to knock down his fellow citizens with
  a great deal of zeal,  and  to fill all Arabia with
  bloodshed.                           Addison.
    A man who is gross in a woman's company, ought
  to be knocked down with a club.        Clarissa.
4. To Knock on the head.   To kill by a
  blow; to destroy.
    He betook himself to his orchard, and walking
  there was knocked on the head by a tree.    South.
    Excess  either with an apoplexy, knocks a man
  on the  head; or  with a fever, like fire in a strong-
  water-shop, burns him down to the ground.   Grew.
Knock, nok. ra. s.  [from the verb.]
1. A sudden stroke; a blow.
    Some men never conceive how the motion of the
  earth should wave them from a knock perpendicu-
  larly directed from a body in the air above. Brown.
    Ajax belabours there an harmless ox,
  And thinks that Agamemnon feels the knocks.
                                      Dryden.
2. A loud  stroke at a door for  admission.
    Guiscard, in his leathern frock,
  Stood ready with his thrice-repeated knock:
  Thrice with a doleful sound the jarring grate
  Rung deaf and hollow.                 Dryden.
Kno'oker, nok'kiir.98 ra. s.  [from knock.]
1. He  that  knocks.
2. The hammer which  hangs at the door
  for strangers to strike.
    Shut, shut the door,  good John! fatigu'd,  I said,
  Tie up the knocker,  say I'm sick, I'm dead. Pope.
To Knoll, nole.  3" 4°6  v. a. [from knell]
  To ring the bell, generally for a fune-
  ral.
    Had I as many sons as I have hairs
  I  would not wish them to a  fairer death,
  And so his knell is knoll'd.               Shaksp.
To Knoll, nole. v. ra. To sound as a bell.
    If ever you have look'd on better days,
  If ever been where bells have knoll'd to church.
                                    Shakspeare.
Knoll, nole. ra. s.  A little hill.   Ainsw.
Knop,  nop.399  ra. s. [a corruption of knap.]
   Any tufty top.               Ainsworth.

Knot, not.399 ra. s. [ranunculus.] A flower.
Knot,  not. ra. s.  [cnotca,  Saxon;  knot,
  German; knutte~, Dutch; knotte, Erse.]
I. A complication of  a cord or  string not
   easily to be disentangled.
    He found that reason's self now reasons found
  To fasten fcnofs, which fancy first had bound.
                                       Sidney.
    As toe fair vestal to the fountain came,
  Let none be startled at a vestal's name,
  Tir'd with the walk, she laid her down to rest,
  And to the winds expos'd her glowing  breast,
  To take toe freshness of toe morning air,
  And gather'd  in a fcnof her flowing hair.   Addison.
2. Any figure of which the lines frequently
   intersect each other.
    Garden fcnofs, the frets of houses, and all equal
  figures, please: whereas unequal figures are but de-
  formities.                             Bacon.
    Our sea-wall'd garden, the whole land
  Is full of weeds, her fairest flowers choked up,
  Her fcnofs disorder'd.     Shakspeare's Richard II.
    It fed flow'rs worthy of paradise,  which not nice
        art
  In beds and curious fcnofs, but nature boon,
  Pour'd forth profuse on hill and dale and plain.
                                      Afiffon.
    Their quarters are contrived into elegant fcnofs,
  adorned ivith the most beautiful flowers.     More.
    Henry in fcnofs involving Emma's name,
  Had half-cxpress'd, and half-conceal'd his flame
  Upon this tree; and as toe tender mark
  Grew wito the year, and  widen'd with the bark,
  Venus had heard the virgin's soft address,
  That, as  the wound, the passion might increase.
                                        Prior.
3. Any bond of association or union.
               Confirm that amity
  With nuptial  fcnof, if thou vouchsafe to grant
  That virtuous lady Bona.            Shakspeare.
             Richmond aims
  At young Elizabeth, my brother's daughter,
  And by that fcnof looks proudly on the  crown.
                                   Shakspeare.
    I would he  had continued to his country,
  As he began,  and not unknit himself
  The noble knot he made.            Shakspeare.
          Why left you wife and children,
  Those precious motives, those strong fcnofs of love?
                                   Shakspeare.
    Not all that Saul could  threaten or persuade,
  In  this close fcnof the smallest looseness made.
                                      Cowley,
4. A hard part in a piece of wood caused
   by the  protuberance of a  bough,  and
   consequently by a  transverse direction
   ofthe  fibres. A joint in an herb.
    Taking the very refuse among those which served
  to no use, being a crooked piece of wood, and full
  of fcnofs, he hath carved it diligently,  when he had
  nothing else to do.                     Wisdom.
    Such fcnofs and crossness of grain is objected
  here, as  will  hardly suffer that form which they cry
  up here as the only just reformation, to go on so
  smoothly here as it might  do in Scotland.
                                 King Charles.
5. Difficulty; intricacy.
    A man shall be perplexed  with fcnofs and pro-
  blems of business, and contrary affairs, where the
  determination is dubious, and both parts of the con-
  trariety seem equally weighty; so that which way-
  soever the choice determines, a man is sure to > en-
  ture a great concern.                    South.
6. Any intrigue, or difficult perplexity of
   affairs.
    When the  discovery was made that the king was
  living, which was toe fcnof of the play untied, the
  rest is shut up in the compass of some few lines.
                            Dryden's Dufresnoy.
7. A confederacy;  an association; a  small
   band.
     Oh you panderly rascals! toere 's a  fcnof, a gang,
   a conspiracy  against me.             Shakspeare.
     What is there here  in Rome that can  delight
        thee?                              ° 
KNO
KNO
KNO
  Where not a soul, without thine own foul fcnof,
  But fears and hates thee.            Ben Jonson.
    A knot of good fellows borrowed a sum of money
  of a gentleman upon the king's highway.   L'Estr.
    I am now with a fcnof of his admirers, who make
  request toat you would give  notice of the window
  where the knight intends to appear.       Addison.
8. A cluster; a collection.
    The way of fortune is like the milky way in the
  sky, which is a  meeting or  knot of a number  of
  small stars, not  seen asunder, but giving light to-
  gether.                         Bacon's Essays.
    In a picture, besides the principal figures which
  compose it, and  are placed in the midst of it, there
  are less groups or fcnofs of figures disposed at proper
  distances,  which are parts of the piece, and seem
  to carry on the same design in a more inferior man-
  ner.                                   Dryden.
 To Knot, not. v.  a. [from the noun.]
 1.  To complicate  in knots.
     Happy we who from such  queens are freed,
  That were always telling beads;
     But here's a queen when she rides abroad
   Is always  knotting threads.               Sedley.
 2.  To entangle; to perplex.
 3.  To unite.
     The party of the  papists in England are become
   more knotted,  both, in dependence  towards Spain
   and among themselves.                  Bacon.
  To Knot, n&t. v. ra.
  1. To form buds, knots, or joints in vege-
    tation.
     Cut hay when it begins to knot.       Mortimer.
  2. To knit knots for fringes.
  Kno'tberrvbush, not'ber-re-bfish. ra.  s.
    [chamamorus.] A plant.     Ainsworth.
  Kno'tgrass,  not'gras.  ra.  s.  [knot  and
    grass:  polygonum.]   A plant.
     You minimus of hind'ring knotgrass made.
                                     Shakspeare.
  Kno'tted, not'ted. adj. [from knot.]  Full
    of knots.
     The knotted oaks shall show'rs of honey weep.
                                        Dryden.
  Kno'ttiness, not'te-nes. ra. s. [from knot-
    ty.] Fulness of  knots;  unevenness;  in-
    tricacy; difficulty.
      Virtue was represented by Hercules naked, with
    his lion's skin and knotted club: by his oaken club
    is signified reason ruling toe appetite; the knottiness
    thereof, toe difficulty they have that seek after vir-
    tue.                     Peacham on Drawing.
  Kno'tty, not'te. adj. [from knot.]
  1. Full of knots.
      I have seen  tempests, when the  scolding winds
    Have riv'd toe fcnof ly oaks.          Shakspeare.
      The timber  in some  trees  more clean, in some
    more knotty: try it by speaking at one end, and lay-
    ing the ear at the other; for if it be knotty, the voice
    will not pass well.                      JBacon.
      The knotty oaks  their list'ning branches bow.
                                     Roscommon.
      One with a brand yet burning from the flame,
    Arm'd with a knotty club another came.   Dryden.
      Where the vales with violets once were crown'd,
    Now fcnoffy burrs and thorns disgrace the ground.
                                         Dryden.
  2. Hard; rugged.
                 Valiant fools
    Were made by nature for the  wise to work with:
    They are" their tools; and 'tis the sport of statesmen
    When heroes knock their knotty heads together,
    And fall  by one another.                  Rowe.
  3. Intricate;  perplexed; difficult;  embar-
    rassed.
     King Henry, in  the very entrance of his  reign,
    met with a point of great  difficulty,  and knotty to
    solve, able to trouble and confound the wisest kings.
                                         Bacon.
      Princes exercised skill in putting intricate ques-
 tions; and  he that was the best at the untying of
 knotty difficulties, carried the prize.   L'Estrange.
    Some on the bench the knotty laws untie. Dryd.
    They compliment, they sit, they chat,
 Fight o'er the wars; reform the state;
 A thousand knotty points they clear,
 'Till supper and my wife appear.          Prior.
To  KNOW, no.  v.  a.  pret. I knew,  I
  have known, [cnapan,  Saxon.]
I. To  perceive with certainty, whetherrin-
  tuitive  or discursive.
    0, that a man might know
  The end of tois day's business ere it come!
                                    Sftafcspearc.
    The memorial of virtue is  immortal, because  it
  is known  with God and with men.       Wisdom.
    The gods all things fcnoto.             MUton.
    Not from experience, for the world was new,
  He only from their cause their natures fcneio.
                                      Denham.
    We doubt not, neither can we properly say we
  think we  admire and love you above all other men:
  there is a certainty in toe proposition, andwefcnoio
  it.                                   Dryden.
     When  a man makes use of the name of any sim-
  ple idea,  which he perceives is not understood, he
  is obliged by the laws of ingenuity, and the end  of
  speech, to make fcnoton what idea he makes it stand
  for.                                   Locke.
 I.  To be  informed of; to be taught.
     Ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you
  why his hand is not removed from you.   1 Samuel.
     Led on with a desire to fcnoto
  WTiat nearer might concern him.         Afiffon.
     One would have  thought you had fcnoton better
  things than to expect a kindness from  a common
  enemy.                            L'Estrange.
 3.  To distinguish.
     Numeration is but toe adding of one unit more,
  and giving to the whole  a new name, whereby to
  fcnotc it from those before and after, and distinguish
  it from every smaller or greater multitude of units.
                                         Locke.
 4.  To recognise.
     Wrhat  art thou, thus to rail on me, that is neither
   known of thee, nor knows thee?       Shakspeare.
     They told what things were done in toe way, and
   how he was known of them in breaking of bread.
                                          Luke.
     At nearer view he thought he fcneio the dead,
   And call'd toe wretched man to mind.  Flatman.
     Tell me how I may fcnoio him.         Milton.
 5.  To be no  stranger to;  to  be  familiar
    with.
               What are you?
   —A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows,
   Who, by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
   Am pregnant to good pity.            Shakspeare.
 6.  To converse with another sex.
     And Adam fcneio Eve his wife.         Genesis.

 To Know, no.399 v. ra.
 I. To have clear and certain perception;
    not to  be doubtful.
     I know of a  surety toat the Lord  hath sent  his
   angel, and delivered me out of the hand of Herod.
                                           Acts.
 2. Not to be ignorant.
     When they know within  themselves they speak
   of that they do not  well know, they would never-
   theless seem to others to know of that which they
   may not well speak.                     Bacon.
     Not to fcnoto of things remote, but  fcnoie
   That which before us lies in daily life,
   Is the prime wisdom.                   MUton.
     In the other world there is no consideration that
   will sting our consciences more cruelly than this,
   that we  did wickedly when  we knew to have done
   better;  and  chose  to make ourselves miserable,
   when we understood the way to have  been happy.
                                       Tillotson.
     They might understand those excellencies which
   toey blindly valued, so as not to be farther imposed
 upon by bad  pieces, and to fcnoto when na tore was
 well imitated by toe most able masters.   Diyden.
 . To be informed.
    The prince and Mr.  Poins will put on our jer-
 kins and aprons, and sir John must not fcnoie of it.
                                   Sftafcspea?-e.
    There is but one mineral body, that we fcnoto of,
 heavier than common quicksilver.          Boyle.

 . To  Know for.  To have knowledge of.
  A colloquial expression.
    He said the water itself was a good healthy wa-
  ter; for the party that own'd it, but he might have
  more diseases than he knew for.       Shakspeare.
 .  To Know of.  In Shakspeare, is to take
  cognisance of, to examine.
    Fair Hermia, question your desires;
  Knoio of your youth, examine well your blood,
  Whether, if you yield not to your  father's choice,
  You can endure the livery of a nun,
  For ay to be in shady cloister mew'd.   Shakspeare.

Kno'wable,  no'a-bl.  adj. [from  know]
  Cognoscible;  possible  to be discovered
  or understood.
    They are  resolved into a confessed ignorance and
  I  shall not pursue them  to their old asylum;  and yet
  it may be, there is more knowable in  these, than in
  less acknowledged mysteries.          GlaruUle.
    'Tis plain, that under the law of works  is com-
  prehended also the law  of nature,  knowable by rea-
  son, as well as  the law given by Moses.    Locke.
    These two arguments are the voices of nature, the
  unanimous suffrages of all real beings and substan-
  ces created, that are naturally knowable without re-
  velation.                             Bentley.
Kno'wer, no'ur.98 ra. s. [from know.] One
   who  has skill or knowledge.
    If we look on a vegetable, and  can only say 'tis
  cold and dry, we are pitiful knowers.     Glanville.
    I know the respect and reverence  which in this
  address I ought to appear in before you, who are a
  general knower of mankind and poetry.   Southern.
Kno'wing, no'ing.410 adj. [from know.]
 1.  Skilful;  well instructed;  remote from
   ignorance.
    You have heard, and wito a knowing ear,
  That he, which hath our noble father slain,
  Pursu'd my life.                    Shakspeare.
     The fcnoteingest of these have  of late reformed
  toeir hypothesis.                         Boyle.
     What makes the clergy glorious is  to be fcnotring
  in their profession, unspotted  in their lives, active
  and laborious in their charges.            South.
     The necessity of preparing  for  the offices of reli-
  gion was a  lesson which the mere light and dictates
  of common  reason, without the help of revelation,
  taught all toe knoioing and intelligent part of the
  world.                                 South.
     Bellino,  one of toe first who was of any consider-
   ation at Venice, painted very drily, according to the
   manner of  his time: he was  very fcnoicing both in
  architecture and perspective.            Dryden.
     All  animals of the  same kind, which form a so-
  ciety, are more fcnoteing than others.    Addison.
 2.  Conscious; intelligent.
     Could any but a knowing prudent  cause
   Begin such  motions and assign such laws?
   If the great Mind had form'd a different frame,
   Might not your wanton wit the system blame?
                                     Bfacfcmore.
 Kno'wing, no'ing.   ra.  s.  [from  know.]
    Knowledge.
     Let him be  so entertain'd  as  suits gentlemen of
   your knowing  to a stranger of his quality.  Shaksp.
 Kno'wingly, no'ing-le. adv. [from know-
    ing] With skill; with knowledge.
     He knowingly and wittingly brought evil into the
   world.                                  More.
     They who were rather fond of it than fcnotcingfu
   admired it, might defend their inclination by toeir
   reason.                               Dryden. 
KNO
KNU
KYD
    To the private duties of the closet  he repaired,
  as often as he entered upon any business of conse-
  quence: I speak knowingly.           Atterbury.
Kno'wledge, nol'ledje, or no'ledje.830 328
   616 ra. s. [from know.]
1. Certain perception; indubitable appre-
   hension.
    Knowledge, which is the highest degree of the
  speculative faculties,  consists in the  perception of
  the truth of affirmative orjiegative propositions.
                                       Locke.
    Do but say to me what I should do,
  That in your knowledge may by me be done,
  And I am prest unto it.              Shakspeare.
2. Learning; illumination of the mind.
    Ignorance is the curse of God,
  Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heav'n.
                                   Shakspeare.
3. Skill in any thing.
    Shipmen that have knowledge of the sea.  Kings.
4. Acquaintance with  any fact or person.
    The dog straight fawned upon his master for old
  knowledge.                           Sidney.
5. Cognizance; notice.
    Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou
  should'st take knowledge of me, seeing I am a stran-
  ger?                                  Ruth.
    A state's anger should not take
  Knowledge either of fools  or women.  Ben Jonson.
6. Information; power of knowing.
    I pulled off my headpiece, and humbly entreated
  her pardon, or knowledge  why she was cruel. Sidn.
                                   KNu'cKLED,nuk'kl'd.-9 adj. [from knuc-

                                     kle/]  Jointed.
                                       The reed or cane is a watry plant, and groweth
                                      «f hnt in the water; it hath  these properties, that
                                     ",   Wlow  and it is knuckled both stalk and root;
                                     'that  bSdry,,?l:l  more hard and fragile than
his secret providence, yet they are not kn  ™^'r woo|s; that it putteth forth no boughs, tnougn
To  Kno'wledge, nol'ledje. v.  a
  use.]  To acknowledge; to avoA
    The prophet Hosea tells us that God se
  Jews, they have reigned, but  not by m
  proveth plainly, that there  are governmei
  God doth not avow; for though  toey be ore
Bacon's Ho   many stalks out 0f one root.
  by his revealed will.
To  'Knu'bble,  nubrbl.  v.  a. [k.
  Danish.]  To beat.             ^Knuff, nut. ra. *. LP     V        *
Hayward.
           en Itlt Tempte st'airs we 've seei With ■dubs" ^dD^suet^°°n'
  Two tritons of a rough athletic mien,        Wfth  laughter'd bodies soon.
  Sourly dispute some quarrel of the flood,     wun si<i«&u              fknor   German.]
  With fcnncfcfes bruis'd, and facebesmear'd in blxUR, nur.     ?  n- *• L    '     ,    .
                                      G«NURLE,n*le.$    A  knot; a  hard  suo-
2- The knee joint of a calf.             stance.
    Jelly which they used for a restorative, is chic            j„i,»Bfniind lodged in  toe strata, are
  made o'f fcnncfcfes of veal.                ^^X^S^^^^   Wo0^
}. The articulation  or joint of a plant.  auea °> t                         Spenser.
    Divers herbs have joints or knuckles, as it weiNED,  kond. tor K    •
  stops in their germination; as gillyflowers, pinks, an       .«i  _.  n  ["corrupted probably
                                r,   Baem      l»iSaxon 1  To know.
To  Knu'ckle, nuk'kl. v.  ra. [from  th<rom  cufc, baxon.j  *
  noun.]  To submit: I  suppose from ar.But ah, unjusti^^^^a^ed;
  odd custom of striking the under sideiat fcgthe »  eno ^ tby sore heart root,
  of the table with  the knuckles, in con- J^ffiing wound as yet doth rifely bleed.
  fession of an argumental  defeat.
Spenser.
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